file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/ration4 ,see #fejeh-;h4htm or #fejeh-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #fejeh_/pg#fejeh-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#feje h_/fejeh-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/oldgreek$ ucatio#jamaha ,"s *>act]s might n display prop]ly 9 ?is ,,utf-#h text file 7e4g41 empty squ>es74 ,if s1 ! read] %\ld consult ! html v]sion or ! orig9al page images not$ above4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text 7,d$ication7 enclos$ by plus signs is 9 ornate bold face 7bold74 ,,old ,,greek ,,education by ,j4 ,p4 ,,mahaffy1 ,m4,a4 ,fell4 & ,tutor1 ,tr94 ,coll41 ,dub4 ,knight ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,savi\r ,au?or ( 8,social ,life 9 ,greece0 8,a ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,lit]ature0 8,a ,prim] ( ,greek ,antiquities0 etc4 ,new ,york ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,frankl9 ,squ>e #ahhb ,,to ,,! ,,greek ,,nation ,,/ill1 ,,z ,,( ,,old1 ,,! ,,pione] ,,( ,,education ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,europe ,i ,d$icate ,,?is ,,little ,,book ,,9 ,,memory ,,( ,,! ,,ye> #ahha ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,read]s unfamili> ) ,greek w f9d ! equival5t ( ! ,greek words cit$ 9 ! ne>e/ ^w pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,! scope ( ?is book precludes me f ackn[l$g+ individually my _m obligations to o!r au?ors1 bo? = curi\s facts & = le>n$ ref]5ces4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction #a ,i4 ,infancy #g ,,ii4 ,e>li] ,*ildhood #ad ,,iii4 ,s*ool ,days--,! ,physical ,side #ba ,,iv4 ,s*ool ,days--,! ,musical ,side--,! ,s*oolma/] #cb ,v4 ,! ,musical ,side--,s*ools & _! ,appo9tm5ts #db ,,vi4 ,! ,subjects & ,me?od ( ,education--,draw+ & ,music #eg ,,vii4 ,! ,la/ ,/age ( ,education--,milit>y ,tra9+ ( ! ,ephebi #fi ,,viii4 ,high] ,education--,! ,sophi/s & ,socrates #gh ,,ix4 ,! ,rhetors--,isocrates #ia ,x4 ,! ,greek ,!ori/s on ,education--,plato & ,ari/otle #ii ,,xi4 ,! ,gr[? ( ,sy/ematic ,high] ,education--,univ]sity ,life at ,a!ns #aaf ,,index #ada ,,greek ,,education4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,we he> x (t5 repeat$ t human nature is ! same at all times & 9 all places2 & ?is is urg$ at times & places :]e x is s manife/ly false t we feel dispos$ p]emptorily to d5y x :5 p>ad$ to u z a g5]al tru?4 ,! fact is t only 9 its l[] activities does human nature %[ any rem>kable uni=mity2 s f> z m5 are m]e animals1 !y h /rong resemblances1 & 9 savages ev5 _! m9ds seem to orig9ate ! same fancies 9 v>i\s ages & climes4 ,b :5 we come to high] developm5ts1 to ! spiritual elem5t 9 individuals1 to ! social & political relations ( civiliz$ m51 ! pret5d$ truism gives way m & m to ! opposite tru?1 t mank9d v>ies at all times & 9 all places4 ,z no two individuals1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 are exactly alike1 s no two societies ( m5 are ev5 ne>ly alike2 & at ! pres5t "t !re is probably no m f]tile cause ( political & legislative blund]+ ?an ! assumption t ! con/itution successfully work$ out by "o p c be transf]r$ by ! =ce ( a m]e decree to its neighbors4 ,all ! rec5t exp]im5ts 9 /ate-re=m h be5 bas$ on ?is assumption1 z if ! transf]r5ce ( a ,h\se ( ,commons 9 any real s5se 7 n z impossible z ! transf]r5ce ( ,eton & ( ,ox=d to "s =eign society4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 we _c d5y t pa/ hi/ory conta9s _m fruitful lessons = ! bett]+ ( our own "t1 x is n unlikely t ! t5d5cy ( ! pres5t widely in=m$ b ha/y age is to exagg]ate ! lik5esses ( v>i\s epo*s1 & to ov]rate ! =ce ( analogy 9 social & political reason+4 ,hi/orical p>allels are g5]ally /rik+ only up to a c]ta9 po9t2 a deep] k discloses elem5ts ( contra/1 wide diff]5ces ( motive1 great v>iations 9 human feel+4 #b4 ,b z we g back to simpl] /ates ( life1 or e>li] /ages ( developm5t1 ! argum5t f analogy becomes /rong]1 & ! lessons we may d]ive f hi/ory1 ?\gh less /rik+1 are m tru/wor?y4 ,?is is peculi>ly ! case ) ! problem ( education z h&l$ by civiliz$ nations 9 v>i\s ages4 ,! mat]ial to be work$ ^u is t simpl] & fre%] human nature1 9 :i* v>ieties are due only to h]$ity1 & n yet to ! num]\s artificial /imulants & re/ra9ts :i* e society ( mature m5 inv5ts = itself4 ,! games & sports ( *ildr51 all ov] ! _w1 are z uni=m z ! weapons & designs ( savages4 ,! delights & disappo9tm5ts ( education h also rema9$ ! same1 at lea/ 9 _m respects4 ,! conflict ( !oretical & practical educators1 & ! failure ( spl5did s*emes = ! re=m ( society by a sy/ematic tra9+ ( y\?1 m>k e ov]-ripe civilization4 ,"h1 !n1 if any:]e1 we may ga9 a di/9ct advantage by contemplat+ ! problems1 :i* we ourselves are solv+1 "u discussion 9 a remote society4 ,! m important & p]man5t elem5ts w /& out cle>] :5 fre$ f ! int]e/s & prejudices ( our own day1 & f ! necessities ( our own situation2 & ?us we may be taught to rega9 fre$om ( judgm5t & escape f ! iron despotism ( a traditional sy/em4 ,= if x be ! case t 9 no dep>tm5t ( our life are we m ?or\ghly enslav$ ?an on ! "q ( education1 if x be true t we are oblig$ "h to submit our *ildr5 to ! ignorance & prejudice ( nurses1 gov]nesses1 prie/s1 p$ants--all foll[+ m or less /upid traditions1 & all co]c$ by %ackles :i* !y want ei!r ! k or ! p[] to break--!n any inquiry :i* may lead u to consid] freely & calmly :at is "r & :at is n "r1 :at is possible & :at is n possible1 9 education _c b h real value1 ap>t f purely hi/orical or le>n$ consid]ations4 #c4 ,9 fact1 ! ma9 object ( ?is book is to int]e/ m5 :o are n classical s*ol>s1 & :o are n pr(essional educators1 9 ! !ory ( education z treat$ by t p :i* is kn[n to h done m ?an any o!r 9 fitt+ its memb]s = ! high] ends & enjoym5ts ( life4 ,! ,greeks 7 f> beh9d u 9 ! me*anical aids to human progress2 !y und]/ood n ! use ( electricity1 or ( /eam1 or ( gunp[d]1 or ( pr9t+4 ,b1 9 spite ( ?is1 ! ,greek public 0 f> bett] educat$ ?an we are--nay1 to "s ext5t1 because ( ?is x 0 bett] educat$4 ,= ,greek life af=d$ prop] leisure = ?or\gh intellectual tra9+1 & ?is includes fir/ ( all su* political tra9+ z is /range to almo/ ! :ole ( ,europe2 secondly1 moral tra9+ ( s high a k9d z to rival at times ! light ( revelation2 ?irdly1 social tra9+ to some?+ high] ?an music & fea/+ by way ( recreation2 &1 f\r?ly1 arti/ic tra9+1 :i*1 :ile x did n condesc5d to bad imitations ( great arti/s1 taught ! public to und]/& & to love true & noble ideals4 ,:y mu/ ^! great ends ( education be obscur$ or lo/ by ! mod]n wond]s ( discov]y1 :i* %\ld make !m m easy ( atta9m5t & wid] 9 circulation8 ,7 ! ,greeks bett] (f 9 education ?an we are1 &1 if s1 :y 7 !y bett] (f8 or is all ?is alleg$ ,greek sup]iority an idle dream ( ! p$ants1 ) no solid basis 9 facts8 ,if x is real1 c we n discov] ! secret ( _! sup]iority1 & use x ) f> wid] & deep] effect 9 our ,*ri/ian society8 or is human nature ( n>r[ & fix$ capacity1 & does ! addition ( wide ranges ( positive sci5ce & ( v>i\s tongues m> irrevocably ! cultivation ( ! pure reason & ( ! /hetic faculty8 ,^! are ! problems :i* w occupy ! foll[+ pages1 n 9 _! ab/ract =m2 !y w be consid]$ 9 close relation to ! success or failure ( ! old ,greeks 9 discuss+ & solv+ !m4 #d4 ,!re h be5 only two e>li] nations & "o lat] :i* c\ld compete ) ! ,greeks 9 _! treatm5t ( ?is p]petual problem 9 human progress4 ,we h fir/ ! ,egyptian nation1 :i* by its ?or\gh & widely diffus$ culture atta9$ a duration ( national prosp]ity & happ9ess p]haps nev] s9ce equall$4 ,isolat$ f o!r civiliz$ races by geographical position1 by language1 & 9 consequ5ce by social in/itutions1 ! ,egyptians prosecut$ int]nal developm5t m assidu\sly ?an is ! wont ( m]e conqu]+ races4 ,! few =eign possessions acquir$ by ! ,egyptians 7 nev] assimilat$1 & ! civilization ( ! ,nile rema9$ isolat$ & unique4 ,we h reason to "k t ?is ref9$ social life1 :i* is p]petuat$ 9 pictures on ! monum5ts ( ! l&--?is l>ge & v>i\s lit]ature1 ( :i* s _m fragm5ts h be5 recov]$ 9 our c5tury--0 n creat$ )\t a diffus$ & sy/ematic education4 ,9 ,plato's 8,laws10#a ! tra9+ ( _! "y *ildr5 9 elem5t>y sci5ce is describ$ z f> sup]ior to any?+ 9 ,greece4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ! mat]ials = any e/imate ( ,egyptian education1 9 its process1 are want+4 ,we c see pla9ly its great national effects2 we h ev5 "s details z to ! special tra9+ 9 sep>ate in/itutions ( a le>n$ & lit]>y class2 b no?+ m has yet be5 recov]$4 ,if we knew ! v>i\s /eps by :i* ,moses became 8le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians10 an int]e/+ field ( comp>ison w\ld be op5$ to u2 & "h1 no d\bt1 we %\ld f9d "s ( our own difficulties discuss$ & p]haps solv$ by e>ly sages1 /ill m by an enlight5$ public op9ion1 %[+ itself 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( s\nd traditions4 ,&1 no d\bt1 f ! d5se population1 ! subdivision ( prop]ty & ( labor1 & ! abs5ce ( a great t]ritorial ari/ocracy1 ! education ( ! ,egyptians mu/ h correspond$ to our middle-class & prim>y sy/ems1 toge!r ) special in/itutions = ! high] tra9+ ( ! pr(essions & ( ! lit]>y ca/e4 #e4 ,if we c\ld comm& our mat]ial1 we might seek else:]e = analogies to ! education ( our nobility & high] g5try4 ,we "k ?r\gh ,greek & ,roman s\rces1 z well z ?r\gh ! h]oic poetry ( ! 8,%ahnameh10 t ! ,aryan nobles :o became1 "u ,cyrus1 ! rul]s ( ,we/]n ,asia1 7 9 "*1 z !y 7 9 blood1 alli$ to ! ,g]manic *iefs & ,norse ,vik+s1 ) _! love ( d>+ adv5ture1 _! *ivalry1 & _! int5se loyalty to _! appo9t$ sov]eign4 ,9 ^! qualities !y 7 /rangely oppos$ to ! democratic ,greeks1 on :om !y look$ ) contempt1 :ile !y 7 appreciat$ 9 return only by a few su* m5 z ,h]odotus & ,x5ophon4 ,inde$1 su* devotion to _! sov]eign z made !m leap ov]bo>d to light5 8 %ip 9 a /orm 0 conf\nd$ by ! ,greeks ) slavi% submission1 ,ori5tal pro/rations1 & o!r signs ( humiliation4 ,nev]!less1 ! m5 :om ! ,greeks long d>$ n look 9 ! face--! conqu]ors ( half ! kn[n _w1 ! successful rivals ( ! ,romans = ! dom9ion ( ! ,ea/--fac$ dea? "u ,x]xes & ! la/ ,d>ius ) o!r feel+s ?an ^? ( slavi% submission4 ,h]odotus1 9 8 int]e/+ & sympa!tic acc\nt ( !m1 says _! *ildr5's education consi/$ ( ?ree ?+s--to ride1 to %oot1 & to tell ! tru?4 ,if he _h add$ a *ivalr\s loyalty to _! k+s l t ( ! ,fr5* nobles 9 ! la/ c5tury1 he w\ld h complet$ ! picture1 & sket*$ a tra9+ :i* _m an ,engli% g5tleman consid]s little %ort ( p]fection4 #f4 ,! ,romans are ! only o!r anci5t p :o /& ne> en\gh to u to sugge/ an inquiry into _! education4 ,& x may be said t !y comb9$ ! dignity ( noble traditions ) ! practical in/9cts ( a successful trad+ p4 ,h5ce ,roman education1 if c>ri$ on ) sy/em1 ought ( all o!rs to correspond ) t ( ,engli%m51 :o %\ld comb9e ! same qualities 9 c>ry+ out an analog\s policy1 & 9 fill+1 to "s ext5t1 a simil> position 9 ! _w4 ,b s closely 0 all ,roman culture bas$ on ,greek books & models t1 al?\gh e p mu/ develop individual features ( its own--& ! ,romans _h pl5ty ( !m1 z we may see f ,qu9tilian--any philosophical k ( ,roman education mu/ dep5d ^u a previ\s k ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 _m respects ! ,romans 7 a race m cong5ial to ! ,engli%1 & h5ce by u m easily und]/ood4 ,9 ! co>s] & /rong] elem5ts ( human "*1 9 directness & love ( tru?1 9 a c]ta9 contempt ( /hetics & ( speculation1 9 a blunt ass]tion ( ! supremacy ( practical que/ions1 9 a want ( sympa?y1 & (t5 a /upid ignorance & neglect ( ! "* & requirem5ts ( subject races1 ! ,romans are ! true =]unn]s ( ! ,engli% 9 hi/ory4 ,burd5$ z we are ) ^! defects ( national "*1 ! products ( ! subtl] & m g5ial1 if less solid & tru?ful1 ,hell5ic race are p>ticul>ly well wor? our consid]ation4 ,?is has be5 s ?or\ghly recogniz$ by ?\ghtful m5 9 our g5]ation z to require no fur!r support by argum5t4 ,x only rema9s t ea* ( our ,hell5i/s %\ld d 8 be/1 9 "s di/9ct l9e1 to make ! life ( ! ,greeks kn[n to u ) fairness & accuracy4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,p4 #hai4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,infancy4 #g4 ,we f9d 9 ,hom]1 especially 9 ! 8,iliad10 indications ( ! pla9e/ k9d t ,greek babies 7 l ! babies ( mod]n ,europe1 equally tr\blesome1 equally delightful to _! p>5ts1 equally un9t]e/+ to ! re/ ( society4 ,! fam\s sc5e 9 ! six? book ( ! 8,iliad10 :5 ,hector's infant1 ,a/yanax1 screams at ! sight ( 8 fa!r's wav+ cre/1 & ! h]o lays 8 helmet on ! gr\nd t he may laugh & weep ov] ! *ild2 ! love & t5d]ness ( ,&roma*e1 & h] pa!tic lam5ts 9 ! tw5ty-second book--are famili> to all4 ,%e =esees ! h>d%ips & unk9dnesses to h] orphan boy1 8:o 0 wont ^u 8 fa!r's knees to eat ! pure/ m>r[ & ! ri* fat ( %eep2 & :5 sleep came ^u him1 & he ceas$ 8 *ildi% play1 he w\ld lie 9 ! arms ( 8 nurse1 on a s(t cu%ion1 satisfi$ ) e com=t40 ,s1 aga91#b a protect+ goddess is comp>$ to a "m keep+ ! flies f h] sleep+ infant1 & a p]t9aci\s fri5d#c to a little girl :o1 runn+ beside h] "m1 begs to be tak5 up1 hold+ h] dress & delay+ h]1 & ) te>ful eyes ! *ild keeps look+ up till ! "m d5ies h] no long]4 ,^! are only /ray ref]5ces1 & yet !y speak no less cle>ly ?an if we _h ask$ = an express answ] to a direct inquiry4 ,s we h ! hesitation ( ! murd]]s s5t to make away ) ! infant ,cypselus1 :o _h be5 =etold to port5d dang] to ! ,cor9?ian ,h]ods ( t day4 ,! smile ( ! baby unmans--or %\ld we r say unbrutes8--! fir/ ruffian1 & s ! task is pass$ on f man to man4 ,?is /ory 9 ,h]odotus#d is a sort ( natural ,greek p>allel to ! great ,%akespe>ian sc5e1 :]e ano!r *ild sways 8 int5d$ tortur] ) an eloqu5ce m consci\s & explicit1 b n1 p]haps1 m p[]ful1 ?an ! radiant smile ( ! ,greek baby4 ,?us ,euripides1 ! great ma/] ( pa?os1 repres5ts ,iphig5ia br++ h] infant bro!r ,ore/es to plead = h] ) t unconsci\sness ( sorr[ :i* pi]ces u to ! he>t m ?an ! mo/ affect+ rhetoric4 ,9 mod]n art a little *ild1 play+ ab\t its dead "m1 & wait+ ) cont5tm5t = h] awak+1 is p]haps ! mo/ p[]ful appeal to human compassion :i* we are able to conceive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tr\bles ( infancy 7 !n z n[ v great4 ,we d n1 inde$1 he> ( cr\p or tee?+ or measles or :oop+-c\gh4 ,b ^! are occasional matt]s1 & c\nt z no?+ beside ! inexorable tyranny ( a sleepless baby4 ,= !n z n[ mo!rs & nurses _h a /rong prejudice 9 favor ( c>ry+ ab\t re/less *ildr51 & s soo?+ !m to sleep4 ,! unpractical ,plato requires t 9 8 fabul\s ,republic two or ?ree /\t nurses %all be 9 read9ess to c>ry ab\t ea* *ild1 because *ildr51 l game-cocks1 ga9 _s & endurance by ?is treatm5t6 ,:at !y really ga9 is a gigantic p[] ( tortur+ _! mo!rs4 ,mo/ *ildr5 c readily be taught to sleep 9 a b$1 or ev5 9 an arm-*air2 b an infant once accu/om$ to be+ c>ri$ ab\t w insi/ ^u x2 & s x came t ,greek husb&s 7 oblig$ to relegate _! wives to ano!r sleep+-room1 :]e ! nightly squall+ ( ! furi\s infant might n di/urb ! ma/] z well z ! mi/ress ( ! h\se4 ,b ! ,greek g5tleman 0 able to make good 8 damag$ re/ by a mid-day sie/a1 & s requir$ b little sleep at night4 ,! mod]n fa!r 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 ) 8 :ole day's "w & wak+1 is !re=e 9 a m disadvantage\s position4 ,( c\rse1 v fa%ionable p kept nurses1 & x 0 ! highe/ tone at ,a!ns to h a ,sp>tan nurse = ! infant1 j z an ,engli% nurse is s\ght out among =eign noblesse4 ,we are told t ^! wom5 made ! *ild h>di]1 t !y us$ less swa?+ & b&ag+1 & all[$ free play = ! limbs2 & ?is1 l all ! ,sp>tan physical tra9+1 0 approv$ ( & admir$ by ! re/ ( ! ,greek public1 ?\gh its imitation 0 nev] sugge/$ save 9 ! unpractical speculations ( ,plato4 ,:e!r !y also approv$ ( a diet ( m>r[ & mutton suet1 :i* ,hom]1 9 ! passage j cit$1 consid]s ! luxury ( pr9ces1 does n appe>4 ,z ,hom] 0 ! ,greek ,bible--an inspir$ book conta9+ p]fect wisdom on all ?+s1 human & div9e--!re mu/ h be5 _m or?odox p>5ts :o foll[$ 8 prescription4 ,b we he> no approval or c5sure ( su* diet4 ,possibly m>r[ may h repres5t$ our cod-liv] oil 9 /r5g!n+ delicate infants4 ,b z ! ,hom]ic m5 f$ f> m exclusively on meat ?an _! hi/orical successors1 "s vegetable sub/itute1 su* z olive oil1 mu/ h be5 9 use lat] on4 ,ev5 )9 our memory mutton suet boil$ 9 milk 0 commonly recomm5d$ by physicians = ! delicacy n[ treat$ by cod-liv] oil4 ,! suppos$ /r5g!n+ ( *ildr5 by air & exposure1 or by e>ly neglect ( _! com=ts1 0 z fa%ionable at ,sp>ta z x is ) _m mod]n !ori/s1 & x probably l$ 9 bo? cases to ! same result--! ext9ction ( ! weak & delicate4 ,^! !ori/s p>ade ! cases ( survival ( /\t *ildr5--t is1 _! exceptional s\ndness--z ! effect ( ?is h>% treatm5t1 & s satisfy !mselves t exp]i5ce confirms _! views4 ,n[ ) ! ,sp>tans ?is 0 logical en\gh1 = z !y pr(ess$ & desir$ no?+ b physical results1 z !y despis$ intellectual qualities1 & e/eem$ ob$i5ce to be ! highe/ ( moral ones1 !y 7 p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 _! proce$+4 ,s ?or\ghly did !y advocate ! production ( heal?y citiz5s = milit>y purposes t !y 7 q cont5t t ! sickly %\ld die4 ,9 fact1 9 ! case ( obvi\sly weak & de=m$ infants1 !y did n hesitate to expose !m 9 ! mo/ brutal s5se1 n to cold & draughts1 b to ! wild bea/s 9 ! m\nta9s4 #h4 ,?is br+s u to ! fir/ %ock+ contra/ betwe5 ! ,greek treatm5t ( *ildr5 & ours4 ,we _c really d\bt1 f ! free use ( ! idea 9 ,greek trag$ies1 9 ! com$ies ( ord9>y life1 & 9 !ories ( political economy1 t ! expos+ ( new-born *ildr5 0 n only sanction$ by public feel+1 b actually practis$ ?r\gh\t ,greece4 ,v>i\s motives comb9$ to ju/ify or to ext5uate ?is practice4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! infant 0 reg>d$ z ! prop]ty ( its p>5ts1 inde$ ( its fa!r1 to an ext5t inconceivable to mo/ mod]n ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,/ate only1 ^: claim ov]rode all o!r consid]ations1 _h a "r1 = public reasons1 to int]f]e ) ! dispositions ( a fa!r4 ,individual human life _h n atta9$ :at may be call$ ! exagg]at$ value d]iv$ f sundry sup]/itions1 :i* rema9s ev5 aft] ^? sup]/itions h decay$4 ,&1 moreov]1 9 _m ,greek /ates1 ! contempt = comm]cial pursuits1 & ! want ( outlet = practical en]gy1 made ! support+ ( l>ge families cumb]some1 or ! subdivision ( patrimonies excessive4 ,h5ce ! prud5ce or ! selfi%ness ( p>5ts did n hesitate to use an escape :i* mod]n civilization condemns z n only crim9al1 b z horribly cruel4 ,h[ little ev5 ! noble/ ,greek !ori/s felt ?is objection appe>s f ! fact t ,plato1 ! ,attic ,moses1 sanctions infanticide#e "u c]ta9 circum/ances or 9 ano!r =m1 9 8 ideal /ate4 ,9 ! g5teel com$y x is (t5 m5tion$ z a some:at pa9ful necessity1 b enjo9$ by prud5ce4 ,n[h]e does ! agony ( ! "m's he>t rea* u ?r\gh _! lit]ature1 save 9 "o illu/ration us$ by ! ,platonic ,socrates1 :]e he comp>es ! ang] ( 8 pupils1 :5 fir/ confut$ out ( _! prejudices1 to ! fury ( a "y "m depriv$ ( h] fir/ infant4 ,!re is some?+ horrible 9 ! v allusion1 z if 9 aft]-life ,attic mo!rs became h>d5$ to ?is treatm5t4 ,we mu/ suppose ! expos+ ( female infants to h be5 n uncommon until ! j retribution ( b>r5ness fell ^u ! nation1 & ! population dw9dl$ away by a /range atrophy4 #i4 ,9 ! _m family suits argu$ by ! ,attic orators1 we d n 7,i believe7 f9d a case 9 :i* a l>ge family ( *ildr5 is conc]n$4 ,f\r appe>s a l>g] numb] ?an ! av]age4 ,m>riages betwe5 relations z close z uncle & niece1 & ev5 half-bro!rs & si/]s1 7 n uncommon2 b ! rese>*es ( mod]n sci5ce h remov$ ! gr\nds = believ+ t ?is practice w\ld t5d to dim9i% ! race4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly increase any pre-exi/+ t5d5cy to h]$it>y disease2 yet we d n he> ( infantile diseases any m ?an we he> ( delicate infants4 ,plagues & epidemics 7 common en\gh1 b1 z already obs]v$1 we d n he> ( measles1 or :oop+-c\gh1 or sc>lat9a1 or any ( ! o!r con/ant p]secutors ( our nurs]ies4 ,z ! le>n+ ( =eign languages 0 q b5ea? ! notions ( ! ,greek g5tleman1 :o r expect$ all b>b>ians to le>n 8 language1 ! habit ( employ+ =eign nurses1 s useful & ev5 necess>y to good mod]n education1 0 well-nigh unkn[n4 ,x w\ld h be5 ?\ght a great mis=tune to any ,hell5ic *ild to be br\ght up speak+ ,?racian or ,egyptian4 ,accord+ly1 =eign slave att5dants1 ) _! /range acc5t & rude mann]s1 7 n all[$ to take *>ge ( *ildr5 till !y 7 able to g to s*ool1 & _h le>n$ _! "m tongue p]fectly4 ,b ! wom5's ap>tm5ts1 9 :i* *ildr5 7 kept = ! fir/ few ye>s1 are clos$ s completely to u t we c b conjecture a few ?+s ab\t ! life & c>e ( ,greek babies4 ,a few late epigrams tell ! grief ( p>5ts b]eav$ ( _! infants4 ,beyond ?is1 classical lit]ature af=ds u no light4 ,! backw>dness 9 culture ( ,greek wom5 leads u to suspect t !n1 z n[1 ,greek babies 7 m (t5 spoil$ ?an is ! case among ! s]i\s ,nor!rn nations4 ,! t]m 8,sp>tan "m0 is1 h[ev]1 /ill prov]bial2 &1 no d\bt1 9 t exceptional ,/ate discipl9e 0 s univ]sal & s highly e/eem$ t x p5etrat$ ev5 to ! nurs]y4 ,b 9 ! re/ ( ,greece we may conceive ! "y *ild arriv+ at 8 s*oolboy age m wilful & head/rong ?an mo/ ( our m wat*$ & worri$ infants4 ,ar*ytas1 ! philosoph]1 e>n$ special cr$it = inv5t+ ! rattle1 & sav+ mu* damage to h\sehold furniture by occupy+ *ildr5 ) ?is toy4 ,,footnotes3 #b #acj4 #c #g4 #d ,h]od4 v4 #ic4 #e ,expos+ *ildr51 in/ead ( kill+ !m1 left op5 ! *ance t "s b5evol5t p]son w\ld save !m1 f pity1 or av>ici\s p]son sell !m z slaves--a result :i*1 no d\bt1 (t5 occurr$4 ,?us ! p>5ts c\ld console _! consci5ces ) a hope t ! b5evol5ce ( ! gods _h prev5t$ ! natural consequ5ces ( _! inhuman act4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,e>li] ,,*ildhood4 #aj4 ,! ext]nal circum/ances det]m9+ a ,greek boy's education 7 some:at diff]5t f ours4 ,we mu/ rememb] t all old ,greek life1 except 9 r>e cases1 su* z t ( ,elis1 ( :i* we "k no?+1 0 di/9ctly t[n life2 & s1 naturally1 ,greek s*ool+ 0 day s*ool+1 f :i* ! *ildr5 return$ to ! c>e ( _! p>5ts4 ,to h& ov] boys1 f> less girls1 to ! *>ge ( a bo>d+-s*ool 0 p]fectly unkn[n1 & w\ld1 no d\bt1 h be5 gravely c5sur$4 ,orphans 7 plac$ "u ! c>e ( _! ne>e/ male relative1 ev5 :5 _! education 0 provid$ 7z x 0 9 "s cases7 by ! ,/ate4 ,aga91 z reg>ds ! age ( go+ to s*ool1 x w\ld naturally be e>ly1 see+ t day s*ools may well include infants ( t5d] age1 & t 9 ,greek h\seholds nei!r fa!r nor "m 0 (t5 able or dispos$ to und]take ! education ( ! *ildr54 ,inde$1 we f9d x univ]sal t ev5 ! k ( ! lett]s1 & read+1 7 obta9$ f a s*oolma/]4 ,all ^! circum/ances w\ld po9t to an e>ly beg9n+ ( ,greek s*ool life2 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 ! small numb] ( subjects requir$ 9 ^? days1 ! abs5ce f ! programme ( v>i\s languages1 ( mo/ exact sci5ces1 & ( g5]al hi/ory & geography1 made x unnecess>y to beg9 s e>ly1 or "w s h>d1 z our un=tunate *ildr5 h to d4 ,above all1 !re 7 no competitive exam9ations1 except 9 a?letics & music4 ,! ,greeks nev] ?\ght ( promot+ a man = 8dead k10 b = 8 liv+ grasp ( sci5ce or ( life4 ,ow+ to ^! causes1 we f9d ! !ori/s discuss+1 z !y n[ d1 ! exp$i5cy ( wait+ till ! age ( sev5 be=e beg9n+ s]i\s education--"s advis+ x1 o!rs recomm5d+ easy & half-play+ lessons f an e>li] p]iod4 ,& !n1 z n[1 we f9d ! same curi\s sil5ce on ! really important fact t ! exact numb] ( ye>s a *ild has liv$ is no?+ to ! po9t 9 "q2 & t :ile "o *ild may be too "y at sev5 to comm5ce "w1 _m m may be di/9ctly too old4 #aa4 ,at all ev5ts1 we may assume 9 p>5ts ! same v>ieties ( ov]-anxiety1 ( ov]-indulg5ce1 ( n]v\sness1 & ( c>elessness ab\t _! *ildr52 & s x d\btless came to pass t !re 0 9 _m cases a gap betwe5 infancy & s*ool-life1 :i* 0 sp5t 9 play+ & do+ mis*ief4 ,?is may be fairly inf]r$1 n only f su* anecdotes z t ( ,alcibiades play+ ) 8 fell[s 9 ! /reet1#f evid5tly )\t ! protection ( any pdagogue1 b also f ! l>ge nom5clature ( boys' games pres]v$ to u 9 ! gloss>ies ( lat] gramm>ians4 ,^! games are q di/9ct f ! regul> ex]cises 9 ! pal/ra 7( :i* we w speak pres5tly1 z =m+ a regul> "p ( education74 ,we h only g5]al descriptions ( !m1 & ^! ei!r by ,greek s*olia/s or by mod]n philologi/s4 ,b1 9 spite ( ! sad want ( practical k ( games %[n by bo?1 ! in/9cts ( boyhood are s uni=m t we c (t5 frame a v di/9ct idea ( ! sort ( amusem5t popul> among ,greek *ildr54 ,= "y boys1 games c h>dly consi/ ( any?+ else ?an ei!r ! practis+ ( "s bodily dext]ity1 su* z hopp+ on "o foot1 high] or long] ?an is easy1 or ?r[+ f>!r ) a /one2 or else "s imitation ( w>1 su* z sn[ball+1 or pull+ a rope across a l9e1 or pursu+ "u fix$ conditions2 or1 la/ly1 ! practice ( "s me*anical +5uity1 su* z :ipp+ a top or %oot+ ) m>bles4 ,s f> z climate or me*anical inv5tions h n alt]$ our little boys' games1 we f9d all ^! pr9ciples repres5t$ 9 ,greek games4 ,!re 0 ! hobby- or cock-horse 7 71 /&+ or hopp+ on "o leg 771 :i*1 z ! ^w implies1 0 attempt$ on a sk9-bottle fill$ ) liquid & greas$2 bl9dman's-buff 7 71 9 :i* ! boy cri$1 8,i am hunt+ a brack5 fly10 & ! re/ answ]$1 8,y w n cat* x20 games ( hide-&-seek1 ( tak+ & releas+ prison]s1 ( fool 9 ! middle1 ( play+ at k+--9 fact1 !re is probably no simple *ild's game n[ kn[n :i* 0 n !n 9 use4 ,a few m details may1 h[ev]1 be int]e/+4 ,!re 0 a game call$ 1 9 :i* ! 0 a peg ( wood ) a heavy end %>p5$1 :i* boys s\ght to /rike into a s(t5$ place 9 ! e>? s t x /ood upright1 & knock$ out ! peg ( a rival4 ,?is rem9ds u ( ! pegtop-splitt+ :i* /ill goes on 9 our /reets4 ,ano!r1 call$ 1 consi/$ ( toss+ an oy/]-%ell 9 ! air1 ( :i* "o side 0 black5$ or moi/5$1 & call$ night1 ! o!r day1 or sun & ra94 ,! boys 7 divid$ into two sides ) ^! names1 &1 accord+ z _! side ( ! %ell turn$ up1 !y pursu$ & took prison]s _! adv]s>ies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 0 mak+ a %ell skip along ! surface ( wat] by a horizontal ?r[1 & w9n+ by ! greate/ numb] ( skips4 1 ?\gh a g5]al expression = any conte/1 0 specially appli$ to toss+ a knuckle-bone or smoo? /one s z to lie 9 ! c5tre ( a fix$ circle1 & to di/urb ^? :i* 7 already 9 good positions4 ,?is 0 also done into a small hole 774 ,!y seem to h %ot dri$ beans f _! f+]s z we d m>bles 774 ,!y spun co9s on _! edge 774 ,"h are two games n p]haps s univ]sal n[adays4 0 a te*nical ^w = toss+ up five pebbles or a/ragali1 & receiv+ !m s z to make !m lie on ! back ( ! h&4 1 or ! beetle game1 consi/$ 9 fly+ a beetle by a long ?read1 & guid+ him l a kite4 ,b by way ( improvem5t !y atta*$ a wax$ spl9t]1 light$1 to 8 tail2 & ?is cruelty is n[ practis$1 accord+ to a good au?ority 7,papasliotis71 9 ,greece1 & has ev5 be5 kn[n to cause s]i\s fires4#g ,tops 7 kn[n "u v>i\s names 71 1 71 "o ( !m c]ta9ly a humm+-top4 ,s 7 hoops 774 ,ball-play+ 0 anci5t & diffus$1 ev5 among ! ,hom]ic h]oes4 ,b z x 0 f\nd v fa%ionable & c>efully practis$ by bo? ,mexicans & ,p]uvians at ! "t ( ! conque/1 x is probably common to all civiliz$ races4 ,we h no details left u ( complicat$ games ) balls2 & ! m]e ?r[+ !m up & cat*+ !m "o f ! o!r1 ) "s rhy?mic motion1 is h>dly wor? all ! poetic f]vor %[n ab\t ?is game by ! ,greeks4 ,b possibly ! musical & danc+ accompanim5ts 7 v important1 9 ! case ( gr[n p1 & 9 hi/orical times4 ,pollux1 h[ev]--our ma9 au?ority = mo/ ( ^! games--9 "o place#h di/9ctly describes bo? football & h&ball4 8,! names10 he says1 8( games ) balls are--1 1 1 4 ,! fir/ is play$ by two ev5 sides1 :o draw a l9e 9 ! c5tre1 :i* !y call$ 1 on :i* !y place ! ball4 ,!y draw two o!r l9es beh9d ea* side1 & ^? :o fir/ rea* ! ball ?r[ x 77 ov] ! oppon5ts1 ^: duty x is to cat* x & return x1 until "o side drives ! o!r back ov] _! goal l9e40 ,?\gh ,pollux makes no m5tion ( kick+1 ?is game is evid5tly our football 9 sub/ance4 ,he proce$s3 8 0 call$ ei!r f ,phn9des1 ! fir/ discov]]1 or f deceiv+ 7710 etc4--we ne$ n foll[ 8 etymologies--8& consi/s ( mak+ a ball b\nd (f ! gr\nd1 & s5d+ x aga9/ a wall1 c\nt+ ! numb] ( ! hops accord+ z x 0 return$40 ,& z if to make ! anticipations ( our games m curi\sly complete1 !re is cit$ f ! hi/ory ( ,manuel1 by ! ,byzant9e ,c9namus 7,a4,d4 #abjj71 a cle> description ( ! ,canadian lacrosse1 a sort ( hockey play$ ) rackets3 8,c]ta9 y\?s1 divid$ equally1 leave 9 a level place1 :i* !y h be=e prep>$ & measur$1 a ball made ( lea!r1 ab\t ! size ( an apple1 & ru% at x1 z if x 7 a prize ly+ 9 ! middle1 f _! fix$ />t+-po9t 7a goal74 ,ea* ( !m has 9 8 "r h& a racket 77 ( suitable l5g? end+ 9 a sort ( flat b5d1 ! middle ( :i* is occupi$ by gut /r+s dri$ by season+1 & plait$ toge!r 9 net fa%ion4 ,ea* side /rives to be ! fir/ to br+ x to ! opposite end ( ! gr\nd f t allott$ to !m4 ,:5ev] ! ball is driv5 by ! 7rackets7 to ! end ( ! gr\nd1 x c\nts z a victory40#i ,two games1 :i* 7 n conf9$ to *ildr51 & :i* are n widely diffus$1 ?\gh !y exi/1 among u1 are ! use ( a/ragali1 or knuckle-bones ( animals1 s cut ne>ly squ>e z to s]ve = dice2 & ) ^! *ildr5 ?rew = luck1 ! highe/ ?r[ 7sixes7 be+ acc\nt$ ! be/4 ,9 lat] ,greek art repres5tations ( ,eros & o!r y\?ful figures engag$ ) a/ragali are frequ5t4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ?is game 0 an introduction to dice-play+1 :i* 0 s common1 & s (t5 abus$1 t among ! few specim5s ( anci5t dice rema9+ !re are "s false1 & :i* 7 evid5tly load$4 ,! o!r game to :i* ,i allude is ! ,italian morra1 ! guess+ in/antane\sly h[ _m f+]s are ?r[n up by ! play] & 8 adv]s>y4 ,x is surpris+ h[ fond ,s\!rn m5 & boys /ill are ( ?is simple game1 *iefly1 h[ev]1 = gambl+ purposes4 ,!re 0 toss+ 9 a blanket1 walk+ on /ilts1 sw++1 leap-frog1 & _m o!r simil> plays1 :i* are ill-und]/ood1 & worse expla9$1 by ! le>n$1 & ( no importance to u1 save z prov+ ! g5]al simil>ity ( ! life ( little boys !n z n[4 ,we "k no?+ ab\t ! condition ( little girls ( ! same age1 except t !y specially indulg$ 9 ball-play+4 ,l our own *ildr51 ! girls probably jo9$1 to a less] degree1 9 ! boys' games1 & only s f> z !y c\ld be c>ri$ on )9-doors1 9 ! c\rt ( ! h\se4 ,!re are graceful repres5tations ( _! sw++ & practis+ our seesaw4 ,dolls !y _h 9 pl5ty1 & doll-mak+ 7( clay7 0 q a special trade at ,a!ns4 ,9 m ?an "o in/ance we h f\nd 9 *ildr5's graves _! favorite dolls1 :i* sorr[+ p>5ts laid ) !m z a sort ( keepsake 9 ! tomb4 #ab4 ,mo/ un=tunately1 !re is h>dly a ^w left ( ! nurs]y rhymes & ( ! folk-lore1 :i* are v mu* m int]e/+ ?an ! physical amusem5ts ( *ildr54 ,yet we "k t su* popul> songs exi/$ 9 pl5ty2 we "k1 too1 f ! e>ly fame ( sop's fables1 f ! my?s s readily inv5t$ & exquisitely told by ,plato1 t "h we h lo/ a real fund ( beautiful & /imulat+ *ildr5's /ories4#aj ,& ( c\rse "h1 too1 ! g5]al "* ( su* /ories ?r\gh\t ! human race 0 pres]v$4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,plut4 8,alkib410 c4 #b4 #g ,?is seems to be ! int]pretation ( 8,a*>40 #ibj sq41 accord+ to ,grasb]g]4 #h ix4 #ajc4 #i ,i d n "k :e!r s late an au?ority is valid pro( = ! e>ly ,greek orig9 ( a game4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ! polo play$ at ,con/ant9ople at ! same "t came f an eque/rian p1 & n f ! ,greeks4 #aj ,!re is a possibility ( recov]+ "s ( !m by a c>eful collection ( ! ( ! mod]n ,greeks1 :i* 9 _m cases d\btless correspond to _! =]unn]s ! ( ! old ,greeks4 ,/ories ( ,mormo & ,gorgo & ! ,emp\sa are /ill curr5t to fright5 *ildr51 z are also 7ab\t ,ara*ova7 songs ab\t ,*>os 7! old ,*>on71 ! ru?less g5ius ( dea?4 ,! belief 9 ,lamia is /ill s common t --,lamia *ok$ x--is a common expression :5 a *ild dies sudd5ly4 ,cf4 1 8,on ! ,private ,life ( ! ,old ,greeks10 ,a!ns1 #ahgc4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,s*ool ,,days--,,! ,,physical ,,side4 #ac4 ,! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 e>ly ,greek education & ours 0 und\bt$ly ?is1 t ! physical developm5t ( boys 0 att5d$ to 9 a special place & by a special ma/]4 ,x 0 n ?\ght suffici5t = !m to play ! *ance games ( *ildhood2 !y und]w5t c>eful bodily tra9+ "u a v fix$ sy/em1 :i* 0 det]m9$ by ! a?letic conte/s ( aft]-life4 ,?is feature1 :i* excites ! admiration ( ! mod]n ,g]mans1 & has giv5 rise to an imm5se lit]ature1 is d\btless all ! m ess5tial n[ t ! m5tal tra9+ ( our boys has become s mu* m try+2 & we c q feel1 :5 we look at ! physical developm5t ( ord9>y =eign]s1 h[ ke5ly !y mu/ envy ! fre$om ( limb & ease ( motion1 n only z we see x sugge/$ by ,greek /atues1 b z we h x be=e u 9 ! ord9>y sport+ ,engli%man4 ,b x is q 9 accordance ) _! want ( practical developm5t1 t :ile !y write imm5se books ab\t ! physical tra9+ ( ! ,greeks1 & ! possibility ( imitat+ x 9 mod]n education1 !y seem q ignorant ( t side ( ,engli% education at our public s*ools2 & yet !re !y might see 9 practice a physical education 9 no way inf]ior to t describ$ 9 classical au?ors4 ,i say x q delib]ately--! public-s*ool boy1 :o is tra9$ 9 cricket1 football1 & r[+1 & :o 9 8 holidays c obta9 rid+1 salmon-fi%+1 hunt+1 & %oot+1 enjoys a physical tra9+ :i* no classical days ev] equall$4 ,! a?letic "p ( ?is tra9+ is enjoy$ by all boys at our public s*ools1 ?\gh ! field sports at home only fall to ! lot ( ! ri*] or m =tunate4 #ad4 ,:5 we comp>e :at ! ,greeks af=d$ to _! boys1 we f9d x divid$ into two contra/$ k9ds ( ex]cise3 hunt+1 :i* 0 practis$ by ! ,sp>tans v ke5ly1 & no d\bt also by ! ,eleans & ,arcadians1 z may be se5 f ,x5ophon's 8,tract on ,h>e ,hunt+20 & gymna/ics1 :i* 9 ! case ( boys 7 c>ri$ on 9 ! s-call$ pal/ra1 a sort ( op5-air gymnasium 79 our s5se7 kept by private individuals z a speculation1 & to :i* ! boys 7 s5t1 z !y 7 to _! ord9>y s*oolma/]4#aa ,we f9d t ! ,sp>tans1 :o _h ample scope = hunt+ ) dogs 9 ! gl5s & cov]ts ( ,m\nt ,taygetus1 r despis$ m]e ex]cises ( dext]ity 9 ! pal/ra1 j z our sportsm5 w\ld ?9k v little ( sp5d+ h\rs 9 a gymnasium4 ,b ^? ,greeks :o liv$ 9 t[ns l ,a!ns1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a ?ickly populat$ & well-cultivat$ c\ntry1 c\ld n possibly obta9 hunt+1 & !re=e f\nd ! mo/ effici5t sub/itute4 ,/ill1 we f9d !m v f> beh9d ! ,engli% 9 _! k or ta/e = out-(-door games1 su* z cricket1 football1 hockey1 golf1 etc4--games :i* comb9e *ance & skill1 :i* comb9e /r5g? ) dext]ity1 & :i* int5sely int]e/ ! play]s :ile keep+ !m 9 ! op5 air4 ,ya*t+1 ?\gh !re 7 regattas1 0 n 9 fa%ion 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,r[+1 :i* !y c\ld h practis$ to _! he>t's cont5t1 & :i* 0 ( ! la/ importance 9 _! naval w>f>e1 0 nev] ?\ght g5tlemanly1 & always consign$ to slaves or hirel+s4 ,!re are1 inde$1 z above quot$ f ,pollux1 descriptions ( some?+ l football & lacrosse1 b ! obscurity & r>ity ( any allusions to !m %[ t !y are 9 no s5se national games4 ,runn+ races r\nd a %ort c\rse 0 "o ( _! *ief ex]cises1 b ?is is no prop] out-(-door game4 #ae4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,g]mans1 9 seek+ to base _! physical education on ,greek l9es1 seem to make ! capital mi/ake ( ignor+ t k9d ( ex]cise = boys :i* va/ly exce$s 9 value any tra9+ 9 gymnasia4 ,! ,eton & ,h>r[ mat* at ,"l's is a f> m beautiful sight1 & f> bett] = ! p]=m]s1 ?an ! boys' wre/l+ or runn+ at ,olympia4 ,& besides ! v>iety ( ex]cise at a game l cricket1 & ! v>i\s intellig5ce & decision :i* x /imulates1 a great "p ( ! game lies n 9 ! w9n+1 b 9 ! prop] =m ( ! play1 9 :at ! ,greeks s highly priz$ z eury?my--a graceful action n m]ely 9 danc+ & ball-play+1 b 9 ! mo/ viol5t physical ex]tion4 ,b ! ,greeks _h no playgr\nds beyond ! pal/ra or gymnasium2 !y _h no playgr\nds 9 our s5se2 & ?\gh a few prov]bs speak ( swimm+ z a univ]sal accompli%m5t :i* boys le>n$1 ! sil5ce ( ,greek lit]ature on ! subject#ab makes "o v suspici\s z to ! g5]ality ( su* tra9+4 ,) ?is introduction1 we may turn to "s details z to ! education ( ,greek boys 9 _! pal/ra4 #af4 ,9 "o po9t1 c]ta9ly1 ! ,greeks agre$ m ) ! mod]n ,engli% ?an ) any o!r civiliz$ nation4 ,!y reg>d$ sport z a really s]i\s ?+4 ,& unless x is s reg>d$1 x w nev] be br\ght to ! national p]fection to :i* ! ,engli% h br\ght x1 or to :i* ! ,greeks are suppos$ to h br\ght x4 ,& yet ev5 9 ?is po9t ! ,greeks reg>d$ _! sports diff]5tly f u1 & f all nations :o h adopt$ ,semitic ideas 9 religion4 ,s]i\sness ( ! religi\s k9d is ) u q di/9ct f ! s]i\sness ( sport4 ,) ! ,greeks x 0 n1 or r s]i\sness 0 n ) !m an attribute ( religion 9 any s5se m ?an x 0 ( ord9>y life4 ,!y h>moniz$ religion & sports1 n by ! s]i\sness ( _! sports s mu* z by ! *e]fulness--a ,semite1 anci5t or mod]n1 w\ld say by ! levity--( _! deities2 = ! gods1 too1 love sport 7 71 says ,plato 9 8 8,cratylus10 a rem>kable & ?or\ghly ,greek utt]ance4 ,! greate/ fea/s ( ! gods 7 celebrat$ by int5sify+ human pleasures--n m]ely ^? ( ! palate1 accord+ to ! gross] notion ( ! ,*ri/ian ,middle ,ages1 b /hetical pleasures1 & t ( excitem5t--pleasures1 n ( idl5ess1 b ( ke5 enjoym5t4 #ag4 ,! names appli$ to ! ex]cis+-places indicate _! pr9cipal uses4 ,pal/ra means a wre/l+-place2 gymnasium orig9ally a place = nak$ ex]cise1 b ! v]b e>ly lo/ ?is connotation & came to mean m]e physical tra9+4 ,we he> t a %ort race-c\rse 77 0 (t5 atta*$ to ! pal/ra1 & %ort x mu/ h be51 = x 0 sometimes cov]$ 9 7call$ 71 probably ) a %$ ro( along ! wall ( ! ma9 enclosure4 ,!re is no evid5ce to decide ! po9t :e!r ! boys w5t to ?is e/abli%m5t at ! same age t !y w5t to s*ool1 & at a diff]5t h\r ( ! day1 or at a diff]5t age1 tak+ _! physical & m5tal education sep>ately4 ,& ev5 9 ?is latt] case we are left 9 d\bt :i* side obta9$ ! priority4 ,! be/ au?orities among ! ,g]mans decide on sep>ate ages = pal/ra & s*ool1 & put ! pal/ra fir/4 ,b 9 ! face ( _m unc]ta9ties1 & "s evid5ce ! o!r way1 ! common-s5se view is pref]able t bo? k9ds ( in/ruction 7 giv5 toge!r1 ?\gh we "k no?+ ab\t ! di/ribution ( ! day1 save t bo? are ass]t$ to h begun v e>ly4 ,ev5 ! !oretical s*emes ( ,plato & ,ari/otle d n help u "h1 & x is "o ( ^? _m po9ts :i* are n[ lo/ on acc\nt ( _! be+ once s p]fectly obvi\s & famili>4 ,we "h discuss ! physical side fir/1 because x is naturally consequ5t ^u ! home games1 :i* h be5 describ$1 & because ! m5tal side w naturally connect itself ) ! high] education ( m advanc$ ye>s4 ,& "h1 too1 ( ! great divisions ( ex]cises 9 ! pal/ra--wre/l+ & danc+1 m prop]ly ex]cises ( /r5g? & ( grace--we w place a?letics fir/1 z ! o!r naturally leads u on to ! m5tal side4 #ah4 ,9 ord] to leave home & rea* ! pal/ra safely z well z to return1 ,greek boys 7 put "u ! *>ge ( a pdagogue1 9 no way to be id5tifi$ 7z x n[ is7 ) a s*oolma/]4 ,! text 8,! law 0 our s*oolma/]1 to br+ u unto ,*ri/0 has suff]$ f ?is mi/ake4 ,! ,greek pdagogue means m]ely ! slave :o _h ! *>ge ( br++ 8 ma/]'s sons safely to & f s*ool1 & gu>d+ !m f mis*ief by ! way4 ,he 0 (t5 old & tru/y1 (t5 old & useless1 always ignorant1 & nev] respect$4 ,he 0 evid5tly reg>d$ by "y & gay boys z a great int]f]5ce to enjoym5t1 insi/+ ^u punctual h\rs ( return1 & limit+ t int]c\rse ) eld] boys :i* 0 s fasc9at+1 b also s dang]\s1 to ,greek *ildr54 ,! keep] ( ! pal/ra & tra9] 77 0 n appo9t$ by ! ,/ate1 b 7z already m5tion$7 took up ! "w z a private ent]prise1 n direct$ by1 b "u ! sup]vision (1 ! ,/ate1 9 ! way ( police regulation4 ,we h1 inde$1 9 ! spee* ( s*9es 8,aga9/ ,tim>*us10 v /r+5t laws quot$ to ! effect t no pal/ra or s*ool might be op5 be=e or aft] daylight2 t no "o above boys' age might ent] or rema9 9 ! build+2 & ! sev]e/ p5alties1 ev5 dea?1 7 impos$ on ! violation ( ^! regulations4 ,b we "k t1 ev5 if true1 :i* is v d\btful1 ! text ( ! laws "h cit$ became a dead lett]1 = x 0 a favorite resort ( eld] m5 to see ! boys ex]cis+4 ,re/rictions !re 71 ( c\rse2 a fa%ionable l\nge c\ld 9 no way s]ve z a /rict tra9+-s*ool1 & we "k t at ,sp>ta1 ev5 9 ! gymnasia1 ! regulation /rip or g 0 en=c$ to prev5t an idle cr[d4 #ai4 ,!re is figur$ on _m vases1 (t5 9 brilliant colors1 ! int]ior ( ! pal/ra4 ,x is d5ot$ by ! be>d$ ,h]mes--a rude bu/ ( ! patron god4 ,a middle-ag$ man 9 a %ort mantle1 or *lamys1 ) a rod or w& 9 8 h&1 is wat*+ & direct+ ! ex]cises ( ! boys1 g5]ally a wre/l+-mat*4 ,we "k also1 f ! p5ta?lon be+ once introduc$ at ,olympia = boys1 t its five ex]cises 7 ^? 9 :i* !y 7 usually tra9$--leap+1 runn+1 ?r[+ ! discus1 ! spe>1 & wre/l+4 ,= eld] boys1 box+ & ! pancratium 7 d\btless add$1 if !y meant to tra9 = public competitions1 b ord9>y g5tlem5's sons w\ld nev] und]go ?is special tra9+ & its h>d%ips4 ,inde$1 ! ,sp>tans /rictly disc\nt5anc$ su* sports1 bo? z likely to disfigure1 & z sure to produce qu>rels & ill-w4 ,! light] ex]cises 7 int5d$ to make ! frame h>dy & ! movem5ts graceful1 & 7 introduc$ by a ?or\gh rubb+ ( ! sk9 ) olive oil1 :i*1 aft] ! tra9+1 0 scrap$ (f ) a special in/rum5t1 ! 1 z may be se5 9 ! spl5did ,vatican /atue ( ! a?lete scrap+ 8 arm1 ! s-call$ ,apoxyom5os1 ref]r$ to z an orig9al ( ,lysippus4 ,9 luxuri\s days !y also took a ba?1 b ?is 0 h>dly ! case ) ord9>y boys--inde$1 ! wat] supply ( ,greek t[ns 0 probably scanty en\gh1 & ! nation n giv5 to mu* wa%+4 #bj4 ,!re rema9 little or no details z to ! exact rules ( tra9+ practis$ 9 ! ord9>y pal/ras1 b we may fairly assume !m to h be5 ! same 9 k9d 7?\gh mild] 9 degree7 z ^? approv$ = =mal a?letes4 ,if we judge f ^!1 we w n =m a high idea ( ,greek tra9+4 ,pausanias in=ms u t !y tra9$ on dry *eese1 :i* is n surpris+1 z !y 7 7l mo/ s\!rns7 n a v c>nivor\s p4 ,b :5 a kn[n a?lete 7,dromeus#ac7 discov]$ t meat diet 0 ! be/1 !y seem to h foll[$ up ! discov]y by inf]r+ t ! m ( a good ?+ ! bett]2 & s a?letes 7 requir$ to eat v l>ge quantities ( meat1 ow+ to :i* !y 7 lazy & sleepy :5 n engag$ 9 active "w4#ad ,we ne$ n suppose t ! diet ( ord9>y boys 0 9 any way int]f]$ )1 b ?is p>ticul> case %[s ! crude notions :i* prevail$1 & ! tra9] came m & m to assume ! "p ( a dietetic doctor1 z is /at$ by ,plato4 #ba4 ,s mu* z to ! conditions ( good tra9+2 z to ! p]=mance1 !re are po9ts ( no less significance4 ,all ! le>n$ ,g]mans :o write on ^! subjects notice t ! ,olympic races 7 c>ri$ out on s(t s&1 n on h>d & spr+y gr\nd1 s t really good pace _c h be5 a real object to ,greek runn]s4#ae ,b1 :at is worse1 !y praise _! zeal & en]gy 9 />t+ 7z we see on vases7 ) wild sw++ ( _! arms1 9 spread-eagle fa%ion1 & enc\rag+ !mselves ) l\d %\ts4#af ,?is /yle ( runn+ may seem v f9e to a pr(essor 9 8 /udy1 b w only excite ridicule among ^? :o h ev] made ! lea/ practical essay1 or se5 any competitions4 ,b possibly ! ,greeks 7 n s uni=mly silly 9 ?is respect z !y are n[ repres5t$ by comm5tators1 = !re is pres]v$ on ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns "o little-kn[n vase on :i* a runn+ figure has ! elb[s held tightly back 9 ! prop] way4 ,we may also h grave suspicions ab\t ,greek box+1 f ! facts t !y weight$ ! h& heavily ) load$ gloves1 & t box]s are describ$ z m5 ) _! e>s1 & n ) _! noses1 cru%$4 ,we _c b suspect !m ( sw++ r\nd1 & n /rik+ /raight f ! %\ld]4 ,?is is fur!r prov$ by ! use ( protect+ e>-caps 77 9 box+1 a ?+ :i* no mod]n box] w\ld dream ( do+4 #bb4 ,all ^! h9ts tak5 toge!r make u reasonably suspect t1 z a?letics1 ! tra9+ ( ! pdotribes 0 n :at we %\ld admire4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! picturesque & en?usia/ic descriptions ( beautiful & well-tra9$ ,greek boys1 c\pl$ ) ! ideal figures :i* rema9 to u 9 ,greek sculpture1 prove beyond any d\bt t !y knew p]fectly :at a beautiful manly =m 01 & by :at tra9+ x c\ld be produc$4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 n exagg]ate ! matt]4 ,v few boys really equall$ ! ideal types ( ! sculptor2 & if we make all[ance = ?is1 we may conclude t ! f9e/ ,engli% public-s*ool boy is n inf]ior to ! be/ ,greek types 9 real life4#ag ,p]haps "s advantage may h result$ f ! great] fre$om ( limb obta9$ by nak$ tra9+ & rubb+ ) oil2 b ! advantage ( ?is ov] a mod]n flannel suit or tight a?lete's dress is v small4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,engli% s*oolboy is physically s sup]ior to ! s*oolboys ( o!r ,european nations t we may c\nt him1 ) ! ,greek boy1 z almo/ a di/9ct animal4 ,:at surprises u is t by regul> tra9+ 9 ! simple/ ex]cises1 su* z runn+1 leap+1 wre/l+1 & ?r[+ ! discus or d>t1 su* spl5did results 7 ev] atta9$4 ,or %all we say t x 0 n ! wre/l+ b ! danc+ side ( ,greek tra9+ :i* 0 ( *ief importance8 ,we may dismiss ) a ^w ! fabul\s /ories ( a?letic feats at ,olympia1 :]e a c]ta9 ,*ionis1 a ,sp>tan ( e>ly date 7,ol4 #bh-ca1 cir4 #ffj ,b4,c471 0 said to h leap$ fifty-two feet1 & aft]w>ds ,phayllus ( ,croton fifty-five feet4 ,we may inf]1 too1 f ! use ( weights 771 t ! jump 0 a /&+ "o4 ,happily ^! ass]tions are only made by late gramm>ians1 & ?\gh "s ,g]man critics are incl9$ to ext5d _! adoration ( ,greek tra9+ to ?is po9t1 x w r1 ) practical read]s1 t5d to discr$it o!r /atem5ts made by ! same au?ority4 ,z we d n he> ( a runn+ jump1 s we d n he> ( a high jump ei!r1 at lea/ 9 public games4 ,bo? may h be5 practis$ 9 ! pal/ra4 ,! di/ance = a spr9t-race = m5 0 two hundr$ y>ds1 & some:at %ort] = boys4 ,_! longe/ race at ,olympia 0 tw5ty-f\r /adia 7#dhjj y>ds1 #b miles71 :i* ! pr(essors1 )\t any k ( ! "t 9 :i* x 0 done1 ?9k m wond]ful ?an ! fifty-five-feet jump1 b :i* is equall$ 9 _m ,engli% sports ( ! pres5t day4 #bc4 ,ap>t f ! d\bts "h rais$ z to ! p]fection ( ,greek tra9+1 let u rev]t1 9 conclusion1 to ! abs5ce among eld] boys ( ^? out-(-door games1 l cricket1 :i* are s valuable = develop+ m5tal1 toge!r ) physical1 qualities4 ,!re is "o feature 9 ^! games :i* ! ,greeks seem to h miss$ altoge!r1 & :i* appe>s to be ignor$ 9 mo/ ,g]man books on ! re=m ( physical education 9 s*ools4 ,x is t =m+ ( clubs & teams ( boys1 9 :i* !y *oose _! own lead]s1 & get accu/om$ to self-gov]nm5t & a submission to ! sup]ior w ( equals1 or ! decision ( public op9ion among !mselves4 ,plato saw long ago t ! prop] & peculi> int5tion ( boys' sports 0 m m5tal ?an bodily improvem5t4 ,b he conf9$ himself to t "p ( ! "q :i* advocates ! cultivation ( _s 9 boys z bett] ?an t :i* cultivates /r5g? only4 ,?is is p]fectly true1 & no game is wor?y ! "n 9 :i* _s & intellig5ce _c defeat brute /r5g?4 ,b !re is little trace1 save at ,sp>ta1 ( any free con/itution 9 boys' education1 9 :i* !y manage _! own affairs1 fight out _! own qu>rels1 & praise or c5sure accord+ to a public op9ion ( _! own4 ,no ,greek educator seems to h _h an inkl+ ( ?is1 & ! =eign !ori/s :o h discuss$ educational re=ms on ! ,greek models seem equally unaw>e ( its importance4 ,yet "h1 if any:]e1 is ! secret ( t indep5d5ce ( "* & self-reliance :i* is ! backbone ( ! ,engli% con/itution & ! national lib]ty4 ,! ,greeks 7 l ! ,fr5* & ! ,g]mans1 :o always imag9e t ! games & sports w n prosp] or be prop]ly conduct$ )\t ! sup]vision ( a ,turnlehr]1 or ov]se]2 & !y give great exhortations to ?is man to sympa?ize ) ! boys & /imulate !m4 ,9 ,engl& ! ma9 duty ( su* p is to keep out ( ! way & let ! boys manage _! own affairs4 ,! results ( ! oppos$ sy/ems w /rike any "o :o comp>es1 on ! "o h&1 ! neat & well-regulat$ ,fr5* boys ( a bo>d+-s*ool1 walk+ two-&-two1 ) gloves on & toes turn$ out1 along a road1 foll[$ by a ma/]2 on ! o!r1 ! playgr\nds ( any good ,engli% s*ool dur+ recreation "t4 ,if ! zeal\s & le>n$ re=m]s :o write books on ! subject 9 mod]n ,europe w\ld take ! tr\ble to come & see ?is = !mselves1 x might modify bo? _! encomia on ,greek tra9+ & _! sugge/ions = _! own c\ntries4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,! exact relation ( ! anci5t pal/ra & ! gymnasium has mu* ex]cis$ ! critics4 ,x seems pla9 t ! =m] 0 a private e/abli%m5t1 & int5d$ = boys2 ! latt] m g5]al1 & resort$ to by "y m51 n only amateurs & beg9n]s1 b also m accompli%$ a?letes4 ,h5ce ! t]ms are (t5 confus$4 ,9 ! 8,tract on ! ,a!nian ,/ate10 h[ev]1 ! au?or m5tions pal/ras z built by ! demos = its public use2 & ?is tract1 :oev] may be its au?or1 does n date lat] ?an #dae ,b4,c4 #ab ,h]odotus1 inde$ 7viii4 #hi71 speaks ( ! g5]ality ( ,greek sailors z able to swim4 #ac ,paus4 vi4 #g1 #i4 #ad ,x 0 a curi\s rule at ! ,olympic games t ! competitors 7 ev5 compell$ to swe> t !y _h sp5t a mon? 9 tra9+ at ,elis1 z if x matt]$ :e!r ! victory 0 won by natural end[m5ts only or by c>eful /udy4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t ! importance ( ! conte/ w\ld insure ample tra9+ 9 ^? :o desir$ to w94 #ae ,i myself saw at ! ,olympic games n[ held at ,a!ns1 9 ! re-excavat$ /adion ( ,h]odes1 a spr9t-race ( two hundr$ y>ds ov] v9e gr\nd1 cut into furr[s1 ) dogs & p ob/ruct+ ! c\rse4 ,cf4 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e = ,septemb]1 #ahgf4 #af ,cf41 = example1 ,grasb]g]1 8,erziehung10 etc41 iii4 #bab1 quot+ ,cic]o1 8,tusc4 ,disp410 ii4 #bc1 #bf4 #ag ,x is a p]petual & p]haps n[ in]adicable mi/ake1 because we _c see ! real ,a!nians or ,sp>tans ( classical days1 to imag9e !m 9 g5]al l ! ideal /atues ( ! ,greek arti/s4 ,we f9d x ev5 g5]ally /at$ t beauty 0 ! rule & ugl9ess ! exception among !m1 9 spite ( ,cic]o's compla9t1 :5 he 0 disillusion$ by a visit to ,a!ns3 8,quotusquisque enim =mosus e/8 ,quum ,a!nis essem e gregibus epheborum vix s+uli rep]iebantur40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,s*ool ,,days--,,! ,,musical ,,side--,,! ,,s*oolma/]4 #bd4 ,we w approa* ?is side ( ! "q by quot+ ! fam\s description ( ,greek education 9 ,plato's 8,protagoras10#ah :i* w recall to ! read] ! g5]al problem1 s apt to be lo/ or obscur$ amid details4 8,education & admonition comm5ce 9 ! v fir/ ye>s ( *ildhood1 & la/ to ! v end ( life4 ,"m & nurse & fa!r & tutor 77 are qu>rell+ ab\t ! improvem5t ( ! *ild z soon z ev] he is able to und]/& !m4 ,he _c say or d any?+ )\t _! sett+ =? to him t ?is is j & t is unju/2 t ?is is honorable1 t is di%onorable2 ?is is holy1 t is unholy2 d ?is1 & ab/a9 f t4 ,& if he obeys1 well & good2 if n1 he is /raight5$ by ?reats & bl[s1 l a piece ( w>p$ wood4 ,at a lat] /age !y s5d him to tea*]s1 & enjo9 !m to see to 8 mann]s ev5 m ?an to 8 read+ & music2 & ! tea*]s d z !y are desir$4 ,& :5 ! boy has le>n$ 8 lett]s1 & is beg9n+ to und]/& :at is writt51 z be=e he und]/ood only :at 0 spok51 !y put into 8 h&s ! works ( great poets1 :i* he reads at s*ool2 9 ^! are conta9$ _m admonitions1 & _m tales & praises1 & encomia ( anci5t fam\s m51 :i* he is requir$ to le>n by he>t1 9 ord] t he may imitate or emulate !m1 & desire to become l !m4 ,!n1 aga91 ! tea*]s ( ! lyre take simil> c>e t _! "y disciple is /eady & gets into no mis*ief2 & :5 !y h taught him ! use ( ! lyre1 !y introduce him to ! works ( o!r excell5t poets1 :o are ! lyric poets2 & ^! !y set to music1 & make _! h>monies & rhy?ms q famili> to ! *ildr51 9 ord] t !y may le>n to be m g5tle & h>moni\s & rhy?mical1 & s m fitt$ = spee* & action2 = ! life ( man 9 e "p has ne$ ( h>mony & rhy?m4 ,!n !y s5d !m to ! ma/] ( gymna/ics1 9 ord] t _! bodies may bett] m9i/] to ! virtu\s m9d1 & t ! weakness ( _! bodies may n =ce !m to play ! c[>d 9 w> or on any o!r occasion4 ,?is is :at is done by ^? :o h ! means1 & ^? :o h ! means are ! ri*2 _! *ildr5 beg9 education soone/ & leave (f late/4 ,:5 !y h done ) ma/]s1 ! ,/ate1 aga91 compels !m to le>n ! laws1 & live aft] ! patt]n :i* !y furni%1 & n aft] _! own fancies2 & j z 9 le>n+ to write1 ! writ+-ma/] fir/ draws l9es ) a /ylus = ! use ( ! "y beg9n]1 & gives him ! tablet1 & makes him foll[ ! l9es1 s ! city draws ! laws1 :i* 7 ! inv5tion ( good lawgiv]s :i* 7 ( old "t2 ^! are giv5 to ! "y man 9 ord] to guide him 9 8 conduct1 :e!r z rul] or rul$2 & he :o transgresses !m is to be correct$ or call$ to acc\nt1 :i* is a t]m us$ n only 9 y\r c\ntry1 b 9 _m o!rs40 ,?is is ! argum5t put by ,plato into ! m\? ( ,protagoras ! sophi/1 to %[ t virtue is a ?+ :i* c be taught1 & n a m]e natural pr$isposition or a div9e grace4 ,! o!r locus classicus1 :i* may be ref]r$ to 9 close connection ) x1 is ! description ( ! traditional education giv5 9 ,ari/ophanes' 8,cl\ds40#ai ,! /rict discipl9e ( boys :o 7 n all[$ to utt] a :isp] be=e _! eld]s2 :o 7 s5t 9 troops e>ly 9 ! morn+ to s*ool1 9 _! s+le tunic1 ev5 9 ! deepe/ w9t] sn[2 :o 7 kept at "w ) ! music-ma/] /udy+ old traditional hymns1 & 9 attitudes /rictly controll$ z reg>ds mode/y & dec5cy--all ?is is contra/$ by ! poet ) :at he consid]s ! corruption ( ! y\? ) florid & immoral music1 _! m]etrici\s desire to exhibit _! bodily & m5tal p]fections1 _! luxury & slo?1 _! ab&onm5t ( sobriety & dilig5ce4 ,!re are peculi>ities ( ,greek ta/e s op5ly allud$ to 9 ?is passage t x w n be> lit]al translation into ,engli%1 at lea/ into a book = ord9>y read]s2 & !re=e x ne$ only be rem>k$1 9 criticism ( x1 t too mu* /ress has be5 laid by !ori/s on ,greek life1 bo? on ! picture ( ov]-anxi\s morality 9 ! old] "t1 & on ! alleg$ immorality ( ! poet's age4 ,x is f su* passages t ,g]man hi/orians draw _! v extravagant ass]tions ( ! rapid deg5]acy ( ! ,a!nians "u :at !y call ! o*locracy1 :i* foll[$ ^u ! dea? ( ,p]icles4 ,x is v easy to f9d 9 _m o!r ages & times simil> ass]tions ( ! glory ( ! good old times1 & ! deg5]acy ( ! satiri/'s own contempor>ies4 ,b !re is g5]ally no m tru? 9 x ?an 9 ! ass]tion ( ,hom] t 8 h]oes took up & ?rew easily great rocks :i* two1 or five1 or t5 m51 su* z !y n[ are1 c\ld n lift4 ,! same sort ( ?+ 0 said 9 poetry ( ! m$ival knights 9 comp>ison ) mod]n ,europe4 ,"o w\ld imag9e !m ( great] size & might ?an we are1 & yet _! suits ( armor are seldom l>ge en\gh = a man six feet high4 ,! picture ( ,ari/ophanes is d\btless a delib]ate exagg]ation1 & w\ld h be5 readily ackn[l$g$ z su* by ! poet himself4 ,b x1 ( c\rse1 gives u ! extremes possible 9 real life1 z he knew x1 & is !re=e ( use 9 =m+ our ideas on ! "q1 if we use common s5se & caution4 #be4 ,) ! exception ( ?is feature1 t ,greek p>5ts %[$ a great] appreh5sion = ! morals ( _! boys1 & gu>d$ !m z we %\ld gu>d ! morals ( girls1 x w be se5 t ! pr9ciples ( education are p]man5t1 & applicable 9 all ages "u simil> circum/ances4 ,b :at ! anci5ts call$ music 9 ! wid] s5se mu/ be held to include a k & recitation ( good poetry1 z well z prop] tra9+ 9 t figur$ danc+ :i* 0 ! mo/ usual s]vice ( ! gods4 ,inde$1 a good musical education 9 ,greece1 mu* 9 contra/ to ours1 includ$ e graceful /hetical & intellectual accompli%m5t4 ,?is wide use ( ! t]m1 h[ev]1 ?\gh co-ord9ate ) ! ord9>y s5se ( play+ in/rum5ts & s++1 causes little confusion4 ,a di/9ction betwe5 8music & s++10 su* z we (t5 see x 7n satirically7 set =? 9 ! adv]tisem5ts ( our pr(essional tea*]s1 0 n admitt$4 #bf4 ,i ?9k we may be ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ! /udy ( ! epic poets1 especially ( ! 8,iliad0 & 8,odyssey10 0 ! e>lie/ intellectual ex]cise ( s*oolboys1 &1 9 ! case ( fairly educat$ p>5ts1 ev5 anticipat$ ! le>n+ ( lett]s4 ,= ! latt] is nev] spok5 ( z "p ( a "m's or ( home education4 ,read+ 0 n s univ]sal or s necess>y z x n[ is2 & z x 0 9 e>li] days an accompli%m5t only gradually becom+ an ess5tial1 its acquisition seems always to h be5 intru/$ to a pr(essional ma/]1 ! 1 or gramm>ian 9 ! e>li] use ( ! ^w4 ,( c\rse1 c>eful p>5ts1 ( ! model above set =? by ,protagoras1 mu/ h inculcat$ e>ly lessons f poetry be=e t age4 ,we may assume t books ( ,hom] 7 read or recit$ to gr[+ boys1 & t !y 7 enc\rag$ or requir$ to le>n !m (f by he>t4 ,?is is q c]ta9 to all :o e/imate ju/ly ! enorm\s influ5ce ascrib$ to ,hom]1 & ! pr9ciples assum$ by ! ,greeks to h und]la9 8 "w4 ,he 0 univ]sally consid]$ to be a moral tea*]1 ^: *>act]s 7 drawn ) a moral int5t1 & = ! purpose ( example or avoidance4 ,9 ,plato's 8,ion0 we di/9ctly f9d some?+ sup]natural1 "s di/9ct inspiration by ! muse1 ass]t$ ( ,hom]2 & ?is inspiration 0 ev5 pass$ on1 l "s magnetic =ce1 f b>d to b>d4 ,^! anci5t poets 7 ev5 suppos$ to h utt]$ words deep] & holi] ?an !y !mselves knew1 be+ driv5 by "s div9e /rus to compose :at !y c\ld n h said 9 _! natural /ate4 ,accord+ly1 ! 8,iliad0 & 8,odyssey0 7 suppos$ to conta9 all t 0 useful1 n only = godl9ess1 b = life4 ,all ! arts & sci5ces 7 to be d]iv$ 7by int]pretation7 f ^! sacr$ texts4 ,h5ce1 :5 x occurs to a mod]n read] t ! ma9 sup]iority ( our education ov] ! ,greek is ! e>ly tra9+ 9 ! ,scriptures--a tra9+1 alas6 decay+ 9 e>ne/ness e day--an old ,a!nian or ,milesian or ,cean w\ld d5y ! fact1 & say t !y1 too1 _h an inspir$ volume1 writt5 = _! le>n+1 9 :i* all ! moral virtues & all ! necess>ies ( fai? 7 conta9$4 ,! *>ge ( objectionable passages 9 ! old epic w\ld d\btless be retort$ by a simil> *>ge aga9/ ! old ,semitic books4 #bg4 ,x is well-nigh impossible t 9 ! high] families ?r\gh\t ,greece ?is moral tra9+ %\ld n h begun at home2 & !re mu/ h be5 _m ,greek mo!rs able & anxi\s to help1 ?\gh hi/ory is sil5t ab\t !m1 & does n ev5 s+le out individual cases1 l ! ,roman ,cornelia1 :]e mo!rs influ5c$ ! moral & intellectual tra9+ ( _! *ildr54#bj ,c]ta9 x is t "h & !re we f9d evid5ces ( a /rong feel+ ( respect to ! h\se-"m :i* contra/ curi\sly ) ! usual sil5ce ab\t wom54 ,9 ! 8,cl\ds10 ! acme ( villany 9 ! "y scapegrace :o has turn$ sophi/ "u ,socrates' h&s is to ?reat5 viol5ce to 8 "m4#ba ,"h x is t ,/repsiades exclaims 9 real horror at ! result ( su* tea*+4 ,we also f9d bo? ,plato & 7p]haps 9 imitation ( him7 ,cic]o lay+ /ress ^u ! purity ( spee* pres]v$ 9 ! conv]sation ( cultivat$ wom51 ^: cons]vative life & ta/es reject$ slang & novelty1 & ?us pres]v$ ! language pure & undefil$4 ,! v opposite compla9t is made conc]n+ ! pdagogues1 ^: (t5 b>b>\s orig9 & rude mann]s 7 ( damage to ! y\?4 #bh4 ,on ! "q ( puni%m5ts1 bo? at home & at s*ool1 we d n f9d ! ,greeks v diff]5t f ourselves4 ,!re are n 9 ,greek lit]ature any su* eloqu5t prote/s aga9/ corporal puni%m5t z we f9d 9 ,s5eca & ,qu9tilian4 ,!y all ackn[l$ge ! use & ju/ice ( x1 & only caution aga9/ apply+ s]vile puni%m5ts to free boys4 ,inde$1 9 _m lat] writ]s1 su* z ,lucian1 ! sev]ities ( s*oolma/]s are not$2 & we h among ! ,pompeian pictures a sc5e ( a ma/] flogg+ a boy1 :o is hoi/$ on ! %\ld]s ( ano!r1 ) a ?ird hold+ him up by ! heels4 ,^! evid5ces1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! lat] ,romans1 on ! s\nds ( woe common 9 s*ools1 mu/ n be ov]e/imat$4 ,!y are probably exceptional cases made prom95t = satirical purposes1 & n imply+ any peculi> savag]y 9 ,greek above mod]n ma/]s4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ! ,greek s*oolma/] 0 n h>%] ?an ! l[]-class ma/]s 9 _m prim>y s*ools1 z1 = example1 ! ,iri% h$ge s*oolma/]s describ$ 9 ,c>leton's 8,tales ( ! ,iri% ,peasantry40 ,un=tunately1 ! ,greek s*oolma/]1 at lea/ ( elem5t>y s*ools1 0 n g5]ally 9 high repute1 0 evid5tly n highly paid1 & 8 call+ 0 n su* z to give him ei!r dignity or self-respect4 ,he 0 accus$ ( p$antry if he 0 really le>n$1 & ( bad temp] if he 0 zeal\s & impati5t at idl5ess4#bb ,lucian1 9 a jocose description ( ! ne!r _w1 describes k+s & satraps z begg>s or 8prim>y0 s*oolma/]s1 & 0 only c>ry+ out into fiction ! prov]bial d[nfall ( ! tyrant ,dionysius ( ,syracuse1 :o sp5t 8 old-age tea*+ *ildr5 at ,cor9?4 ,an unkn[n comic writ] is quot$ z say+1 8,! man is ei!r dead or tea*+ ! alphabet40 ,we he> ( philosoph]s accus+ ea* o!r--v absurdly--( hav+ once foll[$ ?is pr(ession2 & e s*ol> w rememb] ! fam\s passage 9 ,demo/h5es' 8,de ,corona30 8,b y1 wor?y man1 :o despise o!rs comp>$ ) y\rself1 n[ comp>e ) m9e y\r own lot1 :i* consign$ y to gr[ up f boyhood 9 ! greate/ ne$1 :5 y help$ y\r fa!r to att5d 9 ! s*ool1 prep>+ ! ink1 clean+ ! b5*es1 sweep+ out ! s*oolroom1 & s tak+ ! rank ( a slave1 & n ( a free boy40 ,we ev5 he> ( ,horace's ma/]1 ,orbilius1 writ+ a lam5table autobiography on acc\nt ( 8 mis]ies1 "u ! title ( ! man acqua9t$ ) grief 774 #bi4 ,! g5]al "q ( ! paym5t ( tea*]s w be bett] discuss$ :5 we come to ! ,sophi/s' tra9+ ( rip] y\?4 ,inde$1 on ! :ole value ( ! v>i\s attacks on ! tea*+ ord] 9 ,greece1 ,grasb]g] concludes 8 elaborate summ>y ( ! above & _m o!r facts ) ! s5sible rem>k3#bc 8,z reg>ds ! unpleasant & objectionable features1 :i* m5 seem to record ) special pref]5ce1 ! true /ate ( ! case may be ! same z ) ! _m sc&als :i* are report$ f ! life ( ! m$ival univ]sities 9 ,europe4 ,evil did n pr$om9ate2 b ! *ronicl]1 in/ead ( putt+ =w>d ! mode/ virtues ( dilig5ce & ( sci5tific e>ne/ness1 pref]r$ to note bo? ! faults ( ! tea*]s & ! gross excesses ( ! /ud5ts40 ,we may be sure t 9 ! ,greek prim>y s*ools1 ?\gh we he> ( "o assi/ant sometimes1 ! ma/] 0 requir$ to tea* all ! subjects4 ,?is 0 s n long ago 9 ,engl&1 & /ill m 9 ,irel&1 :]e ! h$ge s*oolma/]s1 b lately supplant$ by ! national s*ool sy/em 7n )\t consid]able loss71 7 requir$1 & 7 able1 to tea* classics1 ma!matics1 & ! old-fa%ion$ ,engli%4 ,x is1 inde$1 cle>ly presuppos$ 9 all ! _m beque/s ( pi\s b5efactors1 :o leave =ty or sixty p\nds p] annum = ! paym5t ( a s+le ma/] to keep a s*ool 9 "s remote "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,& at ,a!ns1 z 9 ! days ( ^! beque/s1 !re 0 no (ficial or /ate te/ ( a ma/]'s qualifications4 ,ea* man set up on 8 private acc\nt2 x dep5d$ on ! reputation he made :e!r 8 s*ool 0 well att5d$4 ,! wor?y p$ant 9 ,goldsmi?'s 8,des]t$ ,village0 gives u a fair specim5 ( ! bett] class ( su* m54 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,p4 #cbe ,c4 ,cf4 also 8,axio*us10 p4 #cff ,e3 1 1 444 #ai #ifa sq43 1 1 ' 4 ' 1 4 ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 4 ' 1 1 4 1 ' 1 4 ' ' 1 ' 1 ' ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 ' ' 4 444 #bj ,two or ?ree /ories ( ,sp>tan mo!rs 9 ,plut>* =m t>dy & unimportant exceptions4 #ba v4 #addd sq4 #bb ,cf4 ! amus+ notes 9 ,cic]o's lett]s on a private tutor he got = 8 son & nephew1 vi4 #a1 #i3 8,i am 9 love ) ,dionysius4 ,! boys say he flies into furi\s passions4 ,b no man c\ld be m le>n$ or consci5ti\s 7sanctior7 or m devot$ to y & me40 ,pres5tly ,cic]o's tone alt]s1 viii4 #d3 8,dionysius gave me impud5ce3 y w\ld say ,i _h procur$ ano!r ,dicar*us or ,ari/ox5us1 & n a man t talks u all d[n1 & is no good = tea*+4 ,b he has a good memory40 #bc ii4 p4 #ahi4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,musical ,,side--,,s*ools ,,& ,,_! ,,appo9tm5ts4 #cj4 ,! s*ool 0 g5]ally di/+ui%$ by ! t]m #bd f ! pal/ra4 ,we "k t e ,greek t[n possess$ "o or m1 & 9 e>ly times ,h]odotus#be m5tions "o exi/+ at ,*ios z e>ly z #ejj ,b4,c41 ( :i* ! ro( fell 9 & kill$ "o hundr$ & n9ete5 out ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty *ildr5 at "w )9 x at ! "t4 ,pausanias tells ( ano!r at ,a/ypala1 into :i* a madman ru%$ & pull$ d[n ! support+ pill>1 s t sixty boys 7 buri$ "u ! ru9s4 ,! sad affair ( ,mycalessus is told by ,?ucydides1 & extorts f him a mo/ ungrammatical grimace ( pity1 :5 ,?racian m]c5>ies murd]$ all ! *ildr5 assembl$ 9 s*ool4 ,^! cases %[ h[ x 0 evid5tly reg>d$ z an ess5tial 9 e t[n4 ,s ! ,trz5ians1 :5 !y receiv$ ! fugitive ,a!nians dur+ ! invasion ( ,x]xes1 took c>e1 ev5 9 t great & sudd5 crisis1 to provide = ! tea*+ ( ! ,attic *ildr54#bf ,( c\rse1 9 e>ly days & 9 poor t[ns1 ! place ( tea*+ 0 n well appo9t$2 nay1 ev5 9 _m places tea*+ 9 ! op5 air prevail$4 ,! olde/ leg5ds speak ( ,*eiron tea*+ 9 8 grotto on ,pelion2 9 ! late/ ,greek 7tea*] on ! gr\nd7 is a ^w = a l[ class ( tea*]4 ,?is 01 aga91 l ! old h$ge s*ools ( ,irel&1 &1 no d\bt1 ( ,scotl& too4 ,!y also took advantage1 especially 9 hot wea!r1 ( colonnades1 or %ady corn]s among public build+s2 z at ,w9*e/] ! summ] t]m 0 call$ cloi/]-"t1 f a simil> practice1 ev5 9 t weal?y f\ndation1 ( in/ruct+ 9 ! cloi/]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 prop]ly appo9t$ s*ools 9 respectable t[ns 7 furni%$ ) "s ta/e1 & accord+ to traditional notions4 ,z 9 gymnasia & pal/ras1 !re 0 a %r9e ( ! ,muses or ( ,h]mes1 & ! head ( ! in/itution 0 reg>d$ z ! prie/ ( ?is %r9e1 at :i* (f]+s 7 made1 s 9 ! s*ools also !re 7 /atues ( tutel>y gods set up1 & bu/s ( h]oes & o!r em95t m51 by way ( ornam5t z well z rem9d] to ! boys4 ,we he> t ! ma/] sat on a high seat1 f :i* he taught2 ! s*ol>s (t5 sat on ! gr\nd1 z !y /ill d 9 _m c\ntries1 or else !y /ood or occupi$ b5*es r\nd him4 ,! pictures & descriptions extant d n po9t to ! s*ools be+ s cr[d$1 z appe>s f ! accid5ts above cit$2 b ?is is probably a m]e *ance1 or an omission = ! arti/'s conv5i5ce4 ,= ?\gh ! laws quot$ 9 s*9es' spee* =bid any "o save ! ma/] & boys to be pres5t1 we "k t 9 lat] days ?is 0 n /rictly obs]v$1 & 9 ,!ophra/us's 8,*>act]s10 ! ,*att]box1 among o!r mi/akes 9 tact1 is repres5t$ go+ into ! s*ools & int]rupt+ lessons ) 8 idle talk4 ,we may be sure t !re 7 no tables or desks1 su* furniture be+ unusual 9 ,greek h\ses2 x 0 ! univ]sal cu/om1 :ile read+ or writ+1 to hold ! book or roll on ! knee--to u an inconv5i5t ?+ to d1 b /ill common 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!re are "s int]e/+ s5t5ces1 giv5 = ex]cise 9 ,greek & ,lat91 9 ! little-kn[n 8,int]pretam5ta0 ( ,dosi!us1 n[ edit$ & expla9$ by ,g]man s*ol>s4 ,! entry ( ! boy is ?us describ$1 9 p>allel ,greek & ,lat93 8,fir/ ,i salute ! ma/]1 :o returns my salute3 good-morn+1 ma/]2 good-morn+1 s*ool-fell[s4 ,give me my place1 my seat1 my /ool4 ,sit clos]4 ,move up t way4 ,?is is my place1 ,i took x fir/40 ,?is mixture ( polit5ess & wrangl+ is amus+1 &1 no d\bt1 to be f\nd 9 all ages4 ,x seems t ! seats 7 movable4 ,a s*olium on s*9es tells u t !re 0 a supply ( wat] close at h&1 le/ ! boys might suff] f ?ir/4 ,! extant pictures %[ t along ! walls 7 hung up v>i\s vessels ( :i* ! use is n always pla9 to u4 ,b we c cle>ly di/+ui% ! necess>y implem5ts = ! tea*+ ( read+ & writ+1 boxes = book-rolls1 writ+-bo>ds1 reckon+-bo>ds ) p>allel grooves1 & pebbles fix$ 9 !m1 geometrical figures1 flute-cases1 & lyres4 ,!re is also late au?ority to %[ t !re 7 notice-bo>ds on :i* regulations 7 po/$4 ,we he> f ,lucian ( a notice ov] a sophi/'s door1 8,no philosophy to-day40 ,! notice-bo>d 0 call$ 8! :ite bo>d10 be+ cov]$ ) *alk4 ,we are n told h[ ?is 0 writt5 on2 b if ! gr\nd 0 black1 !n m]e writ+ ) ! f+] across ! *alk$ surface w\ld produce di/9ct *>act]s4 #ca4 ,:at is f> m int]e/+ is ! remnant n[ discov]$ ( ! pictorial tea*+ ( *ildr51 by hang+ up 9 ! s*oolroom illu/rations ( ! ,trojan & o!r leg5ds4 ,by ! rese>*es ( ,bttig] & ,o4 ,jahn1#bg x appe>s t we /ill h ! fragm5ts ( su* a table 9 ! tabula ,iliaca ( ,!odorus1 pres]v$ at ! ,capitol9e ,museum 9 ,rome4 ,^! 7 l>ge pictures1 9 a s]ies1 ) names or words ( explanation atta*$ to !m4 ,?us we h "o picture 7f 8,iliad0 7 ( ,*ryses pray+ ,agamemnon to re/ore 8 daught]1 beside him a wagon load$ ) ransom1 & "u ea* figure1 & "u ! wagon respectively1 ,agamemnon1 ,*ryses1 ! ransom4 ,o!r extant pictures illu/rate ! ?ird & tw5ty-f\r? books ( ! 8,iliad40 ,! 8,odyssey0 0 simil>ly treat$1 s t !re seems to h be5 a traditional & widely circulat$ pictorial comp5dium ( ! ,hom]ic poems us$1 at all ev5ts1 9 lat] ,greek & 9 ,roman s*ools4 ,!re are also *ronological & hi/orical fragm5ts ( ! same k9d /ill extant1 s t x is m ?an probable t ev5 9 classical days ,greek boys 7 n )\t ! b5efit ( illu/rat$ s*ool-books1 or at lea/ s*ool-%eets1 z ! elegiac di/i* on ! back ( "o ( !m sugge/s4#bh ,! use ( ^! pictures on ! walls expla9s ! con/ant appe>ance ( a long w& 9 ! ma/]'s h&1 :i* is m *>act]i/ic ( him ?an ! rod ( puni%m5t1 ?\gh ?is1 too1 0 n miss+4 ,,! ,,subjects ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,education--,,! ,,?ree ,r',s4 #cb4 ,! usual subdivision ( education 0 into ?ree p>ts3 lett]s 771 includ+ read+1 writ+1 c\nt+1 & le>n+ ( ! poets2 music 9 ! /rict] s5se1 includ+ s++ & play+ on ! lyre2 & la/ly gymna/ic1 :i* includ$ danc+4 ,^! 7 "u ! special direction ( ?ree classes ( ma/]s1 ! grammati/s 7to be di/+ui%$ f 1 us$ 9 a high] s5se71 ! ci?>i/es1 & ! pdotribes4 ,x is said t at ,sp>ta ! education 9 read+ & writ+ 0 n ?\ght necess>y1 & !re h be5 long discussions among ! le>n$ :e!r ! ord9>y ,sp>tan 9 classical days 0 able to read4 ,we f9d t ,ari/otle adds a f\r? subject to ! ?ree above nam$--draw+1 :i* he ?9ks requisite1 l music1 to enable ! educat$ man to judge rightly ( works ( art4 ,b !re is no evid5ce ( a wide diffusion ( draw+ or pa9t+ among ! ,greeks1 z among u2 & ! same may be said ( swimm+ on ! gymna/ic side1 ?\gh ! (t-quot$ prov]b1 --he c nei!r swim nor read--has l$ ! le>n$ to ass]t a g5]al k ( swimm+1 at lea/ at ,a!ns4 ,lat] on1 "u ! le>n$ influ5ces ( ,alex&ria & ! paid pr(essoriate ( ,roman days1 subjects multipli$ ) ! decl9e ( m5tal vigor & spontaneity ( ! age1 & *ildr5 began to be pe/]$1 z !y n[ are1 ) a quantity ( subjects1 all ?\ght necess>y to a prop] education1 & accord+ly all imp]fectly acquir$4 ,?is 0 call$ ! encyclical education1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 our encyclopdia ( k4 ,x includ$ 7#a7 gramm>1 7#b7 rhetoric1 7#c7 dialectic1 7#d7 ari?metic1 7#e7 music1 7#f7 geometry1 7#g7 a/ronomy1 & ^! 7 divid$ into ! e>li] ,trivium & ! lat] ,quadrivium4 ,b =tunately ?is debasem5t ( classical education is f> beyond our pres5t scope4 #cc4 ,! boys />t$ v e>ly = s*ool1 att5d$ by _! pdagogue1 & appe> to h return$ = late breakfa/4 ,we may conclude f ! ,roman cu/om1 ?\gh we h no positive evid5ce1 t ! aft]noons 7 devot$ to recreation or ! light] gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,! lat] !ori/s speak mu* ( pauses & ( v>iation 9 /udy2 b ?\gh we "k !re 7 a good _m isolat$ holidays1 we he> ( no p]iod ( re/ = bo? ma/]s & boys1 su* z !re mu/ h be5 9 ! ,roman dog-days4 ,!re is some?+ humane & affect+ 9 ! dy+ beque/ ( ,anaxagoras1 :o gave 8 native city1 ,clazom51 a prop]ty on ! condition t ! anniv]s>y ( 8 dea? %\ld be kept z a g5]al s*ool holiday4 ,!re 7 also special days ( s*ool fea/s1 su* z ! ,h]ma & ,museia1 s elegantly describ$ at ! op5+ ( ,plato's 8,lysis40 #cd4 ,f ! acc\nts we h ( ! tea*+ ( ! alphabet1 z impli$ 9 ,plato's 8,cratylus10 & describ$ by ,dionysius 7! rhetor7 9 illu/rat+ ,demo/h5es' eloqu5ce1 x 0 n c>ri$ on 9 an analytical1 b a syn!tical1 way4 ,*ildr5 7 n taught words fir/ & !n to analyze !m1 b />t$ ) individual lett]s1 !n le>n$ _! simple/ comb9ations1 & s on4 ,nor is ?is me?od ev] likely to be supplant$ by ! o!r1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( /upid *ildr54 ,b we d he> ( "o curi\s attempt to make ! alphabet an agreeable /udy 9 ! s-call$ grammatical trag$y ( ,callias1 ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 ,?is 0 ! "t :5 79 ! ar*on%ip ( ,eucleides7 ! new] ,ionic alphabet ( tw5ty-f\r lett]s 0 introduc$1 & app>5tly ord]$ to be us$ 9 s*ools4 ,! "w ( ,callias 01 accord+ly1 a poetical k9d ( ,a ,b ,c book1 9 :i* ! s+le lett]s 9 turn spoke ! prologue4 ,! *oral p>ts seem to h be5 refra9s work+ out ! simpl] comb9ations ( v[els ) ea* consonant4 ,! sev5 v[els 7 also introduc$ be=e ! s*oolma/] z female *>act]s4 ,b m we d n "k1 & x is probable t ! book 0 only call$ trag$y f its ext]nal =m1 n f any plot4#bi ,! use ( mnemonic v]ses to help *ildr5 01 no d\bt1 z old z education2 b we %\ld h be5 glad to "k ! divisions ( lett]s foll[$ by ,callias2 = up to ! times ( ! ,sophi/s !re 0 no prop] analysis ( ! alphabet1 & x is to !m t we owe su* /udies z ,plato's 8,cratylus10 :i*1 ?\gh s\nd z to ! alphabet1 is wond]fully *ildi% z to etymology4 ,/ill1 ! popul> k ( #djj ,b4,c4 mu/ h be5 a long way beh9d ! 8,cratylus40 ,f ! acquisition ( lett]s1 ! *ild pass$ to ! /udy ( syllables1 & we f9d syllabiz+ us$ g5]ally by ! ,greeks = elem5t>y in/ruction 9 read+4 ,b :ile ! ,greek *ild 0 n afflict$1 l ,engli% *ildr51 ) ! absurd conundrums ( a p]fectly irrational spell+2 :ile he _h a fair gu>antee t ! individual lett]s reproduc$ ! s\nd ( ! :ole ^w1 !re 7 o!r difficulties 9 8 way4 ,he _h n1 inde$1 to burd5 8 memory ) ! s\nds to be atta*$ to symbols l ?\gh & t\gh1 plague & ague1 b he mu/1 on ! o!r h&1 /udy ) peculi> c>e ! sep>ation ( words--int]punction--& also punctuation & acc5t4 ,acc5t1 inde$1 & ! subtle use ( ! num]\s p>ticles1 7 giv51 & c\ld only be giv51 by famili>ity ) ,greek z a "m tongue4 ,z ,ari/otle rem>ks1 "o c\ld always "k a =eign]1 h[ev] well he spoke ,greek1 by ! use ( ! p>ticles4 ,i he>d ,erne/ ,r5an make ! v same rem>k ab\t =eign]s' ,fr5* a few ye>s ago4 ,b 9 classical days1 acc5ts 7 n ev5 writt51 & words 7 n sep>at$1 nei!r 7 clauses di/+ui%$ by /ops4 ,h5ce ! difficulties ( read+ 7 consid]ably increas$1 z any "o may prove = himself by tak+ up a m$ival ,greek ,,ms4 ,!re1 inde$1 ! acc5ts are a guide1 b ev5 ) !m ! sep>ation ( words is a difficulty1 & has l$ to endless mi/akes 9 our pr9t$ texts4 ,we "k1 too1 t ! ,greeks 7 p>ticul> ab\t melodi\s intonation & rhy?mical balance ( clauses ev5 9 prose3 all ?is gave ! grammati/ ample scope = pati5ce4 ,!re is ev5 a special tea*]----m5tion$ 9 e>ly days z regulat+ & tra9+ ! s++ voice ( *ildr54 ,inde$1 we are surpris$ at ! g5]al assumption among _! educators t e "o _h bo? natural voice & e>4#cj ,?us read+ al\d & recitations f ! great poets atta9$ a d\ble object3 ! s*oolboy 0 taught to en\nce accurately & read rhy?mically2 he 0 made famili> at ! same "t ) ! *oice/ extracts ( ! be/ ma/]s 9 ! old] lit]ature4 ,i h already spok5 ( ,hom]2 b ! lyric poets1 l ,tyrtu1 & ! gnomic1 l ,!ognis1 7 also l>gely us$ at s*ool4 ,inde$1 x is n a little rem>kable h[ _m ( ^! old poets 7 !mselves call$ s*oolma/]s4 ,?is s*ool use gave rise to *re/oma?ies1 or selections ( suitable passages2 & !re are _m critics :o ?9k t our pres5t texts ( ,!ognis repres5t su* a selection4 ,! 8,gold5 ,v]ses0 ( ,py?agoras1 ! _m collections ( prov]bs1 or 1 po9t to ! same practice4 ,writt5 books 7 /ill sc>ce1 libr>ies v exceptional1 & ?us ! boy's education 0 f> m prosecut$ by dictation & by conv]sation ?an n[adays4 ,)\t d\bt ?is made !m less le>n$1 b m intellig5t & ready1 ?an we are2 & !re are ev5 9 ! days ( ,hell5ic decay compla9ts ( ! increase ( books1 ( ! lu/ aft] mu* read+ & v>i\s lore4#ca ,we are told t 9 ,sp>ta & ,crete all *ildr5 le>n$ hymns to ! gods1 & metrical /atem5ts ( ! laws1 to be sung to fix$ melodies2 & ?is 7if a fact7 has ju/ly be5 call$ a political z well z religi\s cate*ism4 #ce4 ,x 0 v late 9 ! hi/ory ( ,hell5ism t any m5tion ( ! le>n+ ( =eign languages meets u4 ,ev5 9 ! wide /udies pursu$ at ,alex&ria1 no sy/ematic c\rse 9 languages is ev] m5tion$2 & p /ill _h rec\rse 9 int]national bus9ess to ^? :o happ5$ to be born ( mix$ m>riages1 or by "s o!r accid5t _h be5 compell$ to acquire a second tongue4 ,!re is1 inde$1 mu* curi\s evid5ce t ! ,greeks1 be+ really bad l+ui/s1 f\nd great difficulty 9 acquir+ ! ,lat9 tongue1 ev5 :5 x became ! language ( ! rul]s ( ! _w4#cb ,/rabo#cc notes t :5ev] hi/orical treatises 7 compos$ 9 =eign languages1 !y 7 inaccessible to ! ,greeks1 :ile ! ,romans did no?+ b copy p>tially & imp]fectly :at ! ,greeks _h said--a rem>k :i* might n[ be s>ca/ically appli$ to ! relations ( ,g]man & ,engli% philology4 ,?is ,greek inability to le>n1 or contempt (1 =eign languages rem9ds u ( ! ,fr5* ( to-day1 ^: language1 until lately1 held ! place 9 ,europe :i* ,greek held 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 :5 e respectable p]son knew ,greek1 & :5 ! ,s5ate 7 able to receive & treat ) =eign ambassadors speak+ 9 ,greek4#cd ,we h above not$ ! dang] actually ?reat5+ t *ildr5 might le>n ,greek s e>ly & exclusively z to speak _! native tongue ) a =eign acc5t--a /ate ( ?+s :i* ! ,romans w\ld h res5t$ /rongly 9 _! rul]s--9 t respect widely diff]5t f ! ,engli% p ( to-day4 ,?us ! ,romans atta9$1 :at ! ,greeks miss$1 ! opportunity ( le>n+ gramm> ?r\gh ! =ms ( a =eign language4#ce #cf4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 came to writ+1 we mu/ n imag9e !m us+ ink & pap]1 :i* 0 f> too exp5sive4 ,in/ead ( our slate1 !y us$ tablets cov]$ ) wax1 on :i* ! po9t$ /ylus drew a %>p l9e1 :i* c\ld be smoo!d out aga9 ) ! flat rev]se end4 ,!re 7 d\ble l9es drawn on ! tablets1 & ! ma/] wrote words = ! boys to copy4 ,we are told t he at times held ! h&s ( beg9n]s 9 =m+ lett]s4 ,qu9tilian sugge/s t ! lett]s %\ld be cut deep 9 a wood5 tablet1 s t ! *ild c\ld foll[ !m )\t hav+ 8 h& held2 & x 0 9 ?is way t ! ,o/rogo? ,!odoric manag$ to sign 8 "n1 by hav+ a metal plate pi]c$ ) x1 :i* he !n laid on ! pap]1 & /5cill$ out ! lett]s4 ,!re are on ! walls ( ,pompeii _m scribbl+s ( boys1 evid5tly repeat+ _! s*ool ex]cises2 & 9 ,egypt 0 f\nd a tomb ) a set ( wax tablets1 all conta9+ ! same v]ses ( ,m5&]2 b "o ( !m a model1 ! re/ copies v>y+ 9 excell5ce2 & "u "s ( !m ! approv+ judgm5t dilig5t 774 ,?is curi\s set ( relics1 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,abbott1 ( ,new ,york1 is app>5tly ! s*ool furniture ( a ma/] buri$ ) him4 #cg4 ,!re is no reason to ?9k t ! av]age ,greek atta9$ any?+ l ! flu5cy 9 writ+ :i* we n[ consid] necess>y4 ,plato#cf says x is only necess>y s f> z to be able to write or read2 to write fa/ or elegantly mu/ n be attempt$ )9 ! range ( ord9>y education1 except 9 r>e cases & ) peculi> natural gifts4 ,inde$1 z slaves did all ! copy+ "w1 & z publi%$ books 7 always 9 _! h&writ+1 !re may h be5 ! same sort ( prejudice aga9/ a v good1 cle> h& :i* _m p n[ feel aga9/ an (fice h&4 ,at ,a!ns !re 0 a special (fic]1 1 to write out1 or direct ! writ+-out (1 public docum5ts2 !re 0 also a 1 a secret>y to take m9utes 77 at public meet+s4 ,besides ! =mal writ+ 9 sep>ate capital lett]s1 :i* we h on s _m inscriptions1 & :i* 0 probably ! h& taught to *ildr51 !re 0 a cursive h&1 :i* we see 9 ! ,greek papyri ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,9 lat] ,,mss4 we ev5 f9d a regul> %or?&1 exce$+ly difficult to deciph]4#cg ,! l9es 7 drawn1 especially on wax1 ) a little co9-%ap$ piece ( lead 771 & ! draw+ ( l9es appe>s to be call$ 4 ,in/ead ( ! %>p metal or bone /ylus1 a re$ 771 l our p5s1 0 us$ on papyrus or p>*m5t ) ink4 ,qu9tilian pref]s ! wax & /ylus1 because ! con/ant dipp+ 9 ! ink di/racts & *ecks ?9k+--a curi\s objection1 & wor? quot+ to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 age & ours4 ,b :5 ! new /ylograph has be5 us$ = "s "t1 we w1 no d\bt1 f9d m5 ass]t+ ?is ( ! old-fa%ion$ p5 & ink4 #ch4 ,! s*ool comm5t>y1 or explanation ( ! poems or o!r lit]ature ?us writt5 out1 0 probably q elem5t>y4 ,gramm> only began to be und]/ood by ! ,sophi/s1 & we h specim5s ( ex]cises on ! use ( ! article1 & on ! "q ( g5d]s1 9 a v comic dialogue 9 ,ari/ophanes' 8,cl\ds10 :]e ! pupil ( ! new s*ool ridicules ! ignorance ( old ,/repsiades4 ,x is likely ,protagoras's "w on ! correct use ( language 77 gave a great /imulus to ?is bran* ( education4 ,b we _c argue t ^! /udies ( ! "m tongue :i* make our use ( x m consci\s ?an be=e1 _h any bett] effect on prose-writ+ or on conv]sation ?an ! v p>allel /udies ( ,engli% :i* h ( late ye>s invad$ or infe/$ all our s*ools4 ,good-bre$+ & natural ref9em5t seem ! natural 7& are probably ! only7 safegu>ds ( a "m tongue 9 its ord9>y use1 & !re is ev5 great dang] t a consci\s analysis ( idioms may bani% f ! writ+ ( a language _m valuable & *>act]i/ic turns :i* are bas$ ^u a m subtle propriety ?an t ( s*ool logic4 ,=tunately1 local dialects h a great p[] ( resi/ance4 ,! ,w>wick or ! ,galway peasant w speak 8 own acc5ts1 & ev5 use 8 idioms1 9 spite ( all compulsory tea*+ ( ,engli% gramm> 9 ! s*ools2 b ! r$uc+ ( all writt5 ,engli% to "o /&>d 7bo? 9 spell+ & 9 idiom7 is l ! r$uc+ ( all writt5 ,greek to ! common dialect--a v great loss & damage4#ch #ci4 ,we pass to ! tea*+ ( elem5t>y sci5ce4 ,geometry 0 /ill an advanc$ /udy1 &1 ?\gh 9 high e/eem among ! ,greeks z "o ( ! mo/ elegant & p]fect1 seems n to h be5 taught 9 s*ools4 ,ari?metic 0 reg>d$ ei!r z ! ab/ract sci5ce ( numb]s 771 & z su* "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( sci5ces1 or z ! art ( reckon+ 77 to be employ$ 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life4 ,m]cantile ,greeks1 l ! ,a!nians & ,ionians g5]ally1 among :om bank+ 0 well develop$1 mu/ h e>ly f\nd ?is a necessity2 b ev5 9 ,greek art1 ar*itectural p]fection 0 atta9$ by a v subtle & evid5tly consci\s application ( ari?metical proportions4 ,?is 0 fir/ %[n 9 ! accurate measurem5ts ( ! ,p>!non by ,p5rose1 & 01 no d\bt1 exp\nd$ 9 ! treatise writt5 on ?is build+ by its ar*itect1 ,ict9us4 ,9 ! great temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 ! use ( multiples ( #g & #e has be5 %[n s curi\sly appli$ by an ,am]ican s*ol> t he suspects ! application ( ,py?agorean symbolism by ! ar*itect ,libon4 ,b ( c\rse ?is 0 9 ! /rict s5se1 & is only "h m5tion$ to %[ h[ ! ,greeks mu/ h be5 l$ to appreciate ! value ( ! sci5ce ( numb]s4 ,ord9>y s*oolboys 7 taught to add1 subtract1 multiply1 & divide1 z !y n[ are1 b )\t ! advantage ( our admirable sy/em ( notation4 ,/>t+ f ! natural sugge/ion ( ! f+]s--a sugge/ion pres]v$ all ?r\gh lat] hi/ory by su* words z 7lit]ally1 to c\nt by fives1 b us$ ( c\nt+ g5]ally7--! ,greeks repres5t$ numb]s by /raight /rokes1 b soon replac$ ei!r by a rude picture ( a h&1 ,v 7z we f9d 9 ,roman numb]s71 & made two su* symbols jo9$ toge!r to repres5t #aj 7,x71 or else ! high] numb]s 7 m>k$ by ! fir/ lett] ( _! "n--viz41 ,m & ,c1 9 ,lat9 mille & c5tum4 ,s 9 ,greek1 771 771 etc4 ,! small] numb]s 7 repres5t$ 9 ord9>y c\nt+ by ! f+]s ( ! h&1 n m]ely z digits 7a sugge/ive ^w1 9 itself a survival ( ! process71 b1 accord+ z !y 7 b5t or plac$1 f+]s repres5t$ multiples ( #e1 & s 7 suffici5t = ord9>y sums4 ,ari/ophanes ev5 contra/s#ci ?is sort ( reckon+1 z cle>] & m intelligible1 ) reckon+ on ! abacus1 or ari?metical bo>d1 :i* has /ill surviv$ 9 our ball-frames4 ,we are told t ! f+]s 7 suffici5t to express all figures up to ?\s&s1 :i* is inde$ /range to u2 b bo? ! f+] signs & ! abacus fail$ 9 ! great inv5tion we h ga9$ f ,arabic num]als1 ! supply+ ( ! symbol 4 ,! abacus us$ 9 ,greek s*ools appe>s to h _h sev]al /raight furr[s 9 :i* pebbles or plugs 7 set1 & at ! left side !re 0 a special division :]e ea* unit meant #e4 ,?us1 #fdh 7,,dcxxxxviii7 0 repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 --------------- ,m --------------- o o ,c --------------- o o o o ,x --------------- o o o o --------------- --------------- ,?is abacus 0 ascrib$ to ,py?agoras1 b 0 9 all probability old]1 & d]iv$ f ,egypt1 :]e elem5t>y sci5ce 0 well & widely taught f v e>ly times4 ,:5 initial lett]s 7 us$ = numb]s1 z = 1 & = 1 comb9ations su* z ,i,i meant #ej4 ,la/ ( all1 we f9d 9 our ,,mss4 a sy/em ( us+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet = numb]s1 pres]v+ 77 = #f1 & ?us rea*+ #aj ) 1 proce$+ by t5s ?r\gh 7#bj71 7#cj71 etc41 to 7#ajj71 7#bjj71 & = #ijj us+ 4 ,?is notation mu/ n be confus$ ) ! m>k+ ( ! tw5ty-f\r books ( ! ,hom]ic epics by ! simple lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,fur!r details z to ! te*nical t]ms = ari?metical op]ations1 & ! am\nt to be attribut$ to a nation us+ s clumsy a notation1 mu/ be s\ght 9 pr(ess$ h&-books ( antiquity4#dj ,z reg>ds geometry1 all we c say is t 9 ! days ( ,plato & ,ari/otle bo? ^! philosoph]s recognize n only its extraord9>y value z a m5tal tra9+1 b also ! fact t x c be taught to "y boys z yet unfit = political & metaphysical /udies4 #dj4 ,hav+ ?us dispos$ ( ! sev]] side ( s*ool education1 we w turn to ! arti/ic side1 "o v important to ! ,greeks1 & sugge/ive to u ( _m in/ructive problems4 ,,footnotes3 #bd is ! ?+ le>n$4 #be vi4 #bg4 #bf ,! ,greek =m ( our ^w s*ool1 ?\gh 9 common use1 meant leisure1 & only pass$ ?r\gh its application to ! leisurely discussions ( philosoph]s into its new & opposite s5se4 ,!re is "s difficulty ab\t ! ^w 1 :i* "s h imag9$ to be a wait+-room = ! pdagogue slaves--absurdly en\gh4 ,x is probably a m]e synonym = ! s*oolroom4 #bg ,grasb]g]1 ii4 #bbd4 #bh 4 #bi ,all our evid5ce1 ) e possible surmise ab\t x1 may be f\nd 9 ,welck]'s 8,kle9e ,s*rift510 vol4 i4 p4 #cga sq4 #cj ,?is assumption may p]haps h>dly seem surpris+ :5 x /ill prevails among ! ,engli% public z reg>ds girls4 ,accord+ly1 a va/ am\nt ( "t & bra9 p[] is wa/$ 9 ! endeavor to make !m play & s+1 ?\gh nature has p]emptorily preclud$ x 9 mo/ cases4 #ca ,! objections ( ! ,eleatics & ,platoni/s to ! moral side ( ,hom] & ! o!r epic poets w be discuss$ 9 connection ) ! philosophic attempts at re=m 9 high] education4 #cb ,plut>* 78,life ( ,demo/h410 #b7 lam5ts 8 inability to ma/] ,lat91 & ! difficulties x pres5ts :5 n acquir$ v e>ly4 #cc iii4 #d1 #ai4 #cd ,up to ! mission ( ,c>neades & 8 fell[s 7#aee ,b4,c47 an int]pret] _h be5 necess>y4 #ce ,?is seems to me a v important po9t1 & ,i d n "k h[ our tra9+ ( boys 9 ! /rict & cle> ,lat9 gramm> c ev] be suppli$ adequately by any o!r means1 ?\gh ,i h "o great & recogniz$ au?ority--,mr4 ,?r+--aga9/ me1 :o ?9ks t boys %\ld le>n ! logic ( gramm> ?r\gh ,engli% analysis4 #cf 8,laws10 #haj--;if ! 8,laws0 be1 inde$1 ,plato's4 #cg ,cf4 ,watt5ba*'s specim5s 9 8 plates ( ,greek ,,mss4 #ch ,if we _h phonetic spell+1 our dialects w\ld be pres]v$1 z ! v>i\s ,greek dialects 71 or z ! ,italian n[ are1 & ?us ! hi/ory ( our language 9 ! pres5t day might become possible to ourselves & our desc5dants4 ,z x is1 we are conceal+ f all inquiry ?is mo/ int]e/+ subject--,i mean ! v>y+ pronunciation--by our absurd artificial spell+1 & we are bani%+ local idioms by /amp+ !m ) ! m>k ( vulg>ity4 ,?is latt] is ! natural & "r consequ5ce ( hav+ classical models4 ,b _h we possess$ ! old] dialects 9 phonetic writ+1 our /&>d w\ld h be5 wid5$1 l t ( ! ,greeks1 to include important prov9cial v>ieties4 #ci 8,wasps10 #fef sq4 #dj ,^! are ! ord9>y t]ms3 add+ 1 2 subtract+ 1 1 ,lat9 d$uc]e2 multiply+ 1 & ! factors 1 a geometrical conception1 z 9 ! second book ( ,euclid2 divid+ 3 no g5]al ^w = quoti5t is f\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,subjects ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,education--,,draw+ ,,& ,,music4 #da4 ,x is likely t mo/ writ]s on ,greek education h exagg]at$ ! importance & diffusion ( draw+ z an ord9>y s*ool subject4 ,ev5 9 ,ari/otle's day x 0 only recogniz$ by "s p1 probably !ori/s2#da & ,pl9y tells u t x 0 ,pamphilus1 ,apelles' ma/]1 :o fir/ _h x introduc$ at ,sicyon1 f :i* x spread ov] all ,greece4 ,^! comb9$ notices po9t to its n be+ g5]al be=e ! days ( ,alex&]4 ,b ! !ori/s recogniz$ its use & importance e>li]1 fir/ & mo/ obvi\sly = critical purposes1 t m5 might bett] judge & appreciate works ( art2 secondly1 = t /hetical effect :i* is s =gott5 by u1 ! unconsci\s m\ld+ ( ! m9d to beauty by ! close & accurate /udy ( beautiful =ms4 ,! usual ^w = pa9t+1 & = draw+-ma/]1 sugge/s to u t figure-draw+ 0 ! e>ly & ! pr9cipal bran* ( ! art kn[n & taught4 ,f ! e>lie/ times rude figures _h be5 scrat*$ & color$ on vases1 & ! numb] ( vase-pa9t]s 9 hi/orical ,greece mu/ h be5 s consid]able z to dissem9ate "s g5]al feel+ = ! art1 ?\gh we he> ( no amateur vase-pa9t+1 su* z is 9 fa%ion among ladies ( our own day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 l&scape-pa9t+ 0 ( late gr[? & v imp]fect developm5t4 ,! prom95ce ( sculpture1 ev5 poly*romatic sculpture1 made its abs5ce less felt4 ,ow+ to ! old ,greek habit ( p]sonify+ nature1 & express+ e m\nta9 & riv] by its tutel>y gods1 we f9d 9 ! great p$im5t sculptures ( ! be/ epo* t curi\s indication ( ! l&scape by its tutel>y gods--look+ on calmly & unconsci\sly at ! action ( ! pr9cipal figures--:i* is p]haps ! mo/ peculi> *>act]i/ic ( all ,greek art4 ,?us ! local riv]s1 ! ,alpheus & ,cladeus1 are repres5t$ ly+ at ! ends ( ! great ea/]n p$im5t ( ! temple at ,olympia1 witness+ ! combat ( ,pelops & nomaus ) no m expression ( feel+ ?an ! l&scape :i* !y repres5t w\ld manife/4 ,! e>lie/ essays at l&scape prop] 71 moreov]1 n rocks & trees1 or t wild c\ntry :i* ! ,greeks nev] lov$1 b build+s & artificial gr\nds1 ) regul> l9es & def9ite design4 ,! fir/ attempt 0 made to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! !atre1 & ! fact t sc5e-pa9t+ & %ade-pa9t+ 7or p]spective7 7 us$ z synonym\s t]ms %[s ! tru? ( ! report t ,apollodorus 7cir4 #djj ,b4,c47 fir/ discov]$ ! art ( repres5t+ ! /raight l9es ( a build+ 9 dep?1 by a dep>ture f t or?ography 9 geometrical draw+ :i* _h hi!rto be5 practis$4 ,if we may judge f ! _m sket*es ( ?is sort ( suburban l&scape :i* are pres]v$ on ,pompeian walls1 ! prop] k ( p]spective 0 n ev5 9 lat] times diffus$ among ord9>y arti/s1 ^: figure-pa9t+ on ^! walls is 9 e respect va/ly sup]ior4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! figure-pa9t+ ev5 on vases ( ! be/ epo* is s conv5tional t we _c believe ,greek boys 7 taught to draw figures ) a prop] k ( liv+ or r\nd models1 & mu/ assume ! draw+-lessons to h be5 *iefly 9 geometrical designs4 ,accord+ to lian1 !re 7 maps ( ! ,greek _w to be _h at ,a!ns1 & !re=e presumably 9 s*ools1 :5 ,alcibiades 0 a "y man2 b ?is isolat$ notice1 back$ up by "o or two allusions 9 ,ari/ophanes1 mu/ n be press$ too f>4 ,! confusion betwe5 ! t]ms = draw+ & = writ+ ut5sils arises f ! same mat]ials be+ us$ 9 practis+ bo?--z if we us$ p5cils only 9 le>n+ to write4 ,! same /ylus 77 :i* 0 us$ = writ+ on wax tablets 0 us$ = draw+ outl9es on ! same2 & ! e>lie/ tra9+ 9 draw+1 if we may tru/ ! /atem5t ( ,bttig]1 0 ! copy+ ( ! outl9es ( models propos$ by ! ma/]4#db ,aft] firmness _h be5 atta9$1 delicacy ( outl9e 0 practis$1 & ultimately a f9e pa9t1 :i* 0 us$ to pa9t black & r$ outl9es on :ite tables1 or :ite on black4 #db4 ,?\gh ! diffusion ( draw+ 0 late & d\btful1 ?is 0 n ! case ) music1 9 its /ricte/ s5se4 ,= its importance 0 su* z to make x a synonym = culture 9 g5]al1 & to leave u d\btful 9 "s cases :e!r ,greek au?ors are speak+ 9 ?is wid] or ! n>r[] s5se4 ,b x is f music prop] t !y all w\ld />t1 z af=d+ ! c5tral idea ( education4 ,"h is "o ( ! features 9 :i* ,greek life is s diff]5t f ours1 t !re is ! greate/ possible difficulty 9 und]/&+ x4 ,:5 mod]n educators introduce music into boys' recreation "t1 & say x has important influ5ces 9 humaniz+ !m1 ?\gh 9 ?is !y may approa* ! language ( ,greek social re=m]s & /atesm51 !y mean some?+ widely diff]5t4 ,! mod]ns mean no?+ m 7,i conceive7 ?an ?is1 t ! practice ( music is a humane & civiliz+ pursuit1 br++ boys into ! company ( _! si/]s & lady fri5ds1 )draw+ !m f co>se & h>mful pursuits1 & ?us indirectly mak+ !m g5tl] & m h>mless m54 ,x is z an innoc5t & social s\rce ( amusem5t t music is n[ recomm5d$4 ,let u put out ( all acc\nt ! f> l[] & too (t5 vulg> pressure on girls to le>n to play or s+1 :e!r !y l x or n4 ,= "h ! only advantage 9 view is n ! girl's moral or social improvem5t1 b h] advancem5t 9 life1 by mak+ h] attractive 9 society4 ,su* a view ( musical tra9+ is q b5ea? any s]i\s notice 9 ! pres5t argum5t4 ,:at has above be5 said w be consid]$ a fair /atem5t ( ! importance giv5 to music by mod]n ?9k]s4 ,& accord+ly1 :5 we f9d all ,greek educators & !ori/s#dc ass]t+ a completely diff]5t k9d ( importance 9 music1 we f9d ourselves 9 pres5ce ( :at is /rictly an hi/orical problem4 ,x is n en\gh = ! ,greeks to admit t m>tial music has /rong effects on soldi]s go+ to battle1 or t doleful music turns ! m9d to sadness 9 a solemn requiem = ! dead4 ,!y w5t s f> beyond ?is z to ass]t t by con/antly play+ m>tial music p w\ld become m>tial1 t by con/antly play+ & s++ passionate & voluptu\s music p became passionate & voluptu\s4 ,consequ5tly1 ! prop] selection ( in/rum5ts ( music & ( words became a subject ( s]i\s importance4 ,! flute 0 cultivat$ at ,a!ns till ,alcibiades spurn$ x = di/ort+ 8 h&some face1 & caus$ x to g out ( fa%ion at ,a!ns4 ,b ?is av]sion to ! ,botian in/rum5t 0 support$ by ! !ori/s on ! gr\nd t x _h no moral t5d5cy1 t x 0 too excit+1 & vague 9 ! emotions x excit$2 also1 t x prev5t$ ! play] f s++ words to 8 music4 ,b :5 we w\ld inf] f ?is t x is really ! text1 & n ! actual music1 :i* has ! m5tal effect--:5 we are dispos$ to add t 9 our own "t in/rum5tal music is a high] & m intellectual k9d ( music1 :i* has no moral effects save good ones1 & t x is ! libretto ( ! op]a or ! s5tim5t ( ! song :i* does h>m--! answ] f ! ,greek po9t ( view is conclusive aga9/ u4 ,?\gh mu* /ress 0 laid ^u ! noble words :i* 7 sung1 ! music 0 kn[n to h ! pr9cipal effect4 ,plato1 9 a celebrat$ passage1 ev5 inveighs bitt]ly aga9/ ! gross immorality & luxuri\sness ( all m]e in/rum5tal music1 :i* all[$ ( s mu* ornam5t1 s mu* exagg]ation ( expression1 s mu* complexity ( emotion1 z to be :olly unsuit$ to 8 ideal /ate4 ,x is1 inde$1 p]fectly true t ! intellectual ef=t 9 und]/&+ in/rum5tal music1 at lea/ "s in/rum5tal music1 is f> great] ?an is requir$ = appreciat+1 or imag9+ "o appreciates1 a simple song4 ,to und]/& a /r+ qu>tet ( ,m5delssohn1 or1 /ill m1 a symphony ( ,bee?ov51 is an intellectual task f> exce$+ ! abilities ( n9e t5?s ( ! audi5ces :o he> !m4#dd ,b1 ap>t f all su* intellectual /ra91 !re is a /rong ?\gh indef9able passion ab\t ?is v music :i* has ! deepe/ effects on m9ds really tun$ to appreciate x4 ,if ?is be too subtle an in/ance1 !re is ano!r s /rik+ t x is wor? m5tion+ on ! *ance ( ! read]'s v]ify+ x "s day = himself4 ,! ,hung>ian gypsies :o =m ! national b&s are *iefly occupi$ at ent]ta9m5ts 9 play+ = ! national dance--! csrds--tunes :i* h n[ become famili>1 "s ( !m1 ?r\gh ! transcriptions ( ,liszt & ,johannes ,brahms4 ,! dance consi/s 9 a gradually increas+ excitem5t1 />t+ f a sl[ & grave beg9n+4 ,! *ange is produc$ m]ely by increase ( "t 9 (t5 repeat+ ! same air1#de & also 9 adorn+ x ) fl\ri%es1 :i* are add$ ad libitum & some:at b>b>\sly1 by ! memb]s ( ! b& accord+ to _! ta/e4 ,! effect ( ?is gradual hurry+ & complicat+ ( ! same tune is inexpressibly affect+ to ! m9d4 ,x repres5ts excitem5t1 & (t5 voluptu\s excitem5t1 to ! highe/ degree4 ,x w\ld h ?or\ghly %ock$ ,plato & 8 s*ool4 ,?is simpl] example1 ?\gh less easily v]ifiable to ! ,engli% read]1 is really m to ! po9t1 = !re c be no d\bt t x is ow+ to ! increase ( complication1 & ! gr[? ( ! intellectual comb9ations 9 music1 t we h lo/ sight ( :at ! ,greeks ?\ght s vital--! direct moral effects ( music4 #dc4 ,! "q rema9s1 ,:at did ! ,greeks convey by ?is !ory8 ,7 !y talk+ nons5se1 or 0 _! music s diff]5t f ours t _! !ories h no application 9 our day8 ,we _c adopt ei!r ( ^! solutions1 ?\gh all our rese>*es into ,greek scales1 & into ! scanty examples ( tunes /ill extant1 are unable to %[ cle>ly :at !y meant4 ,we _c make out :y tunes 9 ! ,doric scale--a scale v>y+ slightly f our ord9>y m9or scale--%\ld be ?\ght manly & moral1 :ile ,lydian measures--a scale l our ord9>y major scales--%\ld be ?\ght immoral4#df ,we mu/ give up ! problem ( f9d+ out a solution f ! ,greek scales4 ,b ?is we may fairly ass]t1 t our music1 be+ directly desc5d$ f ! old ,*ur* scales1 :i* aga9 7 d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 _c be s totally diff]5t f t ( ! old ,greeks z to w>rant ! inf]5ce t !irs c\ld be moral or ! rev]se1 & ours indiff]5t to morals4 ,we may dep5d ^u x t !y did n talk nons5se1 & t ! g5]al cons5t ( all _! ?9k+ m5 on ?is curi\s po9t is well wor?y ( our mo/ s]i\s att5tion4 ,x is probable t ! f> great] complexity ( our music1 ! multiplication ( in/rum5ts1 ! developm5t ( h>mony1 has br\ght out intellectual in/9cts unkn[n to !m1 & s obscur$ ! moral que/ions once s /rik+4 ,! ,*9ese ( ! pres5t day1 :o h a music f> simpl] ?an ours1 mo/ly on ! tetratonic scale1 are said to speak ( ! moral influ5ce ( music z ! ,greeks did1 & to put ! compos+ & circulat+ ( tunes "u a c]ta9 control4 ,!y us$ to h /ate compos]s *>g$ ) ?is duty1 9 ord] to pres]ve & improve ! morals ( ! p4 ,al?\gh1 !n1 x seems t ! simpl] ! "* ( a national music1 ! m cle>ly its moral effects are p]ceiv$1 we only want a clos] analysis to detect ! same qualities 9 our own compos]s4 ,mu* ( ! be/ music we n[ he> is unduly excit+3 x fe$s va9 long+s1 indef9ite desires1 s5su\s regrets2 & 7 ! evid5ce /at$ 9 detail1 ! sceptical read] might be conv9c$ t "h we are f> beh9d ! ,greek educators1 & t we (t5 delib]ately expose our *ildr5 to great moral risk by incit+ !m to express _! semi-consci\s desires 9 affect+ music4 ,! majority :o h no s\l = music may be safe en\gh 7?\gh ?is is n c]ta972 b ^? ^: s\l speaks ?r\gh _! f+]s1 or _! voice1 are runn+ a v s]i\s dang]1 ( :i* !re is n ! lea/ suspicion among mod]n educators4 ,to seek corroboration f ! *>act]s ( lead+ musicians 7 invidi\s1 b n )\t in/ruction4#dg ,?is inquiry is no digression :i* requires apology4 ,x is a po9t 9 :i* we d n seem to h reflect$ z deeply z ! anci5ts1 & :i* is well wor? discuss+ )\t p$antry or s5tim5tality4 ,x is also true t ! g5]al aspect ( ?is side ( ,greek education is m int]e/+ & fruitful ?an ! inquiry into ! /ructures ( ! p>ticul> in/rum5ts !y us$--an antiqu>ian "q v m9utely discuss$ by le>n$ hi/orians ( music1 & by compil]s ( ar*ological lore4 ,on ^! details we may "h be brief4 ,! subject has be5 exhau/$ by ,mr4 ,*appell1 our be/ hi/orian ( music4 #dd4 ,9 education we nev] he> ( ! use ( ^? m complicat$ in/rum5ts1 su* z ! 1 or h>p1 ! d\ble flute & o!rs1 :i* 7 us$ by pr(essionals4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! favorite syr9x1 or p&ean-pipe1 0 only 9 fa%ion among %eph]ds1 & n 9 s*ools4 ,we may assume t no?+ 0 !re admitt$ b ! simple/ =m ( /r+$ in/rum5t1 ! lyre 771 :i* 0 orig9ally made by /ret*+ /r+s across ! inside ( ! back %ell ( a tortoise4 ,^! %ells are (t5 to be f\nd dry & clean 9 riv]-c\rses ?r\gh ,greece4 ,! tortoise :5 dead is eat5 out by ants or o!r insects2 ! %ells sep>ate1 & are c>ri$ away & clean$ by floods4 ,?is mo/ primitive k9d 01 h[ev]1 supplant$ by a m elaborate =m1 :i* us$ ! two %ells ( ! tortoise1 & fa/5$1 9 ! position ( its front legs1 a pair ( goat's horns1 :i* 7 spann$ ne> _! extremity by ! 1 or yoke1 to :i* /r+s 7 drawn f ! f> end ( ! %ell1 ov] ! ne!r surface1 or brea/ %ell1 :i* 0 flat4 ,?is1 ) sev5 or at mo/ t5 /r+s1 0 ! ord9>y in/rum5t us$ to tea* ,greek boys to play4 ,! m elaborate ci?>a1 :i* /ill survives1 bo? 9 "n & /ructure1 among ! ,tyrolese1 0 a lyre ) a s\nd-box built ( ?9 wood or metal plates1 & elongat$ into holl[ arms 7:]e ! lyre only _h horns1 or solid wood5 arms71 s t ! resonance 0 consid]ably great]4 ,?is1 9 ! =m call$ 1 _h fifte5 or m /r+s1 & does n "h conc]n u4 ,! use ( ! b[ = /r+$ in/rum5ts 0 unkn[n to ! ,greeks1 b !y us$ = play+ ! plectrum1 :i* is /ill us$ by ! ,tyrolese = _! zi!r4 ,! favorite w9d-in/rum5t 0 n our flute1 :i* 0 call$ 1 or 8cross-play$ aulos10 & :i* 0 n popul>1 b our cl>9et1 ! 1 :i* 0 held /raight1 0 wide at ! m\?1 & produc$ its tone by means ( a vibrat+ tongue 9 ! m\?piece4 ,! ord9>y aulos 0 play$ )\t any artificial aid2 b = ! d\ble aulos1 :]e two re$s ( diff]5t pit* 7 bl[n f ! same m\?piece1 a lea!r b&age 0 ti$ ov] ! play]'s m\?1 into :i* ! m\?piece 0 fitt$4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ extreme =m ( t disfigurem5t ( :i* ! ,greeks compla9$ 9 flute-play+4 ,! tunes taught to boys are n[ lo/1 & we _c hope to reproduce !m4 ,b !re is good reason to ?9k t !y w\ld n suit ! develop$ ta/e ( our day1 & w\ld be consid]$ dull & ev5 ugly4 ,?is we may inf] f ! few extant fragm5ts ( ,greek tunes4 ,,footnotes3 #da 1 1 1 4--,pol41 viii4 p4 #bei4 #db is ! te*nical t]m = ?is draw+ ( models4 #dc ,ari/otle implies 9 8 discussion 78,pol410 bk4 vii4 #a7 t !re _h aris5 9 8 day radical critics :o ass]t$ t music 0 m]ely an amusem5t1 ) no o!r importance4 ,b he sets aside ?is op9ion z h>dly des]v+ ( refutation1 see+ h[ /rong 0 ! cons5sus ( op9ion aga9/ x4 #dd ,ari/otle fully appreciates ?is1 & admits1 ev5 9 8 p]fect polity1 popul> music to suit ! vulg> li/5]1 :o _c und]/& :at is really classical 78,pol410 viii43 4 44474 #de ,9 "s cases a v florid adagio is succe$$ by a lively pla9 tune 9 galop "t4 #df ,"s p h ?\ght ^! scales only indicat$ diff]5ces ( pit*4 ,?is is false1 or r a misappreh5sion1 because 9 a fix$ set ( notes--l ! :ite notes 9 our pianos--v>i\s scales c\ld only be f\nd by />t+ high] or l[]4 ,b h[ c\ld a diff]5ce ( pit* affect morals8 #dg ,x is n difficult = a man :o has devot$ suffici5t "t to music1 & has kn[n _m musical p1 to f9d "s analogy to ,dorian1 ,phrygian1 & ,lydian modes1 z moral ag5ts1 9 our mod]n music4 ,= surely ! real mean+1 ! real dep?1 9 ! art is ?is3 t x repres5ts1 & by repres5t+ /imulates )9 u1 v>i\s emotions4 ,l all ! o!r faculties ( man1 ! emotions are a great class ( m5tal ph5om5a improv$ & /r5g!n$ by a c]ta9 quantity ( /imulus1 b exagg]at$ & injur$ by be+ ov]/ra9$1 or too p]petually ex]cis$4 ,& x is ! peculi> prov9ce ( music to awak5 emotions too subtle & v>i\s = ! co>s] utt]ance ( words1 & !re=e to fill ! m9d ) feel+s delightful1 inde$1 & deep1 b f _! v nature unutt]able 9 words & inexplicable except by sympa?y4 ,y _c convey to an unmusical man :at is call$ ! expression ( an air--t is to say1 ! emotion x has caus$ )9 y4 ,let u add t if y c\ld expla9 x1 x w\ld n h ! di/9ctive value :i* x really possesses4 ,x is ?is v feature 9 ! "q :i* has caus$ ! moral effects ( music to be :olly ov]look$ 9 a cold & logical age1 :5 _m m5 are n affect$ by x1 & 9 :i* ev]y?+ inexplicable by direct /atem5t is likely to be consid]$ unreal4 ,! emotions1 !n1 :i* x is ! prop] object ( music to /imulate1 are ( t subtle "* t !y _c be def9$4 ,diff]5t compos]s w1 no d\bt1 excite a diff]5t complexion ( feel+ 9 ! m9d4 ,! works ( ,h&el & ,j4 ,s4 ,ba* produce a ?or\ghly satisfi$ & *e]ful temp]1 ev5 :5 !y treat sad subjects2 :]eas ,bee?ov5 has almo/ always ab\t him t pr(\nd melan*oly :i* is to a m9d 9 di/ress m su/a9+ 9 its sympa?y ?an all ! com=t ( consolation4 ,b ?is only describes ! g5]al "* ( ! emotions produc$1 & n ! emotions !mselves4 ,= ^! are (t5 n consci\sly be=e u at all1 b influ5ce u1 l our prejudices1 f a hidd5 vantage-gr\nd )9 ! s\l4 ,b1 alas6 ! hi/ory ( ?is delici\s /imulant is l t ( all ! re/4 ,m5 beg9 to crave = x1 & !n con/antly pursue x2 !y w n be satisfi$ )\t /rong] doses1 &1 pres5tly1 ev5 ^! cease to h _! effect except by intoxication4 ,9 su* case1 ! /imulant is no long] appli$ to excit+ an emotion1 b to satisfy+ a passion4 ,& ?is latt] diff]s f ! =m] 9 be+ m viol5t 7be+1 p]haps1 comp\nd$ ( sev]al emotions71 & 9 conta9+ "s co>s] bodily elem5t1 ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly4 ,x may be illu/rat$ f :at are call$ s5tim5tal songs4 ,if we comp>e ! old *a/e love-songs t are f\nd among ! national melodies ( ,engl&1 & /ill bett] ( ,irel&1 ) ! love-songs 9 "o ( ! greate/ ( mod]n op]as1 ,g\nod's 8,fau/10 ! di/9ction w be easily appreh5d$4 ,:5 an ,iri% girl puts sweet wild music to ! words ( h] song1 & is !n bett] satisfi$ ) x ?an if %e m]ely spoke x1 ! reason is ?is1 t !re are 9 h] love a numb] ( t5d] emotions1 f> too subtle to be utt]$ 9 ! words1 b :i* are convey$ 9 ! expression ( ! melody4 ,! v same may be said ( ! solemn1 almo/ religi\s love-songs ( ! old ,italian compos]s1 9 :i* knightly rev]5ce = ! g5tl] sex is s app>5t4 ,let ! sob]e/ critic comp>e ?is music ) ! spl5did duet 9 ! g>d5 sc5e ( ,g\nod's 8,fau/10 & m especially ) ! conclud+ song ( ! act 7t 9 six flats74 ,expressive ?is music is beyond description1 & expressive ( love2 b h[ diff]5t6 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,/age ,,( ,,education--,,milit>y ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,ephebi4 #de4 ,! small size & n>r[ b\nds ( ,greek /ates made ! support ( a pr(essional army seldom possible1 & accord+ly we f9d exp$i5ts n[ sudd5ly aga9 become fa%ionable f v diff]5t causes--a citiz5 army1 & g5]al liability to milit>y s]vice4 ,no ,greek boy 0 all[$ to pass f 8 s*ool-days into citiz5 life )\t "s prelim9>y tra9+ & practice 9 ! use ( arms & 9 milit>y discipl9e4 ,?is is ! discipl9e ( ! ephebi1 or gr[n-up boys1 conc]n+ :i* s mu* has be5 writt5 ( late ye>s by ! le>n$4 ,a numb] ( inscriptions reg>d+ ! duties & c]emonies to be p]=m$ by !m h be5 lately discov]$1 & we seem to see 9 !m a sort ( g5]al agreem5t ?r\gh\t ,greece1 r diff]+ 9 ! "t allott$1 & 9 o!r details1 ?an 9 pr9ciples4#dh ,!re 7 actual ma/]s 9 ! art ( us+ arms1 s f> z ?is 0 n includ$ 9 ! gymna/ic ex]cises ( ! pal/ra2 we d n he>1 h[ev]1 ( mu* drill+1 & probably ! drill ( ,greek armies1 if we except ! ,sp>tans1 0 v imp]fect 9 ! be/ p]iod4 ,x 0 n until ! gr[? ( m]c5>y armies1 & 7almo/ simultane\sly7 ! great milit>y outbur/ at ,!bes "u ,epam9ondas1 t w> became a sci5ce 9 our s5se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ! patrol duty ( ! fronti] 0 done by ^! ephebi1 :o1 at ab\t ! age ( sixte51 7 br\ght into ! rank ( citiz5s by a solemn s]vice & sacrifice1 at :i* !y swore oa?s ( fidelity & patriotism1 & und]took _! milit>y duties z a prelim9>y to _! full life ( political burgesses4 ,! orphans ( citiz5s kill$ 9 battle _h _! arms & milit>y dress pres5t$ to !m 7at ,a!ns7 by ! ,/ate4 ,! y\?s assum$ ! %ort d>k-gray cloak 771 & ! broad-brimm$ s(t hat 771 suitable = m>*+ duty1 & !n1 z 1 or patroll+ police1 !y look$ to ! safety ( ! c\ntry1 ! condition ( ! roads1 & occupi$ ! fronti] =ts1 ( :i* we see su* /rik+ rema9s /ill 9 ,attica4 ,! m\nta9 =t ( ,phyl1 t ( ,dekelea1 ( noe 7or ,eleu!r71 ( ,sunium1 ( ,?orikos1 ( ,oropos1 & o!rs1 7 ! /ations f :i* ! fronti]s 7 patroll$4 ,x is d\btless ow+ to ?is precaution t1 ?\gh we read ( insecurity 9 ! /reets ( ,a!ns by night1 we nev] read ( brig&age ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,"s s*ol>s h1 inde$1 ass]t$ t ! _h police duty to p]=m 9 ! city1 & at ! public assembly4 ,?is we ne$ n accept2 ?\gh on solemn occasions1 & :5 a great c]emony 0 to be held1 !y appe>$1 n only to pres]ve ord]1 b to p>ticipate 9 ! %[4 ,x is ! latt] duty :i* we see !m p]=m+ 9 ! fam\s friezes ( ! ,p>!non1 :i* repres5t ! ,pana!naic procession4 ,!y 7 allott$ a sep>ate place 9 ! !atre1 & 7 9 e respect reg>d$ z a di/9ct ord] 9 ! ,/ate1 ! hope & pride ( _! city1 & its ornam5t on all /ately occasions4 ,_! patrol duty on ! fronti] 0 appo9t$ to !m = div]s reasons4 ,!y atta9$ ?r\gh x ! discipl9e ( arms1 & le>n$ "s ( ! h>d%ips ( campaign+4 ,!y le>n$ an accurate k ( ! roads & ways ?r\gh _! c\ntry1 & ( ! nature ( _! fronti]1 & t ( _! neighbors4 ,!y 7 kept away f ! mis*iefs :i* ?reat5 y\?s ( _! age 9 e city4 ,b ! ,a!nians & o!r ,greeks 7 c>eful n to commit ! mi/ake ( :i* we n[ he> s mu*--t ( expect+ ^! y\?s "u tw5ty to face ! enemy 9 battle4 ,!y 7 specially res]v$ = g>rison duty1 & "o ( ,myronides' victories 0 p>ticul>ly not$1 because he f\ght x ) ^! boys1 :o 7 n expect$ to /& firm 9 ! horrors ( a battle4 #df4 ,accord+ to ! words ( ! oa?1 inde$1 z pres]v$ by ,/obu & ,pollux1 ! /&+ firm beside "o's comrade is specially m5tion$2 b ev5 if ?is int]e/+ docum5t be n spuri\s1 z ,cobet supposes1#di ?is p>ticul> decl>ation may be consid]$ prospective1 & apply+ to ! rema9d] ( ! citiz5's life4 ,i add ! words "h = ! b5efit ( ^? :o h n ! ,greek text at h&3 8,i w nev] disgrace ^! hall[$ weapons1 or ab&on my comrade1 beside :omsoev] ,i am plac$1 & ,i w fight = bo? sacr$ & common ?+s p]sonally & ) my fell[s4 ,i w n leave my c\ntry less1 b great] & bett] by sea & l&1 ?an ,i may h receiv$ x4 ,i w obey ! rul]s = ! "t be+1 & obey ! e/abli%$ laws1 & :atsoev] o!rs ! commonweal? may agree to e/abli%2 & if any "o aboli% ! ord9ances or disobey !m1 ,i w n all[ x1 b w def5d !m p]sonally & ) ! re/4 ,i w obey ! e/abli%$ religion4 ,be my witnesses ,aglauros1 ,enyalios1 ,ares1 ,zeus1 ,?allo1 ,auxo1 ,hegemone40 ,?\gh ,cobet be "r t "s features ( ?is oa? c h>dly h be5 g5]ally us$ ?r\gh ! c\rse ( ,a!nian hi/ory1 & t x 0 probably made up at a late p]iod1 ! li/ ( gods1 s curi\s & unlike :at a late p$ant w\ld inv5t1 po9ts to "s old s\rce2 & p]haps !re are o!r really hi/orical traditions 9 x4 ,! g5]al au!nticity ( ?is text has r be5 confirm$ by ! discov]y ( ! oa? ( ! ephebi ( ,dr]os 7ne> ,knossus7 9 ,crete--an inscription ( und\bt$ au!nticity4 ,"h1 !re are n only ! g5]al decl>ations ( loyalty & patriotism1 b special oa?s to support ! alli$ ,knossus1 & decl>ations ( hatr$ & ho/ility aga9/ ! t[n ( ,lyttos4#ej ,?is =mal decl>ation ( hatr$ may be comp>$ ) ! outspok5 ari/ocratic oa? quot$ by ,ari/otle3 8,i w be ill-dispos$ to ! demos1 & w d x :atev] h>m ,i c devise40 ,! v>i\s religi\s c]emonies connect$ ) ! admission to ! /atus ( an ephebus1 :i* 0 consid]$ di/9ct bo? f a boy & f a man--! sacrifices1 ! cutt+ ( ! long hair 7except 9 ,sp>ta71 ! solemn assembly ( relatives1 rem9d u /rongly ( ! confirmation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 to :i* x is ! hea!n p>allel4 #dg4 ,:at a solemn procession ( ephebi mu/ h be5 is be/ %[n by ! eque/rian & sacrificial procession on ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non4 ,we notice "s "y m5 nak$1 "s 9 ! %ort cloak & hat1 rid+ horses & lead+ victims4 ,! rid+ ( ! horses 0 n s easy z ) u1 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y _h no saddles & /irrups1 &1 9 ! second1 x 0 ?\ght necess>y = a good display to h ! horse cont9ually on 8 h9d-legs4 ,a quiet walk+ horse 9 a procession 0 ?\ght v tame by ! ,greeks4 ,h5ce ! managem5t ( ^! curvett+ & c>acol+ /e$s mu/ h necessitat$ c>eful tra9+ 9 _! rid]s4 ,aga91 we f9d o!rs lead+ bulls to ! sacrifice1 & ! frequ5t m5tion ( conte/s ) bulls has ev5 misl$ _m au?orities to imag9e t ! ,attic ephebi practis$ bull-fight+4 ,! fact is t an unruly victim 0 ( evil om51 & h5ce ! c>eful lead+ ( ^! bea/s1 ) skill & /r5g? comb9$1 s z to make a prop] "p ( a great %[1 came "u ephebic tra9+4 ,?is1 too1 we see on ! ,p>!non frieze4 ,:]ev]1 9 fact1 any public display 0 requir$1 ! arti/ic ta/e ( ! ,greeks orda9$ t ! faire/ & mo/ /alw>t m5 %\ld be !re to adorn x2 & z no?+ is s beautiful z a cr[d ( vigor\s fre% y\?s1 9 ! bloom ( life & ! happ9ess ( y\?1 we c conceive h[ spl5did 0 a ,/ate procession !n comp>$ ) ^? ( our day1 :5 ! gr&e/ %[ is "o ( old g5]als1 effete (ficials1 & o!r v5]able b decrepit magnates1 :o mu/ be cov]$ ) f9e clo!s1 brilliants1 & ord]s to prev5t _! real ugl9ess & decay f be+ pa9fully obtrusive4 ,9 ,roman days we he> ( ^! y\?s be+ employ$ z gu>ds ( honor :5 di/+ui%$ =eign]s visit$ ,a!ns4 #dh4 ,?\gh ?is ephebic tra9+ is spok5 ( z univ]sal--& x seems t aft] 8 inscription into ! regi/] 7 7 ( 8 deme1 :i* 0 8 pat5t ( citiz5%ip1 e ,a!nian lad 0 b\nd to s]ve z patroll] 77 & und]go 8 milit>y tra9+--!re mu/ h be5 _m exceptions2 &1 inde$1 ?is :ole education is evid5tly t ( ! high] classes1 & unsuitable = ! poor4 ,9 ,roman days1 we ev5 f9d /rang]s com+ to ,a!ns & enroll+ !mselves among ! ephebi1 z ^? weal?y =eign]s :o und]/& :at culture means (t5 s5d _! sons to ,engl& to receive ! unique tra9+ ( ! ,engli% public s*ools4 ,b ?is po9ts to its be+ a privilege1 a special & mu*-priz$ education1 ?\gh we d n "k :at re/rictions !re 71 or h[ ! sons ( poor] m51 :o c\ld n af=d ! "t & outlay1 avoid$ x4 ,! numb] ( (ficial ephebi 0 nev]1 ,i fancy1 l>ge1 & always a class f :i* ,phidias might well select = 8 models1 :5 seek+ = ideal types ( y\? & manl9ess4 ,x has1 inde$1 n be5 suffici5tly notic$1 9 ! v>i\s essays on ?is ephebic tra9+1 t ! v idea ( su* a class nev] occurs 9 ,h]odotus or 9 ,?ucydides1 ?\gh x does 9 ,x5ophon2#ea & if ,plut>* speaks ( ,alcibiades influ5c+ ! ephebi 9 ! gymnasia ) 8 wild s*emes ( we/]n conque/1 we may be sure ! hi/orian transf]r$ ! titles & notions ( 8 age to old] times4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 !re are s _m inscriptions ab\t ?is class extant t x mu/ h assum$ a mo/ prom95t place 9 ,attic life4 ,f t "t onw>d into ,roman times1 we he> ( x con/antly1 & f _m s\rces4 ,x is impossible t ,socrates & 8 s*ool %\ld n h allud$ to x1 _h x already =mally exi/$4 ,we may !re=e inf] t ?\gh its compon5t p>ts--! =mal enrolm5t & sacrifices at a c]ta9 age1 ! patrol duties1 ! gymna/ic & musical tra9+1 ! procession duty at fe/ivals--7 develop$ 9 ! be/ p]iod ( ,attic hi/ory1 _! (ficial r$uction to a ,/ate sy/em ( education c\ld n h tak5 place till lat]1 till ! decay ( practical public life _h giv5 m5 "t to !orize ab\t me?ods ( re/or+ by education :at 0 irrep>ably lo/4 ,app>5tly1 ! e>lie/ =mal notice is 9 a fragm5t ( ! orator ,lycurgus1 :o1 9 8 fam\s spee* on 8 own managem5t ( ! ,a!nian ex*equ]1 allud$ to ! /atue ( a c]ta9 ,epicrates1 :i* _h be5 set up 9 bronze on acc\nt ( 8 law ab\t ! ephebi4 ,we _c tell :e!r ?is 0 a special enactm5t or n4 ,b x may h be5 ! v law :i* e/abli%$ ?is fam\s sy/em1 s prais$ & s\ght aft] by all ! ,hell5i/ic _w 9 ,roman days4 ,if s1 ! e/abli%m5t w\ld date f ! v "t :5 x prov$ ( little real importance to ! hi/ory ( ,attica or ( ! _w4 ,nev]!less1 ! _m inscriptions reveal to u c]ta9 curi\s & int]e/+ features1 :i* make u approve ( ! good ta/e ( ,cic]o & 8 fri5ds1 :5 !y s5t _! boys away f ,rome to ,a!ns1 z we s5d our sons to s*ools 9 ,engl&4 ,?us ! le>n$ ,g]mans :o h inve/igat$ ) great pa9s ! v>i\s titles ( ! magi/rates or dignit>ies among ^! ephebi are (t5 at a loss to det]m9e :e!r !y are ma/]s set ov] !m1 or lead]s among ! ephebi !mselves4 ,inde$1 ! s-call$ 7head ( ! ephebi7 appe>s to h be5 no o!r ?an ! mo/ successful & brilliant y\?1 ! repres5tative & spokesman ( ! re/1 l ! s5ior prefect at "s ( our public s*ools4 ,no d\bt1 le>n$ m5 :o1 9 future ages1 inve/igate ! ephebic tra9+ ( ! ,engli% w puzzle !mselves ov] ! s5ior prefect at ,w9*e/]1 & wond] :e!r he 0 a ma/] or a boy2 &1 if a boy1 h[ he c\ld h s mu* p[] intru/$ to him4 ,we also f9d t ! exp5diture ( keep+ up ! solemn processions & public conte/s 0 s great t ! ephebi !mselves 7 enc\rag$ to contribute l>gely2 & if !y 7 ri*1 !y ga9$ an importance disproportionate 7we may suspect7 to _! age4 ,:at is ev5 m int]e/+ to ,engli% /ud5ts is t !y _h indep5d5t clubs & associations1 & ev5 held solemn meet+s1 :]e !y us$ ! t]ms ( public life1 & entitl$ ! resolutions 77 enact$ 9 _! assembly 77 laws 774 ,!y _h ar*ons1 /rategi1 agoranomi1 & ev5 areopagites 9 ^! associations ( y\?s4 ,x mu/ h be5 ) ! approval ( ^! =mal meet+s t ! gymna/ic side ( ! ephebic tra9+ became gradually discr$it$4 ,:e!r ! dislike ( great g5]als l ,alex&] & ,philopm5 to a?letics contribut$ to *ange public op9ion1 we _c tell4 ,b ,i confess to feel+ a consid]able sympa?y ) ! re=m :i* ass]t$ ! sup]iority ( hunt+ & rid+ to ! ex]cises ( ! gymnasium--a *ange :i* is reg>d$ by "s ,g]man critics z a melan*oly sign ( degradation4 #di4 ,9 ^! lat] days1 :5 ! sev5 subjects ( k1 includ+ rhetoric1 philosophy1 etc41 7 =mally adopt$1 ! ephebic tra9+ assum$ ! "* ( a univ]sity c\rse4 ,!re 71 inde$1 ma/]s appo9t$ = f5c+1 ! use ( arms1 danc+1 & wre/l+1 z ( old2 b ! lead+ philosophical s*ools did n !n c>ry (f ! y\?s f ! ephebic tra9+2 !y r suppli$ x ) =mal pr(essors4 ,9 ! bett] & /rictly classical days1 be=e we he> ( ! te*nical t]m ephebi1 ! practical tra9+ ( ! y\?s = patrols1 & !n z incipi5t citiz5s1 r correspond$ to :at we call ! six? =m at a public s*ool1 & did n embrace really philosophic tea*+1 su* z is suppos$ to be f\nd at our univ]sities4 ,x _h ! same mixture ( ! physical & intellectual1 ! same att5tion to m]e accompli%m5ts1 ! same c>eful surveillance :i* we practise 9 s*ools1 b :i* are n a complete introduction to full citiz5 life4 ,?is 0 ! summit ( ,sp>tan tra9+1 :]e ! object 0 n to tra9 really political m5 able to discuss public affairs & assi/ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate1 b brave soldi]s1 & f9e m51 physically able to endure h>d%ip & submit to /rict discipl9e4 ,some?+ q diff]5t & intellectually high] 0 ne$ful = a really democratic life1 = an intellig5t und]/&+ ( ,/ate functions1 & ! prop] discussion ( !m4 ,x 0 all v well to dance complicat$ figures ) grace1 to play ! lyre & s+ sweetly ) x1 to wre/le & run ) =ce & ease4 ,?is 0 ! old tra9+1 :i* made f9e soldi]s1 b good citiz5s only 9 ! s5se ( /upidly ignorant1 & !re=e ob$i5t1 he>]s ( ! ord]s ( _! sup]iors4 ,! necessity ( a *ange came ) ! rise ( democracy 9 ,greece1 & ! ,greeks provid$ !mselves1 :5 ! ne$ arose1 ) tea*]s suit$ to _! wants4 ,^! m51 ! ,sophi/s1 7 ! fir/ :o gave any education correspond+ to our univ]sity c\rses1 & to ^! we n[ turn4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,cf4 ! li/ 9 ,grasb]g]1 iii4 #fe4 #di 8,n4 ,l410 p4 #bcc4 #ej ,cf4 = ! text ( 8 oa? ,philol4 = #ahed1 p4 #fid1 or ,grasb]g]1 iii4 #fa4 #ea ,especially 9 8 8,education ( ,cyrus40 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,high] ,,education--,,! ,,sophi/s ,,& ,,socrates4 #ej4 ,z e "o kn[s n[1 ! real position & m]its ( ! ,sophi/s 7 fir/ br\ght to light by ,grote 9 8 monum5tal 8,hi/ory ( ,greece40 ,s9ce ! publication ( t book ! ,engli% s*ol> has le>n$ t sophi/1 9 e>ly ,greek hi/ory1 is n synonym\s ) li> & villa91 und]m9+ public morals & sapp+ religion4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! influ5ce ( ?is new view is gradually rea*+ ! ,g]mans1 a nation n v ready to adopt1 9 philology at lea/1 ,engli% op9ions4 ,b ?is v natural reluctance has its exceptions2 = 9 ! mo/ important new book on ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy1 ,zell]'s la/ edition1 we f9d t1 9 spite ( sundry res]vations1 ! ma9 results ( ,grote's inve/igations are recogniz$ & adopt$4 ,be=e ,i g on to appropriate f ^! au?ors t "p ( _! acc\nt ( ! ,sophi/s :i* belongs prop]ly to ! subject ( ,greek education1 x is wor? reflect+ a mom5t on s v rem>kable an in/ance ( misund]/ood evid5ce z ?is controv]sy exhibits4 ,! ma9 body ( philologi/s simply foll[$ l a flock ( %eep ,plato's & ,ari/otle's polemic aga9/ _! own rivals4 ,plato inh]it$ f ,socrates a /rong antipa?y to ^! practical & (t5 utilit>ian tea*]s4 ,b x 0 = ! mo/ "p ! same sort ( antipa?y t ! solid univ]sity pr(essor ( our own day has = ! successful cramm]4 ,! competition mania ( ! pres5t day has creat$ a dem& = ^! speciali/s1 :o d n pr(ess any?+ m ?an _! special trade ( pass+ m5 = exam9ations1 & :o d x admirably1 & d]ive f x l>ge emolum5ts4 ,s ! rise ( democratic in/itutions1 & ! spread ( int]national debates1 made ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 9 ,greece "o t requir$ sudd5ly a set ( practical tea*]s = m5 :o practis$ at ! b> or debat$ 9 ! public assembly4 ,we are too mu* 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ t su* m5 requir$ tra9+ m]ely 9 rhetoric--9 ! way ( disput+ & ( plausibly /at+ _! views4 ,!y requir$ m2 !y requir$ education 9 g5]al subjects1 & ( c\rse n a deep education1 b su* a "o z w\ld enable !m to talk intellig5tly1 & make & und]/& allusions to ! deep] que/ions ( ! day4 ,we he> t n[ 9 ,am]ica x is n an uncommon ?+ = m5 :o h ris5 sudd5ly 9 ! _w1 & = _! wives1 to s5d = a tea*] & say1 8,i am n[ 9 a position to move 9 educat$ society1 & to be requir$ to speak on public affairs4 ,my e>ly tra9+ 0 entirely neglect$4 ,i want y to in/ruct me 9 ! ord9>y topics ( ! day1 z well z 9 ^? po9ts ( art & sci5ce :i* may be s]viceable = my purpose40 ,& su* in/ruction1 v sup]ficial1 no d\bt1 & inaccurate1 b highly practical1 is (t5 giv54 #ea4 ,n[1 let u imag9e t an intellig5t ,greek or o!r =eign]1 totally unacqua9t$ ) mod]n j\rnalism1 7 to seek = evid5ce ( its moral value & ! real b5efits x conf]s ^u u4 ,:at answ] w\ld he receive8 ,if he appli$ to ! j\rnali/s !mselves1 !y w\ld tell him t x 0 _! object s to furni% _! read]s ) all ! curr5t topics ( in/ruction z to make !m able to conv]se intellig5tly )\t any fur!r /udy4 ,!y w\ld also pr(ess to be lead]s ( ! moral s5se ( ! public1 prais+ :at 0 ( good repute1 & blam+ ! wick$1 expos+ abuses1 & exp\nd+ virtue4 ,!y w\ld also claim ! m]it ( supply+ ! public ) argum5ts 9 favor ( a disput$ conclusion1 s t m5 might be furni%$ ) weapons to meet _! intellectual adv]s>ies4 ,he w\ld naturally ask1 on he>+ ?is exalt$ programme1 :e!r all ?is 0 done out ( pure philan?ropy or ) any ult]ior view2 m especially1 :e!r !re 0 any pecuni>y ga9 atta*$4 ,!y w\ld reply t !y did inde$ take money = _! tea*+--& ! labor] is wor?y ( 8 hire--b !y w\ld appeal to any ( _! read]s :e!r ! in/ruction af=d$ 0 n greatly 9 excess ( _! remun]ation4 ,) ?is reply our /rang] might p]haps be b half satisfi$1 & might h "s suspicion t indep5d5t evid5ce w\ld n come amiss2 & on inquir+ f ?\ghtful m5 :at emolum5ts 7 to be ga9$ by ?is pr(ession1 he w\ld he> t1 if successful1 x 0 "o ( ! mo/ lucrative kn[n1 & t _m ( ! contributors confess$ly work$1 n = ! sake ( conviction1 b ( ga94 ,he w\ld next inquire :e!r success 0 always 9 _! case a te/ ( solid m]it1 & w\ld discov] t1 h[ev] x might be s intellectually1 f a moral po9t ( view su* 0 n ! case4 ,! mo/ ?\ghtful & c&id memb]s ( our society w\ld expla9 to him t1 "h z else:]e1 m5 delight$ m 9 read+ :at fell 9 ) _! prejudices ?an :at expos$ !m1 & t by p&]+ to ?is defect1 & foll[+ 9 ! wake ( public op9ion1 newspap]s (t5 succe$$ bett] ?an by hone/ & fe>less tea*+4 ,he w\ld he> t almo/ e pap] belong$ to "s political p>ty1 ^: errors & weaknesses x felt b\nd to ju/ify & protect4 ,fur!rmore1 t = ! sake ( cle>ness & ( brevity1 z well z f a want ( c>e to d m ?an please = ! h\r1 _m argum5ts 9 ! daily pap]s 7 sup]ficial & illogical1 n cle>+1 b obscur+1 ! real que/ions at issue4 ,he w\ld c]ta9ly1 !re=e1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inquiry1 come to look ^u !m z a class or pr(ession2 b yet1 if he spoke ( !m z su*1 he might be surpris$ to he> himself correct$ by ! j\rnali/s or by _! fri5ds4 ,!y w\ld d5y t !y 7 a di/9ct pr(ession1 & say ) tru? t all intellig5t m5 :o desir$ to tea* 7 to "s ext5t j\rnali/s1 :o are m>k$ by no fix$ pr9ciple1 by ! bonds ( no special education4 ,ev5 _! own critics1 he w\ld he> ) surprise1 at times jo9$ !m & wrote to in/ruct ! public4 ,!y 7 a class & n a class1 a pr(ession & n a pr(ession2 ) a common object1 to "s ext5t a common me?od1 b h>dly any common pr9ciples1 any direct co-op]ation1 any common int]e/1 to outbalance _! jeal\s rivalry4 #eb4 ,is ?is a fair picture ( ! moral side ( j\rnalism8 ,x is obta9$ simply by describ+1 9 ! wake ( ,plato & ( ,mr4 ,grote & ( ,sir ,alex&] ,grant1 ! old ,greek ,sophi/s4 ,^!1 !n1 7 really ! ,greek j\rnali/s1 :o1 be=e ! days ( po/s & pr9t+1 c>ri$ ab\t f city to city ! late/ news1 ! mo/ rec5t criticism1 ! mo/ mod]n views ( politics & ( education1 ! newe/ !ories on morals & on religion4 ,x may be ?\ght irrev]5t to comp>e ,/4 ,paul to our daily press1 b ,i _c bett] expla9 myself ?an by po9t+ to t mo/ graphic sc5e 9 ! ,acts :]e ! apo/le arrives at ,a!ns4 ,he is seiz$ by ! eag] & curi\s public z we seize ! preci\s j\rnal 9 "s remote c\ntry place :5 we h be5 sep>at$ f ! curr5t ( affairs = a few days4 ,&1 no d\bt1 !y fir/ ask$ him :at local or political in=mation he _h br\ght f 8 previ\s soj\rn1 j z we fir/ read ! messages f ,p>is or ,london2 & :5 ?is curiosity 0 satisfi$1 !y began to inquire :at m he _h to say2 &1 f9d+ t he 0 an e?ical tea*]1 or sophi/1 !y proce$$ at great] leisure to enjoy ! re/ ( 8 communications1 j z we %\ld turn on to ! lead+ article1 ! correspond5ce ab\t rituali/ic innovations1 or ! reviews4 ,/4 ,paul 0 tak5 = a sophi/1 & ju/ly s 9 "s s5se1 = he taught morals & religion2 /ill m1 he taught a new religion4 ,we all "k h[ f> he diff]$ f t class4 ,flippant1 plausible1 +5i\s1 sceptical1 !y 7 ! idols ( ! public1 b ! av]sion ( ^? deep] m9ds to :om ! ignorance & prejudice ( ! masses are n a s\rce ( mat]ial ga91 b r a griev\s & gall+ spiritual burd54 #ec4 ,?is is :at ! ,greek ,sophi/s really 71 cramm]s n = special competitions1 b = ! g5]al requirem5ts ( high] society & ( political life4 ,!y cramm$ m or less hone/ly1 m or less effici5tly1 = a g5]ation or two4 ,!n ! want ( !m pass$ away1 z we may hope ! want ( ! mod]n cramm] w pass away ) ! sup]/ition t we c f9d out practical m]it by m]e exam9ations4 ,at ,a!ns & ?r\gh\t ,greece ! encyclopdic tea*+ ( ! ,sophi/s 0 pres5tly c>ri$ into m9ute specialty by tea*]s ( rhetoric1 ( dialectic1 & ( morals1 j z ! pr(essors ( geology ( ?irty ye>s ago are be+ supplant$ by special tea*+ 9 fossil anatomy1 botany1 & m9]alogy4 ,f ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,sophi/s disappe> z a class altoge!r4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 c]ta9 t !y left no bad "n beh9d !m 9 ,greece1 except among ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,plato & ,ari/otle2 = 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ! title 0 reviv$ z "o ( ! highe/ honor1 & atta*+ to ! greate/ lit]>y po/ 9 ,a!ns4 ,we ne$ n ass]t t ^! tea*]s 7 z /rictly bus9ess-l z ! mod]n coa*1 or t !y conf9$ !mselves z /rictly to _! def9ite object4 ,!y (t5 boa/$ ( great p]=mances :i* 7 beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y p1 & 7 m]ely meant = display4 ,b !n _! aims 7 f> wid] & m v>i$ ?an ^? ( ! coa*1 & 7 n to be te/$ by ! cle> & def9ite result ( ! exam9ation li/s4 ,h5ce ,plato & ,socrates f\nd x easy to pick holes 9 _! programmes1 & to accuse !m ( gett+ money "u false pret5ces4 ,^! philosoph]s w5t fur!r1 & revil$ !m = tak+ money at all1 b>t]+ _! wisdom = gold1 & imp>t+ virtue = a fee4 ,all ?is 0 m]e jeal\s polemic1 & bas$ on an unfair e/imate ( ! attempt made by practical m5 to supply a public want4 ,yet ev5 ?\gh ,plato himself pa9ts ! lead+ ,sophi/s z mo/ respectable m51 ?\gh we "k f indep5d5t evid5ce t !y 7 s1 :e!r ,plato confess$ x or n1 ! attacks on ! pr(ession made by him & by ,ari/ophanes--! "o a radical re=m]1 & ! o!r a bl9d cons]vative--h s impos$ ^u ! le>n$ t !y h completely mi/ak5 ! real evid5ce on ! "q1 & set d[n ! argum5ts = ! prosecution z if !y 7 a judicial *>ge or a mature v]dict4 ,s p[]ful is ! influ5ce ( lit]>y skill1 :5 x causes ! survival ( a s+le "w amid ! loss ( all its fell[s4 ,because ,plato is our lead+ witness on ! ,sophi/s1 because ,ari/ophanes' satire has surviv$1 m5 imag9e t ?is mu/ be ! g5]al v]dict1 & set d[n ! bias & ! prejudice ( an individual z ! reflex ( public op9ion4 #ed4 ,^! m5 really %ap$ out ! fir/ =m :i* univ]sity education took 9 ,europe1 mean+ by univ]sity education t high] g5]al tra9+ :i*1 com+ aft] s*ool discipl9e1 tra9s m5 = ! duties ( social & political z well z sci5tific & lit]>y life4 ,9 ! city life ( ! ,greeks1 :5 resid5ce 9 any =eign place entail$ great inconv5i5ce1 x 0 evid5t t ?is univ]sity tea*+ c\ld n occupy a fix$ place4 ,x 0 n till ! amalgamation ( ! ,greek nation "u ,roman sway t ,a!ns became 7l ,alex&ria7 /rictly a univ]sity t[n4 ,s1 z ! /ud5ts c\ld n ga!r r\nd ! e>ly sophi/1 he 0 oblig$ to g to !m1 w&]+ ?r\gh ,greece1 & /ay+ = a consid]able "t 9 ea* great c5tre1 :]e ! native y\? c\ld pr(it by him4 ,b ev5 9 e>ly days !re 7 "s en?usia/ic pupils1 :o ab&on$ home & c\ntry1 & w&]$ ab\t z ali5s 9 ! wake ( ^! brilliant tea*]s4 ,! latt] g5]ally made high display ( _! acquirem5ts1 & gave exhibitions ( eloqu5ce & ( argum5t to %[ ! value ( _! w>es4 ,!y liv$ an o/5tati\s life1 l ! pr(essional arti/s ( ! pres5t day1 & ?\gh !y made l>ge pr(its1 sav$ b little money4 ,_! fir/ object 0 to make ready & practical citiz5s1 m5 able to collect & express _! ?\ghts & give s\nd advice on public matt]s4 ,= ?is purpose !y n only taught ! art ( rhetoric & t ( disputation1 b !y 7 oblig$ to ent] ^u "s ( ! great !ories :i* =m ! basis ( all practical life--! problems ( philosophy1 ( e?ics1 & ( religion4 ,z we might expect1 !y took 9 all ^! a utilit>ian view1 su* z a practical cramm] w\ld take4 ,"s ( !m1 su* z ,gorgias & ,protagoras1 /udi$ philosophy deeply1 b only to %[ t a devotion to metaphysic or to ab/ract sci5ce 0 idle1 all k be+ subjective1 & v>y+ ) ! age4 ,man 0 ! measure ( ?+s2 ab/ract nature 0 m]e no?+4 ,on ! m press+ "q ( morals1 ?\gh practically s\nd en\gh1 & ?\gh "s ( !m1 su* z ,prodicus1 7 celebrat$ z moral prea*]s1 !y d5i$ all immutable morality1 & 7 cont5t ) obey+ ! exi/+ laws ( society1 )\t admitt+ any p]man5t sci5tific basis = !m4 ,x 0 ,socrates :o fir/ appli$ 8 great m9d to solve ?is "q1 & 8 classes ( "y m5--he 0 9 ?is a regul> sophi/ or univ]sity tea*]1 & 0 commonly s call$--7 specially ex]cis$ 9 seek+ = ! p]man5t & immutable ideas impli$ 9 our moral t]ms :i* *>act]ize our moral actions4 ,z reg>ds religion1 see+ t ! ,greek fai? _h gr[n up 9 my?s & poetry1 & 0 imb$d$ 9 an elaborate poly!i/ic my?ology full ( immoralities & absurdities1 ! ,sophi/s 71 z we might expect1 sceptical1 & s f> oppos$ to ! cons]vative public4 ,"o ( !m1 ,protagoras1 actually pr(ess$ 8 unbelief 9 ! national fai?1 & 0 p]secut$ accord+ly2 o!rs1 ?\gh m cauti\s1 & reg>d+ any =mal d5ial ( transc5d5tal tru?s z h>dly practical1 7 ju/ly suspect$ ( agno/icism1 z _! moral essays kept suspici\sly cle> ( !ology4 ,!y 7 reg>d$ z uns\nd 9 fai?1 & h5ce alleg$ to be uns\nd 9 morals by ! or?odox1 ^: fai? ! ,sophi/s *>g$ fairly en\gh ) ! same objection4 #ee4 ,s ! education ( ! ,sophi/s came to be reg>d$ by ! sob]e/ "p ( ! public1 ! /eady-go+ old p1 z subv]sive ( anci5t & v5]able traditions4 ,9 religion x 0 suppos$ to sugge/1 if n to tea*1 infidelity2 9 politics & society1 radicalism4 ,?is is exactly ! sort ( *>ge we he> made by ! old-fa%ion$ public aga9/ ! univ]sities--/ill m 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! gulf betwe5 ! av]age & ! le>n$ "p ( society is f> wid] ?an x is "h4 ,:5 we univ]sity tea*]s make "y m5 ?9k1 ev5 ?\gh c>efully avoid+ 7z we are 9 honor b\nd7 any?+ :i* may %ock ! traditions 9 :i* !y h be5 br\ght up1 ! m5tal agitation produc$ mu/1 nev]!less1 lead !m to reject at lea/ "s sup]/itions :i* !y h accept$ on weak evid5ce4 ,if our education does n produce ?is result1 x is n wor?y ! "n4 ,b ?is p>tial & cauti\s scepticism is ( c\rse id5tifi$ by ! old] g5]ation1 :o are less spiritually develop$1 ) ! rejection ( vital tru?s4 ,& !re are _m cases :]e ! "y sceptic really ov]/eps 8 j b\nds1 & becomes z ra% 9 negation z 8 fa!rs 7 uncritical 9 affirmation4 ,let u add t ! or?odox p>ty are n v p>ticul> ab\t evid5ce1 & w />t a calumni\s *>ge aga9/ a tea*] :om !y suspect & fe>1 ) v little c>e ab\t really prov+ _! case4 ,?is p>ty are1 moreov]1 always suppli$ ) p[]ful allies by ! jeal\sies & diff]5ces among ! tea*]s !mselves1 ! eld] & less able ( :om (t5 try to su/a9 _! wan+ influ5ce by an alliance ) or?odoxy1 & make up by !ological popul>ity :at !y h be5 unable to atta9 = want ( intellectual =ce & sympa?y4 ,all ^! ?+s1 :i* n[ happ5 con/antly 9 our univ]sities1 are ! exact c\nt]p>ts ( :at happ5$ 9 ,greece 9 ! days ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,!y taught clev] "y m5 su* surface-k ( sci5ce z disgu/$ ! deep] exp]ts1 &1 :at 0 m1 !y taught !m t ! exp]ts 7 pursu+ a va9 %ad[1 & attempt+ insoluble problems4 ,!y taught !m to avoid becom+ speciali/s1 & to apply !mselves to public life4 ,j z ! ,engli% univ]sities c boa/ ( _m great politicians & lit]>y m51 r ?an ( speciali/s 9 ! sci5ces1 & z !y might hold t to produce a ,glad/one or a ,cornewall ,lewis is bett] ?an to produce a ,f>aday1 s ! ,sophi/s made g5]al culture _! pr(ess$ object1 & s f> qu>rell$ ) deep] philosophy4 #ef4 ,! same sort ( proce$+ 9 morals br\ght !m into contact ) ,socrates1 ^: daily tea*+ may be reg>d$ z ! be/ univ]sity tea*+ ( ! day4 ,socrates 0 9 all ext]nal respects a sophi/1 & commonly reg>d$ z su*4 ,he did n1 inde$1 travel ab\t1 be+ luckily a citiz5 ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ enlight5$ city 9 ,greece4 ,he despis$1 too1 weal? & o/5tation ( ! ord9>y k9d1 ?\gh he made himself no less rem>kable by 8 volunt>y pov]ty4 ,b 9 m important respects1 9 despis+ ab/ract sci5ce & speculative philosophy1 & sift+ traditional !ories ( morals & society1 9 radically %ak+ up & (t5 upsett+ all preconceiv$ notions1 ,socrates 0 a sophi/1 & "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s ( !m4 ,he s\ght1 inde$1 to d :at !y _h n done--to f9d "s bett] & sur] positive basis = morals1 b ! negative "p ( 8 "w 0 f> ! mo/ successful & /rik+4 ,h5ce ! cons]vative public at ,a!ns n only suspect$ & dislik$ him1 b at ! prosecution ( _! m\?piece1 ,anytus1 a mo/ respectable & e>ne/ man1 condemn$ him to dea?1 :5 he %[$ cle>ly t no v]dict ( !irs w\ld re/ra9 him f pursu+ 8 occupation4 ,?is s5t5ce on ,socrates1 :i* ! or?odox p>ty at ,a!ns nev] regrett$1 & ev5 ju/ifi$1 %\ld inde$ be a w>n+ to ^? :o calumniate _! fell[s 9 ! int]e/s ( or?odoxy4 ,b ) ?is we are n n[ conc]n$4 ,! high] tea*+ ( ! ,sophi/s & ( ,socrates1 :i* 0 at be/ desultory1 pass$ into ! h&s ( successors l ,plato & ,isocrates1 :o e/abli%$ regul> s*ools1 & subject$ _! pupils to a regul> c\rse ( tra9+4 ,?is 0 all ! m necess>y1 z ! tra9+ giv5 by ,socrates _h no def9ite limits1 & 8 t5d5cy 0 to keep "y m5 talk+ & discuss+ e?ical problems :5 !y ought to h turn$ to practical life4 ,leisure 01 inde$1 9 su* high repute among ! old ,greeks t idl5ess 0 n repreh5d$ z x %\ld h be54 ,! or?odox p>ty made ?is objection ) mu* =ce to ! s*ool or foll[+ ( ,socrates4 ,9 ! case ( ,plato !re 0 a regul> c\rse ( high] philosophy1 & 8 pr9cipal pupils became1 9 _! turn1 philosophic tea*]s4 ,b ! s*ool ( ,plato 0 ev5 m ?an t ( ,socrates a univ]sity tra9+1 = :i* !re may ev5 h be5 a matriculation exam9ation1 if we adopt lit]ally ! /atem5t t no "o 0 all[$ to ent] )\t kn[+ elem5t>y geometry4 ,! great fault ( ,plato1 z ( ,socrates1 0 t he did n introduce m5 to public or practical life1 b made !m philosoph]s or idl]s4 ,9 sci5ce1 inde$1 ?is special tra9+ 0 ( great s]vice1 & ! hi/ory ( geometry w\ld h be5 v diff]5t )\t ^! speculators4 ,b ! ,platonic pupil :5 completely tra9$ 0 pr(ess$ly1 accord+ to ! ma/] himself1 dis9cl9$ to jo9 9 politics1 & only to be p]suad$ by 8 s5se ( duty & ! will+ ob$i5ce ( ! public4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ! same sort ( exclusiv5ess1 ev5 mona/ic 9 its /rictness1 t ! fam\s bro!rhood ( ,py?agoras des]ves b a small place 9 any g5]al hi/ory ( ,greek education4 ,admission to ?is bro!rhood 0 only obta9$ ?r\gh a /rict novitiate1 & ! object ( x 0 to comb9e peculi> religi\s asceticism ) an ari/ocratic policy1 & a sort ( club life antagoni/ic to ord9>y society4 ,we h1 un=tunately1 only few au!ntic details conc]n+ ?is sect1 & "k x be/ f ! few e*oes ( x 9 e>ly1 & ! _m 9 lat]1 ,platonism4 ,b x1 too1 may be reg>d$ z a high] intellectual or univ]sity tra9+1 comb9$ ) collegiate life & its re/ra9ts1 ?us anticipat+ 9 _s t feature :i* makes ! ,engli% univ]sities s peculi> among ! mod]n seats ( le>n+ 9 ,europe4 ,i w return to ,plato & 8 foll[]s :5 we come to consid] ! !ories ( education :i* ! philosoph]s bas$ on ! ph5om5a ( ,greek hi/ory4 ,& be=e we pass f ! ,sophi/s to ! ,rhetors1 & %[ a fur!r specializ+ ( high] education 9 t direction1 we may say a ^w 9 conclusion on ! ext]nal hi/ory ( ^! once celebrat$1 & s9ce mu*-malign$1 educators4 ,we h>dly "k !m at all1 save ?r\gh _! enemies1 ! speciali/ philosoph]s & speciali/ rhetoricians2 & :at we he> ( !m mu/ be di/ru/$ & sift$ accord+ly4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 f _! enemies1 we le>n t ! ?ree greate/ ( !m--,protagoras1 ,gorgias1 & ,prodicus--7 em95tly respectable & respect$ m54 ,s 0 ! f\r? 9 importance1 ,hippias1 ?\gh ! encyclopdic pret5sions he put =? to practise all trades & manual dext]ities1 z well z philosophy1 hi/ory1 & rhetoric1 h left an unpleasant impression aga9/ him4 ,nev]!less1 he 0 honor$ at ,elis1 8 native place1 z _! lead+ citiz51 & compil$ = !m ! annals ( _! fam\s pa/ 9 su* a way z to ga9 univ]sal acceptance4 ,z reg>ds ! o!r ?ree1 ?\gh !y all pr(ess$ to imp>t g5]al education1 & to give _! pupils t negative tra9+ 9 philosophy :i* w\ld arm !m aga9/ false !ories1 yet !y 7 ea* rem>kable = "s special l9e4 ,protagoras1 ap>t f 8 fam\s philosophical position ( ! relativity ( k to him :o kn[s1 op5ly pr(ess$ to tea* political wisdom1 & despis$ all o!r k9ds ( k 9 comp>ison ) x4 ,gorgias1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh he wrote a fam\s treatise ) ! v ,hegelian title 8conc]n+ nature or ! non-exi/5t10 devot$ 8 ma9 att5tion to rhetoric1 & 0 truly ! fa!r ( te*nical ,greek oratory4 ,= ?\gh we he> ( ,corax & ,tisias 9 ,sicily1 & ( ,emp$ocles1 z hav+ cultivat$ ! art1 ! fir/ recogniz$ !ori/ & practical speak] 0 ,gorgias4 ,he n only deliv]$ set spee*es1 b s tra9$ himself z to deliv] elegant disc\rses on any propos$ subject1 app>5tly )\t prep>ation1 b ( c\rse ) ! help ( a clev] sy/em ( well-arrang$ commonplaces1 :i* he appli$ ) quickness & v>iety4 ,! philosophy ( ,prodicus 0 *iefly e?ical1 & 8 apologues 7 v popul> & quot$ 9 aft]-days4 ,b m important 7 8 grammatical /udies1 :]eby he fix$ ! p>ts ( spee*1 & laid ! gr\ndwork ( ! gramm> ( ! mod]n languages ( ,europe4 ,inde$1 ! /rict att5tion to =m %[n by all ! ,sophi/s l$ !m to /udy language ) peculi> c>e1 & !y 7 ! =efa!rs ( mod]n philologi/s 9 ?is z 9 "s o!r respects4 ,a great _m m ,sophi/s are kn[n by "n1 "s ( !m depict$ or malign$ 9 ,plato's dialogues1 su* z ,?rasyma*us1 ,polus1 ,eu5us2 b !y d n pres5t to u any special features4 ,all are said to h insi/$ on ! dictates ( society z sup]ior to any suppos$ law ( nature1 & ?is ,hobbism has br\ght ^u !m ! ana!mas ( morali/s4 ,)9 ! c5tury #dgj-cgj ,b4,c4 _! "p 0 play$ out2 & ev5 ,plato1 9 8 lat] works1 no long] ?9ks !m wor?y ( refutation4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,rhetors--,,isocrates4 #eg4 ,x is argu$ by _m s*ol>s1 :o believe all t ,plato says lit]ally1 & :o ?9k t ! d>k pictures ( ,?ucydides apply only to 8 own day1 & n to previ\s g5]ations1 t ! ,greeks 7 s degrad$ & debau*$ by ?is sophi/ic tamp]+ ) religion & morals1 by ?is scepticism 9 philosophy1 & by ! rise ( radicalism 9 politics1 z to pres5t f ?is "t onw>d 7#dcj ,b4,c47 ! symptoms ( a decay+ race4 ,! ,a!nian ,/ate1 9 p>ticul>1 is suppos$ to h lo/ its spl5dor & its s]i\sness1 & to be n[ a m]e mob-rule1 f> remov$ f ! democracy1 temp]$ ) despotism1 :i* made x s great "u ,p]icles4 ,?is view1 :i* is /rongly urg$1 = example1 9 ,curtius's 8,hi/ory ( ,greece10 is bas$ altoge!r on ! compla9ts ( ,plato & ,ari/ophanes1 & ! impression produc$ by ! hi/ory ( ! ari/ocratic ,?ucydides1 by ,x5ophon1 & by ! plays ( ,euripides4 ,?is is n ! place to refute ! !ory g5]ally1 z has be5 done by ,grote1 :o %[s t nev] 0 ! ,a!nian democracy s enlight5$ & mod]ate 9 policy z 9 ! p]iod aft] ! close ( ! great w> 7#djc ,b4,c474 ,b 9 ! p>ticul> dep>tm5t be=e u1 t ( education1 we h already se5 t ?is p]iod aft] ! ,peloponnesian w> is exactly ! p]iod :5 ! sophi/ic high] education began to be disc>d$ z sup]ficial & ev5 morally que/ionable1 & ! task ( tra9+ ! ke5] & m ambiti\s y\? pass$ into ! h&s ( great] speciali/s--ei!r philosoph]s l ,plato & 8 foll[]s1 or rhetoricians l ,isocrates & ,antiphon4 ,socrates =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,sophi/s & ! philosophic s*ools4 ,isocrates is h>dly su* a l9k1 ?\gh he pr(esses to be ! philosoph] 9 ! guise ( a rhetorician4 ,?\gh he inveigh$ aga9/ 8 rivals ! ,sophi/s1 he is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f !m save 9 8 be+ fix$ at ,a!ns1 9 8 avoidance ( displays 7f natural inability r ?an f *oice71 & 9 8 decl>$ cons]vatism 9 religion & politics1 z contra/$ ) _! scepticism4 ,x is n j t ! em95t respectability ( ,isocrates p]sonally %\ld be urg$ z ano!r diff]5ce1 :5 we adopt ! fair view ( ! high *>act]s ( ! lead+ ,sophi/s4 ,isocrates1 ^: views are =tunately pres]v$ 9 8 own v diffuse advocacy ( !m1 0 /rictly a univ]sity tea*]2 & s well recogniz$ 0 ?is t a pupil ( ,isocrates meant some?+ l our ,a4,b4 ,oxon4 ,= he _h a regul> c\rse1 & *>g$ a consid]able fee = 8 lessons4 ,8 pupils came f all p>ts ( ,greece1 & /ay$ ) him a consid]able "t4 ,moreov]1 he c\ld boa/ t ! mo/ fam\s public m5 _h be5 educat$ by him1 & own$ 8 influ5ce 9 aft]-days4 ,?is high] education he call$ philosophy1 & he only diff]$ f o!r pr(ess$ ,sophi/s 7he says7 9 ! mode/y ( 8 promises1 & 8 di/9ct admission t he und]took m]ely to improve natural tal5t1 n to *ange a /upid & ignorant y\? into a man ( acut5ess & p[]4 #eh4 ,!re is an int]e/+ passage 9 ! spee* 9 v9dication ( 8 life1#eb :i* gives s cle> a view ( ! prevail+ op9ions ab\t high] education at ,a!ns t ,i w transcribe x freely3 8,! ord9>y attacks made ^u u are ( two k9ds4 ,"s say t go+ to ! ,sophi/s = education is m]e arrant impo/ure2 nev] has !re be5 any sy/em ( tra9+ discov]$ by :i* a man c become abl] 9 spee* or wis] 9 de$1 s9ce all :o excel 9 ^! respects diff] by nature f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! o!r objectors conc$e t ^? :o submit to ?is tra9+ become inde$ abl]1 b 9 a bad s5se1 & c\pl$ ) moral loss2 = :5 !y ga9 p[]1 !y use x to injure _! neighbors4 ,i w n[ refute bo? ^! objections4 8,fir/1 let u consid] ! absurdity ( ^? :o decry all high] education4 ,!y revile x1 inde$1 z wor? no?+1 & m]e deceit & impo/ure1 b yet dem& f u t our pupils1 z soon z !y come1 %\ld %[ a complete *ange1 t aft] a few days' int]c\rse ) u !y %\ld appe> bett] 9 disc\rse & abl] ?an _! eld]s 9 age & exp]i5ce2 b if !y /ay "o :ole ye>1 !y %\ld all be p]fect orators--! idle z well z ! dilig5t1 ! commonplace z well z ! gift$4 ,?is !y expect f u1 ?\gh we nev] h made su* promises1 & ?\gh x contradicts ! analogy ( all o!r k9ds ( tra9+1 9 :i* results are acquir$ ) difficulty1 & ea* ) a v>i\s measure ( success1 s t "s two or ?ree only out ( all ! s*ools ( all k9ds turn out ?or\ghly pr(ici5t1 :ile ! re/ rema9 m]e av]age amateurs4 ,accord+ly1 ! objectors are silly en\gh to dem& f a tra9+1 :i* !y call unreal1 an influ5ce unkn[n 9 ! recogniz$ in/ruction ( all arts & sci5ces6 ,our tea*+1 !n1 is discr$it$ = accompli%+ exactly :at ! o!r arts d4 ,= :i* ( y does n "k t _m ( ^? put "u ! ,sophi/s 7 n impos$ ^u1 z is alleg$1 b h become1 "s ( !m1 real exp]ts 9 public life1 o!rs able in/ructors ( y\?1 & ev5 ^? :o *ose to rema9 9 private life m poli%$ 9 mann]s ?an !y _h be51 & m accurate critics ( argum5ts z well z ( mo/ ord9>y ?+s8 8,h[1 !n1 c a pursuit be fairly despis$ :i* has produc$ su* results8 = d n all m5 confess ?is1 t ^? are to be e/eem$ ! mo/ ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 _! art or h&icraft :o c make _! appr5tices z good workm5 z !mselves8 ,n[1 9 philosophy ?is v ?+ has happ5$4 ,= z _m z happ5$ on a g5u9e & s5sible guide w be f\nd to h su* a family lik5ess 9 _! way ( express+ !mselves t any "o c tell !y h come f ! same tra9]4 ,?is simil>ity ( type is conclusive evid5ce ( ! me?od & sy/em to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,s1 too1 any ( y c\ld m5tion fell[-pupils :o1 z *ildr51 7 ! mo/ ignorant ( _! fell[s1 b z !y advanc$ 9 age became f> sup]ior 9 good s5se & 9 eloqu5ce to ^? once f> ahead ( !m40 ,! orator goes on1 ) 8 usual elegant diffus5ess1 to make _m o!r developm5ts ( ! same lead+ idea1 all ( :i* might be us$ ) h>dly a ^w ( *ange by any "o def5d+ our univ]sity education aga9/ ! vulg> objectors :o ?9k t va/ sums ( "t & money are sp5t ^u x1 ) little or no result4 ,nor is ! good :i* he does claim = 8 high] education any?+ diff]5t f :at our univ]sities c\ld claim1 ap>t f ! mat]ial good ( prizes & degrees4 #ei4 ,! peculi> position ( ,isocrates 0 t ( opposition to bo? ,sophi/s & philosoph]s1 & yet ( lik5ess to bo?4 ,he jo9$ ! ,sophi/s 9 urg+ sceptical objections to ! subtle !ories ( ! metaphysicians1 & 9 comm5t+ ^u ! small outcome ( _! elaborate speculations4 ,he jo9$ ! philosoph]s 9 attack+ ! boa/ful claims ( ! ,sophi/s1 :o pret5d$ to tea* ev]y?+4 ,b he jo9$ ) ! m practical side 9 putt+ a tra9+ 9 rhetoric--a tra9+ 9 /yle--above ev]y?+4 ,!re 7 _m reasons :y ?is %\ld be ! case ) high] education at ,a!ns4 ,9 an age :5 books 7 sc>ce1 & a read+ public small2 :5 ! p[] ( publicism only exi/$ = poets1 & :5 all ,/ate affairs 7 settl$ by discussion ei!r 9 ! assembly or 9 private meet+s--9 su* a society a p[] ( cle> & elegant utt]ance 0 ! highe/ & be/ outcome ( education4 ,nor c\ld any man !n be consid]$ educat$ :o lack$ t p[]1 j z n[adays no man is call$ educat$ :o _c write correct ,engli%2 &1 fur!rmore1 ! writ+ ( elegant ,engli% is ju/ly acc\nt$ to indicate a ?or\gh & g5]al culture4 ,= we are su* sev]e judges 9 ?is matt]1 ev]ybody ?9ks himself 9 ?is s well able to appreciate beauty & pick out defects1 t a man :o c pass ?r\gh ! fire ( criticism unsca!d mu/ inde$ be equipp$ ) no ord9>y prep>ation1 & may be pron\nc$ a really cultivat$ man4 ,?is w expla9 to u ! enorm\s importance ( rhetoric 9 ,isocrates' sy/em--an importance1 p]haps1 enhanc$ by 8 feel+ t "h he 0 really able to d great & unique s]vice4 ,he evid5tly dep5d$ on natural "m wit to sugge/ ideas to 8 pupils2 he app>5tly assum$ t !y _h le>n$ ! ord9>y elem5ts ( culture at _! prim>y s*ools4 ,he tra9$ !m1 s f> z we "k1 9 no?+ b ! c>eful arrangem5t ( _! mat]ials1 ! smoo? transition ( _! argum5ts1 & ! p]fection ( _! *oice & collocation ( words4 ,9 ?is matt] ( /yle1 ,isocrates may be reg>d$ z n only ! greate/ ma/] t ev] liv$1 b z ! fa!r ( ! p]iodic or oratorical /yle 9 all ! languages ( ,europe4 ,demo/h5es1 ,cic]o1 ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 ,massillon1 ,burke--all ^! immortal m5 h pr(it$ by ! analysis ( expression :i*1 ?r\gh ,isocrates1 fir/ =m$ ,greek prose1 & ?r\gh x ! borr[$ graces ( ^? :o foll[$ ,greek models4 #fj4 ,to ent] into a clos] description ( ?is sy/em w\ld n be to discuss education1 b rhetoric1 & we mu/ ref] ! read] to treatises on t subject4 ,we ne$ only "h call att5tion to ! int5se /udi$ness ( ,greek eloqu5ce1 & h[ !y atta9$ _! p]fection 9 prose--n by ^? violations ( propriety :i* n[ please our sat$ ta/e1 & :i*1 :5 viol5t en\gh1 z 9 ! case ( ,c>lyle1 ev5 pass = ?\ghts1 & are to _m ! index ( deep orig9ality 9 some?+ or o!r--b by a close & p]petual adh]5ce to rules1 (t5 ( a trivial1 g5]ally ( a m9ute k9d4 ,x is v curi\s = u mod]ns to read ! details ( ^! ?+s 9 ! old rhetoricians4 ,!re is n an app>5t t\* ( nature--a ^w emphatically repeat$1 a sudd5 break (f1 an angry bur/1 ev5 a don't y see8 or a by ,jove6 or a de> me6--9 a ,greek oration :i* 0 n not$ z a figure ( diction1 or a figure ( ?\ght1 & br\ght "u ! discipl9e ( rules4 ,we are ev5 told t ,demo/h5es compos$ 8 prose 9 rhy?m1 & avoid$ ! use ( m ?an two %ort syllables toge!r4 ,isocrates c]ta9ly made ! law aga9/ hiatus--aga9/ clos+ a ^w & beg9n+ ! next ) v[els--a law adopt$ by all ! prose writ]s ( 8 age4 ,?us ! =mal education 9 rhetoric mu/ h be5 no light task = ! pupils ( ,isocrates & ! o!r rhetors1 & writ+ or speak+ good ,greek a f> /rict] & m difficult ?+ ?an writ+ ,engli% :i* w pass mu/] ) ! critics4 #fa4 ,/ill1 !re is room = surprise t ! matt] ( high] education1 ! ideas to be acquir$1 %\ld h be5 introduc$ indirectly "u ! guise ( prep>ation = public speak+4 ,no d\bt1 ?is 0 an artificial & unnatural ord] ( ?+s4 ,to subord9ate ! matt] ( k to ! =m is always a mi/ake4 ,b we may at lea/ conceive ! position ( ,isocrates' pupils if we comp>e x ) t ( ! popul> prea*]s1 s p[]ful a g5]ation ago1 & ev5 n[ play+ no unimportant "p 9 society4 ,i h kn[n m ?an "o ( ^! em95t m5 :o educat$ !mselves ) great c>e g5]ally1 & 9 all directions1 = ! purpose ( supply+ !mselves ) matt] = _! disc\rses4 ,& ?is is v well-meant1 legitimate1 & hone/ education1 ?\gh p]v]t$ 9 ord]1 &1 l t ( ,isocrates1 n likely to lead to really deep & ?or\gh k4 ,we are told t 9 ! pres5t day !re are p :o read all k9ds ( books = ! purpose ( solv+ d\ble acro/ics1 & ,i h he>d m5 ( intellig5ce advocate ?is fooli% k9d ( riddles z promot+ g5]al education6 ,?us ! s*ool ( ,isocrates /ood side by side1 & 9 rivalry1 ) ! s*ools ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 z "o 9 :i* elegance ( =m1 & a sup]ficial b graceful culture1 0 giv5 to ! high] y\?1 in/ead ( ! exact sci5ce & metaphysic :i* unfitt$ m5 = public life4 ,x 0 a contra/ some:at l ! ,ox=d & ,cambridge type 9 ,engl&4 ,isocrates' own failure z a politician1 & ! little influ5ce :i* 8 op5 lett]s on politics atta9$1 made ! wis] portion ( m5 drift away /ill f>!r f ! sophi/ic aspect ( 8 tea*+1 f ! mixture ( philosophy & politics ) rhetoric2 & s !y aga9 subdivid$ _! tra9+ into /rictly rhetorical1 su* z _h already be5 begun by ,lysias & 0 c>ri$ out by ,isu1 & ! philosophical1 = :i* an increas+ numb] ( s*ools n[ (f]$ !mselves4 ,z ! political p[] ( ,greece decay$1 & its lit]>y & arti/ic spl5dor became univ]sally recogniz$1 ,a!ns became an educational c5tre1 to :i* y\?s f all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w flock$ = _! tra9+4 ,?is lat] hi/ory ( ,greek culture w occupy u 9 our la/ *apt]4 ,b we mu/ fir/ give a brief acc\nt ( ! deep] !ories ( ,/ate education :i* ,plato & ,ari/otle h left u1 9 contra/ to ! %all[ popul>ity ( ,isocrates4 ,,footnotes3 #eb 1 p4 #ih sq4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,greek ,,!ori/s ,,on ,,education--,,plato ,,& ,,ari/otle4 #fb4 ,x is usual 9 books on ,greek education to give a v l>ge space to ! discussion ( ! 8,republic0 & 8,laws0 ( ,plato & ! 8,politics0 ( ,ari/otle1 because !y conta9 elaborate & sy/ematic recomm5dations z to ! tra9+ ( y\?4 ,b ! /ates ( bo? philosoph]s are ideal1 ,ari/otle's n less ?an ,plato's2 &1 ?\gh ! educational portion ( ,ari/otle's "w seems fragm5t>y & unf9i%$1 we _c hold t any fur!r developm5ts w\ld h br\ght x )9 ! range ( practical politics4 ,plato's notions 7 confess$ly !oretical1 & are discuss$ z su* by all 8 comm5tators2 b "s s*ol>s h giv5 !mselves endless tr\ble to f9d out h[ mu* ( 8 sy/em1 especially 9 ! tam] & less extravagant 8,laws10 0 borr[$ f real life1 & f actual /ates1 z oppos$ to ! creations ( 8 own fancy4 ,b 9 ne>ly e detail ! di/9ction is purely conjectural4 ,x is really = want ( positive evid5ce t ^! !ories h assum$ su* undue importance4 ,to ! philosophical !ori/ & ! educational re=m] ! speculations ( su* spl5did intellects 9 ! e>ly po/-m]idian ( ! glori\s day ( ,greece mu/ ev] be mo/ attractive & sugge/ive2 b x is idle to transf] to a practical book1 or to an hi/orical acc\nt1 :at has nev] be5 realiz$4#ec ,^! speculations1 h[ev]1 may fairly f9d a limit$ space "h z %[+ :at g5]al effect ! practical education already describ$ _h produc$ ^u ! mo/ advanc$ ?9k]s ( ! day4 ,un=tunately1 we h "h aga9 only ! ari/ocratic side1 & t :i* w\ld ass]t ! ,/ate to be p>am\nt & all-int]f]+ ?r\gh individual & private life4 ,if we _h ! speculations ( ,lycophron & 8 s*ool1 :o held1 ) truly democratical in/9ct1 t laws 7 only useful to repress crime1 & t ! re/ ( ! citiz5's life 0 to be left free & uncontroll$1 our notions ab\t ! !ories ( ,greek education might be consid]ably modifi$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we h pres]v$ to u ! ,hell5e ( ! ,hell5es2 ! s*ool ( ,lycophron might only h recomm5d$ to u :at we "k by practical exp]i5ce 9 mod]n society4 ,f ! v outset ,plato & ,ari/otle adopt q def9ite pr9ciples4 ,!y assume t ! ,/ate is to int]f]e ev]y:]e & control ! :ole life ( man4 ,?us ! spl5did ,a!nian democracy 9 :i* ,plato liv$ _h no p[] to wean him f 8 some:at n>r[ prejudices4 ,he despis$ ! goods he possess$1 & long$ = a ,sp>tan ideal1 ?\gh its defects 7 pla9 en\gh be=e 8 eyes4#ed ,/ill worse1 ! wide vi/a op5$ by ,alex&] into a l>g] fusion ( ideas1 & into widely v>i\s =ms ( society1 _h no p[] to emancipate ! intellect ( ,ari/otle f its +ra9$ ,hell5ic n>r[ness4 ,x is necess>y to make ?is /rong prote/ at ! outset1 on acc\nt ( ! *orus ( admiration sung by ! p$ants & p$agogues ( mod]n days ov] ^! ?or\ghly unpractical & retrograde !ories4 ,"o fact w speak volumes to ! mod]n read]4 ,bo? ( !m look ^u a small numb] ( citiz5s1 &1 inde$1 a small limit ( t]ritory1 z ess5tial to _! s*emes1 no accurate or p]petual sup]vision by ,/ate police & direction be+ possible ei!r 9 a great city or a l>ge t]ritory4#ee ,?is w 9 itself %[ h[ antiquat$ !y mu/ h seem$ ev5 9 ! next c5tury1 :5 ! ,greeks woke to ! ambition ( rul+ ov] k+doms 9 ! ,ea/4 #fc4 ,& yet !re 7 "s po9ts on :i* ^! ?9k]s1 especially ,plato1 7 f> m ?or\ghgo+ ?an we are1 *iefly f a total abs5ce ( t s5tim5t or s5tim5tality :i* infects mod]n life4 ,= ,plato1 bo? 9 ! 8,republic0 & ! 8,laws10 insi/s t education w be ( little avail if *ildr5 are br\ght into ! _w de=m$ 9 body & w>p$ 9 m9d by ! bad physical & m5tal condition ( _! p>5ts4 ,on "s ( ^! cases ,greek society 0 agre$ ) him4 ,9 mo/ /ates a de=m$ *ild 0 expos$ ei!r to die or to be pick$ up by "s "o :o might run ! risk ( br++ x up to make a h\sehold slave4#ef ,= 9 mo/ /ates1 & c]ta9ly at ,sp>ta1 x w\ld h be5 held a crime to propagate h]$it>y disease2 & m5 7 sp>$ ! disgu/+ spectacle ( ! scr(ul\s or deaf-&-dumb heir to a great "n be+ c\rt$ 9 matrimony to p]petuate ! mis]ies or ! vices ( 8 prog5itors4 ,b ,plato w5t fur!r1 & held t ! production ( ! mo/ important animal1 man1 %\ld be regulat$ ) ev5 m c>e ?an t ( ! l[] animals1 9 :i* su* /rik+ results h be5 obta9$ by artificial selection4 ,he !re=e recomm5d$1 9 8 ideal ,/ate1 n community ( wives--,heav5 =bid t we %\ld foll[ ,ari/otle 9 repeat+ ?is gross libel6--b a c>eful ,/ate selection ( suitable pairs1 & _! solemn union1 "u ! guise ( a direction f ,provid5ce by an appeal to ! lot4 ,^! m>riages 7 to take place at a fix$ season1 & all ! *ildr5 born ( !m )9 ! ye> to be reg>d$ ! common *ildr5 ( all3 "h ! ^w community may fairly apply4 ,he has n[h]e told u :e!r 9 successive ye>s ! same p>5ts 7 to rema9 unit$1 & h5ce we d n "k :e!r 8 m>riages 7 meant to be tempor>y or n4 ,i fancy ! po9t 0 ( little importance to him4 ,if ! (fspr+ turn$ out well1 !re w\ld be no *ange2 if badly1 ( c\rse ! gu>dians ( ! ,/ate w\ld n sanction ! cont9uance ( an un:olesome union4 ,?us1 ?\gh ,plato 0 will+ to all[ s5tim5t its s5tim5tal place1 & to br+ =w>d ! decision ( ! rul]s ( ! ,/ate z ! w ( ,provid5ce1 m>riages pr(ess$ly arrang$ 9 heav5 7 to be p]mitt$ only ) a /rict view to ! improvem5t ( ! race4 ,! objection t su* an arrangem5t w\ld de/roy ! sanctity & ! influ5ce ( ! family1 & ?us aboli% our mo/ p[]ful eng9e ( e>ly education1 0 no objection to ,plato4 ,he wi%$ to aboli% sep>ate families1 & rescue *ildr5 f ! tyranny1 ! indulg5ce1 & incompet5ce ( individual p>5ts1 s z to put !m "u /ate discipl9e4 ,& ! ,/ate 0 absolutely no?+ b "o huge family1 z f> z ! high] classes 7 conc]n$4 ,to u :o live 9 l>ge k+doms1 :o "k t ! family gives ! law = individuals 9 ord9>y life1 & t s*emes ( public education _c replace x1 all sy/ems :i* aboli% ! sanctity ( ! home are inadmissible4 #fd4 ,no po9t 9 ,plato's s*eme excites m sympa?y n[adays ) advanc$ ?9k]s ?an t ( equaliz+ ! sexes 9 education1 & subject+ wom5 to ! same tra9+ & duties z m54 ,= he held t1 ?\gh nature _h n made wom5 z /rong z m51 & t _! important functions 9 ! production ( ! race put !m "u "s inconv5i5ces & disabilities1 !re 01 nev]!less1 no reason to assume any p]man5t diff]5ce 9 k9d4 ,if su* a !ory is ?\ght revolution>y by mo/ p 9 mod]n society1 :at mu/ x h be5 9 ! days & among ! p ( ,plato's age6 ,"h1 aga91 :at guid$ him 0 an exagg]at$ e/imate ( ! lib]ty & importance ( ,sp>tan wom51 :o1 :5 "y1 7 enc\rag$ to ex]cise 9 public2 & :o1 :5 m>ri$1 ma9ta9$ ov] _! husb&s an influ5ce f> exce$+ t ( wom5 9 o!r ,greek h\seholds4 ,b !n we mu/ n =get ! small culture ( ! m51 _! devotion to milit>y tra9+1 & ! consequ5t necessity = wom5 to use _! own judgm5t 9 ! managem5t ( _! homes4 #fe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we may digress = a mom5t on acc\nt ( ! int]e/ & importance ( ! subject1 !re is no valid reason :y ! physical production ( ! race %\ld n receive inf9itely m att5tion ?an x does )9 ! b\nds ( our pres5t social arrangem5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?\gh ! s5tim5tal reasons = m>ry+ are /ill put 9 ! =egr\nd1 & ?\gh at w$d+ spee*es & 9 amatory correspond5ces "s div9e pr$e/9ation1 or ! s5tim5tal compulsion call$ fall+ 9 love1 is assum$ ! only effici5t cause ( m>riages1 we "k t _m reasonable consid]ations int]v5e & are ! real motives ( action4 ,^! motives--! acquisition ( weal? or position or connection1 ! desire ( home com=ts & ( a life indep5d5t ( ext]nal amusem5ts1 a calm mutual respect--are commonly en\gh confess$ ev5 by ! v p :o p>ade s5tim5tal reasons2 & :5ev] a m>riage appe>s suitable f rational consid]ations1 no tr\ble is sp>$ by mat*-mak]s to induce "y p to imag9e !mselves drawn toge!r by "s subtle & s5tim5tal aff9ity--l ,plato's gu>dians1 :o 7 to pret5d ! provid5tial lot z _! guide4 ,if1 !n1 su* be ! case2 if ev5 n[ !re are civiliz$ c\ntries & classes ( p :o op5ly pr(ess prud5tial reasons z ! be/ = m>ry+1 x w only require a bett] education ( public op9ion to enable m5 to advance to ! position t ! physical & m5tal vigor ( ! result+ *ildr5 is a motive to be consci\sly consid]$ 9 ! selection4 ,we may fir/ rea* ! /age ( avoid+ an h]$it>y ta9t z p n[ fly an infecti\s disease4 ,su* avoidance w\ld ultimately /amp out or r$uce to a m9imum ?is evil1 & ! race w\ld escape a great "p ( ! dire/ & mo/ hopeless ( its physical mis]ies4 ,!n ! sy/ematic & delib]ate desire t !re %\ld be heal?y *ildr5 w discov] _m conditions n[ unkn[n1 :5 s _m ( our unions are ! result ( *ance or av>ice1 or1 /ill worse1 ( passion4 ,m5 ( sci5ce w beg9 to make obs]vations on ! diff]5ce ( physical antec$5ts :i* cause su* curi\s diff]5ces 9 *ildr5 ( ! same h\se4 ,& ! day w come :51 f a body ( su* obs]vations1 valuable practical rules may be d$uc$4 ,we may ?us improve our race z ! ,sp>tans did 9 old ,greece2 & !y1 we "k1 7 p]fectly successful 9 obta9+ :at !y s\ght--a high av]age ( physical /r5g? & beauty4 ,all ?is1 we may hope1 w only be ! introduction to a f> m important1 b f> m difficult1 problem--! det]m9+ ( ! conditions :i* produce g5ius4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ^! conditions are ma9ly transi5t1 = g5ius is no fix$ h]itage1 ! mo/ spl5did in/ances com+ f obscure & ord9>y p>5ts4 ,nor does ! m]e comb9ation ( ! suitable p>5ts "w its effect uni=mly )\t o!r m limit$ conditions4 ,= we f9d ! great lead]s ( ! _w sometimes ! only *ild1 sometimes elde/1 sometimes y\nge/1 or 9 ! middle ( a family ( bro!rs & si/]s z obscure z _! p>5ts4 ,! c>eful obs]vation1 !n1 n only ( ! p>5ts1 b ( ! p>ticul> passage 9 _! life :i* produc$ an intellectually spl5did (fspr+1 is "o ^u :i* we _c expect light = a long "t1 & until p h become accu/om$ to reg>d ! g5]al improvem5t ( ! race ( f> great] importance ?an !y n[ d4 ,if su* results c\ld be obta9$ ev5 approximately--if1 ev5 9 "o case out ( t51 intellectual excell5ce c\ld be produc$ z we reproduce physical p]fections--!n1 inde$1 ! p]fectibility ( mank9d w\ld no long] be a vague dream1 b w\ld %[ "s signs ( a p>tial fulfilm5t4 ,are we to hope t su* an advance 9 ideas w take place 9 our own day8 ,we h p]haps advanc$ beyond ! /age :5 m5 reg>d g5ius z di/9ctly heav5-born1 & ! direct gift ( ! gods1 ap>t f any natural conditions4 ,if x is inde$ heav5-born1 x is n[ conc$$ to be su* ?r\gh ! comb9ation ( natural causes4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 our be/ & mo/ ref9$ p w recoil ) deep av]sion f mak+ a sci5tific analysis ( su* conditions2 !y w exclaim t ! possible advantages are z no?+ comp>$ ) ! desecration ( t my/]y :i* has be5 hall[$ by ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 & protect$ f pr(ane inquiry by a cl\d ( delicate s5tim5t4 ,to r$uce ! holy e/ate ( m>riage to ! delib]ate & sci5tific production ( condition$ (fspr+ w de/roy1 say !y1 all ! sanctity ( ! relation1 & ) x ! purity & dignity ( our homes4 ,^! weighty & respectable objections are to be met by obs]v+ t x w\ld be idle & wrong to attempt any re=m 9 opposition to ! unanim\s s5tim5t ( ! v p :o alone c\ld c>ry x out--our mo/ sob] & ref9$ classes4 ,until ?is s5tim5t c be gradually *ang$ by argum5t1 & come to be look$ on z a v5]able & amiable sup]/ition1 no?+ w be accompli%$4 ,b x is a matt] ( hi/ory t ! mo/ respectable & hall[$ s5tim5ts1 if irrational1 c be gradually remov$ by a progress 9 :at ,mr4 ,lecky calls rationalism1 or intellectual enlight5m5t4 ,we c ev5 n[ po9t to ! important fact1 t 9 ^? c\ntries & ^? ages :]e m>riages _h be5 confess$ly arrang$ f prud5tial reasons1 !y h n be5 less sacr$1 nor has home life be5 less pure1 ?an :]e vague & irrational s5tim5ts h be5 br\ght into ! =egr\nd4 ,! l[]-class ,iri% are z fai?ful & happy 9 _! homes1 & ! m>riage-tie is a sacr$ & honor$ z x is any:]e 9 ! _w2 & yet among !m a love-mat* is r>e4 ,x is a matt] ( c[s & ( pigs1 ( ! succession to a f>m--nay1 (t5 ( arrangem5t by ! l&lord = reasons ( 8 own2 & yet ^! m>riages are z happy & z pure z if !y _h be5 ! outcome ( a great mutual passion4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( m>ri$ life 9 ! c\ntry p>ts ( ,france1 :]e a ?rifty & provid5t race accommodate _! unions to _! circum/ances1 & leave ! extravagances ( great passion to poets & ,p>isians4 ,! hi/ory ( ,greece (f]s a m notable in/ance4 ,if we ask :]e 9 ,greece ! home enjoy$ ! greate/ honor & sanctity1 :]e ! h\se-"m /ood highe/ 9 rev]5ce & social importance1 & :]e violations ( fidelity 7 r>e/1 no "o w\ld hesitate to answ]1 ,at ,sp>ta4 ,yet at ,sp>ta all ! s5tim5t1 all ! delicacy1 ( ! m>riage-tie 0 sacrific$ to ! duty ( produc+ heal?y *ildr5 = ! ,/ate4 ,plut>* tells u ( a /ate ( ?+s :i* mod]n p w\ld ?9k :olly subv]sive ( all purity--( old m5 c$+ _! rights ( tempor>y unions & ex*anges = ! sake ( desirable (fspr+4 ,! ,sp>tan m5 & wom5 7 n want+ 9 s5tim5t ab\t m>riage1 9 advocat+ ! honor & sanctity ( ! m>riage-tie2 b _! s5tim5t l$ !m to reg>d a f9e (fspr+ z ! noble/ outcome ( m>riage1 & "o to :i* all o!r consid]ations 7 second>y4 ,h5ce x 0 9 accordance ) _! s5tim5t t !y adopt$ ! same k9d ( precautions z reg>ds physical p]fection :i* a lat] & wis] age may adopt z reg>ds intellectual & moral p]fection4 ,?is possibility ( improv+ intellect by c>eful selection 0 beyond ,plato's vision2 he only ?\ght ( physical qualities 9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 unions4 ,b x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable po9ts 9 8 exclusive & ari/ocratic society t he makes provision = ! adopt+ ( any p>ticul>ly bright *ild ( ! op]ative class among 8 gu>dians1 s t !y might b5efit by ! accid5t4 ,! degradation ( poor or unheal?y *ildr5 ( ! high] class is also contemplat$4 ,8 arrangem5t ( ! ye>s ( education is z foll[s3 ,x is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,beg9n+ ) ! le>n+ ( prop] my?s & tales1 x proce$s to easy gymna/ic1 foll[$ by music & poetry1 ) read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 & "s elem5t>y ma!matics1 all ( :i* occupy f ! sev5? to ! eighte5? ye>1 & ?us correspond to our s*ool+4 ,!n comes milit>y tra9+ up to ! tw5tie? ye>--a division to :i* we1 :o h no conscription1 h no analogy1 z ! ,g]mans h4 ,next foll[s ! second division ( high] /udies 9 pure & appli$ ma!matics = t5 ye>s1 & ! ?ird 9 metaphysic = five ye>s4 ,^! are1 ( c\rse1 q wide ( any practical s*eme1 & are int5d$ to =m ^? philosophic rul]s :o w reg>d _! :ole life "h z a prep>ation = a high] sph]e4 #ff4 ,8 views on ! details ( music & gymna/ic 7 n mat]ially diff]5t f ^? ( ! practical educators :i* we h discuss$1 save t he proposes to tra9 8 gu>dian class ) m detail & circum/ance ?an 7 possible = any ord9>y public4 ,he is unpractical1 & ev5 absurd1 9 8 curi\s prud]y ab\t ! tales & leg5ds :i* *ildr5 are to le>n4 ,he objects to ,hom]1 to ! trag$ies1 /ill m to ! com$ies1 &1 no d\bt1 to ! folk-lore ( ! day1 z inculcat+ base & immoral views ( ! gods & _! relations to m54 ,fairy tales are always to repres5t ,god z "o & z p]fectly good4 ,he ev5 goes s f>--b "h he c h>dly be 9 e>ne/--z to recomm5d t *ildr5 %all le>n by he>t 8 laws in/ead ( poetry & my?s6#eg ,?r\gh\t all 8 rem>ks on ?is subject1 he evid5tly ignores ! culture ( ! imag9ation z su*1 :i* we recognize z s important t we ev5 tol]ate or ov]look immoralities or manife/ fictions 9 aim+ at ?is k9d ( amusem5t & culture ( *ildr54 ,inde$1 x is c]ta9 t :5 *ildr5 are taught fairy tales z su*1 ! immoral acts ( real life1 su* z robb]y & murd]1 are only accessories to ! imag9>y life1 9 :i* !re is g5]ally "s rude ju/ice4 ,ev5 ap>t f ?is p>ticul> "q1 we f9d all ?r\gh ,plato's !ory ( education a v mis*iev\s dislike ( any lib]ty ( op9ion1 or lib]ty ( life1 9 ! y\? ( 8 ,/ate4 ,he goes s f> 9 ! 8,laws0 z to make h]esy ( op9ion p5al1 & to puni% ) imprisonm5t ^? :o w n con=m to ! doctr9es ( ! lawgiv]4 ,if !re be any?+ :i* w\ld tempt u to reject ! 8,laws10 z n ! g5u9e "w ( ,socrates' disciple1 x is ?is /range n>r[ness ( view1 :i* makes ,grote argue t ! actual ,a!ns ( ,plato's day 0 sup]ior to ! ideal he con/ruct$4 ,b doctr9aires ( all ages hate human lib]ty4 ,nor d ! ,greeks ev] seem to h be5 =c$ by ! pressure ( circum/ances to m>k (f ! close ( =mal education by a fix$ p]iod1 l our graduation at a univ]sity1 :5 ! "y man is expect$ to /rike out into ! _w & h5ce=? educate himself 9 practical life4 #fg4 ,! educational book ( ,ari/otle's 8,politics0 7,,vii4 9 ! n[ receiv$ ord]7 is a m]e fragm5t1 :i* sugge/s _m problems1 & solves b few4 ,ev5 ) ! help ( "s important corrections f ! 8,e?ics10 we f9d x ! n>r[ & old-fa%ion$ s*eme ( a p$ant ,greek1 writt5 ) admiration = ! artificial discipl9e ( ,sp>ta1 & unable to und]/& ev5 ! f> m spl5did ,hell5ic ideal sket*$ by ,?ucydides 9 8 spee* ( ,p]icles4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 f ! 8,e?ics0 t he felt ! ess5tial importance ( family ties betwe5 husb& & wife1 betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr54 ,h5ce he rejects ,plato's proposal ( aboli%+ ! family1 & insi/s t ! ideal ,/ate mu/ consi/ ( h\seholds 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 he q agrees ) ,plato's view t ! social & moral aspects ( m>riage are by no means inconsi/5t ) a /rict sup]vision ( ! produc+ ( heal?y *ildr5 by ! ,/ate4 ,he =e%ad[$ ! /ate ( ?+s anticipat$ above1 :5 husb& & wife w /ill feel ! deep sanctity & ?or\gh loyalty ( _! relation1 & yet n leave to m]e accid5t ! mo/ important product1 nay1 ! only product1 s f> z ! ,/ate is conc]n$1 ( _! union4 ,he is j z c>eful z ,plato 9 recomm5d+ c>e ( unborn *ildr5 by att5tion to _! mo!rs' air & ex]cise4 ,he is /ill m ru?less 9 advocat+ ! de/ruction1 ei!r be=e or aft] bir?1 ( illegitimate (fspr+4 ,nei!r c he1 any m ?an ,plato1 imag9e an ideal /ate capable ( su* expansion z to conta9 a great p1 nor c he disp5se ) disabilities = mo/ ( its memb]s1 su* z slaves & op]atives4 ,he does n contemplate ! v long & elaborate aft]-tra9+ ( ,plato's gu>dians1 = he does n conceive ?is _w z a prep>ation = ano!r1 b z an end 9 itself4 ,& x is probably = ?is reason t he is s sup]ior to ,plato 9 analyz+ ! function ( ref9$ recreation1 & ! ennoblem5t ( leisure by /hetic pleasures4 ,?us he sees t music is to be utiliz$ z a recreation = y\?1 z well z = a moral eng9e ( education4 ,he has expla9$ 9 8 8,poetic0 t dramatic poetry is n m]e fiction1 to be bani%$ f ! ideal ,/ate z tea*+ falsehood or depict+ crime1 b a repres5tation ( human life deep] & m philosophic ?an hi/ory1 inasmu* z hi/ory only wid5s ! intellect1 :ile ! drama also purifies ! emotions ( ! spectator4 ,x may ev5 be argu$ t hi/ory wid5s ! intellect only s f> z x is conceiv$ z a drama--a developm5t ( human "*--& n z a m]e recitation ( facts4 ,:ile he does n en\nce s cle>ly z ,plato t gymna/ics are ma9ly a tra9+ = ! "*1 he sets 8 face aga9/ t physical tra9+ :i* /udies no?+ b ! developm5t ( muscle1 on ! gr\nd t1 if at all excessive1 x defeats its own object by eng5d]+ an unheal?y /ate2 & t1 z we _c "w ! body & ! m9d toge!r ) any sev]ity1 x mu/ g5]ally co9cide ) ignorance or ) an illit]ate life4 ,ev5 ! ,sp>tan milit>y tra9+1 :i* 0 oppos$ by !m to a?letic tra9+1 falls "u 8 c5sure4 ,he w n conc$e1 ) ,plato1 ! equality 9 k9d ( ! sexes1 b ?9ks ! functions ( wom5 are di/9ct 9 k9d f ^? ( m51 & !re=e n to be p]fect$ by adopt+ ! same tra9+4 ,?us he is1 on ! :ole1 tam] & m cons]vative1 b also less sugge/ive1 ?an 8 great ma/]4 #fh4 ,! ma9 value ( 8 fragm5t on education is t x %[s h[ ?or\ghly ! subject _h be5 discuss$ 9 8 day4 ,?us1 aft] det]m9+ t ! civic side ( ! citiz5 is all-important1 & t1 !re=e1 all education mu/ be public & ! same = all1 z 9 ,sp>ta1 he proce$s ?us ) 8 argum5t3#eh 8,:at1 !n1 is education1 & h[ are we to educate8 ,= !re is z yet no agreem5t on ! po9t2 all m5 are n ( ! same op9ion z to :at ! "y %\ld le>n ei!r ) a view to p]fection or to ! be/ life2 nor is x agre$ :e!r education is to aim at ! developm5t ( ! intellect or ! moral "*4 ,nay1 m2 f ! ord9>y /&po9t ! matt] is q confus$1 & x is n cle> to anybody :e!r we are to tra9 9 :at leads to virtue1 9 :at is useful = ord9>y life1 or 9 ab/ract sci5ce4 ,all ^! alt]natives h _! advocates4 ,aga91 z reg>ds :at leads to virtue1 !re is no g5]al cons5t1 = s9ce m5 d n agree 9 :at !y honor z su*1 ( c\rse !y _c agree ab\t ! tra9+ to obta9 x4 ,z reg>ds :at is useful = life1 x is obvi\s t !re are c]ta9 indisp5sable ?+s :i* mu/ be taught1 & x is equally cle> t !re are o!rs :i* mu/ n4 ,all occupations are divid$ into ^? :i* a free man %\ld practise & ^? :i* he %\ld n1 &1 !re=e1 ?is af=ds u a limitation 9 ! le>n+ ( useful arts40 ,he goes on to %[ t no trade is g5tlemanly if x injuri\sly affects ! body1 or enslaves ! m9d by be+ practis$ = hire4 ,ev5 ! f9e arts1 if /udi$ 9 ?is way1 or pr(essionally1 are to him an unwor?y occupation1 & are only to be pursu$ 9 y\? z a recreation or /hetic tra9+2 s t 9 middle life m5 may be compet5t judges ( su* productions1 & ei!r bett] able to enjoy !m 7z 9 music71 or less likely to be deceiv$ 7z 9 ! pur*ase ( works ( art74 ,hav+ appli$ ^! pr9ciples to a?letics1 ab\t :i* he says little save 9 recomm5dation ( mod]ation1 & aga9/ any pr(essional tra9+1 he turns to ! "q ( music1 on :i* we h already giv5 ! views :i* he held 9 common ) ! mo/ s]i\s ,greek educators4 ,on ?is subject1 too1 !re 0 controv]sy4 ,he has be=e him ?ree !ories3 is x m]e amusem5t 771 or an eng9e ( education 771 or an /hetic pleasure 778#ei ,p]haps we h dwelt too long on ^! !ories1 b x seem$ desirable to give ! read] ! locus classicus on ! ,hell5ic !ory ( music1 :i* 0 discuss$ above 7 #dc71 & :i*1 9 spite ( all our /udies ( ,greek life1 is /ill q /range & incr$ible to mod]n !ori/s 9 education4 #fi4 ,!re is yet ano!r s*eme ( education left u by ! classical age ( ,greece1 ,x5ophon's 8,education ( ,cyrus10 :i*1 9 ! =m ( a v t$i\s novel on ! life ( ! ,p]sian k+1 gives a !ory ( ! education ( a pr9ce & 8 surr\nd+s :i* may des]ve a v few words 9 conclud+ ?is *apt]4#fj ,he %>es ) ,plato & ,ari/otle ! belief t private education1 ) m]e prohibitive laws to guide ! citiz51 is q insuffici5t4 ,all ! !ori/s 7 agre$ t !re mu/ be "o public education1 & !y imag9$ t crime w\ld be to a great ext5t preclud$ by su* effective tra9+4 ,x5ophon1 divid+ 8 p]iod ( education into boyhood up to sixte51 & y\? 77 up to tw5ty-six1 provides a regul> public-s*ool education = ! boys1 keep+ !m all toge!r 9 a sort ( polity ( _! own1 :]e _! tea*+ is p]=m$ by special ,/ate ma/]s1 & _! qu>rels & del9qu5cies settl$ by tribunals ( _! own4 ,to ! eld] y\? is assign$ all ! police & patrol duty1 z well z ! accompany+ ( ! k+ 9 hunt+1 especially ( bea/s ( prey4 ,?is sort ( ex]cise ,x5ophon _h le>n$ to "k 9 ! ,ea/1 & he recogniz$ its sup]iority ov] ord9>y gymna/ics4 ,b ! musical education1 on :i* ,plato & ,ari/otle lay su* /ress1 he omits altoge!r1 )\t giv+ 8 reasons4 ,p]haps he f\nd f exp]i5ce t ! great ,aryan nobles 7 m5 ( ref9em5t1 & und]/ood ! h>mony ( life no less ?an ! m !oretical ,greeks4 ,he also diff]s f !m 9 alone recogniz+ ! importance ( a sy/em :i* w control n "o limit$ city1 b an empire ( v>i\s peoples & languages4 ,yet 8 education is1 9 consequ5ce1 only ! exp5sive & exclusive tra9+ ( a dom9ant ari/ocracy1 & is n suppos$ to be compulsory = ! ord9>y citiz54 ,9 8 ,/ate all high] (ficial position is only to be atta9$ by ?is tra9+4 ,!re are no o!r ideas 9 ! s*eme :i* make x wor?y ( any special consid]ation4 ,! ,sp>tan sy/em bl9d$ ! vision ( all ^! speculators1 & kept !m f und]/&+ ! true "* ( a free & v>i\s developm5t ( individual g5ius4 ,,footnotes3 #ec ,few p h ev] he>d ( ! attempt to f\nd a ,platonopolis 9 ,italy 9 ! ,r5aissance times4 #ed ,( c\rse1 he saw & admitt$ ^! defects2 b x is obvi\s t he ?\ght !m only defects ( detail1 :i* c\ld be rem$i$ by bett] arrangem5t2 :]eas ! ,a!nian democracy appe>$ to him radically uns\nd4 ,& yet c\ld ,sp>ta ev] h produc$ su* a spl5did passage ( hi/ory z ! conduct ( ! ,a!nian army at ,samos :5 ! news came 7#daa ,b4,c47 t ! con/itution ( _! city _h be5 ov]?r[n & an olig>*y e/abli%$8 ,let ! read] consult ,grote's *apt] on ?is4 #ee ,plato ev5 insi/s ^u a fix$ numb]1 #aa1jhj m5 & ! same numb] ( wom51 all excess be+ gu>d$ aga9/ ei!r by expos+ ( infants or transport+ adults into colonies4 #ef ,! critics h %[n t ,plato gradually s(t5$ 8 recomm5dations on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! 8,timu0 he speaks z if he _h nev] recomm5d$ exposal1 b only a relegation ( ! *ildr5 ( unheal?y p>5ts into 8 ?ird grade ( society4 ,9 ! 8,laws0 7if x be1 inde$1 8 "w7 he lets ! :ole matt] drop1 ?\gh x 0 to be expect$ t he %\ld discuss x4 ,:e!r ?is arose f a gradual advance ( humanity 9 ,plato himself1 or f ! adv]se criticism ( ! day1 we _c tell4 ,! ,g]man critics 7,zell]1 ,susemihl1 etc47 hold ! =m]2 ,i am dispos$ to ! latt]1 ev5 ?\gh 8 successor1 ,ari/otle1 z !y rem>k1 is ev5 m inhuman4 #eg ,?is is 9 ! 8,laws10 ( :i* ! g5u95ess is n )\t d\bt4 #eh vii4 #b4 #ei viii4 #e1 #c-aj3 1 ' 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 4 ' 4 ' ' 1 1 1 1 ' 2 1 4 1 ' 4 ' ' 2 1 1 4 ' 1 1 ' 2 ' 1 4 #fj ,! second *apt] ( 8 fir/ book gives a g5]al description ( ! education among ! ,p]sians1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 a fancy sket*1 accommodat$ to 8 own !ories4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,sy/ematic ,,high] ,,education4--,,univ]sity ,,life ,,at ,,a!ns4 #gj4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s t dur+ ! e>li] or /rictly classical p]iod ! ,greeks nev] ?\ght ( end[+ or regulat+ high] education4 ,! c>eful sy/em ( tra9+ at ,sp>ta1 promot$ & controll$ by ! ,/ate1 h>dly includ$ ev5 prim>y education4 ,! police regulations allud$ to at ,a!ns only conc]n$ details ( managem5t 9 private s*ools1 & only prim>y s*ools1 :i* 7 work$ by ma/]s self-appo9t$ & support$ by ! dem& = !m or _! popul>ity 9 _! di/rict4 ,n[h]e d we f9d any?+ approa*+ to a ,/ate end[m5t or regulation ( univ]sity education4 ,9 fact1 ! want ( su* high] education 0 only felt :5 ! ,greek m9d began to turn inw>ds ^u itself aft] its extraord9>y expansion 9 ! ,p]sian w>s4 ,& !n ! fir/ want 0 suppli$ by volunt>y ef=ts--by ! ,sophi/s :o w&]$ f t[n to t[n1 citiz5s ( no fix$ ,/ate1 tea*]s 9 complete indep5d5ce ( all ,/ate direction4 ,inde$1 _! avoidance ( political duties & responsibilities (t5 br\ght !m into suspicion1 (t5] into contempt4 ,socrates & ,plato br\ght aga9/ !m two o!r objections--! "o s]i\s & capital1 ! o!r trivial & absurd2 & yet x 0 ! latt] :i* told ) ! public4 ,! =m] objection 0 t ( sup]ficiality & boa/ful assumption2 !y pr(ess$1 )9 a %ort "t1 to tea* all t 0 ne$ful 9 sci5ce & lit]ature1 9 philosophy & politics4 ,& "h ! deep] ?9k+ ( pr(ess$ philosoph]s sup]s$$ !m1 ?\gh !y _h n be5 ei!r useless or contemptible 9 _! day4 ,! second objection rem9ds u /rongly ( ! prejudice once felt aga9/ tak+ int]e/ = money--all su* pr(it be+ reg>d$ z usury 9 ! wor/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x 0 urg$ t ! ,sophi/s ask$ & receiv$ pay = spread+ ! tru?1 & = tea*+ :at e hone/ man ought to communicate 7if he 7 able7 = no?+4 ,b al?\gh x 0 all v well = ! ecc5tric & exceptional ,socrates1 = ! weal?y ,plato1 to refuse all remun]ation1 ! !ory t ! ,sophi/ 0 n a labor] wor?y ( 8 hire ass]t$ t all high] education mu/ be c>ri$ on by amateurs1 & ?us t5d$ to de/roy all sy/ematic & widely diffus$ culture4 #ga4 ,?is n>r[ prejudice1 !re=e1 did n resi/ ! common-s5se ( ! public :5 br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,we are assur$ t ,plato1 l ,socrates1 took no paym5t4 ,our au?orities are sil5t ab\t ,ari/otle1 & x is h5ce inf]r$ t he foll[$ ! same rule4 ,b ,speusippus1 8 successor 9 ! s*ool1 is said to h dem&$ regul> fees4 ,?is _h be5 ! practice ) all ! rhetoricians :o taught "y m5 aft] _! emancipation f s*ool1 & :o foll[$ ! natural prec$5t ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,su* a practice 0 all ! m reasonable1 z ! pupils 9 philosophical s*ools1 ev5 9 ,plato's1 7 divid$ into amateur pupils1 :o came = m]e g5]al tra9+1 & pr(essional /ud5ts1 :o meant to take up tea*+ = _! livelihood1 & :o sp5t a long "t 9 special /udies4 ,?us pupils' fees 7 always a possible1 & became an actual1 end[m5t = high] tea*+4 ,9 ! ,sophi/s' days m5 compla9$ t ^! fees 7 exorbitant1 ?\gh p]haps n ) ju/ice4 ,9 lat] days we he> ( l>ge fees f ri* pupils1 b always z volunt>y donations1 & = ! purpose ( reliev+ poor] fell[-/ud5ts4 ,= ! s*ools ( philosophy began to be secur$ f difficulties by a second means ( end[m5t--! donations ( patrons & ! beque/s ( pi\s f\nd]s4 ,z reg>ds ^! donations by ri* pupils1 we he> f ,philo/ratus#fa t a ri* s*ol>1 ,damianus1 gave to ea* ( ! ,sophi/s ,ari/eides & ,adrianos #aj1jjj dra*m1 to supply poor /ud5ts ) free lectures4 ,?is gift1 ab\t #djj ( our money1 repres5ts a f> l>g] sum 9 relation to ! !n exi/+ conditions ( weal?4 ,"o hundr$ dra*m 7 probably consid]$ an adequate fee = a complete c\rse2 & if x be true t a popul> tea*] c\ld (t5 comm& "o hundr$ pupils1 ev5 ?\gh ! c\rse occupi$ m ?an "o ye>1 ! end[m5t 0 consid]able4 ,! desire ( procur+ free education = poor] lads ) lit]>y ta/es is1 h[ev]1 an int]e/+ & p]man5t feature 9 ! ,greek m9d4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns provides free education = e ,greek1 & is :olly support$ by a ,/ate subsidy4 ,?is n[ unique provision br+s to ,a!ns an influx ( "y ,greeks f all ! ,levant1 f ,turki% c\ntries1 f ,egypt--nay1 ev5 f ,italy4 ,!y support !mselves z be/ !y c1 (t5 by m5ial employm5ts1 provid$ !y c keep _! lecture h\rs free4 ,lodg+ toge!r 9 ! humble/ ap>tm5ts1 !y club _! scanty e>n+s = ! pur*ase ( a light & a text-book1 :i* !y use 9 common1 ! "o sleep+ till 8 fell[ has done 8 "w1 & wakes him to h& him ! fre%-trimm$ lamp & well-worn manual4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s1 :i* rem9ds u s /rongly ( ! m$ival univ]sities1 & is ine/imably honorable to a gr[+ age ( culture :5 ! masses want leav5+1 may be driv5 to a dang]\s excess :5 ! educat$ classes become too num]\s2 = x dissuades e ambiti\s "y man f agriculture & ! comm]cial pursuits s necess>y to a nation's welf>e4 ,& z ?is is ! case 9 ,greece n[1 s x 0 d\btless ! case :51 9 ! days ( ,hell5ism1 ,a!ns (f]$ philosophy at s *eap a rate to all ! ,greek-speak+ _w4 ,! class ( le>n$ idl]s :o w\ld n pursue any m]cantile call+ increas$ ?r\gh\t ,greece4#fb ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! condition ( ?+s at ,ox=d & ,cambridge--:i*1 9 addition to _! va/ end[m5ts1 dem&s a heavy outlay f _! alumni--is n to be def5d$1 !re is an opposite error1 & "o likely to d m mis*ief3 x is ! sett+-up ( ! l[] classes to seek univ]sity degrees ) a m9imum ( exp5se & tr\ble1 & consequ5tly a m9imum ( culture4 ,?is mi/ak5 c\rse1 :i* n[ ?reat5s ! ,iri% p1 9 addition to all _! o!r mis=tunes1 t5ds /rongly to increase 7z is ! case 9 mod]n ,greece7 a dang]\s class ( social & political malcont5ts1 :o consid] t _! high education is n recogniz$1 & t !y h no scope = _! lit]>y or political tal5ts4#fc #gb4 ,we turn to ! end[m5ts by beque/1 :i* 7 ! direct cause ( ! e/abli%m5t ( philosophical s*ools at ,a!ns4 ,?is idea seems due to ,plato1 :o acquir$ = 8 s*ool a local habitation z well z a "n4 ,x is well kn[n t f e>ly times !re 7 two gymnasia 79 ! ,greek s5se7 provid$ = ! y\? :o _h f9i%$ _! s*ool+--t 9 ! groves ( ! suburb call$ aft] ! h]o ,academus1 & t call$ ! ,kynos>ges1 ne> ,m\nt ,lycabettus4 ,! latt] 0 specially op5 to ! sons ( citiz5s by =eign wives4 ,?irdly1 9 ,p]icles' day 0 e/abli%$ ! ,lykeion1 ne> ! riv] ,ilisos4 ,!y 7 all provid$ ) wat]1 %ady walks & g>d5s1 & 7 once among ! ma9 beauties ( ,a!ns & its neighborhood4 ,! ,academy became s id5tifi$ ) ,plato's tea*+ t 8 pupils ,anti/h5es 7! ,cynic7 & ,ari/otle settl$ beside or 9 ! ,kynos>ges & ,lykeion respectively1 & 7 kn[n by _! locality till ! pupils ( ,anti/h5es remov$ to ! fresco$ portico 7/oa7 9 ,a!ns1 & 7 !nce call$ ,/oics4 ,epicurus taught 9 8 own g>d5 9 ,a!ns4 ,all ^! settlem5ts 7 copi$ f ,plato's idea4 ,he app>5tly taught bo? 9 ! public gymnasium & 9 a private possession close beside x2 & 9 8 w1 pres]v$ by ,diog5es ,la]tius1 he bequea?s 8 two pieces ( l& to ,speusippus1 ?us designat+ him z 8 =mal successor4 ,8 practice be+ foll[$1 ! title s*ol>* soon grew up = ! head ( ! s*ool1 & ! own] ( a life int]e/ 9 ! or locality devot$ to ! purpose4 ,ea* ma/] 0 call$ ! successor 77 ( 8 pr$ecessor1 & ! succession ( ^! heads ( s*ools has be5 trac$ ) m or less success all ?r\gh ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 #gc4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 ! cause ( ! fix$ & traditional "* ( ! philosophical s*ools at ,a!ns1 & "o ma9 reason :y ?is city became 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 :5 orig9al rese>* _h di$ out1 ! pr9cipal univ]sity ( ! old _w4 ,! successive s*ol>*s seem to h ?\ght ( no?+ b ! repeat+ & exp\nd+ ( ! f\nd]'s views2 & x is m5tion$ z a special loss to ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool t ,ari/otle's works 7 left away f ! s*ool1 & travell$ into ! possession ( ,neleus to ,scepsis 9 ! ,troad4 ,h5ce ! s*ol>*s1 in/ead ( develop+ a new doctr9e1 7 simply helpless1 & only taught :at !y c\ld rememb]1 or :at _h be5 pres]v$ by fragm5ts 9 ! note-books ( ! s*ool4 ,! prop] inve/m5t ( ! s*ool prop]ty 0 also ! s*ol>*'s duty1 & we he> t 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 "u ,proclus1 ! ,platonic end[m5t 0 wor? m ?an "o ?\s& pieces ( gold annually4 ,suidas tells u#fd 8t f "t to "t pi\s patrons ( le>n+ bequea!d 9 _! wills to ! adh]5ts ( ! s*ool ! means ( liv+ a life ( philosophic leisure40 ,?is is v analog\s to ! beque/s ( pi\s f\nd]s 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 especially ( ^? :o _h ! f>-see+ wisdom to free _! end[m5ts f ! p5alty ( tea*+--a humane & enlight5$ int5tion1 n[ fru/rat$ by ! rage = turn+ univ]sities into m]e tra9+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,! designat+ ( a successor by w1 or %ortly be=e ! s*ol>*'s dea?1 became ! rule 9 ! pr9cipal s*ools ( rhetoric1 except t at ,a!ns election by ! s*ool came to take its place4 ,s f> z we "k1 ?is 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,lycon1 ,ari/otle's ?ird successor1 if n by ,!ophra/us4 ,b ! w ( ,lycon1 pres]v$ by ,diog5es1 is express3 8,i bequea? ! p]ipatos to my pupils ,bulon1 ,kall9os1 etc41 )\t condition4 ,let !m appo9t :omsoev] !y ?9k w be mo/ zeal\s & be/ keep toge!r ! s*ool4 ,may ! re/ ( ! s*ool /& by him1 = my sake & t ( ! place40 ,^! words n only imply t !re 0 a /aff ( assi/ants1 select$ f favorite pupils :o int5d$ to make philosophy _! pr(ession1 b is peculi>ly int]e/+ z naturally sugge/+ a competitive exam9ation1 )\t nam+ x1 z ! me?od ( *oice4 ,9 ,lucian's 8,eunu*10 ! appo9tm5t is describ$ z an election by votes ( ! *ief m51 aft] an exam9ation ( ! c&idate 9 8 k (1 & fai? 91 ! sy/em4 ,!re 7 cases :5 ! elect+ body 0 n ! s*ool1 b ! ,areopagus1 or ! c\ncil2 = ! hatr$ & jeal\sy ( ! s*ools made an election f )\t saf]4 ,:5 ! *ief lit]>y po/s at ,a!ns became sal>i$ by ! ,/ate1 su* int]f]5ce 0 natural1 & disput$ elections 7 ev5 ref]r$ to ! emp]or at ,rome4 #gd4 ,eunapius tells u ( an int]e/+ dispute ( ?is k9d = ! (fice ( ,sophi/ 7! highe/ lit]>y po/ at ,a!ns7 on ! dea? ( ,julianus1 #cdj ,a4,d41 & its consequ5t vacation4 ,six c&idates--f\r ( !m pupils ( ,julianus1 & two o!r ne$y p]sons--7 select$ by common cons5t2 ! ,roman proconsul 0 presid5t ( ! elect+ c\rt1 & s viol5t 0 ! canvass+ t he 0 oblig$ to int]f]e & ord] p out ( ,a!ns4 ,! c&idates h&$ 9 essays & made set spee*es4 ,!re 7 claqueurs ready ) _! prep>$ applause4 ,!n ! proconsul aga9 cit$ !m1 & gave !m a !me = an extempore spee*4 ,five refus$1 say+ !y 7 n accu/om$ to p\r out1 b to ?9k out1 _! orations4 ,prohresius1 a pupil ( ,julianus1 alone took up ! *all5ge1 &1 all applause be+ int]dict$1 ma9ta9$ 8 reputation spl5didly4 ,nev]!less1 he did n !n obta9 ! *air2 = 8 oppon5ts secur$ influ5tial electors ) d9n]s & pres5ts1 &1 no d\bt1 ! social tal5ts ( a ,sophi/ 9 ?is *air 7 v important4 ,!y took %ameful ways ( succe$+2 8b1 inde$10 says ,eunapius1 8y c h>dly blame !m = work+ _! case z be/ !y c\ld40 ,?is int]e/+ /ory belongs to lat] days1 :5 ! *airs ( philosophy & rhetoric at ,a!ns came "u ,/ate support & control4 ,9 e>ly days1 up to ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! s*ools 7 p]fectly private1 free1 & indep5d5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,we he>1 inde$1 ( su* decrees z t ( ! ,?irty ,tyrants =bidd+ rhetoric & philosophy to be taught4 ,b ?\gh any anci5t /ate1 ev5 a free democracy1 w\ld h ?\ght itself q ju/ifi$ 9 su* int]f]5ce = public reasons1 !re is no def9ite attempt at su* a policy till ! days ( ,!ophra/us1 :5 7ab\t #caf ,b4,c47 ,sophocles1 son ( ,amphicleides ( ,sunium1 pass$ a law t no "o %\ld op5 a s*ool ( philosophy )\t ! approval ( ! s5ate & p4 ,!re 0 a =mal exodus ( philosophic /ud5ts1 :o only return$ ) ,!ophra/us1 :5 ,sophocles 0 convict$ "u ! law aga9/ illegal proc$ure 7 71 & 8 law repeal$4 ,?is attempt ( ,sophocles might h be5 def5d$ f ,plato's 8,republic0 & 8,laws10 :]e ! philosoph] di/9ctly recomm5ds ,/ate control ( education4 ,b x 01 no d\bt1 ! antidemocratic tone ( ! s*ools1 especially ( ! ,platonic s*ool1 :i* prompt$ ?is action1 = we he> t ,demo/h5es' nephew1 ,demo*>es1 & o!r democratic lead]s1 support$ ,sophocles1 on ! special gr\nd t ,plato's s*ool _h suppli$ mo/ ( ! lat] tyrants to ,greece4 ,! true way ( controll+ education _h n yet dawn$ ^u ! public m5 ( ,a!ns--! end[+ ( *airs1 ) a p[] ( removal4 ,we he>1 inde$1 gradually ( small sal>ies = sophroni/ & o!r gu>dians ( y\?1 b direct ,/ate patronage ( tea*]s fir/ meets u among ! ,egyptian & ,p]gam5e successors ( ,alex&]4 ,!n ! ,roman emp]ors1 z we %all pres5tly see1 appo9t$ regul> pr(essors4 ,b all ?is took ! =m ( honor+ a great tea*]1 z /ates honor$ him ) civic fre$om1 immunity f taxes1 bronze /atues1 & ! l4 ,8 special tea*+ 0 n criticis$ or direct$ f )\t4 #ge4 ,! "t came1 h[ev]1 :5 m ?an =mal or irregul> honors 7 paid to ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,! ,roman emp]ors e/abli%$ *airs 77 ( !oretical & practical rhetoric1 & ( ! f\r sects ( philosophy1 ! =m] ( :i* !y end[$ ) #aj1jjj dra*m p] annum ea*4 ,! highe/ *air 0 entitl$ ! ,sophi/'s *air1 t t]m hav+1 aft] all1 ma9ta9$ its old respectability1 & recov]$ f ! obloquy ?r[n ^u x by ,socrates & ,plato4 ,!re 0 ev5 a subdivision ( ! ,sophi/'s *air1 a second *air be+ call$ ! political *air4 ,^! appo9tm5ts seem to h be5 ! device ( ,hadrian1 ?\gh ,l4 ,egnatius ,lollianus ( ,ephesus 0 ! fir/ sal>i$ occupant ( ! *air1 & 0 appo9t$ "u ,anton9us ,pius4 ,! same policy1 c>ri$ out by ,m>cus ,aurelius1 gave immunity f taxes & civic duties to all ! le>n$ pr(essions--physicians1 philosoph]s1 rhetoricians1 & gramm>ians4 ,!n ! t]m 7to be a public s]vant71 once appli$ to a public hangman or a disp5s>y doctor1 n[ came to mean a public & sal>i$ pr(essor4 ,! sal>ies 7 paid 9 k9d--five ,roman modii ( :eat p] mon?--& 7 ?us free f ! great fluctuations 9 money values common 9 ^? days4 ,! pupils' fees 7 paid 9 money1 & 7 due on ,janu>y #a2 b we he> _m compla9ts ( irregul>ity 9 ?is respect4 ,?is 0 ma9ly caus$ by ! ambition ( ! rival tea*]s to h _! class-rooms fill$1 & h5ce _! indulg5ce 9 ! case ( ! poor & ! procra/9at+1 :o c\ld n or w\ld n pay1 & 7 nev]!less p]mitt$ to cont9ue _! /udies4 ,"o hundr$ dra*m paid d[n seem to h be5 ?\ght an av]age fee2 b great v>iations 7 all[$1 & !re 0 evid5tly no t>iff1 or any su* cr$5tials z our p>*m5ts to %[ t a man _h att5d$ 8 c\rse1 paid 8 fees regul>ly1 & obta9$ :at we call a degree4 ,libanius m5tions an amus+ case ( a man s5d+ ) 8 son to ,a!ns a donkey1 by ! sale ( :i* ! fees 7 to be paid4 ,no d\bt1 ! pr(its made by ! great] *airs 7 consid]able1 & ! sophi/ & rhetor1 ) _! high] colleagues1 repres5t$ ,a!ns on /ate occasions z civic dignit>ies4 ,!y 7 expect$ to g out to meet any v di/+ui%$ visitor1 & address him ) complim5t>y h>angues2 !y _h to pres5t !mselves (ficially e mon? to ! proconsul at ,cor9?1 presumably to report on ! /ate ( ,a!ns4 ,we he> t !y obta9$ leave ( abs5ce only by special p]mission & ) difficulty4 ,9 contra/ to ?is importance & spl5dor1 we h a pitiable acc\nt 9 ,libanius ( ! mis]ies ( ! rhetors at ,antio*1 :o /rove to keep up a respectable appe>ance :ile !y 7 p]secut$ ) duns & cr$itors1 & almo/ />v$ at home4 #gf4 ,a great deal ( obscurity /ill rema9s1 n only conc]n+ ! exact numb] ( sal>i$ pr(essors ( sophi/ic & rhetoric1 b conc]n+ _! relations to ! cr[d ( assi/ants1 recogniz$ & unrecogniz$1 :i* mu/ h exi/$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns4 ,s cle> 0 ! policy ( ,hadrian1 & /ill m ( ,m4 ,aurelius1 to make x ! ma9 seat ( ! _w's le>n+1 t all mann] ( /ud5ts w5t ?i!r to enjoy ! v>i\s privileges (f]$4 ,! gr& man1 ! ,sophi/1 c\ld n be expect$ to d tutor's or coa*+ "w2 & z _m lads came f ! f> ,ea/ & ,we/ ) little tra9+1 !re mu/ h be5 a consid]able class ( private tea*]s to help !m on4 ,?is 0 also done by ! lad's pdagogue1 :o came ) him f home4 ,b !re appe>s to h be5 a lic5s$ class ( second>y pr(essors1 ! ,privat-,doc5t5 ( ! ,g]mans1 :o enjoy$ no sal>y1 b liv$ on ! fees ( pupils4 ,x is n likely t ! total numb] ( ^! lic5s$ lectur]s 9 sophi/ic & rhetoric exce$$ eight or t52 ! private tutors 7 probably v num]\s4 ,we naturally inquire h[ ?is ,/ate appo9tm5t to pr(essorial *airs 0 consi/5t ) ! succession already describ$ 9 ! f\r philosophical s*ools4 ,9 ^! !re 0 no =mal *ange2 !y 7 elect$ by a committee ( recogniz$ heads ( ea* s*ool4 ,b gradually ! influ5ce ( ! emp]or made itself felt4 ,! procurator1 :o came f ,cor9? to look aft] su* matt]s1 ei!r influ5c$ ! nom9ation ( ! committee1 or recomm5d$ ! election ( a p>ticul> c&idate4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! public *airs !re 0 sometimes a competition1 & (t5 ! emp]or did n int]f]e ) 8 lieut5ant's arrangem5ts4 ,h]odes ,atticus 0 almo/ omnipot5t 9 8 day 9 ^! appo9tm5ts4 ,dismissals f ! public *airs 7 v unusual1 b di/9ctly ass]t$ z ! emp]or's "r4 ,! ,prohresius above m5tion$ 0 dismiss$ by ! ,emp]or ,julian1 because he appe>$ to be a ,*ri/ian4 #gg4 ,x is m int]e/+ to turn to ! peculi>ities ( life :i* b\nd toge!r ! "y m5 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns1 & ! v>i\s cu/oms :i* !n1 z n[1 gave a peculi> tone to ! /ud5t's life4 ,:at is call$ ! atmosph]e ( ,ox=d or ,cambridge1 ( ,dubl9 or ,h>v>d1 consi/s 9 a body ( traditional cu/oms ma9ta9$ by ! peculi> cons]vatism ( y\?1 :i* m\lds e new-com]1 & produces a c]ta9 type ( "*1 & ev5 a c]ta9 fixity ( mann]s4 ,x seems probable t ! e>lie/ ,italian univ]sities 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* g back to ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury1 acquir$ "s ( ^! traditions f ! ,greek univ]sities ( ! decad5ce1 & ?us a direct filiation may be trac$ betwe5 ! cu/oms n[ to be describ$1 z exi/+ at ,a!ns 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 & ^? ( mod]n ,europe4 ,b to inve/igate ?is obscure subject ?or\ghly w\ld lead u f> beyond our pres5t limits4 ,we he> t no "o 0 all[$ to att5d lectures1 at lea/ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 )\t dress+ 9 ! s*ol>'s %ort cloak 77--9 fact1 our college g[n2 & ! "r ( we>+ x 0 only obta9$ by leave ( ! ,sophi/4 ,?is 9 itself 0 a m>k probably m univ]sal ?an ! g[ns at ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 = we h no evid5ce t ,greek g5tlem51 l ! mod]n ,engli%1 hat$ all (ficial co/umes4#fe ,!re 0 no arrangem5t = a daily commons ( /ud5ts2 !re 7 no college build+s1 & ! /ud5ts lodg$ :]e !y c\ld1 z !y d 9 ! =eign univ]sities1 su* z ,gtt+5 or ,leyd54 ,b !re 7 special d9+ societies 9 ea* ( ! f\r philosophic s*ools1 meet+ once a mon? or (t5]1 = :i* funds 7 bequea!d1 & :i* 7 reg>d$ z a special bond ( union4 ,( c\rse1 simple f>e & philosophical conv]sation 0 ! orig9al plan3 x deg5]at$ into luxury & sumptu\s fea/+2 = ! d9n]s giv5 by ,lycon1 :5 head ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool1 la/$ till ! foll[+ morn+4 ,he ent]ta9$ tw5ty at a "t = ! nom9al fee ( n9e obols1 :i* 0 ev5 remitt$ to poor s*ol>s4 ,?is took place on ! la/ day ( ! mon?4 ,epicurus1 9 8 w1 made special provision = a fea/ e tw5tie? ( ! mon?4 ,! ,/oics _h ?ree su* clubs1 call$ aft] s*ol>*s :o probably 7 ! f\nd]s4 ,! int5tion ( ^! fea/s1 :i* 7 m l ,ox=d gaudies ?an ord9>y commons1 0 to br+ ma/]s & pupils into clos] relation1 & ?is is f\nd a true plan 9 all mod]n society4 ,p seldom become intimate :o d n d9e toge!r4 ,at ,a!ns1 too1 !re 0 no (ficial tutorial discipl9e2#ff !re 7 no compulsory *apels1 or lectures1 or f9es2 & ord] seems to h be5 kept by ! v republican arrangem5t ( a s5ior prefect 771 elect$ by ! class e t5 days4 ,we are told t ! pr(essor1 besides remon/rance1 sometimes /ruck idle or /upid s*ol>s2 & ,libanius talks ( be+ 8s5t d[n0 z a t]rible disgrace1 involv+ s]i\s consequ5ces to ! lad's p>5ts1 & ev5 to 8 native t[n4 ,p]haps x may correspond to expulsion f our univ]sities2 b ?is mu/ h be5 = ! grave/ crimes only4 ,! pupils ( any pr(essor 7 m]ely kn[n z 8 circle 7 1 or 1 72 !y 7 only 8 pupils or he>]s 9 t !y att5d$ 8 lectures4 ,inde$1 !y (t5 designat$ him by a nickname public en\gh to h be5 transmitt$ 9 aft]-lit]ature4 #gh4 ,we f9d an unusual v>iety ( t]ms1#fg all transf]r$ f o!r comb9ations1 to express ! clubs or unions ( /ud5ts among !mselves1 & !y are con/antly m5tion$ 9 books & inscriptions ( ! second & ?ird c5turies ,a4,d4 ,!y naturally grew out ( ! old sep>ation ( ! ephebi into a sep>ate class long be=e univ]sity education 0 organiz$1 or r cry/alliz$1 into ! %ape we are n[ discuss+4 ,! presid5ts ( ^! clubs 7 call$ *oregi 7also & 74 ,inscriptions tell u ( simil> private comb9ations among ! ephebi 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 9 :i* names f ! g5]al li/s are repeat$ "u ! sep>ate heads ( ,h]acleids & ,!seids1 two associations to be comp>$ ) ! /ud5ts' clubs at ! ,italian & ,g]man univ]sities1 :i* (t5 be> ! names ( nations1 ?us po9t+ to _! m$ival orig94 ,!re is evid5ce ( "s peculi> importance1 possibly ( rivalry1 z reg>ds ! ,!seids & ,h]acleids at ,a!ns1 & ! ,g]man critics are probably "r 9 suspect+ a political bias to h be5 ! true gr\nd ( diff]5ce4 ,! con/ant relations ( ,h]acles & ,!seus 9 ! leg5ds & ! religion ( ,attica are well kn[n2 ! ,temple ( ,!seus1 /ill /&+ at ,a!ns1 is by _m consid]$ a ,h]acleion1 & ! de$s ( ,h]acles are m conspicu\sly celebrat$ ?an ^? ( ,!seus 9 its sculptur$ reliefs4 ,!seus 0 c]ta9ly rais$ by ,attic leg5ds into ! position ( f\nd] ( ! democracy1 & ! ideal ( an ephebus1 & z su* he may h be5 contra/$ to ,h]acles1 :o 0 ! ance/or ( ,doric nobility1 & might be reg>d$ z ( ari/ocratic t5d5cy4 ,?is conjecture has ! m]it ( probability1 ?\gh x has no basis beyond ^! g5]al gr\nds4 #gi4 ,:5 we come to lat] days1 especially to ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 we he> mu* ab\t ! /ud5ts' clubs f ,philo/ratus1 ,eunapius1 ,libanius1 & o!rs4 ,x is rem>kable t !y 7 n !n =m$ on ! national basis1 z we may conceive ! old] ,h]acleids to h be5 ,botian y\?s1 sev]$ f ! ,attic ,!seids1 or z we c\ld conceive ,iri% /ud5ts associat+ !mselves 9 an ,engli% univ]sity4 ,!y 7 r sugge/$ by ! rivalries ( _! tea*]s1 orig9ally ( ! sep>ate philosophic s*ools1 b aft]w>ds m]ely =m$ on ! gr\nds ( ambition & popul>ity4 ,a cr[d$ att5dance at lectures 0 s anxi\sly desir$ t e k9d ( device 0 us$ by ! rival pr(essors to induce /ud5ts to come to !m4 ,?is evil became s app>5t 9 its effects ^u ! /ud5ts1 :o 7 flatt]$ & c\rt$ by _! ma/]s1 t ,libanius m5tions a propos$ agreem5t 77 betwe5 ! pr(essors on ! "q1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 unsuccessful4 ,?us 9 ! old] ,univ]sity ( ,dubl9 ! pr(its ( college tutors 7 s great t a simil> rivalry 9 popul>ity exi/$1 & ! dons are said to h /udi$ unwor?y arts to secure a full *amb]4 ,su* canvass+ has almo/ disappe>$ s9ce ! treaty1 z ,libanius calls x1 ( putt+ ! pupils' fees into a common fund1 ( :i* ! great] "p is divid$ accord+ to ! tutor's /&+1 & only a small premium is all[$ = ! actual numb] ( pupils4 ,! con/ant jeal\sies & factions occasion$ by ?is competition among pr(essors 7 reproduc$ 9 ! ,italian univ]sities ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod2 inde$1 all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,eunapius1 ! presid5t ( ! club call$ consid]$ x "p ( 8 duty to br+ 8 club 9 full =ce1 & well arm$1 to ! ,peiru1 or ev5 d[n to ,sunium1 9 ord] to cat* /ud5ts com+ f ! ,ea/1 gre5 & fre%1 & secure !m = ! pr(essor he patroniz$4 ,rival clubs met on ^! err&s1 & _h pit*$ battles worse ?an ^? ( t[n & g[n 9 ,engl&4 ,e attempt 0 made to secure lads1 ev5 be=e !y left _! homes4 ,libanius tells u he came to ,a!ns1 hav+ be5 already canvass$ at 8 home 9 ,antio* to att5d ! rhetor ,ari/odemus1 b 0 seiz$ by a club 9 ! int]e/ ( ,diophantus1 & only let free ) great difficulty1 & aft] he _h sworn allegiance to ,diophantus4 ,we he> ( e sort ( viol5ce be+ committ$ by ^! /ud5ts1 9 ^: disputes ! ,roman gov]nor at ,cor9? 0 sometimes oblig$ to int]f]e4 ,we he> ( _! debts & _! pov]ty1 _! dissolut5ess & idl5ess4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! dilig5t & ord]ly m9ority h left no trace beh9d1 & we mu/ take c>e to give no exagg]at$ weight to ! noisy do+s ( ! bas] sort4 ,ev5 toss+ 9 a blanket 7or c>pet7 0 well kn[n to !m1#fh & appli$ to unpopul> tea*]s1 probably ( ! obscur] sort1 z may be se5 f ,libanius's oration ,on ! ,c>pet1 9 :i* he lectures !m on ! subject4 ,we d n he> ( any s*ol>%ips1 burs>ies1 or exhibitions int5d$ to help indig5t lads ( ability4 ,inde$1 ?is giv+ a lad money rew>ds = educat+ himself seems a v evil device ( mod]n times4 ,to support a /ud5t ) ! b>e necess>ies ( life1 & give him free in/ruction1 is a diff]5t ?+1 & ?is 0 ! idea ( ! pi\s f\nd]s ( s*ol>%ips4 ,to repay him 9 "p = an extravagant prep>ation by extravagant prizes is a v diff]5t notion1 b n[ s diffus$ t its absurdity no long] /rikes ! public m9d 9 ,engl&4 #hj4 ,gregory ! ,nazianz5 tells u ( comic c]emonies by :i* ! fre%man 0 initiat$ to 8 /udies1 & ^! practices 7 te*nically call$ 1 or initiatory rites4 ,^! are to be comp>$ to ! teas+ ( beg9n]s kn[n at ! ,g]man univ]sities "u ! "n ( deposition4 ,at ,a!ns ! novice 0 br\ght by a b& to ! ba?s ?r\gh ! m>ket-place4 ,!n ^? 9 front began to pu% him back1 & refuse to let him 91 :ile ^? beh9d ?ru/ him =w>d4 ,aft] a rude /ruggle1 probably int5d$ to try 8 temp]1 he 0 let 91 ba!d1 & ?us =mally admitt$1 receiv+ 8 tribon1 or college g[n4 ,!re 0 also "s unkn[n c]emony 9 ! !atre1 call$ 1 ( :i* ! "n only is pres]v$1 f its be+ =bidd5 by law 9 #fic ,a4,d41 & ?is by a ,*ur* synod 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,x 0 id5tifi$ ) o!r hea!n practices & traditions1 & h5ce consid]$ wor?y ( be+ ?reat5$ ) excommunication4 ,^! late occurr5ces ( /ud5t practices give rise to ! suspicion t !y may h be5 copi$ 9 ! e>ly s*ool ( ,bologna4 ,p]haps ! mo/ curi\s allusion#fi is to ! fact t1 aft] a c]ta9 /&+1 /ud5ts 7 by common cons5t excus$ f ^! follies1 z n[ 9 ,g]many a graduate at ,leipzig or ,gtt+51 or a pr(essor1 w\ld no m ?9k ( fight+ a /ud5t's duel ?an an ,engli% g5tleman w\ld2 :ile e y\ng] man is compell$ to d s by an iron cu/om am\nt+ to ! mo/ absolute tyranny4 ,! example ( ! ,/oics1 :o taught 9 ! city1 0 foll[$ by o!r s*ools1 aft] t ! successive deva/ations ( ! neighborhood ( ,a!ns by ,philip ,v4 ( ,mac$on 7#bjj ,b4,c471 & by ,sulla1 _h injur$ ! g>d5s & groves ( bo? ,kynos>ges1 ,academy1 & ,lykeion4 ,we he> ( ! ,ptolemeion & ,diog5eion z ! fa%ionable places ( resort1 !n ,hadrian's gymnasium--all )9 ! t[n1 & all ! gift ( individual f\nd]s--! ,diog5es 9 "q be+ a condotti]e :o comm&$ ! second ,k+ ,demetrius's troops 9 ,attica1 #bbe ,b4,c4 ,!re is "s slight evid5ce t ?is man's gymnasium 0 us$ = beg9n]s1 & possibly !y may ev5 h resid$ !re2 = we he> t s*ol>s (t5 set up huts 77 ne> ! h\se ( _! favorite tea*]s4 ,!re 7 libr>ies 9 connection ) ,ptolemy's & ,hadrian's gymnasia4 ,inde$1 x seems1 9 lat] days1 t su* 0 ! dang] ( a riot if pr(essors lectur$ 9 any public build+1 t !y built private !atres = !mselves1 atta*$ to _! own h\ses1 & elegantly appo9t$4 ,9 ^! we may be sure t _! tea*+ took ! =m ( a lecture1 n ( disputation or ( cate*is+4 ,?is latt] k9d ( lesson 0 v popul> 9 ,socrates & ,plato's "t2 b ,ari/otle already sev]$ x f 8 regul> disc\rses1 & held 8 philosophic conv]sations ) 8 pupils walk+ 9 ! ,p]ipatos3 h5ce ! title ( 8 s*ool4 #ha4 ,we only "k n[ ! names ( ^? pr(essors :o liv$ = ! _w & = po/]ity1 & /rove to tea* by publi%+ _! works4 ,9 an age :5 orig9ality 0 dead1 & ! highe/ ability consi/$ 9 ! be/ comm5t>y on ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ?is lit]>y activity1 once admir$ & prais$1 seems to u1 = ! mo/ "p1 idle subtlety4 ,ev5 9 rhetoric all ! laws & models 7 fix$2 ,long9us only %[s u a mod]n & /hetic appreciation ( beauty 9 /yle1 :i* we d n f9d 9 e>li] rhetors4 ,b1 ( all ! s*ol>*s at ,a!ns1 none are n[ ( ! lea/ consid]ation save ! heads ( ! ,neo-,platonic s*ool2 & ev5 ^! 7 b foll[]s ( ?is /range1 fasc9at+ doctr9e1 already prea*$ 9 ,alex&ria & 9 ,rome1 :i* /rove to give a new mean+ to ! metaphysic ( ! ,academy1 & accommodate x to ! spiritual wants ( e>ne/ hea!n1 9 ! face ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b x is m ?an probable t1 z 9 our own univ]sities1 s at ,a!ns1 ! be/ & mo/ e>ne/ ( ! tea*]s set !mselves s exclusively to _! task t !y left no?+ beh9d !m except 9 ! note-books ( _! classes4 ,?is sort ( univ]sity tea*] nev] e>ns any wid] popul>ity ?an t ( 8 college2 & yet !re1 & among ^? :o h kn[n 8 dilig5ce1 8 pati5ce1 & 8 p[]1 he w always rank f> high] ?an ^? :o ru% be=e ! public f ambition1 (t5 ) badly dige/$ ideas4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 d well n to set d[n ! philosophical tea*+ at ,a!ns at ! level ( ^? t$i\s comm5t>ies :i* ! /ud5t w f9d collect$ 9 ! lat] volumes#gj ( ,mulla*'s 8,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,grcorum40 #hb4 ,z reg>ds ! l5g? ( ! c\rse :i* ! /ud5ts 7 expect$ to att5d1 !re are v v>y+ /atem5ts4 ,five to eight ye>s are m5tion$1 a p]iod f> too long = "y g5tlem5 l ,cic]o's nephews1 & probably only meant to apply to ^? :o w5t = pr(essional purposes4 ,!re 7 lads ( t5d] age1 sometimes "u ! c>e ( a pdagogue1 & m5 ( middle-age1 wait+ = ! *ance ( a po/4 ,!re seems to h be5 no limit ( age1 or any compulsion or rule z to ! numb] ( c\rses to be kept4 ,e /ud5t 7or 8 p>5t7 0 suppos$ to select = himself :at subjects he %\ld pursue4 ,?is 0 p]haps less mis*iev\s ?an x w\ld n[ be1 see+ ! quadrivium ( humanities 0 s fix$ by tradition t mo/ /ud5ts fell into x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,nei!r 0 !re 9 old days t multitude ( special subjects1 totally unconnect$ ei!r ) ea* o!r or ) a lib]al education1 :i* n[ infe/s our educational e/abli%m5ts1 & causes ! hurry aft] tangible results to displace ! only true outcome ( a high] education--t capacity to ?9k consecutively & cle>ly1 :i* is to be acquir$ by /udy+ a logical & ?or\ghly articulat$ bran* ( k = ! sake ( its accuracy & me?od4 ,dur+ mo/ ( ! fl\ri%+ age ( ,hell5i/ic culture ! rhetor 0 ! ackn[l$g$ practical tea*]2 & 8 c\rse1 :i* occupi$ sev]al ye>s1 ) ! int]ruption ( ! summ] holidays1 compris$ fir/ a c>eful read+ ( classical au?ors1 bo? poetical & prose1 ) explanations & illu/rations4 ,?is made ! /ud5t acqua9t$ ) ! language & lit]ature ( ,greece4 ,b x 0 only introductory to ! te*nical /udy ( expression1 ( eloqu5ce bas$ on ^! models1 & ( accurate writ+ z a collat]al bran* ( ?is /udy4 ,:5 a man _h s p]fect$ himself1 he 0 consid]$ fit = public employm5t4 ,9 ! late/ times a special k ( jurisprud5ce became m & m necess>y = public s]vants1 & 0 provid$ = by special s*ools4 ,we h1 un=tunately1 no m9ute description ( ! precise c\rse ( read+ adopt$ by ei!r ,sophi/s or ,rhetors1 & are !re=e conf9$ to ?is g5]al description4 ,b x is1 9 our days ( hurry & ( intellectual compression ( subjects1 a rem>kable ?+ to contemplate ! y\? ( ! civiliz$ _w sp5d+ f\r or five ye>s 9 ! m]e acquir+ ( accuracy & elegance ( expression aft] !y _h le>n$ at s*ool read+1 writ+1 & ! elem5ts ( sci5ce4 #hc4 ,9 ?is acc\nt ( anci5t univ]sity life our att5tion has be5 almo/ exclusively conf9$ to ,a!ns1 ?\gh !re 7 o!r seats ( education v celebrat$1 & 9 mu* reque/--,rhodes1 ,massilia1 ,t>sus1 &1 above all1 ,alex&ria4 ,_m ,roman nobles pref]r$ s5d+ _! sons to ,massilia = _! education--a ,greek t[n1 plant$ f> away f ! vices & luxuries ( ! ,ea/4 ,rhodes ma9ta9$ its political fre$om long] ?an any o!r ,hell5ic settlem5t1 & 0 fam\s z a s*ool ( rhetoric4 ,t>sus1 f :i* we "k at lea/ "o spl5did specim5 ( a /ud5t--! ,apo/le ,paul--always _h a high & solid reputation = "w1 & x is v rem>kable h[ ! mo/ s]i\s ( all ! practical sy/ems1 ! ,/oic1 is id5tifi$ ) t "p ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,aft]w>ds iconoclasm f\nd its cradle !re1 & ?us ?is l& ( s]i\s re=ms ov] & ov] aga9 =c$ ^u ! _w an e>ne/ view ( life4#ga ,x is wor?y ( note h[ con/antly ! great *airs at ,a!ns 7 fill$ by m5 f ^! outly+ s*ools2 inde$1 a native ,a!nian 9 ! ,sophi/'s *air 0 a great r>ity4 ,yet we "k s little ( ! inn] life ( ^! remote t[ns t !y _c n[ af=d u any mat]ials = our inquiry4 #hd4 ,! case is diff]5t ) ,alex&ria1 conc]n+ :i* mu* has be5 writt5 & record$4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is h>dly correct to speak ( education 9 ,alex&ria z /rictly ,hell5ic1 or ev5 ,hell5i/ic4 ,x 0 ! meet+-gr\nd ( all ! fai? & dogma ( ! old _w4 ,! ,egyptian1 ,jewi%1 & ,syrian elem5ts 7 s /rong !re t1 consid]+ ! abs5ce ( all old ,hell5ic traditions 9 ?is newe/ ( all ,greek-speak+ t[ns1 we c\ld h>dly use x z a fair specim5 ( ! good & evil 9 old ,greek tra9+4 ,we may add t up to ! days ( ! great !ological controv]sies--days s graphically pictur$ 9 ,k+sley's 8,hypatia0--we "k comp>atively little ab\t ! /ud5ts ( ,alex&ria4 ,all our in=mation clu/]s ab\t ! tea*]s4 ,z we might expect1 ,alex&ria 0 reg>d$ z ! univ]sity ( progress1 ! laboratory ( positive sci5ce1 9 contra/ to ! cons]vative & lit]>y ,a!ns4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 all ! s\nd lit]>y criticism ( ^? days comes f ,alex&ria4 ,= x is pla9 t ! ,ptolemies int5d$ x n z a tra9+-place = y\? s mu* z a home = rese>*1 ri*ly end[$ ) ! means & mat]ials = s]i\s /udy--fir/ ( all1 an ample libr>y1 !n h&some build+s1 retirem5ts1 & adequate end[m5ts4 ,^! conceptions1 & ! success 9 _! execution1 are pr(\ndly int]e/+ 9 ! hi/ory ( education1 b are beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t "w4 ,,footnotes3 #fa 4 ii4 #cb1 #b4 #fb ,! picture ( ,a!ns giv5 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7*4 xvii47 %[s t ! city 0 full ( p cultivat$ 9 philosophy & lett]s1 b indispos$ to pursue any s]i\s call+4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! agora all day1 z 9 a great club1 look+ out = gossip & news4 ,if any "o desires to see a mod]n p>allel1 ,i ref] him to ! ,hall & ,libr>y ( ! ,f\r ,c\rts 9 ,dubl9--! mo/ agreeable place 9 ! _w to visit2 = !re ! b> ( ,irel&1 _m ( !m = want ( briefs1 occupy !mselves ) all ! sc&al ( ! day4 ,nay1 ev5 ^? :o are busy refre% !mselves1 9 pass+1 ) five m9utes' talk1 & are nev] too hurri$ to enjoy a good /ory :5 x is (f]$ to !m4 ,!re is ev5 a great deal ( real bus9ess done 9 ?is desultory & p]ipatetic way4 ,:e!r a new sy/em ( philosophy or a new religion w\ld f9d a he>+ is p]haps d\btful1 & m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old ,greek & ! mod]n idl]4 #fc ,?us1 a critic might argue t ! pres5t ills ( ,irel& arise n only f g5]al idl5ess & want ( ?rift1 b f melan*oly ignorance ( all sci5tific pr9ciples ( agriculture1 & f a total misappreciation ( ! conditions ( trad+2 = "h1 if any:]e1 hone/y is ! be/ policy2 b x is n obvi\s to ! ignorant1 especially if !y be a/ute4 ,^! evils might be dim9i%$ by diffus+ agricultural & comm]cial s*ools ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 n by grant+ univ]sity degrees = a smatt]+ 9 arts4 #fd ,9 8 ,lexicon1 sub voc4 ,plato4 #fe ,all =eign]s1 on ! contr>y1 seem to love (ficial dress1 :e!r milit>y or n4 ,i 0 once 9 ,g5oa dur+ a regatta1 :5 a crew ( visitors f ,spezia or ,livorno us$ to walk ab\t ! /reets 9 boat+ co/ume1 ) _! o>s ov] _! %\ld]s1 to ! admiration ( ! ,g5oese4 ,imag9e ! ,ox=d eight1 ! day be=e ! ,univ]sity race1 saunt]+ along ,piccadilly 9 ?is /yle6 ,i recomm5d ?is case to ! !ori/s :o ma9ta9 t human nature is ! same at all times & places4 #ff ,! description by ,libanius ( ! rhetor's duty1 to receive ! lad f 8 p>5ts1 to advise him1 & ev5 to puni% him = idl5ess1 to acqua9t ! p>5ts p]iodically ( 8 progress1 etc41 rem9ds u p]fectly ( ! duties ( a college tutor4 ,b ?is 0 cle>ly a volunt>y task1 & g5]ally und]tak5 n m]ely f duty t[>ds ! lad1 b f a desire to be popul> & to secure a l>ge foll[+4 #fg 1 1 7religi\s71 1 1 4 ,i see t ,siev]s1 9 8 life ( ,libanius1 und]/&s & ( a c\ncil ( pr(essors2 b ?is is surely incorrect4 ,he 0 probably misl$ by f9d+ s mu* p[] attribut$ to a m]e /ud5t4 #fh ,call$ by ! ,romans sagatio1 & h5ce probably soldi]s' horse-play1 z sagum is a soldi]'s cloak4 #fi ,libanius1 i4 #ag4 #gj ii4 & iii4 are publi%$2 iv4 is to foll[4 #ga ,x is said t ! exil$ iconocla/s1 driv5 out to ,bulg>ia1 7 ! spiritual p>5ts ( ! ,hussites & o!r e>ly re=m]s 9 ,bohemia4 ,f ?is new c5tre ,prote/antism spread across ,europe4 ,s t ! ,scotti% ,puritan1 &1 = t matt]1 ! ,new ,engl& ,puritan1 d]ives 8 uncompromis+ e>ne/ness f ! remote s\rce :i* produc$ bo? ,/oicism & ! mo/ vigor\s e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,,index4 ,abacus1 #ef ,academy1 ! 7( ,plato71 #aba ,acc5t1 bad1 #ac s*9es cit$1 #bf sop1 #bj ,age = beg9n+ education1 #ae ,alcibiades1 #ae1 #ei ,alex&ria1 #ej1 #ach ,am]ica1 #gi 1 #bi ,anaxagoras1 #dg ,&roma*e1 #h ,anytus1 #hh ,apollodorus1 #ei 1 #ah ( /ud5ts1 #acj ,ar*ytas's rattle1 #ac ,ari/ophanes cit$1 #ag1 #cd1 #ch1 #ec1 #ei1 #hc ,ari/otle cit$1 #eg1 #fa1 #fb1 #aaj ---- 8 s*ool1 #abb ,ari?metic1 #ed-ef 1 #af ,a/ragali1 #ag1 #ai ,a/yanax1 #h ,a!ns1 a univ]sity t[n1 #hb ---- mod]n univ]sity (1 #aai 1 #bj ,bee?ov51 #fe 7top71 #ag cit$1 #bj ,boat+ n a ,greek amusem5t1 #bc ,bologna1 e>ly s*ools (1 #acd ,box+1 ,greek1 #bi ,callias1 grammatical trag$y (1 #dg ,c>leton cit$1 #ci ,c>pet1 toss+ 91 #acc ,*airs at ,a!ns1 #abe 1 #af 1 #ag ,*appell1 ,mr4 ,wm41 #fg ,*ionis1 feats (1 #cj ,*oregi1 #aca ,*re/oma?ies1 #ej ,cic]o quot$1 #bi1 #ci1 #ge ,c9namus quot$1 #ah ,ci?>a1 #fg ,claqueurs ( ,sophi/s1 #abc ,clubs1 /ud5t1 #aca ,cobet cit$1 #ga ,community ( wives & *ildr51 #ajb1 #ajc ,competitive exam9ations1 #ad ,confirmation1 #gb ,c\rse1 l5g? ( univ]sity1 #acg ,cramm]1 ! mod]n1 #ha1 #hb ,csrds1 ,hung>ian1 #fc ,curtius1 ,ern/1 cit$1 #ib ,demo/h5es cit$1 #dj 1 9 ! s*ools1 #aba ,dialects1 pres]vation (1 #ed ,diog5eion1 #acd ,diog5es ,la]tius1 #aba ,diophantus1 #acc ,dolls1 #bj ,dosi!us cit$1 #dd ,draw+ mat]ials1 #ei ,dromeus1 #bg ,education1 g5]al contra/s ( ,greek & mod]n1 #c ,egnatius ,lollianus1 #abe ,egyptian education1 #d 1 #ag ,elis1 c\ntry life (1 #ad1 #bb1 #bh ,encyclical c\rse1 #df ,ephebi1 #fi sq4 ,epicrates1 law (1 #ge 1 #ag ,eton & ,h>r[ mat*1 #bc ,eunapius cit$1 #abd ,euripides cit$1 #h ,exam9ations1 #ad ,expos+ ( *ildr51 #aj-ab ,expression 9 music1 #fe ,field sports1 value (1 #ba ,football1 #ah ,=eign languages1 ignorance (1 #ac1 #ej ,=m1 9 games1 #bc ,games ( boys1 #ae sq4 ---- ,olympic1 #bg1 #cj ,g5ius1 production (1 #aje ,gods1 ! ,greek1 #bd ,goldsmi?1 #da ,gorgias1 #ij ,g\nod's 8,fau/10 #ff ,grammatical /udies ( ,sophi/s1 #hi 1 -1 #df ,grasb]g] quot$1 #ag1 #bh1 #dj ,gregory ,naz4 cit$1 #acc ,grote cit$1 #gg1 #gi1 #aja1 #aaj ,gymnasia1 #aba ,h$ge s*ools1 #dc ,hell5ic "* comp>$ to ,roman & ,engli%1 #g ,h]acleids1 club (1 #aca ,h]mes1 tutel>y god ( s*ools1 #dc ,h]odes ,atticus1 #abh ,h]odotus quot$1 #f1 #h1 #bd1 #db ,hi/ory1 ! lessons (1 #b1 #aab ,hom] cit$1 #g1 #aj1 #cf2 us$ 9 education1 #cg1 #de ,hoops1 #ag ,human nature n uni=m1 #a1 #b1 #abi n4 ,hung>ian gypsies1 #fb ,hunt+1 #bb ,iri% p ?reat5$ ) new dang]s1 #abj ,isocrates1 #ia sq4 ,j\rnalism comp>$ to ,sophi/s1 #gh sq4 ,julian 7emp]or71 #abh 1 #af 1 #acd 1 #af ,lacrosse1 #ah ,lamia1 #bj ,l&scape1 ,greek notions (1 #eh 1 #gc ,libanius cit$1 #abf1 #acj1 #acc ,long9us1 #ace ,love-songs1 contra/s 91 #ff ,lucian quot$1 #ci1 #dj1 #dd1 #abc ,lycon1 w (1 #abc2 d9n]s (1 #abi ,lycophron1 #ajj ,lycurgus 7! orator71 #ge ,lyre1 #fg1 #fh ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #abe1 #abf ,m>riage betwe5 relations1 #ab ---- rational !ory (1 #ajb sq4 ,massilia1 #ach 1 #ag ,morra1 #ai ,moses1 #e ---- ! ,attic 7sc4 ,plato71 #ab ,mulla*1 ,fragg4 ,phil41 #acf ,music1 #ce sq41 #aac ---- dang]s (1 #fd ---- ,greek views (1 #fj sq4 1 #bj ,notice-bo>ds 9 s*ools1 #dd ,novices at ! univ]sity1 #acd ,nurs]y rhymes1 #bj ,o*locracy1 ! s-call$ ,a!nian1 #ce ,(ficial dress1 =eign love (1 #abi ,olympia1 ,temple (1 #eh ,olympic games1 #bh1 #cj ,organization1 ephebic1 #ge ,orphans1 c>e (1 #ad ,or?odoxy 9 univ]sities1 #hd1 #he 1 #af ,pdagogus1 ! ,greek1 #bf 1 #db ,pa9t+1 #eh sq4 ,pal/ra1 #bb1 #bd sq4 ,pamphilus1 #eh 1 #ec ,p>!non1 frieze (1 #gj1 #gb ,paul1 ,/41 #ha1 #hb1 #ach ,pausanias1 #bg1 #db ,paym5t ( tea*+1 #aag sq4 1 #ag ,p5ta?lon1 #bg ,p]ipatos1 ,ari/otle's1 #ace 1 #gj1 #gd ,p]man5ce ( educational problems1 #b ,p]sian education1 #e2 9 ,x5ophon1 #aae 1 #ah ,phayllus1 feats (1 #cj ,philosophy1 ,isocrates' def9ition (1 #ib1 #ic ,philo/ratus cit$1 #aah 1 #ag 1 #fh ,plato quot$1 #e1 #aj1 #ab1 #bd1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb1 #dh1 #eb1 #fb1 #gh1 cap4 xi4 passim ---- s*ool (1 #hh1 #hi ,platonopolis1 #ajj n4 ,pl9y cit$1 #eh ,plut>* quot$1 #ae ,pollux cit$1 #ah1 #ga ,polo at ,byzantium1 #ai n4 ,prefects 7at s*ool71 #gf ,prodicus1 #ec1 #he1 #ij ,prohresius1 #abd1 #abh ,protagoras1 #he1 #hi ,prote/antism1 ,/oic orig9 (1 #ach ,ptolemeion1 #acd ,public s*ools1 ,engli%1 #bi ,py?agoras1 sy/em (1 #hi ,qu9tilian quot$1 #g1 #eb ,rackets1 #ai ,rationalism1 ,mr4 ,lecky's1 #ajg ,r5an1 ,e41 cit$1 #di ,rhetor1 ! duties (1 #abf ,rhodes1 #ach ,rid+1 ,greek notions (1 #gc ,roman education1 #f ---- "*1 #g ,sagatio1 #acc ,scales1 ,greek musical1 #fd1 #fe ,s*ol>*1 #aba ,s*ool1 ! t]m1 #db ---- appo9tm5ts (1 #db1 #dc ,s*oolma/]'s tomb1 #eb ,sci5ce1 elem5t>y1 #ee ,s5tim5t ab\t m>riage1 #ajg ,sex1 diff]5ces (1 #ajd1 #aab ,sleep+ ( infants1 #i ,socrates1 #gd1 #hg ,sophi/1 ! 7title71 #abc ,sophi/s1 !1 #gh sq42 _! fees1 #aah ,sophocles ( ,sunium1 #abd ,sophroni/1 #abe ,sp>tan nurses1 #i1 #aj ,sp>tan mo!rs1 #ac1 #ch ---- objection to a?letics1 #bg ---- tra9+1 #gg ---- morals1 #ajh 1 a club1 #acb ,spell+1 phonetic1 #ed ,speusippus1 #aah1 #aba ,sports1 real value (1 #ca ,spr9t races1 #bh ,/oics1 #abi1 #acd ,/rabo1 #ej 7humm+-top71 #ag ,/udi$ness ( ,greek eloqu5ce1 #ig ,suidas quot$1 #abb ,swimm+1 #df ,t>sus1 #ach ,!odorus1 ,hom]ic pictures (1 #de ,!ognis1 #ej ,!ophra/us cit$1 #dc1 #abd ,!seids1 club (1 #aca ,?r+1 ,rev4 ,g41 cit$1 #eh n4 1 #abe ,?ucydides cit$1 #db 1 #abh1 #acd ,uni=mity 9 human nature1 h[ f> true1 #a1 #b1 #abi n4 ,uni=mity 9 *ildr51 #b 1 #eb1 #fj n4 1 #ej ,welck] cit$1 #dh ,wom51 education (1 #ajc1 #ajd ,writ+ mat]ials1 #ec ,x5ophon1 #g1 #bb 1 #be ,zell] cit$1 #gh ,zi!r1 ,tyrolese1 #fh 1 -1 #eh ,a ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,greek ,lit]ature4 ,by ,j4 ,p4 ,,mahaffy4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj4 ,a survey ( ! :ole field ( ! ,greek classical lit]ature1 includ+ ! prose z well z ! poetry1 treat+ 9 a g5]al way its life & gr[? & ! mutual relations ( its v>i\s ma/]pieces4 99 99 99 ,a cle>1 simple1 & accurate /atem5t ( g5]al facts & pr9ciples1 br++ ! :ole ( ! imm5se subject into "o connect$ view4--,n4 ,y4 ,times4 ,no o!r "w writt5 ^u ^! subjects 9 ,engli% dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s is z valuable z ?is elaborate comp5dium4 99 99 99 ,x %\ld be f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( e s*ol> & /ud5t4--,n4 ,y4 ,_w4 ,among rec5tly publi%$ works design$ to aid 9 ! atta9m5t ( s\nd classical s*ol>%ip1 !re h be5 few t are s well adapt$ to _! purpose z ?is4 99 99 99 ,to 8 task he has br\ght ! qualifications ( 8 own f9e & approv$ s*ol>%ip1 8 practical k ( ! exact wants ( ! class = :om he writes1 & a ?or\gh famili>ity ) ! g5]al lit]ature ( ! subject4--,n4 ,y4 ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,by f> ! be/ acc\nt ( ! lit]ature ( ,greece t has hi!rto appe>$ 9 ,engli%4 99 99 99 ,x is emphatically a good book1 a wor?y introduction to ! noble/ ( all lit]atures1 & a grateful boon to ripe s*ol>s1 no less ?an to ! y\ng] /ud5ts = :om x is expressly int5d$4 ,mr4 ,mahaffy's *ief m]it is ! great v]ve & animation ) :i* he h&les 8 subject4--,pall ,mall ,gazette1 ,london4 ,x is a "w ( imm5se le>n+ & practical value4 ,inde$1 x is a complete h&-book ( ,greek classical lit]ature1 giv+ ! results ( ! rese>* & speculations ( ! be/ ,g]man & ,fr5*1 z well z ,engli%1 s*ol>s1 & /at+ 8 own conclusions ) a mode/y :i* inspires confid5ce1 especially z !y are support$ by ?or\gh k ( ! subject & ample reasons4 ,!re is no "w 9 ! ,engli% language cov]+ ! same gr\nd4--,evangeli/1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs w s5d ! above "w by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on receipt ( ! price4 ,,/udies ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,poets4 ,,by ,,john ,,add+ton ,,symonds4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ by ! ,au?or4 #b vols41 ,squ>e #afmo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej4 ,mr4 ,symonds has "h br\ght 8 ri* classical le>n+ & excell5t critical ta/e to ! illu/ration ( ! ,greek poets1 =m+ an admirable introduction to t bran* ( anci5t lit]ature4 99 99 99 ,ap>t f ! orig9al criticisms & bright descriptive passages :i* give an uncommon value & attractiv5ess to ^! volumes1 !y ab\nd 9 lib]al specim5s ( translations by diff]5t writ]s1 :i* =m a highly agreeable body ( poetry1 & pres5t a peculi> & /rik+ illu/ration ( a dep>tm5t ( ,engli% lit]ature n v widely kn[n to g5]al read]s4--,n4 ,y4 ,tribune4 ,a book :i* has sc>cely a p>allel 9 rec5t ,engli% lit]ature1 & :i* w be> comp>ison ) ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( ,g]man s*ol>%ip & criticism4 ,inde$1 ! 8,/udies0 may almo/ be said to be unique 9 _! comb9ation ( wide k & m9ute rese>*1 ) a ma/]y ( ! lit]>y art :i* alone w\ld suffice to comm& our w>me/ admiration4 99 99 99 ,our notice w\ld be incomplete )\t a cordial ^w ( praise = ,pr(essor ,symonds's spirit$ & elegant translations ( select passages4 ,^! add incalculably to ! value & int]e/ ( 8 "w4--,appletons' ,j\rnal1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! great m]it ( ,mr4 ,symonds's writ+s is t1 ) all _! *>m & grace ( /yle1 !re is real "w beh9d !m4 ,x is ?is1 9 comb9ation ) o!r r>] gifts1 :i* makes him s well fitt$ to int]pret ! anci5t _w to mod]n read]s4--,academy1 ,london4 ,:ile x is a book readily und]/ood by e ?\ghtful read]1 x w be ( special int]e/ to /ud5ts :o h giv5 mu* "t to ! ,greek language & lit]ature4 99 99 99 ,we "k ( no h&-book ( ,greek poetry 9 ,engli% z satisfactory--z valuable z ?is4--,new ,hav5 ,palladium4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs w s5d ! above "w by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on receipt ( ! price4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ! text z pr9t$3 #a4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & assembl$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 #b4 ,a small numb] ( errors 9 ! punctuation & spac+ ( ! orig9al "w h be5 sil5tly correct$4 #c4 ,page #cd3 re-ref]r$ has be5 correct$ to ref]r$4 #d4 ,page #ci3 ,a miss+ footnote m>k] has be5 ins]t$ aft] impati5t at idl5ess34 #e4 ,page #dj3 ,a miss+ footnote m>k] has be5 ins]t$ aft] s5sible rem>k4 #f4 ,footnote #ai1 #e? l9e f end3 has be5 correct$ to 4 #g4 ,page #ef3 ,! symbol ,i,i 9 ! phrase comb9ations su* z ,i,i meant #ej /&s = a comb9ation ( ! lett]s 7,pi7 & 7,delta7 9 ! orig9al4 #h4 ,footnote #bh3 has be5 correct$ to 4 #i4 ,footnote #da3 has be5 correct$ to 4 #aj4 ,footnote #dd3 has be5 correct$ to 4 #aa4 ,page #hf3 spritually has be5 correct$ to spiritually4 #ab4 ,page #if3 ,comma remov$ f ,/4 ,john1 ,*ryso/om4 #ac4 ,footnote #ei1 l9e #i3 7,greek lett]7 has be5 correct$ to 4 #ad4 ,footnote #fg1 l9e #c3 has be5 correct$ to 4 #ae4 ,page #ada1 ,index3 has be5 correct$ to 4 #af4 ,page #adc1 ,index3 ,ptolemeion ref]5c$ to ,page #acd1 n ,page #aea4 ,! foll[+ anomaly 9 ! pr9t$ text is not$1 b no *ange has be5 made3 #a4 ,page #adf1 ,index3 ,appletons' ,j\rnal 7,new ,york ,city1 #ahfi-ahha7 pr9t$ its own "n ) ! apo/rophe 9 t unexpect$ position4 ,! cov] image 0 creat$ by ! transcrib] & is 9 ! public doma94