,! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,speculative ,,philosophy4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,wm4 ,t4 ,,h>ris4 ,,/4 ,,l\is1 ,,mo43 ,,george ,,knapp ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s ,,& ,,b9d]s4 #ahfg4 ,,kraus ,,repr9t ,,co4 ,new ,york #aifh ,,kraus ,,repr9t ,,co4 ,a ,u4,s4 ,division ( ,kraus-,?omson ,organization ,limit$ ,pr9t$ 9 ,g]many ,less+druck]ei 9 ,wiesbad5 ,,preface4 ,9 conclud+ ! fir/ volume ( ?is ,j\rnal1 ! editor wi%es to say a few ?+s reg>d+ its cont5ts1 ev5 at ! risk ( repeat+1 9 "s cases1 :at has already be5 said4 ,he hopes t 8 judgm5t 9 ! selection ( articles w be1 9 ! ma91 approv$4 ,9 s novel an und]tak+ x is n to be expect$ t ! prop] elevation & range w be f\nd at once4 ,b ! editor ?9ks t he has acquir$ "s valuable exp]i5ce t w aid him 9 prep>+ ! second volume4 ,! read] w notice1 ^u look+ ov] ! table ( cont5ts1 t ab\t "o-?ird ( ! articles relate to ,art1 & h5ce recomm5d !mselves m especially to ^? :o seek arti/ic culture1 & wi% at ! same "t to h cle> conceptions reg>d+ x4 ,x is1 p]haps1 a mi/ake to select s little t be>s on physical sci5ce1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ prom95t topic ( int]e/ at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ord] to provide = ?is1 ! editor hopes to pr9t 9 ! next volume detail$ criticisms ( ! 8,positive ,philosophy10 appreciat+ its advantages & defects ( me?od & sy/em4 ,! 8,developm5t ,!ory10 ! 8,correlation ( ,physical1 ,vital & ,m5tal ,=ces10 ! ab/ract !ories 9 our text-books on ,natural ,philosophy1 reg>d+ ! nature ( attraction1 c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces1 light1 heat1 electricity1 *emical elem5ts1 c41 dem& ! inve/igation ( ! speculative ?9k]4 ,! exposition ( ,hegel's ,ph5om5ology ( ,_s w furni% p]t95t ?\ghts relat+ to me?od4 ,:ile ! l>ge selection ( translations has met ) approval f v high s\rces1 yet !re has be5 "s disappo9tm5t express$ at ! lack ( orig9al articles4 ,consid]ably m ?an half ( ! articles h be5 orig9al entirely1 :ile all ! translations are new4 ,! compla9t1 h[ev]1 relates m especially to :at its au?ors are pleas$ to call ! ,un-,am]ican "* ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,j\rnal4 ,"h ! editor feels l plead+ ignorance z an excuse4--,9 :at books is "o to f9d ! true 8,am]ican0 type ( ,speculative ,philosophy8 ,c]ta9 v honorable exceptions occur to e "o1 b !y are n ,am]ican 9 a popul> s5se4 ,we1 z a p1 buy imm5se editions ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,comte1 ,hamilton1 ,c\s91 & o!rs2 "o c trace ! appropriation & dige/ion ( _! ?\ghts 9 all ! lead+ articles ( our ,reviews1 ,magaz9es & books ( a ?\ghtful "*4 ,if ?is is ,am]ican philosophy1 ! editor ?9ks t x may be v mu* elevat$ by absorb+ & dige/+ m ref9$ alim5t4 ,x is said t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s works ne>ly tw5ty ?\s& h be5 sold 9 ?is c\ntry1 :ile 9 ,engl& sc>cely ! fir/ edition has be5 b\ght4 ,?is is enc\rag+ = ! ,am]ican ?9k]3 :at l(ty spiritual culture may n become broadly & firmly root$ "h :]e ?\ghtful m9ds are s num]\s8 ,let ?is _s ( inquiry once ext5d to ?9k]s l ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel--let ^! be dige/$ & organically reproduc$--& :at a phalanx ( ,am]ican ?9k]s we may h to boa/ (6 ,= aft] all x is n 8,am]ican ?\ght0 s mu* z ,am]ican ?9k]s t we want4 ,to ?9k1 9 ! highe/ s5se1 is to transc5d all natural limits--su*1 = example1 z national peculi>ities1 defects 9 culture1 di/9ctions 9 ,race1 habits1 & modes ( liv+--to be univ]sal1 s t "o c dissolve away ! ext]nal hull & seize ! sub/ance itself4 ,! peculi>ities /& 9 ! way2--7 x n = ^!1 we %\ld f9d 9 ,greek or ,g]man ,philosophy j ! =ms we ourselves ne$4 ,our prov9ce z ,am]icans is to rise to pur] =ms ?an h hi!rto be5 atta9$1 & ?us speak a 8solv5t ^w0 ( m pot5cy ?an ^? already utt]$4 ,if ?is be ! goal we aim at1 x is evid5t t we c f9d no o!r means s well adapt$ to rid u ( our own idiosyncracies z ! /udy ( ! greate/ ?9k]s ( all ages & all times4 ,may ?is ,j\rnal aid su* a consummation6 ,9 conclusion1 ! editor w\ld he>tily ?ank all :o h assi/$ him 9 ?is ent]prise1 by money & *e]+ words2 he hopes t !y w n )draw 9 ! future _! indisp5sable aid4 ,to o!rs he owes mu* = k9d assi/ance r5d]$ 9 prep>+ articles = ! pr9t]4 ,ju/ice dem&s t special ackn[l$gm5t %\ld be made "h ( ! s]vices ( ,miss ,anna ,c4 ,brackett1 ^: skill 9 pro(-read+1 & subtle appreciation ( philosophic ?\ght h r5d]$ h] editorial assi/ance invaluable4 ,,/4 ,,l\is1 ,decemb]1 #ahfg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,al*emi/s1 ,! ,editor4 #abf ,bn>d's ,essay on ,hegel's ,jas4 ,a4 #cf1 /hetics 7translation74 ,m>tl+4 #ia1 #afi1 #bba ,dialogue on ,music4 ,e4 #bbd ,sobol[ski4 ,editorials4 ,editor4 #abg ,fi*te's ,introduction to ! ,a4 ,e4 #bc ,sci5ce ( ,k ,kroeg]4 7translation74 ,criticism ( ,philosophical ,a4 ,e4 #gi1 ,sy/ems 7translation74 ,kroeg]4 #acg ,g5esis4 ,a4 ,bronson #afe ,alcott4 ,goe!'s ,!ory ( ,colors4 ,editor4 #fc ,essay on ,da ,v9ci's 8,la/ ,d4 ,j4 #bdb ,supp]0 7translation74 ,snid] ,t4 ,davidson4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,editor4 #f ,introduction to ,philosophy4 ,editor4 #eg1 #aad1 #ahg1 #bcf ,9 ! ,qu>ry4 ,anna ,c4 #aib ,brackett4 ,leibnitz's ,monadology ,f4 ,h4 #abi 7translation74 ,h$ge4 ,lett]s on ,fau/4 ,h4 ,c4 #agh ,brockmey]4 ,metaphysics ( ,mat]ialism4 ,d4 ,g4 #agf ,br9ton4 ,music z a ,=m ( ,art4 ,editor4 #abj ,notes on ,milton's ,lycidas4 ,anna ,c4 #hg ,brackett4 ,paul ,janet & ,hegel4 ,editor4 #bej ,philosophy ( ,baad] ,a4 #aij 7translation f ,dr4 ,/ro?otte4 ,h(fmann74 ,raphael's ,transfiguration4 ,editor4 #ec ,s*ell+'s ,introduction to ,tom #aei ,idealism 7translation74 ,davidson4 8 0 8 ! ,tom #aic ,philosophy ( ,nature ,davidson4 7transl'n74 ,s*op5hau]'s ,dialogue on ,c4 ,l4 #fa ,immortality 7translation74 ,b]nays4 0 ,doctr9e ( ! ,c4 ,l4 #bcb ,w 7translation74 ,b]nays4 ,se$ ,life4 ,anna ,c4 #fj ,brackett4 ,second ,"p ( ,goe!'s ,fau/ ,d4 ,j4 #fe 7translation74 ,snid]4 8,! ,speculative40 ,editor4 #b ,?\ght on ,%akespe>e1 ,a ,anna ,c4 #bdj ,brackett4 ,to ! ,read]4 ,editor4 #a ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,speculative ,,philosophy4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahfg4 ,no4 #a4 ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,= ! reason t a j\rnal devot$ exclusively to ! int]e/s ( ,speculative ,philosophy is a r>e ph5om5on 9 ! ,engli% language1 "s words may reasonably be expect$ f ! ,editors ^u ! scope & design ( ! pres5t und]tak+4 ,!re is no ne$1 x is presum$1 to speak ( ! imm5se religi\s movem5ts n[ go+ on 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&4 ,! t5d5cy to break ) ! traditional1 & to accept only :at be>s = ! s\l its own ju/ification1 is widely active1 & c end only 9 ! dem& t ,reason %all f9d & e/abli% a philosophical basis = all ^? great ideas :i* are taught z religi\s dogmas4 ,?us x is t side by side ) ! naturalism ( su* m5 z ,r5an1 a s*ool ( my/ics is beg9n+ to spr+ up :o pref] to ignore utt]ly all hi/orical wrappages1 & cleave only to ! speculative k]nel itself4 ,! vortex betwe5 ! traditional fai? & ! intellectual conviction _c be clos$ by r5\nc+ ! latt]1 b only by deep5+ x to speculative insight4 ,likewise x w be ackn[l$g$ t ! national consci\sness has mov$ =w>d on to a new plat=m dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! idea und]ly+ our =m ( gov]nm5t _h hi!rto develop$ only "o ( its ess5tial phases--t ( brittle individualism--9 :i* national unity seem$ an ext]nal me*anism1 soon to be entirely disp5s$ )1 & ! ent]prise ( ! private man or ( ! corporation sub/itut$ = x4 ,n[ we h arriv$ at ! consci\sness ( ! o!r ess5tial phase1 & ea* individual recognizes 8 sub/antial side to be ! ,/ate z su*4 ,! fre$om ( ! citiz5 does n consi/ 9 ! m]e ,arbitr>y1 b 9 ! realization ( ! rational conviction :i* f9ds expression 9 e/abli%$ law4 ,t ?is new phase ( national life dem&s to be dige/$ & compreh5d$1 is a fur!r occasion = ! cultivation ( ! ,speculative4 ,m significant /ill is ! sci5tific revolution1 work+ out especially 9 ! doma9 ( physics4 ,! day ( simple empiricism is pa/1 & ) ! doctr9e ( 8,correlation ( =ces0 !re has aris5 a /age ( reflection t deep5s rapidly into ! purely speculative4 ,= ! fur!r elucidation ( ?is important po9t ! two foll[+ articles h be5 prep>$4 ,x is hop$ t ! fir/ "o w answ] m def9itely ! "q n[ aris+ 9 ! m9d ( ! read]1 8,:at is ?is ,speculative ,kn[+ ( :i* y speak80 & t ! second "o w %[ :i!r ,natural ,sci5ce is fa/ ha/5+4 ,) reg>d to ! pret5sions ( ?is ,j\rnal1 its editors "k well h[ mu* its lit]>y conduct w des]ve c5sure & ne$ apology4 ,!y hope t ! sub/ance w make up 9 "s degree = defici5cies 9 =m2 &1 moreov]1 !y expect to improve 9 ?is respect ?r\gh exp]i5ce & ! k9d criticisms ( fri5ds4 ,,! ,,speculative4 8,we ne$ :at ,g5ius is unconsci\sly seek+1 &1 by "s d>+ g5]alization ( ! univ]se1 %all assur$ly discov]1 a spiritual calculus1 a ,novum ,organon1 :]eby nature %all be div9$ 9 ! s\l1 ! s\l 9 ,god1 matt] 9 _s1 pol>ity resolv$ into unity2 & t p[] :i* pulsates 9 all life1 animates & builds all organizations1 %all manife/ itself z "o univ]sal deific en]gy1 pres5t alike at ! outskirts & c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ^: c5tre & circumf]5ce are "o2 omnisci5t1 omnipot5t1 self-subsi/+1 unconta9$1 yet conta9+ all ?+s 9 ! unbrok5 syn!sis ( its be+40--78,,calculus10 "o ( ,alcott's 8,orphic ,say+s407 ,at ! end ( ! six? book ( ,plato's ,republic1 aft] a *>act]ization ( ! two grades ( s5su\s kn[+ & ! grade ( ! und]/&+1 8:i* is oblig$ to set out f hypo!ses1 = ! reason t x does n deal ) pr9ciples b only ) results10 we f9d ! speculative grade ( kn[+ *>act]iz$ z 8t 9 :i* ! s\l1 sett+ out f an hypo!sis1 proce$s to an unhypo!tical pr9ciple1 & makes its way )\t ! aid ( s5su\s images1 b solely ?r\gh ideas !mselves40 ,! ma!matical proc$ure :i* beg9s by hypo!cat+ def9itions1 axioms1 po/ulates1 & ! l1 :i* x nev] exam9es nor attempts to d$uce or prove1 is ! example giv5 by ,plato ( ! me?od ( ! ,und]/&+1 :ile he makes ! speculative ,reason 8to posit hypo!ses by ! ,dialectic1 n z fix$ pr9ciples1 b only z />t+ po9ts1 9 ord] t1 by remov+ !m1 x may arrive at ! unhypo!tical--! pr9ciple ( ! univ]se40 ,?is mo/ admirable description is fully endors$ by ,ari/otle1 & firmly e/abli%$ 9 a two-fold mann]3 #a4 ,9 ! ,metaphysics 7xi4 #g7 he %[s ontologically1 />t+ ) motion z an hypo!sis1 t ! self-mov$ is ! fir/ pr9ciple2 & ?is he id5tifies ) ! speculative1 & ! be+ ( ,god4 #b4 ,9 ! ,de ,anima 7iii4 #e-h7 he di/+ui%es psy*ologically ! 8active intellect0 z ! highe/ =m ( kn[+1 z t :i* is its own object1 7subject & object17 & h5ce z conta9+ its own end & aim 9 itself--z be+ inf9ite4 ,he id5tifies ?is ) ! ,speculative result1 :i* he f\nd ontologically z ! ,absolute4 ,sp9oza 9 8 ,e?ics 7,prop4 xl4 ,s*ol4 ii41 & ,prop1 xliv41 ,cor4 ii4 ( ,"p ,,ii47 has well describ$ ! ,speculative1 :i* he names 8,sci5tia intuitiva10 z ! ?9k+ ( ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity1 7,de natura rationis e/ res sub quadam specie t]nitatis p]cip]e47 ,?\gh great div]sity is f\nd 9 respect to =m & sy/ematic exposition among ! great philosoph]s1 yet !re is ! mo/ complete unanimity1 n only ) respect to ! transc5d5cy ( ! ,speculative1 b also ) ref]5ce to ! cont5t ( its kn[+4 ,if ! read] ( diff]5t sy/ems ( ,philosophy has 9 himself a*iev$ "s degree ( ,speculative culture1 he w at e /ep be delight$ & confirm$ at ! agreem5t ( :at1 to ! ord9>y read]1 seem irreconcilable /atem5ts4 ,n only d speculative writ]s agree among !mselves z to ! nature ( ?+s1 & ! de/9y ( man & ! _w1 b _! results furni% u 9 ! =m ( pure ?\ght :at ! arti/ has wr\ght out 9 ! =m ( beauty4 ,:e!r "o te/s ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 music or poetry1 x is all ! same4 ,goe! has said3 8,z all ,nature's ?\s& *anges ,b "o *angeless ,god proclaim2 ,s 9 ,art's wide k+doms ranges ,"o sole mean+1 /ill ! same3 ,?is is ,tru?1 et]nal ,reason1 ,:i* f ,beauty takes its dress1 ,& s]5e1 ?r\gh "t & season1 ,/&s = aye 9 lovel9ess40 ,:ile ,art pres5ts ?is cont5t to ! s5ses1 ,religion (f]s x to ! conception 9 ! =m ( a dogma to be held by fai?2 ! deepe/ ,speculative tru? is allegorically typifi$ 9 a hi/orical =m1 s t x acts ^u ! m9d p>tly ?r\gh fantasy & p>tly ?r\gh ! und]/&+4 ,?us ,religion pres5ts ! same cont5t z ,art & ,philosophy1 b /&s betwe5 !m1 & =ms a k9d ( middle gr\nd ^u :i* ! purification takes place4 8,x is ! purgatory betwe5 ! ,inf]no ( ,s5se & ! ,p>adise ( ,reason40 ,its function is m$iation2 a cont9ual degrad+ ( ! s5su\s & ext]nal1 & an elevation to ! sup]s5sual & int]nal4 ,! transition ( ,religion into ,speculative ,philosophy is f\nd 9 ! my/ics4 ,fill$ ) ! pr(\nd significance ( religi\s symbolism1 & see+ 9 x ! explanation ( ! univ]se1 !y essay to communicate _! insights4 ,b ! =m ( ,sci5ce is n yet atta9$ by !m4 ,!y express !mselves1 n 9 ^? univ]sal categories t ! ,_s ( ! ,race has =m$ 9 language = its utt]ance1 b !y h rec\rse to symbols m or less inadequate because ambigu\s1 & ( insuffici5t univ]sality to /& = ! ar*etypes !mselves4 ,?us 8,becom+0 is ! mo/ pure g]m9al ar*etype1 & belongs !re=e to logic1 or ! sy/em ( pure ?\ght1 & x has correspond5ces on concrete planes1 z e4g41 "t1 motion1 life1 c4 ,n[ if "o ( ^! concrete t]ms is us$ = ! pure logical category1 we h my/icism4 ,! al*emi/s1 z %[n by a g5ial writ] ( our day1 use ! te*nique ( _! craft to express ! pr(\nd my/]ies ( _s & its reg5]ation4 ,! ,eleus9ian & o!r my/]ies d ! l4 ,:ile x is "o ( ! mo/ inspir+ ?+s connect$ ) ,speculative ,philosophy to discov] t ! 8,op5 ,secret ( ! ,univ]se0 has be5 read by s _m1 & to see1 "u v>i\s expressions1 ! same mean+2 yet x is ! highe/ problem ( ,speculative ,philosophy to seize a me?od t is adequate to ! expression ( ! 8,secret20 = its 7! cont5t's7 own me?od ( g5etic developm5t mu/ be ! only adequate "o4 ,h5ce x is t we c classify philosophic sy/ems by _! success 9 seiz+ ! cont5t :i* is common to ,art & ,religion1 z well z to ,philosophy1 9 su* a mann] z to all[ its free evolution2 to h z little 9 ! me?od t is m]ely =mal1 or extrane\s to ! idea itself4 ,! rigid =malism ( ,sp9oza--?\gh manipulat$ by a de> speculative _s--is inadequate to ! unfold+ ( its cont5t2 = h[ c\ld ! ma!matical me?od1 :i* is t ( quantity or ext]nal det]m9ations alone1 ev] suffice to unfold ^? fir/ pr9ciples :i* atta9 to ! quantitative only 9 _! result8 ,9 ?is1 ! pr(\nde/ ( subjects1 we always f9d 9 ,plato light = ! way4 ,al?\gh he has n giv5 u complete examples1 yet he has po9t$ out ! road ( ! true ,speculative me?od 9 a way n to be mi/ak54 ,in/ead ( sett+ out ) fir/ pr9ciples presuppos$ z true1 by :i* all is to be e/abli%$1 7z ma!matics & su* sci5ces d71 he ass]ts t ! fir/ />t+ po9ts mu/ be remov$ z inadequate4 ,we beg9 ) ! imm$iate1 :i* is utt]ly insuffici5t1 & exhibits itself z su*4 ,we asc5d to a m adequate1 by remov+ ! fir/ hypo!sis2 & ?is process repeats itself until we come to ! fir/ pr9ciple1 :i* ( c\rse be>s its own evid5ce 9 ?is1 t x is absolutely univ]sal & absolutely det]m9$ at ! same "t2 9 o!r words x is ! self-det]m9+1 ! 8self-mov$10 z ,plato & ,ari/otle call x4 ,x is its own o!r1 & h5ce x is ! true inf9ite1 = x is n limit$ b cont9u$ by its o!r4 ,f ?is peculi>ity results ! difficulty ( ,speculative ,philosophy4 ,! unus$ m9d1 accept+ ) navet ! fir/ proposition z settl$1 f9ds itself br\ght into confusion :5 ?is is contradict$1 & condemns ! :ole proc$ure4 ,! irony ( ,socrates1 t always beg9s by posit+ ! gr\nd ( 8 adv]s>y1 & r$uc+ x ?r\gh its own inadequat5ess to contradict itself1 is ( ?is "*1 & ! unsophi/icat$ might say1 & d say3 8,see h[ illogical is ,socrates1 = he sets out to e/abli% some?+1 & arrives r at ! de/ruction ( x40 ,! r$uctio ad absurdum is a fa9t imitation ( ! same me?od4 ,x is n suffici5t to prove y\r own sy/em by itself1 = ea* ( ! oppos+ sy/ems c d t2 b y mu/ %[ t any & all c\nt]-hypo!ses result 9 y\r own4 ,god makes ! wra? ( m5 to praise ,him1 & all imp]fect ?+s mu/ cont9ually demon/rate ! p]fect1 = ! reason t !y d n exi/ by reason ( _! defects1 b ?r\gh :at ( tru? !re is 9 !m1 & ! imp]fection is cont9ually manife/+ ! want ( ! p]fect4 8,_s10 says ,hegel1 8is self-conta9$ be+4 ,b matt]1 :i* is _s outside ( itself1 turn$ inside out1 cont9ually manife/s ?is1 its inadequacy1 ?r\gh gravity--attraction to a c5tral po9t beyond ea* p>ticle4 7,if x c\ld get at ?is c5tral po9t1 x w\ld h no ext5sion1 & h5ce w\ld be annihilat$470 ,! s\l ( ?is me?od lies 9 ! compreh5sion ( ! negative4 ,9 t wond]ful expos ( ! importance ( ! negative1 :i* ,plato gives 9 ! ,p>m5ides & ,sophi/1 we see h[ ju/ly he appreciat$ its true place 9 ,philosophic ,me?od4 ,sp9oza's 8omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio0 is ! mo/ fam\s ( mod]n /atem5ts respect+ ! negative1 & has be5 v fruitful 9 results4 ,"o w\ld greatly misund]/& ! ,speculative view ( ! negative %\ld he take x to mean1 z "s h done1 8t ! negative is z ess5tial z ! positive40 ,= if !y are two indep5d5t some:ats ov] aga9/ ea* o!r1 hav+ equal validity1 !n all unity ( sy/em is absolutely impossible--we c h only ! ,p]sian ,ahriman & ,ormuzd2 nay1 n ev5 ^!--= unless !re is a primal unity1 a 8,z]uane-,ak]5e0--! uncreat$ "o1 ^! are impossible z opposites1 = !re c be no t5sion f :i* ! /rife %\ld proce$4 ,! ,speculative has insight into ! con/itution ( ! positive out ( ! negative4 8,t :i* has ! =m ( ,be+10 says ,hegel1 8is ! self-relat$20 b relation ( all k9ds is negation1 & h5ce :atev] has ! =m ( be+ & is a positive some:at1 is a self-relat$ negative4 ,^? ?ree /ages ( culture 9 kn[+1 talk$ ( by ,plato & ,sp9oza1 may be *>act]iz$ 9 a new way by _! relation to ?is concept4 ,! fir/ /age ( consci\sness--t ( imm$iate or s5su\s kn[+--seizes objects by !mselves--isolat$ly--)\t _! relations2 ea* seems to h validity 9 & = itself1 & to be :olly positive & real4 ,! negative is ! m]e abs5ce ( ! real ?+2 & x utt]ly ignores x 9 its sci5tific activity4 ,b ! second /age traces relations1 & f9ds t ?+s d n exi/ 9 imm$iate indep5d5ce1 b t ea* is relat$ to o!rs1 & x comes to say t 8,7 a gra9 ( s& to be de/roy$1 ! univ]se w\ld collapse40 ,x is a necess>y consequ5t to ! previ\s /age1 = ! reason t s soon z ! fir/ /age gets ov] its *ildi% engrossm5t ) ! novelty ( v>iety1 & attempts to seize ! individual ?+1 x f9ds its *>act]i/ic m>ks or prop]ties4 ,b ^! consi/ inv>iably ( relations to o!r ?+s1 & x le>ns t ^! prop]ties1 )\t :i* ! ?+ c\ld h no di/9ct exi/5ce1 are ! v de/ruction ( its indep5d5ce1 s9ce !y are its complications ) o!r ?+s4 ,9 ?is /age ! negative has ent]$ & has full sway4 ,= all t 0 be=e firm & fix$1 is n[ se5 to be1 n ?r\gh itself1 b ?r\gh o!rs1 & h5ce ! be+ ( ev]y?+ is its negation4 ,= if ?is /one exi/s only ?r\gh its relations to ! sun1 :i* is n ! /one b some?+ else1 !n ! be+ ( ?is /one is its own negation4 ,b ! second /age only r$uces all to dep5d5ce & f9itude1 & does n %[ u h[ any real1 true1 or indep5d5t be+ c be f\nd to exi/4 ,x holds fa/ to ! /age ( m$iation alone1 j z ! fir/ /age held by ! imm$iate4 ,b ! dialectic ( ?is position =ces x ov] into ! ?ird4 ,if ?+s exi/ only 9 _! relations1 & relations are ! negatives ( ?+s1 !n all t appe>s positive--all be+--mu/ re/ ^u negation4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,! negative is ess5tially a relative1 b s9ce x z ! only sub/rate 7= all is relative71 x c relate only to itself4 ,b self-relation is always id5tity1 & "h we h ! solution ( ! previ\s difficulty4 ,all positive =ms1 all =ms ( imm$iat5ess or be+1 all =ms ( id5tity1 are self-relations1 consi/+ ( a negative or relative1 relat+ to itself4 ,b ! mo/ wond]ful side ( ?is1 is ! fact t s9ce ?is relation is t ( ! negative1 x negates itself 9 its v relation1 & h5ce its id5tity is a produc+ ( non-id5tity4 ,id5tity & di/9ction are produc$ by ! self-same process1 & ?us self-det]m9ation is ! orig9 ( all id5tity & di/9ction likewise4 ,?is is ! speculative /&-po9t 9 its complet5ess4 ,x n only possesses speculative cont5t1 b is able to evolve a speculative sy/em likewise4 ,x is n only consci\s ( ! pr9ciples1 b ( _! me?od1 & ?us all is transp>5t4 ,to suppose t ?is may be made s pla9 t "o %all see x at fir/ sight1 w\ld be ! height ( absurdity4 ,d\btless f> cle>] expositions c be made ( ?is ?an ^? f\nd 9 ,plato or ,proclus1 or ev5 9 ,fi*te & ,hegel2 b any & e exposition mu/ incur ! same difficulty1 viz3 ,! "o :o ma/]s x mu/ und]go a ?or\gh *ange 9 8 inn]mo/4 ,! 8,pal+5esia0 ( ! intellect is z ess5tial z ! 8reg5]ation ( ! he>t10 & is at bottom ! same ?+1 z ! my/ics tea* u4 ,b ?is great diff]5ce is obvi\s sup]ficially3 ,9 religi\s reg5]ation x seems ! yield+ up ( ! self to an ali51 ?\gh b5efic5t1 p[]1 :ile 9 philosophy x seems ! complete id5tification ( "o's self ) x4 ,he1 !n1 :o w\ld asc5d into ! ?\ght ( ! be/ ?9k]s ! _w has se51 mu/ sp>e no pa9s to elevate 8 ?9k+ to ! plane ( pure ?\ght4 ,! complete/ discipl9e = ?is may be f\nd 9 ,hegel's ,logic4 ,let "o n despair1 ?\gh he seem to be baffl$ sev5ty & sev5 times2 8 e>ne/ & vigor\s assault is repaid by surpris+ly increas$ /r5g? ( m5tal acum5 :i* he w be assur$ (1 if he tries 8 p[]s on l[] planes aft] 8 attack has fail$ on ! highe/ ?\ght4 ,^! desultory rem>ks on ! ,speculative1 may be clos$ ) a few illu/rations ( :at has be5 said ( ! negative4 ,i4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ h limits t m>k x (f f o!r ?+s1 & ^! limits are its negations1 9 :i* x ceases4 ,,ii4 ,x mu/ likewise h qualities :i* di/+ui% x f o!rs1 b ^! likewise are negatives 9 ! s5se t !y exclude x f !m4 ,its det]m9+ by means ( qualities is ! mak+ x n ?is & n t1 b exactly :at x is4 ,?us ! affirmation ( any?+ is at ! same "t ! negation ( o!rs4 ,,iii4 ,n only is ! negative manife/ 9 ! above g5]al & ab/ract =m1 b its p5etration is m specific4 ,ev]y?+ has di/9ctions f o!rs 9 g5]al1 b also f its o!r4 ,sweet is oppos$ n only to o!r prop]ties 9 g5]al1 z :ite1 r\nd1 s(t1 etc41 b to its o!r1 or s\r4 ,s1 too1 :ite is oppos$ to black1 s(t to h>d1 heat to cold1 etc41 & 9 g5]al a positive ?+ to a negative ?+4 ,9 ?is k9d ( relative1 ! negative is m ess5tial1 = x seems to con/itute ! intimate nature ( ! opposites1 s t ea* is reflect$ 9 ! o!r4 ,,iv4 ,m rem>kable are ! appe>ances ( ! negative 9 nature4 ,! elem5t fire is a negative :i* de/roys ! =m ( ! combu/ible4 ,x r$uces organic sub/ances to inorganic elem5ts1 & is t :i* negates ! organic4 ,air is ano!r negative elem5t4 ,x acts ^u all t]re/rial elem5ts2 ^u wat]1 conv]t+ x into invisible vapor2 ^u metals1 r$uc+ !m to e>?s ?r\gh corrosion--eat+ up iron to =m ru/1 rott+ wood into m\ld--de/ructive or negative alike to ! m9]al & vegetable _w1 l fire1 to :i* x has a speculative aff9ity4 ,! gr& type ( all negatives 9 nature1 su* z air & fire1 is ,"t1 ! great dev\r]1 & ar*etype ( all *anges & movem5ts 9 nature4 ,attraction is ano!r appe>ance ( ! negative4 ,x is a manife/ation 9 "s body ( an ess5tial connection ) ano!r :i* is n x2 or r x is an embodi$ self-contradiction3 8t o!r 7! sun7 :i* is n me 7! e>?7 is my true be+40 ,( c\rse its own be+ is its own negation1 !n4 ,?us1 too1 ! plant is negative to ! inorganic--x assimilates x2 ! animal is negative to ! vegetable _w4 ,z we approa* ^! high] =ms ( negation1 we see ! negative act+ aga9/ itself1 & ?is con/itutes a process4 ,! food t life requires1 :i* x negates 9 ! process ( dige/ion1 & assimilates1 is1 9 ! life process1 aga9 negat$1 elim9at$ f ! organism1 & replac$ by new elem5ts4 ,a negation is made1 & ?is is aga9 negat$4 ,b ! high] =m ( negation appe>s 9 ! g5]ic2 8,! species lives & ! individual dies40 ,! g5]ic cont9ually transc5ds ! individual--go+ =? to new individuals & des]t+ ! old--a process ( bir? & decay1 bo? negative processes4 ,9 consci\s ,_s bo? are unit$ 9 "o-movem5t4 ,! g5]ic "h ent]s ! individual z pure ego--! undet]m9$ possibility ( all det]m9ations4 ,s9ce x is undet]m9$1 x is negative to all special det]m9ations4 ,b ?is ego n only exi/s z subject1 b also z object--a process ( self-det]m9ation or self-negation4 ,& ?is negation or p>ticul>ization cont9ually proce$s f "o object to ano!r1 & rema9s consci\s "u ! :ole1 n dy+1 z ! m]e animal does1 9 ! transition f individual to individual4 ,?is is ! ap]u ( ,immortality4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,crisis ,,9 ,,natural ,,sci5ce4 ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s a revolution has be5 work+ 9 physical sci5ce4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 x has come to ! surface1 & is n[ rapidly spread+ into all dep>tm5ts ( m5tal activity4 ,al?\gh its c5tre is to be f\nd 9 ! doctr9e ( ! 8,correlation ( ,=ces10 x w\ld be a n>r[ view t c\nt$ only ! exp\nd]s ( ?is doctr9e1 num]\s z !y are2 ! _s ( ?is movem5t inspires a het]og5e\s multitude--,c>p5t]1 ,grove1 ,may]1 ,f>aday1 ,?ompson1 ,tyndall & ,helmholtz2 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,/u>t ,mill1 ,buckle1 ,drap]1 ,lewes1 ,lecky1 ,max ,mll]1 ,m>%1 ,liebig1 ,d>w9 & ,agassiz2 ^! names1 select$ at r&om1 are sugge/$ on acc\nt ( ! ext5sive circulation ( _! books4 ,e day ! press ann\nces "s new "n 9 ?is field ( rese>*4 ,:at is ! "* ( ! old :i* is displac$1 & ( ! new :i* gets e/abli%$8 ,by way ( prelim9>y1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t !re are obs]vable 9 mod]n times ?ree g5]al phases ( culture1 m or less hi/oric4 ,! fir/ phase is ?or\ghly dogmatic3 x accepts z ( l validity metaphysical ab/ractions1 & empirical obs]vations4 ,x has n arriv$ at su* a degree ( cle>ness z to p]ceive contradictions betwe5 =m & cont5t4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 x is *>act]iz$ by a rev]5ce = ext]nal au?ority4 ,) ! revival ( le>n+ comm5ces ! prote/ ( _s aga9/ ?is phase4 ,desc>tes & ,"l ,bacon beg9 ! conte/1 & are foll[$ by ! _m--,locke1 ,newton1 ,leibnitz1 ,cl>k1 & ! re/4 ,all are animat$ ) ! _s ( t "t--to come to ! matt] 9 h& )\t s mu* m$iation4 ,?\ght wi%es to rid itself ( its fett]s2 religi\s s5tim5t1 to get rid ( =ms4 ,?is reaction aga9/ ! =m] /age1 :i* has be5 call$ by ,hegel ! metaphysical1 f9ds a k9d ( climax 9 ! intellectual movem5t j prec$+ ! ,fr5* revolution4 ,?\ght no long] is cont5t$ to say 8,cogito1 ergo sum10 ab/ractly1 b applies ! doctr9e 9 all directions1 8,i ?9k2 9 t de$1 ,i am40 8,i am a man only 9 s f> z ,i ?9k4 ,9 s f> z ,i ?9k1 ,i am an ess5ce4 ,:at ,i get f o!rs is n m9e4 ,:at ,i c compreh5d1 or dissolve 9 my reason1 t is m9e40 ,x looks ar\nd & spies in/itutions--8clo!s ( _s10 z ,h]r ,teufelsdroeck calls !m4 8,:at are y do+ "h1 y snivel+ prie/80 says ,voltaire3 8y are impos+ delusions ^u society = y\r own aggr&izem5t4 ,i _h no "p or lot 9 mak+ ! *ur*2 cogito1 ergo sum2 ,i w only h ov] me :at ,i put !re60 8,i see t all ^! complications ( society are artificial10 adds ,r\sseau2 8man has made !m2 !y are n good1 & let u te> !m d[n & make anew40 ,^! utt]ances e*o all ov] ,france & ,europe4 8,! /ate is m]ely a ma*9e by :i* ! few exploit] ! _m0--8(f ) cr[ns60 ,!reupon !y snat* (f ! cr[n ( poor ,l\is1 & 8 head foll[s ) x4 8,reason0 is en?ron$ & de?ron$4 ,?irty ye>s ( w> satiates at l5g? ?is negative second p]iod1 & ! ?ird phase beg9s4 ,its *>act]i/ic is to be con/ructive1 n to accept ! h]itage ( ! pa/ ) passivity1 nor wantonly to de/roy1 b to realize itself 9 ! _w ( objectivity--! _w ( laws & in/itutions4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ! second phase ( consci\sness is *>act]iz$ by ! grosse/ inconsi/5cies4 ,x says 9 g5]al1 7see ,d',holba*'s 8,sy/me de la ,nature073 8,! imm$iate1 only1 is true2 :at we "k by our s5ses1 alone has reality2 all is matt] & =ce40 ,b 9 ?is utt]ance x is unconsci\s t matt] & =ce are purely g5]al concepts1 & n objects ( imm$iate consci\sness4 ,:at we see & feel is n matt] or =ce 9 g5]al1 b only "s special =m4 ,! self-refutation ( ?is phase may be exhibit$ z foll[s3 ,i4 8,:at is kn[n is kn[n ?r\gh ! s5ses3 x is matt] & =ce40 ,,ii4 ,b by ! s5ses1 ! p>ticul> only is p]ceiv$1 & ?is c nev] be matt]1 b m]ely a =m4 ,! g5]al is a m$iat$ result1 & n an object ( ! s5ses4 ,,iii4 ,h5ce1 9 posit+ matt] & =ce z ! cont5t ( s5su\s kn[+1 !y unwitt+ly ass]t m$iation to be ! cont5t ( imm$iat5ess4 ,! decl9e ( ?is p]iod ( sci5ce results f ! p]ception ( ! contradiction involv$4 ,kant 0 ! fir/ to %[ ?is2 8 labors 9 ?is field may be summ$ up ?us3 ,! univ]sal & necess>y is n an empirical result4 7,g5]al laws _c be s5su\sly p]ceiv$47 ,! con/itution ( ! m9d itself1 furni%es ! gr\nd = x3--fir/1 we h an a priori basis 7"t & space7 necess>ily presuppos$ z ! condition ( all s5su\s p]ception2 & !n we h categories presuppos$ z ! basis ( e g5]alization :atev]4 ,utt] any g5]al proposition3 = example ! "o above quot$--8all is matt] & =ce0--& y m]ely posit two categories--,inh]5ce & ,causality--z objectively valid4 ,9 all univ]sal & necess>y propositions we ann\nce only ! subjective conditions ( exp]i5ce1 & n any?+ 9 & = itself true 7i4 e4 applicable to ?+s 9 !mselves74 ,at once ! popul> side ( ?is doctr9e began to take effect4 8,we "k only ph5om5a2 ! true object 9 itself we d n "k40 ,?is doctr9e ( ph5om5al kn[+ 0 outgr[n 9 ,g]many at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 #agia--t5 ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason--! deep _s ( ,fi*te began to g5]alize ,kant's labors1 & soon he ann\nc$ ! legitimate results ( ! doctr9e4 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel complet$ ! "w ( trans=m+ :at ,kant _h left 9 a negative /ate1 into an affirmative sy/em ( tru?4 ,! foll[+ is an outl9e ( ! refutation ( ,kantian scepticism3 ,i4 ,kant r$uces all objective k to ph5om5al3 we furni% ! =m ( kn[+1 & h5ce :atev] we ann\nce 9 g5]al conc]n+ x--& all t we call sci5ce has1 ( c\rse1 ! =m ( g5]ality--is m]ely our subjective =ms1 & does n belong to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,,ii4 ,?is grant$1 say ! lat] philosoph]s1 x foll[s t ! subjective swall[s up all & becomes itself ! univ]sal 7subject & object ( itself71 & h5ce ,reason is ! true sub/ance ( ! univ]se4 ,sp9oza's sub/ance is ?us se5 to become subject4 ,we p>take ( ,god z intellectually see+1 & we see only ,god z object1 :i* ,malebran*e & ,b]keley held ) o!r ,platoni/s4 #a4 ,! categories 7e4 g4 ,unity1 ,reality1 ,causality1 ,exi/5ce1 etc47 be+ m]ely subjective1 or giv5 by ! con/itution ( ! m9d itself--= su* univ]sals are presuppos$ by all exp]i5ce1 & h5ce n d]iv$ f x--x foll[s3 #b4 ,if we ab/ract :at we "k to be subjective1 t we ab/ract all possibility ( a ?+ 9 itself1 too4 ,= 8exi/5ce0 is a category1 & h5ce if subjective1 we may reasonably conclude t no?+ objective c h exi/5ce4 #c4 ,h5ce1 s9ce "o category has no pref]5ce ov] ano!r1 & we _c give "o ( !m objectivity )\t grant+ x to all o!rs1 x foll[s t !re c be no talk ( n\m5a1 or ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 exi/+ beyond ! rea* ( ! m9d1 = su* talk m]ely applies :at x pron\nces to be subjective categories1 7exi/5ce7 :ile at ! same "t x d5ies ! validity ( _! application4 ,,iii4 ,b s9ce we remove ! suppos$ 8n\m5a10 ! s-call$ ph5om5a are n oppos$ any long] to a correlate beyond ! intellig5ce1 & ! n\m5on proves to be m9d itself4 ,an obvi\s coroll>y f ?is is1 t by ! self-det]m9ation ( m9d 9 pure ?9k+ we %all f9d ! fundam5tal laws ( all ph5om5a4 ,?\gh ! ,kantian doctr9e soon gave place 9 ,g]many to deep] insights1 x f\nd its way sl[ly to o!r c\ntries4 ,comte & ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton h made ! negative results v widely kn[n--! =m]1 9 natural sci5ce2 ! latt]1 9 lit]ature & philosophy4 ,mo/ ( ! writ]s nam$ at ! beg9n+ are m or less imbu$ ) ,comte's doctr9es1 :ile a few foll[ ,hamilton4 ,= rhetorical purposes1 ! ,hamiltonian /atem5t is f> sup]ior to all o!rs2 = practical purposes1 ! ,comtian4 ,! physici/ wi%+ to give 8 undivid$ att5tion to empirical obs]vation1 desires an excuse = neglect+ pure ?9k+2 he !re=e ref]s to ! well-kn[n result ( philosophy1 t we _c "k any?+ ( ultimate causes--we are limit$ to ph5om5a & laws4 ,al?\gh x mu/ be conc$$ t ?is consolation is some:at simil> to t ( ! o/ri*1 :o cunn+ly conceals 8 head 9 ! s& :5 annoy$ by ! hunt]s1 yet great b5efit has !reby accru$ to sci5ce ?r\gh ! undivid$ zeal ( ! inve/igators ?us consol$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a suffici5tly l>ge collection has be5 made1 & ! laws are s\ght = 9 ! *aotic mass ( obs]vations1 !n ?\ght mu/ be _h4 ,?\ght is ! only crucible capable ( dissolv+ 8! _m into ! "o40 ,ty*o ,brahe s]v$ a good purpose 9 collect+ obs]vations1 b a ,kepl] 0 requir$ to disc]n ! cele/ial h>mony involv$ !re94 ,?is discov]y ( laws & relations1 or ( relative unities1 proce$s to ! f9al /age ( sci5ce1 :i* is t ( ! absolute compreh5sion4 ,?us mod]n sci5ce1 comm5c+ ) ! close ( ! metaphysical epo*1 has ?ree /ages or phases3 ,i4 ,! fir/ re/s on m]e isolat$ facts ( exp]i5ce2 accepts ! fir/ phase ( ?+s1 or t :i* comes directly be=e x1 & h5ce may be t]m$ ! /age ( imm$iat5ess4 ,,ii4 ,! second relates its ?\ghts to "o ano!r & comp>es !m2 x developes inequalities2 te/s "o ?r\gh ano!r1 & discov]s dep5d5cies ev]y:]e2 s9ce x le>ns t ! fir/ phase ( objects is ph5om5al1 & dep5ds ^u some:at ly+ beyond x2 s9ce x d5ies tru? to ! imm$iate1 x may be t]m$ ! /age ( m$iation4 ,,iii4 ,a f9al /age :i* consid]s a ph5om5on 9 its totality1 & ?us seizes x 9 its n\m5on1 & is ! /age ( ! compreh5sion4 ,to resume3 ! fir/ is t ( s5su\s kn[+2 ! second1 t ( reflection 7! und]/&+72 ! ?ird1 t ( ! reason 7or ! speculative /age74 ,9 ! s5su\s kn[+1 we h crude1 undige/$ masses all co-ord9at$2 ea* is 9 & = itself1 & p]fectly valid )\t ! o!rs4 ,b z soon z reflection ent]s1 dissolution is at "w4 ,ea* is ?\ght 9 %>p contra/ ) ! re/2 contradictions arise on e h&4 ,! ?ird /age f9ds its way out ( ^! qu>relsome ab/ractions1 & arrives at a syn!tic unity1 at a sy/em1 :]e9 ! antagonisms are se5 to =m an organism4 ,! fir/ /age ( ! developm5t closes ) attempts on all h&s to put ! results 9 an encyclopdiacal =m4 ,humboldt's ,cosmos is a good example ( ?is t5d5cy1 manife/$ s widely4 ,matt]1 masses1 & functions are ! subjects ( inve/igation4 ,reflection inve/igates functions & seizes ! ab/ract category ( =ce1 & /raightway we are 9 ! second /age4 ,matt]1 z su*1 loses its int]e/1 & 8correlation ( =ces0 absorbs all att5tion4 ,=ce is an arrogant category & w n be co-ord9at$ ) matt]2 if admitt$1 we are l$ to a pure dynamism4 ,?is w become evid5t z foll[s3 ,i4 ,=ce implies conf9em5t 7to give x direction72 x dem&s1 likewise1 an 8occasion10 or solicit+ =ce to call x into activity4 ,,ii4 ,b x _c be conf9$ except by =ce2 its occasion mu/ be a =ce likewise4 ,,iii4 ,?us1 s9ce its conf9em5t & 8occasion0 are =ces1 =ce c only act ^u =ces--^u matt] only 9 s f> z t is a =ce4 ,its nature requires conf9em5t 9 ord] to manife/ x1 & h5ce x _c act or exi/ except 9 unity ) o!r =ces :i* likewise h ! same dep5d5ce ^u x t x has ^u !m4 ,h5ce a =ce has no indep5d5t subsi/5ce1 b is only an elem5t ( a comb9ation ( oppos$ =ces1 :i* comb9ation is a unity exi/+ 9 an oppos$ mann] 7or compos$ ( =ces 9 a /ate ( t5sion74 ,?is deep] unity :i* we come ^u z ! gr\nd ( =ce is prop]ly nam$ law4 ,f ?is1 two coroll>ies are to be drawn3 7#a47 ,t matt] is m]ely a "n = v>i\s =ces1 z resi/ance1 attraction & repulsion1 etc4 7#b47 ,t =ce is no ultimate category1 b1 ^u reflection1 is se5 to re/ ^u law z a deep] category 7n law z a m]e simil>ity ( ph5om5a1 b z a true unity und]ly+ ph5om5al multiplicity74 ,f ! nature ( ! category ( =ce we see t :oev] adopts x z ! ultimate1 emb>ks on an ocean ( dualism1 & in/ead ( 8see+ ev]y:]e ! "o & all0 z did ,x5ophanes1 he w see ev]y:]e ! self oppos$1 ! contradictory4 ,! crisis :i* sci5ce has n[ rea*$ is ( ?is nature4 ,! second /age is at its comm5cem5t ) ! great bulk ( sci5tific m54 ,to illu/rate ! self-nugatory "* ascrib$ to ?is /age we %all adduce "s ( ! mo/ prom95t positions ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :om we reg>d z ! able/ expon5t ( ?is movem5t4 ,^! contradictions are n to be deprecat$1 z ?\gh !y indicat$ a decl9e ( ?\ght2 on ! contr>y1 !y %[ an increas$ activity1 7?\gh 9 ! /age ( m]e reflection17 & give u good om5s = ! future4 ,! era ( /upid me*anical ?9k]s is ov]1 & we h ent]$ ^u ! active1 *emical /age ( ?\ght1 :]e9 ! ?9k] is tra9$ to consci\sness conc]n+ 8 ab/ract categories1 :i*1 z ,hegel says1 8drive him ar\nd 9 _! :irl+ circle40 ,n[ t ! body ( sci5tific m5 are turn$ 9 ?is direction1 we behold a va/ upheaval t[>ds philosophic ?\ght2 & ?is is entirely unlike ! isolat$ ph5om5on 7hi!rto obs]v$ 9 hi/ory7 ( a s+le gr\p ( m5 lift$ above ! surr\nd+ d>kness ( _! age into cle>ness4 ,we d n h su* a ph5om5on 9 our "t2 x is ! _s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to move by masses4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! 8,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples0 ,,( ,,! 8,,unkn[able40 ,! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly speak+ ( ,sp5c]1 says3 8,^! #8,fir/ ,pr9ciples' are m]ely ! f\ndation ( a sy/em ( ,philosophy1 bold]1 m elaborate & compreh5sive1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r :i* has be5 hi!rto design$ 9 ,engl&40 ,! p]si/5ce & s9c]ity1 s g5]ally prevail+ among ^! correlationi/s1 we h occasion to admire 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,he seems to be always ready to sacrifice 8 individual int]e/ = tru?1 & is bold & fe>less 9 utt]+1 :at he believes x to be4 ,= critical consid]ation no bett] division c be f\nd ?an t adopt$ 9 ! 8,fir/ ,pr9ciples0 by ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself1 to wit3 #a/1 ! unkn[able1 #bnd1 ! kn[able4 ,accord+ly1 let u exam9e fir/ 8 !ory ( ,,! ,,unkn[able4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ann\nces ! cont5t ( ! 8unkn[able0 to be 8ultimate religi\s & sci5tific ideas10 we are rem9d$ at once ( ! old adage 9 jurisprud5ce--8,omnis def9itio 9 jure civili e/ p]iculosa20 ! def9ition is liable to prove self-contradictory 9 practice4 ,s :5 we h a cont5t assign$ to ! unkn[able we at once inquire1 :5ce come ! di/9ctions 9 ! unkn[able8 ,if unkn[n !y are n di/9ct to u4 ,:5 we are told t ,"t1 ,space1 ,=ce1 ,matt]1 ,god1 ,creation1 etc41 are unkn[ables1 we mu/ reg>d ^! words z correspond+ to no di/9ct objects1 b r z all ( ! same import to u4 ,x %\ld be always borne 9 m9d t all univ]sal negatives are self-contradictory4 ,moreov]1 s9ce all judgm5ts are made by subjective intellig5ces1 x foll[s t all g5]al ass]tions conc]n+ ! nature ( ! intellect affect ! judgm5t itself4 ,! navet ) :i* c]ta9 writ]s wield ^! d\ble-edg$ weapons is a s\rce ( solicitude to ! spectator4 ,:5 "o says t he kn[s t he kn[s no?+1 he ass]ts k & d5ies x 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,if "o says 8all k is relative10 z ,sp5c] does1 7p4 #fh1 et seq41 ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples17 he ( c\rse ass]ts t 8 k ( ! fact is relative & n absolute4 ,if a di/9ct cont5t is ass]t$ ( ignorance1 ! same contradiction occurs4 ,! p]ception ( ?is pr9ciple by ! lat] ,g]man philosoph]s at once l$ !m out ( ! ,kantian nightm>e1 into positive tru?4 ,! pr9ciple may be appli$ 9 g5]al to any subjective scepticism4 ,! foll[+ is a g5]al s*eme t w apply to all p>ticul> in/ances3 ,i4 8,we _c "k ?+s 9 !mselves2 all our k is subjective2 x is conf9$ to our own /ates & *anges40 ,,ii4 ,if ?is is s1 !n /ill m is :at we "n ! 8objective0 only a /ate or *ange ( u z subjective2 x is a m]e fiction ( ! m9d s f> z x is reg>d$ z a 8beyond0 or ?+ 9 itself4 ,,iii4 ,h5ce we d "k ! objective2 = ! scepticism c only legitimately conclude t ! objective :i* we d "k is ( a nature k9dr$ ) reason2 & t by an a priori necessity we c affirm t n only all kn[able mu/ h ?is nature1 b also all possible exi/5ce mu/4 ,9 ?is we discov] t ! mi/ake on ! "p ( ! sceptic consi/s 9 tak+ self-consci\s intellig5ce z some?+ "o-sid$ or subjective1 :]eas x mu/ be1 accord+ to its v def9ition1 subject & object 9 "o1 & ?us univ]sal4 ,! difficulty und]ly+ ?is /age ( consci\sness is t ! m9d has n be5 cultivat$ to a cle> sep>ation ( ! imag9ation f ! ?9k+4 ,z ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton rem>ks1 7,metaphysics1 p4 #dhg17 8,vagu5ess & confusion are produc$ by ! conf\nd+ ( objects s diff]5t z ! images ( s5se & ! unpicturable notions ( intellig5ce40 ,inde$ ! great 8law ( ! condition$0 s mu* boa/$ ( by t philosoph] himself & 8 disciples1 vani%es at once :5 ! m5tion$ confusion is avoid$4 ,appli$ to space x results z foll[s3 ,i4--,?\ght ( ,space4 #a4 ,space1 if f9ite1 mu/ be limit$ f )\t2 #b4 ,b su* ext]nal limitations w\ld require space to exi/ 92 #c4 ,& h5ce ! suppos$ limits ( space t 7 to make x f9ite d 9 fact cont9ue x4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t space is ( su* a nature t x c only end 91 or be limit$ by itself & ?us is univ]sally cont9u\s or inf9ite4 ,,ii4--,imag9ation ( ,space4 ,if ! result atta9$ by pure ?\ght is correct1 space is inf9ite1 & if s1 x _c be imag9$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be f\nd possible to compass x by imag9ation1 x mu/ be conc$$ t !re really is a contradiction 9 ! intellig5ce4 ,t ! result ( su* an attempt co9cides ) our anticipations we h ,hamilton's te/imony--8imag9ation s9ks exhau/$40 ,!re=e1 in/ead ( ?is result contradict+ ! fir/1 z ,hamilton supposes1 x really confirms x4 ,9 fact if ! m9d is discipl9$ to sep>ate pure ?9k+ f m]e imag9+1 ! inf9ite is n difficult to ?9k4 ,sp9oza saw & express$ ?is by mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 8inf9itum actu 7or rationis710 & 8inf9itum imag9ationis10 & 8 fir/ & second axioms are ! imm$iate results ( ?\ght elevat$ to ?is cle>ness4 ,?is di/9ction & 8 8omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio10 toge!r ) ! developm5t ( ! ?ird /age ( ?9k+ 7accord+ to reason71 8sub quadam specie t]nitatis10--^! di/9ctions are ! priceless legacy ( ! cle>e/-m9d$ ?9k] ( mod]n times2 & x behooves ! critic ( 8human kn[+0 to consid] well ! results t ! 8human m9d0 has produc$ ?r\gh ^? great ma/]s--,plato & ,ari/otle1 ,sp9oza & ,hegel4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 h[ev]1 n only betrays unconsci\sness ( ?is di/9ction1 b employs x 9 f> gross] & self-de/ructive applications4 ,on page #be1 78,fir/ ,pr9ciples107 he says3 8,:5 on ! sea %ore we note h[ ! hulls ( di/ant vessels are hidd5 bel[ ! horizon1 & h[ ( /ill remot] vessels only ! upp]mo/ sails are visible1 we realize ) tol]able cle>ness ! slight curvature ( t portion ( ! sea's surface :i* lies be=e u4 ,b :5 we seek 9 imag9ation to foll[ out ?is curv$ surface z x actually exi/s1 sl[ly b5d+ r\nd until all its m]idians meet 9 a po9t eight ?\s& miles bel[ our feet1 we f9d ourselves utt]ly baffl$4 ,we _c conceive 9 its real =m & magnitude ev5 t small segm5t ( our globe :i* ext5ds a hundr$ miles on e side ( u1 mu* less ! globe z a :ole4 ,! piece ( rock on :i* we /& c be m5tally repres5t$ ) some?+ l complet5ess2 we f9d ourselves able to ?9k ( its top1 its sides1 & its "u surface at ! same "t1 or s ne>ly at ! same "t t !y seem all pres5t 9 consci\sness toge!r2 & s we c =m :at we call a conception ( ! rock1 b to d ! l ) ! e>? we f9d impossible40 8,we =m ( ! e>? n a conception prop]ly s-call$1 b only a symbolic conception40 ,conception "h is held to be adequate :5 x is =m$ ( an object ( a giv5 size2 :5 ! object is above t size ! conception !re( becomes symbolical4 ,"h we d n h ! exact limit /at$1 ?\gh we h an example giv5 7a rock7 :i* is conceivable1 & ano!r 7! e>?7 :i* is n4 8,we mu/ pr$icate no?+ ( objects too great or too multitud9\s to be m5tally repres5t$1 or we mu/ make our pr$ications by means ( extremely inadequate repres5tations ( su* objects1 m]e symbols ( !m40 7#bg page47 ,b n only is ! e>? an indef9itely multiple object1 b s is ! rock2 nay1 ev5 ! smalle/ gra9 ( s&4 ,suppose ! rock to be a rod 9 diamet]2 microscope magnify+ two & a half millions ( diamet]s w\ld make its app>5t magnitude z l>ge z ! e>?4 ,x is ?us only a "q ( relative di/ance f ! p]son conceiv+1 & ?is r$uces x to ! m]e s5su\s image ( ! ret9a4 ,remove ! e>? to ! di/ance ( ! moon1 & our conception ( x w\ld1 ^u ^! pr9ciples1 become q adequate4 ,b if our conception ( ! moon be held inadequate1 !n mu/ t ( ! rock or ! gra9 ( s& be equally inadequate4 ,:atev] occupies space is cont9u\s & discrete2 i4 e41 may be divid$ into p>ts4 ,x is h5ce a "q ( relativity :e!r ! image or picture ( x correspond to x4 ,! legitimate conclusion is t all our conceptions are symbolic1 & if t prop]ty invalidates _! reliability1 x foll[s t we h no reliable k ( ?+s p]ceiv$1 :e!r great or small4 ,ma!matical k is conv]sant ) pure l9es1 po9ts1 & surfaces2 h5ce x mu/ re/ on inconceivables4 ,b ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld by no means conc$e t we d n "k ! %ape ( ! e>?1 its size1 & _m o!r inconceivable ?+s ab\t x4 ,conception is ?us no crit]ion ( k1 & all built ^u ?is doctr9e 7i4 e4 dep5d+ ^u ! conceivability ( a some:at7 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,b he applies x to ! que/ions ( ! divisibility ( matt] 7page #ej73 8,if we say t matt] is inf9itely divisible1 we commit ourselves to a supposition n realizable 9 ?\ght4 ,we c bisect & rebisect a body1 & cont9ually repeat+ ! act until we r$uce its p>ts to a size no long] physically divisible1 may !n m5tally cont9ue ! process )\t limit40 ,sett+ aside conceivability z indiff]5t to our k or ?9k+1 we h ! foll[+ solution ( ?is po9t3 ,i4 ,t :i* is ext5d$ may be bisect$ 7i4 e4 has two halves74 ,,ii4 ,?us two ext5sions arise1 :i*1 9 turn1 h ! same prop]ty ( divisibility t ! fir/ "o _h4 ,,iii4 ,s9ce1 !n1 bisection is a process entirely indiff]5t to ! nature ( ext5sion 7i4 e4 does n *ange an ext5sion into two non-ext5d$s71 x foll[s t body is inf9itely divisible4 ,we d n h to te/ ?is 9 imag9ation to v]ify x2 & ?is v tru? mu/ be evid5t to him :o says t ! progress mu/ be 8cont9u$ )\t limit40 ,= if we exam9e ! g5]al conditions "u :i* any su* 8inf9ite progress0 is possible1 we f9d !m to re/ ^u ! presupposition ( a real inf9ite1 ?us3 ,inf9ite ,progress4 ,i4 ,c]ta9 attributes are f\nd to belong to an object1 & are n affect$ by a c]ta9 process4 7,= example1 divisibility z a process 9 space does n affect ! cont9uity ( space1 :i* makes t process possible4 ,or aga91 ! process ( limit+ space does n int]f]e ) its cont9uity1 = space w n p]mit any limit except space itself47 ,,ii4 ,:5 ! untutor$ reflection endeavors to appreh5d a relation ( ?is nature1 x seizes "o side ( ! dualism & is hurl$ to ! o!r4 7,x bisects space1 & !n f9ds itself be=e two objects id5tical 9 nature ) ! fir/2 x has effect$ no?+2 x repeats ! process1 &1 by & by gett+ exhau/$1 wond]s :e!r x c\ld meet a diff]5t result if its p[]s ( endurance 7 great]4 ,or else suspect+ ! true case1 says2 8no o!r result w\ld happ5 if ,i w5t on =ev]407 ,,iii4 ,pure ?\ght1 h[ev]1 grasps ?is process z a totality1 & sees t x only arises ?r\gh a self-relation4 ,! 8progress0 is no?+ b a return to itself1 ! same monoton\s r\nd4 ,x w\ld be a simil> attempt to seek ! end ( a circle by travell+ r\nd x1 & "o might make ! pr(\nd rem>k3 8,if my p[]s 7 equal to ! task1 ,i %\ld d\btless come to ! end40 ,?is difficulty vani%es z soon z ! exp]i5ce is made t ! l9e returns into itself4 8,x is ! same ?+ :e!r said once or repeat$ =ev]10 says ,simplicius1 treat+ ( ?is p>adox4 ,! 8,inf9ite ,progress0 is ! mo/ /ubborn =tress ( ,scepticism4 ,by x our negative writ]s e/abli% ! impot5cy ( ,reason = v>i\s ult]ior purposes4 ,"s wi% to use x z a lubricat+ fluid ^u c]ta9 religi\s dogmas t _c o!rwise be swall[$4 ,o!rs wi% to save !mselves ! tr\ble ( ?9k+ out ! solutions to ! ,problem ( ,life4 ,b ! ,sph9x dev\rs him :o does n fai?fully grapple )1 & solve h] enigmas4 ,mephi/opheles 7a good au?ority on ?is subject7 says ( ,fau/1 :om he f9ds grumbl+ at ! littl5ess ( man's m9d3 8,v]a*te nur ,v]nunft und ,wiss5*aft1 ,des ,m5s*5 all]h*/e ,kraft6 ,und htt'er si* au* ni*t dem ,teufel b]geb51 ,er ms/e do* zu ,grunde geh540 ,only prove t !re is a l>ge field ( ! unkn[able & "o has at once ! vade mecum = /upidity4 ,crude reflection c p\r 9 its di/9ctions into a subject1 & save itself f ! consequ5ces by pron\nc+ ! basis incompreh5sible4 ,x also removes all possibility ( ,!ology1 or ( ! ,piety ( ! ,intellect1 & leaves a v n>r[ m>g9 = religi\s s5tim5t1 or ! ,piety ( ! ,he>t4 ,! /age ( ,sci5ce repres5t$ by ! ,fr5* ,encyclopdi/s 0 imm$iately ho/ile to ea* & e =m ( religion4 ,?is second /age1 h[ev]1 has a *oice4 ,x c1 l ,hamilton or ,mansel1 let religi\s belief alone1 z p]ta9+ to ! unkn[n & unkn[able--:i* may be believ$ 9 z mu* z "o likes2 or x may 8/rip (f10 z ,sp5c] does1 8det]m9ations f a religion10 by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f o!r religions1 & %[ _! tru? to consi/ 9 a common doctr9e held by all1 to-wit3 8,! tru? ( ?+s is unkn[able40 ,?us ! sci5tific man c baffle all attacks f ! religi\s /&po9t2 nay1 he c ev5 elicit ! mo/ unb\nd$ approval1 :ile he saps ! entire /ructure ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,says ,sp5c] 7p4 #df73 8,sci5ce & ,religion agree 9 ?is1 t ! p[] :i* ! ,univ]se manife/s to u is utt]ly inscrutable40 ,he goes on to %[ t ?\gh ?is h>mony exi/s1 yet x is brok5 by ! inconsi/5cy ( ,religion3 8,= e religion1 sett+ out ) ! tacit ass]tion ( a my/]y1 =?) proce$s to give "s solution ( ?is my/]y1 & s ass]ts t x is n a my/]y pass+ human compreh5sion40 ,9 ?is confession he admits t all religions agree 9 pr(ess+ to reveal ! solution ( ! ,my/]y ( ! ,univ]se to man2 & !y agree1 moreov]1 t man1 z simply a be+ ( s5se & reflection1 _c compreh5d ! revelation2 b t he mu/ fir/ pass ?r\gh a pr(\nd m$iation--be reg5]at$1 n m]ely 9 8 he>t1 b 9 intellect also4 ,! mi/y limitations 78vagu5ess & confusion07 ( ! imag9ation mu/ give way to ! purify+ dialectic ( pure ?\ght be=e "o c see ! ,et]nal ,v]ities4 ,^! revelations pr(ess to make kn[n ! nature ( ! ,absolute4 ,!y call ! ,absolute 8,him10 8,inf9ite10 8,self-creat$10 8,self-exi/5t10 8,p]sonal10 & ascribe to ?is 8,him0 attributes imply+ pr(\nd m$iation4 ,all def9ite =ms ( religion1 all def9ite !ology1 mu/ at once be disc>d$ accord+ to ,sp5c]'s pr9ciple4 ,self-consci\sness1 ev51 is reg>d$ z impossible by him 7p4 #fe73 8,cle>ly a true cognition ( self implies a /ate 9 :i* ! kn[+ & kn[n are "o1 9 :i* subject & object are id5tifi$2 & ?is ,mr4 ,mansel rightly holds to be ! annihilation ( bo?40 ,he consid]s x a degradation 7p4 #aji7 to apply p]sonality to ,god3 8,is x n possible t !re is a mode ( be+ z mu* transc5d+ intellig5ce & w z ^! transc5d me*anical motion80 ,& aga9 7p4 #aab7 he holds t ! m]e 8negation ( absolute kn[+ conta9s m religion ?an all dogmatic !ology40 7,p4 #aba17 8,all religions are envelopes ( tru?1 :i* reveal to ! l[] & conceal to ! high]40 7,p4 #ff17 8,objective & subjective ?+s are alike inscrutable 9 _! sub/ance & g5esis40 8,ultimate religi\s & sci5tific ideas 7p4 #fh7 alike turn out to be m]e symbols ( ! actual1 & n cognitions ( x40 7,p4 #fi17 8,we come to ! negative result t ! reality exi/+ beh9d all appe>ances mu/ ev] be unkn[n40 ,9 ^! passages we see a dualism posit$ 9 ?is =m3 8,ev]y?+ imm$iate is ph5om5al1 a manife/ation ( ! hidd5 & inscrutable ess5ce40 ,?is ess5ce is ! unkn[n & unkn[able2 yet x manife/s itself 9 ! imm$iate or ph5om5al4 ,! fir/ /age ( ?\ght 0 unconsci\s t x dealt all ! "t ) a m$iat$ result 7a dualism7 :ile x assum$ an imm$iate2 t x ass]t$ all tru? to lie 9 ! s5su\s object1 :ile x nam$ at ! same "t 8matt] & =ce10 categories ( reflection4 ,! second /age has got ov] t difficulty1 b has fall5 into ano!r4 ,= if ! ph5om5on manife/$ ! ess5ce1 x c\ld n be said to be 8unkn[able1 hidd51 & inscrutable40 ,b if ! ess5ce is n manife/$ by ! ph5om5on1 !n we h ! s-call$ ph5om5on z a self-exi/5t1 & !re=e indep5d5t ( ! s-call$ ess5ce1 :i* /&s cord9at$ to x z ano!r exi/5t1 :i* _c be kn[n because x does n manife/ itself to u4 ,h5ce ! 8ph5om5on0 is no ph5om5on1 or manife/ation ( aught b itself1 & ! 8ess5ce0 is simply a fiction ( ! philosoph]4 ,h5ce 8 talk ab\t ess5ce is purely gratuit\s1 = !re is n %[n ! ne$ ( "o4 ,a dialectical consid]ation ( ess5ce & ph5om5on w result z foll[s3 ,ess5ce & ,ph5om5on4 ,i4 ,if ess5ce is seiz$ z indep5d5t or absolute be+1 x may be tak5 9 two s5ses3 a4 ,z entirely unaffect$ by 8o!rness0 7or limitation7 & entirely undet]m9$2 & ?is w\ld be pure no?+1 = x _c di/+ui% itself or be di/+ui%$ f pure no?+4 b4 ,z relat+ to itself1 & h5ce mak+ itself a duality--becom+ its own o!r2 9 ?is case ! 8o!r0 is a vani%+ "o1 = x is at ! same "t id5tical & non-id5tical--a process 9 :i* ! ess5ce may be said to appe> or become ph5om5al4 ,! entire process is ! absolute or self-relat$ 7& h5ce indep5d5t74 ,x is det]m9$1 b by itself1 & h5ce n 9 a f9ite mann]4 ,,ii4 ,! ,ph5om5on is ?us se5 to arise ?r\gh ! self-det]m9ation ( ess5ce1 & has obvi\sly ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 a4 ,x is ! 8o!r0 ( ! ess5ce1 & yet ! own self ( ! ess5ce exi/+ 9 ?is oppos$ mann]1 & ?us self-nugatory2 & ?is non-abid+ "* gives x ! "n ( ph5om5on 7or t :i* m]ely appe>s1 b is no p]man5t ess5ce74 b4 ,if ?is 7 simply ano!r to ! ess5ce1 & n ! self-opposition ( ! same1 !n x w\ld be ?r\gh itself1 & itself ! ess5ce 9 its fir/ 7or imm$iate7 phase4 ,b ?is is ! ess5ce only z negat$1 or z return$ f ! o!rness4 c4 ,?is self-nugator9ess is se5 to arise f ! contradiction involv$ 9 its be+ o!r to itself1 i4 e4 outside ( its true be+4 ,)\t ?is self-nugator9ess x w\ld be an abid+1 an ess5ce itself1 & h5ce no ph5om5on2 ) ?is self-nugator9ess ! ph5om5on simply exhibits or 8manife/s0 ! ess5ce2 9 fact1 ) ! appe>ance & its negation tak5 toge!r1 we h be=e u a totality ( ess5ce & ph5om5on4 ,,iii4 ,!re=e3 a4 ,! ph5om5al is su* because x is n an abid+ some:at4 ,x is dep5d5t ^u o!r or ess5ce4 b4 ,:atev] x posesses belongs to t ^u :i* x dep5ds1 i4 e4 belongs to ess5ce4 c4 ,9 ! self-nugator9ess ( ! ph5om5al we h ! entire ess5ce manife/$4 ,?is latt] po9t is ! important result1 & may-be /at$ 9 a less /rict & m popul> =m ?us3 ,! real _w 7s-call$7 is said to be 9 a /ate ( *ange--orig9ation & decay4 ,?+s pass away & o!rs come 9 _! places4 ,"u ?is *ange1 h[ev]1 !re is a p]man5t call$ ,ess5ce4 ,! imag9ative ?9k+ f9ds x impossible to realize su* an abid+ z exi/s ?r\gh ! decay ( all ext]nal =m1 & h5ce pron\nces x unkn[able4 ,b pure ?\ght seizes x1 & f9ds x a pure self-relation or process ( return to itself1 :i* accord+ly has duality1 ?us3 a4 ,! posit+ or produc+ ( a some:at or an imm$iate1 &1 b4 ,! cancell+ ( ! same4 ,9 ?is duality ( beg9n+ & ceas+1 ?is self-relation completes its circle1 & is ?us1 c4 ! entire movem5t4 ,all categories ( ! und]/&+ 7cause & effect1 matt] & =m1 possibility1 etc47 are f\nd to conta9 ?is movem5t :5 dissolv$4 ,& h5ce !y h self-det]m9ation = _! presupposition & explanation4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t unless "o gives up try+ to imag9e tru?1 t ?is is all v absurd reason+4 7,at ! end ( ! six? book ( ,plato's ,republic1 *4 xxi41 & 9 ! sev5? book1 *4 xiii41 "o may see h[ cle>ly ?is matt] 0 und]/ood two ?\s&1 & m1 ye>s ago47 ,to manife/ or reveal is to make kn[n2 & h5ce to speak ( ! 8manife/ation ( a hidd5 & inscrutable ess5ce0 is to speak ( ! mak+ kn[n ( an unkn[able4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] goes on2 no hypo!sis ( ! univ]se is possible--creation n conceivable1 = t w\ld be some?+ out ( no?+--self-exi/5ce n conceivable1 = t involves unlimit$ pa/ "t4 ,he holds t 8all k is relative10 = all explanation is ! r$uc+ ( a cognition to a m g5]al4 ,he says1 7p4 #fi17 8,( necessity1 !re=e1 explanation mu/ ev5tually br+ u d[n to ! inexplicable--! deepe/ tru? :i* we c get at mu/ be unacc\ntable40 ,?is mu* valu$ insight has a positive side z well z ! negative "o usually develop$3 ,i4 7a47 ,to expla9 some?+ we subsume x "u a m g5]al4 7b47 ,! 8summum g5us0 _c be subsum$1 & 7c47 ,h5ce is inexplicable4 ,,ii4 ,b ^? :o conclude f ?is t we base our k ultimately ^u fai? 7f ! suppos$ fact ?an we _c prove our premises7 =get t-- 7a47 ,if ! subsum+ process ends 9 an unkn[n1 !n all ! subsum+ has result$ 9 no?+2 = to subsume some?+ "u an unkn[n does n expla9 x4 7,plato's ,republic1 ,book ,,vii1 *ap4 xiii47 7b47 ,! m g5]al1 h[ev]1 is ! m simple1 & h5ce ! 8summum g5us0 is ! purely simple--x is ,be+4 ,b ! simpl] ! cle>]1 & ! pure simple is ! absolutely cle>4 7c47 ,at ! 8summum g5us0 subsumption becomes ! pr9ciple ( id5tity--be+ is be+2 & ?us /at$ we h simple self-relation z ! orig9 ( all cle>ness & kn[+ :atsoev]4 ,,iii4 ,h5ce x is se5 t x is n ! m]e fact ( subsumption t makes some?+ cle>1 b r x is ! r$uction ( x to id5tity4 ,9 pure be+ z ! summum g5us1 ! m9d contemplates ! pure =m ( kn[+--8a is a10 or 8a subject is a pr$icate0--7a is b74 ,! pure 8is0 is ! empty =m ( m5tal affirmation1 ! pure copula2 & ?us 9 ! summum g5us ! m9d recognizes ! pure =m ( itself4 ,all objectivity is at ?is po9t dissolv$ into ! ?9k+1 & h5ce ! subsumption becomes id5tity--7be+ ego1 or 8cogito1 ergo sum027 ! process turns r\nd & becomes syn!tic1 78dialectic0 or 8g5etic10 z call$ by "s74 ,f ?is x is evid5t t self-consci\sness is ! basis ( all k4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! 8,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples0 ,,( ,,! 8,,kn[able40 ,z might be expect$ f ,sp5c]'s treatm5t ( ! unkn[able1 ! kn[able w prove a confus$ affair2 especially s9ce to ! above-m5tion$ 8inscrutability0 ( ! absolute1 he adds ! doctr9e ( an 8obscure consci\sness ( x10 hold+1 9 fact1 t ! kn[able is only a relative1 & t x _c be kn[n )\t at ! same "t possess+ a k ( ! unkn[able4 7,p4 #hb7 he says3 8,a ?\ght involves relation1 diff]5ce & lik5ess2 :atev] does n pres5t ea* ( !m does n admit ( cognition4 ,& h5ce we may say t ! uncondition$ z pres5t+ none ( ^!1 is trebly un?9kable40 ,& yet he says1 7p4 #if73 8,! relative is itself inconceivable except z relat$ to a real non-relative40 ,we w leave ?is inf9ite self-contradiction ?us develop$1 & turn to ! positions e/abli%$ conc]n+ ! kn[able4 ,!y conc]n ! nature ( ,=ce1 ,matt] & ,motion1 & ! pr$icates set up are 8p]si/5ce10 8inde/ructibility0 & simil>4 ,,! ,,kn[able4 ,al?\gh 9 ! fir/ "p 8conceivability0 0 %[n to be utt]ly inadequate z a te/ ( tru?2 t ) x we c\ld n ev5 e/abli% t ! e>? is r\nd1 or t space is inf9itely cont9u\s1 yet "h ,mr4 ,sp5c] f9ds t inconceivability is ! mo/ conv5i5t ( all positive pro(s4 ,! fir/ example to be notic$ is 8 pro( ( ! compressibility ( matt] 7p4 #ea73 8,x is an e/abli%$ me*anical tru? t if a body mov+ at a giv5 velocity1 /rikes an equal body at re/ 9 su* wise t ! two move on toge!r1 _! jo9t velocity w be b half t ( ! /rik+ body4 ,n[ x is a law ( :i* ! negative is inconceivable1 t 9 pass+ f any "o degree ( magnitude to ano!r all int]m$iate degrees mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh4 ,or 9 ! case be=e u1 a body mov+ at velocity #d1 _c1 by collision1 be r$uc$ to velocity #b1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh all velocities betwe5 #d & #b4 ,b 7 matt] truly solid--7 its units absolutely incompressible & 9 unbrok5 contact--?is #8law ( cont9uity1 z x is call$1 w\ld be brok5 9 e case ( collision4 ,= :51 ( two su* units1 "o mov+ at velocity #d /rikes ano!r at re/1 ! /rik+ unit mu/ h its velocity #d in/antane\sly r$uc$ to velocity #b2 mu/ pass f velocity #d to velocity #b )\t any lapse ( "t1 & )\t pass+ ?r\gh int]m$iate velocities2 mu/ be mov+ ) velocities #d & #b at ! same in/ant1 :i* is impossible40 ,on page #eg he ackn[l$ges t any transition f "o rate ( motion to ano!r is inconceivable2 h5ce x does n help ! matt] to 8pass ?r\gh int]m$iate velocities40 ,x is j z great a contradiction & j z inconceivable t velocity #d %\ld become velocity #c4iiii1 z x is t x %\ld become velocity #b2 = no *ange :atev] ( ! motion c be ?\ght 7z he confesses7 )\t hav+ two motions 9 "o "t4 ,motion1 9 fact1 is ! syn!sis ( place & "t1 & _c be compreh5d$ except z _! unity4 ,! argum5t "h quot$ is only adduc$ by ,mr4 ,s4 = ! purpose ( anti!sis to o!r argum5ts on ! o!r side z weak z itself4 ,on page #bda1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] deals ) ! "q ( ! de/ructibility ( matt]3 8,! annihilation ( matt] is un?9kable = ! same reason t ! creation ( matt] is un?9kable40 7,p4 #ed73 8,matt] 9 its ultimate nature is z absolutely incompreh5sible z space & "t40 ,! nature ( matt] is un?9kable1 its creation or de/ructibility is un?9kable1 & 9 ?is /yle ( reason+ we c add t its inde/ructibility is likewise un?9kable2 9 fact ! argum5t conc]n+ self-exi/5ce w apply "h4 7,p4 #ca73 8,self-exi/5ce necess>ily means exi/5ce )\t a beg9n+2 & to =m a conception ( self-exi/5ce is to =m a conception ( exi/5ce )\t a beg9n+4 ,n[ by no m5tal ef=t c we d ?is4 ,to conceive exi/5ce ?r\gh inf9ite pa/ "t1 implies ! conception ( inf9ite pa/ "t1 :i* is an impossibility40 ,?us1 too1 we might argue 9 a /ra9 id5tical2 inde/ructibility implies exi/5ce ?r\gh inf9ite future "t1 b by no m5tal ef=t c inf9ite "t be conceiv$4 ,& ?us1 too1 we prove & disprove ! p]si/5ce ( =ce & motion4 ,:5 occasion requires1 ! ev]-conv5i5t argum5t ( 8inconceivability0 ent]s4 ,x rem9ds "o ( ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton's 8imbecility0 ^u :i* are bas$ 8sundry ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( intellig5ce10 among :i* he m5tions ! category ( causality4 ,if causality is f\nd$ ^u imbecility1 & all exp]i5ce ^u x1 x foll[s t all empirical k re/s ^u imbecility4 ,on page #bdg1 our au?or ass]ts t ! fir/ law ( motion 8is 9 our day be+ m]g$ 9 ! m g5]al "o1 t motion1 l matt]1 is inde/ructible40 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ?is s-call$ 8,fir/ law ( motion0 re/s on no bett] basis ?an v crude reflection4 8,:5 n influ5c$ by ext]nal =ces1 a mov+ body w g on 9 a /raight l9e ) a uni=m velocity10 is ,sp5c]'s /atem5t ( x4 ,?is ab/ract1 suppos$ law has necessitat$ mu* scaffold+ 9 ,natural ,philosophy t is o!rwise entirely unnecess>y2 x contradicts ! idea ( mom5tum1 & is ?us refut$3 ,i4 ,a body set 9 motion cont9ues 9 motion aft] ! impulse has ceas$ f )\t1 = ! reason t x reta9s mom5tum4 ,,ii4 ,mom5tum is ! product ( weight by velocity1 & weight is ! attraction ( ! body 9 "q to ano!r body ext]nal to x4 ,if all bodies ext]nal to ! mov+ body 7 entirely remov$1 ! latt] w\ld h no weight1 & h5ce ! product ( weight by velocity w\ld be z]o4 ,,iii4 ,! 8ext]nal influ5ces0 ref]r$ to 9 ! s-call$ 8law10 mean *iefly attraction4 ,s9ce no body c\ld h mom5tum except ?r\gh weight1 ano!r "n = attraction1 x foll[s t all free motion has ref]5ce to ano!r body1 & h5ce is curvil9e>2 ?us we are rid ( t emb>rass+ 8/raight l9e motion0 :i* gives s mu* tr\ble 9 me*anics4 ,x has all to be r$uc$ back aga9 ?r\gh v>i\s processes to curvil9e> movem5t4 ,we come1 f9ally1 to consid] ! c5tral po9t ( ?is sy/em3 ,,! ,,correlation ,,( ,,=ces4 ,speak+ ( p]si/5ce ( =ce1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] conc$es 7p4 #beb7 t ?is doctr9e is n demon/rable f exp]i5ce4 ,he says 7p4 #bed73 8,cle>ly ! p]si/5ce ( =ce is an ultimate tru? ( :i* no inductive pro( is possible40 7,p4 #bee73 8,by ! p]si/5ce ( =ce we really mean ! p]si/5ce ( "s p[] :i* transc5ds our k & conception40 7,p4 #beg73 8,! inde/ructibility ( matt] & ! cont9uity ( motion we saw to be really coroll>ies f ! impossibility ( e/abli%+ 9 ?\ght a relation betwe5 some?+ & no?+40 7,?us :at 0 e/abli%$ z a m5tal impot5ce is n[ made to h objective validity47 8,our inability to conceive matt] & motion de/roy$ is our inability to suppress consci\sness itself40 7,p4 #beh73 8,:oev] alleges t ! inability to conceive a beg9n+ or end ( ! univ]se is a negative result ( our m5tal /ructure1 _c d5y t our consci\sness ( ! univ]se z p]si/5t is a positive result ( our m5tal /ructure4 ,& ?is p]si/5ce ( ! univ]se is ! p]si/5ce ( t unkn[n cause1 p[]1 or =ce1 :i* is manife/$ to u ?r\gh all ph5om5a40 ,?is 8positive result ( our m5tal /ructure0 is said to re/ on our 8inability to conceive ! limitation ( consci\sness0 :i* is 8simply ! obv]se ( our inability to put an end to ! ?9k+ subject :ile /ill cont9u+ to ?9k40 7,p4 #beg73 8,to ?9k ( some?+ becom+ no?+1 w\ld involve t ?is sub/ance ( consci\sness hav+ j exi/$ "u a giv5 =m1 %\ld next assume no =m1 or %\ld cease to be consci\sness40 ,x w be obs]v$ "h t he is endeavor+ to solve ! ,fir/ ,ant9omy ( ,kant1 & t 8 argum5t 9 ?is place diff]s f ,kant's pro( ( ! 8,anti!sis0 9 ?is1 t :ile ,kant proves t 8,! _w or univ]se has no beg9n+10 etc41 by ! impossibility ( ! orig9ation ( any?+ 9 a 8void "t10 t ,mr4 ,sp5c] proves ! same ?+ by ass]t+ x to be a 8positive result ( our m5tal /ructure10 & !n proce$s to %[ t ?is is a sort ( 8inability0 :i* has a subjective explanation2 x is1 accord+ to him1 m]ely ! 8sub/ance ( consci\sness0 objectifi$ & reg>d$ z ! law ( reality4 ,b h[ is x ) ! 8,!sis0 to t ,ant9omy1 8,! _w has a beg9n+ 9 "t80 ,kant proves ?is apagogically by %[+ ! absurdity ( an 8inf9ite s]ies already elaps$40 ,t our au?or did n escape ! contradiction has already be5 %[n 9 our rem>ks ^u ! 8inde/ructibility ( matt]40 ,:ile he 0 treat+ ( ! unkn[able x 0 8 special prov9ce to prove t self-exi/5ce is un?9kable4 7,p4 #ca73 ,he says x means 8exi/5ce )\t a beg9n+10 & 8to conceive exi/5ce ?r\gh inf9ite pa/ "t1 implies ! conception ( inf9ite pa/ "t1 :i* is an impossibility40 ,?us we h ! ,!sis ( ! ,ant9omy support$ 9 8 doctr9e ( ! 8unkn[able10 & ! anti!sis ( ! same prov$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! kn[able4 ,we %all next f9d him involv$ ) ,kant's ,?ird ,ant9omy4 ,! doctr9e ( ! correlation is /at$ 9 ! foll[+ passages3 7,p4 #bhj73 8,^? modes ( ! unkn[able1 :i* we call motion1 heat1 light1 *emical aff9ity1 etc41 are alike trans=mable into ea* o!r1 & into ^? modes ( ! unkn[able :i* we di/+ui% z s5sation1 emotion1 ?\ght3 ^!1 9 _! turns1 be+ directly or indirectly re-trans=mable into ! orig9al %apes4 ,t no idea or feel+ arises1 save z a result ( "s physical =ce exp5d$ 9 produc+ x1 is fa/ becom+ a common-place ( sci5ce2 & :oev] duly weighs ! evid5ce1 w see t no?+ b an ov]:elm+ bias 9 favor ( a preconceiv$ !ory c expla9 its non-acceptance4 ,h[ ?is metamorphosis takes place--h[ a =ce exi/+ z motion1 heat1 or light1 c become a mode ( consci\sness--h[ x is possible = arial vibrations to g5]ate ! s5sation we call s\nd1 or = ! =ces lib]at$ by *emical *anges 9 ! bra9 to give rise to emotion--^! are my/]ies :i* x is impossible to fa?om40 7,p4 #bhd73 8,ea* manife/ation ( =ce c be int]pret$ only z ! effect ( "s antec$5t =ce2 no matt] :e!r x be an inorganic action1 an animal movem5t1 a ?\ght1 or a feel+4 ,ei!r ?is mu/ be conc$$1 or else x mu/ be ass]t$ t our successive /ates ( consci\sness are self-creat$40 8,ei!r m5tal en]gies z well z bodily ones are quantitatively correlat$ to c]ta9 en]gies exp5d$ 9 _! production1 & to c]ta9 o!r en]gies !y initiate2 or else no?+ mu/ become some?+ & some?+1 no?+4 ,s9ce p]si/5ce ( =ce1 be+ a datum ( consci\sness1 _c be d5i$1 its unavoidable coroll>y mu/ be accept$40 ,on p4 #bid he supports ! doctr9e t 8motion takes ! direction ( ! lea/ resi/ance10 m5tally z well z physically4 ,"h are "s ( ! inf]5ces to be drawn f ! passages quot$3 #a4 ,e act is det]m9$ f )\t1 & h5ce does n belong to ! subject 9 :i* x manife/s itself4 #b4 ,to *ange ! c\rse ( a =ce1 is to make ano!r direction 8t ( ! lea/ resi/ance10 or to remove or dim9i% a resi/ance4 #c4 ,b to *ange a resi/ance requires =ce1 :i* 79 motion7 mu/ act 9 8! direction ( ! lea/ resi/ance10 & h5ce x is entirely det]m9$ f )\t1 & gov]n$ by ! disposition ( ! =ces x meets4 #d4 ,h5ce1 ( w1 x is an absurdity to talk2 fre$om or moral ag5cy is an impossible phantom4 #e4 ,t !re is self-det]m9ation 9 self-consci\sness--t x is 8self-creat$0--is to ,mr4 ,sp5c] ! absurd alt]native :i* at once turns ! scale 9 favor ( ! doctr9e t m5tal ph5om5a are ! productions ( ext]nal =ces4 ,aft] ?is1 :at are we to say ( ! foll[+8 7,p4 #eja73 8,not)/&+ all evid5ce to ! contr>y1 !re w probably h aris5 9 n a few m9ds ! conviction t ! solutions :i* h be5 giv51 along ) ^? to be d]iv$ f !m1 are ess5tially mat]iali/ic4 ,let none p]si/ 9 ^! misconceptions40 7,p4 #ejb73 8,_! implications are no m mat]iali/ic ?an !y are spirituali/ic1 & no m spirituali/ic ?an !y are mat]iali/ic40 ,if we hold ^! positions by ! side ( ,kant's ,?ird ,ant9omy1 we %all see t !y all belong to ! pro( ( ! 8,anti!sis10 viz3 8,!re is no fre$om1 b ev]y?+ 9 ! _w happ5s accord+ to ! laws ( nature40 ,! 8,!sis10 viz3 8,t a causality ( fre$om is necess>y to acc\nt fully = ! ph5om5a ( ! _w10 he has n any:]e support$4 ,we f9d1 9 fact1 only ^? ?9k]s :o h 9 "s measure ma/]$ ! ?ird phase ( culture 9 ?\ght1 /&+ ^u ! basis pres5t$ by ,kant 9 ! ,!sis4 ,! *ief po9t 9 ! ,!sis may be /at$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,if ev]y?+ t happ5s presupposes a previ\s condition1 7:i* ! law ( causality /ates17 #b4 ,?is previ\s condition _c be a p]man5t 7or h be5 always 9 exi/5ce72 =1 if s1 its consequ5ce1 or ! effect1 w\ld h always exi/$4 ,?us ! previ\s condition mu/ be a ?+ :i* has happ5$4 #c4 ,) ?is ! :ole law ( causality collapses2 = 7a7 s9ce ea* cause is an effect1 7b7 its det]m9+ p[] escapes into a high] memb] ( ! s]ies1 &1 7c7 unless ! law *anges1 :olly vani%es2 !re result an indef9ite s]ies ( effects ) no cause2 ea* memb] ( ! s]ies is a dep5d5t1 has its be+ 9 ano!r1 :i* aga9 has its be+ 9 ano!r1 & h5ce _c support ! subsequ5t t]m4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ?is ,ant9omy consi/s1 fir/3 9 ! sett+ up ( ! law ( causality z hav+ absolute validity1 :i* is ! anti!sis4 ,secondly1 ! exp]i5ce is made t su* absolute law ( causality is a self-nugatory "o1 & ?us x is to be inf]r$ t causality1 to be at all1 presupposes an orig9ation 9 a 8self-mov$10 z ,plato calls x4 ,ari/otle 7,metaphysics1 xi4 #f-g1 & ix4 #h7 exhibits ?is ultimate z ! 8self-active10 & ! ,s*ola/ics take ! same1 "u ! designation 8actus purus10 = ! def9ition ( ,god4 ,! ,ant9omy ?us r$uc$ gives3 ,i4 ,!sis3 ,self-det]m9ation mu/ lie at ! basis ( all causality1 o!rwise causality _c be at all4 ,,ii4 ,anti!sis3 ,if !re is self-det]m9ation1 8! unity ( exp]i5ce 7:i* leads u to look = a cause7 is de/roy$1 & h5ce no su* case c\ld arise 9 exp]i5ce40 ,9 comp>+ ! two pro(s x is at once se5 t !y are ( diff]5t degrees ( univ]sality4 ,! argum5t ( ! ,!sis is bas$ ^u ! nature ( ! ?+ itself1 i4 e4 a pure ?\ght2 :ile t ( ! ,anti!sis loses sight ( ! idea ( 8effici5t0 cause1 & seeks m]e cont9uity 9 ! sequ5ce ( "t1 & ?us exhibits itself z ! second /age ( ?\ght1 :i* leans on ! /aff ( fancy1 i4 e4 m]e repres5tative ?9k+4 ,?is 8unity ( exp]i5ce10 z ,kant calls x1 is ! same ?+1 /at$ 9 o!r words1 t ,sp5c] ref]s to z ! 8positive result ( our m5tal /ructure40 ,9 "o s5se ^? are true ant9omies--^? ( ,kant1 ,hamilton1 et al4--viz4 9 ?is3 t ! 8repres5tative0 /age ( ?9k+ f9ds itself unable to %ake (f ! s5su\s picture1 & ?9k 8sub quadam specie t]nitatis40 ,to ! m9d discipl9$ to ! ?ird /age ( ?\ght1 ^! are no ant9omies2 ,sp9oza1 ,leibnitz1 ,plato & ,ari/otle are n confus$ by !m4 ,! ,!sis1 prop]ly /at$1 is a true univ]sal1 & exhibits its own tru?1 z t ^u :i* ! law ( causality re/s2 & h5ce ! anti!sis itself--less univ]sal--re/+ ^u ! law ( causality1 is bas$ ^u ! ,!sis4 ,moreov]1 ! ,!sis does n d5y an inf9ite succession 9 "t & space1 x only /ates t !re mu/ be an effici5t cause--j :at ! law ( causality /ates1 b %[s1 9 addition1 t ?is effici5t cause mu/ be a 8self-det]m9$40 ,on page #bhb we le>n t1 8,! sol> heat is ! f9al s\rce ( ! =ce manife/$ by society40 8,x 7! =ce ( society7 is bas$ on animal & vegetable products1 & ^! 9 turn are dep5d5t on ! light & heat ( ! sun40 ,z an episode 9 ?is some:at ab/ract discussion1 x may be div]t+ to notice ! "q ( priority ( discov]y1 t\*$ ^u 9 ! foll[+ note 7p4 #ded73 8,until ,i rec5tly consult$ 8 #8,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy' on ano!r "q1 ,i 0 n aw>e t1 s f> back z #ahcc1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el _h enunciat$ ! doctr9e t #8! sun's rays are ! ultimate s\rce ( almo/ e motion :i* takes place on ! surface ( ! e>?4' ,he expressly includes all geologic1 meteorologic1 & vital actions2 z also ^? :i* we produce by ! combu/ion ( coal4 ,! late ,george ,/eph5son appe>s to h be5 wrongly cr$it$ ) ?is la/ idea40 ,9 ord] to add to ! ?or\gh discussion ( ?is important "q1 we wi% to sugge/ ! claims ( ,?omas ,c>lyle1 :o1 z f> back z #ahcj1 wrote ! foll[+ passage 9 8 ,s>tor ,res>tus 7,am4 ed4 pp4 #ee-f73 8,well sang ! ,hebrew ,psalmi/3 #8,if ,i take ! w+s ( ! morn+1 & dwell 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! ,univ]se1 ,god is !re4' ,?\1 too1 ,o cultivat$ read]1 :o too probably art no psalmi/1 b a prosai/1 kn[+ ,god only by tradition1 kn[e/ ?\ any corn] ( ! _w :]e at lea/ =ce is n8 ,! drop :i* ?\ %ake/ f ?y wet h&1 re/s n :]e x falls1 b to-morr[ ?\ f9de/ x swept away2 already1 on ! w+s ( ! nor? w9d1 x is ne>+ ! tropic ( ,canc]4 ,h[ x came to evaporate & n lie motionless8 ,?9ke/ ?\ !re is aught motionless1 )\t =ce1 & dead8 8,z ,i rode ?r\gh ! ,s*w>tzwald1 ,i said to myself3 ,t little fire :i* gl[s />like across ! d>k-gr[+ 7na*t5de7 moor1 :]e ! sooty smi? b5ds ov] 8 anvil1 & ?\ hope/ to replace ?y lo/ horse%oe--is x a deta*$1 sep>at$ speck1 cut (f f ! :ole univ]se1 or indissolubly jo9$ to ! :ole8 ,?\ fool1 t smi?y-fire 0 prim>ily k9dl$ at ! sun2 is f$ by air t circulates f beyond ,noah's deluge1 f beyond ! ,dog />2 x is a little ganglion1 or n]v\s c5tre 9 ! great vital sy/em ( imm5sity40 ,we h1 f9ally1 to consid] ! correlation !ory 9 connection ) equilibrium4 ,i4 ,motion results f de/roy$ equilibrium4 ,! :ole totality does n correspond to itself1 its ideal & real contradict ea* o!r4 ,! movem5t is ! re/or+ ( ! equilibrium1 or ! br++ into unity ( ! ideal & real4 ,to illu/rate3 a spr+ 7made ( /eel1 rubb]1 or any ela/ic mat]ial7 has a c]ta9 =m 9 :i*1 x may exi/ )\t t5sion2 ?is may be call$ ! ideal %ape1 or simply ! ideal4 ,if ! spr+ is =c$ to assume ano!r %ape1 its real %ape becomes diff]5t f ! ideal2 its equilibrium is de/roy$1 & =ce is manife/$ z a t5d5cy to re/ore ! equilibrium 7or unity ( ! ideal & real74 ,g5]alize ?is3 all =ces h ! same nature2 7a7 expansive =ces arise f ! ideal exi/+ )\t--a gas1 /eam1 = example1 ideally takes up a m ext5d$ space ?an x has really2 x exp&s to fill x4 ,or 7b7 contractive =ces3 ! multiplicity ideally exi/s )92 e4 g4 attraction ( gravitation2 matt] try+ to f9d ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 its ideal4 ,! w acts 9 ?is way3 ,! ideal is *ang$ fir/1 & draws ! real aft] x4 ,i fir/ de/roy1 9 ?\ght & w1 ! id5tity ( ideal & real2 ! t5sion result+ is =ce4 ,?9k+1 s9ce x deals ) ! univ]sal 7or ! pot5tial & ! actual7 is an orig9al s\rce ( =ce1 &1 z w result 9 ! sequel f a rev]se analysis 7see bel[1 ,v4 #c1 c7 ! only s\rce ( =ce4 ,,ii4 ,p]si/5ce ( =ce requires an unre/orable equilibrium2 9 mov+ to re/ore "o equilibrium1 x mu/ de/roy ano!r--its equival5t4 ,,iii4 ,b ?is contradicts ! above develop$ conception ( =ce z foll[s3 7a7 ,s9ce =ce results f de/roy$ equilibrium1 x foll[s 7b7 t x requires z mu* =ce to de/roy ! equilibrium z is develop$ 9 ! re/or+ ( x 7& ?is notion is ! basis ( ! correlation !ory74 ,b 7c7 if ! fir/ equilibrium 7already de/roy$7 c only be re/or$ by ! de/roy+ ( ano!r equal to ! same1 x has already =m$ an equilibrium ) ! second1 & ! occasion ( ! motion is remov$4 ,if two =ces are equal & oppos$1 :i* w give way8 ,by ?is dialectic consid]ation ( =ce1 we le>n ! insuffici5cy ( ! !ory ( correlation z ! ultimate tru?4 ,in/ead ( be+ 8! sole tru?1 :i* transc5ds exp]i5ce by und]ly+ x0 7p4 #beh71 we are oblig$ to confess t ?is 8p]si/5ce ( =ce0 re/s on ! category ( causality2 its ?9 disguise consi/s 9 ! sub/itution ( o!r words = ! metaphysical expression1 8,e effect mu/ be equal to its cause40 ,& ?is1 :5 tortur$ 9 ! crucible1 confesses t ! only effici5t cause is 8causi sui20 h5ce ! effect is equal to its cause1 because x is ! cause4 ,& ! correlation !ory results 9 %[+ t =ce _c be1 unless self-orig9at$4 ,t self-det]m9ation is ! inevitable result1 no matt] :at hypo!sis be assum$1 is also evid5t4 ,tak+ all c\nt]-hypo!ses & g5]aliz+ !m1 we h ?is analysis3 ,i4 ,any & e be+ is det]m9$ f )\t ?r\gh ano!r4 7,?is !orem includes all anti-self-det]m9ation doctr9es47 ,,ii4 ,x results f ?is t any & e be+ is dep5d5t ^u ano!r & is a f9ite "o2 x _c be isolat$ )\t de/roy+ x4 ,h5ce x results t e be+ is an elem5t ( a :ole t includes x z a subord9ate mom5t4 ,,iii4 ,dep5d5t be+1 z a subord9ate elem5t1 _c be said to support any ?+ atta*$ to x1 = its own support is n 9 itself b 9 ano!r1 namely1 ! :ole t includes x4 ,f ?is x results t no dep5d5t be+ c dep5d ^u ano!r dep5d5t be+1 b r ^u ! includ+ :ole4 ,! includ+ :ole is !re=e n a dep5d5t2 s9ce x is = itself1 & ea* elem5t is det]m9$ ?r\gh x1 & = x1 x may be call$ ! negative unity 7or ! unity :i* negates ! indep5d5ce ( ! elem5ts74 ,rem>k4--,a *a9 ( dep5d5t be+s collapses into "o dep5d5t be+4 ,dep5d5ce is n conv]t$ into indep5d5ce by simple multiplication4 ,all dep5d5ce is ?us an elem5t ( an indep5d5t :ole4 ,,iv4 ,:at is ! "* ( ?is indep5d5t :ole1 ?is negative unity8 8,"*0 means det]m9ation1 & we are prep>$ to say t its det]m9ation _c be ?r\gh ano!r1 = !n x w\ld be a dep5d5t1 & we %\ld be ref]r$ aga9 to ! :ole1 includ+ x4 ,its det]m9ation by :i* ! multiplicity ( elem5ts arises is h5ce its own self-det]m9ation4 ,?us all f9itude & dep5d5ce presupposes z its condition1 self-det]m9ation4 ,v4 ,self-det]m9ation m closely exam9$ exhibits "s rem>kable results1 7:i* w ?r[ light on ! discussion ( 8,ess5ce & ,ph5om5a0 above73 7#a47 ,x is 8causa sui20 active & passive2 exi/+ dually z det]m9+ & det]m9$2 ?is self-diremption produces a di/9ction 9 itself :i* is aga9 cancell$4 7#b47 ,z det]m9] 7or active1 or cause71 x is ! pure univ]sal--! possibility ( any det]m9ations4 ,b z det]m9$ 7passive or effect7 x is ! special1 ! p>ticul>1 ! "o-sid$ reality t ent]s into *ange4 7#c47 ,b x is 8negative unity0 ( ^! two sides1 & h5ce an individual4 ,! pure univ]sal ^: negative relation to itself z det]m9] makes ! p>ticul>1 completes itself to individuality ?r\gh ?is act4 7a47 ,s9ce its pure univ]sality is ! sub/rate ( its det]m9ation1 & at ! same "t a self-relat$ activity 7or negativity71 x at once becomes its own object4 7b47 ,its activity 7limit+ or det]m9+7--a pure negativity--turn$ to itself z object1 dissolves ! p>ticul> 9 ! univ]sal1 & ?us cont9ually realizes its subjectivity4 7c47 ,h5ce ^! two sides ( ! negative unity are m prop]ly subject & object1 & s9ce !y are id5tical 7causa sui7 we may "n ! result 8self-consci\sness40 ,! absolute tru? ( all tru?s1 !n1 is t self-consci\sness is ! =m ( ! ,total4 ,god is a ,p]son1 or r ! ,p]son4 ,?r\gh ,8 self-consci\sness 7?\ght ( ,himself7 he makes ,himself an object to ,himself 7,nature71 & 9 ! same act cancels x aga9 into ,8 own image 7f9ite _s71 & ?us compreh5ds ,himself 9 ?is self-revelation4 ,two rem>ks mu/ be made "h3 7#a47 ,?is is n 8,pan!ism20 = x results t ,god is a ,p]son2 & secondly ,nature is a self-cancell+ side 9 ! process2 ?irdly1 ! s-call$ 8f9ite _s10 or man1 is immortal1 s9ce o!rwise he w\ld n be ! la/ l9k ( ! *a92 b su* he is1 because he c develop out ( 8 s5su\s life to pure ?\ght1 uncondition$ by "t & space1 & h5ce he c surpass any fix$ 8high] intellig5ce10 no matt] h[ high creat$4 7#b47 ,x is ! result t all pr(\nd ?9k]s h arriv$ at4 ,ari/otle 7,metaphysics ,,xi4 #f #g7 c>ries ?is :ole "q ( motion back to its presupposition 9 a mode ( treatm5t1 8sub quadam specie t]nitatis40 ,he concludes ?us3 8,! ?9k+1 h[ev]1 ( t :i* is purely = itself1 is a ?9k+ ( t :i* is mo/ excell5t 9 & = itself4 8,! ?9k+ ?9ks itself1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 t :i* is ?\ght by x2 x becomes ?is object 9 its own activity1 9 su* a mann] t ! subject & object are id5tical4 ,= ! appreh5d+ ( ?\ght & ess5ce is :at con/itutes reason4 ,! activity ( ?9k+ produces t :i* is p]ceiv$2 s t ! activity is r t :i* ,reason seems to h ( a div9e nature2 speculation pure ?9k+ is ! mo/ excell5t employm5t2 if1 !n1 ,god is always engag$ 9 ?is1 z we are at times1 ,he is admirable1 & if 9 a high] degree1 m admirable4 ,b ,he is 9 ?is pure ?9k+1 & life too belongs to ,him2 = ! activity ( ?\ght is life4 ,he is ?is activity4 ,! activity1 return+ into itself1 is ! mo/ excell5t & et]nal life4 ,we say1 !re=e1 t ,god is an et]nal & ! be/ liv+ be+4 ,s t life & duration are un9t]rupt$ & et]nal2 = ?is is ,god40 ,:5 "o gets rid ( ^? 8images ( s5se0 call$ by ,sp5c] 8conceivables10 & arrives at ! 8unpicturable notions ( intellig5ce10 he w f9d x easy to r$uce ! vex$ ant9omies ( =ce1 matt]1 motion1 "t1 space & causality2 arriv+ at ! fundam5tal pr9ciple--self-det]m9ation--he w be able to make a sci5ce ( ,biology4 ,! organic realm w n yield to duali/ic ,reflection4 ,goe! is ! great pione] ( ! s*ool ( physici/s t w spr+ out ( ! pres5t activity ( ,reflection :5 x %all h arriv$ at a p]ception ( its me?od4 ,resum4--,mr4 ,sp5c]'s results1 s f> z philosophy is conc]n$1 may be briefly summ$ up "u f\r g5]al heads3 #a4 ,psy*ology4 #b4 ,ontology4 #c4 ,!ology4 #d4 ,cosmology4 ,,psy*ology4 7#a47 ,conception is a m]e picture 9 ! m9d2 !re=e :at _c be pictur$ _c be conceiv$2 !re=e ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,absolute1 ,god1 ,ess5ce1 ,matt]1 ,motion1 ,=ce--any?+1 9 %ort1 t involves m$iation--_c be conceiv$2 h5ce !y are unkn[able4 7#b47 ,consci\sness is self-kn[+2 b t subject & object are "o1 is impossible4 ,we c nei!r "k ourselves nor any real be+4 7#c47 ,all reason+ or expla9+ is ! subsum+ ( a some:at "u a m g5]al category2 h5ce ! highe/ category is unsubsum$1 & h5ce inexplicable4 7#d47 ,our intellectual faculties may be improv$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & beyond ?is1 no am\nt ( tra9+ c avail any?+4 7,biology1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahh47 7#e47 ,! 8sub/ance ( consci\sness0 is ! basis ( our ideas ( p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 ,matt]1 etc4 7#f47 ,all kn[+ is relative2 our k ( ?is fact1 h[ev]1 is n relative b absolute4 ,,ontology4 7#a47 ,all t we "k is ph5om5al4 ,! reality passes all und]/&+4 ,9 ! ph5om5on ! ess5ce is 8manife/$10 b /ill x is n reveal$ !reby2 x rema9s hidd5 beh9d x1 inscrutable to our p]ception4 7#b47 ,& yet1 s9ce all our k is relative1 we h an obscure k ( ! hidd5 & inscrutable ess5ce ( ! correlate ( our k ( ph5om5a4 ,we "k t x exi/s4 7#c47 ,?\gh :at is inconceivable is = t reason unkn[able1 yet we "k t p]si/5ce belongs to =ce1 motion & matt]2 x is a positive result ( our 8m5tal /ructure10 al?\gh we _c conceive ei!r de/ructibility or inde/ructibility4 7#d47 ,?\gh self-consci\sness is an impossibility1 yet x sometimes occurs1 s9ce ! 8sub/ance ( consci\sness0 is ! object ( consci\sness :5 x decides ^u ! p]si/5ce ( ! ,univ]se1 & ( ,=ce1 ,matt]1 etc4 ,,!ology4 ,! ,supreme ,be+ is unkn[n & unkn[able2 unreveal$ & unrevealable1 ei!r naturally or sup]naturally2 = to reveal1 requires t "s "o %all compreh5d :at is reveal$4 ,! sole doctr9e ( ,religion ( great value is ! doctr9e t ,god transc5ds ! human intellect4 ,:5 ,religion pr(esses to reveal ,him to man & decl>e ,8 attributes1 !n x is irreligi\s4 ,?\gh ,god is ! unkn[n1 yet p]sonality1 reason1 consci\sness1 etc41 are degrad+ :5 appli$ to ,him4 ,! 8,?irty-n9e ,articles0 %\ld be cond5s$ into "o1 ?us3 8,!re is an ,unkn[n :i* ,i "k t ,i _c "k48 8,religions are envelopes ( tru? :i* reveal to ! l[]1 & conceal to ! high]40 8,!y are modes ( manife/ation ( ! unkn[able40 ,,cosmology4 8,evolution is a *ange f an indef9ite1 incoh]5t homog5eity1 to a def9ite1 coh]5t het]og5eity2 ?r\gh cont9u\s diff]5tiations & integrations40 ,?is is ! law ( ! ,univ]se4 ,all progresses to an equilibration--to a mov+ equilibrium4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,fi*te',s ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,k4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,kroeg]4 ,,note4--,9 pres5t+ ?is 8,introduction0 to ! read]s ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 we believe we af=d !m ! easie/ means ( ga9+ an insight into ,fi*te's great "w on ! ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,! pres5t introduction 0 writt5 by ,fi*te 9 #agig1 ?ree ye>s aft] ! fir/ publication ( 8 full sy/em4 ,x is c]ta9ly writt5 9 a rem>kably cle> & vigor\s /yle1 s z to be likely to arre/ ! att5tion ev5 ( ^? :o h b little acqua9tance ) ! rudim5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,philosophy4 ,?is l$ u to give x ! pref]5ce ov] o!r essays1 also writt5 by ,fi*te1 z ,introductions to 8 ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,a translation ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 by ,mr4 ,kroeg]1 is at pres5t 9 c\rse ( publication 9 ,new ,york4 ,?is article is1 moreov]1 int]e/+ z be+ a m complete unfold+ ( ! doctr9e ( ,plato ^u ,me?od1 h]et(ore ann\nc$4--,,ed4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks4 ,de re1 qu agitur1 petimus1 ut hom9es1 eam non op9ionem1 s$ opus esse1 cogit5t ac pro c]to habeant1 non sect nos alicujus1 aut placiti1 s$ utilitatis et amplitud9is human fundam5ta moliri4 ,de9de1 ut1 suis commodis qui1 9 commune consulant1 et ipsi 9 p>tem v5iant4--,baco de ,v]ulamio4 ,! au?or ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k 0 soon conv9c$1 ?r\gh a slight acqua9tance ) ! philosophical lit]ature s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,kant's ,critiques1 t ! object ( ?is great man--to effect a total re=m 9 ! /udy ( philosophy1 & h5ce ( all sci5ce--_h result$ 9 a failure1 s9ce n "o ( 8 num]\s successors appe>$ to und]/& :at he _h really spok5 (4 ,! au?or believ$ t he _h und]/ood ! latt]2 he resolv$ to devote 8 life to a repres5tation--totally indep5d5t f ,kant's--( t great discov]y1 & he w n give up ?is resolve4 ,:e!r he w succe$ bett] 9 mak+ himself und]/ood to 8 age1 "t alone c %[4 ,at all ev5ts1 he kn[s t no?+ true & useful1 :i* has once be5 giv5 to mank9d1 is lo/1 ?\gh only remote po/]ity %\ld le>n h[ to use x4 ,det]m9$ by my academical vocation1 ,i wrote1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 = my he>]s1 ) :om x 0 9 my p[] to expla9 myself 9 words until ,i 0 und]/ood4 ,?is is n ! place to te/ify h[ mu* cause ,i h to be satisfi$ ) my ef=ts1 & to ent]ta91 ( "s ( my /ud5ts1 ! be/ hopes = sci5ce4 ,t book ( m9e has also become kn[n else:]e1 & !re are v>i\s op9ions afloat conc]n+ x among/ ! le>n$4 ,a judgm5t1 :i* ev5 pret5d$ to br+ =? argum5ts1 ,i h nei!r read nor he>d1 except f my /ud5ts2 b ,i h bo? he>d & read a va/ am\nt ( d]ision1 d5unciation1 & ! g5]al assurance t ev]ybody is he>tily oppos$ to ?is doctr9e1 & ! confession t no "o c und]/& x4 ,z f> z ! latt] is conc]n$1 ,i w *e]fully assume all ! blame1 until o!rs %all repres5t x s z to make x compreh5sible1 :5 /ud5ts w d\btless discov] t my repres5tation 0 n s v bad aft] all2 or ,i w assume x altoge!r & unconditionally1 if ! read] !reby %\ld be enc\rag$ to /udy ! pres5t repres5tation1 9 :i* ,i %all endeavor to be z cle> z possible4 ,i %all cont9ue ^! repres5tations s long z ,i am conv9c$ t ,i d n write altoge!r 9 va94 ,b ,i write 9 va9 :5 nobody exam9es my argum5t4 ,i /ill owe my read]s ! foll[+ explanations3 ,i h always said1 & say aga91 t my sy/em is ! same z ,kant's4 ,t is to say1 x conta9s ! same view ( ! subject1 b is totally indep5d5t ( ,kant's mode ( repres5tation4 ,i h said ?is1 n to cov] myself by a great au?ority1 or to support my doctr9e except by itself1 b 9 ord] to say ! tru? & to be j4 ,p]haps x may be prov5 aft] tw5ty ye>s4 ,kant is z yet a seal$ book1 & :at he has be5 und]/ood to tea*1 is exactly :at he int5d$ to eradicate4 ,my writ+s are nei!r to expla9 ,kant1 nor to be expla9$ by 82 !y mu/ /& by !mselves1 & ,kant mu/ n be c\nt$ 9 ! game at all4 ,my object is--let me say x frankly--n to correct or amplify su* philosophical reflections z may be curr5t1 be !y call$ anti-,kant or ,kant1 b to totally eradicate !m1 & to effect a complete revolution 9 ! mode ( ?9k+ reg>d+ ^! subjects1 s t h]eaft] ! ,object w be posit$ & det]m9$ by ,k 7,reason71 & n vice v]sa2 & ?is s]i\sly1 n m]ely 9 words4 ,let no "o object3 8,if ?is sy/em is true1 c]ta9 axioms _c be upheld10 = ,i d n int5d t any?+ %\ld be upheld :i* ?is sy/em refutes4 ,aga93 8,i d n und]/& ?is book10 is to me a v un9t]e/+ & insignificant confession4 ,no "o c & %all und]/& my writ+s1 )\t hav+ /udi$ !m2 = !y d n conta9 a lesson h]et(ore taught1 b some?+--s9ce ,kant has n be5 und]/ood--altoge!r new to ! age4 ,c5sure )\t argum5t tells me simply t my doctr9e does n please2 & ?is confession is aga9 v unimportant2 = ! "q is n at all1 :e!r x pleases y or n1 b :e!r x has be5 prov54 ,9 ! pres5t sket* ,i write only = ^?1 9 :om !re /ill dwells an inn] s5se ( love = tru?2 :o /ill value sci5ce & conviction1 & :o are impell$ by a lively zeal to seek tru?4 ,) ^?1 :o1 by long spiritual slav]y1 h lo/ ) ! fai? 9 _! own conviction _! fai? 9 ! conviction ( o!rs2 :o consid] x folly if anybody attempts to seek tru? = himself2 :o see no?+ 9 sci5ce b a com=table mode ( subsi/5ce2 :o are horrifi$ at e proposition to enl>ge its b\nd>ies involv+ z a new labor1 & :o consid] no means disgraceful by :i* !y c hope to suppress him :o makes su* a proposition1--) ^? ,i h no?+ to d4 ,i %\ld be sorry if !y und]/ood me4 ,hi!rto ?is wi% ( m9e has be5 realiz$2 & ,i hope1 ev5 n[1 t ^! pres5t l9es w s confuse !m t !y c p]ceive no?+ m 9 !m ?an m]e words1 :ile t :i* repres5ts _! m9d is torn hi!r & ?i!r by _! ill-conceal$ rage4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,att5d to ?yself2 turn ?9e eye away f all t surr\nds !e & into ?9e own inn] self6 ,su* is ! fir/ task impos$ ^u ! /ud5t by ,philosophy4 ,we speak ( no?+ t is )\t !e1 b m]ely ( ?yself4 ,! slighte/ self-obs]vation mu/ %[ e "o a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s imm$iate conditions ( 8 consci\sness1 :i* we may also call repres5tations4 ,= "s ( !m appe> altoge!r dep5d5t ^u our fre$om1 & we _c possibly believe t !re is )\t u any?+ correspond+ to !m4 ,our imag9ation1 our w1 appe>s to u z free4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 we ref] to a ,tru? z _! model1 :i* is held to be firmly fix$1 indep5d5t ( u2 & 9 det]m9+ su* repres5tations1 we f9d ourselves condition$ by ! necessity ( _! h>mony ) ?is ,tru?4 ,9 ! k ( !m we d n consid] ourselves free1 z f> z _! cont5ts are conc]n$4 ,9 %ort3 :ile "s ( our repres5tations are accompani$ by ! feel+ ( fre$om1 o!rs are accompani$ by ! feel+ ( necessity4 ,reasonably ! "q _c arise--:y are ! repres5tations dep5d5t ^u our fre$om det]m9$ 9 precisely ?is mann]1 & n o!rwise8 ,= 9 suppos+ !m to be dep5d5t ^u our fre$om1 all application ( ! conception ( a gr\nd is reject$2 !y are ?us1 because ,i s fa%ion$ !m1 & if ,i _h fa%ion$ !m diff]5tly1 !y w\ld be o!rwise4 ,b x is c]ta9ly a "q wor?y ( reflection--:at is ! gr\nd ( ! sy/em ( ^? repres5tations :i* are accompani$ by ! feel+ ( necessity & ( t feel+ ( necessity itself8 ,to answ] ?is "q is ! object ( philosophy2 &1 9 my op9ion1 no?+ is philosophy b ! ,sci5ce :i* solves ?is problem4 ,! sy/em ( ^? repres5tations1 :i* are accompani$ by ! feel+ ( necessity1 is also call$ ,exp]i5ce--int]nal z well z ext]nal exp]i5ce4 ,philosophy1 !re=e1 to say ! same ?+ 9 o!r words1 has to f9d ! gr\nd ( all ,exp]i5ce4 ,only ?ree objections c be rais$ aga9/ ?is4 ,somebody might d5y t repres5tations1 accompani$ by ! feel+ ( necessity1 & ref]r$ to a ,tru? det]m9$ )\t any action ( ours1 d ev] occur 9 our consci\sness4 ,su* a p]son w\ld ei!r d5y 8 own k1 or be altoge!r diff]5tly con/ruct$ f o!r m52 9 :i* latt] case 8 d5ial w\ld be ( no conc]n to u4 ,or somebody might say3 ! "q is completely unansw]able1 we are 9 irremovable ignorance conc]n+ x1 & mu/ rema9 s4 ,to ent] into argum5t ) su* a p]son is altoge!r sup]flu\s4 ,! be/ reply he c receive is an actual answ] to ! "q1 & !n all he c d is to exam9e our answ]1 & tell u :y & 9 :at matt]s x does n appe> satisfactory to him4 ,f9ally1 somebody might qu>rel ab\t ! designation1 & ass]t3 8,philosophy is some?+ else ?an :at y h /at$ above1 or at lea/ some?+ else besides40 ,x might be easily %[n to su* a "o1 t s*ol>s h at all times designat$ exactly :at we h j /at$ to be ,philosophy1 & t :atev] else he might ass]t to be ,philosophy1 has already ano!r "n1 & t if ?is ^w signifies any?+ at all1 x mu/ mean exactly ?is ,sci5ce4 ,b z we are n incl9$ to ent] ^u any dispute ab\t words1 we1 = our "p1 h already giv5 up ! "n ( ,philosophy1 & h call$ ! ,sci5ce :i* has ! solution ( ?is problem = its object1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,,ii4 ,only :5 speak+ ( some?+1 :i* we consid] accid5tal1 i4 e4 :i* we suppose might also h be5 o!rwise1 ?\gh x 0 n det]m9$ by fre$om1 c we ask = its gr\nd2 & by ?is v ask+ = its gr\nd does x become accid5tal to ! que/ion]4 ,to f9d ! gr\nd ( any?+ accid5tal means1 to f9d some?+ else1 f ! det]m9$ness ( :i* x c be se5 :y ! accid5tal1 among/ ! v>i\s conditions x might h assum$1 assum$ precisely ! "o x did4 ,! gr\nd lies--by ! v ?9k+ ( a gr\nd--beyond its ,gr\nd$1 & bo? are1 9 s f> z !y are ,gr\nd & ,gr\nd$1 oppos$ to ea* o!r1 relat$ to ea* o!r1 & ?us ! latt] is expla9$ f ! =m]4 ,n[ ,philosophy is to discov] ! gr\nd ( all exp]i5ce2 h5ce its object lies necess>ily beyond all ,exp]i5ce4 ,?is s5t5ce applies to all ,philosophy1 & has be5 s appli$ always h]et(ore1 if we except ^! latt] days ( ,kant's miscon/ru]s & _! facts ( consci\sness1 i4 e4 ( inn] exp]i5ce4 ,no objection c be rais$ to ?is p>agraph2 = ! premise ( our conclusion is a m]e analysis ( ! above-/at$ conception ( ,philosophy1 & f ! premise ! conclusion is drawn4 ,if somebody %\ld wi% to rem9d u t ! conception ( a gr\nd mu/ be diff]5tly expla9$1 we c1 to be sure1 n prev5t him f =m+ ano!r conception ( x1 if he s *ooses2 b we decl>e1 on ! /r5g? ( our good "r1 t we1 9 ! above description ( ,philosophy1 wi% to h no?+ else und]/ood by t ^w4 ,h5ce1 if x is n to be s und]/ood1 ! possibility ( ,philosophy1 z we h describ$ x1 mu/ be altoge!r d5i$1 & su* a d5ial we h repli$ to 9 our fir/ section4 ,,iii4 ,! f9ite intellig5ce has no?+ beyond exp]i5ce2 exp]i5ce conta9s ! :ole sub/ance ( its ?9k+4 ,! philosoph] /&s necess>ily "u ! same conditions1 & h5ce x seems impossible t he c elevate himself beyond exp]i5ce4 ,b he c ab/ract2 i4 e4 he c sep>ate by ! fre$om ( ?9k+ :at 9 exp]i5ce is unit$4 ,9 ,exp]i5ce1 ! ,?+--t :i* is to be det]m9$ 9 itself indep5d5t ( our fre$om1 & 9 accordance ) :i* our k is to %ape itself--& ! ,intellig5ce--:i* is to obta9 a k ( x--are insep>ably unit$4 ,! philosoph] may ab/ract f bo?1 & if he does1 he has ab/ract$ f ,exp]i5ce & elevat$ himself above x4 ,if he ab/racts f ! fir/1 he reta9s an intellig5ce 9 itself1 i4 e4 ab/ract$ f its relation to exp]i5ce2 if he ab/ract f ! latt]1 he reta9s ! ,?+ 9 itself1 i4 e4 ab/ract$ f ! fact t x occurs 9 exp]i5ce2 & ?us reta9s ! ,intellig5ce 9 itself1 or ! 8,?+ 9 itself10 z ! explanatory gr\nd ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,! =m] mode ( proce$+ is call$ ,idealism1 ! latt] ,dogmatism4 ,only ^! two philosophical sy/ems--& ( t ^! rem>ks %\ld conv9ce ev]ybody--are possible4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ sy/em ! repres5tations1 :i* are accompani$ by ! feel+ ( necessity1 are productions ( ! ,intellig5ce1 :i* mu/ be presuppos$ 9 _! explanation2 accord+ to ! latt] sy/em !y are ! productions ( a ?+ 9 itself :i* mu/ be presuppos$ to expla9 !m4 ,if anybody desir$ to d5y ?is1 he w\ld h to prove t !re is /ill ano!r way to g beyond exp]i5ce ?an ! "o by means ( ab/raction1 or t ! consci\sness ( exp]i5ce conta9s m ?an ! two compon5ts j m5tion$4 ,n[ 9 reg>d to ! fir/1 x w appe> bel[1 x is true1 t :at we h "h call$ ,intellig5ce does1 inde$1 occur 9 consci\sness "u ano!r "n1 & h5ce is n altoge!r produc$ by ab/raction2 b x w at ! same "t be %[n t ! consci\sness ( x is condition$ by an ab/raction1 :i*1 h[ev]1 occurs naturally to mank9d4 ,we d n at all d5y t x is possible to compose a :ole sy/em f fragm5ts ( ^! incongru\s sy/ems1 & t ?is illogical labor has (t5 be5 und]tak52 b we d d5y t m ?an ^! two sy/ems are possible 9 a logical c\rse ( proce$+4 ,,iv4 ,betwe5 ! object--7we %all call ! explanatory gr\nd ( exp]i5ce1 :i* a philosophy ass]ts1 ! object ( t philosophy1 s9ce x appe>s to be only ?r\gh & = su* philosophy7--betwe5 ! object ( ,idealism & t ( ,dogmatism !re is a rem>kable di/9ction 9 reg>d to _! relation to consci\sness g5]ally4 ,all :]e( ,i am consci\s is call$ object ( consci\sness4 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* ! object c be relat$ to consci\sness4 ,ei!r x appe>s to h be5 produc$ by ! repres5tation1 or z exi/+ )\t any action ( ours2 & 9 ! latt] case1 z ei!r also det]m9$ 9 reg>d to its qualitativ5ess1 or z exi/+ m]ely 9 reg>d to its exi/5ce1 :ile det]m9able 9 reg>d to its qualitativ5ess by ! free intellig5ce4 ,! fir/ relation applies m]ely to an imag9>y object2 ! second m]ely to an object ( ,exp]i5ce2 ! ?ird applies only to an object1 :i* we %all at once proce$ to describe4 ,i c det]m9e myself by fre$om to ?9k1 = in/ance1 ! ,?+ 9 itself ( ! ,dogmati/s4 ,n[ if ,i am to ab/ract f ! ?\ght & look simply ^u myself1 ,i myself become ! object ( a p>ticul> repres5tation4 ,t ,i appe> to myself z det]m9$ 9 precisely ?is mann]1 & none o!r1 e4 g4 z ?9k+1 & z ?9k+ ( all possible ?\ghts--precisely ?is ,?+ 9 itself1 is to dep5d exclusively ^u my own fre$om ( self-det]m9ation2 ,i h made myself su* a p>ticul> object out ( my own free w4 ,i h n made myself2 on ! contr>y1 ,i am =c$ to ?9k myself 9 advance z det]m9able ?r\gh ?is self-det]m9ation4 ,h5ce ,i am myself my own object1 ! det]m9at5ess ( :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! intellig5ce1 b ! exi/5ce ( :i* mu/ always be presuppos$4 ,n[ ?is v 8,i0 is ! object ( ,idealism4 ,! object ( ?is sy/em does n occur actually z some?+ real 9 consci\sness1 n z a ,?+ 9 itself--= !n ,idealism w\ld cease to be :at x is1 & become ,dogmatism--b z 8,i0 9 itself2 n z an object ( ,exp]i5ce--= x is n det]m9$1 b is exclusively det]m9able ?r\gh my fre$om1 & )\t ?is det]m9ation x w\ld be no?+1 & is really n at all--b z some?+ beyond all ,exp]i5ce4 ,! object ( ,dogmatism1 on ! contr>y1 belongs to ! objects ( ! fir/ class1 :i* are produc$ solely by free ,?9k+4 ,! ,?+ 9 itself is a m]e inv5tion1 & has no reality at all4 ,x does n occur 9 ,exp]i5ce1 = ! sy/em ( ,exp]i5ce is no?+ else ?an ,?9k+ accompani$ by ! feel+ ( necessity1 & c n ev5 be said to be any?+ else by ! dogmati/1 :o1 l e philosoph]1 has to expla9 its cause4 ,true1 ! dogmati/ wants to obta9 reality = x ?r\gh ! necessity ( ?9k+ x z gr\nd ( all exp]i5ce1 & w\ld succe$1 if he c\ld prove t exp]i5ce c be1 & c be expla9$ only by means ( x4 ,b ?is is ! v ?+ 9 dispute1 & he _c presuppose :at mu/ fir/ be prov54 ,h5ce ! object ( ,idealism has ?is advantage ov] ! object ( ,dogmatism1 t x is n to be d$uc$ z ! explanatory gr\nd ( ,exp]i5ce--:i* w\ld be a contradiction1 & *ange ?is sy/em itself into a "p ( ,exp]i5ce--b t x is1 nev]!less1 to be po9t$ out z a "p ( consci\sness2 :]eas1 ! object ( ,dogmatism c pass = no?+ b a m]e inv5tion1 :i* obta9s validity only ?r\gh ! success ( ! sy/em4 ,?is we h said m]ely to promote a cle>] insight into ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two sy/ems1 b n to draw f x conclusions aga9/ ! latt] sy/em4 ,t ! object ( e philosophy1 z explanatory gr\nd ( ,exp]i5ce1 mu/ lie beyond all exp]i5ce1 is requir$ by ! v nature ( ,philosophy1 & is f> f be+ d]ogatory to a sy/em4 ,b we h z yet discov]$ no reasons :y t object %\ld also occur 9 a p>ticul> mann] )9 consci\sness4 ,if anybody %\ld n be able to conv9ce himself ( ! tru? ( :at we h j said1 ?is w\ld n make 8 conviction ( ! tru? ( ! :ole sy/em an impossibility1 s9ce :at we h j said 0 only int5d$ z a pass+ rem>k4 ,/ill 9 con=mity to our plan we w also "h take possible objections into consid]ation4 ,somebody might d5y ! ass]t$ imm$iate self-consci\sness 9 a free act ( ! m9d4 ,su* a "o we %\ld ref] to ! conditions /at$ above4 ,?is self-consci\sness does n obtrude itself ^u u1 & comes n ( its own accord2 x is necess>y fir/ to act free1 & next to ab/ract f ! object1 & att5d to "o's self4 ,nobody c be =c$ to d ?is1 & ?\gh he may say he has done x1 x is impossible to say :e!r he has done x correctly4 ,9 "o ^w1 ?is consci\sness _c be prov5 to any "o1 b ev]ybody mu/ freely produce x )9 himself4 ,aga9/ ! second ass]tion1 t ! 8,?+ 9 itself0 is a m]e inv5tion1 an objection c\ld only be rais$1 because x 7 misund]/ood4 ,v4 ,nei!r ( ^! two sy/ems c directly refute ! o!r2 = _! dispute is a dispute ab\t ! fir/ pr9ciple2 ea* sy/em--if y only admit its fir/ axiom--proves ! o!r "o wrong2 ea* d5ies all to ! opposite1 & ^! two sy/ems h no po9t 9 common f :i* !y might br+ ab\t a mutual und]/&+ & reconciliation4 ,?\gh !y may agree on ! words ( a s5t5ce1 !y w surely atta* a diff]5t mean+ to ! words4 7,h5ce ! reason :y ,kant has n be5 und]/ood & :y ! ,sci5ce ( ,k c f9d no fri5ds4 ,! sy/ems ( ,kant & ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k are ideali/ic--n 9 ! g5]al indef9ite1 b 9 ! j describ$ def9ite s5se ( ! ^w2 b ! mod]n philosoph]s are all ( !m dogmati/s1 & are firmly resolv$ to rema9 s4 ,kant 0 m]ely tol]at$1 because x 0 possible to make a dogmati/ out ( him2 b ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 :i* _c be ?us con/ru$1 is insupportable to ^! wise m54 ,! rapid ext5sion ( ,kant's philosophy--:5 x 0 ?us misund]/ood--is n a pro( ( ! pr(undity1 b r ( ! %all[ness ( ! age4 ,= 9 ?is %ape x is ! mo/ wond]ful abortion ev] creat$ by human imag9ation1 & x does little honor to its def5d]s t !y d n p]ceive ?is4 ,x c also be %[n t ?is philosophy 0 accept$ s gre$ily only because p ?\ght x w\ld put a /op to all s]i\s speculation1 & cont9ue ! era ( %all[ ,empiricism47 ,fir/4 ,idealism _c refute ,dogmatism4 ,true1 ! =m] sy/em has ! advantage1 z we h already said1 ( be+ enabl$ to po9t out its explanatory gr\nd ( all exp]i5ce--! free act+ intellig5ce--z a fact ( consci\sness4 ,?is fact ! dogmati/ mu/ also admit1 = o!rwise he w\ld r5d] himself incapable ( ma9ta9+ ! argum5t ) 8 oppon5t2 b he at ! same "t1 by a correct conclusion f 8 pr9ciple1 *anges ?is explanatory gr\nd into a deception & appe>ance1 & ?us r5d]s x incapable ( be+ ! explanatory gr\nd ( any?+ else1 s9ce x _c ma9ta9 its own exi/5ce 9 its own philosophy4 ,accord+ to ! ,dogmati/1 all ph5om5a ( our consci\sness are productions ( a ,?+ 9 itself1 ev5 our pret5d$ det]m9ations by fre$om1 & ! belief t we are free4 ,?is belief is produc$ by ! effect ( ! ,?+ ^u ourselves1 & ! det]m9ations1 :i* we d$uc$ f fre$om1 are also produc$ by x4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t we are n aw>e ( x 9 ^! cases1 & h5ce ascribe x to no cause1 i4 e4 to our fre$om4 ,e logical dogmati/ is necess>ily a ,fatali/2 he does n d5y ! fact ( consci\sness1 t we consid] ourselves free--= ?is w\ld be aga9/ reason2--b he proves f 8 pr9ciple t ?is is a false view4 ,he d5ies ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,ego1 :i* is ! basis ( ! ,ideali/1 9 toto1 makes x m]ely a production ( ! ,?+1 an accid5ce ( ! ,_w2 & h5ce ! logical dogmati/ is necess>ily also mat]iali/4 ,he c only be refut$ f ! po/ulate ( ! fre$om & indep5d5ce ( ! ,ego2 b ?is is precisely :at he d5ies4 ,nei!r c ! dogmati/ refute ! ,ideali/4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! =m]1 ! ,?+ 9 itself1 is no?+1 & has no reality1 z its def5d]s !mselves mu/ admit1 except t :i* x is to receive f ! fact t exp]i5ce c only be expla9$ by x4 ,b ?is pro( ! ,ideali/ annihilates by expla9+ exp]i5ce 9 ano!r mann]1 h5ce by d5y+ precisely :at dogmatism assumes4 ,?us ! ,?+ 9 itself becomes a complete ,*im]a2 !re is no fur!r reason :y x %\ld be assum$2 & ) x ! :ole edifice ( dogmatism tumbles d[n4 ,f :at we h j /at$1 is moreov] evid5t ! complete irreconcilability ( bo? sy/ems2 s9ce ! results ( ! "o de/roy ^? ( ! o!r4 ,:]ev] _! union has be5 attempt$ ! memb]s w\ld n fit toge!r1 & some:]e an imm5se gulf appe>$ :i* c\ld n be spann$4 ,if any "o 7 to d5y ?is he w\ld h to prove ! possibility ( su* a union--( a union :i* consi/s 9 an ev]la/+ composition ( ,matt] & ,_s1 or1 :i* is ! same1 ( ,necessity & ,lib]ty4 ,n[ s9ce1 z f> z we c see at pres5t1 bo? sy/ems appe> to h ! same speculative value1 b s9ce bo? _c /& toge!r1 nor yet ei!r conv9ce ! o!r1 x occurs z a v int]e/+ "q3 ,:at c possibly tempt p]sons :o compreh5d ?is--& to compreh5d x is s v easy a matt]--to pref] ! "o ov] ! o!r2 & :y skepticism1 z ! total r5unciation ( an answ] to ?is problem1 does n become univ]sal8 ,! dispute betwe5 ! ,ideali/ & ! ,dogmati/ is1 9 reality1 ! "q1 :e!r ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,ego is to be sacrific$ to t ( ! ,?+1 or vice v]sa8 ,:at1 !n1 is x1 :i* induces s5sible m5 to decide 9 favor ( ! "o or ! o!r8 ,! philosoph] discov]s f ?is po9t ( view--9 :i* he mu/ necess>ily place himself1 if he wants to pass = a philosoph]1 & :i*1 9 ! progress ( ,?9k+1 e man necess>ily occupies soon] or lat]1--no?+ f>!r ?an t he is =c$ to repres5t to himself bo?3 t he is free1 & t !re are det]m9$ ?+s outside ( him4 ,b x is impossible = man to /op at ?is ?\ght2 ! ?\ght ( a repres5tation is b a half-?\ght1 a brok5 (f fragm5t ( a ?\ght2 some?+ mu/ be ?\ght & add$ to x1 z correspond+ ) ! repres5tation indep5d5t ( x4 ,9 o!r words3 ! repres5tation _c exi/ alone by itself1 x is only some?+ 9 connection ) some?+ else1 & 9 itself x is no?+4 ,?is necessity ( ?9k+ x is1 :i* =ces "o f t po9t ( view to ! "q3 ,:at is ! gr\nd ( ! repres5tations8 or1 :i* is exactly ! same1 ,:at is t :i* corresponds ) !m8 ,n[ ! repres5tation ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,ego & t ( ! ,?+ c v well exi/ toge!r2 b n ! indep5d5ce itself ( bo?4 ,only "o c be ! fir/1 ! beg9n+1 ! indep5d5t2 ! second1 by ! v fact ( be+ ! second1 becomes necess>ily dep5d5t ^u ! fir/1 ) :i* x is to be connect$--n[1 :i* ( ! two is to be made ! fir/8 ,reason furni%es no gr\nd = a decision2 s9ce ! "q conc]ns n ! connect+ ( "o l9k ) ano!r1 b ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ l9k1 :i* z an absolute fir/ act is altoge!r conditional ^u ! fre$om ( ,?9k+4 ,h5ce ! decision is arbitr>y2 & s9ce ?is arbitr>9ess is nev]!less to h a cause1 ! decision is dep5d5t ^u incl9ation & int]e/4 ,! la/ gr\nd1 !re=e1 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,dogmati/ & ! ,ideali/ is ! diff]5ce ( _! int]e/4 ,! highe/ int]e/1 & h5ce ! gr\nd ( all o!r int]e/1 is t :i* we feel = ourselves4 ,?us ) ! ,philosoph]4 ,n to lose 8 ,self 9 8 argum5tation1 b to reta9 & ass]t x1 ?is is ! int]e/ :i* unconsci\sly guides all 8 ,?9k+4 ,n[1 !re are two grades ( mank9d2 & 9 ! progress ( our race1 be=e ! la/ grade has be5 univ]sally atta9$1 two *ief k9ds ( m54 ,! "o k9d is compos$ ( ^? :o h n yet elevat$ !mselves to ! full feel+ ( _! fre$om & absolute indep5d5ce1 :o are m]ely consci\s ( !mselves 9 ! repres5tation ( outw>d ?+s4 ,^! m5 h only a desultory consci\sness1 l9k$ toge!r ) ! outw>d objects1 & put toge!r out ( _! manifoldness4 ,!y receive a picture ( _! ,self only f ! ,?+s1 z f a mirror2 = _! own sake !y _c r5\nce _! fai? 9 ! indep5d5ce ( ^? ?+s1 s9ce !y exi/ only toge!r ) ^! ?+s4 ,:atev] !y are !y h become ?r\gh ! out] ,_w4 ,:osoev] is only a production ( ! ,?+s w nev] view himself 9 any o!r mann]2 & he is p]fectly correct1 s long z he speaks m]ely = himself & = ^? l him4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! dogmati/ is3 ,fai? 9 ! ?+s1 = _! own sake2 h5ce1 m$iat$ ,fai? 9 _! own desultory self1 z simply ! result ( ! ,?+s4 ,b :osoev] becomes consci\s ( 8 self-exi/5ce & indep5d5ce f all outw>d ?+s--& ?is m5 c only become by mak+ some?+ ( !mselves1 ?r\gh _! own ,self1 indep5d5tly ( all outw>d ?+s--ne$s no long] ! ,?+s z supports ( 8 ,self1 & _c use !m1 because !y annihilate 8 indep5d5ce & turn x into an empty appe>ance4 ,! ,ego :i* he possesses1 & :i* int]e/s him1 de/roys t ,fai? 9 ! ,?+s2 he believes 9 8 indep5d5ce1 f incl9ation1 & seizes x ) affection4 ,8 ,fai? 9 himself is imm$iate4 ,f ?is int]e/ ! v>i\s passions are explicable1 :i* mix g5]ally ) ! def5ce ( ^! philosophical sy/ems4 ,! dogmati/ is 9 dang] ( los+ 8 ,self :5 8 sy/em is attack$2 & yet he is n arm$ aga9/ ?is attack1 because !re is some?+ )9 him :i* takes "p ) ! aggressor2 h5ce1 he def5ds himself ) bitt]ness & heat4 ,! ideali/1 on ! contr>y1 _c well refra9 f look+ d[n ^u 8 oppon5t ) a c]ta9 c>elessness1 s9ce ! latt] c tell him no?+ :i* he has n kn[n long ago & has ca/ away z useless4 ,! dogmati/ gets angry1 miscon/rues1 & w\ld p]secute1 if he _h ! p[]2 ! ideali/ is cold & 9 dang] ( ridicul+ 8 antagoni/4 ,h5ce1 :at philosophy a man *ooses dep5ds entirely ^u :at k9d ( man he is2 = a philosophical sy/em is n a piece ( dead h\sehold furniture1 :i* y may use or n use1 b is animat$ by ! s\l ( ! man :o has x4 ,m5 ( a naturally weak-m9d$ "*1 or :o h become weak-m9d$ & crook$ ?r\gh intellectual slav]y1 s*ol>ly luxury & vanity1 w nev] elevate !mselves to idealism4 ,y c %[ ! dogmati/ ! insuffici5cy & inconsequ5ce ( 8 sy/em1 ( :i* we %all speak directly2 y c confuse & t]rify him f all sides2 b y _c conv9ce him1 because he is unable to li/5 to & exam9e ) calmness :at he _c tol]ate4 ,if ,idealism %\ld prove to be ! only real ,philosophy1 x w also appe> t a man mu/ be born a philosoph]1 be educat$ to be "o1 & educate himself to be "o2 b t no human art 7no ext]nal =ce7 c make a philosoph] out ( him4 ,h5ce1 ?is ,sci5ce expects few proselytes f m5 :o h already =m$ _! "*2 if our ,philosophy has any hopes at all1 x ent]ta9s !m r f ! "y g5]ation1 ! natural vigor ( :i* has n yet be5 subm]g$ 9 ! weak-m9d$ness ( ! age4 ,,vi4 ,b dogmatism is totally incapable ( expla9+ :at x %\ld expla91 & ?is is decisive 9 reg>d to its insuffici5cy4 ,x is to expla9 ! repres5tation ( ?+s1 & proposes to expla9 !m z an effect ( ! ,?+s4 ,n[1 ! dogmati/ _c d5y :at imm$iate consci\sness ass]ts ( ?is repres5tation4 ,:at1 !n1 does x ass]t !re(8 ,x is n my purpose "h to put 9 a conception :at c only be ga!r$ 9 imm$iate contemplation1 nor to exhau/ t :i* =ms a great portion ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,i w m]ely recall to memory :at e "o1 :o has b firmly look$ )9 himself1 mu/ long s9ce h discov]$4 ,! ,intellig5ce1 z su*1 sees itself1 & ?is see+ ( its self is imm$iately connect$ ) all t app]ta9s to ! ,intellig5ce2 & 9 ?is imm$iate unit+ ( ,be+ & ,see+ ! nature ( ! ,intellig5ce consi/s4 ,:atev] is 9 ! ,intellig5ce1 :atev] ! ,intellig5ce is itself1 ! ,intellig5ce is = itself1 & only 9 s f> z x is ?is = itself is x ?is1 z ,intellig5ce4 ,i ?9k ?is or t object6 ,n[ :at does ?is mean1 & h[ d ,i appe> to myself 9 ?is ,?9k+8 ,n o!rwise ?an ?us3 ,i produce c]ta9 conditions )9 myself1 if ! object is a m]e inv5tion2 b if ! objects are real & exi/ )\t my inv5tion1 ,i simply contemplate1 z a spectator1 ! production ( ^? conditions )9 me4 ,!y are )9 me only 9 s f> z ,i contemplate !m2 my contemplation & _! ,be+ are insep>ably unit$4 ,a ,?+1 on ! contr>y1 is to be ?is or t2 b z soon z ! "q is put3 ,= :om is x ?is8 ,nobody1 :o b compreh5ds ! ^w1 w reply3 ,= itself6 ,b he w h to add ! ?\ght ( an ,intellig5ce1 = :i* ! ,?+ is to be2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,intellig5ce is self-suffici5t & requires no additional ?\ght4 ,by ?9k+ x z ! ,intellig5ce y include already t = :i* x is to be4 ,h5ce1 !re is 9 ! ,intellig5ce1 to express myself figuratively1 a tw(old--,be+ & ,see+1 ! ,real & ! ,ideal2 & 9 ! insep>ability ( ?is tw(old ! nature ( ! ,intellig5ce consi/s1 :ile ! ,?+ is simply a unit--! ,real4 ,h5ce ,intellig5ce & ,?+ are directly oppos$ to ea* o!r2 !y move 9 two worlds1 betwe5 :i* !re is no bridge4 ,! nature ( ! ,intellig5ce & its p>ticul> det]m9ations ,dogmatism endeavors to expla9 by ! pr9ciple ( ,causality2 ! ,intellig5ce is to be a production1 ! second l9k 9 a s]ies4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( causality applies to a real s]ies1 & n to a d\ble "o4 ,! p[] ( ! cause goes ov] into an ,o!r oppos$ to x1 & produces !re9 a ,be+1 & no?+ fur!r2 a ,be+ = a possible outside ,intellig5ce1 b n = ! ?+ itself4 ,y may give ?is ,o!r ev5 a me*anical p[]1 & x w transf] ! receiv$ impression to ! next l9k1 & ?us ! movem5t proce$+ f ! fir/ may be transf]r$ ?r\gh z long a s]ies z y *oose to make2 b n[h]e w y f9d a l9k :i* reacts back ^u itself4 ,or give ! ,o!r ! highe/ quality :i* y c give a ?+--,s5sibility--:]eby x w foll[ ! laws ( its own inn] nature1 & n ! law giv5 to x by ! cause--& x w1 to be sure1 react ^u ! outw>d cause2 b x w1 nev]!less1 rema9 a m]e simple ,be+1 a ,be+ = a possible intellig5ce outside ( x4 ,! ,intellig5ce y w n get1 unless y add x 9 ?9k+ z ! prim>y & absolute1 ! connection ( :i*1 ) ?is y\r indep5d5t ,be+1 y w f9d x v difficult to expla94 ,! s]ies is & rema9s a simple "o2 & y h n at all expla9$ :at 0 to be expla9$4 ,y 7 to prove ! connection betwe5 ,be+ & ,repres5tation2 b ?is y d n1 nor c y d x2 = y\r pr9ciple conta9s m]ely ! gr\nd ( a ,be+1 & n ( a ,repres5tation1 totally oppos$ to ,be+4 ,y take an imm5se leap into a _w1 totally remov$ f y\r pr9ciple4 ,?is leap !y seek to hide 9 v>i\s ways4 ,rigor\sly--& ?is is ! c\rse ( consi/5t dogmatism1 :i* ?us becomes mat]ialism2--! s\l is to !m no ,?+ at all1 & inde$ no?+ at all1 b m]ely a production1 ! result ( ! reciprocal action ( ,?+s among/ !mselves4 ,b ?is reciprocal action produces m]ely a *ange 9 ! ,?+s1 & by no means any?+ ap>t f ! ,?+s1 unless y add an obs]v+ intellig5ce4 ,! similes :i* !y adduce to make _! sy/em compreh5sible1 = in/ance1 t ( ! h>mony result+ f s\nds ( diff]5t in/rum5ts1 make its irrationality only m app>5t4 ,= ! h>mony is n 9 ! in/rum5ts1 b m]ely 9 ! m9d ( ! he>]1 :o comb9es )9 himself ! manifold into ,"o2 & unless y h su* a he>] !re is no h>mony at all4 ,b :o c prev5t ,dogmatism f assum+ ! ,s\l z "o ( ! ,?+s1 p] se8 ,! s\l w\ld ?us belong to :at x has po/ulat$ = ! solution ( its problem1 &1 inde$1 w\ld !reby be made ! category ( cause & effect applicable to ! ,s\l & ! ,?+s--mat]ialism only p]mitt+ a reciprocal action ( ! ,?+s among/ !mselves--& ?\ghts might n[ be produc$4 ,to make ! ,un?9kable ?9kable1 ,dogmatism has1 inde$1 attempt$ to presuppose ,?+ or ! ,s\l1 or bo?1 9 su* a mann]1 t ! effect ( ! ,?+ 0 to produce a repres5tation4 ,! ,?+1 z influ5c+ ! ,s\l1 is to be su*1 z to make its influ5ces repres5tations2 ,,god1 = in/ance1 9 ,b]kley's sy/em1 0 su* a ?+4 7,8 sy/em is dogmatic1 n ideali/ic47 ,b ?is does n bett] matt]s2 we und]/& only me*anical effects1 & x is impossible = u to und]/& any o!r k9d ( effects4 ,h5ce1 t presupposition conta9s m]ely words1 b !re is no s5se 9 x4 ,or ! s\l is to be ( su* a nature t e effect ^u ! ,s\l turns into a repres5tation4 ,b ?is also we f9d x impossible to und]/&4 ,9 ?is mann] ,dogmatism proce$s ev]y:]e1 :atev] phase x may assume4 ,9 ! imm5se gulf1 :i* 9 t sy/em rema9s always op5 betwe5 ,?+s & ,repres5tations1 x places a few empty words in/ead ( an explanation1 :i* words may c]ta9ly be committ$ to memory1 b 9 say+ :i* nobody has ev] yet ?\ght1 nor ev] w ?9k1 any?+4 ,= :5ev] "o attempts to ?9k ! mann] 9 :i* is accompli%$ :at ,dogmatism ass]ts to be accompli%$1 ! :ole idea vani%es into empty foam4 ,h5ce ,dogmatism c only repeat its pr9ciple1 & repeat x 9 diff]5t =ms2 c only ass]t & re-ass]t ! same ?+2 b x _c proce$ f :at x ass]ts to :at is to be expla9$1 nor ev] d$uce ! "o f ! o!r4 ,b 9 ?is d$uction ,philosophy consi/s4 ,h5ce ,dogmatism1 ev5 :5 view$ f a speculative /&-po9t1 is no ,philosophy at all1 b m]ely an impot5t ass]tion4 ,idealism is ! only possible rema9+ ,philosophy4 ,:at we h "h said c meet ) no objection2 b x may well meet ) incapability ( und]/&+ x4 ,t all influ5ces are ( a me*anical nature1 & t no me*anism c produce a repres5tation1 nobody w d5y1 :o b und]/&s ! words4 ,b ?is is ! v difficulty4 ,x requires a c]ta9 degree ( indep5d5ce & fre$om ( _s to compreh5d ! nature ( ! intellig5ce1 :i* we h describ$1 & ^u :i* our :ole refutation ( ,dogmatism is f\nd$4 ,_m p]sons h n advanc$ fur!r ) _! ,?9k+ ?an to compreh5d ! simple *a9 ( natural me*anism1 & v naturally1 !re=e1 ! ,repres5tation1 if !y *oose to ?9k x at all1 belongs1 9 _! eyes1 to ! same *a9 ( :i* alone !y h any k4 ,! ,repres5tation ?us becomes to !m a sort ( ,?+ ( :i* we h div]s examples 9 "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ philosophical writ]s4 ,= su* p]sons ,dogmatism is suffici5t3 = !m !re is no gulf1 s9ce ! opposite does n exi/ = !m at all4 ,h5ce y _c conv9ce ! ,dogmati/ by ! pro( j /at$1 h[ev] cle> x may be1 = y _c br+ ! pro( to 8 k1 s9ce he lacks ! p[] to compreh5d x4 ,moreov]1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,dogmatism is treat$ "h1 is oppos$ to ! mild way ( ?9k+ :i* *>act]izes our age1 & :i*1 ?\gh x has be5 ext5sively accept$ 9 all ages1 has nev] be5 conv]t$ to an express pr9ciple except 9 ours2 i4 e4 t philosoph]s mu/ n be s /rict 9 _! logic2 9 philosophy "o %\ld n be s p>ticul> z1 = in/ance1 9 ,ma!matics4 ,if p]sons ( ?is mode ( ?9k+ see b a few l9ks ( ! *a9 & ! rule1 accord+ to :i* conclusions are drawn1 !y at once fill up ! rema9+ "p ?r\gh _! imag9ation1 nev] inve/igat+ fur!r ( :at !y may consi/4 ,if1 = in/ance1 an ,alex&] ,von ,io* tells !m3 8,all ?+s are det]m9$ by natural necessity2 n[ our repres5tations dep5d ^u ! condition ( ,?+s1 & our w dep5ds ^u our repres5tations3 h5ce all our w is det]m9$ by natural necessity1 & our op9ion ( a free w is m]e deception60--!n ^! p ?9k x mightily compreh5sible & cle>1 al?\gh !re is no s5se 9 x2 & !y g away conv9c$ & satisfi$ at ! /r+5cy ( ?is 8 demon/ration4 ,i mu/ call to m9d1 t ! ,sci5ce ( ,k does n proce$ f ?is mild way ( ?9k+1 nor calculate ^u x4 ,if only a s+le l9k 9 ! long *a9 x has to draw does n fit closely to ! foll[+1 ?is ,sci5ce does n pret5d to h e/abli%$ any?+4 ,,vii4 ,idealism1 z we h said above1 expla9s ! det]m9ations ( consci\sness f ! activity ( ! ,intellig5ce1 :i*1 9 its view1 is only active & absolute1 n passive2 s9ce x is po/ulat$ z ! fir/ & highe/1 prec$$ by no?+1 :i* might expla9 its passivity4 ,f ! same reason actual ,exi/5ce _c well be ascrib$ to ! ,intellig5ce1 s9ce su* ,exi/5ce is ! result ( reciprocal causality1 b !re is no?+ :]e) ! ,intellig5ce might be plac$ 9 reciprocal causality4 ,f ! view ( ,idealism1 ! ,intellig5ce is a ,do+1 & absolutely no?+ else2 x is ev5 wrong to call x an ,active1 s9ce ?is expression po9ts to some?+ exi/+1 9 :i* ! activity is inh]5t4 ,b to assume any?+ ( ?is k9d is aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( ,idealism1 :i* proposes to d$uce all o!r ?+s f ! ,intellig5ce4 ,n[ c]ta9 det]m9$ repres5tations--z1 = in/ance1 ( a _w1 ( a mat]ial _w 9 space1 exi/+ )\t any "w ( our own--are to be d$uc$ f ! action ( ! ,intellig5ce2 b y _c d$uce any?+ det]m9$ f an undet]m9$2 ! =m ( all d$uctions1 ! category ( gr\nd & sequ5ce1 is n applicable "h4 ,h5ce ! action ( ! ,intellig5ce1 :i* is made ! gr\nd1 mu/ be a det]m9$ action1 & s9ce ! action ( ! ,intellig5ce itself is ! highe/ gr\nd ( explanation1 t action mu/ be s det]m9$ by ! ,intellig5ce itself1 & n by any?+ =eign to x4 ,h5ce ! presupposition ( ,idealism w be ?is3 ! ,intellig5ce acts1 b by its v ess5ce x c only act 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,if ?is necess>y mann] ( its action is consid]$ ap>t f ! action1 x may prop]ly be call$ ,laws ( ,action4 ,h5ce1 !re are necess>y laws ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,?is expla9s also1 at ! same "t1 ! feel+ ( necessity :i* accompanies ! det]m9$ repres5tations2 ! ,intellig5ce exp]i5ces 9 ^? cases1 n an impression f )\t1 b feels 9 its action ! limits ( its own ,ess5ce4 ,9 s f> z ,idealism makes ?is only reasonable & really explanatory presupposition ( necess>y laws ( ! ,intellig5ce1 x is call$ ,critical or ,transc5d5tal ,idealism4 ,a transc5d5t ,idealism w\ld be a sy/em :i* 7 to und]take a d$uction ( det]m9$ repres5tations f ! free & p]fectly lawless action ( ! ,intellig5ce3 an altoge!r contradictory presupposition1 s9ce1 z we h said above1 ! category ( gr\nd & sequ5ce is n applicable 9 t case4 ,! laws ( action ( ! ,intellig5ce1 z sure z !y are to be f\nd$ 9 ! "o nature ( ! ,intellig5ce1 con/itute 9 !mselves a sy/em2 t is to say1 ! fact t ! ,intellig5ce acts 9 ?is p>ticul> mann] "u ?is p>ticul> condition is expla9able1 & expla9able because "u a condition x has always a det]m9$ mode ( action1 :i* aga9 is expla9able f "o highe/ fundam5tal law4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its action ! ,intellig5ce gives itself its own laws2 & ?is legislation itself is done by virtue ( a high] necess>y action or ,repres5tation4 ,= in/ance3 ! law ( ,causality is n a fir/ orig9al law1 b only "o ( ! _m modes ( comb9+ ! manifold1 & to be d$uc$ f ! fundam5tal law ( ?is comb9ation2 ?is law ( comb9+ ! manifold is aga91 l ! manifold itself1 to be d$uc$ f high] laws4 ,h5ce1 ev5 ,critical ,idealism c proce$ 9 a tw(old mann]4 ,ei!r x d$uces ?is sy/em ( necess>y modes ( action1 & toge!r ) x ! objective repres5tations aris+ !refrom1 really f ! fundam5tal laws ( ! ,intellig5ce1 & ?us causes gradually to arise "u ! v eyes ( ! read] or he>] ! :ole ext5t ( our repres5tations2 or x ga!rs ^! laws--p]haps z !y are already imm$iately appli$ to objects2 h5ce1 9 a l[] condition1 & !n !y are call$ categories--ga!rs ^! laws some:]e1 & n[ ass]ts1 t ! objects are det]m9$ & regulat$ by !m4 ,i ask ! critic :o foll[s ! la/-m5tion$ me?od1 & :o does n d$uce ! assum$ laws ( ! ,intellig5ce f ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,intellig5ce1 :]e he gets ! mat]ial k ( ^! laws1 ! k t !y are j ^! v same laws2 = in/ance1 t ( ,sub/antiality or ,causality8 ,= ,i d n want to tr\ble him yet ) ! "q1 h[ he kn[s t !y are m]e imman5t laws ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,!y are ! laws :i* are imm$iately appli$ to objects1 & he c only h obta9$ !m by ab/raction f ^! objects1 i4 e4 f ,exp]i5ce4 ,x is ( no avail if he takes !m1 by a r\ndab\t way1 f logic1 = logic is to him only ! result ( ab/raction f ! objects1 & h5ce he w\ld d indirectly1 :at directly might appe> too cle>ly 9 its true nature4 ,h5ce he c prove by no?+ t 8 po/ulat$ ,laws ( ,?9k+ are really ,laws ( ,?9k+1 are really no?+ b imman5t laws ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,! ,dogmati/ ass]ts 9 opposition1 t !y are n1 b t !y are g5]al qualities ( ,?+s1 f\nd$ on ! nature ( ,?+s1 & !re is no reason :y we %\ld place m fai? 9 ! unprov$ ass]tion ( ! "o ?an 9 ! unprov$ ass]tion ( ! o!r4 ,?is c\rse ( proce$+1 inde$1 furni%es no und]/&+ t & :y ! ,intellig5ce %\ld act j 9 ?is p>ticul> mann]4 ,to produce su* an und]/&+1 x w\ld be necess>y to premise some?+ :i* c only app]ta9 to ! ,intellig5ce1 & f ^? premises to d$uce be=e our eyes ! laws ( ,?9k+4 ,by su* a c\rse ( proce$+ x is above all incompreh5sible h[ ! object itself is obta9$2 = al?\gh y may admit ! unprov$ po/ulates ( ! critic1 !y expla9 no?+ fur!r ?an ! qualities & relations ( ! ,?+3 7t x is1 = in/ance1 9 space1 manife/$ 9 "t1 ) accid5ces :i* mu/ be ref]r$ to a sub/ance1 c47 ,b :5ce t :i* has ^! relations & qualities8 :5ce !n ! sub/ance :i* is clo!d 9 ^! =ms8 ,?is sub/ance ,dogmatism takes refuge 91 & y h b increas$ ! evil4 ,we "k v well3 ! ,?+ arises only f an act done 9 accordance ) ^! laws1 & is1 inde$1 no?+ else ?an all ^! relations ga!r$ toge!r by ! p[] ( imag9ation2 & all ^! relations toge!r are ! ,?+4 ,! ,object is ! orig9al ,syn!sis ( all ^! conceptions4 ,=m & ,sub/ance are n sep>ates2 ! :ole =mness is ! sub/ance1 & only 9 ! analysis d we arrive at sep>ate =ms4 ,b ?is ! critic1 :o foll[s ! above me?od1 c only ass]t1 & x is ev5 a secret :5ce he kn[s x1 if he does "k x4 ,until y cause ! :ole ,?+ to arise be=e ! eyes ( ! ?9k]1 y h n pursu$ ,dogmatism into its la/ hid+ places4 ,b ?is is only possible by lett+ ! ,intellig5ce act 9 its :ole1 & n 9 its p>tial1 lawfulness4 ,h5ce1 an ,idealism ( ?is "* is unprov5 & unprovable4 ,aga9/ ,dogmatism x has no o!r weapon ?an ! ass]tion t x is 9 ! "r2 & aga9/ ! m p]fect$ criticism no o!r weapon ?an impot5t ang]1 & ! assurance t y c g no fur!r ?an itself goes4 ,f9ally a sy/em ( ?is "* puts =? only ^? laws1 accord+ to :i* ! objects ( ext]nal exp]i5ce are det]m9$4 ,b ^! con/itute by f> ! smalle/ portion ( ! laws ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,h5ce1 on ! field ( ,practical ,reason & ( ,reflective ,judgm5t1 ?is half criticism1 lack+ ! insight into ! :ole proc$ure ( reason1 gropes ab\t z 9 total d>kness4 ,! me?od ( complete transc5d5tal ,idealism1 :i* ! ,sci5ce ( ,k pursues1 ,i h expla9$ once be=e 9 my ,essay1 ,on ! conception ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,i _c und]/& :y t ,essay has n be5 und]/ood2 b suffice x to say1 t ,i am assur$ x has n be5 und]/ood4 ,i am !re=e compell$ to repeat :at ,i h said1 & to recall to m9d t ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! correct und]/&+ !re(4 ,?is ,idealism proce$s f a s+le fundam5tal ,law ( ,reason1 :i* is imm$iately %[n z conta9$ 9 consci\sness4 ,?is is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! tea*] ( t ,sci5ce reque/s 8 read] or he>] to ?9k freely a c]ta9 conception4 ,if he does s1 he w f9d himself =c$ to proce$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,two ?+s are to be di/+ui%$ "h3 ! act ( ,?9k+1 :i* is requir$--! realization ( :i* dep5ds ^u ea* individual's fre$om1--& unless he realizes x ?us1 he w n und]/& any?+ :i* ! ,sci5ce ( ,k tea*es2 & ! necess>y mann] 9 :i* x alone c be realiz$1 :i* mann] is gr\nd$ 9 ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,intellig5ce1 & does n dep5d ^u fre$om2 x is some?+ necess>y1 b :i* is only discov]$ 9 & toge!r ) a free action2 x is some?+ discov]$1 b ! discov]y ( :i* dep5ds ^u an act ( fre$om4 ,s f> z ?is goes1 ! tea*] ( ,idealism %[s 8 ass]tion to be conta9$ 9 imm$iate consci\sness4 ,b t ?is necess>y mann] is ! fundam5tal law ( all reason1 t f x ! :ole sy/em ( our necess>y repres5tations1 n only ( a _w & ! det]m9$ness & relations ( objects1 b also ( ourselves1 z free & practical be+s act+ "u laws1 c be d$uc$4 ,all ?is is a m]e presupposition1 :i* c only be prov5 by ! actual d$uction1 :i* d$uction is !re=e ! real bus9ess ( ! tea*]4 ,9 realiz+ ?is d$uction1 he proce$s z foll[s3 ,he %[s t ! fir/ fundam5tal law :i* 0 discov]$ 9 imm$iate consci\sness1 is n possible1 unless a second action is comb9$ ) x1 :i* aga9 is n possible )\t a ?ird action2 & s on1 until ! conditions ( ! ,fir/ are completely exhau/$1 & itself is n[ made p]fectly compreh5sible 9 its possibility4 ,! tea*]'s me?od is a cont9ual progression f ! condition$ to ! condition4 ,! condition becomes aga9 condition$1 & its condition is next to be discov]$4 ,if ! presupposition ( ,idealism is correct1 & if no errors h be5 made 9 ! d$uction1 ! la/ result1 z conta9+ all ! conditions ( ! fir/ act1 mu/ conta9 ! sy/em ( all necess>y repres5tations1 or ! total exp]i5ce2--a comp>ison1 h[ev]1 :i* is n in/itut$ 9 ,philosophy itself1 b only aft] t sci5ce has f9i%$ its "w4 ,= ,idealism has n kept ?is exp]i5ce 9 sight1 z ! prekn[n object & result1 :i* x %\ld arrive at2 9 its c\rse ( proce$+ x kn[s no?+ at all ( exp]i5ce1 & does n look ^u x2 x proce$s f its />t+ po9t accord+ to its rules1 c>eless z to :at ! result ( its inve/igations might turn out to be4 ,! "r angle1 f :i* x has to draw its /raight l9e1 is giv5 to x2 is !re any ne$ ( ano!r po9t to :i* ! l9e %\ld be drawn8 ,surely n2 = all ! po9ts ( its l9e are already giv5 to x ) ! angle4 ,a c]ta9 numb] is giv5 to y4 ,y suppose t x is ! product ( c]ta9 factors4 ,all y h to d is to se>* = ! product ( ^! factors accord+ to ! well-kn[n rules4 ,:e!r t product w agree ) ! giv5 numb]1 y w f9d out1 )\t any difficulty1 z soon z y h obta9$ x4 ,! giv5 numb] is ! total exp]i5ce2 ^? factors are3 ! "p ( imm$iate consci\sness :i* 0 discov]$1 & ! laws ( ,?9k+2 ! multiplication is ! ,philosophiz+4 ,^? :o advise y1 :ile philosophiz+1 also to keep an eye ^u exp]i5ce1 advise y to *ange ! factors a little1 & to multiply falsely1 s z to obta9 by all means correspond+ numb]s2 a c\rse ( proce$+ z di%one/ z x is %all[4 ,9 s f> z ^? f9al results ( ,idealism are view$ z su*1 z consequ5ces ( our reason+1 !y are :at is call$ ! a priori ( ! human m9d2 & 9 s f> z !y are view$1 also--if !y %\ld agree ) exp]i5ce--z giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 !y are call$ a po/]iori4 ,h5ce ! a priori & ! a po/]iori are1 9 a true ,philosophy1 n two1 b "o & ! same1 only view$ 9 two diff]5t ways1 & di/+ui%$ only by ! mann] 9 :i* !y are obta9$4 ,philosophy anticipates ! :ole exp]i5ce1 ?9ks x only z necess>y2 &1 9 s f>1 ,philosophy is1 9 comp>ison ) real exp]i5ce1 a priori4 ,! numb] is a po/]iori1 if reg>d$ z giv52 ! same numb] is a priori1 if reg>d$ z product ( ! factors4 ,:osoev] says o!rwise kn[s n :at he talks ab\t4 ,if ! results ( a ,philosophy d n agree ) exp]i5ce1 t ,philosophy is surely wrong2 = x has n fulfill$ its promise ( d$uc+ ! :ole exp]i5ce f ! necess>y action ( ! intellig5ce4 ,9 t case1 ei!r ! presupposition ( transc5d5tal ,idealism is altoge!r incorrect1 or x has m]ely be5 incorrectly treat$ 9 ! p>ticul> repres5tation ( t sci5ce4 ,n[1 s9ce ! problem1 to expla9 exp]i5ce f its gr\nd1 is a problem conta9$ 9 human reason1 & z no rational man w admit t human reason conta9s any problem ! solution ( :i* is altoge!r impossible2 & s9ce1 moreov]1 !re are only two ways ( solv+ x1 ! dogmatic sy/em 7:i*1 z we h %[n1 _c accompli% :at x promises7 & ! ,ideali/ic sy/em1 e resolute ,?9k] w always decl>e t ! latt] has be5 ! case2 t ! presupposition 9 itself is correct en\gh1 & t no failure 9 attempts to repres5t x %\ld det] m5 f attempt+ x aga9 until f9ally x mu/ succe$4 ,! c\rse ( ?is ,idealism proce$s1 z we h se51 f a fact ( consci\sness--b :i* is only obta9$ by a free act ( ,?9k+--to ! total exp]i5ce4 ,its peculi> gr\nd is betwe5 ^! two4 ,x is n a fact ( consci\sness & does n belong )9 ! sph]e ( exp]i5ce2 &1 inde$1 h[ c\ld x be call$ ,philosophy if x did1 s9ce ,philosophy has to discov] ! gr\nd ( exp]i5ce1 & s9ce ! gr\nd lies1 ( c\rse1 beyond ! sequ5ce4 ,x is ! production ( free ,?9k+1 b proce$+ accord+ to laws4 ,?is w be at once cle>1 if we look a little clos] at ! fundam5tal ass]tion ( ,idealism4 ,x proves t ! ,po/ulat$ is n possible )\t a second1 ?is n )\t a ?ird1 c41 c42 h5ce none ( all its conditions is possible alone & by itself1 b ea* "o is only possible 9 its union ) all ! re/4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to its own ass]tion1 only ! ,:ole is f\nd 9 consci\sness1 & ?is ,:ole is ! exp]i5ce4 ,y want to obta9 a bett] k ( x2 h5ce y mu/ analyze x1 n by bl9dly grop+ ab\t1 b accord+ to ! fix$ rule ( composition1 s t x arises "u y\r eyes z a ,:ole4 ,y are enabl$ to d ?is because y h ! p[] ( ab/raction2 because 9 free ,?9k+ y c c]ta9ly take hold ( ea* s+le condition4 ,= consci\sness conta9s n only necessity ( ,repres5tations1 b also fre$om !re(2 & ?is fre$om aga9 may proce$ accord+ to rules4 ,! ,:ole is giv5 to y f ! po9t ( view ( necess>y consci\sness2 y f9d x j z y f9d y\rself4 ,b ! composition ( ?is ,:ole1 ! ord] ( its arrangem5t1 is produc$ by fre$om4 ,:osoev] und]takes ?is act ( fre$om1 becomes consci\s ( fre$om1 & ?us e/abli%es1 z x 71 a new field )9 8 consci\sness2 :osoev] does n und]take x1 = him ?is new field1 dep5d5t !reupon1 does n exi/4 ,! *emi/ composes a body1 a metal = in/ance1 f its elem5ts4 ,! common behold] sees ! metal well kn[n to him2 ! *emi/ beholds1 moreov]1 ! composition !re( & ! elem5ts :i* x comprises4 ,d bo? n[ see diff]5t objects8 ,i %\ld ?9k n6 ,bo? see ! same1 only 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,! *emi/'s sight is a priori2 he sees ! sep>ates2 ! ord9>y behold]'s sight is a po/]iori2 he sees ! ,:ole4 ,! only di/9ction is ?is3 ! *emi/ mu/ fir/ analyze ! ,:ole be=e he c compose x1 because he works ^u an object ( :i* he _c "k ! rule ( composition be=e he has analyz$ x2 :ile ! philosoph] c compose )\t a =ego+ analysis1 because he kn[s already ! rule ( 8 object1 ( reason4 ,h5ce ! cont5t ( ,philosophy c claim no o!r reality ?an t ( necess>y ,?9k+1 on ! condition t y desire to ?9k ( ! gr\nd ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,! ,intellig5ce c only be ?\ght z active1 & c only be ?\ght active 9 ?is p>ticul> mann]6 ,su* is ! ass]tion ( ,philosophy4 ,& ?is reality is p]fectly suffici5t = ,philosophy1 s9ce x is evid5t f ! developm5t ( t sci5ce t !re is no o!r reality4 ,?is n[ describ$ complete critical ,idealism1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,k int5ds to e/abli%4 ,:at ,i h said j n[ conta9s ! conception ( t sci5ce1 & ,i %all li/5 to no objections :i* may t\* ?is conception1 s9ce no "o c "k bett] ?an myself :at ,i int5d to accompli%1 & to demon/rate ! impossibility ( a ?+ :i* is already realiz$1 is ridicul\s4 ,objections1 to be legitimate1 %\ld only be rais$ aga9/ ! elaboration ( t conception1 & %\ld only consid] :e!r x has fulfill$ :at x promis$ to accompli% or n4 ,,analytical ,,& ,,critical ,,essay ,,^u ,,! ,,/hetics ,,( ,,hegel4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 ,*4 ,bn>d by ,j4 ,a4 ,m>tl+4 ,,analysis4 ,hav+ und]tak5 to translate into our language ! /hetics ( ,hegel1 we hope to r5d] a new s]vice to our read]s1 by pres5t+1 9 an analysis at once cursory & detail$ ! outl9e ( ! ideas :i* =m ! basis ( t va/ "w4 ,! ?\ght ( ! au?or w appe> %orn ( its ri* developm5ts2 b x w be m easy to seize ! g5]al _s1 ! connection ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! "w1 & to appreciate _! value4 ,9 ord] n to m> ! cle>ness ( our "w1 we %all ab/a9 f m+l+ criticism ) exposition2 b res]ve = ! conclusion a g5]al judgm5t ^u ?is book1 :i* repres5ts ev5 to-day ! /ate ( ! philosophy ( art 9 ,g]many4 ,! "w is divid$ into ?ree p>ts2 ! fir/ treats ( ! beautiful 9 art 9 g5]al2 ! second1 ( ! g5]al =ms ( art 9 its hi/oric developm5t2 ! ?ird conta9s ! sy/em ( ! arts--! !ory ( ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 & poetry4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,,9 ,,art4 ,9 an ext5d$ introduction1 ,hegel lays ! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce ( ! ,beautiful3 he def9es its object1 demon/rates its legitimacy1 & indicates its me?od2 he !n und]takes to det]m9e ! nature & ! end ( art4 ,^u ea* ( ^! po9ts let u endeavor to /ate1 9 a brief mann]1 8 ?\ght1 &1 if x is necess>y1 expla9 x4 /hetics is ! sci5ce ( ! ,beautiful4 ,! ,beautiful manife/s itself 9 nature & 9 art2 b ! v>iety & multiplicity ( =ms "u :i* beauty pres5ts itself 9 ! real _w1 does n p]mit _! description & sy/ematic classification4 ,! sci5ce ( ! ,beautiful has !n z its pr9cipal object1 art & its works2 x is ! philosophy ( ! f9e arts4 ,is art a prop] object ( sci5ce8 ,no1 und\bt$ly1 if we consid] x only z an amusem5t or a frivol\s relaxation4 ,b x has a nobl] purpose4 ,x w ev5 be a misconception ( its true aim to reg>d x simply z an auxili>y ( morals & religion4 ,al?\gh x (t5 s]ves z int]pret] ( moral & religi\s ideas1 x pres]ves its indep5d5ce4 ,its prop] object is to reveal tru? "u s5su\s =ms4 ,nor is x all[able to say t x produces its effects by illusion4 ,appe>ance1 "h1 is tru] ?an reality4 ,! images :i* x places "u our eyes are m ideal1 m transp>5t1 & also m durable ?an ! mobile & fugitive exi/5ces ( ! real _w4 ,! _w ( art is tru] ?an t ( nature & ( hi/ory4 ,c sci5ce subject to its =mulas ! free creations ( ! imag9ation8 ,art & sci5ce1 x is true1 diff] 9 _! me?ods2 b imag9ation1 also1 has its laws2 ?\gh free1 x has n ! "r to be lawless4 ,9 art1 no?+ is arbitr>y2 its gr\nd is ! ess5ce ( ?+s2 its =m is borr[$ f ! real _w1 & ! ,beautiful is ! accord1 ! h>mony ( ! two t]ms4 ,philosophy recognizes 9 works ( art ! et]nal cont5t ( its m$itations1 ! l(ty conceptions ( intellig5ce1 ! passions ( man1 & ! motives ( 8 volition4 ,philosophy does n pret5d to furni% prescriptions to art1 b is able to give useful advice2 x foll[s x 9 its proc$ures1 x po9ts out to x ! pa?s :]eon x may g a/ray2 x alone c furni% to criticism a solid basis & fix$ pr9ciples4 ,z to ! me?od to be foll[$1 two exclusive & opposite c\rses pres5t !mselves4 ,! "o1 empiric & hi/oric1 seeks to draw f ! /udy ( ! ma/]-pieces ( art1 ! laws ( criticism & ! pr9ciples ( ta/e4 ,! o!r1 rational & a priori1 rises imm$iately to ! idea ( ! beautiful1 & d$uces f x c]ta9 g5]al rules4 ,ari/otle & ,plato repres5t ^! two me?ods4 ,! fir/ rea*es only a n>r[ !ory1 incapable ( compreh5d+ art 9 its univ]sality2 ! o!r1 isolat+ itself on ! heights ( metaphysics1 kn[s n h[ to desc5d !refrom to apply itself to p>ticul> arts1 & to appreciate _! works4 ,! true me?od consi/s 9 ! union ( ^! two me?ods1 9 _! reconciliation & simultane\s employm5t4 ,to a positive acqua9tance ) works ( art1 to ! discrim9ation & delicacy ( ta/e necess>y to appreciate !m1 !re %\ld be jo9$ philosophic reflection1 & ! capacity ( seiz+ ! ,beautiful 9 itself1 & ( compreh5d+ its *>act]i/ics & immutable laws4 ,:at is ! nature ( art8 ,! answ] to ?is "q c only be ! philosophy ( art itself2 &1 fur!rmore1 ?is aga9 c be p]fectly und]/ood only 9 its connection ) ! o!r philosophic sci5ces4 ,"o is "h compell$ to limit himself to g5]al reflections1 & to ! discussion ( receiv$ op9ions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 art is a product ( human activity1 a creation ( ! m9d4 ,:at di/+ui%es x f sci5ce is ?is1 t x is ! fruit ( inspiration1 n ( reflection4 ,on ?is acc\nt x c n be le>n$ or transmitt$2 x is a gift ( g5ius4 ,no?+ c possibly supply a lack ( tal5t 9 ! arts4 ,let u gu>d ourselves mean:ile f suppos+ t1 l ! bl9d =ces ( nature1 ! arti/ does n "k :at he does1 t reflection has no "p 9 8 works4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! arts a te*nical "p :i* mu/ be le>n$1 & a skill :i* is acquir$ by practice4 ,fur!rmore1 ! m elevat$ art becomes1 ! m x dem&s an ext5d$ & v>i$ culture1 a /udy ( ! objects ( nature1 & a pr(\nd k ( ! human he>t4 ,?is is em95tly true ( ! high] sph]es ( art1 especially 9 ,poetry4 ,if works ( art are creations ( ! human _s1 !y are n on t acc\nt inf]ior to ^? ( nature4 ,!y are1 x is true1 liv+1 only 9 appe>ance2 b ! aim ( art is n to create liv+ be+s2 x seeks to (f] to ! _s an image ( life cle>] ?an ! reality4 ,9 ?is1 x surpasses nature4 ,!re is also some?+ div9e 9 man1 & ,god d]ives no less honor f ! works ( human intellig5ce ?an f ! works ( nature4 ,n[ :at is ! cause :i* incites man to ! production ( su* works8 ,is x a caprice1 a freak1 or an e>ne/1 fundam5tal incl9ation ( 8 nature8 ,x is ! same pr9ciple :i* causes him to seek 9 sci5ce food = 8 m9d1 9 public life a !atre = 8 activity4 ,9 sci5ce he endeavors to cognize ! tru?1 pure & unveil$2 9 art1 tru? appe>s to him n 9 its pure =m1 b express$ by images :i* /rike 8 s5se at ! same "t t !y speak to 8 intellig5ce4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple 9 :i* art orig9ates1 & :i* assigns to x a rank s high among ! creations ( ! human m9d4 ,al?\gh art is address$ to ! s5sibility1 nev]!less its direct aim is n to excite s5sation1 & to give bir? to pleasure4 ,s5sation is *angeful1 v>i$1 contradictory4 ,x repres5ts only ! v>i\s /ates or modifications ( ! s\l4 ,if !n we consid] only ! impressions :i* art produces ^u u1 we make ab/raction ( ! tru? :i* x reveals to u4 ,x becomes ev5 impossible to compreh5d its gr& effects2 = ! s5tim5ts :i* x excites 9 u1 are explicable only ?r\gh ! ideas :i* atta* to !m4 ,! s5su\s elem5t1 nev]!less1 occupies a l>ge place 9 art4 ,:at "p mu/ be assign$ to x8 ,!re are two modes ( consid]+ s5su\s objects 9 _! connection ) our m9d4 ,! fir/ is t ( simple p]ception ( objects by ! s5ses4 ,! m9d !n kn[s only _! individual side1 _! p>ticul> & concrete =m2 ! ess5ce1 ! law1 ! sub/ance ( ?+s escapes x4 ,at ! same "t ! desire :i* is awak5$ 9 u1 is a desire to appropriate !m to our use1 to consume !m1 to de/roy !m4 ,! s\l1 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! objects1 feels its dep5d5ce2 x _c contemplate !m ) a free & dis9t]e/$ eye4 ,ano!r relation ( s5su\s objects ) _s1 is t ( speculative ?\ght or sci5ce4 ,"h ! intellig5ce is n cont5t to p]ceive ! object 9 its concrete =m & its individuality2 x disc>ds ! individual side 9 ord] to ab/ract & dis5gage f x ! law1 ! univ]sal1 ! ess5ce4 ,reason ?us lifts itself above ! individual =m p]ceiv$ by s5se1 9 ord] to conceive ! pure idea 9 its univ]sality4 ,art diff]s bo? f ! "o & f ! o!r ( ^! modes2 x holds ! mean betwe5 s5su\s p]ception & rational ab/raction4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! fir/ 9 t x does n atta* itself to ! real b to ! appe>ance1 to ! =m ( ! object1 & 9 t x does n feel any selfi% long+ to consume x1 to cause x to s]ve a purpose1 to utilize x4 ,x diff]s f sci5ce 9 t x is int]e/$ 9 ?is p>ticul> object1 & 9 its s5su\s =m4 ,:at x loves to see 9 x1 is nei!r its mat]iality1 nor ! pure idea 9 its g5]ality1 b an appe>ance1 an image ( ! tru?1 some?+ ideal :i* appe>s 9 x2 x seizes ! connective ( ! two t]ms1 _! accord & _! inn] h>mony4 ,?us ! want :i* x feels is :olly contemplative4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ?is vision ! s\l feels itself fre$ f all selfi% desire4 ,9 a ^w1 art purposely creates images1 appe>ances1 design$ to repres5t ideas1 to %[ to u ! tru? "u s5su\s =ms4 ,!reby x has ! p[] ( /irr+ ! s\l 9 its pr(\nde/ dep?s1 ( caus+ x to exp]i5ce ! pure delight spr++ f ! sight & contemplation ( ! ,beautiful4 ,! two pr9ciples are f\nd equally comb9$ 9 ! arti/4 ,! s5su\s side is includ$ 9 ! faculty :i* creates--! imag9ation4 ,x is n by me*anical toil1 direct$ by rules le>n$ by he>t t he executes 8 works2 nor is x by a process ( reflection l t ( ! philosoph] :o is seek+ ! tru?4 ,! m9d has a consci\sness ( itself1 b x _c seize 9 an ab/ract mann] ! idea :i* x conceives2 x c repres5t x only "u s5su\s =ms4 ,! image & ! idea coexi/ 9 ?\ght1 & _c be sep>at$4 ,?us ! imag9ation is itself a gift ( nature4 ,sci5tific g5ius is r a g5]al capacity ?an an innate & special tal5t4 ,to succe$ 9 ! arts1 !re is necess>y a det]m9ate tal5t :i* reveals itself e>ly "u ! =m ( an active & irresi/ible long+1 & a c]ta9 facility 9 ! manipulation ( ! mat]ials ( art4 ,x is ?is :i* makes ! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 ! musician4 ,su* is ! nature ( art4 ,if x be ask$1 :at is its end1 "h we enc\nt] ! mo/ div]se op9ions4 ,! mo/ common is t :i* gives imitation z its object4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ne>ly all ! !ories ^u art4 ,n[ ( :at use to reproduce t :i* nature already (f]s to our view8 ,?is pu]ile talk1 unwor?y ( _s to :i* x is address$1 unwor?y ( man :o produces x1 w\ld only end 9 ! revelation ( its impot5cy & ! vanity ( its ef=ts2 = ! copy w always rema9 inf]ior to ! orig9al4 ,besides1 ! m exact ! imitation1 ! less vivid is ! pleasure4 ,t :i* pleases u is n imitation1 b creation4 ,! v lea/ inv5tion surpasses all ! ma/]pieces ( imitation4 ,9 va9 is x said t art ought to imitate beautiful ,nature4 ,to select is no long] to imitate4 ,p]fection 9 imitation is exactness2 moreov]1 *oice supposes a rule2 :]e f9d ! crit]ion8 ,:at signifies1 9 f9e1 imitation 9 ar*itecture1 9 music1 & ev5 9 poetry8 ,at mo/1 "o c ?us expla9 descriptive poetry1 t is to say1 ! mo/ prosaic k9d4 ,we mu/ conclude1 !re=e1 t if1 9 its compositions1 art employs ! =ms ( ,nature1 & mu/ /udy !m1 its aim is n to copy & to reproduce !m4 ,its mission is high]--its proc$ure fre]4 ,rival ( nature1 x repres5ts ideas z well z %e1 & ev5 bett]2 x uses h] =ms z symbols to express !m2 & x fa%ions ev5 ^!1 remodels !m ^u a type m p]fect & m pure4 ,x is n )\t significance t its works are /yl$ ! creations ( ! g5ius ( man4 ,a second sy/em sub/itutes expression = imitation4 ,art accord+ly has = its aim1 n to repres5t ! ext]nal =m ( ?+s1 b _! int]nal & liv+ pr9ciple1 p>ticul>ly ! ideas1 s5tim5ts1 passions1 & conditions ( ! s\l4 ,less gross ?an ! prec$+1 ?is !ory is no less false & dang]\s4 ,let u "h di/+ui% two ?+s3 ! idea & ! expression--! cont5t & ! =m4 ,n[1 if ,art is design$ = expression solely--if expression is its ess5tial object--its cont5t is indiff]5t4 ,provid$ t ! picture be fai?ful1 ! expression lively & animat$1 ! good & ! bad1 ! vici\s1 ! hide\s1 ! ugly1 h ! same "r to figure "h z ! ,beautiful4 ,immoral1 lic5ti\s1 impi\s1 ! arti/ w h fulfill$ 8 obligation & rea*$ p]fection1 :5 he has succe$$ 9 fai?fully r5d]+ a situation1 a passion1 an idea1 be x true or false4 ,x is cle> t if 9 ?is sy/em ! object ( imitation is *ang$1 ! proc$ure is ! same4 ,art w\ld be only an e*o1 a h>moni\s language2 a liv+ mirror1 :]e all s5tim5ts & all passions w\ld f9d !mselves reflect$1 ! base "p & ! noble "p ( ! s\l cont5d+ "h = ! same place4 ,! true1 "h1 w\ld be ! real1 w\ld include objects ! mo/ div]se & ! mo/ contradictory4 ,indiff]5t z to ! cont5t1 ! arti/ seeks only to repres5t x well4 ,he tr\bles himself little conc]n+ tru? 9 itself4 ,skeptic or en?usia/ indiff]5tly1 he makes u p>take ( ! delirium ( ! ,bac*anals1 or ! unconc]n ( ! ,sophi/4 ,su* is ! sy/em :i* takes = a motto ! maxim1 ,art is = art2 t is to say1 m]e expression = its own sake4 ,its consequ5ces1 & ! fatal t5d5cy :i* x has at all times press$ ^u ! arts1 are well kn[n4 ,a ?ird sy/em sets up moral p]fection z ! aim ( art4 ,x _c be d5i$ t "o ( ! effects ( art is to s(t5 & purify mann]s 7emollit mores74 ,9 mirror+ man to himself1 x temp]s ! rud5ess ( 8 appetites & 8 passions2 x disposes him to contemplation & reflection2 x elevates 8 ?\ght & s5tim5ts1 by lead+ !m to an ideal :i* x sugge/s1--to ideas ( a sup]ior ord]4 ,art has1 f all "t1 be5 reg>d$ z a p[]ful in/rum5t ( civilization1 z an auxili>y ( religion4 ,x is1 toge!r ) religion1 ! e>lie/ in/ructor ( nations2 x is besides a means ( in/ruction = m9ds incapable ( compreh5d+ tru? o!rwise ?an "u ! veil ( a symbol1 & by images t address !mselves to ! s5se z well z to ! _s4 ,b ?is !ory1 al?\gh mu* sup]ior to ! prec$+1 is no m exact4 ,its defect consi/s 9 conf\nd+ ! moral effect ( art ) its real aim4 ,?is confusion has inconv5i5ces :i* d n appe> at ! fir/ glance4 ,let c>e be tak51 mean:ile1 le/1 9 ?us assign+ to art a =eign aim1 x be n robb$ ( its lib]ty1 :i* is its ess5ce1 & )\t :i* x has no inspiration--t !reby x be n prev5t$ f produc+ ! effects :i* are to be expect$ f x4 ,betwe5 religion1 morals & art1 !re exi/s an et]nal & intimate h>mony2 b !y are1 none ! less1 ess5tially div]se =ms ( tru?1 &1 :ile pres]v+ entire ! bonds :i* unite !m1 !y claim a complete indep5d5ce4 ,art has its peculi> laws1 me?ods & jurisdiction2 ?\gh x ought n to w\nd ! moral s5se1 yet x is ! s5se ( ! ,beautiful to :i* x is address$4 ,:5 its works are pure1 its effect on ! s\l is salut>y1 b its direct & imm$iate aim is n ?is result4 ,seek+ x1 x risks los+ x1 & does lose its own end4 ,suppose1 inde$1 t ! aim ( art %\ld be to in/ruct1 "u ! veil ( allegory2 ! idea1 ! ab/ract & g5]al ?\ght1 mu/ be pres5t 9 ! _s ( ! arti/ at ! v mom5t ( composition4 ,x seeks1 !n1 a =m :i* is adapt$ to t idea1 & furni%es drap]y = x4 ,:o does n see t ?is proc$ure is ! v opposite ( inspiration8 ,!re c be born ( x only frigid & lifeless works2 its effect w ?us be nei!r moral nor religi\s2 x w produce only ennui4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ! op9ion :i* makes moral p]fection ! object ( art & its creations1 is t ?is end is impos$ s completely ^u art1 & controls x to su* a degree1 t x has no long] ev5 a *oice ( subjects4 ,! sev]e morali/ w\ld h x repres5t moral subjects alone4 ,art is !n undone4 ,?is sy/em l$ ,plato to bani% poets f 8 republic4 ,if1 !n1 x is necess>y to ma9ta9 ! agreem5t ( morality & art1 & ! h>mony ( _! laws1 _! di/9ct bases & indep5d5ce mu/ also be recogniz$4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?or\ghly ?is di/9ction betwe5 morals & art1 x is necess>y to h solv$ ! moral problem4 ,morality is ! realization ( ! 8ought0 by ! free w2 x is ! conflict betwe5 passion & reason1 incl9ation & law1 ! fle% & ! _s4 ,x h+es ^u an opposition4 ,antagonism is1 inde$1 ! v law ( ! physical & moral univ]se4 ,b ?is opposition ought to be cancell$4 ,?is is ! de/9y ( be+s :o by _! developm5t & progress cont9ually realize !mselves4 ,n[1 9 morals1 ?is h>mony ( ! p[]s ( our be+1 :i* %\ld re/ore peace & happ9ess1 does n exi/4 ,morality proposes x z an end to ! free w4 ,! aim & ! realization are di/9ct4 ,duty consi/s 9 an incessant /riv+4 ,?us1 9 "o respect1 morals & art h ! same pr9ciple & ! same aim2 ! h>mony ( rectitude1 & happ9ess ( actions & law4 ,b t :]e9 !y diff] is1 t 9 morals ! end is nev] :olly atta9$4 ,x appe>s sep>at$ f ! means2 ! consequ5ce is equally sep>at$ f ! pr9ciple4 ,! h>mony ( rectitude & happ9ess ought to be ! result ( ! ef=ts ( virtue4 ,9 ord] to conceive ! id5tity ( ! two t]ms1 x is necess>y to elevate "o's self to a sup]ior po9t ( view1 :i* is n t ( morals4 ,9 empirical sci5ce equally1 ! law appe>s di/9ct f ! ph5om5on1 ! ess5ce sep>at$ f its =m4 ,9 ord] t ?is di/9ction may be cancell$1 !re is necess>y a mode ( ?9k+ :i* is sup]ior to t ( reflection1 or ( empirical sci5ce4 ,art1 on ! contr>y1 (f]s to u 9 a visible image1 ! realiz$ h>mony ( ! two t]ms ( exi/5ce1 ( ! law ( be+s & _! manife/ation1 ( ess5ce & =m1 ( rectitude & happ9ess4 ,! beautiful is ess5ce realiz$1 activity 9 con=mity ) its end1 & id5tifi$ ) x2 x is ! =ce :i* is h>moni\sly develop$ "u our eyes1 9 ! inn]mo/ ( exi/5ces1 & :i* cancels ! contradictions ( its nature3 happy1 free1 full ( s]5ity 9 ! v mid/ ( suff]+ & ( sorr[4 ,! problem ( art is !n di/9ct f ! moral problem4 ,! good is h>mony s\ght =2 beauty is h>mony realiz$4 ,s mu/ we und]/& ! ?\ght ( ,hegel2 he "h only intimates x1 b x w be fully develop$ 9 ! sequel4 ,! true aim ( art is !n to repres5t ! ,beautiful1 to reveal ?is h>mony4 ,?is is its only purpose4 ,e o!r aim1 purification1 moral amelioration1 edification1 are accessories or consequ5ces4 ,! effect ( ! contemplation ( ! ,beautiful is to produce 9 u a calm & pure joy1 incompatible ) ! gross pleasures ( s5se2 x lifts ! s\l above ! ord9>y sph]e ( its ?\ghts2 x disposes to noble resolutions & g5]\s actions by ! close aff9ity :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ?ree s5tim5ts & ! ?ree ideas ( ! ,good1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,div9e4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal ideas :i* ?is rem>kable introduction conta9s4 ,! rema9d]1 devot$ to ! exam9ation ( works :i* h m>k$ ! developm5t ( /hetic sci5ce 9 ,g]many s9ce ,kant1 is sc>cely susceptible ( analysis1 & does n s mu* des]ve our att5tion4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! sci5ce ( /hetics1 :i* might be call$ ! ,metaphysics ( ! ,beautiful1 conta9s1 toge!r ) ! analysis ( ! idea ( ! ,beautiful1 ! g5]al pr9ciples common to all ! arts4 ,?us ,hegel "h treats3 ,fir/1 ( ! ab/ract idea ( ! ,beautiful2 second1 ( ! ,beautiful 9 nature2 ?ird1 ( ! ,beautiful 9 art1 or ( ! ideal4 ,he concludes ) an exam9ation ( ! qualities ( ! arti/4 ,b be=e ent]+ ^u ^! que/ions1 he ?\ght x necess>y to po9t out ! place ( art 9 human life1 & especially its connections ) religion & philosophy4 ,! de/9ation ( man1 ! law ( 8 nature1 is to develop himself incessantly1 to /ret* unceas+ly t[>ds ! inf9ite4 ,he ought1 at ! same "t1 to put an end to ! opposition :i* he f9ds 9 himself betwe5 ! elem5ts & p[]s ( 8 be+2 to place !m 9 accord by realiz+ & develop+ !m ext]nally4 ,physical life is a /ruggle betwe5 oppos+ =ces1 & ! liv+ be+ c su/a9 itself only ?r\gh ! conflict & ! triumph ( ! =ce :i* con/itutes x4 ,) man1 & 9 ! moral sph]e1 ?is conflict & progressive enfran*isem5t are manife/$ "u ! =m ( fre$om1 :i* is ! highe/ de/9ation ( _s4 ,fre$om consi/s 9 surm\nt+ ! ob/acles :i* x enc\nt]s )9 & )\t1 9 remov+ ! limits1 9 effac+ all contradiction1 9 vanqui%+ evil & sorr[1 9 ord] to atta9 to h>mony ) ! _w & ) itself4 ,9 actual life1 man seeks to de/roy t opposition by ! satisfaction ( 8 physical wants4 ,he calls to 8 aid1 indu/ry & ! useful arts2 b he obta9s ?us only limit$1 relative1 & transi5t enjoym5ts4 ,he f9ds a nobl] pleasure 9 sci5ce1 :i* furni%es food = 8 ard5t curiosity1 & promises to reveal to him ! laws ( nature & to unveil ! secrets ( ! univ]se4 ,civil life op5s ano!r *annel to 8 activity2 he burns to realize 8 conceptions2 he m>*es to ! conque/ ( ! "r1 & pursues ! ideal ( ju/ice :i* he be>s )9 him4 ,he endeavors to realize 9 civil society 8 in/9ct ( sociability1 :i* is also ! law ( 8 be+1 & "o ( ! fundam5tal incl9ations ( 8 moral nature4 ,b "h1 aga91 he atta9s an imp]fect felicity2 he enc\nt]s limits & ob/acles :i* he _c surm\nt1 & aga9/ :i*1 8 w is brok54 ,he _c obta9 ! p]fect realization ( 8 ideas1 nor atta9 ! ideal :i* 8 _s conceives & t[>d :i* x aspires4 ,he !n feels ! necessity ( elevat+ himself to a high] sph]e :]e all contradictions are cancell$2 :]e ! idea ( ! good & ( happ9ess 9 _! p]fect accord & _! endur+ h>mony is realiz$4 ,?is pr(\nd want ( ! s\l is satisfi$ 9 ?ree ways3 9 art1 9 religion1 & 9 philosophy4 ,! function ( art is to lead u to ! contemplation ( ! true1 ! inf9ite1 "u s5su\s =ms2 = ! beautiful is ! unity1 ! realiz$ h>mony ( two pr9ciples ( exi/5ce1 ( ! idea & ! =m1 ( ! inf9ite & ! f9ite4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple & ! hidd5 ess5ce ( ?+s1 beam+ ?r\gh _! visible =m4 ,art pres5ts u1 9 its works1 ! image ( ?is happy accord :]e all opposition ceases1 & :]e all contradiction is cancell$4 ,su* is ! aim ( art3 to repres5t ! div9e1 ! inf9ite1 "u s5su\s =ms4 ,?is is its mission2 x has no o!r & ?is x alone c fulfil4 ,by ?is title x takes its place by ! side ( religion1 & pres]ves its indep5d5ce4 ,x takes its rank also ) philosophy1 ^: object is ! k ( ! true1 ( absolute tru?4 ,alike !n z to _! g5]al gr\nd & aims1 ^! ?ree sph]es are di/+ui%$ by ! =m "u :i* !y become reveal$ to ! _s & consci\sness ( man4 ,art is address$ to s5su\s p]ception & to ! imag9ation2 religion is address$ to ! s\l1 to ! consci5ce1 & to s5tim5t2 philosophy is address$ to pure ?\ght or to ! reason1 :i* conceives ! tru? 9 an ab/ract mann]4 ,art1 :i* (f]s u tru? "u s5su\s =ms1 does n1 h[ev]1 respond to ! pr(\nde/ ne$s ( ! s\l4 ,! _s is possess$ ( ! desire ( ent]+ into itself1 ( contemplat+ ! tru? 9 ! inn] recesses ( consci\sness4 ,above ! doma9 ( art1 !n1 religion is plac$1 :i* reveals ! inf9ite1 & by m$itation conveys to ! dep?s ( ! he>t1 to ! c5tre ( ! s\l1 t :i* 9 art we contemplate ext]nally4 ,z to philosophy1 its peculi> aim is to conceive & to compreh5d1 by ! intellect alone1 "u an ab/ract =m1 t :i* is giv5 z s5tim5t or z s5su\s repres5tation4 ,i4 ,( ! ,idea ( ! ,beautiful4 ,aft] ^! prelim9>ies1 ,hegel ent]s ^u ! que/ions :i* =m ! object ( ?is fir/ "p4 ,he treats1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( ! idea ( ! beautiful 9 itself1 9 its ab/ract nature4 ,free+ 8 ?\ght f ! metaphysical =ms :i* r5d] x difficult ( compreh5sion to m9ds n famili> ) 8 sy/em1 we arrive at ?is def9ition1 already conta9$ 9 ! =ego+3 ! ,beautiful is ! true1 t is to say1 ! ess5ce1 ! inmo/ sub/ance ( ?+s2 ! true1 n su* z ! m9d conceives x 9 its ab/ract & pure nature1 b z manife/$ to ! s5ses "u visible =ms4 ,x is ! s5su\s manife/ation ( ! idea1 :i* is ! s\l & pr9ciple ( ?+s4 ,?is def9ition recalls t ( ,plato3 ! ,beautiful is ! spl5dor ( ! true4 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! beautiful8 ,fir/1 x is inf9ite 9 ?is s5se1 t x is ! div9e pr9ciple itself :i* is reveal$ & manife/$1 & t ! =m :i* expresses x1 9 place ( limit+ x1 realizes x & conf\nds itself ) x2 second1 x is free1 = true fre$om is n ! abs5ce ( rule & measure1 x is =ce :i* develops itself easily & h>moni\sly4 ,x appe>s 9 ! bosom ( ! exi/5ces ( ! s5su\s _w1 z _! pr9ciple ( life1 ( unity1 & ( h>mony1 :e!r free f all ob/acle1 or victori\s & triumphant 9 conflict1 always calm & s]5e4 ,! spectator :o contemplates beauty feels himself equally free1 & has a consci\sness ( 8 inf9ite nature4 ,he ta/es a pure pleasure1 result+ f ! felt accord ( ! p[]s ( 8 be+2 a cele/ial & div9e joy1 :i* has no?+ 9 common ) mat]ial pleasures1 & does n suff] to exi/ 9 ! s\l a s+le impure or gross desire4 ,! contemplation ( ! ,beautiful awak5s no su* crav+2 x is self-suffic+1 & is n accompani$ by any return ( ! me ^u itself4 ,x suff]s ! object to pres]ve its indep5d5ce = its own sake4 ,! s\l exp]i5ces some?+ analog\s to div9e felicity2 x is transport$ into a sph]e =eign to ! mis]ies ( life & t]re/rial exi/5ce4 ,?is !ory1 x is app>5t1 w\ld ne$ only to be develop$ to return :olly to ! ,platonic !ory4 ,hegel limits himself to ref]r+ to x4 ,we recognize "h1 also1 ! results ( ! ,kantian analysis4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,beautiful 9 ,nature4 ,al?\gh sci5ce _c pause to describe ! beauties ( nature1 x ought1 nev]!less1 to /udy1 9 a g5]al mann]1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,beautiful1 z x appe>s to u 9 ! physical _w & 9 ! be+s :i* x conta9s4 ,?is is ! subject ( a some:at ext5d$ *apt]1 ) ! foll[+ title3 ,( ! ,beautiful 9 ,nature4 ,hegel h]e9 consid]s ! "q f ! p>ticul> po9t ( view ( 8 philosophy1 & he applies 8 !ory ( ! ,idea4 ,nev]!less1 ! results at :i* he arrives1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he describes ! =ms ( physical beauty1 c be compreh5d$ & accept$ indep5d5tly ( 8 sy/em1 little adapt$1 x mu/ be confess$1 to ca/ light ^u ?is subject4 ,! ,beautiful 9 nature is ! fir/ manife/ation ( ! ,idea4 ,! successive degrees ( beauty correspond to ! developm5t ( life & organization 9 be+s4 ,unity is an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,?us1 9 ! m9]al1 beauty consi/s 9 ! arrangem5t or disposition ( ! p>ts1 9 ! =ce :i* resides 9 !m1 & :i* reveals itself 9 ?is unity4 ,! sol> sy/em (f]s u a m p]fect unity & a high] beauty4 ,! bodies 9 t sy/em1 :ile pres]v+ entire _! individual exi/5ce1 co-ord9ate !mselves into a :ole1 ! p>ts ( :i* are indep5d5t1 al?\gh atta*$ to a common c5tre1 ! sun4 ,beauty ( ?is ord] /rikes u by ! regul>ity ( ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,a unity m real & true is t :i* is manife/$ 9 organiz$ & liv+ be+s4 ,! unity "h consi/s 9 a relation ( reciprocity & ( mutual dep5d5ce betwe5 ! organs1 s t ea* ( !m loses its indep5d5t exi/5ce 9 ord] to give place to a :olly ideal unity :i* reveals itself z ! pr9ciple ( life animat+ !m4 ,life is beautiful 9 nature3 = x is ess5ce1 =ce1 ! idea realiz$ "u its fir/ =m4 ,nev]!less1 beauty 9 nature is /ill :olly ext]nal2 x has no consci\sness ( itself2 x is beautiful solely = an intellig5ce :i* sees & contemplates x4 ,h[ d we p]ceive beauty 9 natural be+s8 ,beauty1 ) liv+ & animate be+s1 is nei!r accid5tal & caprici\s movem5ts1 nor simple con=mity ( ^? movem5ts to an end--! uni=m & mutual connection ( p>ts4 ,?is po9t ( view is t ( ! naturali/1 ( ! man ( sci5ce2 x is n t ( ! ,beautiful4 ,beauty is total =m 9 s f> z x reveals ! =ce :i* animates x2 x is ?is =ce itself1 manife/$ by a totality ( =ms1 ( indep5d5t & free movem5ts2 x is ! int]nal h>mony :i* reveals itself 9 ?is secret accord ( memb]s1 & :i* betrays itself outw>dly1 )\t ! eye's paus+ to consid] ! relation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole1 & _! functions or reciprocal connection1 z sci5ce does4 ,! unity exhibits itself m]ely ext]nally z ! pr9ciple :i* b9ds ! memb]s toge!r4 ,x manife/s itself especially ?r\gh ! s5sibility4 ,! po9t ( view ( beauty is !n t ( pure contemplation1 n t ( reflection1 :i* analyzes1 comp>es & seizes ! connection ( p>ts & _! de/9ation4 ,?is int]nal & visible unity1 ?is accord1 & ?is h>mony1 are n di/9ct f ! mat]ial elem5t2 !y are its v =m4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple :i* s]ves to det]m9e beauty 9 its inf]ior grades1 ! beauty ( ! cry/al ) its regul> =ms1 =ms produc$ by an int]nal & free =ce4 ,a simil> activity is develop$ 9 a m p]fect mann] 9 ! liv+ organism1 its outl9es1 ! disposition ( its memb]s1 ! movem5ts1 & ! expression ( s5sibility4 ,su* is beauty 9 individual be+s4 ,x is o!rwise ) x :5 we consid] nature 9 its totality1 ! beauty ( a l&scape1 = example4 ,!re is no long] "q "h ab\t an organic disposition ( p>ts & ( ! life :i* animates !m2 we h "u our eyes a ri* multiplicity ( objects :i* =m a :ole1 m\nta9s1 trees1 riv]s1 etc4 ,9 ?is div]sity !re appe>s an ext]nal unity :i* int]e/s u by its agreeable or impos+ "*4 ,to ?is aspect !re is add$ t prop]ty ( ! objects ( nature ?r\gh :i* !y awak5 9 u1 sympa!tically1 c]ta9 s5tim5ts1 by ! secret analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 !m & ! situations ( ! human s\l4 ,su* is ! effect produc$ by ! sil5ce ( ! night1 ! calm ( a /ill valley1 ! sublime aspect ( a va/ sea 9 tumult1 & ! impos+ gr&eur ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,! significance ( ^! objects is n 9 !mselves2 !y are only symbols ( ! s5tim5ts ( ! s\l :i* !y excite4 ,x is ?us we attribute to animals ! qualities :i* belong only to man1 c\rage1 =titude1 cunn+4 ,physical beauty is a reflex ( moral beauty4 ,to recapitulate1 physical beauty1 view$ 9 its gr\nd or ess5ce1 consi/s 9 ! manife/ation ( ! conceal$ pr9ciple1 ( ! =ce :i* is develop$ 9 ! bosom ( matt]4 ,?is =ce reveals itself 9 a mann] m or less p]fect1 by unity 9 in]t matt]1 & 9 liv+ be+s by ! diff]5t modes ( organization4 ,hegel !n devotes a special exam9ation to ! ext]nal side1 or to beauty ( =m 9 natural objects4 ,physical beauty1 consid]$ ext]nally1 pres5ts itself successively "u ! aspects ( regul>ity & symmetry1 ( con=mity to law & ( h>mony2 la/ly1 ( purity & simplicity ( matt]4 #a4 ,regul>ity1 :i* is only ! repetition ( a =m equal to itself1 is ! mo/ elem5t>y & simple =m4 ,9 symmetry !re already appe>s a div]sity :i* breaks ! uni=mity4 ,^! two =ms ( beauty p]ta9 to quantity1 & con/itute ma!matical beauty2 !y are f\nd 9 organic & inorganic bodies1 m9]als & cry/als4 ,9 plants are pres5t$ less regul>1 & fre] =ms4 ,9 ! organization ( animals1 ?is regul> & symmetrical disposition becomes m & m subord9at$ 9 proportion z we asc5d to high] degrees ( ! animal scale4 #b4 ,con=mity to a law m>ks a degree /ill m elevat$1 & s]ves z a transition to fre] =ms4 ,"h !re appe>s an accord m real & m pr(\nd1 :i* beg9s to transc5d ma!matical rigor4 ,x is no long] a simple num]ical relation1 :]e quantity plays ! pr9cipal rle2 we discov] a relation ( quality betwe5 diff]5t t]ms4 ,a law rules ! :ole1 b x _c be calculat$2 x rema9s a hidd5 bond1 :i* reveals itself to ! spectator4 ,su* is ! oval l9e1 & above all1 ! undulat+ l9e1 :i* ,hog>? has giv5 z ! l9e ( beauty4 ,^! l9es det]m9e1 9 fact1 ! beautiful =ms ( organic nature 9 liv+ be+s ( a high ord]1 &1 above all1 ! beautiful =ms ( ! human body1 ( man & ( woman4 #c4 ,h>mony is a degree /ill sup]ior to ! prec$+1 & x includes !m4 ,x consi/s 9 a totality ( elem5ts ess5tially di/9ct1 b ^: opposition is de/roy$ & r$uc$ to unity by a secret accord1 a reciprocal adaptation4 ,su* is ! h>mony ( =ms & colors1 t ( s\nds & movem5ts1 ,"h ! unity is /rong]1 m prononc1 precisely because ! diff]5ces & ! oppositions are m m>k$4 ,h>mony1 h[ev]1 is n z yet true unity1 spiritual unity1 t ( ! s\l1 al?\gh ! latt] possesses )9 x a pr9ciple ( h>mony4 ,h>mony alone1 z yet1 reveals nei!r ! s\l nor ! _s1 z "o may see 9 music & danc+4 ,beauty exi/s also 9 matt] itself1 ab/raction be+ made ( its =m2 x consi/s1 !n1 9 ! unity & simplicity :i* con/itutes purity4 ,su* is ! purity ( ! sky & ( ! atmosph]e1 ! purity ( colors & ( s\nds2 t ( c]ta9 sub/ances--( preci\s /ones1 ( gold1 & ( ! diamond4 ,pure & simple colors are also ! mo/ agreeable4 ,aft] hav+ describ$ ! beautiful 9 nature1 9 ord] t ! necessity ( a beauty m exalt$ & m ideal %all be compreh5d$1 ,hegel sets =? ! imp]fections ( real beauty4 ,he beg9s ) animal life1 :i* is ! mo/ elevat$ po9t we h rea*$1 & he dwells ^u ! *>act]i/ics & causes ( t imp]fection4 ,?us1 fir/ 9 ! animal1 al?\gh ! organism is m p]fect ?an t ( ! plant1 :at we see is n ! c5tral po9t ( life2 ! special seat ( ! op]ations ( ! =ce :i* animates ! :ole1 rema9s conceal$ f u4 ,we see only ! outl9es ( ! ext]nal =m1 cov]$ ) hairs1 scales1 fea!rs1 sk92 secondly1 ! human body1 x is true1 exhibits m beautiful proportions1 & a m p]fect =m1 because 9 x1 life & s5sibility are ev]y:]e manife/$--9 ! color1 ! fle%1 ! fre] movem5ts1 nobl] attitudes1 c4 ,yet "h1 besides ! imp]fections 9 details1 ! s5sibility does n appe> equally di/ribut$4 ,c]ta9 p>ts are appropriat$ to animal functions1 & exhibit _! de/9ation 9 _! =m4 ,fur!r1 individuals 9 nature1 plac$ z !y are "u a dep5d5ce ^u ext]nal causes1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ! elem5ts1 are "u ! dom9ion ( necessity & want4 ,"u ! cont9ual action ( ^! causes1 physical be+ is expos$ to los+ ! fulness ( its =ms & ! fl[] ( its beauty2 r>ely d ^! causes p]mit x to atta9 to its complete1 free & regul> developm5t4 ,! human body is plac$ "u a l dep5d5ce ^u ext]nal ag5ts4 ,if we pass f ! physical to ! moral _w1 t dep5d5ce appe>s /ill m cle>ly4 ,ev]y:]e !re is manife/$ div]sity1 & opposition ( t5d5cies & int]e/s4 ,! individual1 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 life & beauty1 _c pres]ve ! appe>ance ( a free =ce4 ,ea* individual be+ is limit$ & p>ticul>iz$ 9 8 excell5ce4 ,8 life fl[s 9 a n>r[ circle ( space & "t2 he belongs to a det]m9ate species2 8 type is giv51 8 =m def9$1 & ! conditions ( 8 developm5t fix$4 ,! human body itself (f]s1 9 respect to beauty1 a progression ( =ms dep5d5t on ! div]sity ( races4 ,!n come h]$it>y qualities1 ! peculi>ities :i* are due to temp]am5t1 pr(ession1 age1 & sex4 ,all ^! causes alt] & disfigure ! pure/ & mo/ p]fect primitive type4 ,all ^! imp]fections are summ$ up 9 a ^w3 ! f9ite4 ,human life & animal life realize _! idea only imp]fectly4 ,moreov]1 _s--n be+ able to f9d1 9 ! limits ( ! real1 ! sight & ! enjoym5t ( its prop] fre$om--seeks to satisfy itself 9 a region m elevat$1 t ( art1 or ( ! ideal4 ,,iii4 ,( ! beautiful 9 ,art or ( ! ,ideal4 ,art has z its end & aim ! repres5tation ( ! ideal4 ,n[ :at is ! ideal8 ,x is beauty 9 a degree ( p]fection sup]ior to real beauty4 ,x is =ce1 life1 _s1 ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 develop+ !mselves h>moni\sly 9 a s5su\s reality1 :i* is its respl5d5t image1 its fai?ful expression2 x is beauty dis5gag$ & purifi$ f ! accid5ts :i* veil & disfigure x1 & :i* alt] its purity 9 ! real _w4 ,! ideal1 9 art1 is n !n ! contr>y ( ! real1 b ! real idealiz$1 purifi$1 r5d]$ con=mable to its idea1 & p]fectly express+ x4 ,9 a ^w1 x is ! p]fect accord ( ! idea & ! s5su\s =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! true ideal is n life 9 its inf]ior degrees--bl9d1 undevelop$ =ce--b ! s\l arriv$ at ! consci\sness ( itself1 free1 & 9 ! full enjoym5t ( its faculties2 x is life1 b spiritual life--9 a ^w1 _s4 ,! repres5tation ( ! spiritual pr9ciple1 9 ! pl5itude ( its life & fre$om1 ) its high conceptions1 its pr(\nd & noble s5tim5ts1 its joys & its suff]+s3 ?is is ! true aim ( art1 ! true ideal4 ,f9ally1 ! ideal is n a lifeless ab/raction1 a frigid g5]ality2 x is ! spiritual pr9ciple "u ! =m ( ! liv+ individual1 fre$ f ! bonds ( ! f9ite1 & develop+ itself 9 its p]fect h>mony ) its inmo/ nature & ess5ce4 ,we see1 ?us1 :at are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ideal4 ,x is evid5t t 9 all its degrees x is calmness1 s]5ity1 felicity1 happy exi/5ce1 fre$ f ! mis]ies & wants ( life4 ,?is s]5ity does n exclude e>ne/ness2 = ! ideal appe>s 9 ! mid/ ( ! conflicts ( life2 b ev5 9 ! r\ghe/ exp]i5ces1 9 ! mid/ ( int5se suff]+1 ! s\l pres]ves an evid5t calmness z a fundam5tal trait4 ,x is felicity 9 suff]+1 ! glorification ( sorr[1 smil+ 9 te>s4 ,! e*o ( ?is felicity res\nds 9 all ! sph]es ( ! ideal4 ,x is important to det]m9e1 ) /ill m precision1 ! relations ( ! ideal & ! real4 ,! opposition ( ! ideal & ! real has giv5 rise to two conflict+ op9ions4 ,"s conceive ( ! ideal z some?+ vague1 an ab/ract1 lifeless g5]ality1 )\t individuality4 ,o!rs extol ! natural1 ! imitation ( ! real 9 ! mo/ m9ute & prosaic details4 ,equal exagg]ation6 ,! tru? lies betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ideal may be1 9 fact1 some?+ ext]nal & accid5tal1 an insignificant =m or appe>ance1 a common exi/5ce4 ,b t :i* con/itutes ! ideal1 9 ?is inf]ior degree1 is ! fact t ?is reality1 imitat$ by art1 is a creation ( _s1 & becomes !n some?+ artificial1 n real4 ,x is an image & a metamorphosis4 ,?is image1 moreov]1 is m p]man5t ?an its model1 m durable ?an ! real object4 ,9 fix+ t :i* is mobile & transi5t1 9 et]niz+ t :i* is mom5t>y & fugitive--a fl[]1 a smile--art surpasses nature & idealizes x4 ,b x does n /op "h4 ,in/ead ( simply reproduc+ ^! objects1 :ile pres]v+ _! natural =m1 x seizes _! int]nal & deepe/ "*1 x ext5ds _! signification1 & gives to !m a m elevat$ & m g5]al significance2 = x mu/ manife/ ! univ]sal 9 ! individual1 & r5d] visible ! idea :i* !y repres5t1 _! et]nal & fix$ type4 ,x all[s ?is "* ( g5]ality to p5etrate ev]y:]e1 )\t r$uc+ x to an ab/raction4 ,?us ! arti/ does n slavi%ly reproduce all ! features ( ! object1 & its accid5ts1 b only ! true traits1 ^? con=mable to its idea4 ,if1 !n1 he takes nature z a model1 he /ill surpasses & idealizes x4 ,naturalness1 fai?fulness1 tru?1 ^! are n exact imitation1 b ! p]fect con=mity ( ! =m to ! idea2 !y are ! creation ( a m p]fect =m1 ^: ess5tial traits repres5t ! idea m fai?fully & m cle>ly ?an x is express$ 9 nature itself4 ,to "k h[ to dis5gage ! op]ative1 en]getic1 ess5tial & significant elem5ts 9 objects1--?is is ! task ( ! arti/4 ,! ideal1 !n1 is n ! real2 ! latt] conta9s _m elem5ts insignificant1 useless1 confus$ & =eign1 or oppos$ to ! idea4 ,! natural "h loses its vulg> significance4 ,by ?is ^w mu/ be und]/ood ! m exalt$ expression ( _s4 ,! ideal is a transfigur$1 glorifi$ nature4 ,z to vulg> & common nature1 if art takes x also = its object1 x is n = its own sake1 b because ( :at 9 x is true1 excell5t1 int]e/+1 +5u\s or gay1 z 9 g5re pa9t+1 9 ,dut* pa9t+ p>ticul>ly4 ,x occupies1 nev]!less1 an inf]ior rank1 & _c make pret5sions to a place beside ! gr& compositions ( art4 ,b !re are o!r subjects--a nature m elevat$ & m ideal4 ,art1 at its culm9at+ /age1 repres5ts ! developm5t ( ! int]nal p[]s ( ! s\l1 its gr& passions1 pr(\nd s5tim5ts1 & l(ty de/9ies4 ,n[1 x is cle> t ! arti/ does n f9d 9 ! real _w1 =ms s pure & ideal t he may safely conf9e himself to imitat+ & copy+4 ,moreov]1 if ! =m itself be giv51 expression mu/ be add$4 ,besides1 he ought to secure1 9 a j measure1 ! union ( ! individual & ! univ]sal1 ( ! =m & ! idea2 to create a liv+ ideal1 p5etrat$ ) ! idea1 & 9 :i* x animates ! s5su\s =m & appe>ance ?r\gh\t1 s t !re %all be no?+ 9 x empty or insignificant1 no?+ t is n alive ) expression itself4 ,:]e %all he f9d 9 ! real _w1 ?is j measure1 ?is animation1 & ?is exact correspond5ce ( all ! p>ts & ( all ! details conspir+ to ! same end1 to ! same effect8 ,to say t he w succe$ 9 conceiv+ & realiz+ ! ideal1 by mak+ a felicit\s selection ( ideas & =ms1 is to ignore ! secret ( arti/ic composition2 x is to misconceive ! entirely spontane\s me?od ( g5ius1--inspiration :i* creates at a s+le ef=t1--to replace x by a reflective drudg]y1 :i* only results 9 ! production ( frigid & lifeless works4 ,x does n suffice to def9e ! ideal 9 an ab/ract mann]2 ! ideal is exhibit$ to u 9 ! works ( art "u v v>i\s & div]se =ms4 ,?us sculpture repres5ts x "u ! motionless features ( its figures4 ,9 ! o!r arts x assumes ! =m ( movem5t & ( action2 9 poetry1 p>ticul>ly1 x manife/s itself 9 ! mid/ ( mo/ v>i$ situations & ev5ts1 ( conflicts betwe5 p]sons animat$ by div]se passions4 ,h[1 & "u :at conditions1 is ea* art 9 p>ticul> call$ ^u to repres5t ?us ! ideal8 ,?is w be ! object ( ! !ory ( ! arts4 ,9 ! g5]al exposition ( ! pr9ciples ( art1 we may1 nev]!less1 attempt to def9e ! degrees ( ?is developm5t1 to /udy ! pr9cipal aspects "u :i* x manife/s itself4 ,su* is ! object ( ^? consid]ations1 ! title ( :i* is1 ,( ! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,ideal1 & :i* ! au?or develops 9 ?is fir/ "p ( ! "w4 ,we c trace only summ>ily ! pr9cipal ideas1 devot+ ourselves to m>k+ _! ord] & connection4 ,! gradation :i* ! au?or e/abli%es betwe5 ! progressively det]m9$ =ms ( ! ideal is z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ideal1 "u ! mo/ elevat$ =m1 is ! div9e idea1 ! div9e su* z ! imag9ation c repres5t x "u s5su\s =ms2 su* is ! ,greek ideal ( ! div9ities ( ,poly!ism2 su* ! ,*ri/ian ideal 9 its highe/ purity1 "u ! =m ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 ( ,*ri/1 ( ! ,virg91 ( ! ,apo/les1 etc4 ,x is giv5 above all to sculpture & pa9t+1 to pres5t u ! image ( x4 ,its ess5tial *>act]i/ics are calmness1 maje/y1 s]5ity4 #b4 ,9 a degree less elevat$1 b m det]m9$1 9 ! circle ( human life1 ! ideal appe>s to u1 ) man1 z ! victory ( ! et]nal pr9ciples :i* fill ! human he>t1 ! triumph ( ! noble "p ( ! s\l ov] ! inf]ior & passionate4 ,! noble1 ! excell5t1 ! p]fect1 9 ! human s\l1 is ! moral & div9e pr9ciple :i* is manife/$ 9 x1 :i* gov]ns its w1 & causes x to accompli% gr& actions2 ?is is ! true s\rce ( self-sacrifice & ( h]oism4 #c4 ,b ! idea1 :5 x is manife/$ 9 ! real _w1 c be develop$ only "u ! =m ( action4 ,n[1 action itself has = its condition a conflict betwe5 pr9ciples & p]sons1 divid$ z to int]e/s1 ideas1 passions1 & *>act]s4 ,x is ?is especially t is repres5t$ by poetry--! art p> excell5ce1 ! only art :i* c reproduce an action 9 its successive phases1 ) its complications1 its sudd5 turns ( =tune1 its cata/rophe & its d5\em5t4 ,action1 if "o consid]s x m closely1 includes ! foll[+ conditions3 #a/4 ,a _w :i* s]ves x z a basis & !atre1 a =m ( society :i* r5d]s x possible1 & is favorable to ! developm5t ( ideal figures4 #b;d4 ,a det]m9ate situation1 9 :i* ! p]sonages are plac$ :o r5d] necess>y ! conflict betwe5 oppos+ int]e/s & passions1 :5ce a collision may arise4 #c;d4 ,an action1 prop]ly s call$1 :i* develops itself 9 its ess5tial mom5ts1 :i* has a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end4 ,?is action1 9 ord] to af=d a high int]e/1 %\ld revolve ^u ideas ( an elevat$ ord]1 :i* inspire & su/a9 ! p]sonages1 ennobl+ _! passions1 & =m+ ! basis ( _! "*4 ,hegel treats1 9 a g5]al mann]1 ea* ( ^! po9ts1 :i* w appe> anew1 "u a m special =m1 9 ! /udy ( poetry1 & p>ticul>ly ( epic & dramatic poetry4 #a4 ,! /ate ( society mo/ favorable to ! ideal is t :i* all[s ! *>act]s to act ) mo/ fre$om1 to reveal a l(ty & p[]ful p]sonality4 ,?is _c be a social ord]1 :]e all is fix$ & regulat$ by laws & a con/itution4 ,nor c x be ! savage /ate1 :]e all is subject to caprice & viol5ce1 & :]e man is dep5d5t ^u a ?\s& ext]nal causes1 :i* r5d] 8 exi/5ce prec>i\s4 ,n[ ! /ate int]m$iate betwe5 ! b>b>\s /ate & an advanc$ civilization1 is ! h]oic age1 t 9 :i* ! epic poets locate _! action1 & f :i* ! tragic poets !mselves h (t5 borr[$ _! subjects & _! p]sonages4 ,t :i* *>act]izes h]oes 9 ?is epo* is1 above all1 ! indep5d5ce :i* is manife/$ 9 _! *>act]s & acts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! h]o is all ( a piece2 he assumes n only ! responsibility ( 8 acts & _! consequ5ces1 b ! results ( actions he has n p]petrat$1 ( ! faults or crimes ( 8 race2 he be>s 9 8 p]son an entire race4 ,ano!r reason :y ! ideal exi/5ces ( art belong to ! my?ologic ages1 & to remote epo*s ( hi/ory1 is t ! arti/ or ! poet1 9 repres5t+ or rec\nt+ ev5ts1 has a fre] scope 9 8 ideal creations4 ,art1 also1 = ! same reason1 has a pr$ilection = ! high] conditions ( society1 ^? ( pr9ces p>ticul>ly1 because ( ! p]fect indep5d5ce ( w & action :i* *>act]izes !m4 ,9 ?is respect1 our actual society1 ) its civil & political organization1 its mann]s1 adm9i/ration1 police1 etc41 is prosaic4 ,! sph]e ( activity ( ! individual is too re/rict$2 he enc\nt]s ev]y:]e limits & %ackles to 8 w4 ,our mon>*s !mselves are subject to ^! conditions2 _! p[] is limit$ by in/itutions1 laws & cu/oms4 ,w>1 peace1 & treaties are det]m9$ by political relations indep5d5t ( _! w4 ,! greate/ poets h n be5 able to escape ^! conditions2 & :5 !y h desir$ to repres5t p]sonages ne>] to u1 z ,*>les ,moor1 or ,wall5/e91 !y h be5 oblig$ to place !m 9 revolt aga9/ society or aga9/ _! sov]eign4 ,moreov]1 ^! h]oes ru% on to an inevitable ru91 or !y fall into ! ridicul\s situation1 ( :i* ! ,don ,quixote ( ,c]vantes gives u ! mo/ /rik+ example4 #b4 ,to repres5t ! ideal 9 p]sonages or 9 an action1 !re is necess>y n only a favorable _w f :i* ! subject is to be borr[$1 b a situation4 ,?is situation c be ei!r indet]m9ate1 l t ( _m ( ! immobile p]sonages ( antique or religi\s sculpture1 or det]m9ate1 b yet ( little e>ne/ness4 ,su* are also ! great] numb] ( ! situations ( ! p]sonages ( antique sculpture4 ,f9ally1 x may be e>ne/1 & furni% mat]ial = a v]itable action4 ,x supposes1 !n1 an opposition1 an action & a reaction1 a conflict1 a collision4 ,! beauty ( ! ideal consi/s 9 absolute s]5ity & p]fection4 ,n[1 collision de/roys ?is h>mony4 ,! problem ( art consi/s1 !n1 9 s manag+ t ! h>mony reappe>s 9 ! d5\em5t4 ,poetry alone is capable ( develop+ ?is opposition ^u :i* ! int]e/1 p>ticul>ly1 ( tragic art turns4 ,)\t exam9+ "h ! nature ( ! diff]5t collisions1 ! /udy ( :i* belongs to ! !ory ( dramatic art1 we mu/ already h rem>k$ t ! collisions ( ! highe/ ord] are ^? 9 :i* ! conflict takes place betwe5 moral =ces1 z 9 ! anci5t trag$ies4 ,?is is ! subject ( true classic trag$y1 moral z well z religi\s1 z w be se5 f :at foll[s4 ,?us ! ideal1 9 ?is sup]ior degree1 is ! manife/ation ( moral p[]s & ( ! ideas ( _s1 ( ! gr& movem5ts ( ! s\l1 & ( ! *>act]s :i* appe> & are reveal$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! repres5tation4 #c4 ,9 action1 prop]ly s-call$1 ?ree ?+s are to be consid]$ :i* con/itute its ideal object3 #a4 ,! g5]al int]e/s1 ! ideas1 ! univ]sal pr9ciples1 ^: opposition =ms ! v f\ndation ( ! action2 #b4 ,! p]sonages2 #c4 ,_! "* & _! passions1 or ! motives :i* impel !m to act4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! et]nal pr9ciples ( religion1 ( morality1 ( ! family1 ( ! /ate--! gr& s5tim5ts ( ! s\l1 love1 honor1 etc4--^! con/itute ! basis1 ! true int]e/ ( ! action4 ,^! are ! gr& & true motives ( art1 ! et]nal !me ( exalt$ poetry4 ,to ^! legitimate & true p[]s o!rs are1 )\t d\bt1 add$2 ! p[]s ( evil2 b !y ought n to be repres5t$ z =m+ ! real f\ndation & end ( ! action4 8,if ! idea1 ! end & aim1 be some?+ false 9 itself1 ! hide\sness ( ! gr\nd w all[ /ill less beauty ( =m4 ,! sophi/ry ( ! passions may1 inde$1 by a true picture1 attempt to repres5t ! false "u ! colors ( ! true1 b x places "u our eyes only a :it$ sepul*re4 ,cruelty & ! viol5t employm5t ( =ce c be endur$ 9 repres5tation1 b only :5 !y are reliev$ by ! gr&eur ( ! "* & ennobl$ by ! aim :i* is pursu$ by ! dramatis p]son4 ,p]v]sity1 envy1 c[>dice1 bas5ess1 are only repulsive4 8,evil1 9 itself1 is /ripp$ ( real int]e/1 because no?+ b ! false c spr+ f :at is false2 x produces only mis=tune1 :ile art %\ld pres5t to u ord] & h>mony4 ,! great arti/s1 ! great poets ( antiquity1 nev] give u ! spectacle ( pure wick$ness & p]v]sity40 ,we cite ?is passage because x exhibits ! "* & high moral tone :i* prevails 9 ! entire "w1 z we %all h occasion to obs]ve m ?an once h]eaft]4 ,if ! ideas & int]e/s ( human life =m ! gr\nd ( ! action1 ! latt] is accompli%$ by ! *>act]s ^u :om ! int]e/ is fa/5$4 ,g5]al ideas may1 inde$1 be p]sonat$ by be+s sup]ior to man1 by c]ta9 div9ities l ^? :i* figure 9 anci5t epic poetry & trag$y4 ,b x is to man t action1 prop]ly s-call$1 returns2 x is he :o occupies ! sc5e4 ,n[1 h[ reconcile div9e action & human action1 ! w ( ! gods & t ( man8 ,su* is ! problem :i* has made %ipwreck ( s _m poets & arti/s4 ,to ma9ta9 a prop] equipoise x is necess>y t ! gods h supreme direction1 & t man pres]ve 8 fre$om & 8 indep5d5ce )\t :i* he is no m ?an ! passive in/rum5t ( ! w ( ! gods2 fatality weighs ^u all 8 acts4 ,! true solution consi/s 9 ma9ta9+ ! id5tity ( ! two t]ms1 9 spite ( _! diff]5ce2 9 s act+ t :at is attribut$ to ! gods %all appe> at ! same "t to emanate f ! inn] nature ( ! dramatis p]son & f _! "*4 ,! tal5t ( ! arti/ mu/ reconcile ! two aspects4 8,! he>t ( man mu/ be reveal$ 9 8 gods1 p]sonifications ( ! gr& motives :i* allure him & gov]n him )940 ,?is is ! problem resolv$ by ! great poets ( antiquity1 ,hom]1 s*ylus1 & ,sophocles4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples1 ^? gr& motives :i* are ! basis ( ! action1 by ! fact t !y are liv+ 9 ! s\l ( ! *>act]s1 =m1 also1 ! v gr\nd ( ! passions2 ?is is ! ess5ce ( true pa?os4 ,passion1 "h1 9 ! elevat$ ideal s5se1 is1 9 fact1 n an arbitr>y1 caprici\s1 irregul> movem5t ( ! s\l2 x is a noble pr9ciple1 :i* bl5ds itself ) a great idea1 ) "o ( ! et]nal v]ities ( moral or religi\s ord]4 ,su* is ! passion ( ,antigone1 ! holy love = h] bro!r2 su*1 ! v5geance ( ,ore/es4 ,x is an ess5tially legitimate p[] ( ! s\l :i* conta9s "o ( ! et]nal pr9ciples ( ! reason & ! w4 ,?is is /ill ! ideal1 ! true ideal1 al?\gh x appe>s "u ! =m ( a passion4 ,x relieves1 ennobles & purifies x2 x ?us gives to ! action a s]i\s & pr(\nd int]e/4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t passion con/itutes ! c5tre & true doma9 ( art2 x is ! pr9ciple ( emotion1 ! s\rce ( true pa?os4 ,n[1 ?is moral v]ity1 ?is et]nal pr9ciple :i* desc5ds into ! he>t ( man & !re takes ! =m ( great & noble passion1 id5tify+ itself ) ! w ( ! dramatis p]son1 con/itutes1 also1 _! "*4 ,)\t ?is high idea :i* s]ves z support & z basis to passion1 !re is no true "*4 ,"* is ! culm9at+ po9t ( ideal repres5tation4 ,x is ! embodim5t ( all t prec$es4 ,x is 9 ! creation ( ! *>act]s1 t ! g5ius ( ! arti/ or ( ! poet is display$4 ,?ree pr9cipal elem5ts mu/ be unit$ to =m ! ideal "*1 ri*ness1 vitality1 & /ability4 ,ri*ness consi/s 9 n be+ limit$ to a s+le quality1 :i* w\ld make ( ! p]son an ab/raction1 an allegoric be+4 ,to a s+le dom9ant quality !re %\ld be add$ all ^? :i* make ( ! p]sonage or h]o a real & complete man1 capable ( be+ develop$ 9 div]se situations & "u v>y+ aspects4 ,su* a multiplicity alone c give vitality to ! "*4 ,?is is n suffici5t1 h[ev]2 x is necess>y t ! qualities be m\ld$ toge!r 9 su* a mann] z to =m n a simple assemblage & a complex :ole1 b "o & ! same individual1 hav+ peculi> & orig9al physiognomy4 ,?is is ! case :5 a p>ticul> s5tim5t1 a rul+ passion1 pres5ts ! sali5t trait ( ! "* ( a p]son1 & gives to him a fix$ aim1 to :i* all 8 resolutions & 8 acts ref]4 ,unity & v>iety1 simplicity & complet5ess ( detail1 ^! are pres5t$ to u 9 ! *>act]s ( ,sophocles1 ,%akspe>e1 & o!rs4 ,la/ly1 :at con/itutes ess5tially ! ideal 9 "* is consi/5cy & /ability4 ,an inconsi/5t1 undecid$1 irresolute "*1 is ! utt] want ( "*4 ,contradictions1 )\t d\bt1 exi/ 9 human nature1 b unity %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 spite ( ^! fluctuations4 ,some?+ id5tical ought to be f\nd ?r\gh\t1 z a fundam5tal trait4 ,to be self-det]m9+1 to foll[ a design1 to embrace a resolution & p]si/ 9 x1 con/itute ! v f\ndation ( p]sonality2 to suff] "o's self to be det]m9$ by ano!r1 to hesitate1 to vacillate1 ?is is to surr5d] "o's w1 to cease to be "o's self1 to lack "*2 ?is is1 9 all cases1 ! opposite ( ! ideal "*4 ,hegel on ?is subject /rongly prote/s aga9/ ! *>act]s :i* figure 9 mod]n pieces & romances1 & ( :i* ,w]!r is ! type4 ,^! pret5d$ *>act]s1 says he1 repres5t only unheal?9ess ( _s1 & feebl5ess ( s\l4 ,n[ true & heal?y art does n repres5t :at is false & sickly1 :at lacks consi/5cy & decision1 b t :i* is true1 heal?y & /rong4 ,! ideal1 9 a ^w1 is ! idea realiz$2 man c realize x only z a free p]son1 t is to say1 by display+ all ! en]gy & con/ancy :i* c make x triumph4 ,we %all f9d m ?an once1 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 ! same ideas develop$ ) ! same =ce & precision4 ,t :i* con/itutes ! v gr\nd ( ! ideal is ! inmo/ ess5ce ( ?+s1 especially ! l(ty conceptions ( ! _s1 & ! developm5t ( ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,^! ideas are manife/ 9 an action 9 :i* are plac$ ^u ! sc5e ! gr& int]e/s ( life1 ! passions ( ! human he>t1 ! w & ! "* ( actors4 ,b ?is action is itself develop$ 9 ! mid/ ( an ext]nal nature :i*1 moreov]1 l5ds to ! ideal1 colors & a det]m9ate =m4 ,^! ext]nal surr\nd+s mu/ also be conceiv$ & fa%ion$ 9 ! mean+ ( ! ideal1 accord+ to ! laws ( regul>ity1 symmetry1 & h>mony1 ( :i* m5tion has be5 made above4 ,h[ ought man to be repres5t$ 9 8 relations ) ext]nal nature8 ,h[ ought ?is prose ( life to be idealiz$8 ,if art1 9 fact1 frees man f ! wants ( mat]ial life1 x _c1 h[ev]1 elevate him above ! conditions ( human exi/5ce1 & suppress ^! connections4 ,hegel devotes a special exam9ation to ?is new phase ( ! "q ( ! ideal1 :i* he designates by ?is title--,( ! ext]nal det]m9ation ( ! ideal4 ,9 our days we h giv5 an exagg]at$ importance to ?is ext]nal side1 :i* we h made ! pr9cipal object4 ,we are too unm9dful t art %\ld repres5t ! ideas & s5tim5ts ( ! human s\l1 t ?is is ! true gr\nd ( its works4 ,h5ce all ^! m9ute descriptions1 ?is ext]nal c>e giv5 to ! picturesque elem5t or to ! local color1 to furniture1 to co/umes1 to all ^? artificial means employ$ to disguise ! empt9ess & insignificance ( ! subject1 ! abs5ce ( ideas1 ! falsity ( ! situations1 ! feebl5ess ( ! *>act]s1 & ! improbability ( ! action4 ,nev]!less1 ?is side has its place 9 art1 & %\ld n be neglect$4 ,x gives cle>ness1 tru?fulness1 life1 & int]e/ to its works1 by ! secret sympa?y :i* exi/s betwe5 man & nature4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! great ma/]s to repres5t nature ) p]fect tru?fulness4 ,hom] is an example ( ?is4 ,)\t =gett+ ! cont5t = ! =m1 picture = ! frame1 he pres5ts to u a faultless & precise image ( ! !atre ( action4 ,! arts diff] mu* 9 ?is respect4 ,sculpture limits itself to c]ta9 symbolic indications2 pa9t+1 :i* has at its disposal means m ext5d$1 enri*es ) ^! objects ! cont5t ( its pictures4 ,among ! v>ieties ( poetry1 ! epic is m circum/antial 9 its descriptions ?an ! drama or lyric poetry4 ,b ?is ext]nal fidelity %\ld n1 9 any art1 ext5d to ! repres5tation ( insignificant details1 to ! mak+ ( !m an object ( pr$ilection1 & to subord9at+ to !m ! developm5ts :i* ! subject itself claims4 ,! gr& po9t 9 ^! descriptions is t we p]ceive a secret h>mony betwe5 man & nature1 betwe5 ! action & ! !atre on :i* x occurs4 ,ano!r species ( accord is e/abli%$ betwe5 man & ! objects ( physical nature1 :51 ?r\gh 8 free activity1 he impresses ^u !m 8 intellig5ce & w1 & appropriates !m to 8 own use2 ! ideal consi/s 9 caus+ mis]y & necessity to disappe> f ! doma9 ( art1 9 reveal+ ! fre$om :i* develops itself )\t ef=t "u our eyes1 & easily surm\nts ob/acles4 ,su* is ! ideal consid]$ "u ?is aspect4 ,?us ! gods ( poly!ism !mselves h g>m5ts & arms2 !y dr9k nect> & are n\ri%$ by ambrosia4 ,! g>m5t is an ornam5t design$ to height5 ! glory ( ! features1 to give nobl5ess to ! c\nt5ance1 to facilitate movem5t1 or to indicate =ce & agility4 ,! mo/ brilliant objects1 ! metals1 preci\s /ones1 purple & ivory1 are employ$ = ! same end4 ,all concur to produce ! effect ( grace & beauty4 ,9 ! satisfaction ( physical wants ! ideal consi/s1 above all1 9 ! simplicity ( ! means4 ,in/ead ( be+ artificial1 factiti\s1 complex1 ! latt] emanate directly f ! activity ( man1 & fre$om4 ,! h]oes ( ,hom] !mselves slay ! ox5 :i* are to s]ve = ! fea/1 & roa/ !m2 !y =ge _! arms1 & prep>e _! c\*es4 ,?is is n1 z "o might ?9k1 a relic ( b>b>\s mann]s1 some?+ prosaic2 b we see1 p5etrat+ ev]y:]e ! delight ( inv5tion1 ! pleasure ( easy toil & free activity ex]cis$ on mat]ial objects4 ,ev]y?+ is peculi> to & inh]5t 9 8 "*1 & a means = ! h]o ( reveal+ ! =ce ( 8 arm & ! skill ( 8 h&2 :ile1 9 civiliz$ society1 ^! objects dep5d on a ?\s& =eign causes1 on a complex adju/m5t 9 :i* man is conv]t$ into a ma*9e subord9at$ to o!r ma*9es4 ,?+s h lo/ _! fre%ness & vitality2 !y rema9 inanimate1 & are no long] prop]1 direct creations ( ! human p]son1 9 :i* ! man loves to solace & contemplate himself4 ,a f9al po9t relative to ! ext]nal =m ( ! ideal is t :i* conc]ns ! relation ( works ( art to ! public1 t is to say1 to ! nation & epo* = :i* ! arti/ or ! poet composes 8 works4 ,ought ! arti/1 :5 he treats a subject1 to consult1 above all1 ! _s1 ta/e & mann]s ( ! p :om he addresses1 & con=m himself to _! ideas8 ,?is is ! means ( excit+ int]e/ 9 fabul\s & imag9>y or ev5 hi/oric p]sons4 ,b !n !re is a liability to di/ort hi/ory & tradition4 ,ought he1 on ! o!r h&1 to reproduce ) scrupul\s exactness ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ano!r "t1 to give to ! facts & ! *>act]s _! prop] color+ & _! orig9al & primitive co/ume8 ,?is is ! problem4 ,h5ce arise two s*ools & two opposite modes ( repres5tation4 ,9 ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 = example1 ! ,greeks & ,romans are conceiv$ 9 ! lik5ess ( ,fr5*m54 ,s9ce !n1 by a natural reaction1 ! contr>y t5d5cy has prevail$4 ,today ! poet mu/ h ! k ( an ar*eologi/1 & possess 8 scrupul\s exactness1 & pay close att5tion1 above all1 to local color1 & hi/oric v]ity has become ! pr9cipal & ess5tial aim ( art4 ,tru? "h1 z always1 lies betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,x is necess>y to ma9ta91 at ! same "t1 ! rights ( art & ^! ( ! public1 to h a prop] reg>d = ! _s ( ! epo*1 & to satisfy ! exig5cies ( ! subject treat$4 ,^! are ! v judici\s rules :i* ! au?or /ates ^u ?is delicate po9t4 ,! subject %\ld be intelligible & int]e/+ to ! public to :i* x is address$4 ,b ?is end ! poet or ! arti/ w atta9 only s f> z1 by 8 g5]al _s1 8 "w responds to "s "o ( ! ess5tial ideas ( ! human _s & to ! g5]al int]e/s ( humanity4 ,! p>ticul>ities ( an epo* are n ( true & endur+ int]e/ to u4 ,if1 !n1 ! subject is borr[$ f remote epo*s ( hi/ory1 or f "s f>-(f tradition1 x is necess>y t1 by our g5]al culture1 we %\ld be famili>iz$ ) x4 ,x is ?us only t we c sympa?ize ) an epo* & ) mann]s t are no m4 ,h5ce ! two ess5tial conditions2 t ! subject pres5t ! g5]al human "*1 !n t x be 9 relation ) our ideas4 ,art is n design$ = a small numb] ( s*ol>s & m5 ( sci5ce2 x is address$ to ! entire nation4 ,its works %\ld be compreh5d$ & reli%$ ( !mselves1 & n aft] a c\rse ( difficult rese>*4 ,?us national subjects are ! mo/ favorable4 ,all great poems are national poems4 ,! ,bible hi/ories h = u a p>ticul> *>m1 because we are famili> ) !m f our infancy4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! measure t relations are multipli$ betwe5 peoples1 art c borr[ its subjects f all latitudes & f all epo*s4 ,x %\ld1 inde$1 z to ! pr9cipal features1 pres]ve1 to ! traditions1 ev5ts1 & p]sonages1 to mann]s & in/itutions1 _! hi/oric or traditional "*2 b ! duty ( ! arti/1 above all1 is to place ! idea :i* con/itutes its cont5t 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( 8 own age1 & ! peculi> g5ius ( 8 nation4 ,9 ?is necessity lies ! reason & excuse = :at is call$ ana*ronism 9 art4 ,:5 ! ana*ronism be>s only ^u ext]nal circum/ances x is unimportant4 ,x becomes a matt] ( m mom5t if we attribute to ! *>act]s1 ! ideas1 & s5tim5ts ( ano!r epo*4 ,respect mu/ be paid to hi/oric tru?1 b reg>d mu/ also be _h to ! mann]s & intellectual culture ( "o's own "t4 ,! h]oes ( ,hom] !mselves are m ?an 7 ! real p]sonages ( ! epo* :i* he pres5ts2 & ! *>act]s ( ,sophocles are br\ght /ill ne>] to u4 ,to violate ?us ! rules ( hi/oric reality1 is a necess>y ana*ronism 9 art4 ,f9ally1 ano!r =m ( ana*ronism1 :i* ! utmo/ mod]ation & g5ius c alone make p>donable1 is t :i* transf]s ! religi\s or moral ideas ( a m advanc$ civilization to an ant]ior epo*2 :5 "o attributes1 = example1 to ! anci5ts ! ideas ( ! mod]ns4 ,"s great poets h v5tur$ ^u ?is int5tionally2 few h be5 successful 9 x4 ,! g5]al conclusion is ?is3 8,! arti/ %\ld be requir$ to make himself ! cotempor>y ( pa/ ages1 & become p5etrat$ himself ) _! _s4 ,= if ! sub/ance ( ^? ideas be true1 x rema9s cle> = all "t4 ,b to und]take to reproduce ) a scrupul\s exactness ! ext]nal elem5t ( hi/ory1 ) all its details & p>ticul>s1--9 a ^w1 all ! ru/ ( antiquity1 is ! "w ( a pu]ile erudition1 :i* atta*es itself only to a sup]ficial aim4 ,we %\ld n wre/ f art ! "r :i* x has to float betwe5 reality & fiction40 ,?is fir/ "p concludes ) an exam9ation ( ! qualities necess>y to an arti/1 su* z imag9ation1 g5ius1 inspiration1 orig9ality1 etc4 ,! au?or does n deem x obligatory to treat at mu* l5g? ?is subject1 :i* appe>s to him to all[ only a small numb] ( g5]al rules or psy*ological obs]vations4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he treats ( _m po9ts1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! imag9ation1 causes u to regret t he has n ?\ght x wor? :ile to give a l>g] space to ^! que/ions1 :i* occupy ! pr9cipal place 9 ! majority ( /hetical treatises2 we %all f9d !m aga9 "u ano!r =m 9 ! !ory ( ! arts4 ,! next numb] w cont9ue ?is translation ?r\gh ! treatm5t ( ! ,symbolic1 ,classic1 & ,romantic =ms ( art4 ,,notes ,,on ,,raphael',s 8,,transfiguration40 ,read be=e ! ,/4 ,l\is ,art ,society 9 ,novemb]1 #ahff4 ,i4 ,,! ,,engrav+4 ,he :o /udies ! 8,transfiguration0 ( ,raphael is =tunate if he has access to ! engrav+ ( x by ,raphael ,morgh54 ,?is engrav]1 z "o le>ns f ! ,encyclopdia1 0 a ,flor5t9e1 & execut$ ?is--8 mo/ elaborate "w--9 #agie1 f a draw+ ( ,t(anelli1 aft] hav+ discov]$ t a copy he _h p>tly f9i%$ f ano!r draw+1 0 v inadequate :5 comp>$ ) ! orig9al4 ,^u comp>ison ) engrav+s by o!r arti/s1 x seems to me t ?is engrav+ has n receiv$ all ! praise x des]ves2 ,i ref] especially to ! seiz+ ( ! 8motives0 ( ! picture1 :i* are s ess5tial 9 a "w ( great scope1 to give x ! requisite unity4 ,:at ! engrav] has a*iev$ 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ,i hope to be able to %[ 9 "s degree4 ,b "o w n be able to v]ify my results if he takes up an engrav+ by a less =tunate arti/2 e4g43 "o by ,pavoni1 ( rec5t orig94 ,,ii4 ,,hi/orical4 ,x is curr5tly report$ t ,raphael pa9t$ ! 8,transfiguration0 at ! in/ance ( ,c>d9al ,giulio de ,m$ici1 & t 9 honor ( ! latt] he introduc$ ! two sa9ts--,julian & ,lawr5ce--on ! m\nt2 ,/4 ,julian sugge/+ ! ill-fat$ ,giuliano de ,m$ici1 ! ,c>d9al's fa!r1 & ,/4 ,lawr5ce repres5t+ 8 uncle1 8,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t10 ! greate/ ( ! ,m$ici l9e1 & greate/ man ( 8 "t 9 ,italy4 8,! haughty ,mi*ael ,angelo refus$ to ent] ! li/s 9 p]son aga9/ ,raphael1 b put =w>d z a fitt+ rival ,seba/ian del ,piombo1 a ,v5etian40 ,raphael pa9t$1 z 8 ma/]piece1 ! 8,transfiguration10 & ,seba/ian1 ) ! help ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 pa9t$ ! 8,rais+ ( ,laz>us40 ,9 #aebj1 be=e ! picture 0 q f9i%$1 ,raphael di$4 ,8 favorite disciple1 ,giulio ,romano1 f9i%$ ! l[] "p ( ! picture 7especially ! demoniac7 9 ! _s ( ,raphael1 :o _h complet$ ! upp] portion & mo/ ( ! l[]4 ,,iii4 ,,leg5d4 ,! ,leg5d portray$ "h--slightly v>y+ f ! "o 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b n contradict+ x--is z foll[s3 ,*ri/ goes out ) 8 twelve disciples to ,m\nt ,tabor1787 &1 leav+ ! n9e o!rs at ! foot1 asc5ds ) ! favor$ ?ree to ! summit1 :]e ! sc5e ( ! ,transfiguration takes place4 ,:ile ?is transpires1 ! family gr\p approa* ) ! demoniac1 seek+ help f a miracul\s s\rce4 ,raphael has add$ to ?is leg5d ! circum/ance t two sympa!tic /rang]s1 pass+ t way up ! m\nt1 c>ry to ! ,beatifi$ ,"o ! intellig5ce ( ! ev5t bel[1 & solicit 8 imm$iate & graci\s int]f]5ce4 ,! ,te/am5t acc\nt leads u to suppose ! sc5e to be ,m\nt ,tabor1 s\!a/ ( ,naz>e?1 at ^: base he _h heal$ _m1 a few days be=e1 & :]e he _h held _m conv]sations ) 8 disciples4 8,on ! foll[+ day1 :5 !y 7 come d[n1 !y met ! family10 says ,luke2 b ,mat!w & ,m>k d n fix s precisely ! day4 ,,iv4 ,,*>act]ization4 ,x may be safely affirm$ t !re is sc>cely a picture 9 exi/5ce 9 :i* ! individualities are m /rongly m>k$ by int]nal ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,above1 !re is no figure to be mi/ak53 ,*ri/ floats t[>d ! s\rce ( light--! ,invisible ,fa!r1 by :om all is made visible t is visible4 ,on ! "r1 ,moses appe>s 9 /rong contra/ to ,elias on ! left--! =m] ! law-giv]1 & ! latt] ! spontane\s1 fi]y1 eagle-ey$ prophet4 ,on ! m\nta9 top--pro/rate b5ea?1 are ! ?ree disciples--"o recognizes on ! "r h&1 ,john1 gracefully b5d+ 8 face d[n f ! ov]p[]+ light1 :ile on ! left ,james buries 8 face 9 8 humility4 ,b ,pet]1 ! bold "o1 is fa9 to gaze directly on ! spl5dor4 ,he turns 8 face up 9 ! act1 b is1 z on ano!r occasion1 mi/ak5 9 8 e/imate ( 8 own endurance1 & is oblig$ to cov] 8 eyes1 involunt>ily1 ) 8 h&4 ,bel[ ! m\nt1 are two oppos$ gr\ps4 ,on ! "r1 com+ f ! hamlet 9 ! di/ance1 is ! family gr\p1 ( :i* a demoniac boy =ms ! c5tre4 ,!y1 )\t d\bt1 saw ,*ri/ pass on 8 way to ?is solitude1 &1 at l5g?1 conclud$ to foll[ him & te/ 8 might :i* _h be5 8nois$ abroad0 9 t region4 ,x is easy to see ! relation%ip ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,fir/ ! boy1 actually 8possess$10 or a maniac2 !n 8 fa!r--a man evid5tly pr$ispos$ to insanity--support+ & re/ra9+ him4 ,kneel+ at ! "r ( ! boy is 8 "m1 ^: fair ,grecian face has become hagg>d ) ! trials %e has endur$ f h] son4 ,j beyond h] is h] bro!r1 & 9 ! %ade ( ! m\nta91 is h] fa!r4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is h] si/]4 ,back ( ! fa!r1 to ! "r1 is se5 an uncle 7on ! fa!r's side7 ( ! demoniac boy1 ^: features & ge/ures %[ him to be a simpleton1 & ne> him is se5 ! face ( ! fa!r's si/]1 also a weak-m9d$ p]son4 ,! p>5ts ( ! fa!r are n to be se51 = ! obvi\s reason t old age is n a *>act]i/ic ( p]sons pr$ispos$ to insanity4 ,aga91 x is m>k$ t 9 a family ?us pr$ispos$1 "s w be brilliant to a degree resembl+ g5ius1 & o!rs w be simpletons4 ,! :ole gr\p at ! "r are supplicat+ ! n9e disciples1 9 ! mo/ e>ne/ mann]1 = relief4 ,! disciples1 gr\p$ on ! left1 are full ( sympa?y1 b _! looks tell pla9ly t !y c d no?+4 ,"o1 at ! left & ne> ! front1 holds ! books ( ! ,law 9 8 "r h&1 b ! lett] ne$s ! _s to give life1 & ! m]e ,law ( ,moses does n help ! demoniac1 & only excites ! sorr[ful indignation ( ! beautiful si/] 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! curi\s /ud5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t may succe$ 9 id5tify+ ! diff]5t disciples3 ,&rew1 hold+ ! books ( ! ,law1 is ,pet]'s bro!r1 & be>s a family resemblance4 ,judas1 at ! extreme left1 _c be mi/ak54 ,mat!w looks ov] ! %\ld] ( ,b>?olomew1 :o is po9t+ to ! demoniac2 :ile ,?omas--di/+ui%$ by 8 y\?ful appe>ance--b5ds ov] t[>d ! boy ) a look ( int5se int]e/4 ,simon 7871 kneel+ betwe5 ,?omas & ,b>?olomew1 is indicat+ to ! "m1 by ! ge/ure ) 8 left h&1 ! abs5ce ( ! ,ma/]4 ,philip1 ^: face is turn$ t[>ds ,judas1 is po9t+ to ! sc5e on ! m\nt1 & app>5tly sugge/+ ! propriety ( go+ = ! abs5t "o4 ,james1 ! son ( ,alpheus1 resembles ,*ri/ 9 features1 & /&s beh9d ,jude1 8 bro!r1 :o po9ts up to ! m\nt :ile look+ at ! fa!r4 ,v4 ,,organic ,,unity4 7a7 ,d\btless e true "w ( art %\ld h :at is call$ an 8organic unity40 ,t is to say1 all ! p>ts ( ! "w %\ld be relat$ to ea* o!r 9 su* a way t a h>mony ( design arises4 ,two entirely unrelat$ ?+s br\ght into ! piece w\ld =m two c5tres ( attraction & h5ce divide ! "w into two diff]5t works4 ,x %\ld be s con/itut$ t ! /udy ( "o "p leads to all ! o!r p>ts z be+ necess>ily impli$ 9 x4 ,?is common life ( ! :ole "w is ! c5tral idea :i* necessitates all ! p>ts1 & h5ce makes ! "w an organism in/ead ( a m]e conglom]ate or me*anical aggregate1--a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms :i* w\ld make a *aos only4 7b7 ,?is c5tral idea1 h[ev]1 _c be repres5t$ 9 a "w ( art )\t contra/s1 & h5ce !re mu/ be anti!ses pres5t4 7c7 ,& ^! anti!ses mu/ be aga9 r$uc$ to unity by ! manife/ dep5d5ce ( ea* side ^u ! c5tral idea4 ,:at is ! c5tral idea ( ?is picture8 7a7 ,almo/ e ?\ghtful p]son t has exam9$ x1 has said3 8,"h is ! ,div9e 9 contra/ ) ! ,human1 & ! dep5d5ce ( ! latt] ^u ! =m]40 ,?is may be /at$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! ,inf9ite is !re above1 & ! ,f9ite "h bel[ seek+ x4 7b7 ,! gr&e/ anti!sis is t betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! ,picture1 ! above & ! bel[4 ,! transfigur$ ,*ri/1 !re1 dazzl+ ) light2 bel[1 ! %ad[ ( mortal life1 only illum9at$ by su* rays z come f above4 ,!re1 s]5ity2 & "h1 r5d+ calamity4 ,!n !re are m9or anti!ses4 7#a7 ,above we h a ,tw(old4 ,! ?ree cele/ial light-seek]s :o so> raptur\sly to ! invisible s\rce ( light1 & bel[ !m1 ! ?ree disciples swoon+ b5ea? ! p[] ( ! cele/ial vision4 7#b7 ,!n bel[ ! m\nta9 we h a simil> contra/ 9 ! two gr\ps2 ! "o brok5 9 _s by ! calamity t 8pi]ces _! own s\ls10 & ! o!r gr\p p[]fully affect$ by sympa?y1 & feel+ ke5ly _! impot5ce dur+ ! abs5ce ( _! ,"l4 ,aga9 ev51 !re appe> o!r anti!ses4 ,s completely does ! idea p5etrate ! mat]ial 9 ?is "w ( art1 t ev]y:]e we see ! mirror ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! highe/ & mo/ cele/ial we h ! anti!sis ( ,*ri/ & ! twa92 ,moses ! law or lett]1 ,elias ! _s or ! prophet1 & ,*ri/ ! liv+ unity4 ,ev5 ,*ri/ himself1 ?\gh comp>atively ! po9t ( repose ( ! :ole picture1 is a contra/ ( s\l /riv+ aga9/ ! visible body4 ,s1 too1 ! anti!ses ( ! ?ree disciples1 ,john1 ,pet]1 ,james1--grace1 /r5g?1 & humility4 ,ev]y:]e ! subject is exhau/ively treat$2 ! family 9 its diff]5t memb]s1 ! disciples ) ! diff]5t %ades ( sympa?y & conc]n4 7,! maniac boy is a p]fect picture ( a be+1 torn asund] by viol5t int]nal contradiction47 7c7 ,! unity is no less rem>kable4 ,fir/1 ! absolute unity ( ! piece1 is ! transfigur$ ,*ri/4 ,to x1 m$iately or imm$iately1 ev]y?+ ref]s4 ,all ! light 9 ! picture /reams !nce4 ,all ! action 9 ! piece has its motive p[] 9 ,him2--fir/1 ! two cele/ials so> to gaze 9 8 light2 !n ! ?ree disciples are express+1 by ! po/ure ( e limb1 ! int5se effect ( ! same light4 ,on ! left1 ! m$iat+ /rang]s /& implor+ ,*ri/ to desc5d & be m]ciful to ! mis]able ( ?is life4 ,bel[1 ! disciples are pa9fully rem9d$ ( ,him abs5t1 by ! pres5t ne$ ( 8 all-heal+ p[]1 & _! ge/ures ref] to 8 /ay on ! m\nta9 top2 :ile ! gr\p at ! "r1 are frantic 9 supplications = 8 assi/ance4 ,besides ! c5tral unity1 we f9d m9or unities t d n contradict ! high] unity1 = ! reason t !y are only reflections ( x1 & ea* "o c>ries u1 ( its own accord1 to ! high] unity1 & loses itself 9 x4 ,to illu/rate3 ,bel[1 ! imm$iate unity ( all 7c5tre ( int]e/7 is ! maniac boy1 & yet he convulsively po9ts to ! miracul\s sc5e above1 & ! p]fect unre/ exhibit$ 9 8 attitude repels ! s\l irresi/ibly to seek ano!r unity4 ,! ,*ri/ above1 gives u a comp>atively s]5e po9t ( repose1 :ile ! unity ( ! ,bel[ or f9ite side ( ! picture is an absolute antagonism1 hurl+ u beyond to ! high] unity4 ,be=e ! approa* ( ! di/ress$ family1 ! o!rs 7 int5tly li/5+ to ! grave & eld]ly disciple1 ,&rew1 :o 0 read+ & exp\nd+ ! ,scriptures to !m4 ,?is 0 a diff]5t unity1 & w\ld h cla%$ ) ! organic unity ( ! piece2 ! approa* ( ! boy br+s 9 a new unity1 :i* imm$iately reflects all to ! high] unity4 ,,vi4 ,,s5se ,,& ,,reason ,,vs4 ,,und]/&+4 ,at ?is po9t a few reflections are sugge/$ to r5d] m obvi\s1 c]ta9 high] phases 9 ! unity ( ?is "w ( art1 :i* mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,a "w ( art1 x w be conc$$1 mu/1 fir/ ( all1 appeal to ! s5ses4 ,equally1 too1 its cont5t mu/ be an idea ( ! ,reason1 & ?is is n s readily grant$ by e "o4 ,b if !re 7 no idea ( ! ,reason 9 x1 !re w\ld be no unity to ! "w1 & x c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f any o!r "w n a "w ( art4 ,betwe5 ! ,reason & ! ,s5ses !re lies a broad realm1 call$ ! 8,und]/&+0 by mod]n speculative writ]s4 ,x 0 =m]ly call$ ! 8discursive intellect40 ,! ,und]/&+ applies ! crit]ion 8use40 ,x does n "k beauty1 or1 inde$1 any?+ :i* is = itself2 x kn[s only :at is good = some?+ else4 ,9 a "w ( art1 aft] x has ask$ :at x is good =1 x proce$s to con/rue x all into prose1 = x is ! prose faculty4 ,x mu/ h ! picture tell u :at is ! ext]nal fact 9 nature1 & n tr\ble u ) any transc5d5tal imag9ative products4 ,x wants imitation ( nature m]ely4 ,b ! arti/ frequ5tly neglects ?is faculty1 & %ocks x to ! utt]mo/ by su* ?+s z ! abridg$ m\nta9 9 ?is picture1 or ! %ad[ ca/ t[>d ! sun1 t ,eck]mann tells (4 ,! arti/ mu/ nev] violate ! s5su\s h>mony1 nor fail to h ! deep] unity ( ! ,idea4 ,x is evid5t t ! s5su\s side is always c>$ = by ,raphael4 ,"h are "s ( ! effects 9 ! picture t are purely s5su\s & yet ( su* a k9d t !y imm$iately call up ! idea4 ,! s\rce ( light 9 ! picture is ,*ri/'s =m2 bel[1 x is reflect$ 9 ! g>m5ts ( ! conspicu\s figure 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,above1 is ,*ri/2 opposite & bel[1 a female t sugge/s ! ,madonna4 ,9 ! same mann] ,elias1 or ! inspir$ prophet1 is ! opposite to ! maniac boy2 ! =m] inspir$ by ! cele/ial2 ! latt]1 by ! demonic4 ,s ,moses1 ! law-giv]1 is anti!tic to ! old disciple t has ! roll ( ! ,law 9 8 h&4 ,s1 too1 9 ! po/ure1 ,elias floats freely1 :ile ,moses is br\ght aga9/ ! tree1 & m>s ! impression ( free self-support4 ,! heavy tables ( ! ,law seem to draw him d[n1 :ile ,elias seems to h difficulty 9 desc5d+ suffici5tly to place himself 9 subord9ation to ,*ri/4 ,ev5 ! contradiction t ! und]/&+ f9ds 9 ! abridgm5t ( ! m\nta91 is correct$ s5su\sly by ! p]spective at ! "r1 & ! %ade t ! edge ( ! rock ca/s :i* isolates ! above s completely f ! bel[4 ,we see t ,raphael has br\ght !m to a seclud$ spot j ne> ! top ( ! m\nta94 ,! view ( ! di/ant vale tells u z effectually t ?is is a m\nta9 top z c\ld be done by a full l5g? pa9t+ ( x4 ,h5ce ! criticism re/s ^u a misund]/&+ ( ! fact ,raphael has portray$4 ,,vii4 ,,romantic vs4 ,,classic4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ recur to ^? di/9ctions s mu* talk$ (1 9 ord] to introduce ! consid]ation ( ! gr&e/ /rokes ( g5ius :i* ,raphael has display$ 9 ?is "w4 ,! di/9ction ( ,classic & ,romantic ,art1 ( ,greek ,art f ,*ri/ian3 ! =m] is *>act]iz$ by a complete repose1 or equilibrium betwe5 ! ,s5se & ,reason--or betwe5 matt] & =m4 ,! idea seems completely express$1 & ! expression completely adequate to ! idea4 ,b 9 ,*ri/ian ,art we d n f9d ?is equilibrium2 b ev]y:]e we f9d an intimation t ! idea is too transc5d5t = ! matt] to express4 ,h5ce1 ,romantic ,art is self contradictory--x expresses ! inadequacy ( expression4 8,i h t )9 :i* passe? %[2 ,^! b ! trapp+s & ! suits ( woe40 ,9 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 all /rives upw>d & seems to d]ive its support f above 7i4 e4 ! ,spiritual1 light74 ,all ,romantic ,art po9ts to a beyond4 ,! ,madonnas seem to say3 8,i am a beyond :i* _c be repres5t$ 9 a s5su\s =m20 8a sa9tly contempt = ! fle% hov]s ab\t _! features10 z "s "o has express$ x4 ,b 9 ?is picture1 ,*ri/ himself1 no m a *ild 9 ! ,madonna's arms1 b ev5 9 8 m]idian glory1 looks beyond1 & expresses dep5d5ce on a ,be+ :o is n & _c be repres5t$4 ,8 face is s]5e1 beatific2 he is at unity ) ?is ,absolute ,be+1 b ! unity is an int]nal "o1 & 8 uprais$ gaze t[>ds ! s\rce ( light is a pla9 /atem5t t ! ,true :i* supports him is n a s5su\s "o4 8,god dwelle? n 9 temples made ) h&s2 b ^? :o w\ld approa* ,him mu/ d x 9 _s & 9 tru?40 ,?is is ! idea :i* belongs to ! me?od ( all mod]n ,art2 b ,raphael has n left ?is z ! g5]al _s ( ! picture m]ely1 b has emphasiz$ x 9 a way t exhibits ! happy temp] ( 8 g5ius 9 deal+ ) refractory subjects4 ,& ?is la/ po9t has prov$ too mu* = 8 critics4 ,ref]5ce is made to ! two sa9ts pa9t$ at ! left4 ,h[ f9e x w\ld be1 ?\ght ! ,c>d9al de ,m$ici1 to h ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ,/4 ,julian pa9t$ 9 !re1 to commemorate my fa!r & uncle6 ,!y c repres5t m$iators1 & !reby connect ! two p>ts ( ! picture m closely6 ,( c\rse1 ,raphael put !m 9 !re6 8,alas60 say 8 critics1 8:at a fatal mi/ake6 ,:at h ^? two figures to d !re b to m> ! "w6 ,all = ! gratification ( a selfi% pride60 ,always tru/ an ,arti/ to dispose ( ! ,f9ite2 he1 ( all m51 kn[s h[ to dige/ x & subord9ate x to ! idea4 ,raphael want$ j su* figures 9 j t place4 ,( c\rse1 ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w t c\ld happ51 w\ld be ! asc5t ( "s "o to be> ! message to ,*ri/ t !re 0 ne$ ( him bel[4 ,b :at is ! effect ( t ^u ! "w z a piece ( ,romantic ,art8 ,x w\ld de/roy t *>act]i/ic1 if p]mitt$ 9 c]ta9 =ms4 ,raphael1 h[ev]1 seizes ^u ?is incid5t to %[ ! entire spiritual "* ( ! upp] "p ( ! picture4 ,! disciples are dazzl$ s1 t ev5 ! firm ,pet] _c endure ! light at all4 ,is ?is a physical light8 ,look at ! mess5g]s t h come up ! m\nta96 ,d _! eyes indicate any?+ bright1 n to say dazzl+8 ,!y /& !re ) supplicat+ looks & ge/ures1 b see no transfiguration4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 ,c>d9al de ,m$ici1 t y\r uncle & fa!r are n mu* complim5t$1 aft] all2 !y are m]ely natural m51 & h no inn] s5se by :i* to see ! ,et]nal ,v]ities t illume ! my/]y ( exi/5ce6 ,ev5 if y are ,c>d9al1 & !y 7 ,popes' c\nselors1 !y nev] saw any?+ high] 9 ,religion ?an :at %\ld add com=t to u "h bel[6 ,no6 ,! transfiguration1 z ,raphael cle>ly tells u1 0 a ,spiritual "o3 ,*ri/1 on ! m\nta9 ) 8 favor$ ?ree disciples1 op5$ up su* cele/ial cle>ness 9 8 exposition ( ! tru?1 t !y saw ,moses & ,elias1 z x 71 comb9$ 9 "o ,p]son1 & a new ,heav5 & a new ,e>? arose be=e !m1 & !y 7 lo/ 9 t revelation ( inf9ite spl5dor4 ,9 clos+1 a rem>k =ces itself ^u u ) ref]5ce to ! comp>ative m]its ( ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,raphael is ! p]fection ( ,romantic ,art4 ,mi*ael ,angelo is almo/ a ,greek4 ,8 pa9t+s all seem to be pictures ( /atu>y4 ,9 8 gr&e/--,! ,la/ ,judgm5t--we h ! visible pres5ce z ! highe/4 ,art ) him c\ld repres5t ! ,absolute4 ,) ,raphael x c\ld only1 9 its l(tie/ flights1 express its own impot5ce4 ,:e!r we are to consid] ,raphael or ,mi*ael ,angelo z ! high] arti/1 mu/ be decid$ by an inve/igation ( ! m]its ( ! 8,la/ ,judgm5t40 ,,introduction ,,to ,,philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! object ( ?is s]ies is to furni%1 9 z popul> a =m z possible1 a c\rse ( discipl9e = ^? :o are beg9n+ ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,/rictly popul>1 9 ! s5se ! ^w is us$--i4 e4 signify+ t :i* holds fa/ to ! ord9>y consci\sness ( m51 & does n take flights beyond--,i am well aw>e1 no philosophy c be4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to x t c be made1 consi/s 9 />t+ f ! common ext]nal views1 & draw+ !m into ! speculative1 /ep by /ep4 ,= ?is purpose ! me?od ( def9itions & axioms1 ) d$uctions !refrom1 z employ$ by ,sp9oza1 is m appropriate at fir/1 & aft]w>ds a gradual approa* to ! ,dialectic1 or true philosophic me?od4 ,9 ! ma!matical me?od 7t ( ,sp9oza j allud$ to7 ! cont5t may be speculative1 b its =m1 nev]4 ,h5ce ! /ud5t ( philosophy ne$s only to turn 8 att5tion to ! cont5t at fir/2 :5 t becomes 9 a measure famili>1 he c !n ! m readily pass ov] to ! true =m ( ! speculative cont5t1 & ?us a*ieve complete insight4 ,a c\rse ( discipl9e 9 ! speculative cont5t1 ?\gh "u an inadequate =m1 w\ld make a gr& prep>ation = ! /udy ( ,hegel or ,plato2 :ile a /udy ( ^!1 or1 9 %ort1 ( any writ]s :o employ speculative me?ods 9 treat+ speculative cont5t--a /udy ( ^! )\t previ\s acqua9tance ) ! cont5t is well nigh fruitless4 ,"o ne$s only to read ! comm5ts ( translators ( ,plato ^u 8 speculative passages1 or ! prevail+ v]dicts ^u ,hegel1 to be satisfi$ on ?is po9t4 ,! c\rse t ,i %all "h pres5t w embody my own exp]i5ce1 to a great ext5t1 9 ! *ronological ord] ( its developm5t4 ,ea* lesson w endeavor to pres5t an ap]u d]iv$ f "s great philosoph]4 ,^? com+ lat] w presuppose ! e>li] ones1 & frequ5tly ?r[ new light ^u !m4 ,z "o :o und]takes ! manufacture ( an elegant piece ( furniture ne$s c>efully elaborat$ tools = t end1 s mu/ ! ?9k] :o wi%es to compreh5d ! univ]se be equipp$ ) ! tools ( ?\ght1 or else he w come (f z poorly z he :o %\ld und]take to make a c>v$ mahogany *air ) no tools except 8 tee? & f+] nails4 ,:at complicat$ ma*9]y is requir$ to transmute ! r\gh ores into an ,am]ican wat*6 ,& yet h[ common is ! delusion t no elaboration ( tools ( ?\ght is requir$ to enable ! commone/ m9d to manipulate ! highe/ subjects ( inve/igation4 ,! al*emy t turn$ base metal into gold is only a symbol ( t cunn+ al*emy ( ?\ght t by means ( ! philosoph]'s /one 7sci5tific me?od7 dissolves ! base facts ( exp]i5ce into univ]sal tru?s4 ,! un9itiat$ reg>ds ! philosophic treatm5t ( a !me z difficult solely by reason ( its te*nical t]ms4 8,if ,i only und]/ood y\r use ( words1 ,i ?9k ,i %\ld f9d no difficulty 9 y\r ?\ght40 ,he supposes t "u ^? biz>re t]ms !re lurks only ! mean+ t he & o!rs put into ord9>y phrases4 ,he does n seem to ?9k t ! concepts likewise are new4 ,x is j z ?\gh an ,indian 7 to say to ! c>p5t]1 8,i c\ld make z good "w z y1 if ,i only _h ! secret ( us+ my f+]-nails & tee? z y d ! plane & saw40 ,speculative philosophy--x _c be too e>ly inculcat$--does n 8conceal "u cumbr\s t]m9ology views :i* m5 ord9>ily hold40 ,! ord9>y reflection w\ld say t ,be+ is ! gr\nd ( ?\ght1 :ile speculative philosophy w\ld say t ?\ght is ! gr\nd ( ,be+2 :e!r ( o!r be+1 or ( itself z be+--= x is causa sui4 ,let u n[ address ourselves to ! task ( elaborat+ our te*nique--! tools ( ?\ght--& see :at new worlds become accessible ?r\gh our m5tal telescopes & microscopes1 our analytical scalpels & psy*ological plummets4 ,i4--,a ,,priori ,,& ,a ,,po/]iori4 ,a priori1 z appli$ to k1 signifies t :i* belongs to ! nature ( ! m9d itself4 ,k :i* is be=e exp]i5ce1 or n dep5d5t on x1 is a priori4 ,a po/]iori or empirical k is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,a crit]ion to be appli$ 9 ord] to te/ ! application ( ^! categories to any k 9 "q1 is to be f\nd 9 univ]sality & necessity4 ,if ! tru? express$ has univ]sal & necess>y validity x mu/ be a priori1 = x c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,( empirical k we c only say3 8,x is true s f> z exp]i5ce has ext5d$40 ,( a priori k1 on ! contr>y1 we affirm3 8,x is univ]sally & necess>ily true & no exp]i5ce ( its opposite c possibly occur2 f ! v nature ( ?+s x mu/ be s40 ,,ii4--,,analytical ,,& ,,syn!tical4 ,a judgm5t :i*1 9 ! pr$icate1 adds no?+ new to ! subject1 is said to be analytical1 z e4 g4 8,horse is an animal20--! concept 8animal0 is already conta9$ 9 t ( 8horse40 ,syn!tical judgm5ts1 on ! contr>y1 add 9 ! pr$icate some?+ new to ! conception ( ! subject1 z e4 g4 8,?is rose is r$10 or 8,! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts is a /raight l9e20--9 ! fir/ judgm5t we h 8r$0 add$ to ! g5]al concept 8rose20 :ile 9 ! second example we h /raightness1 :i* is quality1 add$ to %orte/1 :i* is quantity4 ,,iii4--,,apodeictical4 ,omitt+ ! consid]ation ( a po/]iori k = ! pres5t1 let u inve/igate ! a priori 9 ord] to le>n some?+ ( ! con/itution ( ! intellig5ce :i* kn[s--always a prop] subject = philosophy4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 ! a priori analytical 78,a horse is an animal07 adds no?+ to our k1 we may conf9e ourselves1 z ,kant does1 to a priori syn!tical k4 ,! axioms ( ma!matics are ( ?is "*4 ,!y are univ]sal & necess>y 9 _! application1 & we "k ?is )\t mak+ a s+le practical exp]im5t4 8,only "o /raight l9e c be drawn betwe5 two po9ts10 or ! proposition3 8,! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle is equal to two "r angles10--^! are true 9 all possible exp]i5ces1 & h5ce transc5d any actual exp]i5ce4 ,take any a po/]iori judgm5t1 e4 g4 8,all bodies are heavy10 & we see at once t x implies ! re/riction1 8,s f> z we h exp]i5c$10 or else is a m]e analytical judgm5t4 ,! univ]sal & necess>y is sometimes call$ ! apodeictical4 ,! conception ( ! apodeictical lies at ! basis ( all true philosophical ?9k+4 ,he :o does n di/+ui% betwe5 apodeictic & cont+5t judgm5ts mu/ pause "h until he c d s4 ,,iv4 ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,9 ord] to give a m exhau/ive application to our te*nique1 let u seek ! univ]sal conditions ( exp]i5ce4 ,! ma!matical tru?s t we quot$ relate to ,space1 & simil> ones relate to ,"t4 ,no exp]i5ce w\ld be possible )\t presuppos+ ,"t & ,space z its logical condition4 ,inde$1 we %\ld nev] conceive our s5sations to h an orig9 outside ( ourselves & 9 di/9ct objects1 unless we _h ! conception ( ,space a priori by :i* to r5d] x possible4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( our be+ able to g5]alize p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 & collect !refrom ! idea ( ,space & ,"t 9 g5]al1 we mu/ h add$ ! idea ( ,space & ,"t to our s5sation be=e x c\ld possibly become an exp]i5ce at all4 ,?is becomes m cle> :5 we recur to ! apodeictic nature ( ,space & ,"t4 ,"t & ,space are ?\ght z inf9ites1 i4 e4 !y c only be limit$ by !mselves1 & h5ce are univ]sally cont9u\s4 ,b no su* conception z inf9ite c be d]iv$ analytically f an object ( exp]i5ce1 = x does n conta9 x4 ,all objects ( exp]i5ce mu/ be )9 ,"t & ,space1 & n vice v]sa4 ,all t is limit$ 9 ext5t & duration presupposes ,"t & ,space z its logical condition1 & ?is we "k1 n f ! s5ses b f ! con/itution ( ,reason itself4 8,! ?ird side ( a triangle is less ?an ! sum ( ! two o!r sides40 ,?is we nev] measur$1 & yet we are c]ta9 t we _c be mi/ak5 ab\t x4 ,x is s 9 all triangles1 pres5t1 pa/1 future1 actual1 or possible4 ,if ?is 0 an inf]5ce a po/]iori1 we c\ld only say3 8,x has be5 f\nd to be s 9 all cases t h be5 measur$ & report$ to u40 ,v4 ,,m9d4 ,m9d has a c]ta9 a priori con/itution2 ?is is our inf]5ce4 ,x mu/ be s1 or else we c\ld nev] h any exp]i5ce :atev]4 ,x is ! only way 9 :i* ! possibility ( apodeictic k c be acc\nt$ =4 ,:at ,i d n get f )\t ,i mu/ get f )91 if ,i h x at all4 ,m9d1 x w\ld seem f ?is1 _c be1 accord+ to its nature1 a f9ite affair--a ?+ ) prop]ties4 ,7 x limit$ 9 ,"t or ,space1 x c\ld nev] 7)\t transc5d+ itself7 conceive ,"t & ,space z univ]sally cont9u\s or inf9ite4 ,m9d is n )9 ,"t & ,space1 x is z univ]sal & necess>y z ! apodeictic judgm5ts x =ms1 & h5ce x is ! sub/antial ess5ce ( all t exi/s4 ,"t & ,space are ! logical conditions ( f9ite exi/5ces1 & ,m9d is ! logical condition ( ,"t & ,space4 ,h5ce x is ridicul\s to speak ( my m9d & y\r m9d1 = m9d is r ! univ]sal sub/rate ( all individuality ?an own$ by any p>ticul> individual4 ,^! results are s />tl+ to ! "o :o fir/ beg9s to ?9k1 t he is tempt$ to reject ! :ole4 ,if he does n d ?is1 b scrut9izes ! :ole fabric ke5ly1 he w discov] :at he supposes to be fallacies4 ,we _c anticipate ! answ] to 8 objections "h1 = 8 objections arise f 8 inability to di/+ui% betwe5 8 imag9ation & 8 ?9k+ & ?is mu/ be treat$ ( 9 ! next *apt]4 ,"h1 we c only int]pose an e>ne/ reque/ to ! read] to p]sev]e & ?or\ghly refute ! :ole argum5t be=e he leaves x4 ,b ?is is only "o & ! mo/ elem5t>y position f :i* ! philosophic travell] sees ! ,et]nal ,v]ities4 ,e p]fect analysis--no matt] :at ! subject be--w br+ u to ! same result1 ?\gh ! degrees ( concret5ess w v>y1--"s leav+ ! solution 9 an ab/ract & vague =m1--o!rs aga9 arriv+ at a complete & satisfactory view ( ! matt] 9 detail4 ,,se$ ,,life4 ,,by ,e4 ,v4 ,ah6 woe = ! endless /irr+1 ,! hung] = air & light1 ,! fire ( ! blaz+ noonday ,wrapp$ r\nd 9 a *ill+ night6 ,! muffl$ ?rob ( an in/9ct ,t is k9 to ! my/ic ,to ,be2 ,/rong muscles1 cut ) _! fett]s1 ,z !y wri! ) claim to be free4 ,a voice t cries out 9 ! sil5ce1 ,& is *ok$ 9 a /ifl+ air2 ,arms full ( an endless rea*+1 ,:ile ! 8,nay0 /&s ev]y:]e4 ,! burn+ ( consci\s selfhood1 ,t fights ) pitiless fate6 ,god grant t deliv]ance /ay n1 ,till x come at la/ too late2 ,till ! cru%$ out in/9ct wav]1 ,& fa9t] & fa9t] gr[1 ,& by suicide1 ?r\gh unus+1 ,seek fre$om f its woe4 ,oh6 despair ( con/ant los+ ,! life t is clut*$ 9 va96 ,is x dea? or a joy\s gr[+ ,t %all put an end to pa98 ,a ,,dialogue ,,on ,,immortality4 ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau]4 7,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 by ,*as4 ,l4 ,b]nays47 ,philale!s4--,i c\ld tell y t1 aft] y\r dea?1 y w be :at y 7 previ\s to y\r bir?2 ,i c\ld tell y t we are nev] born1 & t we only seem to die--t we h always be5 precisely ! same t we are n[1 & t we %all always rema9 ! same--t ,"t is ! app>atus :i* prev5ts u f be+ aw>e ( all ?is2 ,i c\ld tell y t our consci\sness /&s always 9 ! c5tre ( ,"t--nev] on "o ( its t]m9i2 & t any "o among u1 !re=e1 has ! immovable c5tre ( ! :ole inf9ite ,"t 9 himself4 ,i !n c\ld tell y t ^? :o1 by t k1 are assur$ t ! pres5t "t always orig9ates 9 ourselves1 c nev] d\bt ! inde/ructibility ( _! own ess5ce4 ,?rasyma*us4--,all ( t is too long & too ambigu\s = me4 ,tell me1 briefly1 :at ,i %all be aft] dea?4 ,phil4--,all & no?+4 ,?ras4--,!re we are6 ,in/ead ( a solution to ! problem y give me a contradiction2 t is an old trick4 ,phil4--,to answ] transc5d5tal que/ions 9 language t is only made = imman5t p]ceptions1 may 9 fact lead u into contradictions4 ,?ras4--,:at d y mean by 8transc5d5tal0 & 8imman5t0 p]ceptions8 ,phil4--,well6 ,transc5d5tal p]ception is r ! k1 :i*1 by exce$+ any possibility ( exp]i5ce1 t5ds to discov] ! ess5ce ( ?+s z !y are by !mselves2 imman5t p]ception x is1 if x keeps inside ( ! limits ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is case1 x c only speak ( appe>ances4 ,y1 z an individual1 end ) y\r dea?4 ,yet individuality is n y\r true & f9al ess5ce1 b only a m]e appe>ance ( x4 ,x is n ! ?+ 9 itself1 b only its appe>ance1 e/abli%$ 9 ! =m ( "t1 !reby hav+ a beg9n+ & an end4 ,t :i* is ess5tial 9 y1 kn[s nei!r ( beg9n+ nor end+1 nor ( ,"t itself2 x kn[s no limits su* z belong to a giv5 individuality1 b exi/s 9 all & 9 ea*4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 !re=e1 y w become no?+ aft] y\r dea?2 9 ! second s5se1 y are & rema9 all4 ,= t reason ,i said y w\ld be all & no?+4 ,y desir$ a %ort answ]1 & ,i believe t h>dly a m correct answ] c\ld be giv5 briefly4 ,no wond]1 too1 t x conta9s a contradiction2 = y\r life is 9 ,"t1 :ile y\r immortality is 9 ,et]nity4 ,?ras4--,)\t ! cont9uation ( my individuality1 ,i w\ld n give a f>?+ = all y\r 8immortality40 ,phil4--,p]haps y c\ld h x ev5 *eap]4 ,suppose t ,i w>rant to y ! cont9uation ( y\r individuality1 b "u ! condition t a p]fectly unconsci\s slumb] ( dea? = ?ree mon?s %\ld prec$e its resuscitation4 ,?ras4--,well1 ,i accept ! condition4 ,phil4--,n[1 9 an absolutely unconsci\s condition1 we h no measure ( "t2 h5ce x is p]fectly indiff]5t :e!r1 :il/ we lie asleep 9 dea? 9 ! unconsci\s _w1 ?ree mon?s or t5 ?\s& ye>s are pass+ away4 ,we d n "k ei!r ( ! "o or ( ! o!r1 & h to accept "s "o's ^w ) reg>d to ! duration ( our sleep1 :5 we awake4 ,h5ce x is indiff]5t to y :e!r y\r individuality is giv5 back to y aft] ?ree mon?s or aft] t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,?ras4--,t ,i _c d5y4 ,phil4--,n[1 suppose t aft] t5 ?\s& ye>s1 "o _h =gott5 to awake y at all1 !n ,i believe t ! long1 long /ate ( non-be+ w\ld become s habitual to y t y\r mis=tune c\ld h>dly be v great4 ,c]ta9 x is1 any way1 t y w\ld "k no?+ ( x2 nay1 y w\ld ev5 console y\rself v easily1 if y 7 aw>e t ! secret me*anism :i* n[ keeps y\r actual appe>ance 9 motion1 _h n ceas$ dur+ all ! t5 ?\s& ye>s = a s+le mom5t to e/abli% & to move o!r be+s ( ! same k9d4 ,?ras4--,9 t mann] y mean to *eat me out ( my individuality1 d y8 ,i w n be fool$ 9 t way4 ,i h b>ga9$ = ! cont9uation ( my individuality1 & none ( y\r motives c console me = ! loss ( t2 ,i h x at he>t1 & ,i nev] w ab&on x4 ,phil4--,x seems t y hold individuality to be s noble1 s p]fect1 s incomp>able1 t !re c be no?+ sup]ior to x2 y !re=e w\ld n l to ex*ange x = ano!r "o1 ?\gh 9 t1 y c\ld live ) great] ease & p]fection4 ,?ras4--,let my individuality be z x may1 x is always myself4 ,x is ,i--,i myself--:o want to be4 ,t is ! individuality :i* ,i insi/ ^u1 & n su* a "o z ne$s argum5t to conv9ce me t x may be my own or a bett] "o4 ,phil4--,only look ab\t y6 ,t :i* cries out--8,i1 ,i myself1 wi% to exi/0--t is n y\rself alone1 b all t has ! lea/ ve/ige ( consci\sness4 ,h5ce ?is desire ( y\rs1 is j t :i* is n individual1 b common r to all )\t exception2 x does n orig9ate 9 individuality1 b 9 ! v nature ( exi/5ce itself2 x is ess5tial to anybody :o lives1 nay1 x is t ?r\gh :i* x is at all2 x seems to belong only to ! individual because x c become consci\s only 9 ! individual4 ,:at cries 9 u s l\d = exi/5ce1 does s only ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! individual2 imm$iately & ess5tially x is ! w to exi/ or to live1 & ?is w is "o & ! same 9 all ( u4 ,our exi/5ce be+ only ! free "w ( ! w1 exi/5ce c nev] fail to belong to x1 z f>1 at lea/1 z t et]nally dissatisfi$ w1 c be satisfi$4 ,! individualities are indiff]5t to ! w2 x nev] speaks ( !m2 ?\gh x seems to ! individual1 :o1 9 himself is ! imm$iate p]cipi5t ( x1 z if x spoke only ( 8 own individuality4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! individual c>es = 8 own exi/5ce ) s great anxiety1 & t he !reby secures ! pres]vation ( 8 k9d4 ,h5ce x foll[s t individuality is no p]fection1 b r a re/riction or imp]fection2 to get rid ( x is n a loss b a ga94 ,h5ce1 if y w\ld n appe> at once *ildi% & ridicul\s1 y %\ld ab&on t c>e = m]e individuality2 = *ildi% & ridicul\s x w appe> :5 y p]ceive y\r own ess5ce to be ! univ]sal w to live4 ,?ras4--,y y\rself & all philosoph]s are *ildi% & ridicul\s1 & 9 fact x is only = a mom5t>y div]sion t a man ( good common s5se ev] cons5ts to squ&] away an idle h\r ) ! l ( y4 ,i leave y\r talk = weighti] matt]s4 ,! read] w p]ceive by ! positions "h assum$ t ,s*op5hau] has a truly speculative /&-po9t2 t he holds self-det]m9ation to be ! only sub/antial 7or abid+7 reality4 ,b :ile ,ari/otle & ^? l him h seiz$ ?is m def9itely z ! self-consci\s ?9k+1 x is evid5t t ,s*op5hau] seizes x only f its imm$iate side1 i4 e4 z ! w4 ,on ?is acc\nt he meets ) "s difficulty 9 solv+ ! problem ( immortality1 & leaves ! "q ( consci\s id5tity h]eaft]1 n a little obscure4 ,hegel1 on ! contr>y1 = :om ,s*op5hau] ev]y:]e ev9ces a he>ty contempt1 does n leave ! individual 9 any d\bt z to 8 de/9y1 b %[s h[ individuality & univ]sality co9cide 9 self-consci\sness1 s t ! desire = et]nal exi/5ce is fully satisfi$4 ,?is is ! legitimate result t ,philale!s arrives at 9 8 la/ spee*1 :5 he makes ! individuality a product ( ! w2 = if ! w is ! ess5tial t he holds x to be1 & ! product ( its activity is individuality1 ( c\rse individuality belongs et]nally to x4 ,at ! close ( 8 ,philosophy ( ,nature1 7,encyclopdia1 vol4 ,,ii417 ,hegel %[s h[ dea? :i* foll[s life 9 ! m]e animal--& 9 man z m]e animal--ent]s consci\sness z "o ( its necess>y elem5ts1 & h5ce does n /& oppos$ to x z x does to animal life4 ,consci\s be+ 7,_s or ,m9d z x may be call$17 is !re=e immortal because x conta9s already1 )9 itself1 its limits or det]m9ations1 & ?us _c1 l f9ite ?+s1 enc\nt] dissolution ?r\gh ext]nal ones4--,,ed4 ,,goe!',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,colors4 ,f an exposition giv5 be=e ! ,/4 ,l\is ,philosophical ,society1 ,nov4 #bnd1 #ahff4 ,i4--,color arises ?r\gh ! reciprocal action ( light & d>kness4 7a47 ,:5 a light object is se5 ?r\gh a m$ium t dims x1 x appe>s ( diff]5t degrees ( yell[2 if ! m$ium is d>k or d5se1 ! color is orange1 or approa*es r$4 ,examples3 ! sun se5 9 ! morn+ ?r\gh a slightly hazy atmosph]e appe>s yell[1 b if ! air is ?ick ) mi/ or smoke ! sun looks r$4 7b47 ,on ! o!r h& a d>k object1 se5 ?r\gh a m$ium slightly illum9at$1 looks blue4 ,if ! m$ium is v /rongly illum9at$1 ! blue approa*es a light blue2 if less s1 !n indigo2 if /ill less1 ! deep violet appe>s4 ,examples3 a m\nta9 situat$ at a great di/ance1 f :i* v few rays ( light come1 looks blue1 because we see x ?r\gh a light m$ium1 ! air illum9at$ by ! sun4 ,! sky at high altitudes appe>s ( a deep violet2 at /ill high] ones1 almo/ p]fectly black2 at l[] ones1 ( a fa9t blue4 ,smoke--an illum9at$ m$ium--appe>s blue aga9/ a d>k gr\nd1 b yell[ or fi]y aga9/ a light gr\nd4 7c47 ,! process ( blu+ /eel is a f9e illu/ration ( ,goe!'s !ory4 ,! /eel is poli%$ s t x reflects light l a mirror4 ,on plac+ x 9 ! *>coal furnace a film ( oxydization beg9s to =m s t ! light is reflect$ ?r\gh ?is dimm+ m$ium2 ?is gives a /raw color4 ,!n1 z ! film ?ick5s1 ! color deep5s1 pass+ ?r\gh r$ to blue & indigo4 7d47 ,! prism is ! gr& in/rum5t 9 ! exp]im5tal field ( rese>* into light4 ,! curr5t !ory t light1 :5 pure1 is compos$ ( sev5 colors1 is d]iv$ f suppos$ actual v]ifications ) ?is in/rum5t4 ,! ,goe!an explanation is by f> ! simple/1 &1 9 ! end1 x prop\nds a "q :i* ! ,newtonian !ory _c answ] )\t admitt+ ! tru? ( ,goe!'s !ory4 ,,ii4--,! ph5om5on ( refraction is produc$ by int]pos+ diff]5t transp>5t m$ia betwe5 ! lum9\s object & ! illum9at$ "o1 9 su* a mann] t !re arises an app>5t displacem5t ( "o ( ! objects z view$ f ! o!r4 ,by means ( a prism ! displacem5t is caus$ to lack uni=mity2 "o "p ( ! light image is displac$ m ?an ano!r "p2 sev]al images1 z x 71 be+ =m$ ) diff]5t degrees ( displacem5t1 s t !y toge!r make an image ^: edges are blurr$ 9 ! l9e ( displacem5t4 ,if ! displacem5t 7 p]fectly uni=m1 no color w\ld arise1 z is demon/rat$ by ! a*romatic prism or l5s4 ,! diff]5ce ( degrees ( refraction causes ! elongation ( ! image into a spectrum1 & h5ce a m+l+ ( ! edges ( ! image ) ! outly+ d>k surface ( ! wall1 7:i* d>k surface is ess5tial to ! production ( ! ord9>y spectrum74 ,its rationale is ! foll[+3 7a7 ,! light image refract$ by ! prism is ext5d$ ov] ! d>k on "o side1 :ile ! d>k on ! o!r side is ext5d$ ov] x4 7b7 ,! bright ov] ! d>k produces ! blue 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,! side ne>e/ ! d>k be+ ! deepe/ or violet1 & ! side ne>e/ ! light image be+ ! lighte/ blue4 7c7 ,on ! o!r side1 ! d>k ov] light produces yell[ 9 diff]5t degrees2 ne>e/ ! d>k we h ! deepe/ color1 7orange approa*+ to r$7 & on ! side ne>e/ ! light1 ! light yell[ or saffron t9t4 7d7 ,if ! image is l>ge & b little refract$ 7z ) a wat] prism7 !re w appe> betwe5 ! two opposite color$ edges a colorless image1 prov+ t ! colors arise f ! m+l+ ( ! light & d>k edges1 & n f any peculi> prop]ty ( ! prism :i* %\ld 8decompose ! ray ( light10 z ! curr5t !ory expresses x4 ,if ! latt] !ory 7 correct ! decomposition w\ld be ?r\gh\t1 & ! :ole image be color$4 7e7 ,if ! image is a small "o1 or x is v /rongly refract$1 ! color$ edges come toge!r 9 ! middle1 & ! m+l+ ( ! light yell[ ) ! light blue produces gre5--a new color :i* did n appe> s long z ! light gr\nd appe>$ 9 ! middle4 7f7 ,if ! refraction is /ill /rong]1 ! edges ( ! opposite colors lap /ill m1 & ! gre5 vani%es4 ,! ,newtonian !ory _c expla9 ?is1 b x is to be expect$ accord+ to ,goe!'s !ory4 7g7 ,accord+ to ,goe!'s !ory1 if ! object 7 a d>k "o in/ead ( a light "o1 & 7 refract$ on a light surface1 ! ord] ( colors w\ld be rev]s$ on ea* edge ( ! image4 ,?is is ! same exp]im5t z "o makes by look+ ?r\gh a prism at ! b> ( a w9d[ appe>+ aga9/ ! sky4 ,:]e 9 ! light image we _h ! yell[ colors we %\ld n[ expect ! blue1 = n[ x is d>k ov] light :]e be=e x 0 light ov] d>k4 ,s1 also1 :]e we _h blue we %\ld n[ h yell[4 ,?is exp]im5t may be s conduct$ t ! curr5t doctr9e t violet is refract$ ! mo/1 & r$ ! lea/1 %all be refut$4 7h7 ,?is con/itutes ! exp]im5tum crucis4 ,if ! prism be a l>ge wat] prism1 & a black /rip be pa/$ across ! middle ( x1 p>allel ) its axis1 s t 9 ! mid/ ( ! image a d>k %ad[ int]v5es1 ! spectrum appe>s inv]t$ 9 ! middle1 s t ! r$ is se5 :]e ! gre5 w\ld o!rwise appe>1 & ^? rays suppos$ to be ! lea/ refrangible are f\nd refract$ ! mo/4 7i7 ,:5 ! two color$ edges d n meet 9 ?is latt] exp]im5t1 we h blue1 indigo1 violet1 z ! ord] on "o side2 & on ! o!r1 orange1 yell[1 saffron2 ! deep] colors be+ next to ! d>k image4 ,if ! two color$ edges come toge!r ! union ( ! orange ) ! violet produces ! p]fect r$ 7call$ by ,goe! 8purpur074 7j7 ,! be/ me?od ( mak+ exp]im5ts is n ! "o t ,newton employ$--t ( a d>k room & a p5cil ( light--b x is bett] to look at d>k & bright /ripes on gr\nds ( ! opposite hue1 or at ! b>s ( a w9d[1 ! prism be+ held 9 ! h& ( ! inve/igator4 ,9 ! ,newtonian =m ( ! exp]im5t "o is apt to =get ! importance ( ! d>k edge :]e x meets ! light4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is int]e/+ subject ! ,engli% read] is ref]r$ to ,ea/lake's translation ( ,goe!'s ,philosophy ( ,colors1 publi%$ 9 ,london4 ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,speculative ,,philosophy4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahfg4 ,no4 #b4 ,,second ,,"p ,,( ,,goe!',s ,,fau/4 ,translat$ f ,ros5krantz's 8,deuts*e ,lit]atur10 by ,d4 ,j4 ,snid]4 ,goe! began no?+ if ! :ole ( ! "w did n hov] be=e 8 m9d4 ,by ?is det]m9at5ess ( plan he pres]v$ a mo/ p]sev]+ atta*m5t to ! mat]ials ( :i* he _h once laid hold2 !y 7 elem5ts ( 8 exi/5ce1 :i* = him 7 immortal1 because !y con/itut$ 8 inmo/ be+4 ,he c\ld put (f _! execution = ye>s1 & /ill be c]ta9 t 8 love = !m w\ld return1 t 8 int]e/ 9 !m w\ld animate him anew4 ,?r\gh ?is dep? ( conception he pres]v$ fre% to ! end 8 orig9al purpose2 he ne$$ n to fe> t ! fire ( ! fir/ en?usiasm w\ld g out2 at ! mo/ diff]5t times he c\ld take up 8 "w aga9 ) y\?ful zeal & /r5g?4 ,?us 9 ! circle ( 8 poetical labors1 two conceptions t are 9 int]nal opposition to "o ano!r1 accompani$ him ?r\gh 8 :ole life4 ,! "o portrays a tal5t$ b fickle man1 :o1 9 want ( culture1 atta*es himself to ?is p]son1 !n to t "o1 9 ord] to become spiritually indep5d5t4 ,?is /ruggle c>ries him into ! bread? ( life1 into manifold relations ^: _s he longs to seize & appropriate2 su* is ,wilhelm ,mei/]4 ,! o!r is ! picture ( an absolutely indep5d5t p]sonality t has cultivat$ its lordly p[] 9 solit>y l(t9ess1 & aspires boldly to subject ! _w to itself2 su* is ,fau/4 ,9 ! developm5t ( bo? subjects !re is a decisive turn+-po9t :i* is m>k$ 9 ! fir/ by ! 8,travels20 9 ! second1 by ! ,second ,"p ( ! ,trag$y4 ,up to ?is po9t1 bo? 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/] & 9 ,fau/1 subjective conditions prevail1 :i* gradually purify !mselves to high] views & aims4 ,= ! "o1 ! betro?al ) ,natalia closes ! _w ( wild1 y\?ful desire2 = ! o!r1 ! dea? ( ,m>g>et has ! same effect4 ,! "o /eps into civil society & its manifold activity1 ) ! e>ne/ endeavor to compreh5d all its elem5ts1 to acquire1 pres]ve1 & beautify prop]ty1 & to assi/ 9 illum9at+ & ennobl+ social relations2 ! o!r takes likewise a practical turn1 b f ! summit ( ,society1 f ! /&-po9t ( ! ,/ate itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ! appr5tice%ip & ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,trag$y1 on acc\nt ( ! excess ( subjective conditions1 a clos] connection ( ! "* & a passionate pa?os are necess>y1 !re appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,travels & ,second "p ( ! ,trag$y a ?\ghtfulness :i* mod]ates ev]y?+--a cool design+ness2 ! p>ticul> elem5ts are %>ply *>act]iz$1 b ! p]sonages seem r z support]s ( univ]sal aims1 9 ! accompli%m5t ( :i* _! own p]sonality is subm]g$2 ! ,univ]sal & its language is _! pa?os1 & ! int]e/ 9 _! hi/ory1 t be=e 0 s rem>kably fasc9at+1 is blunt$ ( its ke5ness4 ,we h se5 ,fau/ gr[1 fragm5t by fragm5t1 be=e our eyes4 ,s long z !re exi/$ only a ,fir/ ,"p1 two views arose4 ,! "o ma9ta9$ t x 0 9 ?is incomplet5ess :at x %\ld be1 a wond]ful ,torso2 t ?is magnific5t poem only z a fragm5t c\ld reflect ! ,_w 9 ord] to indicate t ,man is able to grasp ! ,univ]se 9 a "o-sid$1 incomplete mann] only2 t z ! poet t\*$ ! my/]ies ( ! ,_w1 b did n give a complete solution1 s ! ,enigmatical1 ! ,prophetic1 is t :i* is truly poetic1 inf9itely *>m+1 really my/ic4 ,?is view 0 consid]$ z g5ial1 p>ticul>ly because x left to e "o free play--9 fact1 invit$ e "o 9 8 imag9ation to fill up ! outl9es2 = x c\ld n be def5d$ f a philosophic nor f an arti/ic /&po9t4 ,kn[+ seeks n half k1 ,art aims n at halfness ( execution4 ,if ,dante 9 8 ,div9e ,com$y _h neglect$ any elem5t ( nature or ( hi/ory1 if he _h n wr\ght out all ) equal p]sev]ance 9 correspond+ proportion1 c\ld x be said t 8 poem w\ld /& high] )\t ?is completion8 ,or conv]sely1 %all we praise x z a m]it t ,novalis' ,(t]d+5 has rema9$ m]e fragm5ts & sket*es8 ,?is w\ld be ! same z if we %\ld admire ! ,cologne ,ca!dral less ?an we n[ d 7 x complete4 ,ano!r view suppos$ t a ,second ,"p 0 inde$ possible1 & ! "q arose1 9 :at mann] %all ?is possibility be ?\ght8 ,"h aga9 two opposite op9ions %[$ !mselves4 ,accord+ to ! "o1 ,fau/ mu/ p]i%2 reconciliation ) ,god w\ld be unbecom+ to ! nor!rn nature ( ?is ,titanic "*2 ! tee?-gna%+ defiance1 ! insatiate re/lessness1 ! cru%+ d\bt1 ! heav5-d]id+ fi]c5ess1 mu/ s5d him to hell4 ,9 ?is ! _s ( ! old leg5d 0 express$ z x 0 at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation--= 9 ! middle ages ! r$emption ( ! s9n] ?r\gh ! int]cession ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y fir/ appe>$--z ! ,volksbu* simply b /rik+ly n>rates x1 z ! ,engli%man1 ,m>l[e1 has dramatiz$ x s excell5tly 9 8 ,doctor ,fau/us4 ,b all ?is 0 n applicable to ! ,fau/ ( ,goe!1 = ! poet _h 9 8 m9d an alt]ation ( ! old leg5d1 & s ano!r p>ty ma9ta9$ t ,fau/ mu/ be sav$4 ,?is p>ty also ass]t$ t ! indication ( ! poet 9 ! ,prologue l$ to ! same conclusion2 t ,god c\ld n lose 8 bet aga9/ ! ,devil2 t ! de/ruction ( ,fau/ w\ld be blasphem\s irony on ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,?is ass]tion ( ! necessity ( ,fau/'s reconciliation f\nd mu* favor 9 a "t1 l ours1 :i* has r5\nc$ n inde$ ! consci\sness & recognition ( ,evil1 b ! belief 9 a sep>ate extra-human ,devil2 :i* purposes n m]ely ! puni%m5t b also ! improvem5t ( ! crim9al2 :i* seeks ev5 to annul ! dea? p5alty1 & transf] ! atonem5t = murd] to ! inn] consci5ce & to ! effac+ p[] ( ! ,m9d4 ,b h[ 0 ,poetry to exhibit su* a transition f int]nal /rife to cele/ial peace8 ,"s suppos$1 z ,h9ri*s1 t s9ce ,fau/'s despair result$ orig9ally f sci5ce1 :i* did n furni% to him t :i* x _h at fir/ promis$1 & s9ce 8 *ildi% fai? _h be5 de/roy$ by scepticism1 he mu/ be sav$ ?r\gh ! sci5tific compreh5sion ( ,tru?1 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion2 t speculative ,philosophy mu/ aga9 reconcile him ) ,god1 ) ! ,_w1 & ) himself4 ,!y confess$ inde$ t ?is process--/udy & speculation--_c be repres5t$ 9 poetry1 & !re=e a ,second ,"p ( ,fau/ 0 n to be expect$4 ,o!rs1 especially poets1 took ,fau/ 9 a m g5]al s5se2 he 0 to p5etrate n only ,sci5ce b ,life 9 its entirety2 ! mo/ manifold action 0 to move him1 & ! sweat ( labor 0 to be ! p5ance :i* %\ld br+ him peace & furni% ! cle>ness promis$ by ! ,"l4 ,sev]al s\ght to complete ! "w--all ) indiff]5t success4 ,9 :at mann] ! poet himself w\ld add a ,second ,"p to ! ,fir/1 :at /&po9t he himself w\ld take1 rema9$ a secret4 ,n[ x is unseal$2 ! poem is unroll$ be=e u complete2 ) wond]+ look we /& be=e x1 ) a beat+ he>t we read x1 & ) mode/ anxiety1 excit$ by a ?\s& feel+s & misgiv+s1 we v5ture cursorily to indicate ! design ( ! great ,ma/]2 = ye>s %all pass away be=e ! mean+ ( ! all-compreh5sive poem %all be unveil$ completely 9 its details4 ,/ill ?is explanation ( p>ticul>s 9 poetry is a subord9ate matt]4 ,! ma9 t5d5cy ( a poem mu/ be se5 ^u its face1 & x w\ld be a sorry "w if x did n excite a liv+ int]e/ ! fir/ "t t x 0 (f]$ to ! enjoym5t ( a p--if ?is int]e/ %\ld result f microscopic explanations & f9e unravell+ ( conceal$ allusions--if en?usiasm %\ld n arise f ! poetry z well z f ! le>n+ & acut5ess ( ! poet4 ,su* p>ticul>s1 :i* are h>d to und]/&1 almo/ e great poem w furni%2 latt]ly1 ! explanatory obs]vations on epic poems h become ev5 /]eotyp$2 x mu/ be possible to disreg>d !m2 ?r\gh ignorance ( !m no?+ ess5tial mu/ be lo/4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p _h %[n u ,fau/ 9 8 /ill cell1 engag$ 9 ! /udy ( all sci5ces4 ,! results ( 8 inve/igation did n satisfy ! b\ndless seek]1 & z an exp]im5t he b\nd himself to ! ,devil to see if ! latt] c\ld n slake 8 burn+ ?ir/4 ,?us he ru%$ into ,life4 ,e>?ly enjoym5t surr\nd$ him1 ,love en*a9$ him1 ,desire drove him to sudd51 to bad de$s2 9 ! mad ,walpurgisna* he rea*$ ! summit ( wa/e worldl9ess4 ,b deep] ?an ! ,devil suppos$1 ,fau/ felt = 8 ,m>g>et2 he desir$ to save ! un=tunate girl1 b he 0 oblig$ to le>n t ?is 0 impossible1 b t only endurance ( ! puni%m5t ( crime c\ld re/ore ! h>ass$ m9d to peace4 ,! simple /ory ( love held ev]y?+ toge!r "h 9 a dramatic =m4 ,! ,prologue 9 ,heav51 ! ,wit*-kit*51 ! ,walpurgisna*t1 & sev]al contemplative sc5es1 c\ld be left out1 & !re /ill w\ld rema9 a !atrical ,:ole ( rem>kable effect4 ,! relation to ,m>g>et--h] dea?--_h elevat$ ,fau/ above ev]y?+ subjective4 ,9 ! cont9uation ( 8 life1 objective relations alone c\ld con/itute ! motive ( action4 ,! liv+ fre% brea? ( ! ,fir/ ,"p result$ j f ?is fact1 t ev]y?+ objective1 univ]sal1 0 seiz$ f ! po9t ( subjective int]e/2 9 ! ,second ,"p ! ,univ]sal1 ! ,objective1 /&s out prom95tly2 subjective int]e/s appe> only "u ! presupposition ( ! ,objective2 ! =m becomes allegorical4 ,a /ory1 an action :i* r\nds itself (f to completion1 is want+1 & !re=e ! dramatic w>m? :i* pulsates ?r\gh e sc5e ( ! ,fir/ ,"p is no long] felt4 ,! unity :i* is trac$ ?r\gh ! web ( ! manifold situations1 is ! univ]sal t5d5cy ( ,fau/ to create a satisfaction = himself ?r\gh "w4 ,mephi/opheles has no long] ! position ( a be+ sup]ior by 8 great und]/&+ & immovable coldness1 :o bitt]ly mocks ,fau/'s /riv+1 b he appe>s r z a p[]ful companion :o skillfully procures ! mat]ial means = ! aims ( ,fau/1 &1 9 all 8 activity1 only awaits ! mom5t :5 ,fau/ %all f9ally ackn[l$ge himself to be satisfi$4 ,b ! /riv+ ( ,fau/ is inf9ite2 ea* goal1 :5 once rea*$1 is aga9 pass$ by2 n[h]e does he re/1 n 9 ,society1 n 9 ,nature1 n 9 ,art1 n 9 ,w>1 n 9 ,indu/ry2 only ! ?\ght ( ,fre$om itself1 ! pres5tim5t ( ! happ9ess ( /&+ ) a free p ^u a free soil wrung f ! sea1 ?rills ! old man ) a mom5t>y satisfaction--& he dies4 ,^u pictures & woodcuts ( ! middle ages repres5tations ( dy+ p]sons are f\nd1 9 :i* ! ,devil on "o side ( ! dea?-b$ & angels on ! o!r await eag]ly ! dep>t+ s\l to pull x to !mselves4 ,goe! has reviv$ ?is old idea ( a jeal\sy & /rife betwe5 ! angels & ! ,devil = ,man4 ,mephi/opheles1 ) 8 horde ( devils1 /ruggles to c>ry away ! s\l ( ,fau/ to hell1 b he =gets himself 9 unnatural lu/1 & ! angels be> ! immortal "p ( ,fau/ to t height :]e re/ & illum9ation ( ! dy+ beg94 ,su* an allegorical f\ndation c\ld n be develop$ o!rwise ?an 9 huge masses2 ! division ( ea* mass 9 itself1 s t all ! elem5ts ( ! ?\ght ly+ at ! bottom %\ld appe>1 0 ! prop] object ( ! composition4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p c\ld also be call$ allegorical1 9 s f> z x reflect$ ! univ]sal ,ess5ce ( ,_s 9 ! ,individual2 b x c\ld n be said ( x 9 any o!r s5se ?an ( e poem2 ,allegory 9 its /rict] s5se 0 n to be f\nd2 ! %apes _h all fle% & blood1 & no design 0 felt4 ,9 ! ,second ,"p ev]y?+ passes ov] into ! really ,allegorical1 to :i* ,goe!1 ! old] he grew1 seems to h _h ! great] incl9ation2 ! ,x5i51 ! ,trilogie d] ,leid5s*aft1 ! ,li$] zur ,loge1 ! ,mask5zge1 ,epim5ides ,erwa*51 ! cultivation ( ! ,ea/]n mann]s1 all proce$$ f a didactic turn :i* delight$ 9 express+ itself 9 gnomes1 pictures1 & symbolical =ms4 ,) wond]ful acut5ess1 ,goe! has always be5 able to seize ! *>act]i/ic det]m9ations1 & unfold !m 9 neat1 liv+ language2 h[ev]1 x lies 9 ! nature ( su* poems t !y ex]cise ! reflective faculty m ?an ! he>t1 & x 0 easy to =esee t ! ,second ,"p ( ,fau/ w\ld nev] acquire ! popul>ity ( ! ,fir/ ,"p2 t x w\ld n1 z ! latt]1 *>m ! nation1 & educate ! p to a consci\sness ( itself1 b t x w\ld always h a sort ( esot]ic exi/5ce4 ,_m w be repell$ by ! my?ological le>n+ ( ! second & ?ird acts2 & ! m s1 z !y d n see !mselves recomp5s$ by ! dialectic ( an action2 h[ev]1 we w\ld unhesitat+ly def5d ! poet aga9/ ?is reproa*2 a poem :i* has to compass ! immeasurable mat]ial ( ! _w1 _c be limit$ 9 ?is respect4 ,:at le>n+ has n ,dante suppos$ 9 8 read]s8 ,humbly h we s\ght x1 9 ord] to acquire an und]/&+ ( 8 poem1 9 ! c]ta9ty ( be+ ri*ly rew>d$2 ! c5sure :i* has be5 ca/ ^u x = ?is reason has effect$ no?+4 ,inde$1 su* fault-f9d]s w\ld "h =get :at ! fir/ ackn[l$g$ ,"p ( ,fau/ has compell$ !m to le>n4 ,) ?is diff]5ce ( plan1 ! /yle mu/ also *ange4 ,in/ead ( dramatic pa?os1 because action is want+1 description1 explanation1 indication1 h become necess>y2 & in/ead ( ! lively ex*ange ( dialogue1 ! lyrical portion has become m prom95t1 9 ord] to embody ) simplicity ! elem5ts ( ! p[]ful _w-life4 ,! descriptions ( nature des]ve to be m5tion$ 9 p>ticul>4 ,! mo/ wanton fancy1 ! deepe/ feel+1 ! mo/ accurate k1 & ! close/ obs]vation into ! individual1 prevail 9 all ^! pictures ) an indescribable *>m4 ,we %all n[ give a %ort acc\nt ( ! cont5ts ( ea* act4 ,9 a m complete exposition we w\ld po9t out ! places 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! p>ticul> developm5ts c5t]s2 9 ^! outl9es x is our design to conf9e ourselves to trac+ out ! univ]sal mean+4 ,to exhibit by s+le v]ses & songs ! wond]ful beauty ( ! language1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! lyrical portions1 w\ld seem to u z sup]flu\s z ! ef=t to prove ! exi/5ce ( a div9e ,provid5ce by anecdotes ( /range co9cid5ces4 ,! fir/ act br+s u into social life2 a multitude ( %apes pass by u--! mo/ diff]5t wi%es1 op9ions & humors are he>d2 /ill1 a secret unity1 :i* we %all note ev5 m closely1 p]vades ! confus$ tumult4 ,9 a delightful spot1 ly+ ^u ! fl[]y sw>d1 we see ,fau/ alone1 torm5t$ by deep pangs1 seek+ re/ & slumb]4 ,out ( pure pity1 indiff]5t :e!r ! un=tunate man is holy or wick$1 elves hov] ar\nd him & fan him to sleep1 9 ord] t ! pa/ may be sunk into ! ,le! ( =getfulness2 o!rwise1 a cont9uance ( life & endeavor is impossible4 ,! m9d has ! p[] to free itself f ! pa/1 & ?r[ x beh9d itself1 & treat x z if x _h nev] be54 ,! secret ( r5ew+ ourselves p]petually consi/s 9 ?is1 t we c de/roy ourselves )9 ourselves1 &1 z a v]itable ,phnix1 be resurrect$ f ! a%es ( self-immolation4 ,/ill1 ?is negative action suffices n = our fre$om2 ! ,positive mu/ be unit$ to u2 !re mu/ arise1 ) 8trem5d\s quak+10 ! sun ( new activity & fre% endeavor1 :]eby ! /illness ( nightly repose1 ! evani%m5t ( all ?\ghts & feel+s :i* _h become /able1 passes away 9 refre%+ slumb]4 ,fau/ awak5$1 feels e pulse ( nature beat+ ) fre% life4 ,! gl>e ( ! pure sunlight dazzles him--! fall ( wat]s ?r\gh ! *asms ( ! rock depicts to him 8 own unre/2 b f ! sunlight & silv]y vapor ( ! :irlpool !re is creat$ ! ri*ly color$ ra9b[1 :i* is always quietly gli/5+1 b is =ev] %ift+3 x is ,life4 ,aft] ?is solit>y enc\ragem5t to new v5ture & endeavor1 ! c\rt ( ! ,emp]or receives u1 :]e a m]ry masqu]ade is ab\t to take place4 ,b fir/1 f all sides1 ! prosaic compla9ts ( ! ,*ancellor1 ! ,/ew>d1 ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 ! ,treasur]1 fall ^u ! e> ( ! ,emp]or2 money1 ! cem5t ( all relations1 is want+ to ! ,/ate2 = comm]ce1 = pleasure1 = luxury1 money is ! indisp5sable basis4 ,at ?is po9t1 ,mephi/opheles presses =w>d to ! place ( ! old c\rt-fool1 :o has j disappe>$1 & excites ! hope ( br++ to light conceal$ treasure4 ,to ! ,*ancellor ?is way seems n exactly ,*ri/ian1 ! multitude raises a murmur ( suspicion1 ! ,a/rolog] discusses ! possibility--& ! proposition is adopt$4 ,aft] ?is hopeful prospect1 ! masqu]ade c come (f )\t any secret anxieties di/urb+ _! m]rim5t4 ,! nature ( ! company is repres5t$ 9 a lively mann]4 ,no "o is :at he seems to be2 ea* has ?r[n ov] himself a conceal+ g>m5t2 ea* kn[s ( ! o!r t he is n t :i* 8 appe>ance or 8 language indicates2 ?is ef=t to hide 8 own be+1 to pret5d & to dream himself into some?+ diff]5t f himself--to make himself a riddle to o!rs 9 all op5ness1 is ! deepe/1 mo/ piquant *>m ( social int]e/s4 ,! company w h enjoym5t--x unites itself ) devotion to ! fe/ive play1 & bani%es r\gh egotism1 ^: casual outbreaks ! wat*ful h]ald %>ply reproves2 b /ill1 9 ! he>t ( e "o1 !re rema9s "s int5tion1 :i* is direct$ to ! accompli%m5t ( e>?ly aims4 ,! "y ,flor5t9e wom5 want to please2 ! "m wi%es h] daught] to make ! conque/ ( a husb&2 ! fi%]m5 & bird-cat*]s are try+ _! skill2 ! wood-*opp]1 buffoons1 & p>asites1 are endeavor+1 z well z !y c1 to make !mselves valid2 ! drunk>d =gets ev]y?+ ov] 8 bottle2 ! poets1 :o c\ld s+ ( any !me1 dr[n ea* o!r's voices 9 _! zeal to be he>d1 & to ! satiri/ !re sc>cely rema9s an opportunity = a dry s>casm4 ,! foll[+ allegorical figures repres5t to u ! inn] p[]s :i* det]m9e social life4 ,fir/1 ! ,graces appe>1 = ! fir/ dem& ( society is to behave ) dec5cy2 m e>ne/ are ! ,p>c1 ! cont9u\s *ange ( duration--/ill1 !y "w only me*anically2 b ! ,furies1 al?\gh !y come z beautiful maids1 "w dynamically ?r\gh ! excitem5t ( ! passions4 ,"h ! aim is to conqu]4 ,victoria is ?ron$ high ^u a sure-foot$ elephant1 :i* ,wisdom guides ) skilful w&1 :ile ,fe> & ,hope g along on ea* side2 betwe5 ^! ! ,de$ wav]s until x has rea*$ ! pr\d repose ( victory4 ,b z soon z ?is happ5s1 ! qu>relsome1 hateful ,!rsites breaks =?1 to soil ! glory ) 8 bit+ sne]4 ,b 8 d]ision effects no?+4 ,! ,h]ald1 z ! regulat+ ,und]/&+1 & z di/ributive ,ju/ice1 c reconcile ! diff]5ces & mi/akes :i* h aris51 & he /rikes ! sc(f] 9 su* a mann] t he bur/s & turns into an add] & a bat4 ,gradually ! company returns to its ext]nal f\ndation2 ! feel+ ( ,weal? mu/ secure to x inexhau/ible pleasure4 ,b ,weal? is two-fold3 ! e>?ly1 money--! heav5ly1 poetry4 ,bo? mu/ be unit$ 9 society1 if x w\ld n feel weak & we>y4 ,! ,boy ,driv]1 t is1 ,poetry1 :i* kn[s h[ to br+ =? ! ,inf9ite 9 all ! relations ( life1 & ?r\gh ! same to exp&1 elevate & pacify ! he>t1 is ackn[l$g$ by ,plutus1 ! ,god ( common ri*es1 z ! "o :o c be/[ t :i* he himself is too poor to give4 ,9 ! pr\d fullness ( y\?1 b\nd+ lightly ar\nd ) a :ip 9 8 h&1 ! lovely ,g5ius :o rules all he>ts1 drives ) horses ( w+$ spe$ ?r\gh ! cr[d4 ,! buffoon ( ,plutus1 lean ,av>ice1 is m]rily ridicul$ by ! wom52 ,poetry1 w>n$ by ! fa!rly love ( ,plutus1 )draws f ! tumult :i* arises = ! possession ( ! gold5 treasures4 ,gnomes1 ,giants1 ,satyrs1 ,nymphs1 press on ) bac*antic fr5zy2 e>?ly desire gl[s ?r\gh ! company1 & x celebrates great ,pan1 ,nature1 z its ,god1 z ! ,giv] ( p[]ful ,weal? & fi]ce ,lu/4 ,a :irl+ tumult ?reat5s to seize hold ( ev]ybody--a huge tongue ( flame d>ts ov] all2 b ! maje/y ( ! ,emp]or1 ! self-consci\s dignity ( man1 puts an end to ! juggl+ game ( ! half-un*a9$ ,e>?-_s1 & re/ores spiritual self-possession4 ,/ill ,mephi/opheles keeps ! promise :i* he has made4 ,he succe$s 9 revivify+ ! company by fre% sums ( money1 obta9$ 9 con=mity ) 8 nature1 n by une>?+ buri$ treasures f ! he>t ( ! m\nta9s by means ( ! wi%+-rod1 b by mak+ pap]-money6 ,x is n1 inde$1 real co91 b ! effect is ! same1 = 9 society ev]y?+ re/s ^u ! caprice ( acceptance2 its own life & pres]vation are !reby gu>ante$ by itself1 & its au?ority1 "h repres5t$ by ! ,emp]or1 has inf9ite p[]4 ,! pap] notes1 ?is money /amp$ by ! airy imag9ation1 spread ev]y:]e confid5ce & lively enjoym5t4 ,x is evid5t t ! means ( prosp]ity h n be5 want+1 nor /ores ( eatables & dr9kables1 b a =m 0 ne$$ to set ! accumulat$ mat]ials 9 motion1 & to weave !m into ! *anges ( circulation4 ,) delight1 ! ,*ancellor1 ,/ew>d1 ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 ,treasur]1 report ! fl\ri%+ condition ( ! army & ! citiz5s2 pres5ts )\t /9t give rise to ! wilde/ luxury1 :i* ext5ds f ! nobles ( ! realm d[n to ! page & fool1 & 9 su* joyfulness ev]ybody c unhesitat+ly look ab\t him = new means ( pleasure4 ,because ! company has its ess5ce 9 ! production ( ! notes1 its int]nal mu/ /rive = ! arti/ic2 e "o feels be/ :5 he1 ?\gh kn[n1 rema9s unrecogniz$1 & ?us a !atrical t5d5cy developes itself4 ,= "h ! matt] has no?+ to d ) ! dramatic z real art1 9 ref]5ce to ! egotism :i* b9ds ! company toge!r4 ,! !atre collects ! idle multitude1 & x has no?+ to d b to see1 to he>1 to comp>e1 & to judge4 ,!atrical enjoym5t surpasses all o!r k9ds 9 com=t1 & is at ! same "t ! mo/ v>i$4 ,! ,emp]or wi%es t ! great magician1 ,fau/1 %\ld play a drama be=e himself & ! c\rt1 & %[ ,p>is & ,hel54 ,to ?is design ,mephi/opheles c give no direct aid2 9 a d>k gall]y he decl>es1 9 conv]sation ) ,fau/1 t ! latt] himself mu/ create ! %apes1 & !re=e mu/ g to ! ,mo!rs4 ,fau/ %udd]s at _! names4 ,mephi/opheles gives him a small b important key1 ) :i* he mu/ ent] ! %ad[y realm ( ! ,mo!rs = a gl[+ tripod1 & br+ back ! same2 by burn+ inc5se ^u x1 he w\ld be able to create :atev] %ape he wi%$4 ,z a reason :y he is unable to =m !m1 ,mephi/opheles says expressly t he is 9 ! s]vice ( big-neck$ dw>fs & wit*es1 & n ( h]o9es1 & t ! ,hea!n h _! own ,hell1 ) :i* he1 ! ,*ri/ian & romantic ,devil1 has no?+ to d4 ,& yet he possesses ! key to x1 & h5ce x is n unkn[n to him4 ,& :y does ,fau/ %udd] at ! names ( ! ,mo!rs8 ,:o are ^! wom5 :o are spok5 ( s my/]i\sly8 ,if x 7 said1 ! ,imag9ation1 ,mo!rs w\ld be an inept expression2 if x 7 said1 ! ,pa/1 ,pres5t & ,future1 ,fau/'s %udd]+ c\ld n be suffici5tly acc\nt$ =1 s9ce h[ %\ld ,"t fright5 him :o has already liv$ ?r\gh ! t]rors ( ,dea?8 ,f ! pr$icates :i* are atta*$ to ! ,mo!rs1 h[ !y ev]la/+ly occupy ! busy m9d ) all ! =ms ( creation2 h[ f ! %ades :i* surr\nd !m 9 ?\s&-fold v>iety1 f ! ,be+ :i* is ,no?+1 ,all becomes2 h[ f _! empty1 mo/ lonely dep? ! liv+ exi/5ce comes =? to ! surface ( ,appe>ance2 f su* designations sc>cely any?+ else c be und]/ood by ! realm ( ! ,mo!rs ?an ! _w ( ,pure ,?\ght4 ,?is explanation might />tle at ! fir/ glance1 b we ne$ only put ,idea = ,?\ght--we ne$ only rememb] ! ,idea-_w ( ,plato 9 ord] to compreh5d ! matt] bett]4 ,! et]nal ?\ghts1 ! ,ideas1 are !y n ! /ill1 %ad[y abyss1 9 :i* bloom+ ,life buds1 into ^: d>k1 agitat$ dep?s x s5ds d[n its roots8 ,mephi/opheles has ! key2 = ! ,und]/&+1 :i* is negative ,det]m9ation1 is necess>y 9 ord] n to p]i% 9 ! inf9ite univ]sality ( ,?\ght2 x is itself1 h[ev]1 only ! ,negative1 & !re=e _c br+ ! actual ,idea1 ,beauty1 to appe>ance1 b he1 9 8 devili% b>r5ness1 mu/ h& ?is "w ov] to ,fau/2 he c only recomm5d to ! latt] mod]ation1 s z n to lose himself among ! phantoms1 & he is curi\s to "k :e!r ,fau/ w return4 ,b ,fau/ %udd]s because he is n to exp]i5ce e>?ly solitude alone1 l t ( ! b\ndless ocean1 :5 yet /> foll[s />1 & wave foll[s wave2 ! deepe/ solitude ( ! creative _s1 ! retirem5t into ! invisible1 yet almighty ,?\ght1 ! s9k+ into ! et]nal ,idea is dem&$ ( him4 ,:oev] has _h ! boldness ( ?is ,?\ght--:oev] has v5tur$ to p5etrate into ! magic circle ( ! ,logical1 & its _w-subdu+ ,dialectic1 into ?is mo/ simple elem5t ( inf9ite =mation & trans=mation1 has ov]come all1 & has no?+ m to fe>1 z ! ,homunculus aft]w>ds expresses x1 because he has beheld ! nak$ ess5ce1 because ,necessity has /ripp$ h]self to 8 gaze4 ,b x is also to be obs]v$ t ! tripod is m5tion$1 = by ?is !re is an evid5t allusion to subjective ,en?usiasm & individual ,imag9ation1 by :i* ! ,idea 9 ,art is br\ght out ( its univ]sality to ! det]m9ate exi/5ce ( concrete ,appe>ance4 ,beauty is id5tical 9 cont5t ) ,tru?1 b its =m belongs to ! sph]e ( ! ,s5su\s4--,:ile ,fau/ is /riv+ aft] ,beauty1 ,mephi/opheles is besieg$ by wom5 9 ! illum9at$ halls1 to improve _! looks & assi/ !m 9 _! love affairs4 ,aft] ?is delicate po9t is settl$1 no sup]/ition is too excessive1 no sympa!tic cure too /range--z1 = example1 a tread ( ! foot--& ! knave fools !m until !y1 ) a love-lorn page1 become too mu* = him4--,next ! /age1 by its decorations1 :i* repres5ts ,grecian ar*itecture1 causes a discussion ( ! antique & romantic ta/e2 ,mephi/opheles has humor\sly tak5 possession ( ! prompt]'s box1 & s ! ent]ta9m5t goes on 9 p>lor fa%ion1 till ,fau/ actually appe>s1 & ,p>is & ,hel51 9 ! "n ( ! all-p[]ful ,mo!rs1 are =m$ f ! inc5se :i* asc5ds 9 magic p[]4 ,! ,public indulges itself 9 an outp\r+ ( egoti/ical criticism2 ! m5 despise ! unmanly ,p>is1 & int]e/ !mselves deeply 9 ! *>ms ( ,hel52 ! wom5 ridicule ! coquetti% beauty ) envi\s moraliz+1 & fall 9 love = ! nonce ) ! fair y\?4 ,b z ,p>is is ab\t to lead away ,hel51 ,fau/1 seiz$ ) ! deepe/ passion = h] wond]ful beauty1 falls ^u ! /age & de/roys 8 own "w4 ,! phantoms vani%2 /ill ! purpose rema9s to obta9 ,hel52 t is1 ! arti/ mu/ hold on to ! ,ideal1 b he mu/ "k t x is ! ,ideal4 ,fau/ confuses x ) common ,actuality1 & he has to le>n t absolute ,beauty is n ( an e>?ly1 b ( a fleet+1 e!rial nature4 ,! second act br+s u away f our well-kn[n ,g]man home to ! bottom ( ! sea & its my/]i\s secrets4 ,fau/ is 9 se>* ( ,hel52 :]e else c he f9d h]1 p]fect ,beauty1 ?an 9 ,greece8 ,b fir/ he seeks h]1 & meets !re=e m]e %apes1 :i* unfold !mselves f natural exi/5ce1 :i* are n yet actual humanity4 ,inde$1 s9ce he seeks natural ,beauty--= spiritual ,beauty he has already enjoy$ 9 ! heav5ly disposition ( ,m>g>et--! :ole realm ( ,nature op5s ^u u2 all ! elem5ts appe> 9 succession2 ! rocks ^u :i* ! e>ne/ ,sph9xes re/1 9 :i* ! ,ants1 ,dactyls1 ,gnomes "w1 give ! surr\nd+ gr\nd2 ! moi/ wat]s conta9 9 _! bosom ! se$s ( all ?+s4 ,! holy fire infolds x ) eag] flame3 accord+ to ! old leg5d1 ,v5us sprang f ! foam ( ! sea4--,next we f9d ourselves at ,witt5b]g1 9 ! anci5t dwell+1 :]e x is easy to see by ! cob-webs1 dri$-up ink1 t>ni%$ pap]1 & du/1 t _m ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,fau/ w5t out into ! _w4 ,mephi/opheles1 f ! old coat 9 :i* he once in/ruct$ ! k-seek+ pupil1 %akes out ! lice & crickets :i* sw>m ar\nd ! old ma/] ) a joyful greet+1 z also ,p>seeism makes ,ahriman ! fa!r ( all v]m94 ,fau/ lies on 8 b$1 sleeps & dreams ! lu/ful /ory ( ,l$a1 :i*1 9 ! end1 is no?+ m ?an ! mo/ dec5t & h5ce producible repres5tation ( g5]ation4 ,:ile ,mephi/opheles 9 a humor\s1 & z well z ! ,devil c1 ev5 9 an idyllic mann]1 amuses himself1 :ile he inquires sympa!tically aft] ,wagn] ( ! pres5t ,famulus1 a pupil :o1 9 ! mean:ile1 has become a ,baccalaureate1 comes /orm+ 91 9 ord] to see :at ! ma/] is do+ :o =m]ly inculcat$ su* wise doctr9es1 & 9 ord] to %[ :at a prodigi\sly reasonable man he has himself become4 ,a p]siflage ( _m expressions ( ! mod]n ,g]man ,natural ,philosophy seems recognizable 9 ?is talk4 ,despis+ age1 prais+ himself z ! dawn ( a new life1 he sp\ts 8 ,idealism1 by means ( :i* he creates ev]y?+1 ,sun1 ,moon & ,/>s1 purely by ! absolut5ess ( subjective ,?\ght4 ,mephi/opheles1 ?\gh ! pupil assails him bitt]ly1 li/5s to 8 wise spee*es ) lamb-l pati5ce1 & aft] ?is refre%+ sc5e1 goes into ,wagn]'s laboratory4 ,! good man has /ay$ at home1 & has appli$ himself to ,*emi/ry1 to create1 ?r\gh its processes1 m54 ,to 8 t5d]1 humane1 respectable1 intellig5t m9d1 ! common way ( begett+ *ildr5 is too vulg> & unwor?y ( _s4 ,sci5ce mu/ create man2 a real mat]ialism w produce him4 ,mephi/opheles comes along j at ?is "t1 to :om ,wagn] beckons sil5ce1 & :isp]s anxi\sly to him 8 und]tak+1 z 9 ! glass retort ! h]maphroditic boy1 ! ,homunculus1 beg9s to /ir4 ,b alas6 ! ,artificial requires enclos$ space4 ,! poor fell[ c live only 9 ! glass retort1 ! out] _w is too r\gh = him1 & /ill he has ! greate/ desire to be actually born4 ,a long+1 univ]sal feel+ = natural life sp>kles f him ) cle> brilliancy1 & c\s9 ,mephi/opheles takes him along to ! classic ,walpurgisna*t1 :]e ,homunculus hopes to f9d a favorable mom5t4 ,mephi/opheles is relat$ to ! little man = ?is reason1 because ! latt] is only ! product ( nature1 because ,god's brea? has n be5 brea!d into him z into a real man4 ,aft] ^! ironical sc5es1 ! fe>ful night ( ! ,ph>salian ,fields succe$s1 :]e ! antique _w t]m9at$ its free life4 ,?is pla91 associat$ ) d>k remembrances & bloody %ad[s1 is ! sc5e ( ! ,classical ,walpurgisna*t4 ,goe! c\ld *oose no o!r spot1 = j ^u ?is battle-field ! _s ( ,greek & ,roman antiquity ceas$ to be a liv+ actuality4 ,z an ext]nal reason1 x is well kn[n t ,!ssaly 0 to ! anci5ts ! l& ( wiz>ds1 & especially ( wit*es1 s t f ?is po9t ( view ! p>allel ) ! ,g]man ,blocksb]g is v /rik+4 ,fau/1 driv5 by impati5ce to obta9 ,hel51 is 9 ! beg9n+ s5t f place to place to le>n h] resid5ce1 until ,*iron takes him ^u ! neck :i* _h once borne t mo/ lov+ beauty1 & ) a pass+ sne] at ! conjectural tr\bles ( ! ,philologi/1 tells him ( ! ,argonauts1 ( ! mo/ beautiful man1 ( ,h]cules1 until he /ops 8 wild c\rse at ! dwell+ ( ! prophetic ,manto1 :o promises to lead ,fau/ to ,hel5 on ,olympus4 ,mephi/opheles w&]s 9 ! mean:ile among ,sph9xes1 ,griffons1 ,sir5s1 etc4 ,to him1 ! ,devil ( ! ,*ri/ian & ,g]manic _w1 ?is classic gr\nd is n at all pleas+2 he longs = ! excell5t ,blocksb]g ( ! ,nor?1 & its gho/ly visages2 ) ! ,lami inde$ he resolves to h 8 own sport1 b is rogui%ly bemock$2 f9ally1 he comes to ! horrible ,phorcyads1 & aft] _! patt]n he equips himself ) "o eye & a tusk = 8 own amusem5t2 t is1 he becomes ! absolutely ,ugly1 :ile ,fau/ is woo+ ! highe/ ,beauty4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian _w ! ,devil is also repres5t$ z fundam5tally ugly & repulsive2 b he c also1 "u all =ms1 appe> z an angel ( light4 ,9 ! ,art-_w1 on ! contr>y1 he c be kn[n only z ! ,ugly4 ,9 all ^! sc5es !re is a m+l+ ( ! ,high & ! ,l[1 ( ! ,horrible & ! ,ridicul\s1 ( vexation & :imsicality1 ( ! ,enigmatical & ! ,p]spicu\s1 s t no bett] contradictions c\ld be wi%$ = a ,walpurgisna*t4 ,! ,homunculus on 8 "p is ceaselessly /riv+ to come to bir?1 & betakes himself to ,?ales & ,anaxagoras1 :o dispute :e!r ! _w arose 9 a dry or wet way4 ,?ales leads ! little man to ,n]eus1 :o1 h[ev]1 refuses to aid ! seek]1 p>tly because he has become angry ) m51 :o1 l ,p>is & ,ulysses1 h always act$ aga9/ 8 advice1 & p>tly because he is ab\t to celebrate a great fea/4 ,aft]w>ds !y g to ,proteus1 :o at fir/ is also retic5t1 b soon takes an int]e/ 9 ,homunculus1 z he beholds 8 %9+ brilliancy1 = he feels t he is relat$ to ! *ang+ fire1 & gives w>n+ t z ! latt] c become ev]y?+1 he %\ld be c>eful ab\t becom+ a man1 = x is ! mo/ mis]able ( all exi/5ces4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 ! ,p5eios ro>s2 ! e>?-%ak+ ,seismos breaks =? ) a l\d noise2 ! sil5t & indu/ri\s m\nta9-spirits become wakeful4 ,b always m cle>ly ! wat] decl>es itself z ! womb ( all ?+s2 ! fe/ive tra9 ( ! ,tel*9es po9ts to ! ho>y ,cabiri2 bewit*+ly res\nd ! songs ( ! ,sir5s2 ,hippocamps1 ,tritons1 ,n]eids1 ,pselli & ,m>si arise f ! gre51 pe>l-deck$ gr\nd2 ! ?rone ( ,n]eus & ,galatea ar*es ov] ! cry/all9e dep?s2 at _! feet ! eag] ,homunculus falls to pieces1 & all-mov+ ,eros 9 d>t+ flames /reams =?4 ,ravi%+ songs float al(t1 celebrat+ ! holy elem5ts1 :i* ! ev]-creat+ ,love holds toge!r & purifies4 ,?ales is j z little 9 ! "r z ,anaxagoras2 toge!r1 bo? are "r1 = ,nature is k9dl$ to p]petual new life by ! m>riage ( ,fire & ,wat]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is ,walpurgisna*t & ! "o 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p lies 9 ! fact1 t ! pr9ciple ( ! latt] is ! relation ( ,_s to ,god4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian _w ! fir/ "q is1 :at is ! position ( man t[>ds ,god2 !re=e !re appe> =ms :i* are self-contradictory1 lac]at$ spiritually1 torn 9 pieces by ! curse ( condemnation to all torture4 ,classic ,life has = its basis ! relation to ,nature2 ! my/]i\s ,cabiri 7 only ! ma/]-workm5 ( ,nature4 ,nature f9ds 9 man h] highe/ goal2 9 8 fair figure1 9 ! maje/y ( 8 =m %e ends h] /riv+2 & !re=e ! contradictions ( ! classic ,walpurgisna*t are n s =eign to ,mephi/opheles1 :o has to d ) ,good & ,bad1 t he does n feel 8 contact ) !m1 b /ill !y are n native to him4 ,! g5]al contradiction :i* we meet )1 & :i* also 9 ,mephi/opheles expresses itself by ! clov5 foot at lea/1 is ! union ( ! human & animal frame2 ! human is at fir/ only half exi/5t1 on e>? 9 ,sph9xes1 ,oreads1 ,sir5s1 ,c5taurs2 9 wat]1 9 ,hippocamps1 ,tritons1 ,nymphs1 ,dorids1 etc4 ,= ! fair bodies ( ! latt] /ill %>e ! moi/ luxuriance ( _! elem5t4 ,?us ,nature exp&s itself 9 innum]able creations 9 ord] to purify itself 9 man1 9 ! self-consci\s _s1 9 ord] to pacify & %ut (f 9 him ! inf9ite impulse to =mation1 because x passes beyond him to no new =m4 ,he is ! embodi$ image ( ,god4 ,! inclos$ ,homunculus1 ) 8 fi]y trembl+ eag]ness to pass ov] into an indep5d5t actuality1 is1 z x 71 ! s]io-comic repres5tation ( ?is t5d5cy1 until he breaks ! n>r[ glass1 & n[ is :at he %\ld be1 ! union ( ! elem5ts1 = ?is is ,eros accord+ to ! mo/ anci5t ,greek conception1 z we /ill f9d ev5 9 ! ,philosoph]s4 ,9 ! ?ird act ,goe! has adh]$ to ! old leg5d1 accord+ to :i*1 ,fau/1 by means ( ,mephi/opheles1 obta9$ ,hel5 z a concub9e1 & begat a son1 ,ju/us ,fau/us4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! employm5t ( ?is feature 0 v difficult2 & /ill1 ev5 9 our days1 a poet1 ,l4 ,be*/e91 9 8 ,fau/1 has be5 wreck$ ^u ?is rock4 ,he has ,hel5 m>ry ,fau/2 !y beget a *ild2 b f9ally1 :5 ,fau/ makes 8 w1 & turns away unlov+ly f wife & *ild1 x is discov]$ t ! ,grecian ,hel51 :o 9 ! copp]plates is also co/um$ completely 9 ! antique mann]1 is a ,g]man c\ntess ( real fle% & blood1 :o has be5 sub/itut$ by ! ,devil2 an undeceiv+ :i* ought to excite ! deepe/ sympa?y4 ,goe! has f9ely idealiz$ ?is leg5d2 he has express$ !re9 ! union ( ! romantic & classic arts4 ,! ?ird act1 ?is ,phantasmagory1 is p]haps ! mo/ p]fect ( all1 & execut$ 9 ! livelie/ mann]4 ,z noble z is ! diction ( ! fir/ & second acts1 especially 9 ! lyrical portions1 x is "h nev]!less by f> surpass$4 ,su* a maje/y & simplicity1 su* /r5g? & mildness1 unity & v>iety1 9 s small a space1 are a/oni%+4 ,fir/ res\nds ! int]*ange ( ! dignity ( s*ylus & ,sophocles1 ) ! %>p-/eel$ wit ( ,ari/ophanes2 !n is he>d ! tone ( ! ,spani% romances1 an agreeable1 iambic measure1 a sweet1 ravi%+ melody2 f9ally1 new /yles break =?1 l ! fragm5ts ( a prophecy2 anci5t & mod]n rhy?ms cla%1 & ! h>mony is de/roy$4--,hel5 returns1 aft] ! burn+ ( ,troy1 to ! home ( h] sp\se1 ,m5elaus2 ! /ew>dess1 ag$1 wr9kl$1 ugly1 b exp]i5c$ & intellig5t1 ,phorcyas1 receives h] mi/ress 9 ! citadel by comm&4 ,oppos$ to ,beauty1 z 0 be=e said1 ,mephi/opheles c only appe> z ugl9ess1 because 9 ! realm ( beautiful =ms1 ! ,ugly is ! ,wick$4 ,!re arises a qu>rel betwe5 ! graceful1 yet pret5ti\s y\? ( ! ,*orus1 & _w-wise1 yet /ubborn ,old ,age4 ,hel5 has to appease x1 & %e le>ns ) horror f ,phorcyas t ,m5elaus is go+ to sacrifice h]4--,/ill1 7z on ! "o h& ,grecian fugitives1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople1 in/ill$ ev]y:]e into ,g]man ,life ! ta/e = classic ,beauty1 & z1 on ! o!r h&1 "o ( ! ,ottomans 9 ,!ophania--l ,fau/--won a ,hel51 & !reby ev]y:]e arose a /riv+ aft] ! appropriation ( ! ,antique17 ! old /ew>dess saves h]1 & be>s h] ?r\gh ! air toge!r ) h] beautiful tra91 to ! ,go?ic citadel ( ,fau/1 :]e ! humble & graceful behavior ( ! iron m5 t[>ds ! wom51 9 /rik+ contra/ to _! h>d treatm5t on ! banks ( ! ,eurotas1 at once w9s ! female he>t4 ,! wat*man ( ! t[]1 ,lynceus1 lo/ 9 wond]+ delight ov] ! approa*+ beauty1 =gets to ann\nce h]1 & has br\ght ^u himself a heavy puni%m5t2 b ,hel51 ! cause ( 8 misdemeanor1 is to be judge 9 8 case1 & %e p>dons him4 ,fau/ & all 8 vassals d homage to ! p[]ful beauty1 9 :om ! antique pa?os soon disappe>s4 ,9 ! new surr\nd+s1 9 ! mutual ex*ange ( quick & confid+ love1 ! sweet rhyme soon fl[s f _! kiss+ lips4 ,an attack ( ,m5elaus int]rupts ! lov+ c\rt%ip2 b ,valor1 :i* 9 ! battle = ,beauty & favor ( ! ladies1 seeks its highe/ honor & purport1 is unconqu]able1 & ! swift might ( ! army victori\sly opposes ,m5elaus4 ,*ri/ian *ivalry protects ! jewel ( beauty :i* has fl$ to x = safety1 aga9/ all b>b>ism press+ on f ! ,ea/4--,?us ! days ( ! lov]s pass rapidly away 9 secret grottoes amid pa/oral dalliance2 z once ,m>s refre%$ himself 9 ! arms ( ,v5us1 s 9 ! ,middle ,ages knights pass$ gladly f ! /orm ( w> to ! sweet s]vice ( wom5 9 quiet tru/fulness4 ,yet ! son :om !y beget1 longs to free himself f ?is idle1 ,arcadian life4 ,! nature ( bo? ! "m & ! fa!r drives him =w>d1 & soon consummates ! matt]4 ,beautiful & graceful z ,hel51 ! insatiate long+ = fre$om gl[s 9 him z 9 ,fau/4 ,he /rikes ! lyre ) wond]ful1 en*ant+ p[]2 he revels wildly amid applaud+ maid5s2 he ru%es f ! bottom ( ! valley to ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 to see f> out into ! _w1 & to brea! freely 9 ! free air4 ,8 ela/ic desire raises him1 a second ,ic>us1 high 9 ! cl\ds2 b he soon falls dead at ! feet ( ! p>5ts1 :ile an aureola1 l a comet1 /reaks ! ,heav5s4 ,?us p]i%$ ,"l ,byron4 ,he is a poet m romantic ?an ,goe!1 to :om1 h[ev]1 ,art gave no f9al satisfaction1 because he _h a sympa?y = ! suff]+s ( nations & ( mank9d1 :i* call$ him press+ly to action4 ,8 poems are full ( ?is /riv+4 ,9 !m he weeps away 8 grief = fre$om4 ,walt] ,scott1 :o nev] pass$ out ( ! ,middle ,ages1 is read m ?an ,byron4 ,b ,byron is m p[]ful ?an he1 because ! ,idea took deep] root1 & t demoniacal "* conc5trat$ 9 itself all ! /ruggles ( our agitat$ "t4 ,div9e poesy s(t5$ n ! wild sorr[ ( 8 he>t1 & ! sacrifice ( himself = ! fre$om ( a belov$ p & l& c\ld n reproduce classic ,beauty4 ,! fair "m1 :o evid5tly did n und]/& ! /ormy1 self-consci\s "* ( h] son1 s9ks aft] him into ! l[] _w4 ,z ev]y?+ 9 ?is phantasmagory is allegorical1 ,i ask :e!r ?is c mean any?+ else ?an t fre$om is necess>y = beauty1 & beauty also = fre$om8 ,euphorion is b\ndless 9 8 /riv+2 ! w>n+s ( ! p>5ts avail n4 ,he topples ov] into de/ruction4 ,b ,hel51 i4e4 ,beauty1 _c survive him1 = all beauty is ! expression ( fre$om1 ( indep5d5ce1 al?\gh x does n ne$ to "k ! fact4 ,only ,fau/1 :o unites all 9 himself1 :o /rives to rea* beyond ,nature & ,art1 ,pres5t & ,pa/1 t is1 ! kn[+ ( ! ,true1 survives h]2 ^u h] g>m5ts1 :i* exp& l a cl\d1 he moves =?4 ,:at rema9s n[1 s9ce ! impulse ( spiritual ,life1 ! cl>ification ( ,nature 9 ,art1 ! imm$iate spiritual ,beauty1 h vani%$8 ,no?+ b ,nature 9 h] nak$ness1 ^: *oruses ( ,oreads1 ,dryads & ,nymphs sw>m =? into ! m\nta9s1 woods & v9ey>ds1 = bac*antic revelry2 an inv5tion :i* belongs to ! highe/ ef=t ( all poetry4 ,x is a great k9dness 9 ! ,devil1 :5 ,phorcyas at la/ discloses h]self z ,mephi/opheles1 & :]e !re is ne$1 (f]s h]self z comm5tator4 ,! life ( ,art1 ( ,beauty1 d>k5s l a mi/2 ^u ! height ( ! m\nta91 ,fau/ /eps out ( ! dep>t+ cl\d1 & looks aft] x z x *anges to o!r =ms4 ,8 re/less m9d longs = new activity4 ,he wants to battle ) ! wat]s1 & f !m w9 l&2 t is1 ! l& %all be 8 own peculi> prop]ty1 s9ce he br+s x =? artificially4 ,z t money :i* he gave to ! ,emp]or 0 n co9$ f any metal1 b 0 a product ( ,?\ght2 z t ,beauty :i* *>m$ him 0 s\ght ) tr\ble1 & wrung f ,nature1 & z he1 seiz+ ! sword = ! protection ( ,beauty1 ex*ang$ ,love = ! labor ( *ivalry1--s ! l&1 ! new product ( 8 endeavor1 n yet is1 b he w fir/ create x by means ( 8 activity4 ,a w> ( ! ,emp]or ) a pret5d] gives him an opportunity to realize 8 wi%4 ,he supports ! ,emp]or 9 ! decisive battle4 ,mephi/opheles is indiff]5t to ! ,"r & to fre$om2 ! mat]ial ga9 ( ! w> is ! pr9cipal ?+ ) him2 s he takes along ! ?ree mighty robb]s1 ,bully1 ,havequick & ,holdfa/4 7,see #b;d ,samuel1 #bc3 #h47 ,! elem5ts mu/ also fight--! battle is won--& ! grateful ,emp]or grants ! reque/ ( ,fau/ to leave ! sea-%ore = 8 possession4 ,! ,/ate is aga9 pacifi$ by ! de/ruction ( ! pret5d]2 a ri* booty 9 8 camp repays _m an injury2 ! f\r pr9cipal (fices promise a joyful ent]ta9m5t2 b ! ,*ur* comes 9 to claim possession ( ! gr\nd1 capital & int]e/1 9 ord] t ! ,emp]or may be purifi$ f ! guilt ( hav+ _h deal+s ) ! suspici\s magician4 ,humbly ! ,emp]or promises all2 b z ! ar*bi%op dem&s ti! f ! /r& ( ! sea :i* is n yet 9 exi/5ce1 ! ,emp]or turns away 9 great displeasure4 ,! b\ndless rapacity ( ! ,*ur* causes ! ,/ate to rise up aga9/ x4 ,?is act has n ! lyrical fire ( ! previ\s ones2 ! action1 if ! w> c ?us be call$1 is diffuse2 ! battle1 z broad z x is1 is )\t real t5sion2 ! ?ree robb]s are allegorically true1 if we look at ! mean+ :i* !y express1 b are 9 o!r respects n v attractive4 ,9 all ! brilliant p>ticul>s1 pr(\nd ?\ghts1 /rik+ turns1 piquant wit1 & wise arrangem5t1 !re is /ill want+ ! liv+ brea?1 ! int]nal connection to exhibit a complete picture ( ! w>4 ,& /ill1 f "s indications1 we may believe t ?is t$i\sness is design$1 9 ord] to portray ironically ! dull uni=mity1 ! spiritual wa/e ( ext]nal political life1 & ! littl5ess ( ,egotism4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! w> is a civil w>--! g5u9e poetic w>1 :]e p is aga9/ p1 falls into ,phantasmagory4 ,! la/ sc5e w\ld be 9 ?is respect ! mo/ successful4 ,! cont9u$ p]si/5cy ( ! spiritual "l to obta9 9 ! "n ( ! heav5ly *ur*1 e>?ly possessions1 ! orig9al acquiesc5ce ( ! ,emp]or1 b 8 f9al displeasure at ! b\ndless %amelessness ( ! prie/1 are excell5tly portray$1 & ! pret5ti\s pomp ( ! ,alex&r9e has nev] done bett] s]vice4 ,9 ! fif? act we behold a w&]]1 :o is sav$ f %ipwreck1 & br\ght to ! h\se ( an ag$ c\ple1 ,philemon & ,baucis4 ,he visits ! old p1 eats at _! frugal table1 sees !m /ill happy 9 _! limit$ sph]e1 b li/5s ) a/oni%m5t to !m1 z !y tell ( ! improvem5ts ( _! ri* neighbor1 & !y express ! fe> ( be+ ou/$ by him4 ,/ill1 !y pull ! little bell ( _! *apel to kneel & pray ) accu/om$ c]emony 9 pres5ce ( ! anci5t ,god4--,! neighbor is ,fau/4 ,he has rais$ dams1 dug canals1 built palaces1 laid out ornam5tal g>d5s1 educat$ ! p1 s5t out navies4 ,! ,indu/ry ( our "t occupies him unceas+ly2 he revels 9 ! weal? ( trade1 9 ! turmoil ( m51 9 ! comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,t ^? ag$ p /ill h prop]ty 9 ! middle ( 8 possessions is extremely disagreeable to him1 = j ?is little spot :]e ! old mossy *ur* /&s1 ! s\nd ( ^: bell pi]ces 8 he>t1 :]e ! airy l9d5s unfold !mselves to ! breeze1 he w\ld l to h z a belv$]e to look ov] all 8 creations at a glance4 ,l a good man ^: head is always full ( plans1 he means well to ! p1 & is will+ to give !m l>g] possessions :]e !y c quietly await dea?1 & he s5ds ,mephi/opheles to treat ) !m4 ,b ! ag$ p1 :o c>e n = eat+ & dr9k+1 b = com=t1 w n leave _! happy hut2 _! refusal br+s on disputes1 & ! dwell+1 toge!r ) ! ag$ c\ple & ! l9d5s1 p]i%es by fire 9 ?is conflict betwe5 ! active ,und]/&+ & ! poetry ( ,feel+1 :i*1 9 ! r\t9e ( pi\s cu/om1 cl+s to :at is old4 ,fau/ is vex$ ov] ! turn :i* affairs h tak51 p>ticul>ly ov] ! loss ( ! beautiful l9d5s1 b consoles himself ) ! purpose to build 9 _! /ead a wat*-t[]4 ,!n be=e ! palace1 appe> 9 ! night1 ann\nc+ dea?1 f\r ho>y wom51 ,/>vation1 ,want1 ,guilt & ,c>e1 z ! ,furies :o accompany ! ext]nal prosp]ity ( our indu/rial c5tury4 ,/ill1 ,c>e c only press ?r\gh ! key-hole ( ! *amb] ( ! ri* man1 & places h]self ) fe>ful sudd5ness at 8 side4 ,! ,negative ( ,?\ght is to be exclud$ by no walls4 ,b ,fau/ imm$iately collects himself aga92 ) impressive cle>ness he decl>es 8 op9ion ( life1 ( ! value ( ! e>?ly ,pres5t2 ,c>e he hates1 & does n recognize x z an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,%e w nev]!less make h]self kn[n to him at ! end ( 8 life1 & passes ov] 8 face & makes him bl9d4 ,/ill1 ,fau/ expresses no solicitude1 ?\gh depriv$ ( 8 eyes by ,c>e2 no alt]ation is notic$ 9 him1 he is b5t only ^u 8 aims2 ! en]gy ( 8 t5sion rema9s uni=m3 ,_s1 ,?\ght1 is ! true eye2 ?\gh ! ext]nal "o is bl9d$1 ! int]nal "o rema9s op5 & wakeful4 ,! transition f ?is po9t to ! conclusion is prop]ly ?is3 t f ! activity ( ! f9ite ,und]/&+1 only a ,f9ite c result4 ,all indu/ry1 = ^: developm5t ,mephi/opheles is s s]viceable1 z he once 0 9 w>1 _c /ill ! hung] ( ,_s = ,_s4 ,indu/ry creates only an aggregate ( prosp]ity1 no true happ9ess4 ,our c5tury is truly great 9 indu/rial activity4 ,b x %\ld only be ! means1 ! po9t ( entrance = real fre$om1 :i* is )9 itself ! ,inf9ite4 ,& ,fau/ has to come to ?is1 ev5 on ! br9k ( ! grave4 ,mephi/opheles1 aft] ?is affair ) ,c>e1 causes ! grave ( ! old man to be dug by ! %ak+ ,lemures4 ,fau/ supposes1 z he he>s ! noise ( ! spades1 t 8 workm5 are busily employ$4 ,eag]ly he talks ov] 8 plans ) ,mephi/opheles1 & at la/ he gl[s at ! good =tune ( /&+ ^u free gr\nd ) a free p4 ,daily he feels t man mu/ conqu] ,fre$om & ,life anew1 & ! pres5tim5t t ! traces ( 8 un9t]rupt$ /riv+ w\ld n p]i% 9 ! ,ages1 is ! highe/ mom5t ( 8 :ole exi/5ce4 ,?is confession ( satisfaction kills him1 & he falls to ! e>? dead4 ,aft] try+ ev]y?+1 aft] turn+ f himself to ! future ( ! race1 aft] work+ unceas+ly1 he has rip5$ to ! ackn[l$gem5t t ! ,individual only 9 ! ,:ole1 t ,man only 9 ! fre$om ( humanity c h repose4 ,mephi/opheles believes t he has won 8 bet1 causes ! jaws ( ,hell to appe>1 & comm&s ! ,devils to look to ! s\l ( ,fau/4 ,b ,angels come1 /rew+ roses f above2 ! roses1 ! fl[]s ( ,love1 cause pa9 :]e !y fall2 ! ,devils & ,mephi/opheles himself compla9 upro>i\sly4 ,he la%es himself ) ! fall+ roses1 :i* cl+ to 8 neck l pit* & brim/one1 & burn deep] ?an ,hell-fire4 ,fir/1 he b]ates ! ,angels z hypocritical puppets1 yet1 m closely obs]v$1 he f9ds t !y are mo/ lovely y\?s4 ,only ! long cloaks fit !m too mode/ly1 =1 f beh9d p>ticul>ly1 ! rascals _h a v desirable look4 ,:ile he is seek+ out a tall fell[ = himself1 & is plung$ :olly 9 8 p$]a/ic lu/1 ! ,angels c>ry away ! immortal "p ( ,fau/ to ,heav54 ,mephi/opheles n[ reproa*es himself ) ! greate/ bitt]ness1 because he has de/roy$1 ?r\gh s trivial a desire1 ! fruits ( s long a labor4 ,?is r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! ,devil mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( ! happie/ /rokes ( humor4 ,! holy innoc5ce ( ! ,angels is n = him2 he sees only _! f9e bodies2 8 l[ness c>ries him into ! ,unnatural & ,accid5tal1 j :]e 8 greate/ int]e/ & egotism come 9 play4 ,?is result w surprise mo/ p2 b if !y consid] ! nature ( ! ,devil1 x w be :olly satisfactory2 9 all cunn+ he is at la/ bemock$ z a fool1 & he de/roys himself ?r\gh himself4 ,9 conclusion1 we see a woody1 rocky wild]ness1 settl$ ) h]mits4 ,x is n ,heav5 itself1 b ! transition to ! same1 :]e ! s\l is unit$ to p]fect cle>ness & happ9ess4 ,h5ce we f9d ! gl[+ devotion & rep5tance ( ! ,pat] ec/aticus1 ! contemplation ( ! ,pat] pr(undus1 ! wre/l+ ( ! ,pat] s]apticus1 :o1 tak+ into 8 eyes ! holy little boys because _! organs are too weak = ! ,e>?1 %[s !m trees1 rocks1 wat]falls4 ,! ,angels br+ 9 ,fau/1 :o1 z ,doctor ,m>ianus1 9 ! highe/ & pure/ cell1 ) burn+ pray] to ! approa*+ que5 ( ,heav51 seeks = grace4 ,ar\nd ,m>ia is a *oir ( p5it5ts1 among :om are ! ,magna ,peccatrix1 ! ,muli] ,sam>itana1 & ,m>ia gyptiaca4 ,!y pray = ! e>?ly s\l2 & "o ( ! p5it5ts1 once call$ ,m>g>et1 kneel+1 v5tures a special int]cession4 ,! ,mat] ,gloriosa appo9ts ,m>g>et to lead ! s\l ( ,fau/ to high] sph]es1 = he %all foll[ h] 9 anticipation4 ,a f]v5t pray] /reams f ! lips ( ,doctor ,m>ianus2 ! ,*orus my/icus concludes ) ! assurance ( ! c]ta9ty ( bliss ?r\gh educat+1 purify+ love4 ,aspiration1 ! ,et]nal fem99e1 is 9 ,fau/1 h[ev] deeply he p5etrates into e sph]e ( worldly activity4 ,! analogy betwe5 ,m>g>et & ! ,beatrice ( ,dante is "h und5iable2 also1 ! f>!r progress ( ,fau/'s life we mu/ consid] simil>1 z he1 l ,dante1 gr[s 9 ! k & feel+ ( ! ,div9e till he arrives at its complete intuition2 ,dante beholds ! ,tr9ity p]fectly free & indep5d5t1 )\t be+ l$ f>!r by anybody4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 t ! poet want$ to exhibit reconciliation z becom+1 z a product ( inf9ite gr[?1 is f\nd ! ju/ification ( ! fact t he alludes s slightly to ,god ! ,fa!r1 & to ,*ri/ ! ,r$eem]1 &1 in/ead1 br+s out s prom95tly ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg91 & ! devotion ( ,woman4 ,devotion has a passive elem5t :i* f9ds its fitte/ poetical support 9 wom54 ,^! elem5ts agree also v well ) ! re/ ( ! poem1 s9ce ,goe!1 ?r\gh\t ! entire drama1 has pres]v$ ! co/ume ( ! ,middle ,ages2 o!rwise1 on acc\nt ( ! evid5t ,prote/ant t5d5cy ( ,fau/1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d a necess>y connection ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! poem4 ,z reg>ds ! hi/ory ( ,fau/ 9 itself1 dramatically consid]$1 ! fir/ f\r acts c\ld p]haps be entirely omitt$4 ,! fif?1 z x %[s u t all /riv+1 if its cont5t is n religion1 7! fre$om ( ! ,_s17 c give no int]nal satisfaction1 z x %[s u t 9 ! e>ne/ /riv+ aft] fre$om1 h[ev] mu* we may err1 /ill ! pa? to ,heav5 is op51 & is only clos$ to him :o does n /rive1 w\ld h suffici5tly exhibit$ ! reconciliation4 ,b ,goe! wants to %[ n only ?is conclusion1 :i* 0 all ! leg5d dem&$ ( him1 b also ! becom+ ( ?is result4 ,fau/ 0 = him & ?r\gh him = ! nation1 & inde$ = ,europe1 ! repres5tative ( ! _w-compreh5d+1 self-consci\s int]nality ( ,_s1 & !re=e he caus$ all ! elem5ts ( ! ,_w to cry/allize ar\nd ?is c5tre4 ,?us ! acts ( ! ,second ,"p are pictures1 :i*1 l frescoes1 are pa9t$ beside "o ano!r ^u ! same wall1 & ,fau/ has actually become :at 0 s (t5 be=e said ( him1 a p]fect manife/ation ( ! ,univ]se4 ,if we n[ ca/ a glance back to :at we said 9 ! beg9n+1 ( ! opposition betwe5 ! *>act]s ( ,wilhelm ,mei/] & ,fau/1 t ! =m] 0 ! det]m9$ f )\t1 ! latt] ! self-det]m9+ f )91 we c also seize ?is opposition s t ,mei/] is always 9 pursuit ( ,culture1 ,fau/ ( ,fre$om4 ,mei/] is !re=e always desir\s ( new impressions1 9 ord] to h !m "w ^u himself1 ext5d 8 k1 complete 8 "*4 ,8 capacity & zeal = ,culture1 ! v>iety ( ! =m]1 ! dilig5ce ( ! latt]1 =c$ him to a c]ta9 tam5ess & complaisance 9 relation to o!rs4 ,fau/ on ! contr>y w himself "w4 ,he w possess only :at he himself creates4 ,j = ?is reason he b9ds himself to ! ,devil1 because ! latt] has ! greate/ worldly p[]1 :i* ,fau/ applies unsp>+ly = 8 own purposes1 s t ! ,devil 9 reality f9ds 9 him a h>d1 :imsical1 insatiate ma/]4 ,to ,wilhelm ! acqua9tance ( ! ,devil w\ld inde$ h be5 v int]e/+ f a moral1 psy*ological & /hetic po9t ( view1 b he nev] w\ld h =m$ a frat]nity ) him4 ,?is autonomia & aut>kia ( ,fau/ h giv5 a p[]ful impulse to ! ,g]man p1 & ,g]man lit]ature4 ,b if1 9 ! cont9uation ( ,fau/1 !re 0 an expectation ( ! same ,titanic nature1 x 0 disappo9t$4 ,! mon/rosity ( ! t5d5cies h[ev]1 does n cease2 a man mu/ be bl9d n to see !m4 ,b 9 ! place ( pleasure1 aft] ! cata/rophe ) ,m>g>et1 an active p>ticipation 9 ! _w ent]s2 a feature :i* ,kl+] & o!rs h reta9$4 ,b ,labor 9 itself c /ill give no satisfaction1 b its cont5t1 too1 mu/ be consid]$4 ,or r1 ! ext]nal objectivity ( ,labor is indiff]5t2 :e!r "o is savant1 arti/1 soldi]1 c\rti]1 prie/1 manufactur]1 m]*ant1 etc41 is a m]e accid5t2 :e!r he wills ,fre$om or n1 is n accid5tal1 = ,_s is 9 & = itself1 free4 ,) ! n>r[ /udio1 9 fell[%ip ) ,wagn]1 ,fau/ beg9s2 ) ,trade1 ) conte/s ab\t b\nd>ies1 ) 8 look ^u ! sea1 :i* unites ! nations1 he ends 8 c>e]4 ,9 ! ,_w1 ,fre$om inde$ realizes itself1 b z absolute1 x c only come to exi/5ce 9 ,god4 ,x is !re=e "r :5 ,goe! makes ! transition f civil to religi\s fre$om4 ,m5 _c accompli% m ?an ! realization ( ! fre$om ( ! nations1 = ,mank9d has its concrete exi/5ce only 9 ! nations2 if ! nations are free1 x is also free4 ,fau/ mu/ ?us be enraptur$ by ?is ?\ght 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,b ) x1 he dep>ts f ! _w--,heav5 has op5$ itself above him4 ,b1 ?\gh ,heav5 %$s its grace1 & lov+ly receives ! /riv+ s\l :i* has err$1 /ill x dem&s rep5tance & complete purification f :at is e>?ly4 ,?is /ruggle1 ?is wre/l+ ( ! s\l1 ,i f9d express$ 9 ! mo/ sublime mann] 9 ! songs ( ! h]mits & ! *oruses1 & d n "k :at our "t has produc$ sup]ior 9 spiritual p[]1 z well z 9 unwav]+ hope1 ?\gh ,i mu/ confess t ,i am n well en\gh v]s$ 9 ! f]tile mod]n lyric lit]ature ( ,pietism1 to say :e!r su* pe>ls are to be f\nd 9 x4 ,moreov]1 x is evid5t t ! pliable ,mei/]1 & ! /ubborn ,fau/1 are ! two sides :i* 7 unit$ 9 ,goe!'s g5ius4 ,he 0 a poet1 & became a c\rti]2 he 0 a c\rti]1 & rema9$ a poet4 ,b 9 a m ext5sive s5se ?is opposition is f\nd 9 all mod]n nations1 p>ticul>ly among ! ,g]mans4 ,!y wi% to obta9 culture1 & !re=e %un no k9d ( society if !y are improv$4 ,b !y wi% also to be free4 ,!y love culture s deeply t !y1 p]haps1 = a :ile1 h =gott5 fre$om4 ,b !n ! ,_s w>ns !m4 ,!y sigh1 l ,fau/1 t !y h sat s long 9 a gloomy cell ov] ,philosophy1 ,!ology1 etc4 ,) ! fi]c5ess ( lions1 !y ?r[ all culture aside = ! sake ( fre$om1 & 9 noble delusion =m an alliance--ev5 ) ! ,devil4 ,a ,,criticism ,,( ,,philosophical ,,sy/ems4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,kroeg]4 ,,note4 ,bel[ we give to our read]s ! translation ( ano!r ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 writt5 by ,fi*te imm$iately aft] ! "o publi%$ 9 our previ\s numb]4 ,:]eas t fir/ ,introduction 0 writt5 = read]s :o h z yet no philosophical sy/em ( _! own1 ! pres5t "o is int5d$ m p>ticul>ly = ^? :o h set philosophical notions1 ( :i* !y require to be disabus$4--,,editor4 ,i believe ! fir/ introduction publi%$ 9 ?is ,j\rnal to be p]fectly suffici5t = unprejudic$ read]s1 i4 e4 = read]s :o give !mselves up to ! writ] )\t preconceiv$ op9ions1 :o1 if !y d n assi/ him1 also d n resi/ him 9 8 endeavors to c>ry !m along4 ,x is o!rwise ) read]s :o h already a philosophical sy/em4 ,su* read]s h adopt$ c]ta9 maxims f _! sy/em1 :i* h become fundam5tal pr9ciples = !m2 & :atsoev] is n produc$ accord+ to ^! maxims1 is n[ pron\nc$ false by !m )\t fur!r inve/igation1 & )\t ev5 read+ su* productions3 x is pron\nc$ false1 because x has be5 produc$ 9 violation ( _! univ]sally valid me?od4 ,unless ?is class ( read]s is to be ab&on$ altoge!r--& :y %\ld x be8--x is1 above all1 necess>y to remove ! ob/acle :i* deprives u ( _! att5tion2 or1 9 o!r words1 to make !m di/ru/ _! maxims4 ,su* a prelim9>y inve/igation conc]n+ ! me?od1 is1 above all1 necess>y 9 reg>d to ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 ! :ole /ructure & significance :]e( diff]s utt]ly f ! /ructure & significance ( all philosophical sy/ems :i* h hi!rto be5 curr5t4 ,! au?ors ( ^! previ\s sy/ems />t$ f "s conception or ano!r2 & utt]ly c>eless :5ce !y got x1 or out ( :at mat]ial !y compos$ x1 !y !n proce$$ to analyze x1 to comb9e x ) o!rs1 reg>d+ ! orig9 :]e( !y 7 equally unconc]n$2 & ?is _! argum5tation itself is _! philosophy4 ,h5ce _! philosophy consi/s 9 _! own ?9k+4 ,q diff]5t does ! ,sci5ce ( ,k proce$4 ,t :i* ?is ,sci5ce makes ! object ( its ?9k+1 is n a dead conception1 rema9+ passive "u ! inve/igation1 & receiv+ life only f x1 b is r itself liv+ & active2 g5]at+ out ( itself & ?r\gh itself cognitions1 :i* ! philosoph] m]ely obs]ves 9 _! g5esis4 ,8 bus9ess 9 ! :ole affair is no?+ fur!r ?an to place t liv+ object ( 8 inve/igation 9 prop] activity1 & to obs]ve1 grasp & compreh5d ?is its activity z a ,unit4 ,he und]takes an exp]im5t4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to place ! object 9 a position :i* p]mits ! obs]vation he wi%es to make2 x is 8 bus9ess to att5d to all ! manife/ations ( ! object 9 ?is exp]im5t1 to foll[ !m & connect !m 9 prop] ord]2 b x is n 8 bus9ess to cause ! manife/ations 9 ! object4 ,t is ! bus9ess ( ! object itself3 & he w\ld "w directly contr>y to 8 purpose if he did n all[ ! object full fre$om to develop itself--if he und]took b ! lea/ int]f]5ce 9 ?is1 its self-develop+4 ,! philosoph] ( ! fir/ m5tion$ sort1 on ! contr>y1 does j ! rev]se4 ,he produces a product ( art4 ,9 work+ out 8 object he only takes into consid]ation its matt]1 & pays no att5tion to an int]nal self-develop+ p[] !re(4 ,nay1 ?is p[] mu/ be dead5$ be=e he und]takes 8 "w1 or else x might resi/ 8 labor4 ,x is f ! dead matt]1 !re=e1 t he produces some?+1 & solely by means ( 8 own p[]1 9 accordance ) 8 previ\sly resolv$-^u conception4 ,:ile ?us 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,k !re are two utt]ly di/9ct s]ies ( m5tal activity--t ( ! ,ego1 :i* ! philosoph] obs]ves1 & t ( ! obs]vations ( ! philosoph]--all o!r philosophical sy/ems h only "o s]ies ( ?9k+1 viz3 t ( ! ?\ghts ( ! philosoph]1 = 8 object is n introduc$ z ?9k+ at all4 ,"o ( ! *ief gr\nds ( s _m objections to & misund]/&+s ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k lies 9 ?is3 t ^! two s]ies ( ?9k+ h n be5 held ap>t1 or t :at belong$ to ! "o has be5 tak5 to belong to ! o!r4 ,?is error occurr$ because ,philosophy 0 held to consi/ only ( "o s]ies4 ,! act ( "o :o produces a "w ( art is mo/ c]ta9ly--s9ce 8 object is n active--! appe>ance itself2 b ! description ( him :o has und]tak5 an exp]im5t1 is n ! appe>ance itself1 b ! conception !re(4#a ,aft] ?is prelim9>y rem>k1 ! fur!r application :]e( we %all exam9e 9 ! c\rse ( our article1 let u n[ ask3 h[ does ! ,sci5ce ( ,k proce$ to solve its problem8 ,! "q x w h to answ]1 is1 z we well "k1 ! foll[+3 ,:5ce comes ! sy/em ( ^? repres5tations :i* are accompani$ by ! feel+ ( necessity8 ,or1 h[ d we to come claim objective validity = :at is only subjective8 ,or1 s9ce objective validity is g5]ally *>act]iz$ z be+1 h[ d we come to accept a be+8 ,n[1 s9ce ?is "q />ts f a reflection t returns into itself--/>ts f ! obs]vation1 t ! imm$iate object ( consci\sness is aft] all m]ely consci\sness itself1--x seems cle> en\gh t ! "q c speak ( no o!r be+ ?an ( a be+ = u4 ,x w\ld be inde$ a complete contradiction1 to mi/ake x = a "q conc]n+ "s be+ :i* _h no relation to our consci\sness4 ,nev]!less1 ! philosoph]s ( our philosophical age are ( all ?+s mo/ apt to plunge into su* absurd contradictions4 ,! propos$ "q1 h[ is a be+ = u possible8 ab/racts itself f all be+2 i4 e4 x mu/ n be und]/ood1 z if ! "q posit$ a n-be+2 = 9 t case ! conception ( be+ w\ld only be negat$1 b n ab/ract$ f4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! "q does n ent]ta9 ! conception ( be+ at all1 ei!r positively or negatively4 ,! propos$ "q asks = ! gr\nd ( ! pr$icate ( be+1 :e!r x be appli$ positively or negatively2 b all gr\nd lies beyond ! gr\nd$1 i4 e4 is oppos$ to x4 ,! answ] mu/1 !re=e1 if x is to be an answ] to ?is "q1 also ab/ract f all be+4 ,to ma9ta91 a priori1 9 advance ( an attempt1 t su* an ab/raction is impossible 9 ! answ]1 because x is impossible 9 itself1 w\ld be to ma9ta9 likewise1 t su* an ab/raction is impossible 9 ! "q2 & h5ce1 t ! "q itself is n possible1 & t ! problem ( a sci5ce ( metaphysics1 z ! sci5ce :i* is to solve ! problem ( ! gr\nd ( be+ = u1 is n a problem = human reason4 ,t su* an ab/raction1 & h5ce su* a "q1 is contr>y to reason1 _c be prov5 by objective gr\nds to ^? :o ma9ta9 its possibility2 = ! latt] ass]t t ! possibility & necessity ( ! "q is gr\nd$ ^u ! highe/ law ( reason--t ( self-det]m9ation1 7,practical legislation17 "u :i* all o!r laws ( reason are subsum$1 & f :i* !y are all d]iv$1 b at ! same "t det]m9$ & limit$ to ! sph]e ( _! validity4 ,!y ackn[l$ge ! argum5ts ( _! oppon5ts will+ly en\gh1 b d5y _! application to ! pres5t case2 ) :at ju/ice1 _! oppon5ts c det]m9e only by plac+ !mselves ^u ! basis ( ?is highe/ law1 b h5ce1 also1 ^u ! basis ( an answ] to ! disput$ "q1 by :i* act !y w\ld cease to be oppon5ts4 ,_! opposition1 inde$1 c only arise f a subjective defect--f ! consci\sness t !y nev] rais$ ?is "q1 & nev] felt ! ne$ ( an answ] to x4 ,aga9/ ?is _! position1 no objective gr\nds c1 on ! o!r h&1 be made valid1 by ^? :o insi/ on an answ] to ! "q2 = ! d\bt1 :i* raises t "q1 is gr\nd$ ^u previ\s acts ( fre$om1 :i* no demon/ration c compel f any "o4 ,,iii4 ,let u n[ ask3 ,:o is x t und]takes ! dem&$ ab/raction f all be+8 or1 9 :i* ( ! two s]ies does x occur8 ,evid5tly1 9 ! s]ies ( philosophical argum5tation1 = ano!r s]ies does n exi/4 ,t1 to :i* ! philosoph] holds1 & f :i* he promises to expla9 all t is to be expla9$1 is ! consci\sness1 ! subject4 ,?is subject he w1 !re=e1 h to compreh5d free f all repres5tation ( be+1 9 ord] fir/ to %[ up 9 x ! gr\nd ( all be+--( c\rse1 = itself4 ,b if he ab/racts f all be+ ( & = ! subject1 no?+ p]ta9s to x b an act+4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 relation to be+ is x ! act+4 ,! philosoph] w1 !re=e1 h to compreh5d x 9 its act+1 & f ?is po9t ! a=em5tion$ d\ble s]ies w fir/ arise4 ,! fundam5tal ass]tion ( ! philosoph]1 z su*1 is ?is3 z soon z ! ,ego is = itself1 !re necess>ily arises = x at ! same "t an ext]nal be+2 ! gr\nd ( ! latt] lies 9 ! =m]2 ! latt] is condition$ by ! =m]4 ,self-consci\sness & consci\sness ( a ,some?+ :i* is n t ,self1 is necess>ily unit$2 b ! =m] is ! condition+ & ! latt] ! condition$4 ,to prove ?is ass]tion--n1 p]haps1 by argum5tation1 z valid = a sy/em ( a be+ 9 itself1 b by obs]vation ( ! orig9al proce$+ ( reason1 z valid = reason--! philosoph] w h to %[1 fir/ly1 h[ ! ,ego is & becomes = itself2 & secondly1 t ?is its own be+ = itself is n possible1 unless at ! same "t !re arises = x an ext]nal be+1 :i* is n x4 ,! fir/ "q1 !re=e1 w\ld be3 h[ is ! ,ego = itself8 & ! fir/ po/ulate3 ?9k ?yself6 con/rue ! conception ( ?yself1 & obs]ve h[ ?\ proce$e/ 9 ?is con/ruction4 ,! philosoph] affirms t e "o :o w b d s1 mu/ necess>ily discov] t 9 ! ?9k+ ( t conception1 8 activity1 z intellig5ce1 returns into itself1 makes itself its own object4 ,if ?is is correct & admitt$1 ! mann] ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,ego1 ! mann] ( its be+ = itself1 7& we nev] speak ( ano!r be+17 is kn[n2 & ! philosoph] may !n proce$ to prove t ?is act is n possible )\t ano!r act1 :]eby !re arises = ! ,ego an ext]nal be+4 ,x is ?us1 inde$1 t ! ,sci5ce ( ,k proce$s4 ,let u n[ consid] ) :at ju/ice x s proce$s4 ,,iv4 ,fir/ ( all3 :at 9 ! describ$ act belongs to ! philosoph]1 z philosoph]1 & :at belongs to ! ,ego he is to obs]ve8 ,to ! ,ego no?+ b ! return to itself2 ev]y?+ else to ! description ( ! philosoph]1 = :om1 z m]e fact1 ! sy/em ( all exp]i5ce1 :i* 9 its g5esis ! ,ego is n[ to produce "u 8 obs]vation1 has already exi/5ce4 ,! ,ego returns into itself1 is ! ass]tion4 ,has x n !n already be+ 9 advance ( ?is return into itself1 & indep5d5tly !re(8 ,nay1 mu/ x n already be = itself1 if m]ely = ! possibility ( mak+ itself ! object ( its action8 ,aga91 if ?is is s1 does n ! :ole philosophy presuppose :at x ought fir/ to expla98 ,i answ] by no means4 ,fir/ ?r\gh ?is act1 & only by means ( x--by means ( an act+ ^u an act+--does ! ,ego orig9ally come to be = itself4 ,x is only = ! philosoph] t x has previ\s exi/5ce z a fact1 because ! philosoph] has already gone ?r\gh ! :ole exp]i5ce4 ,he mu/ express himself z he does1 to be b und]/ood1 & he c s express himself1 because he long s9ce has compreh5d$ all ! conceptions necess>y !reunto4 ,n[1 to return to ! obs]v$ ,ego3 :at is ?is its return into itself8 ,"u :at class ( modifications ( consci\sness is x to be posit$8 ,x is no compreh5d+1 = a compreh5d+ fir/ arises ?r\gh ! opposition ( a non-,ego1 & by ! det]m9+ ( ! ,ego 9 ?is opposition4 ,h5ce x is a m]e contemplation4 ,x is !re=e n consci\sness1 n ev5 self-consci\sness4 ,inde$1 x is precisely because ?is act alone produces no consci\sness1 t we proce$ to ano!r act1 ?r\gh :i* a non-,ego orig9ates = u1 & t a progress ( philosophical argum5tation & ! requir$ d$uction ( ! sy/em ( exp]i5ce becomes possible4 ,t act only places ! ,ego 9 ! possibility ( self-consci\sness--& ?us ( all o!r consci\sness--b does n g5]ate real consci\sness4 ,t act is b a "p ( ! :ole act ( ! intellig5ce1 :]eby x effects its consci\sness2 a "p :i* only ! philosoph] sep>ates f ! :ole act1 b :i* is n orig9ally s sep>at$ 9 ! ,ego4 ,b h[ ab\t ! philosoph]1 z su*8 ,?is self-con/ruct+ ,ego is none o!r ?an 8 own4 ,he c contemplate t act ( ! ,ego only 9 himself1 &1 9 ord] to contemplate x1 mu/ realize x4 ,he produces t act arbitr>ily & ) fre$om4 ,b--?is "q may & has be5 rais$--if y\r :ole philosophy is erect$ ^u some?+ produc$ by an act ( m]e arbitr>9ess1 does x n !n become a m]e creature ( ! bra91 a pure imag9>y picture8 ,h[ is ! philosoph] go+ to secure to ?is purely subjective act its objectivity8 ,h[ w he secure to t :i* is purely empirical & a mom5t ( "t--i4 e4 ! "t 9 :i* ! philosoph] philosophizes--its orig9ality8 ,h[ c he prove t 8 pres5t free ?9k+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! s]ies ( 8 repres5tations does correspond to ! necess>y ?9k+1 :]eby he fir/ became = himself1 & ?r\gh :i* ! :ole s]ies ( 8 repres5tations has be5 />t$8 ,i answ]3 ?is act is 9 its nature objective4 ,i am = myself2 ?is is a fact4 ,n[ ,i c\ld h ?us come to be = myself only ?r\gh an act1 = ,i am free2 & only ?r\gh ?is ?us det]m9$ act1 = only ?r\gh x d ,i become = myself e mom5t1 & ?r\gh e o!r act some?+ q diff]5t is produc$4 ,t act+1 inde$1 is ! v conception ( ! ,ego2 & ! conception ( ! ,ego is ! conception ( t act+2 bo? conceptions are q ! same2 & t conception ( ! ,ego c mean & c n be made to mean any?+1 b :at has be5 /at$4 ,x is s1 because ,i make x s4 ,! philosoph] only makes cle> to himself :at he really ?9ks & has ev] ?\ght1 :5 he ?9ks or ?\ght himself2 b t he does ?9k himself is to him imm$iate fact ( consci\sness4 ,t "q1 conc]n+ ! objectivity is gr\nd$ on ! v curi\s presupposition t ! ,ego is some?+ else ?an its own ?\ght ( itself1 & t some?+ else ?an ?is ?\ght & outside ( x--,god may "k :at !y d mean6--is aga9 ! gr\nd ( x1 conc]n+ ! actual nature ( :i* outside some?+ !y are v mu* tr\bl$4 ,h5ce if !y ask = su* an objective validity ( ! ?\ght1 or = a connection betwe5 ?is object & ! subject1 ,i *e]fully confess t ! ,sci5ce ( ,k c give !m no in/ruction conc]n+ x4 ,if !y *oose to1 !y may !mselves ent]1 9 ?is or any o!r case1 ^u ! discov]y ( su* a connection1 until !y1 p]haps1 w recollect t ?is ,unkn[n :i* !y are hunt+1 is1 aft] all1 aga9 _! ?\ght1 & t :atsoev] !y may inv5t z its gr\nd1 w also be _! ?\ght1 & ?us ad inf9itum2 & t1 inde$1 !y _c speak ( or "q ab\t any?+ )\t at ! same "t ?9k+ x4 ,n[1 9 ?is act1 :i* is arbitr>y & 9 "t1 = ! philosoph] z su*1 b :i* is = ! ,ego--:i* he con/ructs1 by virtue ( 8 j d$uc$ "r1 = ! sake ( subsequ5t obs]vations & conclusions--necess>ily & orig9ally2 9 ?is act1 ,i say1 ! philosoph] looks at himself1 & imm$iately contemplates 8 own act+2 he kn[s :at he does1 because he does x4 ,does a consci\sness !re( arise 9 him8 ,)\t d\bt2 = he n only contemplates1 b compreh5ds also4 ,he compreh5ds 8 act1 z an act+ g5]ally1 ( :i* he has already a conception by virtue ( 8 previ\s exp]i5ce2 & z ?is det]m9$1 into itself return+ act+1 z :i* he contemplates x 9 himself4 ,by ?is *>act]i/ic det]m9ation he elevates x above ! sph]e ( g5]al act+4 ,:at act+ may be1 c only be contemplat$1 n develop$ f & ?r\gh conceptions2 b t :i* ?is contemplation conta9s is compreh5d$ by ! m]e opposition ( pure be+4 ,act+ is n be+1 & be+ is n act+4 ,m]e conception af=ds no o!r det]m9ation = ea* l9k2 _! real ess5ce is only discov]$ 9 contemplation4 ,n[ ?is :ole proc$ure ( ! philosoph] appe>s to me1 at lea/1 v possible1 v easy1 & ev5 natural2 & ,i c sc>cely conceive h[ x c appe> o!rwise to my read]s1 & h[ !y c see 9 x any?+ my/]i\s & m>vell\s4 ,e "o1 let u hope1 c ?9k himself4 ,he w also1 let u hope1 le>n t by be+ requir$ to ?us ?9k himself he is requir$ to p]=m an act1 dep5d5t ^u 8 own activity1 an int]nal act2 & t if he realizes ?is dem&1 if he really affects himself ?r\gh self-activity1 he also mo/ surely acts ?us4 ,let u fur!r hope t he w be able to di/+ui% ?is k9d ( act+ f its opposite1 ! act+ :]eby he ?9ks ext]nal objects1 & t he w f9d 9 ! latt] sort ( ?9k+ ! ?9k+ & ! ?\ght to be opposites1 7! activity1 !re=e1 t5d+ ^u some?+ di/9ct f itself17 :ile 9 ! =m] ?9k+ bo? 7 "o & ! same1 7& h5ce ! activity a return into itself47 ,he w compreh5d1 x is to be hop$1 t--s9ce ! ?\ght ( himself arises only 9 ?is mann]1 7an opposite ?9k+ produc+ a q diff]5t ?\ght7--! ?\ght ( himself is no?+ b ! ?\ght ( ?is act1 & ! ^w ,ego no?+ b ! designation ( ?is act--t ,ego & an into itself return+ activity are completely id5tical conceptions4 ,he w und]/&1 let u hope1 t if he b = ! pres5t problematically presupposes ) transc5d5tal ,idealism t all consci\sness re/s ^u & is dep5d5t ^u self-consci\sness1 he mu/ also ?9k t return into itself z prec$+ & condition+ all o!r acts ( consci\sness2 inde$ z ! prim>y act ( ! subject2 &1 s9ce !re is no?+ = him :i* is n 9 8 consci\sness1 & s9ce ev]y?+ else 9 8 consci\sness is condition$ by ?is act1 & !re=e _c condition ! act 9 ! same respect1--z an act1 utt]ly uncondition$ & h5ce absolute = him2 & he w ?us fur!r und]/&1 t ! above problematical presupposition & ?is ?9k+ ( ! ,ego z orig9ally posit$ ?r\gh itself1 are aga9 q id5tical2 & t h5ce transc5d5tal ,idealism1 if x proce$s sy/ematically1 c proce$ 9 no o!r mann] ?an x does 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,?is contemplation ( himself1 :i* is requir$ ( ! philosoph]1 9 8 realization ( ! act1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,ego arises = him1 ,i call intellectual contemplation4 ,x is ! imm$iate consci\sness t ,i act & :at ,i act2 x is t ?r\gh :i* ,i "k some?+1 because ,i d x4 ,t !re is su* a p[] ( intellectual contemplation _c be demon/rat$ by conceptions1 nor c conception %[ :at x is4 ,e "o mu/ f9d x imm$iately 9 himself1 or he w nev] le>n to "k x4 ,! requirem5t t we ought to %[ x :at x is by argum5tation1 is m m>vell\s ?an w\ld be ! requirem5t ( a bl9d p]son1 to expla9 to him1 )\t 8 ne$+ to use sight1 :at colors are4 ,b x c be c]ta9ly prov5 to ev]yone 9 8 own confess$ exp]i5ce1 t ?is intellectual contemplation does occur 9 e mom5t ( 8 consci\sness4 ,i c take no /ep1 _c move h& or foot1 )\t ! intellectual contemplation ( my self-consci\sness 9 ^! acts2 only ?r\gh ?is contemplation d ,i "k t ,i d x1 only ?r\gh x d ,i di/+ui% my act+ & 9 x myself f ! giv5 object ( my act+4 ,ev]yone :o ascribes an activity to himself appeals to ?is contemplation4 ,9 x is ! s\rce ( life1 & )\t x is dea?4 ,b ?is contemplation nev] occurs alone1 z a complete act ( consci\sness1 z inde$ s5su\s contemplation also nev] occurs alone nor completes consci\sness2 bo? contemplations mu/ be compreh5d$4 ,n only ?is1 b ! intellectual contemplation is also always connect$ ) a s5su\s contemplation4 ,i _c f9d myself act+ )\t f9d+ an object ^u :i* ,i act1 & ?is object 9 a s5su\s contemplation :i* ,i compreh5d2 nor )\t sket*+ an image ( :at ,i int5d to produce by my act1 :i* image ,i also compreh5d4 ,n[1 !n1 h[ d ,i "k & h[ c ,i "k :at ,i int5d to produce1 if ,i d n imm$iately contemplate myself 9 ?is sket*+ ( ! image :i* ,i int5d to produce1 i4 e4 9 ?is sket*+ ( ! conception ( my purpose1 :i* sket*+ is c]ta9ly an act4 ,only ! totality ( ?is condition 9 unit+ a giv5 manifold completes consci\sness4 ,i become consci\s only ( ! conceptions1 bo? ( ! object ^u :i* ,i act1 & ( ! purpose ,i int5d to accompli%2 b ,i d n become consci\s ( ! contemplations :i* are at ! bottom ( bo? conceptions4 ,p]haps x is only ?is :i* ! zeal\s oppon5ts ( intellectual contemplation wi% to insi/ ^u2 namely1 t t contemplation is only possible 9 connection ) a s5su\s contemplation2 & surely ! ,sci5ce ( ,k is n go+ to d5y x4 ,b ?is is no reason :y !y %\ld d5y intellectual contemplation4 ,= ) ! same "r we might d5y s5su\s contemplation1 s9ce x also is possible only 9 connection ) intellectual contemplation2 = :atsoev] is to become my repres5tation mu/ be relat$ to me1 & ! consci\sness 7,i7 occurs only ?r\gh intellectual contemplation4 7,x is a rem>kable fact ( our mod]n hi/ory ( philosophy1 t x has n be5 notic$ z yet h[ all t may be object$ to intellectual contemplation c also be object$ to s5su\s contemplation1 & t ?us ! argum5ts ( its oppon5ts turn aga9/ !mselves47 ,b if x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is no imm$iate1 isolat$ consci\sness ( intellectual contemplation1 h[ does ! philosoph] arrive at a k & isolat$ repres5tation !re(8 ,i answ]1 d\btless 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* he arrives at ! isolat$ repres5tation ( s5su\s contemplation1 by draw+ a conclusion f ! evid5t facts ( consci\sness4 ,?is conclusion runs z foll[s3 ,i propose to myself1 to ?9k ?is or t1 & ! requir$ ?\ght arises2 ,i propose to myself1 to d ?is or t1 & ! repres5tation t x is be+ done arises4 ,?is is a fact ( consci\sness4 ,if ,i look at x by ! light ( ! laws ( m]e s5su\s consci\sness1 x involves no m ?an has j be5 /at$1 i4 e4 a sequ5ce ( c]ta9 repres5tations4 ,i become consci\s only ( ?is sequ5ce1 9 a s]ies ( "t movem5ts1 & only su* a "t sequ5ce c ,i ass]t4 ,i c m]ely /ate--,i "k t if ,i propose to myself a c]ta9 ?\ght1 ) ! *>act]i/ic t x is to h exi/5ce1 ! repres5tation ( ?is ?\ght1 ) ! *>act]i/ic t x really has exi/5ce1 foll[s2 or1 t ! repres5tation ( a c]ta9 manife/ation1 z "o :i* ought to occur1 is imm$iately foll[$ 9 "t by ! repres5tation ( ! same manife/ation z "o :i* really did occur4 ,b ,i c1 on no acc\nt1 /ate t ! fir/ repres5tation conta9s ! real gr\nd ( ! second "o :i* foll[$2 or1 t by ?9k+ ! fir/ "o ! second "o became real = me4 ,i m]ely rema9 passive1 ! placid sc5e ^u :i* repres5tations foll[ repres5tations1 & am1 on no acc\nt1 ! active pr9ciple :i* produces !m4 ,/ill ,i con/antly assume ! latt]1 & _c rel9qui% t assumption )\t rel9qui%+ my self4 ,:at ju/ifies me 9 x8 ,9 ! s5su\s +r$i5ts ,i h m5tion$1 !re is no gr\nd to ju/ify su* an assumption2 h5ce x is a peculi> & imm$iate consci\sness1 t is to say1 a contemplation1 & n a s5su\s contemplation1 :i* views a mat]ial & p]man5t be+1 b a contemplation ( a pure activity1 :i* is n p]man5t b progressive1 n a be+ b a life4 ,! philosoph]1 !re=e1 discov]s ?is intellectual contemplation z fact ( consci\sness1 7= him x is a fact2 = ! orig9al ,ego a fact & act bo? toge!r--a de$-act17 & he ?us discov]s x n imm$iately1 z an isolat$ "p ( 8 consci\sness1 b by di/+ui%+ & sep>at+ :at 9 common consci\sness occurs 9 unsep>at$ union4 ,q a diff]5t problem x is to expla9 ?is intellectual contemplation1 :i* is "h presuppos$ z fact1 9 its possibility1 & by means ( ?is explanation to def5d x aga9/ ! *>ge ( deception & deceptiv5ess1 :i* is rais$ by dogmatism2 or1 9 o!r words1 to prove ! fai? 9 ! reality ( ?is intellectual contemplation1 f :i* fai? transc5d5tal idealism confess$ly />ts--by a some?+ /ill high]2 & to %[ up ! int]e/ :i* leads u to place fai? 9 its reality1 or 9 ! sy/em ( ,reason4 ,?is is accompli%$ by %[+ up ! ,moral ,law 9 u1 9 :i* ! ,ego is *>act]iz$ z elevat$ ?r\gh x above all ! orig9al modifications1 z impell$ by an absolute1 or 9 itself1 79 ! ,ego17 gr\nd$ activity2 & by :i* ! ,ego is ?us discov]$ to be an absolute ,active4 ,9 ! consci\sness ( ?is law1 :i* d\btless is an imm$iate consci\sness1 & n d]iv$ f some?+ else1 ! contemplation ( self-activity & fre$om is gr\nd$4 ,i am giv5 to myself ?r\gh myself z some?+1 :i* is to be active 9 a c]ta9 mann]2 h5ce1 ,i am giv5 to myself ?r\gh myself z some?+ active g5]ally2 ,i h ! life 9 myself1 & take x f out ( myself4 ,only ?r\gh ?is m$ium ( ! ,moral ,law d ,i see ,,myself2 & if ,i see myself ?r\gh t law1 ,i necess>ily see myself z self-active2 & x is ?us t !re arises 9 a consci\sness--:i* o!rwise w\ld only be ! consci\sness ( a sequ5ce ( my repres5tations--! utt]ly =eign +r$i5t ( an activity ( myself4 ,?is intellectual contemplation is ! only /&-po9t = all ,philosophy4 ,f x all t occurs 9 consci\sness may be expla9$1 b only f x4 ,)\t self-consci\sness !re is no consci\sness at all2 b self-consci\sness is only possible 9 ! way we h %[n1 i4 e4 ,i am only active4 ,beyond x ,i _c be driv52 my philosophy !n becomes altoge!r indep5d5t ( all arbitr>9ess1 & a product ( /]n necessity2 i4 e4 9 s f> z necessity exi/s = free ,reason2 x becomes a product ( practical necessity4 ,i c n g beyond ?is /&-po9t1 because consci5ce says ,i %all n g beyond x2 & ?us transc5d5tal idealism %[s itself up to be ! only moral philosophy--! philosophy :]e9 speculation & moral law are intimately unit$4 ,consci5ce says3 ,i %all />t 9 my ?9k+ f ! pure ,ego1 & %all ?9k x absolutely self-active2 n z det]m9$ by ! ?+s1 b z det]m9+ ! ?+s4 ,! conception ( activity :i* becomes possible only ?r\gh ?is intellectual contemplation ( ! self-active ,ego1 is ! only "o :i* unites bo? ! worlds t exi/ = u--! s5su\s & ! intelligible _w4 ,:atsoev] is oppos$ to my activity--& ,i mu/ oppose some?+ to x1 = ,i am f9ite--is ! s5su\s1 & :atsoev] is to arise ?r\gh my activity is ! intelligible 7moral7 _w4 ,i %\ld l to "k h[ ^? :o smile s contemptu\sly :5ev] ! words 8intellectual contemplation0 is m5tion$1 ?9k ! consci\sness ( ! moral law2 or h[ !y are enabl$ to ent]ta9 su* conceptions z ^? ( ,virtue1 ( ,"r1 c41 :i* !y d\btless d ent]ta94 ,accord+ to !m !re are only two contemplations a priori--,"t & ,space4 ,!y surely =m ^! conceptions ( ,virtue1 c41 9 ,"t1 7! =m ( ! inn] s5se17 b !y c]ta9ly d n hold !m to be "t itself1 b m]ely a c]ta9 fill+ up ( "t4 ,:at is x1 !n1 :]e) !y fill up "t1 & get a basis = ! con/ruction ( ^? conceptions8 ,!re is no?+ left to !m b ,space2 & h5ce _! conceptions ( ,virtue1 ,"r1 c41 are p]haps quadrangul> & circul>2 j z all ! o!r conceptions :i* !y con/ruct1 7= in/ance1 t ( a tree or ( an animal17 are no?+ b limitations ( ,space4 ,b !y d n conceive _! ,virtue & _! ,"r 9 ?is mann]4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! basis ( _! con/ruction8 ,if !y att5d prop]ly1 !y w discov] t ?is basis is activity 9 g5]al1 or fre$om4 ,bo? ( ^! conceptions ( virtue & "r are to !m c]ta9 limitations ( _! g5]al activity1 exactly z _! s5su\s conceptions are limitations ( space4 ,h[1 !n1 d !y arrive at ?is basis ( _! con/ruction8 ,we w hope t !y h n d]iv$ activity f ! dead p]man5cy ( matt]1 nor fre$om f ! me*anism ( nature4 ,!y h obta9$ x1 !re=e1 f imm$iate contemplation1 & ?us !y confess a ?ird contemplation besides _! own two4 ,x is1 !re=e1 by no means s unimportant1 z x appe>s to be to "s1 :e!r philosophy />ts f a fact or f a de$-act1 7i4 e4 f an activity1 :i* presupposes no object1 b produces x itself1 & 9 :i*1 !re=e1 ! act+ is imm$iately de$47 ,if philosophy />ts f a fact1 x places itself 9 ! mid/ ( be+ & f9ity1 & w f9d x difficult to discov] !refrom a road to ! inf9ite & sup]-s5su\s2 b if x />ts f a de$-act1 x places itself at once 9 ! po9t :i* unites bo? worlds & f :i* bo? c be ov]look$ at "o glance4 ,translators frequ5tly use ! t]m 8intuition0 = :at ,i h "h call$ 8contemplation20 8,de$-,act0 is my r5d]+ ( 8,t-,h&lung40 ,a4 ,e4 ,k4 ,footnote #a3 ,,note4 ,! same mi/ak+ ( "o s]ies ( ?9k+ 9 transc5d5tal idealism = ! o!r s]ies1 lies at ! basis ( ! ass]tion1 t besides ! sy/em ( idealism1 ano!r reali/ic sy/em is also possible z a logical & ?or\gh sy/em4 ,! realism1 :i* =ces itself ^u all1 ev5 ! mo/ decid$ ideali/1 namely1 ! assumption t ?+s exi/ indep5d5tly & outside ( u1 is involv$ 9 ! ideali/ic sy/em itself2 & is moreov] expla9$ & d$uc$ 9 t sy/em4 ,inde$1 ! d$uction ( an objective tru?1 z well 9 ! _w ( appe>ances z 9 ! _w ( intellect1 is ! only purpose ( all philosophy4 ,x is ! philosoph] :o says 9 8 own "n3 ev]y?+ t is = ! ,ego is also ?r\gh ! ,ego4 ,b ! ,ego itself1 9 t philosoph]'s philosophy says3 z sure z ,i am ,i1 !re exi/s outside ( me a some?+1 :i* exi/s n ?r\gh me4 ,! philosoph]'s ideali/ic ass]tion is !re=e met by ! reali/ic ass]tion ( ! ,ego 9 ! same "o sy/em2 & x is ! philosoph]'s bus9ess to %[ f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 philosophy h[ ! ,ego comes to make su* an ass]tion4 ,! philosoph]'s /&-po9t is ! purely speculative2 ! ,ego's /&-po9t 9 8 sy/em is ! reali/ic /&-po9t ( life & sci5ce2 ! philosoph]'s sy/em is ,sci5ce ( ,k1 :il/ ! ,ego's sy/em is common ,sci5ce4 ,b common ,sci5ce is compreh5sible only ?r\gh ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 ! reali/ic sy/em compreh5sible only ?r\gh ! ideali/ic sy/em4 ,realism =ces itself ^u u2 b x has 9 itself no kn[n & compreh5sible gr\nd4 ,idealism furni%es ?is gr\nd1 & is only to make realism compreh5sible4 ,speculation has no o!r purpose ?an to furni% ?is compreh5sibility ( all reality1 :i* 9 itself w\ld o!rwise rema9 incompreh5sible4 ,h5ce1 also1 ,idealism c nev] be a mode ( ?9k+1 b c only be speculation4 ,,notes ,,on ,,milton',s ,,lycidas4 ,,by ,,anna ,c4 ,,brackett4 ,e "w ( art1 :e!r 9 sculpture1 pa9t+1 or music1 mu/ h a def9ite cont5t2 & only 9 hav+ su* has x any claim to be s call$4 ,?is cont5t mu/ be spiritual2 t is1 x mu/ come f ! inn] _s ( ! arti/1 & translate itself by means ( ! "w into _s 9 ! spectator or li/5]4 ,only 9 ! recognition ( ?is inn] mean+ :i* lives beh9d ! outside & %imm]s ?r\gh x1 c consi/ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! impression made on me by ! sight ( a beautiful pa9t+1 & t produc$ on an inf]ior animal1 z ! ret9a ( 8 eye pa9ts ) equal accuracy ! same object4 ,= :at is ?is s5se ( beauty :i* ?rills ?r\gh me1 :ile ! dog at my side looks at ! same ?+ & sees no?+ 9 see+ all :i* ! eye c grasp8 ,is x n ! response 9 me to ! in=m+ _s beh9d all ! outw>d appe>ance8 ,b if ?is s5se ( beauty /ops 9 passive enjoym5t1 if ! s5se ( sight or ( he>+ is simply to be intoxicat$ ) ! fea/ spread be=e x1 we mu/ confess t our appreciation ( beauty is a v s5su\s ?+4 ,cont5t ?\gh "s may be1 simply to enjoy1 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs ! fasc9ation ( ! s5ses only provokes unre/4 ,we say ) ,goe!3 8,i w\ld fa9 und]/& t :i* int]e/s me 9 s extraord9>y a mann]20 = ?is "w ( art1 ! product ( m9d1 t\*es me 9 a wond]ful way1 & mu/ be ( univ]sal ess5ce4 ,let me seek ! reason1 & if ,i f9d x1 x w be ano!r /ep t[>ds 8! solv5t ^w40 ,aga91 9 a true "w ( art ?is cont5t mu/ be ess5tially "o2 t is1 "o pr(\nd ?\ght to :i* all o!rs1 ?\gh !y may be visible1 mu/ be gracefully subord9ate2 o!rwise we are lo/ 9 a multiplicity ( details1 & miss ! unity :i* is ! sole sign ( ! creative m9d4 ,nor ne$ we always be anxi\s z to :e!r ! arti/ consci\sly meant to say ?us & s4 ,has !re ev] liv$ a true arti/ :o has n 8build$ bett] ?an he knew08 ,if ?is 7 n s1 all works ( art w\ld lose _! significance 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,are ! half-utt]$ mean+s ( ! /atues ( ! ,egyptian gods beh9d or be=e u to-day8 ,d !y n p]plex u ) prophecies r ?an remembrances z we w&] amaz$ among !m ?r\gh ! halls ( ! ,briti% ,museum8 ,a :ole nation /riv+ to say ! "o ^w1 & dy+ be=e x 0 utt]$6 ,h we he>d x cle>ly yet8 ,! _w goes on translat+ z x ga9s new words ) :i* to c>ry on ! "w4 ,x is n s mu* ! arti/ t is be=e 8 age z ! div9e afflatus guid+ 8 h& :i* leads n only ! age b him4 ,?r\gh t div9e inspiration he speaks1 & he says my/]i\s words :i* p]haps mu/ wait = c5turies to be und]/ood4 ,9 t fact lies 8 "r to 8 title2 9 t1 alone1 lies ! "r ( 8 production to be call$ a "w ( art4 ,d\btless all read]s are famili> ) ,dr4 ,johnson's criticisms on ,milton's ,lycidas1 & ^! we might pass by )\t comm5t1 = x w\ld evid5tly be z impossible = ,dr4 ,johnson's m9d to compreh5d or be t\*$ by ! poetry ( ,lycidas z = a pond]\s sl$ge-hamm] to be consci\s ( ! s(t1 p]fume-lad5 air ?r\gh :i* x might move4 ,! monody is c5sur$ by him because ( its irregul>ly recurr+ rhymes1 & 9 ! same brea? we are told t x is s full ( art t ! au?or c\ld n h felt sorr[ :ile writ+ x4 ,we "k h[ intricately ! rhymes are wov5 9 ,milton's sonnets1 :]e he seems to h tak5 all pa9s to select ! mo/ difficult arrangem5ts1 & to c>ry !m ?r\gh )\t deviation1 & we say only t ! fir/ criticism contradicts ! la/4 ,b "s m appreciative critics1 :ile t\*$ by ! beauty1 repeat ! same1 & say !re is 8m poetry ?an sorr[0 9 ! poem4 ,m poetry ?an sorr[6 ,sorr[ is ! gr& key note1 & /rikes 9 always ov] & ?r\gh all ! beauty & poetry l a wail+ *ord 9 a symphony1 t is nev] abs5t long1 & ev] & anon dr[ns out all ! re/4 ,sorr[1 pure & simple1 is ! ?read on :i* all ! beautiful fancies are /rung4 ,x runs ?r\gh & connects !m all1 & !re is n a p>agraph 9 ! :ole poem t is n pi]c$ by x4 ,x is ! occasion1 ! motive1 ! inn] inspiration1 & ! ma/]y ov] x is ! conclusion ( all4 ,ar\nd x1 ! con/ant c5tre1 gr\p !mselves all ! lovely pictures1 & !y all face x & are subord9ate to x4 ,! s\l ( ! poet is s toss$ by ! imm$iate sorr[ t x surr5d]s itself entirely to x1 & s1 los+ its w1 is tak5 possession ( by :atev] ?\ght1 evok$ by ! spell ( association1 rises 9 8 m9d2 z :5 he speaks ( ,camus & ,/4 ,pet]4 ,ev] & anon ! w makes an ef=t to free itself & to det]m9e its own c\rse1 b aga9 & aga9 ! wave ( sorr[ sweeps up1 & ! va9ly /ruggl+ w goes d[n be=e x4 ,no?+ lay clos] to ,milton's he>t ?an ! int]e/s ( :at he believ$ ! true *ur*2 & no?+ t\*$ him m ?an ! abuses :i* 7 !n preval5t 9 ! *ur* ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! safe h>bor ( 8 fa!r's c\ntry home1 re/+ on 8 o>s be=e ! appo9t$ "t = ! race 9 :i* he 0 to give away all 8 /r5g? & joy1 surr\nd$ & inspir$ by ! fre%1 pure air f ! granite rocks ( ,puritanism1 all 8 gr[+ /r5g? 0 ga!r+ its en]gies = ! /ruggle4 ,?is j indignation & hone/ prote/ mu/ f9d its way 9 ! poem ?r\gh ! grief t sweeps ov] him1 & :i*1 because s deep1 t\*es & vivifies all 8 deepe/ ?\ghts4 ,b ev5 t /rong "u curr5t ( conviction has no p[] long to /eady him aga9/ ! wave ( sorr[ :i* breaks above 8 head1 none ! less p[]ful because x breaks 9 a l9e ( :ite & %iv]s itself into drops :i* fla% diamond colors 9 ! w>m & pure sunlight ( 8 cultur$ imag9ation4 ,m poetry ?an sorr[8 ,!n !re is m poetry 9 ,lycidas ?an 9 any o!r poem ( ! same l5g? 9 our language4 ,x w\ld be impossible "h to g ?r\gh ! poem ) ! close c>e to all little po9ts :i* is necess>y to enable "o fully to compreh5d its exquisite beauty & f9i%4 ,x is l "o ( ,bee?ov5's symphonies1 :]e at fir/ we are s occupi$ ) ! "o gr& ?\ght t we surr5d] ourselves entirely to x1 & ?9k ourselves completely satisfi$4 ,b z we appropriate t m & m fully1 )9 & ar\nd x wond]ful melodies />t & tw9e1 & ?is exp]i5ce is repeat$ aga9 & aga9 till ! music seems almo/ inf9ite 9 its cont5t4 ,let u1 !n1 briefly g ov] ! burd5 ( ! monody1 our *ief ef=t be+ to %[ h[ p]fectly at "o x is ?r\gh\t1 h[ natural ! seem+ly abrupt *anges1--only paus+ n[ & !n to speak ( "s special beauty :i* is s m>k$ t "o _c pass x by 9 sil5ce4 ,if we succe$ 9 %[+ a cont9u$ & natural ?\ght 9 ! :ole & a satisfactory solution = ! collision :i* gives rise to ! poem1 our end w h be5 accompli%$4 ,milton beg9s 9 due ord] by giv+1 z prelude1 8 reason = s++4 ,b he has writt5 only sev5 full l9es be=e1 9 ! eigh?1 ! key-note is /ruck by ! =ce ( sorr[1 :i*1 aft] say+ 8,lycidas is dead10 l+]s on ! /ra9 & repeats1 to height5 ! grief1 8dead ere 8 prime40 ,! next l9e1 ! n9?1 is /ill m pa!tic 9 its e*o+ repetition & its add$ cause = m\rn+4 7,9 pass+1 let u say t ! effect is greatly increas$ 9 read+ ?is l9e if ! fir/ ^w be /rongly emphasiz$47 ,because he ha? n left 8 pe]1 all %\ld s+ = him4 ,no m excuse is ne$$4 ,sorr[ pleases itself 9 call+ up ! neglect$ =m1 & !n passionately turns to ! only solace t x c h--8,"s melodi\s te>40 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 br+s ! image ( ! ,muses1 & z t ?\ght comes1 once m we h a new attempt at a =mal beg9n+ 9 ! second p>agraph 7l9e #ae74 ,fir/1 is ! invocation1 & !n1 recurr+ to ! fir/ ?\ght1 ,milton says x is peculi>ly appropriate = him to s+ ( ,lycidas4 ,:y8 ,because !y _h be5 s long toge!r1 & z ! ?\ght ( happi] ?+s arises1 ! sweet memories1 l9k$ by ! *a9 ( association1 come ?rong+ s tumultu\sly t he =gets himself 9 rev]ie4 ,! music1 at fir/ sl[ & sweet1 gr[s m & m /rong & rapid till ev5 ! ru/ic dance-measure comes 9 m]rily4 ,mo/ naturally "h ! key-note is aga9 /ruck by ! =ce ( contra/1 & ! despair ( ! sorr[ t wakes f ! =getfulness ( pleasant dreams to ! consci\sness ( loss1 /rikes z rapidly its m9or *ords till x seems z if hope 7 entirely lo/4 ,no?+ is m unreasonable ?an ?is despair ( sorr[4 ,toss$ 9 its own wild passion1 x sees no?+ cle>ly1 & seek+ = "s adequate cause1 heaps bl9dly unm]it$ reproa*es on any?+1 on all ?+s4 ,s1 recoil+ be=e its p[]1 /ung ) its pa91 ! poet turns reproa*fully to ! nymphs1 blam+ !m = _! neglig5ce4 ,b be=e ! words are fairly utt]$ he realizes 8 folly4 ,lycidas 0 belov$ by !m1 b if ,calliope c\ld n save ev5 h] own son1 h[ p[]less are !y aga9/ ! /ep ( inevitable fate6 ,?is /rikes deep d[n 9 ! ?und] ( ! bass notes1 & ! ?\ght comes :i* p]haps _c be m p[]fully express$ ?an by ! old ,hebrew refra91 8,vanity ( vanities1 all is vanity40 ,aft] all1 :y seek = any?+1 ev5 = fame8 ,man's de/9y is rul$ by irresponsible necessity4 ,life is wor? no?+1 & w\ld x n be bett]1 in/ead ( 8scorn+ delights & liv+ labori\s days10 to yield "o's self to ! pleasures ( ! pass+ mom5t8 8,all is vanity & vexation ( _s40 ,:5 any s\l rea*es ?is po9t1 x seems z if help mu/ come f outside ( itself or x w g irrevocably d[n4 ,sorr[1 despair1 are always repres5t$ by d>kness4 ,is x an accid5t t ! cele/ial notes :i* fir/ /rike ?r\gh ! desc5d+ bass1 come f ! god ( light1 ,phbus ,apollo8 ,cle>1 & sweet1 & sudd51 !y cleave ! clos+ %ad[s1 ! sunlight comes 9 aga91 & ! music climbs up & gr[s s]5ely /eady4 ,reliev$ f ?is ,inf]no ! s\l comes once m to self-consci\sness1 & 9 its ef=t to guide itself1 :at m natural ?an t x %\ld recur to ! idea express$ 9 ! fiftie? l9e1 & attempt to make some?+ l ord] by c>ry+ out t idea4 ,reason takes comm&1 & ! /ra9 fl[s smoo?ly1 till1 by ! ex]cise ( h] p[]1 ! true cause ( ! mis=tune is recogniz$ & a j indignation 7l9e #ajj7 takes its place4 ,b 9 yield+ to ?is1 ! imm$iate feel+ rega9s possession1 reason resigns h] sway1 & ! s\l is set afloat aga9 on ! unc]ta9 sea ( association4 ,see h[ sudd5 & sweet ! transition f fi]y reproa* & invective to ! g5tle/ t5d]ness1 9 l9e #ajb4 ,x beg9s ) a ?und] peal & dies out 9 a wail ( affection1 express$ by ! "o ^w 8sacr$40 ,?is =ms ! connection betwe5 ?is p>agraph & ! next1 a delicate yet p]fect l9k1 = z all 8 love ov]fl[s 9 t "o ^w1 ! old happi] days come up aga92 & :]e %\ld ^! memories c>ry him b to ! univ]sity :]e !y _h f\nd s mu* common pleasure & inspiration4 ,"h ! sorr[1 be=e entirely p]sonal1 becomes wid] z ! s+] feels t o!rs grieve ) him = lo/ tal5t & p[]4 ,7 !y n bo? de/9$ = ! *ur* = :i* _! univ]sity /udies 7 only a prep>ation8 ,mo/ naturally ! subtle *a9 ( association br+s up ! ?\ght ( ! great apo/le ) ! keys ( heav5 & hell4 ,h[ sorely ! *ur* ne$$ true tea*]s6 ,! e>ne/ _s t 0 ready to assail e =m ( wrong1 eag]ly foll[$ out ! ?\ght :i* 0 9 ! future to burn into its v life4 ,f l9e #aac to l9e #aca notice ! succession ( feel+s4 ,a s5se ( irrep>able loss--indignation--m>k ! ?ree words1 8creep10 8intrude10 & 8climb10 no "o ( :i* c\ld be sp>$4 ,!n comes disgu/1 express$ by 8,bl9d m\?s40 ,rusk91 9 8 8,k+s' ,treasures10 v happily obs]ves t no epi!t c\ld be m sweep+ ?an ?is1 = z ! (fice ( a bi%op is to ov]see ! flock1 & t ( a pa/or to fe$ x1 ! utt] want ( all qualification = ! sacr$ (fice is "h mo/ =cibly express$4 ,contempt foll[s2 !n pity = ^? :o1 desir+ food1 are f$ only ) w9d2 dete/ation ( ! secret & corrupt practices ( ! ,romi% *ur*2 & f9ally hope1 com+ ?r\gh ! possible execution ( ,ar*bi%op ,laud1 ^: dea?1 x seem$ to ! "y ,puritan1 0 ! only ?+ ne$$ to br+ back tru?1 simplicity & safety4 ,drift+ ) ^! emotions ! s+] has foll[$ ! lead ( 8 fancies1 & j z be=e1 :5 light came ) heal+ = 8 despair1 ,hope recalls him to himself1 till he returns aga9 9 l9e #acb1 z 9 l9e #he1 to ! regul> /yle ( 8 poem4 ,he is z "o :o1 wak+ f wild]+ dreams1 collects 8 fugitive ?\ghts1 & tries to settle !m d[n = ! necess>y r\t9e ( ! day4 ,a m regul> & pla9ly acc5t$ /ra91 recogniz$ z he>d be=e1 comes into ! music1 z he pleases himself 9 fancy+ t ! sad consolation is /ill left him ( ornam5t+ ! he>se4 ,x is useless to speak ( ! exquisite f9i% ( ^! l9es1 or ( h[ (t5 "o ^w1 z 8fre%0 = in/ance1 9 l9e #ach1 calls up be=e ! m9d su* pictures t "o l+]s & l+]s ov] ! passage1 z ! poet's fancy 9 va9 ef=t l+]$1 /riv+ to =get 8 sorr[4 ,?is /ra9 comes 9 l "s ( ! repeat+ melodies 9 ! second "p ( ,bee?ov5's ,fif? ,symphony1 :]e x seems z if ! s\l _h f\nd a new1 sweet ?\ght1 & 0 turn+ x ov] & ov] z lo? to pause1 & z 9 sudd5 hope ( "s relief ?r\gh its pot5cy4 ,b ! heavy key-note /rikes aga9 ?r\gh x all1 9 l9e #aed1 ) a cra% t dr[ns all ! sweetness & beauty4 ,we he> ! ru% ( ! cruel1 insatiate sea1 z its waves da% aga9/ ! %ore ( ! /ormy ,hebrides1 & ! conflict ( wave & w9d takes possession ( u4 ,:at ?\ght is m desolate ?an t ( a solit>y human =m1 toss$ hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! va/ imm5sity ( ocean6 ,p]haps1 ev5 n[1 x floats by 8! great vision ( ! gu>d$ m\nt40 ,x seems to ! poet t all %\ld turn t[>d ,engl& 9 h] sorr[1 & x pa9s him to ?9k ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's /eadfa/ eyes gaz+ across ! waves ( ! bay t[>d 8,namancos & ,bayona's hold40 8,r turn hi!r & let ev5 y\r heav5ly face relax ) human grief1 & ye1 unhe$+ mon/]s ( ! deep1 h pity & be> him g5tly ov] ! r\gh5+ waves40 ,?is he says because he feels 8 own impot5ce4 ,all ! love he be>s ,lycidas _c s]ve him n[2 he is lo/1 & helpless1 & alone1 & unc>$ =4 ,by opposition "h1 ! light /rikes 9 once m1 & n[ ) a cle>]1 full] gl[ ?an at ei!r previ\s "t4 ,at fir/ 7l9e #gf7 x came 9 ! =m ( tru/ 9 8all-judg+ ,jove02 !n 7l9e #acj7 9 hope1 ?r\gh belief 9 imp]sonal ju/ice2 n[ x takes ! =m ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! music m\nts high] & high] into cele/ial h>monies1 los+ entirely its orig9al "*1 & s\nds l a maje/ic *oral ( triumph & peace4 ,?is prop]ly ends ! poem ) l9e #ahe4 ,!re is no?+ m to be said4 ,! t5d5cy is all upw>d1 & ! collisions are ov]come4 ,"o kn[s t "h1 & "h = ! fir/ "t1 h we rea*$ a movem5t t is self-su/a9$4 ,!re is no m dang] ( be+ c>ri$ (f our basis by any wave ( despair+ sorr[4 ,! s\l has f\nd a solution at la/1 & x kn[s t x is a tru/wor?y "o4 ,! music is f9i%$2 b n[1 t no?+ may be want+ = p]fect effect1 we h ! sc5]y add$1 & ?is 9 su* ^w-pa9t+ z has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,:o c\ld ev] we>y ( l9e #ahg--8,:ile ! /ill morn w5t out ) s&als gray10--ei!r = its melody or = its subtle appeal to our s5ses ( he>+ & sight8 ,& ! sl[ly gr[+ & dy+ day6 ,:o else has ev] s 8t\*$ ! t5d] /ops0 ( imag9ation8 ,b ^! woods & pa/ures are too full ( haunt+ memories2 we seek = new] ones1 :]e ! s\l1 reliev$ f ! associations :i* p]petually call up ! loss ( ! human & n[ lifeless embodim5t ( _s1 %all be free to ?9k only ( ! et]nal hold+ & possess+ :i* c be sund]$ by no accid5t ( "t or space4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,hegel',s ,,/hetics4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 ,*4 ,bn>d1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,m>tl+4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,=ms ,,( ,,art ,,& ,,its ,,hi/oric ,,developm5t4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,hegel's /hetics conta9s ! que/ions relat+ to ! nature ( art 9 g5]al4 ,! second unfolds its pr9cipal =ms 9 ! diff]5t hi/oric epo*s4 ,x is a species ( philosophy ( ! hi/ory ( art1 & conta9s a great numb] ( views & descriptions :i* _c appe> 9 ?is analysis4 ,we %all take s mu* ! m c>e1 )\t suff]+ ourselves to be turn$ aside by details1 to indicate pla9ly ! c\rse ( ! ideas1 & to omit no?+ ess5tial4 ,! idea ( ! ,beautiful1 or ! ,ideal1 manife/s itself "u ?ree ess5tial & fundam5tal =ms--! symbolic1 ! classic1 & ! romantic4 ,!y repres5t ! ?ree gr& epo*s ( hi/ory--! ori5tal1 ! ,greek1 & ! mod]n4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ?\ght1 /ill vague & indet]m9ate1 seeks its true expression & _c f9d x4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( nature & ( human life1 _s1 9 its infancy1 incapable ( seiz+ ! true s5se ( ?+s1 & ( compreh5d+ itself1 exhau/s itself 9 va9 ef=ts to express c]ta9 gr&1 b confus$ or obscure conceptions4 ,in/ead ( unit+ & bl5d+ toge!r 9 a h>moni\s :ole ! cont5t & ! =m1 ! idea & its image1 x atta9s only a rude & sup]ficial approximation1 & ! result is ! symbol ) its enigmatic & my/]i\s mean+4 ,9 classic art1 on ! contr>y1 ?is h>moni\s bl5d+ ( ! =m & ! idea is accompli%$4 ,intellig5ce1 hav+ tak5 cognizance ( itself & ( its fre$om1 capable ( self-control1 ( p5etrat+ ! significance ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 & ( int]pret+ its laws1 f9ds "h also ! exact correspond5ce1 ! measure & ! proportion :i* are ! *>act]i/ics ( beauty4 ,art creates works :i* repres5t ! beautiful "u its pure/ & mo/ p]fect =m4 ,b _s c n re/ 9 ?is precise accord ( ! =m & ! idea1 9 :i* ! inf9ite & ! f9ite bl5d4 ,:5 x comes to be reflect$ ^u itself1 to p5etrate f>!r into ! dep?s ( its inn] nature1 to take cognizance ( its spirituality & its fre$om1 !n ! idea ( ! inf9ite appe>s to x /ripp$ ( ! natural =ms :i* envelop x4 ,?is idea1 pres5t 9 all its conceptions1 c no long] be p]fectly express$ by ! =ms ( ! f9ite _w2 x transc5ds !m1 & !n ?is unity1 :i* con/itutes ! *>act]i/ic ( classic art1 is brok54 ,ext]nal =ms1 s5su\s images1 are no long] adequate to ! expression ( ! s\l & its free spirituality4 ,i4 ,( ,symbolic ,art4 ,aft] ^! g5]al consid]ations1 ,hegel treats successively ! diff]5t =ms ( art4 ,be=e speak+ ( symbolic art1 he furni%es an exposition ( ! symbol 9 g5]al4 ,! symbol is an image :i* repres5ts an idea4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! signs ( language 9 ?is1 t betwe5 ! image1 & ! idea :i* x repres5ts1 !re is a natural relation1 n an arbitr>y or conv5tional "o4 ,x is ?us t ! lion is ! symbol ( c\rage2 ! circle1 ( et]nity2 ! triangle1 ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! symbol1 h[ev]1 does n repres5t ! idea p]fectly1 b by a s+le side4 ,! lion is n m]ely c\rage\s2 ! fox1 cunn+4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! symbol1 hav+ _m mean+s1 is equivocal4 ,?is ambiguity ceases only :5 ! two t]ms are conceiv$ sep>ately & !n br\ght into relation2 ! symbol !n gives place to comp>ison4 ,?us conceiv$1 ! symbol1 ) its enigmatic & my/]i\s "*1 is peculi>ly adapt$ to an entire epo* ( hi/ory1 to ori5tal art & its extraord9>y creations4 ,x *>act]izes t ord] ( monum5ts & emblems by :i* ! p ( ! ,ea/ h s\ght to express _! ideas1 & h be5 able to d x only 9 an equivocal & obscure mann]4 ,^! works ( art pres5t to u1 in/ead ( beauty & regul>ity1 a /range1 impos+1 fanta/ic aspect4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is =m ( art 9 ! ,ea/1 _m degrees are noticeable4 ,let u fir/ exam9e its orig94 ,! s5tim5t ( art1 l ! religi\s s5tim5t or sci5tific curiosity1 is born ( wond]4 ,! man :o is a/oni%$ at no?+ lives 9 a /ate ( imbecility & /upidity4 ,?is /ate ceases :5 8 _s1 free+ itself f matt] & f physical wants1 is /ruck by ! spectacle ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 & seeks _! mean+1 :5 x has ! pres5tim5t ( some?+ gr& & my/]i\s 9 !m1 ( a conceal$ p[] :i* is reveal$ !re4 ,!n x exp]i5ces also ! ne$ ( repres5t+ t inn] s5tim5t ( a g5]al & univ]sal p[]4 ,p>ticul> objects--! elem5ts1 ! sea1 riv]s1 m\nta9s--lose _! imm$iate s5se & significance1 & become = _s images ( ?is invisible p[]4 ,x is !n t art appe>s2 x arises f ! necessity ( repres5t+ ?is idea by s5su\s images1 address$ at once to ! s5ses & ! _s4 ,! idea ( an absolute p[]1 9 religions1 is manife/$ at fir/ by ! wor%ip ( physical objects4 ,! ,div9ity is id5tifi$ ) nature itself4 ,b ?is rude wor%ip _c endure4 ,in/ead ( see+ ! absolute 9 real objects1 man conceives x z a di/9ct & univ]sal be+2 he seizes1 al?\gh v imp]fectly1 ! relation :i* unites ?is invisible pr9ciple to ! objects ( nature2 he fa%ions an image1 a symbol design$ to repres5t x4 ,art is !n ! int]pret] ( religi\s ideas4 ,su* is art 9 its orig92 ! symbolic =m is born ) x4 ,let u n[ foll[ x 9 ! successive /ages ( its developm5t1 & indicate its progress 9 ! ,ea/ be=e x atta9$ to ! ,greek ideal4 ,t :i* *>act]izes symbolic art is t x /rives 9 va9 to discov] pure conceptions1 & a mode ( repres5tation :i* befits !m4 ,x is ! conflict betwe5 ! cont5t & ! =m1 bo? imp]fect & het]og5e\s4 ,h5ce ! incessant /ruggle ( ^! two elem5ts ( art1 :i* va9ly seek to h>monize4 ,! /ages ( its developm5t exhibit ! successive phases or modes ( ?is /ruggle4 ,at ! outset1 h[ev]1 ?is conflict does n yet exi/1 or art is n consci\s ( x4 ,! po9t ( dep>ture is a unity yet undivid$1 9 ^: dep?s ! discord betwe5 ! two pr9ciples f]m5ts4 ,?us ! creations ( art1 b little di/9ct f ! objects ( nature1 are z yet sc>cely symbols4 ,! end ( ?is epo* is ! disappe>ance ( ! symbol4 ,x takes place by ! reflective sep>ation ( ! two t]ms4 ,! idea be+ cle>ly conceiv$1 ! symbol on its side be+ p]ceiv$ z di/9ct f ! idea1 f _! conjunction arises ! reflex symbol1 or ! comp>ison1 ! allegory1 etc4 ,^! pr9ciples hav+ be5 laid d[n a priori1 ,hegel seeks among ! p ( ! ,ea/ ! =ms ( art :i* correspond to ^! v>i\s degrees ( ori5tal symbolism4 ,he f9ds !m *iefly among ! anci5t ,p]sians1 9 ,india1 & 9 ,egypt4 #a4 ,p]sian ,art4--,at ! fir/ mom5t ( ! hi/ory ( art1 ! div9e pr9ciple1 ,god1 appe>s id5tifi$ ) nature & man4 ,9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,lama1 = example1 a real man is ador$ z ,god4 ,9 o!r religions ! sun1 ! m\nta9s1 ! riv]s1 ! moon1 & animals1 are also ! objects ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,! spectacle ( ?is unity ( ,god & nature is pres5t$ to u 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] 9 ! life & religion ( ! anci5t ,p]sians1 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,9 ! religion ( ,zoroa/]1 light is ,god himself4 ,god is n di/+ui%$ f light view$ z a simple expression1 an emblem or s5su\s image ( ! ,div9ity4 ,if light is tak5 9 ! s5se ( ! good & j ,be+1 ( ! cons]v+ pr9ciple ( ! ,univ]se1 :i* diffuses ev]y:]e life & its bless+s1 x is n m]ely an image ( ! good pr9ciple2 ! sov]eign good itself is light4 ,x is ! same ) ! opposition ( light & d>kness1 ! latt] be+ consid]$ z ! impure elem5t 9 e ?+--! hide\s1 ! bad1 ! pr9ciple ( dea? & de/ruction4 ,hegel seeks to demon/rate ?is op9ion by an analysis ( ! pr9cipal ideas :i* =m ! cont5t ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,accord+ to him1 ! wor%ip :i* ! ,z5d-,ave/a describes1 is /ill less symbolic4 ,all ! c]emonies :i* x imposes z a religi\s duty ^u ! ,p>sees are ^? s]i\s occupations t seek to ext5d to all1 purity 9 ! physical & moral s5se4 ,"o does n f9d "h any ( ^? symbolic dances :i* imitate ! c\rse ( ! />s or any ( ^? religi\s acts :i* h no value except z images & signs ( g5]al conceptions4 ,!re is1 !n1 9 x no art prop]ly s-call$4 ,comp>$ ) rud] images or ) ! insignificant idols ( o!r peoples1 ! wor%ip ( light1 z pure & univ]sal sub/ance1 pres5ts some?+ beautiful1 elevat$1 gr&1 m con=mable to ! nature ( ! supreme good & ( tru?4 ,b ?is conception rema9s vague2 ! imag9ation creates nei!r a pr(\nd idea nor a new =m4 ,if we see appe>+ g5]al types1 & ! =ms :i* correspond to !m1 x is ! result ( an artificial comb9ation1 n a "w ( poetry & art4 ,?us ?is unity ( ! invisible pr9ciple & visible objects1 con/itutes only ! fir/ =m ( ! symbol 9 art4 ,to atta9 to ! symbolic =m prop]ly s-call$1 x is necess>y t ! di/9ction & ! sep>ation ( ! two t]ms appe> cle>ly indicat$ & repres5t$ to u4 ,x is ?is :i* takes place 9 ! religion1 art1 & poetry ( ,india1 :i* ,hegel calls ! symbolic ( ! imag9ation4 #b4 ,indian ,art4--,! "* ( ! monum5ts :i* betray a m advanc$ =m & a sup]ior degree ( art1 is !n ! sep>ation ( ! two t]ms4 ,intellig5ce =ms ab/ract conceptions1 & seeks =ms :i* express !m4 ,imag9ation1 prop]ly s-call$1 is born2 art truly beg9s4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 yet ! true symbol4 ,:at we enc\nt] at fir/ are ! productions ( an imag9ation :i* is 9 a /ate ( complete f]m5t & agitation4 ,9 ! fir/ attempt ( ! human _s to sep>ate ! elem5ts & to reunite !m1 its ?\ght is /ill confus$ & vague4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?+s is n conceiv$ 9 its spiritual nature2 ! ideas conc]n+ ,god are empty ab/ractions2 at ! same "t ! =ms :i* repres5t ,him be> a "* exclusively s5su\s & mat]ial4 ,/ill plung$ 9 ! contemplation ( ! s5su\s _w1 hav+ nei!r measure nor fix$ rule to det]m9e reality1 man exhau/s himself 9 useless ef=ts to p5etrate ! g5]al mean+ ( ! univ]se1 & c employ1 to express ! pr(\nde/ ?\ghts1 only rude images & repres5tations1 9 :i* !re fla%es out ! opposition betwe5 ! idea & ! =m4 ,! imag9ation passes ?us f "o extreme to ! o!r1 lift+ itself v high to plunge yet l[]1 w&]+ )\t support1 )\t guide1 & )\t aim1 9 a _w ( repres5tations at once impos+1 fanta/ic & grotesque4 ,hegel *>act]izes ! ,indian my?ology1 & ! art :i* corresponds to x1 ?us3 8,9 ! mid/ ( ^! abrupt & inconsid]ate leaps1 ( ?is passage f "o excess to ano!r1 if we f9d any?+ ( gr&eur & an impos+ "* 9 ^! conceptions1 we see aft]w>ds ! univ]sal be+1 precipitat$ into ! mo/ ignoble =ms ( ! s5su\s _w4 ,! imag9ation c escape f ?is contradiction only by ext5d+ indef9itely ! dim5sions ( ! =m4 ,x w&]s amid gigantic creations1 *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce ( all measure1 & loses itself 9 ! vague or ! arbitr>y40 ,hegel develops & confirms ^! propositions1 by foll[+ ! ,indian imag9ation 9 ! pr9cipal po9ts :i* di/+ui% its art1 its poetry1 & its my?ology4 ,he makes x app>5t t1 9 spite ( ! f]tility1 ! spl5dor1 & ! gr&eur ( ^! conceptions1 ! ,indians h nev] _h a cle> idea ( p]sons & ev5ts--a faculty = hi/ory2 t 9 ?is cont9ual m+l+ ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 !re appe>s ! complete abs5ce ( practical intellig5ce & reason4 ,?\ght is suff]$ to run aft] ! mo/ extravagant & mon/r\s *im]as t ! imag9ation c br+ =?4 ,?us ! conception ( ,brahma is ! ab/ract idea ( be+ ) nei!r life nor reality1 depriv$ ( real =m & p]sonality4 ,f ?is idealism pu%$ to ! extreme1 ! intellig5ce precipitates itself into ! mo/ unbridl$ naturalism4 ,x deifies objects ( nature1 ! animals4 ,! div9ity appe>s "u ! =m ( an idiot man1 deifi$ because he belongs to a ca/e4 ,ea* individual1 because he is born 9 t ca/e1 repres5ts ,brahma 9 p]son4 ,! union ( man ) ,god is l[]$ to ! level ( a simply mat]ial fact4 ,!nce also ! rle :i* ! law ( ! g5]ation ( be+s plays 9 ?is religion1 :i* gives rise to ! mo/ obsc5e repres5tations4 ,hegel1 at ! same "t1 sets =? ! contradictions :i* sw>m 9 ?is religion1 & ! confusion :i* reigns 9 all ?is my?ology4 ,he e/abli%es a p>allel betwe5 ! ,indian tr9ity & ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity1 & %[s _! diff]5ce4 ,! ?ree p]sons ( ?is tr9ity are n p]sons2 ea* ( !m is an ab/raction 9 relation to ! o!rs2 :5ce x foll[s t if ?is tr9ity has any analogy ) ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity1 x is inf]ior to x1 & we ought to be gu>d$ aga9/ recogniz+ ! ,*ri/ian t5et 9 x4 ,exam9+ next ! "p :i* corresponds to ,greek poly!ism1 he demon/rates likewise its inf]iority2 he makes app>5t ! confusion ( ^? innum]able !ogonies & cosmogonies :i* contradict & de/roy !mselves2 & :]e1 9 f9e1 ! idea ( natural & n ( spiritual g5]ation is upp]mo/1 :]e obsc5ity is frequ5tly pu%$ to ! la/ degree4 ,9 ! ,greek fables1 9 ! !ogony ( ,hesiod 9 p>ticul>1 "o frequ5tly obta9s at lea/ a glimpse ( a moral mean+4 ,all is m cle> & m explicit1 m /rongly coh]5t1 & we d n rema9 %ut up 9 ! circle ( ! div9ities ( nature4 ,nev]!less1 9 refus+ to ,indian art ! idea ( ! truly beautiful1 & inde$ ( ! truly sublime1 ,hegel recognizes t x (f]s to u1 pr9cipally 9 its poetry1 8sc5es ( human life1 full ( attractiv5ess & sweetness1 _m agreeable images & t5d] s5tim5ts1 mo/ brilliant descriptions ( nature1 *>m+ features ( *ildlike simplicity & artless innoc5ce 9 love2 at ! same "t1 occasionally1 mu* gr&eur & nobl5ess40 ,b z to t :i* conc]ns fundam5tal conceptions 9 _! totality1 ! spiritual _c dis5gage itself f ! s5su\s4 ,we enc\nt] ! mo/ insipid triviality 9 connection ) ! mo/ elevat$ situations--a complete abs5ce ( precision & proportion4 ,! sublime is only ! measureless2 & z to :atev] lies at ! f\ndation ( ! my?1 ! imag9ation1 dizzy1 & incapable ( ma/]+ ! flight ( ! ?\ght1 loses itself 9 ! fanta/ic1 or br+s =? only enigmas :i* h no significance = reason4 #c4 ,egyptian ,art4--,?us ! creations ( ! ,indian imag9ation appe> to realize only imp]fectly ! idea ( ! symbolic =m itself4 ,x is 9 ,egypt1 among ! monum5ts ( ,egyptian art1 t we f9d ! type ( ! true symbol4 ,x is ?us *>act]iz$3 ,9 ! fir/ /age ( art1 we />t$ f ! confusion & id5tity ( cont5t & =m1 ( _s & nature4 ,next =m & cont5t are sep>at$ & oppos$4 ,imag9ation has s\ght va9ly to comb9e !m1 & is successful only 9 mak+ cle> _! disproportion4 ,9 ord] t ?\ght may be free1 x is necess>y t x get rid ( its mat]ial =m--t x de/roy x4 ,! mom5t ( de/ruction1 ( negation1 or annihilation1 is !n necess>y 9 ord] t _s arrive at consci\sness ( itself & its spirituality4 ,?is idea ( dea? z a mom5t ( ! div9e nature is already conta9$ 9 ! ,indian religion2 b x is only a *ang+1 a trans=mation1 & an ab/raction4 ,! gods are annihilat$ & pass ! "o into ! o!r1 & all 9 _! turn into a s+le be+--,brahma1 ! univ]sal be+4 ,9 ! ,p]sian religion ! two pr9ciples1 negative & positive--,ormuzd & ,ahriman--exi/ sep>ately & rema9 sep>at$4 ,n[ ?is pr9ciple ( negation1 ( dea? & resurrection1 z mom5ts & attributes ( ! div9e nature1 con/itutes ! f\ndation ( a new religion2 ?is ?\ght is express$ 9 x by ! =ms ( its wor%ip1 & appe>s 9 all its conceptions & monum5ts4 ,x is ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! art & religion ( ,egypt4 ,?us we see ! glorification ( dea? & ( suff]+1 z ! annihilation ( s5su\s nature1 appe> 9 ! consci\sness ( peoples 9 ! wor%ips ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( ,phrygia & ,pho5icia4 ,b if dea? is a necess>y 8mom5t0 9 ! life ( ! absolute1 x does n re/ 9 t annihilation2 ?is is1 9 ord] to pass to a sup]ior exi/5ce1 to arrive1 aft] ! de/ruction ( visible exi/5ce1 by resurrection1 at div9e immortality4 ,dea? is only ! bir? ( a m elevat$ pr9ciple & ! triumph ( _s4 ,h5ce=?1 physical =m1 9 art1 loses its indep5d5t value & its sep>ate exi/5ce2 /ill fur!r1 ! conflict ( =m & idea ought to cease4 ,=m is subord9at$ to idea4 ,t f]m5tation ( ! imag9ation :i* produces ! fanta/ic1 quiets itself & is calm4 ,! previ\s conceptions are replac$ by a mode ( repres5tation1 enigmatic1 x is true1 b sup]ior1 & :i* (f]s to u ! true "* ( ! symbol4 ,! idea beg9s to ass]t itself4 ,on its side1 ! symbol takes a =m m precise2 ! spiritual pr9ciple is reveal$ m cle>ly1 & frees itself f physical nature1 al?\gh x _c yet appe> 9 all its cle>ness4 ,! foll[+ mode ( repres5tation corresponds to ?is idea ( symbolic art3 9 ! fir/ place1 ! =ms ( nature & human actions express some?+ o!r ?an !mselves2 !y reveal ! div9e pr9ciple by qualities :i* are 9 real analogy ) x4 ,! ph5om5a & ! laws ( nature1 :i*1 9 ! diff]5t k+doms1 repres5t life1 bir?1 gr[?1 dea? & ! resurrection ( be+s1 are pref]r$4 ,su* are ! g]m9ation & ! gr[? ( plants1 ! phases ( ! c\rse ( ! sun1 ! succession ( ! seasons1 ! ph5om5a ( ! increase & decrease ( ! ,nile1 etc4 ,"h1 because ( ! real resemblance & ( natural analogies1 ! fanta/ic is ab&on$4 ,"o obs]ves a m intellig5t *oice ( symbolic =ms4 ,!re is an imag9ation :i* already kn[s h[ to regulate itself & to control itself--:i* %[s m ( calmness & reason4 ,"h !n appe>s a high] conciliation ( idea & =m1 & at ! same "t an extraord9>y t5d5cy t[>ds art1 an irresi/ible incl9ation :i* is satisfi$ 9 a mann] :olly symbolic1 b sup]ior to ! previ\s modes4 ,x is ! prop] t5d5cy t[>ds art1 & pr9cipally t[>ds ! figurative arts4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( f9d+ & fa%ion+ a =m1 an emblem :i* may express ! idea & may be subord9at$ to x2 ( creat+ a "w :i* may reveal to _s a g5]al conception2 ( pres5t+ a spectacle :i* may %[ t ^! =ms h be5 *os5 = ! purpose ( express+ pr(\nd ideas4 ,?is emblematic or symbolic comb9ation c be effect$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! mo/ ab/ract expression is numb]4 ,! symbolism ( numb]s plays a v important "p 9 ,egyptian art4 ,! sacr$ numb]s recur unceas+ly 9 flights ( /eps1 columns1 etc4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 symbolic figures trac$ 9 space1 ! w9d+s ( ! labyr9?1 ! sacr$ dances :i* repres5t ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,9 a high] grade is plac$ ! human =m1 already m\ld$ to a high] p]fection ?an 9 ,india4 ,a g5]al symbol sums up ! pr9cipal idea2 x is ! phnix1 :i* consumes itself & rises f its a%es4 ,9 ! my?s :i* s]ve = ! transition1 z ^? ( ,asia ,m9or--9 ! my? ( ,adonis m\rn$ by ,v5us2 9 t ( ,ca/or & ,pollux1 & 9 ! fable ( ,pros]p9e1 ?is idea ( dea? & resurrection is v app>5t4 ,x is ,egypt1 above all1 :i* has symboliz$ ?is idea4 ,egypt is ! l& ( ! symbol4 ,h[ev]1 ! problems are n resolv$4 ,! enigmas ( ,egyptian art 7 enigmas to ! ,egyptians !mselves4 ,h[ev] ?is may be 9 ! ,ea/1 ! ,egyptians1 among ea/]n nations1 are ! truly arti/ic p4 ,!y %[ an indefatigable activity 9 satisfy+ t long+ = symbolic repres5tation :i* torm5ts !m4 ,b _! monum5ts rema9 my/]i\s & mute4 ,! _s has n yet f\nd ! =m :i* is appropriate to x2 x does n yet "k h[ to speak ! cle> & intelligible language ( _s4 8,!y 71 above all1 an ar*itectural p2 !y excavat$ ! soil1 scoop$ out lakes1 &1 ) _! in/9ct ( art1 elevat$ gigantic /ructures into ! light ( day1 & execut$ "u ! soil works equally imm5se4 ,x 0 ! occupation1 ! life ( ?is p1 :i* cov]$ ! l& ) monum5ts1 n[h]e else 9 s great quantity & "u =ms s v>i$40 ,if we wi% to *>act]ize 9 a m precise mann] ! monum5ts ( ,egyptian art1 & to p5etrate ! s5se ( !m1 we discov] ! foll[+ aspects3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! pr9cipal idea1 ! idea ( dea?1 is conceiv$ z a 8mom5t0 ( ! life ( _s1 n z a pr9ciple ( evil2 ?is is ! opposite ( ! ,p]sian dualism4 ,nor is !re an absorption ( be+s into ! univ]sal ,be+1 z 9 ! ,indian religion4 ,! invisible pres]ves its exi/5ce & its p]sonality2 x pres]ves ev5 its physical =m4 ,h5ce ! embalm+s1 ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,moreov]1 ! imag9ation is lift$ high] ?an ?is visible duration4 ,among ! ,egyptians1 = ! fir/ "t1 appe>s ! cle> di/9ction ( s\l & body1 & ! dogma ( immortality4 ,?is idea1 nev]!less1 is /ill imp]fect1 = !y accord an equal importance to ! duration ( ! body & t ( ! s\l4 ,su* is ! conception :i* s]ves z a f\ndation = ,egyptian art1 & :i* betrays itself "u a multitude ( symbolic =ms4 ,x is 9 ?is idea t we mu/ seek ! mean+ ( ! works ( ,egyptian ar*itecture4 ,two worlds--! _w ( ! liv+ & t ( ! dead2 two ar*itectures--! "o on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! o!r subt]ranean4 ,! labyr9?s1 ! tombs1 &1 above all1 ! pyramids1 repres5t ?is idea4 ,! pyramid1 image ( symbolic art1 is a species ( envelope1 cut 9 cry/all9e =m1 :i* conceals a my/ic object1 an invisible be+4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! ext]ior1 sup]/iti\s side ( wor%ip1 an excess difficult to escape1 ! adoration ( ! div9e pr9ciple 9 animals1 a gross wor%ip :i* is no long] ev5 symbolic4 ,hi]oglyphic writ+1 ano!r =m ( ,egyptian art1 is itself 9 great "p symbolic1 s9ce x makes ideas kn[n by images borr[$ f nature1 & :i* h "s analogy ) ^? ideas4 ,b a defect betrays itself1 especially 9 ! repres5tations ( ! human =m4 ,9 fact1 ?\gh a my/]i\s & spiritual =ce is !re reveal$1 x is n true p]sonality4 ,! int]nal pr9ciple fails2 action & impulse come f )\t4 ,su* are ! /atues ( ,memnon1 :i* are animate1 h a voice1 & give =? a s\nd1 only :5 /ruck by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,x is n ! human voice :i* comes f )9--an e*o ( ! s\l4 ,?is free pr9ciple :i* animates ! human =m1 rema9s "h conceal$1 wrapp$ up1 mute1 )\t prop] spontaneity1 & is only animat$ "u ! influ5ce ( nature4 ,a sup]ior =m is t ( ! ,my? ( ,osiris1 ! ,egyptian god1 p> excell5ce--t god :o is eng5d]$1 born1 dies & is resuscitat$4 ,9 ?is my?1 :i* (f]s v>i\s significations1 physical1 hi/orical1 moral1 & religi\s or metaphysical1 is %[n ! sup]iority ( ^! conceptions ov] ^? ( ,indian art4 ,9 g5]al1 9 ,egyptian art1 !re is reveal$ a pr(\nd]1 m spiritual1 & m moral "*4 ,! human =m is no long] a simple1 ab/ract p]sonification4 ,religion & art attempt to spiritualize !mselves2 !y d n atta9 _! object1 b !y cat* sight ( x & aspire to x4 ,f ?is imp]fection arises ! abs5ce ( fre$om 9 ! human =m4 ,! human figure /ill rema9s )\t expression1 colossal1 s]i\s1 rigid4 ,?us is expla9$ ^? attitudes ( ! ,egyptian /atues1 ! arms /iff1 press$ aga9/ ! body1 )\t grace1 )\t movem5t1 & )\t life1 b absorb$ 9 pr(\nd ?\ght1 & full ( s]i\sness4 ,h5ce also ! complication ( ! elem5ts & symbols1 :i* are int]m+l$ & reflect$ ! "o 9 ! o!r2 a ?+ :i* indicates ! fre$om ( _s1 b also an abs5ce ( cle>ness & def9it5ess4 ,h5ce ! obscure1 enigmatic "* ( ^? symbols1 :i* always cause s*ol>s to despair--enigmas to ! ,egyptians !mselves4 ,^! emblems involve a multitude ( pr(\nd mean+s4 ,!y rema9 !re z a te/imony ( fruitless ef=ts ( _s to compreh5d itself1 a symbolism full ( my/]ies1 a va/ enigma repres5t$ by a symbol :i* sums up all ^! enigmas--! sph9x4 ,?is enigma ,egypt w propose to ,greece1 :o h]self w make ( x ! problems ( religion & philosophy4 ,! s5se ( ?is enigma1 nev] solv$1 & yet always solv+1 is 8,man1 "k ?yself40--,su* is ! maxim :i* ,greece inscrib$ on ! front ( h] temples1 ! problem :i* %e pres5t$ to h] sages z ! v end ( wisdom4 #d4 ,hebrew ,poetry4--,9 ?is review ( ! diff]5t =ms ( art & ( wor%ip among ! diff]5t nations ( ! ea/1 m5tion %\ld be made ( a religion :i* is *>act]iz$ precisely by ! rejection ( all symbol1 & 9 ?is respect is little favorable to art1 b ^: poetry be>s ! impress ( gr&eur & sublimity4 ,& ?us ,hegel designates ,hebrew ,poetry by ! title ( ,art ( ! ,sublime4 ,at ! same "t he ca/s a glance ^u ,mahometan pan!ism1 :i* also proscribes images1 & bani%es f its temples e figurative repres5tation ( ! ,div9ity4 ,! sublime1 z ,kant has well describ$ x1 is ! attempt to express ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite1 )\t f9d+ any s5su\s =m :i* is capable ( repres5t+ x4 ,x is ! inf9ite1 manife/$ "u a =m :i*1 mak+ cle> ?is opposition1 reveals ! immeasurable gr&eur ( ! inf9ite z surpass+ all repres5tation 9 f9ite =ms4 ,n[1 "h1 two po9ts ( view are to be di/+ui%$4 ,ei!r ! inf9ite is ! ,absolute ,be+ conceiv$ by ?\ght1 z ! imman5t sub/ance ( ?+s1 or x is ! ,inf9ite ,be+ z di/9ct f ! be+s ( ! real _w1 b elevat+ itself above !m by ! entire di/ance :i* sep>ates x f ! f9ite1 s t1 comp>$ ) x1 !y are only pure no?+4 ,god is ?us purifi$ f all contact1 f all p>ticipation ) s5su\s exi/5ce1 :i* disappe>s & is annihilat$ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,to ! fir/ po9t ( view corresponds ori5tal pan!ism4 ,god is !re conceiv$ z ! absolute ,be+1 imman5t 9 objects ! mo/ div]se1 9 ! sun1 ! sea1 ! riv]s1 ! trees1 etc4 ,a conception l ?is _c be express$ by ! figurative arts1 b only by poetry4 ,:]e pan!ism is pure1 x admits no s5su\s repres5tation & proscribes images4 ,we f9d ?is pan!ism 9 ,india4 ,all ! sup]ior gods ( ! ,indian my?ology are absorb$ 9 ! ,absolute unity1 or 9 ,brahm4 ,ori5tal pan!ism is develop$ 9 a m =mal & brilliant mann] 9 ,mahometanism1 & 9 p>ticul> among ! ,p]sian ,mahometans4 ,b ! truly sublime is t :i* is repres5t$ by ,hebrew poetry4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ,god appe>s truly z ,_s1 z ! invisible ,be+ 9 opposition to nature4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! entire univ]se1 9 spite ( ! ri*ness & magnific5ce ( its ph5om5a1 comp>$ ) ! ,be+ supremely great1 is no?+ by itself4 ,simple creation ( ,god1 subject to 8 p[]1 x only exi/s to manife/ & glorify him4 ,su* is ! idea :i* =ms ! gr\nd ( t poetry1 ! *>act]i/ic ( :i* is sublimity4 ,9 ! beautiful ! idea pi]ces ?r\gh ! ext]nal reality ( :i* x is ! s\l1 & =ms ) x a h>moni\s unity4 ,9 ! sublime1 ! visible reality1 :]e ! ,inf9ite is manife/$1 is abas$ 9 its pres5ce4 ,?is sup]iority1 ?is exaltation ( ! ,inf9ite ov] ! f9ite1 ! inf9ite di/ance :i* sep>ates !m1 is :at ! art ( ! sublime %\ld express4 ,x is religi\s art--prem95tly1 sacr$ art2 its unique design is to celebrate ! glory ( ,god4 ,?is rle1 poetry alone c fill4 ,! prevail+ idea ( ,hebrew poetry is ,god z ma/] ( ! _w1 ,god 9 8 indep5d5t exi/5ce & pure ess5ce1 inaccessible to s5se & to all s5su\s repres5tation :i* does n correspond to 8 gr&eur4 ,god is ! ,creator ( ! univ]se4 ,all gross ideas conc]n+ ! g5]ation ( be+s give place to t ( a spiritual creation3 8,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light40 ,t s5t5ce indicates a creation by ^w--expression ( ?\ght & ( w4 ,creation !n takes a new aspect1 nature & man are no long] deifi$4 ,to ! inf9ite is cle>ly oppos$ ! f9ite1 :i* is no long] conf\nd$ ) ! div9e pr9ciple z 9 ! symbolic conceptions ( o!r peoples4 ,situations & ev5ts are del9eat$ m cle>ly4 ,! *>act]s assume a m fix$ & precise mean+4 ,!y are human figures :i* (f] no m any?+ fanta/ic & /range2 !y are p]fectly intelligible & accessible to u4 ,on ! o!r side1 9 spite ( 8 p[]lessness & 8 no?+ness1 man obta9s "h fre] & m indep5d5t place ?an 9 o!r religions4 ,! immutable "* ( ! div9e w gives bir? to ! idea ( law to :i* man mu/ be subject4 ,8 conduct becomes enlight5$1 fix$1 regul>4 ,! p]fect di/9ction ( human & div9e1 ( f9ite & inf9ite1 br+s 9 t ( good & evil1 & p]mits an enlight5$ *oice4 ,m]it & dem]it is ! consequ5ce ( x4 ,to live accord+ to ju/ice 9 ! fulfilm5t ( law is ! end ( human exi/5ce1 & x places man 9 direct communication ) ,god4 ,"h is ! pr9ciple & explanation ( 8 :ole life1 ( 8 happ9ess & 8 mis]y4 ,! ev5ts ( life are consid]$ z bless+s1 z recomp5ses1 or z trials & *a/isem5ts4 ,"h also appe>s ! miracle4 ,else:]e1 all 0 prodigi\s1 &1 by consequ5ce1 no?+ 0 miracul\s4 ,! miracle supposes a regul> succession1 a con/ant ord]1 & an int]ruption ( t ord]4 ,b ! :ole entire creation is a p]petual miracle1 design$ = ! glorification & praise ( ,god4 ,su* are ! ideas :i* are express$ ) s mu* spl5dor1 elevation & poetry1 9 ! ,psalms--classic examples ( ! truly sublime--9 ! ,prophets1 & ! sacr$ books 9 g5]al4 ,?is recognition ( ! no?+ness ( ?+s1 ( ! greatness & omnipot5ce ( ,god1 ( ! unwor?9ess ( man 9 8 pres5ce1 ! compla9ts1 ! lam5tations1 ! outcry ( ! s\l t[>ds ,god1 con/itute _! pa?os & _! sublimity4 ,( ! ,reflex ,symbol4 ,fable1 ,apologue1 ,allegory1 etc4--,we h run ov] ! diff]5t =ms :i* symbolism pres5ts among ! diff]5t p ( ! ,ea/1 & we h se5 x disappe> 9 ! sublime1 :i* places ! inf9ite s f> above ! f9ite t x c no long] be repres5t$ by s5su\s =ms1 b only celebrat$ 9 its gr&eur & its p[]4 ,be=e pass+ to ano!r epo* ( art1 ,hegel po9ts out1 z a transition f ! ori5tal symbol to ! ,greek ideal1 a mix$ =m ^: basis is comp>ison4 ,?is =m1 :i* also belongs pr9cipally to ! ,ea/1 is manife/$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( poetry1 su* z ! fable1 ! apologue1 ! prov]b1 allegory1 & comp>ison1 prop]ly s-call$4 ,! au?or develops 9 ! foll[+ mann] ! nature ( ?is =m & ! place :i* he assigns to x 9 ! developm5t ( art3 ,9 ! symbol1 prop]ly s-call$1 ! idea & ! =m1 al?\gh di/9ct & ev5 oppos$1 z 9 ! sublime1 are reunit$ by an ess5tial & necess>y tie2 ! two elem5ts are n /rang]s to "o ano!r1 & ! _s seizes ! relation imm$iately4 ,n[ ! sep>ation ( ! two t]ms1 :i* has already its beg9n+ 9 ! symbol1 ought also to be cle>ly effect$1 & f9d its place 9 ! developm5t ( art4 ,& z _s works no long] spontane\sly1 b ) reflection1 x is also 9 a reflective mann] t x br+s ! two t]ms toge!r4 ,?is =m ( art1 ^: basis is comp>ison1 may be call$ ! reflexive symbolic 9 opposition to ! irreflexive symbolic1 ^: pr9cipal =ms we h /udi$4 ,?us1 9 ?is =m ( art1 ! connection ( ! two elem5ts is no m1 z h]et(ore1 a connection f\nd$ ^u ! nature ( ! idea2 x is m or less ! result ( an artificial comb9ation :i* dep5ds ^u ! w ( ! poet1 or 8 vigor ( imag9ation1 & on 8 g5ius1 = inv5tion4 ,sometimes x />ts f a s5su\s ph5om5on to :i* he l5ds a spiritual mean+1 an idea1 by mak+ use ( "s analogy4 ,sometimes x is an idea :i* he seeks to clo! ) a s5su\s =m1 or ) an image1 by a c]ta9 resemblance4 ,?is mode ( conception is cle> b sup]ficial4 ,9 ! ,ea/ x plays a di/9ct "p1 or appe>s to prevail z "o ( ! *>act]i/ic traits ( ori5tal ?\ght4 ,lat]1 9 ! gr& composition ( classic or romantic poetry1 x is subord9at$2 x furni%es ornam5ts & accessories1 allegories1 images & metaphors2 x con/itutes second>y v>ieties4 ,hegel !n divides ?is =m ( art1 & classes ! v>ieties to :i* x gives rise4 ,he di/+ui%es1 = ?is purpose1 two po9ts ( view3 fir/1 ! case :5 ! s5su\s fact is pres5t$ fir/ to _s1 & _s aft]w>ds gives x a signification1 z 9 ! fable1 ! p>able1 ! apologue1 ! prov]b1 ! metamorphoses2 second1 ! case :]e1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ! idea :i* appe>s fir/ to ! _s1 & ! poet aft]w>ds seeks to adapt to x an image1 a s5su\s =m1 by way ( comp>ison4 ,su* are ! enigma1 ! allegory1 ! metaphor1 ! image1 & ! comp>ison4 ,we %all n foll[ ! au?or 9 ! developm5ts :i* he ?9ks necess>y to give to ! analysis ( ea* ( ^! inf]ior =ms ( poetry or art4#b ,,ii4 ,( ,classic ,art4 ,! aim ( art is to repres5t ! ideal1 t is to say1 ! p]fect accord ( ! two elem5ts ( ! beautiful1 ! idea & ! s5su\s =m4 ,n[ ?is object symbolic art endeavors va9ly to atta94 ,sometimes x is nature ) its bl9d =ce :i* =ms ! gr\nd ( its repres5tations2 sometimes x is ! spiritual ,be+1 :i* x conceives 9 a vague mann]1 & :i* x p]sonifies 9 inf]ior div9ities4 ,betwe5 ! idea & ! =m !re is reveal$ a simple aff9ity1 an ext]nal correspond5ce4 ,! attempt to reconcile !m makes cle>] ! opposition2 or art1 9 wi%+ to express _s1 only creates obscure enigmas4 ,ev]y:]e !re is betray$ ! abs5ce ( true p]sonality & ( fre$om4 ,= ^! are able to unfold1 only ) ! cle> consci\sness ( itself t _s a*ieves4 ,we h met1 x is true1 ?is idea ( ! nature ( _s z oppos$ to ! s5su\s _w1 cle>ly express$ 9 ! religion & poetry ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,b :at is born ( ?is opposition is n ! ,beautiful1 x is ! ,sublime4 ,a liv+ s5tim5t ( p]sonality is fur!r manife/ 9 ! ,ea/1 9 ! ,arabic race4 ,9 ! scor*+ des]ts1 9 ! mid/ ( free space1 x has ev] be5 di/+ui%$ by ?is trait ( indep5d5ce & individuality1 :i* betrays itself by hatr$ ( ! /rang]1 ?ir/ = v5geance1 a delib]ate cruelty1 also by love1 by greatness ( s\l & devotion1 &1 above all1 by passion = adv5ture4 ,?is race is also di/+ui%$ by a m9d free & cle>1 +5i\s & full ( subtlety1 lively1 brilliant--( :i* x has giv5 s _m pro(s 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,b we h "h only a sup]ficial side1 devoid ( pr(undity & univ]sality2 x is n true p]sonality support$ on a solid basis1 on a k ( ! _s & ( ! moral nature4 ,all ^! elem5ts1 sep>ate or unit$1 _c1 !n1 pres5t ! ,ideal4 ,!y are antec$5ts1 conditions1 & mat]ials1 &1 toge!r1 (f] no?+ :i* corresponds to ! idea ( real beauty4 ,?is ideal beauty we %all f9d realiz$1 = ! fir/ "t1 among ! ,greek race & 9 ,classic art1 :i* we n[ propose to *>act]ize4 ,9 ord] t ! two elem5ts ( beauty may be p]fectly h>moniz$1 x is necess>y t ! fir/1 ! idea1 be ! _s itself1 possess$ ( ! consci\sness ( its nature & ( its free p]sonality4 ,if "o is !n ask$1 :at is ! =m :i* corresponds to ?is idea1 :i* expresses ! p]sonal1 individual _s1 ! only answ] is1 ! human =m1 = x alone is capable ( manife/+ _s4 ,classic art1 :i* repres5ts free spirituality "u an individual =m1 is !n necess>ily an?ropomorphic4 ,an?ropomorphism is its v ess5ce1 & we %all d x wrong to make ( ?is a reproa*4 ,*ri/ian art & ! ,*ri/ian religion are !mselves an?ropomorphic1 & ?is !y are 9 a /ill high] degree s9ce ,god made himself really man1 s9ce ,*ri/ is n a m]e div9e p]sonification conceiv$ by ! imag9ation1 s9ce he is bo? truly ,god & truly man4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh all ! phases ( e>?ly exi/5ce2 he 0 born1 he suff]$1 & he di$4 ,9 classic art s5su\s nature does n die1 b x has no resurrection4 ,?us ?is religion does n fully satisfy ! human s\l4 ,! ,greek ideal has = basis an un*angeable h>mony betwe5 ! _s & ! s5su\s =m1 ! unalt]able s]5ity ( ! immortal gods2 b ?is calm is some:at frigid & inanimate4 ,classic art did n take 9 ! true ess5ce ( ! div9e nature1 nor p5etrate ! dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,x c\ld n unveil ! inn]mo/ p[]s 9 _! opposition1 or re-e/abli% _! h>mony4 ,all ?is phase ( exi/5ce1 wick$ness1 mis=tune1 moral suff]+1 ! revolt ( ! w1 gnaw+s & r5d+s ( ! s\l1 7 unkn[n to x4 ,x did n pass beyond ! prop] doma9 ( s5su\s beauty2 b x repres5t$ x p]fectly4 ,?is ideal ( classic beauty 0 realiz$ by ! ,greeks4 ,! mo/ favorable conditions = unfold+ x 7 f\nd comb9$ among !m4 ,! geographical position1 ! g5ius ( t p1 its moral "*1 its political life1 all c\ld n b aid ! accompli%m5t ( t idea ( classic beauty1 ^: *>act]i/ics are proportion1 measure1 & h>mony4 ,plac$ betwe5 ,asia & ,europe1 ,greece realiz$ ! accord ( p]sonal lib]ty & public mann]s1 ( ! ,/ate & ! individual1 ( _s g5]al & p>ticul>4 ,its g5ius1 a mixture ( spontaneity & reflection1 pres5t$ an equal fusion ( contr>ies4 ,! feel+ ( ?is auspici\s h>mony pi]ces ?r\gh all ! productions ( ! ,greek m9d4 ,x 0 ! mom5t ( y\? 9 ! life ( humanity--a fleet+ age1 a mom5t unique & irrevocable1 l t ( beauty 9 ! individual4 ,art atta9s !n ! culm9at+ po9t ( s5su\s beauty "u ! =m ( pla/ic individuality4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,beautiful is ! entire life ( ! ,greek race4 ,?us religion & art are id5tifi$4 ,all =ms ( ,greek civilization are subord9ate to art4 ,x is important "h to det]m9e ! new position ( ! arti/ 9 ! production ( works ( art4 ,art appe>s "h n z a production ( nature1 b z a creation ( ! individual _s4 ,x is ! "w ( a free _s :i* is consci\s ( itself1 :i* is self-possess$1 :i* has no?+ vague or obscure 9 its ?\ght1 & f9ds itself h9d]$ by no te*nical difficulty4 ,?is new position ( ! ,greek arti/ manife/s itself 9 cont5t1 =m1 & te*nical skill4 ,) reg>d to ! cont5t1 or ! ideas :i* x ought to repres5t1 9 opposition to symbolic art1 :]e ! _s gropes & seeks )\t p[] to arrive at a cle> notion1 ! arti/ f9ds ! idea already made 9 ! dogma1 ! popul> fai?1 & a complete1 precise idea1 ( :i* he r5d]s to himself an acc\nt4 ,nev]!less1 he does n enslave himself ) x2 he accepts x1 b reproduces x freely4 ,! ,greek arti/s receiv$ _! subjects f ! popul> religion2 :i* 0 an idea orig9ally transmitt$ f ! ,ea/1 b already trans=m$ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! p4 ,!y1 9 _! turn1 trans=m$ x into ! s5se ( ! beautiful2 !y bo? reproduc$ & creat$ x4 ,b x is above all ^u ! =m t ?is free activity conc5trates & ex]cises itself4 ,:ile symbolic art we>ies itself 9 seek+ a ?\s& extraord9>y =ms to repres5t its ideas1 hav+ nei!r measure nor fix$ rule1 ! ,greek arti/ conf9es himself to 8 subject1 ! limits ( :i* he respects4 ,!n betwe5 ! cont5t & ! =m he e/abli%es a p]fect h>mony1 =1 9 elaborat+ ! =m1 he also p]fects ! cont5t4 ,he frees !m bo? f useless accessories1 9 ord] to adapt ! "o to ! o!r4 ,h5ce=? he is n *eck$ by an immovable & traditional type2 he p]fects ! :ole2 = cont5t & =m are insep>able2 he develops bo? 9 ! s]5ity ( inspiration4 ,z to ! te*nical elem5t1 ability comb9$ ) inspiration belongs to ! classic arti/ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,no?+ re/ra9s or emb>rasses him4 ,"h are no h9drances z 9 a /ation>y religion1 :]e ! =ms are consecrat$ by usage2 9 ,egypt1 = example4 ,& ?is ability is always increas+4 ,progress 9 ! processes ( art is necess>y to ! realization ( pure beauty1 & ! p]fect execution ( works ( g5ius4 ,aft] ^! g5]al consid]ations ^u classic art1 ,hegel /udies x m 9 detail4 ,he consid]s x #a/1 9 its developm5t2 #b;d1 9 itself1 z realization ( ! ideal2 #c;d1 9 ! causes :i* h produc$ its d[nfall4 #a4 ,9 :at conc]ns ! developm5t ( ,greek art1 ! au?or dwells long ^u ! hi/ory & progress ( my?ology4 ,?is is because religion & art are confus$4 ,! c5tral po9t ( ,greek art is ,olympus & its beautiful div9ities4 ,! foll[+ are :at are1 accord+ to ,hegel1 ! pr9cipal /ages ( ! developm5t ( art1 & ( ! ,greek my?ology4 ,! fir/ /age ( progress consi/s 9 a reaction aga9/ ! ,symbolic =m1 :i* x is int]e/$ 9 de/roy+4 ,! ,greek ,gods came f ! ,ea/2 ! ,greeks borr[$ _! div9ities f =eign religions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we c say !y inv5t$ !m3 = inv5tion does n exclude borr[+4 ,!y trans=m$ ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! ant]ior traditions4 ,n[ ^u :at _h ?is trans=mation any be>+8 ,9 x is ! hi/ory ( poly!ism & antique art1 :i* foll[s a p>allel c\rse1 & is insep>able f x4 ,! ,grecian div9ities are1 fir/ ( all1 moral p]sonages inve/$ ) ! human =m4 ,! fir/ developm5t consi/s1 !n1 9 reject+ ^? gross symbols1 :i*1 9 ! ori5tal naturalism1 =m ! object ( wor%ip1 & :i* disfigure ! repres5tations ( art4 ,?is progress is m>k$ by ! degradation ( ! animal k+dom4 ,x is cle>ly indicat$ 9 a great numb] ( c]emonies & fables ( poly!ism1 by sacrifices ( animals1 sacr$ hunts1 & _m ( ! exploits attribut$ to h]oes1 9 p>ticul> ! labors ( ,h]cules4 ,"s ( ! fables ( sop h ! same mean+4 ,! metamorphoses ( ,ovid are also disfigur$ my?s1 or fables become burlesque1 ( :i* ! cont5t1 easy to be recogniz$1 conta9s ! same idea4 ,?is is ! opposite ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,egyptians consid]$ animals4 ,nature1 "h1 9 place ( be+ v5]at$ & ador$1 is l[]$ & degrad$4 ,to we> an animal =m is no long] deification2 x is ! puni%m5t ( a mon/r\s crime4 ,! gods !mselves are %am$ by su* a =m1 & !y assume x only to satisfy ! passions ( ! s5sual nature4 ,su* is ! signification ( _m ( ! fables ( ,jupit]1 z ^? ( ,dana1 ( ,europa1 ( ,l$a1 ( ,ganym$e4 ,! repres5tation ( ! g5]ative pr9ciple 9 nature1 :i* con/itutes ! cont5t ( ! anci5t my?ologies1 is "h *ang$ into a s]ies ( hi/ories :]e ! fa!r ( gods & m5 plays a rle b little edify+1 & frequ5tly ridicul\s4 ,f9ally1 all t "p ( religion :i* relates to s5sual desires is cr[d$ into ! backgr\nd1 & repres5t$ by subord9ate div9ities3 ,circe1 :o *anges m5 into sw9e2 ,pan1 ,sil5us1 ! ,satyrs & ! ,fauns4 ,! human =m pr$om9ates1 ! animal be+ b>ely indicat$ by e>s1 by little horns1 etc4 ,ano!r advance is to be not$ 9 ! oracles4 ,! ph5om5a ( nature1 9 place ( be+ an object ( admiration & wor%ip1 are only signs by :i* ! gods make kn[n _! w to mortals4 ,^! prophetic signs become m & m simple1 till at la/ x is1 above all1 ! voice ( man :i* is ! organ ( ! oracle4 ,! oracle is ambigu\s1 s t ! man :o receives x is oblig$ to int]pret x1 to bl5d 8 reason ) x4 ,9 dramatic art1 = example1 man does n act solely by himself2 he consults ! gods1 he obeys _! w2 b 8 w is conf\nd$ ) !irs2 a place is res]v$ = 8 lib]ty4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! old & ! new div9ities m>ks /ill m ?is progress ( moral lib]ty4 ,among ! =m]1 :o p]sonify ! p[]s ( nature1 a gradation is already e/abli%$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! untam$ & l[] p[]s1 ,*aos1 ,t>t>us1 ,erebus2 !n ,uranus1 ,gea1 ! ,giants & ! ,titans2 9 a high] rank1 ,prome!us1 at fir/ ! fri5d ( ! new gods1 ! b5efactor ( m51 !n puni%$ by ,jupit] = t app>5t b5efic5ce2 an inconsequ5ce :i* is expla9$ ?r\gh ?is1 t if ,prome!us taught indu/ry to m51 he creat$ an occasion ( discords & diss5sions1 by n giv+ !m in/ruction m elevat$1--morality1 ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t1 ! gu>antees ( prop]ty4 ,su* is ! pr(\nd s5se ( t my?1 & ,plato ?us expla9s x 9 8 dialogues4 ,ano!r class ( div9ities equally anci5t1 b already e?ical1 al?\gh !y recall ! fatality ( ! physical laws1 are ! ,eum5ides1 ,dice1 & ! ,furies4 ,we see appe>+ "h ! ideas ( "r & ju/ice1 b ( exclusive1 absolute1 /rict1 unconsci\s "r1 "u ! =m ( an implacable v5geance1 or1 l ! anci5t ,nemesis1 ( a p[] :i* abases all t is high1 & re-e/abli%es equality by levell+2 a ?+ :i* is ! opposite ( true ju/ice4 ,f9ally1 ?is developm5t ( ! classic ideal reveals itself m cle>ly 9 ! !ogony & g5ealogy ( ! gods1 9 _! orig9 & _! succession1 by ! abasem5t ( ! div9ities ( ! previ\s races2 9 ! ho/ility :i* fla%es out betwe5 !m1 9 ! resolution :i* has c>ri$ away ! sov]eignty f ! old to place x 9 ! h&s ( ! new div9ities4 ,mean:ile ! di/9ction develops itself to ! po9t ( eng5d]+ /rife1 & ! conflict becomes ! pr9cipal ev5t ( my?ology4 ,?is conflict is t ( nature & _s1 & x is ! law ( ! _w4 ,"u ! hi/oric =m1 x is ! p]fect+ ( human nature1 ! successive conque/ ( rights & prop]ty1 ! amelioration ( laws & ( ! political con/itution4 ,9 ! religi\s repres5tations1 x is ! triumph ( ! moral div9ities ov] ! p[]s ( nature4 ,?is combat is ann\nc$ z ! gr&e/ cata/rophe 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w3 moreov]1 ?is is n ! subject ( a p>ticul> my?2 x is ! pr9cipal1 decisive fact1 :i* con/itutes ! c5tre ( ?is my?ology4 ,! conclusion ( all ?is 9 respect to ! hi/ory ( art & to ! developm5t ( ! ideal1 is t art ought to act l my?ology1 & reject z unwor?y all t is purely physical or animal1 t :i* is confus$1 fanta/ic1 or obscure1 all gross m+l+ ( ! mat]ial & ! spiritual4 ,all ^! creations ( an ill-regulat$ imag9ation f9d "h no m place2 !y mu/ flee be=e ! light ( ! ,s\l4 ,art purifies itself ( all caprice1 fancy1 or symbolic accessory1 ( e vague & confus$ idea4 ,9 l mann]1 ! new gods =m an organiz$ & e/abli%$ _w4 ,?is unity affirms & p]fects itself m 9 ! lat] developm5ts ( pla/ic art & poetry4 ,nev]!less1 ! old elem5ts1 driv5 back by ! accession ( moral =ces1 pres]ve a place at _! side1 or are comb9$ ) !m4 ,su* is1 = example1 ! significance & ! aim ( ! my/]ies4 ,9 ! new div9ities1 :o are e?ical p]sons1 !re rema9s also an e*o1 a reflex ( ! p[]s ( nature4 ,!y pres5t1 consequ5tly1 a comb9ation ( ! physical & ! e?ical elem5t1 b ! fir/ is subord9ate to ! second4 ,?us1 ,neptune is ! sea1 b he is besides invok$ z ! god ( navigation & ! f\nd] ( cities2 ,apollo is ! ,sun1 ! god ( light1 b he is also ! god ( spiritual light1 ( sci5ce & ( ! oracles4 ,9 ,jupit]1 ,diana1 ,h]cules1 & ,v5us1 x is easy to discov] ! physical side comb9$ ) ! moral s5se4 ,?us1 9 ! new div9ities1 ! elem5ts ( nature1 aft] hav+ be5 debas$ & degrad$1 reappe> & are pres]v$4 ,?is is also true ( ! =ms ( ! animal k+dom2 b ! symbolic s5se is m & m lo/4 ,!y figure no long] z accessories comb9$ ) ! human =m2 b are r$uc$ to m]e emblems or attributes--indicat+ signs1 z ! eagle by ! side ( ,jupit]1 ! peacock be=e ,juno1 ! dove ne> ,v5us1 :]e ! pr9cipal my? is no m ?an an accid5tal fact1 ( little importance 9 ! life ( ! god1 & :i*1 ab&on$ to ! imag9ation ( ! poets1 becomes ! text ( lic5ti\s hi/ories4 #b4 ,aft] hav+ consid]$ ! developm5t ( ! ideal 9 ,greek art1 a developm5t p>allel to t ( religion & my?ology1 we h to consid] x 9 its pr9cipal *>act]i/ics1 su* z x has emanat$ f ! creative activity or f ! imag9ation ( ! poet & ! arti/4 ,?is my?ology has its orig9 9 ! previ\s religions1 b its gods are ! creation ( ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,tradition furni%$ ! mat]ials2 b ! idea :i* ea* god ought to repres5t1 &1 besides1 ! =m :i* expresses x 9 its purity & simplicity--?is is :at 0 n giv54 ,?is ideal type ! poets drew f _! g5ius1 discov]+ also ! true =m :i* befitt$ x4 ,!reby !y 7 creators ( t my?ology :i* we admire 9 ,greek art1 & :i* is conf\nd$ ) x4 ,! ,greek gods h no less _! orig9 9 ! _s & ! cr$5ces ( ! ,greek p1 & 9 ! national belief2 ! poets 7 ! int]pret]s ( ! g5]al ?\ght1 ( :at !re 0 mo/ elevat$ 9 ! imag9ation ( ! p4 ,h5ce=?1 ! arti/1 z we h se5 above1 takes a position :olly diff]5t f t :i* he held 9 ! ,ea/4 ,8 inspiration is p]sonal4 ,8 "w is t ( a free imag9ation1 creat+ accord+ to its own conceptions4 ,! inspiration does n come f )\t2 :at !y reveal is ! ideas ( ! human _s1 :at !re is deepe/ 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,also1 ! arti/s are truly poets2 !y fa%ion1 accord+ to _! lik+1 ! cont5t & ! =m1 9 ord] to draw f !m free & orig9al figures4 ,tradition is %orn1 9 _! h&s1 ( all t is gross1 symbolic1 repulsive1 & de=m$2 !y elim9ate ! idea :i* !y wi% to illu/rate1 & individualize x "u ! human =m4 ,su* is ! mann]1 free1 ?\gh n arbitr>y1 9 :i* ! ,greek arti/s proce$ 9 ! creation ( _! works4 ,!y are poets1 b also prophets & div9]s4 ,!y repres5t human actions 9 div9e actions1 &1 reciprocally1 )\t hav+ ! cle> & decid$ di/9ctions4 ,!y ma9ta9 ! union1 ! accord1 ( ! human & ! div9e4 ,su* is ! significance ( ! great] "p ( ! app>itions ( ! gods 9 ,hom]1 :5 ! gods1 = example1 consult ! h]oes1 or int]f]e 9 ! combats4 ,mean:ile1 if we wi% to und]/& ! nature ( ?is ideal1 to det]m9e1 9 a m precise mann]1 ! "* ( ! div9ities ( ,greek art1 ! foll[+ rem>ks are sugge/$1 consid]+ !m1 at ! same "t1 on ! g5]al1 ! p>ticul>1 & ! individual sides4 ,! fir/ attribute :i* di/+ui%es !m is some?+ g5]al1 sub/antial4 ,! immortal gods are /rang]s to ! mis]ies & to ! agitations ( human exi/5ce4 ,!y enjoy an unalt]able calmness & s]5ity1 f :i* !y d]ive _! repose & _! maje/y4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 vague ab/ractions1 univ]sal & purely ideal exi/5ces4 ,to ?is "* ( g5]ality is jo9$ individuality4 ,ea* div9ity has 8 traits & prop] physiognomy1 8 p>ticul> rle1 8 sph]e ( activity1 det]m9$ & limit$4 ,a j measure1 moreov]1 is "h obs]v$3 ! two elem5ts1 ! g5]al & ! individual1 are 9 p]fect accord4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is moral "* is manife/$ "u an ext]nal & corporeal =m itself1 its mo/ p]fect expression1 9 :i* appe>s ! h>moni\s fusion ( ! ext]nal =m ) ! int]nal pr9ciple animat+ x4 ,?is physical =m1 z well z ! spiritual pr9ciple :i* is manife/$ 9 x1 is fre$ f all ! accid5ts ( mat]ial life1 & f ! mis]ies ( f9ite exi/5ce4 ,x is ! human body ) its beautiful proportions & _! h>mony2 all ann\nces beauty1 lib]ty1 grace4 ,x is ?us t ?is =m1 9 its purity1 corresponds to ! spiritual & div9e pr9ciple :i* is inc>nate 9 x4 ,h5ce ! nobl5ess1 ! gr&eur1 & ! elevation ( ^? figures1 :i* h no?+ 9 common ) ! wants ( mat]ial life1 & seem elevat$ above _! bodily exi/5ce4 ,!y are immortal div9ities ) human features4 ,! body1 9 spite ( its beauty1 appe>s z a sup]flu\s app5dage2 &1 nev]!less1 x is an animat$ & liv+ =m :i* pres5ts ! inde/ructible h>mony ( ! two pr9ciples1 ! s\l & ! body4 ,b a contradiction pres5ts itself betwe5 ! _s & ! mat]ial =m4 ,?is h>moni\s :ole conceals a pr9ciple ( de/ruction :i* w make itself felt m & m4 ,we may p]ceive 9 ^! figures an air ( sadness 9 ! mid/ ( greatness4 ,?\gh absorb$ 9 !mselves1 calm & s]5e1 !y lack fre$om f c>e & inw>d satisfaction2 some?+ cold & impassive is f\nd 9 _! features1 especially if we comp>e !m ) ! vivacity ( mod]n s5tim5t4 ,?is div9e peace1 ?is indiff]5ce to all t is mortal & transi5t1 =ms a contra/ ) ! moral greatness & ! corporeal =m4 ,^! placid div9ities compla9 bo? ( _! felicity & ( _! physical exi/5ce4 ,we read ^u _! features ! de/9y :i* weighs !m d[n4 ,n[1 :at is ! p>ticul> art mo/ appropriate to repres5t ?is ideal8 ,evid5tly x is sculpture4 ,x alone is capable ( %[+ u ^? ideal figures 9 _! et]nal repose1 ( express+ ! p]fect h>mony ( ! spiritual pr9ciple & ! s5su\s =m4 ,to x has be5 confid$ ! mission ( realiz+ ?is ideal 9 its purity1 its greatness1 & its p]fection4 ,poetry1 above all1 dramatic poetry1 :i* makes ! gods act1 & draws !m into /rife & combat contr>y to _! greatness & _! dignity1 is mu* less capable ( answ]+ ?is purpose4 ,if we consid] ^! div9ities 9 _! p>ticul>1 & no long] 9 _! g5]al "*1 we see t !y =m a plurality1 a :ole1 a totality1 :i* is poly!ism4 ,ea* p>ticul> god1 :ile hav+ 8 prop] & orig9al "*1 is himself a complete :ole2 he also possesses ! di/9ctive qualities ( ! o!r div9ities4 ,h5ce ! ri*ness ( ^! *>act]s4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ,greek poly!ism does n pres5t a sy/ematic :ole4 ,olympus is compos$ ( a multitude ( di/9ct gods1 :o d n =m an e/abli%$ hi]>*y4 ,rank is n rigor\sly fix$1 :5ce ! lib]ty1 ! s]5ity1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! p]sonages4 ,)\t ?is app>5t contradiction1 ! div9ities w\ld be emb>rass$ by "o ano!r1 %ackl$ 9 _! developm5t & p[]4 ,9 place ( be+ true p]sons1 !y w\ld be only allegorical be+s1 or p]sonifi$ ab/ractions4 ,z to _! s5su\s repres5tation1 sculpture is1 moreov]1 ! art be/ adapt$ to express ?is p>ticul> *>act]i/ic ( ! nature ( ! gods4 ,by comb9+ ) immovable gr&eur ! individuality ( features peculi> to ea* ( !m1 x fixes 9 _! /atues ! mo/ p]fect expression ( _! "*1 & det]m9es its def9ite =m4 ,sculpture1 "h aga91 is m ideal ?an poetry4 ,x (f]s a m det]m9$ & fix$ =m1 :ile poetry m+les ) x a cr[d ( actions1 ( hi/ories & accid5tal p>ticul>s4 ,sculpture creates absolute & et]nal models2 x has fix$ ! type ( true1 classic beauty1 :i* is ! basis ( all o!r productions ( ,greek g5ius1 & is "h ! c5tral po9t ( art4 ,b 9 ord] to repres5t ! gods 9 _! true individuality1 x does n suffice to di/+ui% !m by c]ta9 p>ticul> attributes4 ,moreov]1 classic art does n conf9e itself to repres5t+ ^! p]sonages z immovable & self-absorb$2 x %[s !m also 9 movem5t & 9 action4 ,! "* ( ! gods !n p>ticul>izes itself1 & exhibits ! special features ( :i* ! physiognomy ( ea* god is compos$4 ,?is is ! accid5tal1 positive1 hi/oric side1 :i* figures 9 my?ology & also 9 art1 z an accessory b necess>y elem5t4 ,^! mat]ials are furni%$ by hi/ory or fable4 ,!y are ! antec$5ts1 ! local p>ticul>s1 :i* give to ! gods _! liv+ individuality & orig9ality4 ,"s are borr[$ f ! symbolic religions1 :i* pres]ve a ve/ige !re( 9 ! new creation2 ! symbolic elem5t is absorb$ 9 ! new my?4 ,o!rs h a national orig91 :i*1 aga91 is connect$ ) h]oic times & =eign traditions4 ,o!rs1 f9ally1 spr+ f local circum/ances1 relat+ to ! propagation ( ! my?s1 to _! =mation1 to ! usages & c]emonies ( wor%ip1 etc4 ,all ^! mat]ials fa%ion$ by art1 give to ! ,greek gods ! appe>ance1 ! int]e/1 & ! *>m1 ( liv+ humanity4 ,b ?is traditional side1 :i* 9 its orig9 _h a symbolic s5se1 loses x little by little2 x is design$ only to complete ! individuality ( ! gods1 to give to !m a m human & m s5su\s =m1 to add1 ?r\gh details frequ5tly unwor?y ( div9e maje/y1 ! side ( ! arbitr>y & accid5tal4 ,sculpture1 :i* repres5ts ! pure ideal1 ought1 )\t :olly exclud+ x 9 fact1 to all[ x to appe> z little z possible2 x repres5ts x z accessory 9 ! head-dress1 ! arms1 ! ornam5ts1 ! ext]nal attributes4 ,ano!r s\rce = ! m precise det]m9ation ( ! "* ( ! gods is _! int]v5tion 9 ! actions & circum/ances ( human life4 ,"h ! imag9ation ( ! poet exp&s itself z an inexhau/ible s\rce 9 a cr[d ( p>ticul> hi/ories1 ( traits ( "* & actions1 attribut$ to ! gods4 ,! problem ( art consi/s 9 comb9+1 9 a natural & liv+ mann]1 ! actions ( div9e p]sonages & human actions1 9 su* a mann] t ! gods appe> z ! g5]al cause ( :at man himself accompli%es4 ,! gods1 ?us1 are ! int]nal pr9ciples :i* reside 9 ! dep?s ( ! human s\l2 its own passions1 9 s f> z !y are elevat$1 & its p]sonal ?\ght2 or x is ! necessity ( ! situation1 ! =ce ( circum/ances1 f ^: fatal action man suff]s4 ,x is ?is :i* pi]ces ?r\gh all ! situations :]e ,hom] causes ! gods to int]v5e1 & ?r\gh ! mann] 9 :i* !y influ5ce ev5ts4 ,b ?r\gh ?is side1 ! gods ( classic art ab&on1 m & m1 ! sil5t s]5ity ( ! ideal1 to desc5d into ! multiplicity ( individual situations1 ( actions1 & into ! conflict ( human passions4 ,classic art ?us f9ds itself drawn to ! la/ degree ( individualization2 x falls into ! agreeable & ! graceful4 ,! div9e is absorb$ 9 ! f9ite :i* is address$ exclusively to ! s5sibility & no long] satisfies ?\ght4 ,imag9ation & art1 seiz+ ?is side & exagg]at+ x m & m1 corrupt religion itself4 ,! sev]e ideal gives place to m]ely s5su\s beauty & h>mony2 x removes itself m & m f ! et]nal ideas :i* =m ! gr\nd ( religion & art1 & ^! are dragg$ d[n to ru94 #c4 ,9 fact1 indep5d5tly ( ! ext]nal causes :i* h occasion$ ! decad5ce ( ,greek art & precipitat$ its d[nfall1 _m int]nal causes1 9 ! v nature ( ! ,greek ideal1 r5d]$ t d[nfall inevitable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,greek gods1 z we h se51 be> 9 !mselves ! g]m ( _! de/ruction1 & ! defect :i* !y conceal is unveil$ by ! repres5tations ( classic art itself4 ,! plurality ( ! gods & _! div]sity makes !m already accid5tal exi/5ces2 ?is multiplicity _c satisfy reason4 ,?\ght dissolves !m & makes !m return to a s+le div9ity4 ,moreov]1 ! gods d n rema9 9 _! et]nal repose2 !y ent] into action1 take "p 9 ! int]e/s1 9 ! passions1 & m+le 9 ! collisions ( human life4 ,! multitude ( relations 9 :i* !y are engag$1 z actors 9 ?is drama1 de/roys _! div9e maje/y2 contradicts _! gr&eur1 _! dignity1 _! beauty4 ,9 ! true ideal itself1 t ( sculpture1 we obs]ve some?+1 ! inanimate1 impassive1 cold1 a s]i\s air ( sil5t m\rnfulness1 :i* indicates t some?+ high] weighs !m d[n--de/9y1 supreme unity1 bl9d div9ity1 ! immutable fate to :i* gods & m5 are alike subject4 ,b ! pr9cipal cause is1 t absolute necessity mak+ no integral "p ( _! p]sonality1 & be+ =eign to !m1 ! p>ticul> individual side is no long] re/ra9$ 9 its d[nw>d c\rse2 x is develop$ m & m )\t h9drance & )\t limit4 ,!y suff] !mselves to be drawn into ! ext]nal accid5ts ( human life1 & fall into all ! imp]fections ( an?ropomorphism4 ,h5ce ! ru9 ( ^! beautiful div9ities ( art is inevitable4 ,! moral consci\sness turns away f !m & rejects !m4 ,! gods1 x is true1 are e?ical p]sons1 b "u ! human & corporeal =m4 ,n[1 true morality appe>s only 9 ! consci5ce1 & "u a purely spiritual =m4 ,! po9t ( view ( ! beautiful is nei!r t ( religion nor t ( morality4 ,! inf9ite1 invisible spirituality is ! div9e = ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,= ! moral consci\sness1 ! good is an idea1 a conception1 an obligation1 :i* comm&s ! sacrifice ( s5se4 ,x is 9 va91 !n1 to be en?usia/ic ov] ,greek art & beauty1 to admire ^? beautiful div9ities4 ,! s\l does n recognize h]self :olly 9 ! object ( h] contemplation or h] wor%ip4 ,:at %e conceives z ! true ideal is a ,god1 spiritual1 inf9ite1 absolute1 p]sonal1 end[$ ) moral qualities1 ) ju/ice1 goodness1 etc4 ,x is ?is ^: image ! gods ( ,greek poly!ism1 9 spite ( _! beauty1 d n pres5t u4 ,z to ! transition f ! ,greek my?ology to a new religion & a new art1 x c\ld no long] be effect$ 9 ! doma9 ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 ! orig9 ( ,greek art1 ! transition appe>s "u ! =m ( a conflict betwe5 ! old & ! new gods1 9 ! v doma9 ( art & imag9ation4 ,"h x is ^u ! m s]i\s t]ritory ( hi/ory t ?is revolution is accompli%$4 ,! new idea appe>s1 n z a revelation ( art1 nor "u ! =m ( my? & ( fable1 b 9 hi/ory itself1 by ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 by ! appe>ance ( ,god himself ^u e>?1 :]e he 0 born1 liv$1 & arose f ! dead4 ,"h is a field ( ideas :i* ,art did n inv5t1 & :i* x f9ds too high = x4 ,! gods ( classic art h exi/5ce only 9 ! imag9ation2 !y 7 visible only 9 /one & wood2 !y 7 n bo? fle% & _s4 ,?is real exi/5ce ( ,god 9 fle% & _s1 ,*ri/ianity1 = ! fir/ "t1 %[$ 9 ! life & actions ( a ,god pres5t among m54 ,?is transition _c1 !n1 be accompli%$ 9 ! doma9 ( art1 because ! ,god ( reveal$ religion is ! real & liv+ ,god4 ,comp>$ ) him1 8 adv]s>ies are only imag9>y be+s1 :o _c be tak5 s]i\sly & meet him on ! field ( hi/ory4 ,! opposition & conflict _c1 !n1 pres5t ! "* ( a s]i\s /rife1 & be repres5t$ z su* by ,art or ,poetry4 ,!re=e1 always1 :5ev] any "o has attempt$ to make ( ?is subject1 among mod]ns1 a poetic !me1 he has done x 9 an impi\s & frivol\s mann]1 z 9 8,! ,w> ( ! ,gods10 by ,p>ny4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be useless to regret1 z has be5 frequ5tly done 9 prose & 9 v]se1 ! loss ( ! ,greek ideal & pagan my?ology1 z be+ m favorable to art & poetry ?an ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 to :i* is grant$ a high] moral v]ity1 :ile x is reg>d$ z inf]ior 9 respect to art & ! ,beautiful4 ,*ri/ianity has a poetry & an art ( its own2 an ideal ess5tially diff]5t f ! ,greek ideal & art4 ,"h all p>allel is sup]ficial4 ,poly!ism is an?ropomorphism4 ,! gods ( ,greece are beautiful div9ities "u ! human =m4 ,z soon z reason has compreh5d$ ,god z ,_s & z ,inf9ite ,be+1 !re appe> o!r ideas1 o!r s5tim5ts1 o!r dem&s1 :i* anci5t art is incapable ( satisfy+1 to :i* x _c atta91 :i* call1 consequ5tly1 = a new art1 a new poetry4 ,?us1 regrets are sup]flu\s2 comp>ison has no m any significance1 x is only a text = declamation4 ,:at "o c\ld object to s]i\sly 9 ,*ri/ianity1 its t5d5cies to my/icism1 to asceticism1 :i*1 9 fact1 are ho/ile to art1 are only exagg]ations ( its pr9ciple4 ,b ! ?\ght :i* con/itutes ! gr\nd ( ,*ri/ianity1 & true ,*ri/ian s5tim5t1 f> f be+ oppos$ to art1 are v favorable to x4 ,h5ce spr+s up a new art1 inf]ior1 x is true1 9 c]ta9 respects1 to antique art--9 sculpture1 = example--b :i* is sup]ior 9 o!r respects1 z is its idea :5 comp>$ ) ! pagan idea4 ,9 all ?is1 we are mak+ b a resum ( ! ideas ( ! au?or4 ,we mu/ d him ! ju/ice to say1 t :]ev] he speaks ( ,*ri/ian art1 he does x wor?ily1 & exhibits a _s free f all sect>ian prejudice4 ,if we ca/1 mean:ile1 a glance at ! ext]nal causes :i* h br\ght ab\t ?is decad5ce1 x is easy to discov] !m 9 ! situations ( anci5t society1 :i* prophesy ! d[nfall ( bo? art & religion4 ,we discov] ! vices ( t social ord] :]e ! /ate 0 ev]y?+1 ! individual no?+ by himself4 ,?is is ! radical vice ( ! ,greek /ate4 ,9 su* an id5tification ( man & ! /ate1 ! rights ( ! individual are ignor$4 ,! latt]1 !n1 seeks to op5 = himself a di/9ct & indep5d5t way1 sep>ates himself f ! public int]e/1 pursues 8 own ends1 & f9ally labors = ! ru9 ( ! /ate4 ,h5ce ! egoism :i* und]m9es ?is society little by little1 & ! ev]-increas+ excesses ( demagoguism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re arises 9 ! s\ls ( ! be/ a long+ = a high] fre$om 9 a /ate organiz$ ^u ! basis ( ju/ice & "r4 ,9 ! meantime man falls back ^u himself1 & des]t+ ! writt5 law1 religi\s & civil1 takes 8 consci5ce = ! rule ( 8 acts4 ,socrates m>ks ! adv5t ( ?is idea4 ,9 ,rome1 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! republic1 !re appe>s1 among en]getic spirits1 ?is antagonism & ?is deta*m5t f society4 ,noble *>act]s pres5t to u ! spectacle ( private virtues by ! side ( feebl5ess & corruption 9 public morals4 ,?is prote/ ( moral consci\sness aga9/ ! increas+ corruption f9ds expression 9 art itself2 x creates a =m ( poetry :i* corresponds to x1 satire4 ,accord+ to ,hegel1 satire1 9 fact1 belongs peculi>ly to ! ,romans2 x is at lea/ ! di/9ctive & orig9al *>act]i/ic1 ! sali5t feature1 ( _! poetry & lit]ature4 8,! _s ( ! ,roman _w is ! dom9ance ( ! dead lett]1 ! de/ruction ( beauty1 ! abs5ce ( s]5ity 9 mann]s1 ! ebb+ ( ! dome/ic & natural affections--9 g5]al1 ! sacrifice ( individuality1 :i* devotes itself to ! /ate1 ! tranquil greatness 9 ob$i5ce to law4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is political virtue1 9 its frigid & au/]e rud5ess1 subdu$ national individualities abroad1 :ile at home ! law 0 develop$ ) ! same rigor & ! same exactitude ( =ms1 ev5 to ! po9t ( atta9+ p]fection4 ,b ?is pr9ciple 0 contr>y to true art4 ,s "o f9ds at ,rome no art :i* pres5ts a "* ( beauty1 ( lib]ty1 ( gr&eur4 ,! ,romans receiv$ & le>n$ f ! ,greeks sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 epic lyric & dramatic poetry4 ,:at is reg>d$ z indig5\s among !m is ! comic f>ces1 ! fesc5n9es & atellanes4 ,! ,romans c claim z belong+ to !m 9 p>ticul> only ! =ms ( art :i*1 9 _! pr9ciple1 are prosaic1 su* z ! didactic poem4 ,b be=e all we mu/ place satire40 ,,iii4 ,( ,romantic ,art4 ,?is expression1 employ$ "h to designate mod]n art1 9 its opposition to ,greek or classic art1 be>s no?+ ( ! unfavorable s5se :i* x has 9 our language & lit]ature1 :]e x has become ! synonym ( a lib]ty pu%$ ev5 to lic5se1 & ( a contempt = all law4 ,romantic art1 :i*1 9 its highe/ developm5t1 is also ,*ri/ian art1 has laws & pr9ciples z necess>y z classic art4 ,b ! idea :i* x expresses be+ diff]5t1 its conditions are also2 x obeys o!r rules1 :ile obs]v+ ^? t are ! basis ( all art & ! v ess5ce ( ! beautiful4 ,hegel1 9 a g5]al mann]1 ?us *>act]izes ?is =m ( art1 contra/+ x ) antique art1 ! /udy ( :i* we h j left4 ,9 classic art1 ! _s con/itutes ! cont5t ( ! repres5tation2 b x is comb9$ ) ! s5su\s or mat]ial =m 9 su* a mann] t x is h>moniz$ p]fectly ) x1 & does n surpass x4 ,art rea*$ its p]fection :5 x accompli%$ ?is happy accord1 :5 ! _s idealiz$ nature & made ( x a fai?ful image ( itself4 ,x is ?us t classic art 0 ! p]fect repres5tation ( ! ideal1 ! reign ( beauty4 ,b !re is some?+ high] ?an ! beautiful manife/ation ( _s "u ! s5su\s =m4 ,! _s ought to ab&on ?is accord ) nature1 to retire into itself1 to f9d ! true h>mony 9 its own _w1 ! spiritual _w ( ! s\l & ! consci5ce4 ,n[1 t developm5t ( ! _s1 :i* n be+ able to satisfy itself 9 ! _w ( s5se1 seeks a high] h>mony 9 itself1 is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( romantic art4 ,"h beauty ( =m is no long] ! supreme ?+2 beauty1 9 ?is s5se1 rema9s some?+ inf]ior1 subord9ate2 x gives place to ! spiritual beauty :i* dwells 9 ! recesses ( ! s\l1 9 ! dep?s ( its inf9ite nature4 ,n[ 9 ord] ?us to take possession ( itself1 x is ess5tial t _s h a consci\sness ( its relation to ,god1 & ( its union ) ,him2 t n only ! div9e pr9ciple reveal itself "u a =m true & wor?y ( x1 b t ! human s\l1 on its "p1 lift itself t[>d ,god1 t x feel itself fill$ ) ,8 ess5ce1 t ! ,div9ity desc5d into ! bosom ( humanity4 ,! an?ropomorphism ( ,greek ?\ght ought to disappe>1 9 ord] to give place to an?ropomorphism ( a high] ord]4 ,h5ce all ! div9ities ( poly!ism w be absorb$ 9 a s+le ,deity4 ,god has no long] any?+ 9 common ) ^? individual p]sonages :o _h _! attributes & _! di/9ct rles1 & =m$ a :ole1 free1 al?\gh subject to de/9y4 ,at ! same "t ,god does n rema9 %ut up 9 ! dep?s ( 8 be+2 he appe>s 9 ! real _w also2 he op5s 8 treasures & unfolds !m 9 creation4 ,he is1 not)/&+1 reveal$ less 9 nature ?an 9 ! moral _w1 or t ( lib]ty4 ,9 f9e1 ,god is n an ideal1 creat$ by ! imag9ation2 he manife/s himself "u ! features ( liv+ humanity4 ,if we comp>e1 9 ?is respect1 romantic art ) classic art1 we see t ,sculpture no long] suffices to express ?is idea4 ,we %\ld va9ly seek 9 ! image ( ! gods fa%ion$ by sculpture t :i* ann\nces ! true p]sonality1 ! cle> consci\sness ( self & reflect$ w4 ,9 ! ext]nal ?is defect is betray$ by ! abs5ce ( ! eye1 t mirror ( ! s\l4 ,sculpture is depriv$ ( ! glance1 ! ray ( ! s\l emanat+ f )94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! _s ent]+ into relation ) ext]nal objects1 ?is immobility ( sculpture no long] responds to ! long+ = activity1 :i* calls = ex]cise 9 a m ext5d$ c>e]4 ,! repres5tation ought to embrace a va/] field ( objects1 & ( physical & moral situations4 ,z to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is pr9ciple is develop$ & realiz$1 romantic art pres5ts c]ta9 /rik+ diff]5ces f antique art4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z has be5 said1 in/ead ( ! ideal div9ities1 :i* exi/ only = ! imag9ation1 & are only human nature idealiz$1 x is ,god himself :o makes himself man1 & passes ?r\gh all ! phases ( human life1 bir?1 suff]+1 dea?1 & resurrection4 ,su* is ! fundam5tal idea :i* art repres5ts1 ev5 9 ! circle ( religion4 ,! result ( ?is religi\s conception is to give also to art1 z ! pr9cipal gr\nd ( its repres5tations1 /rife1 conflict1 sorr[ & dea?1 ! pr(\nd grief :i* ! no?+ness ( life1 physical & moral suff]+1 inspire4 ,is n all ?is1 9 fact1 an ess5tial "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,god-,man1 :o mu/ be pres5t$ z a model to humanity8 ,is x n ! means ( be+ drawn ne> to ,god1 ( resembl+ him1 & ( be+ unit$ to him8 ,man ought !n to /rip (f 8 f9ite nature1 to r5\nce t :i* is a m]e no?+1 &1 ?r\gh ?is negation ( ! real life1 propose to himself ! atta9m5t ( :at ,god realiz$ 9 8 mortal life4 ,! inf9ite sorr[ ( ?is sacrifice1 ?is idea ( suff]+ & ( dea?1 :i* 7 almo/ bani%$ f classic art1 f9d1 = ! fir/ "t1 _! necess>y place 9 ,*ri/ian art4 ,among ! ,greeks dea? has no s]i\sness1 because man atta*es no great importance to 8 p]sonality & 8 spiritual nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n[ t ! s\l has an inf9ite value1 dea? becomes t]rible4 ,t]ror 9 ! pres5ce ( dea? & ! annihilation ( our be+1 is impr9t$ /rongly on our s\ls4 ,s also among ! ,greeks1 especially be=e ! "t ( ,socrates1 ! idea ( immortality 0 n pr(\nd2 !y sc>cely conceiv$ ( life z sep>able f physical exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 on ! contr>y1 dea? is only ! resurrection ( ! _s1 ! h>mony ( ! s\l ) itself1 ! true life4 ,x is only by free+ itself f ! bonds ( its e>?ly exi/5ce t x c ent] ^u ! possession ( its true nature4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal ideas :i* =m ! religi\s gr\nd ( romantic or ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,9 spite ( "s explanations :i* recall ! special sy/em ( ! au?or1 "o _c d5y t !y are express$ ) p[] & tru?fulness4 ,mean:ile1 beyond ! religi\s sph]e1 !re are develop+ c]ta9 int]e/s :i* belong to ! mundane life1 & :i* =m also ! object ( ! repres5tations ( art2 !y are ! passions1 ! collisions1 ! joys & ! suff]+s :i* be> a t]re/rial or purely human "*1 b 9 :i* appe> not)/&+ ! v pr9ciple :i* di/+ui%es mod]n ?\ght1 to-wit3 a m vivid1 m en]getic1 & m pr(\nd s5tim5t ( human p]sonality1 or1 z ! au?or calls x1 subjectivity4 ,romantic art diff]s no less f classic art 9 ! =m or ! mode ( repres5tation1 ?an 9 ! ideas :i* con/itute ! cont5t ( its works4 ,&1 9 ! fir/ place1 "o necess>y consequ5ce ( ! prec$+ pr9ciple is1 ! new po9t ( view "u :i* nature or ! physical _w is view$4 ,! objects ( nature lose _! importance2 or1 at lea/1 !y cease to be div9e4 ,!y h nei!r ! symbolic signification :i* ori5tal art gave !m1 nor ! p>ticul> aspect 9 virtue ( :i* !y 7 animat$ & p]sonifi$ 9 ,greek art & my?ology4 ,nature is effac$2 %e retires to a l[] plane2 ! univ]se is cond5s$ to a s+le po9t1 9 ! focus ( ! human s\l4 ,t1 absorb$ 9 a s+le ?\ght1 ! ?\ght ( unit+ itself to ,god1 beholds ! _w vani%1 or reg>ds x ) an indiff]5t eye4 ,we see also appe>+ a h]oism :olly diff]5t f antique h]oism1 a h]oism ( submission & resignation4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 precisely ?r\gh ! v fact1 t all is conc5trat$ 9 ! focus ( ! human s\l1 ! circle ( ideas is f\nd to be inf9itely enl>g$4 ,! int]ior hi/ory ( ! s\l is develop$ "u a ?\s& div]se =ms1 borr[$ f human life4 ,x beams =?1 & art seizes anew ^u nature1 :i* s]ves z adornm5t & z a !atre = ! activity ( ! _s4 ,h5ce ! hi/ory ( ! human he>t becomes inf9itely ri*] ?an x 0 9 anci5t art & poetry4 ,! increas+ multitude ( situations1 ( int]e/s1 & ( passions1 =ms a doma9 z mu* m va/ z _s has desc5d$ f>!r into itself4 ,all degrees1 all phases ( life1 all humanity & its developm5ts1 become inexhau/ible mat]ial = ! repres5tations ( art4 ,nev]!less1 art occupies "h only a second>y place2 z x is incapable ( reveal+ ! cont5t ( ! dogma1 religion con/itutes /ill m its ess5tial basis4 ,!re is !re=e pres]v$ ! priority & sup]iority :i* fai? claims ov] ! conceptions ( ! imag9ation4 ,f ?is !re results an important consequ5ce & a *>act]i/ic diff]5ce = mod]n art4 ,x is t 9 ! repres5tation ( s5su\s =ms1 art no long] fe>s to admit into itself ! real ) its imp]fections & its faults4 ,! beautiful is no long] ! ess5tial ?+2 ! ugly occupies a mu* l>g] place 9 its creations4 ,"h1 !n1 vani%es t ideal beauty :i* elevates ! =ms ( ! real _w above ! mortal condition1 & replaces x ) bloom+ y\?4 ,?is free vitality 9 its inf9ite calmness--?is div9e brea? :i* animates matt]--romantic art has no long]1 = ess5tial aim1 to repres5t ^!4 ,on ! contr>y1 x turns its back on ?is culm9at+ po9t ( classic beauty2 x accords1 inde$1 to ! ugly a limitless rle 9 its creations4 ,x p]mits all objects to pass into repres5tation 9 spite ( _! accid5tal "*4 ,nev]!less1 ^? objects :i* are indiff]5t or commonplace1 h value only s f> z ! s5tim5ts ( ! s\l are reflect$ 9 !m4 ,b at ! highe/ po9t ( its developm5t art expresses only _s--pure1 invisible spirituality4 ,we feel t x seeks to /rip itself ( all ext]nal =ms1 to m\nt into a region sup]ior to s5se1 :]e no?+ /rikes ! eye1 :]e no s\nd long] vibrates ^u ! e>4 ,fur!rmore1 we c say1 on comp>+ 9 ?is respect anci5t ) mod]n art1 t ! fundam5tal trait ( romantic or ,*ri/ian art is ! musical elem5t1 ! lyric acc5t 9 poetry4 ,! lyric acc5t res\nds ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 epic & dramatic poetry4 ,9 ! figurative arts ?is *>act]i/ic makes itself felt1 z a brea? ( ! s\l & an atmosph]e ( feel+4 ,aft] hav+ ?us det]m9$ ! g5]al "* ( romantic art1 ,hegel /udies x m 9 detail2 he consid]s x1 successively1 "u a two-fold po9t ( view1 ! religi\s & ! pr(ane2 he foll[s x 9 its developm5t1 & po9ts out ! causes :i* h br\ght ab\t its decad5ce4 ,he concludes by "s consid]ations ^u ! pres5t /ate ( art & its future4 ,let u analyze rapidly ! pr9cipal ideas conta9$ 9 ^! *apt]s4 #a/4 ,z to :at conc]ns ! religi\s side1 :i* we h ?us f> be5 consid]+1 ,hegel1 develop+ its pr9ciple1 e/abli%es a p>allel betwe5 ! religi\s idea 9 classic & romantic art2 = romantic art has also its ideal1 :i*1 z we h se5 already1 diff]s ess5tially f ! antique idea4 ,greek beauty %[s ! s\l :olly id5tifi$ ) ! corporeal =m4 ,9 romantic art beauty no m resides 9 ! idealization ( ! s5su\s =m1 b 9 ! s\l itself4 ,und\bt$ly "o ought /ill to dem& a c]ta9 agreem5t betwe5 ! reality & ! idea2 b ! det]m9ate =m is indiff]5t1 x is n purifi$ f all ! accid5ts ( real exi/5ce4 ,! immortal gods 9 pres5t+ !mselves to our eyes "u ! human =m1 d n p>take ( its wants & mis]ies4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,god ( ,*ri/ian art is n a solit>y ,god1 a /rang] to ! conditions ( mortal life2 he makes himself man1 & %>es ! mis]ies & ! suff]+s ( humanity4 ,! repres5tation ( religi\s love is ! mo/ favorable subject = ! beautiful creations ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ place1 love 9 ,god is repres5t$ by ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s r$emption1 by ! v>i\s phases ( 8 life1 ( 8 passion1 ( 8 dea?1 & ( 8 resurrection4 ,9 ! second place1 love 9 man1 ! union ( ! human s\l ) ,god1 appe>s 9 ! holy family1 9 ! mat]nal love ( ! ,virg91 & 9 ! love ( ! disciples4 ,f9ally1 love 9 humanity is manife/$ by ! _s ( ! ,*ur*1 t is to say1 by ! ,_s ( ,god pres5t 9 ! society ( ! fai?ful1 by ! return ( humanity to ,god1 dea? to t]re/rial life1 m>tyrdom1 rep5tance & conv]sion1 ! miracles & ! leg5ds4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal subjects :i* =m ! gr\nd ( religi\s art4 ,x is ! ,*ri/ian ideal 9 :atev] 9 x is mo/ elevat$4 ,art seizes x & seeks to express x--b does ?is only imp]fectly4 ,art is "h necess>ily surpass$ by ! religi\s ?\ght1 & ought to recognize its own insuffici5cy4 ,if we pass f ! religi\s to ! pr(ane ideal1 x pres5ts itself to u "u two diff]5t =ms4 ,! "o1 al?\gh repres5t+ human p]sonality1 yet develops noble & elevat$ s5tim5ts1 :i* comb9e ) moral or religi\s ideas4 ,! o!r %[s u only p]sons :o display1 9 ! pursuit ( purely human & positive int]e/s1 indep5d5ce & en]gy ( "*4 ,! fir/ is repres5t$ by *ivalry4 ,:5 we come to exam9e ! nature & ! pr9ciple ( ! *ivalric ideal1 we see t :at con/itutes its cont5t is1 9 fact1 p]sonality4 ,"h1 man ab&ons ! /ate ( inn] sanctification1 ! contemplative = ! active life4 ,he ca/s 8 eyes ab\t him & seeks a !atre = 8 activity4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple is always ! same1 ! s\l1 ! human p]son1 pursu+ ! inf9ite4 ,b x turns t[>d ano!r sph]e1 t ( action & real life4 ,! ,ego is replete ) self only1 ) its individuality1 :i*1 9 its eyes1 is ( inf9ite value4 ,x atta*es little importance to g5]al ideas1 to int]e/s1 to ent]prises :i* h = object g5]al ord]4 ,?ree s5tim5ts1 9 ! ma91 pres5t ?is p]sonal & individual "*1 honor1 love1 & fidelity4 ,moreov]1 sep>ate or unit$1 !y =m1 aside f ! religi\s relation%ips :i* c be reflect$ 9 !m1 ! true cont5t ( *ivalry4 ,! au?or analyzes ^! ?ree s5tim5ts2 he %[s 9 :at !y diff] f ! analog\s s5tim5ts or qualities 9 antique art4 ,he endeavors1 above all1 to prove t !y repres5t1 9 fact1 ! side ( human p]sonality1 ) its inf9ite & ideal "*4 ,?us honor does n resemble brav]y1 :i* exposes itself = a common cause4 ,honor fights only to make itself kn[n or respect$1 to gu>antee ! inviolability ( ! individual p]son4 ,9 l mann] love1 also1 :i* con/itutes ! c5tre ( ! circle1 is only ! accid5tal passion ( "o p]son = ano!r p]son4 ,ev5 :5 ?is passion is idealiz$ by ! imag9ation & ennobl$ by dep? ( s5tim5t1 x is n yet ! e?ical bond ( ! family & ( m>riage4 ,fidelity pres5ts ! moral "* 9 a high] degree1 s9ce x is dis9t]e/$2 b x is n address$ to ! g5]al good ( society 9 itself2 x atta*es itself exclusively to ! p]son ( a ma/]4 ,*ivalric fidelity und]/&s p]fectly well1 besides1 h[ to pres]ve its advantages & its rights1 ! indep5d5ce & ! honor ( ! p]son1 :o is always only conditionally b\nd4 ,! basis ( ^! ?ree s5tim5ts is1 !n1 free p]sonality4 ,?is is ! mo/ beautiful "p ( ! circle :i* is f\nd beyond religion1 prop]ly s-call$4 ,all "h has = imm$iate end1 man1 ) :om we c sympa?ize ?r\gh ! side ( p]sonal indep5d5ce4 ,^! s5tim5ts are1 moreov]1 susceptible ( be+ plac$ 9 connection ) religion 9 a multitude ( ways1 z !y are able to pres]ve _! indep5d5t "*4 8,?is =m ( romantic art 0 develop$ 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/1 b especially 9 ! ,we/1 t l& ( reflection1 ( ! conc5tration ( ! _s ^u itself4 ,9 ! ,ea/ 0 accompli%$ ! fir/ expansion ( lib]ty1 ! fir/ attempt t[>d enfran*isem5t f ! f9ite4 ,x 0 ,mahometanism :i* fir/ swept f ! anci5t soil all idolatry1 & religions born ( ! imag9ation4 ,b x absorb$ ?is int]nal lib]ty to su* a degree t ! entire _w = x 0 effac$2 plung$ 9 an intoxication ( ec/acy1 ! ori5tal ta/es 9 contemplation ! delights ( love1 calmness1 & felicity40 7,page #def47 #c4 ,we h se5 human p]sonality develop+ itself ^u ! !atre ( real life1 & !re display+ noble1 g5]\s s5tim5ts1 su* z honor1 love & fidelity4 ,mean:ile x is 9 ! sph]e ( real life & ( purely human int]e/s t lib]ty & indep5d5ce ( "* appe> to u4 ,! ideal "h consi/s only 9 en]gy & p]sev]ance ( w1 & passion z well z indep5d5ce ( "*4 ,religion & *ivalry disappe> ) _! high conceptions1 _! noble s5tim5ts1 & _! ?or\ghly ideal objects4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at *>act]izes ! new wants1 is ! ?ir/ = ! joys ( ! pres5t life1 ! ard5t pursuit ( human int]e/s 9 :at 9 !m is actual1 det]m9$1 or positive4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! figurative arts1 man wi%es objects to be repres5t$ 9 _! palpable & visible reality4 ,! de/ruction ( classic art comm5c$ ) ! pr$om9ance ( ! agreeable1 & x end$ ) satire4 ,romantic art ends 9 ! exagg]ation ( ! pr9ciple ( p]sonality1 depriv$ ( a sub/antial & moral cont5t1 & !nce=? ab&on$ to caprice1 to ! arbitr>y1 to fancy & excess ( passion4 ,!re is left fur!r to ! imag9ation ( ! poet only to pa9t =cibly & ) dep? ^! *>act]s2 to ! arti/1 only to imitate ! real2 to ! _s1 to exhibit its rigor 9 piquant comb9ations & contra/s4 ,?is t5d5cy is reveal$ "u ?ree pr9cipal =ms3 #a/1 ,indep5d5ce ( individual "*1 pursu+ its prop] ends1 its p>ticul> designs1 )\t moral or religi\s aim2 #b;d1 ! exagg]ation ( ! *ivalric pr9ciple1 & ! _s ( adv5ture2 #c;d1 ! sep>ation ( ! elem5ts1 ! union ( :i* con/itutes ! v idea ( art1 ?r\gh ! de/ruction ( art itself1--t is to say1 ! pr$ilection = common reality1 ! imitation ( ! real1 me*anical ability1 caprice1 fancy1 & humor4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree po9ts furni%es to ,hegel ! occasion = a rem>kable e/imate ( ! *>act]s ( ,%akspe>e1 :i* repres5t1 9 an em95t degree1 ?is phase ( ! ,romantic ideal4 ,! di/9ctive trait ( "* ( ! dramatis p]son ( ,%akspe>e is1 9 fact1 ! en]gy & ob/9ate p]sev]ance ( a w :i* is exclusively devot$ to a specific end1 & conc5trates all its ef=ts = ! purpose ( realiz+ x4 ,!re is "h no "q ei!r ( religion or ( moral ideas4 ,!y are *>act]s plac$ s+ly face to face ) ea* o!r1 & _! designs1 :i* !y h spontane\sly conceiv$1 & ! execution ( :i* !y pursue ) ! unyield+ ob/9acy ( passion4 ,macbe?1 ,o!llo1 ,ri*>d ,,iii41 are su* *>act]s4 ,o!rs1 z ,romeo1 ,juliet1 & ,mir&a1 are di/+ui%$ by an absorption ( s\l 9 a unique1 pr(\nd1 b purely p]sonal s5tim5t1 :i* furni%es !m an occasion = display+ an admirable weal? ( qualities4 ,! mo/ re/rict$ & mo/ common1 /ill int]e/ u by a c]ta9 consi/5cy 9 _! acts1 a c]ta9 brilliancy1 an en?usiasm1 a fre$om ( imag9ation1 a _s sup]ior to circum/ances1 :i* causes u to ov]look :atev] !re is common 9 _! action & disc\rse4 ,b ?is class1 :]e ,%akspe>e excels1 is extremely difficult to treat4 ,to writ]s ( m$iocrity1 ! quicks& is inevitable4 ,!y risk1 9 fact1 fall+ into ! insipid1 ! insignificant1 ! trivial1 or ! repulsive1 z a cr[d ( imitators h prov54 ,x has be5 v\*saf$ only to a few great ma/]s to possess en\gh g5ius & ta/e to seize "h ! true & ! beautiful1 to r$eem ! insignificance or vulg>ity ( ! cont5t by en?usiasm & tal5t1 by ! =ce & en]gy ( _! p5cil & by a pr(\nd k ( human passions4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( romantic art is1 t1 9 ! religi\s sph]e1 ! s\l1 f9d+ = itself satisfaction 9 itself1 has no ne$ to develop itself 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! religi\s idea no long] makes itself felt1 & :5 ! free w is no long] dep5d5t1 except on itself1 ! dramatis p]son pursue aims :olly individual 9 a _w :]e all appe>s arbitr>y & accid5tal1 & :i* seems ab&on$ to itself & deliv]$ up to *ance4 ,9 its irregul> pace1 x pres5ts a complication ( ev5ts1 :i* int]m+le )\t ord] & )\t cohesion4 ,moreov]1 ?is is ! =m :i* ev5ts affect 9 romantic1 9 opposition to classic art1 :]e ! actions & ev5ts are b\nd to a common end1 to a true & necess>y pr9ciple :i* det]m9es ! =m1 ! "*1 & ! mode ( developm5t ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,9 romantic art1 also1 we f9d g5]al int]e/s1 moral ideas2 b !y d n o/5sibly det]m9e ev5ts2 !y are n ! ord]+ & regulat+ pr9ciple4 ,^! ev5ts1 on ! contr>y1 pres]ve _! free c\rse1 & affect an accid5tal =m4 ,su* is ! "* ( ! great] "p ( ! gr& ev5ts 9 ! middle ages1 ! crusades1 = example1 :i* ! au?or names = ?is reason1 & :i* 7 ! gr& adv5tures ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,:atev] may be ! judgm5t :i* "o =ms ^u ! crusades & ! diff]5t motives :i* caus$ !m to be und]tak51 x _c be d5i$1 t ) an elevat$ religi\s aim--! deliv]ance ( ! holy sepul*re--!re 7 m+l$ o!r int]e/$ & mat]ial motives1 & t ! religi\s & ! pr(ane aim did n contradict nor corrupt ! o!r4 ,z to _! g5]al =m1 ! crusades pres5t utt] abs5ce ( unity4 ,!y are und]tak5 by masses1 by multitudes1 :o ent] ^u a p>ticul> exp$ition accord+ to _! good pleasure1 & _! individual caprice4 ,! lack ( unity1 ! abs5ce ( plan & direction1 causes ! ent]prises to fail1 & ! ef=ts & endeavors are wa/$ 9 individual exploits4 ,9 ano!r doma91 t ( pr(ane life1 ! road is op5 also to a cr[d ( adv5tur]s1 ^: object is m or less imag9>y1 & ^: pr9ciple is love1 honor1 or fidelity4 ,to battle = ! glory ( a "n1 to fly to ! succor ( innoc5ce1 to accompli% ! mo/ m>vell\s ?+s = ! honor ( "o's lady1 su* is ! motive ( ! great] "p ( ! beautiful exploits :i* ! romances ( *ivalry or ! poems ( ?is epo* & subsequ5t epo*s celebrate4 ,^! vices ( *ivalry cause its ru94 ,we f9d ! mo/ fai?ful picture ( x 9 ! poems ( ,ario/o & ,c]vantes4 ,b :at be/ m>ks ! de/ruction ( romantic art & ( *ivalry is ! mod]n romance1 t =m ( lit]ature :i* takes _! place4 ,! romance is *ivalry appli$ to real life2 x is a prote/ aga9/ ! real1 x is ! ideal 9 a society :]e all is fix$1 regulat$ 9 advance by laws1 by usages contr>y to ! free developm5t ( ! natural long+s & s5tim5ts ( ! s\l2 x is ! *ivalry ( common life4 ,! same pr9ciple :i* caus$ a se>* = adv5tures ?r[s ! p]sonages into ! mo/ div]se & ! mo/ extraord9>y situations4 ,! imag9ation1 disgu/$ ) t :i* is1 cuts out = itself a _w accord+ to its fancy1 & creates = itself an ideal :]e9 x c =get social cu/oms1 laws1 positive int]e/s4 ,! "y m5 & "y wom51 above all1 feel ! want ( su* alim5t = ! he>t1 or ( su* di/raction aga9/ ennui4 ,ripe age succe$s y\?2 ! "y man m>ries & ent]s ^u positive int]e/s4 ,su* is also ! dnoem5t ( ! great] "p ( romances1 :]e prose succe$s poetry1 ! real1 ! ideal4 ,! de/ruction ( romantic art is ann\nc$ by symptoms /ill m /rik+1 by ! imitation ( ! real1 & ! appe>ance ( ! humor\s /yle1 :i* occupies m & m space 9 art & lit]ature4 ,! arti/ & ! poet c !re display mu* tal5t1 en?usiasm & _s2 b ^! two /yles are no less /rik+ indexes ( an epo* ( decad5ce4 ,x is1 above all1 ! humor\s /yle :i* m>ks ?is decad5ce1 by ! abs5ce ( all fix$ pr9ciple & all rule4 ,x is a pure play ( ! imag9ation :i* comb9es1 accord+ to its lik+1 ! mo/ diff]5t objects1 alt]s & ov]turns relations1 tortures itself to discov] novel & extraord9>y conceptions4 ,! au?or places himself above ! subject1 reg>ds himself z fre$ f all conditions impos$ by ! nature ( ! cont5t z well z ! =m1 & imag9es t all dep5ds on 8 wit & ! p[] ( 8 g5ius4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t :at ,hegel calls ! d[nfall ( art 9 g5]al1 & ( romantic art 9 p>ticul>1 is precisely :at we call ! romantic s*ool 9 ! art & lit]ature ( our "t4 ,su* are ! fundam5tal =ms :i* art pres5ts 9 its hi/oric developm5t4 ,if ! art ( ! r5aissance1 or mod]n art prop]ly s call$1 f9ds no place 9 ?is sket*1 x is because x does n con/itute an orig9al & fundam5tal =m4 ,! r5aissance is a return to ,greek art2 & z to mod]n art1 x is alli$ to bo? ,greek & ,*ri/ian4 ,b x rema9s = u to pres5t "s conclusions ^u ! future de/9y ( art--a po9t ( highe/ int]e/1 to :i* ?is review ( ! =ms & monum5ts ( ! pa/ mu/ lead4 ,! conclusions ( ! au?or1 :i* we %all consid] else:]e1 are f> f answ]+ to :at we might h expect$ f s rem>kable a hi/oric picture4 ,:at are1 inde$1 ^! conclusions8 ,! fir/ is1 t ! rle ( art1 to speak prop]ly1 is f9i%$--at lea/1 its orig9al & di/9ct rle4 ,! circle ( ! ideas & beliefs ( humanity is complet$4 ,art has inve/$ !m ) ! =ms :i* x 0 capable ( giv+ !m4 ,9 ! future1 x ought1 !n1 to occupy a second>y place4 ,aft] hav+ f9i%$ its indep5d5t c>e]1 x becomes an obscure satellite ( sci5ce & philosophy1 9 :i* are absorb$ bo? religion & art4 ,?is ?\ght is n ?us def9itely =mulat$1 b x is cle>ly en\gh indicat$4 ,art1 9 reveal+ ?\ght1 has itself contribut$ to ! de/ruction ( o!r =ms1 & to its own d[nfall4 ,! new art ought to be elevat$ above all ! p>ticul> =ms :i* x has already express$4 8,art ceases to be atta*$ to a det]m9ate circle ( ideas & =ms2 x consecrates itself to a new wor%ip1 t ( humanity4 ,all t ! he>t ( man includes )9 its own imm5sity--its joys & its suff]+s1 its int]e/s1 its actions1 its de/9ies--become ! doma9 ( art40 ,?us ! cont5t is human nature2 ! =m a free comb9ation ( all ! =ms ( ! pa/4 ,we %all h]eaft] consid] ?is new eclecticism 9 art4 ,hegel po9ts out1 9 conclud+1 a f9al =m ( lit]ature & poetry1 :i* is ! unequivocal index ( ! abs5ce ( peculi>1 elevat$ & pr(\nd ideas1 & ( orig9al =ms--t s5tim5tal poetry1 light or descriptive1 :i* to-day floods ! lit]>y _w & ! draw+-rooms ) its v]ses2 compositions )\t life & )\t cont5t1 )\t orig9ality or true inspiration2 a common-place & vague expression ( all s5tim5t1 full ( aspirations & empty ( ideas1 :]e1 ?r\gh all1 !re makes itself recogniz$ an imitation ( "s illu/ri\s g5iuses--!mselves misl$ 9 false & p]il\s ways2 a sort ( curr5t money1 analog\s to ! epi/ol>y /yle4 ,ev]ybody is poet2 & !re is sc>cely "o true poet4 8,:]ev] ! faculties ( ! s\l & ! =ms ( language h receiv$ a c]ta9 degree ( culture1 !re is no p]son :o _c1 if he take ! fancy1 express 9 v]se "s situation ( ! s\l1 z any "o is 9 condition to write a lett]40 ,su* a /yle1 ?us univ]sally diffus$1 & reproduc$ "u a ?\s& =ms1 al?\gh ) diff]5t %ad+s1 easily becomes fa/idi\s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,we hope to see ^? necessities ( ?\ght :i* und]lie all ,philosophical sy/ems4 ,we set out to acc\nt = all ! div]sities ( op9ion1 & to see id5tity 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,b necessity 9 ! realm ( ?\ght may be ph5om5al4 ,if !re be any?+ :i* is giv5 out z fix$1 we mu/ try its validity4 ,_m ( ! 8impossibilities0 ( ?\ght are easily %[n to re/ ^u ignorance ( psy*ological appliances4 ,! p]son is n able because he does n "k h[--j z 9 o!r ?+s4 ,we mu/ take c>e t we d n conf\nd ! incapacity ( ignorance ) ! necessity ( ?\ght4 7,! read] w f9d an example ( ?is 9 ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton's 8,metaphysics10 page #ebg47 ,"o ( ^! 8incapacities0 arises f neglect+ ! foll[+3 ,among ! fir/ di/9ctions to be le>n$ by ! /ud5t 9 philosophy is t betwe5 ! imag9ative =m ( ?9k+ & pure ?9k+4 ,! =m] is a s5su\s grade ( ?9k+ :i* uses images1 :ile ! latt] is a m develop$ /age1 & is able to ?9k objects 9 & = !mselves4 ,sp9oza's /atem5t ( ?is di/9ction appli$ to ! ?9k+ ( ! ,inf9ite--8 8,inf9itum imag9ationis0 & 8,inf9itum actu vel rationis0--has be5 frequ5tly allud$ to by ^? :o treat ( ?is subject4 ,at fir/ "o might suppose t :5 f9ite ?+s are ! subject ( ?\ght1 x w\ld make little diff]5ce :e!r ! fir/ or second =m ( ?9k+ is employ$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a great error4 ,! ,philosoph] mu/ always 8?9k ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity0 if he w\ld ?9k ! tru?4 ,imag9ation pictures objects4 ,x repres5ts to itself only ! b\nd$4 ,if x tries to realize ! conception ( inf9itude1 x repres5ts a limit$ some:at1 & !n ,reflection or ! ,und]/&+ 7a =m ( ?\ght ly+ betwe5 ,imag9ation & ,reason7 passes beyond ! limits1 & annuls !m4 ,?is process may be cont9u$ indef9itely1 or until ,reason 7or pure ?9k+7 comes 9 & solves ! dilemma4 ,?us we h a dialogue result+ some:at z foll[s3 ,imag9ation4 ,come & see ! ,inf9ite j z ,i h pictur$ x4 ,und]/&+4 ,peep+ cauti\sly ab\t x4 ,:]e is y\r frame8 ,ah6 ,i see x n[1 cle>ly4 ,h[ is ?is6 ,y\r frame does n include all4 ,!re is a 8beyond0 to y\r picture4 ,i _c tell :e!r y int5d ! inside or outside = y\r picture ( ! ,inf9ite1 ,i see x on bo?4 ,imag4 ,tries to ext5d ! frame1 b ) ! same result z be=e4 ,i believe y are "r6 ,i am well nigh exhau/$ by my ef=ts to include ! unlimit$4 ,un4 ,ah6 y see ! ,inf9ite is m]ely ! negative ( ! f9ite or positive4 ,x is ! negative ( ^? conditions :i* y place !re 9 ord] to h any repres5tation at all4 ,:ile ! ,und]/&+ proce$s to deliv] a c\rse ( wise saws & moral reflections on ! 8inability ( ! ,f9ite to grasp ! ,inf9ite10 sitt+ ap>t ^u its bipod--= tripod x has none1 "o ( ! legs be+ brok5--x self-complac5tly & oracul>ly admoni%es ! human m9d to cultivate humility2 ,imag9ation drops h] bru% & p5cil 9 confusion at ^! words4 ,v opportunely ,reason /eps 9 & takes an imp>tial survey ( ! sc5e4 ,reason4 ,did y say t ! ,inf9ite is unkn[able8 ,un4 ,yes4 8,to ?9k is to limit1 & h5ce to ?9k ! ,inf9ite is to limit x1 & ?us to de/roy x40 ,reason4 ,apply y\r rem>ks to ,space4 ,is n ,space inf9ite8 ,un4 ,if ,i attempt to realize ,space1 ,i conceive a b\nd$1 b ,i at once p]ceive t ,i h plac$ my limits )9 ,space1 & h5ce my realization is inadequate4 ,! ,inf9ite1 !re=e1 seems to be a beyond to my cle> conception4 ,reason4 ,inde$6 ,:5 y reflect on ,space d y n p]ceive t x is ( su* a nature t x c be limit$ only by itself8 ,d n all its limits imply ,space to exi/ 98 ,un4 ,yes1 t is ! difficulty4 ,reason4 ,i d n see ! 8difficulty40 ,if ,space c be limit$ only by itself1 its limit cont9ues x1 in/ead ( b\nd+ x4 ,h5ce x is univ]sally cont9u\s or inf9ite4 ,un4 ,b a m]e negative4 ,reason4 ,no1 n a m]e negative1 b ! negative ( all negation1 & h5ce truly affirmative4 ,x is ! exhibition ( ! utt] impossibility ( any negative to x4 ,all attempts to limit x1 cont9ue x4 ,x is its own o!r4 ,its negative is itself4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a truly affirmative inf9ite 9 contradi/9ction to ! negative inf9ite--! 8inf9ite progress0 t y & ,imag9ation 7 engag$ ^u :5 ,i came 94 ,un4 ,:at y say seems to me a di/9ction 9 words m]ely4 ,reason4 ,d\btless4 ,all di/9ctions are m]ely 9 words until "o has le>n$ to see !m indep5d5t ( words4 ,b y mu/ g & m5d t tripod on :i* y are sitt+2 = h[ c "o ?9k at ease & exhau/ively1 :5 he is all ! "t propp+ up 8 basis f )\t8 ,un4 ,i _c und]/& y4 ,exit4 ,note4 ,x w be well to consid] :at application is to be made ( ^! di/9ctions to ! m9d itself1 ^: =m is consci\sness4 ,9 self-kn[+1 or consci\sness1 ! subject kn[s itself--x is its own object4 ,?us 9 ?is phase ( activity we h ! affirmative ,inf9ite4 ,! subject is its own object--is cont9u$ by its o!r or object4 ,?is is m]ely sugge/$ "h--x w be develop$ h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] we atta9$--or at lea/ made ! attempt to atta9--"s insight into ! relation :i* ,m9d be>s to ,"t & ,space4 ,x appe>$ t ,m9d is a ,transc5d5t1 i4 e4 some?+ :i* ,"t & ,space inh]e 91 r ?an a some:at1 condition$ by !m4 ,al?\gh ?is result agrees entirely ) ! religi\s in/9cts ( man1 :i* ass]t ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! unsub/antiality ( ! exi/5ces )9 ,"t & ,space1 yet z a logical result ( ?9k+1 x seems at fir/ v unreliable4 ,! discipl9$ ?9k] w inde$ f9d ! di/9ctions 8a priori & a po/]iori0 inadequately treat$2 b 8 em5dations w only make ! results !re e/abli%$ m wide-sweep+ & conclusive4 ,9 ! second *apt] we le>n$ caution ) respect to ! mann] ( attempt+ to realize 9 our m9ds ! results ( ?\ght4 ,if we h always be5 9 ! habit ( reg>d+ ,m9d z a prop]ty or attribute ( ! individual1 we h conceiv$ x n accord+ to its true nature1 b h all[$ ,imag9ation to m+le its activity 9 ! ?9k+ ( t :i* is ( a univ]sal nature4 ,?us we are prone to say to ourselves3 8,h[ c a m]e attribute l ,m9d be ! logical condition ( ! solid realities ( ,space & ,"t80 ,9 ?is we h quietly assum$ ! :ole po9t at issue4 ,no sy/em ( ?9k+ :i* w5t to "w logically ev] prov$ ! ,m9d to be an attribute2 only v elem5t>y grades ( ?9k+1 :i* h a way ( assum+ 9 _! premises :at !y draw out analytically 9 _! conclusions1 ev] set up ?is dogma4 ,?is w become cle>] at e /ep z we proce$4 ,we w n[ pursue a pa? simil> to t foll[$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 & see :at m we c le>n ( ! nature ( ,m9d4 ,we w endeavor to le>n m def9itely :at con/itutes its a priori activity1 9 ord]1 z !re indicat$1 to a*ieve our object4 ,?us our pres5t se>* is aft] ! 8,categories0 & _! significance4 ,tak+ ! ^w category "h 9 ! s5se ( 8a priori det]m9ation ( ?\ght10 ! fir/ "q is3 8,d any categories exi/8 ,are !re any ?\ghts :i* belong to ! nature ( m9d itself80 ,x is ! same "q t ,locke discusses "u ! head ( 8,innate ideas40 ,i4 8,e act ( kn[+ or cogniz+ is ! translat+ ( an unkn[n some:at into a kn[n1 z a s*ol> translates a new language into 8 own40 ,if he did n already und]/& "o language1 he c\ld nev] translate ! new "o4 ,9 ! act ( kn[+1 ! object becomes kn[n 9 s f> z ,i am able to recognise pr$icates z belong+ to x4 8,?is is r$20 unless ,i "k already :at 8r$0 means1 ,i d n cognize ! object by pr$icat+ r$ ( x4 8,r$ is a color20 unless ,i "k :at 8color0 means1 ,i h n said any?+ intelligible--,i h n express$ an act ( cognition4 ,! object becomes kn[n to u 9 s f> z we recognize its pr$icates--& h5ce we c\ld nev] "k any?+ unless we _h at lea/ "o pr$icate or conception ) :i* to comm5ce4 ,if we h "o pr$icate ?r\gh :i* we cognize "s object1 t act ( cognition gives u a new pr$icate2 = x has dissolv$ or 8translat$0 a some:at1 t be=e 0 unkn[n1 into a kn[n2 ! 8n-me0 has1 to t ext5t1 become ! 8me40 ,)\t any pr$icates to beg9 )1 all objects w\ld rema9 =ev] outside ( our consci\sness4 ,ev5 consci\sness itself w\ld be impossible1 = ! v act ( self-cognition implies t ! pr$icate 8myself0 is well kn[n4 ,x is an act ( id5tification3 8,i am myself20 ! subject is1 z pr$icate1 completely kn[n or dissolv$ back into ! subject4 ,i cognize myself z myself2 !re is no ali5 elem5t left /&+ ov] aga9/ me4 ,?us we are able to say t !re mu/ be an a priori category 9 ord] to r5d] possible any act ( kn[+ :atev]4 ,moreov]1 we see t ?is category mu/ be id5tical ) ! ,ego itself1 = ! reason t ! process ( cognition is at ! same "t a recognition2 x pr$icates only :at x recognizes4 ,?us1 fundam5tally1 9 kn[+1 ,reason kn[s itself4 ,self-consci\sness is ! basis ( k4 ,?is w ?r[ light on ! fir/ *apt]2 b let u fir/ confirm ?is position by a psy*ological analysis4 ,,ii4 ,:at is ! p]man5t elem5t 9 ?\ght8--,x c easily be f\nd 9 language--its ext]nal manife/ation4 ,logic tells u t ! expression ( ?\ght involves always a subject & pr$icate4 ,?9k :at y please1 say :at y please1 & y\r ?\ght or ass]tion consi/s ( a subject & pr$icate--positive or negative--jo9$ by ! copula1 is4 8,man lives0 is equival5t to 8man is liv+40 8,man0 & 8liv+0 are jo9$ by ! ^w 8is40 ,if we ab/ract all cont5t f ?\ght1 & take its pure =m 9 ord] to see ! p]man5t1 we %all h 8is0 ! copula1--or putt+ a lett] = subject & attribute1 we %all h 8a is a10 7or 8a is b107 = ! univ]sal =m ( ?\ght4 ,! m5tal act is express$ by 8is40 ,9 ?is empty 8is0 we h ! category ( pure ,be+1 :i* is ! 8summum g5us0 ( categories4 ,any pr$icate o!r ?an be+ w be f\nd to conta9 be+ plus det]m9ations1 & h5ce c be subsum$ "u be+4 ,we %all get new light on ?is subject if we exam9e ! ord9>y doctr9e ( explanation4 ,,iii4 ,9 ord] to expla9 some?+1 we subsume x "u a m g5]al4 ,?us we say3 8,horse is an animal20 &1 8,an animal is an organic be+10 c4 ,a def9ition conta9s n only ?is subsumption1 b also a /atem5t ( ! specific diff]5ce4 ,we def9e quadrup$ by subsum+ x1 78,x is an animal07 & giv+ ! specific diff]5ce 78:i* has f\r feet074 ,z we approa* ! 8summum g5us10 ! pr$icates become m & m empty2 8!y become m ext5sive 9 _! application1 & less compreh5sive 9 _! cont5t40 ,?us !y approa* pure simplicity1 :i* is atta9$ 9 ! 8summum g5us40 ,?is pure simple1 :i* is ! limit ( subsumption & ab/raction1 is pure ,be+--,be+ devoid ( all det]m9at5ess4 ,:5 we h arriv$ at ,be+1 subsum+ becomes simple id5tify+--,be+ is ,be+1 or a is a--& ?is is precisely ! same activity t we f\nd self-consci\sness to consi/ ( 9 our fir/ analysis1 7,i47 & ! same activity t we f\nd all m5tal acts to consi/ ( 9 our second analysis1 7,,ii474 ,,iv4 ,!re=e1 we may affirm on ^! gr\nds1 t ! 8summum g5us10 or primitive category1 is ! ,ego itself 9 its simple/ activity z ! 8is0 7or pure be+ if tak5 sub/antively74 ,?us x happ5s t :5 ! ,m9d comes to cognize an object1 x mu/ fir/ ( all recognize itself 9 x 9 its simple/ activity1--x mu/ "k t ! object is4 ,we _c "k any?+ else ( an object )\t presuppos+ ! k ( its exi/5ce4 ,at ?is po9t x is evid5t t ?is category is n d]iv$ f exp]i5ce 9 ! s5se ( an impression f )\t4 ,x is ! activity ( ! ,ego itself1 & is its 7! ,ego's7 fir/ self-ext]nalization 7or its fir/ becom+ object to itself--its fir/ act ( self-consci\sness74 ,! ess5tial activity ( ! ,ego itself consi/s 9 recogniz+ itself1 & ?is involves self-sep>ation1 & !n ! annull+ ( ?is sep>ation 9 ! same act4 ,= 9 kn[+ myself z an object ,i sep>ate ! ,ego f itself1 b 9 ! v act ( kn[+ x ,i make x id5tical aga94 ,"h are two negative processes involv$ 9 kn[+1 & ^! are indivisibly "o3--fir/1 ! negative act ( sep>ation--secondly1 ! negative act ( annull+ ! sep>ation by ! act ( recognition4 ,t ! application ( categories to ! ext]nal _w is a process ( self-recognition1 is n[ cle>3 we "k1 9 s f> z we recognize pr$icates 9 ! object1--we say 8,! ,rose is1 x is r$1 x is r\nd1 x is fragrant1 c40 ,9 ?is we sep>ate :at belongs to ! rose f x1 & place x outside ( x1 & !n1 ?r\gh ! act ( pr$ication1 unite x aga94 8,! ,rose is0 conta9s m]ely ! recognition ( be+ b be+ is sep>at$ f x & jo9$ to x 9 ! act ( pr$ication4 ,?us we see t ! fundam5tal act ( self-consci\sness1 :i* is a self-sep>ation & self-id5tification unit$ 9 "o act ( recognition1--we see t ?is fundam5tal act is repeat$ 9 all acts ( kn[+4 ,we d n "k ev5 ! rose )\t sep>at+ x f itself1 & id5tify+ ! two sides ?us =m$4 7,?is conta9s a deep] ?\ght :i* we may sugge/ "h4 ,t ! act ( kn[+ puts all objects into ?is crucible1 is an intimation on its "p t no object c possess true1 abid+ be+1 )\t ?is ability to sep>ate itself f itself 9 ! process ( self-id5tification4 ,:atev] _c d ?is is no ess5ce1 b may be only an elem5t ( a process 9 :i* x ceaselessly loses its id5tity4 ,b we %all recur to ?is aga947 ,d\btless we c\ld foll[ out ?is activity ?r\gh v>i\s /eps1 & d$uce all ! categories ( pure ?\ght4 ,?is is :at ,plato has done 9 "p2 :at ,fi*te has done 9 8 ,sci5ce ( ,k1 78,wiss5s*aftslehre07 & ,hegel 9 8 ,logic4 ,a sci5ce ( ^! pure intelligibles unlocks ! secret ( ! ,univ]se2 x furni%es t 8,royal ,road0 to all k2 x is ! f>-fam$ ,philosoph]'s ,/one t alone c transmute ! base dross ( m]e tal5t into g5ius4 ,v4 ,let u be cont5t if at ! close ( ?is *apt] we c affirm /ill m positively ! conclusions ( our fir/4 ,?r\gh a consid]ation ( ! a priori k ( ,"t & ,space1 & _! logical priority1 z conditions1 to ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 we inf]r$ ! transc5d5cy ( ,m9d4 ,^u fur!r inve/igation1 we h n[ discov]$ t !re are o!r =ms ( ! ,m9d m primordial ?an ,space & ,"t1 & m ess5tially relat$ to its activity2 = all ! categories ( pure ?\ght--,be+1 ,negation1 c41--are applicable to ,space & to ,"t1 & h5ce m univ]sal ?an ei!r ( !m alone2 ^! categories ( pure ?\ght1 moreov]1 z be=e rem>k$1 c\ld nev] h be5 d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce is n possible )\t presuppos+ ^! pr$icates4 8,!y are ! tools ( intellig5ce ?r\gh :i* x cognizes40 ,if we hold by ?is /&-po9t exclusively1 we may say1 ) ,kant1 t we furni% ! subjective =ms 9 kn[+1 & = ?is reason _c "k ! 8?+ 9 itself40 ,if ^! categories are m]ely subjective--i4 e4 giv5 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,m9d itself--& we d n "k :at ! 8?+ 9 itself0 may be1 yet we c come safely out ( all skepticism "h by consid]+ ! univ]sal nature ( ^! categories or 8=ms ( ! m9d40 ,= if ,be+1 ,negation & ,exi/5ce are =ms ( m9d & purely subjective1 s t !y d n belong to ! 8?+ 9 itself10 x is evid5t t su* an object _c be or exi/1 or 9 any way h validity1 ei!r positively or negatively4 ,?us x is se5 f ! nature ( m9d "h exhibit$1 t ,m9d is ! n\m5on or 8?+ 9 itself0 :i* ,philosophy seeks1 & ?us our ?ird *apt] confirms our fir/4 ,note4 ,! ,,mat]ialism ( ! pres5t day holds t ?\ght is a modification ( =ce1 correlat$ ) heat1 light1 electricity1 c41 9 %ort1 t organization produces ideas4 ,if s1 we are plac$ )9 a n>r[ idealism1 & c only say ( :at is held = tru?3 8,i am s correlat$ z to hold ?is view1--,i %all be diff]5tly correlat$ to-morr[1 p]haps1 & hold ano!r view40 ,yet 9 ?is v /atem5t ! ,ego takes ! /&-po9t ( univ]sality--x speaks ( possibilities--:i* x c\ld nev] d1 7 x m]ely a correlate4 ,= to hold a possibility is to be able to annul 9 ?\ght ! limits ( ! real1 & h5ce to elevate itself to ! po9t ( univ]sality4 ,b ?is is self-correlation2 we h a movem5t 9 a circle1 & h5ce self-orig9ation1 & h5ce a spontane\s f\nta9 ( =ce4 ,! ,m9d1 9 conceiv+ ( ! possible1 annuls ! real1 & ?us creates its own motives2 its act+ accord+ to motives1 is ?us act+ accord+ to its own acts--an obvi\s circle aga94 ,9 f9e1 x is evid5t t ! idealism :i* ! correlationi/ logically falls into is z /rict z t ( any s*ool ( pr(ess$ idealism :i* he is 9 ! habit ( condemn+4 ,! p]si/5t =ce is ! g5]al idea ( =ce1 n f\nd z any real =ce1 = ea* real =ce is individualiz$ 9 "s p>ticul> way4 ,b x is evid5t t a p>ticul> =ce _c be correlat$ ) =ce 9 g5]al1 b only ) a special =m l itself4 ,b ! g5]al =ce is ! only abid+ "o--ea* p>ticul> "o is 9 a /ate ( transition into ano!r--a p]petual los+ ( individuality4 ,h5ce ! true abid+ =ce is n a real "o exi/+ objectively1 b only an ideal "o exi/+ subjectively 9 ?\ght4 ,b ?r\gh ! fact t ?\ght c seize ! true & abid+ :i* c exi/ = itself n[h]e else1 ! correlationi/ is b\nd to inf] ! transc5d5cy ( ,m9d j l ! ideali/4 ,nay1 m1 :5 he comes to speak consid]ately1 he w say t ,m9d1 = ! v reason t x ?9ks ! true1 abid+ =ce1 _c be correlat$ ) any det]m9$ =ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,philosoph]s usually beg9 to con/ruct _! sy/ems 9 full view ( _! f9al pr9ciple4 ,x w\ld be absurd = "o to comm5ce a demon/ration if he _h no cle> idea ( :at he int5d$ to prove4 ,f ! f9al pr9ciple ! sy/em mu/ be work$ back to ! beg9n+ 9 ! ,philosoph]'s m9d be=e he c comm5ce 8 demon/ration4 ,usually ! ord] ( demon/ration :i* he foll[s1 is n ! ord] ( discov]y2 9 su* case 8 sy/em proce$s by ext]nal reflections4 ,all ma!matical pro( is ( ?is ord]4 ,"o con/ructs 8 demon/ration to lead f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & uses _m int]m$iate propositions t d n ( necessity lead to ! int5d$ result4 ,) ano!r !orem 9 view1 !y might be us$ = /eps to t1 j z well4 ,b !re is a c]ta9 inh]5t developm5t 9 all subjects :5 exam9$ accord+ to ! highe/ me?od1 t w lead "o on to ! exhau/ive exposition ( all t is involv$ !re94 ,?is is call$ ! dialectic4 ,?is dialectic movem5t _c be us$ z a philosophic in/rum5t1 unless "o has se5 ! deepe/ ap]u ( ,sci5ce2 if ?is is n ! case1 ! dialectic w prove m]ely de/ructive & n con/ructive4 ,x is !re=e a mi/ake1 z has be5 be=e rem>k$1 to attempt to introduce ! beg9n] ( ! /udy ( ,philosophy at once into ! dialectic4 ,! cont5t ( ,philosophy mu/ be fir/ pres5t$ "u its s5su\s & reflective =ms1 & a gradual progress e/abli%$4 ,9 ?is *apt] an attempt w be made to approa* aga9 ! ultimate pr9ciple :i* we h hi!rto fix$ only 9 a g5]al mann] z ,m9d4 ,we w use ! me?od ( ext]nal reflection1 & demon/rate ?ree propositions3 #a4 ,!re is an indep5d5t be+2 #b4 ,t be+ is self-det]m9$2 #c4 ,self-det]m9$ be+ is 9 ! =m ( p]sonality1 i4 e4 is an ,ego4 ,i4 #a4 ,dep5d5t be+1 imply+ its complem5t ^u :i* x dep5ds1 _c be expla9$ ?r\gh itself1 b ?r\gh t ^u :i* x dep5ds4 #b4 ,?is be+ ^u :i* x dep5ds _c be also a dep5d5t be+1 = ! dep5d5t be+ has no support ( its own to l5d to ano!r2 all t x has is borr[$4 8,a *a9 ( dep5d5t be+s collapses into "o dep5d5t be+4 ,dep5d5ce is n conv]t$ into indep5d5ce by m]e multiplication40 #c4 ,! dep5d5t1 !re=e1 dep5ds ^u ! indep5d5t1 & has its explanation 9 x4 ,s9ce all be+ is ( "o k9d or ! o!r1 x foll[s t all be+ is indep5d5t1 or a complem5tal elem5t ( x4 ,reciprocal dep5d5ce makes an indep5d5t includ+ :ole1 :i* is ! negative unity4 ,def9ition4--,"o ( ! mo/ important implem5ts ( ! ?9k] is ! compreh5sion ( 8negative unity40 ,x is a unity result+ f ! reciprocal cancell+ ( elem5ts2 e4 g4 ,salt is ! negative unity ( acid & alkali4 ,x is call$ negative because x negates ! indep5d5ce ( ! elem5ts )9 x4 ,9 ! negative unity ,air1 ! elem5ts oxyg5 & nitrog5 h _! indep5d5ce negat$4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! indep5d5t be+ _c exi/ )\t det]m9ations4 ,)\t ^!1 x c\ld n di/+ui% itself or be di/+ui%$ f n\ght4 #b4 ,nor c ! indep5d5t be+ be det]m9$ 7i4 e4 limit$ or modifi$ 9 any way7 f )\t1 or ?r\gh ano!r4 ,= all t is det]m9$ ?r\gh ano!r is a dep5d5t some:at4 #c4 ,h5ce ! indep5d5t be+ c be only a self-det]m9$4 ,if self-det]m9$1 x c exi/ ?r\gh itself4 ,note4 ,sp9oza does n arrive at ! ?ird position1 b1 aft] consid]+ ! second1 arrives at ! fir/ "o1 & concludes1 s9ce det]m9ation ?r\gh ano!r makes a some:at f9ite1 t ! indep5d5t be+ mu/ be undet]m9$4 ,he does n happ5 to discov] t !re is ano!r k9d ( det]m9ation1 to-wit1 self-det]m9ation1 :i* c consi/ ) indep5d5ce4 ,! me?od t he uses makes x entirely an accid5tal matt] ) him t he discov]s :at speculative results he does--! dialectic me?od w\ld lead inevitably to self-det]m9ation1 z we %all see lat]4 ,x is ,hegel's ap]u t we h 9 ! ?ird position2 ) ,sp9oza ! indep5d5t be+ rema9$ an undet]m9$ sub/ance1 b ) ,hegel x became a self-det]m9+ subject4 ,all t ,sp9oza gets out ( 8 sub/ance he mu/ get 9 an arbitr>y mann]2 x does n foll[ f its def9ition t x %all h modes & attributes1 b ! contr>y4 ,?is ap]u--t ! indep5d5t be+1 i4 e4 e really exi/+1 sep>ate entity1 is self-det]m9$--is ! c5tral po9t ( speculative philosophy4 ,:at self-det]m9ation involves1 we %all see next4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,self-det]m9ation implies t ! con/itution or nature be self-orig9at$4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t a self-det]m9$ t is creat$ by any?+ )\t4 #b4 ,?us self-det]m9$ be+ exi/s dually--x is 7a7 z det]m9+ & 7b7 z det]m9$4 7a7 ,z det]m9+1 x is ! active1 :i* conta9s m]ely ! possibility ( det]m9ations2 7b7 z det]m9$1 x is ! passive result--! matt] ^u :i* ! subject acts4 #c4 ,b s9ce bo? are ! same be+1 ea* side returns into itself3--7a7 z det]m9+ or active1 x acts only ^u its own det]m9+1 & 7b7 z passive or det]m9$1 x is1 z result ( ! =m]1 ! self-same active itself4 ,h5ce its movem5t is a movem5t ( self-recognition--a posit+ ( di/9ction :i* is cancell$ 9 ! same act4 7,9 self-recognition some?+ is made an object1 & id5tifi$ ) ! subject 9 ! same act47 ,moreov]1 ! det]m9]1 on acc\nt ( its pure g5]ality1 7i4 e4 its hav+ no concrete det]m9ations z yet17 c only be ideal--c only exi/ z ! ,ego exi/s 9 ?\ght2 n z a ?+1 b z a g5]ic entity4 ,! passive side c exi/ only z ! self exi/s 9 consci\sness--z t :i* is 9 opposition & yet 9 id5tity at ! same "t4 ,no f9ite exi/5ce c\ld endure ?is contradiction1 = all su* mu/ possess a nature or con/itution :i* is self-det]m9$2 if n1 ea* f9ite c\ld negate all its prop]ties & qualities1 & yet rema9 itself--j z ! p]son does :5 he makes ab/raction ( all1 9 ?9k+ ( ! ,ego or pure self4 ,?us we f9d aga9 our =m] conclusion4--,all f9ite or dep5d5t ?+s mu/ orig9ate 9 & dep5d ^u indep5d5t or absolute be+1 :i* mu/ be an ,ego4 ,! ,ego has ! =m ( ,inf9itude 7see *apt] ,,ii--! inf9ite is its own o!r74 ,resum4 ,! fir/ *apt] /ates ! premises :i* ,kant lays d[n 9 8 ,transc5d5tal /hetic1 7,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft7 & draws ! true logical conclusions :i* are positive & n negative1 z he makes !m4 ,! second *apt] gives ! ,sp9ozan di/9ction ( ! ,inf9ite ( ! ,imag9ation & ,inf9ite ( ,reason4 ,! ?ird *apt] gives ! logical results :i* ,kant %\ld h drawn f 8 ,transc5d5tal ,logic4 ,! f\r? *apt] gives ,sp9oza's fundam5tal position logically complet$1 & is ! great fundam5tal position ( ,plato1 ,ari/otle & ,hegel1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,absolute4 ,footnote #b3 ,"o _c b be a/oni%$ n to see1 9 ?is review ( ! pr9cipal =ms ( ori5tal art1 ,*9ese art at lea/ m5tion$4 ,! reason is1 t1 accord+ to ,hegel1 art--! f9e arts1 prop]ly speak+--h no exi/5ce among ! ,*9ese4 ,! _s ( t p seems to him anti-arti/ic & prosaic4 ,he ?us *>act]izes ,*9ese art 9 8 philosophy ( hi/ory3 8,?is race1 9 g5]al1 has a r>e tal5t = imitation1 :i* is ex]cis$ n only 9 ! ?+s ( daily life1 b also 9 art4 ,x has n yet arriv$ at ! repres5tation ( ! beautiful z beautiful4 ,9 pa9t+1 x lacks p]spective & %ad+4 ,european images1 l ev]y?+ else1 x copies well4 ,a ,*9ese pa9t] kn[s exactly h[ _m scales !re are on ! back ( a c>p1 h[ _m not*es a leaf has2 he kn[s p]fectly ! =m ( trees & ! curvature ( _! bran*es2 b ! sublime1 ! ideal1 & ! beautiful1 d n belong at all to ! doma9 ( 8 art & 8 ability40--7,philosophie d] ,ges*i*te47 ,,music ,,z ,a ,,=m ,,( ,,art4 ,read be=e ! ,/4 ,l\is ,art ,society1 ,febru>y1 #ahfg4 ,i4 ,^u ,art-,criticism4 ,a "w ( art is ! product ( ! inspir$ mom5t ( ! arti/4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t he is able to give an acc\nt ( 8 "w 9 ! t]ms ( ! und]/&+4 ,h5ce ! arti/ is n 9 a /rict s5se a critic4 ,! highe/ ord] ( criticism mu/ endeavor to exhibit ! unity ( ! "w by %[+ h[ ! v>i\s motives unfold f ! c5tral ?\ght4 ,( c\rse1 ! arti/ mu/ be r>e :o c see 8 "w d\bly--fir/ s5su\sly1 & !n rationally4 ,only "s ,mi*ael ,angelo or ,goe! c d ?is4 ,! common arti/ sees ! s5su\s =m z ! highe/ possible revelation--to him 8 feel+ is high] ?an ! intellectual vision4 ,& c we n all--critics z well z arti/s--sympa?ize ) ! /atem5t t ! m]e calculat+ intellect1 ! cold und]/&+1 8all light & no heat10 c nev] rise into ! realm :]e art c be appreciat$8 ,x is only :5 we contemplate ! truly speculative intellect--:i* is call$ 8love0 by ! my/ics1 & by ,sw$5borg 8,love & wisdom unit$ 9 a ,div9e ,ess5ce10--t we demur at ?is supreme elevation ( feel+ or s5tim5t4 ,! art critic mu/ h all ! feel+ side ( 8 nature ar\s$1 z ! fir/ condition ( 8 int]pretation2 &1 secondly1 he mu/ be able to dissolve into ?\ght ! emotions :i* arise f t side4 ,if feel+ 7 m exalt$ ?an ?\ght1 ?is w\ld be impossible4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! view ( su* critics z ! ,s*legels1 :o belong to ! romantic s*ool4 ,!y say t ! intellect consid]s only ab/ractions1 :ile ! he>t is affect$ by ! concrete :ole4 8,spectres & goitr$ dw>fs0 = ! intellect1 b 8beauty's rose0 = ! feel+ he>t4 ,b ?is all re/s on a misund]/&+4 ,! true art critic does n und]value feel+4 ,x is to him ! ess5tial basis ^u :i* he builds4 ,unless ! "w ( art affects 8 feel+s1 he has no?+ to ?9k ab\t2 he c g no fur!r2 ! "w1 to him1 is n a "w ( art at all4 ,b if he is ar\s$ & *>m$ by x1 if 8 emotional nature is /irr$ to its dep?s1 & he feels inspir$ by ^? spiritual intimations ( ,et]nity :i* true art always excites1 !n he has a cont5t to "w ^u1 & ?is ?9k+ ( 81 am\nts simply to a recognition 9 o!r =ms1 ( ?is et]nal elem5t1 t gl[s ?r\gh ! "w ( art4 ,h5ce !re is no collision betwe5 ! arti/ & ! critic1 if bo? are true to _! ideal4 ,x c]ta9ly is no injury to ! "w ( art to %[ t x treats 9 "s =m ! ,problem ( ,life1 :i* is ! my/]y ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x is no d]ogation to ,bee?ov5 to %[ h[ he has solv$ a problem 9 music1 j z ,%akspe>e 9 poetry1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 pa9t+4 ,^? :o are cont5t ) ! m]e feel+1 we mu/ always respect if !y really h ! true art feel+1 j z we respect ! simple piety ( ! un$ucat$ peasant4 ,b we mu/ n !re=e und]rate ! consci\s seiz+ ( ! same ?+1--n place ,/4 ,augu/9e or ,m>t9 ,lu!r bel[ ! simple-m9d$ peasant4 ,moreov]1 z our society has = its aim ! atta9m5t ( an insight into art 9 g5]al1 & n ! exclusive enjoym5t ( any p>ticul> art1 x is all ! m important t we %\ld hold by ! only connect+ l9k--! only univ]sal elem5t--?\ght4 ,= ?\ght has n only univ]sal cont5t1 l feel+1 b also univ]sal =m1 :i* feel+ has n4 ,ano!r reason t causes p]sons to object to art int]pretation1 is p]haps t su* int]pretation rem9ds !m ( ! inevitable moral app5d$ ad nauseam to ! /ories t delight$ our *ildhood4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! morals are put =w>d z ! object ( ! /ories4 ,! art critic c nev] admit = "o mom5t t x is ! object ( a "w ( art simply to be didactic4 ,x is true t all art is a means ( culture2 b t is n its object4 ,its object is to comb9e ! idea ) a s5su\s =m1 s z to embody1 z x 71 ! ,inf9ite2 & any motive ext]nal to ! "w ( art itself1 is at once felt to be de/ructive to x4 ,,ii4 ,^u ! ,int]pretation ( ,art4 #a4 ,! ,inf9ite is n manife/$ )9 any p>ticul> sph]e ( f9itude1 b r exhibits itself 9 ! collision ( a ,f9ite ) ano!r ,f9ite )\t x4 ,= a ,f9ite mu/ by its v nature be limit$ f )\t1 & ! ,inf9ite1 !re=e1 n only includes any giv5 f9ite sph]e1 b also its negation 7or ! o!r sph]es :i* jo9$ to x make up ! :ole74 #b4 8,art is ! manife/ation ( ! ,inf9ite 9 ! ,f9ite10 x is said4 ,!re=e1 ?is mu/ mean t art has = its prov9ce ! treatm5t ( ! collisions t necess>ily arise betwe5 "o f9ite sph]e & ano!r4 #c4 ,9 proportion z ! collision portray$ by art is compreh5sive1 & a type ( all collisions 9 ! univ]se1 is x a high "w ( art4 ,if1 !n1 ! collision is on a small scale1 & betwe5 l[ sph]es1 x is n a high "w ( art4 #d4 ,b :e!r ! collision pres5t$ be ( a high ord] or ( a l[ ord]1 x be>s a g5]al resemblance to e o!r collision--! ,inf9ite is always l itself 9 all its manife/ations4 ,! l[] ! collision1 ! m x becomes m]ely symbolical z a "w ( art1 & ! less x adequately pres5ts ! ,inf9ite4 ,?us ! l(ty m\nta9 peaks ( ,bi]/adt1 :i* rise up into ! regions ( cle>ness & sun%9e1 beyond ! realms ( *ange1 d ?is1 only because ( a =ce t contradicts gravitation1 :i* cont9ually abases !m4 ,! contra/ ( ! high ) ! l[1 ( ! cle> & untrammell$ ) ! d>k & imp$$1 symbolizes1 9 ! mo/ natural mann]1 to e "o1 ! high] conflicts ( _s4 ,x /rikes a *ord t vibrates1 unconsci\sly p]haps1 b1 nev]!less1 inevitably4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we take ! o!r extreme ( pa9t+1 & look at ! 8,la/ ,judgm5t0 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 or ! 8,transfiguration0 ( ,raphael1 we f9d comp>atively no ambiguity2 !re ! ,inf9ite is visibly portray$1 & ! collision 9 :i* x is display$ is evid5tly ( ! highe/ ord]4 #e4 ,art1 f its def9ition1 mu/ relate to ,"t & ,space1 & 9 proportion z ! gross] elem5ts are subord9at$ & ! spiritual adequately manife/$1 we f9d t we approa* a =m ( art :]e9 ! =m & matt] are bo? ! products ( _s4 ,?us we h arts ^: matt] is tak5 f 7a7 ,space1 7b7 ,"t1 & 7c7 ,language 7! product ( ,_s74 ,space is ! grosse/ mat]ial4 ,we h on its plane1 ,i4 ,ar*itecture1 ,,ii4 ,sculpture1 & ,,iii4 ,pa9t+4 7,9 ! latt]1 color & p]spective give ! arti/ p[] to repres5t di/ance & magnitude1 & int]nality1 )\t any "o ( !m1 9 fact4 ,^u a piece ( ivory no l>g] ?an a man's h& a 8,he>t ( ! ,&es0 might be pa9t$47 ,9 ,"t we h ,,iv4 ,music1 :ile 9 ,language we h ,v4 ,poetry 79 ! ?ree =ms ( ,epic1 ,lyric1 & ,dramatic7 z ! la/ & highe/ ( ! =ms ( ,art4 #f4 ,an int]pretation ( a "w ( art %\ld consi/ 9 a translation ( x into ! =m ( sci5ce4 ,h5ce1 fir/1 "o mu/ seize ! g5]al cont5t ( x--or ! collision portray$4 ,!n1 secondly1 ! =m ( art employ$ comes 91 :e!r x be ,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 ,pa9t+1 ,music1 or ,poetry4 ,?irdly1 ! relation :i* ! cont5t has to ! =m1 br+s out ! sup]ior m]its1 or ! limits & defects ( ! "w ( art 9 "q4 ,?us1 at ! end1 we h univ]saliz$ ! piece ( art--dige/$ x1 z x 74 ,a true int]pretation does n de/roy a "w ( art1 b r furni%es a guide to its highe/ enjoym5t4 ,we h ! d\ble pleasure ( imm$iate s5su\s enjoym5t produc$ by ! arti/ic execution1 & ! high] "o ( f9d+ our rational nature mirror$ !re9 s t we recognize ! et]nal nature ( ,_s !re manife/$4 #g4 ,! peculi> nature ( music1 z contra/$ ) o!r arts1 w1 if exhibit$1 be/ prep>e u = :at we are to expect f x4 ,! less def9itely ! mode ( art all[s its cont5t to be seiz$1 ! wid] may be its application4 ,l&scape pa9t+ may h a v wide scope = its int]pretation1 :ile a drama ( ,goe! or ,%akspe>e def9itely seizes ! p>ticul>s ( its collision1 & leaves no d\bt z to its sph]e4 ,s 9 ! art ( music1 & especially in/rum5tal music4 ,music does n portray an object directly1 l ! pla/ic arts1 b x calls up ! int]nal feel+ :i* is caus$ by ! object itself4 ,x gives u1 !re=e1 a reflection ( our impressions excit$ 9 ! imm$iate contemplation ( ! object4 ,?us we h a reflection ( a reflection1 z x 74 ,s9ce its mat]ial is ,"t r ?an ,space1 we h ?is contra/ ) ! pla/ic arts3 ,ar*itecture1 & m especially ,sculpture & ,pa9t+1 are oblig$ to select a special mom5t ( "t = ! repres5tation ( ! collision4 ,z ,goe! %[s 9 ! ,laocoon1 x w n d to select a mom5t at r&om1 b t po9t ( "t mu/ be *os5 9 :i* ! collision has rea*$ its height1 & 9 :i* !re is a t5sion ( all ! elem5ts t ent] ! conte/ on bo? sides4 ,a mom5t e>li]1 or a mom5t lat]1 "s ( ^! elem5ts w\ld be elim9at$ f ! problem1 & ! compreh5siv5ess ( ! "w de/roy$4 ,:5 ?is prop] mom5t is seiz$ 9 ,sculpture1 z 9 ! ,laocoon1 we c see :at has be5 be=e ! pres5t mom5t1 & easily tell :at w come lat]4 ,9 ,pa9t+1 ?r\gh ! fact t color+ enables m subtle effects to be wr\ght out1 & deep] int]nal movem5ts to be br\ght to ! surface1 we are n s closely conf9$ to ! 8supreme mom5t0 z 9 ,sculpture4 ,b x is 9 ,music t we fir/ get entirely free f t :i* conf9es ! pla/ic arts4 ,s9ce its =m is "t1 x c convey ! :ole movem5t ( ! collision f its inception to its conclusion4 ,h5ce ,music is sup]ior to ! ,arts ( ,space1 9 t x c portray ! int]nal creative process1 r ?an ! dead results4 ,x gives u ! cont5t 9 its :ole process ( developm5t 9 a fluid =m1 :ile ! ,sculptor mu/ fix x 9 a frigid =m at a c]ta9 /age4 ,goe! & o!rs h comp>$ ,music to ,ar*itecture--! latt] is 8froz5 ,music02 b !y h n comp>$ x to ,sculpture nor ,pa9t+1 = ! reason t 9 ^! two arts !re is a possibility ( seiz+ ! =m ( ! individual m def9itely1 :ile 9 ,ar*itecture & ,music ! po9t ( repose does n appe> z ! human =m1 b only z ! m g5]al "o ( self-relation or h>mony4 ,?us quantitative ratios--ma!matical laws--p]vade & gov]n ^! two =ms ( ,art4 #h4 ,music1 m def9itely consid]$1 arises f vibrations1 produc+ waves 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! cohesive attraction ( "s body is attack$1 & successful resi/ance is made2 if n1 !re is no vibration4 ,?us ! feel+ ( victory ov] a =eign foe is convey$ 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y tones1 & ?is is ! di/9ction ( tone f noise1 9 :i* !re is ! irregul>ity ( disruption1 & n ! regul>ity ( self-equality4 ,aga91 9 ! ob$i5ce ( ! :ole musical /ructure to its fundam5tal scale-note1 we h some?+ l ! ob$i5ce ( ,ar*itecture to ,gravity4 ,9 ord] to make an exhibition ( ,gravity1 a pill> is necess>y2 = ! solid wall does n isolate suffici5tly ! function ( support4 ,) ! pill> we c h exhibit$ ! effects ( ,gravity draw+ d[n to ! e>?1 & ( ! support hold+ up ! %elt]4 ,! pill> 9 classic art exhibits ! equipoise ( ! two t5d5cies4 ,9 ,romantic or ,go?ic ,ar*itecture x exhibits a prepond]ance ( ! aspir+ t5d5cy--! so>+ al(t l ! plant to rea* ! light--a contempt = m]e gravity--sl5d] pill>s seem+ to be let d[n f ! ro(1 & to draw up some?+1 r ?an to support any?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,symbolic ,ar*itecture1 7z f\nd 9 ,egypt7 we h ! ov]:elm+ p[] ( gravity exhibit$ s z to cru% out all humanity--! ,pyramid1 9 ^: %ape ,gravity has done its "w4 ,9 ,music we h cont9ually ! conflict ( ^! two t5d5cies1 ! upw>d & d[nw>d4 ,! ,music t moves upw>d & %[s its gr\nd or po9t ( repose 9 ! octave above ! scale-note ( ! basis1 corresponds to ! ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,?is aspir+ movem5t occurs aga9 & aga9 9 *orals2 x--l all romantic art--expresses ! ,*ri/ian solution ( ! problem ( life4 ,,iii4 ,bee?ov5's ,sonata 9 ,c %>p m9or4 7,opus #bg1 ,no4 #b47 ,! ?ree movem5ts ( ?is sonata :i* ,bee?ov5 call$ a fantasie-sonata1 are n arrang$ 9 ! ord] commonly foll[$4 ,usually sonatas beg9 ) an allegro or "s quick movem5t1 & pass ov] to a sl[ movem5t--an adagio or &ante--& end 9 a quick movem5t4 ,! cont5t "h treat$ c\ld n all[ ?is =m1 & h5ce x comm5ces ) :at is usually ! second movem5t4 ,its ord] is #a4 ,adagio1 #b4 ,allegretto1 #c4 ,f9ale 7pre/o agitato74 7,my rule ) ref]5ce to ! /udy ( art may or may n be int]e/+ to o!rs2 x is ?is3--always to select a ma/]piece1 s recogniz$1 & keep x be=e me until x yields its secret1 & 9 its light ,i am able to see common-place to be :at x really is1 & be no long] dazzl$ by x4 ,x requires fai? 9 ! commonly receiv$ v]dict ( critics & an imm5se deal ( pati5ce1 b 9 ! end "o is rew>d$ = 8 pa9s4 ,almo/ inv>iably ,i f9d imm$iate impressions ( uncultur$ p]sons good = no?+4 ,x requires long famili>ity ) ! be/ ?+s to le>n to see !m 9 _! true excell5ce47 ,?is sonata is call$ by ! ,au/rians ! 8,moonlight ,sonata10 & ?is has become ! popul> "n 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is said to h be5 writt5 by ,bee?ov5 :5 he 0 recov]+ f ! disappo9tm5t ( 8 hopes 9 a love-episode t _h an un=tunate t]m9ation4 7,see ,m>x's 8,l4 v4 ,bee?ov51 ,leb5 und ,s*aff540 ,f ?is magnific5t "w ( ,art-,criticism1 ,i h drawn ! outl9es ( ! foll[+ int]pretation47 ,! object ( 8 affection 0 a c]ta9 "y c\ntess1 ,julia ,guicci>di2 & x appe>s f ,bee?ov5's lett] to a fri5d at ! "t 7ab\t #ahjj7 t ! affection 0 mutual1 b _! diff]5ce 9 rank prev5t$ a m>riage4 ,:5 ?is sonata appe>$ 79 #ahjb7 x 0 inscrib$ to h]4 ,adagio4 ,! fir/ movem5t is a s(t1 float+ movem5t1 portray+ ! s\l mus+ ^u a memory ( :at has affect$ x deeply4 ,! surr\nd+ is dim1 z se5 9 moonlight1 & ! s\l is lit up by a reflect$ light--a gl[+ at ! memory ( a bliss t is pa/4 ,x is n /range t ?is has be5 call$ ! ,moonlight ,sonata1 j = ?is feel+ ( borr[$ light t p]vades x4 ,z we gaze into ! moon ( memory1 we almo/ =get ! reflection1 & fancy t ! sun ( imm$iate consci\sness is itself pres5t4 ,b anon a flitt+ cl\dlet 7a tw+e ( bitt] regret7 obscures ! pale beam1 or a glance at ! l&scape--n pa9t$ n[ ) colors z 9 ! daytime1 b only cl>e-obscure--br+s back to u ! s5se ( our sep>ation f ! day & ! real4 ,sadly ! s(t glid+ movem5t cont9ues1 & di/ant & m di/ant gr[s ! prospect ( exp]i5c+ aga9 ! rememb]$ happ9ess4 ,only = a pass+ mom5t c ! ?robb+ s\l realize 9 its dreams once m its full complet5ess1 & ! pla9tive m9or *anges to major2 b ! spectral =m ( r5unciation glides be=e its face1 & ! s\l subsides into its grief1 & yields to :at is inevitable4 ,d[nw>d into ! dep?s fall its hopes2 only a sepul*ral e*o comes f ! bass1 & all is /ill4 ,m>x calls ?is 8! song ( ! r5\nc+ s\l40 ,x is fill$ ) ! feel+ ( sep>ation & regret2 b its sl[1 dreamy movem5t is n t ( /]n resolution1 :i* %\ld accompany r5unciation4 ,accord+ly we h ,allegretto4 ,! pres5t & real returns2 we no long] dwell on ! pa/2 8,we mu/ sep>ate2 only ?is is left40 ,9 ?is movem5t we awake f ! dream1 & we feel ! importance ( ! situation4 ,its cont5t is 8,f>ewell1 !n20 ! phrase express+ ?is1 l+]s 9 its /riv+ to %ake (f ! grasp & get free4 ,! h&s w n let g ea* o!r4 ,! phrase runs into ! next & back to itself1 & w n be cut (f4 ,9 ! trio !re seems to be ! e*o+ ( sobs t come f ! dep? ( ! s\l z ! sorr[ful words are repeat$4 ,! buri$ pa/ /ill comes back & holds up its happy h\rs1 :ile ! %ad[s ( ! gloomy future hov] be=e ! two r5unciants6 ,?is movem5t is v %ort1 & is foll[$ by ! ,f9ale 7,pre/o agitato74 8,no grief ( ! s\l t c be conqu]$ except ?r\gh action10 says ,goe!--& ,bee?ov5 expresses ! same conviction 9 ! some:at s5tim5tal correspond5ce ) ! fair c\ntess4 ,?is ?ird movem5t depicts ! s\l endeavor+ to escape f itself2 to cancel its individualism ?r\gh contact ) ! real4 ,! fir/ movem5t f\nd ! be+ ( ! s\l involv$ ) ano!r--hav+1 z x 71 lo/ its ess5ce4 ,if ! be+ ^u :i* x dep5ds reflects x back by a reciprocal dep5d5ce1 x aga9 becomes integral & indep5d5t4 ,?is _c be2 h5ce dea? or r5unciation4 ,b r5unciation leaves ! s\l recoil+ ^u its f9itude1 & devoid ( ! univ]sality x w\ld h obta9$ by receiv+ its be+ ?r\gh ano!r :i* reciprocally dep5d$ ^u x4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( ,goe!'s & ,bee?ov5's solution--! s\l mu/ f9d surcease ( sorr[ ?r\gh action1 ?r\gh w1 or practical self-det]m9ation4 ,man becomes univ]sal 9 8 de$4 ,h[ fi]cely ! s\l ru%es into ! _w ( action 9 ?is ,f9ale6 ,9 its impetuosity x /orms ?r\gh life1 & ev] & anon falls d[n brea?less be=e ! collision :i* x enc\nt]s 9 leap+ ! *asms betwe5 ! diff]5t sph]es4 ,9 its swoon ( exhau/ion !re comes up f ! memory ( ! pa/ ! gho/ ( ! lo/ love t has all ! :ile accompani$ him1 ?\gh unnotic$1 9 8 frantic race4 ,its holl[ tones rev]b]ate ?r\gh 8 be+1 & he />ts f 8 dream & dr[ns 8 memory anew 9 ! /orm ( action4 ,at times we are elevat$ to ! creative mom5t ( ! arti/1 & feel its inspiration & l(ty en?usiasm1 b aga9 & aga9 ! exhau/$ s\l collapses1 & ! same abysmal cra% comes 9 at ! bass ea* "t4 ,! grimme/ lonel9ess1 t t\*es to ! core1 comes intrud+ itself ^u our rapture4 ,only 9 ! conte/ ) ! 8la/ enemy0 we feel at l5g? t ! s\l has prov$ itself valid 9 a region :]e di/9ctions ( rank sund] & divide no m4 ,?is solution is n q s satisfactory z c\ld be desir$4 ,if we w\ld realize ! highe/ solution1 we mu/ /udy ! ,fif? ,symphony1 especially its second movem5t4 ,,iv4 ,bee?ov5's ,fif? ,symphony1 7,"p ,,ii47 ,m>x f9ds 9 ?is symphony ! problem s (t5 treat$ by ,bee?ov5--! collision ( fre$om ) fate4 8,?r\gh night to day1 ?r\gh /rife to victory60 ,bee?ov51 9 8 conv]sation ) ,s*9dl]1 speak+ ( ! fir/ 8motive0 at ! beg9n+1 said1 8,?us ,fate knocks at ! door40 ,?is knock+ ( ,fate comes 9 cont9ually dur+ ! fir/ movem5t4 8,we h an imm5se /ruggle portray$4 ,life is a /ruggle--?is seems to be ! cont5t ( ?is movem5t40 ,! s\l f9ds a solution to ?is & s+s its pan ( joy4 ,9 ! second movem5t 7&ante7 we h an expression ( ! m satisfactory solution ( ! ,problem ( ,life1 :i* we allud$ to :5 speak+ ( ! ,sonata above4 ,x 78,! /orm-toss$ s\l07 has 9 t consol+ ?\ght rea*$ ! h>bor ( inf9ite re/--inf9ite re/ 9 ! s5se ( an 8activity :i* is a true repose40 ,! s\l has f\nd ?is solution1 & repeats x ov] to assure itself ( its reality 7#a1 #a1 #a1 #g1 #a1 #b1 #a--^! are ! notes :i* express x74 ,!n x wi%es to make ! exp]i5ce ( ! univ]sality ( ?is solution--x desires to try its validity 9 all ! sph]es :]e ,fate rul$ previ\sly4 ,x sets out & asc5ds ! scale ?ree /eps at a "t 7#e1 #a1 #a1 #b1 #c--a1 #c1 #c1 #d1 #e7 x rea*es #e ( ! scale1 & ought to rea* #h ! next "t4 ,x looks up to x z ! cele/ial sun :i* ,go?ic ,ar*itecture po9ts t[>d & aspires aft]4 ,c\ld x only get !re1 x w\ld f9d true re/6 ,b its comm& ( ?is guid+ ?\ght is n yet q p]fect--x _c wield x s z to fly across ! abyss & rea* t place ( repose )\t a leap--a 8mortal leap40 ,= ! asc5t by ?rees has rea*$ a place :]e ano!r ?ree w\ld br+ x to #g ( ! scale--! po9t ( absolute unre/2 to /ep f\r1 is to contradict ! rhy?m or me?od ( its proc$ure4 ,x pauses1 !re=e1 ^u #e--;x tries ! next ?ree ?\ghtfully twice1 & !n1 he>+ bel[ once m ! mock+ tones ( ,fate1 x spr+s ov] ! *asm & clut*es ! support above1 :ile ?r\gh all ! sph]es !re r+s ! s\nd ( exultation4 ,b to rea* ! goal by a leap--to h no bridge across ! gulf at ! end ( ! road--is n a satisfactory solution ( ! difficulty4 ,h5ce we h a manifold endeavor--a /riv+ to get at ! true me?od1 :i* w&]s at fir/ 9 ! d>kness1 b comes at l5g? to ! light2 x gets ! prop] =m = its idea1 & gives up its unwieldy me?od ( ?rees 7#a1 #b1 #c--c1 #d1 #e71 & asc5ds by ! inf9ite =m ( #a1 #c1 #e--c1 #e1 #h--e1 #h1 #c1 c41 :i* gives x a complete access to1 & control ov]1 all above & bel[4 ,! complete self-equipoise express$ 9 t solution :i* comes 9 at int]vals ?r\gh ! :ole1 & ! bold application ( ! fir/ me?od1 foll[$ by ! falt]+ :5 x comes to ! defect--! gr& exultation ov] ! f9al discov]y ( ! true me?od--all ^! are indescribably *>m+ to ! lov] ( music almo/ ! fir/ "t he li/5s to ?is symphony1 & !y become ^u repetition m & m sugge/ive ( ! highe/ t art c give4 ,,! ,,al*emi/s4 8,rem>ks ^u ,al*emy & ! ,al*emi/s1 %[+ t ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one 0 a ,symbol40--,publi%$ by ,james ,mill]1 ,new ,york1 #ahfg4 ,we h ref]r$ 9 a previ\s article to ! transition ( ,religion into ,speculative ,philosophy4 ,! ,my/ics :o pres5t ?is phase ( ?\ght1 8express !mselves1 n 9 ^? univ]sal categories t ! ,_s ( ! race has =m$ 9 language = its utt]ance1 b !y h rec\rse to symbols m or less ambigu\s1 & ( insuffici5t univ]sality to /& = ! ,ar*etypes !mselves40 ,! ,al*emi/s belong to ?is phase ( _s1 & we propose to draw f ! little book nam$ at ! head ( our article1 "s ( ! evid5ces ( ?is position4 ,x is !re %[n t in/ead ( ! transmutation ( metals1 ! reg5]ation ( man 0 9 view4 ,^? mu*-abus$ m5 agre$ t 8,! highe/ wisdom consi/s 9 ?is10 7quot+ f ! ,arabic au?or1 ,alipili17 8= man to "k himself1 because 9 him ,god has plac$ 8 et]nal ,^w1 by :i* all ?+s 7 made & upheld1 to be 8 ,light & ,life1 by :i* he is capable ( kn[+ all ?+s1 bo? 9 "t & et]nity40 ,:ile !y claim explicitly to h z object ( _! /udies ! my/]ies ( ,_s1 !y w>n ! read] aga9/ tak+ _! rem>ks ^u ! metals 9 a lit]al s5se1 & speak ( ^? :o d s1 z be+ 9 error4 ,!y describe _! processes 9 su* a way z to apply to man alone2 pa9s seem to h be5 tak5 to ^w _! descriptions s z to be utt]ly absurd :5 appli$ to any?+ else4 ,9 speak+ ( ! 8,/one10 !y ref] to ?ree /ates1 call+ !m black1 :ite & r$2 giv+ m9ute descriptions ( ea*1 s z to leave no d\bt t man is repres5t$1 fir/1 z 9 a 8fall5 condition20 secondly1 9 a 8rep5t+ condition20 & ?irdly1 z 8made p]fect ?r\gh grace40 ,?is subord9ation ( ! out] to ! inn]1 ( ! body to ! s\l1 is ! con/antly recurr+ !me4 ,in/ead ( seek+ a ?+ n yet f\nd--:i* w\ld be ! case ) a /one = ! transmutation ( metals1 !y agree 9 describ+ ! 8,/one0 z already kn[n4 ,!y ref] con/antly to su* speculative doctr9es z 8,nature is a :ole ev]y:]e10 %[+ t _! subject possesses univ]sality4 ,?is metal or m9]al is describ$ ?us3 8,m9]als h _! roots 9 ! air1 _! heads & tops 9 ! e>?4 ,our ,m]cury is arial2 look = x1 !re=e1 9 ! air & ! e>?40 ,! au?or ( ! "w f :i* we quote ! passage1 says by way ( comm5t3 8,9 ?is passage #8,m9]als' & #8our ,m]cury' ref] to ! same ?+1 & x is ! subject ( ,al*emy1 ! ,/one2 & we may rememb] t ,plato is said to h def9$ or describ$ ,man z a gr[? hav+ 8 root 9 ! air1 8 tops 9 ! e>?4 ,man walks inde$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 z if no?+ imp$$ 8 vision ( heav52 b he walks nev]!less at ! bottom ( ! atmosph]e1 & betwe5 ^! two1 8 root 9 air1 he mu/ "w out 8 salvation40 ,a great numb] ( ^! 8,h]metic writ]s0 e/abli%$ _! reputation = wit & wisdom by discov]ies 9 ! practical _w1 & x is difficult to believe t su* m5 z ,rog] ,bacon1 ,van ,helmont1 ,ramond ,lulli1 ,j]ome ,c>dan1 ,geb]1 78,! ,wise071 ,avic5na1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & o!rs n inf]ior1 c\ld h deceiv$ !mselves z ! mod]n !ory implies1 viz3 t !y 7 se>*+ a *emical recipe = ! manufacture ( gold4 ,! symbolic =m ( /atem5t 0 e/eem$ at t "t z ! highe/ =m ( popul> exposition = ! ,inf9ite & ! religi\s problems conc]n+ ,god1 ! ,s\l & ! ,univ]se4 ,x seems t ^? writ]s consid]$ su* words z 8,god10 8,_s10 8,heav510 & words ( l deep import1 z n signify+ ! ?+ int5d$ only s f> z ! "o :o us$ !m1 compreh5d$ !m4 ,?us1 if ,god 0 spok5 ( by "o :o s5su\sly imag$ ,him1 "h 0 idolatry1 & ! second comm&m5t 0 brok54 ,to ! ,platoni/1 8,god0 0 ! "n ( ! ,absolute ,univ]sal1 & h5ce includ$ subject z well z object 9 ?9k+4 ,h5ce if "o objectifi$ ,god by conceiv+ ,him1 he necess>ily limit$ ,god1 or r1 _h no real k ( ,him4 ,said ,sextus1 ! ,py?agorean3 8,d n inve/igate ! "n ( ,god1 because y w n f9d x4 ,= ev]y?+ :i* is call$ by a "n1 receives its appellation f t :i* is m wor?y ?an itself1 s t x is "o p]son t calls1 & ano!r t he>s4 ,:o is x1 !re=e1 t has giv5 a "n to ,god8 ,god1 h[ev]1 is n a "n = ,god1 b an indication ( :at we conceive ( him40 ,f su* passages we c see :y ! ,al*emi/s call$ ?is 8,ineffable ,"o10 ,m]cury1 ,luna1 ,sol1 ,arg5t vive1 ,phbus1 ,sulphur1 ,antimony1 ,elixir1 ,alcahe/1 ,salt1 & o!r :imsical names1 lett+ ! pr$icates appli$ det]m9e ! nature ( :at 0 meant4 ,if a writ]1 speak+ ( 8,alcahe/10 %\ld say t x is a some:at t rises 9 ! ea/1 & sets 9 ! we/1 gives light to ! e>?1 & causes ! gr[? ( plants by its heat1 c41 we %\ld n misund]/& 8 mean+--x w\ld be giv+ u ! nature ( ! ?+ )\t ! common "n4 ,e "o atta*es "s sort ( significance to ! words 8,life10 8,god10 8,reason10 8,in/9ct10 c41 & yet :o compreh5ds !m8 ,x is evid5t t 9 mo/ cases ! ^w /&s = ! ?+1 & h5ce :5 "o speaks ( su* ?+s by "n1 ! he>] yawns & looks li/less1 z if he ?\ght3 8,well1 ,i "k all ab\t t--,i le>n$ t :5 a *ild1 9 ! ,cate*ism40 ,! ,al*emi/s 7& ,du ,fresnoy names ne>ly a ?\s& ( ^! prolific writ]s7 det]m9$ t no "o %\ld flatt] himself t he knew ! nature ( ! subject be=e he saw ! pr$icates appli$4 ,h5ce ! /range names ab\t :i* su* spiritual doctr9es 7 inculcat$4 8,if we h conceal$ any?+10 says ,geb]1 8ye sons ( le>n+1 wond] n1 = we h n conceal$ x f y1 b h deliv]$ x 9 su* language z t x may be hid f evil m51 & t ! unju/ & vile might n "k x4 ,b1 ye sons ( ,tru?1 se>*1 & y %all f9d ?is mo/ excell5t gift ( ,god1 :i* he has res]v$ = y40 ,,editorials4 ,,orig9ality4 ,x is natural t 9 ,am]ica m ?an else:]e1 !re %\ld be a popul> dem& = orig9ality4 ,9 ,europe1 ea* nation has1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 accumulat$ a /ock ( its own peculi> creations4 ,am]ica is sne]$ at = ! lack ( ^!4 ,we h n _h "t z yet to develop spiritual capital on a scale to correspond to our mat]ial pret5sions4 ,h5ce1 we1 z a p1 feel v s5sitive on ?is po9t1 & :5ev] any new lit]>y ent]prise is />t$1 x is met on e h& by inquiries l ^!3 8,is x orig9al1 or only an importation ( ,european ideas80 8,:y n publi% some?+ indig5\s80 ,x gr[s cynical at ! sight ( erudition1 & v5ts its sple5 ) indignation3 8,:y rifle ! graves ( c5turies8 ,y are no hy5a6 ,does n ! spr+ br+ =? its fl[]s1 & e summ] its sw>ms ( gnats8 ,:y build a bridge ( rott5 c(f9 planks1 or we> a w$d+ g>m5t ( mummy wrappage8 ,:y desecrate ! ,pres5t1 by (f]+ x "t-/a9$ pap] f ! %elves ( ! ,pa/80 ,9 s f> z ^! inquiries are address$ to our own und]tak+1 we h a ^w to (f] 9 self-ju/ification4 ,we h no objection to orig9ality ( ! "r /amp4 ,an orig9ality :i* *]i%es its own little idiosyncrasies we despise4 ,if we mu/ diff] f o!r p1 let u diff] 9 hav+ a wide cosmopolitan culture4 8,all m5 are alike 9 possess+ defects10 says ,goe!2 89 excell5cies alone1 x is1 t great diff]5ces may be f\nd40 ,:at philosophic orig9ality may be1 we hope to %[ by ! foll[+ consid]ation3 ,x is ! prov9ce ( ,philosophy to dissolve & make cle> to itself ! entire ph5om5a ( ! _w4 ,^! ph5om5a consi/ ( two k9ds3 fir/1 ! products ( nature1 or imm$iate exi/5ce2 second1 ! products ( _s1 includ+ :at modifications man has wr\ght ^u ! =m]1 & 8 indep5d5t creations4 ,^! spiritual products may be aga9 subdivid$ into practical 79 :i* ! w pr$om9ates7--! in/itutions ( civilization--& !oretical 79 :i* ! intellect pr$om9ates7--art1 religion1 sci5ce1 c4 ,n only mu/ ,philosophy expla9 ! imm$iate ph5om5a ( nature--x mu/ also expla9 ! m$iate ph5om5a ( _s4 ,& n only are ! in/itutions ( civilization prop] objects ( /udy1 b /ill m is ?is !oretic side t :i* dem&s ! highe/ activity ( ! philosoph]4 ,to exam9e ! ?\ghts ( man--to unravel !m & make !m cle>--mu/ con/itute ! e>lie/ employm5t ( ! speculative ?9k]2 8 fir/ bus9ess is to compreh5d ! ?\ght ( ! _w2 to dissolve = himself ! solutions :i* h dissolv$ ! _w be=e him4 ,h5ce1 ! preval5t op9ion t x is f> high] to be an 8orig9al inve/igator0 ?an to be engag$ 9 /udy+ ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 leaves out ( view ! fact t ! ?\ghts ( o!r m5 are j z mu* objective ph5om5a to ! individual philosoph] z ! gr\nd he walks on4 ,!y ne$ explanation j z mu*4 ,if ,i c expla9 ! ?\ghts ( ! pr(\nde/ m5 ( ! _w1 & make cle> :]e9 !y diff]$ among !mselves & f ! tru?1 c]ta9ly ,i am m orig9al ?an !y 74 ,= is n 8orig9al0 to be us$ 9 ! s5se ( prim>9ess1 ( approximation to ! absolute1 univ]sal tru?8 ,he :o v>ies f ! tru? mu/ be second>y1 & owe 8 deflections to some:at ali5 to 8 be+1 & !re=e be himself subord9ate !reto4 ,only ! ,tru? makes ,free & ,orig9al4 ,h[ _m p /& 9 ! way ( _! own orig9ality6 ,if an absolute ,sci5ce %\ld be discov]$ by anybody1 we c\ld all become absolutely orig9al by ma/]+ x4 ,s mu* z ,i h ma/]$ ( sci5ce1 ,i h dissolv$ into me1 & h n left x /&+ ali5 & oppos$ to me1 b x is n[ my own4 ,our c\rse1 !n1 9 ! practical endeavor to elevate ! tone ( ,am]ican ?9k+1 is pla93 we mu/ furni% conv5i5t access to ! deepe/ ?9k]s ( anci5t & mod]n times4 ,to prep>e translations & comm5t>y1 toge!r ) orig9al exposition1 is our object4 ,orig9ality w take c>e ( itself4 ,once discipl9$ 9 ,speculative ?\ght1 ! new gr[?s ( our national life w furni% u objects ^: compreh5sion %all con/itute orig9al philosophy )\t p>allel4 ,mean:ile x mu/ be confess$ t ^? :o set up ?is cry = orig9ality are n be/ employ$4 ,_! ideals are commonplace1 & _! dem& is too easily satisfi$ ) ! m]e :imsical1 & !y d n readily en\gh di/+ui% !refrom ! excell5t4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,j\rnal4 ,?us f> ! articles ( ?is j\rnal h giv5 mo/ prom95ce to art 9 its v>i\s =ms4 ,! speculative cont5t ( art is m readily se5 ?an t ( any o!r =m1 = ! reason t its s5su\s elem5t all[s a m g5ial exposition4 ,! critique ( ! ,second ,"p ( ,fau/1 by ,ros5crantz1 publi%$ 9 ?is numb]1 is an em95t example ( ! effect :i* ! /udy ( ,speculative ,philosophy has ^u ! analytical und]/&+4 ,is n ! pr(essor ( logic able to foll[ ! poet1 & int]pret ! products ( 8 creative imag9ation8 ,! portion ( ,hegel's /hetics1 publi%$ 9 ?is numb]1 giv+1 z x does1 ! hi/orical gr\ndwork ( art1 furni%es 9 a g5ial =m an outl9e ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,d\btless ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,anglo-,saxon m9d make x difficult to see 9 art :at x has = su* nations z ! ,italians & ,g]mans2 we h ! reflective intellect1 & d n readily atta9 ! /&po9t ( ! creative imag9ation4 ,,/yle4 ,9 ord] to secure aga9/ ambiguity1 x is sometimes necess>y to make inelegant repetitions1 &1 to give to a limit+ clause its prop] degree ( subord9ation1 su* devices z p>5!ses1 da%es1 etc41 h to be us$ to su* a degree z to disfigure ! page4 ,capitals & italics are also us$ )\t /9t to m>k important words4 ,! adjective has frequ5tly to be us$ sub/antively1 &1 if r>e1 ?is use is m>k$ by comm5c+ x ) a capital4 ,!re are ?ree /yles1 :i* correspond to ! ?ree grades ( intellectual culture4 ,! s5su\s /age uses simple1 categorical s5t5ces1 & relates facts1 :ile ! reflective /age uses hypo!tical ones1 & m>ks relations betwe5 "o fact & ano!r2 x introduces anti!sis4 ,! /age ( ! ,reason uses ! disjunctive s5t5ce1 & makes an ass]tion exhau/ive1 by compreh5d+ 9 x a multitude ( int]dep5d5cies & exclusions4 ,?us x happ5s t ! /yle ( a ,hegel is v difficult to ma/]1 & _c be translat$ adequately into ! s5su\s /yle1 al?\gh _m h tri$ x4 ,a p]son is v apt to blame ! /yle ( a deep ?9k] :5 he enc\nt]s him = ! fir/ "t4 ,x requires an 8exp]t swimm]0 to foll[ ! disc\rse1 b = no o!r reason ?an t ! m9d has n acquir$ ! /r5g? requisite to grasp 9 "o ?\ght a wide ext5t ( conceptions4 ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,speculative ,,philosophy4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahfg4 ,no4 #c4 ,,! ,,monadology4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,leibnitz1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,,h$ge4 #a4 ,! ,monad1 ( :i* we %all "h speak1 is m]ely a simple sub/ance ent]+ into ^? :i* are comp\nd2 simple1 t is to say1 )\t p>ts4 #b4 ,& !re mu/ be simple sub/ances1 s9ce !re are comp\nds2 = ! comp\nd is only a collection or aggregate ( simples4 #c4 ,:]e !re are no p>ts1 nei!r ext5sion1 nor figure1 nor divisibility is possible2 & ^! ,monads are ! v]itable ,atoms ( ,nature--9 "o ^w1 ! ,elem5ts ( ?+s4 #d4 ,!re is ?us no dang] ( dissolution1 & !re is no conceivable way 9 :i* a simple sub/ance c p]i% naturally4 #e4 ,= ! same reason1 !re is no way 9 :i* a simple sub/ance c beg9 naturally1 s9ce x c\ld n be =m$ by composition4 #f4 ,!re=e we may say t ! ,monads c nei!r beg9 nor end 9 any o!r way ?an all at once2 t is to say1 !y _c beg9 except by creation1 nor end except by annihilation2 :]eas t :i* is comp\nd$1 beg9s & ends by p>ts4 #g4 ,!re is also no intelligible way 9 :i* a ,monad c be alt]$ or *ang$ 9 its int]ior by any o!r creature1 s9ce x w\ld be impossible to transpose any?+ 9 x1 or to conceive 9 x any int]nal movem5t--any movem5t excit$1 direct$1 augm5t$ or dim9i%$ )91 su* z may take place 9 comp\nd bodies1 :]e !re is *ange ( p>ts4 ,! ,monads h no w9d[s ?r\gh :i* any?+ c ent] or g =?4 ,x w\ld be impossible = any accid5ts to deta* !mselves & g =? f ! sub/ances1 z did =m]ly ! ,s5sible ,species ( ! ,s*oolm54 ,accord+ly1 nei!r sub/ance nor accid5t c ent] a ,monad f )\t4 #h4 ,nev]!less ,monads mu/ h qualities--o!rwise !y w\ld n ev5 be entities2 & if simple sub/ances did n diff] 9 _! qualities1 !re w\ld be no means by :i* we c\ld become aw>e ( ! *anges ( ?+s1 s9ce all t is 9 comp\nd bodies is d]iv$ f simple +r$i5ts1 & ,monads1 be+ )\t qualities1 w\ld be indi/+ui%able "o f ano!r1 see+ also !y d n diff] 9 quantity4 ,consequ5tly1 a pl5um be+ suppos$1 ea* place c\ld 9 any movem5t receive only ! j equival5t ( :at x _h _h be=e1 & "o /ate ( ?+s w\ld be indi/+ui%able f ano!r4 #i4 ,moreov]1 ea* ,monad mu/ diff] f e o!r1 = !re are nev] two be+s 9 nature p]fectly alike1 & 9 :i* x is impossible to f9d an int]nal diff]5ce1 or "o f\nd$ on "s intr9sic d5om9ation4 #aj4 ,i take x = grant$1 fur!rmore1 t e creat$ be+ is subject to *ange--consequ5tly ! creat$ ,monad2 & likewise t ?is *ange is cont9ual 9 ea*4 #aa4 ,x foll[s1 f :at we h n[ said1 t ! natural *anges ( ,monads proce$ f an int]nal pr9ciple1 s9ce no ext]nal cause c influ5ce ! int]ior4 #ab4 ,b1 besides ! pr9ciple ( *ange1 !re mu/ also be a detail ( *anges1 embrac+1 s to speak1 ! specification & ! v>iety ( ! simple sub/ances4 #ac4 ,?is detail mu/ involve multitude 9 unity or 9 simplicity3 = z all natural *anges proce$ by degrees1 some?+ *anges & some?+ rema9s1 & consequ5tly !re mu/ be 9 ! simple sub/ance a plurality ( affections & relations1 al?\gh !re are no p>ts4 #ad4 ,?is %ift+ /ate1 :i* involves & repres5ts multitude 9 unity1 or 9 ! simple sub/ance1 is no?+ else ?an :at we call ,p]ception1 :i* mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f app]ception1 or consci\sness1 z w appe> 9 ! sequel4 ,"h x is t ! ,c>tesians h especially fail$1 mak+ no acc\nt ( ^? p]ceptions ( :i* we are n consci\s4 ,x is ?is t has l$ !m to suppose t spirits are ! only ,monads1 & t !re are no s\ls ( brutes or o!r ,entele*ies4 ,x is ow+ to ?is t !y h vulg>ly conf\nd$ protract$ torpor ) actual dea?1 & h fall5 9 ) ! s*ola/ic prejudice1 :i* believes 9 s\ls entirely sep>ate4 ,h5ce1 also1 ill affect$ m9ds h be5 confirm$ 9 ! op9ion t ! s\l is mortal4 #ae4 ,! action ( ! int]nal pr9ciple :i* causes ! *ange1 or ! passage f "o p]ception to ano!r1 may be call$ ,appetition4 ,x is true1 ! desire _c always completely atta9 to e p]ception to :i* x t5ds1 b x always atta9s to some?+ !re(1 & arrives at new p]ceptions4 #af4 ,we exp]i5ce 9 ourselves ! fact ( multitude 9 ! simple sub/ance1 :5 we f9d t ! lea/ ?\ght ( :i* we are consci\s includes a v>iety 9 its object4 ,accord+ly1 all :o admit t ! s\l is a simple sub/ance1 are b\nd to admit ?is multitude 9 ! ,monad1 & ,mr4 ,boyle %\ld n h f\nd any difficulty 9 ?is admission1 z he has done 9 8 diction>y--,art4 ,ror>ius4 #ag4 ,besides1 x mu/ be confess$ t ,p]ception & its consequ5ces are inexplicable by me*anical causes--t is to say1 by figures & motions4 ,if we imag9e a ma*9e s con/ruct$ z to produce ?\ght1 s5sation1 p]ception1 we may conceive x magnifi$--! same proportions be+ pres]v$--to su* an ext5t t "o might ent] x l a mill4 ,?is be+ suppos$1 we %\ld f9d 9 x on inspection only pieces :i* impel ea* o!r1 b no?+ :i* c expla9 a p]ception4 ,x is 9 ! simple sub/ance1 !re=e--n 9 ! comp\nd1 or 9 ma*9]y--t we mu/ look = t ph5om5on2 & 9 ! simple sub/ance we f9d no?+ else--no?+1 t is1 b p]ceptions & _! *anges4 ,!re9 also1 & !re9 only1 consi/ all ! int]nal acts ( simple sub/ances4 #ah4 ,we might give ! "n ( ,entele*ies to all simple sub/ances or creat$ ,monads1 inasmu* z !re is 9 !m a c]ta9 complet5ess 7p]fection71 7 74 ,!re is a suffici5cy 77 :i* makes !m ! s\rces ( _! own int]nal actions1 &1 z x 71 incorporeal automata4 #ai4 ,if we *oose to give ! "n ( s\l to all t has p]ceptions & desires1 9 ! g5]al s5se :i* ,i h j indicat$1 all simple sub/ances or creat$ ,monads may be call$ s\ls4 ,b z s5tim5t is some?+ m ?an simple p]ception1 ,i am will+ t ! g5]al "n ( ,monads & ,entele*ies %all suffice = ^? simple sub/ances :i* h no?+ b p]ceptions1 & t ! t]m s\ls %all be conf9$ to ^? ^: p]ceptions are m di/9ct1 & accompani$ by memory4 #bj4 ,= we exp]i5ce 9 ourselves a /ate 9 :i* we rememb] no?+1 & h no di/9ct p]ception1 z :5 we are 9 a swoon or 9 a pr(\nd & dreamless sleep4 ,9 ?is /ate ! s\l does n diff] s5sibly f a simple ,monad2 b s9ce ?is /ate is n p]man5t1 & s9ce ! s\l deliv]s h]self f x1 %e is some?+ m4 #ba4 ,& x does n by any means foll[1 9 t case1 t ! simple sub/ance is )\t p]ception3 t1 inde$1 is impossible1 = ! reasons giv5 above2 = x _c p]i%1 nei!r c x subsi/ )\t affection ( "s k9d1 :i* is no?+ else ?an its p]ception4 ,b :]e !re is a great numb] ( m9ute p]ceptions1 & :]e no?+ is di/9ct1 "o is /unn$1 z :5 we turn r\nd & r\nd 9 cont9ual succession 9 ! same direction2 :5ce arises a v]tigo1 :i* may cause u to fa9t1 & :i* prev5ts u f di/+ui%+ any?+4 ,& possibly dea? may produce ?is /ate = a "t 9 animals4 #bb4 ,& z e pres5t condition ( a simple sub/ance is a natural consequ5ce ( its antec$5t condition1 s its pres5t is big ) its future4 #bc4 ,!n1 z on awak+ f a /ate ( /upor1 we become consci\s ( our p]ceptions1 we mu/ h _h p]ceptions1 al?\gh unconsci\s ( !m1 imm$iately be=e awak+4 ,= ea* p]ception c h no o!r natural orig9 b an antec$5t p]ception1 z e motion mu/ be d]iv$ f "o :i* prec$$ x4 #bd4 ,?us x appe>s t if !re 7 no di/9ction--no relief1 s to speak--no enhanc$ flavor 9 our p]ceptions1 we %\ld cont9ue =ev] 9 a /ate ( /upor2 & ?is is ! condition ( ! nak$ ,monad4 #be4 ,& s we see t nature has giv5 to animals enhanc$ p]ceptions1 by ! c>e :i* %e has tak5 to furni% !m ) organs :i* collect _m rays ( light & _m undulations ( air1 increas+ _! efficacy by _! union4 ,!re is some?+ approa*+ to ?is 9 odor1 9 ta/e1 9 t\*1 & p]haps 9 a multitude ( o!r s5ses ( :i* we h no k4 ,i %all pres5tly expla9 h[ t :i* passes 9 ! s\l repres5ts t :i* takes place 9 ! organs4 #bf4 ,memory gives to ! s\l a k9d ( consecutive action :i* imitates reason1 b mu/ be di/+ui%$ f x4 ,we obs]ve t animals1 hav+ a p]ception ( some?+ :i* /rikes !m1 & ( :i* !y h previ\sly _h a simil> p]ception1 expect1 ?r\gh ! repres5tation ( _! memory1 ! recurr5ce ( t :i* 0 associat$ ) x 9 _! previ\s p]ception1 & incl9e to ! same feel+s :i* !y !n _h4 ,= example1 :5 we %[ dogs ! cane1 !y rememb] ! pa9 :i* x caus$ !m1 & :9e & run4 #bg4 ,& ! lively imag9ation1 :i* /rikes & excites !m1 arises f ! magnitude or ! multitude ( _! previ\s p]ceptions4 ,= (t5 a p[]ful impression produces sudd5ly ! effect ( long habit1 or ( mod]ate p]ceptions (t5 repeat$4 #bh4 ,9 m5 z 9 brutes1 ! consecutiv5ess ( _! p]ceptions is due to ! pr9ciple ( memory--l empirics 9 m$ic9e1 :o h only practice )\t !ory4 ,& we are m]e empirics 9 ?ree-f\r?s ( our acts4 ,= example1 :5 we expect t ! sun w rise to-morr[1 we judge s empirically1 because x has always ris5 hi!rto4 ,only ! a/ronom] judges by an act ( reason4 #bi4 ,b ! cognition ( necess>y & et]nal tru?s is t :i* di/+ui%es u f m]e animals4 ,x is ?is :i* gives u ,reason & ,sci5ce1 & raises u to ! k ( ourselves & ( ,god2 & x is ?is 9 u :i* we call a reasonable s\l or _s4 #cj4 ,x is also by ! cognition ( necess>y tru?s1 & by _! ab/ractions1 t we rise to acts ( reflection1 :i* give u ! idea ( t :i* calls itself 8,i10 & :i* lead u to consid] t ?is or t is 9 u4 ,& ?us1 :ile ?9k+ ( ourselves1 we ?9k ( ,be+1 ( sub/ance1 simple or comp\nd1 ( ! immat]ial1 & ( ,god himself4 ,we conceive t t :i* 9 u is limit$1 is 9 him )\t limit4 ,& ^! reflective acts furni% ! pr9cipal objects ( our reason+s4 #ca4 ,our reason+s are f\nd$ on two great pr9ciples1 t ( 8,contradiction10 by virtue ( :i* we judge t to be false :i* involves contradiction1 & t to be true :i* is oppos$ to1 or :i* contradicts ! false4 #cb4 ,& t ( ! 8,suffici5t ,reason10 by virtue ( :i* we judge t no fact c be real or exi/5t1 no /atem5t true1 unless !re be a suffici5t reason :y x is ?us1 & n o!rwise1 al?\gh ^! reasons v (t5 _c be kn[n to u4 #cc4 ,!re are also two sorts ( tru?s--^? ( reason+ & ^? ( fact4 ,tru?s ( reason+ are necess>y1 & _! opposite is impossible2 ^? ( fact are cont+5t1 & _! opposite is possible4 ,:5 a tru? is necess>y1 we may discov] ! reason ( x by analysis1 resolv+ x into simpl] ideas & tru?s1 until we arrive at ^? :i* are ultimate4#c #cd4 ,x is ?us t ma!maticians by analysis r$uce speculative !orems & practical canons to def9itions1 axioms & po/ulates4 #ce4 ,& f9ally1 !re are simple ideas ( :i* no def9ition c be giv52 !re are also axioms & po/ulates1--9 "o ^w1 ultimate pr9ciples1 :i* _c & ne$ n be prov$4 ,& ^! are 8,id5tical ,propositions10 ( :i* ! opposite conta9s an express contradiction4 #cf4 ,b !re mu/ also be a suffici5t reason = tru?s cont+5t1 or tru?s ( fact--t is1 = ! s]ies ( ?+s diffus$ ?r\gh ! univ]se ( creatures--or else ! process ( resolv+ into p>ticul> reasons might run into a detail )\t b\nds1 on acc\nt ( ! imm5se v>iety ( ! ?+s ( nature1 & ( ! inf9ite division ( bodies4 ,!re is an inf9ity ( figures & ( movem5ts1 pres5t & pa/1 :i* ent] into ! effici5t cause ( my pres5t writ+2 & !re is an inf9ity ( m9ute incl9ations & dispositions ( my s\l1 pres5t & pa/1 :i* ent] into ! f9al cause ( x4 #cg4 ,& z all ?is detail only involves o!r ant]ior or m detail$ cont+5cies1 ea* "o ( :i* aga9 requires a simil> analysis 9 ord] to acc\nt = x1 we h made no advance1 & ! suffici5t or f9al reason mu/ be outside ( ! s]ies ( ?is detail ( cont+5cies1#d endless z x may be4 #ch4 ,& ?us ! f9al reason ( ?+s mu/ be f\nd 9 a necess>y ,sub/ance1 9 :i* ! detail ( *anges exi/s em95tly z _! s\rce4 ,& ?is is t :i* we call ,,god4 #ci4 ,n[ ?is ,sub/ance be+ a suffici5t reason ( all ?is detail1 :i* also is ev]y:]e l9k$ toge!r1 !re is b "o ,god1 & ?is ,god suffices4 #dj4 ,we may also conclude t ?is supreme ,sub/ance1 :i* is ,only1#e ,univ]sal1 & ,necess>y--hav+ no?+ outside ( x :i* is indep5d5t ( x1 & be+ a simple s]ies ( possible be+s--mu/ be incapable ( limits1 & mu/ conta9 z mu* ( reality z is possible4 #da4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ,god is p]fect1 p]fection be+ no?+ b ! magnitude ( positive reality tak5 exactly1 sett+ aside ! limits or b\nds 9 t :i* is limit$4 ,& !re1 :]e !re are no b\nds1 t is to say1 9 ,god1 p]fection is absolutely inf9ite4 #db4 ,x foll[s also t ! creatures h _! p]fections f ! influ5ce ( ,god1 b !y h _! imp]fections f _! prop] nature1 incapable ( exi/+ )\t b\nds2 = x is by ?is t !y are di/+ui%$ f ,god4 #dc4 ,x is true1 moreov]1 t ,god is n only ! s\rce ( exi/5ces1 b also ( ess5ces1 s f> z real1 or ( t :i* is real 9 ! possible2 because ! div9e und]/&+ is ! region ( et]nal tru?s1 or ( ! ideas on :i* !y dep5d1 & )\t ,him !re w\ld be no?+ real 9 ! possibilities1 & n only no?+ exi/+1 b also no?+ possible4 #dd4 ,at ! same "t1 if !re be a reality 9 ! ess5ces or possibilities1 or 9 ! et]nal tru?s1 ?is reality mu/ be f\nd$ 9 some?+ exi/+ & actual1 consequ5tly 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! necess>y ,be+1 9 :om ess5ce includes exi/5ce1 or ) :om x is suffici5t to be possible 9 ord] to be actual4 #de4 ,?us ,god alone 7or ! necess>y ,be+7 possesses ?is privilege1 t he mu/ exi/ if possible2 & s9ce no?+ c h9d] ! possibility ( t :i* includes no b\nds1 no negation1 & consequ5tly no contradiction1 t alone is suffici5t to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ,god a priori4 ,we h likewise prov$ x by ! reality ( et]nal tru?s4 ,b we h also j prov$ x a po/]iori by %[+ t1 s9ce cont+5t be+s exi/1 !y c h _! ultimate & suffici5t reason only 9 "s necess>y ,be+1 :o conta9s ! reason ( 8 exi/5ce 9 himself4 #df4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ n suppose1 ) "s1 t et]nal v]ities1 be+ dep5d5t ^u ,god1 are arbitr>y1 & dep5d ^u 8 w1 z ,des ,c>tes1 & aft]w>d ,m4 ,poiret1 appe> to h conceiv$4 ,?is is true only ( cont+5t tru?s1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is fitness1 or ! *oice ( ! be/2 :]eas necess>y tru?s dep5d solely on ,8 und]/&+1 & are its int]nal object4 #dg4 ,?us ,god alone is ! primitive ,unity1 or ! simple orig9al sub/ance ( :i* all ! creat$ or d]iv$ ,monads are ! products2 & !y are g5]at$1 s to speak1 by cont9ual fulgurations ( ! ,div9ity1 f mom5t to mom5t1 b\nd$ by ! receptivity ( ! creature1 ( ^: exi/5ce limitation is an ess5tial condition4 #dh4 ,9 ,god is ,p[]1 :i* is ! s\rce ( all2 !n ,k1 :i* conta9s ! detail ( ,ideas2 &1 f9ally1 ,w1 :i* g5]ates *anges or products accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( optimism4 ,& ?is answ]s to :at1 9 creat$ ,monads1 con/itutes ! subject or ! basis1 ! p]ceptive & ! appetitive faculty4 ,b 9 ,god ^! attributes are absolutely inf9ite or p]fect1 & 9 ! creat$ ,monads1 or 9 ! ,entele*ies 7or p]fectihabiis1 z ,h]molaus ,b>b>us translates ?is ^w71 !y are only imitations accord+ to ! measure ( _! p]fection4 #di4 ,! creature is said to act ext]nally1 9 s f> z x possesses p]fection1 & to suff] f ano!r 7creature7 s f> z x is imp]fect4 ,s we ascribe action to ! ,monad1 s f> z x has di/9ct p]ceptions1 & passion1 s f> z its p]ceptions are confus$4 #ej4 ,& "o creature is m p]fect ?an ano!r1 9 ?is3 t we f9d 9 x t :i* s]ves to acc\nt a priori = :at passes 9 ! o!r2 & x is !re=e said to act ^u ! o!r4 #ea4 ,b 9 simple sub/ances ?is is m]ely an ideal influ5ce ( "o ,monad ^u ano!r1 :i* c pass into effect only by ! int]v5tion ( ,god1 inasmu* z 9 ! ideas ( ,god "o ,monad has a "r to dem& t ,god1 9 regulat+ ! re/ f ! comm5cem5t ( ?+s1 %all h reg>d to x2 = s9ce a creat$ ,monad c h no physical influ5ce on ! int]ior ( ano!r1 x is only by ?is means t "o c be dep5d5t on ano!r4 #eb4 ,& h5ce x is t actions & passions 9 creatures are mutual2 = ,god1 comp>+ two simple sub/ances1 f9ds reasons 9 ea* :i* oblige him to accommodate ! "o to ! o!r4 ,consequ5tly t :i* is active 9 "o view1 is passive 9 ano!r--active s f> z :at we cle>ly disc]n 9 x s]ves to acc\nt = t :i* takes place 9 ano!r1 & passive s f> z ! reason ( t :i* passes 9 x is f\nd 9 t :i* is cle>ly disc]n$ 9 ano!r4 #ec4 ,n[1 z 9 ! ideas ( ,god !re is an inf9ity ( possible worlds1 & z only "o c exi/1 !re mu/ be a suffici5t reason = ! *oice ( ,god1 :i* det]m9es him to "o r ?an ano!r4 #ed4 ,& ?is reason c be no o!r ?an fitness1 d]iv$ f ! diff]5t degrees ( p]fection :i* ^! worlds conta91 ea* possible _w hav+ a claim to exi/ accord+ to ! measure ( p]fection :i* x enfolds4 #ee4 ,& ?is is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( t ,be/1 :i* ! wisdom ( ,god disc]ns1 :i* 8 goodness *ooses1 & 8 p[] effects4 #ef4 ,& ?is connection1 or ?is accommodation ( all creat$ ?+s to ea*1 & ( ea* to all1 implies 9 ea* simple sub/ance relations :i* express all ! re/4 ,ea*1 accord+ly1 is a liv+ & p]petual mirror ( ! univ]se4 #eg4 ,& z ! same city view$ f diff]5t sides appe>s q diff]5t1 & is p]spectively multipli$1 s1 9 ! inf9ite multitude ( simple sub/ances1 !re are giv51 z x 71 s _m diff]5t worlds :i* yet are only ! p]spectives ( a s+le "o1 accord+ to ! diff]5t po9ts ( view ( ea* ,monad4 #eh4 ,& ?is is ! way to obta9 ! greate/ possible v>iety ) ! greate/ possible ord]--t is to say1 ! way to obta9 ! greate/ possible p]fection4 #ei4 ,?us ?is hypo!sis 7:i* ,i may v5ture to pron\nce demon/rat$7 is ! only "o :i* prop]ly exhibits ! greatness ( ,god4 ,& ?is ,mr4 ,boyle ackn[l$ges1 :5 9 8 diction>y 7,art4 ,ror>ius7 he objects to x4 ,he is ev5 dispos$ to ?9k t ,i attribute too mu* to ,god1 t ,i ascribe to him impossibilities2 b he c allege no reason = ! impossibility ( ?is univ]sal h>mony1 by :i* ea* sub/ance expresses exactly ! p]fections ( all ! re/ ?r\gh its relations ) !m4 #fj4 ,we see1 moreov]1 9 t :i* ,i h j /at$1 ! a priori reasons :y ?+s c\ld n be o!r ?an !y are4 ,god1 9 ord]+ ! :ole1 has respect to ea* "p1 & specifically to ea* ,monad1 ^: nature be+ repres5tative1 is by no?+ re/ra9$ f repres5t+ ! :ole ( ?+s1 al?\gh1 x is true1 ?is repres5tation mu/ ne$s be confus$1 z x reg>ds ! detail ( ! univ]se1 & c be di/9ct only 9 relation to a small "p ( ?+s1 t is1 9 relation to ^? :i* are ne>e/1 or ^: relations to any giv5 ,monad are greate/4 ,o!rwise ea* ,monad w\ld be a div9ity4 ,! ,monads are limit$1 n 9 ! object1 b 9 ! mode ( _! k ( ! object4 ,!y all t5d confus$ly to ! inf9ite1 to ! :ole2 b !y are limit$ & di/+ui%$ by ! degrees ( di/9ctness 9 _! p]ceptions4 #fa4 ,& comp\nds symbolize 9 ?is ) simples4 ,= s9ce ! _w is a pl5um1 & all matt] connect$1 & z 9 a pl5um e movem5t has "s effect on di/ant bodies1 9 proportion to _! di/ance1 s t ea* body is affect$ n only by ^? 9 actual contact ) x1 & feels 9 "s way all t happ5s to !m1 b also ?r\gh _! means is affect$ by o!rs 9 contact ) ^? by :i* x is imm$iately t\*$--x foll[s t ?is communication ext5ds to any di/ance4 ,consequ5tly1 ea* body feels all t passes 9 ! univ]se1 s t he :o sees all1 may read 9 ea* t :i* passes ev]y:]e else1 & ev5 t :i* has be5 & %all be1 disc]n+ 9 ! pres5t t :i* is remov$ 9 "t z well z 9 space4 8 10 says ,hippocrates4 ,b ea* s\l c read 9 itself only t :i* is di/9ctly repres5t$ 9 x4 ,x _c unfold its laws at once1 = !y rea* into ! inf9ite4 #fb4 ,?us1 ?\gh e creat$ ,monad repres5ts ! entire univ]se1 x repres5ts m di/9ctly ! p>ticul> body to :i* x belongs1 & ^: ,entele*y x is3 & z ?is body expresses ! entire univ]se1 ?r\gh ! connection ( all matt] 9 a pl5um1 ! s\l repres5ts also ! entire univ]se 9 repres5t+ t body :i* especially belongs to x4 #fc4 ,! body belong+ to a ,monad1 :i* is its ,entele*y or s\l1 con/itutes1 ) its ,entele*y1 :at may be t]m$ a liv+ 7?+71 &1 ) its s\l1 :at may be call$ an animal4 ,& ! body ( a liv+ be+1 or ( an animal1 is always organic2 = e ,monad1 be+ a mirror ( ! univ]se1 accord+ to its fa%ion1 & ! univ]se be+ arrang$ ) p]fect ord]1 !re mu/ be ! same ord] 9 ! repres5tative--t is1 9 ! p]ceptions ( ! s\l1 & consequ5tly ( ! body accord+ to :i* ! univ]se is repres5t$ 9 x4 #fd4 ,?us ea* organic liv+ body is a species ( div9e ma*9e1 or a natural automaton1 inf9itely surpass+ all artificial automata4 ,a ma*9e made by human art is n a ma*9e 9 all its p>ts4 ,= example1 ! too? ( a brass :eel has p>ts or fragm5ts :i* are n artificial to u2 !y h no?+ :i* m>ks ! ma*9e 9 _! relation to ! use = :i* ! :eel is design$2 b natural ma*9es--t is1 liv+ bodies--are /ill ma*9es 9 _! m9ute/ p>ts1 ad inf9itum4 ,?is makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 nature & art1 t is to say1 betwe5 ! ,div9e art & ours4 #fe4 ,& ! au?or ( nature 0 able to ex]cise ?is div9e & inf9itely wond]ful art1 inasmu* z e portion ( nature is n only inf9itely divisible1 z ! anci5ts knew1 b is actually subdivid$ )\t end--ea* "p into p>ts1 ( :i* ea* has its own movem5t4 ,o!rwise1 x w\ld be impossible t ea* portion ( matt] %\ld express ! univ]se4 #ff4 ,:5ce x appe>s t !re is a _w ( creatures1 ( liv+ 7?+s71 ( animals1 ( ,entele*ies1 ( s\ls1 9 ! m9ute/ portion ( matt]4 #fg4 ,e p>ticle ( matt] may be conceiv$ z a g>d5 ( plants1 or z a pond full ( fi%es4 ,b ea* bran* ( ea* plant1 ea* memb] ( ea* animal1 ea* drop ( _! humors1 is 9 turn ano!r su* g>d5 or pond4 #fh4 ,& al?\gh ! e>? & ! air embrac$ betwe5 ! plants 9 ! g>d51 or ! wat] betwe5 ! fi%es ( ! pond1 are n !mselves plant or fi%1 !y nev]!less conta9 su*1 b mo/ly too m9ute = our p]ception4 #fi4 ,s !re is no uncultur$ spot1 no b>r5ness1 no dea? 9 ! univ]se--no *aos1 no confusion1 except 9 appe>ance1 z x might seem 9 a pond at a di/ance1 9 :i* "o %\ld see a confus$ motion & sw>m+1 s to speak1 ( ! fi%es ( ! pond1 )\t di/+ui%+ ! fi%es !mselves4 #gj4 ,we see1 !n1 t ea* liv+ body has a gov]n+ ,entele*y1 :i* 9 animals is ! s\l ( ! animal4 ,b ! memb]s ( ?is liv+ body are full ( o!r liv+ bodies--plants1 animals--ea* ( :i* has its ,entele*y1 or reg5t s\l4 #ga4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 suppose--z "s :o misappreh5d$ my ?\ght h done--t ea* s\l has a mass or portion ( matt] prop] to itself1 or =ev] unit$ to x1 & t x consequ5tly possesses o!r inf]ior liv+ exi/5ces1 de/9$ =ev] to its s]vice4 ,= all bodies are 9 a p]petual flux1 l riv]s4 ,_! p>ticles are cont9ually com+ & go+4 #gb4 ,?us ! s\l does n *ange its body except by degrees4 ,x is nev] depriv$ at once ( all its organs4 ,!re are (t5 metamorphoses 9 animals1 b nev] ,metempsy*osis--no transmigration ( s\ls4 ,nei!r are !re s\ls entirely sep>at$ 7f bodies71 nor g5ii )\t bodies4 ,god alone is :olly )\t body4 #gc4 ,= :i* reason1 also1 !re is nev] complete g5]ation nor p]fect dea?--/rictly consid]$--consi/+ 9 ! sep>ation ( ! s\l4 ,t :i* we call g5]ation1 is developm5t & accretion2 & t :i* we call dea?1 is envelopm5t & dim9ution4 #gd4 ,philosoph]s h be5 mu* tr\bl$ ab\t ! orig9 ( =ms1 ( ,entele*ies1 or s\ls4 ,b at ! pres5t day1 :51 by accurate inve/igations ( plants1 insects & animals1 !y h become aw>e t ! organic bodies ( nature are nev] produc$ f *aos or f putrefaction1 b always f se$1 9 :i* und\bt$ly !re _h be5 a pre=mation2 x has be5 inf]r$ t n only ! organic body exi/$ 9 t se$ be=e conception1 b also a s\l 9 t body--9 "o ^w1 ! animal itself--& t1 by ! act ( conception1 ?is animal is m]ely dispos$ to a gr& trans=mation1 to become an animal ( ano!r species4 ,we ev5 see some?+ approa*+ ?is1 outside ( g5]ation1 z :5 worms become flies1 or :5 cat]pill>s become butt]flies4 #ge4 ,^? animals1 ( :i* "s are advanc$ to a high] grade1 by means ( conception1 may be call$ sp]matic2 b ^? among !m :i* rema9 9 _! k9d--t is to say1 ! great] portion--are born1 multiply1 & are de/roy$1 l ! l>g] animals1 & only a small numb] ( ! elect among !m1 pass to a gr&] !atre4 #gf4 ,b ?is is only half ! tru?4 ,i h conclud$ t if ! animal does n beg9 to be 9 ! ord] ( nature1 x also does n cease to be 9 ! ord] ( nature1 & t n only !re is no g5]ation1 b no entire de/ruction--no dea?1 /rictly consid]$4 ,& ^! a po/]iori conclusions1 drawn f exp]i5ce1 accord p]fectly ) my pr9ciples d$uc$ a priori1 z /at$ above4 #gg4 ,?us we may say1 n only t ! s\l 7mirror ( an inde/ructible univ]se7 is inde/ructible1 b also ! animal itself1 al?\gh its ma*9e may (t5 p]i% 9 "p1 & put (f or put on organic spoils4 #gh4 ,^! pr9ciples h furni%$ me ) a natural explanation ( ! union1 or r ! con=mity betwe5 ! s\l & ! organiz$ body4 ,! s\l foll[s its prop] laws1 & ! body likewise foll[s ^? :i* are prop] to x1 & !y meet 9 virtue ( ! pre/abli%$ h>mony :i* exi/s betwe5 all sub/ances1 z repres5tations ( "o & ! same univ]se4 #gi4 ,s\ls act accord+ to ! laws ( f9al causes1 by appetitions1 means & ends2 bodies act accord+ to ! laws ( effici5t causes1 or ! laws ( motion4 ,& ! two k+doms1 t ( effici5t causes & t ( f9al causes1 h>monize ) ea* o!r4 #hj4 ,des ,c>tes p]ceiv$ t s\ls communicate no =ce to bodies1 because ! quantity ( =ce 9 matt] is always ! same4 ,nev]!less1 he believ$ t s\ls might *ange ! direction ( bodies4 ,b ?is 0 because ! _w 0 at t "t ignorant ( ! law ( nature1 :i* requires ! cons]vation ( ! same total direction 9 matt]4 ,_h he kn[n ?is1 he w\ld h hit ^u my sy/em ( pre/abli%$ h>mony4 #ha4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 bodies act z if !re 7 no s\ls1 & s\ls act z if !re 7 no bodies2 & yet bo? act z ?\gh ! "o influ5c$ ! o!r4 #hb4 ,z to spirits1 or rational s\ls1 al?\gh ,i f9d t at bottom ! same pr9ciple :i* ,i h /at$--namely1 t animals & s\ls beg9 ) ! _w & end only ) ! _w--holds ) reg>d to all animals & liv+ ?+s1 yet !re is ?is peculi>ity 9 rational animals1 t al?\gh _! sp]matic animalcules1 z su*1 h only ord9>y or s5sitive s\ls1 yet z soon z ^? ( !m :i* are elect$1 s to speak1 arrive by ! act ( conception at human nature1 _! s5sitive s\ls are elevat$ to ! rank ( reason & to ! pr]ogative ( spirits4 #hc4 ,among o!r diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% spirits f ord9>y s\ls1 "s ( :i* h already be5 indicat$1 !re is also ?is3 t s\ls 9 g5]al are liv+ mirrors1 or images ( ! univ]se ( creatures1 b spirits are1 fur!rmore1 images ( ,div9ity itself1 or ( ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 capable ( cogniz+ ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 & ( imitat+ some?+ ( x by ar*itectonic exp]im5ts1 ea* _s be+1 z x 71 a little div9ity 9 its own dep>tm5t4 #hd4 ,h5ce spirits are able to ent] into a k9d ( fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,9 _! view he is n m]ely :at an inv5tor is to 8 ma*9e 7z ,god is 9 relation to o!r creatures71 b also :at a pr9ce is to 8 subjects1 & ev5 :at a fa!r is to 8 *ildr54 #he4 ,:5ce x is easy to conclude t ! assembly ( all spirits mu/ con/itute ! ,city ( ,god--t is to say1 ! mo/ p]fect /ate possible1 "u ! mo/ p]fect ( mon>*s4 #hf4 ,?is ,city ( ,god1 ?is truly univ]sal mon>*y1 is a moral _w )9 ! natural2 & x is ! mo/ exalt$ & ! mo/ div9e among ! works ( ,god4 ,x is 9 ?is t ! glory ( ,god mo/ truly consi/s1 :i* glory w\ld be want+ if 8 greatness & 8 goodness 7 n recogniz$ & admir$ by spirits4 ,x is 9 relation to ?is ,div9e ,city t he possesses1 prop]ly speak+1 ! attribute ( goodness1 :]eas 8 wisdom & 8 p[] are ev]y:]e manife/4 #hg4 ,z we h e/abli%$ above1 a p]fect h>mony betwe5 ! two natural k+doms--! "o ( effici5t causes1 ! o!r ( f9al causes--s x behooves u to notice "h also a /ill fur!r h>mony betwe5 ! physical k+dom ( nature & ! moral k+dom ( grace--t is to say1 betwe5 ,god consid]$ z ! ar*itect ( ! ma*9e ( ! univ]se1 & ,god consid]$ z mon>* ( ! div9e ,city ( ,spirits4 #hh4 ,?is h>mony makes all ?+s conduce to grace by natural me?ods4 ,?is globe1 = example1 mu/ be de/roy$ & repair$ by natural means1 at su* seasons z ! gov]nm5t ( spirits may require1 = ! *a/isem5t ( "s & ! recomp5se ( o!rs4 #hi4 ,we may say1 fur!rmore1 t ,god z ar*itect conta9s entirely ,god z legislator1 & t accord+ly s9s mu/ c>ry _! puni%m5t ) !m 9 ! ord] ( nature1 by virtue ev5 ( ! me*anical /ructure ( ?+s1 & t good de$s 9 l mann] w br+ _! recomp5se1 ?r\gh _! connection ) bodies1 al?\gh ?is _c1 & ought n always to1 take place on ! spot4 #ij4 ,f9ally1 "u ?is p]fect gov]nm5t1 !re w be no good de$ )\t its recomp5se1 & no evil de$ )\t its puni%m5t1 & all mu/ r$\nd to ! advantage ( ! good--t is to say1 ( ^? :o are n malcont5ts--9 ?is great commonweal?1 :o confide 9 ,provid5ce aft] hav+ done _! duty1 & :o wor?ily love & imitate ! ,au?or ( all good1 pleas+ !mselves ) ! contemplation ( 8 p]fections1 foll[+ ! nature ( pure & g5u9e ,love1 :i* makes u ble/ 9 ! happ9ess ( ! lov$4 ,9 ?is _s1 ! wise & good labor = t :i* appe>s to be con=m$ to ! div9e w1 presumptive or antec$5t1 cont5t$ ! :ile ) all t ,god br+s to pass by 8 secret w1 consequ5t & decisive1--kn[+ t if we 7 suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! ord] ( ! univ]se we %\ld f9d t x surpasses all ! wi%es ( ! wise/1 & t x c\ld n be made bett] ?an x is1 n only = all 9 g5]al1 b = ourselves 9 p>ticul>1 if we are atta*$1 z is fitt+1 to ! ,au?or ( ,all1 n only z ! ar*itect & effici5t cause ( our be+1 b also z our ma/] & ! f9al cause1 :o %\ld be ! :ole aim ( our volition1 & :o alone c make u ble/4 ,footnote #c3 ,primitifs4 ,footnote #d3 i4 e41 ,accid5tal causes4 ,footnote #e3 ,unique4 ,a ,,criticism ,,( ,,philosophical ,,sy/ems4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,j4 ,g4 ,,fi*te1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,,kroeg]4 ,,note4--,! foll[+ completes ,fi*te's ,second ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 or 8 ,criticism ( ,philosophical ,sy/ems4 ,9 ! fir/ division ( :at foll[s1 ,fi*te traces out 8 own transc5d5tal /&po9t 9 ! ,kantian ,philosophy1 & next proce$s1 9 ! second division1 to connect x ) :at 0 pr9t$ 9 our previ\s numb]1 criticis+ )\t m]cy ! dogmatic /&po9t4 ,by ! completion ( ?is article1 we h giv5 to ! read]s ( our ,j\rnal ,fi*te's own great ,introductions to t ,sci5ce ( ,k1 :i* is ab\t to be made accessible to ,am]ican read]s ?r\gh ! publi%+ h\se ( ,messrs4 ,lipp9cott ,co41 ,philadelphia4 ,our read]s are1 !re=e1 especially prep>$ to ent] ^u a /udy ( ,fi*te's wond]ful sy/em1 = none ( ^! ,introductions1 z inde$ none ( ,fi*te's works ( ,sci5ce1 h ev] be=e be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,9 a subsequ5t numb] we %all pr9t ,fi*te's 8,sun-cle> ,/atem5t reg>d+ ! true nature ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k10 a ma/]ly exhibition ( ! treatm5t ( sci5tific subjects 9 a popul> =m4 ,we hope t all :o h read1 or w read ^! articles1 w also ent] ^u a /udy ( ! great "w :i* !y are design$ to prep>e =2 ! /udy is wor? ! pa9s4--,,editor4 ,i4 ,x is n ! habit ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 nor ( its au?or1 to seek protection "u any au?ority :atev]4 ,! p]son :o has fir/ to see :e!r ?is doctr9e agrees ) ! doctr9e ( somebody else be=e he is will+ to be conv9c$ by x1 is n "o :om ?is sci5ce calculates to conv9ce1 because ! absolute self-activity & indep5d5t fai? 9 himself :i* ?is sci5ce presupposes1 is want+ 9 him4 ,x 0 !re=e q a diff]5t motive ?an a desire to recomm5d 8 doctr9es1 :i* l$ ! au?or ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k to /ate t 8 doctr9e 0 9 p]fect h>mony ) ,kant's doctr9e1 & 0 inde$ ! v same4 ,9 ?is op9ion he has be5 confirm$ by ! cont9u$ elaboration ( 8 sy/em1 :i* he 0 compell$ to und]take4 ,nev]!less1 all o!rs :o pass = /ud5ts ( ,kant's philosophy1 & :o h spok5 on ! subject--:e!r !y 7 fri5ds or oppon5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k--h unanim\sly ass]t$ ! contr>y2 & by _! advice1 ev5 ,kant himself1 :o ought c]ta9ly be/ to und]/& himself1 ass]ts ! contr>y4 ,if ! au?or ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k 7 dispos$ t[>ds a c]ta9 mann] ( ?9k+1 ?is w\ld be welcome news to him4 ,moreov]1 s9ce he consid]s x no disgrace to h misund]/ood ,kant1 & =esees t to h misund]/ood him w soon be consid]$ no disgrace by g5]al op9ion1 he ought surely n to hesitate to assume t disgrace1 especially z x w\ld conf] ^u him ! honor ( be+ ! fir/ discov]] ( a philosophy :i* w c]ta9ly become univ]sal1 & be productive ( ! mo/ b5eficial results = mank9d4 ,x is inde$ sc>cely explicable :y fri5ds & oppon5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k s zeal\sly contradict t ass]tion ( its au?or1 & :y !y s e>ne/ly reque/ him to prove x1 al?\gh he nev] promis$ to d s1 nay1 expressly refus$1 s9ce su* a pro( w\ld r belong to a future ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy ?an to a pres5t repres5tation ( t sy/em4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k 9 ?us call+ = a pro(1 are c]ta9ly n impell$ by a t5d] reg>d = ! fame ( ! au?or ( t ,sci5ce2 & ! fri5ds ( x might surely leave ! subject alone1 z ,i myself h no ta/e = su* an honor1 & seek ! only honor :i* ,i "k1 9 q a diff]5t direction4 ,d !y clamor = ?is pro( 9 ord] to escape my *>ge1 t !y did n und]/& ! writ+s ( ,kant8 ,b su* an accusation f ! lips ( ! au?or ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k is surely no reproa*1 s9ce he confesses z l\dly z possible1 t he also has n und]/ood !m1 & t only aft] he _h discov]$ 9 8 own way ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 did he f9d a correct & h>moni\s int]pretation ( ,kant's writ+s4 ,inde$1 t *>ge w soon cease to be a reproa* f ! lips ( anybody4 ,b p]haps ?is clamor is rais$ to escape ! *>ge t !y did n recognize _! own doctr9e1 s zeal\sly def5d$ by !m1 :5 x 0 plac$ be=e !m 9 a diff]5t %ape f _! own4 ,if ?is is ! case1 ,i %\ld l to save !m ?is reproa* also1 if !re 7 n ano!r int]e/1 :i* to me appe>s high] ?an !irs1 & to :i* _! int]e/ %all be sacrific$4 ,! fact is1 ,i d n wi% to be consid]$ = "o mom5t m ?an ,i am1 nor to ascribe to myself a m]it :i* ,i d n possess4 ,i %all !re=e1 9 all probability1 be compell$ to ent] ^u ! pro( :i* !y s e>ne/ly dem&1 & h5ce improve ! opportunity at pres5t (f]$ to me4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,k />ts1 z we h j n[ se51 f an intellectual contemplation1 f ! absolute self-activity ( ! ,ego4 ,n[ x w\ld seem beyond a d\bt1 & evid5t to all ! read]s ( ,kant's writ+s1 t ?is man has decl>$ himself on no subject m decisively1 nay1 ,i might say contemptu\sly1 ?an 9 d5y+ ?is p[] ( an intellectual contemplation4 ,?is d5ial seems s ?or\ghly root$ 9 ! ,kantian ,sy/em1 t1 aft] all ! elaboration ( 8 philosophy1 :i* he has und]tak5 s9ce#f ! appe>ance ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 & by means ( :i*1 z w be evid5t to any "o1 ! propositions ( t fir/ "w h receiv$ a f> high] cle>ness & developm5t ?an !y orig9ally possess$2--he yet1 9 "o ( 8 late/ works1 feels con/ra9$ to repeat ^? ass]tions ) undim9i%$ en]gy1 & to %[ t ! pres5t /yle ( philosophy1 :i* treats all labor & ex]tion ) contempt1 z well z a mo/ disa/r\s fanaticism1 h result$ f ! phantom ( an intellectual contemplation4 ,is any fur!r pro( ne$$1 t a ,philosophy1 :i* is bas$ on ! v ?+ s decid$ly reject$ by ! ,kantian ,sy/em1 mu/ be precisely ! opposite ( t sy/em1 & mu/ be moreov] ! v s5seless & disa/r\s sy/em1 ( :i* ,kant speaks 9 t "w ( 88 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x might be well fir/ to inquire1 :e!r ! same ^w may n express two utt]ly diff]5t conceptions 9 ! two sy/ems4 ,9 ,kant's t]m9ology1 all contemplation is direct$ ^u a ,be+ 7a p]man5t ,rema9+72 & intellectual contemplation w\ld ?us signify 9 8 sy/em ! imm$iate consci\sness ( a non-s5su\s ,be+1 or ! imm$iate consci\sness 7?r\gh pure ?9k+7 ( ! ?+ p] se2 & h5ce a creation ( ! ?+ p] se ?r\gh its conception1 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z ! exi/5ce ( ,god is demon/rat$ f ! m]e conception ( ,god2--^? :o d s mu/ look ^u ,god's exi/5ce z a m]e sequ5ce ( _! ?9k+4 ,n[ ,kant's sy/em--tak+ ! direction x did take--may h consid]$ x necess>y 9 ?is mann] to keep ! ?+ p] se at a respectful di/ance4 ,b ! ,sci5ce ( ,k has f9i%$ ! ?+ p] se 9 ano!r mann]2 t ,sci5ce kn[s x to be ! complete/ p]v]sion ( reason1 a purely irrational conception4 ,to t sci5ce all be+ is necess>ily s5su\s1 = x evolves ! v conception ( ,be+ f ! =m ( s5su\sness4 ,t sci5ce reg>ds ! intellectual contemplation ( ,kant's sy/em z a phantasm1 :i* vani%es ! mom5t "o attempts to ?9k x1 & :i* inde$ is n wor? a "n at all4 ,! intellectual contemplation1 :]e( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k speaks1 is n at all direct$ ^u a ,be+1 b ^u an ,activity2 & ,kant does n ev5 designate x1 7unless y wi% to take ! expression 8,pure app]ception0 = su* a designation74 ,nev]!less1 x c be cle>ly %[n :]e 9 ,kant's ,sy/em x ought to h be5 m5tion$4 ,i hope t ! categorical imp]ative ( ,kant occurs 9 consci\sness1 accord+ to 8 ,sy/em4 ,n[ :at sort ( consci\sness is ?is ( ! categorical imp]ative8 ,?is "q ,kant nev] propos$ to himself1 because he nev] treat$ ( ! basis ( all ,philosophy4 ,9 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason he treat$ only ( !oretical ,philosophy1 & c\ld !re=e n introduce ! categorical imp]ative2 9 8 ,critique ( ,practical ,reason1 he treat$ only ( practical ,philosophy1 :]e9 ! "q conc]n+ ! mann] ( consci\sness c\ld n arise4 ,?is consci\sness is d\btless an imm$iate1 b no s5su\s consci\sness--h5ce exactly :at ,i call intellectual contemplation4 ,n[1 s9ce we h no classical au?or 9 ,philosophy1 ,i give x ! latt] "n1 ) ! same "r ) :i* ,kant gives x to some?+ else1 :i* is a m]e no?+2 & ) ! same "r ,i insi/ t p ought fir/ to become acqua9t$ ) ! significance ( my t]m9ology be=e proce$+ to judge my sy/em4 ,my mo/ e/imable fri5d1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,s*ulz--to :om ,i _h made kn[n my indef9ite idea ( build+ up ! :ole ,sci5ce ( ,philosophy on ! pure ,ego1 long be=e ,i _h ?or\ghly dige/$ t idea1 & :om ,i f\nd less oppos$ to x ?an any "o else--has a rem>kable passage on ?is subject4 ,9 8 review ( ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 he says3 8,! pure1 active self-consci\sness1 9 :i* really e "o's ,ego consi/s1 mu/ n be conf\nd$--= ! v reason because x c & mu/ tea* u 9 an imm$iate mann]--) ! p[] ( contemplation1 & mu/ n be made to involve ! doctr9e t we are 9 possession ( a sup]s5su\s1 intellectual p[] ( contemplation4 ,= we call contemplation a repres5tation1 :i* is imm$iately relat$ to an object4 ,b pure self-consci\sness is n repres5tation1 b is r t :i* fir/ makes a repres5tation to become really a repres5tation4 ,if ,i say1 #8,i repres5t some?+ to myself1' x signifies j ! same z if ,i said1 #8,i am consci\s t ,i h a repres5tation ( ?is object4'0 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,s*ulz1 !re=e1 a repres5tation is t :]e( consci\sness is possible4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,s*ulz also speaks ( pure self-consci\sness4 ,und\bt$ly he kn[s :]e( he speaks1 & h5ce1 z philosoph]1 he mo/ truly has a repres5tation ( pure self-consci\sness4 ,x 0 n ( ?is consci\sness ( ! philosoph]1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,s*ulz spoke1 b ( orig9al consci\sness2 & h5ce ! significance ( 8 ass]tion is ?is3 ,orig9ally 7i4 e4 9 common consci\sness )\t philosophical reflection7 m]e self-consci\sness does n con/itute full consci\sness1 b is m]ely a necess>y comp\nd1 :i* makes full consci\sness fir/ possible4 ,b is x n ! same ) s5su\s contemplation8 ,does s5su\s contemplation con/itute a consci\sness1 or is x n r m]ely t :]eby a repres5tation fir/ becomes a repres5tation8 ,contemplation )\t conception is confess$ly bl9d4 ,h[1 !n1 c ,mr4 ,s*ulz call 7s5su\s7 contemplation 7exclud+ f x self-consci\sness7 repres5tation8 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! philosoph]1 z we h j se51 self-consci\sness is equally repres5tation2 f ! /&po9t ( orig9al contemplation1 s5su\s contemplation is equally n repres5tation4 ,or does ! conception con/itute a repres5tation8 ,! conception )\t contemplation is confess$ly empty4 ,9 tru?1 self-consci\sness1 s5su\s contemplation1 & conception1 are1 9 _! isolat$ sep>at5ess1 n repres5tations--!y are only t ?r\gh :i* repres5tations become possible4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 to ,s*ulz1 & to myself1 a complete repres5tation conta9s a ?reefold3 #a/4 ,t :]eby ! repres5tation relates itself to an object1 & becomes ! repres5tative ( a ,some?+--& ?is we unanim\sly call ! s5su\s contemplation 7ev5 if ,i am myself ! object ( my repres5tation1 x is by virtue ( a s5su\s contemplation1 = !n ,i become to myself a p]man5t 9 "t72 #b;d4 ,t ?r\gh :i* ! repres5tation relates itself to ! subject1 & becomes my repres5tation2 ?is ,i also call contemplation 7b intellectual contemplation71 because x has ! same relation to ! complete repres5tation :i* ! s5su\s contemplation has2 b ,kant & ,s*ulz d n want x call$ s2 &1 #c;d4 ,t ?r\gh :i* bo? are unit$1 & only 9 ?is union become repres5tation2 & ?is we aga9 unanim\sly call conception4 ,b to /ate x t]sely3 :at is really ! ,sci5ce ( ,k 9 two words8 ,x is ?is3 ,reason is absolutely self-det]m9$2 ,reason is only = ,reason2 b = ,reason !re is also no?+ b ,reason4 ,h5ce1 ev]y?+1 :i* ,reason is1 mu/ be gr\nd$ 9 itself1 & out ( itself1 b n 9 or out ( ano!r--"s ext]nal o!r1 :i* x c\ld nev] grasp )\t giv+ up itself4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,k is transc5d5tal idealism4 ,aga91 :at is ! cont5t ( ! ,kantian sy/em 9 two words8 ,i confess t ,i _c conceive x possible h[ any "o c und]/& ev5 "o s5t5ce ( ,kant1 & h>monize x ) o!rs1 except on ! same presupposition :i* ! ,sci5ce ( ,k has j ass]t$4 ,i believe t t presupposition is ! ev]la/+ refra9 ( 8 sy/em2 & ,i confess t "o ( ! reasons :y ,i refus$ to prove ! agreem5t ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k ) ,kant's sy/em 0 ?is3 ,x appe>$ to me some:at too ridicul\s & too t$i\s to %[ up ! =e/ by po9t+ out ! sev]al trees 9 x4 ,i w cite "h "o *ief passage f ,kant4 ,he says3 8,! highe/ pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( all contemplation 9 relation to ! und]/&+ is ?is3 t all ! manifold be subject to ! conditions ( ! orig9al unity ( app]ception40 ,t is to say1 9 o!r words1 8,t some?+ :i* is contemplat$ be also ?\ght1 is only possible on condition t ! possibility ( ! orig9al unity ( app]ception c coexi/ ) x40 ,n[ s9ce1 accord+ to ,kant1 contemplation also is possible only on condition t x be ?\ght & compreh5d$--o!rwise x w\ld rema9 bl9d--& s9ce contemplation itself is ?us subject to ! conditions ( ! possibility ( ?9k+--x foll[s t1 accord+ to ,kant1 n only ,?9k+ imm$iately1 b by ! m$iation ( ?9k+1 contemplation also1 & h5ce all consci\sness1 is subject to ! conditions ( ! orig9al unity ( app]ception4 ,n[1 :at is ?is condition8 ,x is true1 ,kant speaks ( conditions1 b he /ates only "o z a fundam5tal condition4 ,:at is ?is condition ( ! orig9al unity ( app]ception8 ,x is ?is 7see #af ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason71 8t my repres5tations c be accompani$ by ! #8,i ?9k'0--! ^w 8,i0 alone is italicis$ by ,kant1 & ?is is some:at important2 t is to say1 ,i am ! ?9k+ 9 ?is ?9k+4 ,( :at 8,i0 does ,kant speak "h8 ,p]haps ( ! ,ego1 :i* 8 foll[]s quietly heap toge!r by a manifold ( repres5tations1 9 no s+le "o ( :i* x 01 b 9 all ( :i* collectively x n[ is said to be4 ,!n ! words ( ,kant w\ld signify ?is3 ,i1 :o ?9k ,d1 am ! same ,i :o ?\ght ,a1 ,b & ,c1 & x is only ?r\gh ! ?9k+ ( my manifold ?9k+1 t ,i fir/ became ,i to myself--t is to say1 ! id5tical 9 ! manifold8 ,9 t case ,kant w\ld h be5 j su* a pitiable tattl] z ^! ,kantians2 = 9 t case ! possibility ( all ?9k+ w\ld be condition$1 accord+ to him1 by ano!r ?9k+1 & by ! ?9k+ ( ?is ?9k+2 & ,i %\ld l to "k h[ we c\ld ev] arrive at a ?9k+4 ,b1 in/ead ( trac+ ! consequ5ces ( ,kant's /atem5t1 ,i m]ely int5d$ to cite 8 own words4 ,he says aga93 8,?is repres5tation1 #8,i ?9k1' is an act ( spontaneity1 i4 e4 x _c be consid]$ z belong+ to #8s5su\sness'48 7,i add3 & h5ce1 also1 n to inn] s5su\sness1 to :i* ! above describ$ id5tity ( consci\sness mo/ c]ta9ly does belong47 ,kant cont9ues3 8,i call x pure app]ception1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! empirical 7j describ$7 app]ception1 & because x is t self-consci\sness1 :i*1 9 produc+ ! repres5tation #8,i ?9k'--:i* mu/ accompany all o!r repres5tations1 & is 9 all consci\sness "o & ! same--c itself be accompani$ by no o!r repres5tation40 ,"h ! "* ( pure self-consci\sness is surely cle>ly en\gh describ$4 ,x is 9 all consci\sness ! same--h5ce undet]m9able by any accid5t ( consci\sness2 9 x ! ,ego is only det]m9$ ?r\gh itself1 & is ?us absolutely det]m9$4 ,x is also cle> "h1 t ,kant c\ld n h und]/ood ?is pure app]ception to mean ! consci\sness ( our individuality1 nor c\ld he h tak5 ! latt] = ! =m]2 = ! consci\sness ( my individuality1 z an ,i1 is necess>ily condition$ by1 & only possible ?r\gh1 ! consci\sness ( ano!r individuality1 a ,?\4 ,h5ce we discov] 9 ,kant's writ+s ! conception ( ! pure ,ego exactly z ! ,sci5ce ( ,k has describ$ x1 & completely det]m9$4 ,aga91 9 :at relation does ,kant1 9 ! above passage1 place ?is pure ,ego to all consci\sness8 ,z condition+ ! same4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ,kant1 ! possibility ( all consci\sness is condition$ by ! possibility ( ! pure ,ego1 or by pure self-consci\sness1 j z ! ,sci5ce ( ,k holds4 ,9 ?9k+1 ! condition+ is made ! prior ( ! condition$--= ?is is ! significance ( t relation2 & ?us x appe>s t1 accord+ to ,kant1 a sy/ematic d$uction ( all consci\sness1 or1 :i* is ! same1 a ,sy/em ( ,philosophy1 mu/ proce$ f ! pure ,ego1 j z ! ,sci5ce ( ,k proce$s2 & ,kant himself has ?us sugge/$ ! idea ( su* a ,sci5ce4 ,b "s "o might wi% to weak5 ?is argum5t by ! foll[+ di/9ction3 ,x is "o ?+ to condition1 & ano!r to det]m9e4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 all consci\sness is only condition$ by self-consci\sness2 i4 e4 ! cont5t ( t consci\sness may h its gr\nd 9 some?+ else ?an self-consci\sness2 provid$ ! results ( t gr\nd+ d n contradict ! conditions ( self-consci\sness2 ^? results ne$ n proce$ f self-consci\sness1 provid$ !y d n cancel its possibility4 ,b1 accord+ to ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 all consci\sness is det]m9$ ?r\gh self-consci\sness2 i4 e4 ev]y?+ :i* occurs 9 consci\sness is gr\nd$1 giv5 & produc$ by ! conditions ( self-consci\sness1 & a gr\nd ( ! same 9 some?+ o!r ?an self-consci\sness does n exi/ at all4 ,n[1 to meet ?is argum5t1 ,i mu/ %[ t 9 ! pres5t case ! det]m9at5ess foll[s imm$iately f ! condition$ness1 & t1 !re=e1 ! di/9ction drawn betwe5 bo? is n valid 9 ?is in/ance4 ,:osoev] says1 8,all consci\sness is condition$ by ! possibility ( self-consci\sness1 & z su* ,i n[ propose to consid] x10 kn[s 9 ?is 8 inve/igation1 no?+ m conc]n+ consci\sness1 & ab/racts f ev]y?+ he may believe1 fur!r to "k conc]n+ x4 ,he d$uces :at is requir$ f ! ass]t$ pr9ciple1 & only :at he ?us has d$uc$ z consci\sness is = him consci\sness1 & ev]y?+ else is & rema9s no?+4 ,?us ! d]ivability f self-consci\sness det]m9es = him ! ext5t ( t :i* he holds to be consci\sness1 because he />ts f ! presupposition t all consci\sness is condition$ by ! possibility ( self-consci\sness4 ,n[ ,i "k v well t ,kant has by no means built up su* a sy/em2 = if he _h1 ! au?or ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k w\ld n h und]tak5 t "w1 b w\ld h *os5 ano!r bran* ( human k = 8 field4 ,i "k t he has by no means prov5 8 categories to be conditions ( self-consci\sness2 ,i "k t he has simply ass]t$ !m s to be2 t he has /ill less d$uc$ "t & space1 & t :i* 9 orig9al consci\sness is insep>able f !m--! matt] :i* fills "t & space--z su* conditions2 s9ce ( ^! he has n ev5 expressly /at$1 z he has done 9 ! case ( ! categories1 t !y are su* conditions4 ,b ,i believe ,i "k q z well t ,kant has ?\ght su* a sy/em2 t all 8 writ+s & utt]ances are fragm5ts & results ( ?is sy/em1 & t 8 ass]tions get mean+ & int5tion only ?r\gh ?is presupposition4 ,:e!r he did n himself ?9k ?is sy/em ) suffici5t cle>ness & def9it5ess to enable him to utt] x = o!rs2 or :e!r he did1 inde$1 ?9k x ?us cle>ly & m]ely did n want s to utt] x1 z "s rem>ks w\ld seem to indicate1 might1 x seems to me1 be left undecid$2 at lea/ somebody else mu/ inve/igate ?is matt]1 = ,i h nev] ass]t$ any?+ on ?is po9t4#g ,b1 h[ev] su* an inve/igation may result1 ?is m]it surely belongs altoge!r to ! great man2 t he fir/ ( all consci\sly sep>at$ philosophy f ext]nal objects1 & l$ t sci5ce into ! ,self4 ,?is is ! _s & ! inmo/ s\l ( all 8 philosophy1 & ?is also is ! _s & s\l ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,i am rem9d$ ( a *ief di/9ction :i* is said to exi/ betwe5 ! ,sci5ce ( ,k & ,kant's sy/em1 & a di/9ction :i* b rec5tly has be5 aga9 insi/$ ^u by a man :o is ju/ly suppos$ to h und]/ood ,kant1 & :o has %[n t he also has und]/ood ! ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,?is man is ,re9hold1 :o1 9 a late essay1 9 endeavor+ to prove t ,i h done inju/ice to myself1 & to o!r successful /ud5ts ( ,kant's writ+s--9 /at+ :at ,i h j n[ reit]at$ & prov$1 i4 e4 t ,kant's sy/em & ! ,sci5ce ( ,k are ! same--proce$s to rem>k3 8,! gr\nd ( our ass]tion1 t !re is an ext]nal some?+ correspond+ to our repres5tations1 is mo/ c]ta9ly held by ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason to be conta9$ 9 ! ,ego2 b only 9 s f> z empirical k 7exp]i5ce7 has tak5 place 9 ! ,ego z a fact2 t is to say1 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason holds t ?is empirical k has its gr\nd 9 ! pure ,ego only 9 relation to its transc5d5tal cont5t1 :i* is ! =m ( t k2 b 9 reg>d to its empirical cont5t1 :i* gives t k objective validity1 x is gr\nd$ 9 ! ,ego ?r\gh a some?+ :i* is n ! ,ego4 ,n[1 a sci5tific =m ( philosophy 0 n possible s long z t some?+1 :i* is n ,ego1 0 look$ = outside ( ! ,ego z gr\nd ( ! objective reality ( ! transc5d5tal cont5t ( ! ,ego40 ,?us ,re9hold4 ,i h n conv9c$ my read]s1 or demon/rat$ my pro(1 until ,i h met ?is objection4 ,! 7purely hi/orical7 "q is ?is3 ,has ,kant really plac$ ! gr\nd ( exp]i5ce 79 its empirical cont5t7 9 a some?+ diff]5t f ! ,ego8 ,i "k v well t all ! ,kantians1 except ,mr4 ,beck1 ^: "w appe>$ aft] ! publication ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 h really und]/ood ,kant to say ?is4 ,nay1 ! la/ int]pret] ( ,kant1 ,mr4 ,s*ulz1 :om ,kant himself has endors$1 ?us int]prets him4 ,h[ (t5 does ,mr4 ,s*ulz admit t ! objective gr\nd ( ! appe>ances is conta9$ 9 some?+ :i* is a ?+ 9 itself1 c41 c4 ,we h j se5 h[ ,re9hold also int]prets ,kant4 ,n[ x may seem presumptu\s = "o man to arise & say3 8,up to ?is mom5t1 among/ a numb] ( wor?y s*ol>s :o h devot$ _! "t & en]gies to ! int]pretation ( a c]ta9 book1 n a s+le "o has und]/ood t book o!rwise ?an utt]ly falsely2 !y all h discov]$ 9 t sy/em ! v doctr9e :i* x refutes--dogmatism1 in/ead ( transc5d5tal idealism2 & ,i alone und]/& x rightly40 ,yet ?is presumption might be b seem+ly s2 = x is to be hop$ t o!r p]sons w adopt t "o man's views1 & t1 !re=e1 he w n always /& alone4 ,!re are o!r reasons :y x is n v presumptu\s to contradict ! :ole numb] ( ,kantians1 b ,i w n m5tion !m "h4 ,b :at is mo/ curi\s 9 ?is matt] is ?is--! discov]y t ,kant did n int5d to speak ( a some?+ diff]5t f ! ,ego1 is by no means a new "o4 ,= t5 ye>s ev]ybody c\ld read ! mo/ ?or\gh & complete pro( ( x 9 ,jacobi's 8,idealism & ,realism10 & 9 8 8,transc5d5tal ,idealism40 ,9 ^? works1 ,jacobi has put toge!r ! mo/ evid5t & decisive passages f ,kant's writ+s on ?is subject1 9 ,kant's own words4 ,i d n l to d aga9 :at has once be5 done1 & _c be done bett]2 & ,i ref] my read]s ) ! m pleasure to ^? works1 z !y1 l all philosophical writ+s ( ,jacobi1 may be ev5 yet ( advantage to !m4 ,a few que/ions1 h[ev]1 ,i propose to address to ^? int]pret]s ( ,kant4 ,tell me1 h[ f> does ! applicability ( ! categories ext5d1 accord+ to ,kant1 p>ticul>ly ( ! category ( causality8 ,cle>ly only to ! field ( appe>ances1 & h5ce only to t :i* is already 9 u & = u4 ,b 9 :at mann] d we !n come to accept a some?+ diff]5t f ! ,ego1 z ! gr\nd ( ! empirical cont5t ( ,k8 ,i answ]3 only by draw+ a conclusion f ! gr\nd$ to ! gr\nd2 h5ce by apply+ ! category ( causality4 ,?us1 inde$1 ,kant himself discov]s x to be1 & h5ce rejects ! assumption ( ?+s1 c41 c41 outside ( u4 ,b 8 int]pret]s make him =get = ! pres5t in/ance ! validity ( categories g5]ally1 & make him arrive1 by a bold leap1 f ! _w ( appe>ances to ! ?+ p] se outside ( u4 ,n[1 h[ d ^! int]pret]s ju/ify ?is inconsequ5ce8 ,kant evid5tly speaks ( a ?+ p] se4 ,b :at is ?is ?+ to him8 ,a n\m5on1 z we c f9d 9 _m passages ( 8 writ+s4 ,re9hold & ,s*ulz also hold x to be a n\m5on4 ,n[1 :at is a n\m5on8 ,accord+ to ,kant1 to ,re9hold1 & ,s*ulz1 a some?+1 :i* our ?9k+--by laws to be %[n up1 & :i* ,kant has %[n up--adds to ! appe>ance1 & :i* mu/ s be add$ 9 ?\ght2#h :i*1 !re=e1 is produc$ only ?r\gh our ?9k+2 n1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh our free1 b ?r\gh a necess>y ?9k+1 :i* is only = our ?9k+--= u ?9k+ be+s4 ,b :at d ^? int]pret]s make ( ?is n\m5on or ?+ 9 itself8 ,! ?\ght ( ?is ?+ 9 itself is gr\nd$ 9 s5sation1 & s5sation !y aga9 ass]t to be gr\nd$ 9 ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,_! globe re/s on ! great elephant1 & ! great elephant--re/s on ! globe4 ,_! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* is a m]e ?\ght1 !y say affects ! ,ego4 ,h !y !n =gott5 _! fir/ spee*1 & is ! ?+1 p] se1 :i* a mom5t ago 0 b a m]e ?\ght1 n[ turn$ into some?+ m8 ,or d !y s]i\sly mean to apply to a m]e ?\ght1 ! exclusive pr$icate ( reality1 i4 e4 causality8 ,& su* tea*+s are put =? z ! a/oni%+ discov]ies ( ! great g5ius1 :o1 ) 8 tor*1 lights up ! retrograde philosophical c5tury4 ,x is b too well kn[n to me t ! ,kantianism ( ! ,kantians is precisely ! j describ$ sy/em--is really ?is mon/r\s composition ( ! mo/ vulg> dogmatism1 :i* all[s ?+s p] se to make impressions ^u u1 & ( ! mo/ decid$ idealism1 :i* all[s all be+ to be g5]at$ only ?r\gh ! ?9k+ ( ! intellig5ce1 & :i* kn[s no?+ ( any o!r sort ( be+4 ,f :at ,i am yet go+ to say on ?is subject1 ,i except two m5--,re9hold1 because ) a p[] ( m9d & a love ( tru? :i* d cr$it to 8 he>t & head1 he has ab&on$ ?is sy/em1 7:i*1 h[ev]1 he /ill holds to be ! ,kantian sy/em1 & ,i only disagree ) him on ?is purely hi/orical "q17 & ,s*ulz1 because he has ( late be5 sil5t on philosophical que/ions1 :i* leaves x fair to assume t he has begun to d\bt 8 =m] sy/em4 ,b conc]n+ ! o!rs1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ by all :o h /ill _! inn] s5se suffici5tly "u control to be able to di/+ui% betwe5 be+ & ?9k+ & n to mix bo? toge!r1 t a sy/em :i* ?us mixes be+ & ?9k+ receives b too mu* honor if x is spok5 ( s]i\sly4 ,to be sure1 v few m5 may be prop]ly requir$ to ov]come ! natural t5d5cy t[>ds dogmatism suffici5tly to lift !mselves up to ! free flight ( ,speculation4 ,:at 0 impossible = a man ( ov]:elm+ m5tal activity l ,jacobi1 h[ c x be expect$ ( c]ta9 o!r m51 :om ,i w\ld r n "n8 ,b t ^! incurable dogmati/s %\ld h p]suad$ !mselves t ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason 0 food = !m2 t !y _h ! boldness to conclude--s9ce ,kant's writ+s _h be5 prais$ 7,god may "k by :at *ance67 9 "s celebrat$ j\rnal--!y might also n[ foll[ ! fa%ion & become ,kantians2 t s9ce !n1 = ye>s1 !y1 9 _! intoxication1 h be-writt5 _m a ream ( valuable pap]1 )\t ev]1 9 all ?is "t1 hav+ come to _! s5ses1 or und]/ood b "o p]iod ( all !y h writt52 t up to ! pres5t day1 ?\gh !y h be5 some:at rudely %ak51 !y h n be5 able to rub ! sleep out ( _! eyes1 b r pref] to beat & kick ab\t !m1 9 ! hope ( /rik+ "s ( ^! unwelcome di/urb]s ( _! peace2 & t ! ,g]man public1 s desir\s ( acquir+ k1 %\ld h b\ght _! black5$ pap] ) avidity1 & attempt$ to suck up ! _s ( x--nay1 %\ld ev51 p]haps1 h copi$ & recopi$ ^! writ+s )\t ev] cle>ly p]ceiv+ t !re 0 no s5se 9 !m3 all ?is w =ev]1 9 ! annals ( philosophy1 rema9 ! disgrace ( our c5tury1 & our po/]ity w be able to expla9 ^! occurr5ces ( our times only on ! presupposition ( a m5tal epidemic1 :i* _h tak5 hold ( ?is age4 ,b1 w ^! int]pret]s reply3 y\r argum5t is1 aft] all--if we ab/ract f ,jacobi's writ+s1 :i*1 to be sure1 are r h>d to swall[1 s9ce !y quote ,kant's own words--no m ?an ?is3 x is absurd2 h5ce ,kant _c h meant to say x4 ,n[1 if we admit ! absurdity1 z un=tunately we mu/1 :y1 !n1 might n ,kant h said ^! absurdities1 j z well z we o!rs1 among/ :om !re are "s1 ( :om y y\rself confess ! m]its1 & to :om y d\btless w n d5y all s\nd und]/&+8 ,i reply3 to be ! inv5tor ( a sy/em is "o ?+1 & to be 8 comm5tators & successors1 ano!r4 ,:at1 9 case ( ! latt]1 w\ld n te/ify to an absolute want ( s\nd s5se1 might c]ta9ly ev9ce x 9 ! =m]4 ,! gr\nd is ?is3 ! latt] are n yet possess$ ( ! idea ( ! :ole--= if !y 7 s possess$1 !re w\ld be no necessity = !m to /udy ! sy/em2 !y are m]ely to con/ruct x out ( ! p>ts :i* ! inv5tor h&s ov] to !m2 & all ^! p>ts are1 9 _! m9ds1 n fully det]m9$1 r\nd$ (f1 & made smoo?1 until !y are unit$ into a natural :ole4 ,n[1 ?is con/ruction ( ! p>ts may require "s "t1 & dur+ ?is "t x may occur t ^! m5 det]m9e "s p>ts inaccurately1 & h5ce place !m 9 contradiction ) ! :ole1 ( :i* !y are n yet possess$4 ,! discov]] ( ! idea ( ! :ole1 on ! contr>y1 proce$s f ?is idea1 9 :i* all p>ts are unit$1 & ^! p>ts he sep>ately places be=e 8 read]s1 because only ?us c he communicate ! :ole4 ,! "w ( ! =m] is a syn!tiz+ ( t :i* !y d n yet possess1 b are to obta9 ?r\gh ! syn!sis2 ! "w ( ! latt] is an analyz+ ( t :i* he already possesses4 ,x is v possible t ! =m] may n be aw>e ( ! contradiction 9 :i* ! sev]al p>ts /& to ! :ole :i* is to be compos$ ( !m1 = !y may n h got s f> yet z to comp>e !m4 ,b x is q c]ta9 t ! latt]1 :o proce$$ f ! composite1 mu/ h ?\ght1 or believ$ t he ?\ght1 ! contradiction :i* is 9 ! p>ts ( 8 repres5tation--= he c]ta9ly at "o "t held all ! p>ts toge!r4 ,x is n absurd to ?9k dogmatism n[1 & 9 ano!r mom5t transc5d5tal idealism2 = ?is we all d1 & mu/ d1 if we wi% to philosophize ab\t bo? sy/ems2 b x is absurd to ?9k bo? sy/ems z "o4 ,! int]pret]s ( ,kant's sy/em d n necess>ily ?9k x ?us z "o2 b ! au?or ( t sy/em mu/ c]ta9ly h done s if 8 sy/em 0 int5d$ to effect su* a union4 ,n[1 ,i1 at lea/1 am utt]ly incapable ( believ+ su* an absurdity on ! "p ( any "o :o has 8 s5ses2 h[1 !n1 c ,i believe ,kant to h be5 guilty ( x8 ,unless ,kant1 !re=e1 decl>es expressly 9 s _m words1 t he d$uces s5sation f an impression ( ! ?+1 p] se1 or1 to use 8 own t]m9ology1 t s5sation mu/ be expla9$ 9 philosophy1 f a transc5d5tal object :i* exi/s outside ( u1 ,i %all n believe :at ^! int]pret]s tell u ( ,kant4 ,b if he does make ?is decl>ation1 ,i %all consid] ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason r z ! result ( ! mo/ m>vell\s accid5t ?an z ! product ( a m9d4 ,b1 say our oppon5ts1 does n ,kant /ate expressly t 8,! object is giv5 to u10 & 8t ?is is possible because ! object affects u z 9 a c]ta9 mann]10 & 8t !re is a p[] ( atta9+ repres5tations by ! mann] 9 :i* objects affect u1 :i* p[] is call$ s5su\sness40 ,nay1 ,kant says ev5 ?is3 8,h[ %\ld our k be awak5$ into ex]cise if x 7 n done by objects t t\* our s5ses & p>tly produce repres5tations !mselves1 :ile p>tly putt+ our p[] ( und]/&+ into motion1 to comp>e1 connect & sep>ate ^! repres5tations1 & ?us to =m ! raw mat]ial ( our s5su\s impressions into a k :i* is call$ exp]i5ce40 ,well1 ^! are probably all ! passages :i* c be adduc$ by our oppon5ts4 ,n[1 putt+ m]ely passages aga9/ passages1 & words aga9/ words1 & ab/ract+ altoge!r f ! idea ( ! :ole1 :i* ,i assume ^! int]pret]s nev] to h _h1 let me ask fir/1 if ^! passages c\ld really n be unit$ ) ,kant's o!r frequ5tly repeat$ /atem5ts1 viz41 t x is folly to speak ( an impression produc$ ^u u by an ext]nal transc5d5tal object1--h[ did x happ5 t ^! int]pret]s pref]r$ to sacrifice ! _m /atem5ts1 :i* ass]t a transc5d5tal idealism1 to ^! few passages1 :i* ass]t a dogmatism1 ?an vice v]sa8 ,d\btless because !y did n attempt ! /udy ( ,kant's writ+s ) an imp>tial m9d1 b _h _! heads full ( t dogmatism--:i* con/itutes _! v be+--z ! only correct sy/em1 :i* !y assum$ su* a s5sible man z ,kant mu/ necess>ily also hold to be ! only correct sy/em2 & because !y ?us did n seek to be taught by ,kant1 b m]ely to be confirm$ by him 9 _! old way ( ?9k+4 ,b _c ^! seem+ly opposite /atem5ts be unit$8 ,kant speaks 9 ^! passages ( objects4 ,:at ?is ^w is to signify1 we cle>ly mu/ le>n f ,kant himself4 ,he says3 8,x is ! und]/&+ :i* adds ! object to ! appe>ance1 by connect+ ! manifold ( ! appe>ance 9 "o consci\sness4 ,:5 ?is is done1 we say we "k ! object1 = we h effect$ a syn!tical unity 9 ! manifold ( ! contemplation1 & ! conception ( ?is unity is ! repres5tation ( ! object ,x4 ,b ?is ,x is n ! transc5d5tal object 7i4 e4 ! ?+ p] se71 = ( t we "k n ev5 s mu*40 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is object8 ,t :i* ! und]/&+ adds to ! appe>ance1 a m]e ?\ght4 ,n[1 ! object affects--i4 e4 some?+ :i* is a m]e ?\ght affects4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,if ,i h b a sp>k ( logic1 x means simply3 x affects 9 s f> z x is2 h5ce x is only ?\ght z affect+4 ,let u n[ see :at ,kant means :5 he speaks ab\t ! 8p[] to obta9 repres5tations by ! mann] 9 :i* objects affect u40 ,s9ce we only ?9k ! affection itself1 we d\btless only ?9k likewise t :i* is common to ! affection4 ,or3 if y posit an object ) ! ?\ght t x has affect$ y1 y ?9k y\rself 9 ?is case affect$2 & if y ?9k t ?is occurs 9 respect to all ! objects ( y\r p]ception1 y ?9k y\rself z liable to be affect$ g5]ally--or1 9 o!r words1 y ascribe to y\rself1 ?r\gh ?is y\r ?9k+1 receptivity or s5su\sness4 ,b d we n ?us assume1 aft] all1 affection to expla9 k8 ,let me /ate ! diff]5ce 9 "o ^w3 x is true1 all our k proce$s f an affection1 b n an affection ?r\gh an object4 ,?is is ,kant's doctr9e1 & t ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,z ,mr4 ,beck has ov]look$ ?is important po9t1 & z ,re9hold does n call suffici5t att5tion to t :i* makes ! posit+ ( a non-,ego possible1 ,i consid] x prop] to expla9 ! matt] 9 a few words4 ,9 do+ s ,i %all use my own t]m9ology1 & n ,kant's1 because ,i naturally h my own m at my comm&4 ,:5 ,i posit myself1 ,i posit myself z a limit$2 9 consequ5ce ( ! contemplation ( my self-posit+1 ,i am f9ite4 ,?is1 my limit$ness--s9ce x is ! condition :i* makes my self-posit+ possible--is an orig9al limit$ness4 ,somebody might wi% to expla9 ?is /ill fur!r1 & ei!r d$uce ! limit$ness ( myself z ! reflect$1 f my necess>y limit$ness z ! reflect+2 :i* w\ld result 9 ! /atem5t3 ,i am f9ite to myself1 because ,i c ?9k only ! f9ite2--or he might expla9 ! limit$ness ( ! reflect+ f t ( ! reflect$1 :i* w\ld result 9 ! /atem5t3 ,i c ?9k only ! f9ite1 because ,i am f9ite4 ,b su* an explanation w\ld expla9 no?+1 = ,i am orig9ally nei!r ! reflect+ nor ! reflect$1 b bo? 9 _! union2 :i* union ,i _c ?9k1 x is true1 because ,i sep>ate1 9 ?9k+1 ! reflect+ f ! reflect$4 ,all limit$ness is1 by its v conception1 a det]m9$1 & n a g5]al limit$ness4 ,f ! possibility ( an ,ego1 we h ?us d$uc$ ! necessity ( a g5]al limit$ness ( ! ,ego4 ,b ! det]m9$ness ( ?is limit$ness _c be d$uc$1 s9ce x is1 z we h se51 t :i* conditions all ,egoness4 ,"h1 !re=e1 all d$uction is at an end4 ,?is det]m9$ness appe>s z ! absolutely accid5tal1 & furni%es ! m]ely empirical ( our k4 ,x is ?is det]m9$ness1 = in/ance1 by virtue ( :i* ,i am1 among/ all possible rational be+s1 a man1 & among/ all m5 ?is p>ticul> p]son1 c41 c4 ,?is1 my limitation1 9 its det]m9$ness1 manife/s itself z a limitation ( my practical p[] 7"h philosophy is !re=e driv5 f ! !oretical to ! practical sph]e72 & ! imm$iate p]ception ( ?is limitation is a feel+ 7,i pref] to use ?is ^w in/ead ( ,kant's 8s5sation10 = feel+ only becomes s5sation by be+ relat$ 9 ?9k+ to an object72 = in/ance1 ! feel+ ( sweet1 r$1 cold1 c4 ,to =get ?is orig9al feel+1 leads to a bottomless transc5d5tal idealism1 & to an incomplete philosophy1 :i* _c expla9 ! simply s5sible pr$icates ( objects4 ,n[1 ! endeavor to expla9 ?is orig9al feel+ f ! causality ( a some?+1 is ! dogmatism ( ! ,kantians1 :i* ,i h j %[n up1 & :i* !y w\ld l to put on ,kant's %\ld]s4 ,?is1 _! some?+1 is ! ev]la/+ ?+ p] se4 ,all transc5d5tal explanation1 on ! contr>y1 /ops at ! imm$iate feel+1 f ! reason j po9t$ out4 ,x is true1 ! empirical ,ego1 :i* transc5d5tal idealism obs]ves1 expla9s ?is feel+ to itself by ! law1 8,no limitation )\t a limit+20 & ?us1 ?r\gh contemplation ( ! limit+1 produces ext5d$ matt]1 ( :i* x n[1 z ( its gr\nd1 pr$icates ! m]ely subjective s5sation ( feel+2 & x is only by virtue ( ?is syn!sis t ! ,ego makes itself an object4 ,! cont9u$ analysis & ! cont9u$ explanation ( its own condition1 give to ! ,ego its own sy/em ( a univ]se2 & ! obs]vation ( ! laws ( ?is explanation gives to ! philosoph] 8 sci5ce4 ,x is "h t ,kant's ,realism is bas$1 b 8 ,realism is a transc5d5tal idealism4 ,?is :ole det]m9$ness1 & h5ce also ! total ( feel+s :i* x makes possible1 is to be reg>d$ z a priori--i4 e4 absolutely1 )\t any action ( our own--det]m9$4 ,x is ,kant's receptivity1 & a p>ticul> ( ?is receptivity is an affection4 ,)\t x1 consci\sness is unexpla9able4 ,!re is no d\bt t x is an imm$iate fact ( consci\sness--,i feel myself ?us or ?us det]m9$4 ,n[1 :5 ! (t-laud$ philosoph]s attempt to expla9 ?is feel+1 is x n cle> t !y attempt to app5d some?+ to x :i* is n imm$iately involv$ 9 ! fact8 & h[ c !y d ?is1 except ?r\gh ?9k+1 & ?r\gh a ?9k+ accord+ to a category1 :i* category is "h t ( ! real gr\nd8 ,n[1 if !y h n an imm$iate contemplation ( ! ?+ p] se & its relations1 :at else c !y possibly "k ( ?is category1 b t !y are compell$ to ?9k accord+ to x8 ,!y ass]t no?+ b t !y are compell$ to add 9 ?\ght a ?+ z ! gr\nd ( ?is feel+4 ,b ?is we *e]fully admit 9 reg>d to ! /&po9t :i* !y occupy4 ,_! ?+ is produc$ by _! ?9k+2 & n[ x is at ! same "t to be a ?+ p] se1 i4 e4 n produc$ by ?9k+4 ,i really d n compreh5d !m2 ,i c nei!r ?9k ?is ?\ght1 nor ?9k an und]/&+ :i* does ?9k x2 & by ?is decl>ation1 ,i hope ,i h done ) !m =ev]4 ,,vii4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ?is digression1 we n[ return to our orig9al int5tion1 :i* 0 to describe ! proc$ure ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 & to ju/ify x aga9/ ! attacks ( c]ta9 philosoph]s4 ,we said1 ! philosoph] obs]ves himself 9 ! act :]eby he con/ructs = himself ! conception ( himself2 & we n[ add1 he also ?9ks ?is act ( 84 ,= ! philosoph]1 d\btless1 kn[s :]e( he speaks2 b a m]e contemplation gives no consci\sness2 only t is kn[n :i* is conceiv$ & ?\ght4 ,?is conception or compreh5sion ( 8 activity is v well possible = ! philosoph]1 s9ce he is already 9 possession ( exp]i5ce2 = he has a conception ( activity 9 g5]al1 & z su*1 namely1 z ! opposite ( ! equally well kn[n conception ( ,be+2 & he also has a conception ( ?is p>ticul> activity1 z t ( an intellig5ce1 i4 e4 z simply an ideal activity1 & n ! real causality ( ! practical ,ego2 & moreov]1 a conception ( ! peculi> "* ( ?is p>ticul> activity z an 9 itself return+ activity1 & n an activity direct$ ^u an ext]nal object4 ,b "h z well z ev]y:]e x is to be well rememb]$ t ! contemplation is & rema9s ! basis ( ! conception1 i4 e4 ( t :i* is conceiv$ 9 ! conception4 ,we _c absolutely create or produce by ?9k+2 we c only ?9k t :i* is imm$iately contemplat$ by u4 ,a ?9k+1 :i* has no contemplation = its basis1 :i* does n embrace a contemplation ent]ta9$ 9 ! same undivid$ mom5t1 is an empty ?9k+1 or is really no ?9k+ at all4 ,at ! utmo/ x may be ! ?9k+ ( a m]e sign ( ! conception1 & if ?is sign is a ^w1 z seems likely1 ! m]e ?\ghtless utt]ance ( ?is ^w4 ,i det]m9e my contemplation by ! ?9k+ ( an opposite2 ?is & no?+ else is ! mean+ ( ! expression--,i compreh5d ! contemplation4 ,?r\gh ?9k+1 ! activity1 :i* ! philosoph] ?9ks1 becomes objective to him1 i4 e4 x floats be=e him1 9 s f> z he ?9ks x1 z some?+ :i* *ecks or limits ! fre$om 7! undet]m9$ness7 ( 8 ?9k+4 ,?is is ! true & orig9al significance ( objectivity4 ,z c]ta9 z ,i ?9k1 ,i ?9k a det]m9$ some?+2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! fre$om ( my ?9k+1 :i* might h be5 direct$ ^u an inf9ite manifold ( objects1 is n[1 :5 ,i ?9k1 only direct$ ^u t limit$ sph]e ( my ?9k+ :i* ! pres5t object fills4 ,x is limit$ to ?is sph]e4 ,i re/rict myself ) fre$om to ?is sph]e1 if ,i contemplate myself 9 ! do+ ( x4 ,i am re/rict$ by ?is sph]e1 if ,i contemplate only ! object & =get myself1 z is univ]sally done on ! /&po9t ( common ?9k+4 ,:at ,i h j n[ said is int5d$ to correct ! foll[+ objections & misund]/&+s4 ,all ?9k+ is necess>ily direct$ ^u a be+1 say "s4 ,n[ ! ,ego ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k is n to h be+2 h5ce x is un?9kable1 & ! :ole ,sci5ce1 :i* is built ^u su* a contradiction1 is null & void4 ,let me be p]mitt$ to make a prelim9>y rem>k conc]n+ ! _s :i* prompts ?is objection4 ,:5 ! wise m51 :o urge x1 take ! conception ( ! ,ego z det]m9$ 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 & exam9e x by ! rules ( _! logic1 !y d\btless ?9k t conception1 = h[ else c\ld !y comp>e & relate x to some?+ else8 ,if !y really c\ld n ?9k x1 !y w\ld n be able to say a ^w ab\t x1 & x w\ld rema9 altoge!r unkn[n to !m4 ,b !y h really1 z we see1 happily a*iev$ ! ?9k+ ( x1 & s mu/ be able to ?9k x4 ,yet1 because accord+ to _! traditional & misconceiv$ rules1 !y ought to h be5 unable to ?9k x1 !y w\ld n[ r d5y ! possibility ( an act1 :ile do+ x1 ?an give up _! rule2 !y w\ld believe an old book r ?an _! own consci\sness4 ,h[ little c ^! m5 be aw>e ( :at !y really d6 ,h[ me*anically1 & )\t any inn] att5tion & _s1 mu/ !y produce _! philosophical specim5s6 ,ma/] ,j\rdan aft] all 0 will+ to believe t he _h spok5 prose all 8 lifetime1 )\t kn[+ x1 ?\gh x did appe> r curi\s2 b ^! m51 if !y _h be5 9 8 place1 w\ld h prov5 9 ! mo/ beautiful prose t !y c\ld n speak prose1 s9ce !y did n possess ! rules ( speak+ prose1 & s9ce ! conditions ( ! possibility ( a ?+ mu/ always prec$e its reality4 ,nay1 if critical idealism %\ld cont9ue to be a burd5 to !m1 x is to be expect$ t !y w next g to ,ari/otle = advice z to :e!r !y really live1 or are already dead & buri$4 ,by d\bt+ ! possibility ( ev] becom+ consci\s ( _! fre$om & ,egoness1 !y are cov]tly already d\bt+ ?is v po9t4 ,_! objection might !re=e be summ>ily put aside1 s9ce x contradicts1 & ?us annihilates itself4 ,b let u see :]e ! real gr\nd ( ! misund]/&+ may be conceal$4 ,all ?9k+ necess>ily proce$s f a be+1 say !y4 ,n[ :at does ?is mean8 ,if x is to mean :at we h j %[n up1 namely1 t !re is 9 all ?9k+ a ?\ght1 an object ( ! ?9k+1 to :i* ?is p>ticul> ?9k+ conf9es itself1 & by :i* x seems to be limit$1 !n _! premise mu/ und\bt$ly be admitt$2 & x is n ! ,sci5ce ( ,k :i* is go+ to d5y x4 ,?is objectivity = ! m]e ?9k+ does d\btless also belong to ! ,ego1 f :i* ! ,sci5ce ( ,k proce$s2 or1 :i* means ! same1 to ! act :]eby ! ,ego con/ructs itself = itself4 ,b x is only ?r\gh ?9k+ & only = ?9k+ t x has ?is objectivity2 x is m]ely an ideal be+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! be+1 ( _! above ass]tion1 is to mean n a m]e ideal1 b a real be+1 i4 e4 a some?+1 limit+ n only ! ideal1 b also ! actually productive1 ! practical activity ( ! ,ego--t is to say1 a some?+ p]man5t 9 "t & p]si/5t 9 space--!n t ass]tion ( !irs is unw>rant$4 ,if x 7 correct1 no sci5ce ( philosophy 7 possible1 = ! conception ( ! ,ego w\ld be un?9kable2 & self-consci\sness1 nay1 ev5 consci\sness1 w\ld also be impossible4 ,if x 7 correct1 we1 x is true1 %\ld be compell$ to /op philosophiz+2 b ?is w\ld be no ga9 to !m1 = !y w\ld also h to /op refut+ u4 ,b d !y n !mselves repudiate ! correctness ( _! ass]tion8 ,d !y n ?9k !mselves e mom5t ( _! life z free & z hav+ causality8 ,d !y n1 = in/ance1 ?9k !mselves ! free1 active au?ors ( ! v s5sible & v orig9al objections1 :i* !y br+ up f "t to "t aga9/ our sy/em8 ,n[1 is !n ?is 8!mselves0 some?+ :i* *ecks & limits _! causality1 or is x n r ! v opposite ( ! *eck1 namely1 ! v causality itself8 ,i mu/ ref] !m to :at ,i h said 9 v4 on ?is subject4 ,if su* a sort ( be+ 7 ascrib$ to ! ,ego1 ! ,ego w\ld cease to be ,ego2 x w\ld become a ?+1 & its conception w\ld be annihilat$4 ,x is true t aft]w>ds--n aft]w>ds z a po/]iority 9 "t1 b aft]w>ds 9 ! s]ies ( ! dep5d5ce ( ?9k+--we also ascribe su* a be+ to ! ,ego1 :i*1 nev]!less1 rema9s & mu/ rema9 ,ego 9 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w2 ?is be+ consi/+ p>tly ( ext5sion & p]si/5cy 9 space1 & 9 ?is respect x becomes a body1 & p>tly id5tity & p]man5cy 9 "t1 & 9 ?is respect x becomes a s\l4 ,b x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to prove1 & g5etically to expla9 h[ ! ,ego comes to ?9k itself ?us1 & all ?is belongs n to t :i* is presuppos$1 b to t :i* is to be d$uc$4 ,! result1 !re=e1 rema9s ?us3 ! ,ego is orig9ally only an act+2 if y b ?9k x z an active1 y h already an ,empirical1 & h5ce a conception ( x1 :i* mu/ fir/ be d$uc$4#i ,b our oppon5ts claim t !y d n make _! ass]tion )\t all pro(2 !y want to prove x by logic1 &1 if ,god is will+1 by ! logical proposition ( contradiction4 ,if !re is any?+ :i* cle>ly %[s ! lam5table condition ( philosophy z a sci5ce 9 ^! our days1 x is t su* occurr5ces c take place4 ,if anybody 7 to speak ab\t ma!matics1 natural sci5ces1 or any o!r sci5ce1 9 a mann] :i* w\ld indicate beyond a d\bt 8 complete ignorance conc]n+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( su* a sci5ce1 he w\ld be at once s5t back to ! s*ool f :i* he ran away too soon4 ,b 9 philosophy x is n to be ?us4 ,if 9 philosophy a man %[s 9 ! same mann] 8 complete ignorance1 we are1 ) _m b[s & complim5ts to ! %>p-sight$ man1 to give him publicly t private s*ool+ :i* he s sadly ne$s1 & )\t betray+ ! lea/ smile or ge/ure ( disgu/4 ,h1 !n1 ! philosoph]s 9 two ?\s& ye>s made cle> n a s+le proposition :i* might n[ be consid]$ z e/abli%$ = t sci5ce )\t fur!r pro(8 ,if !re is su* a proposition1 x is c]ta9ly t ( ! di/9ction ( logic1 z a purely =mal sci5ce1 f real philosophy or metaphysics4 ,b :at is really ! true mean+ ( ?is t]rible logical proposition ( contradiction :i* is to cru% at "o /roke our :ole sy/em8 ,z f> z ,i "k1 simply ?is3 if a conception is already det]m9$ by a c]ta9 *>act]i/ic1 !n x mu/ n be det]m9$ by ano!r opposite *>act]i/ic4 ,b by :at *>act]i/ic ! conception is orig9ally to be *>act]iz$1 ?is logical !orem does n say1 nor c say1 = x presupposes ! orig9al det]m9ation1 & is applicable only 9 s f> z t is presuppos$4 ,conc]n+ ! orig9al det]m9ation ano!r sci5ce w h to decide4 ,^! wise m5 tell u t x is contradictory n to det]m9e a conception by ! pr$icate ( actual be+4 ,yet h[ c ?is be contradictory1 unless ! conception has fir/ be5 ?us det]m9$ by ! pr$icate ( actual be+1 & has !n _h t pr$icate d5i$ to x8 ,b :o au?oriz$ !m to det]m9e ! conception by t pr$icate8 ,d n ^! adepts 9 logic p]ceive t !y po/ulate _! pr9ciple1 & turn ar\nd 9 an evid5t circle8 ,:e!r !re really be a conception1 :i* is orig9ally--by ! laws ( ! syn!tiz+1 n ( ! m]ely analyz+ reason--n det]m9$ by t pr$icate ( actual be+1 ?is !y w h to g & le>n f contemplation2 logic only w>ns !m aga9/ aft]w>ds aga9 apply+ ! same pr$icate to t conception2 ( c\rse also1 9 ! same respect1 9 :i* !y h d5i$ ! det]m9ability ( ! conception by t pr$icate4 ,b c]ta9ly if !y h n yet elevat$ !mselves to ! consci\sness ( t contemplation1 :i* is n det]m9$ by ! pr$icate ( be+1 7= t !y %\ld unconsci\sly possess t contemplation itself1 ,reason h]self has tak5 c>e (17 !n all _! conceptions1 :i* c be d]iv$ only f s5su\s contemplation1 are v prop]ly det]m9$ by ! pr$icate ( ?is actual be+4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ n believe t logic has taught !m ?is ass]t$ connection ( ?9k+ & be+1 = _! k ( x is altoge!r d]iv$ f _! un=tunate empirical self4 ,!y1 /&+ on ! /&po9t ( kn[+ no o!r conceptions ?an ^? d]iv$ f s5su\s contemplation1 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 contradict !mselves if !y 7 to ?9k "o ( _! conceptions )\t ! pr$icate ( actual be+4 ,we1 on our "p1 are also well cont5t to let !m reta9 ?is rule = !mselves1 s9ce x is mo/ assur$ly univ]sally valid = ! :ole sph]e ( _! possible ?9k+2 & to let !m always c>efully keep an eye on ?is rule1 s t !y may n violate x4 ,z = ourselves1 h[ev]1 we _c use ?is _! rule any long]1 = we possess a few conceptions m1 re/+ 9 a sph]e ov] :i* _! rule does n ext5d1 & ab\t :i* !y c speak no?+1 s9ce x does n exi/ = !m4 ,let !m1 !re=e1 att5d to _! own bus9ess h]eaft]1 & leave u to att5d to ours4 ,ev5 9 s f> z we grant !m ! rule1 namely1 t e ?9k+ mu/ h an object ( ?9k+2 x is by no means a logical rule1 b r "o :i* logic presupposes1 & ?r\gh :i* logic fir/ becomes possible4 ,to ?9k1 is ! same z to det]m9e objects2 bo? conceptions are id5tical2 logic furni%es ! rules ( ?is det]m9+1 & h5ce presupposes cle>ly en\gh ! det]m9+ g5]ally z a "p ( consci\sness4 ,t all ?9k+ has an object c be %[n only 9 contemplation4 ,?9k6 & obs]ve 9 ?is ?9k+ h[ y d x1 & y w d\btless f9d t y oppose to y\r ?9k+ an object ( ?is ?9k+4 ,ano!r objection1 some:at relat$ to ! above1 is ?is3 ,if y d n proce$ f a be+1 h[ c y1 )\t be+ illogical1 d$uce a be+8 ,y w nev] be able to get any?+ else out ( :at y take 9 h& ?an :at is already conta9$ 9 x1 unless y proce$ di%one/ly & use juggl] tricks4 ,i reply3 ,nor d we d$uce be+ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* y use ! ^w1 i4 e4 z be+1 p] se4 ,:at ! philosoph] takes up is an act+1 :i* acts accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 & :at he e/abli%es is ! s]ies ( necess>y acts ( ?is act+4 ,among/ ^! acts !re occurs "o :i* to ! act+ itself appe>s z a be+1 & :i* by laws to be %[n up1 mu/ s appe> to x4 ,! philosoph] :o obs]ves ! act+ f a high] /&po9t1 nev] ceases to reg>d x z an act+4 ,a be+ exi/s only = ! obs]v$ ,ego1 :i* ?9ks reali/ically2 b = ! philosoph] !re is act+1 & only act+1 = he ?9ks ideali/ically4 ,let me express x on ?is occasion 9 all cle>ness3 ,! ess5ce ( transc5d5tal idealism g5]ally1 & ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k p>ticul>ly1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! conception ( be+ is n at all view$ z a fir/ & orig9al conception1 b simply z a d]iv$ conception2 d]iv$ f ! opposition ( activity4 ,h5ce x is consid]$ only z a negative conception4 ,! only positive = ! ideali/ is ,fre$om2 be+ is ! m]e negative ( fre$om4 ,only ?us has idealism a firm basis1 & is 9 h>mony ) itself4 ,b dogmatism1 :i* believ$ itself safely repos+ ^u be+1 z a basis no fur!r to be inve/igat$ or gr\nd$1 reg>ds ?is ass]tion z a /upidity & horror1 = x is its annihilation4 ,t :]e9 ! dogmati/1 among/ all ! inflictions :i* he has exp]i5c$ f "t to "t1 /ill f\nd a hid+ place--namely1 "s orig9al be+1 ?\gh x 7 b a raw & =mless matt]--is n[ utt]ly de/roy$1 & he /&s nak$ & def5celess4 ,he has no weapons aga9/ ?is attack except ! assurance ( 8 he>ty disgu/1 & 8 confession1 t he does n und]/&1 & positively _c & w n ?9k1 :at is requir$ ( him4 ,we *e]fully give cr$5ce to ?is /atem5t1 & only beg t he w also place fai? 9 our assurance1 t we f9d x n at all difficult to ?9k our sy/em4 ,nay1 if ?is %\ld be too mu* = him1 we c ev5 ab/a9 f x1 & leave him to believe :atev] he *ooses on ?is po9t4 ,t we d n & _c =ce him to adopt our sy/em1 because its adoption dep5ds ^u fre$om1 has already be5 (t5 en\gh admitt$4 ,i say t ! dogmati/ has no?+ left b ! assurance ( 8 incapacity1 = ! idea ( intr5*+ himself beh9d g5]al logic1 & conjur+ ! %ade ( ! ,/agirite1 because he kn[s n h[ to def5d 8 own body1 is altoge!r new1 & w f9d few imitators ev5 9 ?is univ]sal /ate ( despair2 s9ce ! lea/ s*ool k ( :at logic really is1 w suffice to make e "o reject ?is protection4 ,let no "o be deceiv$ by ^! oppon5ts1 if !y adopt ! language ( idealism1 & admitt+ ) _! lips ! correctness ( its views1 prote/ t !y "k well en\gh t be+ is only to signify be+ = u4 ,!y are dogmati/s4 ,= e "o :o ass]ts t all ?9k+ & consci\sness mu/ proce$ f a be+1 makes be+ some?+ prim>y2 & x is ?is :i* con/itutes dogmatism4 ,by su* a confusion ( spee* !y b demon/rate ! utt] confusion ( _! conceptions2 = :at may a be+ = u mean1 :i* is1 nev]!less1 to be an orig9al n-d]iv$ be+8 ,:o1 !n1 are ^? 8we10 = :om alone ?is be+ is8 ,are !y intellig5ces z su*8 ,!n ! /atem5t 8!re is some?+ = ! intellig5ce10 signifies1 ?is some?+ is repres5t$ by ! intellig5ce2 & ! /atem5t 8x is only = ! intellig5ce10 signifies1 x is only repres5t$4 ,h5ce ! conception ( a be+1 :i*1 f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 is to be indep5d5t ( ! repres5tation1 mu/1 aft] all1 be d]iv$ f ! repres5tation1 s9ce x is to be1 only ?r\gh x2 & ^! m5 w\ld1 !re=e1 be m 9 h>mony ) ! ,sci5ce ( ,k ?an !y believ$4 ,or are ^? 8we0 !mselves ?+s1 orig9al ?+s1 ?+s 9 !mselves8 ,h[1 !n1 c any?+ be = !m2 h[ c !y ev5 be = !mselves1 s9ce ! conception ( a ?+ involves m]ely t x is1 b n t ! ?+ is = itself8 ,:at may ! ^w = signify to !m8 ,is x1 p]haps1 b an innoc5t adornm5t :i* !y h adopt$ = ! sake ( fa%ion8 ,,viii4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,k has said1 8,x is n possible to ab/ract f ! ,ego40 ,?is ass]tion may be reg>d$ f two po9ts ( view--ei!r f ! /&po9t ( common consci\sness1 & !n x means1 8,we nev] h ano!r repres5tation ?an t ( ourselves2 ?r\gh\t our :ole life1 & 9 all mom5ts ( our life1 we ?9k only ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 & no?+ b ,i40 ,or x may be view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! philosoph]1 & !n x w h ! foll[+ significance3 8,! ,ego mu/ necess>ily be add$ 9 ?\ght to :atev] occurs 9 consci\sness20 or z ,kant expresses x1 8,all my repres5tations mu/ be ?\ght z accompani$ by--,i ?9k40 ,:at nons5se 7 x to ma9ta9 ! fir/ int]pretation to be ! true "o1 & :at wret*$ness to refute x 9 t int]pretation4 ,b 9 ! latt] int]pretation ! ass]tion ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k w d\btless be acceptable to e "o :o is b able to und]/& x2 & if x _h only be5 ?us und]/ood be=e1 we %\ld long ago h be5 rid ( ! ?+ p] se1 = x w\ld h be5 se5 t we are always ! ,?9k+1 :atev] we may ?9k1 & t h5ce no?+ c occur 9 u :i* is indep5d5t ( u1 because x all is necess>ily relat$ to our ?9k+4 ,,ix4 8,b10 confess o!r oppon5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 8z f> z our own p]sons are conc]n$1 we _c1 "u ! conception ( ! ,ego1 ?9k any?+ else ?an our own de> p]sons z oppos$ to o!r p]sons4 ,ego 7,i7 signifies my p>ticul> p]son1 nam$1 = in/ance1 ,caius or ,sempronius1 z di/+ui%$ f o!r p]sons n s nam$4 ,n[1 if ,i %\ld ab/ract1 z ! ,sci5ce ( ,k requires me to d1 f ?is individual p]sonality1 !re w\ld be no?+ left to me :i* might be *>act]iz$ z ,i2 ,i might j z well call ! rema9d] ,x40 ,n[1 :at is ! real mean+ ( ?is objection1 s boldly put =?8 ,does x speak ( ! orig9al real syn!sis ( ! conception ( ! individual 7_! own de> p]sons & o!r p]sons71 & d !y !re=e mean to say1 8!re is no?+ syn!tiz$ 9 ?is conception b ! conception ( an object g5]ally--( ! ,x1 & ( o!r objects 7,its7--f :i* ! fir/ "o is di/+ui%$80 ,or does t objection fly = protection to ! common use ( language1 & d !y !re=e mean to say1 8,9 language1 ! ^w ,i 7,ego7 signifies only individuality80 ,z f> z ! fir/ is conc]n$1 e "o1 :o is z yet possess$ ( 8 s5ses1 mu/ see t by di/+ui%+ "o object f its equals1 i4 e4 f o!r objects1 we arrive only at a det]m9$ object1 b n at a det]m9$ p]son4 ,! syn!sis ( ! conception ( ! p]sonality is q diff]5t4 ,! ,egoness 7! 9 itself return+ activity1 ! subject-objectivity1 or :atev] y *oose to call x17 is orig9ally oppos$ to ! ,x1 to ! m]e objectivity2 & ! posit+ ( ^! conceptions is absolute1 is condition$ by no o!r posit+1 is !tical1 n syn!tical4 ,?is conception ( ! ,egoness1 :i* has aris5 9 our ,self1 is n[ transf]r$ to some?+1 :i* 9 ! fir/ posit+ 0 posit$ z an ,x1 z m]e object1 & is syn!tically unit$ ) x2 & x is only ?r\gh ?is conditional syn!sis t !re fir/ arises = u a ,?\4 ,! conception ( ,?\ arises f ! union ( ! ,x & ! ,i4 ,! conception ( ! ,ego 9 ?is opposition2 h5ce1 z conception ( ! individual1 is ! syn!sis ( ! ,i ) itself4 ,t :i* posits itself 9 ! describ$ act1 n g5]ally1 b z ,ego1 is ,i2 & t :i* 9 ! same act is posit$ z ,ego1 n ?r\gh itself1 b ?r\gh me1 is ,?\4 ,n[ x is d\btless possible to ab/ract f ?is product ( a syn!sis1 = :at we ourselves h syn!tiz$ we d\btless c analyze aga91 & :5 we s ab/ract1 ! rema9d] w be ! g5]al ,ego1 i4 e4 ! n-object4 ,tak5 9 ?is int]pretation1 ! objection w\ld be simply absurd4 ,b h[ if our oppon5ts cl+ to ! use ( language8 ,ev5 if x is true t ! ^w 8,i0 has hi!rto signifi$ 9 language only ! individual1 w\ld ?is make x necess>y t a di/9ction 9 ! orig9al syn!sis is n to be rem>k$ & nam$1 simply because x has nev] be=e be5 notic$8 ,b is x true8 ,( :at use ( language d !y speak8 ,( ! philosophical language8 ,i h %[n already t ,kant uses ! conception ( ! pure ,ego 9 ! same mean+ ,i atta* to x4 ,if he says1 8,i am ! ?9k+ 9 ?is ?9k+10 does he !n only oppose himself to o!r p]sons1 & n r to all object ( ?9k+ g5]ally8 ,kant says aga91 8,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! necess>y unity ( app]ception is itself id5tical1 & h5ce an analytical proposition40 ,?is signifies precisely :at ,i h j /at$1 i4 e4 t ! ,ego arises ?r\gh no syn!sis1 ! manifold :]e( might be fur!r analyz$1 b ?r\gh an absolute !sis4 ,b ?is ,ego is ! ,egoness g5]ally2 = ! conception ( individuality arises cle>ly en\gh ?r\gh syn!sis1 z ,i h j %[n2 & ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( individuality is !re=e a syn!tical proposition4 ,re9hold1 x is true1 speaks ( ! ,ego simply z ( ! repres5t+2 b ?is does n affect ! pres5t case2 = :5 ,i di/+ui% myself z ! repres5t+ f ! repres5t$1 d ,i !n di/+ui% myself f o!r p]sons1 & n r f all object ( repres5tation z su*8 ,b take ev5 ! case ( ^! same mu* laud$ philosoph]s1 :o d n1 l ,kant & l ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 presuppose ! ,ego 9 advance ( ! manifold ( repres5tation1 b r heap x toge!r1 out ( t manifold2 d !y1 !n1 hold _! "o ?9k+ 9 ! manifold ?9k+ to be only ! ?9k+ ( ! individual1 & n r ( ! intellig5ce g5]ally8 ,9 "o ^w3 is !re any philosoph] ( repute1 :o be=e !m has v5tur$ to discov] t ! ,ego signifies only ! individual1 & t if ! individuality is ab/ract$ f1 only an object 9 g5]al rema9s8 ,or d !y mean ord9>y use ( language8 ,to prove ?is use1 ,i am compell$ to cite in/ances f common life4 ,if y call to anybody 9 ! d>kness 8,:o is !re80 & he1 presuppos+ t 8 voice is well-kn[n to y1 replies1 8,x is ,i10 !n x is cle> t he speaks ( himself z ?is p>ticul> p]son1 & wi%es to be und]/ood3 8,x is ,i1 :o am nam$ ?us or ?us1 & x is n any "o ( all ! o!rs1 nam$ o!rwise20 & he s desires to be und]/ood1 because y\r "q1 8,:o is !re80 presupposes already t x is a rational be+ :o is !re1 & expresses only t y wi% to "k :i* p>ticul> "o among/ all ! rational be+s x may be4 ,b if y %\ld1 = in/ance--p]mit me ?is example1 :i* ,i f9d p>ticul>ly applicable--sew or cut at ! clo?+ ( "s p]son1 & %\ld unaw>es cut ! p]son himself1 !n he w\ld probably cry out3 8,look "h1 ?is is ,i2 y are cutt+ me60 ,n[1 :at does he mean to express !reby8 ,n t he is ?is p>ticul> p]son1 nam$ ?us or ?us1 & none o!r2 = t y "k v well2 b t t :i* 0 cut 0 n 8 dead & s5seless clo?+1 b 8 liv+ & s5sitive self1 :i* y did n "k be=e4 ,by ?is 8,x is ,i10 ! p]son does n di/+ui% himself f o!r p]sons1 b f ?+s4 ,?is di/9ction occurs cont9ually 9 life2 & we _c take a /ep or move our h& )\t mak+ x4 ,9 %ort1 ,egoness & ,individuality are v diff]5t conceptions1 & ! syn!sis ( ! latt] is cle>ly to be obs]v$4 ,?r\gh ! =m] conception1 we di/+ui% ourselves f all t is ext]nal to u--n m]ely f all p]sons t are ext]nal to u--& h5ce we embrace by x n our p>ticul> p]sonality1 b our g5]al spirituality4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ^w is us$1 bo? 9 philosophical & 9 common language4 ,! above objection te/ifies1 !re=e1 n only to an unusual want ( ?\ght1 b also to great ignorance 9 philosophical lit]ature4 ,b our oppon5ts insi/ on _! incapability to ?9k ! requir$ conception1 & we mu/ place fai? 9 _! ass]tions4 ,n t !y lack ! g5]al conception ( ! pure ,ego1 = if !y did1 !y w\ld be oblig$ to desi/ f rais+ objections1 j z a piece ( log mu/ desi/4 ,b x is ! conception ( ?is conception :i* !y lack1 & :i* !y _c atta94 ,!y h t conception 9 !mselves1 b d n "k t !y h x4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is _! incapability does n lie 9 any p>ticul> weakness ( _! ?9k+ faculties1 b 9 a weakness ( _! :ole "*4 ,_! ,ego1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y take ! ^w--i4 e4 _! individual p]son--is ! la/ object ( _! act+1 & h5ce also ! limit ( _! explicit ?9k+4 ,x is to !m1 !re=e1 ! only true sub/ance1 & reason is only an accid5t !re(4 ,_! p]son does n exi/ z a p>ticul> expression ( reason2 b reason exi/s to help _! p]son ?r\gh ! _w2 & if ! p]son c\ld get along j z well )\t reason1 we might dis*>ge reason f s]vice1 & !re w\ld be no reason at all4 ,?is1 inde$1 lurks 9 ! :ole sy/em ( _! conceptions1 & ?r\gh all _! ass]tions1 & _m ( !m are hone/ en\gh n to conceal x4 ,n[1 !y are q correct z f> z !y ass]t ?is incapacity 9 respect to _! own p]sons--!y only mu/ n /ate z objective t :i* has m]ely subjective validity4 ,9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,k ! relation is exactly rev]s$3 ,reason alone is 9 itself1 & individuality is b accid5tal2 reason is ! object1 & p]sonality ! means to realize x2 p]sonality is only a p>ticul> mann] ( manife/+ reason1 & mu/ always m & m lose itself 9 ! univ]sal =m ( reason4 ,only reason is et]nal2 individuality mu/ always die out4 ,& :osoev] is n prep>$ to succumb to ?is ord] ( ?+s1 w also nev] get at ! true und]/&+ ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,x4 ,?is fact t !y c nev] und]/& ! ,sci5ce ( ,k unless !y fir/ comply ) c]ta9 conditions1 has be5 told !m (t5 en\gh4 ,!y d n want to he> x aga91 & our frank w>n+ af=ds !m a new opportunity to attack u4 ,e conviction1 !y ass]t1 mu/ be capable ( be+ communicat$ by conceptions--nay1 x mu/ ev5 be possible to compel its ackn[l$gm5t4 ,!y say x is a bad example to ass]t t our ,sci5ce exi/s = only c]ta9 privileg$ spirits1 & t o!rs _c see or und]/& any?+ ( x4 ,let u see1 fir/ ( all1 :at ! ,sci5ce ( ,k does ass]t on ?is po9t4 ,x does n ass]t t !re is an orig9al & inborn di/9ction betwe5 m5 & m51 :]eby "s are made capable ( ?9k+ & le>n+ :at ! o!rs1 by _! nature1 _c ?9k or le>n4 ,reason is common to all1 & is ! same 9 all rational be+s4 ,:atsoev] "o rational be+ possesses z a tal5t1 all o!rs possess also4 ,nay1 we h ev5 9 ?is pres5t article expressly admitt$ t ! conceptions ^u :i* ! ,sci5ce ( ,k insi/s1 are actually effective 9 all rational be+s2 = _! efficacy furni%es ! gr\nd ( a possibility ( consci\sness4 ,! pure ,ego1 :i* !y *>ge is incapable ( ?9k+1 lies at ! bottom ( all _! ?9k+1 & occurs 9 all _! ?9k+1 s9ce all ?9k+ is possible only ?r\gh x4 ,?us f> ev]y?+ proce$s me*anically4 ,b to get an insight into ?is ass]t$ necessity--to ?9k aga9 ?is ?9k+--does n lie 9 me*anism1 b1 on ! contr>y1 requires an elevation1 ?r\gh fre$om1 to a new sph]e1 :i* our imm$iate exi/5ce does n place 9 our possession4 ,unless ?is faculty ( fre$om has already exi/5ce1 & has already be5 practis$1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,k c accompli% no?+ 9 a p]son4 ,x is ?is p[] ( fre$om :i* furni%es ! premises ^u :i* ! /ructure is to re/4 ,!y c]ta9ly w n d5y t e sci5ce & e art presupposes c]ta9 prim>y rudim5ts1 :i* mu/ fir/ be acquir$ be=e we c ent] into ! sci5ce or art4 8,b10 say !y1 8if y only require a k ( ! rudim5ts1 :y d y n tea* !m to u1 if we lack !m8 ,:y d y n place !m be=e u def9itely & sy/ematically8 ,is x n y\r own fault if y plunge u at once 9 m$ias res1 & require ! public to und]/& y be=e y h communicat$ ! rudim5ts80 ,i reply3 t is exactly ! difficulty6 ,^! rudim5ts _c be sy/ematically =c$ ^u y--!y _c be taught to y by compulsion6 ,9 "o ^w1 !y are a k :i* we c get only f ourselves4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ?is1 t by ! con/ant use ( fre$om1 ) cle> consci\sness ( ?is fre$om1 we %\ld become ?or\ghly consci\s & enamor$ ( ?is our fre$om4 ,:5ev] x %all h become ! well-matur$ object ( education--f t5d]e/ y\? upw>ds--to develop ! inn] p[] ( ! s*ol>1 b n to give x a direction2 to educate man = 8 own use1 & z in/rum5t ( 8 own w1 b n z ! s\lless in/rum5t ( o!rs2--!n ! ,sci5ce ( ,k w be univ]sally & easily compreh5sible4 ,culture ( ! :ole man1 f e>lie/ y\?--?is is ! only way to spread philosophy4 ,education mu/ fir/ cont5t itself to be m negative ?an positive--m a mutual int]*ange ) ! s*ol> ?an a work+ ^u him2 m negative z f> z possible--i4 e4 education mu/ at lea/ propose to itself ?is negativ5ess z its object1 & mu/ be positive only z a means ( be+ negative4 ,s long z education1 :e!r ) or )\t cle> consci\sness1 proposes to itself ! opposite object--labors only = usefulness ?r\gh o!rs1 )\t consid]+ t ! us+ pr9ciple lies also 9 ! individual2 s long z education ?us eradicates 9 e>lie/ y\? ! root ( self-activity1 & accu/oms man n to det]m9e himself b to await a det]m9ation ?r\gh o!rs--s long1 tal5t = philosophy w always rema9 an extraord9>y favor ( nature1 :i* _c be fur!r expla9$1 & :i* may !re=e be call$ by ! indef9ite expression ( 8philosophical g5ius40 ,! *ief gr\nd ( all ! errors ( our oppon5ts may p]haps be ?is1 t !y h nev] yet made cle> to !mselves :at prov+ means1 & t h5ce !y h nev] consid]$ t !re is at ! bottom ( all demon/ration some?+ absolutely undemon/rable4 ,demon/ration effects only a condition$1 m$iat$ c]ta9ty2 by virtue ( x1 some?+ is c]ta9 if ano!r ?+ is c]ta94 ,if any d\bt arises z to ! c]ta9ty ( ?is o!r1 !n ?is c]ta9ty mu/ aga9 be app5d$ to ! c]ta9ty ( a ?ird1 & s on4 ,n[1 is ?is retrogression c>ri$ on ad inf9itum1 or is !re any:]e a f9al l9k8 ,i "k v well t "s are ( ! =m] op9ion2 b ^! m5 h nev] consid]$ t if x 7 s1 !y w\ld n ev5 be capable ( ent]ta9+ ! idea ( c]ta9ty--no1 n ev5 ( hunt+ aft] c]ta9ty4 ,= :at ?is may mean3 to be c]ta92 !y only "k by be+ !mselves c]ta9 ( some?+2 b if ev]y?+ is c]ta9 only on condition1 !n no?+ is c]ta91 & !re is ev5 no condition$ c]ta9ty4 ,b if !re is a f9al l9k1 reg>d+ :i* no "q c be rais$1 :y x is c]ta91 !n1 !re is an undemon/rable at ! base ( all demon/ration4 ,!y d n appe> to h consid]$ :at x means3 to h prov5 some?+ to somebody4 ,x means3 we h demon/rat$ to him t a c]ta9 o!r c]ta9ty is conta9$1 by virtue ( ! laws ( ?9k+1 :i* he admits1 9 a c]ta9 fir/ c]ta9ty :i* he assumes or admits1 & t he mu/ necess>ily assume ! fir/ if he assumes ! second1 z he says he does4 ,h5ce all communication ( a conviction by pro(1 presupposes t bo? p>ts are at lea/ agre$ on some?+4 ,n[1 h[ c\ld ! ,sci5ce ( ,k communicate itself to ! dogmati/1 s9ce !y are positively n agre$ 9 a s+le po9t1 s f> z ! mat]ial ( k is conc]n$1 & s9ce ?us ! common po9t is want+ f :i* !y might jo9tly />t4#aj ,f9ally1 !y seem n to h consid]$ t ev5 :]e !re is su* a common po9t1 no "o c ?9k into ! s\l ( ! o!r2 t ea* mu/ calculate ^u ! self-activity ( ! o!r1 & _c furni% him ! necess>y ?\ghts1 b c m]ely advise h[ to con/ruct or ?9k ^? ?\ghts4 ,! relation betwe5 free be+s is a reciprocal influ5ce ^u ea* o!r ?r\gh fre$om1 b n a causality ?r\gh me*anically effective p[]4 ,& ?us ! pres5t dispute returns to ! *ief po9t ( dispute1 f :i* all our diff]5ces arise4 ,!y presuppose ev]y:]e ! relation ( causality1 because !y inde$ "k no high] relation2 & x is ^u ?is t !y base _! dem&3 we ought to graft our conviction on _! s\ls )\t any activity on _! own "p4 ,b we proce$ f fre$om1 &--:i* is b fair--presuppose fre$om 9 !m4 ,moreov]1 9 ?us presuppos+ ! univ]sal validity ( ! me*anism ( cause & effect1 !y imm$iately contradict !mselves2 :at !y say & :at !y d1 are 9 palpable contradiction4 ,=1 9 presuppos+ ! me*anism ( cause & effect1 !y elevate !mselves beyond x2 _! ?9k+ ( ! me*anism is n conta9$ 9 ! me*anism itself4 ,! me*anism _c seize itself1 = ! simple reason t x is me*anism4 ,only free consci\sness c seize itself4 ,"h1 !re=e1 w\ld be a way to conv9ce !m ( _! error4 ,b ! difficulty is t ?is ?\ght lies utt]ly beyond ! range ( _! vision1 & t !y lack ! agility ( m9d to ?9k1 :5 !y ?9k an object1 n only ! object1 b also _! ?9k+ ( ! object2 :]e=e ?is pres5t rem>k is utt]ly incompreh5sible to !m1 & is inde$ writt5 only = ^? :o are awake & see4 ,we reit]ate1 !re=e1 our assurance3 we w n conv9ce !m1 because "o _c w an impossibility2 & we w n refute _! sy/em = !m1 because we _c4 ,true1 we c refute x easily en\gh = u2 x is v easy to ?r[ x d[n--! m]e brea? ( a free man de/roys x4 ,b we _c refute x = !m4 ,we d n write1 speak or tea* = !m1 s9ce !re is positively no po9t f :i* we c\ld rea* !m4 ,if we speak ( !m1 x is n = _! own sake1 b = ! sake ( o!rs--to w>n ^! aga9/ _! errors1 & p]suade ^! n to li/5 to _! empty & insignificant prattle4 ,n[1 !y mu/ n consid] ?is1 our decl>ation1 z degrad+ = !m4 ,by s do+1 !y b ev9ce _! bad consci5ce1 & publicly degrade !mselves among/ u4 ,besides1 !y are 9 ! same position 9 reg>d to u4 ,!y also _c refute or conv9ce u1 or say any?+1 :i* c\ld h an effect ^u u4 ,?is we confess ourselves1 & w\ld n be 9 ! lea/ indignant if !y said x4 ,:at we tell !m1 we tell !m n at all ) ! evil purpose ( caus+ !m ang]1 b m]ely to save u & !m unnecess>y tr\ble4 ,we %\ld be truly glad if !y 7 ?us to accept x4 ,moreov]1 !re is no?+ degrad+ 9 ! matt] itself4 ,e "o :o to-day *>ges 8 bro!r ) ?is incapacity1 has once be5 necess>ily 9 ! same condition4 ,= we all are born 9 x1 & x requires "t to get beyond x4 ,if our oppon5ts w\ld only n be driv5 into indignation by our decl>ation1 b w\ld reflect ab\t x1 & inquire :e!r !re might n be "s tru? 9 x1 !y might !n probably get out ( t incapacity4 ,!y w\ld at once be our equals1 & we c\ld h5ce=? live 9 p]fect peace toge!r4 ,! fault is n ours1 if we occasionally are pretty h>d at w> ) !m4 ,f all ?is x also appe>s1 :i* ,i consid] exp$i5t to rem>k "h1 t a philosophy1 9 ord] to be a sci5ce1 ne$ n be univ]sally valid1 z "s philosoph]s seem to assume4 ,^! philosoph]s dem& ! impossible4 ,:at does x mean3 a philosophy is really univ]sally valid8 ,:o1 !n1 are all ^! = :om x is to be valid8 ,i suppose n to e "o :o has a human face1 = !n x w\ld also h to be valid = *ildr5 & = ! common man1 = :om ?9k+ is nev] object1 b always ! means = 8 real purpose4 ,univ]sally valid1 !n1 = ! philosoph]s8 ,b :o1 !n1 are ! philosoph]s8 ,i hope n all ^? :o h receiv$ ! degree ( doctor f "s philosophical faculty1 or :o h pr9t$ some?+ :i* !y call philosophical1 or :o1 p]haps1 are !mselves memb]s ( "s philosophical faculty8 ,inde$1 h[ %all we ev5 h a fix$ conception ( ! philosoph]1 unless we h fir/ a fix$ conception ( philosophy--i4 e4 unless we fir/ possess t fix$ philosophy8 ,x is q c]ta9 t all ^? :o believe !mselves possess$ ( philosophy1 z a sci5ce1 w d5y to all ^? :o d n recognize _! philosophy ! "n ( philosoph]1 & h5ce w make ! ackn[l$gm5t ( _! philosophy ! crit]ion ( a philosoph]4 ,?is !y mu/ d1 if !y w proce$ logically1 = !re is only "o philosophy4 ,! au?or ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 = in/ance1 has long ago /at$ t he is ( ?is op9ion 9 reg>d to 8 sy/em--n 9 s f> z x is an individual repres5tation ( t sy/em1 b 9 s f> z x is a sy/em ( transc5d5tal idealism--& he hesitates n a mom5t to repeat ?is ass]tion4 ,b does n ?is lead u into an evid5t circle8 ,e "o w !n say1 8,my philosophy is univ]sally valid = all philosoph]s20 & w say s ) full "r if he only be himself conv9c$1 ?\gh no o!r mortal be+ %\ld accept 8 doctr9e2 8=10 he w add1 8he :o does n recognize x z valid is no philosoph]40 ,conc]n+ ?is po9t1 ,i hold ! foll[+3 ,if !re be b "o man :o is fully & at all times equally conv9c$ ( 8 philosophy1 :o is 9 complete h>mony ) himself 9 ?is 8 philosophy1 ^: free judgm5t 9 philosophiz+ agrees p]fectly ) ! judgm5t daily life =ces ^u him1 !n 9 ?is "o man philosophy has fulfill$ its purpose & complet$ its circle2 = x has put him d[n aga9 at ! v same po9t f :i* he />t$ ) all mank9d2 & h5ce=? philosophy z a sci5ce really exi/s1 ?\gh no o!r man else %\ld compreh5d & accept x2 nay1 ?\gh t "o man might n ev5 "k h[ to tea* x to o!rs4 ,let no "o "h (f] ! trivial objection t all sy/ematic au?ors h ev] be5 conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( _! sy/ems4 ,= ?is ass]tion is utt]ly false1 & is gr\nd$ only 9 ?is1 t few "k :at conviction really is4 ,?is c only be exp]i5c$ by hav+ ! fullness ( conviction 9 "o's self4 ,^? au?ors 7 only conv9c$ ( "o or ! o!r po9t 9 _! sy/em1 :i* p]haps 0 n ev5 cle>ly consci\s to !mselves1 b n ( ! :ole ( _! sy/em--!y 7 conv9c$ only 9 c]ta9 moods4 ,?is is no conviction4 ,conviction is t :i* dep5ds on no "t & no *ange ( condition2 :i* is n accid5tal to ! s\l1 b :i* is ! s\l itself4 ,"o c be conv9c$ only ( ! un*angeably & et]nally ,true3 to be conv9c$ ( error is impossible4 ,b ( su* true convictions v few examples may probably exi/ 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy2 p]haps b "o2 p]haps n ev5 ?is "o4 ,i d n speak ( ! anci5ts4 ,x is ev5 d\btful :e!r !y ev] propos$ to !mselves ! great problem ( philosophy4 ,b let me speak ( mod]n au?ors4 ,sp9oza c\ld n be conv9c$2 he c\ld only ?9k1 n put fai? 9 8 philosophy2 = x 0 9 direct contradiction ) 8 necess>y conviction 9 daily life1 by virtue ( :i* he 0 =c$ to consid] himself free & self-det]m9$4 ,he c\ld be conv9c$ ( x only 9 s f> z x conta9$ tru?1 or z x conta9$ a "p ( philosophy z a sci5ce4 ,he 0 cle>ly conv9c$ t m]e objective reason+ w\ld necess>ily lead to 8 sy/em2 = 9 t he 0 correct2 b x nev] occurr$ to him t 9 ?9k+ he ought to reflect ^u 8 own ?9k+1 & 9 t he 0 wrong1 & ?us made 8 speculation contradictory to 8 life4 ,kant might h be5 conv9c$2 b1 if ,i und]/& him correctly1 he 0 n conv9c$ :5 he wrote 8 ,critique4 ,he speaks ( a deception1 :i* always recurs1 al?\gh we "k t x is a deception4 ,:5ce did ,kant le>n1 z he 0 ! fir/ :o discov]$ ?is pret5d$ deception1 t x always recurs1 & 9 :om c\ld he h made ! exp]i5ce t x did s recur8 ,only 9 himself4 ,b to "k t "o deceives "o's self1 & /ill to deceive "o's self is n ! condition ( conviction & h>mony )9--x is ! symptom ( a dang]\s inn] di%>mony4 ,my exp]i5ce is t no deception recurs1 = reason conta9s no deception4 ,moreov]1 ( :at deception does ,kant speak8 ,cle>ly ( ! belief t ?+s p] se exi/ ext]nally & indep5d5t ( u4 ,b :o ent]ta9s ?is belief8 ,n common consci\sness1 surely1 = common consci\sness only speaks ( itself1 & c !re=e say no?+ b t ?+s exi/ = x 7i4 e4 = u1 on ?is /&po9t ( common consci\sness72 & t c]ta9ly is no deception1 = x is our own tru?4 ,common consci\sness kn[s no?+ ( a ?+ p] se1 = ! v reason t x is common consci\sness1 :i* surely nev] goes beyond itself4 ,x is a false philosophy :i* fir/ makes common consci\sness ass]t su* a conception1 :il/ only t false philosophy discov]$ x 9 its own sph]e4 ,h5ce ?is s-call$ deception--:i* is easily got rid (1 & :i* true philosophy roots out utt]ly--t false philosophy has itself produc$1 & z soon z y get y\r philosophy p]fect$1 ! scales w fall f y\r eyes1 & ! deception w nev] recur4 ,y w1 9 all y\r life !reaft]1 nev] believe to "k m ?an t y are f9ite1 & f9ite 9 ?is det]m9$ mann]1 :i* y mu/ expla9 to y\rself1 by ! exi/5ce ( su* a det]m9$ _w2 & y w no m ?9k ( break+ ?r\gh ?is limit ?an ( ceas+ to be y\rself4 ,leibnitz1 also1 may h be5 conv9c$1 =1 prop]ly und]/ood--& :y %\ld he n h prop]ly und]/ood himself8--he is "r4 ,nay1 m--if highe/ ease & fre$om ( m9d may sugge/ conviction2 if ! +5uity to fit "o's philosophy into all =ms1 & apply x to all p>ts ( human k--! p[] to scatt] all d\bts z soon z !y appe>1 & ! mann] ( us+ "o's philosophy m z an in/rum5t ?an z an object1 may te/ify ( p]fect cle>ness2 & if self-reliance1 *e]fulness & high c\rage 9 life may be signs ( inn] h>mony1 !n ,leibnitz 0 p]haps conv9c$1 & ! only example ( conviction 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,,xi4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i wi% to ref] 9 a few words to a v curi\s misappreh5sion4 ,x is t ( mi/ak+ ! ,ego1 z intellectual contemplation1 f :i* ! ,sci5ce ( ,k proce$s1 = ! ,ego1 z idea1 ) :i* x concludes4 ,9 ! ,ego1 z intellectual contemplation1 we h only ! =m ( ! ,egoness1 ! 9 itself return+ activity1 suffici5tly describ$ above4 ,! ,ego 9 ?is =m is only = ! philosoph]1 & by seiz+ x ?us1 y ent] philosophy4 ,! ,ego1 z idea1 on ! contr>y1 is = ! ,ego itself1 :i* ! philosoph] consid]s4 ,he does n e/abli% ! latt] ,ego z 8 own1 b z ! idea ( ! natural b p]fectly cultur$ man2 j z a real be+ does n exi/ = ! philosoph]1 b m]ely = ! ,ego he obs]ves4 ,! ,ego z idea is ! rational be+--fir/ly1 9 s f> z x completely repres5ts 9 itself ! univ]sal reason1 or z x is altoge!r rational & only rational1 & h5ce x mu/ also h ceas$ to be individual1 :i* x 0 only ?r\gh s5su\s limitation2 & secondly1 9 s f> z ?is rational be+ has also realiz$ reason 9 ! et]nal _w1 :i*1 !re=e1 rema9s con/antly posit$ 9 ?is idea4 ,! _w rema9s 9 ?is idea z _w g5]ally1 z sub/ratum ) ^! det]m9$ me*anical & organic laws2 b all ^! laws are p]fectly suit$ to repres5t ! f9al object ( reason4 ,! idea ( ! ,ego & ! ,ego ( ! intellectual contemplation h only ?is 9 common1 t 9 nei!r ( !m ! ?\ght ( ! individual ent]s2 n 9 ! latt]1 because ! ,egoness has n yet be5 det]m9$ z individuality2 & n 9 ! =m]1 because ! det]m9ation ( individuality has vani%$ ?r\gh univ]sal culture4 ,b bo? are opposites 9 ?is1 t ! ,ego ( ! contemplation conta9s only ! =m ( ! ,ego1 & pays no reg>d to an actual mat]ial ( ! same1 :i* is only ?9kable by its ?9k+ ( a _w2 :ile 9 ! ,ego ( ! ,idea ! complete mat]ial ( ! ,egoness is ?\ght4 ,f ! fir/ conception all philosophy proce$s1 & x is its fundam5tal conception2 to ! latt] x does n return1 b only det]m9es ?is idea 9 ! practical "p z highe/ & ultimate object ( reason4 ,! fir/ is1 z we h said1 orig9al contemplation1 & becomes a conception 9 ! suffici5tly describ$ mann]2 ! latt] is only idea1 x _c be ?\ght det]m9ately & w nev] be actual1 b w always m & m approximate to ! actuality4 ,,xii4 ,^! are1 ,i believe1 all ! misund]/&+s :i* are to be tak5 into consid]ation1 & to correct :i* a cle> explanation may hope some:at to aid4 ,o!r modes ( work+ aga9/ ! new sy/em _c & ne$ n be met by me4 ,if a sy/em1 = in/ance1 ! beg9n+ & end1 nay1 ! :ole ess5ce ( :i*1 is t individuality be !oretically =gott5 & practically d5i$1 is d5\nc$ z egotism1 & by m5 :o1 = ! v reason because !y are cov]tly !oretical egoti/s & ov]tly practical egoti/s1 _c elevate !mselves into an insight into ?is sy/em2 if a conclusion is drawn f ! sy/em t its au?or has an evil he>t1 & if aga9 f ?is evil-he>t$ness ( ! au?or ! conclusion is drawn t ! sy/em is false2 !n argum5ts are ( no avail2 = ^? :o make ^! ass]tions "k v well t !y are n true1 & !y h q diff]5t reasons = utt]+ !m ?an because !y believ$ !m4 ,! sy/em bo!rs !m little en\gh2 b ! au?or may1 p]haps1 h /at$ on o!r occasions ?+s :i* d n please !m1 & may1 p]haps--,god kn[s1 h[ or :]e6--be 9 _! way4 ,n[ su* p]sons are p]fectly 9 con=mity ) _! mode ( ?9k+1 & x w\ld be an idle und]tak+ to attempt to rid !m ( _! nature4 ,b if ?\s&s & ?\s&s :o "k n a ^w ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 nor h occasion to "k a ^w ( x1 :o are nei!r ,jews nor ,pagans1 nei!r ari/ocrats nor democrats1 nei!r ,kantians ( ! old or ( ! mod]n s*ool1 or ( any s*ool1 & :o ev5 are n orig9als--:o might h a grudge aga9/ ! au?or ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k1 because he took away f !m ! orig9al ideas :i* !y h j prep>$ = ! public--if su* m5 ha/ily take hold ( ^! *>ges1 & repeat & repeat !m aga9 )\t any app>5t int]e/1 o!r ?an t !y might appe> well in/ruct$ reg>d+ ! secrets ( ! late/ lit]ature2 !n x may1 inde$1 be hop$ t = _! own sakes !y w take our pray] into consid]ation1 & reflect ^u :at !y wi% to say be=e !y say x4 ,footnote #f3 ,critique ( ,practical ,reason2 ,critique ( ! ,p[] ( ,judgm5t2 & ,critique ( a ,pure ,doctr9e ( ,religion4--,translator4 ,footnote #g3 ,= in/ance--,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 p4 #ajh3 8,i purposely pass by ! def9ition ( ^! categories1 al?\gh ,i may be 9 possession ( x40 ,n[1 ^! categories c be def9$1 ea* by its det]m9$ relation to ! possibility ( self consci\sness1 & :oev] is 9 possession ( ^! def9itions1 is necess>ily possess$ ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,aga91 p4 #aji3 8,9 a sy/em ( pure reason ?is def9ition might ju/ly be requir$ ( me1 b 9 ! pres5t "w !y w\ld only obscure ! ma9 po9t40 ,"h he cle>ly opposes two sy/ems to ea* o!r--! ,sy/em ( ,pure ,reason & ! 8pres5t "w10 i4 e4 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason--& ! latt] is said n to be ! =m]4 ,footnote #h3 ,"h is ! corn] /one ( ,kant's realism4 ,i mu/ ?9k some?+ z ?+ 9 itself1 i4 e4 z indep5d5t ( me1 ! empirical1 :5ev] ,i occupy ! /&po9t ( ! empirical2 & because ,i mu/ ?9k s1 ,i nev] become consci\s ( ?is activity 9 my ?9k+1 s9ce x is n free4 ,only :5 ,i occupy ! /&po9t ( philosophy c ,i draw ! conclusion t ,i am active 9 ?is ?9k+4 ,footnote #i3 ,to /ate ! ma9 po9t 9 a few words3 ,all be+ signifies a limitation ( free activity4 ,n[ ?is activity is reg>d$ ei!r z t ( ! m]e intellig5ce1 & !n t :i* is posit$ z limit+ ?is activity has a m]e ideal be+1 m]e objectivity 9 reg>d to consci\sness4--,?is objectivity is 9 e repres5tation 7ev5 9 t ( ! ,ego1 ( virtue1 ( ! moral law1 c41 or 9 t ( complete phantasms1 z1 = in/ance1 a squ>$ circle1 a sphynx1 c47 object ( ! m]e repres5tation4 ,or ! free activity is reg>d$ z hav+ actual causality2 & !n t :i* limits x1 has actual exi/5ce1 ! real _w4 ,footnote #aj3 ,i h repeat$ ?is frequ5tly4 ,i h /at$ t ,i c\ld absolutely h no po9t 9 common ) c]ta9 philosoph]s1 & t !y are n1 & _c be1 :]e ,i am4 ,?is seems to h be5 tak5 r = an hyp]bole1 utt]$ 9 indignation1 ?an = real e>ne/2 = !y d n cease to repeat _! dem&3 8,prove to u ?y doctr9e60 ,i mu/ solemnly assure !m t ,i 0 p]fectly s]i\s 9 t /atem5t1 t x is my delib]ate & decid$ conviction4 ,dogmatism proce$s f a be+ z ! ,absolute1 & h5ce its sy/em nev] rises above be+4 ,idealism kn[s no be+1 z some?+ = itself exi/+4 ,9 o!r words3 ,dogmatism proce$s f necessity--,idealism f fre$om4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 9 two utt]ly diff]5t worlds4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,idealism4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,,s*ell+4 ,translat$ by ,,tom ,,davidson4 ,i4--,,idea ,,( ,,transc5d5tal ,,philosophy4 #a4 ,all kn[+ is bas$ ^u ! agreem5t ( an objective ) a subjective4 ,= we "k only ! true1 & tru? is univ]sally held to be ! agreem5t ( repres5tations ) _! objects4 #b4 ,! sum ( all t is purely objective 9 our k we may call ,nature2 :ile ! sum ( all t is subjective may be designat$ ! ,ego1 or ,intellig5ce4 ,^! two concepts are mutually oppos$4 ,intellig5ce is orig9ally conceiv$ z t :i* solely repres5ts--,nature z t :i* is m]ely capable ( repres5tation2 ! =m] z ! consci\s--! latt] z ! unconsci\s4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 necess>y 9 all k a mutual agreem5t ( ! two--! consci\s & ! unconsci\s p] se4 ,! problem is to expla9 ?is agreem5t4 #c4 ,9 k itself1 9 my kn[+1 objective & subjective are s unit$ t x is impossible to say to :i* ( ! two ! priority belongs4 ,!re is "h no fir/ & no second--! two are contemporane\s & "o4 ,9 my ef=ts to expla9 ?is id5tity1 ,i mu/ fir/ h x undone4 ,9 ord] to expla9 x1 inasmu* z no?+ else is giv5 me z a pr9ciple ( explanation beyond ^! two factors ( k1 ,i mu/ ( necessity place ! "o be=e ! o!r--set out f ! "o 9 ord] f x to arrive at ! o!r4 ,f :i* ( ! two ,i am to set out is n det]m9$ by ! problem4 #d4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 only two cases possible3 ,a4 ,ei!r ! objective is made ! fir/1 & ! "q comes to be h[ a subjective agree+ ) x is sup]9duc$4 ,! idea ( ! subjective is n conta9$ 9 ! idea ( ! objective2 !y r mutually exclude ea* o!r4 ,! subjective1 !re=e1 mu/ be sup]9duc$ ^u ! objective4 ,x =ms no "p ( ! conception ( ,nature t !re %\ld be some?+ intellig5t to repres5t x4 ,nature1 to all appe>ance1 w\ld exi/ ev5 7 !re no?+ to repres5t x4 ,! problem may !re=e likewise be express$ ?us3 ,h[ is ! ,intellig5t sup]9duc$ ^u ,nature8 or1 ,h[ comes ,nature to be repres5t$8 ,! problem assumes ,nature1 or ! objective1 z fir/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 manife/ly1 a problem ( natural sci5ce1 :i* does ! same4 ,t natural sci5ce really1 & )\t kn[+ x1 approximates1 at lea/1 to ! solution ( ?is problem c be %[n "h only briefly4 ,if all k has1 z x 71 two poles1 :i* mutually suppose & dem& ea* o!r1 !y mu/ reciprocally be objects ( se>* 9 all sci5ces4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 ( necessity1 be two fundam5tal sci5ces2 & x mu/ be impossible to set out f ! "o pole )\t be+ driv5 to ! o!r4 ,! necess>y t5d5cy ( all natural sci5ce1 !re=e1 is to pass f ,nature to ! intellig5t4 ,?is1 & ?is alone1 lies at ! bottom ( ! ef=t to br+ !ory into natural ph5om5a4 ,! f9al p]fection ( natural sci5ce w\ld be ! complete m5talization ( all ! laws ( ,nature into laws ( ?\ght4 ,! ph5om5a1 t is1 ! mat]ial1 mu/ vani% entirely1 & leave only ! laws--t is1 ! =mal4 ,h5ce x is t ! m ! accordance ) law is manife/$ 9 ,nature itself1 ! m ! wrappage disappe>s--! ph5om5a !mselves become m m5tal1 & at la/ entirely cease4 ,optical ph5om5a are no?+ m ?an a geometry ^: l9es are drawn ?r\gh ! light2 & ev5 ?is light itself is ( d\btful mat]iality4 ,9 ! ph5om5a ( magnetism all trace ( matt] has already disappe>$1 & ( ^? ( gravitation2 :i* ev5 physical philosoph]s believ$ c\ld be attribut$ only to direct spiritual influ5ce1 !re rema9s no?+ b ! law1 ^: action on a l>ge scale is ! me*anism ( ! heav5ly motions4 ,! complete !ory ( ,nature w\ld be t :]eby ! :ole ( ,nature %\ld be resolv$ into an intellig5ce4 ,! dead & unconsci\s products ( ,nature are only unsuccessful attempts ( ,nature to reflect itself1 & dead ,nature1 s-call$1 is m]ely an unripe ,intellig5ce2 h5ce 9 its ph5om5a ! intellig5t "* pe]s ?r\gh1 ?\gh yet unconsci\sly4 ,its highe/ aim1 namely1 t ( becom+ completely self-objective1 ,nature rea*es only 9 its highe/ & la/ reflection1 :i* is no?+ else ?an man1 or1 m g5]ally1 :at we call reason1 by means ( :i* ,nature turns completely back ^u itself1 & by :i* is manife/$ t ,nature is orig9ally id5tical ) :at 9 u is kn[n z intellig5t & consci\s4 ,?is may p]haps suffice to prove t natural sci5ce has a necess>y t5d5cy to r5d] ,nature intellig5t4 ,by ?is v t5d5cy x is t x becomes natural philosophy1 :i* is "o ( ! two necess>y fundam5tal sci5ces ( philosophy4 ,b4 ,or ! subjective is made ! fir/1 & ! problem is1 h[ an objective is sup]9duc$ agree+ ) x4 ,if all k is bas$ ^u ! agreem5t ( ^! two1 !n ! task ( expla9+ ?is agreem5t is pla9ly ! highe/ = all k2 & if1 z is g5]ally admitt$1 philosophy is ! highe/ & l(tie/ ( all sci5ces1 x is c]ta9ly ! ma9 task ( philosophy4 ,b ! problem dem&s only ! explanation ( t agreem5t g5]ally1 & leaves x entirely undecid$ :]e ! explanation %all beg91 :at x %all make its fir/1 & :at its second4 ,moreov]1 z ! two opposites are mutually necess>y to ea* o!r1 ! result ( ! op]ation mu/ be ! same1 f :i*ev] po9t x sets out4 ,to make ! objective ! fir/1 & d]ive ! subjective f x1 is1 z has j be5 %[n1 ! task ( natural philosophy4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is a transc5d5tal philosophy1 ! only c\rse t rema9s = x is ! opposite "o1 namely3 to set out f ! subjective z ! fir/ & ! absolute1 & d$uce ! orig9 ( ! objective f x4 ,into ^! two possible directions ( philosophy1 !re=e1 natural & transc5d5tal philosophy h sep>at$ !mselves2 & if all philosophy mu/ h = its aim to make ei!r an ,intellig5ce out ( ,nature or a ,nature out ( ,intellig5ce1 !n transc5d5tal philosophy1 to :i* ! latt] task belongs1 is ! o!r necess>y fundam5tal sci5ce ( philosophy4 ,,ii4--,,coroll>ies4 ,9 ! =ego+ we h n only d$uc$ ! idea ( transc5d5tal philosophy1 b h also af=d$ ! read] a glance into ! :ole sy/em ( philosophy1 compos$1 z has be5 %[n1 ( two pr9cipal sci5ces1 :i*1 ?\gh oppos$ 9 pr9ciple & direction1 are c\nt]-p>ts & complem5ts ( ea* o!r4 ,n ! :ole sy/em ( philosophy1 b only "o ( ! pr9cipal sci5ces ( x1 is to be "h discuss$1 &1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be m cle>ly *>act]iz$ 9 accordance ) ! idea already d$uc$4 #a4 ,if1 = transc5d5tal philosophy1 ! subjective is ! />t+ po9t1 ! only gr\nd ( all reality1 & ! sole pr9ciple ( explanation = ev]y?+ else1 x necess>ily beg9s ) univ]sal d\bt reg>d+ ! reality ( ! objective4 ,z ! natural philosoph]1 :olly int5t ^u ! objective1 seeks1 above all ?+s1 to exclude e admixture ( ! subjective f 8 k1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! transc5d5tal philosoph] seeks no?+ s mu* z ! entire exclusion ( ! objective f ! purely subjective pr9ciple ( k4 ,! in/rum5t ( sep>ation is absolute scepticism--n t half-scepticism :i* is direct$ m]ely aga9/ ! vulg> prejudices ( mank9d & nev] sees ! f\ndation--b a ?or\gh-go+ scepticism1 :i* aims n at individual prejudices1 b at ! fundam5tal prejudice1 ) :i* all o!rs mu/ /& or fall4 ,= ov] & above ! artificial & conv5tional prejudices ( man1 !re are o!rs ( f> deep] orig91 :i* h be5 plac$ 9 him1 n by art or education1 b by ,nature itself1 & :i* pass ) all o!r m51 except ! philosoph]1 z ! pr9ciples ( k1 & ) ! m]e self-?9k] z ! te/ ( all tru?4 ,! "o fundam5tal prejudice to :i* all o!rs are r$ucible1 is ?is3 t !re are ?+s outside ( u2 an op9ion :i*1 :ile x re/s nei!r on pro(s nor on conclusions 7= !re is n a s+le irrefragable pro( ( x71 & yet _c be uproot$ by any opposite pro( 7naturam furc expellas1 tam5 usque r$ibit71 lays claim to imm$iate c]ta9ty2 :]eas1 inasmu* z x ref]s to some?+ q diff]5t f u--yea1 oppos$ to u--& ( :i* !re is no evid5ce h[ x c come into imm$iate consci\sness1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z no?+ m ?an a prejudice--a natural & orig9al "o1 to be sure1 b nev]!less a prejudice4 ,! contradiction ly+ 9 ! fact t a conclusion :i* 9 its nature _c be imm$iately c]ta91 is1 nev]!less1 bl9dly & )\t gr\nds1 accept$ z su*1 _c be solv$ by transc5d5tal philosophy1 except on ! assumption t ?is conclusion is implicitly1 & 9 a mann] hi!rto n manife/1 n f\nd$ ^u1 b id5tical1 & "o & ! same ) an affirmation :i* is imm$iately c]ta92 & to demon/rate ?is id5tity w really be ! task ( transc5d5tal philosophy4 #b4 ,n[1 ev5 = ! ord9>y use ( reason1 !re is no?+ imm$iately c]ta9 except ! affirmation ,i am1 :i*1 z x loses all mean+ outside ( imm$iate consci\sness1 is ! mo/ individual ( all tru?s1 & ! absolute prejudice1 :i* mu/ be assum$ if any?+ else is to be made c]ta94 ,! affirmation ,!re are ?+s outside ( u1 w !re=e be c]ta9 = ! transc5d5tal philosoph]1 only ?r\gh its id5tity ) ! affirmation ,i am1 & its c]ta9ty w be only equal to ! c]ta9ty ( ! affirmation f :i* x d]ives x4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 transc5d5tal k w\ld be di/+ui%$ f ord9>y k 9 two p>ticul>s4 ,fir/--,t = x ! c]ta9ty ( ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal objects is a m]e prejudice1 :i* x ov]/eps1 9 ord] to f9d ! gr\nds ( x4 7,x c nev] be ! bus9ess ( ! transc5d5tal philosoph] to prove ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 b only to %[ t x is a natural & necess>y prejudice to assume ext]nal objects z real47 ,second--,t ! two affirmations1 ,i am & ,!re are ?+s outside ( me1 :i* 9 ! ord9>y consci\sness run toge!r1 are1 9 ! =m]1 sep>at$ & ! "o plac$ be=e ! o!r1 ) a view to demon/rate z a fact _! id5tity1 & t imm$iate connection :i* 9 ! o!r is only felt4 ,by ! act ( ?is sep>ation1 :5 x is complete1 ! philosoph] transports himself to ! transc5d5tal po9t ( view1 :i* is by no means a natural1 b an artificial "o4 #c4 ,if1 = ! transc5d5tal philosoph]1 ! subjective alone has orig9al reality1 he w also make ! subjective alone 9 k directly 8 object2 ! objective w only become an object indirectly to him1 &1 :]eas1 9 ord9>y k1 k itself--! act ( kn[+--vani%es 9 ! object1 9 transc5d5tal k1 on ! contr>y1 ! object1 z su*1 w vani% 9 ! act ( kn[+4 ,transc5d5tal k is a k ( kn[+1 9 s f> z x is purely subjective4 ,?us1 = example1 9 intuition1 x is only ! objective t rea*es ! ord9>y consci\sness2 ! act ( intuition itself is lo/ 9 ! object2 :]eas ! transc5d5tal mode ( intuition r gets only a glimpse ( ! object ( intuition ?r\gh ! act4 ,ord9>y ?\ght1 !re=e1 is a me*anism 9 :i* ideas prevail1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ di/+ui%$ z ideas2 :]eas transc5d5tal ?\ght int]rupts ?is me*anism1 & 9 becom+ consci\s ( ! idea z an act1 rises to ! idea ( ! idea4 ,9 ord9>y action1 ! act+ itself is =gott5 9 ! object ( ! action2 philosophiz+ is also an action1 b n an action only4 ,x is likewise a cont9u$ self-intuition 9 ?is action4 ,! nature ( ! transc5d5tal mode ( ?\ght consi/s1 !re=e1 g5]ally 9 ?is3 t1 9 x1 t :i* 9 all o!r ?9k+1 kn[+1 or act+ escapes ! consci\sness1 & is absolutely non-objective1 is br\ght into consci\sness1 & becomes objective2 9 %ort1 x consi/s 9 a cont9u\s act ( becom+ an object to itself on ! "p ( ! subjective4 ,! transc5d5tal art w !re=e consi/ 9 a read9ess to ma9ta9 "o's self cont9u\sly 9 ?is duplicity ( ?9k+ & act+4 ,,iii4--,,prelim9>y ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,transc5d5tal ,,philosophy4 ,?is arrangem5t is prelim9>y1 inasmu* z ! pr9ciples ( arrangem5t c be arriv$ at only 9 ! sci5ce itself4 ,we return to ! idea ( sci5ce4 ,transc5d5tal philosophy has to expla9 h[ k is possible at all1 suppos+ t ! subjective 9 x is assum$ z ! *ief or fir/ elem5t4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 any s+le "p1 or any p>ticul> object ( k1 b k itself1 & k g5]ally1 t x takes = its object4 ,n[ all k is r$ucible to c]ta9 orig9al convictions or orig9al =e-judgm5ts2 ^! diff]5t convictions transc5d5tal philosophy mu/ r$uce to "o orig9al conviction2 ?is "o1 f :i* all o!rs are d]iv$1 is express$ 9 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ?is philosophy1 & ! task ( f9d+ su* is no o!r ?an t ( f9d+ ! absolutely c]ta91 by :i* all o!r c]ta9ty is arriv$ at4 ,! arrangem5t ( transc5d5tal philosophy itself is det]m9$ by ^? orig9al convictions1 ^: validity x ass]ts4 ,^? convictions mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 be s\ght 9 ! common und]/&+4 ,if1 !re=e1 we fall back ^u ! /&po9t ( ! ord9>y view1 we f9d ! foll[+ convictions deeply engrav5 9 ! human und]/&+3 ,a4 ,t !re n only exi/s outside ( u a _w ( ?+s indep5d5t ( u1 b also t our repres5tations agree ) !m 9 su* a mann] t !re is no?+ else 9 ! ?+s beyond :at !y pres5t to u4 ,! necessity :i* prevails 9 our objective repres5tations is expla9$ by say+ t ! ?+s are unalt]ably det]m9$1 & t1 by ?is det]m9ation ( ! ?+s1 our ideas are also indirectly det]m9$4 ,by ?is fir/ & mo/ orig9al conviction1 ! fir/ problem ( ! philosophy is det]m9$1 viz43 to expla9 h[ repres5tations c absolutely agree ) objects exi/+ altoge!r indep5d5tly ( !m4 ,s9ce x is ^u ! assumption t ?+s are exactly z we repres5t !m--t we c]ta9ly1 !re=e1 "k ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves--t ! possibility ( all exp]i5ce re/s1 7= :at w\ld exp]i5ce be1 & :]e w\ld physics1 = example1 w&] to1 b = ! supposition ( ! absolute id5tity ( be+ & seem+87 ! solution ( ?is problem is id5tical ) !oretical philosophy1 :i* has to exam9e ! possibility ( exp]i5ce4 ,b4 ,! second equally orig9al conviction is1 t ideas :i* spr+ up 9 u freely & )\t necessity are capable ( pass+ f ! _w ( ?\ght into ! real _w1 & ( arriv+ at objective reality4 ,?is conviction /&s 9 opposition to ! fir/4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 x is assum$ t objects are unalt]ably det]m9$1 & our ideas by !m2 accord+ to ! o!r1 t objects are alt]able1 & t1 too1 by ! causality ( ideas 9 u4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 !re takes place a transition f ! real _w into ! _w ( ideas1 or a det]m9+ ( ideas by some?+ objective2 accord+ to ! second1 a transition f ! _w ( ideas into ! real _w1 or a det]m9+ ( ! objective by a 7freely produc$7 idea 9 u4 ,by ?is second conviction1 a second problem is det]m9$1 viz43 h[1 by some?+ m]ely ?\ght1 an objective is alt]able1 s z completely to correspond ) t some?+ ?\ght4 ,s9ce ^u ?is assumption ! possibility ( all free action re/s1 ! solution ( ?is problem is practical philosophy4 ,c4 ,b ) ^! two problems we f9d ourselves involv$ 9 a contradiction4 ,accord+ to ,b1 !re is dem&$ ! dom9ion ( ?\ght 7! ideal7 ov] ! _w ( s5se2 b h[ is ?is conceivable1 if 7accord+ to ,a7 ! idea1 9 its orig91 is already only ! slave ( ! objective8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! real _w is some?+ q indep5d5t ( u1 & 9 accordance ) :i*1 z _! patt]n1 our ideas mu/ %ape !mselves 7by ,a71 !n x is inconceivable h[ ! real _w1 on ! o!r h&1 c %ape itself aft] ideas 9 u 7by ,b74 ,9 a ^w1 9 ! !oretical c]ta9ty we lose ! practical2 9 ! practical we lose ! !oretical4 ,x is impossible t !re %\ld be at once tru? 9 our k & reality 9 our volition4 ,?is contradiction mu/ be solv$1 if !re is to be a philosophy at all2 & ! solution ( ?is problem1 or ! answ]+ ( ! "q3 ,h[ c ideas be conceiv$ z %ap+ !mselves accord+ to objects1 & at ! same "t objects z %ap+ !mselves to ideas8--is n ! fir/1 b ! highe/1 task ( transc5d5tal philosophy4 ,x is n difficult to see t ?is problem is n to be solv$ ei!r 9 !oretical or 9 practical philosophy1 b 9 a high] "o1 :i* is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two1 nei!r !oretical nor practical1 b bo? at once4 ,h[ at once ! objective _w con=ms itself to ideas 9 u1 & ideas 9 u con=m !mselves to ! objective _w1 x is impossible to conceive1 unless !re exi/s1 betwe5 ! two worlds--! ideal & ! real--a pre/abli%$ h>mony4 ,b ?is pre/abli%$ h>mony itself is n conceivable1 unless ! activity1 :]eby ! objective _w is produc$1 is orig9ally id5tical ) t :i* displays itself 9 volition1 & vice v]sa4 ,n[ x is und\bt$ly a productive activity t displays itself 9 volition2 all free action is productive & productive only ) consci\sness4 ,if1 !n1 we suppose1 s9ce ! two activities are "o only 9 _! pr9ciple1 t ! same activity :i* is productive ) consci\sness 9 free action1 is productive )\t consci\sness 9 ! production ( ! _w1 ?is pre/abli%$ h>mony is a reality1 & ! contradiction is solv$4 ,if we suppose t all ?is is really ! case1 !n t orig9al id5tity ( ! activity1 :i* is busy 9 ! production ( ! _w1 ) t :i* displays itself 9 volition1 w exhibit itself 9 ! productions ( ! =m]1 & ^! w necess>ily appe> z ! productions ( an activity at once consci\s & unconsci\s4 ,nature1 z a :ole1 no less ?an 9 its diff]5t productions1 w1 ( necessity1 appe> z a "w produc$ ) consci\sness1 &1 at ! same "t1 z a production ( ! bl9de/ me*anism4 ,x is ! result ( purpose1 )\t be+ demon/rable z su*4 ,! philosophy ( ! aims ( ,nature1 or teleology1 is !re=e ! requir$ po9t ( union betwe5 !oretical & practical philosophy4 ,d4 ,hi!rto1 we h po/ulat$ only 9 g5]al t]ms ! id5tity ( ! unconsci\s activity1 :i* has produc$ ,nature1 & ! consci\s activity1 :i* exhibits itself 9 volition1 )\t hav+ decid$ :]e ! pr9ciple ( ?is activity lies--:e!r 9 ,nature or 9 u4 ,n[1 ! sy/em ( k c be reg>d$ z complete only :5 x rev]ts to its pr9ciple4 ,transc5d5tal philosophy1 !re=e1 c\ld be complete only :5 t id5tity--! highe/ solution ( its :ole problem--c\ld be demon/rat$ 9 its pr9ciple1 ! ,ego4 ,x is !re=e po/ulat$ t1 9 ! subjective--9 ! consci\sness itself--t activity1 at once consci\s & unconsci\s1 c be %[n4 ,su* an activity c be no o!r ?an ! /hetic1 & e "w ( art c be conceiv$ only z ! product ( su*4 ,! ideal "w ( art & ! real _w ( objects are !re=e products ( "o & ! same activity2 ! meet+ ( ! two 7! consci\s & ! unconsci\s7 )\t consci\sness1 gives ! real--) consci\sness1 ! /hetic _w4 ,! objective _w is only ! primal1 /ill unconsci\s1 poetry ( ! m9d2 ! univ]sal organum ( philosophy1 ! key-/one ( its :ole ar*1 is ! philosophy ( art4 ,,iv4--,,organ ,,( ,,transc5d5tal ,,philosophy4 #a4 ,! only imm$iate object ( transc5d5tal consid]ation is ! subjective 7,,ii472 ! only organ = philosophiz+ 9 ?is mann] is ! inn] s5se1 & its object is su* t1 unlike t ( ma!matics1 x c nev] become ! object ( ext]nal intuition4 ,! object ( ma!matics1 to be sure1 exi/s z little outside ( k1 z t ( philosophy4 ,! :ole exi/5ce ( ma!matics re/s on intuition2 x exi/s1 !re=e1 only 9 intuition2 & ?is intuition itself is an ext]nal "o4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! ma!matician nev] has to deal imm$iately ) ! intuition--! con/ruction itself--b only ) ! ?+ con/ruct$1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 c be exhibit$ outw>dly2 :]eas ! philosoph] looks only at ! act ( con/ruction itself1 :i* is purely an int]nal "o4 #b4 ,moreov]1 ! objects ( ! transc5d5tal philosoph] h no exi/5ce1 except 9 s f> z !y are freely produc$4 ,no?+ c compel to ?is production1 any m ?an ! ext]nal describ+ ( a figure c compel "o to reg>d x int]nally4 ,j z ! exi/5ce ( a ma!matical figure re/s on ! out] s5se1 s ! :ole reality ( a philosophical idea re/s ^u ! inn] s5se4 ,! :ole object ( ?is philosophy is no o!r ?an ! action ( ,intellig5ce accord+ to fix$ laws4 ,?is action c be conceiv$ only by means ( a peculi>1 direct1 inn] intuition1 & ?is aga9 is possible only by production4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,9 philosophiz+1 "o is n only ! object consid]$1 b always at ! same "t ! subject consid]+4 ,to ! und]/&+ ( philosophy1 !re=e1 !re are two conditions indisp5sable3 fir/1 t ! philosoph] %all be engag$ 9 a cont9u\s int]nal activity1 9 a cont9u\s production ( ^? primal actions ( ! intellig5ce2 second1 t he %all be engag$ 9 cont9u\s reflection ^u ! productive action2--9 a ^w1 t he %all be at once ! contemplat$ 7produc+7 & ! contemplat+4 #c4 ,by ?is cont9u\s duplicity ( production & intuition1 t mu/ become an object :i* is o!rwise reflect$ by no?+4 ,x _c be %[n "h1 b w be %[n 9 ! sequel1 t ?is becom+-reflect$ on ! "p ( ! absolutely unconsci\s & non-objective1 is possible only by an /hetic act ( ! imag9ation4 ,mean:ile1 s mu* is pla9 f :at has already be5 prov$1 t all philosophy is productive4 ,philosophy1 !re=e1 no less ?an art1 re/s ^u ! productive faculty1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 ^u ! diff]5t direction ( ! productive p[]4 ,= :]eas production 9 art is direct$ outw>d1 9 ord] to reflect ! unconsci\s by products1 philosophical production is direct$ imm$iately inw>d1 9 ord] to reflect x 9 intellectual intuition4 ,! real s5se by :i* ?is k9d ( philosophy mu/ be grasp$1 is !re=e ! /hetic s5se1 & h5ce x is t ! philosophy ( art is ! true organum ( philosophy 7,,iii47 ,out ( ! vulg> reality !re are only two means ( exit--poetry1 :i* transports u into an ideal _w1 & philosophy1 :i* makes ! real _w vani% be=e u4 ,x is n pla9 :y ! s5se = philosophy %\ld be m g5]ally diffus$ ?an t = poetry1 especially among t class ( m51 :o1 :e!r by memory-"w 7no?+ de/roys m directly ! productive7 or by dead speculation 7ru9\s to all imag9ative p[]71 h completely lo/ ! /hetic organ4 #d4 ,x is unnecess>y to occupy "t ) common-places ab\t ! s5se ( tru?1 & ab\t utt] unconc]n 9 reg>d to results1 al?\gh x might be ask$1 :at o!r conviction c yet be sacr$ to him :o lays h&s ^u ! mo/ c]ta9 ( all--t !re are ?+s outside ( u8 ,we may r take "o glance m at ! s-call$ claims ( ! common und]/&+4 ,! common und]/&+ 9 matt]s ( philosophy has no claims :atsoev]1 except ^? :i* e object ( exam9ation has1 viz41 to be completely expla9$4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 any "p ( our bus9ess to prove t :at x consid]s true1 is true1 b only to exhibit ! unavoidable "* ( its illusions4 ,?is implies t ! objective _w belongs only to ! necess>y limitations :i* r5d] self-consci\sness 7:i* is ,i7 possible2 x is en\gh = ! common und]/&+1 if f ?is view aga9 ! necessity ( its view is d]iv$4 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y1 n only t ! inn] works ( ! m5tal activity %\ld be laid op51 & ! me*anism ( necess>y ideas reveal$1 b also t x %\ld be %[n by :at peculi>ity ( our nature x is1 t :at has reality only 9 our intuition1 is reflect$ to u z some?+ exi/+ outside ( u4 ,z natural sci5ce produces idealism out ( realism1 by m5taliz+ ! laws ( ,nature into laws ( intellig5ce1 or sup]-induc+ ! =mal ^u ! mat]ial 7,i471 s transc5d5tal philosophy produces realism out ( idealism1 by mat]ializ+ ! laws ( ,nature1 or introduc+ ! mat]ial into ! =mal4 ,,g5esis4 ,by ,a4 ,,bronson ,,alcott4 8,god is ! con/ant & immutable ,good2 ! _w is ,good 9 a /ate ( becom+1 & ! human s\l is t 9 & by :i* ! ,good 9 ! _w is consummat$40--,,plato4 ,i4--,,ve/iges4 ,behm51 ! subtile/ ?9k] on ,g5esis s9ce ,plato1 conceives t ,nature fell f its orig9al on5ess by fault ( ,lucif] be=e man rose physically f its ru9s2 & moreov]1 t 8 pres5t exi/5ce1 be+ ! /ruggle to recov] f ,nature's lapse1 is emb>rass$ ) d\ble difficulties by deflection f rectitude on 8 "p4 ,we ?9k x ne$s no ,lucif] o!r ?an mank9d collectively conspir+1 to acc\nt = ,nature's mi%aps1 or ,man's4 ,s9ce1 assum+ man to be ,nature's ance/or1 & ,nature man's ru9s r1 himself is ! imp$im5t he seeks to remove2 &1 moreov]1 conceiv+ ,nature z correspond+ 9 l>ge--or macrocosmically--to 8 int5ts1 = :atsoev] emb>rassm5ts he f9ds !re91 himself1 & none o!r1 takes ! blame4 ,elde/ ( creatures1 & prog5itor ( all bel[ him1 p]sonally "o & imp]i%able 9 ess5ce1 x foll[s t if debas$ =ms appe> 9 ,nature1 x mu/ be consequ5t on ,man's deg5]acy prior to _! g5esis4 ,& x is only z he lapses out ( 8 integrity1 by debas+ 8 ess5ce1 t he impairs 8 orig9al lik5ess1 & drags x into ! prone %apes ( ! animal k+dom--^! be+ ! effigies & ve/iges ( 8 individualiz$ & %att]$ p]sonality4 ,behold ^! up/>ts ( 8 lo9s1 ev]y:]e ! mimics je]+ at him saucily1 or gaily p>ody+ _! fall5 "l4 8,mo/ happy he :o ha? fit place assign$ ,to 8 bea/s1 & disa=e/]$ 8 m9d2 ,c use 8 horse1 goat1 wolf1 & e bea/1 ,& is n ape himself to all ! re/40#aa ,x is man alone :o conceives & br+s =? ! bea/ 9 him1 t sw]ves & dies2 p]v]sion ( w by mis-*oice be+ ! fate t precipitates him into s]p5t9e =m1 clo!d 9 duplicity1 cleft into sex1 8,p>ts ( t ,"p :i* once 0 all40 ,x is b "o & ! same s\l 9 him1 ent]ta9+ a dialogue ) himself1 t is symboliz$ 9 ,! ,s]p5t1 ,adam1 & ! ,woman2 nor ne$ !re be fabul\s 8,p>adises ,lo/ or ,rega9$10 = sett+ 9 relief ?is s]p5t symbol ( temptation1 ?is ,"l or ,lucif] 9 our spiritual ,ed53 8,fir/ /ate ( human k9d1 ,:i* "o rema9s :ile man do? f9d ,joy 9 8 p>tn]'s company2 ,:5 two1 alas6 adult]ate jo9$1 ,! s]p5t made ! ?ree40 ,,ii4--,,! ,,deuce4 8,i inquir$ :at iniquity 01 & f\nd x to be no sub/ance1 b p]v]sion ( ! ,w f ! ,supreme ,"o t[>ds l[] ?+s40--,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,bett] is he :o is above temptation ?an he :o1 be+ tempt$1 ov]comes2 s9ce ! latt] b suppresses ! evil incl9ation 9 8 brea/1 :i* ! =m] has n4 ,:oev] is tempt$ has s f> s9n$ z to ent]ta9 ! tempt+ lu/ /irr+ )9 him1 & betray+ 8 lapse f s+l5ess or hol9ess4 ,! virtu\s *oose1 & are virtu\s by *oice2 :ile ! holy1 be+ "o1 are above all ne$ ( delib]at+1 _! volitions answ]+ spontane\sly to _! desires4 ,x is ! cleft p]sonality1 or o!r )91 t confronts & s$uces ! ,w2 ! ,adv]s>y & ,deuce we become individually1 & ?us imp]sonate 9 ! ,snake4#ab ,,iii4--,,s]p5t ,,symbol4 ,"o 7 an dipus to exp\nd ?is s]p5t my?ology2 yet fail+ ?is1 7 to miss f9d+ ! keys to ! my/]ies ( ,g5esis1 & ,nature 7 ! *aos & abyss2 s9ce h]eby ! "o rejo9s man's p>t$ p]sonality1 & recreates lo/ mank9d4 ,coeval ) fle%1 ! symbol appe>s :]ev] traces ( civilization exi/1 a remnant ( x 9 ! anci5t ,phallus wor%ip hav+ come to u disguis$ 9 our ,may-day dance4 ,nor 0 x conf9$ to c>nal k m]ely4 ,! s]p5t symboliz$ div9e wisdom1 also2 & x 0 "u ?is acceptation t x became associat$ ) ^? 8tradition>y tea*]s ( mank9d ^: g5ial wisdom entitl$ !m to div9e honors40 ,an e>ly ,*ri/ian sect1 call$ ,ophites1 wor%ipp$ x z ! p]sonation ( natural k4 ,s ! injunction1 8,be ye wise z s]p5ts & h>mless z doves10 becomes ! m significant :5 we le>n t s]aph 9 ! orig9al means a s]p5t2 *]ub1 a dove2 ^! aga9 symboliz+ facts 9 o/eological sci5ce z connect$ ) ! late/ !ories ( ! inv]tebrat$ cranium accept$ by em95t naturali/s1 & s sub/antiat+ ! symbol 9 nature2 ?is be+ ophiomorph\s1 a s]ies ( spires1 cr[n$1 w+$1 webb$1 f9n$1 foot$ 9 /ructure1 set erect1 prone1 trail+1 z *>g$ ) life 9 high] pot5cy or l[]2 man1 supreme 9 p]sonal uprightness1 & hold+ ! sceptre ( dom9ion z he ma9ta9s 8 inborn rectitude1 or los+ 8 pr]ogative z he lapses f 8 integrity1 ?us debas+ 8 =m & p>cell+ 8 gifts away 9 ! prone %apes di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,nature's k+doms2 or1 aga91 aspir+ = lo/ supremacy1 he uplifts & cr[ns 8 fall5 =m ) =ehead1 c\nt5ance1 spee*1 !reby lib]at+ ! g5ius f ! slime ( its prone p]iods1 & re/or+ x to rectitude1 religion1 sci5ce1 fell[%ip1 ! ideal arts4#ac 8,unless above himself he c ,erect himself1 h[ poor a ?+ is man40 ,,iv4--,,embryons4 8,! =m is 9 ! ar*etype be=e x appe>s 9 ! "w1 9 ! div9e m9d be=e x exi/s 9 ! creature40--,leibnitz4 ,z ! male impregnates ! female1 s m9d *>ges matt] ) =m & fecundity2 ! sp]matic _w be+ life 9 transmission & body 9 embryo4 ,s ! egg is a g5esis & sem9>y ( =ms1 7! k+doms ( animat$ nature sleep+ coil$ 9 its yolk7 & awaits ! quick5+ magnetism t u%]s !m into light4 ,h]e9 ! human embryon unfolds 9 s]ies ! l9eam5ts ( all =ms 9 ! liv+ hi]>*y1 to be fix$ at la/ 9 its microcosm1 unreel+ !refrom its faculties into filam5tal organs1 sp9n+ s m9utely ! ?reads1 8t 7 x physically possible to dissolve away all o!r memb]s ( ! body1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 ! full & p]fect figure ( a man4 ,& x is ?is p]fect c]ebro-sp9al axis1 ?is /atue-l tissue ( filam5ts1 t1 physically speak+1 is ! man48 ,! m9d above conta9s him spiritually1 & reveals him physically to himself & 8 k9d4 ,e creature assi/s 9 its own =mation1 s\ls be+ ess5tially creative & crav+ =m4 8,= ! creature delights 9 ! image ( ! ,creator2 & ! s\l ( man w 9 a mann] clasp ,god to h]self4 ,hav+ no?+ mortal1 %e is :olly inebriat$ f ,god2 = %e glories 9 ! h>mony "u :i* ! human body exi/s40#ad ,v4--,,prome!us4 8,imago ,dei 9 animo2 mundi1 9 corpore40 ,man is a s\l1 in=m$ by div9e ideas1 & body+ =? _! image4 ,8 m9d is ! unit & measure ( ?+s visible & invisible4 ,9 him /ir ! creatures pot5tially1 & ?r\gh 8 p]sonal volitions are conceiv$ & br\ght =? 9 matt] :atsoev] he sees1 t\*es1 & treads "u foot4 ,! planet he sp9s4 ,he omnipres5t is1 ,all r\nd himself he lies1 ,osiris spread abroad2 ,up/>+ 9 all eyes4 ,nature 8 glob$ ?\ght1 ,)\t him %e 7 n1 ,cosmos f *aos 7 n spok51 ,& ,god b]eft ( visible tok54 ,a !osmet]--an in/rum5t ( in/rum5ts--he ga!rs 9 himself all =ces1 p>takes 9 8 pl5itude ( omnisci5ce1 be+ _s's acme1 & culm9ation 9 nature4 ,a quick5+ _s & m$iator betwe5 m9d & matt]1 he conspires ) all s\ls1 ) ! ,s\l ( s\ls1 9 g5]at+ ! sub/ance 9 :i* he imm]ses 8 =m1 & :]e9 he embosoms 8 ess5ce4 ,n elem5tal1 b fundam5tal1 ess5tial1 he g5]ates elem5ts & =ces1 expir+ :ile consum+1 & p]petually repl5i%+ 8 wa/e2 ! f9al conflagration a curr5t fact ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,does ! ass]tion seem incr$ible1 absurd8 ,b sci5ce1 gr[n lum9\s & transc5d5t1 boldly decl>es t life to ! s5ses is ablaze1 refe$+ /eadily its flame f ! atmosph]e x k9dles into life1 its emb]s ! sp5t rema9s f :i* rises p]petually ! new-born ,phnix into regions :]e flame is lo/ 9 itself1 & light its resolv5t emblem4#ae 8,!e1 ,eye ( ,heav51 ! great s\l envies n1 ,by ?y male =ce is all we h1 begot40 ,,vi4--,,ideal ,,me?od4 8,x has ev] be5 ! mis=tune ( ! m]e mat]iali/1 9 8 mania = matt] on ! "o h& & dread ( ideas on ! o!r1 to inv]t nature's ord]1 & ?us hang ! _w's picture z a man ) 8 heels upw>ds40--,cudwor?4 ,?is inv]se ord] ( ?\ght conducts ( necessity to conclusions z d]ogatory to himself z to ,nature's au?or4 ,assum+ matt] z 8 basis ( inve/igation1 =ce z fa!r ( ?\ght1 he conf\nds faculties ) organs1 life ) brute sub/ance1 & mu/ ne$s pile 8 atom atop ( atom1 cem5t cell on cell1 9 con/ruct+ 8 column1 sconce m\nt+ sconce aspir+ly z x rises1 till 8 %aft ( gifts cr[n itself surreptiti\sly ) ! ape's glorifi$ effigy1 z ,nature's frontispiece & head4 ,life's atomy ) life omitt$ altoge!r1 man want+4 ,n ?us reads ! ideal naturali/ ! ,book ( lives4 ,b op5+ at _s1 & !nce proce$+ to ideas & f9d+ _! types 9 matt]1 life unfolds itself naturally 9 organs1 faculties begett+ =ces1 m9d m\ld+ ?+s sub/antially1 its connections & int]-dep5d5cies appe> 9 s]ies & degrees z he traces ! leaves1 ?\ght ! key to orig9als1 man ! connexus1 ar*etype1 & classifi] ( ?+s2 he1 /raightway1 lead+ =? abrea/ ( himself ! animat$ creation f ! *aos1--! primeval ,adam nam+ 8 mates1 himself _! ance/or1 contempor>y & survivor4 ,,vii4--,,dialogic4 ,if ! age ( iron & brass be h>d ^u u1 fa/ weld+ its fett]s & *a9s ab\t our =eheads & limbs1 "h1 too1 is ! ,prome!an fire ( ?\ght to lib]ate lett]s1 sci5ce1 art1 philosophy1 us+ ! new ag5cies let loose by ! ,ddalus ( me*anic inv5tion & discov]y1 9 ! s]vice ( ! s\l1 z ( ! s5ses4 ,hav+ recov]$ ! omnipres5ce 9 nature1 grad$ space1 tunnell$ ! abyss1 jo9$ ocean & l& by liv+ wires1 /ol5 ! *emi/ry ( atom & sol> ray1 made light our pa9t]1 ! lightn+ our runn]1 ?\ght is pu%+ its inquiries into ! unexplor$ regions ( man's p]sonality1 = ^: survey & s]vice e mod]n in/rum5t l5ds ! outlay & means--facilities ample & unprec$5t$--new in/rum5ts = ! new discov]]s4 ,us+ no long] cont5t$ly ! eyes ( a toil+ circuit\s logic1 ! g5ius takes ! track ( ! creative ?\ght1 intuitively1 cosmically1 ontologically4 ,a subtl] analysis is f9ely dissem9at$1 a broad] syn!sis accurately g5]aliz$ f ! mat]ials accumulat$ on ! m9d dur+ ! c5turies1 ! globe's cont5ts be+ ga!r$ 9 f all qu>t]s3 ! book ( creation1 newly illu/rat$ & po/$ to date4 ,! new ,calculus is ours3 an organon alike s]viceable to naturali/ & metaphysician3 a ,dialogic = resolv+ ?+s into ?\ghts1 matt] into m9d1 p[] into p]sonality1 man into ,god1 _m into "o2 s\l 9 s\ls se5 z ! creative controll+ _s1 pulsat+ 9 all bodies1 inspir+1 animat+1 organiz+1 imman5t 9 ! atoms1 circulat+ at c5tre & circumf]5ce1 will+ 9 all wills1 p]sonally embosom+ all p]sons an unbrok5 syn!sis ( ,be+4 ,footnote #aa3 8,_h man )/ood ! trial1 8 desc5dants w\ld h be5 born "o f ano!r 9 ! same way t ,adam--i4 e4 mank9d--01 namely1 9 ! image ( ,god2 = t :i* proce$s f ! ,et]nal has et]nal mann] ( bir?40--,behm54 ,footnote #ab3 8,x is a mis]able ?+ to h be5 happy2 & a self-contract$ wret*$ness is a d\ble "o4 ,_h felicity always be5 a /rang] to humanity1 our pres5t mis]y _h be5 none2 & _h n ourselves be5 ! au?ors ( our ru9s1 less4 ,we might h be5 made unhappy1 b1 s9ce we are mis]able1 we *ose x4 ,he t gave our outw>d enjoym5ts might h tak5 !m f u1 b none c\ld h robb$ u ( innoc5ce b ourselves4 ,:ile man knew no s91 he 0 ignorant ( no?+ t x import$ humanity to "k2 b :5 he _h s9n$1 ! same transgression t op5$ 8 eyes to see 8 own %ame1 %ut !m aga9/ mo/ ?+s else b x & ! newly pur*as$ mis]y4 ,) ! nak$ness ( 8 body1 he saw t ( 8 s\l1 & ! bl9dness & dismay ( 8 faculties to :i* 8 =m] innoc5ce 0 a /rang]1 & t :i* %[$ !m to him made !m4 ,we are n n[ l ! creatures we 7 made1 hav+ n only lo/ our ,mak]'s image b our own2 & d n mu* m transc5d ! creatures plac$ at our feet1 ?an we come %ort ( our anci5t selves40--,glanvill4 ,footnote #ac3 8,i ma9ta9 t ! diff]5t types ( ! human family h an indep5d5t orig91 "o f ! o!r1 & are n desc5d$ f common ance/ors4 ,9 fact1 ,i believe t m5 7 creat$ 9 nations1 n 9 individuals2 b n 9 nations 9 ! pres5t s5se ( ! ^w2 on ! contr>y1 9 su* cr[ds z exhibit$ slight1 if any1 div]sity among !mselves1 except t ( sex40--,agassiz4 ,footnote #ad3 8,?\ ha/ possess$ my re9s1 ?\ ha/ cov]$ me 9 my "m's womb4 ,my sub/ance 0 n hid f !e :5 ,i 0 made 9 a secret place1 & !re curi\sly wr\ght z 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! e>?3 !re ?9e eyes did see my sub/ance yet be+ imp]fect3 & 9 ?y ,book 7 all my memb]s writt51 :i* 9 cont9uance 7 fa%ion$ :5 z yet !re 0 none ( !m40--,,psalm cxxxix3 #ac1 #ae1 #af4 ,footnote #ae3 8,man fe$s ^u air1 ! plant collect+ ! mat]ials f ! atmosph]e & comp\nd+ !m = 8 food4 ,ev5 life itself1 z we "k x1 is b a process ( combu/ion1 ( :i* decomposition is ! f9al conclusion2 ?r\gh ?is combu/ion all ! con/itu5ts return back into air1 a few a%es rema9+ to ! e>? f :5ce !y came4 ,b f ^! emb]s1 sl[ly invisible flames1 arise into regions :]e our sci5ce has no long] any value40--,s*leid54 ,,analysis ,,( ,,hegel',s ,,/hetics4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,*4 ,,b5>d1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,,m>tl+4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,sy/em ( ! ,p>ticul> ,arts4 ,"u ! head ( 8,sy/em ( ! ,p>ticul> ,arts10 ,hegel sets =?1 9 ?is ?ird "p1 ! !ory ( ea* ( ! arts--,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 ,pa9t+1 ,music & ,poetry4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! division ( ! arts1 he glances at ! diff]5t /yles :i* di/+ui% ! diff]5t epo*s ( _! developm5t4 ,he r$uces !m to ?ree /yles3 ! simple or sev]e1 ! ideal or beautiful1 & ! graceful4 #a4 ,at fir/ ! simple & natural /yle pres5ts itself to u1 b x is n ! truly natural or true simplicity4 ,t supposes a previ\s p]fection4 ,primitive simplicity is gross1 confus$1 rigid1 inanimate4 ,art 9 its infancy is heavy & trifl+1 de/itute ( life & lib]ty1 )\t expression1 or ) an exagg]at$ vivacity4 ,/ill h>% & rude 9 its comm5cem5ts1 x becomes by degrees ma/] ( =m1 & le>ns to unite x intimately ) cont5t4 ,x arrives ?us at a sev]e beauty4 ,?is /yle is ! ,beautiful 9 its l(ty simplicity4 ,x is re/rict$ to reproduc+ a subject ) its ess5tial traits4 ,disda9+ grace & ornam5t1 x cont5ts itself ) ! g5]al & gr& expression :i* spr+s f ! subject1 )\t ! arti/'s exhibit+ himself & reveal+ 8 p]sonality 9 x4 #b4 ,next 9 ord] comes ! beautiful /yle1 ! ideal & pure /yle1 :i* holds ! mean betwe5 simple expression & a m>k$ t5d5cy to ! graceful4 ,its "* is vitality1 comb9$ ) a calm & beautiful gr&eur4 ,grace is n want+1 b !re is r a natural c>elessness1 a simple complac5cy1 ?an ! desire to please--a beauty indiff]5t to ! ext]ior *>ms :i* blossom ( !mselves ^u ! surface4 ,su* is ! ideal ( ! beautiful /yle--! /yle ( ,phidias & ,hom]4 ,x is ! culm9at+ po9t ( art4 #c4 ,b ?is movem5t is %ort4 ,! ideal /yle passes quickly to ! graceful1 to ! agreeable4 ,"h appe>s an aim diff]5t f t ( ! realization ( ! beautiful1 :i* pure art ought to propose to itself1 to wit3 ! int5tion ( pleas+1 ( produc+ an impression on ! s\l4 ,h5ce arise works ( a /yle elaborate ) art1 & a c]ta9 seek+ = ext]nal embelli%m5ts4 ,! subject is no m ! pr9cipal ?+4 ,! att5tion ( ! arti/ is di/ract$ by ornam5ts & accessories--by ! decorations1 ! trimm+s1 ! simp]+ airs1 ! attitudes & graceful po/ures1 or ! vivid colors & ! attractive =ms1 ! luxury ( ornam5ts & drap]ies1 ! le>n$ mak+ ( v]se4 ,b ! g5]al effect rema9s )\t gr&eur & )\t nobl5ess4 ,beautiful proportions & gr& masses give place to mod]ate dim5sions1 or are mask$ ) ornam5ts4 ,! graceful /yle begets ! /yle = effect1 :i* is an exagg]ation ( x4 ,! art !n becomes altoge!r conspicu\s2 x calls ! att5tion ( ! spectator by ev]y?+ t c /rike ! s5ses4 ,! arti/ surr5d]s to x 8 p]sonal ends & 8 design4 ,9 ?is species ( tte--tte ) ! public1 !re is betray$ ?r\gh all1 ! desire ( exhibit+ 8 wit1 ( attract+ admiration = 8 ability1 8 skill1 8 p[] ( execution4 ,?is art--)\t naturalness1 full ( coquetry1 ( artifice & affectation1 ! opposite ( ! sev]e /yle :i* yields no?+ to ! public--is ! /yle ( ! epo*s ( decad5ce4 ,frequ5tly x has rec\rse to a la/ artifice1 to ! affectation ( pr(undity & ( simplicity1 :i* is !n only obscurity1 a my/]i\s pr(undity :i* conceals an abs5ce ( ideas & a real impot5ce4 ,?is air ( my/]y1 :i* p>ades itself1 is 9 its turn1 h>dly bett] ?an coquetry2 ! pr9ciple is ! same--! desire ( produc+ an effect4 ,! au?or !n passes to ! ,division ( ! ,arts4 ,! common me?od classes !m accord+ to _! means ( repres5tation1 & ! s5ses to :i* !y are address$4 ,two s5ses only are affect$ by ! p]ception ( ! beautiful3 sight1 :i* p]ceives =ms & colors1 & he>+1 :i* p]ceives s\nds4 ,h5ce ! division into arts ( design & musical art4 ,poetry1 :i* employs spee*1 & addresses itself to ! imag9ation1 =ms a doma9 ap>t4 ,)\t disc>d+ ?is division1 ,hegel comb9es x ) ano!r m philosophical pr9ciple ( classification1 & "o :i* is tak5 no long] f ! ext]nal means ( art1 b f _! int]nal relation to ! v cont5t ( ! ideas :i* x is to repres5t4 ,art has = object ! repres5tation ( ! ideal4 ,! arts ought !n to be class$ accord+ to ! measure 9 :i* !y are m or less capable ( express+ x4 ,?is gradation w h at ! same "t ! advantage ( correspond+ to hi/oric progress1 & to ! fundam5tal =ms ( art previ\sly /udi$4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 ! arts m>%al !mselves1 & succe$ "o ano!r1 to =m a regul> & complete sy/em1 ?us3 #a4 ,fir/ ,ar*itecture pres5ts itself4 ,?is art1 9 fact1 is incapable ( repres5t+ an idea o!rwise ?an 9 a vague1 indet]m9ate mann]4 ,x fa%ions ! masses ( inorganic nature1 accord+ to ! laws ( matt] & geometrical proportions2 x disposes !m ) regul>ity & symmetry 9 su* a mann] z to (f] to ! eyes an image :i* is a simple reflex ( ! _s1 a dumb symbol ( ! ?\ght4 ,ar*itecture is at ! same "t appropriat$ to ends :i* are =eign to x3 x is de/9$ to furni% a dwell+ = man & a temple = ,div9ity2 x mu/ %elt] "u its ro(1 9 its enclosure1 ! o!r arts1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 sculpture & pa9t+4 ,= ^! reasons ar*itecture %\ld1 hi/orically & logically1 be plac$ fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( ! arts4 #b4 ,9 a high] rank is ,sculpture1 :i* already exhibits _s "u c]ta9 det]m9ate traits4 ,its object1 9 fact1 is _s individualiz$1 reveal$ by ! human =m & its liv+ organism4 ,"u ?is visible appe>ance1 by ! features ( ! c\nt5ance1 & ! proportions ( ! body1 x expresses ideal beauty1 div9e calmness1 s]5ity--9 a ^w1 ! classic ideal4 #c4 ,al?\gh reta9$ 9 ! _w ( visible =ms1 ,pa9t+ (f]s a high] degree ( spirituality4 ,to =m1 x adds ! diff]5t phases ( visible appe>ance1 ! illusions ( p]spective1 color1 light & %ades1 & !reby x becomes capable1 n only ( reproduc+ ! v>i\s pictures ( nature1 b also ( express+ ^u canvas ! mo/ pr(\nd s5tim5ts ( ! human s\l1 & all ! sc5es ( e?ical life4 #d4 ,b1 z an expression ( s5tim5t1 ,music /ill surpasses pa9t+4 ,:at x expresses is ! s\l itself1 9 its mo/ intimate & pr(\nd relations2 & ?is by a s5su\s ph5om5on1 equally invisible1 in/antane\s1 intangible--s\nd--sonor\s vibrations1 :i* res\nd 9 ! abysses ( ! s\l1 & agitate x ?r\gh\t4 #e4 ,all ^! arts culm9ate 9 ,poetry1 :i* includes !m & surpasses !m1 & ^: sup]iority is due to its mode ( expression--spee*4 ,x alone is capable ( express+ all ideas1 all s5tim5ts1 all passions1 ! highe/ conceptions ( ! intellig5ce1 & ! mo/ fugitive impressions ( ! s\l4 ,to x alone is giv5 to repres5t an action 9 its complete developm5t & 9 all its phases4 ,x is ! univ]sal art--its doma9 is unlimit$4 ,h5ce x is divid$ into _m species1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are epic1 lyric & dramatic poetry4 ,^! five arts =m ! complete & organiz$ sy/em ( ! arts4 ,o!rs1 su* z ! art ( g>d5+1 danc+1 engrav+1 etc41 are only accessories1 & m or less connect$ ) ! prec$+4 ,!y h n ! "r to occupy a di/9ct place 9 a g5]al !ory2 !y w\ld only introduce confusion1 & disfigure ! fundam5tal type :i* is peculi> to ea* ( !m4 ,su* is ! division adopt$ by ,hegel4 ,he comb9es x1 at ! same "t1 ) 8 g5]al division ( ! =ms ( ! hi/oric developm5t ( art4 ,?us ar*itecture appe>s to him to correspond m p>ticul>ly to ! symbolic type2 sculpture is ! classic art1 p> excell5ce2 pa9t+ & music fill ! category ( ! romantic arts4 ,poetry1 z art univ]sal1 belongs to all epo*s4 ,i4 ,,ar*itecture4--,9 ! /udy ( ar*itecture1 ,hegel foll[s a purely hi/oric me?od4 ,he limits himself to describ+ & *>act]iz+ its pr9cipal =ms 9 ! diff]5t epo*s ( hi/ory4 ,?is art1 9 fact1 l5ds itself to an ab/ract !ory less ?an ! o!rs4 ,!re are "h few pr9ciples to e/abli%2 & :5 we dep>t f g5]alities1 we ent] into ! doma9 ( ma!matical laws1 or into ! te*nical applications1 =eign to pure sci5ce4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 only to det]m9e ! s5se & ! "* ( its monum5ts1 9 _! relation to ! _s ( ! p1 & ! epo*s to :i* !y belong4 ,x is to ?is po9t ( view t ! au?or has devot$ himself4 ,! division :i* he adopts on ?is subject1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he expla9s x1 are z foll[s3 ,! object ( ar*itecture1 indep5d5t ( ! positive design & ! use to :i* its monum5ts are appropriat$1 is to express a g5]al ?\ght1 by =ms borr[$ f inorganic nature1 by masses fa%ion$ & dispos$ accord+ to ! laws ( geometry & me*anics4 ,b :atev] may be ! ideas & ! impressions :i* ! appe>ance ( an edifice produces1 x nev] furni%es o!r ?an an obscure & enigmatic emblem4 ,! ?\ght is vaguely repres5t$ by ^? mat]ial =ms :i* _s itself does n animate4 ,if su* is ! nature ( ?is art1 x foll[s t1 ess5tially symbolic1 x mu/ pr$om9ate 9 t fir/ epo* ( hi/ory :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! symbolic "* ( its monum5ts4 ,x mu/ %[ itself !re fre]1 m indep5d5t ( practical utility1 n subord9at$ to a =eign end4 ,its ess5tial object ought to be to express ideas1 to pres5t emblems1 to symbolize ! beliefs ( ^? peoples1 incapable z !y are ( o!rwise express+ !m4 ,x is ! prop] language ( su* an epo*--a language enigmatic & my/]i\s2 x indicates ! ef=t ( ! imag9ation to repres5t ideas1 /ill vague4 ,its monum5ts are problems propos$ to future ages1 & :i* z yet are b imp]fectly compreh5d$4 ,su* is ! "* ( ori5tal ar*itecture4 ,!re ! end is valueless or accessory2 ! symbolic expression is ! pr9cipal object4 ,ar*itecture is indep5d5t1 & sculpture is conf\nd$ ) x4 ,! monum5ts ( ,greek & ,roman ar*itecture pres5t a :olly diff]5t "*4 ,"h1 ! aim ( utility appe>s cle>ly di/9ct f expression4 ,! purpose1 ! design ( ! monum5t comes out 9 an evid5t mann]4 ,x is a dwell+1 a %elt]1 a temple1 etc4 ,sculpture1 = its "p1 is deta*$ f ar*itecture1 & assigns its end to x4 ,! image ( ! god1 enclos$ 9 ! temple1 is ! pr9cipal object4 ,! temple is only a %elt]1 an ext]nal att5dant4 ,its =ms are regulat$ accord+ to ! laws ( numb]s1 & ! proportions ( a le>n$ eury?my2 b its true ornam5ts are furni%$ to x by sculpture4 ,ar*itecture ceases !n to be indep5d5t & symbolic2 x becomes dep5d5t1 subord9at$ to a positive end4 ,z to ,*ri/ian ar*itecture or t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 x pres5ts ! union ( ! two prec$+ *>act]i/ics4 ,x is at once devot$ to a useful end1 & em95tly expressive or symbolic--dep5d5t & indep5d5t4 ,! temple is ! h\se ( ,god2 x is devot$ to ! uses & c]emonies ( wor%ip1 & %[s ?r\gh\t its design 9 its =ms2 b at ! same "t ^! symbolize admirably ! ,*ri/ian idea4 ,?us ! symbolic1 classic & romantic =ms1 borr[$ f hi/ory1 & :i* m>k ! :ole developm5t ( art1 s]ve = ! division & classification ( ! =ms ( ar*itecture4 ,?is be+ especially ! art :i* is ex]cis$ 9 ! doma9 ( matt]1 ! ess5tial po9t to be di/+ui%$ is :e!r ! monum5t :i* is address$ to ! eyes includes 9 itself its own mean+1 or :e!r x is consid]$ z a means to a =eign end1 or f9ally :e!r1 al?\gh 9 ! s]vice ( a =eign end1 x pres]ves its indep5d5ce4 ,! basis ( ! division be+ ?us plac$1 ,hegel ju/ifies x by describ+ ! *>act]s ( ! monum5ts belong+ to ^! ?ree epo*s4 ,all ?is descriptive "p c n be analyz$3 we are oblig$ to limit ourselves to secur+ a compreh5sion ( ! g5]al features1 & to not+ ! mo/ rem>kable po9ts4 7a7 ,s9ce ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( symbolic ar*itecture is ! expression ( a g5]al ?\ght1 )\t o!r end ?an ! repres5tation ( x1 ! int]e/ 9 its monum5ts is less 9 _! positive design ?an 9 ! religi\s conceptions ( ! p1 :o1 n hav+ o!r means ( expression1 h embodi$ _! ?\ght1 /ill vague & confus$1 9 ^! gigantic masses & ^! colossal images4 ,entire nations "k n h[ o!rwise to express _! religi\s beliefs4 ,h5ce ! symbolic "* ( ! /ructures ( ! ,babylonians1 ! ,indians & ! ,egyptians1 ( ^? works :i* absorb$ ! life ( ^? peoples1 & ^: mean+ we seek to expla9 to ourselves4 ,x is difficult to foll[ a regul> ord] 9 ! abs5ce ( *ronology1 :5 we review ! multiplicity ( ideas & =ms :i* ^! monum5ts & ^! symbols pres5t4 ,hegel ?9ks1 nev]!less1 t he is able to e/abli% ! foll[+ gradations3 ,9 ! fir/ rank are ! simple/ monum5ts1 su* z seem only design$ to s]ve z a bond ( union to entire nations1 or to diff]5t nations4 ,su* gigantic /ructures z ! t[] ( ,belus or ,babylon1 ^u ! %ores ( ! ,euphrates1 pres5t ! image ( ! union ( ! peoples be=e _! disp]sion4 ,community ( toil & ef=t is ! aim & ! v idea ( ! "w2 x is ! common "w ( _! unit$ ef=ts1 ! symbol ( ! dissolution ( ! primitive family & ( ! =mation ( a va/] society4 ,9 a rank m elevat$1 appe> ! monum5ts ( a m det]m9$ "*1 :]e is noticeable a m+l+ ( ar*itecture & sculpture1 al?\gh !y belong to ! =m]4 ,su* are ^? symbols :i*1 9 ! ,ea/1 repres5t ! g5]ative =ce ( nature2 ! phallus & ! l+am scatt]$ 9 s great numb]s ?r\gh\t ,phrygia & ,syria1 & ( :i* ,india is ! pr9cipal seat2 9 ,egypt1 ! obelisks1 :i* d]ive _! symbolic significance f ! rays ( ! sun2 ! ,memnons1 colossal /atues :i* also repres5t ! sun & 8 b5efic5t influ5ce ^u nature2 ! sph9xes1 :i* "o f9ds 9 ,egypt 9 prodigi\s numb]s & ( a/oni%+ size1 rang$ 9 r[s 9 ! =m ( av5ues4 ,^! monum5ts1 ( an impos+ sculpture1 are gr\p$ 9 masses1 surr\nd$ by walls s z to =m build+s4 ,!y pres5t1 9 a /rik+ mann]1 ! tw(old "* indicat$ above3 free f all positive design1 !y are1 above all1 symbols2 aft]w>d1 sculpture is conf\nd$ ) ar*itecture4 ,!y are /ructures )\t ro(1 )\t doors1 )\t aisles1 frequ5tly =e/s ( colums :]e ! eye loses itself4 ,! eye passes ov] objects :i* are !re = _! own sake1 design$ only to /rike ! imag9ation by _! colossal aspect & _! enigmatic s5se1 n to s]ve z a dwell+ = a god1 & z a place ( assemblage = 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,_! ord] & _! disposition alone pres]ve = !m an ar*itectural "*4 ,y walk on into ! mid/ ( ^? human works1 mute symbols :i* rem9d y ( div9e ?+s2 y\r eyes are ev]y:]e /ruck ) ! aspect ( ^? =ms & ^? extraord9>y figures1 ( ^? walls bespr9kl$ ) hi]oglyphics1 books ( /one1 z x 71 leaves ( a my/]i\s book4 ,ev]y?+ !re is symbolically det]m9$--! proportions1 ! di/ances1 ! numb] ( columns1 etc4 ,! ,egyptians1 9 p>ticul>1 consecrat$ _! lives to con/ruct+ & build+ ^! monum5ts1 by in/9ct1 z a sw>m ( bees builds its hive4 ,?is 0 ! :ole life ( ! p4 ,x plac$ !re all its ?\ght1 = x c\ld no o!rwise express x4 ,nev]!less1 t ar*itecture1 9 "o po9t1 by its *amb]s & its halls1 its tombs1 beg9s to approa* ! foll[+ class1 :i* exhibits a m positive design1 & ( :i* ! type is a h\se4 ,a ?ird rank m>ks ! transition ( symbolic to classic ar*itecture4 ,ar*itecture already pres5ts a "* ( utility1 ( con=mity to an end4 ,! monum5t has a precise design2 x s]ves = a p>ticul> use tak5 aside f ! symbolic s5se4 ,x is a temple or a tomb4 ,su*1 9 ! fir/ place1 is ! subt]ranean ar*itecture ( ! ,indians1 ^? va/ excavations :i* are also temples1 species ( subt]ranean ca!drals1 ! cav]ns ( ,mi?ra1 likewise fill$ ) symbolic sculpture4 ,b ?is transition is bett] *>act]iz$ by ! d\ble ar*itecture1 7subt]ranean & above gr\nd7 ( ! ,egyptians1 :i* is connect$ ) _! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,an individual be+1 :o has 8 significance & 8 prop] value2 ! dead "o1 di/9ct f 8 habitation :i* s]ves him only = cov]+ & %elt]1 resides 9 ! int]ior4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ^! tombs are ! pyramids1 species ( cry/als1 envelopes ( /one :i* enclose a k]nel1 an invisible be+1 & :i* s]ve = ! pres]vation ( ! bodies4 ,9 ?is conceal$ dead "o1 resides ! significance ( ! monum5t :i* is subord9ate to him4 ,"h1 !n1 ,ar*itecture ceases to be indep5d5t4 ,x divides itself into two elem5ts--! end & ! means2 x is ! means1 & x is subs]vi5t to an end4 ,fur!r1 sculpture sep>ates itself f x1 & obta9s a di/9ct (fice--t ( %ap+ ! image )91 & its accessories4 ,"h appe>s cle>ly ! special design ( ar*itecture1 con=mity to an end2 also x assumes inorganic & geometric =ms1 ! ab/ract1 ma!matical =m1 :i* befits x 9 p>ticul>4 ,! pyramid already exhibits ! design ( a h\se1 ! rectangul> =m4 7b7 ,classic ar*itecture has a two-fold po9t ( dep>ture--symbolic ar*itecture & necessity4 ,! adaptation ( p>ts to an end1 9 symbolic ar*itecture1 is accessory4 ,9 ! h\se1 on ! contr>y1 all is controll$1 f ! fir/1 by actual necessity & conv5i5ce4 ,n[ classic ar*itecture proce$s bo? f ! "o & f ! o!r pr9ciple1 f necessity & f art1 f ! useful & f ! beautiful1 :i* x comb9es 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]4 ,necessity produces regul> =ms1 "r angles1 plane surfaces4 ,b ! end is n simply ! satisfaction ( a physical necessity2 !re is also an idea1 a religi\s repres5tation1 a sacr$ image1 :i* x has to %elt] & surr\nd1 a wor%ip1 a religi\s c]emonial4 ,! temple ought !n1 l ! temple fa%ion$ by sculpture1 to spr+ f ! creative imag9ation ( ! arti/4 ,!re is necess>y a dwell+ = ! god1 fa%ion$ by art & accord+ to its laws4 ,?us1 :ile fall+ "u ! law ( con=mity to an end1 & ceas+ to be indep5d5t1 ar*itecture escapes f ! useful & submits to ! law ( ! beautiful2 or r1 ! beautiful & useful meet & comb9e !mselves 9 ! happie/ mann]4 ,symmetry1 eury?my1 organic =ms ! mo/ graceful1 ! mo/ ri*1 & ! mo/ v>i$1 jo9 !mselves z ornam5ts to ! ar*itectural =ms4 ,! two po9ts ( view are unit$ )\t be+ conf\nd$1 & =m an h>moni\s :ole2 !re w be1 at ! same "t1 a useful1 conv5i5t & beautiful ar*itecture4 ,:at be/ m>ks ! transition to ,greek ar*itecture1 is ! appe>ance ( ! column1 :i* is its type4 ,! column is a support4 ,!re9 is its useful & me*anical design2 x fulfils t design 9 ! mo/ simple & p]fect mann]1 because ) x ! p[] ( support is r$uc$ to its m9imum ( mat]ial means4 ,f ano!r side1 9 ord] to be adapt$ to its end & to beauty1 x mu/ give up its natural & primitive =m4 ,! beautiful column comes f a =m borr[$ f nature2 b c>v$1 %ap$1 x takes a regul> & geometric configuration4 ,9 ,egypt1 human figures s]ve z columns2 "h !y are replac$ by c>yatides4 ,b ! natural1 primitive =m is ! tree1 ! trunk1 ! flexible /ock1 :i* be>s its cr[n4 ,su*1 too1 appe>s ! ,egyptian column2 columns are se5 ris+ f ! vegetable k+dom 9 ! /alks ( ! lotus & o!r trees2 ! base resembles an onion4 ,! leaf %oots f ! root1 l t ( a re$1 & ! capital pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a fl[]4 ,! ma!matical & regul> =m is abs5t4 ,9 ! ,greek column1 on ! contr>y1 all is fa%ion$ accord+ to ! ma!matical laws ( regul>ity & proportion4 ,! beautiful column spr+s f a =m borr[$ f nature1 b fa%ion$ accord+ to ! arti/ic s5se4 ,?us ! *>act]i/ic ( classic ar*itecture1 z ( ar*itecture 9 g5]al1 is ! union ( beauty & utility4 ,its beauty consi/s 9 its regul>ity1 & al?\gh x s]ves a =eign end1 x con/itutes a :ole p]fect 9 itself2 x p]mits its ess5tial aim to look =? 9 all its p>ts1 & ?r\gh ! h>mony ( its relations1 x trans=ms ! useful into ! beautiful4 ,! "* ( classic ar*itecture be+ subord9ation to an end1 x is t end :i*1 )\t detrim5t to beauty1 gives to ! entire edifice its prop] signification1 & :i* becomes ?us ! pr9cipal regulator ( all its p>ts2 z x impresses itself on ! :ole1 & det]m9es its fundam5tal =m4 ,! fir/ ?+ z to a "w ( ?is sort1 !n1 is to "k :at is its purpose1 its design4 ,! g5]al purpose ( a ,grecian temple is to hold ! /atue ( a god4 ,b 9 its ext]ior1 ! "* ( ! temple relates to a diff]5t end1 & its _s is ! life ( ! ,greek p4 ,among ! ,greeks1 op5 /ructures1 colonnades & porticoes1 h z object ! prom5ade 9 ! op5 air1 conv]sation1 public life "u a pure sky4 ,likewise ! dwell+s ( private p]sons are insignificant4 ,among ! ,romans1 on ! contr>y1 ^: national ar*itecture has a m positive end 9 utility1 appe>s lat] ! luxury ( private h\ses1 palaces1 villas1 !atres1 circuses1 amphi!atres1 aqu$ucts & f\nta9s4 ,b ! pr9cipal edifice is t ^: end is mo/ remote f ! wants ( mat]ial life2 x is ! temple design$ to s]ve z a %elt] to a div9e object1 :i* already belongs to ! f9e arts--to ! /atue ( a god4 ,al?\gh devot$ to a det]m9ate end1 ?is ar*itecture is none ! less free f x1 9 ! s5se1 t x dis5gages itself f organic =ms2 x is m free ev5 ?an sculpture1 :i* is oblig$ to reproduce !m2 x inv5ts its plan1 ! g5]al configuration1 & x displays 9 ext]nal =ms all ! ri*ness ( ! imag9ation2 x has no o!r laws ?an ^? ( good ta/e & h>mony2 x labors )\t a direct model4 ,nev]!less1 x works )9 a limit$ doma91 t ( ma!matical figures1 & x is subject$ to ! laws ( me*anics4 ,"h mu/ be pres]v$1 fir/ ( all1 ! relations betwe5 ! wid?1 ! l5g?1 ! height ( ! edifice2 ! exact proportions ( ! columns accord+ to _! ?ickness1 ! weight to be support$1 ! int]vals1 ! numb] ( columns1 ! /yle1 ! simplicity ( ! ornam5ts4 ,x is ?is :i* gives to ! !ory ( ?is art1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ?is =m ( ar*itecture1 ! "* ( dryness & ab/raction4 ,b !re dom9ates ?r\gh\t1 a natural eury?my1 :i* _! p]fectly accurate s5se enabl$ ! ,greeks to f9d & fix z ! measure & rule ( ! beautiful4 ,we w n foll[ ! au?or 9 ! description :i* he gives ( ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( ar*itectural =ms2 we w omit also "s o!r int]e/+ details ^u build+ 9 wood or 9 /one z ! primitive type1 ^u ! relation ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,greek temple4 ,9 "h foll[+ ,vitruvius1 ! au?or has be5 able to add "s discrim9at+ & judici\s rem>ks4 ,:at he says1 9 p>ticul>1 ( ! column1 ( its proportions & ( its design1 ( ! int]nal unity ( ! diff]5t p>ts & ( _! effects z a :ole1 adds to :at is already kn[n a philosophical explication :i* satisfies ! reason4 ,we rem>k1 especially1 ?is passage1 :i* sums up ! g5]al "* ( ! ,greek temple3 8,9 g5]al1 ! ,greek temple pres5ts an aspect :i* satisfies ! vision1 &1 s to speak1 surfeits x4 ,no?+ is v elevat$1 x is regul>ly ext5d$ 9 l5g? & bread?4 ,! eye f9ds itself allur$ by ! s5se ( ext5t1 :ile ,go?ic ar*itecture m\nts ev5 beyond measurem5t1 & %oots upw>d to heav54 ,besides1 ! ornam5ts are s manag$ t !y d n m> ! g5]al expression ( simplicity4 ,9 ?is1 ! anci5ts obs]ve ! mo/ beautiful mod]ation40 ,! connection ( _! ar*itecture ) ! g5ius1 ! _s1 & ! life ( ! ,greek p1 is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,9 place ( ! spectacle ( an assemblage unit$ = a s+le end1 all appe>s direct$ t[>ds ! ext]ior1 & pres5ts u ! image ( an animat$ prom5ade4 ,!re m5 :o h leisure ab&on !mselves to conv]sations )\t end1 :]e9 rule gayety & s]5ity4 ,! :ole expression ( su* a temple rema9s truly simple & gr& 9 itself1 b x has at ! same "t an air ( s]5ity1 some?+ op5 & graceful40 ,?is prep>es & conducts u to ano!r k9d ( ar*itecture1 :i* pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to ! prec$+ ,*ri/ian or ,go?ic ar*itecture4 7c7 ,we %all n fur!r attempt to reproduce1 ev5 9 its pr9cipal features1 ! description :i* ,hegel gives1 9 "s pages1 ( ,romantic or ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,! au?or has propos$ to himself1 z object1 9 ! fir/ place1 to comp>e ! two k9ds ( ar*itecture1 ! ,greek & ! ,*ri/ian1 !n to secure ! appreh5sion ( ! relation ( ?is =m ( ar*itecture to ! ,*ri/ian idea4 ,?is is :at con/itutes ! peculi> int]e/ ( ?is rem>kable sket*1 :i*1 by its vigor & sev]ity ( design1 pres]ves its di/9ctive m]it :5 comp>$ ) all descriptions t h be5 made ( ! ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 accord+ to ,hegel1 unites1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! opposite *>act]s ( ! two prec$+ k9ds4 ,not)/&+1 ?is union does n consi/ 9 ! simple fusion ( ! ar*itectural =ms ( ! ,ea/ & ( ,greece4 ,"h1 /ill m ?an 9 ! ,greek temple1 ! h\se furni%es ! fundam5tal type4 ,an ar*itectural edifice :i* is ! h\se ( ,god1 %[s itself p]fectly 9 con=mity ) its design & adapt$ to wor%ip2 b ! monum5t is also !re = its own sake1 indep5d5t1 absolute4 ,ext]nally1 ! edifice asc5ds1 %oots freely into ! air4 ,! con=mity to ! end1 al?\gh x pres5ts itself to ! eyes1 is !re=e effac$1 & leaves to ! :ole ! appe>ance ( an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! monum5t has a det]m9ate s5se1 & %[s x2 b1 9 its gr& aspect & its sublime calm1 x is lift$ above all end 9 utility1 to some?+ inf9ite 9 itself4 ,if we exam9e ! relation ( ?is ar*itecture to ! inn] _s & ! idea ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 we rem>k1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! fundam5tal =m is "h ! h\se :olly clos$4 ,j z1 9 fact1 ! ,*ri/ian _s )draws itself into ! int]ior ( ! consci5ce1 j s ! *ur* is an enclosure1 seal$ on all sides1 ! place ( m$itation & sil5ce4 8,x is ! place ( ! reflection ( ! s\l into itself1 :i* ?us %uts itself up mat]ially 9 space4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if1 9 ,*ri/ian m$itation1 ! s\l )draws into itself1 x is1 at ! same "t1 lift$ above ! f9ite1 & ?is equally det]m9es ! "* ( ! h\se ( ,god4 ,ar*itecture takes1 !n1 = its indep5d5t signification1 elevation t[>ds ! inf9ite1 a "* :i* x expresses by ! proportions ( its ar*itectural =ms40 ,^! two traits1 dep? ( self-exam9ation & elevation ( ! s\l t[>ds ! inf9ite1 expla9 completely ! ,go?ic ar*itecture & its pr9cipal =ms4 ,!y furni% also ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ,go?ic & ,greek ar*itecture4 ,! impression :i* ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ought to produce 9 contra/ ) ?is op5 & s]5e aspect ( ! ,greek temple1 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! calmness ( ! s\l :i* reflects into itself1 !n t ( a sublime maje/y :i* %oots beyond ! conf9es ( s5se4 ,greek edifices ext5d horizontally2 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* %\ld lift itself f ! gr\nd & %oot into ! air4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic :i* ! h\se ( ,god pres5ts1 9 its :ole & its p>ts1 is1 !n1 ! free flight1 ! %oot+ 9 po9ts =m$ ei!r by brok5 ar*es or by "r l9es4 ,9 ,greek ar*itecture1 exact proportion betwe5 support & height is ev]y:]e obs]v$4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 ! op]ation ( support+ & ! disposition at a "r angle--! mo/ conv5i5t = ?is end--disappe>s or is effac$4 ,! walls & ! column %oot )\t m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 :at supports & :at is support$1 & meet 9 an acute angle4 ,h5ce ! acute triangle & ! ogee1 :i* =m ! *>act]i/ic traits ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,we are n able to foll[ ! au?or 9 ! detail$ explication ( ! diff]5t =ms & ! div]s p>ts ( ! ,go?ic edifice1 & ( its total /ructure4 ,,! ,,metaphysics ,,( ,,mat]ialism4 ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,,br9ton4 ,ubi tres physici1 ibi duo a!i1--! prov]b is some?+ mu/y4 ,natural sci5ce is & always has be5 mat]iali/ic4 ,! explanation is simple4 ,!re is z great antagonism betwe5 *emical rese>* & metaphysical speculation1 z !re is betwe5 :at 8,y\?ful poets dream1 ,on summ]'s eve by haunt$ /ream10 & book-keep+ by d\ble entry1 & no?+ is m cu/om>y ?an to d5y :at we d n und]/&4 ,( late ye>s ?is sci5tific mat]ialism has be5 mak+ gigantic /rides4 ,s9ce ! impos+ fabric ( ! ,hegelian philosophy prov$ b a h\se built on s&s1 ! scales & metre h become our only gods4 ,g]many--my/ic1 metaphysical ,g]many--/range to say1 leads ! van 9 ?is crusade aga9/ all fai? & all idealism4 ,vogt1 ! geologi/1 ,moles*ott1 ! physiologi/1 ,vir*[1 ! greate/ ( all liv+ hi/ologi/s1 ,b*n]1 ,ti$emann1 ,reu*l91 ,meldeg1 & _m o!rs1 n only hold ^! op9ions1 b h left ! seclusion ( ! laboratory & ! cl9ic to ent] ! ar5a ( polemics 9 _! favor4 ,we d n m5tion ! ,fr5* & ,engli% advocates ( 8positive philosophy40 ,_! "n is ,legion4 ,x is n our design to ent] at all at l>ge into ^! views1 /ill less to dispute !m1 b m]ely to give ! late/ & mo/ approv$ def5ce ( a s+le po9t ( _! position1 a po9t :i* we submit is ! k]nel ( ! :ole controv]sy1 & :i* we believe to be ! v ,a*illes heel & crack 9 ! armor ( _! panoply ( argum5t--t is1 ! ,!ory ( ! ,absolute4 ,demon/rate ! possibility ( ! ,absolute1 & mat]ialism is impossible2 disprove x1 & all o!r philosophies are empty no?+s1--vox et prt]ea nihil4 ,"h1 & only "h1 is mat]ialism br\ght face to face ) metaphysics2 "h is ! combat l'outrance 9 :i* "o or ! o!r mu/ p]i%4 ,no "o ( its apo/les has accept$ ! pr(f]$ glaive m he>tily1 & def5d$ 8 position ) m w>y dext]ity1 ?an ,moles*ott1 & x is ma9ly f 8 "w1 entitl$ ,d] ,kreislauf des ,leb5s1 t we illu/rate ! pres5t metaphysics ( mat]ialism4 ,our fir/ "q is1 ,:at is ! te/ ( tru?1 :at sanctions a law8 ,until ?is is answ]$1 all ass]tion is absurd1 & until x is answ]$ correctly1 all philosophy is va94 ,! response ( ! naturali/ is3 8,! necess>y sequ5ce ( cause & effect is ! prime law ( ! exp]im5tali/--a law :i* he does n ask f revelation1 b w f9d out = himself by obs]vation40 ,! s\rce ( tru? is s5sation2 ! uni=m result ( manifold exp]i5ce is a law4 ,"h a d\ble objection arises3 fir/1 t ! t]m 8a necess>y sequ5ce0 presupposes a law1 & begs ! "q at issue2 &1 secondly1 t1 ?is necessity unprov$1 su* tru? is no?+ m ?an a probability1 = x is impossible to be c]ta9 t our next exp]im5t may n h q a diff]5t result4 ,ei!r ?is is n ! road to absolute tru?1 or absolute tru? is unatta9able4 ,! latt] horn ( ! dilemma is at once accept$2 we nei!r "k1 nor c "k1 a law to be absolute2 to u1 ! absolute does n exi/4 ,matt] & =ce ) _! relations are !re1 b :at we "k ( !m is a v>y+ quantity1 is ( ?is age or ! la/1 ( ?is man or t1 dep5d5t ^u ! ext5t & accuracy ( empirical sci5ce2 we _c speak ( :at we d n "k1 & we "k no law t conceivable exp]i5ce might n contradict4 ,b h[1 objects ! read]1 c ?is be reconcil$ ) ! pure ma!matics8 ,"h seem to be laws above exp]i5ce1 laws admitt+ no exception4 ,! response leads u back to ! orig9 ( our notions ( ,space & ,"t1 on ! ! =m] ( :i* ma!matics is f\nd$4 ,! supposition t !y are innate ideas is ( c\rse reject$ by ! mat]iali/2 = he looks ^u innate ideas z fables2 he consid]s !m p]ceptions d]iv$ positively f ! s5ses1 b !y d n belong to ! s5ses alone1 nor are !y p]ceptions m]ely2 8!y are ideas1 b ideas t )\t ! s5su\s p]ceptions ( proximity & sequ5ce c\ld nev] h aris54 ,nay1 m--! p]ception ( space mu/ prec$e t ( "t10 = x is only ?r\gh ! =m] t we c rea* ! latt]4 ,! pla9e/ laws ( space1 ^? :i* 7 ! e>lie/ impressions on ! tabula rasa ( ! infant m9d1 & :i* ! h\rly exp]i5ce ( life v]ifies1 are call$1 by ! ma!matician1 axioms1 & on ^! simple/ g5]alizations ( our p]ceptions he bases ! :ole ( 8 /ructure4 ,axioms1 !re=e1 are ! uni=m results ( exp]im5ts1 ! possible conditions ( :i* are extremely limit$1 & ! factors ( :i* h be5 subject$ to all ^! conditions4 ,x foll[s f a d5ial ( ! absolute t all exi/5ce is concrete4 ,inde$1 we may say t ! corn] /one ( ! edifice ( mat]ialism is embrac$ 9 ! t]se s5t5ce ( ,moles*ott--all exi/5ce is exi/5ce ?r\gh attributes4 ,exi/5ce p] se 7,frsi*se97 is a mean+less t]m1 & sub/ance ap>t f attribute1 ! ens ineffabile1 is a p$antic figm5t & no?+ m4 ,f9ally1 !re c be no attribute except ?r\gh a relation4 ,let ?is trilogy ( exi/5ce1 attribute & relation1 be cle>ly be=e ! m9d1 & ! position t ! positive philosophy be>s to all o!rs becomes at once lum9\s en\gh4 ,!re is no exi/5ce ap>t f attributes1 no attributes b ?r\gh relations1 no relations b to o!r exi/5ces4 ,to exemplify3 a /one is heavy1 h>d1 color$1 p]haps bitt] to ! ta/e4 ,n[1 says ! ideali/1 ?is weight1 ?is h>dness1 ?is color1 ?is bitt]ness1 ^! are n ! /one1 !y are m]ely its prop]ties or attributes1 & ! /one itself is "s sub/ance beh9d !m all1 to :i* !y adh]e & :i* we _c detect ) our s5ses2 fur!r1 he might add1 if a mod]ate 9 8 s*ool1 ^! attributes are indep5d5tly exi/5t1 ! bitt]ness is !re :5 we are n ta/+ x1 & ! attribute ( color1 ?\gh !re be no light4 ,all ?is ! mat]iali/ d5ies4 ,to him1 ! attributes & no?+ else con/itute ! /one1 & ^! attributes h no exi/5ce ap>t f _! relations to o!r objects4 ,! bitt]ness exi/s only 9 relation to ! organs ( ta/e1 & ! color to ! organs ( sight1 & ! weight to o!r bodies ( matt]4 ,no?+1 9 %ort1 c be said to exi/ to u t is n cognizable by our s5ses4 ,b1 objects "s "o1 !re may be an exi/5ce :i* is n to u1 :i* is z mu* beyond our k5 z color is beyond ! conception ( ! born bl9d4 ,! expression 0 us$ advis$ly3 no su* exi/5ce c become ! subject ( rational language4 8,does n all k pr$icate a kn[]1 consequ5tly a relation ( ! subject to ! ! obs]v]8 ,su* a relation is an attribute4 ,)\t x1 k is inconceivable4 ,nei!r ,god nor man c raise himself above ! k furni%$ by ^! relations to 8 organs ( appreh5sion40 ,a disagreeable sequ5ce to ?is logic w n fail to occur to e "o4 ,if all k comes f ! organs ( s5se1 !n diff]5tly =m$ organs mu/ furni% v diff]5t & contradictory k1 & "o is z likely to be correct z ano!r4 ,! radiate animal1 :o sees ! _w ?r\gh a cornea alone1 mu/ h q ano!r notion ( light1 color1 & relative size1 f ! spid] ^: eye is provid$ ) l5ses & a vitre\s humor4 ,consonantly ) ! !ory1 ea* ( ^! probably oppos+ views is equally true4 ,?is ugly dilemma is =ese5 by our au?or1 = he grants t 8! k ( ! insect1 its k ( ! action ( ! out] _w1 is altoge!r a diff]5t "o f t ( man10 b he avoids ! ultimate result ( ?is reason+4 ,to sum up ! views ( ?is s*ool3 matt] is et]nal1 =ce is et]nal1 b ea* is impossible )\t ! o!r2 :at be>s any relation to our s5ses we ei!r "k or c "k2 :at does n1 x is absurd to discuss2 ! highe/ ?\ght is b ! physical elaboration ( s5sations1 or1 to use ! expression ( ,c>l ,vogt1 8?\ght is a secretion ( ! bra9 z ur9e is ( ! kidneys4 ,)\t phosphorus !re is no ?\ght40 8,& s10 concludes ,moles*ott1 8only :5 ?\ght is bas$ on fact1 only :5 ! reason is grant$ no sph]e ( action b ! hi/orical :i* arises f obs]vation1 :5 ! p]ception is at ! same "t ?\ght1 & ! und]/&+ sees ) consci\sness1 does ! contradiction betwe5 ,philosophy & ,sci5ce disappe>40 ,?is1 !n1 is ! la/ ^w ( mat]ialism1 ?is ! solution x n[ (f]s u ( ! great problem ( ,life4 ,we ent] no fur!r into its views1 = all collat]al que/ions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! ideas ( ! true1 ! good & ! beautiful1 ! vital =ce1 & ! spiritual life1 dep5d directly on ! "q we h above m5tion$4 ,let ! read] turn back precisely a c5tury to ! ,sy/me de la ,nature1 s long a boa/$ bulw>k ( ! rationali/ic s*ool1 & judge = himself :at advance1 if any1 mat]ialism has made 9 =tify+ ?is1 ! mo/ vital po9t ( h] /ructure4 ,let him ask himself anew :e!r ! criticism ( ,hume on ! law ( cause & effect c 9 any way be met except aft] ! example ( ,kant1 by ! assumption ( ! absolute idea1 & we h little d\bt :at conclusion he w arrive at 9 ref]5ce to t sy/em :i*1 :ile x boa/s to (f] ! only me?od ( discov]+ tru?1 />ts ) ! flat d5ial ( all tru? o!r ?an relative4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,fau/4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,brockmey]4 ,i4 ,,de> ,h4--,y\rs ( a rec5t date1 reque/+ an epi/ol>y criticism ( 8,goe!'s ,fau/10 has come to h&1 & ,i ha/5 to assure y ( a compliance ( "s sort4 ,i say a compliance ( "s sort1 = ,i _c promise y a criticism4 ,?is1 x seems to me1 w\ld be bo? too little & too mu*2 too little if und]/ood 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 z mean+ a m]e /atem5t ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! "w & myself2 too mu* if int]pret$ z pl$g+ an expression ( a "w ( ! creative imag9ation1 z a totality1 9 ! t]ms ( ! und]/&+1 & submitt+ ! result to ! canons ( art4 ,! =m] proc$ure1 usually call$ criticism1 r$uc$ to its simple/ =ms1 am\nts to ?is3 t ,i1 ! critic1 report to y1 t ,i 0 amus$ or bor$1 flatt]$ or satiriz$1 elevat$ or degrad$1 humaniz$ or brutaliz$1 enlight5$ or my/ifi$1 pleas$ or displeas$1 by ! "w "u consid]ation2 &--s9ce x dep5ds q z mu* ^u my own humor1 native ability1 & culture acquir$1 :i* set ( adjectives ,i may be able to report1 z x does ^u ! "w--,i _c p]ceive :at e>?ly pr(it su* a labor c\ld be to y4 ,= t :i* is cle> to y may be d>k to me2 h5ce1 if ,i report t a giv5 "w is a 8p]fect riddle to me10 y w only smile at my simplicity4 ,aga91 t :i* amuses me may bore y1 = ,i notice t ev5 at ! !atre1 "s w yawn ) ennui :ile o!rs ?rill ) delight1 & applaud ! play4 ,n[1 if ea* ( ^! %\ld tell y h[ he lik$ ! p]=mance1 ! "o w\ld say 8excell5t10 & ! o!r 8mis]able10 & y be none ! wis]4 ,to expect1 !re=e1 t ,i int5d to ent] ^u a labor ( ?is k9d1 is to expect too little4 ,besides1 su* an und]tak+ seems to me n )\t its peculi> dang]2 = x may happ5 t ! "w measures or criticises ! critic1 in/ead ( ! latt] ! =m]4 ,if1 = example1 ,i %\ld tell y t ! integral & diff]5tial calculus is all fog to me--my/ifies me completely--y w\ld conclude my k ( ma!matics to be r imp]fect1 & ?us use my own report ( t "w z a s\nd+-lead to asc]ta9 ! dep? ( my atta9m5t4 ,nay1 y might ev5 g fur!r1 & reg>d ! "w z a k9d ( ,doomsday ,book1 on ! title page ( :i* ,i _h 8writt5 myself d[n an ass40 ,n[1 z ,i am n ambiti\s ( a memorial ( ?is k9d1 especially :5 !re is no probability t ! pages 9 contemplation--,goe!'s ,fau/--w p]i% any soon] ?an ! v]itable ,doomsday ,book itself1 ,i reque/ y1 z a special favor1 n to und]/& ( me t ,i propose engag+ 9 any und]tak+ ( ?is sort4#af ,nor are y to expect an inquiry into ! quantity or quality ( ! au?or's food1 dr9k or raim5t4 ,= ! pres5t infantile /ate ( analytic sci5ce refuses all aid 9 trac+ su* prim>y elem5ts1 s to speak1 9 ! composition ( ! poem be=e u2 & h5ce su* an inve/igation w\ld lead1 at be/1 to v second>y & remote conclusions4 ,nor %all we be p]mitt$ to explore ! likes & dislikes ( ! poet1 9 t f9e volume ( sc&al1 = ! k9dr$ reason t nei!r crucible1 reag5t nor retort are at h& :i* c be ( ! remote/ s]vice4 ,by ! by1 has x nev] occurr$ to y1 :5 p]us+ works ( ! k9d la/ ref]r$ to1 :at a gl[+ picture ! pi\s ,dean ( ,/4 ,patrick's1 ! sa9tly ,swift1 has bequea!d to u ( _! produc]s1 :5 he places ! great au?ors1 ! hi/orical ,gulliv]s ( our race1 9 all _! maje/y ( =m1 a/ride ! public ?or\ghf>e ( a ,liliputian age1 & m>*es ! inhabitants1 9 solid battalions1 ?r\gh betwe5 _! legs8 y recollect :at he says8 ,nor yet are y to expect a treat ( t mo/ delightful ( all comp\nds1 ! table talk & conv]sation--or1 to use a homely phrase1 ! lit]>y di%wat] retail$ by ! au?or's scullion4 ,to expect su*1 or ! l1 w\ld be to expect too little4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to expect t ,i %all s5d y an expression1 9 ! t]ms ( ! und]/&+1 ( a "w ( ! creative imag9ation1 z a totality1 & submit ! result to ! canons ( art1 is to expect too mu*4 ,= :ile ,i am ready1 & :ile ,i int5d to comply ) ! fir/ "p ( ?is proposition1 ,i am unable to fulfil ! requirem5t ( ! latt] "p--t is1 ,i am n able to submit ! result to ! canons ( art4 ,! reason = ?is inability x is n necess>y to develop 9 ?is connection any fur!r ?an m]ely to m5tion t ,i f9d x extremely inconv5i5t to lay my h& ^u ! a=em5tion$ canons j at ?is "t4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 cont5t myself ) ! endeavor to summon be=e y ! ,idea :i* creates ! poem--ea* act1 sc5e & v]se--s t we may see ! "p 9 its relation to ! :ole1 & ! :ole 9 its concrete1 organic articulation4 ,if we succe$ 9 ?is1 !n we may say t we compreh5d ! "w--a condition prec$5t alike to ! b5eficial enjoym5t & ! rational judgm5t ( ! same4 ,,ii4 ,9 my fir/ lett]1 de> fri5d1 ,i endeavor$ to gu>d y aga9/ misappreh5sion z to :at y might expect f me4 ,its sub/ance1 if memory s]ves me1 0 t ,i did n int5d to write on ,an?ropology or ,psy*ology1 nor yet on /reet1 p>lor or c\rt gossip1 b simply ab\t a "w ( art4 ,i deem$ ^! rem>ks p]t95t 9 view ( ! cu/oms ( ! "t1 le/ t1 9 my n con=m+ to !m1 y %\ld judge me h>%ly )\t pr(it to y\rself4 ,) ! same desire ( keep+ up a fair und]/&+ ) y1 ,i mu/ call y\r att5tion to "s t]ms & di/9ctions :i* we %all h occasion to use1 & :i*1 unless expla9$1 might prove %ad[s in/ead ( lights along ! pa? ( our int]c\rse4 ,i confess to y t ,i %>e ! 7,i might say7 abhorr5ce s g5]ally ent]ta9$ by ! read+ public1 ( ! use ( any g5]al t]ms :atsoev]1 & w\ld avoid !m altoge!r if ,i c\ld only see h[4 ,b 9 read+ ! poem t we are to consid]1 ,i come ^u su* passages z ^!3 7,*oir ( invisible ,spirits47 8,woe6 ,woe6 ,?\ ha/ de/roy$ x1 ,! beautiful _w6 ,x reels1 x crumbles1 ,cru%$ by a demigod's mighty h&60 & ,i _c see h[ we are to und]/& ^! spirits1 or ! poet :o gave !m voice1 unless we attack ?is v g5]al expression 8,! beautiful _w10 "h said to h be5 de/roy$ by ,fau/4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 some:at reconcil$ to ?is by ! example ( my neighbor--a non-speculative1 practical f>m]--n[ busily engag$ 9 h>ve/+ 8 :eat4 ,= ,i notic$ t he fir/ direct$ 8 att5tion1 aft] cutt+ ! gra91 to collect+ & ty+ x toge!r 9 bundles2 & ,i c\ld n help b p]ceive h[ mu* ?is facilitat$ 8 labor1 & h[ difficult x w\ld h be5 = him to collect 8 :eat1 gra9 by gra91 l ! sp>r[ ( ! field4 ,?\gh :eat x 71 & n *aff1 /ill su* a mode ( h&l+ w\ld r$uce x ev5 bel[ ! value ( *aff4 ,j ?9k ( h&l+ ! :eat crop ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! two hundr$ & tw5ty-five millions ( bu%els a ye>1 9 ?is mann]6 ,x is absolutely n to be ?\ght (1 & we mu/ h rec\rse to agglom]ation1 if n to g5]alization4 ,b ! "o gives u g5]al masses1 & ! o!r g5]al t]ms4 ,! only ?+ t we c d1 !re=e1 is1 9 imitation ( our good neighbor ( ! :eat field1 to h&le bundles1 bu%els1 & bags1 or--:at is /ill bett]1 if x c be done by "s d>+ sy/em ( intellectual elevators--:ole %ip loads ( gra9 at a "t1 due c>e be+ tak5 t we tie :eat to :eat1 oats to oats1 b>ley to b>ley1 & n promiscu\sly4 ,n[1 ) ?is example well be=e our m9ds1 & ! necessity m5tion$1 :i* compels u to h&le--n m]ely ! :eat crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = "o ye>1 b--:atev] has be5 rais$ by ! intellig5ce ( man f ! beg9n+ ( our race to ! "t ( ,goe! ! poet1 toge!r ) ! gr\nd on :i* x 0 rais$1 & ! sky above--= no less ?an ?is seems to be conta9$ 9 ! expression 8,! beautiful _w0--,i call y\r att5tion fir/ to ! expression 8=m & matt]10 :i*1 :5 appli$ to works ( intellig5ce1 we mu/ take ! lib]ty ( *ang+ into ! expression 8=m & cont5t10 = s9ce !re is no?+ 9 works ( ?is k9d t manife/s gravity1 x c be ( no use to say s1 b may be ( "s injury4 ,! next is ! expression 8works ( art10 :i* s\nds r suspici\s 9 "s ( its applications--s\nds z if x 0 int5d$ to conceal r ?an reveal ! work]4 ,n[ ,i take x t ! 8works ( art0 are ! works ( ! intellig5ce1 & ,i %all h to classify !m accord+ly4 ,ano!r po9t ) ref]5ce to ?is might z well be notic$1 & t is t ! old expressions 8works ( art0 & 8works ( nature0 d n conta91 z !y 7 int5d$ to1 all ! works t pres5t !mselves to our obs]vation--! works ( sci5ce1 = example4 ,besides1 we h gov]nm5t1 society1 & religion1 all ( :i* are und\bt$ly di/9ct f ! 8works ( art0 no less ?an f ! 8works ( nature10 & to tie !m up 9 ! same bundle ) ei!r ( !m1 seems to me to be l ty+ :eat ) oats1 & !re=e to be avoid$1 z 9 ! example be=e our m9ds4 ,?is seems to be done 9 ! expression 8works ( self-consci\s intellig5ce10 & 8works ( nature40 ,b if we reflect ^u ! phrases 8works ( self-consci\s intellig5ce0 & 8works ( nature10 x becomes obvi\s t !re mu/ be "s inaccuracy conta9$ 9 !m2 = h[ c two di/9ct subjects h ! same pr$icate8 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 p]haps be bett] to say 8! works ( self-consci\s intellig5ce0 & ! 8products ( nature40 ,)\t fur!r rasp+ & fil+ ( old phrases1 ,i call y\r att5tion1 9 ! next place1 to ! mo/ g5]al t]m :i* we %all h occasion to use--8! _w40 ,"u ?is we compreh5d3 ,i4 ,! natural _w--,gravity42 ,,ii4 ,! spiritual _w--,self-det]m9ation4 ,i4 ,"u ! natural _w we compreh5d ! t]re/rial globe1 & t "p ( ! univ]se :i* is involv$ 9 its processes2 ^! are3 7a7 7#a47 ,me*anic,gravity1 ,meteorologic,electricity4 7#b47 ,*emic,aff9ity1 7b7 7#a47 ,organic,galvanism1 ,vital,s5sation4 7#b47 ,vegetative,assimilation1 ,,ii4 ,"u 8,! ,spiritual ,_w10 ! _w ( consci\s intellig5ce1 we compreh5d3 7a7 ,! real _wimplem5t1 m$iation4 7b7 ,! actual _wself-det]m9ation4 7a7 ,! real _w conta9s :atev] d]ives ! end ( its exi/5ce only1 f self-consci\s intellig5ce4 7#a47 ,! family,affection4 7#b47 ,society,e?ics1 ,m$iation4 7#c47 ,/ate,rights1 7b7 ,! actual _w conta9s :atev] d]ives ! end & ! means ( its exi/5ce f self-consci\s intellig5ce4 7#a47 ,art,manife/ation1 7#b47 ,religion,revelation1 ,self-det]m9ation4 7#c47 ,philosophy,def9ition1 ,f ?is x appe>s t we h divid$ ! _w into ?ree l>ge slices--! ,natural1 ! ,real1 & ! ,actual--) gravity = "o & self-det]m9ation = ! o!r extreme1 & m$iation betwe5 !m4 ,,iii4 ,9 my la/1 ,i gave y "s g5]al t]ms1 & ! s5se 9 :i* ,i int5d to use !m4 ,i also gave y a reason :y ,i %\ld use !m1 toge!r ) an illu/ration4 ,b ,i gave y no reason :y ,i us$ ^! & no o!rs--or ,i did n advance any?+ to %[ t !re are objects to :i* !y necess>ily apply4 ,i only take x = grant$ t !re are "s objects pres5t$ to y\r obs]vation & m9e1 t gravitate or weigh some?+1 & o!rs t d n4 ,to ea* ,i h appli$ z ne>ly z ,i c\ld ! ord9>y t]ms4 ,n[ ?is proc$ure1 al?\gh v unphilosophical1 ,i c ju/ify only by rem9d+ y ( ! object ( ^! lett]s4 ,if we n[ li/5 aga9 to ! *ant ( ! invisible *oir1 8,?\ ha/ de/roy$ x1 ,! beautiful _w10 x w be obvi\s t ?is c ref] only to ! _w ( m$iation & self-det]m9ation1 to ! _w ( _s1 ( self-consci\s intellig5ce1 = ! _w ( gravitation is n s easily affect$4 ,b h[ is ?is--h[ is x t ! _w ( self-consci\s intellig5ce is s easily affect$1 is s dep5d5t ^u ! individual man8 ,?is c be se5 only by exam9+ its g5esis4 ,9 ! g5esis ( ,_s we h ?ree /ages--manife/ation1 realization1 & actualization4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ^u :i* ! o!r two are dep5d5t & sequ5t1 falls 9 ! individual man4 ,=1 9 him x is t ,reason manife/s itself be=e x c realize1 or embody itself 9 ?is or t political1 social1 or moral in/itution4 ,& x is n m]ely necess>y t x %\ld s manife/ itself 9 ! individual2 x mu/ also realize itself 9 ^! in/itutions be=e x c actualize itself 9 ,art1 ,religion1 & ,philosophy4 ,= 9 ?is actualization x is absolutely dep5d5t ^u ! =m] two /ages ( its g5esis = a cont5t4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ,art %[s :at ,religion tea*es1 & :at ,philosophy compreh5ds2 or t ,art1 ,religion1 & ,philosophy h ! same cont5t4 ,nor is x difficult to p]ceive :y ?is _w ( _s or self-consci\s intellig5ce is s dep5d5t ^u ! individual man4 ,aga91 9 ! sph]e ( manife/ation & reality1 ?is cont5t1 ! self-consci\s intellig5ce1 is ! self-consci\sness ( an individual1 a nation1 or an age4 ,& art1 9 ! sph]e ( actuality1 is ?is or t "w ( art1 ?is poem1 t pa9t+1 or yond] piece ( sculpture1 ) ! self-consci\sness ( ?is or t individual1 nation1 or age1 = its cont5t4 ,moreov]1 ! p>ticul>ity 7! individual1 nation1 or age7 ( ! cont5t con/itutes ! individuality ( ! "w ( ,art4 ,& n only ?is1 b ?is p>ticul>ity ( ! self-consci\sness furni%es ! v contradiction itself ) ! developm5t & solution ( :i* ! "w ( art is occupi$4 ,= ! self-consci\sness :i* con/itutes ! cont5t1 be+ ! self consci\sness ( an individual1 a nation1 or an age1 in/ead ( be+ self-consci\s intellig5ce 9 its pure univ]sality1 conta9s 9 t v p>ticul>ity ! contradiction :i*1 9 ! sph]e ( manife/ation & reality1 con/itutes ! collision1 conflict1 & solution4#ag ,n[1 if we look back ^u ! facts /at$1 we h ! manife/ation1 ! realization1 & ! actualization ( self-consci\s intellig5ce z ! ?ree sph]es or /ages 9 ! process :i* evolves & involves ! entire activity ( man1 bo? practical & !oretical4 ,x is also obvi\s t ! realization ( self-consci\s intellig5ce 9 ! family1 society1 & ! /ate1 & its actualization 9 ,art1 ,religion1 & ,philosophy1 dep5d 9 _! g5esis ^u its manife/ation 9 ! individual4 ,h5ce a d5ial ( ! possibility ( ?is manife/ation is a d5ial ( ! possibility ( ! realization & actualization also4 ,n[ if ?is d5ial assume ! =m ( a conviction 9 ! consci\sness ( an individual1 a nation1 or an age1 !n !re results a contradiction :i* involves 9 ! sweep ( its univ]sality ! entire spiritual _w ( man4 ,= x is ! self-consci\sness ( t individual1 nation1 or age1 9 direct conflict ) itself1 n ) ?is or t p>ticul>ity ( itself1 b ) its entire cont5t1 9 ! sph]e ( manife/ation1 ) ! receptivity =1 ! production (1 & ! aspiration aft]1 ! ,beautiful1 ! ,good1 & ! ,true1 )9 ! individual himself2 9 ! sph]e ( realization ) ! ,family1 ) ,society1 & ) ! ,/ate2 & f9ally1 9 ! sph]e ( actuality ) ,art1 ,religion1 & ,philosophy4 ,n[ ?is contradiction is precisely :at is pres5t$ 9 ! proposition1 8,man _c "k tru?40 ,?is y w rememb] 01 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n ?\ght1 ! result ( ,kant's philosophy4 ,& ,kant's philosophy 0 ! philosophy ( ,g]many at ! "t ( ! conception ( ,goe!'s ,fau/4 ,& ,goe! 0 ! true/ poet ( ,g]many1 & ?us he s+s3 8,s !n ,i h /udi$ philosophy1 ,jurisprud5ce & m$ic9e1 ,& :at is worse1 ,!ology1 ,?or\ghly1 b1 alas6 9 va91 ,& "h ,i /& ) /udy ho>1 ,a fool1 & "k :at ,i knew be=e2 ,am call$ ,magi/]1 nay1 ,,ll4,d41 ,& = t5 ye>s1 am busily ,engag$1 lead+ ?r\gh f5 & close1 ,my tru/+ pupils by ! nose2 ,yet see t no?+ c be kn[n4 ,?is burns my he>t1 ?is1 ?is alone60 ,"h1 y w p]ceive 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! poem1 z 0 meet1 ! fundam5tal contradiction1 ! !me1 or ! 8argum5t10 z x is s admirably t]m$ by critics1 is /at$ 9 its nak$ ab/ractness1 j z ,a*illes' wra? is ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! ,iliad4 ,?is !me1 !n1 is no?+ m nor less ?an ! self-consci\sness 9 contradiction ) itself1 9 conflict ) its own cont5t4 ,h5ce1 if ! poem is to portray ?is !me1 ?is cont5t1 9 its totality1 x mu/ repres5t x 9 ?ree sph]es3 fir/1 ,manife/ation--,fau/ 9 conflict ) himself2 second1 ,realization--,fau/ 9 conflict ) ! ,family1 ,society1 & ! ,/ate2 ?irdly1 ,actualization--,fau/ 9 conflict ) ,art1 ,religion1 & ,philosophy4 ,n[1 my fri5d1 please to exam9e ! poem once m1 reflect closely ^u :at has be5 said1 & !n tell h[ mu* ( ! poem c y sp>e1 or h[ mu* is !re 9 ! poem z pr9t$1 :i* does n fl[ f or develop ?is !me8 ,,iv4 ,9 my la/1 de> fri5d1 ,i call$ y\r att5tion to ! !me1 to ! cont5t ( ! poem 9 a g5]al way1 /at+ x 9 ! v words ( ! poet himself4 ,to trace ! developm5t ( ?is !me f ! ab/ract g5]ality into concrete detail is ! task be=e u4 ,accord+ to ! analysis1 we h to consid]1 fir/ ( all1 ! sph]e ( ,manife/ation4 ,9 ?is we obs]ve ! ?ree-fold relation :i* ! individual su/a9s to self-consci\s intellig5ce1 viz3 ,receptivity =1 & production (1 & aspiration =1 ! ,true1 ! ,good1 & ! ,beautiful4 ,n[ if x is true t man _c "k tru?1 !n x foll[s t he c nei!r receive nor produce ! ,true4 ,= h[ %all he "k t :atev] he may receive & produce is true1 s9ce x is specially d5i$ t he c "k x4 ,?is conclusion z conviction1 h[ev]1 does n affect imm$iately ! ?ird relation--! aspiration--nor qu5* its gnaw+4 ,& ?is is ! fir/ =m ( conflict 9 ! individual4 ,let u n[ op5 ! book & place x be=e u4 ,! hi/oric orig9 ( our !me places u 9 a ,g]man ,univ]sity1 9 ! pr(essor's private /udio4 ,x is well "h to rememb] t x is a ,g]man ,univ]sity1 & t ! occupant ( ! room is a ,g]man pr(essor4 ,also t x is ! receiv$ op9ion t ! ,g]mans are a !oretical p2 by :i* we und]/& t !y act f conviction1 & n f in/9ct4 ,moreov]1 t _! conviction is n a m]e holiday affair1 to be rehe>s$1 say on ,sunday1 & left 9 *>ge ( a m9i/]1 paid = ! purpose1 dur+ ! balance ( ! week1 b an actual1 vital f\nta9 ( action4 ,h5ce1 ! conviction ( su* a "* be+ giv51 ! acts foll[ 9 logical sequ5ce4 ,) ?is rememb]$1 let u n[ li/5 to ! self-communion ( ! occupant ( ! room4 ,9 bitt] e>ne/ ! man has hone/ly exam9$1 & s\ght to possess himself ( ! intellectual patrimony ( ! race4 ,9 pov]ty1 9 solitude1 9 isolation1 he has labor$ hopefully1 e>ne/ly2 & n[ he ca/s up 8 acc\nt & f9ds--:at8 8,t no?+ c be kn[n40 ,8 hair is gray ) m ?an futile endeavor1 & = t5 ye>s 8 special call+ has be5 to guide ! /ud5ts to wa/e _! lives1 z he has done 8 own1 9 seek+ to accompli% ! impossible--to "k4 ,?is is ! worm t gnaws 8 he>t6 ,z comp5sation1 he is free f sup]/ition--fe>s nei!r hell nor devil4 ,b ?is sweeps ) x all fond delusions1 all conceit t he is able to "k1 & to tea* some?+ = ! elevation ( mank9d4 ,nor yet does he possess honor or weal?--a dog w\ld n lead a life l ?is4 ,"h y w p]ceive h[ ! fir/ two relations are negat$ by ! conviction t man _c "k tru?1 & h[1 on ! w+s ( aspiration1 he sallies =? into ! realm ( magic1 ( my/icism1 ( subjectivity4 ,= if reason1 ) its m$iation1 is impot5t to create an object = ?is aspiration1 let u see :at emotion & imag9ation1 )\t m$iation1 c d = subjective satisfaction4 ,& "h all is glory1 all is fre$om6 ,! imag9ation seizes ! totality ( ! univ]se1 & revels 9 ec/atic visions4 ,:at a spectacle6 ,b1 alas6 a spectacle only6 ,h[ am ,i to "k1 to compreh5d ! f\nta9 ( life1 ! c5tre ( :i* articulates ?is totality8 ,see "h ano!r g5]alization3 ! practical _w z a :ole6 ,ah1 t is my sph]e2 "h ,i h a firm foot+2 "h ,i am ma/]2 "h ,i comm& spirits6 ,approa*1 & obey y\r ma/]6 8,_s4 ,:o calls8 ,fau/4 ,t]rific face6 ,sp4 ,art ?\ he t call$8 ,?\ trembl+ worm6 ,fau/4 ,yes2 ,i'm he2 am ,fau/1 ?y pe]4 ,sp4 ,pe] ( ! ,_s ?\ compreh5de/--n ( me6 ,fau/4 ,:at6 n ( !e6 ,( :om1 !n8 ,i1 ! image ( ,deity itself1 & n ev5 ?y pe]88 ,no1 inde$1 ,mr4 ,fau/1 ?\ do/ n include )9 ?yself ! totality ( ! practical _w1 b only t "p !re( :i* ?\ do/ compreh5d--only ?y vocation1 & h>k6 8,x knocks60 ,oh1 dea?6 ,i see1 't is my vocation2 inde$1 8,x is my famulus60 ,& ?is1 too1 is m]ely a delusion2 ?is great my/]y ( ! practical _w %r9ks to ?is dim5sion--a bread-pr(essor%ip4 ,x w\ld seem s2 = no !ory ( ! practical _w is possible )\t ! ability to "k tru?4 ,z individual1 y may imitate ! individual1 z ! brute 8 k9d1 & ?us transmit a craft2 b y _c seize ! practical _w 9 transp>5t =ms & pres5t x z a h>moni\s totality to y\r fell[-man1 = t w\ld require t ^! transp>5t intellectual =ms %\ld possess objective validity--& ?is !y h n1 accord+ to y\r conviction4 ,& s x _c be help$4 ,b see :at a despicable ?+ x is to be a bread-pr(essor6 ,& is ?is ! mode ( exi/5ce1 ?is ! reality1 ! only reality to answ] ! aspiration ( our s\l--! aspiration :i* s\ght to seize ! univ]se1 to k9dle its inmo/ recesses ) ! light ( intellig5ce1 & ?us illum9e ! pa? ( life8 ,alas1 ,reason gave u error--,imag9ation1 illusion--& ! practical _w1 ! ,w1 a bread-pr(essor%ip6 ,no?+ else8 ,yes2 a bottle ( laudanum6 ,let u dr9k1 & re/ =ev]6 ,b hold1 is !re no?+ else1 really8 ,no emotional nature8 ,h>k6 :at is t8 ,ea/] bells6 ,! recollections ( my y\?ful fai? 9 a revelation6 ,!y mu/ be exam9$4 ,we _c leave yet4 ,& see :at a panorama1 :at a /range _w lies emb$d$ ) ^? recollections4 ,let u see x 9 all its v>i$ "* & reality1 on ?is ,ea/] ,sunday1 = example4 ,v4 ,i h endeavor$ be=e to trace ! d]ivation ( ! cont5t ( ! fir/ sc5e ( ! poem1 toge!r ) its "*1 f ! ab/ract !me ( ! "w4 ,9 x we saw t ! fundam5tal conviction ( ,fau/ leaves him nak$--leaves him no?+ b a b>e avocation1 a m]e craft1 & ! prec>i\s recollections ( 8 y\? 7:5 he believ$ 9 reveal$ tru?s7 to answ] 8 aspirations4 ,^! recollections ar\se 8 emotions1 & rescue him f no?+ness 7suicide7--!y fill 8 s\l ) a cont5t4 ,to see ?is cont5t ) all its y\?ful *>m1 we h to retrace our *ildhood's /eps be=e ! gates ( ! city on ?is ! ,ea/] fe/ival ( ! ye>--y & ,i be+ m9dful1 9 ! meantime1 t ! public fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* belong to ! s-call$ ext]nal evid5ces ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,well1 "h we are 9 ! suburbs ( ! city1 & :at d we see8 ,fir/1 a set ( j\rneym5 me*anics1 eag] = be] & brawls1 int]sp]s$ ) s]vant girls2 /ud5ts ^: ta/es run v mu* 9 ! l9e ( /rong be]1 bit+ tobacco1 & ! well-dress$ s]vant girls a=esaid2 citiz5s' daught]s1 p]fectly outrag$ at ! l[ ta/e ( ! /ud5ts :o run aft] ! s]vant girls1 8:5 !y might h ! v be/ ( society20 citiz5s dissatisfi$ ) ! new mayor ( ! city--8,taxes increase f day to day1 & no?+ is done = ! welf>e ( ! city40 ,a begg> is n want+4 ,o!r citiz5s1 :o delight to speak ( w> & rumors ( w> 9 di/ant c\ntries1 9 ord] to enjoy _! own peace at home ) prop] contra/2 also an 8eld]ly "o10 :o ?9ks t %e is q able to furni% :at ! well-dress$ citiz5s' daught]s wi% =--to ! great sc&al ( ! latt]1 :o feel ju/ly indignant at be+ address$ 9 public by su* an old wit* 7al?\gh1 8betwe5 ourselves1 %e did %[ u our swee!>ts on ,/4 ,&rew's night072 soldi]s1 :o s+ ( high-wall$ =tresses & pr\d wom5 to be tak5 by /orm2 &1 f9ally1 f>m]s ar\nd ! l9d5 tree1 danc+ a mo/ furi\s gallopade--a real ,ea/] ,sunday or ,monday 8be=e ! gate0--( any city 9 ,g]many1 ev5 to ?is day4 ,& into ?is real _w1 done up 9 holiday attire1 b n by ! poet--into ?is p>adise1 ?is v heav5 ( ! p1 :]e great & small fairly yell ) delight--,fau/ ent]s1 assur$ t "h he c ma9ta9 8 rank z a man2 8"h ,i d>e to be a man60 ,&1 sure en\gh1 li/5 to ! welcome3 8,nay1 ,doctor1 'tis inde$ too mu* ,to be ) u on su* a day1 ,to jo9 ! ?rong1 ! common mass1 ,y1 y1 ! great1 ! le>n$ man6 ,take1 !n1 ?is beak]1 too10 c4 ,& "h goes--a g5]al heal? to ! ,doctor1 to ! man :o brav$ ! pe/il5ce = u1 & :o ev5 n[1 does n ?9k x b5ea? him to jo9 u 9 our m]ry-mak+--hurrah = ! ,doctor2 hip1 hip1 c4 ,& is n ?is some?+1 de> fri5d8 ,j ?9k1 ) hone/ ,wagn]1 :5 he exclaims1 8,:at emotions mu/ cr[d ?y brea/1 ,o great man1 :ile li/5+ to su* honors80 & y w also say ) him3 8,?rice ble/ ! man :o draws su* pr(its r>e1 ,f tal5ts all 8 own60 ,:y1 see6 ! fa!r %[s y to 8 son2 e "o inquires--presses1 ru%es to see y6 ,! fiddle itself is hu%$1 ! danc]s /op4 ,:]e y g1 !y fall into l9es2 caps & hats fly into ! air6 ,b a little m1 & !y w\ld fall ^u _! knees1 z if ! sacr$ ,ho/ pass$ t way6 ,& is n ?is great8 ,is n ?is ! v goal ( human ambition8 ,to ,wagn]1 de> fri5d1 x is2 = ! v ess5ce ( an avocation is1 & mu/ be1 8success 9 life40 ,b h[ does x /& ) ! man ^: e aspiration is ! ,true1 ! ,good1 & ! ,beautiful8 ,w a hurrah f "o hundr$ ?\s& ?roats1 all 9 good yell+ ord]1 assi/ him8 ,no4 ,to ,wagn] x is immat]ial :e!r he kn[s :at he ne$s1 provid$ he sees ! day :5 ! man :o has be5 worse to ! p ?an ! v pe/il5ce itself1 receives public honors2 b to ,fau/1 to ! man really 9 e>ne/--:o is n satisfi$ :5 he has squ>$ life ) life1 & obta9$ z]o = a result1 or :o does n m]ely live to make a liv+1 b dem&s a rational end = life1 &1 9 default ( t rational end1 spurns life itself--to su* a man ?is :ole sc5e possesses little significance inde$4 ,x possesses1 h[ev]1 "s significance1 ev5 = him6 ,= if x is inde$ true t man _c "k tru?--t ! high aspiration ( 8 s\l has no object--!n ?is sc5e demon/rates1 at lea/1 t ,fau/ possesses p[] ov] ! practical _w4 ,if he _c "k ! _w1 he c at lea/ swall[ a consid]able portion ( x1 & ?is sc5e demon/rates t he c ex]cise a great deal ( *oice z to ! p>ts to be select$2 d y see ?is conviction8 ,d y see ?is conviction8 ,d y see ?is dog8 ,consid] x well2 :at is x1 ?9k y8 ,d y p]ceive h[ x encircles u ne>] & ne>]--becomes m & m c]ta91 &1 if ,i mi/ake n1 a lum9\s emanation ( gold1 ( honor1 ( p[]1 foll[s 9 its wake4 ,x seems to me z if x drew s(t magic r+s1 z future fett]s1 r\nd our feet6 ,see1 ! circles become small] & small]-'tis almo/ a c]ta9ty--'tis already ne>2 come1 come home ) z6 ,! temptation "h spread be=e u by ! poet1 to consid] ! dog 8well10 is almo/ irresi/ible2 b all we c say 9 ?is place1 de> fri5d1 is t if y w look ^u :at is prop]ly call$ an avocation 9 civil society1 elim9ate f x all high] ends & motives o!r ?an ! simple "o ( mak+ a liv+--no matt] ) :at pomp & circum/ance--no d\bt y w readily recognize ! ,,poodle4 ,b we mu/ ha/5 to ! /udio to wat* fur!r developm5ts1 = ! conflict is n z yet decid$4 ,we are /ill to exam9e ! possibility ( a div9e revelation to man1 :o _c "k tru?4 ,& = ?is purpose our newly acquir$ conviction1 t we possess p[] ov] ! practical _w--al?\gh n z yet 9 a p]fectly cle> =m be=e u--com=tably lodg$ beh9d ! /ove1 :]e x prop]ly belongs1 we take d[n ! orig9al text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ord] to realize its mean+1 9 our own lov$ "m tongue4 ,x /&s writt53 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w40 ,^w8 ,^w8 ,nev]6 ,mean+ x ought to be6 ,mean+ :at8 ,mean+8 ,no2 x is ,p[]6 ,no2 ,de$6 ,^w1 mean+1 p[]1 de$--:i* is x8 ,alas1 h[ am ,i to "k1 unless ,i c "k tru?8 ',tis ev5 s1 our y\?ful recollections dissolve 9 mi/1 into ?9 air--& no?+ is left u b our newly acquir$ conviction1 ! re/lessness ( :i* dur+ ?is exam9ation has und\bt$ly n escap$ y\r att5tion1 de> fri5d4 78,be quiet1 !re1 beh9d ! /ove40 8,see "h1 poodle1 "o ( u two has to leave ?is room607 ,:at1 !n1 is ! :ole cont5t ( ?is conviction1 :i*1 s long z !re 0 ! hope ( a possibility ( a wor?y object = our aspiration1 seem$ s despicable8 ,:at is x t gov]ns ! practical _w ( f9ite motives1 ! p[] t adapts means to ends1 reg>dless ( a f9al1 ( an inf9ite end8 ,is x n ! ,und]/&+8 & al?\gh ,reason--9 its se>* aft] ! f9al end1 ) its p]fect sy/em ( absolute means1 ( inf9ite motives & int]e/s--begets subjective *im]as1 is x n demon/rat$ t ! und]/&+ possesses objective validity8 ,nay1 look ^u ?is dog well2 does x n swell into colossal proportions--is no dog at all1 9 fact1 b ! v p[] t holds absolute sway ov] ! f9ite & negative--! und]/&+ itself--,mephi/opheles 9 prop] =m8 ,& :o calls ?is despicable8 ,is x n ,reason1 ! p[] t begets *im]as1 & x alone8 ,& %all we reject ! real1 ! actual--all 9 fact t possesses objective validity--because1 =soo?1 ! p[] ( subjective *im]as decl>es x negative1 f9ite1 p]i%able8 ,nev]4 8,no fe>1 de> sir1 t ,i'll d ?is4 ,precisely :at ,i h promis$ is ! v aim ( all my endeavor4 ,conceit$ fool t ,i 06 ,i priz$ myself too highly0--claim$ k9 ) ! inf9ite4 8,i belong only 9 ?y sph]e0--! f9ite4 8,! ,great ,_s scorns me4 ,nature is a seal$ book to me2 ! ?read ( ?\ght is sev]$4 ,kn[+ disgu/s me4 ,9 ! dep?s ( s5suality ,i'll qu5* ! burn+ passion40 ,"h1 !n1 my fri5d1 we arrive at ! f9al result ( ! conflict 9 ! fir/ sph]e ( our !me--9 ! sph]e ( manife/ation--t ( ! individual4 ,we />t$ ) ! conviction t man _c "k tru?4 ,?is de/roy$ our spiritual endeavors1 & r$uc$ our practical avocation to an absurdity4 ,we s\ght refuge 9 ! indef9ite--! my/icism ( ! pa/--& 7 repell$ by its subjectivity4 ,we next exam9$ ! !oretical side ( ! practical _w1 & f\nd ?is likewise an impossibility & suicide--a m]e blank no?+ness--z ! only res\rce4 ,b "h we 7 />tl$ by our emotional nature1 :i* unites u ) our fell[-man1 & seems to promise "s sort ( a bridge ov] into ! inf9ite--c]ta9ly dem&s su* a transition4 ,inve/igat+ ?is1 !re=e1 ) all c&or1 we f\nd our fell[-m5 wond]fully occupi$--occupi$ l ! kitt5 pursu+ its own tail6 ,at ! same "t x became app>5t t we might be q a dog 9 ?is kitt5 dance1 or t ! activity ( ! und]/&+ possess$ objective validity4 ,) ?is conviction fairly e/abli%$1 al?\gh /ill held 9 utt] contempt1 we exam9$ ! la/ res\rce3 ! possibility ( a div9e revelation ( tru? to m5 t _c "k tru?4 ,! result1 z ! m]e /atem5t ( ! proposition w\ld indicate1 is negative1 & ?us ! la/ *ance ( obta9+ validity = any?+ except ! activity ( ! und]/&+ vani%es utt]ly4 ,b ) ?is our contempt = ! und]/&+ likewise vani%es4 ,= :atev] our aspiration may say1 x has no object to correspond to x1 & is !re=e m]ely subjective1 a halluc9ation1 a *im]a1 & ! und]/&+ is ! highe/ atta9able = u4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! subjective conflict ends1 = we h atta9$ to objectivity1 & ?is is ! highe/1 s9ce !re is no?+ else t possesses validity = man4 ,nor is ?is by any means contemptible 9 itself1 = x is ! p[] ov] ! f9ite _w1 & ! net result is3 ,t if y & ,i1 my fri5d1 h no reason1 _c "k tru?1 we d h at lea/ a /oma*1 a capacity = s5sual enjoym5t1 & an und]/&+ to adm9i/] to ! same--to be its s]vant4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is demon/rat$ by ! kitt5 dance ( ! :ole _w4 ,footnote #af3 ,9 ?is connection1 p]mit me1 de> fri5d1 to m5tion a discov]y :i* ,i made conc]n+ my son ,isaac1 n[ ?ree ye>s old4 ,j imag9e my surprise :5 ,i f\nd t e book 9 my possession--,web/]'s ,spell+-book n except$--is a p]fect riddle to him1 & my/ifies him z completely z ev] ! works ( ,goe!1 ,hegel1 ,em]son1 or any o!r ?9k+ man1 d or did ! le>n$ critics4 ,b my p>5tal pride1 s mu* elat$ by ! discov]y ( ?is rem>kable precocity 9 my son--a precocity :i*1 at ! age ( ?ree ye>s1 767 %[s him possess$ ( all ! incapacity ( su* 8le>n$ m50--0 %ock$1 nay1 mortifi$1 by ! utt] want ( appreciation :i* ! little fell[ %[$ ( ?is1 8 exalt$ condition6 ,footnote #ag3 ,f ?is a v>iety ( facts 9 ! "* & hi/ory ( ! diff]5t works ( art become app>5t4 ,! degree ( ! effect produc$1 = example1 is ow+ to ! degree ( validity atta*$ to ! two sides ( ! contradiction4 ,if ! duties :i* ! individual owes to ! family & ! /ate come into conflict1 z 9 ! ,antigone ( ,sophocles1 & ! consci\sness ( ! age has n subord9at$ ! ideas ^u :i* !y are bas$1 b accords to ea* an equal degree ( validity1 we h a cont5t replete ) ! noble/ effects4 ,= ?is is n a conflict betwe5 ! ab/ract good & bad1 ! positive & ! negative1 b a conflict )9 ! good itself4 ,s likewise ! univ]sality ( ! effect is app>5t f ! cont5t4 ,if ?is is ! self-consci\sness ( a nation1 ! "w ( art w be national4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 &1 at ! same "t1 to trace ! developm5t ( ! p>ticul>ity spok5 ( into a collision1 we may ref] to t great national "w ( art--! ,iliad ( ,hom]4 ,! p>ticul>ity :i* di/+ui%es ! national self-consci\sness ( ! ,greeks is ! prem95t validity atta*$ by x to "o ( ! be=e-m5tion$ modes ( ! actualization ( self-consci\s intellig5ce--! s5su\s4 ,h5ce its wor%ip ( ! ,beautiful4 ,?is prem95ce & ! consequ5t subord9ation ( ! moral & ! rational modes to x1 is ! root ( ! contradiction1 & h5ce ! basis ( ! collision :i* =ms ! cont5t ( ! poem4 ,its motive mod]niz$ w\ld read ab\t z foll[s3 8,! son ( "o ( our ,s5ators goes to ,engl&2 is receiv$ & hospitably ent]ta9$ at ! h\se ( a "l4 ,dur+ 8 /ay he falls 9 love & subsequ5tly elopes ) ! "y wife ( 8 ent]ta9]4 ,= ?is outrage1 p]petrat$ by ! "y hopeful1 ! entire fight+ mat]ial ( ! isl& get !mselves into _! %ips1 n s mu* to av5ge ! injur$ husb& z to capture ! runaway wife40 ,b--n[ m>k--adv]se w9ds ensue1 p[]s n human are 9 arms aga9/ !m1 & be=e ^! c be propitiat$1 a pr9cess ( ! blood royal1 pure & undefil$1 mu/ be sacrific$6--is sacrific$1 & = :at8 ,t all ,greece may proclaim to ! _w t pure womanhood1 pure manhood1 family1 society1 & ! /ate1 are no?+1 mu/ be sacrific$ on ! alt> ( ! ,beautiful4 ,= 9 ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia1 all t c\ld p]i% 9 ,hel51 & m too--= ,iphig5ia 0 pure & ,hel5 0 n--0 (f]$ up by ! ,greeks1 woman = woman1 & no?+ rema9$ b ! ,beautiful1 = :i* %e h5ce=? became ! expression4 ,= 9 ?is alone did ,hel5 excel ,iphig5ia1 & all wom54 ,b h[ is ?is8 ,h n ! filial1 ! p>5tal1 ! social1 ! civil relations1 sanctity & validity8 ,n z aga9/ ! realization ( ! ,beautiful1 says ! ,greek4 ,nor yet ! /ate8 ,no2 8,i d n g at ! comm& ( ,agamemnon1 b because ,i pl$g$ fealty to ,beauty40 8,b !n10 ,sir ,a*illes1 8if ! ,beautiful %\ld pres5t itself "u "s individual =m--say t ( ,briseis--y w\ld = ! sake ( its possession disobey ! w ( ! /ate80 8,( c\rse40 ,& ! poet has to s+1 8,a*illes' wra?60 & n 8! recov]y ( ! runaway wife10 ! gr& hi/orical action4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,necessity1 ,,*ance1 ,,fre$om4 ,i4 ,all ?+s are necessitat$2 ea* is necessitat$ by ! totality ( conditions2 h5ce1 :atev] is mu/ be s1 & "u ! conditions _c be o!rwise4 ,rem>k4--,?is is ! mo/ exhau/ive /atem5t ( ! position ( ! 8und]/&+40 ,no?+ seems m cle> ?an ?is to ! ?9k] :o has advanc$ beyond ! s5su\s grade ( consci\sness & ! /ages ( ,p]ception4 ,,ii4 ,b ?+s *ange--some?+ new beg9s & some?+ old ceases2 b1 /ill1 9 ea* case1 ! fir/ pr9ciple mu/ apply1 & ! new ?+--l ! old--be s 8because necessitat$ by ! totality ( conditions40 ,rem>k4--,! read] w notice t ) ! conception ( *ange !re ent]s a second /age ( m$iation4 ,fir/1 we h simple m$iation 9 :i* ! gr\nd & gr\nd$ are bo? real4 ,secondly1 we h ! passage ( a pot5tiality into a reality1 & vice v]sa4 ,!re=e1 ) ! consid]ation ( *ange we h enc\nt]$ a contradiction :i* becomes app>5t ^u fur!r attempt to adju/ ! idea ( necessity to x4 ,,iii4 ,if ! same totality ( conditions necessitates bo? /ates ( ! ?+--! new & ! old--x foll[s t ?is totality ( conditions is adapt$ to bo?1 & h5ce is indiff]5t to ei!r1 i4 e4 x all[s ei!r1 & h5ce _c be said to necessitate "o to ! exclusion ( ! o!r1 = x all[s "o to pass ov] into ! o!r1 !reby demon/rat+ t x did n re/rict or conf9e ! fir/ to be :at x 04 ,h5ce x n[ appe>s t *ance or cont+5cy p>ticipat$ 9 ! /ate ( ! ?+4 ,,iv4 ,b ! /ates ( ! ?+ belong to ! totality1 & h5ce :5 ! ?+ *anges ! totality also *anges1 & we are =c$ to admit two diff]5t totalities z ! conditions ( ! two diff]5t /ates ( ! ?+4 ,rem>k4--,"h we h return$ to our />t+-po9t1 & c>ri$ back our contradiction ) u4 ,9 our zeal to relieve ! ?+ f ! difficulty pres5t$--t ( *ang+ spontane\sly--we h posit$ duality 9 ! orig9al totality1 & pu%$ our *ange into x4 ,b x is ! same contradiction z be=e1 & we mu/ cont9ue to repeat ! same process =ev] 9 ! fooli% endeavor to g r\nd a circle until we arrive at its end1 or1 :at is ! same1 its beg9n+4 ,v4 ,if x requires a diff]5t totality ( conditions to r5d] possible ! *ange ( a ?+ f "o /ate to ano!r1 !n if a some:at *anges ! totality *anges4 ,b !re is no?+ outside ( ! totality to necessitate x1 & x !re=e mu/ necessitate itself4 ,,vi4 ,?us necessity & necessitat$ h prov$ 9 ! la/ analysis to be "o4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is necessity no long]1 b spontaneity1 = x beg9s ) itself & ends ) itself4 7a7 ,z necessitat+ x is ! active det]m9] :i* ( c\rse conta9s ! pot5tiality ^u :i* x acts4 ,_h x no pot5tiality x c\ld n *ange4 7b7 ,z necessitat$ x is ! pot5tiality plus ! limit :i* its activity has fix$ !re4 7c7 ,b we h "h self-det]m9ation1 & ?us ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]sal 9 & = itself1 :i* is ! ,ego4 ,rem>k4--,x _c be any o!r mode ( exi/5ce ?an ! ,ego1 = t :i* dissolves all det]m9ations & is ! univ]sal pot5tiality is only "o & _c be di/+ui%$ into modes1 = x creates & de/roys ^!4 ,! ego c ab/ract all else & yet abide--x is ! actus purus--its negativity annull+ all det]m9ations & f9itudes1 :ile x is direct$ full on itself1 & is 9 t v act complete self-recognition4 7,see pro( ( ?is 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 ,,iii41 #c47 ,,vii4 ,?us ! doctr9e ( necessity presupposes self-det]m9ation or ,fre$om z ! =m ( ! ,total1 & necessity is only "o side--! realiz$ or det]m9$ side--( ! process isolat$ & reg>d$ 9 ?is /ate ( isolation4 ,aga9/ ?is side /&s ! pot5tiality :i*1 if isolat$ 9 l mann]1 is call$ ,*ance or ,cont+5cy4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,m$iation4 ,! compreh5sion ( m$iation lies at ! basis ( ! di/9ction ( s5su\s kn[+ f ! und]/&+4 ,! transition f intuition to ab/ract ?9k+ is made at fir/ unconsci\sly1 & = ?is reason ! "o :o has begun ! process ( m$iation h&les ! 8m5tal spectres0 creat$ by ab/raction ) ! utmo/ navet1 assum+ = !m absolute validity 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,x is only ! speculative insight t ga9s ma/]y ov] su* ab/ractions1 & sees ! ,tru?4 ,if ?is view c\ld be unfold$ 9 a popul> =m1 x w\ld af=d a s]ies ( solv5ts = ! ?9k] :i* are applicable to a great v>iety ( difficult problems4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ab/ract categories ( ! und]/&+--su* z ess5ce & ph5om5on1 cause & effect1 sub/ance & attribute1 =ce & manife/ation1 matt] & =m1 & ! l1 give rise to a s]ies ( ant9omies1 or contradictory propositions1 :5 appli$ to ! ,totality4 ,f ! /&po9t ( m$iation--t ( simple reflection1 8common s5se0 s call$--^! ant9omies seem utt]ly insoluble4 ,! reason ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! fact t 8common s5se0 places implicit fai? 9 ^! categories 7j m5tion$71 & nev] rises to ! inve/igation ( !m by !mselves4 ,to consid] ! validity ( ^! categories by !mselves is call$ a transc5d5tal proc$ure1 = x passes beyond ! ord9>y ?9k+ :i* uses !m )\t di/ru/4 ,! transc5d5tal inve/igation %[s t ! insolubility attribut$ to ^! ant9omies arises f ! mi/ake ( ! ?9k]1 :o supposes ! categories he employs to be exhau/ive4 ,speculative insight beg9s ) ! p]ception t !y are n exhau/ive2 t !y h by a species ( en*antm5t ca/ a spell ^u ! m9d1 "u :i* e ?+ seems dual1 & ! we>y seek] aft] ,tru? w&]s ?r\gh a realm ( ab/ractions ea* ( :i* assumes ! =m ( a solid reality--n[ a giant1 & n[ a dw>f1 & n[ an impassible riv]1 imp5etrable =e/1 or ?ick ca/le wall def5d$ by dragons4 ,! foll[+ que/ions w illu/rate ! "* ( ! problems "h describ$3 8,:y deal ) ab/ractions--:y n hold fa/ by ! concrete reality80 7,?is position combats m$iation "u its =m ( ab/raction47 8,c we n "k imm$iately by intuition ^? objects t philosophy /rives 9 va9 to compreh5d8 9 %ort1 are n ,god1 ,fre$om & ,immortality c]ta9 to u & yet indemon/rable80 7,?is position combats m$iation z involv$ 9 a sy/em ( ,philosophy47 ,^! que/ions arise only 9 ! m9d t has already gone beyond ! doctr9e t x attempts to def5d1 & h5ce a self refutation is easily drawn out ( ! s\rce f :5ce !y orig9ate4 ,,ab/raction4 7a7 ,x w be readily grant$ t all kn[+ involves di/9ction4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% "o object f ano!r4 7b7 ,b ! process ( di/+ui%+ is a process t involves ab/raction4 ,= 9 sep>at+ ?is object f t1 ,i contra/ its m>ks1 prop]ties1 attributes1 ) ^? ( ! o!r4 ,9 seiz+ ^u "o *>act]i/ic ,i mu/ isolate x f all o!rs1 & ?is is no?+ m nor less ?an ab/raction4 7c7 ,!re=e x is absurd to speak ( kn[+ )\t ab/raction1 = ?is ent]s into ! simple/ act ( p]ception4 7d7 ,nor is ?is a subjective defect1 an 8impot5cy ( our m5tal /ructure10 z "s w\ld be ready to exclaim at ?is po9t4 ,= x is j z evid5t t ?+s !mselves obta9 reality only ?r\gh ^! v *>act]i/ics4 ,"o ?+ pres]ves its di/9ctness f ano!r by means ( its v>i\s det]m9ations4 ,)\t ^! det]m9ations all w\ld collapse into "o1 nay1 ev5 8"o0 w\ld vani%1 = di/9ction be+ completely gone1 "o-ness is n possible4 ,?is is ! 8,pr9ciple ( ,indisc]nibles0 enunciat$ by ,leibnitz4 ,?us di/9ction is z necess>y objectively z subjectively4 ,! ?+ ab/racts 9 ord] to be real4 ,x def5ds itself aga9/ :at lies )\t x by specializ+ itself into s+le prop]ties1 & ?us becom+ 9 ea* a m]e ab/raction4 7e7 ,moreov]1 besides ?is preval5ce ( ab/raction 9 ! !oretic field1 x is /ill m rem>kable 9 ! practical _w4 ,! bus9ess man decries ab/ractions4 ,he does n "k t e act ( ! w is an ab/raction1 & t x is also prec$$ by an ab/raction4 ,:5 he exhorts y to 8leave (f ab/ractions & deal ) concrete realities10 he does ?is3 7#a47 he reg>ds y z he ?9ks y are2 7#b47 he conceives y z diff]5t1 i4 e4 z a practical man2 7#c47 he exhorts y to *ange f y\r real /ate to ! possible "o :i* he conceives ( 7?r\gh ! process ( ab/raction74 ,! simple/ act ) design--t ( go+ to d9n]1 = example--involves ab/raction4 ,if ,i raise my arm on purpose1 ,i fir/ ab/ract f its real position1 & ?9k x "u ano!r condition4 7f7 ,b ! *ief po9t 9 all ?is is to m>k h[ ! m9d frees itself f ! untru? ( ab/raction4 ,= x mu/ be all[$ t all ab/ractions are false4 ,! isolation ( t :i* is n suffici5t = its own exi/5ce1 7?\gh z we h se51 a necess>y con/itu5t ( ! process ( kn[+ & ( exi/+17 sets up an untru? z exi/5t4 ,!re=e ! m9d ?9ks ?is isolation only z a mom5t ( a negative unity1 7i4 e4 z an elem5t ( a process74 ,?is leads u to ! consid]ation ( m$iation 9 ! m g5]al =m1 involv$ by ! second "q4 ,,imm$iate ,,kn[+4 7a7 ,def9ition4--8,imm$iate0 is a pr$icate appli$ to :at is directly ?r\gh itself4 ,! imm$iat5ess ( any?+ is ! phase t fir/ pres5ts itself4 ,x is ! undevelop$--an oak tak5 imm$iately is an acorn2 man tak5 imm$iately is a *ild at bir?4 7b7 ,def9ition4--8,m$iation0 signifies ! process ( realization4 ,a m$iate or m$iat$ some:at is :at x is ?r\gh ano!r1 or ?r\gh a process4 7c7 ,pr9ciple4--,any concrete some:at exi/s ?r\gh its relations to all else 9 ! univ]se2 h5ce all concrete some:ats are m$iat$4 8,if a gra9 ( s& 7 de/roy$ ! univ]se w\ld collapse40 7d7 ,pr9ciple4--,an absolutely imm$iate some:at w\ld be a pure no?+1 = ! reason t no det]m9ation c\ld belong to x1 7= det]m9ation is negative1 & h5ce m$iation74 ,h5ce all imm$iat5ess mu/ be ph5om5al1 or ! result ( ab/raction f ! concrete :ole1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 exhibits ! contradiction ( an imm$iate :i* is m$iat$ 7a 8result407 7e7 ,! solution ( ?is contradiction is f\nd 9 8self-det]m9ation10 7z we h se5 9 =m] *apt]s74 ,! self-det]m9$ is a m$iat$2 x is ?r\gh ! process ( det]m9ation2 b is likewise an imm$iate1 = x is its own m$iation1 & h5ce x is ! beg9n+ & end--x beg9s ) its result1 & ends 9 its beg9n+1 & ?us x is a circul> process4 ,?is is ! great ap]u ( all speculative philosophy4 7f7 ,def9ition4--,tru? is ! =m ( ! ,total1 or t :i* actually exi/s4 7g7 ,h5ce a kn[+ ( ,tru? mu/ be a kn[+ ( ! self-det]m9$1 :i* is bo? imm$iate & m$iate4 ,?is is a process or sy/em4 ,!re=e ! kn[+ ( x _c be simply imm$iate1 b mu/ be 9 ! =m ( a sy/em4 ,?us ! s-call$ 8imm$iate intuition0 is n a kn[+ ( tru? unless inconsi/5t ) :at x pr(esses4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,baad]4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ,dr4 ,franz ,h(fmann to ! ,/4 ,l\is ,philosophical ,society has be5 h&$ u = publication4 ,x gives u pleasure to lay be=e our read]s s able a pres5tation ( ! claims ( ,baad]1 & we tru/ t "s ( our c\ntrym5 w be l$ by x to inve/igate ! orig9al s\rces h]e9 ref]r$ to4 ,we are reque/$ to correct a mis/atem5t t occurs 9 ! fir/ p>agraph reg>d+ ! objects ( ! ,philosophical ,society4 ,x 0 n f\nd$ = ! special purpose ( 8/udy+ ,g]man ,philosophy f ,kant to ,hegel10 al?\gh x has _m memb]s :o are occupi$ *iefly 9 t field4 ,! ,society includes among its memb]s advocates ( widely diff]+ sy/ems1 all1 h[ev]1 work+ 9 ! _s ( ! ,preamble to ! ,con/itution1 :i* says3 8,! object ( ?is ,society is to enc\rage ! /udy & developm5t ( ,speculative ,philosophy2 to fo/] an application ( its results to ,art1 ,sci5ce1 & ,religion2 & to e/abli% a philosophical basis = ! pr(essions ( ,law1 ,m$ic9e1 ,div9ity1 ,politics1 ,education1 ,art1 & ,lit]ature40 ,we are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,a4 ,/ro?otte = ! translation ( ! lett]4--,,editor4 ,w,,rzburg1 ,dec4 #bh1 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,presid5t3 ,9 ! fir/ numb] ( ,vol4 ,,xlix ( ! 8,zeits*rift fr ,philosophie10 publi%$ at ,halle1 9 ,prussia1 edit$ by ,fi*te1 ,ulrici & ,wir?1 notice is tak5 ( a philosophical society1 organiz$ at ,/4 ,l\is1 ) ! object ( pursu+ ! /udy ( ,g]man philosophy f ,kant to ,hegel4 ,?is fact promises a correlation ( philosophical movem5ts betwe5 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,g]many :i* is ( great importance4 ,i presume1 h[ev]1 t y h already be5 l$1 or t y w be l$1 to g back beyond ,kant to ! fir/ traces ( ,g]man philosophy1 & proce$ f ,hegel to ! pres5t "t4 ,n[1 al?\gh a ?or\gh & compreh5sive view ( ,hegel's philosophy is 9 ! fir/ place to be recomm5d$1 yet ! o!r directions 9 ! movem5t ( ?\ght mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,9 ! ,b]l9 organ ( ! ,philosophical ,society ( ! ,hegelians--,d] ,g$anke--edit$ by ,mi*elet1 may be f\nd1 z y p]haps "k1 an index ( ! works ( ,hegel's s*ool1 by ,ros5kranz1 :]eas on ! o!r h& ! ri* lit]ature ( ! anti-,hegelian writ]s is n[h]e met ) 9 any degree ( complet5ess4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 are notic$ 9 ,fi*te's j\rnal1 & 9 ! m rec5t works on ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( ,erdmann1 & /ill m 9 ^? ( ,ueb]weg4 ,among ! prom95t movem5ts 9 philosophical ?9k+1 dur+ & aft] ! "t ( ,hegel1 ! pr(\nd utt]ances ( a great & g5ial tea*]1 ,franz ,baad]1 rea* a degree ( prom95ce1 ev5 high] ?an is admitt$ by ,erdmann & ,ueb]weg4 ,?is may be readily p]ceiv$ by ref]r+ to ! diss]tation on ,franz ,baad]1 by ,c>l ,philipp ,fis*]1 ( ,erlang51 & /ill m by hav+ rec\rse to ,hamb]g]1 ,lutt]beck1 & to my own writ+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i take ! lib]ty ( recomm5d+ to y & to ! memb]s ( ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ! /udy ( ! works ( a philosoph] :o c]ta9ly w h a great future1 al?\gh 8 doctr9es 9 ! progress ( "t may und]go modifications1 re=ms & fur!r developm5ts4 ,if ,hegel _h liv$ long]1 ! influ5ce ( ,baad] ^u him w\ld h be5 great] yet ?an became visible dur+ 8 la/ ye>s4 ,he has ?r[n ,s*ell+ out ( 8 pan!ism1 & press$ him t[>ds a semi-pan!ism1 or t[>ds a deep] !ism4 ,! influ5ce ( ,baad] on ! philosoph]s aft] ,hegel--,j4 ,h4 ,fi*te1 ,weisse1 ,sempl]1 ,c4 ,ph4 ,fis*] & o!rs--is mu* great] ?an is commonly admitt$4 ,:e!r !y agree to x or n1 /ill x is a fact t ,baad] is ! c5tral con/ellation ( ! movem5t ( ! ,g]man _s1 f pan!ism to a deep] ideal-reali/ic !ism4 ,su* a g5ius1 :atev] position may be tak5 ) reg>d to him1 _c be left unnotic$1 )\t runn+ ! risk ( be+ left beh9d ! times4 ,i ask no?+ = ,baad]1 b to foll[ ! maxim--8,try all & keep ! be/40 ,i regret t s great a di/ance prev5ts me f s5d+ y\r honorable ,society "s ( my explanatory writ+s1 :i* are admitt$ to be cle> & ?or\gh4 ,x may suffice if ,i add a copy ( my prospectus2 & let me "h rem>k1 t a collection ( my writ+s1 9 f\r l>ge volumes1 w be publi%$ by ,dei*]t1 9 ,erlang54 ,! fir/ volume1 p]haps1 w be ready at ,ea/]1 #ahfg4 ,erdmann1 9 8 elem5ts ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 has treat$ ( ! doctr9es ( ,baad]1 too briefly x is true1 b ) m ju/ice ?an he has us$ 9 8 =m] "w on ! hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy1 & he be>s witness t 8 e/eem ( ,baad] increases m & m4 ,b he evid5tly assigns to him a wrong position1 by consid]+ ,ok5 & ,baad] z extremes1 & ,hegel z ! mean1 :ile ,ok5 & ,hegel are ! extremes1 & ,baad] ! mean4 ,! mo/ important ph5om5on 9 ! s*ool ( ,hegel is ! ,idee d] ,wiss5s*aft ( ,ros5kranz1 7,logik und ,metaphysik17 :i* repres5ts ,hegel 9 a s5se n f> di/ant f ! /&po9t ( ,baad]4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,h4 ,fis*]'s ,*>act]i/ics ( ,baad]'s ,!osophy speaks ) high favor ( him1 b /ill ,i h to take sev]al exceptions4 ,accord+ to my op9ion1 all ! au?ors by him ref]r$ to1 z ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,daub] & ,baad]1 we mu/ call !osoph]s--or call none ( !m s1 b philosoph]s1 9 ord] to avoid misund]/&+4 ,!n ,i d n see h[ ,s*ell+ c be call$ ! 8mo/ g5ial philosoph] ( mod]n times10 & yet ,baad] ! m1 yea1 ! mo/ pr(\nd4 ,f9ally1 a want ( sy/em mu/ be admitt$1 b too great importance is attribut$ to ?is4 ,if1 h[ev]1 sy/ematism c\ld decide "h1 !n n ,s*ell+ b ,hegel is ! greate/ philosoph] ( mod]n times4 ,at all ev5ts ,fis*]'s ,memorial at ! ,c5t5nial ,bir?day ( ,baad] is significant1 & is writt5 ) great _s & w>m?4 ,! mo/ important "w ( ,c4 ,ph4 ,fis*]1 be>+ on ?is subject1 is 8 elem5ts ( ! sy/em ( philosophy1 or ,encyclop$ia ( ! ,philosophical ,sci5ces4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! works ( ! philosoph]s aft] ,hegel & ,baad]4 ,! ,a!num ( ,fros*hamm]1 7,j\rnal = ,philosophy71 appe>$ only = ?ree ye>s4 ,x _h to cease its publication1 because on ! "o side ! ,ultramontani/ p>ty agitat$ aga9/ x1 & on ! o!r side x met ) insuffici5t support4 ,its reissue w\ld be desirable1 b j n[ n practicable1 = want ( int]e/ on ! "p ( ! public1 al?\gh x c\ld be> comp>ison ) any o!r philosophical j\rnal4 ,"h let me say1 t f ,baad] !re proce$$ a /rong impulse t[>d ! revival ( ! /udy ( ! long-=gott5 spiritual treasures ( ! my/ics & !osoph]s ( ! middle ages1 & ( ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,f ?is impulse monographs h made _! appe>ance ab\t ,scotus ,erig5a1 ,alb]tus ,magnus--at lea/ biographies ( !m--,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,mei/] ,eckh>t1 ,taul]1 ,ni*olas ,cusanus1 ,weigel1 ,j4 ,bhme1 ,oett+]1 etc4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! ,i deem to be ,scotus ,erig5a1 by ,joh4 ,hub]1 ,*ri/lieb & ,kauli*2 ,mei/] ,eckh>t1 by ,ba*1 & ,j4 ,bhme1 by ,j4 ,hamb]g]4 ,ba* on ,eckh>t is especially in/ructive ) respect to ! connection betwe5 mod]n philosophy & ! !osophy ( ,eckh>t & 8 s*ool1 to :i* also ,ni*olas ,cusanus belong$4 ,i presume t x w yet be discov]$ t ,cop]nicus 0 at lea/ acqua9t$ ) ,ni*olas ,cusanus1 if he did n ev5 sympa?ize ) 8 philosophy4 ,! director ( ! obs]vatory at ,krakau1 ,k]l9ski1 is at pres5t prep>+ a monograph on ,cop]nicus1 :i* w probably ?r[ light on ?is subject4 ,pr[e's pamphlet on ,cop]nicus1 :i* ,i h notic$ 9 ,glas]'s j\rnal1 ref]s to ! inve/igations ( ,k]l9ski1 :o has rec5tly publi%$ a beautiful edition ( ! works ( ,cop]nicus4 ,z 9 ! e>ly ages1 fir/ 9 ! ,py?agorean s*ool1 !y approa*$ ! true doctr9e ( ! ,univ]se1 s 9 ! middle ages x appe>s 9 ! s*ool ( ,eckh>t1 = 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 & ) "s re/riction1 ,ni*olas ,cusanus 0 ! precursor ( ,cop]nicus4 ,i beg y1 my de> sir1 to communicate ?is lett] to y\r honorable ,society3 %\ld y see fit to publi% x 9 a j\rnal1 y are at lib]ty to d s4 ,i rema91 ,sir1 ) great respect1 ,truly1 y\rs1 ,,dr4 ,,franz ,,h(fmann1 ,pr(4 ( ,philos4 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wrzburg4 ,,9 ,,! ,,qu>ry4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,b4 ,impati5t1 /ung ) pa91 & long delay1 ,i *id ! r\gh-hewn /one t r\nd me lay2 ,i said--8,:at %elt] art ?\ f ! heat8 ,:at re/ art ?\ = tir$ & way-worn feet8 ,:at beauty ha/ ?\ = ! long+ eye8 ,?\ no?+ ha/ my ne$ to satisfy60 ,& !n ! pati5t /one fit answ] made-- 8,mo/ true ,i am no ro( ) welcome %ade2 ,i am no h\se = re/1 or full delight ,( sculptur$ beauty = ! we>y sight2 ,yet am ,i /ill1 mat]ial = all2 ,use me z su*--,i answ] to ?y call4 ,nay1 tread me only "u climb+ feet1 ,s s]ve ,i !e1 my de/9y complete2 ,m\nt by me into pur]1 fre] air1 ,& f9d ! ro( t ar*e? ev]y:]e2 ,s :at b failure seems1 %all build success2 ,= all1 z possible1 ?\ do/ possess40 ,:o by ! ,univ]sal squ>es 8 life1 ,sees b success 9 all its f9ite /rife2 ,9 all t is1 8 tru?-enlight5$ eyes ,detect ! ,may-be ?r\gh its ?9 disguise2 ,& 9 ! ,absolute's uncl\d$ sun1 ,to him ! two already are ! "o4 ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,speculative ,,philosophy4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahfg4 ,no4 #d4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,outl9es ,,( ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,natural ,,philosophy2 ,,or1 ,,on ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,speculative ,,physics ,,& ,,! ,,int]nal ,,organization ,,( ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,?is ,,sci5ce4 #agii4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,,s*ell+1 by ,,tom ,,davidson4 ,i4 ,,:at ,,we ,,call ,,natural ,,philosophy ,,is ,a ,,necess>y ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,kn[+4 ,! ,intellig5ce is productive 9 two modes--t is1 ei!r bl9dly & unconsci\sly1 or freely & consci\sly2--unconsci\sly productive 9 ext]nal intuition1 consci\sly 9 ! creation ( an ideal _w4 ,philosophy removes ?is di/9ction by assum+ ! unconsci\s activity z orig9ally id5tical1 &1 z x 71 sprung f ! same root ) ! consci\s2 ?is id5tity is by x directly prov$ 9 ! case ( an activity at once cle>ly consci\s & unconsci\s1 :i* manife/s itself 9 ! productions ( g5ius1 indirectly1 outside ( consci\sness1 9 ! products ( ,nature1 s f> z 9 !m all1 ! mo/ complete fusion ( ! ,ideal ) ! ,real is p]ceiv$4 ,s9ce philosophy assumes ! unconsci\s1 or1 z x may likewise be t]m$1 ! real activity z id5tical ) ! consci\s or ideal1 its t5d5cy w orig9ally be to br+ back ev]y:]e ! real to ! ideal--a process :i* gives bir? to :at is call$ ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy4 ,! regul>ity display$ 9 all ! movem5ts ( ,nature--= example1 ! sublime geometry :i* is ex]cis$ 9 ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies--is n expla9$ by say+ t ,nature is ! mo/ p]fect geometry2 b conv]sely1 by say+ t ! mo/ p]fect geometry is :at produces 9 ,nature2--a mode ( explanation :]eby ! ,real itself is transport$ into ! ideal _w1 & ^? motions are *ang$ into intuitions1 :i* take place only 9 ourselves1 & to :i* no?+ outside ( u corresponds4 ,aga91 ! fact t ,nature1 :]ev] x is left to itself1 9 e transition f a fluid to a solid /ate1 produces1 ( its own accord1 z x 71 regul> =ms--:i* regul>ity1 9 ! high] species ( cry/allization1 namely1 ! organic1 seems to become purpose ev52 or ! fact t 9 ! animal k+dom--t product ( ! bl9d =ces ( ,nature--we see actions arise :i* are equal 9 regul>ity to ^? t take place ) consci\sness1 & ev5 ext]nal works ( art1 p]fect 9 _! k9d2--all ?is is n expla9$ by say+ t x is an unconsci\s productivity1 ?\gh 9 its orig9 ak9 to ! consci\s1 ^: m]e reflex we see 9 ,nature1 & :i*1 f ! /&-po9t ( ! natural view1 mu/ appe> z "o & ! same bl9d t5d5cy1 :i* ex]ts its influ5ce f cry/allization upw>ds to ! highe/ po9t ( organic =mation 79 :i*1 on "o side1 ?r\gh ! art-t5d5cy1 x returns aga9 to m]e cry/allization7 only act+ ^u diff]5t planes4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 inasmu* z ,nature is only ! visible organism ( our und]/&+1 ,nature c produce no?+ b :at %[s regul>ity & design1 & ,nature is compell$ to produce t4 ,b if ,nature c produce only ! regul>1 & produces x f necessity1 x foll[s t ! orig9 ( su* regul> & design-ev9c+ products mu/ aga9 be capable ( be+ prov$ necess>y 9 ,nature1 reg>d$ z self-exi/5t & real1 & 9 ! relation ( its =ces2--t !re=e1 conv]sely1 ! ,ideal mu/ arise out ( ! ,real1 & admit ( explanation f x4 ,if1 n[1 x is ! task ( ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy to subord9ate ! ,real to ! ,ideal1 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 ! task ( ,natural ,philosophy to expla9 ! ,ideal by ! ,real4 ,! two sci5ces are !re=e b "o sci5ce1 ^: two problems are di/+ui%$ by ! opposite directions 9 :i* !y move2 moreov]1 z ! two directions are n only equally possible1 b equally necess>y1 ! same necessity atta*es to bo? 9 ! sy/em ( kn[+4 ,,ii4 ,,sci5tific ,,"* ,,( ,,natural ,,philosophy4 ,natural ,philosophy1 z ! opposite ( ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy1 is di/+ui%$ f ! latt] *iefly by ! fact t x posits ,nature 7n1 inde$1 9 s f> z x is a product1 b 9 s f> z x is at once productive & product7 z ! self-exi/5t2 :5ce x may be mo/ briefly designat$ z ! ,sp9ozism ( ,physics4 ,x foll[s naturally f ?is t !re is no place 9 ?is sci5ce = ideali/ic me?ods ( explanation1 su* z ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy is fitt$ to supply1 f ! circum/ance t = x ,nature is no?+ m ?an ! organ ( self-consci\sness1 & ev]y?+ 9 ,nature is necess>y m]ely because x is only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( su* a ,nature t self-consci\sness c take place2 ?is mode ( explanation1 h[ev]1 is z mean+less 9 ! case ( physics1 & ( our sci5ce :i* occupies ! same /&-po9t ) x1 z 7 ! old teleological modes ( explanation1 & ! introduction ( a univ]sal ref]5ce to f9al causes into ! !reby metamorphos$ sci5ce ( ,nature4 ,= e ideali/ic mode ( explanation1 dragg$ out ( its own prop] sph]e & appli$ to ! explanation ( ,nature1 deg5]ates into ! mo/ adv5tur\s nons5se1 examples ( :i* are well kn[n4 ,! fir/ maxim ( all true natural sci5ce1 viz41 to expla9 ev]y?+ by ! =ces ( ,nature1 is !re=e accept$ 9 its wide/ ext5t 9 our sci5ce1 & ev5 ext5d$ to t region1 at ! limit ( :i* all int]pretation ( ,nature has hi!rto be5 accu/om$ to /op %ort2 = example1 to ^? organic ph5om5a :i* seem to pre-suppose an analogy ) reason4 ,=1 grant$ t 9 ! actions ( animals !re really is some?+ :i* pre-supposes su* analogy1 on ! pr9ciple ( realism1 no?+ fur!r w\ld foll[ ?an t :at we call reason is a m]e play ( high] & necess>ily unkn[n natural =ces4 ,=1 inasmu* z all ?9k+ is at la/ r$ucible to a produc+ & reproduc+1 !re is no?+ impossible 9 ! ?\ght t ! same activity by :i* ,nature reproduces itself anew 9 ea* successive phase1 is reproductive 9 ?\ght ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! organism 7v mu* 9 ! same mann] 9 :i*1 ?r\gh ! action & play ( light1 ,nature1 :i* exi/s indep5d5tly ( x1 is creat$ immat]ial1 &1 z x 71 = a second "t71 9 :i* circum/ance x is natural t :at =ms ! limit ( our intuitive faculty1 no long] falls )9 ! sph]e ( our intuition itself4 ,,iii4 ,,natural ,,philosophy ,,is ,,speculative ,,physics4 ,our sci5ce1 z f> z we h gone1 is ?or\ghly & completely reali/ic2 x is !re=e no?+ o!r ?an ,physics1 x is only speculative ,physics2 9 its t5d5cy x is exactly :at ! sy/ems ( ! anci5t physici/s 71 & :at1 9 m rec5t times1 ! sy/em ( ! re/or] ( ,epicurean philosophy is1 viz41 ,lesage's ,me*anical ,physics1 by :i* ! speculative _s 9 physics1 aft] a long sci5tific sleep1 has aga91 = ! fir/ "t1 be5 awak5$4 ,x _c be %[n 9 detail "h 7= ! pro( itself falls )9 ! sph]e ( our sci5ce71 t on ! me*anical or atomi/ic basis :i* has be5 adopt$ by ,lesage & 8 mo/ successful pr$ecessors1 ! idea ( speculative physics is incapable ( realization4 ,=1 inasmu* z ! fir/ problem ( ?is sci5ce1 t ( inquir+ into ! absolute cause ( motion 7)\t :i* ,nature is n 9 itself a f9i%$ :ole71 is absolutely incapable ( a me*anical solution1 see+ t me*anically motion results only f motion ad inf9itum1 !re rema9s = ! real con/ruction ( speculative physics only "o way op51 viz41 ! dynamic1 :i* lays d[n t motion arises n only f motion1 b ev5 f re/2 t1 !re=e1 !re is motion 9 ! re/ ( ,nature1 & t all me*anical motion is ! m]ely second>y & d]ivative motion ( t :i* is solely primitive & orig9al1 & :i* wells =? f ! v fir/ factors 9 ! con/ruction ( a nature g5]ally 7! fundam5tal =ces74 ,9 h]eby mak+ cle> ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 our und]tak+ & all ^? ( a simil> nature t h hi!rto be5 attempt$1 we h at ! same "t %[n ! diff]5ce betwe5 speculative physics & s-call$ empirical physics2 a diff]5ce :i* 9 ! ma9 may be r$uc$ to ?is1 t ! =m] occupies itself solely & entirely ) ! orig9al causes ( motion 9 nature1 t is1 solely ) ! dynamical ph5om5a2 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 inasmu* z x nev] rea*es a f9al s\rce ( motion 9 nature1 deals only ) ! second>y motions1 & ev5 ) ! orig9al ones only z me*anical 7& !re=e likewise capable ( ma!matical con/ruction74 ,! =m]1 9 fact1 aims g5]ally at ! inn] spr+-"w & :at is non-objective 9 ,nature2 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 only at ! surface ( ,nature1 & :at is objective1 &1 s to speak1 outside 9 x4 ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,,speculative ,,physics4 ,inasmu* z our inquiry is direct$ n s mu* ^u ! ph5om5a ( ,nature z ^u _! f9al gr\nds1 & our bus9ess is n s mu* to d$uce ! latt] f ! =m] z ! =m] f ! latt]1 our task is simply ?is3 to erect a sci5ce ( ,nature 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m2 & 9 ord] to f9d out :e!r speculative physics are possible1 we mu/ "k :at belongs to ! possibility ( a doctr9e ( ,nature view$ z sci5ce4 7a7 ,! idea ( kn[+ is "h tak5 9 its /ricte/ s5se1 & !n x is easy to see t1 9 ?is acceptation ( ! t]m1 we c be said to "k objects only :5 !y are su* t we see ! pr9ciples ( _! possibility1 = )\t ?is insight my :ole k ( an object1 e4 g4 ( a ma*9e1 ) ^: con/ruction ,i am unacqua9t$1 is a m]e see+1 t is1 a m]e conviction ( its exi/5ce1 :]eas ! inv5tor ( ! ma*9e has ! mo/ p]fect k ( x1 because he is1 z x 71 ! s\l ( ! "w1 & because x prexi/$ 9 8 head be=e he exhibit$ x z a reality4 ,n[1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be impossible to obta9 a glance into ! int]nal con/ruction ( ,nature1 if an invasion ( ,nature 7 n possible ?r\gh fre$om4 ,x is true t ,nature acts op5ly & freely2 its acts h[ev] are nev] isolat$1 b p]=m$ "u a concurr5ce ( a ho/ ( causes1 :i* mu/ fir/ be exclud$ if we are to obta9 a pure result4 ,nature mu/ !re=e be compell$ to act "u c]ta9 def9ite conditions1 :i* ei!r d n exi/ 9 x at all1 or else exi/ only z modifi$ by o!rs4--,su* an invasion ( ,nature we call an exp]im5t4 ,e exp]im5t is a "q put to ,nature1 to :i* %e is compell$ to give a reply4 ,b e "q conta9s an implicit priori judgm5t2 e exp]im5t t is an exp]im5t1 is a prophecy2 exp]im5t+ itself is a production ( ph5om5a4 ,! fir/ /ep1 !re=e1 t[>ds sci5ce1 at lea/ 9 ! doma9 ( physics1 is tak5 :5 we ourselves beg9 to produce ! objects ( t sci5ce4 7b7 ,we "k only ! self-produc$2 kn[+1 !re=e1 9 ! /ricte/ acceptation ( ! t]m1 is a pure kn[+ priori4 ,con/ruction by means ( exp]im5t1 is1 aft] all1 an absolute self-production ( ! ph5om5a4 ,!re is no "q b t mu* 9 ! sci5ce ( ,nature may be kn[n comp>atively priori2 z1 = example1 9 ! !ory ( ! ph5om5a ( electricity1 magnetism1 & ev5 light4 ,!re is su* a simple law recurr+ 9 e ph5om5on t ! results ( e exp]im5t may be told be=eh&2 "h my kn[+ foll[s imm$iately f a kn[n law1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any p>ticul> exp]i5ce4 ,b :5ce !n does ! law itself come to me8 ,! ass]tion is1 t all ph5om5a are correlat$ 9 "o absolute & necess>y law1 f :i* !y c all be d$uc$2 9 %ort1 t 9 natural sci5ce all t we "k1 we "k absolutely priori4 ,n[1 t exp]im5t nev] leads to su* a kn[+1 is pla9ly manife/1 f ! fact t x c nev] get beyond ! =ces ( ,nature1 ( :i* itself makes use z means4 ,z ! f9al causes ( natural ph5om5a are !mselves n ph5om5al1 we mu/ ei!r give up all attempt ev] to arrive at a k ( !m1 or else we mu/ altoge!r put !m into ,nature1 end[ ,nature ) !m4 ,b n[1 t :i* we put into ,nature has no o!r value ?an t ( a pre-supposition 7hypo!sis71 & ! sci5ce f\nd$ !reon mu/ be equally hypo!tical ) ! pr9ciple itself4 ,?is x w\ld be possible to avoid only 9 "o case1 viz41 if t pre-supposition itself 7 involunt>y1 & z necess>y z ,nature itself4 ,assum+1 = example1 :at mu/ be assum$1 t ! sum ( ph5om5a is n a m]e _w1 b ( necessity a ,nature--t is1 t ?is :ole is n m]ely a product1 b at ! same "t productive1 x foll[s t 9 ?is :ole we c nev] arrive at absolute id5tity1 inasmu* z ?is w\ld br+ ab\t an absolute transition ( ,nature1 9 z f> z x is productive1 into ,nature z product1 t is1 x w\ld produce absolute re/2 su* wav]+ ( ,nature1 !re=e1 betwe5 productivity & product1 w1 ( necessity1 appe> z a univ]sal duplicity ( pr9ciples1 :]eby ,nature is ma9ta9$ 9 cont9ual activity1 & prev5t$ f exhau/+ itself 9 its product2 & univ]sal duality z ! pr9ciple ( explanation ( ,nature w be z necess>y z ! idea ( ,nature itself4 ,?is absolute hypo!sis mu/ c>ry its necessity )9 itself1 b x mu/1 besides ?is1 be br\ght to empiric pro(2 =1 inasmu* z all ! ph5om5a ( ,nature _c be d$uc$ f ?is hypo!sis z long z !re is 9 ! :ole sy/em ( ,nature a s+le ph5om5on :i* is n necess>y accord+ to t pr9ciple1 or :i* contradicts x1 ! hypo!sis is !reby at once %[n to be false1 & f t mom5t ceases to h validity z an hypo!sis4 ,by ?is d$uction ( all natural ph5om5a f an absolute hypo!sis1 our kn[+ is *ang$ into a con/ruction ( ,nature itself1 t is1 into a sci5ce ( ,nature priori4 ,if1 !re=e1 su* d$uction itself is possible1 a ?+ :i* c be prov$ only by ! fact1 !n also a doctr9e ( ,nature is possible z a sci5ce ( ,nature2 a sy/em ( purely speculative physics is possible1 :i* 0 ! po9t to be prov$4 ,rem>k4--,!re w\ld be no necessity = ?is rem>k1 if ! confusion :i* /ill prevails 9 reg>d to ideas p]spicu\s en\gh 9 !mselves did n r5d] "s explanation ) reg>d to !m requisite4 ,! ass]tion t natural sci5ce mu/ be able to d$uce all its pr9ciples priori1 is 9 a measure und]/ood to mean t natural sci5ce mu/ disp5se ) all exp]i5ce1 &1 )\t any int]v5tion ( exp]i5ce1 be able to sp9 all its pr9ciples out ( itself--an affirmation s absurd t ! v objections to x des]ve pity4 ,n only d we "k ?is or t ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 b we orig9ally "k no?+ at all except ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 & by means ( exp]i5ce1 & 9 ?is s5se ! :ole ( our k consi/s ( ! data ( exp]i5ce4 ,^! data become priori pr9ciples :5 we become consci\s ( !m z necess>y1 & ?us e datum1 be its import :at x may1 may be rais$ to t dignity1 inasmu* z ! di/9ction betwe5 priori & po/]iori data is n at all1 z _m p may h imag9$1 "o orig9ally cleav+ to ! data !mselves1 b is a di/9ction made solely ) respect to our kn[+1 & ! k9d ( our k ( ^! data1 s t e datum :i* is m]ely hi/orical = me--i4 e4 a datum ( exp]i5ce--becomes1 not)/&+1 an priori pr9ciple z soon z ,i arrive1 :e!r directly or indirectly1 at insight into its int]nal necessity4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x mu/ 9 all cases be possible to recognize e natural ph5om5on z absolutely necess>y2 =1 if !re is no *ance 9 nature at all1 !re c likewise be no orig9al ph5om5on ( ,nature =tuit\s2 on ! contr>y1 = ! v reason t ,nature is a sy/em1 !re mu/ be a necess>y connection = ev]y?+ t happ5s or comes to pass 9 x1 9 "s pr9ciple embrac+ ! :ole ( ,nature4 ,insight into ?is int]nal necessity ( all natural ph5om5a becomes1 ( c\rse1 /ill m complete1 z soon z we reflect t !re is no real sy/em :i* is n1 at ! same "t1 an organic :ole4 ,= if1 9 an organic :ole1 all ?+s mutually be> & support ea* o!r1 !n ?is organization mu/ h exi/$ z a :ole previ\s to its p>ts--! :ole c\ld n h aris5 f ! p>ts1 b ! p>ts mu/ h aris5 out ( ! :ole4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 ,,we ,,"k ,nature1 b ,nature ,,is1 priori1 t is1 ev]y?+ individual 9 x is pr$et]m9$ by ! :ole or by ! idea ( a ,nature g5]ally4 ,b if ,nature is priori1 !n x mu/ be possible to recognize x z some?+ t is priori1 & ?is is really ! mean+ ( our affirmation4 ,su* a sci5ce1 l e o!r1 does n deal ) ! hypo!tical1 or ! m]ely probable1 b dep5ds ^u ! evid5t & ! c]ta94 ,n[1 we may inde$ be q c]ta9 t e natural ph5om5on1 ?r\gh :atev] numb] ( int]m$iate l9ks1 /&s 9 connection ) ! la/ conditions ( a ,nature2 ! int]m$iate l9ks !mselves1 h[ev]1 may be unkn[n to u1 & /ill ly+ hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( ,nature4 ,to f9d out ^! l9ks is ! "w ( exp]im5tal rese>*4 ,speculative physics h no?+ to d b to %[ ! ne$ ( ^! int]m$iate l9ks2#ah b z e new discov]y ?r[s u back ^u a new ignorance1 & :ile "o knot is be+ loos$ a new "o is be+ ti$1 x is conceivable t ! complete discov]y ( all ! int]m$iate l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( ,nature1 & !re=e also our sci5ce itself1 is an inf9ite task4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 has m imp$$ ! inf9ite progress ( ?is sci5ce ?an ! arbitr>9ess ( ! fictions by :i* ! want ( pr(\nd insight 0 s long doom$ to be conceal$4 ,?is fragm5t>y nature ( our k becomes app>5t only :5 we sep>ate :at is m]ely hypo!tical f ! pure out-come ( sci5ce1 & !reupon set out to collect ! fragm5ts ( ! great :ole ( ,nature aga9 into a sy/em4 ,x is1 !re=e1 conceivable t speculative physics 7! s\l ( real exp]im5t7 has1 9 all "t1 be5 ! "m ( all great discov]ies 9 ,nature4 ,v4 ,,( ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,speculative ,,physics ,,g5]ally4 ,hi!rto ! idea ( speculative physics has be5 d$uc$ & develop$2 x is ano!r bus9ess to %[ h[ ?is idea mu/ be realiz$ & actually c>ri$ out4 ,! au?or1 = ?is purpose1 w\ld at once ref] to 8 ,outl9es ( a ,sy/em ( ,natural ,philosophy1 if he _h n reason to suspect t _m ev5 ( ^? :o might consid] ^? ,outl9es wor?y ( _! att5tion1 w\ld come to x ) c]ta9 preconceiv$ ideas1 :i* he has n presuppos$1 & :i* he does n desire to h pre-suppos$4 ,! causes :i* may r5d] an insight into ! t5d5cy ( ^? ,outl9es difficult1 are 7exclusive ( defects ( /yle & arrangem5t7 ma9ly1 ! foll[+3 #a4 ,t _m p]sons1 misl$ p]haps by ! ^w ,natural ,philosophy1 expect to f9d transc5d5tal d$uctions f natural ph5om5a1 su* z1 9 diff]5t fragm5ts1 exi/ else:]e1 & w reg>d natural philosophy g5]ally z a "p ( transc5d5tal philosophy1 :]eas x =ms a sci5ce altoge!r peculi>1 altoge!r diff]5t f1 & indep5d5t (1 e o!r4 #b4 ,t ! notions ( dynamical physics hi!rto diffus$1 are v diff]5t f1 & p>tially at v>iance )1 ^? :i* ! au?or lays d[n4 ,i d n speak ( ! modes ( repres5tation :i* sev]al p]sons1 ^: bus9ess is really m]e exp]im5t1 h figur$ to !mselves 9 ?is connection2 = example1 :]e !y suppose x to be a dynamical explanation1 :5 !y reject a galvanic fluid1 & accept in/ead ( x c]ta9 vibrations 9 ! metals2 = ^! p]sons1 z soon z !y obs]ve t !y h und]/ood no?+ ( ! matt]1 w rev]t1 ( _! own accord1 to _! previ\s repres5tations1 :i* 7 made = !m4 ,i speak ( ! modes ( repres5tation :i* h be5 put into philosophic heads by ,kant1 & :i* may be ma9ly r$uc$ to ?is3 t we see 9 matt] no?+ b ! occupation ( space 9 def9ite degrees1 9 all diff]5ce ( matt]1 !re=e1 only m]e diff]5ce ( occupation ( space 7i4 e4 d5sity17 9 all dynamic 7qualitative7 *anges1 only m]e *anges 9 ! relation ( ! repell+ & attract+ =ces4 ,n[1 accord+ to ?is mode ( repres5tation1 all ! ph5om5a ( ,nature are look$ at only on _! l[e/ plane1 & ! dynamical physics ( ^! philosoph]s beg9 precisely at ! po9t :]e !y ought prop]ly to leave (f4 ,x is inde$ c]ta9 t ! la/ result ( e dynamical process is a *ang$ degree ( occupation ( space--t is1 a *ang$ d5sity2 inasmu*1 n[1 z ! dynamical process ( ,nature is "o1 & ! individual dynamical processes are only %r$s ( ! "o fundam5tal process--ev5 magnetic & electric ph5om5a1 view$ f ?is /&-po9t1 w be1 n actions ( p>ticul> mat]ials1 b *anges 9 ! con/itution ( matt] itself2 & z ?is dep5ds ^u ! mutual action ( ! fundam5tal =ces1 at la/1 *anges 9 ! relation ( ! fundam5tal =ces !mselves4 ,we d n inde$ d5y t ^! ph5om5a at ! extreme limit ( _! manife/ation are *anges 9 ! relation ( ! pr9ciples !mselves2 we only d5y t ^! *anges are no?+ m2 on ! contr>y1 we are conv9c$ t ?is s-call$ dynamical pr9ciple is too sup]ficial & defective a basis ( explanation = all ,nature's ph5om5a1 to rea* ! real dep? & manifoldness ( natural ph5om5a1 inasmu* z by means ( x1 9 po9t ( fact1 no qualitative *ange ( matt] z su* is con/ructible 7= *ange ( d5sity is only ! ext]nal ph5om5on ( a high] *ange74 ,to adduce pro( ( ?is ass]tion is n incumb5t ^u u1 till1 f ! opposite side1 t pr9ciple ( explanation is %[n by actual fact to exhau/ ,nature1 & ! great *asm is fill$ up betwe5 t k9d ( dynamical philosophy & ! empirical atta9m5ts ( physics--z1 = example1 9 reg>d to ! v diff]5t k9ds ( effects exhibit$ by simple sub/ances--a ?+ :i*1 let u say at once1 we consid] to be impossible4 ,we may !re=e be p]mitt$1 9 ! room ( ! hi!rto prevail+ dynamic mode ( repres5tation1 to place our own )\t fur!r rem>k--a proc$ure :i* w no d\bt cle>ly %[ :]e9 ! latt] diff]s f ! =m]1 & by :i* ( ! two ! ,doctr9e ( ,nature may mo/ c]ta9ly be rais$ to a ,sci5ce ( ,nature4 ,,vi4 ,,int]nal ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,speculative ,,physics4 #a4 ,an inquiry into ! ,pr9ciple ( speculative physics mu/ be prec$$ by inquiries into ! di/9ction betwe5 ! speculative & ! empirical g5]ally4 ,?is dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! conviction t betwe5 empiricism & !ory !re is su* a complete opposition t !re c be no ?ird ?+ 9 :i* ! two may be unit$2 t1 !re=e1 ! idea ( ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ce is a mongrel idea1 :i* implies no connect$ ?\ght1 or r1 :i* _c be ?\ght at all4 ,:at is pure empiricism is n sci5ce1 &1 vice v]s1 :at is sci5ce is n empiricism4 ,?is is n said = ! purpose ( at all depreciat+ empiricism1 b is meant to exhibit x 9 its true & prop] light4 ,pure empiricism1 be its object :at x may1 is hi/ory 7! absolute opposite ( !ory71 &1 conv]sely1 hi/ory alone is empiricism4#ai ,physics1 z empiricism1 are no?+ b a collection ( facts1 ( acc\nts ( :at has be5 obs]v$--:at has happ5$ "u natural or artificial circum/ances4 ,9 :at we at pres5t designate physics1 empiricism & sci5ce run riot toge!r1 & = t v reason !y are nei!r "o ?+ nor ano!r4 ,our aim1 9 view ( ?is object1 is to sep>ate sci5ce & empiricism z s\l & body1 & by admitt+ no?+ into sci5ce :i* is n susceptible ( an priori con/ruction1 to /rip empiricism ( all !ory1 & re/ore x to its orig9al nak$ness4 ,! opposition betwe5 empiricism & sci5ce re/s !re=e ^u ?is3 t ! =m] reg>ds its object 9 be+--z some?+ already prep>$ & accompli%$2 sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 views its object 9 becom+1 & z some?+ t has yet to be accompli%$4 ,z sci5ce _c set out f any?+ t is a product--t is1 a ?+--x mu/ set out f ! uncondition$2 ! fir/ inquiry ( speculative physics is t :i* relates to ! uncondition$ 9 natural sci5ce4 #b4 ,z ?is inquiry is1 9 ! ,outl9es1 d$uc$ f ! highe/ pr9ciples1 ! foll[+ may be reg>d$ z m]ely an illu/ration ( ^? inquiries3 ,inasmu* z ev]y?+ ( :i* we c say t x is1 is ( a condition$ nature1 x is only be+ itself t c be ! uncondition$4 ,b see+ t individual be+1 z a condition$1 c be ?\ght only z a p>ticul> limitation ( ! productive activity 7! sole & la/ sub/rate ( all reality7 be+ itself is ?\ght z ! same productive activity 9 its unlimit$ness4 ,= ! philosophy ( nature1 !re=e1 nature is orig9ally only productivity1 & f ?is z its pr9ciple sci5ce mu/ set out4 ,s long z we "k ! totality ( objects only z ! sum ( be+1 ?is totality is a m]e _w--t is1 a m]e product = u4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be impossible 9 ! sci5ce ( ,nature to rise to a high] idea ?an t ( be+1 if all p]man5ce 7:i* is ?\ght 9 ! idea ( be+7 7 n deceptive1 & really a cont9u\s & uni=m reproduction4 ,9 s f> z we reg>d ! totality ( objects n m]ely z a product1 b at ! same "t necess>ily z productive1 x rises into ,nature = u1 & ?is id5tity ( ! product & ! productivity1 & ?is alone is impli$1 ev5 9 ! ord9>y use ( language by ! idea ( ,nature4 ,nature z a m]e product 7natura naturata7 we call ,nature z object 7) ?is alone all empiricism deals74 ,nature z productivity 7natura naturans7 we call ,nature z subject 7) ?is alone all !ory deals74 ,z ! object is nev] uncondition$1 some?+ absolutely non-objective mu/ be put into ,nature2 ?is absolutely non-objective is no?+ else b t orig9al productivity ( ,nature4 ,9 ! ord9>y view x vani%es 9 ! product3 conv]sely 9 ! philosophic view ! product vani%es 9 ! productivity4 ,su* id5tity ( ! product & ! productivity 9 ! orig9al conception ( ,nature is express$ by ! ord9>y views ( ,nature z a :ole1 :i* is at once ! cause & ! effect ( itself1 & is 9 its duplicity 7:i* goes ?r\gh all ph5om5a7 aga9 id5tical4 ,fur!rmore1 ) ?is idea ! id5tity ( ! ,real & ! ,ideal agrees--an id5tity :i* is ?\ght 9 ! idea ( e product ( ,nature1 & 9 view ( :i* alone ! nature ( art c be plac$ 9 opposition !reto4 ,= :]eas 9 art ! idea prec$es ! act--! execution--9 ,nature idea & act are r contempor>y & "o2 ! idea passes imm$iately ov] into ! product1 & _c be sep>at$ f x4 ,?is id5tity is cancell$ by ! empirical view1 :i* sees 9 ,nature only ! effect 7al?\gh on acc\nt ( ! cont9ual w&]+ ( empiricism into ! field ( sci5ce1 we h1 ev5 9 purely empirical physics1 maxims :i* presuppose an idea ( ,nature z subject--z1 = example1 ,nature *ooses ! %orte/ way2 ,nature is sp>+ 9 causes & lavi% 9 effects72 x is also cancell$ by speculation1 :i* looks only at cause 9 ,nature4 #c4 ,we c say ( ,nature z object t x is1 n ( ,nature z subject2 = ?is is be+ or productivity4 ,?is absolute productivity mu/ pass ov] into an empirical nature4 ,9 ! idea ( absolute productivity1 is ! ?\ght ( an ideal inf9ity4 ,! ideal inf9ity mu/ become an empirical "o4 ,b empirical inf9ity is an inf9ite becom+4 ,e inf9ite s]ies is b ! exhibition ( an intellectual or ideal inf9ity4 ,! orig9al inf9ite s]ies 7! ideal ( all inf9ite s]ies7 is t :]e9 our intellectual inf9ity evolves itself1 viz41 ,"t4 ,! activity :i* su/a9s ?is s]ies is ! same z t :i* su/a9s our consci\sness2 consci\sness1 h[ev]1 is cont9u\s4 ,"t1 !re=e1 z ! evolution ( t activity1 _c be produc$ by composition4 ,n[1 z all o!r inf9ite s]ies are only imitations ( ! orig9ally inf9ite s]ies1 ,"t1 no inf9ite s]ies c be o!rwise ?an cont9u\s4 ,9 ! orig9al evolution ! ret>d+ ag5t 7)\t :i* ! evolution w\ld take place ) inf9ite rapidity7 is no?+ b orig9al reflection2 ! necessity ( reflection ^u our act+ 9 e organic phase 7cont9u$ duplicity 9 id5tity7 is ! secret /roke ( art :]eby our be+ receives p]man5ce4 ,absolute cont9uity1 !re=e1 exi/s only = ! intuition1 b n = ! reflection4 ,intuition & reflection are oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,! inf9ite s]ies is cont9u\s = ! productive intuition--int]rupt$ & composite = ! reflection4 ,x is on ?is contradiction betwe5 intuition & reflection t ^? sophisms are bas$1 9 :i* ! possibility ( all motion is conte/$1 & :i* are solv$ at e successive /ep by ! productive activity4 ,to ! intuition1 = example1 ! action ( gravity takes place ) p]fect cont9uity2 to ! reflection1 by fits & />ts4 ,h5ce all ! laws ( me*anics1 :]eby t :i* is prop]ly only ! object ( ! productive intuition becomes an object ( reflection1 are really only laws = ! reflection4 ,h5ce ^? fictiti\s notions ( me*anics1 ! atoms ( "t 9 :i* gravitation acts1 ! law t ! mom5t ( solicitation is inf9itely small1 because o!rwise an inf9ite rapidity w\ld be produc$ 9 f9ite "t1 c41 c4 ,h5ce1 f9ally1 ! ass]tion t 9 ma!matics no inf9ite s]ies c really be repres5t$ z cont9u\s1 b only z advanc+ by fits & />ts4 ,! :ole ( ?is inquiry into ! opposition betwe5 reflection & ! productivity ( ! intuition1 s]ves only to enable u to d$uce ! g5]al /atem5t t 9 all productivity1 & 9 productivity alone1 !re is absolute cont9uity--a /atem5t ( importance 9 ! consid]ation ( ! :ole ( ,nature2 inasmu*1 = example1 z ! law t 9 ,nature !re is no leap1 t !re is a cont9uity ( =ms 9 x1 c41 is conf9$ to ! orig9al productivity ( ,nature1 9 :i* c]ta9ly !re mu/ be cont9uity1 :]eas f ! /&-po9t ( reflection all ?+s mu/ appe> disconnect$ & )\t cont9uity--plac$ beside ea* o!r1 z x 72 we mu/ !re=e admit t bo? p>ties are "r2 ^?1 namely1 :o ass]t cont9uity 9 ,nature--= example1 9 organic ,nature--no less ?an ^? :o d5y x1 :5 we take into consid]ation ! diff]5ce ( _! respective /&-po9ts2 & we !reby1 at ! same "t1 arrive at ! di/9ction betwe5 dynamical & atomi/ic physics2 =1 z w soon become app>5t1 ! two are di/+ui%$ only by ! fact t ! =m] occupies ! /&-po9t ( intuition1 ! latt] t ( reflection4 #d4 ,^! g5]al pr9ciples be+ presuppos$1 we %all be able1 ) m c]ta9ty1 to rea* our aim1 & make an exposition ( ! int]nal organism ( our sy/em4 7a7 ,9 ! idea ( becom+1 we ?9k ! idea ( gradualness4 ,b an absolute productivity w exhibit itself empirically z a becom+ ) inf9ite rapidity1 :]eby !re results no?+ real = ! intuition4 7,inasmu* z ,nature mu/ 9 reality be ?\ght z engag$ 9 inf9ite evolution1 ! p]man5ce1 ! re/+ ( ! products ( ,nature--! organic ones1 = in/ance--is n to be view$ z an absolute re/+1 b only z an evolution proce$+ ) inf9itely small rapidity or ) inf9ite t>d9ess4 ,b hi!rto evolution1 ) ev5 f9ite rapidity1 n to speak ( inf9itely small rapidity1 has n be5 con/ruct$47 7b7 ,t ! evolution ( ,nature %\ld take place ) f9ite rapidity1 & ?us become an object ( intuition1 is n ?9kable )\t an orig9al limitation 7a be+ limit$7 ( ! productivity4 7c7 ,b if ,nature be absolute productivity1 !n ! gr\nd ( ?is limitation may lie outside ( x4 ,nature is orig9ally only productivity2 !re c1 !re=e1 be no?+ det]m9$ 9 ?is productivity 7all det]m9ation is negation7 & s products c nev] be rea*$ by x4 ,if products are to be rea*$1 ! productivity mu/ pass f be+ undet]m9$ to be+ det]m9$--t is1 x mu/1 z pure productivity1 be cancell$4 ,if n[ ! gr\nd ( det]m9ation ( productivity lay outside ( ,nature1 ,nature w\ld n be orig9ally absolutely productivity4 ,det]m9ation1 t is1 negation1 mu/ c]ta9ly come into ,nature2 b ?is negation1 view$ f a high] /&-po9t1 mu/ aga9 be positivity4 7d7 ,b if ! gr\nd ( ?is limitation lies )9 ,nature itself1 !n ,nature ceases to be pure id5tity4 7,nature1 9 s f> z x is only productivity1 is pure id5tity1 & !re is 9 x absolutely no?+ capable ( be+ di/+ui%$4 ,9 ord] t any?+ may be di/+ui%$ 9 x1 its id5tity mu/ be cancell$--,nature mu/ n be id5tity1 b duplicity47 ,nature mu/ orig9ally be an object to itself2 ?is *ange ( ! pure subject into a self-object is un?9kable )\t an orig9al sund]+ 9 ,nature itself4 ,?is duplicity _c !re=e be fur!r d$uc$ physically2 =1 z ! condition ( all ,nature g5]ally1 x is ! pr9ciple ( all physical explanation1 & all physical explanation c only h = its aim ! r$uction ( all ! anti!ses :i* appe> 9 ,nature to t orig9al anti!sis 9 ! he>t ( ,nature1 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 itself appe>4 ,:y is !re no orig9al ph5om5on ( ,nature )\t ?is duplicity1 if 9 ,nature all ?+s are n mutually subject & object to ea* o!r ad inf9itum1 & ,nature ev51 9 its orig91 at once product & productive8 7e7 ,if ,nature is orig9ally duplicity1 !re mu/ be opposite t5d5cies ev5 9 ! orig9al productivity ( ,nature4 7,! positive t5d5cy mu/ be oppos$ by ano!r1 :i* is1 z x 71 anti-productive--ret>d+ production2 n z ! contradictory1 b z ! negative--! really opposite ( ! =m]47 ,x is only !n t1 9 spite ( its be+ limit$1 !re is no passivity 9 ,nature1 :5 ev5 t :i* limits x is aga9 positive1 & its orig9al duplicity is a conte/ ( really opposite t5d5cies4 7f7 ,9 ord] to arrive at a product1 ^! opposite t5d5cies mu/ concur4 ,b z !y are suppos$ equal1 7= !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ !m unequal17 :]ev] !y meet !y w annihilate ea* o!r2 ! product is !re=e #j1 & once m no product is rea*$4 ,?is inevitable1 ?\gh hi!rto n v closely rem>k$ contradiction 7namely1 t a product c arise only ?r\gh ! concurr5ce ( opposite t5d5cies1 :ile at ! same "t ^! opposite t5d5cies mutually annihilate ea* o!r7 is capable ( be+ solv$ only 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!re is absolutely no subsi/5ce ( a product ?9kable1 )\t a cont9ual process ( be+ reproduc$4 ,! product mu/ be ?\ght z annihilat$ at e /ep1 & at e /ep reproduc$ anew4 ,we d n really see ! subsi/+ ( a product1 b only ! cont9ual process ( be+ reproduc$4 7,x is ( c\rse v conceivable h[ ! s]ies #a-aa-a444 on to inf9ity is ?\ght z equal nei!r to #a nor to #j4 ,! reason h[ev] :y ?is s]ies is ?\ght z #a_/b lies deep]4 ,!re is "o absolute magnitude 7#a71 :i*1 ?\gh cont9ually annihilat$ 9 ?is s]ies1 cont9ually recurs1 & by ?is recurr5ce produces1 n itself1 b ! mean betwe5 itself & no?+4--,nature1 z object1 is t :i* comes to pass 9 su* an inf9ite s]ies1 & is a fraction ( ! orig9al unit1 to :i* ! nev] cancell$ duplicity supplies ! num]ator47 7g7 ,if ! subsi/5ce ( ! product is a cont9ual process ( be+ reproduc$1 !n all p]si/5ce also is only 9 nature z object2 9 nature z subject !re is only inf9ite activity4 ,! product is orig9ally no?+ b a m]e po9t1 a m]e limit1 & x is only f ,nature's combatt+ aga9/ ?is po9t t x is1 s to speak1 rais$ to a full sph]e--to a product4 7,suppose1 = illu/ration1 a /ream2 x is pure id5tity2 :]e x meets resi/ance1 !re is =m$ a :irlpool2 ?is :irlpool is n any?+ abid+1 b some?+ t e mom5t vani%es1 & e mom5t spr+s up anew4--,9 ,nature !re is orig9ally no?+ di/+ui%able2 all products are1 s to speak1 /ill 9 solution1 & invisible 9 ! univ]sal productivity4 ,x is only :5 ret>d+ po9ts are giv51 t !y are ?r[n (f & advance out ( ! univ]sal id5tity4--,at e su* po9t ! /ream breaks 7! productivity is annihilat$71 b at e /ep !re comes a new wave :i* fills up ! sph]e74 ,! philosophy ( nature has n to expla9 ! productive 7side7 ( nature2 = if x does n posit ?is z 9 nature orig9ally1 x w nev] br+ x into nature4 ,x has to expla9 ! p]man5t4 ,b ! fact t any?+ %\ld become p]man5t 9 nature1 c itself receive its explanation only f t conte/ ( nature aga9/ all p]man5ce4 ,! products w\ld appe> z m]e po9ts1 if nature did n give !m ext5sion & dep? by its own pressure1 & ! products !mselves w\ld la/ only an in/ant1 if nature did n at e in/ant cr[d up aga9/ !m4 7h7 ,?is seem+ product1 :i* is reproduc$ at e /ep1 _c be a really inf9ite product2 = o!rwise productivity w\ld actually exhau/ itself 9 x2 9 l mann] x _c be a f9ite product2 = x is ! =ce ( ! :ole ( nature t p\rs itself into x4 ,x mu/ !re=e be at once inf9ite & f9ite2 x mu/ be only seem+ly f9ite1 b 9 inf9ite developm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! po9t at :i* ?is product orig9ally comes 91 is ! univ]sal po9t ( ret>dation 9 nature1 ! po9t f :i* all evolution 9 nature beg9s4 ,b 9 nature1 z x is evolv$1 ?is po9t lies n "h or !re1 b ev]y:]e :]e !re is a product4 ,?is product is a f9ite "o1 b z ! inf9ite productivity ( nature conc5trates itself 9 x1 x mu/ h a t5d5cy to inf9ite developm5t4--,& ?us gradually1 & ?r\gh all ! =ego+ int]m$iate l9ks1 we h arriv$ at ! con/ruction ( t inf9ite becom+--! empirical exhibition ( an ideal inf9ity4 ,we behold 9 :at is call$ nature 7i4 e4 9 ?is assemblage ( individual objects71 n ! primal product itself1 b its evolution1 7h5ce ! po9t ( ret>dation _c rema9 "o47--,by :at means ?is evolution is aga9 absolutely ret>d$1 :i* mu/ happ51 if we are to arrive at a fix$ product1 has n yet be5 expla9$4 ,b ?r\gh ?is product an orig9al inf9ity evolves itself2 ?is inf9ity c nev] decrease4 ,! magnitude :i* evolves itself 9 an inf9ite s]ies1 is /ill inf9ite at e po9t ( ! l9e2 & ?us nature w be /ill inf9ite at e po9t ( ! evolution4 ,!re is only "o orig9al po9t ( ret>dation to productivity2 b any numb] ( po9ts ( ret>dation to evolution may be ?\ght4 ,e su* po9t is m>k$ = u by a product2 b at e po9t ( ! evolution nature is /ill inf9ite2 !re=e nature is /ill inf9ite 9 e product1 & 9 e "o lies ! g]m ( a univ]se4#bj 7,! "q1 by :at means ! inf9ite t5d5cy is ret>d$ 9 ! product1 is /ill unansw]$4 ,! orig9al ret>dation 9 ! productivity ( nature1 expla9s only :y ! evolution takes place ) f9ite rapidity1 b n :y x takes place ) inf9itely small rapidity47 7i7 ,! product evolves itself ad inf9itum4 ,9 ?is evolution1 !re=e1 no?+ c happ51 :i* is n already a product 7syn!sis71 & :i* might n divide up into new factors1 ea* ( ^! aga9 hav+ its factors4 ,?us ev5 by an analysis pursu$ ad inf9itum1 we c\ld nev] arrive at any?+ 9 nature :i* %\ld be absolutely simple4 7k7 ,if h[ev] we suppose ! evolution z complet$1 7al?\gh x nev] c be complet$17 /ill ! evolution c\ld n /op at any?+ :i* 0 a product1 b only at ! purely productive4 ,! "q arises1 :e!r a f9al1 su* t x is no long] a sub/rate1 b ! cause ( all sub/rate1 no long] a product1 b absolutely productive--we w n say occurs1 = t is un?9kable1 b--c at lea/ be prov$ 9 exp]i5ce4 7l7 ,inasmu* z x be>s ! "* ( ! uncondition$1 x w\ld h to exhibit itself z some?+1 :i*1 al?\gh itself n 9 space1 is /ill ! pr9ciple ( all occupation ( space4 ,:at occupies space is n matt]1 = matt] is ! occupi$ space itself4 ,t1 !re=e1 :i* occupies space _c be matt]4 ,only t :i* is1 is 9 space1 n be+ itself4 ,x is self-evid5t t no positive ext]nal intuition is possible ( t :i* is n 9 space4 ,x w\ld !re=e h to be capable ( be+ exhibit$ negatively4 ,?is happ5s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,t :i* is 9 space1 is1 z su*1 me*anically & *emically de/ructible4 ,t :i* is n de/ructible ei!r me*anically or *emically mu/ !re=e lie outside ( space4 ,b x is only ! f9al gr\nd ( all quality t has any?+ ( ?is nature2 = al?\gh "o quality may be ext+ui%$ by ano!r1 ?is c nev]!less only happ5 9 a ?ird product1 ,c1 = ! =mation & ma9t5ance ( :i* ,a & ,b1 7! opposite factors ( ,c17 mu/ cont9ue to act4 ,b ?is inde/ructible 7some:at71 :i* is ?9kable only z pure int5sity1 is1 z ! cause ( all sub/rate1 at ! same "t ! pr9ciple ( divisibility ad inf9itum4 7,a body1 divid$ ad inf9itum /ill occupies space 9 ! same degree ) its smalle/ "p47 ,t1 !re=e1 :i* is purely productive )\t be+ a product1 is b ! f9al gr\nd ( quality4 ,b e quality is a det]m9ate "o1 :]eas productivity is orig9ally indet]m9ate4 ,9 ! qualities1 !re=e1 productivity appe>s z already ret>d$1 & z x appe>s mo/ orig9al 9 !m g5]ally1 x appe>s 9 !m mo/ orig9ally ret>d$4 ,?is is ! po9t at :i* our mode ( conception div]ges f ^? ( ! curr5tly s-call$ dynamical physics4 ,our ass]tion1 briefly /at$1 is ?is3--,if ! inf9ite evolution ( nature 7 complet$ 7:i* is impossible7 x w\ld sep>ate up into orig9al & simple actions1 or1 if we may s express ourselves1 into simple productivities4 ,our ass]tion !re=e is n3 ,!re are 9 nature su* simple actions2 b only1 !y are ! ideal gr\nds ( ! explanation ( quality4 ,^! entele*ies _c actually be %[n1 !y d n exi/2 we h n !re=e to expla9 "h any?+ m ?an is ass]t$1 namely1 t su* orig9al productivities mu/ be ?\ght z ! gr\nds ( ! explanation ( all quality4 ,?is pro( is z foll[s3 ,! affirmation t no?+ :i* is 9 space1 t is1 t no?+ at all is me*anically simple1 requires no demon/ration4 ,t1 !re=e1 :i* is 9 reality simple1 _c be ?\ght z 9 space1 b mu/ be ?\ght z outside ( space4 ,b outside ( space only pure int5sity is ?\ght4 ,?is idea ( pure int5sity is express$ by ! idea ( action4 ,x is n ! product ( ?is action t is simple1 b ! action itself ab/ract$ f ! product1 & x mu/ be simple 9 ord] t ! product may be divisible ad inf9itum4 ,= al?\gh ! p>ts are ne> vani%+1 ! int5sity mu/ /ill rema94 ,& ?is pure int5sity is :at1 ev5 9 inf9ite divisibility1 su/a9s ! sub/rate4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ass]tion t affirms some?+ simple z ! basis ( ! explanation ( quality is atomi/ic1 !n our philosophy is atomi/ic4 ,b1 inasmu* z x places ! simple 9 some?+ t is only productive )\t be+ a product1 x is dynamical atomi/ics4 ,?is mu* is cle>1 t if we admit an absolute division ( nature into its factors1 ! la/ 7?+7 t rema9s ov]1 mu/ be some?+1 :i* absolutely defies all division1 t is1 ! simple4 ,b ! simple c be ?\ght only z dynamical1 & z su* x is n 9 space at all 7x designates only :at is ?\ght z altoge!r outside ( space-occupation72 !re is !re=e no intuition ( x possible1 except ?r\gh its product4 ,9 l mann] !re is no measure = x giv5 b its product4 ,= to pure ?\ght x is ! m]e orig9 ( ! product 7z ! po9t is only ! orig9 ( ! l9e71 9 "o ^w pure entele*y4 ,b t :i* is kn[n1 n 9 itself1 b only 9 its product1 is kn[n altoge!r empirically4 ,if1 !re=e1 e orig9al quality1 z quality 7n z sub/rate1 9 :i* quality m]ely inh]es71 mu/ be ?\ght z pure int5sity1 pure action1 !n qualities g5]ally are only ! absolutely empirical 9 our k ( nature1 ( :i* no con/ruction is possible1 & 9 respect to :i* !re rema9s no?+ ( ! philosophy ( nature1 save ! pro( t !y are ! absolute limit ( its con/ruction4 ,! "q 9 ref]5ce to ! gr\nd ( quality posits ! evolution ( nature z complet$1 t is1 x posits some?+ m]ely ?\ght1 & !re=e c be answ]$ only by an ideal gr\nd ( explanation4 ,?is "q adopts ! /&-po9t ( reflection 7on ! product71 :]eas g5u9e dynamics always rema9 on ! /&-po9t ( intuition4 ,x mu/ "h1 h[ev]1 be at once rem>k$ t if ! gr\nd ( ! explanation ( quality is conceiv$ z an ideal "o1 ! "q only reg>ds ! explanations ( quality1 9 s f> z x is ?\ght z absolute4 ,!re is no "q1 = in/ance1 ( quality1 9 s f> z x %[s itself 9 ! dynamical process4 ,= quality1 s f> z x is relative1 !re is c]ta9ly a n m]ely ideal1 b actually real gr\nd ( explanation & det]m9ation2 quality 9 t case is det]m9$ by its opposite1 ) :i* x is plac$ 9 conflict1 & ?is anti!sis is itself aga9 det]m9$ by a high] anti!sis1 & s on back into inf9ity2 s t1 if ?is univ]sal organization c\ld dissolve itself1 all matt] likewise w\ld s9k back into dynamical inactivity1 t is1 into absolute defect ( quality4 7,quality is a high] p[] ( matt]1 to :i* ! latt] elevates itself by reciprocity47 ,x is demon/rat$ 9 ! sequel t ! dynamical process is a limit$ "o = ea* individual sph]e2 because x is only !reby t def9ite po9ts ( relation = ! det]m9ation ( quality arise4 ,?is limitation ( ! dynamical process1 t is1 ! prop] det]m9ation ( quality1 takes place by means ( no =ce o!r ?an t by :i* ! evolution is univ]sally & absolutely limit$1 & ?is negative elem5t is ! only "o 9 ?+s t is indivisible1 & ma/]$ by no?+4--,! absolute relativity ( all quality may be %[n f ! electric relation ( bodies1 inasmu* z ! same body t is positive ) "o is negative ) ano!r1 & conv]sely4 ,b we might n[ h5ce=? abide by ! /atem5t 7:i* is also laid d[n 9 ! ,outl9es73 ,all quality is electricity1 & conv]sely1 ! electricity ( a body is also its quality1 7= all diff]5ce ( quality is equal to diff]5ce ( electricity1 & all *emical quality is r$ucible to electricity74--,ev]y?+ t is s5sible = u 7s5sible 9 ! n>r[] acceptation ( ! t]m1 z colors1 ta/e1 c471 is d\btless s5sible to u only ?r\gh electricity1 & ! only imm$iately s5sible 7elem5t7 w\ld !n be electricity1#ba a conclusion to :i* ! univ]sal duality ( e s5se leads u indep5d5tly1 inasmu* z 9 ,nature !re is prop]ly only "o duality4 ,9 galvanism1 s5sibility1 z a reag5t1 r$uces all quality ( bodies1 = :i* x is a reag5t to an orig9al diff]5ce4 ,all bodies :i*1 9 a *a91 at all affect ! s5se ( ta/e or t ( sight1 be _! diff]5ces ev] s great1 are ei!r alkal9e or acid1 excite a negative or positive %ock1 & "h !y always appe> z active 9 a high] ?an ! m]ely *emical p[]4 ,quality consid]$ z absolute is incon/ructible1 because quality g5]ally is n any?+ absolute1 & !re is no o!r quality at all1 save t :i* bodies %[ mutually 9 relation to ea* o!r1 & all quantity is some?+ 9 virtue ( :i* ! body is1 s to speak1 rais$ above itself4 ,all hi!rto attempt$ con/ruction ( quality r$uces itself to ! two attempts2 to express qualities by figures1 & s1 = ea* orig9al quality1 to assume a p>ticul> figure 9 ,nature2 or else1 to express quality by analytical =mul 79 :i* ! =ces ( attraction & repulsion supply ! negative & positive magnitudes47 ,to conv9ce oneself ( ! futility ( ?is attempt1 ! %orte/ me?od is to appeal to ! empt9ess ( ! explanations to :i* x gives rise4 ,h5ce we limit ourselves "h to ! s+le rem>k1 t ?r\gh ! con/ruction ( all matt] out ( ! two fundam5tal =ces1 diff]5t degrees ( d5sity may inde$ be con/ruct$1 b c]ta9ly nev] diff]5t qualities z qualities2 = al?\gh all dynamical 7qualitative7 *anges appe>1 9 _! l[e/ /age1 z *anges ( ! fundam5tal =ces1 yet we see at t /age only ! product ( ! process--n ! process itself--& ^? *anges are :at require explanation1 & ! gr\nd ( explanation mu/ !re=e c]ta9ly be s\ght 9 some?+ high]4 ,! only possible gr\nd ( explanation = quality is an ideal "o2 because ?is gr\nd itself presupposes some?+ purely ideal4 ,if any "o inquire into ! f9al gr\nd ( quality1 he transports himself back to ! />t+ po9t ( ,nature4 ,b :]e is ?is />t+ po9t8 & does n all quality consi/ 9 ?is1 t matt] is prev5t$ by ! g5]al concat5ation f rev]t+ into its orig9ality8 ,f ! po9t at :i* reflection & intuition sep>ate1 a sep>ation1 be x rem>k$1 :i* is possible only on ! hypo!sis ( ! evolutions be+ complete1 physics divide into ! two opposite directions1 into :i* ! two sy/ems1 ! atomi/ic & ! dynamical1 h be5 divid$4 ,! dynamical sy/em d5ies ! absolute evolution ( ,nature1 & passes f ,nature z syn!sis 7i4 e4 ,nature z subject7 to ,nature z evolution 7i4 e4 ,nature z object72 ! atomi/ic sy/em passes f ! evolution1 z ! orig9al1 to ,nature z syn!sis2 ! =m] passes f ! /&-po9t ( intuition to t ( reflection2 ! latt] f ! /&-po9t ( reflection to t ( intuition4 ,bo? directions are equally possible4 ,if ! analysis only is "r1 !n ! syn!sis mu/ be capable ( be+ f\nd aga9 ?r\gh analysis1 j z ! analysis 9 its turn c be f\nd ?r\gh ! syn!sis4 ,b :e!r ! analysis is correct c be te/$ only by ! fact t we c pass f x aga9 to ! syn!sis4 ,! syn!sis !re=e is1 & cont9ues1 ! absolutely presuppos$4 ,! problems ( ! "o sy/em turn exactly r\nd into ^? ( ! o!r2 t :i*1 9 atomical physics1 is ! cause ( ! composition ( ,nature is1 9 dynamical physics1 t :i* *ecks evolution4 ,! =m] expla9s ! composition ( ,nature by ! =ce ( cohesion1 :]eby1 h[ev]1 no cont9uity is ev] introduc$ into x2 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 expla9s cohesion by ! cont9uity ( evolution4 7,all cohesion is orig9ally only 9 ! productivity47 ,bo? sy/ems set out f some?+ purely ideal4 ,absolute syn!sis is z mu* purely ideal z absolute analysis4 ,! ,real occurs only 9 ,nature z product2 b ,nature is n product1 ei!r :5 ?\ght z absolute involution or z absolute evolution2 product is :at is conta9$ betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,! fir/ problem = bo? sy/ems is to con/ruct ! product--i4 e4 t :]e9 ^? opposites become real4 ,bo? reckon ) purely ideal magnitudes s long z ! product is n con/ruct$3 x is only 9 ! directions 9 :i* !y accompli% ?is t !y are oppos$4 ,bo? sy/ems1 z f> z !y h to deal ) m]ely ideal factors1 h ! same value1 & ! "o =ms ! te/ ( ! o!r4--,t :i* is conceal$ 9 ! dep?s ( productive ,nature mu/ be reflect$ z product 9 ,nature z ,nature1 & ?us ! atomi/ic sy/em mu/ be ! cont9ual reflex ( ! dynamical4 ,9 ! ,outl9es1 ( ! two directions1 t ( atomi/ic physics has be5 *os5 int5tionally4 ,x w contribute n a little to ! und]/&+ ( our sci5ce1 if we "h demon/rate 9 ! productivity :at 0 !re %[n 9 ! product4 7m7 ,9 ! pure productivity ( ,nature !re is absolutely no?+ di/+ui%able except duality2 x is only productivity dualiz$ 9 itself t gives ! product4 ,inasmu* z ! absolute productivity arrives only at produc+ p] se1 n at ! produc+ ( a det]m9ate some:at1 ! t5d5cy ( ,nature1 9 virtue ( :i* product is arriv$ at1 mu/ be ! negative ( productivity4 ,9 ,nature1 9 s f> z x is real1 !re c no m be productivity )\t a product1 ?an a product )\t productivity4 ,nature c only approximate to ! two extremes1 & x mu/ be demon/rat$ t x approximates to bo?4 77 ,pure productivity passes orig9ally into =mlessness4 ,:]ev] ,nature loses itself 9 =mlessness1 productivity exhau/s itself 9 x4 7,?is is :at we express :5 we talk ( a becom+ lat5t47--,conv]sely1 :]ev] ! =m pr$om9ates--i4 e4 :]ev] ! productivity is limit$--! productivity manife/s itself2 x appe>s1 n z a 7repres5table7 product1 b z productivity1 al?\gh pass+ ov] into "o product1 z 9 ! ph5om5a ( heat4 7,! idea ( impond]ables is only a symbolic "o47 77 ,if productivity passes into =mlessness1 !n1 objectively consid]$1 x is ! absolutely =mless4 ,! boldness ( ! atomical sy/em has be5 v imp]fectly compreh5d$4 ,! idea :i* prevails 9 x1 ( an absolutely =mless some:at ev]y:]e incapable ( manife/ation z det]m9ate matt]1 is no?+ o!r ?an ! symbol ( nature approximat+ to productivity4--,! ne>] to productivity ! ne>] to =mlessness4 77 ,productivity appe>s z productivity only :5 limits are set to x4 ,t :i* is ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+1 is1 = t v reason1 n[h]e4--,productivity is fix$ only by limitation4--,electricity exi/s only at t po9t at :i* limits are giv51 & x is only a pov]ty ( conception t w\ld look = any?+ else 9 its ph5om5a beyond ! ph5om5a ( 7limit$7 productivity4--,! condition ( light is an anti!sis 9 ! electric & galvanic1 z well z 9 ! *emical1 process1 & ev5 light :i* comes to u )\t our cop]ation 7! ph5om5on ( productivity ex]t$ all r\nd by ! sun7 presupposes t anti!sis4#bb 77 ,x is only limit$ productivity t gives ! />t to product4 7,! explanation ( product mu/ beg9 at ! orig9ation ( ! fix$ po9t at :i* ! />t is made47 ,! condition ( all =mation is duality4 7,?is is ! m pr(\nd signification t lies 9 ,kant's con/ruction ( matt] f opposite =ces47 ,electrical ph5om5a are ! g5]al s*eme = ! con/ruction ( matt] univ]sally4 77 ,9 ,nature1 nei!r pure productivity nor pure product c ev] be arriv$ at4 ,! =m] is ! negation ( all product1 ! latt] ! negation ( all productivity4 7,approximation to ! =m] is ! absolutely decomposible1 to ! latt] ! absolutely indecomposible1 ( ! atomi/ics4 ,! =m] _c be ?\ght )\t1 at ! same "t1 be+ ! absolutely incomposible1 ! latt] )\t1 at ! same "t1 be+ ! absolutely composible47 ,nature w !re=e orig9ally be ! middle some:at aris+ out ( ! two1 & ?us we arrive at ! idea ( a productivity engag$ 9 a transition into product1 or ( a product t is productive ad inf9itum4 ,we hold to ! latt] def9ition4 ,! idea ( ! product 7! fix$7 & t ( ! productive 7! free7 are mutually oppos$4 ,see+ t :at we h po/ulat$ is already product1 x c1 if x is productive at all1 be productive only 9 a det]m9ate way4 ,b det]m9$ productivity is 7active7 =mation4 ,t ?ird some:at mu/ !re=e be 9 ! /ate ( =mation4 ,b ! product is suppos$ to be productive ad inf9itum 7t transition is nev] absolutely to take place72 x w !re=e at e /age be productive 9 a det]m9ate way2 ! productivity w rema91 b n ! product4 7,! "q might arise h[ a transition f =m to =m is possible at all "h1 :5 no =m is fix$4 ,/ill1 t mom5t>y =ms %\ld be rea*$1 has already be5 r5d]$ possible by ! fact t ! evolution _c take place ) inf9ite rapidity1 9 :i* case1 !re=e1 = e /ep at lea/1 ! =m is c]ta9ly a det]m9ate "o47 ,! product w appe> z 9 inf9ite metamorphosis4 7,f ! /&-po9t ( reflection1 z cont9ually on ! leap f fluid to solid1 )\t ev] rea*+1 h[ev]1 ! requir$ =m4--,organizations t d n live 9 ! gross] elem5t1 at lea/ live on ! deep gr\nd ( ! arial sea--_m pass ov]1 by metamorphoses1 f "o elem5t into ano!r2 & :at does ! animal1 ^: vital functions almo/ all consi/ 9 contractions1 appe> to be1 o!r ?an su* a leap87 ,! metamorphosis w n possibly take place )\t rule4 ,= x mu/ rema9 )9 ! orig9al anti!sis1 & is !reby conf9$ )9 limits4#bc ,?is accordance ) rule w express itself solely by an int]nal relation%ip ( =ms--a relation%ip :i* aga9 is n ?9kable )\t an ar*etype :i* lies at ! basis ( all1 & :i*1 ) h[ev] manifold div]g5ces1 !y nev]!less all express4 ,b ev5 ) su* a product1 we h n t :i* we 7 9 que/ (--a product :i*1 :ile productive ad inf9itum1 rema9s ! same4 ,t ?is product %\ld rema9 ! same seems un?9kable1 because x is n ?9kable )\t an absolute *eck+ or suppression ( ! productivity4--,! product w\ld h to be *eck$1 z ! productivity 0 *eck$1 = x is /ill productive--*eck$ by dualization & limitation result+ !refrom4 ,b x mu/ at ! same "t be expla9$ h[ ! productive product c be *eck$ at ea* individual /age ( its =mation1 )\t its ceas+ to be productive1 or h[1 by dualization itself ! p]man5ce ( ! productivity is secur$4 ,9 ?is way we h br\ght ! read] z f> z ! problem ( ! f\r? section ( ! ,outl9es1 & we leave him to f9d 9 x = himself ! solution along ) ! coroll>ies :i* x br+s up4--,mean:ile1 we %all endeavor to indicate h[ ! d$uc$ product w\ld necess>ily appe> f ! /&-po9t ( reflection4 ,! product is ! syn!sis :]e9 ! opposite extremes meet1 :i* on ! "o side are designat$ by ! absolutely decomposible--on ! o!r z indecomposible4--,h[ cont9uity comes into ! absolute discont9uity ) :i* he sets out1 ! atomic philosoph] endeavors to expla9 by means ( cohesive1 pla/ic p[]1 c41 c4 ,9 va91 = cont9uity is only productivity itself4 ,! manifoldness ( ! =ms :i* su* product assumes 9 its metamorphosis 0 expla9$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! /ages ( developm5t1 s t1 p>allel ) e /ep ( developm5t1 goes a p>ticul> =m4 ,! atomic philosoph] posits 9 nature c]ta9 fundam5tal =ms1 & z 9 x ev]y?+ /rives aft] =m1 & e ?+ :i* does =m itself has also its p>ticul> =m1 s ! fundam5tal =ms mu/ be conc$$1 b c]ta9ly only z indicat$ 9 nature1 n z actually exi/5t4 ,f ! /&po9t ( reflection1 ! becom+ ( ?is product mu/ appe> z a cont9ual /riv+ ( ! orig9al actions t[>d ! production ( a det]m9ate =m1 & a cont9ual recancell+ ( ^? =ms4 ,?us1 ! product w\ld n be product ( a simple t5d5cy2 x w\ld be only ! visible expression ( an int]nal proportion1 ( an int]nal equipoise ( ! orig9al actions1 :i* nei!r r$uce !mselves mutually to absolute =mlessness1 nor yet1 by reason ( ! univ]sal conflict1 all[ ! production ( a det]m9ate & fix$ =m4 ,hi!rto 7s long z we h _h to deal m]ely ) ideal factors71 !re h be5 opposite directions ( inve/igation possible2 f ?is po9t1 inasmu* z we h to pursue a real product 9 its developm5ts1 !re is only "o direction4 77 ,by ! unavoidable sep>ation ( productivity into opposite directions at e s+le /ep ( developm5t ! product itself is sep>at$ into individual products1 by :i*1 h[ev]1 = t v reason1 only diff]5t /ages ( developm5t are m>k$4 ,t ?is is s may be %[n ei!r 9 ! products !mselves1 z is done :5 we comp>e !m ) ea* o!r ) reg>d to _! =m1 & se>* out a cont9uity ( =mation--an idea :i*1 f ! fact t cont9uity is nev] 9 ! products 7= ! reflection71 b always only 9 ! productivity1 c nev] be p]fectly realiz$4 ,9 ord] to f9d cont9uity 9 productivity1 ! successive /eps ( ! transition ( productivity into product mu/ be m cle>ly exhibit$ ?an !y h hi!rto be54 ,f ! fact t ! productivity gets limit$1 7v4 supra17 we h 9 ! fir/ in/ance only ! />t = a product1 only ! fix$ po9t = ! productivity g5]ally4 ,x mu/ be %[n h[ ! productivity gradually mat]ializes itself1 & *anges itself into products ev] m & m fix$1 s z to produce a dynamical scale 9 nature1 & ?is is ! real subject ( ! fundam5tal problem ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,9 advance1 ! foll[+ may s]ve to ?r[ light on ! subject4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a dualization ( ! productivity is dem&$2 ! cause ?r\gh :i* ?is dualization is effect$ rema9s 9 ! fir/ in/ance altoge!r outside ( ! inve/igation4 ,by dualization a *ange ( contraction & expansion is p]haps condition$4 ,?is *ange is n some?+ 9 matt]1 b is matt] itself1 & ! fir/ /age ( productivity pass+ ov] into product4 ,product _c be rea*$ except ?r\gh a /oppage ( ?is *ange1 t is1 ?r\gh a ?ird some:at :i* fixes t *ange itself1 & ?us matt] 9 its l[e/ /age--9 ! fir/ p[]--w\ld be an object ( intuition2 t *ange w\ld be se5 9 re/1 or 9 equipoise1 j z1 conv]sely aga91 by ! suppression ( ! ?ird some:at matt] might be rais$ to a high] p[]4 ,n[ x might be possible t ^? products j d$uc$ /ood ^u q diff]5t degrees ( mat]iality1 or ( t transition1 or t ^? diff]5t degrees 7 m or less di/+ui%able 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r2 t is1 a dynamical scale ( ^? products w\ld !reby h to be demon/rat$4 7o7 ,9 ! solution ( ! problem itself1 we %all cont9ue1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 9 ! direction hi!rto tak51 )\t kn[+ :]e x may lead u4 ,!re are individual products br\ght into nature2 b 9 ^! products productivity1 z productivity1 is held to be /ill always di/+ui%able4 ,productivity has n yet absolutely pass$ ov] into product4 ,! subsi/5ce ( ! product is suppos$ to be a cont9ual self-reproduction4 ,! problem arises3 ,by :at is ?is absolute transition--exhau/ion ( ! productivity 9 ! product--prev5t$8 or by :at does its subsi/5ce become a cont9ual self-reproduction8 ,x is absolutely un?9kable h[ ! activity t ev]y:]e t5ds t[>ds a product is prev5t$ f go+ ov] into x entirely1 unless t transition is prev5t$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 & ! product1 if x is to subsi/1 is compell$ at e /ep to reproduce itself anew4 ,up to ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 no trace has be5 discov]$ ( a cause oppos$ to ! product 7to organic nature74 ,su* a cause c1 !re=e1 at pres5t1 only be po/ulat$4 ,we ?\ght we saw ! :ole ( nature exhau/ itself 9 t product1 & x is only "h t we rem>k1 t 9 ord] to compreh5d su* product1 some?+ else mu/ be presuppos$1 & a new anti!sis mu/ come into nature4 ,nature has hi!rto be5 = u absolute id5tity 9 duplicity2 "h we come ^u an anti!sis t mu/ aga9 take place )9 ! o!r4 ,?is anti!sis mu/ be capable ( be+ %[n 9 ! d$uc$ product itself1 if x is capable ( be+ d$uc$ at all4 ,! d$uc$ product is an activity direct$ outw>ds2 ?is _c be di/+ui%$ z su* )\t an activity direct$ inw>ds f )\t1 7i4 e4 direct$ ^u itself17 & ?is activity1 on ! o!r h&1 _c be ?\ght1 unless x is press$ back 7reflect$7 f )\t4 ,9 ! opposite directions1 :i* arise ?r\gh ?is anti!sis lies ! pr9ciple = ! con/ruction ( all ! ph5om5a ( life--on ! suppression ( ^? opposite directions1 life rema9s ov]1 ei!r z absolute activity or absolute receptivity1 s9ce x is possible only z ! p]fect int]-det]m9ation ( receptivity & activity4 ,we !re=e ref] ! read] to ! ,outl9es !mselves1 & m]ely call 8 att5tion to ! high] /age ( con/ruction :i* we h "h rea*$4 ,we h above 7g7 expla9$ ! orig9 ( a product g5]ally by a /ruggle ( nature aga9/ ! orig9al po9t ( *eck1 :]eby ?is po9t is rais$ to a full sph]e1 & ?us receives p]man5ce4 ,"h1 s9ce we are d$uc+ a /ruggle ( ext]nal nature1 n aga9/ a m]e po9t1 b aga9/ a product1 ! fir/ con/ruction rises = u to a second p[]1 z x 71--we h a d\ble product1 & ?us x might well be %[n 9 ! sequel t organic nature g5]ally is only ! high] p[] ( ! inorganic1 & t x rises above ! latt] = ! v reason t 9 x ev5 t :i* 0 already product aga9 becomes product4 ,s9ce ! product1 :i* we h d$uc$ z ! mo/ prim>y1 drives u to a side ( nature t is oppos$ to x1 x is cle> t our con/ruction ( ! orig9 ( a product g5]ally is incomplete1 & t we h n yet1 by a long way1 satisfi$ our problem2 7! problem ( all sci5ce is to con/ruct ! orig9 ( a fix$ product47 ,a productive product1 z su*1 c subsi/ only "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal =ces1 because x is only !reby t productivity is int]rupt$--prev5t$ f be+ ext+ui%$ 9 ! product4 ,= ^! ext]nal =ces !re mu/ n[ aga9 be a p>ticul> sph]e2 ^? =ces mu/ lie 9 a _w :i* is n productive4 ,b t _w1 = ?is v reason1 w\ld be a _w fix$ & undet]m9$ 9 e respect4 ,! problem--h[ a product 9 nature is arriv$ at--has !re=e receiv$ a "o-sid$ solution by all t has prec$$4 8,! product is *eck$ by dualization ( ! productivity at e s+le /ep ( developm5t40 ,b ?is is true only = ! productive product1 :]eas we are "h treat+ ( a non-productive product4 ,! contradiction :i* meets u "h c be solv$ only by ! f9d+ ( a g5]al expression = ! con/ruction ( a product g5]ally1 7reg>dless ( :e!r x is productive or has ceas$ to be s74 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce ! exi/5ce ( a _w1 t is n productive 7inorganic7 is 9 ! fir/ in/ance m]ely po/ulat$1 9 ord] to expla9 ! productive "o1 s its conditions c be laid d[n only hypo!tically1 & z we d n 9 ! fir/ in/ance "k x at all except f its opposition to ! productive1 ^? conditions likewise mu/ be d$uc$ only f ?is opposition4 ,f ?is x is ( c\rse cle>1--:at is also ref]r$ to 9 ! ,outl9es--t ?is second section1 z well z ! fir/1 conta9s ?r\gh\t m]ely hypo!tical tru?1 s9ce nei!r organic nor inorganic nature is expla9$ )\t our hav+ r$uc$ ! con/ruction ( ! two to a common expression1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is possible only ?r\gh ! syn!tic "p4--,?is mu/ lead to ! highe/ & mo/ g5]al pr9ciples = ! con/ruction ( a nature g5]ally2 h5ce we mu/ ref] ! read] :o is conc]n$ ab\t a k ( our sy/em altoge!r to t "p4 ,! hypo!tical d$uction ( an inorganic _w & its conditions we may pass ov] "h all ! m readily1 t !y are suffici5tly detail$ 9 ! ,outl9es1 & ha/5 to ! mo/ g5]al & ! highe/ problem ( our sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mo/ g5]al problem ( speculative physics may n[ be express$ ?us3 ,to r$uce ! con/ruction ( organic & inorganic products to a common expression4 ,we c /ate only ! ma9 pr9ciples ( su* a solution1 & ( ^!1 = ! mo/ "p1 only su* z h n be5 completely educ$ 9 ! ,outl9es !mselves--7#c;d pr9cipal section47 ,a4 ,"h at ! v beg9n+ we lay d[n ! pr9ciple t z ! organic product is ! product 9 ! second p[]1 ! ,,organic con/ruction ( ! product mu/ be1 at lea/1 ! s5su\s image ( ! ,,orig9al con/ruction ( all product4 7a7 ,9 ord] t ! productivity may be at all fix$ at a po9t1 limits mu/ be giv54 ,s9ce limits are ! condition ( ! fir/ ph5om5on1 ! cause :]eby limits are produc$ _c be a ph5om5on1 x goes back into ! int]ior ( nature1 or ( ea* respective product4 ,9 organic nature1 ?is limitation ( productivity is %[n by :at we call s5sibility1 :i* mu/ be ?\ght z ! fir/ condition ( ! con/ruction ( ! organic product4 7b7 ,! imm$iate effect ( conf9$ productivity is a *ange ( contraction & expansion 9 ! matt] already giv51 & z we n[ "k1 con/ruct$1 z x 71 = ! second "t4 7c7 ,:]e ?is *ange /ops1 productivity passes ov] into product1 & :]e x is aga9 re/or$1 product passes ov] into productivity4 ,= s9ce ! product mu/ rema9 productive ad inf9itum1 ^? ?ree /ages ( productivity mu/ be capable ( be+ ,,di/+ui%$ 9 ! product2 ! absolute transition ( ! latt] into product is ! cancell+ ( product itself4 7d7 ,z ^! ?ree /ages are di/+ui%able 9 ! individual1 s !y mu/ be di/+ui%able 9 organic nature ?r\gh\t1 & ! scale ( organizations is no?+ m ?an a scale ( productivity itself4 7,productivity exhau/s itself to degree c 9 ! product ,a1 & c beg9 ) ! product ,b only at ! po9t :]e x left (f ) ,a1 t is1 ) degree d1 & s on d[nw>ds to ! vani%+ ( all productivity4 ,if we knew ! absolute degree ( productivity ( ! e>? = example--a degree :i* is det]m9$ by ! e>?'s relation to ! sun--! limit ( organization ^u x might be !reby m accurately det]m9$ ?an by incomplete exp]i5ce--:i* mu/ be incomplete = ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 t ! cata/rophes ( nature h1 beyond d\bt1 swall[$ ! la/ l9ks ( ! *a94 ,a true sy/em ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* has = its object n ! products ( nature b nature itself1 foll[s up ! "o productivity t battles1 s to speak1 aga9/ fre$om1 ?r\gh all its w9d+s & turn+s1 to ! po9t at :i* x is at la/ compell$ to p]i% 9 ! product47 ,x is ^u ?is dynamical scale1 9 ! individual1 z well z 9 ! :ole ( organic nature1 t ! con/ruction ( all organic ph5om5a re/s4 ,b4#bd ,^! pr9ciples1 /at$ univ]sally1 lead to ! foll[+ fundam5tal pr9ciples ( a univ]sal !ory ( nature4 7a7 ,productivity mu/ be prim>ily limit$4 ,s9ce outside ( limit$ productivity !re is only pure id5tity ! limitation _c be e/abli%$ by a diff]5ce already exi/+1 & !re=e mu/ be s by an opposition aris+ 9 productivity itself--an opposition to :i* we "h rev]t z a fir/ po/ulate4#be 7b7 ,?is diff]5ce ?\ght purely is ! fir/ condition ( all natural activity1 ! productivity is attract$ & repell$#bf betwe5 opposites 7! prim>y limits72 9 ?is *ange ( expansion & contraction !re arises necess>ily a common elem5t1 b "o :i* exi/s only 9 *ange4 ,if x is to exi/ outside ( *ange1 !n ! *ange itself mu/ become fix$4 ,! active 9 *ange is ! productivity sund]$ )9 itself4 7c7 ,x is ask$3 77 ,by :at means su* *ange c be fix$ at all2 x _c be fix$ by any?+ t is conta9$ z a l9k 9 *ange itself1 & mu/ !re=e be fix$ by a t]tium quid4 77 ,b ?is t]tium quid mu/ be able to invade t orig9al anti!sis2 b outside ( t anti!sis no?+ is#bg2 x 7t t]tium quid7 mu/ !re=e be prim>ily conta9$ 9 x1 z some?+ :i* is m$iat$ by ! anti!sis1 & by :i* 9 turn ! anti!sis is m$iat$2 = o!rwise !re is no gr\nd :y x %\ld be prim>ily conta9$ 9 t anti!sis4 ,! anti!sis is dissolution ( id5tity4 ,b nature is prim>ily id5tity4 ,9 t anti!sis1 !re=e1 !re mu/ aga9 be a /ruggle aft] id5tity4 ,?is /ruggle is imm$iately condition$ ?r\gh ! anti!sis2 = if !re 0 no anti!sis1 !re w\ld be id5tity1 absolute re/1 & !re=e no /ruggle t[>d id5tity4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 n id5tity 9 ! anti!sis1 ! anti!sis itself c\ld n endure4 ,id5tity produc$ out ( diff]5ce is indiff]5ce2 t t]tium quid is !re=e a /ruggle t[>ds indiff]5ce--a /ruggle :i* is condition$1 by ! diff]5ce itself1 & by :i* x1 on ! o!r h&1 is condition$4--7,! diff]5ce mu/ n be look$ ^u z a diff]5ce at all1 & is no?+ = ! intuition1 except ?r\gh a ?ird1 :i* su/a9s x--to :i* *ange itself adh]es47 ,?is t]tium quid1 !re=e1 is all t is sub/rate 9 t primal *ange4 ,b sub/rate posits *ange z mu* z *ange posits sub/rate2 & !re is "h no fir/ & no second2 b diff]5ce & /ruggle t[>ds indiff]5ce1 are1 z f> "t is conc]n$1 "o & contempor>y4 ,axiom4 ,no id5tity 9 ,nature is absolute1 b all is only indiff]5ce4 ,s9ce t t]tium quid itself presupposes ! prim>y anti!sis1 ! anti!sis itself _c be absolutely remov$ by x2 ! condition ( ! cont9uance ( t t]tium quid ( t ?ird activity1 or ( ,nature is ! p]petual cont9uance ( ! anti!sis1 j z1 conv]sely1 ! cont9uance ( ! anti!sis is condition$ by ! cont9uance ( ! t]tium quid4 ,b h[1 !n1 %all ! anti!sis be ?\ght z cont9u+8 ,we h "o prim>y anti!sis1 betwe5 ! limits ( :i* all ,nature mu/ lie2 if we assume t ! factors ( ?is anti!sis c really pass ov] into ea* o!r1 or g toge!r absolutely 9 "s t]tium quid 7"s individual product71 !n ! anti!sis is remov$1 & along ) x ! /ruggle1 & s all ! activity ( nature4 ,b t ! anti!sis %\ld endure1 is ?9kable only by its be+ inf9ite--by ! extreme limits be+ held asund] 9 inf9itum--s t always only ! m$iat+ l9ks ( ! syn!sis1 nev] ! la/ & absolute syn!sis itself1 c be produc$1 9 :i* case x is only relative po9ts ( indiff]5ce t are always atta9$1 nev] absolute ones1 & e successively orig9at$ diff]5ce leaves beh9d a new & /ill unremov$ anti!sis1 & ?is aga9 goes ov] into indiff]5ce1 :i*1 9 its turn1 p>tially removes ! prim>y anti!sis4 ,?r\gh ! orig9al anti!sis & ! /ruggle t[>ds indiff]5ce1 !re arises a product1 b ! product p>tially does away ) ! anti!sis2 ?r\gh ! do+ away ( t "p--t is1 ?r\gh ! orig9ation ( ! product itself--!re arises a new anti!sis1 diff]5t f ! "o t has be5 done away )1 & ?r\gh x1 a product diff]5t f ! fir/2 b ev5 ?is leaves ! absolute anti!sis unremov$1 duality !re=e1 & ?r\gh x a product1 w arise anew1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,let u say1 = example1 t by ! product ,a1 ! anti!ses c & d are unit$1 ! anti!ses b & e /ill lie outside ( t union4 ,?is latt] is done away ) 9 ,b1 b ?is product also leaves ! anti!sis a & f unremov$2 if we say t a & f m>k ! extreme limits1 !n ! union ( ^! w be t product :i* c nev] be arriv$ at4 ,betwe5 ! extremes a & f1 lie ! anti!ses c & d1 b & e2 b ! s]ies ( ^! int]m$iate anti!ses is inf9ite2 all ^! int]m$iate anti!ses are includ$ 9 ! "o absolute anti!sis4--,9 ! product ,a1 ( a only c1 & ( f only d is remov$2 let :at rema9s ( a be call$ b1 & ( f1 e2 ^! w inde$1 by virtue ( ! absolute /ruggle t[>ds indiff]5ce1 become aga9 unit$1 b !y leave a new anti!sis uncancell$1 & s !re rema9s betwe5 a & f an inf9ite s]ies ( int]m$iate anti!ses1 & ! product 9 :i* ^? absolutely cancel !mselves nev] is1 b only becomes4 ,?is inf9itely progressive =mation mu/ be ?us repres5t$4 ,! orig9al anti!sis w\ld necess>ily be cancell$ 9 ! primal product ,a4 ,! product w\ld necess>ily fall at ! indiff]5ce-po9t ( a & f1 b inasmu* z ! anti!sis is an absolute "o1 :i* c be cancell$ only 9 an inf9itely cont9u$1 nev] actual1 syn!sis1 ,a mu/ be ?\ght z ! c5tre ( an inf9ite p]iph]y1 7^: diamet] is ! inf9ite l9e a f47 ,s9ce 9 ! product ( a & f1 only c & d are unit$1 !re arises 9 x ! new division b & e1 ! product w !re=e divide up into opposite directions2 at ! po9t :]e ! /ruggle t[>ds indiff]5ce atta9s ! prepond]ance1 b & e w comb9e & =m a new product diff]5t f ! fir/--b betwe5 a & f1 !re /ill lie an inf9ite numb] ( anti!ses2 ! indiff]5ce-po9t ,b is !re=e ! c5tre ( a p]iph]y :i* is compreh5d$ 9 ! fir/1 b is itself aga9 inf9ite1 & s on4 ,! anti!sis ( b & e 9 ,b is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ,a1 because x 7,a7 leaves ! anti!sis un-unit$2 9 l mann] ! anti!sis 9 ,c is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ,b1 because ,b1 9 its turn1 cancels only a "p ( a & f4 ,b ! anti!sis 9 ,c is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ,b1 only 9 s f> z ,a ma9ta9s ! anti!sis 9 ,b4#bh ,:at !re=e 9 ,c & ,b results f ?is anti!sis--suppose1 = example1 ! result ( x 7 univ]sal gravitation--is occasion$ by ! common influ5ce ( ,a1 s t ,b & ,c1 & ! inf9ite numb] ( o!r products t come1 z int]m$iate l9ks betwe5 a & f1 are1 9 relation to ,a1 only "o product4--,! diff]5ce1 :i* rema9s ov] 9 ,a aft] ! union ( c & d1 is only "o1 into :i* !n ,b1 ,c1 c41 aga9 divide4 ,b ! cont9uance ( ! anti!sis is1 9 ! case ( e product1 ! condition ( ! /ruggle t[>ds indiff]5ce1 & ?us a /ruggle t[>ds indiff]5ce is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ,a 9 ,b1 & ?r\gh ,b 9 ,c4--,b ! anti!sis :i* ,a leaves uncancell$1 is only "o1 & !re=e also ?is t5d5cy 9 ,b1 9 ,c1 & s on to inf9ity1 is only condition$ & ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ,a4 ,! organization ?us det]m9$ is no o!r ?an ! organization ( ! ,univ]se 9 ! sy/em ( gravitation4--,gravity is simple1 b its condition is duplicity4--,indiff]5ce arises only out ( diff]5ce4--,! cancell$ duality is matt]1 inasmu* z x is only mass4 ,! absolute indiff]5ce-po9t exi/s n[h]e1 b is1 z x 71 divid$ among sev]al s+le po9ts4--,! ,univ]se :i* =ms itself f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y1 seeks ! po9t at :i* ev5 ! extreme anti!ses ( nature cancel !mselves2 ! impossibility ( ?is cancell+ gu>antees ! inf9ity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,f e product ,a1 ! uncancell$ anti!sis is c>ri$ ov] to a new "o1 ,b1 ! =m] !reby becom+ ! cause ( duality & gravitation = ,b4--7,?is c>ry+ ov] is :at is call$ action by di/ribution1 ! !ory ( :i* receives light only at ?is po9t4#bi7--,?us1 = example1 ! sun1 be+ only relative indiff]5ce1 ma9ta9s1 z f> z its sph]e ( action rea*es1 ! anti!sis1 :i* is ! condition ( weight ^u ! subord9ate _w-bodies4#cj ,! indiff]5ce is cancell$ at e /ep1 & at e /ep x is re/or$4 ,h5ce1 weight acts ^u a body at re/ z well z ^u "o 9 motion4--,! univ]sal re/oration ( duality1 & its recancell+ at e /ep1 c t is appe> only z a nisus aga9/ a ?ird 7some:at74 ,?is ?ird 7some:at7 is !re=e ! pure z]o--ab/ract$ f t5d5cy x is no?+ #j1 !re=e purely ideal1 7m>k+ only direction7--a po9t4#ca ,gravity ! c5tre ( gravity is 9 ! case ( e total product only "o = ! anti!sis is "o1 & s also ! relative indiff]5ce-po9t is only "o4 ,! indiff]5ce-po9t ( ! individual body m>ks only ! l9e ( direction ( its t5d5cy t[>ds ! univ]sal indiff]5ce-po9t2 h5ce ?is po9t may be reg>d$ z ! only "o at :i* gravity acts2 j z t1 :]eby bodies alone atta9 consi/5ce = u1 is simply ?is t5d5cy outw>ds4#cb ,v]tical fall+ t[>ds ?is po9t is n a simple1 b a comp\nd motion1 & x is a subject = wond] t ?is has n be5 p]ceiv$ be=e4#cc ,gravity is n proportional to mass 7= :at is ?is mass b an ab/raction ( ! specific gravity :i* y h hypo/atiz$872 b1 conv]sely1 ! mass ( a body is only ! expression ( ! mom5tum1 ) :i* ! anti!sis 9 x cancels itself4 7d7 ,by ! =ego+1 ! con/ruction ( matt] 9 g5]al is complet$1 b n ! con/ruction ( specific diff]5ce 9 matt]4 ,t :i* all ! matt] ( ,b1 ,c1 c41 9 relation to ,a has common "u x1 is ! diff]5ce :i* is n cancell$ by ,a1 & :i* aga9 cancels itself 9 "p 9 ,b & ,c--h5ce1 !re=e1 ! gravity m$iat$ by t diff]5ce4 ,:at di/+ui%es ,b & ,c f ,a !re=e1 is ! diff]5ce :i* is n cancell$ by ,a1 & :i* becomes ! condition ( gravity 9 ! case ( ,b & ,c4--,simil>ly1 :at di/+ui%es ,c f ,b 7if ,c is a product subord9ate to ,b71 is ! diff]5ce :i* is n cancell$ by ,b1 & :i* is aga9 c>ri$ ov] to ,c4 ,gravity1 !re=e1 is n ! same ?+ = ! high] & = ! subalt]n _w-bodies1 & !re is z mu* v>iety 9 ! c5tral =ces z 9 ! conditions ( attraction4 ,! means :]eby1 9 ! products ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 :i*1 9 s f> z !y are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 repres5t products absolutely homog5e\s because ! anti!sis is ! same = ! :ole product1 ano!r diff]5ce ( individual products is possible1 is ! possibility ( a diff]5ce ( relation betwe5 ! factors 9 ! cancell+1 s t1 = example1 9 ,x1 ! positive factor1 & 9 ,y1 ! negative factor1 has ! prepond]ance1 7?us r5d]+ ! "o body positively1 & ! o!r negatively1 electric74--,all diff]5ce is diff]5ce ( electricity4#cd 7e7 ,t ! id5tity ( matt] is n absolute id5tity1 b only indiff]5ce1 c be prov$ f ! possibility ( aga9 cancell+ ! id5tity1 & f ! accompany+ ph5om5a4#ce ,we may be all[$1 = brevity's sake1 to include ?is recancell+1 & its resultant ph5om5a "u ! expression dynamical process1 )\t1 ( c\rse1 affirm+ decisively :e!r any?+ ( ! sort is ev]y:]e actual4 ,n[ !re w be exactly z _m /ages 9 ! dynamical process z !re are /ages ( transition f diff]5ce to indiff]5ce4 77 ,! fir/ /age w be m>k$ by objects 9 :i* ! reproduction & recancell+ ( ! anti!sis at e /ep is /ill itself an object ( p]ception4 ,! :ole product is reproduc$ anew at e /ep1#cf t is1 ! anti!sis :i* cancels itself 9 x1 spr+s up afre% e mom5t2 b ?is reproduction ( diff]5ce loses itself imm$iately 9 univ]sal gravity2#cg ?is reproduction1 !re=e1 c be p]ceiv$ only 9 individual objects1 :i* seem to gravitate t[>ds ea* o!r2 s9ce1 if to ! "o factor ( an anti!sis is (f]$ its opposite 79 ano!r7 bo? factors become heavy ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 9 :i* case1 !re=e1 ! g5]al gravity is n cancell$1 b a special "o occurs )9 ! g5]al4--,an in/ance ( su* a mutual relation betwe5 two products1 is t ( ! e>? & ! magnetic ne$le1 9 :i* is di/+ui%$ ! cont9ual recancell+ ( indiff]5ce 9 gravitation t[>ds ! poles#ch--! cont9ual s9k+ back into id5tity#ci 9 gravitation t[>ds ! univ]sal indiff]5ce-po9t4 ,"h1 !re=e1 x is n ! object1 b ! be+-reproduc$ ( ! object t becomes object4#dj 77 ,at ! fir/ /age1 9 ! id5tity ( ! product1 its duplicity aga9 appe>s2 at ! second1 ! anti!sis w divide up & di/ribute itself among diff]5t objects 7,a & ,b74 ,f ! fact t ! "o factor ( ! anti!sis atta9$ a relative prepond]ance 9 ,a1 ! o!r 9 ,b1 !re w arise1 accord+ to ! same law z 9 1 a gravitation ( ! factors t[>d ea* o!r1 & s a new diff]5ce1 :i*1 :5 ! relative equipond]ance is re/or$ 9 ea*1 results 9 repulsion#da--7;*ange ( attraction & repulsion1 second /age 9 :i* matt] is se57--electricity4 77 ,at ! second /age ! "o factor ( ! product _h only a relative prepond]ance2#db at ! ?ird x w atta9 an absolute "o--by ! two bodies ,a & ,b1 ! orig9al anti!sis is aga9 completely repres5t$--matt] w rev]t to ! fir/ /age ( becom+4 ,at ! fir/ /age !re is /ill ,,pure diff]5ce1 )\t sub/rate = x 0 only out ( x t a sub/rate arose2 at ! second /age x is ! simple factors ( two products t are oppos$ to ea* o!r2 at ! ?ird x is ! ,,products ,,!mselves t are oppos$2 "h is diff]5ce 9 ! ?ird p[]4 ,if two products are absolutely oppos$ to ea* o!r1#dc !n 9 ea* ( !m s+ly indiff]5ce ( gravity 7by :i* alone ea* is7 mu/ be cancell$1 & !y mu/ gravitate to ea* o!r4#dd 7,9 ! second /age !re 0 only a mutual gravitat+ ( ! factors to ea* o!r--"h !re is a gravitat+ ( ! products47#de--,?is process1 !re=e1 fir/ assails ! indiff]5t 7elem5t7 ( ! ,,product--t is1 ! products !mselves dissolve4 ,:]e !re is equal diff]5ce !re is equal indiff]5ce2 diff]5ce ( products1 !re=e1 c end only ) indiff]5ce ( products4--7,all hi!rto d$uc$ indiff]5ce has be5 only indiff]5ce ( sub/rateless1 or at lea/ simple factors4--,n[ we come to speak ( an indiff]5ce ( products47 ,?is /ruggle w n cease till !re exi/s a common product4 ,! product1 9 =m+ itself1 passes1 f bo? sides1 ?r\gh all ! int]m$iate l9ks t lie betwe5 ! two products = example1 ?r\gh all ! int]m$iate /ages ( specific gravity1 till x f9ds ! po9t at :i* x succumbs to indiff]5ce1 & ! product is fix$4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>k4 ,by virtue ( ! fir/ con/ruction1 ! product is posit$ z id5tity2 ?is id5tity1 x is true1 aga9 resolves itself into an anti!sis1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is no long] an anti!sis cleav+ to products1 b an anti!sis 9 ! productivity itself4--,! product1 !re=e1 z product1 is id5tity4--,b ev5 9 ! sph]e ( products1 !re aga9 arises a duplicity 9 ! second /age1 & x is only 9 ! ?ird t ev5 ! duplicity ( ! products aga9 becomes id5tity ( ! products4#df--,!re is !re=e "h also a progress f !sis to anti!sis1 & !nce to syn!sis4--,! la/ syn!sis ( matt] closes 9 ! *emical process2 if composition is to proce$ yet fur!r 9 x1 !n ?is circle mu/ op5 aga94 ,we mu/ leave x to our read]s !mselves to make out ! conclusions to :i* ! pr9ciples "h /at$ lead1 & ! univ]sal int]dep5d5ce :i* is introduc$ by !m into ! ph5om5a ( ,nature4--,nev]!less1 to give "o in/ance3 :5 9 ! *emical process ! bond ( gravity is loos$1 ! ph5om5on ( light :i* accompanies ! *emical process 9 its greate/ p]fection 79 ! process ( combu/ion71 is a rem>kable ph5om5on1 :i*1 :5 foll[$ out fur!r1 confirms :at is /at$ 9 ! ,outl9es1 page #adf3--8,! action ( light mu/ /& 9 secret int]dep5d5ce ) ! action ( gravity :i* ! c5tral bodies ex]cise40--,=1 is n ! indiff]5ce dissolv$ at e /ep1 s9ce gravity1 z ev] active1 presupposes a cont9ual cancell+ ( indiff]5ce8--,x is ?us1 !re=e1 t ! sun1 by ! di/ribution ex]cis$ on ! e>?1 causes a univ]sal sep>ation ( matt] into ! prim>y anti!sis 7& h5ce gravity74 ,?is univ]sal cancell+ ( indiff]5ce is :at appe>s to u 7:o are end[$ ) life7 z light2 :]ev]1 !re=e1 t indiff]5ce is dissolv$ 79 ! *emical process71 !re light mu/ appe> to u4 ,accord+ to ! =ego+1 x is "o anti!sis :i*1 beg9n+ at magnetism1 & proce$+ ?r\gh electricity1 at la/ loses itself 9 ! *emical ph5om5a4#dg ,9 ! *emical process1 namely1 ! :ole product ,e or - ,e 7! positively electric body1 9 ! case ( absolutely unburnt bodies1 is always ! m combu/ible2#dh :]eas ! absolutely incombu/ible is ! cause ( all negatively electric condition27 & if we may be all[$ to inv]t ! case1 :at !n are bodies !mselves b cond5s$ 7conf9$7 electricity8 ,9 ! *emical process ! :ole body dissolves into ,e or - ,e4 ,light is ev]y:]e ! appe>+ ( ! positive factor 9 ! prim>y anti!sis2 h5ce1 :]ev] ! anti!sis is re/or$1 !re is light = u1 because g5]ally only ! positive factor is beheld1 & ! negative "o is only felt4--,is ! connection ( ! diurnal & annual deviations ( ! magnetic ne$le ) light n[ conceivable--&1 if 9 e *emical process ! anti!sis is dissolv$1 is x conceivable t ,light is ! cause & beg9n+ ( all *emical process8#di 7f7 ,! dynamical process is no?+ b ! second con/ruction ( matt]1 & h[ev] _m /ages !re are 9 ! dynamical process1 !re are ! same numb] 9 ! orig9al con/ruction ( matt]4 ,?is axiom is ! conv]se ( axiom e4#ej ,t :i*1 9 ! dynamical process is p]ceiv$ 9 ! product1 takes place outside ( ! product ) ! simple factors ( all duality4 ,! fir/ />t to orig9al production is ! limitation ( productivity ?r\gh ! primitive anti!sis1 :i*1 z anti!sis 7& z ! condition ( all con/ruction71 is di/+ui%$ only 9 magnetism2 ! second /age ( production is ! *ange ( contraction & expansion1 & z su* becomes visible only 9 electricity2 f9ally1 ! ?ird /age is ! transition ( ?is *ange into indiff]5ce--a *ange :i* is recogniz$ z su* only 9 *emical ph5om5a4 ,,magnetism1 ,,electricity ,,& ,,*emical ,,process are ! categories ( ! orig9al con/ruction ( nature matt]--! latt] escapes u & lies outside ( intuition1 ! =m] are :at ( x rema9s beh9d1 :at /&s firm1 :at is fix$--! g5]al s*emes = ! con/ruction ( matt]4#ea ,&--9 ord] to close ! circle at ! po9t :]e x began--j z 9 organic nature1 9 ! scale ( s5sibility1 irritability1 & =mative in/9ct1 ! secret ( ! production ( ! :ole ( organic nature lies 9 ea* individual1 s 9 ! scale ( magnetism1 electricity1 & *emical process1 s f> z x 7! scale7 c be di/+ui%$ 9 ! individual body1 is to be f\nd ! secret ( ! production ( ,nature f itself ( ! :ole ( ,nature#eb4 ,c4 ,we h n[ approa*$ ne>] ! solution ( our problem1 :i* 03 ,to r$uce ! con/ruction ( organic & inorganic nature to a common expression4 ,inorganic nature is ! product ( ! fir/ p[]1 organic nature ( ! second#ec--7?is 0 demon/rat$ above2 x w soon appe> t ! latt] is ! product ( a /ill high] p[]7--h5ce ! latt]1 9 view ( ! =m]1 appe>s cont+5t2 ! =m]1 9 view ( ! latt]1 necess>y4 ,inorganic nature c take its orig9 f simple factors1 organic nature only f products1 :i* aga9 become factors4 ,h5ce an inorganic nature g5]ally w appe> z hav+ be5 f all et]nity1 ! organic nature z orig9at$4 ,9 ! organic nature1 indiff]5ce c nev] be arriv$ at 9 ! same way 9 :i* x is arriv$ at 9 inorganic nature1 because life consi/s 9 no?+ m ?an a cont9ual prev5tion ( ! atta9m5t ( indiff]5ce a prev5tion ( ! absolute transition ( productivity into product :]eby manife/ly !re comes ab\t only a condition :i* is1 s to speak1 extort$ f ,nature4 ,by organization1 matt]--:i* has already be5 compos$ = ! second "t by ! *emical process--is once m ?r[n back to ! initial po9t ( =mation 7! circle above describ$ is aga9 op5$72 x is no wond] t matt] always ?r[n back aga9 into =mation at la/ returns z a p]fect product4 ,! same /ages1 ?r\gh :i* ! production ( ,nature orig9ally passes1 are also pass$ ?r\gh by ! production ( ! organic product2 only t ! latt]1 ev5 9 ! fir/ /age1 at lea/ beg9s ) products ( ! simple p[]4--,organic production also beg9s ) limitation1 n ( ! prim>y productivity1 b ( ! productivity ( a product2 organic =mation also takes place ?r\gh ! *ange ( expansion & contraction1 j z prim>y =mation does2 b 9 ?is case x is a *ange tak+ place1 n 9 ! simple productivity1 b 9 ! comp\nd4 ,b !re is all ?is1 too1 9 ! *emical process1#ed & yet 9 ! *emical process indiff]5ce is atta9$4 ,! vital process1 !re=e1 mu/ aga9 be a high] p[] ( ! *emical2 & if ! s*eme t lies at ! base ( ! latt] is duplicity1 ! s*eme ( ! =m] w ( necessity be triplicity ! =m] w be a process ( ! ?ird p[]4 ,b ! s*eme ( triplicity is 9 reality t ! fundam5tal s*eme ( ! galvanic process 7,ritt]'s ,demon/ration1 c41 p4 #agb72 !re=e ! galvanic process 7or ! process ( irritation7 /&s a p[] high] ?an ! *emical1 & ! ?ird elem5t1 :i* ! latt] lacks & ! =m] has1 prev5ts indiff]5ce f be+ arriv$ at 9 ! organic product4#ee ,z irritation does n all[ indiff]5ce to be arriv$ at 9 ! individual product1 & z ! anti!sis is /ill !re 7= ! prim>y anti!sis /ill pursues u71#ef !re rema9s = nature no alt]native b sep>ation ( ! factors 9 diff]5t products4#eg ,! =mation ( ! individual product1 = t v reason1 _c be a complet$ =mation1 & ! product c nev] cease to be productive4#eh ,! contradiction 9 ,nature is ?is1 t ! product mu/ be productive i4 e4 a product ( ! ?ird p[]1 & t1 not)/&+1 ! product1 z a product ( ! ?ird p[]1 mu/ pass ov] into indiff]5ce4#ei ,?is contradiction ,nature tries to solve by m$iat+ indiff]5ce itself ?r\gh productivity1 b ev5 ?is does n succe$--= ! act ( productivity is only ! k9dl+ sp>k ( a new process ( irritation2 ! product ( productivity is a new productivity4 ,into ?is z its product ! productivity ( ! individual n[ inde$ passes ov]2 ! individual1 !re=e1 ceases m rapidly or sl[ly to be productive1 & ,nature rea*es ! indiff]5ce-po9t ) x only aft] ! latt] has got d[n to a product ( ! second p[]4#fj ,& n[ ! result ( all ?is8--,! condition ( ! inorganic 7z well z ( ! organic7 product1 is duality4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 organic productive product is s only f ! fact t ! diff]5ce ,,nev] becomes indiff]5ce4 ,x is 9 s f> !re=e impossible to r$uce ! con/ruction ( organic & ( inorganic product to a common expression1 & ! problem is incorrect1 & !re=e ! solution impossible4 ,! problem presupposes t organic product & inorganic product are mutually oppos$1 :]eas ! latt] is only ! high] p[] ( ! =m]1 & is produc$ only by ! high] p[] ( ! =ces ?r\gh :i* ! latt] also is produc$4 ,s5sibility is only ! high] p[] ( magnetism2 irritability only ! high] p[] ( electricity2 =mative in/9ct only ! high] p[] ( ! *emical process4--,b s5sibility1 & irritability1 & =mative in/9ct are all only includ$ 9 t "o process ( irritation4 7,galvanism affects !m all74#fa ,b if !y are only ! high] functions ( magnetism1 electricity1 c41 !re mu/ aga9 be a high] syn!sis = ^! 9 ,nature#fb--;& ?is1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta91 c be s\ght = only 9 ,nature1 9 s f> z1 view$ z a :ole1 x is absolutely organic4 ,& ?is1 moreov]1 is also ! result to :i* ! g5u9e ,sci5ce ( ,nature mu/ lead1 viz3 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 organic & inorganic nature is only 9 ,nature z object1 & t ,nature z orig9ally-productive so>s above bo?4#fc 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re rema9s only "o rem>k1 :i* we may make1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( its intr9sic int]e/1 z 9 ord] to ju/ify :at we said above 9 reg>d to ! relation ( our sy/em to ! hi!rto s-call$ dynamical sy/em4 ,if x 7 ask$1 = in/ance1 9 :at =m our orig9al anti!sis1 cancell$1 or r fix$1 9 ! product1 w\ld appe> f ! /&-po9t ( reflection1 we _c bett] designate :at is f\nd 9 ! product by analysis1 ?an z expansive & attractive 7ret>d+7 =ce1 to :i* !n h[ev]1 gravitation mu/ always be add$ z ! t]tium quid1 :]eby ^? opposites become :at !y are4 ,nev]!less1 ! designation is valid only = ! /&-po9t ( reflection or ( analysis1 & _c be appli$ = syn!sis at all2 & ?us our sy/em leaves (f exactly at ! po9t :]e ! ,dynamical ,physics ( ,kant & 8 successors beg9s1 namely1 at ! anti!sis z x pres5ts itself 9 ! product4 ,& ) ?is ! au?or deliv]s ov] ^! ,elem5ts ( a ,sy/em ( ,speculative ,physics to ! ?9k+ heads ( ! age1 begg+ !m to make common cause ) him 9 ?is sci5ce1 :i* op5s up views ( no mean ord]1 & to make up by _! own p[]s1 acquirem5ts & ext]nal relations1 = :at1 9 ^! respects1 he lacks4 ,! notes n m>k$ z 8,rem>ks ( ! orig9al0 are by ! ,g]man ,editor4--,note ( ! ,translator4 ,footnote #ah3 ,?us1 = example1 x becomes v cle> ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( our inquiry1 t1 9 ord] to r5d] ! dynamic organization ( ! ,univ]se evid5t 9 all its p>ts1 we /ill lack t c5tral ph5om5on ( :i* ,bacon already speaks1 :i* c]ta9ly lies 9 ,nature1 b has n yet be5 extract$ f x by exp]im5t4 ,rem>k ( ! ,orig9al4 ,comp>e bel[1 ?ird note to 8,g5]al ,rem>k40 ,footnote #ai3 ,if only ^? w>m panegyri/s ( empiricism1 :o exalt x at ! exp5se ( sci5ce1 did n1 true to ! idea ( empiricism1 try to palm (f ^u u z empiricism _! own judgm5ts1 & :at !y h put into nature1 & impos$ ^u objects2 = ?\gh _m p]sons ?9k !y c talk ab\t x1 !re is a great deal m belong+ to x ?an _m imag9e--to elim9ate purely ! accompli%$ f ,nature1 & to /ate x ) ! same fidelity ) :i* x has be5 elim9at$4--,rem>k ( ! ,orig9al4 ,footnote #bj3 ,a travell] 9 ,italy makes ! rem>k t ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w may be demon/rat$ on ! great obelisk at ,rome2 s1 likewise1 9 e product ( ,nature4 ,e m9]al body is a fragm5t ( ! annals ( ! e>?4 ,b :at is ! e>?8 ,its hi/ory is int]wov5 ) ! hi/ory ( ! :ole ( ,nature1 & s passes f ! fossil ?r\gh ! :ole ( inorganic & organic ,nature1 till x culm9ates 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se--"o *a94--,rem>k ( ! ,orig9al4 ,footnote #ba3 ,volta already asks1 ) ref]5ce to ! affection ( ! s5ses by galvanism--8,might n ! electric fluid be ! imm$iate cause ( all flavors8 ,might x n be ! cause ( s5sation 9 all ! o!r s5ses80--,rem>k ( ! ,orig9al4 ,footnote #bb3 ,accord+ to ! =ego+ exp]im5ts1 x is at lea/ n impossible to reg>d ! ph5om5a ( light & ^? ( electricity z "o1 s9ce 9 ! prismatic spectrum ! colors may at lea/ be consid]$ z opposites1 & ! :ite light1 :i* regul>ly falls 9 ! middle1 be reg>d$ z ! indiff]5ce-po9t2 & = reasons ( analogy "o is tempt$ to consid] ?is con/ruction ( ! ph5om5a ( light z ! real "o4--,rem>k ( ! ,orig9al4 ,footnote #bc3 ,h5ce :]ev] ! anti!sis is cancell$ or d]ang$1 ! metamorphosis becomes irregul>4 ,= :at is disease ev5 b metamorphosis8--,rem>k ( ! ,orig9al4 ,footnote #bd3 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds1 !re are1 z 9 ! ,outl9es1 additions 9 notes 7simil> to ! few t h already be5 admitt$ into ! text 9 brackets 74 ,!y are exc]pt$ f a ,,ms4 copy ( ! au?or's4 ,footnote #be3 ,! fir/ po/ulate ( natural sci5ce is an anti!sis 9 ! pure id5tity ( ,nature4 ,?is anti!sis mu/ be ?\ght q purely1 & n ) any o!r sub/rate besides t ( activity2 = x is ! condition ( all sub/rate4 ,! p]son :o _c ?9k activity or opposition )\t a sub/rate1 _c philosophize at all4 ,= all philosophiz+ goes only to ! d$uction ( a sub/rate4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! ph5om5a ( electricity %[ ! s*eme ( nature oscillat+ betwe5 productivity & product4 ,?is condition ( oscillation or *ange1 attractive & repulsive =ce1 is ! real condition ( =mation4 ,footnote #bg3 ,= x is ! only ?+ t is giv5 u to d]ive all o!r ?+s f4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! :ole ( ! uncancell$ anti!sis ( ,a is c>ri$ ov] to ,b4 ,b aga91 x _c entirely cancel itself 9 ,b1 & is !re=e c>ri$ ov] to ,c4 ,! anti!sis 9 ,c is !re=e ma9ta9$ by ,b1 b only 9 s f> z ,a ma9ta9s ! anti!sis :i* is ! condition ( ,b4 ,footnote #bi3 ,t is1 di/ribution exi/s only1 :5 ! anti!sis 9 a product is n absolutely b only relatively cancell$4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! /ruggle t[>ds indiff]5ce atta9s ! prepond]ance ov] ! anti!sis1 at a great] or less di/ance f ! body :i* ex]cises ! di/ribution1 7z1 = example1 at a c]ta9 di/ance1 ! action by di/ribution1 :i* an electric or magnetic body ex]cises ^u ano!r body1 appe>s z cancell$47 ,! diff]5ce 9 ?is di/ance is ! gr\nd ( ! diff]5ce ( _w-bodies 9 "o & ! same sy/em1 inasmu*1 namely1 z "o "p ( ! matt] is subject$ to indiff]5ce m ?an ! re/4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! condition ( all product is diff]5ce1 diff]5ce mu/ aga9 arise at e /ep z ! s\rce ( all exi/5ce1 b mu/ also be ?\ght z aga9 cancell$4 ,by ?is cont9ual reproduction & resuscitation creation takes place anew at e /ep4 ,footnote #ca3 ,x is precisely z]o to :i* ,nature cont9ually /rives to rev]t1 & to :i* x w\ld rev]t1 if ! anti!sis 7 ev] cancell$4 ,let u suppose ! orig9al condition ( ,nature #j 7want ( reality74 ,n[ z]o c c]ta9ly be ?\ght z divid+ itself into #a - #a 7= ?is #j72 b if we posit t ?is division z n inf9ite 7z x is 9 ! inf9ite s]ies #a - #a #a - #a 44471 !n ,nature w z x 7 oscillate cont9ually betwe5 z]o & unity--& ?is is precisely its condition4 ,footnote #cb3 ,baad] on ! ,py?agorean ,squ>e4 #agih4 7,rem>k ( ! orig9al47 ,footnote #cc3 ,except by ! ?\ghtful au?or ( a review ( my "w on ! _w-s\l1 9 ! ,wrzburg ,gelehrte ,anzeig]1 ! only review ( t "w t has hi!rto come "u my notice4 7,rem>k ( ! orig9al47 ,footnote #cd3 ,x is "h tak5 = grant$ t :at we call ! quality ( bodies1 & :at we are wont to reg>d z some?+ homog5e\s1 & ! gr\nd ( all homog5eity is really only an expression = a cancell$ diff]5ce4 ,footnote #ce3 ,9 ! ,m4,s4 copy ! la/ "p ( ?is s5t5ce reads z foll[s3 ,! con/ruction ( quality ought necess>ily to be capable ( exp]im5tal pro(1 by ! recancell+ ! id5tity1 & ( ! ph5om5a :i* accompany x4 ,footnote #cf3 ,e body mu/ be ?\ght z reproduc$ at e /ep--& !re=e also e total product4 ,footnote #cg3 ,! univ]sal1 h[ev]1 is nev] p]ceiv$1 = ! simple reason t x is univ]sal4 ,footnote #ch3 ,:]eby :at 0 said above is confirm$1--t fall+ t[>d ! c5tre is a comp\nd motion4 ,footnote #ci3 ,! reciprocal cancell+ ( opposite motions4 ,footnote #dj3 ,or ! object is se5 9 ! fir/ /age ( becom+1 or ( transition f diff]5ce to indiff]5ce4 ,! ph5om5a ( magnetism ev5 s]ve1 s to speak1 z an impulse1 to transport u to ! /&po9t beyond ! product1 :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to ! con/ruction ( ! product4 ,footnote #da3 ,!re w result ! opposite effect--a negative attraction1 t is1 repulsion4 ,repulsion & attraction /& to ea* o!r z positive & negative magnitudes4 ,repulsion is only negative attraction--attraction only negative repulsion2 z soon1 !re=e1 z ! maximum ( attraction is rea*$1 x passes ov] into its opposite--into repulsion4 ,footnote #db3 ,if we designate ! factors z & - electricity1 !n1 9 ! second /age1 electricity _h a relative prepond]ance ov] - electricity4 ,footnote #dc3 ,if no long] ! individual factors ( ! two products1 b ! :ole products !mselves are absolutely oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,footnote #dd3 ,= product is some?+ :]e9 anti!sis cancels itself1 b x cancels itself only ?r\gh indiff]5ce ( gravity4 ,:51 !re=e1 two products are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 ! indiff]5ce 9 ea* individually mu/ be absolutely cancell$1 & ! :ole products mu/ gravitate t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,footnote #de3 ,9 ! electric process1 ! :ole product is n active1 b only ! "o factor ( ! product1 :i* has ! relative prepond]ance ov] ! o!r4 ,9 ! *emical process 9 :i* ! :ole product is active1 x foll[s t ! indiff]5ce ( ! :ole product mu/ be cancell$4 ,footnote #df3 ,we h !re=e ! foll[+ s*eme ( ! dynamical process3 ,fir/ /age3 ,unity ( ! product--magnetism4 ,second /age3 ,duplicity ( ! products--electricity4 ,?ird /age3 ,unity ( ! products--*emical process4 ,footnote #dg3 ,! conclusions :i* may be d$uc$ f ?is con/ruction ( dynamical ph5om5a are p>tly anticipat$ 9 :at goes be=e4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve = fur!r explanation3 ,! *emical process1 = example1 9 its highe/ p]fection is a process ( combu/ion4 ,n[ ,i h already %[n on ano!r occasion1 t ! condition ( light 9 ! body und]go+ combu/ion is no?+ else b ! maximum ( its positive electrical condition4 ,= x is always ! positively electrical condition t is also ! combu/ible4 ,might n1 !n1 ?is coexi/5ce ( ! ph5om5on ( light ) ! *emical process 9 its highe/ p]fection give u in=mation ab\t ! gr\nd ( e ph5om5on ( light 9 ,nature8 ,:at happ5s1 !n1 9 ! *emical process8 ,two :ole products gravitate t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,! indiff]5ce ( ! individual is !re=e absolutely cancell$4 ,?is absolute cancell+ ( indiff]5ce puts ! :ole body into ! condition ( light1 j z ! p>tial 9 ! electric process puts x into a p>tial condition ( light4 ,!re=e1 also ! light--:at seems to /ream to u f ! sun--is no?+ else b ! ph5om5on ( indiff]5ce cancell$ at e /ep4 ,= z gravity nev] ceases to act1 its condition--anti!sis--mu/ be reg>d$ z spr++ up aga9 at e /ep4 ,we %\ld ?us h 9 light a cont9ual1 visible appe>+ ( gravitation1 & x w\ld be expla9$ :y1 9 ! sy/em ( worlds1 x is exactly ^? bodies :i* are ! pr9cipal seat ( gravity t are also ! pr9cipal s\rce ( light4 ,we %\ld !n1 also1 h an explanation ( ! connection 9 :i* ! action ( light /&s to t ( gravitation4 ,! manifold effects ( light on ! deviations ( ! magnetic ne$le1 on atmosph]ic electricity1 & on organic nature1 w\ld be expla9$ by ! v fact t light is ! ph5om5on ( indiff]5ce cont9ually cancell$--!re=e1 ! ph5om5on ( ! dynamical process cont9ually rek9dl$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "o anti!sis t prevails 9 all dynamical ph5om5a--9 ^? ( magnetism1 electricity & light2 = example1 ! anti!sis1 :i* is ! condition ( ! electrical ph5om5a mu/ already ent] into ! fir/ con/ruction ( matt]4 ,= all bodies are c]ta9ly electrical4 ,footnote #dh3 ,or r1 conv]sely1 ! m combu/ible is always also ! positively electric2 :5ce x is manife/ t ! body :i* burns has m]ely rea*$ ! maximum ( electricity4 ,footnote #di3 ,& inde$ x is s4 ,:at !n is ! absolute incombu/ible8 ,d\btless1 simply t :]e) ev]y?+ else burns--oxyg54 ,b x is precisely ?is absolutely incombu/ible oxyg5 t is ! pr9ciple ( negative electricity1 & ?us we h a confirmation ( :at ,i h already /at$ 9 ! ,ideas = a ,philosophy ( ,nature1 viz4 t oxyg5 is a pr9ciple ( a negative k9d1 & !re=e ! repres5tative1 z x 71 ( ! p[] ( attraction2 :]eas phlogi/on1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 positive electricity1 is ! repres5tative ( ! positive1 or ( ! =ce ( repulsion4 ,!re has long be5 a !ory t ! magnetic1 electric1 *emical1 &1 f9ally1 ev5 ! organic ph5om5a1 are int]wov5 into "o great int]dep5d5t :ole4 ,?is mu/ be e/abli%$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! connection ( electricity ) ! process ( combu/ion may be %[n by num]\s exp]im5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t ( ^! t has come to my k ,i w cite4 ,x occurs 9 ,s*]]'s ,j\rnal ( ,*emi/ry4 ,if a ,leyd5 j> is fill$ ) iron fil+s1 & repeat$ly *>g$ & dis*>g$1 & if1 aft] ! lapse ( "s "t1 ?is iron is tak5 out & plac$ ^u an isolator--pap]1 = example--x beg9s to get hot1 becomes inc&esc5t1 & *anges into an oxide ( iron4 ,?is exp]im5t des]ves to be frequ5tly repeat$ & m closely exam9$--x might readily lead to some?+ new4 ,?is great int]dep5d5ce1 :i* a sci5tific sy/em ( physics mu/ e/abli%1 ext5ds ov] ! :ole ( ,nature4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 once e/abli%$1 spread a new light ov] ! ,hi/ory ( ! :ole ( ,nature4 ,?us1 = example1 x is c]ta9 t all geology mu/ />t f t]re/rial magnetism4 ,b t]re/rial electricity mu/ aga9 be det]m9$ by magnetism4 ,! connection ( ,nor? & ,s\? ) magnetism is %[n ev5 by ! irregul> movem5ts ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,b aga91 ) univ]sal electricity1 :i*1 no less ?an gravity & magnetism1 has its indiff]5ce po9t--! univ]sal process ( combu/ion & all volcanic ph5om5a /& connect$4 ,!re=e1 x is c]ta9 t !re is "o *a9 go+ f univ]sal magnetism d[n to ! volcanic ph5om5a4 ,/ill ^! are all only scatt]$ exp]im5ts4 ,9 ord] to make ?is int]dep5d5ce fully evid5t1 we ne$ ! c5tral ph5om5on1 or c5tral exp]im5t1 ( :i* ,bacon speaks oracul>ly--7,i mean ! exp]im5t :]e9 all ^? functions ( matt]1 magnetism1 electricity1 c41 s run toge!r 9 "o ph5om5on t ! individual function is di/+ui%able7--prov+ t ! "o does n lose itself imm$iately 9 ! o!r1 b t ea* c be exhibit$ sep>ately--an exp]im5t :i*1 :5 x is discov]$1 w /& 9 ! same relation to ! :ole ( ,nature1 z galvanism does to organic nature4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! disc\rse on ,f>aday's late/ discov]y1 7#ahcb17 p4 #ae4 ,complete ,works1 #a/ ,div41 la/ vol4 ,footnote #ej3 ,pro(--,all dynamical ph5om5a are ph5om5a ( transition f diff]5ce to indiff]5ce4 ,b x is 9 ?is v transition t matt] is prim>ily con/ruct$4 ,footnote #ea3 ,9 ! already m5tion$ disc\rse on ,f>aday's late/ discov]y1 ! au?or cites ! passage 7p4 #ge1 orig9al edition17 z well z #ef sq4 ( ! ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,dynamical ,process 7likewise writt5 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! voltaic pile17 z a pro( ( 8 hav+ anticipat$ ! discov]ies :i* prov$ ! unity ( ! electrical & ! *emical anti!sis1 & ( ! simil> connection subsi/+ betwe5 magnetic & *emical ph5om5a4 7,see also ,rem>k #b1 p4 #baf47 ,footnote #eb3 ,e individual is an expression ( ! :ole ( ,nature4 ,z ! exi/5ce ( ! s+le organic individual re/s on t scale1 s does ! :ole ( ,nature4 ,organic nature ma9ta9s ! :ole weal? & v>iety ( h] products only by cont9ually *ang+ ! relation ( ^? ?ree functions4--,9 l mann] inorganic ,nature br+s =? ! :ole weal? ( h] product1 only by *ang+ ! relation ( ^? ?ree functions ( matt] ad inf9itum2 = magnetism1 electricity1 & *emical process are ! functions ( matt] g5]ally1 & on t gr\nd alone are !y categories = ! con/ruction ( all matt]4 ,?is fact1 t ^? ?ree factors are n ph5om5a ( special k9ds ( matt]1 b functions ( all matt] univ]sally1 gives its real1 & its inn]mo/ s5se to dynamical physics1 :i*1 by ?is circum/ance alone1 rises f> above all o!r k9ds ( physics4 ,footnote #ec3 ,t is1 ! organic product c be ?\ght only z subsi/+ "u ! ho/ile pressure ( an ext]nal nature4 ,footnote #ed3 ,! *emical process1 too1 has n sub/rateless or simple factors2 x has products = factors4 ,footnote #ee3 ,! same d$uction is already giv5 9 ! ,outl9es1 p4 #afc4--,:at ! dynamical action is1 :i* accord+ to ! ,outl9es is also ! cause ( irritability1 is n[ surely cle> en\gh4 ,x is ! univ]sal action :i* is ev]y:]e condition$ by ! cancelm5t ( indiff]5ce1 & :i* at la/ t5ds t[>ds intussusception 7indiff]5ce ( products7 :5 x is n cont9ually prev5t$1 z x is 9 ! process ( irritation4 7,rem>k ( ! orig9al47 ,footnote #ef3 ,! abyss ( =ces1 into :i* we "h look d[n1 op5s ) ! "o "q2 ,9 ! fir/ con/ruction ( our e>?1 :at c h be5 ! gr\nd ( ! fact t no g5esis ( new individuals is possible ^u x1 o!rwise ?an "u ! condition ( opposite p[]s8 ,comp>e an utt]ance ( ,kant on ?is subject1 9 8 ,an?ropology4 7,rem>k ( ! orig9al47 ,footnote #eg3 ,! two factors c nev] be "o1 b mu/ be sep>at$ into diff]5t products--9 ord] t ?us ! diff]5ce may be p]man5t4 ,footnote #eh3 ,9 ! product1 indiff]5ce ( ! fir/ & second p[]s is arriv$ at 7= example1 by irritation itself an orig9 ( mass i4 e4 indiff]5ce ( ! fir/ ord] & ev5 *emical products i4 e4 indiff]5ce ( ! second ord] are rea*$71 b indiff]5ce ( ! ?ird p[] c nev] be rea*$1 because x is a contradictory idea4 7,rem>k ( ! orig9al47 ,footnote #ei3 ,! product is productive only f ! fact ( its be+ a product ( ! ?ird p[]4 ,b ! idea ( a productive product is itself a contradiction4 ,:at is productivity is n product1 & :at is product is n productivity4 ,!re=e a product ( ! ?ird p[] is itself a contradictory idea4 ,f ?is ev5 is manife/ :at an extremely artificial condition life is--wr5*$1 z x 71 f ,nature--subsi/+ aga9/ h] w4 ,footnote #fj3 ,no?+ %[s m cle>ly ! contradictions out ( :i* life arises1 & ! fact t x is altoge!r only a height5$ condition ( ord9>y natural =ces1 ?an ! contradiction ( ,nature 9 :at %e tries1 b tries 9 va91 to rea* ?r\gh ! sexes4--,nature hates sex1 & :]e x does arise1 x arises aga9/ h] w4 ,! diremption into sexes is an inevitable fate1 ) :i*1 aft] %e is once organic1 %e mu/ put up1 & :i* %e c nev] ov]come4--,by ?is v hatr$ ( diremption %e f9ds h]self involv$ 9 a contradiction1 inasmu* z :at is odi\s to h] %e is compell$ to develop 9 ! mo/ c>eful mann]1 & to lead to ! summit ( exi/5ce1 z if %e did x on purpose2 :]eas %e is always /riv+ only = a return into ! id5tity ( ! g5us1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is *a9$ to ! 7nev] to be cancell$7 duplicity ( ! sexes1 z to an inevitable condition4 ,t %e develops ! individual only f compulsion1 & = ! sake ( ! g5us1 is manife/ f ?is1 t :]ev] 9 a g5us %e seems desir\s ( ma9ta9+ ! individual long] 7?\gh ?is is nev] really ! case71 %e f9ds ! g5us becom+ m unc]ta91 because %e mu/ hold ! sexes f>!r asund]1 &1 z x 71 make !m flee f ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is region ( ,nature1 ! decay ( ! individual is n s visibly rapid z x is :]e ! sexes are ne>] to ea* o!r1 z 9 ! case ( ! rapidly )]+ fl[]1 9 :i*1 f its v bir?1 !y are enclos$ 9 a calix z 9 a bride-b$1 b 9 :i*1 = t v cause1 ! g5us is bett] secur$4 ,nature is ! lazie/ ( animals1 & curses diremption1 because x imposes ^u h] ! necessity ( activity2 %e is active only 9 ord] to rid h]self ( ?is necessity4 ,! opposites mu/ = ev] %un1 9 ord] = ev] to seek1 ea* o!r2 & = ev] seek1 9 ord] nev] to f9d1 ea* o!r2 x is only 9 ?is contradiction t ! gr\nd ( all ! activity ( ,nature lies4 7,rem>k ( ! orig9al47 ,footnote #fa3 ,its effect ^u ! p[] ( reproduction 7z well z ! reaction ( p>ticul> conditions ( ! latt] p[] ^u galvanic ph5om5a7 is less /udi$ /ill ?an might be ne$ful & useful4--,vide ,outl9es1 p4 #agg4--7,rem>k ( ! orig9al47 ,footnote #fb3 ,comp>e above ,rem>k1 p4 #aig4 7,rem>k ( ! orig9al47 ,footnote #fc3 ,t x is !re=e ! same nature1 :i*1 by ! same =ces1 produces organic ph5om5a1 & ! univ]sal ph5om5a ( ,nature1 & t ^! =ces are 9 a height5$ condition$ 9 organic nature4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,hegel',s ,,/hetics4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 ,,*4 ,,b5>d1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,,m>tl+4 ,,ii4 ,,sculpture4--,ar*itecture fa%ions & disposes ( ! masses ( in]t nature accord+ to geometric laws1 & x ?us succe$s 9 pres5t+ only a vague & incomplete symbol ( ! ?\ght4 ,its ?\ght's progress consi/s 9 deta*+ itself f physical exi/5ce1 & 9 express+ _s 9 a mann] m 9 con=mity ) its nature4 ,! fir/ /ep :i* art takes 9 ?is c>e] does n yet indicate ! return ( _s ^u itself1 :i* w\ld r5d] necess>y a :olly spiritual mode ( expression1 & signs z immat]ial z ?\ght2 b _s appe>s "u a corporeal1 organiz$ liv+ =m4 ,:at art repres5ts is ! animate1 liv+ body1 & above all ! human body1 ) :i* ! s\l is completely id5tifi$4 ,su* is ! rle & ! place :i* belong to ,sculpture4 ,x /ill resembles ar*itecture 9 ?is1 t x fa%ions ext5d$ & solid mat]ial2 b x is di/+ui%$ f x 9 ?is1 t ?is mat]ial1 9 its h&s1 ceases to be =eign to _s4 ,! corporeal =m bl5ds ) x1 & becomes its liv+ image4 ,comp>$ to poetry1 x seems at fir/ to h ! advantage ov] x ( repres5t+ objects "u _! natural & visible =m1 :ile spee* expresses ideas only by s\nds2 b ?is pla/ic cle>ness is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! sup]iority ( language z a means ( expression4 ,spee* reveals ! inn]mo/ ?\ghts ) a cle>ness altoge!r diff]5t f ! l9es ( ! figure1 ! c\nt5ance1 & ! attitudes ( ! body2 fur!r1 x %[s man 9 action--active 9 virtue ( 8 ideas & 8 passions2 x retraces ! v>i\s phases ( a complete ev5t4 ,sculpture repres5ts nei!r ! inmo/ s5tim5ts ( ! s\l1 nor its def9ite passions4 ,x pres5ts ! individual "* only 9 g5]al1 & to su* an ext5t z ! body c express 9 a giv5 mom5t1 )\t movem5t1 )\t liv+ action1 )\t developm5t4 ,x yields also1 9 ?is respect1 to pa9t+1 :i*1 by ! employm5t ( color & ! effects ( light1 acquires m ( naturalness & tru?1 &1 above all1 a great sup]iority ( expression4 ,?us1 "o might ?9k at fir/ t ,sculpture w\ld d well to add to its own prop] means ^? ( pa9t+4 ,?is is a grave error2 = t ab/ract =m1 depriv$ ( color1 :i* ! /atu>y employs is n an imp]fection 9 x--x is ! limit :i* ?is art places ^u itself4 ,ea* art repres5ts a degree1 a p>ticul> =m ( ! beautiful1 a mom5t ( ! developm5t ( _s1 & expresses x excell5tly4 ,to ,sculpture x belongs to repres5t ! p]fection ( ! bodily =m1 pla/ic beauty1 life1 s\l1 _s animat+ a body4 ,if x %\ld desire to transc5d ?is limit1 x w\ld fail entirely2 ! use ( =eign means w\ld alt] ! purity ( its works4 ,x is ) art "h z ) sci5ce2 ea* sci5ce has its object1 peculi>1 limit$1 ab/ract2 its circle1 9 :i* x moves1 & :]e x is free4 ,geometry /udies ext5sion1 & ext5sion only2 ari?metic1 numb]2 jurisprud5ce1 ! "r2 c4 ,all[ any "o to encroa* ^u ! o!rs1 & to aim at univ]sality2 y introduce into its doma9 confusion1 obscurity1 real imp]fection4 ,!y develop diff]5tly diff]5t objects2 cle>ness1 p]fection1 & ev5 lib]ty1 are to be pur*as$ only at ?is price4 ,art1 too1 has _m phases2 to ea* a di/9ct art corresponds4 ,sculpture /ops at =m1 :i* x fa%ions accord+ to its peculi> laws2 to add color !reto is to alt]1 to disfigure its object4 ,!reby x pres]ves its "*1 its functions1 its indep5d5ce2 x repres5ts ! mat]ial1 corporeal side1 ( :i* ar*itecture gives only a vague & imp]fect symbol4 ,x is giv5 to pa9t+1 to sub/itute = ?is real =m1 a simple visible appe>ance1 :i* !n admits color1 by jo9+ to x ! effects ( p]spective1 ( light & %ade4 ,b ,sculpture ought to respect its prop] limits1 to conf9e itself to repres5t+ ! corporeal =m z an expression ( ! individual _s1 ( ! s\l1 dive/$ ( passion & def9ite s5tim5t4 ,9 s do+1 x c s mu* ! bett] cont5t itself ) ! human =m 9 itself1 9 :i* ! s\l is1 z x 71 spread ov] all po9ts4 ,su* is also ! reason :y ,sculpture does n repres5t _s 9 action1 9 a succession ( movem5ts1 hav+ a det]m9$ end1 nor engag$ 9 ^? ent]prises & actions :i* manife/ a "*4 ,x pref]s to pres5t x 9 a calm attitude1 or :5 ! movem5t & ! gr\p+ indicate only ! comm5cem5t ( action4 ,?r\gh ?is v ?+1 t x pres5ts to our eyes _s absorb$ 9 ! corporeal =m1 design$ to manife/ x 9 its entirety1 !re is lack+ ! ess5tial po9t :]e ! expression ( ! s\l c5tres itself1 ! glance ( ! eye4 ,nei!r has x any ne$ ( ! magic ( colors1 :i*1 by ! f95ess & v>iety ( _! %ad+s1 are fitt$ to express all ! ri*ness ( p>ticul> traits ( "*1 & to manife/ ! s\l1 ) all ! emotions :i* agitate x4 ,sculpture ought n to admit mat]ials ( :i* x has no ne$ at ! /ep :]e x /ops4 ,! image fa%ion$ by x1 is ( a s+le color2 x employs primitive matt]1 ! mo/ simple1 uni=m1 unicolor$3 m>ble1 ivory1 gold1 brass1 ! metals4 ,x is ?is :i* ! ,greeks _h ! ability p]fectly to seize & hold4 ,aft] ^! consid]ations ^u ! g5]al "* ( ,sculpture1 & its connections ) o!r arts1 ,hegel approa*es ! m special /udy & ! !ory ( ?is art4 ,he consid]s x--#a/1 9 its pr9ciple2 #b;d1 9 its ideal2 #c;d1 9 ! mat]ials :i* x employs1 z well z 9 its v>i\s modes ( repres5tation & ! pr9cipal epo*s ( its hi/oric developm5t4 ,we are compell$ to disc>d a cr[d ( int]e/+ details ^u ea* ( ^! po9ts1 & to limit ourselves to g5]al ideas4 #a4 ,to seize fully ! pr9ciple ( ,sculpture & ! ess5ce ( ?is art1 x is necess>y to exam9e1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at con/itutes ! cont5t ( its repres5tations1 !n ! corporeal =m :i* %\ld express x2 la/1 to see h[1 f ! p]fect accord ( ! idea & ! =m1 results ! ideal ( ,sculpture z x has be5 realiz$ 9 ,greek art4 ,! ess5tial cont5t ( ! repres5tations ( ,sculpture is1 z has be5 said1 _s inc>nate 9 a corporeal =m4 ,n[1 n e situation ( ! s\l is fitt$ to be ?us manife/$4 ,action1 movem5t1 det]m9$ passion1 c n be repres5t$ "u a mat]ial =m2 t ought to %[ to u ! s\l diffus$ ?r\gh ! entire body1 ?r\gh all its memb]s4 ,?us1 :at ,sculpture repres5ts is ! individual _s1 or1 accord+ to ! =mula ( ! au?or1 ! spiritual individuality 9 its ess5ce1 ) its g5]al1 univ]sal1 et]nal "*2 _s elevat$ above ! incl9ations1 ! caprices1 ! transi5t impressions :i* fl[ 9 ^u ! s\l1 )\t pr(\ndly p5etrat+ x4 ,?is entire phase ( ! p]sonal pr9ciple ought to be exclud$ f ! repres5tations ( ,sculpture4 ,! cont5t ( its works is ! ess5ce1 ! sub/antial1 true1 inv>iable "p ( "*1 9 opposition to :at is accid5tal & transi5t4 ,n[1 ?is /ate ( _s1 n yet p>ticul>iz$1 unalt]able1 self-c5t]$1 calm1 is ! div9e 9 opposition to f9ite exi/5ce1 :i* is develop$ 9 ! mid/ ( accid5ts & cont+5cies1 ! exhibition ( :i* ?is _w ( *ange & div]sity pres5ts u4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,sculpture %\ld repres5t ! div9e 9 itself1 9 its inf9ite calm1 & its et]nal1 immovable sublimity1 )\t ! discord ( action & situation4 ,if1 aft]w>d1 affect+ a m det]m9ate mode1 x repres5ts some?+ human 9 =m & "*1 x ought /ill to ?ru/ back all :i* is accid5tal & transi5t2 to admit only ! fix$1 inv>iable side1 ! gr\nd ( "*4 ,?is fix$ elem5t is :at ,sculpture %\ld express z alone con/itut+ ! true individuality2 x repres5ts its p]sonages z be+s complete & p]fect 9 !mselves1 9 an absolute repose fre$ f all =eign influ5ce4 ,! et]nal 9 gods & m5 is :at x is call$ ^u to (f] to our contemplation 9 p]fect & unalt]able cle>ness4 ,su* is ! idea :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial cont5t ( ! works ( ,sculpture4 ,:at is ! =m "u :i* ?is idea %\ld appe>8 ,we h se51 x is ! body1 ! corporeal =m4 ,b ! only =m wor?y to repres5t ! _s1 is ! human =m4 ,?is =m1 9 its turn1 ought to be repres5t$1 n 9 t :]e9 x approximates ! animal =m1 b 9 its ideal beauty2 t is to say1 free1 h>moni\s1 reflect+ ! _s 9 ! features :i* *>act]ize x1 9 all its proportions1 its purity1 ! regul>ity ( its l9es1 by its mi51 its po/ures1 etc4 ,x %\ld express _s 9 its calmness1 its s]5ity--bo? s\l & life1 b above all1 _s4 ,^! pr9ciples s]ve to det]m9e ! ideal ( beauty "u ! physical =m4 ,we mu/ take c>e1 9 ! works ( ,sculpture1 n to conf\nd ?is mann] ( look+ at ! p]fect correspond5ce ( ! s\l & bodily =ms1 ) ! /udy ( ! l9eam5ts ( ! c\nt5ance1 etc4 ,! sci5ce ( ,gall1 or ( ,lavat]1 :i* /udies ! correspond5ce ( *>act]s ) c]ta9 l9eam5ts ( face or =ms ( head1 has no?+ 9 common ) ! arti/ic /udies ( ! works ( ! /atu>y4 ,^! seem1 x is true1 to invite u to ?is /udy2 b its po9t ( view is :olly diff]5t2 x is t ( ! h>moni\s & necess>y accord ( =ms1 f :i* beauty results4 ,! gr\nd ( ,sculpture excludes1 moreov]1 precisely all ! peculi>ities ( individual "* to :i* ! physiognomi/ atta*es himself4 ,! ideal =m manife/s only ! fix$1 regul>1 inv>iable1 al?\gh liv+ & individual type4 ,x is !n =bidd5 to ! arti/1 z f> z reg>ds ! physiognomy1 to repres5t ! mo/ expressive & det]m9ate l9eam5ts ( ! c\nt5ance2 =1 beside looks1 prop]ly s-call$1 ! expression ( ! physiognomy includes _m ?+s :i* are reflect$ transi5tly ^u ! face1 9 ! c\nt5ance or ! c>riage1 ! smile & ! glance4 ,sculpture %\ld int]dict to itself ?+s s transi5t1 & conf9e itself to ! p]man5t traits ( ! expression ( ! _s2 9 a ^w1 x %\ld inc>nate 9 ! human =m ! spiritual pr9ciple 9 its nature1 at once g5]al & individual1 b n yet p>ticul>iz$4 ,to ma9ta9 ^! two t]ms 9 j h>mony1 is ! problem :i* falls to /atu>y1 & :i* ! ,greeks h resolv$4 ,! consequ5ces to be d$uc$ f ^! pr9ciples are ! foll[+3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,sculpture is1 m ?an ! o!r arts1 suit$ to ! ideal1 & ?is because ( ! p]fect adaptation ( ! =m to ! idea2 9 ! second place1 x con/itutes ! c5tre ( classic art1 :i* repres5ts ?is p]fect accord ( ! idea & ! s5su\s =m4 ,x alone1 9 fact1 (f]s to u ^? ideal figures1 pure f all admixture--! p]fect expression ( physical beauty4 ,x realizes1 be=e our eyes1 ! union ( ! human & div9e1 "u ! corporeal =m4 ,! s5se ( pla/ic beauty 0 giv5 above all to ! ,greeks1 & ?is trait appe>s ev]y:]e1 n only 9 ,greek art & ,greek my?ology1 b 9 ! real _w1 9 hi/oric p]sonages3 ,p]icles1 ,phidias1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,x5ophon1 ,sophocles1 ,?ucydides1 ^? arti/ic natures1 arti/s ( !mselves--*>act]s gr& & free1 support$ ^u ! basis ( a /rong individuality1 wor?y ( be+ plac$ beside ! immortal gods :i* ,greek ,sculpture repres5ts4 #b4 ,aft] hav+ det]m9$ ! pr9ciple ( ,sculpture1 ,hegel applies x to ! /udy ( ! beau ideal1 z ! ma/]-pieces ( ,greek art h realiz$ x4 ,he exam9es successively & 9 detail ! "* & conditions ( ! ideal =m 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! human body1 ! face1 ! looks1 ! be>+1 ! dress4 ,^u all ^! po9ts he fai?fully foll[s ,w9ckelmann1 recapitulates him1 & con/antly cites him4 ,! philosoph] mean:ile pres]ves 8 orig9ality2 x consi/s 9 ! mann] 9 :i* he sy/ematizes t :i* is simply describ$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,art1 & 9 giv+ ?r\gh\t1 ! reason ( t :i* ! great critic1 ) 8 exquisite & pr(\nd s5se1 has s admirably seiz$ & und5iably prov$1 b )\t be+ able to unfold ! !ory ( x4 ,! subject ga!rs1 h5ce=?1 new int]e/ f ?is explication4 ,we may cite1 9 p>ticul>1 ! description ( ! ,greek pr(ile1 :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ! philosoph]1 takes ! "* ( a geometric !orem4 ,x is at ! same "t an example :i* demon/rates unansw]ably ! absolute "* ( physical beauty4 ,! beauty ( ^! l9es has no?+ arbitr>y2 !y indicate ! sup]iority ( _s1 & ! pre-em95ce ( ! =ms :i* express x above ^? :i* are suit$ to ! functions ( ! animal nature4 ,:at he aft]w>ds says ( ! looks1 ( ! be>+1 ( ! po/ures1 ( ! antique dress comp>$ ) ! mod]n dress1 & ( its ideal "*1 pres5ts no less int]e/4 ,b all ^! details1 :]e ! au?or %[s mu* ( discrim9ation1 ( g5ius ev51 & _s1 escape 9 ! analysis4 ,! article :]e he describes ! p>ticul> attributes & ! accessories :i* di/+ui% ! p]sonages ( ,greek ,sculpture1 al?\gh 9 great "p borr[$ also f ,w9ckelmann1 %[s a _s famili>iz$ ) ! k ( ! works ( antiquity4 #c4 ,! *apt] devot$ to ! diff]5t modes ( repres5tation ( ! mat]ials ( ,sculpture1 & ( its hi/oric developm5t1 is equally full ( j & delicate obs]vations4 ,all ?is is n alone f a !ori/1 b f a connoisseur & an enlight5$ judge4 ,! appreciation ( ! mat]ials ( ,sculpture1 & ! comp>ison ( _! /hetic value1 furni% also to ! au?or "s v +5i\s rem>ks ^u a subject :i* seems sc>cely susceptible ( int]e/4 ,f9ally1 9 a rapid sket*1 ,hegel retraces ! hi/oric developm5t ( ,sculpture1 ,egyptian ,/atu>y1 ,etruscan art1 ! s*ool ( g9a1 are *>act]iz$ 9 /rokes rem>kable = precision4 ,arriv$ at ,*ri/ian ,sculpture1 )\t disput+ ! ri*ness & ! ability :i* x has display$ 9 its works 9 wood1 9 /one1 etc41 & its excell5ce 9 respect to expression1 ,hegel ma9ta9s ) reason1 t ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple is little favorable to ,sculpture2 & t 9 wi%+ to express ! ,*ri/ian s5tim5t 9 its pr(undity & its vivacity1 x passes its prop] limits4 8,! self-inspection ( ! s\l1 ! moral suff]+1 ! torm5ts ( body & ( _s1 m>tyrdom & p5it5ce1 dea? & resurrection1 ! my/ic dep?1 ! love & out-gu%+ ( ! he>t1 are :olly unsuit$ to be repres5t$ by ,sculpture1 :i* requires calmness1 s]5ity ( _s1 & 9 expression1 h>mony ( =ms40 ,?us1 ,sculpture "h rema9s r an ornam5t ( ar*itecture2 x sculptures sa9ts1 bas reliefs ^u ! ni*es & por*es ( *ur*es1 turrets1 etc4 ,f ano!r side1 ?r\gh arabesques & bas reliefs1 x approximates ! pr9ciple ( pa9t+1 by giv+ too mu* expression to its figures1 or by mak+ portraits 9 m>ble & 9 /one4 ,sculpture comes back to its true pr9ciple1 at ! epo* ( ! r5aissance1 by tak+ = models ! beautiful =ms ( ,greek art4 ,a ,,dialogue ,,on ,,music4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,sobolewski4 ,q4 ,tell me :at is good music8 ,a4 ,conc]n+ ta/es--all f9e natures--n ! 8fair sex0 only1 possess1 z ,bossuet says1 an in/9ct = h>mony ( =ms1 colors1 /yle & tones1 especially = ! latt]1 because ! n]ves ( ! e> be+ m expos$1 are consequ5tly m s5sitive4 ,discords mass$ toge!r )\t sy/em1 produce a m disagreeable effect ?an ill-assort$ colors2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! e!rial beauty ( tone-poetry excites ! s\l m p[]fully ?an ! spl5dor ( a ,titian or ,correggio4 ,q4 ,?is 8in/9ct0 & 8ta/e10 are !y "o & ! same8 ,a4 ,to a c]ta9 degree only--?\gh _m amateurs1 critics1 musicians1 & ev5 compos]s1 h _h no o!r guide ?an a f9e in/9ct4 ,q4 ,y speak z ,pi/oc*i to ! celebrat$ ,f>9elli3 8,a s+] ne$s a hundr$ ?+s1 b a good voice is n9ety-n9e ( !m--! hundr$? is ! cultivation ( ! voice40 ,a4 ,! in/9ct ( a delicate1 s5sitive organization1 may g f>1 b ,i ?9k ! hundr$? ?+ is also necess>y2 !re=e1 "o possess$ ( ! f9e/ voice1 b uncultivat$1 w s+ sometimes badly1 sometimes pretty well1 b nev] q p]fectly = a real judge4 ,s x is ) ta/e4 ,dep5d+ on natural gifts alone1 )\t cultivation--y w be sometimes "r--z (t5 wrong4 ,9 %ort1 y\r ta/e is good1 if y f9d pleasure 9 ^? works only :i* are compos$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( art2 on ! contr>y1 y\r ta/e is bad1 false1 corrupt1 if y f9d pleasure 9 music full ( faults & defects4 ,q4 ,!re=e1 to be correct 9 ta/e1 ,i mu/ "k ! pr9ciples ( ! art2 ,i mu/ "k ! rules ( 8,h>mony1 ,rhy?m & ,=m10 & p]haps mu* m4 ,:y1 ,g4 ,web] has writt5 ?ree l>ge volumes on 8,h>mony0 alone4 ,no1 x is too difficult & takes too mu* "t4 ,a4 ,yet x is n s difficult z x seems4 ,to und]/& music rightly1 no?+ is necess>y b ! k ( two keys--major & m9or2 two k9ds ( "t--common & triple--"o simple *ord & two cad5ces4 ,q4 ,b ,rhy?m1 ,=m8 ,a4 ,=m is ,rhy?m1 & ,rhy?m is "t4 ,q4 ,let u beg9 !n ) ! keys1 y speak ( two only--major & m9or--b ,i h he>d some?+ ( ,ambroseanic1 ,gregoryanic1 ,gl>eanic & ,greek keys1 :]e9 are compos$ ! beautiful & sublime compositions ( ,pale/r9a1 ,allegri1 ,lotti1 t are p]=m$ annually dur+ ,passion-week 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]1 at ,rome4 ,a4 ,well1 if y l to g s f> back1 we w speak ab\t ,ambrose1 ,gregory1 ,gl>eanus1 b !re are no su* ?+s z 8,greek0 keys4 ,! k we h ( ! music ( ! ,greeks1 is too slight & imp]fect to enable u to ass]t positively any?+ conc]n+ x2 & z no?+ important or necess>y to mod]n art is involv$1 we may be cont5t to let ! music ( ! anci5ts re/ 9 ! obscurity :i* surr\nds x4 ,) ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 :o hat$ ev]y?+ :i* came f ! temples ( ! hea!ns1 arose our music4 ,_! religi\s songs 7 a production ( ! new s\l :i* came into !m ) ,jesus ,*ri/1 & are ! f\ndation ( our great edifice ( art1 z x n[ exi/s4 ,9 ! ye> #che1 ,sa9t ,ambrose introduc$ f\r keys1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g2 ,pope ,gregory1 9 #eig1 add$ f\r o!rs to ^!1 & nam$ ! f\r ( ,ambrose1 8au!ntic moods10 & 8 f\r1 :i* began on e fif? ( ! fir/ f\r1 8plagalic40 ,9 ^! eight keys1 )\t %>ps or flats1 are compos$ ! liturgic songs ( ! ,roman *ur*1 call$ 8,gregorian *ants40 ,!y are writt5 9 notes ( equal value1 )\t ,rhy?m or ,metre1 & are sung 9 unison ) l\d voice4 ,gl>eanus add$ to ^? eight keys1 two m1 ,a & ,c1 ) _! plagal moods4 ,to di/+ui% m cle>ly1 "s "o call$ ! key beg9n+ ) 8,d10 ,doric1 8,e10 ,phrygic1 8,f10 ,lydic1 8,g10 ,mixolydic1 8,a10 olic1 & 8,b10 ,tonic4 ,^! names are all we h borr[$ f ,greece4 ,pale/r9a1 ! pres]v] ( our art1 wrote 8 compositions 9 ^! keys1 & = ! highe/ purity ( h>mony1 rhy?mical beauty1 sublime simplicity1 & deep religi\s feel+1 8 works are /ill unrivall$4 ,q4 ,:y don't y compose 9 ! old keys & 9 ,pale/r9a's /yle8 ,a4 ,!y are us$ sometimes by ,h&el 9 8 ,oratorios1 by ,seba/ian ,ba* 9 8 fugues = organ & piano4 ,lat]1 ,bee?ov5 has writt5 an ,&ante 9 ! ,lydic mood 9 8 /r+-qu>tette 7,a m9or74 ,i myself h compos$ ! fir/ *orus ( ,v9vela1 9 ! ,mixolydic mood1 & 9 ,comala1 ! song to ! moon1 9 ! ,doric mood2 b ,h&el1 ,ba*1 ,bee?ov51 & myself1 h writt5 9 our own /yle1 & nev] imitat$ ,pale/r9a's4 ,m5 9 simil> situations1 only1 h simil> ideas4 ,all old] works ( music utt] a language :i* we yet und]/&1 b _c speak4 ,we feel its deep inn]mo/ acc5ts1 b we _c tune ! *ords ( our s\l to t pit* :i* h>monizes 9 e respect ) t feel+4 ,pale/r9a's music s\nds l t ( ano!r _w2 x is all q simple2 mo/ly common *ords1 "h & !re only a *ord ( ! six?2 & always an irresi/ible *>m4 ,?is riddle is p>tially expla9$1 if we obs]ve h[ ,pale/r9a select$ ! tones = ! diff]5t p>ts 9 8 *oruses4 ,let u take ! ?ird1 c--e2 e4 g4 let ! soprano & ! alto s+ ?is ?ird1 & y w h ! same h>monic s\nd t ! piano or organ gives4 ,b let ! t5or s+ "o ( ^! tones1 & soprano or alto ! o!r1 & ! effect w be v diff]5t1 al?\gh ! tones are ! same4 ,pale/r9a knew n only ! p>ticul> s\nd ( e tone 9 e voice1 b also ! effect :i* su* or su* comb9ations w\ld produce4 ,?is my/]y is taught nei!r by a s++ s*ool1 nor by a !ory ( composition1 & few compos]s ( to-day "k x4 ,h[ great & beautiful is ,bee?ov5's solemn mass 9 ,d6 ,:at an effect w\ld x make1 _h ,bee?ov5 possess$ ! same k ( voices t he _h ( in/rum5ts8 ,n[1 un=tunately1 "o (t5 ov]p[]s ! o!rs1 & ! enjoym5t ( ?is composition w be always great] = ! eye ?an ! e>4 ,we w n[ g back to ! old keys4 ,^! are tak5 f ! music produc$ at t "t1 z our two keys1 major & m9or1 are tak5 f ! melodies ( lat] times4 ,?is seems v simple to u1 b n to our great !ori/s4 ,gottfri$ ,web] takes two keys1 major c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 a1 b1 c1 & m9or a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g %>p1 ! same ris+ & fall+ equally4 ,hauptmann1 ! fir/ tea*] ( h>mony 9 ! ,cons]vatory ( ,music at ,leipsic1 says 9 8 book1 ,! ,nature ( ,h>mony & ,metre1 page #cj--8,! key is =m$1 :5 ! common *ord 7c1 e1 g71 aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh ! subdom9ant-*ord 7f1 a1 c71 & dom9ant-*ord 7g1 b1 d71 has come 9 opposition ) itself2 ?is opposition c\pl$ toge!r1 becomes unity & ! key40 ,he f9ds 9 our music ?ree keys1 & names !m1 ! major1 ! m9or1 & ! m9or major4 ,r4 ,wagn] recognizes no key at all2 = him exi/s a *romatic scale only4 ,he says3 8,! scale is ! mo/ closely unit$1 ! mo/ intimately relat$ family among tones40 ,he does n l to /ay long 9 "o key1 & takes ! cont9u\s *ange ( keys = a quality ( ! music ( ! future2 !re=e1 he f9ds 9 ,bee?ov5's la/ symphony1 9 ! melody to ,s*ill]'s poem1 a go+ back1 because x has sc>cely any modulation4 ,we w n be s lavi% ) keys z ,hauptmann1 nor s economical z ,r4 ,wagn]1 nei!r are we ( ,web]'s op9ion4 ,we f9d 9 ,c major ! old ,gl>eanic key1 call$ also 8,ionic20 9 our ,a m9or ( ?is day1 a 8mixtum compositum0 ( sev]al old keys2 x beg9s z ! 8olic0 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 takes !n its sev5? tone1 g %>p1 f ! ,lydic1 transpos$ a ?ird high]2 uses sometimes also ! six? ( ! la/1 accepts la/ly ! "* ( ! ,phrygic1 transpos$ a f\r? high]1 & br+s ?us ! tone b flat into its scale1 :i* has be5 already ! subject ( mu* discussion1 al?\gh t has nev] succe$$ 9 ?r[+ ?is tone out ( _m melodies 9 ,a m9or4 ,we h melodies :i* are ! pure ,a m9or f ! beg9n+ to ! end1 :]e9 we f9d f %>p & f natural1 g & g %>p1 b & b flat1 & ! la/ (t5] ?an f %>p2 !re=e1 we mu/ build ! scale ( ,a m9or1 & its h>mony1 accord+ to ^? diff]5t tones2 x w be a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g %>p1 a1 b flat1 f %>p1 g natural4 ,let u proce$4 ,! two k9ds ( "t are common & triple4 ,! rhy?m ( ! fir/ is--1 t ( ! second-- 4 ,! acc5tuation ( subdivisions is gov]n$ by ! same law4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r a piece ( music is writt5 9 #bc or #bd1 or ev5 #bh "t2 b good compos]s ( music1 writ+ 9 #bd "t1 int5d ! same to be ( light] r5dition ?an ^? compos$ 9 #bb "t1 etc4 ,conc]n+ h>mony1 !re is "o *ord only--all o!r h>monies are pass+ notes1 inv]sions1 prolongations1 susp5sions or ret>dations ( *ord-tones1 or f %>p$ & dim9i%$ int]vals4 ,h>mony is a connection ( diff]5t melodies4 ,be=e *ords 7 kn[n1 !y descant$1 t is1 !y tri$ to s+ to a melody1 commonly a sacr$ hymn1 call$ cantus firmus1 diff]5t h>monical tones1 & nam$ ?is "p1 ,descant2 ,italian1 soprano2 ,fr5*1 ,le dessus4 ,lat] !re 0 add$ to ! t5or 7:i* p]=m$ ! cantus firmus7 a high] "p1 nam$ alto1 & la/ly1 a l[] "p 0 add$ call$ bass4 ,^! f\r p>ts1 ?\gh ea* melodi\s & indep5d5t 9 itself1 h>moniz$ closely ) ea* o!r1 all /riv+ = ! same aim4 ,ev5 to-day we mu/ necess>ily call su* music good1 :]e9 e voice acts indep5d5tly ( all o!rs1 & /ill 9 h>mony ) ! same1 9 ord] to express ! reign+ feel+1 & su/a9 ! v>i\s %ades 9 contra/ to non-act+ & lifeless trabants1 :i* may be /rik+ly se5 9 _m compositions1 p>ticul>ly 9 f\r-"p songs = male voices1 by ,abt1 ,gumb]t1 ,kck51 etc41 :]e9 ?ree voices 7,brumm/imm57 accompany ! f\r? ) a gr[l+ s\nd escap+ _! clos$ lips4 ,! two cad5ces or musical phrases are ! cad5ce on ! tonic & ! cad5ce on ! dom9ant4 ,! cad5ce on ! tonic1 consi/+ ( ! *ord 9 ! dom9ant1 foll[$ by t ( ! tonic1 concludes ! s5se ( ! musical phrase1 & is call$ 8p]fect0 :5 ! tonic is 9 ! highe/ & l[e/ "p4 ,x corresponds to a p]iod 9 language4 ,! cad5ce on ! dom9ant consi/s ( ! tonic1 or ! *ord ( ! second or f\r? go+ to ! dom9ant4 ,! cad5ce ( ! dom9ant susp5ds ! s5se ( ! musical phrase )\t conclud+ x4 ,?is is likewise ! case ) ! cad5ce on ! tonic1 if ! tonic is n 9 ! highe/ & l[e/ "p4 ,q4 ,y say no?+ ( ! great mi/ake :]e9 two fif?s or octaves foll[ ea* o!r8 ,a4 ,( c\rse1 ! true nature ( ! prop] arrangem5t ( p>ts excludes all direct fif?s4 ,x is consid]$ by ! new s*ool 8an explod$ idea40 ,moz>t himself made use ( fif?s 9 ! fir/ f9ale ( ,don ,giovanni4 ,q4 ,i h he>d some?+ ( ^! fif?s1 b 0 told x 0 8irony10 be+ conta9$ 9 ! m9uet :i* ,moz>t compos$ = 8c\ntry musicians08 ,a4 ,y also f9d octaves 9 ,s4 ,ba*'s 8,mat!w ,passion10 p4 #be1 8,on ! cross10 :]e surely no ironical mean+ 0 int5d$4 ,q4 ,d y n say any?+ 9 reg>d to =m8 ,a4 ,=m is an 8explod$ idea0 also4 ,! compos]s ( ! new s*ool con/ruct _! vocal music s z to let ! poem gov]n ! music 9 relation to metre & =m2 9 _! in/rum5tal compositions1 ! =m is gov]n$ by phantasy4 ,q4 ,b :at d y und]/& by a symphony1 sonata or ov]ture8 ,a4 ,i mu/ aga9 g back1 9 ord] to expla9 ?is prop]ly4 ,revolutions (t5 beat ! pa? = new ideas4 ,pale/r9a t[]s great & unatta9able 9 8 compositions ( sacr$ music1 :i* brea! & express ! pure/ ca?olicism4 ,b a ,lu!r1 ,zw+li1 & o!rs came1 foll[$ soon by ,h&el & ,ba*1 :o1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 creat$ a music full ( fre%ness1 primitiv5ess & transport+ p[]1 :i* liv$ & di$ ) ! re=m]s4 ,! ?ree gr&-ma/]s1 ,pale/r9a1 ,h&el & ,ba*1 equal1 b d n rival ea* o!r4 ,we _c judge !m = ! diff]5t s5tim5ts !y indulg$ 94 ,! philosoph]s may settle :i* is ! be/ religion1 = to ! necessity ( "o !y all agree1 b music _c be *a9$ by dogmas4 ,heav5 is an orb1 ^: c5tre is ev]y:]e4 ,pale/r9a's music is ! language ( ! s\?1 ,h&el's & ,ba*'s t ( ! nor?4 ,?\gh "o sun illumes bo? l&s--?\gh "o e!r spans bo?1 yet 9 ! s\? ! sun is mild]1 ! e!r pur]4 ,fl[]s :i* !re gr[ 9 wild abundance1 ! nor? mu/ obta9 by culture4 ,we mu/ ?9k at our "w4 ,?is necessity ( ?\ght is app>5t 9 religion1 language & art1 & c be se5 mo/ cle>ly 9 ! greate/ works ( ! ,g]man gr&-ma/]s1 9 ,ba*'s 8,mat!w ,passion10 & ,h&el's 8,israel40 ,seba/ian ,ba*'s a/oni%+ dext]ity 9 !matical works is ! reason t ev5 unto ?is day we d n f9d a symphony or ov]ture appropriate = a conc]t1 ( :i* ! s+le motive =m+ ! pr9cipal ?\ght ( ! movem5t is n work$ up on ! basis :i* he con/ruct$ ) su* deep k & skill4 ,to him we mu/ retrace our /eps1 9 ord] to p]ceive ! true nature ( our in/rum5tal music1 = we are z little ma/]s ( ! c\rse ( our ideas1 z ( ! circulation ( ! blood 9 our ve9s4 ,c5turies h pass$1 & al?\gh ! fir/ great in/rum5tal-piece--! ov]ture--0 a ,fr5* production1 7,lulli 0 ! fir/ ma/] 9 ?is g5re ( art17 yet ,ba* & ,h&el impress$ ! fir/ decid$ /amp ^u x4 ,lat]1 ! ov]ture 0 supplant$ by ! symphony1 = ! reason t x 0 ( easi] composition & execution ?an ! =m]4 ,! ov]ture consi/$ ( a grave1 foll[$ by a fugue4 ,! symphony 0 compos$ some:at 9 ! /yle ( a fugue & t ( ! lively dances ( t "t4 ,%ortly aft] ?is p]iod1 ! dance-music 0 ?\ght no long] fa%ionable1 & 0 succe$$ by two ,allegros1 ) an ,&ante or ,l>go plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,fa!r ,hayd5 felt hurt at ! complete ab&onm5t ( dance-music1 & aga9 adopt$ ! m9uet4 ,moz>t also pref]r$ ! grave & maje/ic danc+-/ep ( 8 ance/ors1 ! m9uet4 ,b ,bee?ov5's impetu\s & passionate nature sc(f$ at ! sl[ & graci\s movem5ts ( ! m9uet1 & revell$ in/ead 9 ! wild ,s*]zo1 or 9 ! caprici\s demonical leaps ( ! old ,passepi$4 ,d>k & mighty =ms rose be=e ! gloomy vision ( 8 inn]-man1 act+ p[]fully ^u ! phantasy1 & :]ev] !y met ?is volcanic fire1 always leav+ a deep impression4 ,two comets u%]$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( our c5tury2 ! "o revolutioniz$ ! ext]ior--! o!r1 ! int]ior _w4 ,especially 7 ! "y g5]ation t\*$ by ! electric sp>ks ( _! rays4 ,napoleon's battles 7 repeat$ a ?\s& times 9 ! nurs]ies ) lead & pap] soldi]s4 ,bee?ov5's melodies agitat$ ! s\ls ( ! "y g5]ation 9 _! work+ & dream+ h\rs4 ,:5 ! %oes ( ! *ild became too small !y 7 ?r[n aside2 ! lead & pap] soldi]s %>$ ! same fate2 b ! melodi\s tones grew ) ! s\l to m & m p[]ful *ords4 ,bee?ov5's /> %one bright]1 :ile ,napoleon's 0 already fad+4 ,!n we he>d t ,bee?ov5 int5d$ to de/roy 8 great symphony call$ 8,eroica40 ,napoleon1 ! consul1 to :om ,bee?ov5 design$ to d$icate ?is great "w1 _h sunk to ,napoleon ! ,emp]or1 & ,bee?ov5 felt a%am$4 ,maje/y ( rank is (t5 devoid ( ! grace & maje/y ( ! s\l4 ,! *ord eb1 g1 bb :]e) ! bass solemnly introduc$ ! ?ird symphony 7,eroica71 & 8 inv]sions 9 ! ,s*]zo bb1 eb1 g1 bb1 & 9 ! la/ movem5t e1 b1 b1 e1 ?is e*o ( ! ,m>seillaise suit$ no long] & %\ld p]i% ) x4 ,only !n1 :5 fate1 9 ! icy des]ts ( ,russia1 clasp$ ! gr& ,g5]al 9 its iron grip1 & nev] loos5$ its hold until x _h cru%$ him1 did ! compos] ( ! ,eroica compreh5d t 9 ! m>cia funebre conta9$ 9 ?is symphony1 he _h spok5 9 prophetic voice4 ,! prophecy conta9$ 9 ! la/ movem5t 0 de/9$ to be fulfill$ 9 ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury4 ,z ,bee?ov5 p\r$ out 8 s\l 9 a prophetic epopee1 s did ,moz>t embody 8 g5ius 9 8 ,don ,giovanni4 ,b z ! sublime always acts m p[]fully ^u y\? ?an k & beauty1 s likewise 0 ! success ( ,bee?ov5 great] ?an t ( ,moz>t 9 ?is c5tury4 ,altoge!r ,moz>t is g5]ally appreciat$ bett] 9 rip] ye>s4 8,la delicatesse du g\t e/ une premire nuance de la satit40 ,m5delssohn1 ^: compositions ev] fl[$ smoo?ly & quietly1 und]/ood well h[ to tune 8 h>monica to ,moz>t's tun+-=k4 ,q4 ,y repres5t ,bee?ov5 z grave & solemn1 & yet x appe>s he 0 n a great despis] ( dances4 ,take1 = in/ance1 8 ,a major symphony4 ,lively to ov]fl[+1 almo/ mad ) frantic joy1 is ! fir/ movem5t4 ,equal to a d\ble quick-/ep1 ! la/1 ab\t z ! peasants ( ,saxony p]=m _! dances1 ! ,s*]zo gay2 & 9 ! ,&ante1 he ev5 calls ^u a lot ( old ba*elors & maid5-ladies1 ) _! hoop accompanim5t1 to fall 9 & execute _! t\rs8 ,a4 ,:at opposite views are (t5 tak5 ( ! same ?+ by diff]5t m9ds6 ,9 ! &ante1 9 :i* y f9d s mu* humor1 ,m>x obs]ves ! sob] view ( life1 at fir/ ! peaceful & untr\bl$ /ep1 b gr[+ ev] m & m pa9ful1 & suff]+1 fight+ ! battle ( life2 yet1 be ?is z x may1 su* music is ev] successful1 ev5 9 spite ( ! bit+ criticism ( ,m>ia v4 ,web]1 & ! f]oci\s attacks ( ,oulibis*eff4 ,q4 ,a good dance is always successful1 ,i believe8 ,a4 ,m5delssohn knew ?is1 z he also und]/ood ,bee?ov5 & ! public1 :5 he wrote 8 dance ov]ture1 8,a ,summ]-night's ,dream40 ,aub]1 ,h]old & o!rs wrote dance ov]tures en masse1 & we (t5 f9d m piquant !mes 9 !m ?an ,bee?ov5's ,a major symphony1 or ,m5delssohn's ,summ]-night's ,dream c boa/ (1 yet we d n pref] !m = ! conc]t4 ,all compositions = an or*e/ra1 be !y ov]ture or symphony1 mu/ fir/ conta9 a !me1 :i* expresses ! "* ( ! pr9cipal composition4 ,second1 ! expansions ( compositions 9 ! /yle ( a symphony1 mu/1 accord+ to my op9ion1 orig9ate f "o !me1 g]m9ate f "o se$1 gr[+ l>g] & /rong] all ! "t1 until ! swell+ bud bur/s into a beautiful blossom2 yet !re mu/ n be orange-blossoms on an oak-tree2 all mu/ fit h>moni\sly4 ,! !me1 sujet1 or motive1 mu/ be a fix$ idea1 su* z 8love20 x mu/ be ev] pres5t--! fir/ at day-break1 ! la/ at night--no o!r impression mu/ be /rong en\gh to erase x4 ,if1 by ! blossom1 y und]/& ! creation ( a second ?\ght1 (t5 call$ ! second !me1 ev5 ?is second !me ought to be gov]n$ by ! fir/1 ev5 ?is blossom ought to gl[ 9 ! same colors4 ,x mu/ be s tw9$ ar\nd ! he>t ( ! compos]1 t no?+ =eign c\ld possibly ent] x4 ,m]ely !matical productions are ex]cises = ! pupil2 compositions :i* m]ely conta9 p>ts compos$ by rule1 are m]ely a musical ex]cise4 ,lobe c]ta9ly is wrong1 if he ?us tea*es ! art ( compos+4 ,true1 x is easy to po9t out h[ "o "p belongs "h1 ! o!r !re1 yet ! composition mu/ be a free expression ( ! s\l4 ,?ird--,! f9i%+ ( ! same4 ,?is mu/ also be gov]n$ 9 its ma9 p>ts by ! pr$om9at+ feel+1 & only m9or ?\ghts & impressions mu/ be us$ by ! compos] to fill up or ca/ away4 ,let u n[ turn1 = illu/ration1 to ! !me ( ,wagn]'s ov]ture to ,fau/us4 ,9 ! introduction we fir/ see x 9 ! eigh? measure1 v mod]ate1 9 ! dom9ant d m9or1 comm5c+ ) ! notes a bb bb4 a g %>p1 & head$ 8v expressive10 conc]n+ :i* ,von ,bul[ obs]ves1 t x truly expresses ! feel+ & "* ( ! la/ l9es ( ! motto :i* ,wagn] *ose at ! head+3 8,?us life to me a dire burd5 is2 ,exi/5ce ,i despise1 = dea? ,i wi%40 ,if we designate ! above-m5tion$ !me by figure ,i4 we mu/ "n ! figure :i* already makes its appe>ance 9 ! second measure1 & :i* is ( ! utmo/ importance1 to wit1 d %>p1 e1 f1 f1 e1 e1 b1 b1 figure ,,ii41 ! fir/ !me hav+ be5 express$ by ! viol91 ! second figure reappe>s aga9 9 ! t5? measure1 execut$ by ! viola1 gr[l+ l a furi\sly rack$ demon1 :ile ! w9d in/rum5ts1 flute1 oboe & cl>ionet1 8v expressive10 & yet full ( sympa?iz+ sorr[1 int]v5e at ! la/ qu>t] ( ! t5? measure ) ! motive1 :i* we w call figure ,,iii4 ,figure ,,ii4 cont9ues rumbl+ 9 ! qu>tette1 reliev$ by ano!r figure 7,,iv47 desc5d+ f above1 :i* is introduc$ by ! second viol9 9 ! f\rte5? measure4 ,figure ,,iv4 n[ ext5ds itself fur!r above a *romatic bass1 until 9 ! n9ete5? measure1 9 d major1 a cle> & di/9ct new motive1 g5tle & =giv+ 9 "* 7,v47 makes its appe>ance4 ,^! five motives :i* ! compos] s exquisitely leads be=e u1 9 8 v mod]ate introduction1 n[ receive ! f9i%+-t\* 9 ! allegro4 ,?us speaks ,von ,bul[4 ,truly1 z ,goe! says3 8,if y p]=m a piece1 be sure to p]=m ! same 9 pieces40 ,i w pass ov] ! introduction1 ?\gh ,i h z little ta/e = su* 8!me pieces0 succe$+ ea* o!r1 z = ,op]a-ov]tures1 su* z t ( ,tannhus]1 :]e pilgrim-songs1 ! love-sick murmur+s ( ! voluptu\s ,v5us1 & ! t$i\s ,c\nt's drawl+ sorr[ = 8 only daught] & heir1 =m a ha%1 :i* 9 ! details1 & 9 ! het]og5e\s compilation ( ! same1 is unpalatable en\gh1 b :i* is made unbe>able by ! s\l-kill+ figures--no6 n figures1 b by ! up & d[n /rokes ( monoton\s bases1 :i* cont9ue = ab\t sixty measures4 ,sett+ aside ev5 all ?is1 we may ju/ly expect 9 ! allegro ! expansion ( ! pr9ciple !me ,i41 yet we h no su* ?+2 9 place ( ! 8idea0 he produces aft] ! fir/ five measures a wor?less figure1 fit = accompanim5t only1 :i* is support$ on its tott]+ basis by ! tw5ty-sev5 times repeat$ d[n/roke ( ! conductor only4 ,q4 ,excuse me2 b ! tone-picture1 :i* ,von ,bul[1 ,r4 ,wagn]'s fri5d & admir]1 calls ! =giv+ voice 7,,iii71 reappe>s twice 9 w9d-in/rum5t music8 ,a4 ,accord+ to ,lobe's sy/em4 ,borr[ a measure or two f a !me1 !n a motive1 :i* y may con/ruct f ?is or t or a ?ird figure1 & y h1 besides ! requir$ unity1 ! gr&e/ v>iation4 ,d y "k1 my "y fri5d1 :at a compos] und]/&s by an explod$ idea8 ,! te*nical6 ,all :o /udy ! art ( compos+1 z ,lobe tea*es x1 may le>n to become compil]s b n compos]s2 or !y mu/ dr9k eld]-tea1 till _! visions appe> black & blue to !m1 9 ord] to evaporate ! s*ool+ !y enjoy$4 ,aft] tw5ty-sev5 measures ( e>?ly smoke1 !re appe>s a solit>y />1 !me ,i41 cont9u+ = f\r :ole measures1 foll[$ by a little m mi/4 ,q4 ,no2 ,i ?9k ,bul[ says ! mi/ is p>t$ by a firm & punctuat$ motive4 ,a4 ,if x is n firm1 x is at lea/ =tissimo4 ,en\gh1 we aga9 he> ?irte5 measures ( unimportant music1 conclud$ by d m9or1 foll[$ by a new melody = a hautboy1 :i*1 z x repeats ! two fir/ notes ( ! fir/ !me1 may claim to be consid]$ z belong+ !re1 lead+ to a ?ird 9 f major1 9 company ) a tremul&o1 la ,samiel1 cresc5do & dim9u5do4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at ! po9t :]e we may look = ! second !me1 8! blossom10 z we be=e said1 b alas1 9 va9 y\r tortur$ s\l waits1 no blossoms6 ,! !rmomet] s9ks aga96 ,) ! cad5ce we aga9 he> !me ,i41 aft] f\r measures we f9d ourselves once m 9 d flat major--no1 9 a m9or1 b flat major or b flat m9or1 or g m9or1 x is difficult to say :i*1 = ?is "p may be said to belong 9 ! 8mo/ insep>ably comb9$1 ! close/ relat$ family ( all keys40 ,en\gh1 we f9d ourselves aft] tw5ty-six measures exactly at ! v place we />t$ f1 be=e ! p]=mance ( tw5ty-six measures1 namely1 9 f major4 ,?is movem5t ( tw5ty-six measures might be :olly ?r[n out1 )\t "o be+ any wis]--a possibility :i*1 9 e good composition1 mu/ be look$ ^u z a great fault1 z all p>ts mu/ be s closely unit$ z to en=ce ! pres5ce & support ( ea* o!r4 ,we w n[ look at ! second !me4 ,9 x no critic c f9d a fault4 ,x unravels itself smoo?ly1 &1 aft] =ty-n9e measures1 conducts u aga9 to motive ,v4 9 ! introduction1 z likewise to figure ,,ii41 :i* "h does n fr[n q s mu*4 ,figure ,v4 fir/ appe>s 9 f1 aft] tw5ty-two measures 9 g flat major1 aft] f\rte5 m 9 ,a m9or1 aft] ?irty-f\r 9 d m9or1 & aft] ano!r ?irty-n9e measures we at la/ he> !me ,i4 aga91 9 ! dom9ant ( ! bass1 a ,fau/us ) lant]n jaws1 sunk5 temples1 sp>se hair1 b ) a v1 v magnific5t bread-basket4 ,! blossom is l>g] ?an ! :ole tree4 ,if x is n a miracle1 x is a wond]ful abortion4 ,are y n[ curi\s z to ! second "p8 ,oh6 x almo/ appe>s l a fugue1 ! bass dies away1 a fif? high] ! cello comm5ces1 ano!r fif? high] ! viola 9 unison ) ! second viol92 b z ! compos] has /ray$ already f d m9or to b m9or1 he does n ?9k x safe to /ray fur!r2 ! w9d in/rum5ts cont9ue by !mselves 9 figure ,,ii4 ,q4 ,bul[ says ! cello & viola unit$1 once m introduce ! pr9cipal !me4 ,a4 ,j s4 ,aft] ! bassoon has tri$ twice to beg9 ! same1 aft] ab\t ?irty measures ( worldly e!r1 m devoid ( />s ?an ! ,s\? ,pole1 x is head$ 8wild60 ,! lead+ !me once m beg9s 9 ! pr9cipal tonic 7d m9or71 etc41 aft]w>ds enl>g$1 ! fir/ two notes conv]t$1 caught up by ! cello & ! trumpet1 :]e9 ! bass-trombone is expect$ to p]=m ! high ,a1 & aft] tw5ty-eight measures ( 8hat$ exi/5ce0 ! second !me 9 d major1 toge!r ) ! f9ale1 appe>s l a %ort bright ray ( ! glori\s sun on a mi/y w9t] day4 8,he1 :o reigns above my p[]s1 ,_c %ake ! out] t[]s0-- is ,wagn]'s motto1 :i* he has ju/ly *os5 = ! head+ ( 8 ov]ture1 & ,i attempt no alt]ation only at ! conclusion1 & close )-- 8,9 su* music exi/5ce a burd5 is1 ,! future ,i hate1 = ! ,end ,i wi%40 ,q4 ,bul[ w\ld also answ] z ,goe!3 8,to und]/& & write ( liv+ ?+s1 ,try fir/ to drive away ! s\l1 ,! p>ts w !n rema9 )9 y\r h&60 ,a4 ,i h nev] f\nd fault ) ^! p>ts1 except+1 p]haps1 t ,i said ! work+ out ( ! second !me is1 9 proportion to ! fir/ !me1 too ext5sive2 9 fact1 !re is no?+ ( ! future conta9$ 9 ! ov]ture4 ,q4 ,no future8 ,a4 ,i mean to say1 no music ( ! future--n ev5 a *romatic scale = ! fundam5tal key--x moves entirely 9 ! common =m3 ,pr9cipal !me--d m9or2 ,second !me--f major2 ,return to fundam5tal key2 ,second !me--d major1 & conclusion 9 ?is key4 ,! f9i% & work+ up is neat & c>eful1 & _m pretty & uncommon effects occur !re92 /ill ,i d n ?9k ! same 9 its prop] place = a conc]t4 ,x inh]its no?+ ( ! ,ba*2 ! piece is well con/ruct$1 yet ! small pieces _c escape criticism4 ,ev5 ,bee?ov51 9 ! fir/ movem5ts ( 8 ,eroica makes u acqua9t$ ) all ! p>ts he int5ds to "w up1 & 9 8 c m9or symphony he says pla9ly3 ,n[ obs]ve2 ! notes g g g e flat compose ! :ole1 no?+ m4 ,b aft] t x is a ru%+ fl[1 an unbrok5 r+ & song1 press+ brea?lessly onw>d1 :i* captivates & c>ries u along ) its =ce4 ,to express myself pla9ly1 ,i may say t we c p]ceive ! "w 0 done be=e x began4 ,x is true1 & ,i w n d5y t ev5 he appli$ ! file to height5 its poli%1 yet ! :ole /ructure /ood f9i%$ to 8 vision be=e ev5 ^! fir/ f\r notes 7 p5n$4 ,no d\bt ,r4 ,wagn] also imag9$ a picture be=e he pa9t$ x1 b surely no musical "o2 ! poetry 0 !re--! music _h to be manufactur$4 ,x is full ( g5ius1 & n untrue2 b he does n all[ suffici5t fre$om to ! diff]5t in/rum5ts1 & is1 consequ5tly1 n suffici5tly 8obligato40 ,! p>ts succe$1 in/ead ( go+ 9 company or aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,al?\gh n[ "o1 !n ano!r in/rum5t cat*es up a ?\ght1 yet ! :ole appe>s m l a ,qu>tette ( ,pleyel ?an "o ( ,bee?ov5's--! ov]ture is n ?\ght out polyphonically4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 d n "k :at ,polyphonism is2 x has be5 writt5 ab\t 9 _m curi\s ways4 ,! pupil w be/ le>n to write music 9 a polyphonic mann]1 if1 at ! comm5cem5t1 he inv5ts at once a d\ble-voic$ movem5t1 b 9 su* a mann] t "o voice is n ! subord9ate ( ! o!r2 bo? are equally necess>y to repres5t ! mean+ ( ! ?\ght he wi%es to express4 ,9 ?is mann] he may or mu/ cont9ue 9 reg>d to ! ?ree or f\r-voic$ movem5ts likewise4 ,! addition ( voices to a melody satisfactory 9 itself1 be !y ev] s well fl\ri%$1 _c prop]ly be call$ polyphonism4 ,polyphonism1 h[ev]1 %\ld be ! rul+ pr9ciple 9 all or*e/ral conc]t compositions1 al?\gh 9 "s po9ts1 = in/ance1 9 ! second !me1 homophony may take its place4 ,a well compos$ symphony or ov]ture mu/ n ent]ta9 ! audi5ce only1 b e p]=m+ musician mu/ feel t he is n an in/rum5t or a ma*9e1 b a liv+ & intellig5t be+4 ,! ov]ture to ,fau/us s entirely ignores ,polyphony1 t x seems a virtual d5ial ( its effectiv5ess & importance 9 or*e/ral composition4 ,ri*>d ,wagn] w nev] become a compos] ( in/rum5tal music1 b 9 8 op]as he has op5$ a new av5ue1 & 8 creations !re9 are some?+ gr& & sublime4 ,,s*op5hau]',s ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 by ,c4 ,l4 ,,b]nays4 ,we pr9t bel[ a cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! c5tral doctr9e ( ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]4 ,x is translat$ f 8 "w entitl$ 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 #b;d ed41 #ahed1 ,frank=t--pp4 #ai-bc1 & #fc4 ,to ^? famili> ) ! k]nel ( speculative tru?1 x is unnecess>y to rem>k t ! basis ( ! sy/em h]e) pres5t$ is ?or\ghly speculative1 & resembles 9 "s respects t ( ,leibnitz 9 ! ,monadology1 pr9t$ 9 our la/ numb]4 ,x is only an attempt to solve all problems ?r\gh self-det]m9ation1 & ?is 9 its imm$iate =m z ! w4 ,( c\rse ! imm$iat5ess 7i4 e4 lack ( developm5t or realization7 ( ! pr9ciple employ$ "h1 leads into difficulty1 & r5d]s x impossible = him to see ! close relation he /&s 9 to o!r great ?9k]s4 ,h5ce he uses v sev]e language :5 speak+ ( o!r philosoph]s4 ,if ! ,w is tak5 = ! 8,radical ( ! ,s\l10 !n o!r =ms ( self-det]m9ation1 e4 g4 ! grades ( kn[+1 w n be recogniz$ z possess+ sub/antiality1 & h5ce ! !oretical m9d w be subord9at$ to ! practical2--a result1 aga91 :i* is ! outcome ( ! ,philosophy ( ,fi*te4 ,b ,leibnitz seizes a m g5]al ap]u1 & id5tifies self-det]m9ation ) cognition 9 its v>i\s /ages2 & h5ce he rises to ! great pr9ciple ( ,recognition z ! =m "u :i* all f9itude is cancell$--all multiplicity pres]v$ 9 ! unity ( ! ,absolute4--,,editor4 ,! idea ( a s\l z a metaphysical be+1 9 ^: absolute simplicity w & intellect 7 an indissoluble unity1 0 a great & p]man5t imp$im5t to all deep] insight into natural ph5om5a4 ,! c>d9al m]it ( my doctr9e1 & t :i* puts x 9 opposition to all ! =m] philosophies1 is ! p]fect sep>ation ( ! w f ! intellect4 ,all =m] philosoph]s ?\ght w to be insep>able f ! intellect2 ! w 0 decl>$ to be condition$ ^u ! intellect1 or ev5 to be a m]e function ( x1 :il/ ! intellect 0 reg>d$ z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( our spiritual exi/5ce4 ,i am well aw>e t to ! future alone belongs ! recognition ( ?is doctr9e1 b to ! future philosophy ! sep>ation1 or r ! decomposition ( ! s\l into two het]og5e\s elem5ts1 w h ! same significance z ! decomposition ( wat] _h to *emi/ry4 ,n ! s\l is ! et]nal & inde/ructible or ! v pr9ciple ( life 9 m51 b :at ,i might call ! ,radical ( ! s\l1 & t is ! ,w4 ,! s-call$ s\l is already a comp\nd2 x is ! comb9ation ( w & ! 1 intellect4 ,! intellect is ! second>y1 ! po/]ius 9 any organism1 &1 z a m]e function ( ! bra91 dep5d5t ^u ! organism4 ,! w1 on ! contr>y1 is prim>y1 ! prius ( ! organism1 & ! organism consequ5tly is condition$ by x4 ,= ! w is ! v 8?+ 9 itself10 :i* 9 conception 7t is1 9 ! peculi> function ( ! bra97 exhibits itself z an organic body4 ,only by virtue ( ! =ms ( cognition1 t is1 by virtue ( t function ( ! bra9--h5ce only 9 conception--"o's body is some?+ ext5d$ & organic1 n outside ( x1 or imm$iately 9 self-consci\sness4 ,j z ! v>i\s s+le acts ( ! body are no?+ b ! v>i\s acts ( ! w portray$ 9 ! repres5t$ _w1 j s is ! %ape ( ?is body z a totality ! image ( its w z a :ole4 ,9 all organic functions ( ! body1 !re=e1 j z 9 its ext]nal actions1 ! w is ! 8ag5s40 ,true physiology1 on its height1 %[s ! intellect to be ! product ( ! physical organization1 b true metaphysics %[1 t physical exi/5ce itself is ! product1 or r ! appe>ance1 ( a spiritual ag5s1 to-wit1 ! w2 nay1 t matt] itself is condition$ ?r\gh conception1 9 :i* alone x exi/s4 ,p]ception & ?\ght may well be expla9$ by ! nature ( ! organism2 ! w nev] c be2 ! contr>y is true1 namely1 t e organism orig9ates by & f ! w4 ,?is ,i %[ z foll[s3 ,i !re=e posit ! w z ! 8?+ 9 itself0--z some?+ absolutely primitive2 secondly1 ! simple visibility ( ! w1 its objectivation z our body2 & ?irdly1 ! intellect z a m]e function ( a c]ta9 "p ( t body4 ,t "p 7! bra97 is ! objectivat$ desire 7or w7 to "k1 :i* became repres5t$3 = ! w1 to rea* its ends1 ne$s ! intellect4 ,?is function aga9 pre-supposes ! :ole _w z repres5tation2 x !re=e pre-supposes also ! body z an object1 & ev5 matt] itself1 s f> z exi/+ only 9 repres5tation1 = an objective _w )\t a subject 9 ^: intellect x /&s1 is1 well consid]$1 some?+ altoge!r un?9kable4 ,h5ce intellect & matt] 7subject & object7 only relatively exi/ = ea* o!r1 & 9 t way con/itute ! app>5t _w4 ,:5ev] ! w acts on ext]nal matt]1 or :5ev] x is direct$ t[>ds a kn[n object1 ?us pass+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( k1 !n all recognize t ! ag5s1 :i* "h is 9 action1 is ! w1 & !y call x by t "n4 ,yet1 t is w n less :i* acts 9 ! inn] process t prec$es ^? ext]nal actions z _! condition1 :i* create & pres]ve ! organic life & its sub/rate2 & secretion1 dige/ion1 & ! circulation ( ! blood1 are its "w also4 ,b j because ! w 0 recogniz$ only :ile leav+ ! individual f :i* x />t$1 & direct+ itself to ! ext]nal _w1 :i* precisely = t purpose n[ appe>s z p]ception1 ! intellect 0 reg>d$ z its ess5tial condition1 z its sole elem5t1 & z ! v sub/ance out ( :i* x 0 made1 & !reby ! v wor/ hy/]on prot]on 0 committ$ t ev] happ5$4 ,be=e all1 "o %\ld "k h[ to discrim9ate betwe5 w & arbitr>9ess 7,wille und ,willkhr71 & "o %\ld und]/& t ! fir/ c exi/ )\t ! second4 ,w is call$ arbitr>9ess :]e x is light$ by intellect1 & :5ev] motives or conceptions are its mov+ causes2 or1 objectively speak+1 :5ev] ext]nal causes :i* produce an act are m$iat$ by a bra94 ,! motive may be def9$ z an ext]nal irritation1 by ^: influ5ce an image is =m$ 9 ! bra91 & "u ! m$iation ( :i* ! w accompli%es its effect1 t is1 an ext]nal act ( ! body4 ,) ! human species ! place ( t image may be occupi$ by a concept1 :i* be+ =m$ f images ( a simil> k9d1 by omitt+ ! diff]5ces1 is no long] intuitive1 b only m>k$ & fix$ by words4 ,h5ce z ! action ( motives is altoge!r indep5d5t ( any contact1 !y !re=e c measure _! respective =ces ^u ! w1 on ea* o!r1 & !reby p]mit a c]ta9 *oice4 ,) ! animals1 t *oice is conf9$ to ! n>r[ horizon ( :at is visibly project$ be=e !m2 among m5 x has ! wide range ( ! ?9kable1 or ( its concepts1 z its sph]e4 ,^? movem5ts1 !re=e1 :i* result f motives1 & n f causes1 z 9 ! inorganic _w1 nor f m]e irritation1 z ) ! plants1 are call$ arbitr>y movem5ts4 ,^! motives pre-suppose k1 ! m$ium ( ! motives1 ?r\gh :i* 9 ?is case causality is effect$1 irrespective ( _! absolute necessity 9 any o!r respect4 ,physiologically1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 irritation & motive may be describ$ ?us3 ,irritation excites a reaction imm$iately1 ! reaction issu+ f ! same "p ^u :i* ! irritation _h act$2 :il/ a motive is an irritation1 :i* mu/ make a circuit ?r\gh ! bra91 :]e fir/ an image is =m$1 & t image !n orig9ates ! ensu+ reaction1 :i* n[ is call$ an act ( ! free w4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 free & unfree movem5ts does n conc]n ! ess5tial & prim>y1 :i* 9 bo? is ! w1 b only ! second>y1 t is1 ! way 9 :i* ! w is ar\s$2 to-wit1 :e!r x %[s itself 9 consequ5ce ( "s real cause1 or ( an irritation1 or ( a motive1 t is1 ( a cause t _h to pass ?r\gh ! organ ( ! intellect4 ,free w or arbitr>9ess is only possible 9 ! consci\sness ( m54 ,x diff]s f ! consci\sness ( animals 9 ?is1 t x conta9s n only pres5t & tangible repres5tations1 b ab/ract concepts1 :i*1 indep5d5t ( ! diff]5ces ( "t1 act simultane\sly & side by side1 p]mitt+ !reby conviction or a conflict ( motives2 ?is1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 is call$ free w4 ,yet ?is v free w or *oice consi/s only 9 ! victory ( ! /rong] motive ov] a weak] 9 a giv5 individual "*1 by :i* ! ensu+ action 0 det]m9$1 j z "o impulse is ov]p[]$ by a /rong] c\nt] impulse1 :]eby ! effect nev]!less appe>s ) ! same necessity z ! movem5t ( a /one t has receiv$ an impulse4 ,! great ?9k]s ( all times agree 9 ?is decid$ly2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! vulg> w little und]/& ! great tru?1 t ! m>k ( our lib]ty is n to be f\nd 9 our s+le acts1 b 9 our exi/5ce itself1 & 9 its v ess5ce4 ,:5ev] "o has succe$$ to discrim9ate w f free w1 or ! arbitr>y1 & to consid] ! latt] z a peculi> species ( ! =m]1 !n !re is no m room = any difficulty 9 discov]+ ! w also 9 occurr5ces :]e9 intellig5ce _c be trac$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! w is ! orig9al4 ,x has creat$ ! _w1 b n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an intellect ei!r outside or inside ( ! _w1 = we "k ( ! intellect only ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! animal _w1 ! v la/ 9 creation4 ,! w itself1 ! un9t5tional w :i* is discov]$ 9 ev]y?+1 is ! creator ( ! _w4 ,! animals1 !re=e1 are organiz$ 9 accordance ) _! mode ( liv+1 & _! mode ( liv+ is n %ap$ 9 con=mity ) _! organs2 ! /ructure ( any animal is ! result ( its w to be :at x is4 ,nature1 :i* nev] lies1 tells u ! same 9 its nave way2 x lets any be+ j k9dle ! fir/ sp>k ( its life on "o ( 8 equals1 & !n lets x f9i% itself be=e our eyes4 ,! =m & ! movem5t x takes f its own self1 ! sub/ance f outside4 ,?is is call$ gr[? & developm5t4 ,?us ev5 empirically d all be+s /& be=e u z _! own "w2 b ! language ( nature is too simple1 & !re=e b few und]/& x4 ,cognition1 s9ce all motives are dep5d5t on x1 is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! animal k+dom4 ,:5 animal life ceases1 cognition ceases also2 & arriv$ at t po9t1 we c compreh5d ! m$ium by :i* ! influ5ces f ! ext]nal _w on ! movem5ts ( o!r be+s are effect$ only by analogy1 :il/ ! w1 :i* we h recogniz$ z ! basis & z ! v k]nel ( all be+s1 always & ev]y:]e rema9s ! same4 ,on ! l[ /age ( ! vegetable _w1 & ( ! vegetative life 9 ! animal organizations1 x is irritation1 & 9 ! inorganic _w x is ! me*anical relation 9 g5]al :i* appe>s z ! sub/itute or z ! analogue ( ! intellect4 ,we _c say t ! plants p]ceive ! light & ! sun1 b we see t !y are diff]5tly affect$ by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! sun1 & t !y turn !mselves t[>ds x2 & ?\gh 9 fact t movem5t mo/ly co9cides ) _! gr[?1 l ! rotation ( ! moon ) its revolution1 t movem5t nev]!less exi/s1 & ! direction ( ! gr[? ( a plant is j 9 ! same way det]m9$ & sy/ematically modifi$ z an action is by a motive4 ,inasmu*1 !re=e1 z a plant has its wants1 ?\gh n ( ! k9d :i* require a s5sorium or an intellect1 some?+ analog\s mu/ take _! place to enable ! w to seize at lea/ a supply (f]$ to x1 if n to g 9 que/ ( x4 ,?is is ! susceptibility = irritation1 :i* diff]s f ! intellect1 9 t ! motive & subsequ5t act ( volition are cle>ly sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & ! cle>]1 ! m p]fect ! intellect is2 :il/ at ! m]e susceptibility = an irritation1 ! feel+ ( ! irritation & ! result+ volition c no long] be discrim9at$4 ,9 ! inorganic _w1 f9ally1 ev5 ! susceptibility = irritation1 ^: analogy ) ! intellect _c be mi/ak51 ceases1 & !re rema9s no?+ b ! v>i$ reaction ( ! bodies aga9/ ! v>i\s influ5ces4 ,?is reaction is ! sub/itute = ! intellect4 ,:5ev] ! reaction ( a body diff]s f ano!r1 ! influ5ce also mu/ be diff]5t1 creat+ a diff]5t affection1 :i* ev5 9 its dullness yet %[s a remote analogy ) ! intellect4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! wat] 9 an embankm5t f9ds an issue & eag]ly precipitates itself ?r\gh x1 x c]ta9ly does n p]ceive ! break1 j z ! acid does n p]ceive ! alkali1 = :i* x leaves ! metal2 yet we mu/ confess t :at 9 all ^! bodies has effect$ su* sudd5 *anges1 has a c]ta9 resemblance ) t :i* moves ourselves :5ev] we act 9 consequ5ce ( an unexpect$ motive4 ,we !re=e see t ! intellect appe>s z ! m$ium ( our motives1 t is1 z ! m$ium ( causality 9 reg>d to intellectual be+s1 z t :i* receives ! *ange f ! ext]nal _w1 & :i* mu/ be foll[$ by a *ange 9 ourselves1 z ! m$iator betwe5 bo?4 ,on ?is n>r[ l9e1 balances ! :ole _w z repres5tation1 i4 e4 t :ole ext5sive _w 9 space & "t1 :i* z su* _c be any:]e else b 9 our bra91 j z dreams2 = ! p]iods ( _! duration /& on ! v same basis4 ,:atev] to ! animals & to man is giv5 by 8 intellect z a m$ium ( ! motives1 ! same is giv5 to ! plants by _! susceptibility = irritation1 & to inorganic bodies by _! reaction on ! v>i\s causes1 :i* 9 fact only diff] 9 respect to ! degree ( volition2 =1 j 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact1 t 9 proportion to _! wants ! susceptibility = ext]nal impressions 0 rais$ to su* a degree 9 ! animals t a bra9 & a sy/em ( n]ves _h to develop itself1 did consci\sness1 moreov]1 orig9ate z a function ( ?is bra91 & 9 ?is consci\sness ! :ole objective _w1 ^: =ms 7"t1 space & causality7 are ! rules = ! ex]cise ( ?is function4 ,we !re=e discov] t ! intellect is calculat$ only = ! subjective1 m]ely to be a s]vant ( ! w1 appe>+ only 8p] accid5s0 z a condition ( animal life1 :]e motives take ! place ( irritation4 ,! picture ( ! ext]nal _w1 :i* at ?is /age ent]s into ! =ms ( "t & space1 is b ! backgr\nd on :i* motives repres5t !mselves z ends2 x is also ! condition ( ! connection ( ! ext]nal objects 9 reg>d to space & causality1 b yet is no?+ else b ! m$iation & ! tie betwe5 ! motive & ! w4 ,:at a leap w\ld x be to take ?is picture to be ! true1 ultimate ess5ce ( ?+s1--?is image ( ! _w1 :i* orig9ates accid5tally 9 ! intellect z a function ( animal bra9s1 :]eby ! means to _! ends are %[n !m1 & _! ways on ?is planet cle>$ up6 ,:at a tem]ity to take ?is image & ! connection ( its p>ts to be ! absolute rule ( ! _w1 ! relations ( ! ?+s 9 !mselves--& to suppose t all t c\ld j z well exi/ indep5d5tly ( our bra96 ,& yet ?is supposition is ! v gr\nd on :i* all ! dogmatical sy/ems previ\s to ,kant 7 bas$1 = x is ! implicit pre-supposition ( _! ,ontology1 ,cosmology1 ,!ology1 & ( all _! ,et]nal ,v]ities4 ,by ?is reali/ic exam9ation we h ga9$ v unexpect$ly ! objective po9t ( view ( ,kant's immortal discov]y1 arriv+ by our empirical1 physiological way to ! same po9t :5ce ,kant />t$ ) 8 transc5d5tal criticism4 ,kant made ! subjective 8 basis1 posit+ consci\sness2 b f its priori nature he comes to ! result1 t all t happ5s 9 x c be no?+ else b repres5tation4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 />t+ f ! objective1 h discov]$ :at are ! ends & ! orig9 ( ! intellect1 & to :at class ( ph5om5a x belongs4 ,we discov] 9 our way1 t ! intellect is limit$ to m]e repres5tations1 & t :at is exhibit$ 9 x is condition$ by ! subject1 t is1 a mundane ph5om5on1 & t j 9 ! same way ! ord] & ! connection ( all ext]nal ?+s is condition$ by ! subject1 & is nev] a k ( :at !y are 9 !mselves1 & h[ !y may be connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,we1 9 our way1 l ,kant 9 81 h discov]$ t ! _w z repres5tation1 balances on t n>r[ l9e betwe5 ! ext]nal cause 7motive7 & ! produc$ effect 7act ( w7 ( intellig5t 7animal7 be+s1 :]e ! cle> discrim9ation ( ! two comm5ces4 ,ita res acc5d5t lum9a rebus4 ,our objective /&-po9t is reali/ic1 & !re=e condition$1 inasmu* z />t+ f natural be+s z posit$1 we h ab/ract$ f ! circum/ance t _! objective exi/5ce presupposes an intellect1 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves z repres5tations2 b ,kant's subjective & ideali/ic /&-po9t is equally condition$1 inasmu* z x />ts f ! intellect1 :i* itself is condition$ by nature1 9 consequ5ce ( ^: developm5t up to ! animal _w x only comes into exi/5ce4 ,hold+ fa/ to ?is1 our reali/ic-objective /&-po9t1 ,kant's doctr9e may be *>act]iz$ ?us3 aft] ,locke _h ab/ract$ ! rle ( ! s5ses1 "u ! "n ( 8second>y prop]ties10 = ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ ?+s 9 !mselves f ?+s z !y appe>1 ,kant1 ) f> great] pr(undity1 ab/ract$ ! rle ( ! bra9 functions conceptions ( ! und]/&+--a less consid]able rle ?an t ( ! s5ses--& ?us ab/ract$ z belong+ to ! subjective all t ,locke _h includ$ "u ! head ( prim>y prop]ties4 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 h m]ely %[n :y all /&s ?us 9 relation1 by exhibit+ ! position :i* ! intellect assumes 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,nature :5 we />t reali/ically f ! objective z a datum1 & take ! ,,w1 ( :i* alone we are imm$iately consci\s1 z ! true ( all metaphysics--z ! ess5ce ( :i* all else is only ! ph5om5on4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,compreh5sion ,,& ,,idea4 ,i4 ,ev]y?+1 to be kn[n1 mu/ be ?\ght z belong+ to a sy/em4 ,?is result 0 ! conclusion ( ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,to illu/rate3 acid is t :i* hung]s = a base2 its %>p ta/e is ! hung] itself2 x exi/s only 9 a t5sion4 ,h5ce to ?9k an acid we mu/ ?9k a base2 ! base is ideally 9 ! acid1 & is ! cause ( its %>pness4 ,! union ( ! acid & base gives u a salt1 & 9 ! salt we _c ta/e ! acid nor ! base di/9ctly1 = ea* is ?or\ghly modifi$ by ! o!r1 ea* is cancell$4 ,we sep>ate ! acid & base aga9 & !re exi/ two contradictions--acid & base--ea* call+ = ! o!r1 ea* ass]t+ its complem5t to be itself4 ,= ! prop]ties ( a some:at are its wants1 i4 e4 :at x lacks ( ! total4 ,su* elem5ts ( a total z we are "h consid]+1 h be5 call$ 8mom5ts0 by ,hegel4 ,! total is ! 8negative unity0 7,see ,*ap4 ,,iv47 ,9 ! illu/ration we h salt z ! negative unity ( ! mom5ts1 acid & base4 ,! unity is call$ negative because its exi/5ce de/roys ea* ( ! mom5ts by add+ ! o!r to x4 ,aft] ! negative unity exi/s1 ea* ( ! mom5ts is no long] 9 a t5sion1 b has become ?or\ghly modifi$ by ! o!r4 ,! negative unity is ideal :5 ! mom5ts are held asund]--x is !n pot5tial1 & ?r\gh x ea* mom5t has its own peculi> prop]ties4 ,m g5]ally3 e some:at is det]m9$ by ano!r2 its *>act]i/ic1 !re=e1 is ! manife/ation ( its o!r or ( ! complem5t :i* makes ) x ! total or negative unity4 ,! complete ?\ght ( any some:at includes ! phases or mom5ts1 z su*1 & _! negative unity4 ,?is may prop]ly be call$ ! compreh5sion4 ,to compreh5d ,begreif5 we mu/ seize ! object 9 its totality2 com-preh5d to seize toge!r1 j z con-ceive to take toge!r2 b conception is g5]ally us$ 9 ,engli% to signify a picture ( ! object m or less g5]al4 ,n ! totality1 b only "s ( its *>act]i/ics1 are grasp$ toge!r 9 a conception4 ,h5ce conceptions are subjective1 i4 e4 !y d n correspond to ! true object 9 its entirety2 b compreh5sion is objective 9 ! s5se t ev]y?+ 9 its true exi/5ce is a compreh5sion4 ,) ?is di/9ction betwe5 conception & compreh5sion mo/ p w\ld d5y1 at once1 ! possibility ( ! latt] z an act ( human intellig5ce4 ,s5su\s kn[+--= ! reason t x attributes validity to isolat$ objects--does n compreh5d4 ,reflective kn[+ seizes ! reciprocal relations1 b n 9 ! negative unity4 ,compreh5sion--:e!r "o ev] c arrive at x or n--%\ld be ! ?\ght 9 its totality1 :]e9 negative unity & mom5ts are ?\ght toge!r4 ,?us a true compreh5sion is ! ?\ght ( ! self-det]m9$1 & we h n ?or\ghly compreh5d$ any ?+ till we h trac$ x back ?r\gh its v>i\s presuppositions to self-det]m9ation :i* mu/ always be ! =m ( ! total4 7,see *apt]s ,,iv4 ,v47 ,,ii4 ,! "n 8,idea0 is res]v$ = ! deepe/ ?\ght ( ,philosophy4#fd ,9 compreh5sion we ?9k a sy/em ( dep5d5t mom5ts 9 a negative unity4 ,?us 9 ! compreh5sion ! multiplicity ( elem5ts1 ?\ght 9 ! mom5ts1 is de/roy$ 9 its negative unity1 & !re is1 consequ5tly1 only "o indep5d5t be+ or totality4 ,let1 once1 ea* ( ^! mom5ts develop to a totality1 s t we h 9 ea* a repetition ( ! :ole1 & we %all h a compreh5sion ( compreh5sions--a sy/em ( totalities--& ?is is :at ,hegel means by 8,idee10 or ,idea4 ,plato arrives at ?is1 b does n consi/5tly develop x4 ,he deals *iefly ) ! /&po9t ( compreh5sion1 & h5ce has mu* t is dialectical4 7,! ,dialectic is ! process :i* arises :5 ! ab/ract & incomplete is put "u ! =m ( ! true1 or ! apodeictic4 ,to refute a category ( limit$ application1 make x univ]sal & x w contradict itself4 ,?us ! 8,irony0 ( ,socrates consi/s 9 g5]\sly 767 assum+ ( any category all t 8 int]locutor wi%es1 & !n lett+ x refute itself :ile he applies x 9 ?is & t p>ticul> in/ance ) ! air ( "o :o s9c]ely believes 9 x4 ,humor is ( ?is nature2 ! au?or assumes ! validity ( ! "* he is portray+ 9 reg>d to 8 weak po9ts1 & !n places him 9 positions :]e9 ^! weaknesses prove _! true nature47 ,ari/otle1 on ! o!r h&1 writes f ! /&po9t ( ! ,idea con/antly1 & !re=e treats 8 subjects z sy/ematic totalities indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 ?is gives ! appe>ance ( empiricism to 8 writ+s4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration ( ! relation ( compreh5sion to idea may be ( assi/ance "h3 ,let any totality ,t be compos$ ( elem5ts1 phases or mom5ts a b c d1 c4 ,ea* ( ^! mom5ts1 a1 b1 c1 c41 diff]s f ! o!rs & f ! total2 !y are 9 a negative unity j z acid & base are1 9 a salt4 ,! ass]tion ( ! negative unity cancels ea* ( ! mom5ts4 ,! negative unity adds to a ! b1 c1 & d1 :i* x lacks ( ! total2 = a ,t - b - c - c42 & s too b ,t - a - c - d - c41 & c ,t - a - b - c4 ,ea* dem&s all ! re/ to make its exi/5ce possible1 j z ! acid _c exi/ if its t5sion is n balanc$ by a base4 ,s f> we h ! ,compreh5sion4 ,if1 n[1 we consid] ^! mom5ts z be+ able to develop1 l ! ,monads ( ,leibnitz1 we %all h ! foll[+ result3 a w absorb b c d c41 & ?us become a totality & a negative unity = itself2 b may d likewise1 & ?us ! o!rs4 ,"u ?is supposition we h1 in/ead ( ! fir/ s]ies ( mom5ts 7a b c d c47 a new s]ies :]e9 ea* mom5t has develop$ to a total by supply+ its defici5cies ?us3 a b c d c41 b a c d c41 c a b d c41 d a b c c4 ,9 ! new s]ies1 ea* t]m is a negative unity & a totality1 & h5ce no long] exi/s 9 a t5sion1 & no long] c be cancell$ by ! negative unity4 ,su* a sy/em ( t]ms w\ld (f] u a manifold ( individuals1 & yet a pr(\nd unity4 ,?is is ! unity ( ! ,idea1 & x af=ds a concrete multiplicity4 ,leibnitz gives to 8 ,monads ! p[] ( reflection1 s t ea* is ! mirror ( ! univ]se2 h5ce1 9 ea* is f\nd ! :ole1 & ! ,totality is endlessly repeat$2 8ev]y:]e ! "o & ! all0--& ?is is ! 8pree/abli%$ h>mony10 no d\bt4 ,?is is ! highe/ po9t ( view 9 philosophy--true multiplicity & true unity coexi/+4 ,plato rea*es x 9 8 /atem5t 9 ! ,timaeus1 t 8,god has made ! _w mo/ l himself1 s9ce he 9 n[ise possesses envy40 ,! ultimate purpose ( ! univ]se is ! reflection ( ,god to himself4 ,9 ?is reflection1 ! exi/5ce ( indep5d5t self-det]m9+ totalities is presuppos$2 to all else he is a negative unity1 & !re=e de/ructive4 ,to ! righte\s1 i4 e4 to ^? :o p]fect !mselves by p]=m+ = !mselves ! function ( negative unity1 ,he says3 8,9 y ,i am well pleas$2 ,i am reflect$ 9 y40 ,b to ! wick$ he is a consum+ fire1 = !y d n assume ! function ( negative unity1 b leave x to be us$ t[>d !m f outside4 ,?us1 too1 ! l[] ord]s ( exi/5ce p]i% ?r\gh ?is1 t _! negative unity is n )9 b )\t4 ,if ,god is conceiv$ m]ely z ! negative unity1 & ! creature n z self-det]m9+1 we h ! /&po9t ( ,pan!ism4 ,x is ! ,brahm :i* becomes all1 & all returns into him aga94 ,if we _h su* a ,god we %\ld only seem to be1 = :5 he look$ at u & 8plac$ u "u ! =m ( ,et]nity0 we %\ld vani%4 ,b 9 culture ea* ( u absorbs 8 8n me10 j z 8a10 9 ! illu/ration giv5 above1 became a b c d c4 ,its a-ness 0 de/roy$ by its modify+ 78r\nd+ (f07 its own peculi>ity by ! peculi>ities ( ! re/1 & ?us becom+ 8cosmopolitan40 ,?is is ju/ly e/eem$ ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ sacr$ dogma ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion :5 /at$ z ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! complete/ unity !re obta9s ( indep5d5t individualities4 ,all high] =ms ( _s repeat ! same ?\ght4 ,gov]nm5t1 e4 g4 is ! ,legislative1 ! ,judici>y1 & ! ,executive4 ,resi/ ! ,judici>y & x c1 9 ! ex]cise ( its function1 assume executive p[]s4 ,ea* p[] is ! entire organism view$ f ! /&po9t ( "o ( its phases1 j z a b c1 b a c1 c a b1 are ! same totality1 b ) diff]5t />t+ po9ts assum$4 ,! self-det]m9+ be+ is ! be+ :i* is its own o!r1 & h5ce is its own negative unity4 ,?us x c nev] be a simple mom5t ( a high] be+1 b is ess5tially a reflection ( x4 ,recognition is ! highe/ de$2 x belongs to ! /&po9t ( ! ,idea4 ,^u ! plane ( compreh5sion1 ! unity & multiplicity are mutually de/ructive2 ^u ! plane ( ,idea !y are mutually affirmative4 ,! m creatures 9 :om he c be reflect$1 ! m affirmations ( ,god !re are4 ,! human _s gr[s solely ?r\gh recognition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rem>k4 ,?is is ! only /&po9t t is absolutely affirmative--all o!rs be+ m or less negative1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 self-oppos$4 ,! /age ( human culture is ! mo/ concrete illu/ration ( x4 ,?ree human be+s--,a1 ,b1 & ,c--meet & =m a community4 ,z physical be+s !y exclude1 ea* ! o!rs4 ,! m "o eats1 ! less ! o!rs h to eat4 ,b spiritually x is ! rev]se3 ea* has a diff]5t exp]i5ce1 & _! giv+ & tak+1 in/ead ( dim9i%+ any "o's %>e1 increases x4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,a is imp>t$ to ,b1 & conv]sely2 & s also bo? %>e ) ,c4 ,by ?is1 ,c gr[s ?r\gh ! culture ( ,a & ,b1 & becomes ,c ,b ,a2 ,b develops to ,b ,c ,a1 & ,a to ,a ,c ,b2 all is ga93 no loss1 except ( pov]ty4 ,limitation by ano!r makes a f9ite be+4 ,b self-det]m9ation is ! process ( be+ "o's own 8o!r0 or limit1 & h5ce all self-det]m9$ be+s are totalities or microcosms1 :i*1 ?\gh indep5d5t1 reflect ea* o!r1 i4 e4 !y make !mselves 9 ! same image4 ,h5ce ! 8,pre/abli%$ ,h>mony0 exi/s among su* be+s4 ,ea* is its own negative4 ,cognition or m9d is ! =m ( be+ :i* embodies ?is4 ,9 culture we h an absolutely affirmative process1 = ! reason t ! negative1 involv$ 9 ! cancell+ ( "o's own idiosyncracies1 is a negative ( :at is already negative4 ,h5ce ! unity ( ,god is n 9 anywise impair$ by ! exi/5ce ( a cont9ually increas+ numb] ( p]fect$ be+s4 ,9 proportion to _! p]fection !y reflect ,him1 & _! complete self-det]m9ation is j t complete realization ( ,him :i* completes 8 self-consci\sness4 ,?is has be5 call$ ,pan!ism by ^? :o conf\nd ?is /&po9t ) t ( ! ,compreh5sion4 ,pan!ism is impossible ) a prop] insight into ! nature ( self-consci\sness4 ,a bl9d =ce fulfill+ its de/9y1 & giv+ rise to v>i\s ord]s ( be+s :i* are to be re-absorb$ by x1--if "o fancies ?is to be ,god1 call him a ,pan!i/1 = ,god is !n m]ely a negative unity1 & creation is only a s]ies ( mom5ts4 ,b if "o consid]s ,god to be ! ,absolute ,p]son1 & d$uces all ,!ology f ,8 self-consci\sness1 z ,hegel does1 he _c be call$ a ,pan!i/ consi/5tly by any "o :o believes 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,x is easy to see :y ,hegel has be5 & /ill is reg>d$ z a ,pan!i/4 ,:5 he ass]ts ! self-consci\sness ( ! creature to be ! completion ( ! ,div9e self-consci\sness1 ,hegel m]ely /ates ! logical con/itu5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! 8creature0 is ! ,son1 :i* is 89 ! beg9n+40 ,all "t mu/ h pres5t$ & /ill pres5ts ! developm5t ( creatures into self-consci\s be+s4 ,our planet began a %ort "t s9ce to d ?is4 8,! fullness ( "t _h come10 & ! f9al /age ( reflection 7:i* mu/ always h exi/$ 9 ! ,univ]se7 began on ! e>?1 or1 to /ate x !ologically1 8,! ,son 0 s5t to r$eem ?is _w40 ,to ?9k t ,hegel c\ld reg>d ,god z becom+ consci\s 9 "t--z pass+ f an unconsci\s /ate to a consci\s "o--is to suppose him ! weake/ ( philosoph]s4 ,self-consci\sness _c be 89 "t10 = x is ! 8=m ( et]nity10 & ?us "t is n relative to x4 ,! 8fleet+ %[0 ( ,hi/ory does n t\* ! self-consci\sness ( ,god1 nor does x t\* any self-consci\s be+ 8^: s\l is build$ f> f accid5t40 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,true ,,actual8 ,i4--,reality & ,pot5tiality4 ,! imm$iate object be=e ! s5ses und]goes *ange2 ! real becomes pot5tial1 & t :i* 0 pot5tial becomes real4 ,)\t ! pot5tiality we c\ld h _h no *ange4 ,at fir/ we are apt to consid] ! real z ! entire exi/5ce & to ignore ! pot5tial2 b ! pot5tial w n be treat$ ?us4 ,:atev] a ?+ c become is z valid z :at x is already4 ,! prop]ties ( a ?+ by :i* x exi/s = u1 are its relations to o!r be+s1 & h5ce are r its defici5cies ?an its be+ p] se4 ,?us ! %>pness 9 ! acid 0 pron\nc$ to be ! hung] ( ! same = alkali2 ! %>p] x 01 ! l\d] 0 its call = alkali4 ,?us ! v concret5ess ( a ?+ is r ! process ( its pot5tialities4 ,to illu/rate ?is3 we h a circle ( possibilities belong+ to a ?+--only "o ( !m is real at a "t2 x is1 = in/ance1 wat]1 ^: pot5tialities are vapor1 liquid1 & solid4 ,its reality is only a "p ( its total be+1 z 9 ! case ( wat] x 0 only "o-?ird ( itself at any giv5 temp]ature4 ,yet ! real is ?r\gh\t qualifi$ by ! pot5tial4 ,9 *ange1 ! real is be+ act$ ^u by ! pot5tial "u ! =m ( 8outside influ5ces40 ,! pyramid is n air1 b ! air cont9ually acts ^u x1 & ! pyramid is 9 a cont9ual process ( decomposition2 its pot5tiality is cont9ually exhibit+ its nature4 ,we "k by see+ a ?+ und]go *ange :at its pot5tialities are4 ,9 ! process ( *ange is manife/$ ! activity ( ! pot5tialities :i* are ?us negative to x4 ,if a ?+ _h no negative x w\ld n *ange4 ,! real is no?+ b ! surface ^u :i* ! pot5tial writes its nature2 x is ! field ( /rife betwe5 ! pot5tialities4 ,! real p]si/s 9 exi/5ce ?r\gh ! pot5tial :i* is 9 cont9ual process ) x4 ,?us we are l$ to reg>d ! product ( ! two z ! con/ant4 ,?is we call ,actuality4 ,,ii4--,actuality4 ,! actual is a process1 & is ev] ! same2 its two sides1 are ! real & ! pot5tial1 & ! real is manife/$ no m & no less ?an ! pot5tialities1 9 ! process :i* con/antly goes on4 ,! real is annull$ by ! pot5tial1 & ! latt] becomes ! real1 only to be aga9 replac$4 ,if 9 ! circle ( possibilities :i* make up ! entire be+ ( a ?+1 t :i* is real be>s a small proportion to ! re/1 ! real is v un/able1 = ! pot5tialities are to t ext5t actively negative to x4 ,b let ! sph]e ( ! real be relatively l>ge1 & we h a m /able be+--!re is less to de/roy x & m to su/a9 x--x is a high] ord] ( be+4 ,if ! :ole circle ( its be+ 7 real x w\ld co9cide ) its actuality1 x w\ld be self-relat$1 exi/ = itself1 & ?is w\ld be ! exi/5ce ( ! ,idea4 ,,iii4--,! ,actual is ! ,rational4 ,! highe/ aim is t[>d p]fection2 & ?is is pursu$ 9 ! cancell+ ( ! f9ite1 p>tial or incomplete1 by add+ to x its o!r or complem5t--t :i* x lacks ( ! ,total or ,p]fect4 ,s9ce ?is complem5t is ! pot5tial1 & s9ce ?is pot5tial is & c be ! only ag5t t acts ^u & modifies ! real1 x foll[s t all process is pursuant ( ! highe/ aim2 & s9ce ! actual is ! process itself1 x foll[s t ! actual is ! realization ( ! ,be/ or ( ! ,rational4 ,a some:at has a l[ ord] ( exi/5ce if ! sph]e ( its reality is small comp>$ to t ( its pot5tiality4 ,b ! l[] its ord] ! m swift & sure are ! pot5tialities 9 _! "w4 ,h5ce no matt] h[ bad any?+ is1 ! v be/ ?+ is be+ wr\ght ^u x4 ,seize ! mom5ts ( ! _w-hi/ory1 & /ate precisely :at !y lack$ ( ! complete realization ( _s1 & "o w see cle>ly t ea* phase p]i%$ by hav+ j t add$ to x :i* x mo/ ( all ne$$4 ,,iv4--8,! ,=m ( ,et]nity40 ,to ?9k accord+ to ,reason is to ?9k ?+s "u ! =m ( ,et]nity1 says ,sp9oza 7,res sub quadam specie aet]nitatis p]cip]e74 ,! ,=m ( ,et]nity is :at we h f\nd z ! true actual4 ,! ,ph5om5al _w is ! con/ant spectacle :]e9 ea* & all is plac$ "u ! =m ( ,et]nity4 ,:5 ?is is done1 all imm$iate 7or me*anical7 be+ appe>s 9 a /ate ( transition2 all m$iat$ be+ appe>s z a m]ely relative1 i4 e4 z exi/+ 9 :at lies beyond x2 all absolutely m$iat$ 7i4 e4 self-det]m9$7 be+ appe>s 9 a /ate ( developm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ & second /ages ! individual loses its id5tity4 ,9 ! ?ird /age ! process is "o ( unfold+1 & h5ce ! cont9ual realiz+ ( a m vivid p]sonal id5tity4 ,?us ! ,=m ( ,et]nity is to ! consci\s be+ ! realization ( 8 ,immortality4 ,footnote #fd3 ,! ^w 8,idea0 does n h ! s5se "h giv5 x1 except 9 ,hegel1 & 9 a v few translations ( him4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! ^w is us$1 7e4 g4 9 ,s*ell+'s ,philosophy ( ,nature 9 ?is numb]17 z a translation = ! ,g]man 8,begriff10 :i* we call 8compreh5sion10 adopt+ ! t]m 9 ?is s5se f ! au?or ( ! 8,lett]s on ,fau/40 ,x w d no h>m to use s expressive a ^w z compreh5sion 9 an objective s5se z well z 9 a subjective "o4 ,! ?\ght itself is biz>re1 & n m]ely ! ^w2 x is useless to expect to f9d words t are us$ commonly 9 a speculative s5se4 ,"o mu/ seek a ^w t has sev]al mean+s1 & grasp ^! mean+s all toge!r 9 "o1 to h ! speculative use ( a ^w4 ,_s has =m$ words = speculative ideas by ! deepe/ ( in/9cts1 & ^! words h be5 unavoidably split up into diff]5t mean+s by ! s5su\s ?9k+1 :i* always loses ! connect+ l9ks4 ,a ,,?\ght ,,on ,,%akespe>e4 ,,by ,,anna ,c4 ,,brackett4 ,to say t ,%akespe>e excels o!rs by virtue ( ! g5ius :i* enables him to ?r[ himself = ! "t completely into ea* ( ! *>act]s he repres5ts1 is to say a v common-place ?+1 & yet x w be> repeat+4 ,8 _s 0 s _m-sid$1 s univ]sal1 t x 0 able to take all =ms & p]fectly to fit itself to ea*1 s t he always gives u a consi/5t "*4 ,8 p]sonages are individuals ^: e ^w agrees ) e o!r !y h spok51 & :ile ! _s :i* moves 9 !m is ,%akespe>e1 he is all1 yet no "o ( !m4 8,! wat] un*ang$ 9 e case1 ,do? take on ! figure ( ! vase40 ,he does n consci\sly g to "w to fa%ion a "*1 nor does he ask himself :at t "* %all say "u ! giv5 circum/ances1 b 8 s\l1 be+ capable ( all1 takes on = ! "t ! =m ( ! "*1 & !n speaks ! ?+s :i* are mo/ natural to itself 9 t =m4 ,s entirely is ?is ! case1 t a comp>ison ( ! way 9 :i* "o ( 8 p]sonages conducts himself "u diff]5t circum/ances1 is sure to amaze u z we discov] ! f9e t\*es by :i* ! unity ( ! "* is pres]v$4 ,goe!'s *>act]s gr[--are 9 a /ate ( becom+4 ,%akespe>e's are gr[n3 !y are cry/alliz$4 ,! problem ) ,goe! is1 ! developm5t ( a "* ?r\gh gr[?2 ,%akespe>e's3 giv5 a c]ta9 "* & a c]ta9 collision1 h[ w ! giv5 "* demean itself8 ,! common man ) an ef=t c\ld tell :at he himself w\ld h done "u su* & su* circum/ances1 b ,%akespe>e c\ld h done all ?+s1 & grasp+ "o side ( himself he holds x1 & %[s x = "o p]son1 & ano!r = ano!r4 ,he nev] confuses--nev] *anges4 ,! div9e inspiration sways him4 ,! p[] to d ?is1 ! ,univ]sal :i* c take on all & be all1 is g5ius4 ,?is is n claim$ z new 9 any s5se4 ,i simply wi% to illu/rate its tru? ) reg>d to ! suitors ( ,portia1 by notic+ h[ p]fectly ! feel+s :i* ea* expresses aft] ! result ( 8 *oice is app>5t1 are ! outcome ( ! feel+s :i* decid$ ! *oice4 ,! ?ree sets ( comm5ts on ! caskets & _! mottoes1 betray ?ree entirely diff]5t m54 ,_! m9ds move diff]5tly2 !y are actuat$ habitually by diff]5t motives1 & ! results ( ! same failure 9 ,morocco & ,arragon are noticeably diff]5t4 ,!y are plac$ 9 precisely ! same circum/ances4 ,!y are bo? disappo9t$1 b obs]ve h[ diff]5tly !y demean !mselves4 ,morocco wa/es no words4 ,8 mood *anges in/antly f a d\bt+ hope to despond5cy & he>tfelt grief1 s p[]ful t x deprives him ( all spee*4 ,he goes at once4 ,b ,arragon speaks z if he _h be5 deceiv$4 ,fir/--8,h[ mu* unlike art ?\ to ,portia60 ,t is1 ,i 0 l$ to suppose "o ?+2 ,i h be5 misl$4 ,!n--8,h[ mu* unlike my hopes60 b1 indignation & w\nd$ pride ga9+ ! asc5d5cy--8& my des]v+s60 ,he re-reads ! motto1 & gr[s m angry /ill4 ,he has n be5 treat$ fairly1 & at la/1 =gett+ himself1 he turns r\nd to ,portia ) ! fi]ce1 direct "q1 8,are my des]ts no bett]80 ,portia %[s h] appreciation ( 8 /ate ( m9d by h] evasion1 pla9ly intimat+ t he _h gone too f> 9 8 mann] ( address+ h]4 ,8 v words are r\gh & unc\rte\s 9 _! abruptness4 ,8 "q 0 rude because s p]sonal4 ,9 8 ha/e he has n ev5 notic$ ! writ+1 :i* n[ surprises him1 z1 feel+ h] quiet rebuke1 he turns back to ! casket to hide 8 emb>rassm5t1 & he reads4 ,dur+ ! read+ he beg9s to be consci\s t he has be5 angry )\t reason1 & t he has n _h control en\gh ( himself to conceal ! fact4 ,t he is n a fool is %[n by 8 consci\sness t he has behav$ l "o 9 giv+ away to 8 temp]1 & z ?is consci\sness beg9s to dawn on him1 he is a%am$ ( himself = hav+ be5 provok$1 & desires to be gone z soon z possible4 ,he has _h a revelation ( himself :i* is n agreeable1 & he turns to dep>t1 no long] angry ) ,portia1 b s angry ) himself t he almo/ =gets to bid ! lady adieu4 ,b sudd5ly rem9d$ t %e is !re1 he assumes aga9 8 usual1 c\rtly1 outside self1 & half 9 apology = 8 ang] & rud5ess1 :i* might h l$ h] to suppose t he w\ld =get 8 promise1 half to recall himself to himself1 he awkw>dly ends ! sc5e by assur+ h] t he means to keep 8 ^w4 ,n[1 :y %\ld ,morocco nev] = "o in/ant lose 8 g5tlemanly be>+1 :ile ,arragon s :olly =gets himself8 ,turn back to ! comm5ts be=e ! *oice1 & we h ! key at once4 ,9 _! rem>ks on ! lead5 *e/ we see at fir/ h[ mu* m quickly ?an ,morocco1 ,arragon ru%es at conclusions4 ,! =m] becomes at once ?\ghtful1 & does n pass by ev5 t unattractive metal )\t c>eful paus+4 ,aft] read+ all ?ree mottoes once1 he reads sl[ly ! inscription on ! lead5 casket aga91 & beg9s to repeat x a second "t4 ,he feels ?or\ghly h[ mu* dep5ds on ! *oice1 & is self-di/ru/ful4 ,f9d+ t he c ga9 no sugge/ion f ! lady1 he comm5ds himself = help to ! gods be=e he proce$s4 ,he is n ! man to be daunt$ by a ?reat1 & ?9ks he detects 9 t v ?reat a false r+4 ,he is consci\s ( high motives1 b n 9 vanity1 & he decides1 adv]sely1 giv+ a reason4 ,b ,arragon1 be=e survey+ ! :ole gr\nd1 decides at once ab\t ! fir/ he sees1 & ! summ>y way 9 :i* he dismisses all consid]ation ( ! lead5 casket1 savors /rongly ( self-e/eem4 ,!re is a sort ( bravado 9 ! sudd5 words )\t a mom5t's pause3 8,y %all look fair] ere ,i give or haz>d60 ,! v use ( 8%all0 ) ! second p]son1 =ces into view ! w ( ! speak]4 ,he does n turn to ,portia4 ,he is q capable ( direct+ 8 own actions )\t help f any god4 ,z ,morocco consid]s ! silv]1 ! pr9cipal ?+ t attracts 8 att5tion is its 8virg9 hue40 7,rem>k t ,arragon "u ! same circum/ances calls x a 8treasure h\se407 ,he aga9 beg9s ?\ghtfully to repeat2 & aga9 m>k ! self-di/ru/4 ,!re is an exquisitely delicate t\* ( ?is 9-- 8,if ?\ be'/ rat$ by ?y e/imation1 ,?\ do/ des]ve en\gh40 ,rely+ on ! judgm5t ( o!rs1 r ?an on 8 own1 b consci\s too t !re is good gr\nd = ! e/imation 9 :i* he kn[s himself held1 ! *ivalr\s admiration ) :i* he looks up to ! woman he desires1 comes 9 "h sudd5ly ) a d\bt :e!r if all t is ?\ght ( him is des]v$1 x is en\gh to w9 a pe>l ( s great price4 ,8 consci\s manhood refuses1 h[ev]1 to weak5 itself by d\bt+1 & he aga9 repeats ! clause on :i* he /opp$ be=e4 ,he goes back to ! ?\ght ( ! e/imation 9 :i* he is held2 he ?9ks ( 8 noble bir?1 ( 8 pr9cely =tune1 ( 8 graces1 & qualities ( bre$+1 & enum]at+ all ^!1 he proves 8 title to a bett] nobility by ! sudd5 ?\ght t ! love he be>s h] is en\gh to make him des]ve h] 7 %e nev] s preci\s1 & on t1 & t alone1 he re/s 8 claim4 ,b be=e decid+ he w read aga9 f ! gold casket1 & 8 exclamations on x are only a cont9uation ( 8 previ\s ?\ght4 ,x seems p]fectly pla9 to him t ?is mu/ be ! =tunate casket4 ,9 8 g5]\s love he =gets himself entirely1 & z x 7 to %[ h] h[ :olly he believes 9 h]1 he makes 8 selection "h4 ,:y %\ld he be angry at ! failure8 ,he _h no self-ass]tion to be w\nd$4 ,if he des]v$ h]1 x 0 only because he lov$ h]2 & if he did n des]ve h]1 x 0 only because %e 0 m ?an any "o c\ld des]ve4 ,z ,arragon1 aft] pass+ by ! lead1 turns to ! gold1 he beg9s to be a little m cauti\s1 & repeats l ,morocco4 ,b 8 m9d1 in/ead ( turn+ at once to ,portia z ! only prize 9 ! _w :olly desirable1 beg9s f a l(ty em95ce ( sup]iority to criticise o!rs :om he calls ! 8fool multitude40 ,he w n *oose :at _m m5 desire1 because he pref]s to keep out ( ! ranks4 ,no democrat1 b a pr\d ari/ocrat is he1 & s ! gold casket is set aside4 ,aft] read+ f ! next1 he beg9s to criticise aga94 ,x seems z if he /ood outside ( all ! _w & coolly review$ x4 ,on consid]ation he is q sure t !re is no dang] ( 8 los+ 8 place ev5 if 8true honor 7 pur*as$ by ! m]it ( ! we>]10 & bas+ 8 *oice on 8 belief t he des]ves success1 he ord]s p]emptorily ! op5+ ( ! 8treasure h\se40 ,is x n mo/ natural t ) su* feel+s1 su* self-complac5cy1 he %\ld be angry :5 he f9ds he has made a mi/ake8 ,no?+ c be m gall+ to a pr\d _s ?an to discov] t ! e/imation set ^u him by o!rs is l[] ?an t he sets ^u himself4 ,x 0 n our purpose to comp>e ,bassanio's comm5ts ) ! o!rs4 ,let u say only t he evid5tly prizes s9c]ity above all o!r virtues1 & pref]s a lead5 casket t is lead all ?r\gh1 to a gold5 "o t is gold only on ! outside1 & s he w9s ! woman1 :o1 z %e %[s u a mom5t aft]w>ds1 is s9c]e en\gh to des]ve to be won4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci',s 8,,la/ ,,supp]10 ,,z ,,treat$ ,,by ,,goe!4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ,goe!'s treatm5t ( ! ma/]-piece ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7 read at a meet+ ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,art ,society1 p5d+ ! discussion ( a f9e engrav+ ( ?is celebrat$ picture4 ,! ,,ms4 k9dly pres5t$ to u by ! translator we pr9t1 9 ord] to give to ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! orig9al an exhibition ( ,goe!'s ?or\gh mann] ( p5etrat+ ! _s ( a "w ( art4--,,editor4 ,! ,la/ ,supp] 99 99 99 0 pa9t$ ^u ! wall ( ! mona/]y alle ,grazie1 at ,milan4 ,! place :]e ! picture is pa9t$ mu/ fir/ be consid]$1 = "h ! skill ( ! arti/ appe>s 9 its mo/ brilliant light4 ,:at c\ld be fitt] & nobl] = a refectory ?an a p>t+ meal1 :i* %\ld be an object ( rev]5ce to ! :ole _w = all future "t4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 :5 travell+1 we beheld ?is d9+-room /ill unde/roy$4 ,opposite ! entrance on ! n>r[ side1 /ood ! table ( ! prior1 on bo? sides ( him ! tables ( ! monks1 all ( :i* 7 rais$ a /ep f ! floor--& :5 ! visitor turn$ r\nd1 he saw pa9t$ on ! f\r?1 above ! doors1 :i* are ( b mod]ate height1 a f\r? table1 & ,*ri/ & 8 disciples seat$ at x1 z if !y belong$ to ! society4 ,at meal times x mu/ h be5 a tell+ sight1 :5 ! tables ( ! prior & ,*ri/ look$ ^u ea* o!r z two opposite pictures1 & ! monks at _! places f\nd !mselves enclos$ betwe5 !m4 ,& j on ?is acc\nt ! skill ( ! arti/ 0 compell$ to take ! exi/+ tables ( ! monks z a patt]n4 ,also1 ! table-clo?1 ) its folds /ill visible ) its work$ /ripes & ti$ corn]s1 0 tak5 f ! wa%-room ( ! mona/]y4 ,! plates1 di%es1 cups1 & o!r vessels1 are l ^? :i* ! monks us$4 ,"h 0 no attempt at imitat+ an unc]ta9 antiquat$ co/ume2 x w\ld h be5 highly improp] to /ret* out ! holy company ^u cu%ions 9 ?is place4 ,no1 ! picture mu/ be br\ght ne> to ! pres5t2 ,*ri/ mu/ take 8 la/ supp] ) ! ,dom9icans at ,milan4 ,also1 9 _m o!r respects1 ! pa9t+ mu/ h produc$ a great effect2 ! ?irte5 figures ab\t t5 feet above ! floor1 "o-half l>g] ?an life-size1 take up ! space ( tw5ty-eight feet 9 l5g?4 ,only two :ole figures c be se5 at ! opposite ends ( ! table1 ! re/ are half-figures2 & "h1 too1 ! arti/ f\nd 8 advantage 9 ! necessity ( ! circum/ances4 ,e moral expression belongs to ! upp] "p ( ! body1 & ! feet 9 su* cases are ev]y:]e 9 ! way4 ,! arti/ has creat$ "h twelve half-figures1 ^: laps & knees are cov]$ by ! table & table-clo?1 b ^: feet are sc>cely visible 9 ! mode/ twilight b5ea?4 ,let u n[ imag9e ourselves 9 ! place2 let u consid] ! moral repose :i* prevails 9 su* a mona/ic d9+-hall1 & let u admire ! arti/ :o has infus$ into 8 picture1 p[]ful emotion1 passionate movem5t1 & at ! same "t has kept 8 "w )9 ! b\nds ( ,nature1 & ?us br+s x 9 close contra/ ) ! ne>e/ reality4 ,! means ( excitem5t by :i* ! arti/ ar\ses ! quiet holy gr\p1 are ! words ( ! ,ma/]3 8,!re is "o among y :o %all betray me60 ,!y are spok5--! :ole company falls into disquiet2 b he incl9es 8 head1 ) looks ca/ d[n2 ! :ole attitude1 ! motion ( ! arms1 ( ! h&s1 ev]y?+ repeats ) heav5ly submission ! unhappy words3 ,yes1 x is n o!rwise1 !re is "o among y :o %all betray me6 ,be=e we g f>!r1 we mu/ po9t out a happy device :]eby ,leon>do pr9cipally enliv5$ 8 picture2 x is ! motion ( ! h&s2 ?is device1 h[ev]1 only an ,italian c\ld discov]4 ,) 8 nation1 ! :ole body is full ( animation2 e limb p>ticipates 9 ! expression ( feel+1 ( passion1 ev5 ( ?\ght4 ,by v>i\s motions & =ms ( ! h&1 he expresses3 8,:at d ,i c>e6--,come hi!r6--,?is is a rogue6 bew>e ( him6--,he %all n live long6--,?is is a ma9 po9t6--,obs]ve ?is well1 my he>]s60 ,to su* a national peculi>ity ,leon>do1 :o obs]v$ e *>act]i/ic po9t ) ! close/ att5tion1 mu/ h turn$ 8 c>eful eye4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! pres5t picture is unique1 & "o c sc>cely obs]ve x en\gh4 ,e look & movem5t p]fectly correspond1 & at ! same "t !re is a comb9$ & contra/$ position ( ! limbs1 compreh5sible at a glance1 & wr\ght out 9 ! mo/ praisewor?y mann]4 ,! figures on bo? sides ( ! ,savi\r may be consid]$ by ?rees1 & ea* ( ^! aga9 mu/ be ?\ght into a unity1 plac$ 9 relation1 & /ill held 9 connection ) its neighbors4 ,fir/1 on ! "r side ( ,*ri/1 are ,john1 ,judas1 & ,pet]4 ,pet] ! mo/ di/ant1 9 consonance ) 8 viol5t "*1 :5 he he>s ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 ha/5s up beh9d ,judas1 :o1 look+ up affright$1 b5ds =w>d ov] ! table1 & holds ) 8 "r h& firmly clos$1 ! purse1 b ) ! left makes an involunt>y n]v\s movem5t1 z if he w\ld say3 ,:at's t8 ,:at does t mean8 ,9 ! mean:ile ,pet] has ) 8 left h& seiz$ ! "r %\ld] ( ,john1 :o is incl9$ t[>ds him1 & po9ts to ,*ri/1 & at ! same "t urges ! belov$ disciple to ask :o ! traitor is4 ,he /rikes a knife-h&le1 :i* he holds 9 8 "r h&1 inadv]t5tly into ! ribs ( ,judas1 :]eby ! affright$ =w>d movem5t1 :i* upsets ! salt-cell>1 is happily br\ght out4 ,?is gr\p may be consid]$ z ! "o :i* 0 fir/ ?\ght out by ! arti/2 x is ! mo/ p]fect4 ,if n[ ^u ! "r h& ( ! ,"l imm$iate v5geance is ?reat5$1 ) a mod]ate degree ( motion1 !re arises ^u 8 left ! livelie/ horror & dete/ation ( ! trea*]y4 ,james1 ! eld]1 b5ds back f fe>1 ext5ds 8 arms1 />es ) 8 head b[$ d[n z "o :o sees be=e him ! mon/] :i* he has j he>d (4 ,?omas pe]s f beh9d 8 %\ld]1 & approa*+ ! ,savi\r1 raises ! index ( 8 "r h& to 8 =ehead4 ,philip1 ! ?ird ( ?is gr\p1 r\nds x (f 9 ! lovelie/ mann]2 he has ris51 b5ds t[>d ! ,ma/]1 lays 8 h&s ^u 8 brea/1 & decl>es ) ! greate/ cle>ness3 ,"l1 x is n ,i6 ,?\ kn[e/ x6 ,?\ see/ my pure he>t4 ,x is n ,i6 ,& n[1 ! la/ ?ree figures ( ?is gr\p give u new mat]ial = ?\ght2 !y talk ) "o ano!r ab\t ! t]rible ?+ :i* !y h j he>d4 ,mat!w1 ) a zeal\s motion1 turns 8 face to ! left t[>d 8 two companions2 8 h&s1 on ! contr>y1 he /ret*es ) rapidity t[>ds 8 ma/]1 & ?us1 by ! mo/ +5i\s artifice1 unites 8 own gr\p ) ! previ\s "o4 ,?addeus %[s ! mo/ viol5t surprise1 d\bt & suspicion2 he has laid 8 left h& op5 ^u ! table1 & has rais$ ! "r 9 a mann] z if he int5d$ to /rike 8 left h& ) ! back ( ! "r--a movem5t :i* "o /ill sees 9 m5 ( nature :5 !y wi% to express at an unexpect$ occurr5ce3 ,h ,i n said s8 ,h ,i n always suppos$ x8 ,simon sits at ! end ( ! table1 full ( dignity--we !re=e see 8 :ole figure2 he1 ! elde/ ( all1 is clo!d ) ri* folds2 8 c\nt5ance & movem5ts %[ t he is a/oni%$ & reflect+1 n excit$1 sc>cely mov$4 ,if we n[ turn our eyes to ! opposite end ( ! table1 we see ,b>?olomew1 :o /&s ^u 8 "r foot1 ) ! left cross$ ov] x2 he is support+ 8 incl9$ body by re/+ bo? h&s firmly ^u ! table4 ,he li/5s1 probably to he> :at ,john w f9d out f ! ,"l2 =1 9 g5]al1 ! incitem5t ( ! favorite disciple seems to proce$ f ?is entire side4 ,james1 ! y\ng]1 beside & beh9d ,b>?olomew1 lays 8 left h& ^u ,pet]'s %\ld]1 j z ,pet] lays 8 ^u ! %\ld] ( ,john1 b ,james does s mildly1 seek+ explanation only1 :]eas ,pet] already ?reat5s v5geance4 ,& ?us1 z ,pet] rea*es beh9d ,judas1 s ,james ! y\ng] rea*es beh9d ,&rew1 :o1 z "o ( ! mo/ important figures1 %[s ) 8 half-rais$ arms1 8 exp&$ h&s 9 front1 a decid$ expression ( horror1 :i* appe>s only once 9 ?is picture1 :ile 9 o!r works ( less g5ius1 & ( less pr(\nd ?\ght1 x recurs un=tunately only too (t54 ,,copies ,,g5]ally4 ,be=e we n[ come to imitations ( our pa9t+1 ( :i* ! numb] am\nts to ab\t ?irty1 we mu/ make "s ref]5ce to ! subject ( copies g5]ally4 ,su* did n come into use until ev]ybody confess$ t art _h rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t1 :]eupon1 inf]ior tal5ts1 look+ at ! works ( ! great] ma/]s1 despair$ ( produc+ by _! own skill any?+ simil>1 ei!r 9 imitation ( nature1 or f ! idea2 & art1 :i* n[ dw9dl$ into m]e h&icraft1 began to repeat its own creations4 ,?is inability on ! "p ( mo/ ( ! arti/s did n rema9 a secret to ! lov]s ( art1 :o1 n be+ able always to turn to ! fir/ ma/]s1 call$ ^u & paid inf]ior tal5ts1 inasmu* z !y pref]r$1 9 ord] n to receive some?+ altoge!r de/itute ( skill1 to ord] imitations ( recogniz$ works1 ) a view to be+ well s]v$ 9 "s degree4 ,?is new proc$ure 0 favor$1 f reasons ( illib]ality & ov]ha/e by own]s no less ?an by arti/s1 & art l[]$ itself advis$ly by sett+ out ) ! purpose to copy4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 z well z 9 ! previ\s "o1 arti/s ent]ta9$ a high idea ( !mselves & _! art1 & did n readily cont5t !mselves ) repeat+ ! inv5tions ( o!rs2 h5ce we f9d no real copies dat+ f t p]iod--a circum/ance to :i* e fri5d ( ! hi/ory ( art w d well to give he$4 ,inf]ior arts no d\bt made use ( high] patt]ns = small] works1 z 9 ! case ( ,niello & o!r enamell$ "w1 &1 ( c\rse1 :5 f religi\s or o!r motives1 a repetition 0 desir$1 p cont5t$ !mselves ) an accurate imitation1 :i* only approximately express$ ! movem5t & action ( ! orig9al1 )\t pay+ any close reg>d to =m & color4 ,h5ce 9 ! ri*e/ gall]ies we f9d no copy previ\s to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,b n[ came ! "t1 :51 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a few extraord9>y m5--among :om our ,leon>do mu/ be reckon$ & consid]$ z ! fir/--art 9 e "o ( its p>ts atta9$ to p]fection2 p le>n$ to see & to judge bett]1 & n[ ! desire = imitations ( fir/-class "w 0 n difficult to satisfy1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? s*ools to :i* l>ge numb]s ( s*ol>s cr[d$1 & 9 :i* ! works ( ! ma/] 7 greatly 9 reque/4 ,& yet1 at t "t1 ?is desire 0 conf9$ to small] works :i* c\ld be easily comp>$ ) ! orig9als & judg$4 ,z reg>ds l>g] works1 ! case 0 q diff]5t at t "t f :at x 0 at a lat] p]iod1 because ! orig9al _c be comp>$ ) ! copies1 & also because su* ord]s are r>e4 ,?us1 !n1 art1 z well z its lov]s1 cont5t$ itself ) copies on a small scale1 & a great deal ( lib]ty 0 all[$ to ! copyi/1 & ! results ( ?is arbitr>y proc$ure %[$ !mselves1 9 an ov]p[]+ degree1 9 ! few cases 9 :i* copies on a l>ge scale 7 desir$4 ,^! inde$ 7 g5]ally copies ( copies1 &1 :at is m1 g5]ally execut$ f copies on a small] scale1 work$ out f> away f ! orig9al1 (t5 f m]e draw+s1 or ev5 p]haps f memory4 ,job-pa9t]s n[ increas$ by ! doz51 & work$ = l[] prices2 p made h\sehold ornam5ts ( pa9t+2 ta/e di$ out2 copies increas$ & d>k5$ ! walls ( ante-*amb]s & /air-cases2 hungry beg9n]s liv$ on poor pay1 by repeat+ ! mo/ important works on e scale2 yea1 _m pa9t]s pass$ ! :ole ( _! lives 9 simply copy+2 b ev5 !n an am\nt ( deviation appe>$ 9 e copy1 ei!r a notion ( ! p]son = :om x 0 pa9t$1 or a :im ( ! pa9t]1 or p]haps a presumptu\s wi% to be orig9al4 ,9 addition to ?is came ! dem& = work$ tape/ry1 9 :i* pa9t+ 0 n cont5t to look dignifi$1 except :5 trick$ out ) gold2 & ! mo/ magnific5t pictures 7 consid]$ meagre & wret*$1 because !y 7 grave & simple2 !re=e ! copyi/ introduc$ build+s & l&scapes 9 ! backgr\nd1 ornam5ts on ! dresses1 aureoles or cr[ns ar\nd ! heads1 & fur!r1 /rangly =m$ *ildr51 animals1 *im]as1 grotesques1 & o!r fool]ies4 ,x (t5 happ5$1 also1 t an arti/1 :o believ$ 9 8 own p[]s ( inv5tion1 receiv$ by ! w ( a cli5t :o c\ld n appreciate 8 capabilities1 a commission to copy ano!r p]son's "w1 & s9ce he did s ) reluctance1 he wi%$ to appe> orig9al "h & !re1 & !re=e made *anges or additions z k1 or p]haps vanity1 sugge/$4 ,su* occurr5ces took place ( c\rse accord+ to ! dem&s ( place & "t4 ,_m figures 7 us$ = purposes q diff]5t f ^? = :i* !y _h be5 int5d$ by _! fir/ produc]s4 ,secul> subjects 71 by means ( a few additions1 *ang$ into religi\s ones2 hea!n gods & h]oes _h to submit to be m>tyrs & evangeli/s4 ,(t5 also1 ! arti/1 = in/ruction or ex]cise to himself1 _h copi$ "s figure f a celebrat$ "w1 & n[ he add$ to x some?+ ( 8 own inv5tion 9 ord] to turn x into a saleable picture4 ,f9ally1 we may c]ta9ly ascribe a "p ( ! corruption ( art to ! discov]y & abuse ( copp]-plate engrav+s1 :i* suppli$ job-pa9t]s ) cr[ds ( =eign inv5tions1 s t no "o any long] /udi$1 & pa9t+ at la/ rea*$ su* a l[ ebb t x got mix$ up ) me*anical works4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! copp]-plate engrav+s !mselves 7 diff]5t f ! orig9als1 & :oev] copi$ !m multipli$ ! *anges accord+ to 8 own or o!r peoples' conviction or :im4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ precisely 9 ! case ( draw+s2 arti/s took sket*es ( ! mo/ rem>kable subjects 9 ,rome & ,flor5ce1 9 ord] to produce arbitr>y repetitions ( !m :5 !y return$ home4 ,,copies ,,( ,,! ,,supp]4 ,9 view ( ! above1 we %all be able to judge :at is to be expect$1 m or less1 ( copies ( ! ,supp]1 al?\gh ! e>lie/ 7 execut$ contemporane\sly2 = ! "w made a great s5sation1 & o!r mona/]ies desir$ simil> works4 ,( ! num]\s copies consult$ by ! au?or ,vossi we %all occupy ourselves "h ) only ?ree1 s9ce ! copies at ,weim> are tak5 f !m2 nev]!less1 at ! basis ( ^! lies a f\r?1 ( :i*1 !re=e1 we mu/ fir/ speak4 ,m>co d',oggiono1 a pupil ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's1 ?\gh )\t any ext5sive tal5t1 ga9$ ! praise ( 8 s*ool *iefly by 8 heads1 al?\gh 9 !m he is n always equal to himself4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aeaj1 he execut$ a copy on a small scale1 int5d+ to use x aft]w>ds = a copy on a l>g] scale4 ,x 01 accord+ to tradition1 n q accurate2 he made x1 h[ev]1 ! basis ( a l>g] copy :i* is 9 ! n[ suppress$ mona/]y at ,ca/ellazzo1 likewise 9 ! d9+-hall ( ! monks ( ^? days4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t x %[s c>eful "w2 nev]!less ! usual arbitr>9ess prevails 9 ! details4 ,& al?\gh ,vossi has n be5 able to say mu* 9 its praise1 he does n d5y t x is a rem>kable monum5t1 & t ! "* ( sev]al ( ! heads1 9 :i* ! expression is n exagg]at$1 is des]v+ ( praise4 ,vossi has copi$ x1 & on comp>ison ( ! ?ree copies we %all be able to pron\nce judgm5t ^u x f our own obs]vation4 ,a second copy1 ( :i* we likewise h ! heads copi$ be=e u1 is f\nd 9 fresco on ! wall at ,ponte ,capriasca2 x is ref]r$ to ! ye> #aefe1 & ascrib$ to ,pi]ro ,lov9o4 ,its m]its we %all le>n 9 ! sequel2 x has ! peculi>ity t ! names ( ! figures are writt5 und]nea?1 a piece ( =esight :i* aids u 9 arriv+ at a correct *>act]ization ( ! diff]5t physiognomies4 ,! gradual de/ruction ( ! orig9al we h describ$ 9 suffici5t detail1 & x 0 already 9 a v wret*$ condition :51 9 #afab1 ,c>d9al ,fr$]ico ,borromeo1 a zeal\s fri5d ( art1 endeavor$ to prev5t ! entire loss ( ! "w1 & commission$ a ,milanese1 ,&rea ,bian*i1 surnam$ ,vesp9o1 to execute a full-siz$ copy4 ,?is arti/ fir/ tri$ 8 skill on a few ( ! heads2 be+ successful 9 ^!1 he proce$$ & copi$ ! :ole ( ! figures1 sep>ately h[ev]1 & aft]w>ds put !m toge!r ) ! greate/ possible c>e2 ! picture is at pres5t to be f\nd 9 ! ,ambrosiana libr>y at ,milan1 & lies ma9ly at ! basis ( ! mo/ rec5t copy1 execut$ by ,vossi4 ,?is 0 execut$ on ! foll[+ occasion4 ,,late/ ,,copy4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,italy 0 decre$1 & ,pr9ce ,eugne1 foll[+ ! example ( ,luigi ,s=za1 wi%$ to glorify ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign by patroniz+ ! f9e arts4 ,luigi _h ord]$ a repres5tation ( ! ,la/ ,supp] ( ,leon>do2 ,eugne resolv$ to re/ore1 z f> z possible1 ! pa9t+ t _h be5 go+ to wreck = ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 a new picture1 :i*1 9 ord] t x might be inde/ructible1 0 to be done 9 mosaic1 = :i* prep>ation _h be5 made 9 an already exi/+ in/itution4 ,vossi imm$iately receives ! commission1 & comm5ces 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 #ahjg4 ,he f9ds x advisable to execute a full-siz$ c>toon1 takes up anew ! /udies ( 8 y\?1 & applies himself entirely to ,leon>do1 /udies 8 art-rema9s & 8 writ+s1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 because he is p]suad$ t a man :o has produc$ su* spl5did works mu/ h work$ on ! mo/ decid$ & advantage\s pr9ciples4 ,he _h made draw+s ( ! heads 9 ! copy at ,ponte ,capriasca1 z well z ( "s o!r p>ts ( x1 likewise ( ! heads & h&s ( ! ,ca/ellazzo copy1 & ( t ( ,bian*i4 ,!n he makes draw+s ( ev]y?+ com+ f ,da ,v9ci himself1 & ev5 ( :at comes f "s ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,moreov] he looks ab\t = all ! extant copies1 & succe$s 9 mak+ m or less acqua9tance ) tw5ty-sev52 draw+s & manuscripts ( ,da ,v9ci's are k9dly s5t to him f all qu>t]s4 ,9 ! work+ out ( 8 c>toon1 he adh]es pr9cipally to ! ,ambrosiana copy2 x alone is z l>ge z ! orig9al4 ,bian*i1 by means ( ?read-nets & transp>5t pap]1 _h endeavor$ to give a mo/ accurate copy ( ! orig9al1 :i*1 al?\gh already v mu* injur$1 0 n yet pa9t$ ov]4 ,9 ! end ( ,octob]1 #ahjg1 ! c>toon is ready2 canvass gr\nd$ uni=mly 9 "o piece1 & ! :ole imm$iately sket*$ out4 ,h]eupon1 9 ord] 9 "s measure to regulate 8 t9ts1 ,vossi pa9t$ ! small portion ( sky & l&scape1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! dep? & purity ( ! colors 9 ! orig9al1 _h /ill rema9$ fre% & brilliant4 ,h]eupon he pa9ts ! head ( ,*ri/ & ^? ( ! ?ree apo/les at 8 left1 & z = ! dresses1 he fir/ pa9ts ^? ab\t ^: colors he _h fir/ arriv$ at c]ta9ly1 ) a view to select+ ! re/ accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! ma/] & 8 own ta/e4 ,?us he cov]$ ! :ole ( ! canvass1 guid$ by c>eful reflection1 & kept 8 colors ( uni=m height & /r5g?4 ,un=tunately1 9 ?is damp1 des]t$ place1 he 0 seiz$ ) an illness :i* compell$ him to put a /op to 8 ex]tions2 nev]!less1 he employ$ ?is int]val 9 arrang+ draw+s1 copp]-plate engrav+s1 p>tly ) a view to ! ,supp] itself1 p>tly to o!r works ( ! ma/]2 at ! same "t he 0 favor$ by =tune1 :i* br\ght him a collection ( draw+s1 purport+ to come f ,c>d9al ,cs> ,monti1 & conta9+1 among o!r treasures1 rem>kable productions ( ,leon>do himself4 ,he /udi$ ev5 ! au?ors contemporane\s ) ,leon>do1 9 ord] to make use ( _! op9ions & wi%es1 & look$ ab\t him = ev]y?+ t c\ld fur!r 8 design4 ,?us he took advantage ( 8 sickness1 & at la/ atta9$ /r5g? to set ab\t 8 "w anew4 ,no arti/ or fri5d ( art w leave unread ! acc\nt ( h[ he manag$ ! details1 h[ he ?\ght out ! *>act]s ( ! faces & _! expression1 & ev5 ! motions ( ! h&s1 & h[ he repres5t$ !m4 ,9 ! same mann] he ?9ks out ! di%es1 ! room1 ! back-gr\nd1 & %[s t he has n decid$ ^u any "p )\t ! /ronge/ reasons4 ,:at c>e he takes ab\t repres5t+ ! feet "u ! table 9 correct attitudes1 because ?is portion ( ! orig9al _h long be5 de/roy$1 & 9 ! copies _h be5 c>elessly treat$6 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ! relation ( ! two copies--! m]its ( ! ?ird c be %[n only to ! eye1 n to ! m9d 9 words--we %all /ate 9 a few words ! mo/ ess5tial & mo/ decid$ po9ts1 until we %all be =tunate en\gh1 z we %all p]haps "o day be1 to be able to lay copies ( ^! int]e/+ %eets be=e ! fri5ds ( art4 ,,comp>ison4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 manly y\?1 %>p pr(ile1 compress$1 cle> face1 eyelid & br[ press$ d[n1 m\? clos$1 z if li/5+ ) suspicion1 a "* completely circumscrib$ )9 itself4 ,9 ,vesp9o's copy no trace ( individual *>act]i/ic features1 a g5]al k9d ( draw+-book face1 li/5+ ) op5 m\?4 ,vossi has approv$ ( ?is op5+ ( ! lips1 & reta9$ x1 a proc$ure to :i* we %\ld be unable to l5d our ass5t4 ,/4 ,james ! y\ng]1 likewise pr(ile1 relation%ip to ,*ri/ unmi/akable1 receives f ! protrud$1 slightly op5$ lips1 some?+ individual1 :i* aga9 cancels ?is simil>ity4 ,accord+ to ,vesp9o1 almo/ an ord9>y1 academical ,*ri/1 ! m\? op5$ r 9 a/oni%m5t ?an 9 inquiry4 ,our ass]tion t ,b>?olomew mu/ h 8 m\? clos$1 receives support f ! fact t 8 neighbor has 8 m\? op54 ,su* a repetition ,leon>do w\ld nev] h endur$2 on ! contr>y1 ! next figure1 ,/4 ,&rew has 8 m\? %ut4 ,l p]sons advanc$ 9 life1 he presses ! l[] lip r aga9/ ! upp]4 ,9 ! copy ( ,m>co1 ?is head has some?+ peculi>1 n to be express$ 9 words2 ! eyes are introv]t$2 ! m\?1 ?\gh %ut1 is /ill nave4 ,! outl9e ( ! left side aga9/ ! back gr\nd =ms a beautiful silh\ette2 en\gh ( ! o!r side ( ! =ehead 7eye1 nose & be>d7 is se5 to give ! head a r\ndness & a peculi> life2 on ! contr>y1 ,vesp9o suppresses ! left eye altoge!r1 b %[s s mu* ( ! left temple & ( ! side ( ! be>d z to produce 9 ! uplift$ face a full bold expression1 :i* is inde$ /rik+1 b :i* w\ld seem m suitable to cl5*$ fi/s ?an to op5 h&s /ret*$ =w>d4 ,judas lock$ up )9 himself1 fright5$1 look+ anxi\sly up & back1 pr(ile /rongly d5t$1 n exagg]at$1 by no means an ugly =mation2 = good ta/e w\ld n tol]ate any real mon/] 9 ! proximity ( pure & upright m54 ,vesp9o1 on ! o!r h&1 has actually repres5t$ su* a mon/]1 & x _c be d5i$ t1 reg>d$ by itself1 ?is head has mu* m]it2 x expresses vividly a mis*iev\sly bold malignity1 & w\ld make itself em95tly conspicu\s 9 a mob triumph+ ov] an ,ecce ,homo1 & cry+ out 8,crucify6 crucify60 ,x might be made to pass = ,mephi/opheles 9 8 mo/ devili% mom5t4 ,b ( affright or dread1 comb9$ ) dissimulation1 indiff]5ce & contempt1 !re is n a trace2 ! bri/ly hair fits 9 ) ! t\t ensemble admirably2 its exagg]ation1 h[ev]1 is mat*$ only by ! =ce & viol5ce ( ! re/ ( ,vesp9o's heads4 ,/4 ,pet]4--,v problematical features4 ,ev5 9 ,m>co1 x is m]ely an expression ( pa92 ( wra? or m5ace !re is no sign2 !re is also a c]ta9 anxiety express$1 & "h ,leon>do may n h be5 at "o ev5 ) himself2 = cordial sympa?y ) a belov$ ma/]1 & ?reat5+ aga9/ a traitor1 are ) difficulty unit$ 9 "o c\nt5ance4 ,nev]!less1 ,c>d9al ,borromeo ass]ts t he saw su* a miracle 9 8 "t4 ,h[ev] pleasant x might be to believe ?is1 we h reason to suppose t ! art-lov+ c>d9al express$ 8 own feel+ r ?an :at 0 9 ! picture2 = o!rwise we %\ld be unable to def5d our fri5d ,vesp9o1 ^: ,pet] has an unpleasant expression4 ,he looks l a /]n ,capu*9 monk1 ^: ,l5t s]mon is int5d$ to r\se s9n]s4 ,x is /range t ,vesp9o has giv5 him bu%y hair1 s9ce ! ,pet] ( ,m>co %[s a beautiful head ( %ort1 curl$ tresses4 ,/4 ,john is repres5t$ by ,m>co 9 ! _s ( ,da ,v9ci2 ! beautiful r\ndi% face1 some:at incl9$ to oval1 ! hair smoo? t[>ds ! top ( ! head1 b curl+ g5tly d[nw>ds1 p>ticul>ly :]e x b5ds r\nd ,pet]'s ins]t$ h&1 are mo/ lovely2 :at we see ( ! d>k ( ! eye is turn$ away f ,pet]--a m>vell\sly f9e piece ( obs]vation1 9 t :ile he is li/5+ ) ! int5se/ feel+ to ! secret spee* ( 8 neighbor1 he turns away 8 eyes f him4 ,accord+ to ,vesp9o1 he is a com=table-look+1 quiet1 almo/ sleepy y\?1 )\t any trace ( sympa?y4 ,we turn n[ to ! left side ( ,*ri/1 9 ord] t ! figure ( ! ,savi\r may come la/ 9 our description4 ,/4 ,?omas' head & "r h&1 ^: uprais$ =e-f+] is b5t slightly t[>d 8 br[ to imply reflection4 ,?is movem5t1 :i* is s mu* 9 keep+ ) a p]son :o is suspici\s or 9 d\bt1 has be5 hi!rto misund]/ood1 & a hesitat+ disciple look$ ^u z ?reat5+4 ,9 ,vesp9o's copy1 likewise1 he is reflective en\gh1 b z ! arti/ has aga9 left out ! retreat+ "r eye1 ! result is a p]p5dicul>1 monoton\s pr(ile1 )\t any remnant ( ! protrud+1 se>*+ elem5ts ( ! old] copies4 ,/4 ,james ! ,eld]4--,! mo/ viol5t agitation ( ! features1 ! mo/ gap+ m\?1 horror 9 8 eye2 an orig9al v5ture ( ,leon>do's2 yet we h reason to believe t ?is head1 likewise1 has be5 rem>kably succesful ) ,m>co4 ,! work+ out is magnific5t1 :]eas 9 ! copy ( ,vesp9o all is lo/2 attitude1 mann]1 mi51 ev]y?+ has vani%$1 & dw9dles d[n into a sort ( indiff]5t g5]ality4 ,/4 ,philip1 amiable & invaluable1 resembles ,raffaelle's y\?s1 collect$ on ! left side ( ,! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns ab\t ,bramante4 ,vesp9o has1 un=tunately1 aga9 suppress$ ! "r eye1 & z he c\ld n d5y t !re 0 some?+ m ?an pr(ile 9 ! ?+1 he has produc$ an ambigu\s1 /rangely incl9$ head4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 "y1 ( undesign+ nature1 ) curly hair1 an anxi\s expression 9 ! slightly op5$ m\?1 9 :i* ! tee?1 :i* are visible1 express a sort ( slight f]ocity 9 keep+ ) ! viol5t movem5t ( ! figure4 ,( all ?is no?+ rema9s 9 ,vesp9o2 he gazes be=e him1 /iff & expressionless2 "o does n receive ! remote/ notion ( ! viol5t movem5t ( ! body4 ,/4 ,?addeus1 accord+ to ,m>co1 is likewise q an invaluable head2 anxiety1 suspicion1 vexation1 are express$ 9 e feature4 ,! unity ( ?is agitation ( ! c\nt5ance is extremely f9e1 & is entirely 9 keep+ ) ! movem5t ( ! h&s :i* we h already expla9$4 ,9 ,vesp9o1 ev]y?+ is aga9 r$uc$ to a g5]al level2 he has also made ! head /ill m unmean+ by turn+ x too mu* t[>ds ! spectator1 :]eas1 accord+ to ,m>co1 h>dly a qu>t] ( ! left side is se51 :]eby ! suspici\s1 askance-look+ elem5t is admirably portray$4 ,/4 ,simon ! ,eld]1 :olly 9 pr(ile1 plac$ opposite ! likewise pure pr(ile ( "y ,mat!w4 ,9 him ! protrud+ "u lip :i* ,leon>do _h su* a p>tiality = 9 old faces1 is mo/ exagg]at$2 b1 along ) ! grave1 ov]hang+ br[1 produces ! mo/ wond]ful effect ( vexation & reflection1 9 %>p contra/ ) ! passionate movem5t ( "y ,mat!w4 ,9 ,vesp9o he is a good-natur$ old man 9 8 dotage1 incapable ( tak+ any int]e/ 9 ev5 ! mo/ important occurr5ce t might take place 9 8 pres5ce4 ,hav+ ?us n[ ?r[n light ^u ! apo/les1 we turn to ! =m ( ,*ri/ himself4 ,& "h aga9 we are met by ! leg5d1 t ,leon>do 0 unable to f9i% ei!r ,*ri/ or ,judas1 :i* we readily believe1 s9ce1 f 8 me?od1 x 0 impossible = him to put ! la/ t\* to ^? two extremes ( portraiture4 ,wret*$ en\gh1 9 ! orig9al1 aft] all ! d>k5+ processes x _h to und]go1 may h be5 ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! features ( ,*ri/1 :i* 7 only sket*$4 ,h[ little ,vesp9o f\nd rema9+1 may be glean$ f ! fact t he br\ght out a colossal head ( ,*ri/1 q at v>iance ) ! purpose ( ,da ,v9ci1 )\t pay+ ! lea/ att5tion to ! incl9ation ( ! head1 :i* ought ( necessity to h be5 made p>allel ) ! incl9ation ( ,john's4 ,( ! expression we %all say no?+2 ! features are regul>1 good-natur$1 intellig5t1 l ^? we are accu/om$ to see 9 ,*ri/1 b )\t ! v smalle/ p>ticle ( s5sibility1 s t we %\ld almo/ be unable to tell :at ,new ,te/am5t /ory ?is head w\ld be welcome to4 ,we are "h met & aid$ by ! circum/ance t connoisseurs ass]t1 t ,leon>do himself pa9t$ ! head ( ! ,savi\r at ,ca/ellazzo1 & v5tur$ to d 9 ano!r's "w :at he _h n be5 will+ to und]take 9 8 own pr9cipal figure4 ,z we h n ! orig9al be=e u1 we mu/ say ( ! copy t x agrees entirely ) ! conception :i* we =m ( a noble man ^: brea/ is weigh$ d[n by poignant suff]+ ( s\l1 :i* he has endeavor$ to alleviate by a famili> ^w1 b has !reby only made matt]s worse in/ead ( bett]4 ,by ^! processes ( comp>ison1 !n1 we h come suffici5tly ne> ! me?od ( ?is extraord9>y arti/1 su* z he has cle>ly expla9$ & demon/rat$ x 9 writ+s & pictures1 & =tunately x is 9 our p[] to take a /ep /ill fur!r 9 advance4 ,!re is1 namely1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,ambrosiana libr>y a draw+ inconte/ably execut$ by ,leon>do1 ^u blui% pap]1 ) a little :ite & color$ *alk4 ,( ?is ! *evali] ,vossi has execut$ ! mo/ accurate fac-simile1 :i* is also be=e u4 ,a noble y\?ful face1 drawn f nature1 evid5tly ) a view to ! head ( ,*ri/ at ! ,supp]4 ,pure1 regul> features1 smoo? hair1 ! head b5t to ! left side1 ! eyes ca/ d[n1 ! m\? half op5$1 ! t\t ensemble br\ght into ! mo/ m>vell\s h>mony by a slight t\* ( sorr[4 ,"h inde$ we h only ! man :o does n conceal a suff]+ ( s\l1 b ! problem1 h[1 )\t ext+ui%+ ?is promise1 at ! same "t to express sublimity1 indep5d5ce1 p[]1 ! might ( godhead1 is "o :i* ev5 ! mo/ gift$ e>?ly p5cil might well f9d h>d to solve4 ,9 ?is y\?ful physiognomy :i* hov]s betwe5 ,*ri/ & ,john1 we see ! highe/ attempt to hold fa/ by nature :5 ! sup]mundane is 9 "q4 ,,paul ,,janet ,,& ,,hegel4#fe ,9 ! foll[+ article ! passages quot$ are turn$ into ,engli%1 & ! orig9al ,fr5* is omitt$ = ! sake ( brevity & lucid arrangem5t4 ,z ! "w review$ is accessible to mo/ read]s1 a ref]5ce to ! pages f :i* we quote w answ] all purposes4--,,editor4 ,s9ce ! dea? ( ,hegel 9 #ahca1 8 philosophy has be5 mak+ a sl[ b regul> progress into ! _w at l>ge4 ,at home 9 ,g]many x is spok5 ( z hav+ a "r w+1 a left w+1 & a c5tre2 its disciples are v num]\s :5 "o c\nts su* widely diff]5t philosoph]s z ,ros5krantz1 ,mi*elet1 ,kuno ,fis*]1 ,erdmann1 ,j4 ,h4 ,fi*te1 ,/rauss1 ,feu]ba*1 & _! num]\s foll[]s4 ,sometimes :5 "o he>s :o con/itute a 8w+0 ( ! ,hegelian s*ool1 he is rem9d$ ( ! 8lucus a non0 pr9ciple ( nam+1 or r ( misnam+ ?+s4 ,b ,hegelianism has1 z we said1 made its way into o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ,france we h ! /hetics 8p>tly translat$ & p>tly analyz$10 by ,pr(essor ,bn>d2 ! logic ( ! small ,encyclopdia1 translat$ ) copi\s notes1 by ,pr(essor ,v]a1 :o has gone bravely on1 ) :at seems ) him to be a "w ( love1 & giv5 u ! 8,philosophy ( ,nature0 & ! 8,philosophy ( ,_s10 & promises u ! 8,philosophy ( ,religion0--all accompani$ ) abundant introduction & comm5t>y4 ,we he> ( o!rs v mu* influ5c$ by ,hegel3 ,m4 ,ta9e1 = example1 :o writes brilliant essays4 ,9 ,engli%1 too1 we h a translation ( ! 8,philosophy ( ,hi/ory10 79 ,bohn's ,libr>y27 a k9d ( translation & analysis ( ! fir/ "p ( ! ?ird volume ( ! ,logic1 7,sloman ,wallon1 ,london1 #ahee72 & an ext5sive & elaborate "w on 8,! ,secret ( ,hegel10 by ,james ,hut*ison ,/irl+4 ,we mu/ n =get to m5tion a translation ( ,s*wegl]'s ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy--a "w drawn pr9cipally f ,hegel's labors--by our ,am]ican ,pr(essor ,seelye3 & also 7j publi%$7 a translation ( ! same book by ! au?or ( ! 8,secret ( ,hegel40 ,articles treat+ ( ,hegel are to be f\nd by ! score--seek !m 9 e text-book on philosophy1 9 e g5]al ,cyclopdia1 & 9 num]\s works writt5 = or aga9/ ,g]man ,philosophy4 ,"s ( ^! writ]s tell u 9 "o brea? t ,hegel 0 a man ( prodigi\s g5ius1 & 9 ! next !y convict him ( conf\nd+ ! pla9e/ ( all common s5se di/9ctions4 ,"s ( !m f9d him ! pr(\nde/ ( all ?9k]s1 :ile o!rs _c 8make a ^w ( s5se out ( him40 ,!re seems to be a g5]al und]/&+ 9 ?is c\ntry & ,engl& on "o po9t3 all agree t he 0 a ,pan!i/4 ,!odore ,p>k]1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,mansell1 ,morell1 & ev5 "s ( ! ,engli% def5d]s ( ,hegelianism admit ?is4 ,hegel holds1 say "s1 t ,god is a becom+2 o!rs say t he holds ,god to be pure be+4 ,^! m5 are c>eful m5 app>5tly--b only app>5tly1 = x mu/ be confess$ t if ,hegel has writt5 any books at all1 !y are1 e "o ( !m1 devot$ to ! task ( %[+ ! inadequacy ( su* ab/ractions :5 made ! highe/ pr9ciple ( ?+s4 ,! ripe/ product ( ! great ,g]man movem5t 9 philosophy1 :i* took place at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 ,hegel's philosophy is likewise ! concrete/ sy/em ( ?\ght ! _w has se54 ,?is is com+ to be ! conviction ( ?9k]s m & m e day z !y get glimpses into p>ticul> prov9ces ( 8 labor4 ,bn>d ?9ks ! ,philosophy ( ,art ! mo/ wond]ful product ( mod]n ?9k+1 & speaks ( ! ,logic--:i* he does n und]/&--z a futile & p]i%able production4 ,ano!r ?9ks t 8 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory is immortal1 & a ?ird values extravagantly 8 ,philosophy ( ,religion4 ,b ! "o :o values 8 ,logic kn[s h[ to value all 8 labors4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy is ! "w t impresses u mo/ ) ! unp>allel$ weal? ( 8 ?\ght2 he is able to desc5d ?r\gh all hi/ory1 & give to ea* philosoph] a spl5did ?\ght z ! c5tre ( 8 sy/em1 & yet nev] is oblig$ to conf\nd diff]5t sy/ems1 or fail 9 %[+ ! sup]ior dep? ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,:ile we are admir+ ! dep? & cle>ness ( ,py?agoras1 we are surpris$ & delight$ to f9d ! great ?\ght ( ,h]aclitus1 b ,anaxagoras is a new surprise2 ! ,sophi/s come be=e u be>+ a _w-hi/orical significance1 & ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle lead u successively to heights su* z we _h n dream$ atta9able by any ?9k+4 ,b ?\ght is no imm$iate function1 l ! process ( brea?+ or sleep+1 or fancy-mak+3 x is ! pr(\nde/ m$iation ( _s1 & he :o w\ld get an insight into ! speculative ?9k]s ( :atev] "t1 mu/ labor z no m]e fle% & blood c labor1 b only z _s c labor3 ) agony & sweat ( blood4 ,a philosophy :i* %\ld expla9 ! great complex ( ! univ]se1 c\ld h>dly be expect$ to be transp>5t to uncultur$ m9ds at ! fir/ glance4 ,?us x happ5s t _m critics give u su* disc\rag+ reports ^u _! return f a %ort excursion into ! true wond]-l& ( philosophy4 ,! ,et]nal ,v]ities are miracul\s only to ^? eyes :i* h gaz$ long ^u !m aft] %utt+ out ! gl>+ sunlight ( ! s5ses4 ,^? :o criticise a philosophy mu/ imply a philosophical me?od ( _! own1 & ?us measure !mselves :ile !y measure o!rs4 ,a lit]>y man :o criticises ,goe!1 or ,%akespe>e1 or ,hom]1 is v apt to lay himself b>e to ! %aft ( ! adv]s>y4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 our "t1 a legion ( writ]s :o pass judgm5t z flippantly ^u a sy/em ( ! mo/ compreh5sive scope--& :i* !y confess op5ly _! inability to und]/&--z ^u a m]e op9ion utt]$ 9 a 8table-talk40 ,ev5 "s m5 ( great reputation give curr5cy to great errors4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 9 8 notes to ,reid's ,philosophy ( 8,t\*10 once quot$ ! passage f ! second "p ( ,fi*te's ,be/immung des ,m5s*51 7:]e9 onesid$ idealism is pu%$ to its d[nfall17 9 ord] to %[ t ,fi*te's ,philosophy end$ 9 ,nihilism4 ,! ,be/immung des ,m5s*5 0 a m]e popul> writ+ 9 :i* ,fi*te adopt$ ! ,kantian /yle ( exhibit+ ! self-refutation ( s5se & reflection1 9 ord] to re/ all ultimate tru? 9 ! po/ulates ( ! ,practical ,reason4 ,accord+ly he %[s ! practical results ( 8 own sy/em 9 ! ?ird "p ( ! "w 9 "q1 & en=ces ! s\nde/ e?ical views ( life4 ,he nev] ?\ght ( pres5t+ 8 !oretical philosophy 9 t "w4 ,?us1 too1 9 ,hamilton's refutation ( ,c\s9 & ,s*ell+3 he polemicises aga9/ all 8,doctr9es ( ! ,absolute10 say+ t to ?9k is to limit2 h5ce to ?9k ,god w\ld be to det]m9e or limit ,him2 & h5ce is inf]r$ ! impossibility ( ?9k+ ,god z he truly is4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n pu%$ to its results by 8 foll[]s1 = !n its skeptical t5d5cy w\ld become obvi\s4 ,religion dem&s t we %all d ! ,w ( ,god2 ?is ,w mu/1 !re=e1 be kn[n4 ,b1 aga91 ,w is ! realization or self-det]m9ation ( "o's nature--f x ! "* proce$s4 ,?us 9 kn[+ ,god's w we "k 8 "* or nature4 ,if we _c d ?is at all1 no religion is possible2 & 9 proportion z ,religion is possible1 ! ,k ( ,god is possible4 ,if x be said t ! ,absolute is un?9kable1 9 ?is ass]tion x is affirm$ t all pr$icates or categories ( ?\ght are inapplicable to ! ,absolute1 = to ?9k is to pr$icate ( "s object1 ! categories ( ?\ght2 & 9 s f> z ^! categories apply1 to t ext5t is ! ,absolute ?9kable4 ,s9ce ,exi/5ce is a category ( ?\ght1 x foll[s f ?is position t to pr$icate exi/5ce ( ! ,absolute is impossible2 8a que/ionable pr$icam5t0 truly = ! ,absolute4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e--t all ?\ght is limitation--,god is made ,pure ,be+1 or ,pure ,?\ght4 ,?is is also ! result ( ,indian ,pan!ism1 & ( all ,pan!ism2 ?is doctr9e conc]n+ ! m]e negative "* ( ?\ght1 9 fact1 und]lies ! ,ori5tal t5et t consci\sness is f9itude4 ,to be consi/5t1 all ,hamiltonians %\ld become ,brahm9s1 or1 at lea/1 jo9 "s sect ( mod]n ,spirituali/s1 & ?us embrace a religion t corresponds to _! dogma4 ,h[ev]1 let u n be s unreasonable z to insi/ ^u ! removal ( inconsi/5cy--x is all ! good !y h4 ,aft] all ?is prelim9>y let u proce$ at once to exam9e ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,paul ,janet1 :i* we h nam$ at ! head ( our article3 8,essai sur la dialectique dans ,platon et dans ,hegel40 ,aft] consid]+ ! ,dialectic ( ,plato 9 its v>i\s aspects1 & f9d+ t x re/s on ! pr9ciple ( contradiction1 ,m4 ,janet grapples ,hegel1 & makes1 9 ord]1 ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,i4 ,,t]m9ology4--,he tells u t ! great difficulty t lies 9 ! way ( compreh5d+ ,g]man ,philosophy is ! ab/ract t]m9ology employ$1 :i* is1 9 fact1 m]e s*ola/icism pres]v$ & appli$ to mod]n problems4 ,no nation ( mod]n times1 except ! ,g]mans1 h pres]v$ ! s*ola/ic =m4 ,he traces ! obscurity ( mod]n ,g]man philosophy to 8,ari/otle subtiliz$ by ! s*ools40 ,?is he contra/s ) ! 8simple & natural philosophy ( ! ,scot*40 ,?is 8simplicity0 arises f ! fact t ! ,scot* sy/em holds t imm$iate s5su\s kn[+ is valid4 ,( c\rse ?is implies t !y hold t ! imm$iate exi/5ce ( objects is a true exi/5ce--t :atev] is1 exi/s ?us & s )\t any fur!r gr\nds4 ,?is is ! d5ial ( all philosophy1 = x utt]ly ignores any occasion :atev] = x4 ,b x is no less antagoni/ic to ! 8natural sci5ce0 ( ! physici/3 he1 ! physici/1 f9ds ! imm$iate object ( ! s5ses to be no p]man5t or true phase1 b only a transitory "o2 ! object is involv$ ) o!r be+s--ev5 ! remote/ />--& *anges :5 !y *ange4 ,x is =ce & matt] 7two v ab/ract categories7 t are to him ! p]man5t & true exi/5ce4 ,b =ce & matt] _c be se5 by ! s5ses2 !y c only be ?\ght4 ,our au?or proce$s to trace ! resemblance betwe5 ,hegel & ,wolff3 bo? consid] & analyze ! pure concepts1 beg9n+ ) ,be+4 ,to ,m4 ,janet ?is resemblance goes = mu*1 b he admits t 8,hegel has modifi$ ?is ord] 7t ( ,wolff7 & r5d]$ x m sy/ematic40 ,if "o asks 8,h[ m sy/ematic80 he w n f9d ! answ]4 8,! s*ola/ic =m is reta9$1 b n ! ?\ght10 we are told4 ,t su* /atem5ts are put =w>d1 ev5 9 a book design$ = m]e surface-read]s may well surprise u4 ,t ! ma!matical me?od ( ,wolff or ,sp9oza--a me?od :i* proce$s by def9itions & ext]nal comp>ison1 hold+ mean:ile to ! pr9ciple ( contradiction--t su* a me?od %\ld be conf\nd$ ) t ( ,hegel :i* proce$s dialectically1 i4 e4 ?r\gh ! int]nal movem5t ( ! categories to _! contradiction or limit1 %[s ! /ud5t ( philosophy at once t we are deal+ ) a littrateur1 & n ) a philosoph]4 ,s f> f reta9+ ! =m ( ,wolff x is ! great object ( ,hegel 7see 8 long prefaces to ! 8,logik0 & ! 8,phnom5ologie des ,gei/es07 to supplant t =m by :at he consid]s ! true me?od--t ( ! objective itself4 ,! objective me?od is to be di/+ui%$ f ! arbitr>y me?od ( ext]nal reflection :i* selects its po9t ( view some:]e outside ( ! object consid]$1 & proce$s to draw relations & comp>isons :i*1 h[ev] edify+1 d n give u any exhau/ive k4 ,x is also to be di/+ui%$ f ! me?od ( m]e empirical obs]vation :i* collects )\t discrim9ation a mass ( *>act]i/ics1 accid5tal & necess>y1 & nev] arrives at a vivify+ s\l t unites & subord9ates ! multiplicity4 ,! objective me?od seizes some:at 9 its def9ition & traces x ?r\gh all ! phases :i* necess>ily unfold :5 ! object is plac$ 9 ! =m ( relation to itself4 ,an object :i* _c survive ! process ( self-relation1 p]i%es1 i4 e4 x leads to a m concrete object :i* is bett] able to endure4 ,?is me?od1 z we %all pres5tly see1 is attribut$ to ,plato by ,m4 ,janet4 ,! only resemblance t rema9s to be not$ betwe5 ! s*ola/ics & ,hegel is ?is3 !y bo? treat ( subtle di/9ctions 9 ?\ght1 :ile our mod]n 8common s5se0 sy/em goes only s f> z to di/+ui% v g5]al & obvi\s diff]5ces4 ,?is is a que/ionable m]it1 & ! less ado made ab\t x by su* z take pride 9 x1 ! bett] = !m4 ,our au?or cont9ues3 8,! pr9cipal difficulty ( ! sy/em ( ,kant is our ignorance ( ! anci5t sy/ems ( logic4 ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason is modell$ on ! s*ola/ic sy/em40 ,c\ld we h a m conclusive refutation ( ?is ?an ! fact t ! great pr(essors ( ! anci5t sy/ems grossly misund]/& ,kant1 & ev5 our essayi/ himself mi/akes ! :ole purport ( ! same6 ,he> him contra/ ,kant ) ,hegel3 8,kant sees 9 ,be+ only ! =m ( ,?\ght1 :ile ,hegel sees 9 ,?\ght only ! =m ( ,be+40 ,?is he says is ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,g]mans & ,fr5*1 int]pret+ x to mean3 8t ! =m] pursues ! r\te ( d$uction1 & ! latt] t ( exp]i5ce06 ,he wi%es to consid] ,hegel "u ?ree heads3 #a/1 ,! ,beg9n+2 #b;d1 ! dialectical d$uction ( ! ,becom+1 & #c;d1 ! t]m ,dialectic4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,beg9n+4--,accord+ to ,m4 ,janet1 ,hegel mu/ h us$ ?is syllogism 9 ord] to f9d ! prop] category ) :i* to comm5ce ! ,logic4 7a7 ,! ,beg9n+ %\ld presuppose no?+2 7b7 ,pure ,be+ presupposes no?+2 7c7 ,h5ce ,pure ,be+ is ! ,beg9n+4 ,?is syllogism he %[s to be inconclusive3 = !re are two beg9n+s1 7a7 9 ! ord] ( k1 7b7 9 ! ord] ( exi/5ce4 ,are !y ! same8 ,he answ]s3 8,no1 ! ?9k+ be+--because x ?9ks--kn[s itself be=e x kn[s ! be+ :i* x ?9ks40 ,subject & object be+ id5tical 9 t act1 ,m4 ,janet 9 effect says1 8x ?9ks itself be=e x ?9ks itself0--an argum5t t ! s*ola/ics w\ld h>dly h be5 guilty (6 ,! beg9n+ is really made1 he says1 ) int]nal or ext]nal exp]i5ce4 ,he quotes 7page #caf7 f ,hegel a passage ass]t+ t m$iation is ess5tial to kn[+4 ,?is he con/rues to mean t 8! det]m9$ or concrete 7! _w ( exp]i5ce7 is ! ess5tial condition ( kn[+60 ,?r\gh 8 misappreh5sion ( ! t]m 8m$iation10 we are prep>$ = all ! errors t foll[1 = 8m$iation 9 kn[+0 means ) ,hegel t x involves a process1 & h5ce c be true only 9 ! =m ( a sy/em4 ,! 8int]nal & ext]nal exp]i5ce0 app]ta9s to :at ,hegel calls imm$iate kn[+4 ,x is !re=e n to be wond]$ at t ,m4 ,janet ?9ks ,hegel contradicts himself by hold+ ,pure ,be+ to be ! ,beg9n+1 & aft]w>ds affirm+ m$iation to be necess>y4 ,he says 7page #cag71 8,9 ! ord] ( kn[+ x is ! m$iate :i* is necess>ily fir/1 :ile 9 ! ord] ( exi/5ce ! imm$iate is ! comm5cem5t40 ,su* a rem>k %[s him to be /ill labor+ on ! fir/ problem ( ,philosophy1 & )\t any light1 = no ,speculative ,philosoph] 7l ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,leibnitz1 or ,hegel7 ev] held t ,pure ,be+--or ! imm$iate--is ! fir/ 9 ! ord] ( exi/5ce1 b r t ,god or ,_s 7self-?9k+1 8pure act10 1 8,logos10 c47 is ! fir/ 9 ! ord] ( exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 ,m4 ,janet praises ,plato & ,ari/otle = ?is v ?+ at ! end ( 8 volume1 & !reby exhibits ! unconsci\sness ( 8 proc$ure4 ,aga91 8,! pure ?\ght is ! end ( philosophy1 & n its beg9n+40 ,if he means by ?is t ! culture ( consci\sness ends 9 arriv+ at pure ?\ght or philosophy1 we h no objection to (f]1 except to ! limit+ ( ! application ( ! t]m ,philosophy to its prelim9>y /age1 :i* is call$ ! ,ph5om5ology ( ,_s4 ,! arrival at pure ?\ght m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! use ( t]ms 9 a univ]sal s5se1 & h5ce is ! beg9n+ ( philosophy prop]4 ,b ,m4 ,janet criticises ! di/9ction made by ,hegel betwe5 ,ph5om5ology & ,psy*ology1 & in/ances ,ma9e de ,biran z "o :o writes ,psy*ology 9 ! s5se ,hegel w\ld write ,ph5om5ology4 ,b ,m4 ,biran m]ely manipulates c]ta9 unexpla9$ ph5om5a1--l ! ,w1 = example--9 ord] to d]ive categories l =ce1 cause1 c4 ,b ,hegel %[s 9 8 ,ph5om5ology ! dialectical unfold+ ( consci\sness ?r\gh all its phases1 />t+ f ! imm$iate c]titude ( ! s5ses4 ,he %[s h[ c]titude becomes k ( tru?1 & :]e9 x diff]s f x4 ,b ,m4 ,janet 7p4 #cbd7 ?9ks t ,hegel's sy/em1 beg9n+ 9 empirical ,psy*ology1 climbs to pure ?\ght1 8& !n draws up ! ladd] aft] x40 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,becom+4--,we are told by ! au?or t consci\sness det]m9+ itself z ,be+1 det]m9es itself z a be+1 & n z ! be+4 ,if ?is be s we _c ?9k pure be+ at all4 ,su* an ass]tion am\nts to d5y+ ! univ]sal "* ( ! ,ego4 ,if ! position /at$ 7 true1 we c\ld ?9k nei!r be+ nor any o!r object4 ,on page #ccb1 he says1 8,?is contradiction 7( ,be+ & non-be+7 :i* 9 ! ord9>y logic w\ld be ! negative ( ! posit$ notion1 is1 9 ! logic ( ,hegel1 only an excitant or /imulus1 :i* someh[ det]m9es _s to f9d a ?ird some:at 9 :i* x f9ds ! o!r conciliat$40 ,he is n able to see any proc$ure at all4 ,he sees ! two opposites1 & ?9ks t ,hegel empirically hunts out a concept :i* implies bo?1 & sub/itutes x = !m4 ,m4 ,janet ?9ks 7pp4 #ccf-g7 t ,hegel has exagg]at$ ! difficulties ( conceiv+ ! id5tity ( ,be+ & n\ght4 7p4 #cch7 8,if ! diff]5ce ( ,be+ & n\ght c be nei!r express$ nor def9$1 if !y are z id5tical z diff]5t--if1 9 %ort1 ! idea ( ,be+ is only ! idea ( ! pure void1 ,i w say1 n m]ely t ,be+ trans=ms itself into ,no?+1 or passes into its contr>y2 ,i w say t !re are n two contr>ies1 b only "o t]m :i* ,i h falsely call$ ,be+ 9 ! !sis1 b :i* is 9 reality only ,non-be+ )\t re/riction--! pure z]o40 ,he quotes f ,kuno ,fis*] 7p4 #cdj7 ! foll[+ rem>ks applicable "h3 8,if ,be+ 7 9 reality ! pure void z x is ord9>ily tak51 ,non-be+ w\ld n express ! same void a second "t2 b x w\ld !n be ! non-void1 i4 e4 ! abhorr5ce ( ! void1 or ! imman5t contradiction ( ! void40--7& aga9 f 8 8,logik und ,metaphysik0 ,,ii4 #bi73 8,! logical ,be+ contradicts itself2 = ?\ght vani%es 9 ! immovable repose ( ,be+4 ,b z ,be+ comes only f ?\ght 7= x is ! act ( ?\ght71 x contradicts ?us itself 9 de/roy+ ?\ght4 ,consequ5tly ?\ght manife/s itself z ! negation ( ,be+--t is to say1 z ,non-be+4 ,! ,non-be+ 7logical7 is n ! total suppression ( ,be+--! pure z]o--x is n ! ma!matical opposition ( ,be+ to itself z a negative oppos$ to a positive1 b x is ! dialectical negative ( itself1 ! imman5t contradiction ( ,be+4 ,be+ contradicts itself1 h5ce is ,non-be+1 & 9 ! concept ( ,non-be+1 ?\ght discov]s ! imman5t contradiction ( ,be+--?\ght manife/s itself at fir/ z ,be+1 & 9 turn ! logical ,be+ manife/s itself z ,non-be+2 ?\ght c h5ce say1 8,i am ! ,be+ :i* is n40 8,su*10 cont9ues our au?or1 8is ! d$uction ( ,m4 ,fis*]4 ,x seems to me v mu* inf]ior 9 cle>ness to t ( ,hegel40 ,h[ he c\ld say ?is is v my/]i\s :5 we f9d him d5y+ all validity to ,hegel's demon/ration4 ,al?\gh ,fis*]'s explanation is mix$--p>tly dialectical & p>tly psy*ological--yet1 z an explanation1 x is correct4 ,b z psy*ology %\ld n be dragg$ into ,logic1 :i* is ! evolution ( ! =ms ( pure ?9k+1 we mu/ hold /rictly to ! dialectic if we w\ld see ! 8,becom+40 ,! psy*ological explanation gets no fur!r ?an ! relation ( ,be+ & n\ght z concepts4 ,! ,hegelian ?\ght on ?is po9t is n widely diff]5t f t ( ,gorgias1 z giv5 u by ,sextus ,empiricus1 nor f t ( ,plato 9 ! ,sophi/4 ,let u attempt x "h3 ,be+ is ! pure simple2 z su* x is consid]$ "u ! =m ( self-relation4 ,b z x is :olly undet]m9$1 & has no cont5t1 x is pure n\ght or absolute negation4 ,z su* x is ! negation by itself or ! negation ( itself1 & h5ce its own opposite or ,be+4 ,?us ! simple falls ?r\gh self-opposition into duality1 & ?is aga9 becomes simple if we attempt to hold x asund]1 or give x any validity by itself4 ,?us if ,be+ is posit$ z hav+ validity 9 & by itself )\t det]m9ation1 7omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio71 x becomes a pure void 9 n[ise diff]5t f n\ght1 = diff]5ce is det]m9ation1 & nei!r ,be+ nor n\ght possess x4 ,:at is ! validity ( ! n\ght8 ,a negative is a relative1 & a negative by itself is a negative relat$ to itself1 :i* is a self-cancell+4 ,?us ,be+ & n\ght1 posit$ objectively z hav+ validity1 prove dissolv+ =ms & pass ov] into ea* o!r4 ,be+ is a ceas+ & n\ght is a beg9n+1 & ^! are ! two =ms ( ,becom+4 ,! ,becom+1 dialectically consid]$1 proves itself inadequate likewise4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,dialectic4--,to consid] an object dialectically we h m]ely to give x univ]sal validity2 if x contradicts itself !n1 we are n 9 anywise conc]n$ = ! result2 we w simply /& by & accept ! result1 )\t fe> t ! true w n appe> 9 ! end4 ,! negative turn$ aga9/ itself makes %ort "w ( itself2 x is only :5 ! subjective reflection tries to save x by hypo!ses & res]vations t a m]ely negative result is obta9$4 7,page #cfi73 8,9 ,sp9ozism ! developm5t ( ,be+ is ,geometric2 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,hegel x is organic40 ,:at c\ld h tempt$ him to use ^! words1 x is impossible to say1 unless x 0 ! deep-seat$ national proclivity = epigrammatic /atem5ts4 ,?is di/9ction means no?+ less 79 ! m\? ( its orig9al au?or7 ?an :at we h already giv5 z ! true diff]5ce betwe5 ,wolff's & ,hegel's me?ods2 b ,m4 ,janet has long s9ce =gott5 8 e>li] /atem5ts4 7,page #cfi7 ,he says1 8,hegel's me?od is a fai?ful expression ( ! movem5t ( nature10 f :i* he ?9ks ,hegel d]iv$ x empirically6 ,on page #cgb he asks3 8,:o proves to u t ! dialectic /ops at ,_s z its la/ t]m8 ,:y c ,i n conceive a _s absolutely sup]ior to m9e1 9 :om ! id5tity betwe5 subject & object1 ! intelligible & intellig5ce w\ld be m p]fect ?an x is ) ?is great ,philosoph] ,hegel8 9999999999 ,9 fact1 e philosoph] is a man1 & s f> =? is full ( obscurity & feebl5ess40 ,_s is ! la/ t]m 9 philosophy = ! reason t x /&s 9 complete self-relation1 & h5ce conta9s its anti!sis )9 itself2 if x c\ld /& 9 opposition to any?+ else1 !n x w\ld conta9 a contradiction1 & be capable ( transition into a high]4 ,m4 ,janet asks 9 effect3 8,:o proves t ! dialectic /ops at ,god z ! highe/1 & :y _c ,i conceive a high]80 ,judg+ f 8 attempt at und]/&+ ,hegel1 h[ev]1 he is n 9 a fair way to conceive 8a _s 9 :om ! id5tity betwe5 subject & object0 is m p]fect ?an 9 ,hegel4 8,:at h9d]s0 is 8 own culture1 8 own self2 8,du glei*/ dem ,gei/ d5 du begreif/1 ni*t mir10 said ! ,_w-_s to ,fau/4 ,he asks1 7p4 #cgd73 8,:5 did ! #8pure act' comm5ce80 ,f ,et]nity2 x always comm5ces1 & is always complete1 says ,hegel4 8,accord+ to ,hegel1 ,god is made f n\ght1 by means ( ! ,_w40 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ,hegel holds t ,god is self-creat$1 & ! _w et]nally creat$ by him 7! ,et]nally-begott5 ,son74 8,:at ne$ has ,god ( ,nature80 ,god is ,_s2 h5ce consci\s2 h5ce he makes himself an object to himself2 9 ?is act he creates nature2 h5ce ,nature is ,8 reflection4 7,p4 #chf73 8,! ,absolute 9 ,hegel is _s only on condition t x ?9ks1 & ?9ks itself2 h5ce x is n ess5tially ,_s1 b only accid5tally40 ,to 8?9k itself0 is to be consci\s1 &1 )\t ?is1 ,god w\ld h no p]sonality2 & h5ce if ,hegel 7 to hold any o!r doctr9e ?an ! "o attribut$ to him1 he w\ld be a ,pan!i/4 ,b ^! ?+s are n m]e dogmas ) ,hegel2 !y appe> z ! logical results ( ! mo/ logical ( sy/ems4 8,b 9 ,plato1 ,god is a ,reason 9 activity1 a liv+ ?\ght40 ,m4 ,janet m5tions ?is to %[ ,plato's sup]iority2 he ?9ks t x is absurd = ,hegel to attribute ?9k+ to ,god1 b ?9ks ! same ?+ to be a great m]it 9 ,plato4 7,p4 #cib73 8,behold ! ,platonic d$uction or dialectic3 be+ giv5 a pure idea1 he %[s t ?is idea1 if x 7 all alone1 i4 e4 made univ]sal1 or plac$ 9 self-relation1 or posit$ z valid = itself1 w\ld be contradictory ( itself1 & consequ5tly c\ld n be4 ,h5ce1 if x exi/s1 x is on condition t x m+les ) ano!r idea4 ,take1 = example1 ! multiple3 by itself1 x loses itself 9 ! indisc]nible1 = x w\ld be impossible )\t unity40 ,?is w\ld d v well = a description ( ! ,dialectic 9 ,hegel if he w\ld lay m /ress on ! positive side ( ! result4 ,n m]ely does ! 8pure idea m+le ) ano!r0--i4 e4 pass ov] to its opposite--b x returns into itself by ! cont9uation ( its own movem5t1 & !reby rea*es a concrete /age4 ,plato sometimes uses ?is complete dialectical movem5t1 & ends affirmatively2 sometimes he uses only ! p>tial movem5t & draws negative conclusions4 ,h[ mu* bett] ,m4 ,janet's book might h be5--we may be all[$ to rem>k 9 conclusion--_h he possess$ ! e>ne/ _s ( su* m5 z ,v]a & ,hut*ison ,/irl+6 ,/imulat$ by its title1 we _h hop$ to f9d a book t w\ld k9dle a zeal = ! /udy ( ! pr(\nde/ philosophical subject1 z treat$ by ! pr(\nde/ ( ?9k]s4 ,footnote #fe3 8,essai sur la dialectique dans ,platon et dans ,hegel10 p> ,paul ,janet1 ,membre de ,l',in/itut1 pr(esseur la ,facult des lettres de ,p>is4--,p>is1 7,ladrange17 #ahfj4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,text t 0 9 bold face is enclos$ by equals signs 7bold74 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! articles 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4