,transcriber's ,note ,when italics were used in the original book1 the corresponding text has been surrounded by underscores4 ,some corrections have been made to the printed text4 ,these are listed in a second transcriber's note at the end of the text4 ,,canada ,,department ,,of ,,mines ,,geological ,,survey ,,branch ,,hon4 ,w4 ,,templeman1 ,,minister2 ,a4 ,p4 ,,low1 ,,ll4,d41 ,,deputy ,,minister2 ,r4 ,w4 ,,brock1 ,,director4 ,,preliminary ,,report ,,on ,,gowganda ,,mining ,,division ,,district ,,of ,,nipissing ,,ontario ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,collins ,illustration3 ,colophon ,,ottawa ,,printed ,,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,parmelee1 ,,printer ,,to ,,the ,,king',s ,,most ,,excellent ,,majesty #aiji ,no4 #ajge #acgci-a ,,contents ,,page4 ,i4 ,introduction4 #a4 ,location and area #e #b4 ,statement of work #e #c4 ,history of development #f ,,ii4 ,summary and ,conclusions #h ,,iii4 ,general ,character of ,district #aj #a4 ,means of access #aj #b4 ,topography #aa #c4 ,drainage #ad #d4 ,flora and fauna #ae ,,iv4 ,general ,geology #af #a4 ,outline of ,geological history #af #b4 ,table of formations #ah #c4 ,keewatin #ah ,general features #ah ,obushkong area #ah ,duncan ,lake area #bj ,pigeon lake area #ba ,unfinished areas #bb #d4 ,laurentian #bc ,general features #bc ,relations to other formations #bd #e4 ,huronian #be ,general features #be ,basal conglomerate #bf ,greywacke slate and quartzite #bg ,upper conglomerate #bg ,arkose #bh ,structural features and disturbances #bh ,relations to other formations #bi ,origin and correlation #ca #f4 ,post-,huronian eruptives #cb ,quartz diabase #cb ,character of intrusion and distribution relative to older systems #cb ,macroscopic character #cc ,microscopic character #cd ,local description #cf ,age #cg ,olivine diabase #ch #g4 ,pleistocene #ch ,v4 ,economic ,geology #dj #a4 ,silver #dj ,distribution #dj ,surface indications #dj ,structure of veins #da ,composition of veins #da ,local description #db ,future possibilities #dd #b4 ,copper #de #c4 ,iron ores #de ,hematite #de ,magnetite #df #d4 ,asbestos #df ,distribution #df ,origin #dg ,,illustrations4 #a4 ,frontispiece--,view at ,foot of ,duncan ,lake #e #b4 ,diagram illustrating the structure of large hills #ab #c4 ,diagram illustrating geological relationships #af #d4 ,view looking north from middle of ,duncan ,lake1 #eej ft4 hill in distance #bj #e4 ,west ,branch ,montreal ,river1 near ,mosher ,lake #bb #f4 ,fifth portage on ,west ,branch of ,montreal ,river1 showing ,huronian slate #cj #g4 ,inclined ,huronian ,beds1 ,duncan ,lake #cb ,r4 ,w4 ,,brock1 ,esq41 ,director ,geological ,survey ,branch1 ,department of ,mines4 ,,sir1--,i beg to submit the following preliminary report upon work done in the ,gowganda ,mining ,division during the field season of #aijh4 ,i have the honour to be1 sir1 ,your obedient servant1 ,w4 ,h4 ,,collins4 ,,chicago1 ,march #h1 #aiji4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,view at foot of ,duncan ,lake4 ,,preliminary ,,report ,,on ,,gowganda ,,mining ,,division ,,district ,,of ,,nipissing1 ,,ontario ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,collins4 -------------- ,,introduction4 ,,location ,,and ,,area4 ,the portion of the ,montreal ,river region with which the present report deals lies in the extreme western part of the ,district of ,nipissing1 in the neighbourhood of ,n4 ,lat4 #dgde1 and about #he miles north of the town of ,sudbury4 ,it includes an area of #cej square miles1 most of which lies between the two large branches of the ,montreal river1 which empties into ,lake ,timiskaming on the west side4 ,,statement ,,of ,,work4 ,the ,algoma-,nipissing boundary line was run in #ahig by ,alexander ,niven1 ,o4,l4,s4 ,these surveys1 with representations of some of the larger lakes1 had been compiled by the ,geological ,survey of ,canada on a scale of #af miles to one inch2#a and on a scale of eight miles by the ,crown ,lands ,department of ,ontario4 ,with these as a guide and summary of the existing geographical knowledge it was decided to make a micrometer and prismatic compass survey of both branches4 ,during the past season a prismatic compass and micrometer survey was made of both branches of the ,montreal river and all navigable waters adjoining them4 ,this work was done by ,messrs4 ,t4 ,firth1 ,j4 ,r4 ,marshall and ,a4 ,b4 ,moffatt4 ,most of the small ponds lying some distance from a canoe route were located by rapid chain and compass methods1 and in a few instances west of ,duncan lake by a compass triangulation from hilltops2 the larger ones have been measured by pacing or chaining1 the smaller ones sketched4 ,some of the more prominent hills were located by triangulation1 and their heights ascertained by aneroid determinations4 ,the water levels were obtained in the same way1 but cannot as yet be referred to sea-level4 ,the geological work was performed by the writer1 assisted by ,mr4 ,firth4 ,besides a thorough examination of all the surveyed routes1 a systematic examination of the intervening country was carried out as closely as the time and varied requirements of the area would permit4 ,as this was the first season spent in the district and a continuation of the work is anticipated1 the present results are offered as incomplete and subject to revision4 ,,history ,,of ,,development4 ,since the discovery of silver cobalt ores at ,cobalt in #aijc1 exploration has shown the adjacent country to be locally enriched by mineral veins of the same character and genesis4 ,at the close of #aijg an area #fe miles long in a north and south direction1 and about #de miles wide1 extending from ,lake ,timiskaming and the ,ontario-,quebec boundary westward1 was known to include at least ten mineralized districts besides the principal one at ,cobalt1 of which the most recently found lie near the ,montreal river4 ,it has also become known gradually that these deposits are closely connected with the post-,huronian quartz diabase of the region4 ,this diabase was known to extend for a very considerable distance farther west1 leading to the inference that more discoveries were to be expected in that direction4 ,the spring of #aijh saw interest centred upon the ,montreal ,river finds1 and early in the season active exploration had commenced4 ,the ,montreal river1 up to that time1 had not been regarded with special favour1 the diabase being considered of no economic importance1 but with the new conceptions gained by exploitation of the silver-cobalt district1 this formation in the west began to attract attention4 ,at the beginning of the field work1 early in ,july1 a considerable number of prospecting parties were on the ground1 as far west as ,duncan and ,pigeon lakes4 ,during ,july and ,august this movement1 encouraged by the succession of mineral discoveries that were being made near ,bloom and ,everett lakes1 increased steadily1 in spite of the scarcity of available topographical and geological information dealing with the region4 ,early in ,august discoveries of native silver were made almost simultaneously by ,messrs4 ,mann and associates1 and by ,messrs4 ,crawford and ,dobie on the west side of ,gowganda lake1 but were not made public until the first week in ,september when the claims were recorded at ,elk ,lake and specimens were exhibited4 ,twenty-four hours later the leading canoes of an inrushing body of prospectors had reached the new field1 and within two weeks most of the promising country between ,gowganda and ,elkhorn lakes and northward had been staked1 regardless of the mineral discoveries necessary to validate the claims4 ,since then numerous discoveries have been made1 and the news of a new silver field1 until recently confined to the ,montreal ,river and ,cobalt districts1 has spread widely4 ,as a consequence1 a mid-winter rush is now in progress1 and hundreds of prospectors1 regardless of deep snow and severe cold1 are entering the country4 ,much inadvisable staking will be done1 no doubt1 before spring1 but the disappearance of the snow and reopening of river navigation will certainly be followed by an increased rush of prospectors4 ,,summary ,,and ,,conclusions4 ,the results obtained from the field work indicate that the ,montreal ,river district does not differ essentially from the ,cobalt or other neighbouring districts4 ,the surface has the same rugged monotony of the pre-,cambrian peneplain1 relieved somewhat by ridges of ,huronian1 which stand from #cjj to #eej feet above the general level4 ,the country is well watered1 and offers exceptional facilities for canoe travel4 ,pleistocene deposits are thin1 and nearly everywhere the rock formations are well exposed4 ,a basement complex underlies the entire region1 either appearing at the surface or hidden beneath areas of ,huronian sediments4 ,this basement consists largely of ,laurentian biotite and hornblende gneisses1 with patches of vertically foliated1 ,keewatin schists caught up in the former2 the intervening contacts forming indefinite zones1 in which intrusive action is manifested4 ,in this report1 for convenience1 this complex will be referred to as the ,archan4 ,the ,archan possessed a peneplanated surface1 not greatly different from the present one1 which is well preserved where overlain by erosion remnants of ,huronian sedimentary rocks1 but which at other points has been further denuded4 ,the ,lower ,huronian rocks are of clastic nature1 consisting in ascending order1 of conglomerate1 greywacke1 slate and quartzite1 which pass conformably into an upper conglomerate2 while a granite-like1 arkose member is believed from its similarity to rocks of the same character in the ,cobalt area1 to be possibly of later1 ,middle ,huronian age4 ,they are remarkably well preserved1 and show only slight indication of disturbance4 ,a later intrusion of quartz diabase has developed a system of dikes in the ,archan and large tongue-shaped areas in the ,huronian believed to represent sills of several hundred feet thickness1 lying in the bedding planes of the ,huronian sediments4 ,the diabase magma has been notably differentiated1 giving rise to forms ranging from gabbroid to syenitic in composition1 and to younger aplite dikes4 ,with the diabase is associated a group of veins containing an association of cobalt and silver ore identical with that of ,cobalt and vicinity4 ,the veins cut both diabase and aplite as well as the ,huronian1 and are therefore younger1 but probably not much younger than the aplite1 since it contains some of the minerals found in them4 ,the distribution of the veins so far as known is confined to the larger diabase areas1 the dikes and smaller bodies being undifferentiated and unmineralized2 but the ,huronian adjacent to the diabase also contains veins1 somewhat more siliceous1 yet evidently of the same age as the others4 ,alteration and impregnation of the country rock has taken place to an unknown1 but1 presumably1 limited extent4 ,some of the veins are remarkably rich1 and many of them occupy persistent1 well defined fissures4 ,the cause of these fissures is not yet known1 but they appear to be too large and continuous to have resulted from contraction alone4 ,,general ,,character ,,of ,,district4 ,,means ,,of ,,access4 ,in #aijh the most used route to the ,montreal ,river district started from ,latchford1 a station on the ,timiskaming and ,northern ,ontario railway1 #ic miles north of ,north ,bay4 ,from this village1 situated on the ,montreal river1 a line of small steamers made daily trips up the river for #ef miles to ,elk lake4 ,this up-river terminus was then a rapidly growing village4 ,in the spring of #aijg it consisted of a single shack and a cluster of prospectors' tents2 when seen in ,october1 #aijh1 it had a population of over #bjj people and all the conveniences of a village of that size1 including a post office with regular mail service1 a mining recorder's office1 lately removed from ,latchford1 general stores1 hotels1 etc4 ,from this point1 which forms the headquarters and point of departure for ,montreal ,river prospecting parties1 a variety of routes lead westward4 ,the ,montreal river may be ascended to the ,forks1 where its two branches unite1 but the stream is rapid1 and1 especially in high water1 difficult of ascent1 besides offering a very indirect route to the most frequented districts4 ,the ,bloom ,lake route1 a map of which accompanies the ,report of the ,bureau of ,mines1 ,ontario1 #aijg1 was1 during #aijh1 very commonly used4 ,this route1 #i miles in length and consisting of a chain of small lakes and portages1 leads1 from a point on the main river #aa miles above ,elk ,lake1 directly west to the ,east branch4 ,from the ,east branch a multiplicity of courses are open4 ,both ,east and ,west branches are easily navigable1 being for the most part lake-like and sluggish1 broken by occasional swift river-like stretches in which rapids occur4 ,good portages exist at all these places so that travel either up or down stream presents no difficulty4 ,numerous good canoe routes connect the two branches and ,duncan and ,pigeon lakes1 and allow of easy access to the country in the west4 ,but since the writer left the field the great influx of prospectors has caused marked improvements in the connexion of the area1 especially the ,gowganda district1 with outside railway points4 ,a sleigh road has been opened from ,charlton on the ,timiskaming and ,northern ,ontario railway to ,elk ,lake1 and thence about #cb miles south-westward to the east shore of ,gowganda lake4 ,it is understood that heavy grades make travel somewhat arduous1 but the trip from ,elk ,lake is made easily in a day4 ,on ,february #d1 a sleigh road about #fe miles long was completed between ,gowganda and ,sellwood1 the present terminus of the northern extension from ,sudbury of the ,canadian ,northern railway4 ,a regular stage route now connects ,sellwood1 ,phoenix1 ,burwash lake1 ,elkhorn lake1 and ,gowganda4 ,however1 neither the road to ,elk ,lake nor that to ,sellwood are yet suitable for summer use1 so that with the coming of spring1 canoe travel must be again resorted to4 ,it is also reported that preliminary surveys for the extension of the railway to ,gowganda are in progress4 ,meanwhile a business centre is springing up on the east side of ,gowganda lake4 ,a sawmill was put in operation on ,february #c1 but has since been stopped owing to its location within a government timber reservation4 ,a town plot has been laid out at the foot of the lake and lots are now purchasable from the ,ontario ,department of ,lands1 ,forests and ,mines4 ,buildings are being erected as rapidly as the supply of material permits4 ,a branch of the ,royal ,bank of ,canada has been opened1 and the ,canadian ,bank of ,commerce and others propose to be on the ground within a short time4 ,postal connexions have been established via ,sellwood1 and as soon as possible a mining recorder's office is to be opened4 ,so swiftly are events transpiring that before the present report takes printed form1 this paragraph will be in need of revision4 ,however1 only the developments of a permanent nature and of essential interest to prospective visitors to that region have been given4 ,for the #aiji field season ,gowganda will probably be the headquarters for prospecting parties in the neighbourhood of the ,east and ,west branches and ,wapus creek4 ,,topography4 ,attention is given here rather to the details than the general aspect of the country4 ,it exhibits the usual monotonous succession of low rocky hills and lake-containing depressions1 the even horizon seen from the summit of any large hill1 being only rarely notched by a prominence of unusual height4 ,in the spring of #aijh virtually the whole area was forested1 but during ,september the extreme dryness of the country and the unusually large number of camping parties combined to cause bush fires over much of the country between the ,east and ,west branches4 ,the vegetable loam has been removed from extensive tracts leaving the rock formations exposed1 but the charred tree trunks have fallen so as to cover the burnt districts with a #8slash1' which greatly impedes cross-country travel1 so that what has been gained in one respect is more than counterbalanced in another4 ,especially is this the case in the country west of ,gowganda and ,obushkong lakes1 and near the ,forks4 ,the general surface may be characterized as of comparatively low-relief1 the hills not often rising over #bjj feet1 but here and there over the country are conspicuous elevations1 visible at long distances1 which form useful landmarks and from whose summits comprehensive birds-eye impressions of the surrounding country are possible4 ,structurally they appear to be1 in a few cases1 resistant knobs of ,keewatin1 which project well above the general peneplain level1 but more commonly they are tilted ridges of ,huronian4 ,a characteristic representative of the latter type forms a long ridge beginning a mile and a quarter north-east of ,duncan lake and extending thence for several miles in a north-easterly direction4 ,the south-east side of this ridge slopes gently at an angle corresponding with the dip of the beds1 but the north-west face is an abrupt cliff dropping almost perpendicularly for about #djj feet to a flat sandy plain which extends westward and northward for several miles1 beyond which are other monadnock-like knobs4 ,the accompanying diagram is intended to represent the structure in vertical cross-section4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,vertical section across ,huron ,ridge1 ,north of ,duncan ,lake4 ,another ridge of similar character1 standing #eej feet above the level of ,duncan lake1 is visible from the ridge just described and from points on ,duncan and ,otto lakes1 and adjoining country4 ,its position as indicated on the map is about four miles north of the large island in the middle of ,duncan lake1 a view of it from this point being shown in fig4 #d4 ,in this case the east face is perpendicular4 ,a prominent hill of the same kind is visible from ,obushkong lake1 lying a short distance to the north-west of that body4 ,just west of ,mosher lake as represented in fig4 #e1 two round hills of about equal size rise #cjj feet above the water level4 ,the more southerly of the two is of ,keewatin1 while that to the north is composed wholly of diabase1 ,huronian lying around the base of each4 ,bold1 but less individualized elevations are common in the neighbourhood of ,kenisheong lake1 and other localities4 ,all these hills are markedly rocky and free from soil4 ,less conspicuous than these great masses are certain minor1 but persistent features which are directly referable to geological conditions4 ,within ,huronian areas there is a distinct tendency toward the development of a system of parallel ridges similar in structure and mode of origin to the hill at the north-east of ,duncan lake4 ,this feature is developed with special regularity in the southern part of the wedge between ,duncan lake and the ,west branch1 where a succession of north and south ridges alternate with strips of swampy ground4 ,the western faces of the ridge are bare and cliff-like1 while the eastern slopes are gentle1 well soil-covered and forested4 ,the post-,huronian diabase is an equally potent topographical factor4 ,its surface is one of marked irregularity1 but the peculiarly distinctive features occur at its contacts with the ,huronian4 ,these contacts appear to be zones of low erosive resistance1 and are commonly coincident with ravines1 walled on one side by diabase1 on the other by ,huronian4 ,small lakes may occur at intervals along them as1 for example1 between ,firth lake and the ,west branch4 ,this erosion feature is well shown by the configuration of ,gowganda lake1 where diabase bodies are unusually abundant2 both of the long arms to the north-west lie in trough-like depressions marking the edges of the eastern diabase mass4 ,the same tendency in an incipient condition is observable on the east side of the large peninsula where a series of three land-locked bays extend along the contact between the eastern diabase mass and the ,huronian4 ,near the middle of ,duncan lake1 a diabase-,huronian contact which crosses the lake diagonally is marked by two deep bays1 one extending to the north1 the other southward4 ,while this tendency is an evident one it is not to be understood as invariable2 the large island in ,duncan lake between the two above-mentioned bays is sufficient to indicate that contacts may lie in high ground1 yet even here there are minor features indicating the contact zone to be structurally weak4 ,another less explicable topographic peculiarity becomes apparent only upon scrutiny of the drainage system4 ,a brief consideration of the map shows that both ,east and ,west branches follow peculiar zig-zag courses running north for a short distance1 then turning abruptly east1 this feature recurring repeatedly4 ,in some instances the east-west portion of both branches lies in the same line4 ,in the case of ,zigzag lake and adjacent portions of the ,west branch this feature is repeated with an almost conventional regularity1 which precludes attributing it to chance causes4 ,many of the smaller lakes--,foot lake1 for instance--exhibit the same character on a small scale4 ,this abnormality has been commented upon by investigators in the country to the east1 the courses there1 however1 being ,n4,e4-,s4,w4 and ,n4,w4-,s4,e4 ,regional faulting is suggested in explanation4 ,the canyon-like east and west walls of ,zigzag lake suggest such conditions1 but a discussion of the matter must be deferred until further data can be collected4 ,,drainage4 ,all the drainage water escapes by way of the ,montreal river1 whose two chief tributaries are the ,east and ,west branches1 the latter being considerably the larger4 ,the ,east branch is without feeders of important size1 but the ,west branch receives a large creek1 the ,wapus1 from the south1 and a considerable volume of water enters through ,duncan lake4 ,in common with most rivers traversing the pre-,cambrian region1 this water system is marked by a volume of dormant water enormously greater than that being transported at any given moment4 ,with few exceptions the many small tributary brooks rise in lakes or groups of lakes surprisingly large in size1 compared with the volume of the out-flowing streams2 ,otto and ,lehmann lakes are drained by a rather sluggish rivulet #h feet wide and #f deep1 although their combined area is about two square miles4 ,the larger streams themselves are only successions of irregular lake expansions which empty from one to another by short1 river-like portions containing rapids and falls4 ,the descent is therefore accomplished by a succession of abrupt steps rather than an evenly graded slope4 ,this juvenile condition is directly ascribable to the geological character of the country2 soil deposits are insignificant in quantity1 leaving exposed a resistant and uneven rock floor in which the streams are unable to carve channels for themselves4 ,failing to do so they select the readiest egress by filling up impervious rock basins and spilling over at the lowest points into lower ones4 ,in consequence of the scantiness of soils and frequency of natural settling basins1 the waters of the whole system are free from suspended matter1 and hence lack of an effective graving instrument4 ,exceptions to this general character occur in the extensive sand plain to the north and west of ,duncan lake1 where the several small creeks that traverse it are of ordinary fluvial form and gradation1 and the waters of which transport large quantities of sand to ,duncan lake4 ,,flora ,,and ,,fauna4 ,where not recently burned the country is fairly well forested1 the density and character of growth being dependent upon soil and drainage4 ,the best timber is in low ground and near watercourses where conditions for growth are most favourable and the probability of fire least4 ,recent fires have done much damage around ,nest1 ,obushkong and ,gowganda lakes4 ,probably the best timber lies near ,duncan lake4 ,trees do not grow very large as a rule and are not especially good for making lumber1 but provide an abundant supply of materials for pulpwood1 railway ties1 fuel and for mine use4 ,white pine is the most valuable species1 but although individuals attain thicknesses of #bj to #dj they are too scarce to render this timber worth the search4 ,good red pine is more abundant4 ,jack pine is a very common tree1 especially in sandy districts1 e4g41 north-west of ,duncan lake2 but is small and worthless4 ,the common and most widely distributed species are spruce1 balsam1 cedar1 poplar1 white and yellow birch4 ,tamarack is not abundant4 ,clumps of small red maples were seen to the south-west of ,pigeon lake4 ,the ,east and ,west branches are not well suited for carrying logs as there are extensive lake expansions without current on each and the rapids are shallow4 ,excellent water-power is obtainable at the #dj foot fall on the ,west branch above ,fort ,matachewan4 ,wild animals are not abundant1 and will probably become less so as the country is occupied by prospecting and mining camps4 ,moose were plentiful in #aijh and some black bears were seen4 ,as a source of food the abundance of pickerel and pike is of much greater importance4 ,brook trout do not occur in the ,montreal ,river waters1 but are caught farther to the west and north4 ,,general ,,geology4 ,,outline ,,of ,,geological ,,history4 ,though the geology of the region presents considerable complexity of detail1 the general historical facts are distinct and go to show that the whole complex of formations and systems is capable of separation into four major divisions widely different from one another4 ,the mutual relationships of these divisions1 a knowledge of which is essential to a thorough comprehension of the geology1 are succinctly expressed by the accompanying diagram4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,diagram illustrating geological relationships of ,montreal ,river district4 ,the oldest division1 the ,keewatin1 comprises a complex association of metamorphosed rocks1 principally eruptive1 characterized by well-developed1 secondary schistosity and prevalently dark colours4 ,they dip at angles approaching #ij and range in texture from soft1 fissile1 chorite schists to fine-grained gneisses or altered diabases4 ,in the ,montreal ,river district the ,keewatin areas are not entirely visible1 being overlain by other rocks1 but they are thought to represent the bottoms of trough-like folds1 produced by the upward intrusion of igneous matter which now constitutes the ,laurentian4 ,the latter forms the second division1 its origin being apparent from the foregoing statement4 ,it is wholly igneous1 consisting of granite and allied coarsely crystalline rocks essentially pale-coloured owing to their richness in quartz and feldspars4 ,gneissic structure has been developed in varying degrees1 so that all gradations between granite and gneisses exist2 but it never attains the perfection found in the ,keewatin4 ,near their contacts with the ,keewatin1 the gneisses are apt to contain dark bands and ribbons of the latter so highly crystalline as to conceal their identity4 ,wherever visible the surface of the ,keewatin and ,laurentian presents an irregular1 deeply worn appearance1 the result of extremely protracted exposure to erosive agencies4 ,to the best of geological knowledge the same conditions hold where they lie buried under the ,huronian1 indicating that a great period of denudation separates the latter from the ,archan4 ,the combined ,keewatin and ,laurentian1 or ,archan system1 is therefore to be conceived as forming at all points in the district an ancient denuded foundation or floor upon which rests the much younger ,huronian system4 ,this third division is1 in the ,montreal ,river district1 wholly sedimentary and easily distinguished from the other rocks by its bedded structure and clastic nature4 ,as it is the only sedimentary system represented1 its members are not easily confused with any other1 especially as their original structure is not obscured by metamorphic alteration4 ,locally this is not strictly true2 in the vicinity of diabase intrusions they have been hardened and shattered so as to simulate the ,keewatin1 but the zones of alteration are narrow and readily identified by their gradation into adjacent areas of less altered types4 ,at present the ,huronian forms a discontinuous rock mantle over the ,archan1 formerly more complete1 but now worn through in places so as to expose portions of the crystalline basement4 ,the fourth division includes all eruptives known to be younger than the ,huronian4 ,owing to the discontinuity of the latter it is not always easy to decide what rocks should be included in this group1 for in some cases rather fresh-looking eruptives occur in the ,keewatin which probably would also intrude the ,huronian were it present2 lacking the necessary information their chronological position can be only loosely fixed4 ,by far the most extensive and important of the post-,huronian eruptives is the diabase with which the silver deposits are associated4 ,this penetrates both ,archan and ,huronian1 but is ordinarily distinguishable by its unusual freshness1 dark colour1 and crystalline appearance4 ,in certain cases1 to be described subsequently1 it may be confused with certain other diabases4 ,magmatic differentiative processes have evolved diabase types of very dissimilar appearance and mineralogical composition1 of which a pink aplite occurring in dike form is the most extreme4 ,olivine diabase dikes are also present in the region1 but in far less abundance4 ,of little importance are the sands and gravels of glacial origin which lie thinly in the depressions and lower lands of the present glaciated surface4 ,,table ,,of ,,formations4 ,the geological events may be briefly enumerated in ascending order as follows3-- ,deposits of glacial dbris and weathering products of present surface4 ,erosive period with glaciation4 ,diabase intrusions4 ,huronian sedimentation4 ,erosion period4 ,laurentian intrusion4 ,keewatin4 ,,keewatin4 ,general ,features4 ,this system is considered as a complex assemblage of metamorphosed igneous rocks whose common and marked characteristics are pronounced alteration and deformation1 accomplished in pre-,huronian times4 ,a limited amount of sedimentary material1 such as the iron ore formation1 is also represented4 ,these old diabases1 porphyries and related types are much altered and have developed a more or less uniform schistosity through the secondary development of micaceous minerals1 but in other respects the complex shows extreme inconstancy and variety from point to point4 ,for this reason the various localities are separately described4 ,by inspection of the map three fairly well defined areas are distinguishable1 in addition to which are portions of several others4 ,obushkong area4 ,much of the country between ,obushkong and ,firth lakes is underlain by ,keewatin4 ,on the east1 south and west sides1 these rocks disappear beneath the ,huronian or are interrupted by masses of diabase1 but on the north they merge into ,laurentian gneiss1 the contact with which is ill-defined4 ,although some of them retain much of their original massive character1 well defined schistosity is the dominant feature4 ,the schists stand vertically or at angles little less than #ij and trend in a general east and west direction4 ,a series of compass observations made at points over the whole area show the strike to vary from ,n4 #fe ,e4 to ,s4 #ge ,e4 ,one of the most abundant rock types is a stratiform1 finely speckled hornblende gneiss or schist1 the black hornblende cleavage faces giving it a glistening appearance on newly broken surfaces4 ,it is quite fresh1 perfectly crystalline and usually eminently fissile1 but sometimes grades into a nearly massive dioritic form of undoubted igneous nature4 ,extensive exposures occur around ,gould lake where the gneiss is traversed by numerous stringers of quartz1 rusty in colour from the oxidation of pyrite4 ,it is also well exposed near ,mc,laughlin and ,mc,intosh lakes and to the east and south-east of ,foot lake4 ,a fine grained chlorite schist of dull greenish black colour is common in this and all the other areas in the district4 ,to the north-east of ,serpentine lake it appears as a sheared phase of a weathered diabase1 but it has also been derived from porphyry1 exposures being seen between ,foot and ,obushkong lakes1 where feldspar phenocrysts appear on weathered surfaces of the schist as pale1 oblong spots4 ,what is probably iron formation was observed at points #be chains south of ,gould lake1 and #aj chains south of a little pond just east of ,serpentine lake4 ,both outcrops consist of banded1 grey quartzite interlaminated with chlorite schist1 but magnetite-bearing bands were not found4 ,occasionally1 narrow bands of pale grey1 felsitic schists may be seen among the more common darker rocks4 ,from evidence obtained at various points1 these appear to have resulted from the decomposition and shearing of granite porphyry dikes probably connected with the ,laurentian1 and which penetrated the ,keewatin during the time of ,laurentian intrusion4 ,serpentine was observed between ,foot lake and ,obushkong at #bj chains from the latter4 ,the surface is covered by a loose network of fine seams of asbestos which weather white and render the rock somewhat conspicuous4 ,its recognition is further simplified by the dull green1 amorphous appearance of fresh surfaces1 the slight translucence of thin edges and the glistening green seams of asbestos which traverse it abundantly4 ,the same rock is more extensively exposed on the south-west of ,serpentine lake and on ,firth lake half a mile north of the portage leading to the former1 also at less than a quarter of a mile south of this portage4 ,it is associated with and derived from a dark green massive rock to which the name wehrlite is applicable1 and a more detailed description of which appears later4 ,duncan ,lake ,area4 ,a ,keewatin area of considerable extent lies between ,duncan lake and the ,west branch in the vicinity of ,l',africain and ,beaverhouse lakes4 ,unlike the ,obushkong area1 the prevalent strike of the schists is nearly north and south1 the greatest divergence noted being #be ,w4 ,in the former case ,laurentian lies to the north1 while in the present one it occurs on the east2 in both cases the schistosity coincides approximately with the direction of the line of contact4 ,on account of the swampy character of the country just west of the river and the scarcity of outcrops1 this area was not completely explored1 but wherever examined the ,keewatin1 as in the ,obushkong area1 consists predominantly of hornblende and chlorite schists1 greenstone and decomposed diabase2 but serpentine was not found4 ,a nearly black diabase containing small grains of pyrite was observed #bj chains south-east of the southerly extending bay on ,duncan lake1 and outcrops of the same material were traced for about half a mile northward4 ,probably the same type was encountered just north of ,beaverhouse lake and at some other points4 ,its unfoliated condition and fresher appearance than the adjacent rocks lead to the opinion that it is really post-,keewatin and intrusive1 but the absence of younger rocks with which to correlate it1 renders its exact age indeterminable4 ,this rock exhibits enough resemblance to fractured contact edges of the post-,huronian diabase to make their distinction in the field rather difficult4 ,at half a mile east of the south end of ,l',africain lake is diabase which from lack of sufficient data has been mapped as ,keewatin1 although it may be identical with the post-,huronian variety4 ,l',africain lake lies in glistening hornblende gneiss with which are associated ribbons of a coarser hornblende gneiss belonging to the ,laurentian of the area farther east4 ,greenstone and chlorite schists are the principal rocks around ,beaverhouse lake4 ,associated with them and to the northward1 are dikes of light coloured1 granite porphyry1 usually only a few feet wide1 in some of which the original massive structure remains1 while others show various gradations toward a felsitic1 sericite-bearing schist4 ,the isolated patch of ,keewatin indicated on the map as occurring about half a mile east of the wide portion of ,duncan lake1 is a well foliated green schist in which oval white spots represent squeezed feldspar phenocrysts4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,view looking north from middle of ,duncan ,lake1 #eej hill in distance4 ,pigeon ,lake ,area4 ,west of ,pigeon lake and the ,montreal river1 much of the country examined is underlain by ,keewatin4 ,schistosity is less developed than in either of the preceding areas4 ,the rocks are chiefly diabases and porphyry much decomposed and locally squeezed4 ,diabase occurs on both sides of ,pigeon lake near its central islanded part and along the bay which extends south to ,brush lake4 ,an original diabase structure is sufficiently well preserved to show lath-like feldspars in hand specimens1 but frequently the rock is altered to a chloritic mass4 ,around the bay extending toward ,brush lake1 this old diabase forms a rude wall intersected by a reticulating system of fractures filled with calcite1 the resultant structure simulating that of a breccia4 ,shear zones seen on the east shore exhibit a pseudo-conglomeratic structure1 the more resistant pieces of diabase having been partially rounded by the shearing movement and embedded in a matrix of finely pulverized rock matter4 ,the same diabase apparently occurs all along the ,montreal river where it follows the ,algoma-,nipissing line4 ,about half a mile above ,pigeon lake it forms a #ij foot cliff on the west side of the river1 near the top of which is a fresher looking1 unfoliated eruptive4 ,the form of this body was not ascertained1 but microscopic examination of the specimen taken1 determines it to be a hornblende lamprophyre1 so probably it is a dike or thin sheet4 ,the rock is fine-grained1 dark green in colour and characterized by stout prisms of hornblende about one-quarter of an inch long1 embedded in a finer1 microcrystalline ground mass4 ,under the microscope it appears much decomposed4 ,this rock was also observed near mile post #fg of the ,algoma-,nipissing boundary1 near the east end of the #fc chain portage leading to ,breese lake and at other points1 in all cases the exposures being of small extent4 ,in the last mentioned locality the predominant rock is an altered porphyry of ash grey colour4 ,around ,porphyry lake it occurs in a fairly massive1 easily recognizable condition1 the feldspars showing as square white spots one-quarter of an inch in diameter in a grey1 ground mass4 ,on ,breese lake it has been squeezed to a felsite schist1 striking ,n4 #bj ,w4 ,in small amounts it is associated with post-,huronian diabase on the hills lying near the ,montreal river and just south of the #fc chain portage4 ,the #cjj foot hill south-west of ,mosher lake is composed of a fine ,keewatin greenstone whose surface is curiously weathered so as to suggest a spheroidal structure4 ,it is marked off into round areas a foot or more in diameter by a sinuous network of weathered-out grooves4 ,the main body of the rock is ordinary fine-grained greenstone1 but the enclosing grooves have been formed in porphyritic zones about an inch in width4 ,among other types of less abundant distribution is an actinolite rock seen by the unassisted eye to consist of a felty mass of acicular crystals of actinolite1 sometimes half an inch long4 ,this rock was observed #ab chains east of the islanded part of ,pigeon lake2 also at points west of ,montreal river below ,pigeon lake4 ,unfinished ,areas4 ,the ,keewatin formation occupies the space between ,near lake and the ,west branch1 only part of which has been mapped4 ,the rocks of this area are well foliated1 standing as usual1 vertically1 and striking about ,n4 #fj ,e4 ,the exposures on the east shore of ,near lake are entirely of fissile1 chlorite schist1 abundantly traversed by small barren quartz veins4 ,farther east the chlorite schist gives place to glistening1 stratiform 7laminated7 hornblende gneiss with which are associated bands of a coarser hornblende gneiss1 evidently the equivalent of granite4 ,in one locality the stratiform rock contains subangular fragments of the coarser variety1 quartz and a greyish eruptive rock1 the resultant structure resembling that of a metamorphosed conglomerate or breccia4 ,as some of the brecciated fragments occur near by in continuous bands within the stratiform gneiss1 the clastic structure is to be ascribed to deformative movement instead of original sedimentation4 ,a number of fine-grained quartz diabase dikes occur in the immediate vicinity4 ,a considerable portion of the east shore of ,kenisheong lake consists of high1 bare ,keewatin hills1 composed largely of chloritic schists1 vertically inclined and striking east and west4 ,secondary calcite is richly disseminated1 causing free effervescence when the rock is treated with acid4 ,pyrite is also abundant1 sometimes segregated to form a lean ore1 and at several points weathered superficially to limonite1 colouring the cliffs dull red4 ,much-altered diabase like that on ,pigeon lake is also present in subordinate amount4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,west ,branch ,montreal ,river1 near ,mosher ,lake4 ,keewatin rocks also occur just east of ,gowganda lake4 ,a single brief visit was paid for the purpose of observing the iron formation which appears at this place1 and further mention of which is made on a subsequent page4 ,,laurentian4 ,general ,features4 ,practically all the ,laurentian lies in a continuous area1 east of the ,west branch and extending beyond the limits of the map sheet4 ,a smaller body occurs just west of ,pigeon lake4 ,the foliation in the ,laurentian is less distinct than in the ,keewatin and much less perfect4 ,its component rocks are mainly granite and allied plutonic types which pass by easy gradations into well-defined gneisses4 ,two principal granites are distinguishable2 one containing black mica as its chief coloured constituent1 the other hornblende4 ,both exhibit local variations in composition and crystalline texture1 but are always pale grey rocks of ordinary granitic appearance4 ,the hornblende granite is a medium grained1 fresh looking rock of speckled appearance1 owing to the black hornblende crystals which lie scattered through the main mass of light grey feldspar and quartz4 ,it is of uniform aspect1 local variations of colour and texture being insignificant4 ,as revealed under the microscope by a single thin section1 it is an ordinary hornblende granite verging towards a syenite4 ,common green hornblende of idiomorphic prismatic habit1 and usually twinned parallel to #ajj1 is the principal ferromagnesian mineral4 ,it is quite fresh1 hence a few flakes of chlorite in the section were taken to represent an original small content of biotite2 an acid oligoclase and orthoclase are the most abundant constituents2 quartz is subordinate4 ,apatite1 zircon and iron ore1 probably magnetite1 are accessory4 ,hornblende granite is the commonest ,laurentian rock in the neighbourhood of ,l',africain and ,sedge lakes1 where it is in contact with the ,keewatin4 ,it also occurs on the ,east branch just below ,obushkong lake4 ,the area west of ,pigeon lake seems to be composed wholly of this rock1 outliers of which extend to ,brush lake1 and the islands and east shore of ,pigeon lake4 ,here1 however1 it is distinctly syenitic1 quartz being subordinate or absent4 ,a distinctly porphyritic structure is apparent on ,pigeon lake2 the feldspars being well crystallized and lying in a finer grained1 holocrystalline ground mass4 ,biotite granite and gneiss are most prevalent in the northern and eastern portions of the area4 ,no microscopic examination of these rocks has been made by the writer1 consequently1 little can be said regarding their composition4 ,they are of much the same texture as the hornblende type1 but show a somewhat higher degree of gneissification4 ,biotite is a fairly abundant constituent1 but is more or less altered to chlorite4 ,sometimes1 as may be seen on the ,east branch1 two miles below ,obushkong lake1 chloritized mica forms enclosing films about the large feldspar grains1 developing a slight #8augen' structure4 ,stockwork-like quartz veins are frequent1 particularly on the ,west branch between ,near and ,sedge lakes and at the south end of ,kenisheong lake4 ,at the latter point the biotite gneiss is well foliated and steeply tilted4 ,a body of deep red1 biotite granite of undetermined extent and relationship was observed on the east side of ,kenisheong lake4 ,pegmatite dikes almost certainly occur in this region1 although not actually observed4 ,near ,crotch lake the granite is locally of unusually coarse texture1 although not truly pegmatitic4 ,although the two granites described appear to be the essential constituents of the ,laurentian they usually contain a variable proportion of other material1 some of which at least is not really ,laurentian4 ,over the entire area1 but more noticeably in the vicinity of contacts with the ,keewatin1 they include narrow ribbons or lenses of a glistening stratiform hornblende gneiss1 closely resembling the gneiss of this sort described under the ,keewatin system4 ,in some cases these bands are portions of the ,keewatin caught up by the ,laurentian material at the time of its intrusion and highly metamorphosed by it4 ,excellent examples of this may be seen on the ,east branch at the foot of the marshy stretch two miles below ,obushkong lake4 ,these inclusions are mapped as ,laurentian1 being an almost constant feature1 and for map purposes inseparable from it4 ,they are to be distinguished--a difficult matter--from other dark inclusions believed to be drawn out1 basic segregations of ,laurentian magmas2 the latter are commonly less sharply defined4 ,like the other formations of the region1 the ,laurentian is cut by diabase dikes of post-,huronian age which1 owing to their dark colour1 are conspicuous among the lighter granite rocks4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,zigzag lake they are abundant1 and are usually from twenty to sixty feet or more in width1 the smaller of which are not large enough to map4 ,the relationships of the ,laurentian to the other systems of the region are expressed by the contacts with them4 ,between ,obushkong and ,firth lakes and toward ,l',africain lake it is largely in contact with ,keewatin4 ,this contact is a vaguely defined zone rather than a line1 the formations being separated by the intermediate strip containing mingled portions of both4 ,proceeding across this strip from the ,laurentian to the ,keewatin1 the gneisses of the former become charged with ribbons of highly crystalline schist1 already described4 ,near the ,keewatin edge these increase in quantity and sometimes appear as tongue-like protrusions of that system4 ,this condition exists along the east of ,l',africain lake2 on the shores of the lake the formation is dominantly ,keewatin1 but the stratiform hornblende gneiss is traversed along the strike by thin bands of ,laurentian hornblende gneiss4 ,a few chains eastward the gneiss bands are wider1 and1 at a distance of #aj chains1 hornblende granite is continuous4 ,where terminated by diabase the contact is definite and not marked by notable alteration on either side4 ,contacts with the ,huronian are equally sharp and unconformable1 in every case the ,laurentian disappearing beneath the sedimentary formation2 at the south end of ,kenisheong lake the ,huronian has been trenched to a depth sufficient to expose the underlying gneissic floor near the water's edge4 ,,huronian4 ,general ,features4 ,much of the area mapped1 especially the north-western portion1 is composed of ,huronian rocks4 ,originally they must have been much more extensive1 probably continuous1 but erosion has removed them partially or entirely1 leaving irregular remnants distributed over the ,archan4 ,the top of the series is gone2 consequently complete vertical sections cannot be found4 ,in other respects they are little changed and preserve almost perfectly their bedding and clastic structure4 ,even their positions assumed at the time of deposition have changed little for the present strata seldom dip more steeply than #cj4 ,they are overlain only by unconsolidated ,pleistocene materials4 ,basal ,conglomerate4 ,the basal member of this system is a conglomerate1 the areal exposure of which is inconsiderable for the whole region or for any part1 but erosional sculpturing has brought it to light at many points4 ,both top and bottom and probably all intermediate portions are visible1 but a complete section from which to determine the thickness could not be found4 ,the greatest continuous vertical section observed1 in a hill lying one mile south of the #eej foot hill north-west of ,duncan lake1 is about #bjj feet1 but neither upper nor lower terminations were seen4 ,in the neighbouring ,cobalt district an estimated thickness of #ejj feet has been assigned4 ,from a study of the pebbles contained1 this conglomerate appears to be composed largely1 or entirely1 of ,archan materials1 the majority of which are rock types occurring in situ at many places in the district4 ,both the hornblende and biotite granite and their gneissic phases are abundant4 ,pegmatite pebbles are sometimes found1 but more usually that rock is represented by fragments of feldspar4 ,pieces of glistening stratiform hornblende gneiss and similar stratiform mica gneiss or schist1 greenstone1 fine-grained porphyroids and sheared basic rocks represent the ,keewatin4 ,vein quartz is also present1 sometimes mineralized4 ,in addition to these some pebbles were observed which closely resembled slate1 and one which is undoubtedly conglomeratic4 ,a thin section of this pebble exhibits distinct clastic structure1 and the assembled fragments are heterogeneous1 so far as distinguishable1 including an actinolite rock resembling that found in the ,keewatin near ,pigeon lake1 and a quartzitic type composed of a colourless1 microcrystalline mosaic4 ,the cement has been altered largely to chlorite1 but small grains of quartz are discernible in it4 ,it would seem1 therefore1 that sedimentary deposits antedate the basal conglomerate and supply a portion of its materials2 most of these1 however1 are recognizable as igneous members of the ,archan1 such as occur in the vicinity4 ,the pebbles of the conglomerate exhibit remarkable variety in form1 size and abundance1 as well as composition4 ,normally they are well rounded and owe their form evidently to water action4 ,but along with these are others which are angular or sub-angular4 ,the exposure near the north end of ,shallow lake shows all these forms1 the materials also being quite diverse4 ,ordinarily the pebbles range in size between #b and #c diameter1 frequently more1 and are abundant2 but1 at points on ,duncan lake1 on ,wapus creek and the ,west branch1 the conglomerate nature is indicated only by occasional well-rounded pebbles1 embedded in greywacke cement at intervals of several feet or even yards4 ,these isolated pebbles are often #f or more in diameter1 and in striking contrast with the uniformly fine grain of the matrix4 ,sometimes the enclosed bodies attain the dimensions of boulders2 on an island in ,duncan lake1 #b-a_/b miles from the foot1 a granite boulder nearly #e feet in diameter was observed1 the associated materials being of very much smaller size4 ,the cementing material also presents some variety4 ,usually it ranges from coarse grit to greywacke4 ,the coarser material is less abundant than cement of a finer type2 near the foot of ,pigeon lake1 also at the south end of ,kenisheong lake the conglomerate is quite porous1 the interstices between the pebbles being incompletely filled4 ,in the latter instance these spaces are occupied by hematite4 ,in other cases2 a good example of which occurs on the east side of ,pigeon lake1 half a mile from its north end1 the cementing substance is a fine black shale4 ,on the whole there appears to be little relationship between the texture of enclosing and enclosed matter4 ,greywacke ,slate and ,quartzite4 ,by the disappearance of pebbles the basal conglomerate changes into a greywacke or a shale according as the cement is one or the other4 ,frequently this transition is marked by an alternation of lenticular beds of conglomerate with the greywacke1 probably indicating varying conditions of depth or current in the water in which they were deposited4 ,with the greywacke and shale is associated an impure quartzite or arkose1 the whole forming a thick series whose members are not sharply separable one from another and do not occupy definite relative positions4 ,for the well laminated finer grained beds the term slate is in general use1 although a secondary cleavage by which this kind of rock is distinguished from shale does not exist4 ,nearly all the prominent hills in the north-western part of the area are composed of this series4 ,upper ,conglomerate4 ,the greywacke-slate-quartzite series passes conformably upward into a conglomerate differing little from that at the base4 ,indeed1 where conglomerate outcrops are small and isolated a distinction between the two cannot be made with certainty4 ,arkose4 ,in addition to the above there is an arkose forming at least two well defined areas1 whose relations with the rest of the ,huronian are in some doubt4 ,this rock is of distinctive appearance1 resembling at first glance an ordinary granite1 but on closer inspection it is seen to consist of clastic materials such as would result from the disintegration of a granite4 ,occasional conglomerate streaks in which pebbles of quartz and greenstone are recognizable1 demonstrate its bedded character1 but ordinarily it is massive looking4 ,part of the large island in the middle of ,duncan lake and the shore to the south are of this formation4 ,it is much more widespread on ,obushkong and ,gowganda lakes1 the bedding being unusually well shown on the large island in the latter body of water4 ,from its apparent relationship in either of these localities it might be taken to be a member of the ,lower ,huronian series just described1 and equivalent to the basal conglomerate4 ,in the ,obushkong area it is probably underlain by ,laurentian1 for it lies nearly horizontally1 and ,laurentian is known to occur a short distance east of the lake4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,lake ,timiskaming it is said to grade imperceptibly into granite1 and is believed to be derived from the latter by detrition in situ4 ,arkose1 apparently identical with that under consideration1 occurs in the ,cobalt district1 and is thought to lie unconformably with the greywacke1 and for this reason is classified as ,middle ,huronian4 ,in these pages it is given no definite position in the formational succession1 and as there is no field evidence of its ,middle ,huronian position1 is not differentiated from the lower series4 ,structural ,features and ,disturbances4 ,the ,huronian has been subjected to no very severe disturbance1 judging by its present condition and attitude4 ,frequently the strata lie almost horizontally1 as for instance at the south end of ,firth lake1 and in the vicinity of ,lake ,lehmann1 but over the most of the region they rest at inclinations as high as #cj1 this attitude remaining constant over extensive areas1 and developing a characteristic topographical feature4 ,from ,pigeon lake eastward the dip is uniformly to the east at angles ranging between #ae and #cj degrees and the beds overlap one another after the fashion of slates on a roof1 the resultant topographical expression of which is a succession of north and south ridges with gentle eastern slopes1 while the western sides form escarpments4 ,this condition appears constant over all the ,huronian east of a line midway between ,pigeon and ,duncan lakes4 ,to the extreme north-west1 however1 a westerly dip was observed2 the strata forming the #eej foot hill west of ,duncan lake are also either horizontal or dip gently to the west4 ,a confident statement cannot be made until further work has been performed1 but the condition just outlined suggests a large anticlinal structure whose arch lies a little west of ,duncan lake4 ,however1 there seems reason to believe that the structure is more complicated than would result from simple arching and erosion4 ,if the present overlapping system represents the original succession of strata a total thickness of over two miles would be necessary1 and there would be not two but several conglomerate horizons1 which is improbable4 ,a satisfactory solution is hindered by the general fact that planes of possible dislocation occur in low ground and are obscured by swamp or water1 but it seems evident that tilting was accompanied by lateral or vertical displacements4 ,certain abrupt disturbances of the general uniform attitude suggest differential movements4 ,along the ,west branch below ,wapus creek the dip and strike of the shale and greywacke are constant1 until where the river's course changes to due east4 ,along the shores of this stretch the rocks are mostly hidden by swamp1 but where they do outcrop they are standing vertically or dipping steeply to the south1 and the strike corresponds with the course of the stream2 that is1 their positions are at right angles to those farther south4 ,disturbances of this sort are known1 due to the contiguity of igneous intrusions1 but at this point no such intrusive is known4 ,it will also be seen from the map that exactly in the same line the ,east branch makes a similar abrupt change in course4 ,whether a line of low relief is continuous across the interval between the two streams at this point is not easily determined2 however1 as a possible explanation of the conditions stated1 faulting along this line is suggested4 ,a similar abrupt change from conditions of approximate horizontality to a dip ,s4 #fj ,w41 #hj and strike of ,s4 #cj ,e4 was noted on the west side of ,firth lake4 ,relations to other ,formations4 ,the intrusion of the quartz diabase into the ,huronian was gently accomplished at most points1 and the beds of the latter1 both above and below the intrusives1 are inclined only a few degrees more steeply than in localities where no diabase can be found4 ,evidence of intrusion1 however1 is common1 and at some points the ,huronian next to the diabase has suffered local but intense physical change4 ,near the middle of the east shore of ,firth lake a rocky islet only a few square yards in extent consists of coarse diabase and conglomerate in intimate contact1 little tongues of the former being protruded into the sedimentary rock and peripherally chilled4 ,most remarkable1 however1 is the change in condition of the conglomerate2 a few chains away on the main shore it is of ordinary character1 but on the islet the pebbles lie within a fairly well foliated schist1 standing vertically and striking about east and west4 ,an identical condition exists at the south end of a little pond lying #dj chains west of ,mosher lake4 ,the vertical foliation of the conglomerate suggests the neighbouring diabase intrusion to have been by vertical ascension rather than lateral spread1 so that these points may represent portions of vents through which the diabase magma ascended1 and for that reason are more affected than where sills have been quietly injected4 ,ordinarily these contacts occur in low ground1 usually ravines1 the bottoms of which are soil filled and consequently unfavourable for geological observation1 but at some points on ,duncan lake the contacts are exposed and the ,huronian is seen to be much fractured across a zone extending many feet from the diabase4 ,in addition to the fracturing the greywacke is hardened and the bedding planes rendered obscure1 the total effect being to weaken its power of resistance to erosion4 ,in the neighbourhood of these contacts the ,huronian is well supplied with quartz veins whose #8comb' structure and chalcopyrite-galena mineralization identify them with similar veins in the diabase4 ,also the sediments exhibit certain mineralogical alterations referable to action of the diabase4 ,west of ,gowganda1 on the ,west branch below ,duncan lake and at other places the greywacke for a width of about two feet from the diabase has been hardened1 bleached a light grey colour and filled with circular black spots #a_/af in diameter4 ,microscopic examination shows the main portion to consist of a mosaic of small quartz1 orthoclase and acid plagioclase grains1 through which are distributed patches of chlorite4 ,this spotted phase of the greywacke evidently represents an early stage in the development of adinole1 a characteristic contact product of shales1 intruded by basic rock4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,fifth ,portage on the ,west ,branch of ,montreal ,river1 showing ,huronian ,slate4 ,the relations of the ,huronian to the ,archan1 exhibited in larger as well as minor features1 indicate that the surface of the latter had been carved into a condition not greatly unlike the present topography1 before its submergence and sedimentation in ,huronian times4 ,some of the hills of this ancient land have been uncovered by the removal of their sedimentary blanket1 leaving vestiges of the latter around their bases as in the case of the hills south-west of ,mosher lake4 ,there the dip of the sedimentary beds is much less than the slope of the hills1 so that the latter must project up through them as cores4 ,in the bay on the east side of ,pigeon lake ,huronian shales dipping with an angle of about #ae abut against the side of an ,archan hill composed of hornblende granite and green schist4 ,at almost any part of the region where both ,huronian and ,archan occur together1 similar evidence is available concerning the unevenness of the pre-,huronian land surface4 ,the amount of topographical relief cannot be estimated with any degree of accuracy1 for tops of the ,keewatin hills now exposed have probably been removed by post-,huronian erosion1 the lowest depressions are still filled by ,huronian and the whole may have been disarranged by post-,archan faulting4 ,however1 near ,mosher lake there was a minimum relief of #cjj feet4 ,this old pre-,huronian surface is not often accessible for study1 the contacts being vertical or hidden by soils and vegetation4 ,at one point1 however1 at the end of the portion of ,wapus creek shown on the map1 exceptionally favourable circumstances were encountered4 ,here glaciation has developed a rounded knoll of mixed ,keewatin and ,laurentian rocks upon which are tightly fastened a few scale-like vestiges of ,huronian conglomerate4 ,a few square feet of the original ,archan surface exposed by chiseling away the ,huronian1 was found to be much more highly polished than the immediately adjoining1 recently glaciated surface which had been exposed to the atmosphere4 ,the protected material seemed to be of about the same freshness as that exposed4 ,this pre-,huronian surface is evidently a water-worn one1 or the result of ,huronian glaciation1 but no characteristic markings were observed upon it4 ,origin and ,correlation4 ,from the foregoing consideration of the ,huronian as seen in the ,montreal ,river region it will be plain that it is composed at all points of clastic sedimentary deposits4 ,fossils have never been found1 so the correlation of these rocks in various areas is based upon their lithological similarities and continuity4 ,upon these grounds the ,huronian of the present district is considered to be equivalent to the same formations in the ,cobalt1 ,larder ,lake1 and other neighbouring districts1 known as the ,lower ,huronian4 ,the succession and physical character of the different formations are essentially identical4 ,it is not necessary to review the facts upon which the decision to so place these formations is based1 the evidence being the harmonious results of years of investigation by capable geologists4 ,accepting their conclusion1 and calling the main sedimentary series of the ,montreal ,river district1 ,lower ,huronian1 it is of interest to note indication of sedimentary materials still older4 ,the conglomerate pebble found in the basal conglomerate on ,pigeon lake must have originated by the destruction of a pre-,huronian conglomerate formation4 ,it has also been stated that ground for differentiating between a ,lower and ,middle ,huronian in this area has not been obtained1 although the similarity of the arkose to a formation in the ,cobalt district believed to belong to the ,middle ,huronian suggests it to be of the same age4 ,it is1 therefore1 thought desirable to apply to the whole the term ,huronian4 ,no clearness or additional truth would be gained by making a distinction between ,lower and ,middle divisions in this district1 and so far as the economic exploitation of the district is concerned the arkose seems to be as much a part of the ,lower ,huronian as the conglomerate or greywacke4 ,,post-,,huronian ,,eruptives4 ,there are two kinds of diabase known in the district1 one of which greatly exceeds the other in extent and economic importance4 ,this disparity is tacitly recognized by the common use of the generic term diabase for the important quartz diabase1 the other member of the family being ignored or unknown4 ,quartz ,diabase4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,inclined ,huronian ,beds1 ,duncan ,lake4 ,character of contacts and distribution4--,bodies of this rock are not restricted to any one formation or locality2 but1 as may be seen by reference to the map1 occur with various dimensions over the whole area1 with the exception of the country lying north-west of ,duncan lake4 ,it may be noted that virtually all the large areas are enclosed by ,huronian1 the bodies within the ,archan being numerous but small4 ,it is not proposed to apply this distinction generally1 but in the ,montreal ,river region it seems to be more than an expression of the law of probability4 ,in the ,archan practically all of the observed diabase bodies are dikes1 in approximately vertical positions1 seldom #ajj feet in width and of undetermined length4 ,a knowledge of all those in the ,huronian could not be obtained1 but in some cases they are sills1 whose greater exposed dimensions are parallel to the bedding planes of the enclosing sedimentaries4 ,macroscopic character4--,it is fortunate for the easy recognition of the diabase that it is more or less continuously exposed1 and that there are not many other igneous rocks of similar character in its proximity1 for it presents a variety of types such that a representative collection of hand specimens presents surprisingly great petrological differences4 ,during the process of solidification1 magmatic differentiation evolved from the cooling material a group of forms of different mineralogical composition and physical appearance1 the end members of which are very unlike4 ,the common type is a dark green massive diabase1 ranging in texture from one in which the individual minerals are barely distinguishable to others containing amphibole crystals an inch in length4 ,the combination of black amphibole--an alteration product of augite--and grey or flesh-coloured plagioclase give the surface of ordinary textured phases a colouration of sufficient determinative value4 ,in a large diabase body the coarseness is equal to that of ordinary granite1 and the diabasic structure is not readily perceptible4 ,at the edge of the large dikes and throughout the smaller ones the rock is black in colour and much finer grained on account of its more rapid solidification4 ,in the dikes the mineralogical composition is tolerably constant1 and specimens selected from different points show no notable difference except that they are usually less decomposed than the coarse grained varieties4 ,within the larger bodies1 where cooling may be considered to have been slower1 a series of rock types differing from one another in mineral composition1 and consequently in physical appearance1 are associated4 ,at many localities these differentiated varieties are intimately intermingled1 so that within an area of a few square yards almost the whole series may be found4 ,conditions of this sort were first and best observed in the ,lett properties on ,wapus creek1 where the extensive stripping and trenching greatly facilitated geological study4 ,a suite of specimens was obtained which exhibit an unbroken gradation from ordinary gabbro to the fine grained pink rock known as aplite4 ,with a decreasing pyroxene content and increasing abundance of feldspar the rock grades from a dark green diabase at the basic end through a reddish phase into a type which1 in the field1 might be termed a syenite1 being of granitic texture1 red colour1 and without visible quartz4 ,these phases are cut by aplite dikes which at first glance do not very closely resemble them1 but their comparison has shown that they too include a group whose coarsest and most basic form does not differ greatly from the syenitic type of the diabase series4 ,from a pale flesh-coloured rock of fine granitic texture in which a little dark mineral is visible1 the successive phases of the aplite graduate toward a dike material of light pink colour and saccharine texture almost devoid of ferromagnesian constituents4 ,microscopic character4--,the consanguinity of diabase and aplite is further established by microscopic study4 ,it was intended to make a somewhat complete comparative study2 but1 at the outset1 the materials1 although fresh looking in the hand specimens1 were found to be much decomposed1 sometimes so completely that the original composition could not be satisfactorily inferred1 and an outline must suffice therefore until fresher material is secured4 ,the common gabbro type consists essentially of long prisms of plagioclase embedded in light reddish augite4 ,this ophitic structure1 upon which the distinction between diabase and gabbro depends1 is well developed1 but does not show in hand specimens1 so that for field use the distinction is impracticable2 ordinarily the term gabbro is applied to the coarse grained1 and diabase to the medium and finer grained varieties4 ,the plagioclase of the coarse grained specimens could not be identified1 being entirely altered to a coarse saussurite in which the epidote was aggregated into large grains4 ,the augite is almost equally changed to strongly pleochroic hornblende possessing green and blue green pleochroic tints4 ,this hornblende is not a fibrous variety but forms compact individuals1 hence in the specimens studied it could not be certain that some of it was not primary4 ,in some cases it is further altered to chlorite4 ,reaction between plagioclase and pyroxene seems to have taken place1 for chlorite occurs among the plagioclase decomposition products as well as those of the pyroxene4 ,next to these1 ilmenite is the most abundant constituent1 occurring as irregular masses largely altered to leucoxene in which the original #8gridiron' structure is distinct4 ,quartz is present in subordinate amounts usually in micrographic intergrowth with the plagioclase4 ,small1 well defined hexagonal rods of apatite1 titanite crystals1 and rare zircons are also present4 ,the structure and mineral constitution render the term quartz-diabase appropriate4 ,finer grained specimens secured from dikes were found to be much fresher than the coarser types and yielded more satisfactory thin sections2 the ophitic structure is more pronounced1 but the mineral composition is the same4 ,the plagioclase laths of one section were determined optically to be an intermediate labradorite4 ,small flakes of biotite partially altered to chlorite occur accessorily4 ,the aplite is also so much weathered that doubt sometimes exists as to its original composition4 ,thin sections consist very largely of plagioclase and quartz1 coloured constituents being small in quantity4 ,the plagioclase is twinned according to albite1 pericline1 and carlsbad laws1 and in one case a baveno twin was observed2 optically it behaves as almost pure albite and is decomposed to sericite instead of epidote4 ,a poikilitic arrangement is more or less distinct2 the feldspar is also micrographically intergrown with quartz4 ,no orthoclase could be identified in any of the specimens4 ,quartz does not appear to be much more abundant than in the diabase4 ,the only recognizable ferro-magnesian mineral is a strongly pleochroic reddish brown biotite1 which occurs sparingly in small ragged flakes1 partly altered to chlorite4 ,leucoxene representing ilmenite is surprisingly abundant considering the scarcity of iron bearing silicates4 ,apatite is an abundant accessory mineral1 forming small prisms1 while zircon crystals are rare4 ,the rock in the specimens examined is remarkably rich in calcite1 which in amount ranks next to the plagioclase4 ,comparison of sections from specimens intermediate between the aplite and the ordinary diabase brings out some features of the differentiating process4 ,the governing changes are in the proportion of pyroxene1 and in the composition of the plagioclase4 ,a specimen somewhat paler in colour than the typical diabase was found to contain considerably less augite and more abundant plagioclase1 the other constituents remaining fairly constant4 ,the plagioclase was an acid andesine of the composition 7,ab #fe ,an #ce74 ,a still lighter coloured type possessed oligoclase 7,ab #gb ,an #bh7 and a small amount of blue green hornblende1 representing the wholly altered pyroxene4 ,orthoclase could not be found in any of the sections1 so that none of these rocks can be properly called syenite or granite4 ,local description4--,diabase is most abundantly exposed in the area between ,gowganda lake and the portage route connecting ,firth and ,elkhorn lakes1 where it forms three parallel tongues of approximately equal dimensions4 ,coarse grained types prevail in which the differentiation of acid phases is pronounced4 ,aplite dikes up to #aj feet in width1 fairly coarse grained and sometimes tolerably rich in dark constituents1 are abundant4 ,the rugged surface of this part of the country is largely due to the presence of the diabase1 the peculiar arrangement of which has produced a constant system of north and south ridges4 ,the contacts with the ,huronian occupy the bottoms of gullies1 with the main body of diabase forming high ground4 ,this highly relieved and consequently well exposed surface has greatly facilitated the exploitation of this area1 as indeed is the case for the whole district4 ,terminally each of the three bodies tapers out or forks1 but these details were not closely mapped4 ,in the case of the most easterly one the portions reaching the east side of ,firth lake are darker and more decomposed than the ordinary diabase1 and during the field operations were considered of other character4 ,laboratory study of the specimens shows them1 however1 to be basic diabase in which hornblende has completely replaced the pyroxene4 ,in consequence of this misconception the connexions of the exposures on ,firth lake were not well worked out1 but they almost certainly lie as shown in the map and may form a continuous connexion with the large diabase body farther north4 ,the two areas north-east of ,firth lake present much the same appearance as those of the ,gowganda district4 ,the most extensive body is that which coincides in direction with ,duncan lake1 resembling a great hook1 the shank of which is traceable for twelve miles1 the crooked end lying about midway between the ,west branch and ,firth lake4 ,neither termination was found1 on account of the swampy or sandy character of the country1 so that the present representation may not be complete4 ,just east of ,l',africain lake there are some diabases which may be continuations of it1 but owing to their altered appearance they could not be distinguished with certainty in the field from similar ,keewatin forms4 ,along ,duncan lake it appears to represent the edge of a sill about #cjj feet thick lying in the bedding plane of the ,huronian sediments which lie both above and beneath it4 ,from the attitude of the latter the sill is believed to dip eastward at an angle of #cj or #dj degrees4 ,the exposed width is usually less than in the ,gowganda area and its composition is more homogeneous1 but at the wider portions the same intermingling of basic and acid phases and aplite dikes obtains1 as for example where it crosses ,wapus creek4 ,the full extent of that portion which extends north-westward from ,mosher lake is not known4 ,the formation at that point is obscured by gravelly soil2 it appears1 however1 to be unusually wide and well differentiated4 ,an apparently large body of diabase lies between the north part of ,duncan lake and the ,west branch4 ,the mapping of this was left incomplete1 so that its total southern extent cannot be given4 ,its northern part presents nothing unusual1 but about ,vipond lake a syenitic phase is developed1 probably indicating a mingling of differentiated rock varieties as at ,gowganda lake or ,wapus creek4 ,the remaining diabase bodies are dikes4 ,probably these are very numerous and widespread1 but this can only be determined by work of much more widespread nature than the economic possibilities of such an investigation warrant at present4 ,they are most frequently seen in the ,laurentian1 probably not so much because they are more numerous there1 but because they are more conspicuous in the granites than in the ,keewatin schists and ,huronian1 from which they differ less in colour4 ,they attain widths of #fj1 #ajj or more feet1 in which cases the texture is like that of the large masses1 but differentiated types and aplite dikes do not seem to accompany them4 ,the smaller dikes1 diminishing to a width of #a foot1 are compact black rocks of microcrystalline habit1 but like the gabbroid varieties mineralogically4 ,age4--,the time of intrusion of these rocks can only be defined as post-,huronian or post ,middle ,huronian1 there being no younger formations with which to correlate them4 ,they are identical with the diabase in other parts of the ,montreal ,river region and of ,cobalt4 ,as already noted the larger masses have produced very limited metamorphic changes in the adjoining rocks1 developing incipient adinole zones in the ,huronian greywackes1 besides hardening and fracturing them4 ,usually the contact edge of the diabase has been deeply eroded along with the adjoining rock to form narrow ravines1 but wherever it persists a slight chilling is perceptible4 ,the fine grained edges are much more apparent in dikes where the mass of hot material being much less was more susceptible to the influence of cold surroundings4 ,the intrusive nature is also demonstrated by angular blocks of ,huronian materials enclosed within the diabase1 instances of which may be seen on ,wapus creek4 ,olivine ,diabase4 ,at the first rapid above ,kenisheong lake the ,huronian is cut by a broad dike of different character from those belonging to the quartz-diabase intrusion4 ,it is a remarkably fresh compact rock of dark grey colour and medium texture in which an ophitic structure is prominent1 acicular prisms of glassy feldspar penetrating the dark main mass4 ,its density is #biia4 ,under the microscope it is holocrystalline and the constituent minerals occur in only one generation4 ,the constituents as determined by linear measurements were found to be plagioclase1 #fge per cent2 olivine1 #ad per cent2 augite1 #ae per cent2 iron ore1 probably ilmenite1 #e per cent2 apatite1 #ah per cent2 biotite1 #ac per cent2 and zircon1 #jjc per cent4 ,the rock is remarkably fresh1 even the olivine showing no signs of decomposition4 ,the plagioclase was determined by optical methods to be a labradorite of the composition ,ab #a ,an #a4 ,it forms laths1 twinned according to albite1 pericline and carlsbad laws1 which penetrate the ferromagnesian minerals4 ,a few large crystals show fine zonary lamellation4 ,olivine is in idiomorphic or rounded grains1 occasionally bordered by a little rim of biotite1 possibly a product of reaction during the period of crystallization4 ,the augite is reddish brown in colour and later than either olivine or plagioclase1 filling the interstices between the feldspar laths4 ,irregular masses of black iron ore1 probably ilmenite1 are scattered throughout the section1 in some cases showing good crystal forms4 ,a deep brown strongly pleochroic biotite with a very small optical angle occurs accessorily in small shreds4 ,apatite is mostly in slender but sometimes stout hexagonal prisms4 ,minute crystals of zircon are rare4 ,the rock may be designated an olivine diabase of markedly fresh aspect4 ,it penetrates the ,huronian1 but judging by its unusually fresh condition it must be comparatively young4 ,,pleistocene4 ,the present glaciated pre-,cambrian surface is scantily covered by unconsolidated glacial sands and gravel which are being collected by natural agencies from the hills and more elevated parts into the depressions4 ,as a consequence the hills are bare1 while the valleys and ravines are soil-filled and support a strong forest growth4 ,neither sand nor gravel show signs of stratified arrangement4 ,they play an unimportant part in the topographical appearance of the country2 the only elevation composed of such materials being a small gravel hill to the east of ,porphyry lake4 ,between that point and the hills near ,mosher lake is a considerable extent of flat sandy country1 the gentle contour of which contrasts with that of the surrounding hills4 ,a rather peculiar low apron of sand occupies the very end of the peninsula between ,duncan lake and the ,west branch4 ,it is of small extent1 and is probably due to river deposition1 the ,west branch at this point being sluggish and the surface of the sand showing indications of shifting stream beds4 ,an extensive area of sand lies at the end of ,duncan lake1 from whence it extends northward for several miles1 also westward and south-westward toward the #eej foot hill shown on the map4 ,seen from any neighbouring hill this plain appears flat in comparison with the ordinary surface of the country4 ,it consists of a fine1 yellowish1 unstratified sand4 ,the several brooks crossing it are distinguished from those of other parts of the country by their tortuous courses which are constantly changing1 and which render them unfit for canoe travel4 ,the shallow character and sandy shores at the north end of ,duncan lake have been caused largely by the transportation of sand into it by these brooks4 ,glacial boulders are scattered over the whole district4 ,,economic ,,geology4 ,,silver4 ,,distribution4 ,with the knowledge acquired from exploitation of ,james township1 and other of the more recently discovered silver-cobalt camps1 prospectors in the ,montreal ,river district gave exclusive attention to the diabase formation1 recognizing it to be closely connected with mineralizations of this kind4 ,some work was done in #aijg and more in the following season1 with the result that on ,august #d1 the first native silver discoveries were made1 almost simultaneously and at short distances apart1 by ,messrs4 ,mann and ,dobie1 in the diabase just west of ,gowganda lake4 ,the remarkably rich surface showings at once attracted the attention of the whole prospecting body in the ,elk ,lake country1 and an activity began which1 since the spreading of information to outside points1 has developed into a #8rush' of large dimensions4 ,the known silver bearing area is restricted as yet to about ten square miles lying between ,gowganda lake and the portage route from ,elkhorn to ,firth lakes1 and is commonly known as ,gowganda4 ,extensive prospecting only commenced in ,september1 about the close of the field season1 so that only the earlier discoveries are known to the writer1 and a knowledge of the surface details could only be derived by examination of the few beginnings of patient and continued exploration by claim owners4 ,the present account must accordingly be accepted as incomplete and by no means representing the present status of the ,gowganda camp4 ,,surface ,,indications4 ,conditions in the region are such as to demand exploration of the closest and most intensive order1 for the indications of mineralization are negative rather than positive in character4 ,the ,gowganda area was entirely forested at the beginning of #aijh1 and a carpet of moss and vegetable mould covered most of the rock surface4 ,glacial materials are also fairly abundant1 and sometimes thick enough to render surface exploration arduous and expensive4 ,added to this the veins are eroded more deeply than the country rock1 and are represented at the surface by crevices filled with soil1 and thereby rendered inconspicuous4 ,were the country a flat one the difficulties in the way of successful prospecting would be very serious1 but fortunately it is rugged1 especially near the diabase4 ,steep ridges of this material are a regular topographical feature4 ,the sides of these ridges are bare or readily exposed and offer fine opportunities for examination4 ,it is significant that the first silver discoveries were made in the sides of such rock walls4 ,the pink bloom found at the surfaces of the veins and the adjacent country rock is also an indicator whose value is fully understood by those working in the region4 ,,structure ,,of ,,veins4 ,the deposits are in the form of well-defined veins occupying fissures in the diabase4 ,the amount of surface work done in ,september was not enough to throw much light on the continuity of the veins1 but a few had been traced for distances of #cjj or #djj feet1 and in one case across several contiguous mining claims1 so that they may be said to occupy persistent fissures4 ,they vary in width from #a up to #bj4 ,little could be learned concerning their attitudes except where they traverse hillsides2 in such cases they are approximately vertical4 ,it is not yet known whether any regularity exists in their arrangement1 but some extend east and west while others are north and south4 ,the diabase shows no signs of extensive deformation1 all geological evidence indicating that since its solidification its history has been uneventful1 yet the cracks which the veins occupy appear too persistent to be the result of contraction by cooling4 ,besides the strong veins there are others of the gash type1 but the latter are small1 not very continuous and poorly or not at all mineralized4 ,,composition ,,of ,,veins4 ,from comparison of veins at ,gowganda1 ,duncan lake1 and ,wapus creek a general uniformity of structure1 though not of mineralization1 is found to obtain4 ,the whole mineral association is not found in any one vein1 nor are the relative proportions either of ore or gangue at all constant4 ,the gangue minerals are quartz and calcite1 always mutually arranged in definite manner4 ,the sides of the veins are composed of white quartz1 which may form only an insignificant coating on the walls or may occupy nearly the whole space1 but in all cases there remains a central cavity into which the pointed ends of quartz crystals project freely4 ,at the surface this central portion is empty owing to weathering1 but farther down it is filled by calcite4 ,veins with predominant quartz filling seem especially abundant in the ,huronian adjacent to the diabase4 ,the rich veins near ,gowganda1 so far as ascertainable1 are poor in quartz4 ,practically all of them carry chalcopyrite either as diffuse grains or in considerable amounts4 ,pyrite is equally abundant but less constant4 ,galena is not uncommon4 ,all these occur with the quartz2 their presence in the calcite is not certainly known4 ,many of the veins show diffuse stains of reddish pink colour due to cobalt bloom1 which though not in itself of value is important as a sign of the existence of smaltite from which it is formed by oxidation4 ,the minerals enumerated thus far are widespread1 but economically insignificant2 the silver-cobalt association is present in some cases1 however4 ,little opportunity existed in #aijh for favourable study of these minerals1 so that only a list of those found at the surface can be given4 ,there native silver1 argentite1 smaltite and cobalt bloom have been found1 and a few feet down small lumps of native bismuth4 ,because they occur either in calcite or in loose decomposition materials filling the space which the calcite formerly occupied they are believed to be associated with that gangue4 ,infrequently gangue minerals are almost absent and the vein filled by massive ore4 ,,local ,,distribution4 ,valuable argentiferous veins were known in #aijh only in the ,gowganda district1 and1 so far as yet known1 discoveries have been confined to the diabase west of that lake4 ,most of them occur in the southern portion of the central diabase strip which lies a short distance from the shore and extends northward for about seven miles from ,elkhorn lake4 ,on one of the ,mann claims 7,t4,r4 #aiff71 now owned by ,messrs4 ,foster1 an east and west vein averaging #d or #e in width had been traced for #cjj feet1 the original discovery being made in the exposed face of a low diabase wall4 ,at its surface the vein material had been weathered out for a depth of about #ae and the cavity filled by a brownish mass of the decomposed matter mixed with vegetable mould and sand4 ,nuggets of mossy or arborescent silver were scattered richly through this dirt1 and a fairly continuous spine of the same metal1 sometimes an inch thick1 extended along the middle of the crevice4 ,a test pit sunk about #h feet1 but barricaded at the time of the writer's visit1 had exposed1 according to ,mr4 ,mann1 silver and smaltite in a calcite vein4 ,on the adjoining claim 7,t4,r4 #aihb71 a vein of massive smaltite about #a wide was seen2 a little silver had been found at its surface and streaks of argentite and disseminated grains of smaltite were seen in the wall rock4 ,aplite dikes on another claim were found to be stained by cobalt bloom1 and full of disseminated chalcopyrite4 ,the properties owned by ,messrs4 ,crawford and ,dobie about half a mile farther south were not visited1 but were generally reported to be of about the same richness as that in ,t4,r4 #aiff4 ,immediately north of ,hanging-stone lake ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,mc,intosh was conducting active prospecting in a coarse gabbroid1 locally syenitic1 form of the diabase1 intersected by aplite dikes4 ,a discovery of native silver has been made since then and the property sold to ,messrs4 ,f4 ,r4 ,bartlett ,co41 of ,toronto1 together with other claims located between the north-east and north-west arms4 ,other discoveries are reported just south-east1 also a short distance north of ,milne lake4 ,no silver had been obtained in the eastern diabase strip1 although the geological conditions appear identical and calcite veins are abundant4 ,an exceptionally large vein1 about #ah wide1 and traceable across two adjoining claims was seen on the property of ,messrs4 ,mc,laughlin and ,mc,intosh1 about half a mile north-east of the north-west arm4 ,mineralization in it near the surface was very slight4 ,several veins carrying small amounts of chalcopyrite1 pyrite1 bloom and smaltite were seen on the properties of ,messrs4 ,elstone and ,reilly 7,t4,r4 #aifa1 #aifb and #aijc74 ,in one of them small amounts of bismuth are present2 another contains an unusually heavy black substance which proved to be calcite filled with minute crystals of magnetite4 ,in the western strip less exploration had been performed and little could be learned about the ore deposits4 ,loose pieces of native silver had been found by ,w4 ,h4 ,margueratt in narrow fissures on ,m4,r4 #agih1 but the vein material was not exposed4 ,outside the ,gowganda area systematic prospecting was in progress at only one point--,wapus creek4 ,under the management of ,mr4 ,robert ,lett a group of nine claims was being stripped and trenched1 with the result that numerous calcite veins had been traced through a diabase showing the same complex intermingling of basic and acid phases and aplite dikes as at ,gowganda4 ,chalcopyrite and cobalt bloom were abundant1 and smaltite had been found as disseminations in the wall rock4 ,lumps of native bismuth weighing several ounces had been taken from a fissure in an aplite dike1 analyses of which showed it to contain silver4 ,tentative exploration was being conducted along ,duncan lake and east of ,firth lake1 but not with the closeness and persistence which the topography of these veins require4 ,in general the veins seen on ,duncan lake are exceptionally rich in quartz1 and gash veins are common4 ,chalcopyrite1 pyrite and galena are the most noticeable metalliferous minerals1 but cobalt bloom stains are frequently observable4 ,so far as known no attention has been given to the large diabase body between ,duncan lake and the ,west branch1 although its size and varied composition are thought to make it a desirable prospecting ground4 ,,future ,,possibilities4 ,the present knowledge of the ,gowganda area indicates it to be highly mineralized1 at least in so far as number of veins and surface showings are concerned4 ,the number of discoveries within its area of ten square miles is steadily increasing4 ,the area1 character of the mineral association and the richness of the surface showings are comparable with those of ,cobalt4 ,there is a general similarity in the geological conditions4 ,the mineralized veins in ,gowganda occur in the diabase as do some of the good ,cobalt veins4 ,there are1 it is true1 local differences1 but the resemblances are more pronounced than the differences and lead to the hope that exploitation will reveal similar underground conditions4 ,the well mineralized veins are sufficiently long and uniform on the surface to suggest similarly persistent vertical dimensions4 ,further geological work may reveal something definite concerning the character and size of the diabase bodies which form the country rock1 and thus afford a basis for predicting their subterranean distribution4 ,while there are grounds for hoping that the veins will persist in depth1 this has not yet been proved1 nor1 if this is the case1 that the mineralization and values are also persistent4 ,the relative importance of ,gowganda is therefore a matter of uncertainty as yet1 but it may be confidently affirmed that for its state of development the outlook is very favourable1 and the number of veins1 area of mineralization and rich surface showings afford good grounds for hoping that some at least of the veins will be found to be commercially important4 ,the details of igneous intrusion1 differentiation and mineralization may never be sufficiently understood to allow of accurate prediction regarding the location of silver deposits1 but a general conception of the sequence of events culminating in their formation does permit of the formulation of certain criteria useful in the search for ores4 ,evidence is accumulating to show that the silver-cobalt mineralizations in the ,timiskaming region are connected with a late stage of differentiation in the magma which supplied the quartz diabase and aplite4 ,it seems reasonable1 therefore1 to anticipate ore deposits in or near such bodies1 especially if they are of large size and have undergone important chemical differentiation1 that is1 if they contain a varied and extensive association of basic and acid phases of the diabase4 ,pre-existing channels to receive the mineralizers are also necessary and their distribution a matter of vital importance1 but in this region they appear to have been everywhere abundant4 ,these conditions appear to exist quite as fully at several other localities besides ,gowganda4 ,at ,wapus creek they seem identical and1 indeed1 results obtained thus far indicate that some mineralization of the silver-cobalt type exists4 ,between ,duncan lake and the ,west branch the conditions require further study1 but1 as now known1 are not discouraging4 ,,copper4 ,the chalcopyrite1 which seems a much more constant constituent of the veins associated with the quartz diabase1 is sometimes aggregated into bunches which yield ore specimens of such excellent appearance as to arouse interest4 ,the ore is1 however1 confined to veins a few inches in width and so scattered as to render them valueless4 ,occurrences of this kind characterize most of the great diabase bodies1 examples of which occur on ,mosher lake1 between the ,north-east and ,north-west arms of ,gowganda lake and elsewhere4 ,the chalcopyrite is sometimes superficially altered to malachite and azurite4 ,,iron ,,ore4 ,hematite4--,excellent specular and kidney ore is known to exist a short distance east of ,nest lake1 but the locality was not visited owing to the more urgent requirements of other portions of the district4 ,specimens of the ore obtained1 however1 proved to be of excellent character1 with little admixture of silica or other foreign matter4 ,the ore body is thought to be of vertical tabular form1 occupying a fissure-like space4 ,its limits are not known1 consequently nothing can be yet stated regarding the commercial possibility of the deposit4 ,specular ore was seen on mining claim ,t4,r4 #bjji1 near the north-east end of ,firth lake1 occupying a fissure in the ,keewatin4 ,the ore is of good quality1 but the outcrop is of insignificant size1 the fissure being only about #b feet wide1 and no ore occurring in either the chlorite schist or reddish granite which lie on either side4 ,specular ore also occurs in the basal conglomerate of the ,huronian series1 filling the interstices between the pebbles where an original cement was deficient4 ,at the south end of ,kenisheong lake the conglomerate appears at the water's edge1 and the hematite may be observed while paddling near shore4 ,the same thing occurs at the narrows on ,duncan lake1 just south of the central expansion4 ,in neither case is the ore in commercially valuable quantity4 ,magnetite4--,keewatin iron formation exists about one-half mile to the north-east of ,gowganda lake4 ,a brief visit was paid to some claims belonging to ,mr4 ,cryderman where the formation is well exposed4 ,the ,keewatin1 which is partially overlain by ,huronian and traversed by diabase1 consists of dark grey or black1 banded chert or quartzite associated with chlorite schist4 ,the dark bands1 usually only a few inches in width1 are full of disseminated magnetite grains4 ,no concentrations were noticed and the richest bands would probably yield less than #cj per cent metallic iron1 consequently the present showings cannot be considered valuable4 ,,asbestos4 ,distribution4 ,in the ,keewatin area between ,firth and ,obushkong lakes there occur masses of a basic igneous rock through whose decomposition serpentine and asbestos have been developed4 ,the localities given in connexion with the description of the ,keewatin may be briefly restated4 ,two bodies were found4 ,one of these1 lying east of ,foot lake and #bj chains from ,obushkong was traced for a width of #d chains1 but nothing learned of its north and south extent4 ,it consists very largely of green serpentine traversed by a network of fine1 white weathering veins of asbestos4 ,more extensive outcrops exist along the east shore of ,firth lake4 ,at somewhat more than a mile from the foot of the lake and near a small log shack at the water's edge a considerable mass of partially decomposed wehrlite1 serpentine1 and asbestos is visible4 ,the main mass is of dark green colour1 the asbestos traversing it abundantly as a series of glistening bright green threads4 ,the seams are small1 none being found more than #a_/d in width1 but the asbestos fibres are fine and elastic4 ,the serpentine is often coarsely fibrous but brittle4 ,,origin4 ,microscopic examination shows the serpentine and asbestos to be the product of decomposition of the wehrlite1 a nearly black medium grained igneous type4 ,alteration has obscured its original character1 but sufficient of the primary constituents remain to admit of its determination4 ,it consisted of olivine1 diallage1 and common hornblende1 with considerable ilmenite and apatite1 but plagioclase is apparently absent4 ,hornblende and diallage form the basis of the section in which lie abundant rounded or idiomorphic grains of olivine4 ,the latter is completely altered to a matted intergrowth of fibrous serpentine containing scattered grains of black iron ore4 ,diallage persists as colourless bi-refringent remnants enclosed by a felted mass of decomposition products1 chiefly long scales of talc4 ,the hornblende is fresher and strongly pleochroic1 the tints being green2 its alteration begins by bleaching1 followed by development of colourless fibres of low bi-refringence1 possibly serpentine4 ,primary ilmenite is replaced by irregular patches of leucoxene1 showing gridiron structure4 ,the final product of alteration is a soft green serpentine rock composed almost wholly of that mineral4 ,the limits of these masses are exceedingly difficult to define1 owing to the fact that they are associated with other ,keewatin rock and basic forms of the post-,huronian diabase1 to which it presents considerable resemblance4 ,the asbestos actually seen is probably too short and small in amount to be valuable1 but the high commercial value of this material renders delimitation of the wehrlite masses advisable4 ,asbestos of very good quality has been found by ,mr4 ,george ,rahn in the vicinity of ,sinclair mountain1 so that this mineral may be one of the district's latent resources4 ,,canada ,,department ,,of ,,mines ,,geological ,,survey ,,branch ,,hon4 ,w4 ,,templeman1 ,,minister2 ,a4 ,p4 ,,low1 ,,ll4,d41 ,,deputy ,,minister2 ,r4 ,w4 ,,brock1 ,,director4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,selected ,,list ,,of ,,reports ,,and ,,maps 7,,since #ahhe7 ,,of ,,special ,,economic ,,interest ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,geological ,,survey ,,branch 99 ,publications marked thus are out of print4 ,reports of the ,mines ,section-- ,no4 #bde4 ,report of ,mines ,section for #ahhf4 #bgb4 #ahhg4 #cjj4 #ahhh4 #cja4 #ahhi4 #ccd4 #ahij4 #cce4 #ahia4 #cfj4 #ahib4 #egb4 #ahic-d4 #fjb4 #ahie4 #fbe4 #ahif4 #ffb4 #ahig4 #fih4 #ahih4 #gah4 #ahii4 #gdd4 #aijj4 #hjj4 #aija4 #hce4 #aijb4 #hic4 #aijc4 #ibh4 #aijd4 #iga4 #aije4 ,mineral ,production of ,canada-- ,no4 #dad4 ,for #ahhf4 #dae4 #ahhg4 #daf4 #ahhh4 #dag4 #ahhi4 #dah4 #ahij4 #dai4 #ahia4 #dbj4 #ahhf-ia4 #dba4 #ahib4 #dbb4 #ahic4 #eee4 #ahid4 #egg4 #ahie4 #fab4 #ahif4 #fbc4 #ahhf-if4 #fdj4 #ahig4 #fga4 #ahih4 #fhf4 #ahii4 #gai4 #aijj4 #gai;a4 #aija4 #hac4 #aijb4 #hfa4 #aijc4 #hif4 #aijd4 #ibd4 #aije4 #iha4 #aijf4 ,mineral ,resources ,bulletins-- ,no4 99#hah4 ,platinum4 #hea4 ,coal4 99#hed4 ,asbestos4 #heg4 ,infusorial ,earth4 #heh4 ,manganese4 #hei4 ,salt4 #hfj4 ,zinc4 #hfi4 ,mica4 #hgb4 ,molybdenum and ,tungsten4 #hgg4 ,graphite4 #hhj4 ,peat4 #hha4 ,phosphate4 #hhb4 ,copper4 #iac4 ,mineral ,pigments4 #iec4 ,barytes4 #ihd4 ,mineral ,pigments 7,french74 ,reports of the ,section of ,chemistry and ,mineralogy-- ,no4 99#ajb4 ,for #ahgd-e4 99#aaj4 #ahge-f4 99#aai4 #ahgf-g4 #abf4 #ahgg-h4 #ach4 #ahgh-i4 #adh4 #ahgi-hj4 #aef4 #ahhj-a-b4 #afi4 #ahhb-c-d4 #bbb4 #ahhe4 #bdf4 #ahhf4 #bgc4 #ahhg-h4 #bii4 #ahhh-i4 #ccc4 #ahij-a4 #cei4 #ahib-c4 #ehj4 #ahid4 #faf4 #ahie4 #fea4 #ahif4 #fie4 #ahih4 #gbd4 #ahii4 #hba4 #aijj4 99#ieh4 #aijf4 #gde4 ,altitudes of ,canada1 by ,j4 ,white4 #ahii4 99#igb4 ,descriptive ,catalogue of ,minerals and ,rocks1 by ,r4 ,a4 ,a4 ,johnston and ,g4 ,a4 ,young4 ,,yukon4 99#bfj4 ,yukon district1 by ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson4 #ahhg4 ,maps ,nos4 #bgd1 scale #fj m4 #a in42 #bge-bgg1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #bie4 ,yukon and ,mackenzie basins1 by ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell4 #ahhi4 ,map ,no4 #cjd1 scale #dh m4 #a in4 #fhg4 ,klondike gold fields 7preliminary71 by ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell4 #aijj4 ,map ,no4 #fhh1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #hhd4 ,klondike gold fields1 by ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell4 #aija4 ,map ,no4 #ggb1 scale #b m4 #a in4 99#iji4 ,windy ,arm1 ,tagish lake1 by ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell4 #aijf4 ,map ,no4 #iaf1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #idc4 ,upper ,stewart river1 by ,j4 ,keele4 ,map ,no4 #ich1 scale #h m4 #a in4 ,bound together4 #iea4 ,peel and ,wind rivers1 by ,chas4 ,camsell4 ,map ,no4 #idb1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #igi4 ,klondike gravels1 by ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell4 ,map ,no4 #ajaa1 scale #dj ch4 #a in4 #ihb4 ,conrad and ,whitehorse mining districts1 by ,d4 ,d4 ,cairnes4 #aija4 ,map ,no4 #iij1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #ajaf4 ,klondike ,creek and ,hill gravels1 by ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell4 7,french74 ,map ,no4 #ajaa1 scale #dj ch4 #a in4 ,,british ,,columbia4 #bab4 ,the ,rocky mountains 7between latitudes #di and #ea #cj71 by ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson4 #ahhe4 ,map ,no4 #bbc1 scale #f m4 #a in4 ,map ,no4 #bbd1 scale #a-a_/b m4 #a in4 99#bce4 ,vancouver island1 by ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson4 #ahhf4 ,map ,no4 #bdg1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #bcf4 ,the ,rocky mountains1 geological structure1 by ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell4 #ahhf4 ,map ,no4 #bdh1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #bfc4 ,cariboo mining district1 by ,a4 ,bowman4 #ahhg4 ,maps ,nos4 #bgh-bha4 99#bga4 ,mineral wealth1 by ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson4 99#bid4 ,west ,kootenay district1 by ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson4 #ahhh-i4 ,map ,no4 #cjc1 scale #h m4 #a in4 99#egc4 ,kamloops district1 by ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson4 #ahid4 ,maps ,nos4 #eef-g1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #egd4 ,finlay and ,omineca rivers1 by ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell4 #ahid4 ,map ,no4 #efg1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #gdc4 ,atlin ,lake mining division1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,gwillim4 #ahii4 ,map ,no4 #gdb1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ici4 ,rossland district1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,brock4 ,map ,no4 #ida1 scale #a1fjj ft4 #a in4 #idj4 ,graham island1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #aije4 ,map ,no4 #iba1 scale #d m4 #a in41 and ,map ,no4 #ibb1 scale #a m4 #a in4 #ihf4 ,similkameen district1 by ,chas4 ,camsell4 ,map4 ,no4 #ihg1 scale #djj ch4 #a in4 #ihh4 ,telkwa river and vicinity1 by ,w4 ,w4 ,leach4 ,map ,no4 #ihi1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #iif4 ,nanaimo and ,new ,westminster districts1 by ,o4 ,e4 ,le,roy4 #aijg4 ,map ,no4 #iig1 scale #d m4 #a in4 ,,alberta4 99#bcg4 ,central portion1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell4 #ahhf4 ,maps ,nos4 #bdi and #bej1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #cbd4 ,peace and ,athabaska ,rivers district1 by ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell4 #ahij-a4 ,map ,no4 #ccf1 scale #dh m4 #a in4 #gjc4 ,yellowhead ,pass route1 by ,j4 ,mc,evoy4 #ahih4 ,map ,no4 #fgf1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #idi4 ,cascade coal-field1 by ,d4 ,b4 ,dowling4 ,maps 7#h sheets7 ,nos4 #ibi-icf1 scale #a m4 #a in4 #ifh4 ,moose ,mountain district1 by ,d4 ,d4 ,cairnes4 ,maps ,no4 #ifc1 scale #b m4 #a in42 ,no4 #iff1 scale #a m4 #a in4 ,,saskatchewan4 #bac4 ,cypress hills and ,wood mountain1 by ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell4 #ahhe4 ,maps ,nos4 #bbe and #bbf1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #fja4 ,country between ,athabaska lake and ,churchill river1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell and ,d4 ,b4 ,dowling4 #ahie4 ,map ,no4 #ieg1 scale #be m4 #a in4 #hfh4 ,souris ,river coal-field1 by ,d4 ,b4 ,dowling4 #aijb4 ,,manitoba4 #bfd4 ,duck and ,riding mountains1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell4 #ahhg-h4 ,map ,no4 #bhb1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #bif4 ,glacial ,lake ,agassiz1 by ,w4 ,upham4 #ahhi4 ,maps ,nos4 #cad1 #cae1 #caf4 #cbe4 ,north-western portion1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell4 #ahih4 ,maps ,nos4 #cci and #cej1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #gjd4 ,lake ,winnipeg 7west shore71 by ,d4 ,b4 ,dowling4 #ahih4 ,map ,no4 #ffd1 scale #h m4 #a in4 ,bound together4 #gje4 ,lake ,winnipeg 7east shore71 by ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell4 #ahih4 ,map ,no4 #ffd1 scale #h m4 #a in4 ,,north ,,west ,,territories4 #bag4 ,hudson bay and strait1 by ,r4 ,bell4 #ahhe4 ,map ,no4 #bbi1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #bch4 ,hudson bay1 south of1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 #ahhf4 #bci4 ,attawapiskat and ,albany rivers1 by ,r4 ,bell4 #ahhf4 #bdd4 ,northern portion of the ,dominion1 by ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson4 #ahhf4 ,map ,no4 #bee1 scale #bjj m4 #a in4 #bfg4 ,james bay and country east of ,hudson bay1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 #egh4 ,red lake and part of ,berens river1 by ,d4 ,b4 ,dowling4 #ahid4 ,map ,no4 #egf1 scale #h m4 #a in4 99#ehd4 ,labrador peninsula1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 #ahie4 ,maps ,nos4 #ehe-ehh1 scale #be m4 #a in4 #fah4 ,dubawnt1 ,kazan and ,ferguson rivers1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell4 #ahif4 ,map ,no4 #fjc1 scale #be m4 #a in4 #feg4 ,northern portion of the ,labrador peninsula1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 #fhj4 ,south ,shore ,hudson strait and ,ungava bay1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 ,map ,no4 #fii1 scale #be m4 #a in4 ,bound together4 #gac4 ,north ,shore ,hudson strait and ,ungava bay1 by ,r4 ,bell4 ,map ,no4 #fii1 scale #be m4 #a in4 #gbe4 ,great ,bear lake to ,great ,slave lake1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,bell4 #aijj4 #ggh4 ,east ,coast ,hudson bay1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 #aijj4 ,maps ,nos4 #ggi1 #ghj1 #gha1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #ghf-ghg4 ,grass ,river region1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell and ,d4 ,b4 ,dowling4 #aijj4 #hae4 ,ekwan river and ,sutton lakes1 by ,d4 ,b4 ,dowling4 #aija4 ,map ,no4 #gea1 scale #ej m4 #a in4 #hai4 ,nastapoka islands1 ,hudson bay1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 #aijj4 #ije4 ,the ,cruise of the ,neptune1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 #aije4 ,,ontario4 #bae4 ,lake of the ,woods region1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,lawson4 #ahhe4 ,map ,no4 #bbg1 scale #b m4 #a in4 99#bfe4 ,rainy ,lake region1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,lawson4 #ahhg4 ,map ,no4 #bhc1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #bff4 ,lake ,superior1 mines and mining1 by ,e4 ,d4 ,ingall4 #ahhh4 ,maps ,nos4 #bhe1 scale #d m4 #a in42 #bhf1 scale #bj ch4 #a in4 #cbf4 ,sudbury mining district1 by ,r4 ,bell4 #ahij-a4 ,map ,no4 #cdc1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #cbg4 ,hunter island1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,c4 ,smith4 #ahij-a4 ,map ,no4 #cdb1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ccb4 ,natural ,gas and ,petroleum1 by ,h4 ,p4 ,h4 ,brumell4 #ahij-a4 ,maps ,nos4 #cdd-cdi4 #ceg4 ,victoria1 ,peterborough and ,hastings counties1 by ,f4 ,d4 ,adams4 #ahib-c4 #fbg4 ,on the ,french ,river sheet1 by ,r4 ,bell4 #ahif4 ,map ,no4 #egj1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #fgh4 ,seine river and ,lake ,shebandowan map-sheets1 by ,w4 ,mc,innes4 #ahig4 ,maps ,nos4 #ehi and #efj1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #gbc4 ,iron deposits along ,kingston and ,pembroke railway1 by ,e4 ,d4 ,ingall4 #aijj4 ,map ,no4 #fbf1 scale #b m4 #a in2 and plans of #ac mines4 #gci4 ,carleton1 ,russell and ,prescott counties1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #ahii4 7,see ,no4 #gci1 ,quebec47 #gda4 ,ottawa and vicinity1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #aijj4 #gij4 ,perth sheet1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #aijj4 ,map ,no4 #ghi1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ifa4 ,sudbury ,nickel and ,copper deposits1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,barlow4 7,reprint74 ,maps ,nos4 #gge1 #hbj1 scale #a m4 #a in42 #hbd1 #hbe1 #hfd1 scale #djj ft4 #a in4 #ifb4 ,nipissing and ,timiskaming map-sheets1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,barlow4 7,reprint74 ,maps ,nos4 #eii1 #fjf1 scale #d m4 #a in42 ,no4 #idd1 scale #a m4 #a in4 #ife4 ,sudbury ,nickel and ,copper deposits1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,barlow4 7,french74 #igj4 ,report on ,niagara ,falls1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,spencer4 ,maps ,nos4 #ibf1 #ifg4 #igg4 ,report on ,pembroke sheet1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 ,map ,no4 #ffj1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #iib4 ,report on ,north-western ,ontario1 traversed by ,national ,transcontinental railway1 between ,lake ,nipigon and ,sturgeon lake1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,collins4 ,map ,no4 #iic1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #iih4 ,report on ,pembroke sheet1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 7,french74 ,map ,no4 #ffj1 scale #d m4 #a in4 ,,quebec4 #baf4 ,mistassini expedition1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 #ahhd-e4 ,map ,no4 #bbh1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #bdj4 ,compton1 ,stanstead1 ,beauce1 ,richmond and ,wolfe counties1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #ahhf4 ,map ,no4 #bea 7,sherbrooke sheet71 scale #d m4 #a in4 #bfh4 ,megantic1 ,beauce1 ,dorchester1 ,levis1 ,bellechasse and ,montmagny counties1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #ahhg-h4 ,map ,no4 #bhg1 scale #dj ch4 #a in4 #big4 ,mineral resources1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #ahhi4 #cbh4 ,portneuf1 ,quebec and ,montmagny counties1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 #ahij-a4 #egi4 ,eastern ,townships1 ,montreal sheet1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells and ,f4 ,d4 ,adams4 #ahid4 ,map ,no4 #ega1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #eia4 ,laurentian area north of the ,island of ,montreal1 by ,f4 ,d4 ,adams4 #ahie4 ,map ,no4 #eij1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #fgj4 ,auriferous deposits1 ,south-eastern portion1 by ,r4 ,chalmers4 #ahie4 ,map ,no4 #ffg1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #gjg4 ,eastern ,townships1 ,three ,rivers sheet1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #ahih4 #gci4 ,argenteuil1 ,ottawa and ,pontiac counties1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #ahii4 7,see ,no4 #gci1 ,ontario74 #ghh4 ,nottaway basin1 by ,r4 ,bell4 #aijj4 99,map ,no4 #gjb1 scale #aj m4 #a in4 #hfc4 ,wells on ,island of ,montreal1 by ,f4 ,d4 ,adams4 #aija4 ,maps ,nos4 #hgd1 #hge1 #hgf4 #ibc4 ,chibougamau region1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,low4 #aije4 #ifb4 ,timiskaming map-sheet1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,barlow4 7,reprint74 ,maps ,nos4 #eii1 #fjf1 scale #d m4 #a in42 #idd1 scale #a m4 #a in4 #igd4 ,report on ,copper-bearing rocks of ,eastern ,townships1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,dresser4 ,map ,no4 #igf1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #ige4 ,report on ,copper-bearing rocks of ,eastern ,townships1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,dresser4 7,french74 #iih4 ,report on the ,pembroke sheet1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 7,french74 #ajbh4 ,report on a ,recent ,discovery of ,gold near ,lake ,megantic1 ,que41 by ,j4 ,a4 ,dresser4 ,map ,no4 #ajbi1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #ajcb4 ,report on a ,recent ,discovery of ,gold near ,lake ,megantic1 ,que41 by ,j4 ,a4 ,dresser4 7,french74 ,map ,no4 #ajbi1 scale #b m4 #a in4 ,,new ,,brunswick4 #bah4 ,western ,new ,brunswick and ,eastern ,nova ,scotia1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #ahhe4 ,map ,no4 #bcj1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #bai4 ,carleton and ,victoria counties1 by ,l4 ,w4 ,bailey4 #ahhe4 ,map ,no4 #bca1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #bdb4 ,victoria1 ,restigouche and ,northumberland counties1 ,n4,b41 by ,l4 ,w4 ,bailey and ,w4 ,mc,innes4 #ahhf4 ,map ,no4 #bed1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #bfi4 ,northern portion and adjacent areas1 by ,l4 ,w4 ,bailey and ,w4 ,mc,innes4 #ahhg-hh4 ,map ,no4 #bij1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ccj4 ,temiscouata and ,rimouski counties1 by ,l4 ,w4 ,bailey and ,w4 ,mc,innes4 #ahij-a4 ,map ,no4 #cej1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ffa4 ,mineral resources1 by ,l4 ,w4 ,bailey4 #ahig4 ,map ,no4 #fge1 scale #aj m4 #a in4 ,new ,brunswick geology1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 #ahhg4 #gii4 ,carboniferous system1 by ,l4 ,w4 ,bailey4 #aijj4 ,bound together4 #hjc4 ,coal prospects in1 by ,h4 ,s4 ,poole4 #aijj4 #ihc4 ,mineral resources1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,ells4 ,map ,no4 #ifi1 scale #af m4 #a in4 ,,nova ,,scotia4 #bdc4 ,guysborough1 ,antigonish1 ,pictou1 ,colchester and ,halifax counties1 by ,hugh ,fletcher and ,e4 ,r4 ,faribault4 #ahhf4 #cca4 ,pictou and ,colchester counties1 by ,h4 ,fletcher4 #ahij-a4 #ceh4 ,south-western ,nova ,scotia 7preliminary71 by ,l4 ,w4 ,bailey4 #ahib-c4 ,map ,no4 #cfb1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #fbh4 ,south-western ,nova ,scotia1 by ,l4 ,w4 ,bailey4 #ahif4 ,map ,no4 #fda1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #fhe4 ,sydney coal-field1 by ,h4 ,fletcher4 ,maps ,nos4 #feb1 #fec1 #fed1 scale #a m4 #a in4 #gig4 ,cambrian rocks of ,cape ,breton1 by ,g4 ,f4 ,matthew4 #aijj4 #hga4 ,pictou coal-field1 by ,h4 ,s4 ,poole4 #aijb4 ,map ,no4 #hcc1 scale #be ch4 #a in4 ,,maps4 #ajdb4 ,dominion of ,canada4 ,minerals4 ,scale #ajj m4 #a in4 ,,yukon4 #hje4 ,explorations on ,mac,millan1 ,upper ,pelly and ,stewart rivers1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #hia4 ,portion of ,duncan ,creek ,mining district1 scale #f m4 #a in4 #hid4 ,sketch ,map ,kluane ,mining district1 scale #f m4 #a in4 #iaf4 ,windy ,arm ,mining district1 ,sketch ,geological ,map1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #iia4 ,tantalus and ,five ,fingers coal mines1 scale #a m4 #a in4 ,,british ,,columbia4 #bgh4 ,cariboo ,mining district1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #fjd4 ,shuswap ,geological sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #gga4 ,preliminary ,edition1 ,east ,kootenay1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #gfg4 ,geological ,map of ,crowsnest coal-fields1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #gia4 ,west ,kootenay ,minerals and ,stri1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #gib4 ,west ,kootenay ,geological sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #hbh4 ,boundary ,creek ,mining district1 scale #a m4 #a in4 #hij4 ,nicola ,coal basins1 scale #a m4 #a in4 #ida4 ,preliminary ,geological ,map of ,rossland and vicinity1 scale #a1fjj ft4 #a in4 #ajja4 ,topographical ,map of ,rossland1 scale #djj ft4 #a in4 #ajjc4 ,rossland ,mining camp1 scale #a1bjj ft4 #a in4 ,,alberta4 #eid-eif4 ,peace and ,athabaska rivers1 scale #aj m4 #a in4 #hjh4 ,blairmore-,frank coal-fields1 scale #ahj ch4 #a in4 #hib4 ,costigan coal basin1 scale #dj ch4 #a in4 #ajaj4 ,coal ,areas of ,peace and ,athabaska rivers1 scale #ce m4 #a in4 ,,manitoba4 #hjd4 ,map of part of ,turtle mountain showing coal areas1 scale #a-a_/b m4 #a in4 ,,ontario4 #bbg4 ,lake of the ,woods sheet1 scale #b m4 #a in4 99#bhc4 ,rainy ,lake sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 99#cdb4 ,hunter ,island sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #cdc4 ,sudbury sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #cgc4 ,rainy ,river sheet1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #efj4 ,seine ,river sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #egj4 ,french ,river sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ehi4 ,lake ,shebandowan sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #eii4 ,timiskaming sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 7,new ,edition #aijg74 #fje4 ,manitoulin ,island sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #fjf4 ,nipissing sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 7,new ,edition #aijg74 #ffj4 ,pembroke sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ffc4 ,ignace sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #gjh4 ,haliburton sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #gbj4 ,manitou ,lake sheet1 scale #d in4 #a in4 99#gej4 ,grenville sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ggj4 ,bancroft sheet1 scale #b m4 #a in4 #gge4 ,sudbury district1 ,victoria mines1 scale #a m4 #a in4 #ghi4 ,perth sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #hbj4 ,sudbury district1 ,sudbury1 scale #a m4 #a in4 #hbd-hbe4 ,sudbury district1 ,copper ,cliff mines1 scale #djj ft4 #a in4 #heb4 ,north-east ,arm of ,vermilion ,iron ranges1 ,timagami1 scale #dj ch4 #a in4 #hfd4 ,sudbury district1 ,elsie and ,murray mines1 scale #djj ft4 #a in4 #ijc4 ,ottawa and ,cornwall sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #idd4 ,preliminary ,map of ,timagami and ,rabbit lakes1 scale #a m4 #a in4 #ifd4 ,geological ,map of parts of ,algoma and ,thunder bay1 scale #h m4 #a in4 ,,quebec4 #bea4 ,sherbrooke sheet1 ,eastern ,townships ,map1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #bhg4 ,thetford and ,coleraine ,asbestos district1 scale #dj ch4 #a in4 #cge4 ,quebec sheet1 ,eastern ,townships ,map1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ega4 ,montreal sheet1 ,eastern ,townships sheet1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ffe4 ,three ,rivers sheet1 ,eastern ,townships ,map1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #ffg4 ,gold ,areas in south-eastern part1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #ffh4 ,graphite districts in ,labelle county1 scale #dj ch4 #a in4 #iah4 ,chibougamau region1 scale #d m4 #a in4 #igf4 ,the ,older ,copper-bearing ,rocks of the ,eastern ,townships1 scale #h m4 #a in4 #ajjg4 ,preliminary ,map of townships east of ,lake ,timiskaming1 scale #b m4 #a m4 ,,new ,,brunswick4 #fge4 ,map of ,principal ,mineral ,occurrences4 ,scale #aj m4 #a in4 #ifi4 ,map of ,principal ,mineral ,localities4 ,scale #af m4 #a in4 ,,nova ,,scotia4 #hab4 ,preliminary ,map of ,springhill coal-field1 scale #ej ch4 #a in4 #hcc4 ,pictou coal-field1 scale #be ch4 #a in4 #hig4 ,preliminary ,geological ,plan of ,nictaux and ,torbrook ,iron district1 scale #be ch4 #a in4 #ibg4 ,general ,map of ,province showing gold districts1 scale #ab m4 #a in4 #icg4 ,leipsigate ,gold district1 scale #ejj ft4 #a in4 #ide4 ,harrigan ,gold district1 scale #djj ft4 #a in4 #iie4 ,malaga ,gold district1 scale #bej ft4 #a in4 #ajab4 ,brookfield ,gold district1 scale #bej ft4 #a in4 ,,note4--,individual ,maps or ,reports will be furnished free to bona fide ,canadian applicants4 ,applications should be addressed to the ,director1 ,geological ,survey ,branch1 ,department of ,mines1 ,ottawa4 ,reports and ,maps may be ordered by the numbers prefixed to titles4 ,footnote #a3 ,sketch map of ,abitibi region1 #aija4 ,no4 #gfj4 ,transcriber's ,note ,this book uses inconsistent spelling and hyphenation1 which were retained in the ebook version4 ,some corrections have been made to the text1 including normalizing punctuation4 ,further corrections are noted below3 p4 #cc3 so that withtin an area - so that within an area