,,phr5ology ,,exam9$4 ,,phr5ology ,,exam9$4 ,,by ,p4 ,,fl\r5s1 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,academy1 ,,p]petual ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces 7,,in/itute ,,( ,,france71 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,societies ,,( ,,london ,,& ,,ed9burg1 ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,/ockholm1 ,,( ,,muni*1 ,,& ,,( ,,tur91 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,comp>ative ,,physiology ,,at ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,museum ,,at ,,p>is4 8,j'ai un s5tim5t clair de ma lib]t40 ,,bossuet1 ,,trait ,,du ,,libre ,,arbitre4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,edition ( #ahde1 by ,,*>les ,,de ,,luc5a ,,meigs1 ,m4,d4 ,,memb4 ,,am]4 ,,phil4 ,,soc4 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,hogan ,,?ompson4 #ahdf4 ,,ent]$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,act ,,( ,,congress1 ,,9 ,,! ,,ye> #ahde1 ,,by ,,*>les ,d4 ,,meigs1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,9 ,,! ,,cl]k',s ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,di/rict ,,c\rt ,,= ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,di/rict ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4 ,,to ,,dr4 ,,james ,,jackson1 ,,( ,,bo/on4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir3 ,p]haps ,i h tak5 too great a lib]ty 9 s5d+ to y 9 ?is public mann]1 & 9 pray+ y to accept a copy ( ,m4 ,fl\r5s' +5i\s "w4 ,i h a v s9c]e desire t y %\ld read ! ,inquiry2 = ,i feel sure1 t if y approve ( x1 ! /udi\s portion ( our c\ntrym5 :o may p]use x1 w concur 9 ! op9ion ( a g5tleman s ju/ly di/+ui%$ z y\rself 9 e good ^w & "w1 & s capable ( judg+ z to ! salut>y or evil t5d5cy ( ! productions ( our teem+ press4 ,inasmu* z _m ( our c\ntrym5 h h]et(ore felt1 & _m d n[ feel1 desir\s to "k ! tru? z to ! "q ( ! multiple nature ( ! human m9d1 ,i h "h translat$ ! ,exam9ation1 9 ord] t !y might h an opportunity to le>n :at is ?\ght ( ,gall's doctr9es by "o ( ! be/ & mo/ precise ?9k]s 9 ,europe4 ,pr(essor ,fl\r5s1 by 8 writ+s on ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 by 8 c\rses ( lectures at ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 by num]\s writ+s on v>i\s sci5tific subjects1 by 8 position 9 ! ,in/itute1 has acquir$ a place among ! lit]>y & sci5tific celebrities ( ! pres5t age4 ,! amiable & elegant mann]s1 & ! f9e disposition ( ?is di/+ui%$ "*1 co9cide ) 8 ackn[l$g$ le>n+1 & exactness1 & zeal1 to accumulate ^u him ! public respect & e/eem4 ,x is !re=e ) great confid5ce t ,i pres5t to y ?is copy ( 8 criticism ^u ,phr5ology1 s9ce ,i suppose t e writ+ ( s good a man might prove acceptable to y1 & to ! /udi\s portion ( our c\ntrym5 g5]ally4 ,i invoke y\r approbation ( :at ,i _c b deem a ma/]ly criticism ( ! doctr9es ( ,gall4 ,s highly h ,i appreciat$ x1 t ,i _c readily suppose x possible to rise f its p]usal1 )\t be+ conv9c$ t ,gall 0 :olly mi/ak5 9 8 views ( ! human m9d2 & ( c\rse1 t all ! cranioscopi/s1 mesm]iz]s1 & div9]s1 :o h foll[$ 8 track1 or ris5 up on ! basis ( 8 op9ions1 are equally 9 error4 ,9 ord] to h a j view ( human responsibility1 x is indisp5sable to ent]ta9 ! ju/e/ notions ( ! nature ( ! human m9d4 ,if ,phr5ology be an unsub/antial hypo!sis1 no phr5ologi/ is fit to be a juror1 a judge1 or a legislator3 = s9ce all human law--! :ole social compact--& inde$ all div9e law1 z relative to human prop5sities & actions--is f\nd$ on "s real nature ( ! s\l & m9d1 !re is risk t manife/ly errone\s conceptions ( ! freewill1 ( ! consci5ce1 ( ! judgm5t1 & ! p]ceptive p[]s1 c4 may mislead ! juror1 ! judge1 & ! legislator1 9 _! vote1 _! op9ion1 & _! notion ( rights & wrongs4 ,if ,i am correct 9 ent]ta9+ ^! appreh5sions z to ! influ5ce ( false metaphysics on ! public *>act]s ,i h enum]at$1 !re is abundant cause to rejoice :5 a bl[ is /ruck1 l t pulv]iz+ bl[ :i* is giv5 9 ?is "w1 to s consid]able an error4 ,!re are ?\s&s among ! "y & ard5t & curi\s ( our c\ntrym5 & c\ntrywom51 ^: m9ds may be likewise l$ a/ray f ! tru?2 b if x be mis*iev\s = ! judge & ! juror & ! legislator to ent]ta9 errone\s views ^u ! nature ( ! und]/&+1 ! m9d1 or ! s\l1 x is equally to be deprecat$ :]e ! error is s[n broadca/ 9 ! l&4 ,t>es1 if n 9 !mselves poison\s1 s]ve at be/ to *oke up ! useful or beautiful plants t ought to be cultivat$ 9 ! fields ( sci5ce or morals2 b y w f9d t ,m4 ,fl\r5s reg>ds !m z poisons4 ,has n ,m4 ,fl\r5s cle>ly refut$ ! phr5ologi/s8 & has he n1 9 do+ s1 p]=m$ a useful & an acceptable s]vice8 ,i pray y to believe t ,i am1 ) ! mo/ grateful respect & ! s9c]e/ e/eem1 ,y\r oblig$ & fai?ful s]vant1 ,,*>les ,d4 ,,meigs4 ,,philadelphia1 ,dec4 #aj1 #ahde4 ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,desc>tes4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,hav+ be5 a witness to ! progress ( phr5ology1 ,i 0 l$ to ! composition ( ! foll[+ treatise4 ,ea* succe$+ age has a philosophy ( its own4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury recov]$ f ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes2 ! eighte5? recov]$ f t ( ,locke & ,condillac3 is ! n9ete5? to recov] f t ( ,gall8 ,?is is a really important "q4 ,i propose1 9 ?is "w1 to exam9e phr5ology z x appe>s 9 ! writ+s ( ,gall1 ( ,spurzheim1 & ( ,br\ssais4 ,my wi% is to be brief4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o great secret 9 ! art ( be+ brief3 x is to be cle>4 ,i frequ5tly quote ,desc>tes3 ,i ev5 g fur!r2 = ,i d$icate my "w to 8 memory4 ,i am writ+ 9 opposition to a bad philosophy1 :ile ,i am endeav\r+ to recall a s\nd "o4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,( ,gall4--,( 8 doctr9e 9 g5]al #ag ,,ii4 ,( ,gall4--,( ! faculties #dg ,,iii4 ,( ,gall4--,! organs #ei ,,iv4 ,( ,spurzheim #if ,v4 ,( ,br\ssais #aae ,,vi4 ,br\ssais's ,psycology #aba ,,vii4 ,br\ssais's ,physiology #abe ,,viii4 ,( ,gall #abg ,note ,i4 ,anatomical relations suppos$ by ,gall to exi/ betwe5 ! organs ( ! ext]nal s5ses & ! organs ( ! intellectual faculties #aca ,,ii4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 in/9ct & und]/&+ #acc ,,iii4 ,gall z an obs]v] #acg ,,iv4 ,! animal spirits #aci ,v4 ,exagg]ation ( ,br\ssais1 ev5 9 phr5ology #adj ,,vi4 ,contractility ( ,br\ssais #adb ,,vii4 ,real lab\rs ( ,gall z to ! bra9 #adc ,i4 ,,( ,,gall4 ,,( ,,8 ,,doctr9e ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,! great "w 9 :i* ,gall sets =? 8 doctr9e is well kn[n4#a ,t "w %all s]ve z ! gr\ndwork ( my exam9ation4 ,i %all exam9e 9 succession ea* ( ! que/ions /udi$ by ! au?or2 m]ely introduc+ "s slight *anges 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are arrang$4 ,! entire doctr9e ( ,gall is conta9$ 9 two fundam5tal propositions1 ( :i* ! fir/ is1 t und]/&+ resides exclusively 9 ! bra91 & ! second1 t ea* p>ticul> faculty ( ! und]/&+ is provid$ 9 ! bra9 ) an organ prop] to itself4 ,n[1 ( ^! two propositions1 !re is c]ta9ly no?+ new 9 ! fir/ "o1 & p]haps no?+ true 9 ! second "o4 ,let u comm5ce our exam9ation ) ! fir/ proposition4 ,i say t 9 ! fir/ proposition1 namely1 t ! bra9 is ! exclusive seat ( ! und]/&+1 !re is no?+ new4 ,gall himself admits ?is to be ! case4 8,= a long "t10 says he1 8bo? philosoph]s & physiologi/s1 z well z physicians1 h cont5d$ t ! bra9 is ! organ ( ! s\l40#b ,! op9ion t ! bra91 7z a :ole1 or su* & su* p>ts ( ! bra9 consid]$ sep>ately17 is ! seat ( ! s\l1 is1 9 fact1 z old z le>n+ itself4 ,desc>tes plac$ ! s\l 9 ! p9eal gl&1 ,willis 9 ! corpora /riata1 ,lapeyronie 9 ! corpus callosum1 c4 c4 ,z to ! m rec5t au?orities1 ,gall quotes ,smm]r+1 :o says precisely t1 8! bra9 is ! exclusive in/rum5t ( all s5sation1 all ?\ght1 & all w10#c c4 ,he quotes ,hall]1 :o proves 7proves is ! v expression made use ( by ,gall himself17 t 8s5sation does n take place at ! po9t :]e ! object t\*es ! n]ve1 ! po9t :]e ! impression is made1 b 9 ! bra940#d ,he might h quot$ _m o!r au?orities to ! same effect4 ,7 n ,cabanis's writ+s ant]ior to ! "t ( ,gall8 & did n he say1 8,9 ord] to obta9 a j idea ( ^? op]ations ^: result is ?\ght1 ! bra9 mu/ be consid]$ z a peculi> organ design$ to produce x1 j z ! /oma* & ! b[els are design$ to produce dige/ion1 ! liv] to secrete ! bile10 c48#e a proposition s extravagant z to become almo/ ridicul\s1 b :i* is 9 tru? ! v proposition ( ,gall himself1 except z to "s exagg]ation 9 ! t]ms employ$4 ,antec$5tly to ! "t ( ,gall1 bo? ,smm]r+ & ,cuvi]1 9 ! comp>ative anatomy ( ! v>i\s classes ( animals1 _h inve/igat$ ! ratio exi/+ betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! encephalon & t ( ! intellectual p[]4 ,! foll[+ rem>kable phrase is f ! p5 ( ,cuvi]3 8,! proportion ( ! bra9 to ! m$ulla oblongata1 a proportion :i* is great] 9 man ?an 9 all o!r animals1 is a v good index ( ! p]fection ( ! creature's intellig5ce1 because x is ! be/ index ( ! preem95ce ( ! organs ( reflection above ! organs ( ! ext]nal s5ses40#f ,& ?is o!r /ill m rem>kable phrase3 8,9 animals ! intellig5ce appe>s to be great] 9 proportion z ! volume ( ! hemisph]es is great]40#g ,gall1 9 an especial mann]1 cont5ds aga9/ ! ass]tion ( ,bi*at1 :o rem>ks t 8,! influ5ce ( ! passions is ex]t$ inv>iably ^u ! organic life1 & n ^u ! animal life2 all ! signs t *>act]ise !m are ref]able to ! =m] & n to ! latt]4 ,ge/ures1 :i* are ! mute expon5ts ( ! s5tim5ts & ! und]/&+1 af=d a rem>kable pro( ( ?is tru?4 ,:5 we wi% to signify some?+ relative to ! memory1 ! imag9ation1 to our p]ception1 to ! judgm5t1 c4 ! h& moves involunt>ily t[>ds ! head3 if we wi% to express love1 joy1 grief1 hatr$1 x is direct$ t[>ds ! region ( ! he>t1 ! /oma*1 or ! b[els40#h ,d\btless1 !re is mu* t might be criticis$ 9 ! =ego+ words ( ,bi*at2 nev]!less1 to say t ! passions exp5d _! influ5ces ^u ! organic life1 is n ! same ?+ z to say t !y reside or exi/ !re4 ,bi*at _h already rem>k$1 t 8,e species ( s5sation has its c5tre 9 ! bra91 = s5sation always supposes bo? impression & p]ception40#i ,fur!rmore1 reg>d+ ?is di/9ction1 7:i* z yet has n be5 drawn ) suffici5t cle>ness17 betwe5 ! p>ts t are ! seats ( ! passions1 & ! p>ts t are affect$ by _! action1 ,gall might h f\nd 9 ,desc>tes ! foll[+ rem>k1 :i* is n less judici\s ?an acute4 8,al?\gh10 says he1 writ+ to ,l]oy1 8! spirits t move ! muscles come f ! bra91 we mu/1 nev]!less1 assign z seats ( ! passions1 ! places t are mo/ consid]ably affect$ by !m2 h5ce1 ,i say1 ! pr9cipal seat ( ! passions1 z f> z !y relate to ! body1 is ! he>t1 because x is ! he>t t is mo/ s5sibly affect$ by !m2 b _! place is 9 ! bra91 9 z f> z !y affect ! s\l1 = ! s\l _c suff] imm$iately1 o!rwise ?an ?r\gh ! bra940#aj ,z ,i am quot+ ,desc>tes1 :o1 ,i ask1 m cle>ly ?an ,desc>tes has p]ceiv$ t ! s\l c h only a v circumscrib$ seat 9 ! economy1 & t t circumscrib$ seat is ! bra9 itself8 8,we "k10 says he1 8t1 prop]ly speak+1 x is n inasmu* z ! s\l is 9 ! memb]s t s]ve z organs to ! ext]ior s5ses1 t ! s\l feels1 b inasmu* z %e is 9 ! bra91 :]e %e ex]cises ! faculty d5om9at$ common s5se40#aa ,he else:]e obs]ves3 8,surprise is express$ because ,i d n recognise any o!r po9t ( s5sation except t :i* exi/s 9 ! bra92 b all physicians & surgeons w1 ,i hope1 assi/ me 9 prov+ ?is po9t1 = !y are aw>e ( ! common fact t a p]son :o has be5 subject$ to amputation ( a limb1 cont9ues to feel pa9 9 a "p t he no long] possesses40#ab ,"h !n1 accord+ to ,desc>tes1 we f9d t ! s\l is situat$1 t is to say1 feels 9 ! bra91 & only 9 ! bra94 ,! foll[+ passage %[s ) :at precision he exclud$ ev5 ! ext]nal s5ses f any p>ticipation ) ! functions ( ! s\l4 8,i h %[n10 says he1 8t size1 di/ance1 & =m are p]ceiv$ only by ! reason2 & t1 by d$uc+ !m ! "o f ! o!r40#ac 8,i _c agree ) ! ass]tion t ?is error 7! error caus$ by ! b5t appe>ance ( a /ick p>tly plung$ into wat]17 is n correct$ by ! und]/&+ b by ! t\*2 =1 al?\gh ! s5se 9 "q makes u judge t ! /ick is /raight1 yet t _c correct ! error ( vision2 b fur!rmore1 x is requisite t reason %\ld tea* u to confide1 9 ?is case1 r to our judgm5t aft] t\*+1 ?an to ! judgm5t t we come to aft] us+ our eyes2 b ?is reason _c be attribut$ to ! s5se1 b to ! und]/&+ alone2 & 9 ?is v example1 x is ! und]/&+ t corrects ! error ( ! s5se40#ad ,! bra91 !n1 is ! exclusive seat ( ! s\l2 & all s5sation1 ev5 ^? op]ations t appe> to dep5d ^u ! simple ext]nal s5se1 is function ( ! s\l4 ,gall falls back ^u ,condillac1 :o1 mu* less rigor\s 9 ?is p>ticul> ?an ,desc>tes1 says1 t 8all our faculties proce$ f ! s5ses40#ae ,b :5 ,condillac speaks ?us1 he evid5tly speaks by ellipsis1 = he imm$iately adds ^! words3 8,! s5ses are only occasional causes4 ,!y d n feel2 x is ! s\l t alone feels1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! organs40#af ,n[1 if x be ! s\l only t feels1 =tiori1 x is ! s\l only t rememb]s1 t judges1 t imag9es1 c4 ,memory1 judgm5t1 imag9ation1 c41 9 a ^w1 all our faculties1 are !re=e ( ! s\l1 & !re=e come f ! s\l1 & n f ! s5ses4 ,!re is no philosoph] :o has exagg]at$ m ?an ,helvetius ! influ5ce ( ! s5ses ^u ! intellig5ce4 ,b ,helvetius says1 8,9 :atsoev] mann] we int]rogate exp]i5ce1 %e always answ]s t any great] or less] sup]iority ( m9d is indep5d5t ( any great] or less] p]fection ( ! s5ses40#ag ,b ,i leave ,helvetius & ,condillac1 & ,i return to ,desc>tes1 to ,willis1 to ,lapeyronie1 to ,hall]1 ,smm]r+1 ,cuvi]1 c4 ,!y all p]ceiv$ & all ass]t$ t ! bra9 is ! seat ( ! s\l1 & t x is s to ! exclusion ( ! s5ses4 ,!re=e1 ! proposition t ! bra9 is ! exclusive seat ( ! s\l is n a new proposition1 & h5ce does n orig9ate ) ,gall4 ,x belong$ to sci5ce be=e x appe>$ 9 8 ,doctr9e4 ,! m]it ( ,gall1 & x is by no means a sl5d] m]it1 consi/s 9 8 hav+ und]/ood bett] ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors ! :ole ( its importance1 & 9 hav+ devot$ himself to its demon/ration4 ,x exi/$ 9 sci5ce be=e ,gall appe>$--x may be said to reign !re ev] s9ce 8 appe>ance4 ,tak+ ea* p>ticul> s5se1 he exclud$ !m all1 "o aft] ano!r1 f all imm$iate p>ticipation 9 ! functions ( ! und]/&+4#ah ,f> f be+ develop$ 9 ! direct ratio ( ! intellection1 mo/ ( !m are develop$ 9 an inv]se ratio4 ,ta/e & smell are m develop$ 9 ! quadrup$ ?an 9 man4 ,sight & he>+ are m s 9 ! bird ?an 9 ! quadrup$4 ,! bra9 alone is 9 all classes develop$ 9 ! ratio ( ! und]/&+4 ,! loss ( a s5se does n lead to ! loss ( ! intellig5ce4 ,! und]/&+ survives ! loss ( sight & he>+4 ,x might survive ! loss ( all ! s5ses4 ,to int]rupt ! communication betwe5 ! s5se & ! bra91 is en\gh to insure ! loss ( ! s5se4 ,! m]e compression ( ! bra91 :i* aboli%es ! intellection1 aboli%es all ! s5ses4 ,f>1 !re=e1 f be+ organs ( ! intellig5ce1 ! organs ( ! s5ses are n ev5 organs ( ! s5ses1 !y d n ev5 ex]cise _! functions z organs ( ! s5ses1 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! intellig5ce1 & ?is intellig5ce resides only 9 ! bra94 ,! bra9 alone1 !re=e1 is ! organ ( ! s\l2--is x ! :ole bra9--! bra9 tak5 en masse8 ,gall ?\ght s1 & ,spurzheim foll[$ ,gall's op9ion2 & all ! phr5ologi/s :o h come aft] !m h foll[$ ! examples ( ,gall & ,spurzheim4 ,yet1 aft] all1 x am\nts to no?+4 ,if we deprive an animal ( its c]ebellum1 x loses only its locomotive action4 ,if we deprive x ( its tub]cula quadrigem9a1 x loses its sight only2 if we de/roy its m$ulla oblongata1 x loses its respiratory movem5ts1 & 9 consequ5ce !re(1 its life4#ai ,nei!r ( ^! p>ts1 !re=e1 t is to say1 ! c]ebellum1 ! tub]cula quadrigem9a1 & ! m$ulla oblongata1 is ! organ ( ! und]/&+4 ,! bra91 prop]ly s call$1 is s1 & x alone4 ,if we remove f an animal ! bra91 prop]ly s call$1 or ! hemisph]es1 x imm$iately loses its und]/&+1 & loses no?+ b its und]/&+4#bj ,! bra91 en masse1 ! encephalon1 is !n a multiple organ2 & ?is multiple organ consi/s ( f\r p>ticul> organs3 ! c]ebellum1 ! seat ( ! pr9ciple t regulates ! movem5ts ( locomotion2 ! tub]cula quadrigem9a1 seats ( ! pr9ciple t regulates ! s5se ( sight2 ! m$ulla oblongata1 9 :i* resides ! pr9ciple t det]m9es ! respiratory motions2 & ! bra9 prop]1 ! seat1 & ! exclusive seat ( ! intellig5ce4#ba ,!re=e1 :5 ! phr5ologi/s promiscu\sly place ! intellectual & moral faculties 9 ! bra91 consid]$ en masse1 !y deceive !mselves4 ,nei!r ! c]ebellum1 ! quadrigem9al tub]cles1 nor ! m$ulla oblongata c be reg>d$ z seats ( ^! faculties4 ,all ^! faculties dwell solely 9 ! bra91 prop]ly s call$1 or ! hemisph]es4 ,! "q z to ! precise seat ( ! intellig5ce1 has und]gone a great *ange s9ce ! "t ( ,gall4 ,gall believ$ t ! intellig5ce 0 seat$ indiff]5tly 9 ! :ole encephalon1 & x has be5 prov$ t x resides only 9 ! hemisph]es4 ,fur!r1 x is n ! encephalon tak5 en masse t is develop$ 9 ! ratio ( ! intellig5ce ( ! creature1 b ! hemisph]es4 ,! mammif]a are ! animals mo/ highly end[$ ) intellig5ce2 !y h1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! mo/ volum9\s hemisph]es4 ,birds are ! animals mo/ highly end[$ ) p[] ( motion2 _! c]ebellum is1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! l>ge/4 ,reptiles are ! mo/ torpid & apa!tic ( animals2 !y h ! smalle/ bra91 c4 ,e ?+ concurs !n to prove1 t ! encephalon1 9 mass1 is a multiple organ ) multiple functions1 consi/+ ( diff]5t p>ts1 ( :i* "s are de/9$ to subs]ve ! locomotive motions1 o!rs ! motions ( ! respiration1 c41 :ile "o s+le "o1 ! bra9 prop]1 is design$ = ! purposes ( ! intellection4 ,?is be+ conc$$1 x is evid5t t ! entire bra9 _c be divid$1 z ! phr5ologi/s divide x1 into a numb] ( small organs1 ea* ( :i* is ! seat ( a di/9ct intellectual faculty2 = ! entire bra9 does n s]ve ! purposes ( :at is call$ ! intellig5ce4 ,! hemisph]es alone are ! seats ( ! intellectual p[]2 & consequ5tly1 ! "q z to :e!r ! organ1 ! seat ( ! intellig5ce may be divid$ into sev]al di/9ct organs1 is a "q relative solely to ! uses & p[]s ( ! hemisph]es4 ,gall av]s1 & ?is is ! second fundam5tal proposition ( 8 doctr9e1 t ! bra9 is divid$ into sev]al organs1 ea* "o ( :i* lodges a p>ticul> faculty ( ! s\l4 ,by ! ^w bra91 he und]/ood ! :ole bra91 & he ?us deceiv$ himself4 ,let u r$uce ! application ( 8 proposition to ! hemisph]es alone1 & we %all see t he has deceiv$ himself aga94 ,x has be5 %[n by my late exp]im5ts1 t we may cut away1 ei!r 9 front1 or beh9d1 or above1 or on "o side1 a v consid]able slice ( ! hemisph]e ( ! bra91 )\t de/roy+ ! intellig5ce4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t q a re/rict$ portion ( ! hemisph]es may suffice = ! purposes ( intellection 9 an animal4#bb ,on ! o!r h&1 9 proportion z ^! r$uctions by slic+ away ! hemisph]es are cont9u$1 ! intellig5ce becomes enfeebl$1 & gr[s gradually less2 & c]ta9 limits be+ pass$1 is :olly ext+ui%$4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ! c]ebral hemisph]es concur1 by _! :ole mass1 9 ! full & entire ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce4#bc ,9 f9e1 z soon z "o s5sation is lo/1 all s5sation is lo/2 :5 "o faculty disappe>s1 all ! faculties disappe>4 ,!re are n1 !re=e1 diff]5t seats = ! diff]5t faculties1 nor = ! diff]5t s5sations4 ,! faculty ( feel+1 ( judg+1 ( will+ any ?+1 resides 9 ! same place z ! faculty ( feel+1 judg+1 or will+ any o!r ?+1 & consequ5tly ?is faculty1 ess5tially a unit1 resides ess5tially 9 a s+le organ4#bd ,! und]/&+ is1 !re=e1 a unit4 ,accord+ to ,gall1 !re are z _m p>ticul> k9ds ( intellect z !re are di/9ct faculties ( ! m9d4 ,accord+ to him1 ea* faculty has its p]ception1 its memory1 its judgm5t1 w1 c41 t is to say1 all ! attributes ( ! und]/&+1 prop]ly s call$4#be 8,all ! intellectual faculties10 says he1 8are end[$ ) ! p]ceptive faculty1 ) att5tion1 recollection1 memory1 judgm5t1 & imag9ation40#bf ,?us ea* faculty p]ceives1 rememb]s1 judges1 imag9es1 comp>es1 creates2 b ^! are trifles--= ea* faculty reasons4 8,:5ev]10 says ,gall1 8a faculty comp>es & judges ( ! relations ( analog\s or diff]5t ideas1 !re is an act ( comp>ison1 !re is an act ( judgm5t3 a sequ5ce ( comp>isons & judgm5ts con/itutes reason+10 c4#bg ,!re=e1 ea* & e faculty is an und]/&+ by itself1 & ,gall says s expressly4 8,!re are10 says he1 8z _m diff]5t k9ds ( intellect or und]/&+ z !re are di/9ct faculties40#bh 8,ea* di/9ct faculty10 says he1 fur!r1 8is intellect or und]/&+--ea* individual intellig5ce 7! words are precise7 has its prop] organ40#bi ,b1 admitt+ all ^! k9ds ( intellects1 all ^! individual und]/&+s1 :]e are we to seek = ! ,g5]al ,intellig5ce1 ! und]/&+1 prop]ly s call$8 ,x mu/1 z y may please1 be ei!r an attribute ( ea* faculty1#cj or ! collective expression ( all ! faculties1 or ev5 ! m]e simple result ( _! common & simultane\s action2#ca 9 "o ^w1 x _c be t positive & s+le faculty :i* we und]/&1 conceive (1 & feel 9 ourselves1 :5 we pron\nce ! ^w s\l or und]/&+4 ,n[ "h is ! sum & ! sub/ance ( ,gall's psycology4 ,= ! und]/&+1 ess5tially a unit faculty1 he sub/itutes a multitude ( little und]/&+s or faculties1 di/9ct & isolate4 ,&1 z ^! faculties1 :i* p]=m j z he wills !m to d--:i* he multiplies accord+ to 8 pleasure1#cb seem 9 8 eyes to expla9 c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* are n well expla9$ by ! lights ( ord9>y philosophy1 he triumphs6 ,he does n p]ceive t an explanation1 :i* is words m]ely1 adapts itself to any & to e ?+4 ,9 ! "t ( ,malebran*e1 e ?+ 0 expla9$ by animal spirits2 ,b>!z expla9$ e ?+ by 8 vital pr9ciple1 c4 8,?is10 says ,gall1 8expla9s h[ ! same man may possess a judgm5t t is ready & sure z to c]ta9 objects1 :ile x is imbecile z to c]ta9 o!rs2 h[ he may h ! livelie/ & mo/ fruitful imag9ation ^u "s subjects1 :ile x is cold & /]ile ^u o!rs40#cc 8,grant10 says he1 fur!r1 8to ! animals c]ta9 fundam5tal faculties1 & y h ! dog t foll[s ! *ase ) passion2 ! weasel t /rangles ! p\ltry ) rage2 ! night+ale t s+s ) f]v\r beside 8 mate10#cd c4 ,no d\bt ( x4 ,b :at sort ( philosophy is t1 t ?9ks to expla9 a fact by a ^w8 ,y obs]ve su* or su* a p5*ant 9 an animal1 su* or su* a ta/e or tal5t 9 a man2 pre/o1 a p>ticul> faculty is produc$ = ea* "o ( ^! peculi>ities1 & y suppose ! :ole matt] to be settl$4 ,y deceive y\rself2 y\r faculty is only a ^w1--x is ! "n ( ! fact1--& all ! difficulty rema9s j :]e x 0 be=e4 ,besides1 y speak only ( ! facts t y suppose y\rself able to expla92 y say no?+ ( ^? t y r5d] by y\r sy/em :olly inexplicable4 ,y say n "o ^w z to ! unity ( ! und]/&+1 ! unity ( ! me1 or y d5y x4 ,b ! unity ( ! und]/&+1 ! unity ( ! me1 is a fact ( ! consci\s s5se1 & ! consci\s s5se is m p[]ful ?an all ! philosophies toge!r4 ,gall is always talk+ ab\t obs]vation1 & he 0 inde$1 z an obs]v]1 full ( +5uity4 ,b1 9 ord] to foll[ out an obs]vation1 x mu/ be trac$ to ! v end1 & we mu/ accept all t x yields to our rese>*2 & obs]vation e :]e gives1 & %[s e :]e1 & above all ?+s else1 ! unity ( ! und]/&+1 ! unity ( ! me4 ,gall's philosophy consi/s only 9 transmut+ into a p>ticul> und]/&+ ea* sep>ate mode#ce ( ! und]/&+1 prop]ly s call$4 ,desc>tes _h already said1 8,!re are 9 u z _m faculties z !re are tru?s to be kn[n4444 ,b ,i d n ?9k t any useful application c be made ( ?is way ( ?9k+2 & x seems to me r m likely to be mis*iev\s1 by giv+ to ! ignorant occasion = imag9+ an equal numb] ( little entities 9 ! s\l40#cf ,x may well be suppos$ t ,gall1 :o 9 ! ^w und]/&+ sees no?+ b an ab/ract ^w1 expressive ( ! sum ( our intellectual faculties1 w\ld also1 9 ! ^w w1 p]ceive no?+ m ?an an ab/ract ^w1 express+ ! sum ( our moral faculties4 ,he _h giv5 a def9ition ( reason3 8,! result ( ! simultane\s action ( all ! intellectual faculties40#cg ,9 ! same way he def9$ w to be 8! result ( ! simultane\s action ( ! sup]ior intellectual faculties40#ch ,b ,gall always deceives himself2 = reason & w are n results--!y are p[]s1 & prim>y p[]s ( ?\ght4 ,gall1 9 a mann] equally s+ul>1 def9es moral lib]ty or free w4 8,moral lib]ty10 says he1 8is no?+ m ?an ! faculty ( be+ det]m9$1 & ( det]m9+ "u motive40#ci ,n s3 lib]ty is precisely ! p[] to det]m9e aga9/ all motive4 ,locke well def9$ lib]ty z p[]3 to be det]m9$1 is to all[ "o's self to be det]m9$--t is1 to obey4 ,gall says aga91 8,unlimit$ lib]ty supposes n only t man gov]ns himself indep5d5tly ( all law1 b t he is ! creator ( 8 own nature40#dj ,n at all2 x supposes t he may h *oice--& 9 fact he does *oose4 ,la/ly1 ,gall says1 8,a ph5om5on su* z t ( absolute lib]ty1 w\ld be a ph5om5on occurr+ )\t any cause :atev]40#da ,:y )\t cause8 ,! cause is 9 ! p[] ( *oos+--& ?is p[] is a fact4 ,gall's :ole doctr9e is "o s]ies ( errors1 :i* press ^u ea* o!r cumulatively4 ,he resolves t ! "p ( ! bra9 9 :i* ! und]/&+ resides %all be divid$ into _m small organs1 di/9ct f ea* o!r2 a physiological error4 ,he decries ! unity ( ! und]/&+1 & looks ^u ! w & ! reason z m]e results--psycological errors4 ,9 ! free w he p]ceives m]ely a compulsory det]m9ation1#db & consequ5tly a m]e result--?is is a moral error4 ,man's lib]ty is a positive faculty1 & n ! simple passive result ( ! prepond]ance ( "o motive ov] ano!r motive1 ( "o organ ov] ano!r organ4#dc ,reason1 w1 lib]ty1 are !re=e1 n z 9 ,gall's doctr9e1 positive faculties1 active p[]s2 or r1 !y are ! und]/&+ itself4 ,reason1 w1 lib]ty1 are 9 fact ! und]/&+1 z conceiv+1 will+1 *oos+1 or delib]at+4#dd ,! consci\sness :i* feels itself to be "o1 feels itself free4 ,& y w rem>k1 t ^! two great facts giv5 out by ! inw>d s5se1 ! consci\sness1 to wit1 ! unity ( ! und]/&+ & ! positive p[] ( ! free w1 are precisely ! two fir/ facts d5i$ by ! philosophy ( ,gall4 ,& take good c>e to obs]ve fur!r1 t if !re be 9 u any ?+ t belongs to ! consci\sness1 x is evid5tly & p> excell5ce ! s5se ( our p]sonal unity2 or :at is m1 ! consci\sness ( our moral lib]ty4 ,man is a moral =ce1 only inasmu* z he is a free =ce4 ,any philosophy t attempts ! lib]ty ( man1 attempts1 )\t kn[+ x1 morals itself4 ,man !n is free1 & z he is a moral ag5t only 9 proportion z he is free1 x w\ld seem t 8 lib]ty is ! only attribute ( 8 s\l f :i* ,provid5ce has design$ to remove all ! b\nd>ies4 8,:at is "h v rem>kable10 says ,desc>tes1 8is t1 ( all )9 me1 !re is n "o ?+ s p]fect or s great1 b t ,i "k x might be great] & m p]fect4 ,?us1 = example1 if ,i consid] my faculty ( conceiv+1 ,i f9d x ( v small ext5t1 & v limit$4 ,if1 9 ! same mann]1 ,i exam9e ! memory1 ! imag9ation1 or any o!r "o ( my faculties1 ,i f9d n "o t is n v limit$ & v small4 ,)9 me !re is only my w or my lib]ty ( free w1 :i* ,i feel to be s great t ,i conceive n ! idea ( ano!r m full & ( great] ext5t40#de ,,ii4 ,,( ,,gall4 ,,( ,,! ,,faculties4 ,gall's philosophy consi/s :olly 9 ! sub/itution ( multiplicity = unity4 ,9 place ( "o g5]al & s+le bra91#df he sub/itutes a numb] ( small bra9s3 in/ead ( "o g5]al sole und]/&+1 he sub/itutes sev]al individual und]/&+s4#dg ,^! pret5d$ individual und]/&+s are ! faculties4 ,n[1 ,gall admits ! exi/5ce ( tw5ty-sev5 ( ^! faculties1 ea* "o ( !m 7s9ce ea* "o is a peculi> und]/&+7 end[$ ) its p]ceptive faculty1 its memory1 its judgm5t1 its imag9ation2 c4#dh ,h5ce1 !re are tw5ty-sev5 p]ceptive faculties1 tw5ty-sev5 memories1 tw5ty-sev5 judgm5ts1 tw5ty-sev5 imag9ations1 c4 ,=1 if we are to foll[ ,gall1 ea* attribute is n less di/9ct ?an ea* faculty4 ,! memory1 ! judgm5t1 imag9ation1 c4 ( "o faculty are n ! memory1 judgm5t1 or imag9ation ( ano!r faculty4 8,! s5se ( numb]s10 says he1 8possesses a judgm5t = ! relations ( numb]s2 ! s5se ( ! arts1 a judgm5t = works ( art2 b :]e ! fundam5tal faculty is want+1 ! judgm5t relative to objects ( t faculty mu/ necess>ily be want+ likewise40#di ,he says fur!r3 8,x is impossible = an individual to possess imag9ation & judgm5t = any object ) ! fundam5tal faculty = :i* he has n be5 gift$ by nature40#ej ,?us1 beyond all d\bt3 !re are tw5ty-sev5 faculties2 & z !re are tw5ty-sev5 faculties1 !re mu/ be tw5ty-sev5 memories1 judgm5ts1 imag9ations1 c4 ,9 "o ^w1 !re is no su* ?+ z a g5]al und]/&+2 b !re are tw5ty-sev5 special und]/&+s1 ) ?ree or f\r times tw5ty-sev5 di/9ct attributes ( ea*4 ,su* is ! entire psycology ( ,gall4 ,to proce$4 ,gall's tw5ty-sev5 faculties are3 ! in/9ct ( propagation1 love ( (fspr+1 self-def5ce1 ! c>nivor\s in/9ct1 ! s5se ( prop]ty1 fri5d%ip1 cunn+1 pride1 vanity1 circumspection1 memory = ?+s1 memory = words1 s5se ( locality1 s5se ( p]sons1 s5se ( language1 ( relations ( col\rs1 relations ( s\nds1 relations ( numb]s1 ( me*anics1 ( comp>ative sagacity1 ! metaphysical g5ius1 s>casm1 poetic tal5t1 b5evol5ce1 imitation1 religion1 firmness4 ,gall says t ^! faculties are innate1#ea & ?is ass]tion c]ta9ly w n be conte/$4 ,locke1 :o s vigor\sly oppos$ ! doctr9e ( innate ideas1 nev] decri$ ! innat5ess ( our faculties4 ,he always reg>d$ !m z natural1 t is to say1 innate4#eb ,condillac himself1 :o *>ges ,locke ) hav+ consid]$ ! faculties ( ! s\l z innate1 9 mak+ ^! *>ges conf\nds ! faculties ( ! s\l ) ! op]ations ( ! s\l4#ec ,n[1 t :i* is p]fectly true z to ! op]ations ( ! s\l1 is by no means s z reg>ds h] faculties4 ,all ! faculties ( ! s\l are innate & contempor>y1 = !y are no?+ m ?an modes ( ! s\l2 inde$1 !y are ! s\l itself1 view$ "u diff]5t aspects4 ,b ! op]ations ( ! s\l succe$ ea* o!r1 & beget ea* o!r4 ,!re c be no memory )\t previ\s p]ception2 !re c be no judgm5t )\t recollection4 ,9 ord] t !re may be a w1 !re mu/ h be5 a judgm5t1 c4 ,aft] say+ t ! faculties are innate1 ,gall says also t !y are indep5d5t4#ed ,& if1 by ! ^w indep5d5t1 he means di/9ct1 !re is no?+ less conte/ible4 ,b if1 by ?is ^w indep5d5t1 he und]/ood 7z inde$ he does und]/&7 t ea* faculty is a real und]/&+1 ! "q is alt]$ & ! difficulty beg9s4 ,=1 if ea* individual faculty is a prop] und]/&+1 x foll[s t !re are z _m und]/&+s z !re are faculties1 & ! und]/&+ ceases to be "o1 & ! me is no long] "o4 ,i am well aw>e t ?is is exactly :at ,gall means2 he says x1 & reit]ates x ?r\gh\t 8 "w4 ,he says x1 b does n prove x4 ,& h[ %\ld he prove x8 ,c we prove any ?+ aga9/ our consci\sness8 8,i rem>k "h1 9 ! fir/ place10 says ,desc>tes1 8t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! m9d & ! body1 9 t ! body is1 by its nature1 always divisible1 & ! m9d :olly indivisible4 ,=1 9 fact1 :5 ,i contemplate x--t is1 :5 ,i contemplate my own self--& consid] myself z a ?+ t ?9ks1 ,i _c discov] 9 myself any p>ts1 b ,i cle>ly "k & conceive t ,i am a ?+ absolutely "o & complete40#ee ,gall rev]ses ! common philosophy1 & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! :ole ( 8 philosophy1 :i* he ?9ks s novel1#ef is1 to ! v lett]1 no?+ m nor less ?an ?is v inv]sion4 ,accord+ to common philosophy1 !re is "o g5]al und]/&+--a unit2 & !re are faculties :i* are b modes ( ?is und]/&+4 ,gall ass]ts t !re are z _m k9ds ( peculi> intellig5ces z !re are faculties1 & t ! und]/&+ 9 g5]al is no?+ m ?an a mode or attribute ( ea* faculty4 ,he says s expressly4 ,8 words are3 8,! intellectual faculty & all its subdivisions1 su* z p]ception1 recollection1 memory1 judgm5t1 & imag9ation1 are n fundam5tal faculties1 b m]ely _! g5]al attributes40#eg ,gall fir/ inv]ts ! common philosophy1 & !n cont5ds = ! exi/5ce ( all ! consequ5ces ( t common philosophy4 ,he suppresses ! me1 b insi/s t !re is a s\l4 ,he aboli%es ! freewill1 & yet cont5ds t !re is su* a ?+ z morals4 ,he makes ( ! idea ( ,god an idea t is m]ely relative & conditional1 b yet ass]ts t !re may be su* a ?+ z religion4 ,i say he aboli%es ! me2 = ! me is ! s\l4 ,! s\l is ! und]/&+1 g5]al & "o2 b if !re be no und]/&+ z g5]al1 !re c be no s\l4 ,accord+ to ,gall1 !re is no?+ real & positive except ! faculties4 ,& ^! faculties alone are possess$ ( organs4 8,none ( my pr$ecessors10 says he1 8_h any k ( ^? =ces :i* alone are ! functions ( special c]ebral organs40#eh ,by ! contr>y reason+1 nei!r ! w1 nor ! reason1 nor ! und]/&+1 are possess$ ( any organs1 = !y are no?+ b =ces2 !y are no?+ b n\ns collective--words4 8,^! obs]vations may suffice10 says ,gall1 8to conv9ce ! read] t !re _c exi/ any special organ ( ! w1 or ! freewill40#ei ,he adds3 8,x is equally impossible t !re %\ld be any peculi> organ ( ! reason40#fj ,f9ally he says3 8,f all t ,i h n[ said x foll[s1 t ! idea ( an organ ( ! intellect or und]/&+ is q z inadmissible z ! idea ( an organ ( ! in/9ct40#fa ,h5ce !re c be n\ght b ! faculties2 &1 accord+ to ,gall1 ^! faculties are s di/9ct1 t he attributes to ea* p>ticul> "o a sep>ate organ4#fb ,he divides ! und]/&+ into little und]/&+s4 ,desc>tes express$ himself 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,we d n conceive ( any body1 except z divisible2 :]eas ! human m9d _c conceive ( itself except z indivisible2 = 9 fact we are incapable ( conceiv+ ( half a s\l40#fc ,gall1 h[ev]1 settles t po9t4 ,he makes half s\ls4 ,he retr5*es or adds z _m faculties z suits 8 plan4 ,^! faculties are sep>at$ by mat]ial limits4 ,he goes s f> z to say t su* or su* a faculty acts ) great] or less facility ^u su* or su* ano!r faculty1 accord+ z "o happ5s to be situat$ ne>] to or f>!r (f f ! o!r4 8,z ! organ ( ! arts10 says he1 8is locat$ f> f t ( ! s5se ( col\r1 ! circum/ance expla9s :y hi/orical pa9t]s h r>ely be5 col\ri/s40#fd ,?us1 we f9d t ! faculties alone are possess$ ( =ces4 ,^! =ces alone are end[$ ) organs2 & ^! organs1 by :i* !y are kept sep>ate f ea* o!r1 sep>ate !m to di/ances suffici5tly great to h9d]1 9 c]ta9 cases1 "o giv5 faculty f ex]cis+ any influ5ce ov] ano!r4 ,!re=e1 !re is no su* ?+ z unity2 !re is no unit faculty1 no unit und]/&+2 !re is no me2 & if !re be no me1 !re c be no s\l4 ,9 ! same way he aboli%es ! freewill4 ,w1 lib]ty1 reason1 9 8 view1#fe are no?+ b results1 z ,i h already /at$4 8,to ! end10 says he1 8t man may n be conf9$ m]ely to ! ability to wi%--9 ord] t he may actually w--! concurr5ce ( sev]al sup]ior faculties is requisite4 ,! motives mu/ be weigh$1 comp>$1 & judg$2 ! decision result+ f ?is op]ation is d5om9at$ w40#ff 8,reason10 he fur!r adds1 8supposes a conc]t$ action ( ! sup]ior faculties4 ,x is ! judgm5t pron\nc$ by ! sup]ior intellectual faculties40#fg ,h5ce1 ! w is no?+ b a decision2 reason is no?+ b a judgm5t4 ,! faculties conc]t toge!r4 ,:at a s+ul> philosophy1 :i* always sub/itutes ! fictions ( language = ! facts ( ! consci\s s5se1 & :i* is satisfi$ ) ^? fictions6 ,freewill is ei!r a p[]1 a =ce1 or x is no?+4 ,he resolves t x is m]ely a result4 ,gall !re=e aboli%es ! freewill4 ,inde$1 he makes ( ! idea ( ,god no?+ b a relative & conditional idea1 = he supposes t ?is idea comes f a p>ticul> organ2 & he supposes t t organ may possibly1 9 "s case1 be want+4 8,x _c be d\bt$10 says ,gall1 8t ! human race are end[$ ) an organ by means ( :i* x recognises & admires ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se40#fh 8,god exi/s10 adds he1 8= !re is an organ to "k & adore him40#fi ,b he cont9ues3 8,climate & o!r circum/ances may ob/ruct ! developm5t ( ! c]ebral "p1 by means ( :i* ! ,creator design$ to reveal himself to 8 creature man40#gj ,aga93 8,if !re 7 a p ^: organization %\ld be altoge!r defective 9 ?is respect1 !y w\ld be z little susceptible z any o!r k9ds ( animal1 ( ! religi\s idea or s5tim5t40#ga ,fur!r3 8,!re is no ,god = be+s ^: organization does n be> ! orig9al /amp ( det]m9ate faculties40#gb ,:at6 ,if ,i happ5 n to possess a little peculi> organ1 7= x may be want+17 c ,i n feel t ,god exi/s6 ,& h[ c ,i be an intellig5ce1 kn[+ myself1 & yet n kn[+ t ,god is8 ,i d n m /rongly feel t ,i am1 ?an t ,god is4 8,?is idea10 7! idea ( ,god7 says ,desc>tes1 8is born & produc$ along ) me1 j z is ! idea ( myself40#gc ,my und]/&+1 :i* p]ceives itself & feels itself to be an effect1 necess>ily p]ceives ! intellig5t ,cause :i* produc$ x4 8,x is a v evid5t ?+10 says ,desc>tes aga91 8t !re mu/ be at lea/ z mu* reality 9 a cause z 9 ! effect x produces2 & s9ce ,i am a ?+ t ?9ks1 :atsoev] be 9 fact ! cause ( my be+1 ,i am compell$ to confess1 t x also is some?+ t ?9ks40#gd ,hi!rto ,i h consid]$ ,gall's philosophy only "u its speculative po9ts ( view2 :at w\ld x be1 if consid]$ 9 a practical relation8 ,9 "o ( 8 happy mom5ts1 ,did]ot wrote ! foll[+ v rem>kable phrase3 8,! ru9 ( lib]ty ov]?r[s all ord] & all gov]nm5t1 conf\nds vice & virtue toge!r1 sanctions e mon/r\s infamy1 ext+ui%es all %ame & all remorse1 & degrades & de=ms )\t recov]y ! :ole human race40#ge ,no?+ a/oni%es a phr5ologi/4 8,let u imag9e10 says ,gall1 8a woman 9 :om ! love ( (fspr+ is b little develop$1 444 if1 un=tunately1 ! organ ( murd] be v mu* develop$ 9 h]1 ne$ we be surpris$ if h] h&44440#gf c4 ,organization expla9s e ?+4 8,^! la/ nam$ facts %[ u10 says ,gall1 8t ?is dete/able incl9ation 7! incl9ation to commit murd]7 has its s\rce 9 a vice ( ! organization40#gg 8,let ^? haughty m510 says he aga91 8:o cause nations to be slaught]$ by ?\s&s1 "k t !y d n act ( _! own accord1 b t ,nature h]self has fill$ _! he>ts ) rage & de/ructiv5ess40#gh ,no1 inde$6 ,?is is n :at !y mu/ "k2 =1 ?anks be to ,god1 x is n true4 ,:at !y ought to "k1 :at !y ought to be told1 is1 t al?\gh ,provid5ce has left to man ! p[] to d evil1 he has also end[$ him ) ! p[] to d good4 ,t :i* man ought to "k1 t :i* %\ld be in/ill$ into 8 m9d & he>t is1 t he has a free p[]1 & t ?is p[] ought n to be misdirect$2 & t he :o 9 8 own nature misdirects x1 no matt] "u :at =m ( philosophy he takes refuge1 is a be+ :o degrades 8 nature4 ,"u ! title ( fundam5tal faculties1 ,gall conf\nds all ?+s toge!r--! passions1 ! in/9ct1 ! intellectual faculties4 ,^! faculties1 :i* are at ! basis ( 8 :ole philosophy1 he kn[s n ev5 h[ to d5om9ate !m4 ,he calls !m in/9cts1#gi incl9ations1 s5ses1 memories1 c4 ,!re is a memory or s5se ( ?+s1 a memory or s5se ( p]sons1 c4 ,he conf\nds ! in/9ct t leads c]ta9 animals to live 9 elevat$ regions ) pride1 :i* is a moral s5tim5t 9 man2#hj ! c>nivor\s in/9ct ) c\rage2#ha he believes t consci5ce1 7:i* is ! s\l judg+ itself17 is no?+ b a modification ( a p>ticul> s5se1 ! s5se ( b5evol5ce1 c4#hb ,! hesitation ( 8 m9d is visible e :]e4 8,i leave x to ! read]10 says he1 8to decide :e!r ! fundam5tal faculty to :i* ?is p5*ant relates1 %\ld be d5om9at$ s5se ( elevation1 self-e/eem10 c4#hc 8,to speak correctly10 cont9ues he1 8firmness is nei!r a p5*ant nor a faculty2 x is a mode-(-be+1 :i* gives to a man a di/9ctive quality1 :i* is call$ "*40#hd ,f9ally1 he writes ! foll[+ p>agraph1 p]haps ! mo/ s+ul> "o t he ev] wrote1 = x %[s 9 ! cle>e/ mann] h[ little confid5ce he _h 9 8 own psycology4 8,if we are mat]iali/s because we d n admit ! exi/5ce ( a unit-faculty ( ! s\l1 b recognise sev]al primitive faculties1 we ask :e!r ! ord9>y division ( ! faculties ( ! s\l into und]/&+1 w1 att5tion1 memory1 judgm5t1 imag9ation1 & affections & passions1 expresses no?+ m ?an a primitive unit-faculty8 ,if x be ass]t$ t all ^! faculties are m]ely modifications ( a sole & same faculty1 :at c h9d] u f mak+ ! same ass]tion z to ! faculties ^: exi/5ce we d admit40#he ,to be sure1 no?+ prev5ts y4 ,or r e ?+ con/ra9s y to d s4 ,!re is !re=e "o sole faculty1 ( :i* all ! o!r faculties are b moods4 ,y return !n to ! common philosophy1 & consequ5tly y no long] possess a peculi> philosophy4 ,! problem propos$ by ,gall is at ! same "t physiological1 psycological1 & anatomical4 ,9 our fir/ article an acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( ,gall's physiology1 & x has be5 %[n to be g5]ally disprov$ by direct exp]im5t4 ,9 ! pres5t "o 8 psycology has be5 exam9$1 & x is confut$ by ! consci\sness 7le s5s intime74 ,x only rema9s = u n[ to exam9e 8 anatomy4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,gall4 ,,! ,,organs4 ,( all ,gall's writ+s1 8 anatomy is t :i* has be5 mo/ talk$ (1 & yet x is ! "p lea/ kn[n4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjh1 ,gall read to ! fir/ class ( ! ,in/itute a memoir on ! anatomy ( ! bra92#hf & ,m4 ,cuvi] made a report ^u t memoir4 ,b nei!r 9 t memoir nor 9 ! report d we f9d "o ^w ( special anatomy1 ( secret anatomy1 ( :at might be call$ anatomy ( ! ,doctr9e2 or1 9 o!r t]ms1 & z x w\ld be express$ at ! pres5t day1 ( phr5ological anatomy4 ,! anatomy ( ,gall's memoir is no?+ b a v ord9>y anatomy4 ,he insi/s t ! c]ebral n]ves1 all ( !m )\t exception1 rise upw>ds f ! m$ulla oblongata t[>ds ! encephalon2 t ! c9]iti\s matt] produces ! :ite matt]3 he divides ! fibres ( ! bra9 into div]g5t & conv]g5t2 he supposes t ea* convolution ( ?is organ1 in/ead ( be+ a full & solid mass1 z is g5]ally ?\ght1 is m]ely a fold#hg ( n]v\s or m$ull>y fibres1 c4 c4 ,su* are ! que/ions discuss$ by ,gall2 & x is suffici5tly cle> t1 :atev] side we take ^u ^! que/ions1 8 doctr9e assur$ly w\ld nei!r ga9 nor lose any ?+4 ,:e!r su* or su* a n]ve asc5ds or desc5ds2 :e!r ! :ite matt] is produc$ by ! gray2 or :e!r1 :i* is1 to say ! lea/1 q z probable1 ?is be nons5se2 :e!r ?is or t fibre goes out or comes 91 div]ges or conv]ges1 c4 c4 ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( bra9s1 ! doctr9e ( individual intellig5ces1 w be nei!r m nor less true1 m nor less d\btful4#hh ,m4 ,cuvi]1 9 8 report1 obs]v$3 8,x is ess5tial to repeat1 7 x m]ely = ! in=mation ( ! public1 t ! anatomical que/ions we h be5 consid]+1 h no imm$iate & necess>y connexion ) ! physiological doctr9es taught by ,m4 ,gall1 z to ! functions & relative volume ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra92 & t all t we h inquir$ into z to ! /ructure ( ! bra91 might be ei!r true or false1 )\t af=d+ ! lea/ conclusion 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ ! doctr9e40#hi ,x is necess>y n to make any mi/ake z to ! real po9t ( ! "q4 ,gall's doctr9e goes to e/abli% "o & only "o ?+1 to wit1 ! plurality ( intellig5ces & ! plurality ( bra9s4#ij ,t is :at con/itutes ! special & peculi> doctr9e2 t is to say1 diff]5t f ! common doctr9e1 :i* admits b "o und]/&+ & a s+le bra94 ,:atev] goes to prove ! plurality ( und]/&+s & bra9s belongs to ,gall's doctr9e2 & :atev] does n t5d to prove ! plurality ( und]/&+s & bra9s is 9 opposition to t doctr9e4 ,gall's works !n really conta9 two v di/9ct anatomies3 "o is a g5]al anatomy1 :i* has no?+ 9 p>ticul> to d ) 8 doctr9e2 ! o!r is a special anatomy1 :i*1 suppos+ x to be true1 w\ld con/itute ! basis ( 8 doctr9e4 ,n[1 a great deal has be5 said ab\t ,gall's g5]al anatomy2 b z to 8 special anatomy1 ,i "k ( no "o :o has spok5 ( x4 ,gall himself says z little z possible ab\t x4 ,9 o!r matt]s he tells 8 op9ions bo? v cle>ly & v positively3 9 ?is p>ticul> we are oblig$ to guess at !m4 ,:5 ,gall1 9 8 psycology1 sub/itutes ! faculties = ! und]/&+1 he def9es ^? faculties4 ,he def9es !m1 z we h already se51 to be individual intellig5ces4 ,h[ happ5s x1 !n1 t 9 8 anatomy1 :5 he sub/itutes ! organs ( ! bra9 = ! bra9 itself1 he does n def9e ^! organs8 ,h[ /range6 ,gall's :ole doctr9e1 all phr5ology1 re/s ^u ! organs ( ! bra92 =1 )\t di/9ct c]ebral organs1 !re c be no indep5d5t faculties2 & )\t indep5d5t faculties !re c be no phr5ology3 & ,gall does n say1 nor has any phr5ologi/ said = him1 :at is ! ?+ call$ a c]ebral organ4 ,! tru? is3 ,gall nev] _h any settl$ op9ion ^u :at he call$ ! organs ( ! bra92 he nev] saw ^? organs1 & he imag9$ !m = ! use ( 8 faculties4 ,he did :at s _m o!rs h done4 ,he comm5c$ ) imag9+ a hypo!sis1 & !n he imag9$ an anatomy to suit 8 hypo!sis4 ,:5 ! doctr9e ( animal spirits 0 believ$1 ! bra9 0 compos$ ( pipes & tubes to convey ^! spirits4 8,! cortical sub/ance :i* is f\nd 9 ! hemisph]es ( ! bra910 says ,p\rf\r du ,petit1 8furni%es ! :ole ( ! m$ull>y portion1 :i* is a m]e collection ( an inf9ite numb] ( pipes40#ia 8,! small art]ies ( ! cortical "p ( ! bra910 says ,hall]1 8transmit a spiritu\s liquor into ! m$ull>y & n]v\s tubes40#ib ,x is evid5t t ! organs ( ,gall h no m real exi/5ce ?an ! pipes ( ,p\rf\r du ,petit1 or ! tubes ( ,hall]4 ,!y are two /ructures t h be5 imag9$1 z suitable = two hypo!ses4 ,9 se>*+ = ! prim>y idea1 ! secret notion t l$ ,gall to 8 doctr9e ( ! plurality ( ! intellig5ces1 ,i detect x 9 ! analogy t he suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! functions ( ! s5ses & ! faculties ( ! s\l4 ,he sees ! functions ( ! s5ses con/itut+ di/9ct functions1 & insi/s t ! faculties ( ! s\l mu/ con/itute equally di/9ct faculties2 he sees ea* p>ticul> s5se possess+ an organ prop] to itself1 & ?9ks t ea* faculty ( ! s\l mu/ h its prop] organ2#ic 9 "o ^w1 he looks ^u ! out] man1 & con/ructs ! inn] man aft] ! image ( ! out] man4 ,accord+ to ,gall1 e ?+ betwe5 an organ ( a s5se & an organ ( a faculty1 betwe5 a faculty & s5se1 is simil>4 ,a faculty is a s5se4 ,8 words are3 ! memory or ! s5se ( ?+s1 ! memory or ! s5se ( p]sons1 ! memory or ! s5se ( numb]s4 ,he talks ( ! s5se ( language1 ! s5se ( me*anics1 ! s5se ( ! relations ( col\rs1 c4 c4 8,z we mu/ admit10 says he1 8five diff]5t ext]nal s5ses1 s9ce _! functions are ess5tially diff]5t1 444 s we mu/ agree1 aft] all1 to ackn[l$ge ! diff]5t faculties & ! diff]5t incl9ations z be+ ess5tially diff]5t moral & intellectual =ces1 & likewise connect$ ) organic app>atuses1 :i* are special to ea* & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r40#id 8,:o10 says he1 8c d>e to say t sight1 he>+1 ta/e1 smell1 & t\*1 are simple modifications ( faculties8 ,:o c\ld d>e to d]ive !m f a s+le & same s\rce1 f a s+le & same organ8 ,9 ! same way1 ! tw5ty-sev5 qualities & faculties :i* ,i recognise z fundam5tal or prim>y =ces1 444 _c be reg>d$ z ! simple modifications ( any "o faculty40#ie ,on ! "o h&1 ,gall gives to ! faculties all ! indep5d5ce ( ! s5ses2 & on ! o!r1 he gives ! s5ses all ! attributes ( ! faculties4 8,"h10 says he1 8are new reasons :y ,i h always ma9ta9$ 9 my public disc\rses1 ?\gh ^! ass]tions are 9 opposition to ! ideas t prevail among philosoph]s1 t ea* organ ( a s5se possesses absolutely its own functions2 t ea* ( ^! organs has its peculi> faculty ( receiv+ & ev5 ( p]ceiv+ impressions1 its own consci5ce1 its own faculty ( rem9isc5ce10#if c4 ,gall did n =esee t a physiological exp]im5t 7& a v sure "o x is7 w\ld "o day demon/rate t ! s5se receives ! impression b does n p]ceive x1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x is end[$ nei!r ) consci5ce nor rem9isc5ce1 c4 ,:5 ! c]ebral lobes or hemisph]es#ig are remov$ f an animal1 ! animal imm$iately loses its sight4 ,& yet no?+1 z reg>ds ! eyes !mselves1 has be5 *ang$2 objects cont9ue to be depict$ ^u ! ret9a1 ! iris reta9s its contractility1 & ! optic n]ve its excitability4 ,! ret9a cont9ues to be s5sible ( light1 = ! iris contracts or dilates accord+ z ! light admitt$ to x is m or less int5se4 ,no *ange has tak5 place z to ! /ructure ( ! eye1 & yet ! animal does n see6 ,!re=e x is n ! eye t p]ceives1 nor is x ! eye t sees4#ih ,! eye does n see2 x is ! und]/&+ t sees by means ( ! eyes4#ii ,:5 ,gall concludes f ! indep5d5ce ( ! ext]nal s5ses to ! indep5d5ce ( ! faculties ( ! s\l1 he conf\nds1 z to ! s5se itself1 two ?+s t are ess5tially di/9ct1 impression & p]ception4 ,impression is multiple2 p]ception is s+le4 ,:5 ! hemisph]es are remov$1 ! animal in/antly loses its p]ception2 x no long] sees nor he>s1#ajj c4 not)/&+ all ! organs ( ! s5ses1 ! eye1 ! e>1 c4 subsi/1 & ! impressions take place4 ,!re=e ! pr9ciple t p]ceives is "o4 ,lo/ = "o s5se1 x is lo/ = all ! s5ses4 ,& if x be "o = ! ext]nal s5ses1 h[ c x be o!r ?an "o = ! faculties ( ! s\l8 ,gall !re=e _c suppose ! exi/5ce ( sev]al di/9ct pr9ciples = ! faculties ( ! s\l1 o!rwise ?an because he supposes sev]al di/9ct pr9ciples = ! p]ceptions2 & he only supposes sev]al pr9ciples = ! p]ceptions because he conf\nds impression ) p]ception4 ,! :ole ( 8 psycology arises f a mi/ake2 & ! :ole ( 8 anatomy is con/ruct$ = ! sake ( 8 psycology4 ,9 psycology he endeav\rs to prove t ! faculties ( ! s\l are m]ely int]nal s5ses2 9 anatomy1 he endeav\rs to prove t ! organs ( ! faculties ( ! s\l only repeat & reproduce ! organs ( ! ext]nal s5ses4 ,n[ an organ1 t is to say1 "u ! pres5t po9t ( view1 ! n]ve ( an ext]nal s5se1 is no?+ m ?an a fascicle ( n]v\s fibres4 ,!re=e ! bra91 "u ! !ory1 c be no?+ b a collection ( fascicles ( fibres4#aja ,accord+ to ,gall1 ! orig91 ! developm5t1 ! /ructure & mode ( t]m9ation1 z to ! organs ( ! faculties ( ! s\l & ! organs ( ! ext]nal s5ses1 e ?+ is simil>1 e ?+ is 9 common4 ,& yet ! primitive difficulty rema9s unsolv$4 ,:5 ,i say an organ ( ! s5ses1 ,i speak ( a v det]m9ate n]v\s app>atus4 ,b is ! same ?+ true :5 ,i say an organ ( ! bra98 ,:at is an organ ( ! bra98 ,is x a fascicle ( fibres8 ,is x ea* p>ticul> fibre8 ,b if x be a fascicle ( fibres1 !re are too few ( !m1 = !re are n tw5ty-sev5 ( !m2 & tw5ty-sev5 are necess>y1 = !re are tw5ty-sev5 faculties4 ,if x be ea* p>ticul> fibre1 !n !re are too _m ( !m1 & f> too _m1 because !re are only tw5ty-sev5 faculties4 ,:at are we to d 9 ?is difficulty8 ,we mu/ d z ,gall does3 sometimes say x is a fascicle ( fibres2 at o!r times1 t x is ea* fibre 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 "o place he says3 8,! bra9 consi/+ ( sev]al divisions ^: functions are totally diff]5t1 !re are sev]al prim>y bundles1 :i* contribute by _! developm5t to produce x4 ,among ^! bundles we place ! ant]ior & po/]ior pyramids1 ! bundles t come (f direct f ! corpora oliv>ia1 & "s o!rs t are conceal$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! m$ulla oblongata40#ajb ,& !re are yet "s o!rs2 be x s2 b !y nev] c am\nt to tw5ty-sev54 ,aga9 he says3 8,a m ext5sive developm5t ( ! same conjecture1 might p]haps dispose ! read] to consid] ea* n]v\s fibrilla1 :e!r 9 ! n]ves or 9 ! bra9 itself1 z a little special organ40#ajc ,ev5 ?is is n all4 ,= ! sake ( ,gall's doctr9e1 ! anatomy ( ! bra9 mu/ h a connexion ) cranioscopy4 ,& ,gall takes great c>e to place all 8 organs ^u ! surface ( ! bra94 8,! possibility ( a solution ( ! problem "u consid]ation10 says he1 8supposes ! organs ( ! s\l to be situat$ at ! surface ( ! bra940#ajd ,inde$1 7 !y n situat$ at ! surface ( ! bra91 h[ c\ld ! cranium be> ! impression ( !m8 & :at w\ld become ( cranioscopy8 ,cranioscopy has no?+ to fe>4 ,gall has made provision = x2 all ! organs ( ! bra9 are plac$ at ! surface ( ! bra92 & ,gall mo/ judici\sly adds1 8,?is expla9s ! relation or ! correspond5ce t exi/s betwe5 craniology & ! doctr9e ( ! c]ebral functions 7c]ebral physiology71 ! sole aim & end ( my rese>*es40#aje ,b z to ! pret5d$ organs ( ! bra91 are !y really situat$ at ! surface ( ! bra91 z ,gall ass]ts8 ,9 pla9 t]ms1 is ! surface ( ! bra9 ! only active "p ( ! organ8 ,"h is a physiological exp]im5t t %[s h[ v mu* mi/ak5 ,gall is4 ,y c slice (f a consid]able portion ( an animal's bra91 ei!r 9 front1 beh9d1 on "o side1 or on ! top1 )\t 8 los+ anyone ( 8 faculties4#ajf ,! animal may1 !re=e1 lose all t ,gall calls surface ( ! bra91 )\t los+ any ( 8 faculties4 ,!re=e x _c be t ! organs ( ! faculties reside at ! surface ( ! bra94 ,& comp>ative anatomy is n less opposite to ,gall's op9ions ?an is direct exp]im5t itself4 ,i %all n foll[ him "h 9 ! detail ( 8 localizations4 ,h[ c\ld ^! localizations h any mean+8 ,he does n ev5 "k :e!r an organ is a fascicle ( fibres1 or a fibre4#ajg ,= example2 he places :at he calls ! in/9ct ( propagation 9 ! c]ebellum1 & :at he calls ! in/9ct ( ! love ( (fspr+1 9 ! po/]ior c]ebral lobes2 & he looks ^u ^! two localizations z ! v sure/ 9 8 book4 8,i %\ld wi%10 says he1 8t all "y naturali/s might beg9 _! rese>*es ) ! /udy ( ^! two organs4 ,!y are bo? easily to be recognis$10#ajh c4 ,:at6 ,! c]ebellum1 s diff]5t 9 its /ructure f ! great bra91 is ! c]ebellum1 l ! bra91#aji to be consid]$ an organ ( in/9ct8 ,& :at is m1 is x to be reg>d$ z ! organ ( a s+le in/9ct only1 :ile ! bra9 %all h tw5ty-six ( !m8 ,i h already said t ! c]ebellum is ! seat ( ! pr9ciple t presides ov] ! locomotion#aaj ( ! animal1 & t x is n ! seat ( any in/9ct4 ,gall places ! love ( (fspr+ 9 ! po/]ior lobes ( ! bra94#aaa ,n[1 ! love ( (fspr+1 & especially mat]nal love1 is e :]e to be f\nd among ! sup]ior animals2 x is f\nd 9 all ! mammif]a1 9 all ! birds4#aab ,! po/]ior lobes ( ! bra91 !re=e1 ought to be f\nd 9 all ^! be+s4 ,n at all3 ! po/]ior lobes are want+ 9 mo/ ( ! mammif]a2 !y are want+ 9 all ! birds4 ,gall locates ! faculties t are common to bo? man & animals1 9 ! po/]ior "p ( ! bra92 9 ! ant]ior "p he places ^?#aac t are peculi> to man alone4 ,accord+ to ?is plan1 ! mo/ p]si/5t portion ( ! bra9 w be ! po/]ior portion1 & ! lea/ p]si/5t ! ant]ior portion4 ,b ! inv]se ( ! proposition holds4 ,! p>ts t are mo/ frequ5tly want+ are ! po/]ior p>ts1 & ^? t are mo/ inv>iably pres5t are ! ant]ior p>ts4#aad ,if1 f ! bra91 ,i pass on to consid] ! cranium1 all ! =ego+ is f\nd to be ( /ill great] =ce4 ,h[ c ! localizations t are de/itute ( mean+ z to ! bra9--h[ c !y1 ,i say1 h any mean+ z relative to ! cranium itself8 ,! cranium1 especially ! ext]nal surface ( x1 repres5ts ! sup]ficial configuration ( ! bra9 b v imp]fectly4 ,gall kn[s x4 8,i 0 ! fir/10 says he1 8to ma9ta9 t x is impossible = u to det]m9e ) exactitude ! developm5t ( c]ta9 circumvolutions1 by ! inspection ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! cranium4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 ! ext]ior lam9a ( ! cranium is n p>allel ) ! int]nal lam9a40#aae 8,!re are c]ta9 species 9 :i* !re is no frontal s9us2 9 o!rs1 ! cells betwixt ! two bony lam9 are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole skull10#aaf c4 c4 ,! cranium repres5ts ! convolutions ( ! bra9 only ^u its inn] surface2 x does n repres5t !m ^u its ext]nal sup]ficies4 ,& z to ! fibres1 z to ! bundles ( fibres1 x does n ev5 repres5t !m on its inn] surface2 = ! fibres are cov]$ ) a lay] ( gray matt]1 & ! bundles ( fibres are situat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! n]v\s mass4 ,gall is aw>e ( all ?is1 & nev]!less he inscribes 8 tw5ty-sev5 faculties ^u ! skulls4#aag ,su* confid5ce surprises "o4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! intimate /ructure ( ! bra91#aah & yet p are bold en\gh to trace ^u x _! circumscriptions1 _! circles1 _! b\nd>ies4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! skull does n repres5t ! bra9's surface1 x is admitt$2 & yet !y inscribe ^u ?is surface tw5ty-sev5 names1 ea* ( :i* names is writt5 )9 a small circle1 ea* little circle correspond+ to "o precise faculty6 ,& :at is /rang] yet1 p are to be f\nd :o1 "u ea* ( ^! names inscrib$ by ,gall1 imag9e t !re is conceal$ some?+ m ?an a "n6 ,^? :o1 see+ ! success ( ,gall's doctr9e1 imag9e t ! doctr9e !re=e re/s ^u "s solid f\ndation1 "k v little ( mank9d4 ,gall knew mank9d bett]4 ,he /udi$ !m 9 8 own way1 b he /udi$ !m v closely4 ,let u he> 8 own words3 8,9 society1 ,i employ _m exp$i5ts to f9d out ! tal5ts & incl9ations ( p4 ,i />t ! conv]sation ^u a v>iety ( topics4 ,9 g5]al1 we let fall 9 conv]sation :atsoev] has little or no conc]n ) our faculties & p5*ants2 b :5 ! int]locutor t\*es ^u "o ( our fav\rite subjects1 we at once become int]e/$ 9 x4444 ,d y wi% to spy out ! "* ( a p]son1 )\t ! fe> ( be+ misl$ z to y\r conclusions1 ev5 ?\gh he might be on 8 gu>d8 ,set him to talk+ ab\t 8 *ildhood & boyhood2 make him relate 8 s*oolboy exploits2 8 conduct t[>ds 8 p>5ts1 8 bro!rs & si/]s1 & 8 playfell[s1 & 8 emulators4444 ,ask him ab\t 8 games1 c4 ,few p]sons ?9k x necess>y to dissemble ^u ^! po9ts2 !y d n suspect !y are deal+ ) "o :o kn[s p]fectly well t ! basis ( "* rema9s ev] ! same2 & t ! objects only t int]e/ u *ange ) ! progress ( ye>s4444 ,besides1 :5 ,i discov] :at x is t a p]son admires or despises2 :5 ,i see him act2 :5 he is an au?or1 & ,i m]ely read 8 book1 c4 c4 ! :ole man /&s unveil$ be=e me40#aai ,desc>tes %ut himself up 9 a /ove1#abj 9 ord] t he might m$itate4 ,accord+ to ,gall1 !re is no necessity = "o's %utt+ himself up 9 a /ove4 ,desc>tes says3 8,n[ ,i %all %ut my eyes1 ,i %all /op my e>s1 ,i %all turn my s5ses aside2 ,i %all ev5 efface f my memory e image ( corporeal objects1 or at lea/1 z t c h>dly be done1 ,i w repute !m z va9 & false2 & ?us1 %ut up )9 myself1 & contemplat+ :at is )9 me1 ,i %all endeav\r gradually to become m & m famili>ly acqua9t$ ) my own real nature40#aba ,accord+ to ,gall1 !re is no occasion = ?is absolute ga!r+ "o's self toge!r )94 ,all t is ne$ful is to look at & t\* ! skulls ( p4 ,gall's doctr9e succe$$ j z ,lavat]'s did4 ,m5 w always be look+ out = ext]nal signs by :i* to discov] secret ?\ghts & conceal$ incl9ations3 x is va9 to conf\nd _! curiosity ^u ?is po9t3 aft] ,lavat] came ,gall2 aft] ,gall "s "o else w appe>4 ,we soon become we>i$ ( a true philosophy1 because x is true2 because ! se>* aft] tru?1 ( :atsoev] k9d1 requires /r5u\s & cont9ual ef=ts4 ,x is impossible1 moreov]1 always to h ! v same philosophy3 ev5 ! same philosoph] _c be always approv$ (4 ,approbation mu/ *ange its object1 especially 9 ,france4 ,x 0 = ! ,fr5* t ,font5elle wrote ^! words3 8,! approbation ( mank9d is a sort ( =c$ /ate1 :i* seeks no?+ s mu* z to come to an end40#abb ,desc>tes goes (f to die 9 ,sw$51 & ,gall comes to reign 9 ,france4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,spurzheim4 ,spurzheim publi%$ two works2 ! fir/ ( :i* is entitl$1 8,obs]vations sur la ,phrnologie1 ou la connaissance de l'homme moral et intellectuel1 fonde sur les fonctions du sy/me n]veux30#abc ! title ( ! second is1 8,essai philosophique sur la nature morle et intellectuelle de l'homme20#abd & ^! two works are m]ely a reproduction ( ! doctr9e ( ,gall4 ,spurzheim makes ,gall's book ov] aga9--! same book t !y comm5c$ toge!r--& abridges x4 ,spurzheim tells u h[ he he>d ,gall1 & hav+ he>d him1 felt himself drawn to p>ticipate 9 8 lab\rs1 & propagate 8 doctr9e4 8,9 #ahjj1 ,i att5d$ = ! fir/ "t a c\rse ( lectures :i* ,m4 ,gall _h f "t to "t repeat$ at ,vi5na = f\r ye>s4 ,he spoke !n ( ! necessity !re 0 = a bra9 to give out ! manife/ations ( ! s\l2 & ( ! plurality ( organs2 444 b he _h n z yet begun to exam9e into ! /ructure ( ! bra94#abe ,f ! v fir/1 ,i f\nd myself mu* attract$ by ! doctr9e ( ! bra92 & f ! p]iod ( my fir/ att5tion to t subject to ! pres5t mom5t1 ,i h nev] lo/ sight ( x z an object ( /udy4 ,aft] f9i%+ my /udies 9 #ahjj1 ,i jo9$ ,m4 ,gall1 9 ord] to pursue 9 a special mann] ! anatomical "p ( ! rese>*es4#abf ,9 #ahje1 we left ,vi5na = ! purpose ( travell+ toge!r2 f :i* "t1 up to ! ye> #ahac1 we made our obs]vations 9 common10 c4#abg ,9 fact1 ! two au?ors1 unit+ _! lab\rs1 fir/ publi%$1 9 #ahjh1 _! f9e memoir ^u ! anatomy ( ! bra91#abh & subsequ5tly1 9 #ahaj & #ahab1 ! two fir/ volumes ( ,gall's great "w4#abi ,9 ! ye> #ahac !y sep>at$1 & t sep>ation ev5 prov$ useful4 ,gall1 :5 writ+ indep5d5tly1 has a fre] movem5t4 ,_h he cont9u$ unit$ ) ,spurzheim1 he ei!r w\ld n h writt5 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 f\r? volume1 or he w\ld h writt5 x v diff]5tly1 & we %\ld n h obta9$ ! def9ite expression ( 8 doctr9e4 ,t *apt]1 entitl$ 8,philosophy ( ,man10 is ,gall's philosophy entire4 ,x is 9 t *apt] t he says :at he does und]/& by faculties1 by und]/&+1 by w1 c4 c4 & x is !re t he def9es ! faculties ( ! individual und]/&+s2#acj und]/&+1 a simple attribute ( ea* faculty2#aca w1 a simple result ( ! simultane\s action ( sup]ior faculties1 c4#acb ,spurzheim nev] w\ld h imag9$ ! doctr9e3 he f\nd x already concoct$2 he foll[s x1 & 9 do+ s1 always hesitates4 ,he did n imag9e x2 & p]haps nev] c\ld h _h ! facilities enjoy$ by ,gall = c>ry+ x successfully into ! _w4 ,gall's m9d 0 full ( address4 ,we h se5 8 me?od ( /udy+ m54#acc ,9 8 great "w !re is a dom9ant tone ( philosophy2 = ! doctr9e 0 already e/abli%$ at ! p]iod ( ! publication ( t "w4 ,:5 ! doctr9e 0 in*oate1 ,gall's tone 0 n q s grave1 = x is above all ?+s necess>y to awak5 ! public curiosity1 & ! philosophic tone does n answ] = t purpose4 ,*>les ,vill]s has pres]v$ "s ( 8 s\v5irs1 t\*+ ! fir/ impressions produc$ by ! doctr9e4#acd 8,if10 writes ,gall at ! p]iod 9 "q1 8! ext]m9at+ angel 0 "u my ord]s1 wo to ,k/n]1 to ,kant1 to ,wiel&1 & o!rs l !m4444 ,:y is x1 t no "o has ev] pres]v$ = our times1 ! skulls ( ,hom]1 ,virgil1 ,cic]o1 c480#ace 8,at "o "t10 says ,*>les ,vill]s1 8e body 9 ,vi5na 0 trembl+ = 8 head1 & fe>+ t aft] 8 dea? x w\ld be put 9 requisition to enri* ,dr4 ,gall's cab9et4 ,he ann\nc$ 8 impati5ce z to ! skulls ( extraord9>y p]sons--su* z 7 di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 great qualities or by great tal5ts--:i* 0 /ill great] cause = ! g5]al t]ror4 ,too _m p 7 l$ to suppose !mselves ! objects ( ! doctor's reg>ds1 & imag9$ _! heads to be especially long$ = by him1 z a specim5 ( ! utmo/ importance to ! success ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,"s v curi\s /ories are told on ?is po9t4 ,old ,m4 ,d5is1 ! ,emp]or's libr>ian1 ins]t$ a special clause 9 8 w1 int5d$ to save 8 cranium f ,m4 ,gall's scalpel40#acf ,gall & ,spurzheim diff] f ea* o!r ^u sev]al po9ts3 ^u ! (fices ( ! ext]nal s5ses2 ^u ! names ( ! faculties ( ! s\l2 ^u _! numb]2 & ^u ! classification ( ! faculties1 c4 ,let u exam9e a few ( ! po9ts m p>ticul>ly4 #a4 ,(fices ( ! ext]nal s5ses4 8,m4 ,gall is dispos$10 says ,spurzheim1 8to attribute to ! ext]nal s5ses1 z well z to ea* & e int]nal faculty1 n only p]ception1 b also memory1 rem9isc5ce1 & judgm5t4444 ,x seems to me t su* facts 7! facts cit$ by ,gall7 d n prove ! conclusion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 memory1 be+ no?+ m ?an ! repetition ( k1 mu/ h its seat 9 ! po9t :]e p]ception takes place4 ,! impressions ( ! n]ves t give rise to ! s5sation ( hung]1 c4 are indisputably p]ceiv$ 9 ! head1 :i* likewise has ! rem9isc5ce ( hung]4444 ,i d n believe we c conclude t ! eyes or ! e>s are ! seats ( rem9isc5ce40#acg ,spurzheim is "r1 z we h suffici5tly se52#ach p]ception is n 9 ! organ ( ! s5se4 ,b ! error t ,spurzheim combats is n ! :ole ( ,gall's error2 x is only a p>ticul> & second>y error3#aci ! error t he does n p]ceive1 ! error t he foll[s1 is a g5]al & capital "o4 ,f ! indep5d5ce ( ! ext]nal s5ses1 ,gall concludes ! indep5d5ce ( ! faculties ( ! s\l3 he reasons ^u an app>5t analogy1 :i* conceals a pr(\nd dissimilitude2 & ,spurzheim reasons j z ,gall does4 8,9 ! n]v\s sy/em10 says he1 8we f9d ! five ext]nal s5ses sep>ate & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r40#adj 8,! faculties ( ! ext]nal s5ses are atta*$ to diff]5t organs2 !y may exi/ sep>ately4 ,! same holds true ( ! int]nal s5ses40#ada 8,we ass]t t !re is a p>ticul> organ = ea* species ( s5tim5t or ?\ght1 z !re is = ea* species ( ext]ior s5sation40#adb ,l ,gall1 ,spurzheim d5om9ates ! faculties ( ! s\l int]nal s5ses2 9 ! same _s he says3 8,! s5se ( col\r1 ! s5se ( numb]1 s5se ( language1 s5se ( comp>ison1 s5se ( causality10#adc c4 c4 ,bo? au?ors beg9 by call+ ! faculties ( ! s\l int]nal s5ses2 & !n1 misl$ by ! ^w1 !y conclude f ! indep5d5ce ( ! ext]nal s5ses1 to ! indep5d5ce ( _! int]nal s5ses2 t is to say1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! faculties ( ! s\l4 #b4 ,names ( ! faculties4 ,spurzheim accuses ,gall ( hav+ giv5 d5om9ations only to actions1 & n to ! pr9ciples ( ^? actions4 8,f9d+10 says he1 8a relation betwixt ! developm5t ( a c]ebral "p & a sort ( action1 ,m4 ,gall d5om9at$ ! c]ebral "p f ! action2 ?us1 he spoke ( ! organs ( music1 poetry1 c40#add 8,! nom5clature10 says he fur!r1 8ought to be con=m$ to ! faculties1 )\t reg>d to any action :atev]4444 ,:5 we attribute to an organ cunn+1 managem5t1 hypocrisy1 intrigue1 c4 we d n make kn[n ! prim>y faculty :i* contributes to all ^! modifi$ actions40#ade ,gall replies3 8,m4 ,spurzheim _c h =gott5 h[ (t5 we reason$ )\t end1 ) a view to det]m9e ! primitive de/9ation ( an organ4444 ,i confess1 t !re are sev]al organs1 ) ^: prim>y faculties ,i am n yet acqua9t$2 & ,i cont9ue to d5om9ate !m f ! degree ( activity t l$ me to ! discov]y ( !m4 ,m4 ,spurzheim ?9ks himself m =tunate3 8 metaphysical temp]am5t has l$ him to ! discov]y ( ! fundam5tal or primitive faculty ( e "o ( ! organs4 ,let u put x to ! pro(40#adf ,inde$1 ,spurzheim's exp$i5t = r5d]+ himself ma/] ( ! prim>y faculties is v simple4 ,he creates a ^w3 he calls ! in/9ct ( propagation amativity1 ! prop5sity to /eal1 convoitivity2 c\rage is combativity1 c4 c4 ,gall & ,spurzheim talk a great deal ab\t nom5clature2 b !y d n p]ceive1 t z to nom5clature1 ! fir/ difficulty1 & inde$ ! only "o1 is to get at simple facts4 ,:oev] has come to simple facts1 is v nigh to a good nom5clature4 ,desc>tes says3 8,_h "s "o cle>ly expla9$ ! simple ideas t exi/ 9 ! imag9ation ( m51 & :i* con/itute all t !y ?9k1 ,i %\ld v5ture to hope = a language t x w\ld be v easy to le>n1 444 &1 :i* is ! pr9cipal matt]1 t w\ld assi/ ! judgm5t1 repres5t+ to x ?+s s di/9ctly t x w\ld be almo/ impossible = x to be deceiv$2 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ! words we n[ h possess1 s to speak1 only confus$ significations1 to :i* ! human m9d has be5 s long accu/om$1 t x !re=e und]/&s sc>cely any ?+ p]fectly well40#adg #c4 ,numb] ( ! faculties4 ,spurzheim adds eight faculties to ^? e/abli%$ by ,gall1 & ,gall is vex$ by x4 ,"o does n see :y4 ,:at6 ,%all ,gall end[ tw5ty-sev5 faculties1 & ,spurzheim n h ! same privilege = sev5 or eight8#adh ,%all ,gall h a faculty = space1 "o = numb]1 c4 & ,spurzheim be refus$ "o = "t1 "o = ext5t1 c48 ,is n ,spurzheim half "r1 :5 he says3 8,"o does n readily p]ceive :y ,m4 ,gall %\ld desire to sugge/ to 8 read]s t 8 me?od ( treat+ ! doctr9e ( ! bra9 is ! only admissible "o1 & t !re are no o!r organs ?an ^? he has recognis$2 t ! organs d no?+ b :at he attributes to !m2 444 t all he says & all he does 7& t only7 be>s ! /amp ( p]fection2 & t 8 decision con/itutes ! supreme law40#adi #d4 ,classification & attributes ( ! faculties4 ,gall1 by giv+ ! same attributes to all ! faculties1 & to ea* faculty all ! attributes ( ! und]/&+1 9 fact =ms out ( ! faculties only two gr\ps3 ! gr\p ( faculties t he supposes common to man & ! animals1 & ! gr\p ( faculties t he supposes to be prop] to man alone4 ,spurzheim divides & subdivides !m4 ,none ( ! =mulas requir$ = ! classification agre$ ^u are omitt$4#aej ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are two ord]s ( faculties3 ! affective & ! intellectual faculties2 !n ea* ( ^! ord]s is divid$ into g5]a4 ,! fir/ ord] has two g5]a3 ! affective faculties common to man & animals1#aea & ! affective faculties peculi> to man alone4#aeb ,! second has ?ree g5]a3 ! faculties or int]nal s5ses :i* make ext]nal objects kn[n2#aec ! faculties or int]nal s5ses :i* make kn[n ! relations ( objects 9 g5]al2#aed & ! faculties or int]nal s5ses t reflect4#aee ,:at an app>atus = say+ v simple ?+s2 = say+ t !re are prop5sities1#aef s5tim5ts1#aeg & intellectual faculties6 ,:at s+ul> p]sonification ( all ^! faculties3 faculties t "k2 faculties t reflect6#aeh ,spurzheim else:]e speaks ( happy faculties4#aei ,inde$1 :at arbitr>9ess 9 ! di/ribution ( facts6 ,& ,gall1 too1 is he n half "r8 8,by :at "r10 says he1 8does ,m4 ,spurzheim exclude f ! intellectual faculties imitation1 wit1 ideality or poetry1 circumspection1 secretivity1 con/ructivity8 ,h[ are p]sev]ance1 circumspection1 imitation2 h[ are !y s5tim5ts8 ,:at reason h we = c\nt+ among ! prop5sities con/ructivity r ?an melody1 b5evol5ce1 or imitation80#afj ,gall1 by end[+ ea* faculty ) all ! attributes ( an und]/&+1 makes z _m und]/&+s z faculties4 ,spurzheim makes sev]al k9ds ( und]/&+s3 und]/&+s t "k1 und]/&+s t reflect1 c4 ,he re/ores ! s5sitive & rational s\ls4 ,9 f9e1 ,gall & ,spurzheim r>ely agree z to _! faculties4 ,9 hope ,gall sees no?+ m ?an an attribute2 ,spurzheim beholds x z a prim>y faculty4 ,9 consci5ce ,gall sees no?+ b an effect ( b5evol5ce2 ,spurzheim looks ^u x z a peculi> faculty4 ,gall resolves t !re is only "o organ ( religion1 & ,spurzheim insi/s ^u ?ree--! organ ( causality1 t ( sup]naturality1 & t ( v5]ation1 c4 c4 ,we %\ld nev] end1 7 we to foll[ !m ?r\gh\t _! debates4 ,i h said en\gh to %[ ! case1 & ,i n[ pass on to ,br\ssais4 ,v4 ,,( ,,br\ssais4 ,br\ssais appe>s to h be5 born solely = ! purpose ( imag9+ or propagat+ sy/ems4 ,guid$ by facts :i* he seiz$ ^u ) a r>e sagacity1 ,br\ssais beg9s by br++ back c]ta9 affections to _! real seats2#afa b soon1 by an immod]ate g5]alization ( ?is f9e result1 he p]ceives all affections 9 ! same affection1 all diseases 9 ! same malady2 he imag9es "o ab/ract affection1 by means ( :i* he expla9s all o!r affections3 fev]s are no?+ b irritations ( ! dige/ive app>atus2 insanity is no?+ b an irritation ( ! bra92#afb & he :o is s intol]ant ( ! p]sonifications propos$ by o!rs1 makes "o p]sonification m2 9 f9e1 8 exclusive & head/rong g5ius c>ries him beyond himself1 &1 z if m]ely to amuse him aft] ! fatigue ( =m+ 8 sy/ems1 plunges him into ! "q ( phr5ology1 :]e he enjoys himself s mu* ! m1 because he f9ds 9 x 8 own accu/om$ me?od1 8 own ideas1 & 8 own language3 !re are pl5ty ( faculties to br+ back to _! organs1 pl5ty ( localizations to e/abli%4 ,br\ssais ought n to be judg$ ( by 8 8,c\rs de ,phrnologie40#afc ,! five or six fir/ lessons1 or1 z he calls !m1 g5]alities1#afd are m]ely a confus$ mixture ( ideas3 ! notions ( ,condillac reject$ by ,cabanis1 & ! ideas ( ! phr5ologi/s4 ,he says t s5sibility is ! common orig9 ( ! faculties2#afe he calls p]ception a prim>y faculty1#aff c4 c42 & ,condillac w\ld n speak diff]5tly4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 he says t !re are z _m memories z !re are organs2#afg t ! in/9cts & ! s5tim5ts possess a memory1 z ! ext]nal p]ceptions#afh h !irs2 t ! m9d is ! sum ( ! faculties1#afi c42 & ,gall c\ld n say x m cle>ly4 ,br\ssais is p>ticul>ly oppos$ to ! moi ( ,desc>tes4 8,s$uc$10 says he1 8by ! moi ( ,desc>tes1 philosoph]s h be5 l$ to reason accord+ to ! te/imony ( _! consci\sness44440#agj ,& accord+ to :at te/imony does ,br\ssais ?9k !y ought to reason8 ,he ?9ks x v funny to call ! moi an intra-cranial entity1#aga intra-cranial c5tral be+1#agb p]son p> excell5ce1 c4#agc ,he laughs at ! moi ( ,desc>tes2 he =gets t ! moi ( ,gall is ei!r no?+ else ?an ! sum 7ensemble7 ( ! intellectual faculties1 or no?+ else ?an a ^w2 & he makes = himself a peculi> moi1#agd :i* he locates 9 ! organ ( comp>ison4 8,we owe10 says he1 8to ! organ ( g5]al comp>ison ! di/9ction ( "o p]son express$ by ! sign me40#age ,br\ssais 0 nev] design$ = compliance ) ! ideas ( o!rs2 a yoke oppresses him2 he is nev] truly ,br\ssais1 except 9 ! mid/ ( conflict4 ,9 #ahaf he publi%es a volume1#agf & ! m$ical doctr9es are %ook = half a c5tury3 we ought to read t volume ov] aga91 & =get ! 8,c\rs de ,phrnologie40 ,,vi4 ,,br\ssais',s ,,psycology4 ,! fact is1 ,br\ssais is busi] ) 8 own op9ions ?an ) :at ,gall ?\ght2 & "h is a specim5 ( 8 way ( ?9k+3 8,! und]/&+ & its diff]5t manife/ations are10 says he1 8! ph5om5a ( ! n]v\s actions40#agg 8,! faculties10 says he fur!r1 8are ! actions ( ! mat]ial organs10#agh c4 ,br\ssais's :ole psycology is conta9$ 9 ^! words4 ,! organ1 & ! ph5om5on produc$ by ! organ4 ,to speak m cle>ly1 ! organ & ! action ( ! organ4 ,to speak l ,cabanis1 ! organ & ! secretion ( ! organ1 or ?\ght4#agi ,t's all6 ,! und]/&+1 !re=e1 is m]ely a ph5om5on1 a product1 an act4 ,b if ?is be ! case1 h[ c !re be a cont9uity ( ! moi8 ,n[1 ! consci\sness :i* gives me ! unity ( ! moi1 gives me n less assur$ly ! cont9uity ( ! moi4 ,desc>tes' admirable words are3 8,i f9d t !re is 9 u an intellectual memory40#ahj ,! consci\sness tells me t ,i am "o1 & ,gall insi/s t ,i am multiple2 ! consci\sness tells me ,i am free1 & ,gall av]s t !re is no moral lib]ty2 ! consci\sness end[s me ) ! cont9uity ( my und]/&+1 b ,cabanis & ,br\ssais tell me t my und]/&+ is no?+ b an act4 ,philosoph]s w talk4 ,,vii4 ,,br\ssais',s ,,physiology4 ,! :ole ( ,br\ssais's physiology is f\nd$ ^u irritation4 ,he says1 8,irritation con/itutes ! basis ( ! physiological doctr9e40#aha ,b :at is irritation8 ,br\ssais replies3 8,x is ! exagg]ation ( contractility40#ahb ,b !n1 :at is contractility8 ,9 ,hall]1 ! t]m irritability 7= t is 8 t]m = contractility7 possesses a precise mean+ & import4 ,irritability is a prop]ty ( muscul> fibre1 by :i* x %ort5s or contracts itself :5 t\*$4 ,hall] demon/rat$1 & x is 8 glory1 t ! muscle alone moves :5 x is t\*$4 ,:at is t to ,br\ssais8 ,he goes back aga9 to ! vague irritability ( ,glisson & de ,gort]3 l ^? au?ors1 he assigns x to e tissue1 &1 l !m1 he expla9s e ?+ by means ( x4 ,br\ssais's irritation is m]ely ,hall]'s irritability exagg]at$ & de=m$4 ,! g5ius ( ,br\ssais 0 too impati5t to all[ him to proce$ /ep by /ep up to ! idea--too impassion$ to h9d] him f be+ satisfi$ ) ! "n--& = t v reason he appe>s to h be5 by nature fitt$ = success 9 a s*ool :]e ! "n is e ?+4 ,b "h is ! great diff]5ce4 ,gall & ,br\ssais lab\r$ = ! ,s*ool3 ,desc>tes toil$ = ! human m9d4 ,,viii4 ,i return to ,gall4 ,^? :o wi% to le>n ,gall's doctr9e1 w always g up to ,gall himself4 ,spurzheim already alt]s ! _s ( t doctr9e1 & ,gall compla9s ( x4 8,m4 ,spurzheim10 says he1 8kn[s my discov]ies bett] ?an any body else1 b he tries to introduce among !m a _s q =eign to t 9 :i* !y 7 begun1 cont9u$ & p]fect$40#ahc ,gall1 moreov]1 0 a great anatomi/4 ,8 idea ( trac+ ! fibres ( ! bra9 is1 z to ! anatomy ( t organ1 ! fundam5tal idea4 ,! idea is n 8 own3 two ,fr5* anatomi/s1 ,vieuss5s & ,p\rf\r du ,petit1 _h admirably und]/ood x long be=e 8 "t2 b at ! p]iod ( 8 appe>ance x _h be5 long =gott54 ,! bra9 0 n !n dissect$ by any "o3 x 0 cut 9 slices4 ,x 0 a great m]it 9 ,gall to h recall$ ! true me?od ( dissect+ ! bra92 & !re 0 /ill great] address on 8 "p1 9 connect+ ) 8 lab\rs 9 positive anatomy1 8 doctr9e ( indep5d5t faculties & multiple bra94 ,?is /range doctr9e has _h a =tune /ill m /range4 ,gall & ,spurzheim =got to place curiosity among _! prim>y faculties4 ,!y 7 wrong4 ,b = ! cr$ul\s curiosity ( mank9d1 h[ c\ld !y h expla9$ ! success ( _! doctr9e8 ,=tunately1 a sy/em nev] lives o!rwise ?an z a sy/em lives4 ,t ( ! mom5t is ab&on$ = ! sake ( ano!r3 & almo/ always = a p]fectly opposite "o4 ,sy/ems multiply & pass away2 & we are indebt$ to ! sy/ems !mselves = an escape f ! mis*iefs ( sy/ems4 ,,notes4 ,,note ,i4 ,,anatomical ,,relations ,,suppos$ ,,by ,,gall ,,to ,,exi/ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,s5ses1 ,,& ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,faculties4 ,page #hb4 ,accord+ to ,gall1 ! orig91 ! developm5t1 ! /ructure & mode ( t]m9ation1 z to ! organs ( ! faculties ( ! s\l & ! organs ( ! ext]nal s5ses1 e ?+ is simil>1 e ?+ is 9 common4 ,x is kn[n t two sub/ances compose ! n]v\s sy/em--! gray matt]1 & ! :ite or fibr\s matt]4 ,well1 accord+ to ,gall1 "o ( ^! sub/ances produces ! o!r4 ,! gray matt] produces ! :ite matt]4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 !re happ5s to be any gray matt]1 :ite matt] mu/ appe>2 t is to say1 n]v\s fibres1#ahd n]v\s filam5ts1 n]ves4 ,all ! n]ves 9 ! body mu/ arise 9 ?is way4 ,! sp9al n]ves arise f ! gray matt] :i* is 9 ! int]ior ( ! sp9al m>r[2 ! c]ebral n]ves f ! gray matt] t is 9 ! int]ior ( ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,h5ce1 ! n]ves ( ! body are organs ( ! s5ses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bra9 & ! c]ebellum1#ahe :i* are ! organs ( ! faculties ( ! s\l1 mu/ arise l ! n]ves3 ! bra9 f ! gray matt] ( ! pyramidal em95ces2 ! c]ebellum f ! gray matt] t surr\nds ! re/i=m bodies4 ,9 ! second place1 :5ev] a n]ve trav]ses a mass ( gray matt]1 x receives f x1 accord+ to ,gall1 c]ta9 new n]v\s filam5ts2 & 9 ?is way x gr[s & developes itself4 ,! c]ebrum & c]ebellum w n fail !re=e to gr[ & be develop$ likewise4 ,! primitive bundles ( ! c]ebellum1 7! re/i=m bodies17 w gr[ by means ( ! filam5ts :i* w be imp>t$ to !m by ! gray matt] ( ! cili>y body3 ! primitive bundles ( ! c]ebrum1 7! pyramidal em95ces17 by ! filam5ts imp>t$ to !m by1 fir/1 ! gray matt] ( ! pons v>olii2 secondly1 by t ( ! optic /rata2 & !n by t ( ! oliv>y bodies1 corpora /riata1 c4 c4 ,f9ally1 9 ! same mann] z a n]ve ( s5se exp&s at its t]m9ation1 & by means ( su* expansion =ms ! organ ( ! s5se1 s ! primitive bundles ( fibres ( ! bra9 & ( ! c]ebellum t]m9ate 9 expansions1 & con/itute ! organs ( ! int]nal s5ses2 t is to say1 ! lobes ( ! c]ebellum & ! hemisph]es ( ! bra94#ahf ,,note ,,ii4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,in/9ct ,,& ,,und]/&+4 ,page #fd 7,note74 ,& he does n see t z to ! in/9cts & ! und]/&+ all is contra/4 ,"h is :at ,i h else:]e said ^u ?is "q1 s long debat$1 ( ! in/9ct & und]/&+ ( animals4 8,!re is a mo/ complete diff]5ce betwe5 in/9ct & und]/&+4 8,9 in/9ct all is bl9d1 necess>y1 & inv>iable4 ,9 und]/&+ e ?+ is elective1 conditional1 & modifiable4 8,! beav] :i* builds its h\se1 & ! bird t con/ructs its ne/1 act only by in/9ct4 8,! dog & ! horse1 t le>n ev5 ! mean+ ( sev]al ( our words1 & :o pay ob$i5ce to u1 d s by und]/&+4 8,9 in/9ct all is innate4 ,! beav] builds )\t hav+ le>n$ to build3 all t he does is f fatality4 ,! beav] builds "u ! impulsion ( a con/ant & irresi/ible =ce4 8,9 und]/&+1 e ?+ results f exp]i5ce & in/ruction4 ,! dog obeys only because he has le>n$ to obey3 he is p]fectly free 9 ?is respect2 = he obeys only because he w obey4 8,f9ally1 9 reg>d to in/9ct e ?+ is p>ticul>4 ,t admirable indu/ry t ! beav] exhibits 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 hut1 c be employ$ 9 no o!r occupation ?an ! build+ ( 8 hut4 ,n[1 9 und]/&+ e ?+ is g5]al2 = ! dog c\ld apply ! same flexibility ( att5tion1 & ( conception1 :i* he uses 9 obey+1 to d any o!r ?+4 8,9 animals !re are1 !re=e1 two di/9ct & prim>y =ces--in/9ct & und]/&+4 ,z long z our conceptions ( ^! =ces 7 confus$1 all our views & op9ions 9 reg>d to ! actions ( animals rema9$ obscure & contradictory4 ,among ^! actions1 "s exhibit$ man e :]e sup]ior to ! brute2 :ile o!rs appe>$ to accord to ! brute creation ! sup]iority ov] man--a contradiction almo/ z deplorable z absurd6 ,by ! di/9ction t sep>ates bl9d & necess>y actions f elective & conditional ones--or1 9 a ^w1 in/9ct f intellig5ce--all contradiction disappe>s1 & ord] succe$s to confusion4 ,:atev] 9 animals is und]/&+1 does n 9 any degree approa* ! excell5ce ( ! human und]/&+2 & :atsoev]1 "u ! appe>ance ( und]/&+1 seem$ sup]ior to ! human und]/&+1 is 9 fact a m]e result ( a me*anical & bl9d =ce40#ahg ,"h is :at ,i say z to ! b\nd>ies betwe5 ! intellig5ce ( man & ( animals4 8,animals receive1 ?r\gh _! s5ses1 impressions simil> to ^? t we receive ?r\gh ! m$ium ( our s5ses2 l ourselves1 !y reta9 ! traces ( ^! impressions3 ^! impressions1 :5 pres]v$1 =m = !m1 z well z = u1 num]\s & v>i\s associations3 !y comb9e !m1 !y draw f !m inf]5ces1 & d$uce judgm5ts f !m3 !re=e !y possess und]/&+4 8,b ! :ole ( _! und]/&+ /ops at t po9t4 ,! und]/&+ !y possess is n "o t c consid] itself3 x _c see itself1 does n "k itself4 ,!y d n possess reflection1 t supreme faculty ) :i* ! m9d ( man is end[$1 & :i* enables him to turn 8 intellectual p[] inw>ds1 s z to /udy & "k ! nature ( 8 own und]/&+4 8,reflection1 ?us def9$1 is !n ! b\nd>y t sep>ates human intellig5ce f t ( ! brute creation3 & 9 fact x _c be d5i$ t ?is furni%es a /rong l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m4 ,?\ght1 :i* contemplates itself2 und]/&+1 :i* sees itself & /udies itself2 k1 :i* kn[s itself2 ^! evid5tly con/itute an ord] ( det]m9ate ph5om5a ( a decid$ "*1 & to :i* no brute animal c ev] atta94 ,?is is1 if "o might s speak1 a purely intellectual doma92 & x app]ta9s to man alone4 ,9 "o ^w1 animals feel1 "k1 ?9k2 b man is ! only "o ( all creat$ be+s to :om has be5 giv5 ! p[] ( feel+ t he feels1 ( kn[+ t he kn[s1 & ( ?9k+ t he ?9ks40#ahh ,i w quote1 also1 ! foll[+ passage f my "w sur l'in/9ct et l'intellig5ce des animaux1 p4 #agh1 et seq4 8 444 ,!re are ?ree facts3 in/9ct1 und]/&+ ( brutes1 & human und]/&+2 & ea* ( ^! facts has its def9ite limits4 8,in/9ct acts )\t kn[+2 und]/&+ kn[s 9 ord] to act2 ! human und]/&+ alone kn[s1 & kn[s itself4 8,reflection1 closely def9$1 is ! k ( ?\ght by ?\ght4 ,& ?is p[] ( ?\ght ov] ?\ght gives u a :ole ord] ( new relations4 ,z soon z ! m9d p]ceives itself x judges itself2 z soon z x c act ^u itself x is free2 z soon z x becomes free x becomes moral4 8,man is only moral because he is free4 8,! brute animal foll[s its body2 9 ! mid/ ( ?is body1 :i* %r\ds x completely 9 matt]1 ! human m9d is free1 & s free t x c1 :5ev] x pref]s to d s1 immolate its v body4 8#8,! great p[] ( ! w ov] ! body1' says ,bossuet1 #8consi/s 9 ?is prodigi\s effect1 t man is s completely ma/] ( 8 frame1 t he c ev5 sacrifice x = ! sake ( "s great] good 9 view4 ,to ru% into ! mid/ ( bl[s1 & plunge into a flight ( arr[s f a bl9d impetuosity1 z happ5s among brute creatures1 %[s no?+ sup]ior to ! body itself2 b to resolve to die ) und]/&+1 & = reasons1 not)/&+ ! :ole disposition ( ! body to ! contr>y1 ev9ces a pr9ciple sup]ior to ! body2 & among all ! tribes ( animals1 man is ! only "o 9 :om ?is pr9ciple exi/s4'0 ,,note ,,iii4 ,,gall1 ,,z ,,an ,,obs]v]4 ,page #ic4 ,he /udi$ !m 7mank9d7 9 8 own way1 b he /udi$ !m v closely4 ,gall 0 a practical obs]v]4 ,he obs]v$ & /udi$ always1 & ) s mu* ! great] success because 8p nev] suspect$ t !y _h to d 7^! are 8 own words7 ) a man :o knew p]fectly well t ! basis ( human "* cont9ues to be always ! same1 & t m]ely ! objects t int]e/ u *ange ) ! progress ( ye>s40#ahi ,he exam9$ 8families1 s*ools1 hospitals1 c40#aij ,& he nev] 0 satisfi$ ) appe>ances only4 8,! occupations t we pursue z our bus9ess1 g5]ally prove no?+ ei!r z to our faculties or our prop5sities3 b ^? :i* we engage 9 z recreation are almo/ always 9 con=mity ) our ta/es & our tal5ts40#aia ,8 obs]vations on m5 7 m s]viceable to him 9 judg+ ( & describ+ _! *>act]s1 ?an ! bumps on ! skull4 8,i (t5 said to my fri5ds1 %[ me ! fundam5tal =ces ( ! s\l1 & ,i w f9d ! organ & ! seat = ea* "o ( !m4#aib 444 ,:5 ,i _h become conv9c$ t a di/+ui%$ tal5t1 & "o fully s recognis$1 0 especially ! "w ( nature1 ,i exam9$ ! head ( ! individual1 444 c40#aic ,gall's progression1 !n1 0 f obs]vation to ! cranium2 he fir/ proce$$ f obs]vation to ! cranium1 & next f ! cranium to ! bra94 ,fur!rmore1 ,gall began by /udy+ ! physiognomy--! features ( ! c\nt5ance--l ,lavat]4 ,he at fir/ ?\ght t a good memory 0 connect$ ) a c]ta9 con=mation ( ! eyes3 8,i rem>k$10 says he1 8t !y all _h l>ge project+ eyes4444 ,i suspect$1 !re=e1 t !re ought to exi/ "s connexion betwe5 memory & ?is con=mation ( ! eyes40#aid ,aga9 he says1 8,x may be p]ceiv$1 f ! progress ( ^! rese>*es1 t ! fir/ /ep consi/$ 9 ! discov]y ( c]ta9 organs2 t x 0 by degrees only t we all[$ facts to speak 9 ord] to d$uce f !m g5]al pr9ciples2 & t x 0 subsequ5tly1 & t[>ds ! close1 t we _h le>n$ to "k ! bra940#aie ,?us x appe>s t ! /udy ( ! bra9 came lat] ?an ! doctr9e2 & t is ! reason :y ! anatomy ( ! bra9 is a m]e s]ies ( mi/akes & conjectures--,i mean "h ! special anatomy1 ! secret anatomy1 ! phr5ological anatomy2 ,i mean ! anatomy made out to suit ! doctr9e4 ,i h already suffici5tly discrim9at$ betwe5 x & ! real anatomy4#aif ,,note ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,spirits4 ,page #aaf4 ,he :o is s intol]ant ( ! p]sonifications propos$ by o!rs makes "o p]sonification m4 ,br\ssais expla9s e ?+ by ! ^w irritation1 j z ,gall expla9s e ?+ by ! ^w faculties1 & z ,malebran*e expla9$ !m by animal spirits4 ,aft] s]v+ ,desc>tes1 ! animal spirits 7 9 ! s]vice ( ,malebran*e2 !y s]v$ all ! au?ors ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,malebran*e comm5ces "o ( 8 *apt]s ) ^! words3 8,e body agrees t ! animal spirits44440#aig ,he _h no idea t e body w\ld agree "s day1 t ! animal spirits is m]e nons5se4 ,!re 7 animal spirits ( all sorts2 z ,gall _h faculties ( all sorts3 !re 7 agitat$#aih animal spirits1 languid animal spirits4#aii ,!re 7 ev5 lib]t9e animal spirits4 8,w9e is s spiritu\s10 says ,malebran*e1 8t x is animal spirits almo/ completely =m$1 b lib]t9e spirits40#bjj ,! animal spirits seem$ to h become ! ultima ratio ( ! philosoph]s4 ,! au?or ( a book1 9 o!r respects to be e/eem$1 ?us def9$ imag9ation3 8,imag9ation is a p]ception ( ! s\l's caus$ by ! int]nal motion ( ! animal spirits40#bja ,t au?or _h no d\bt t he 0 say+ some?+4 ,,note ,v4 ,,exagg]ation ,,( ,,br\ssais1 ,,ev5 ,,9 ,,phr5ology4 ,page #abj4 ,we ought to read t volume ov] aga91 & =get ! ,c\rs de ,phrnologie4 ,br\ssais does n adopt m]ely ! g5]al ideas ( ! phr5ologi/s--he adopts ev5 ! smalle/ ( !m4 ,gall _h locat$ ! in/9ct ( murd] 9 a giv5 "p ( ! bra92 & he suppos$1 be x und]/ood1 t ?is "p exi/$ only 9 ! bra9 ( ! c>nivor\s animals4 ,b see1 x is f\nd 9 ! bra9 ( ! h]bivora2 & "o w\ld suppose t ! phr5ologi/s w\ld be 9 tr\ble ab\t x4 ,don't deceive y\rself1 ! in/9ct ( murd] is ! in/9ct ( de/ruction4 ,spurzheim d5om9ates x de/ructivity2 & ! h]bivor\s animals mu/ possess x1 = !y eat plants & consequ5tly de/roy !m4 8,! h]bivora0 says ,br\ssais1 8effect a real de/ruction among plants4#bjb ,an attempt has be5 made to turn ^! ideas into ridicule1 ev5 9 an ,academy4444 ,x 0 9 a le>n$ society ( ?is k9d consid]$ ridicul\s 9 ! phr5ologi/s to comp>e ! de/ruction ( vegetables to t ( animals4 ,= my own "p ,i d n see :y ! idea %\ld be reject$1 if ! fundam5tal object ( ! organ be to procure ! means ( alim5tation1 :i* seems to be q c]ta940#bjc ,gall imag9es an organ = religion2 he ?9ks x peculi> to man1 & d5om9ates x ! ,organ ( ,!osophy4 ,! same organ is f\nd q d[n 9 ! scale z l[ z ! %eep2#bjd & d n suppose t ,br\ssais is at all %ock$ by ! discov]y4 ,if necess>y he w g fur!r ?an all ! phr5ologi/s tak5 toge!r4 8,! phr5ologi/s0 says he1 8h d5i$ t ?is s5tim5t 7! s5tim5t ( v5]ation7 belongs to ! animals4 ,i am n ( t op9ion4 ,a c]ta9 %ade ( v5]ation exi/s 9 _m species1 among ! v]tebrate1 t *oose _! lead]s1 & m>* accord+ to a signal giv5 by _! *iefs & obey !m4 ,?us ev5 among ! %eep y may see a *ief40#bje ,:o w\ld h believ$ x8 ,br\ssais f9ds ,gall too timor\s4 8,!re is10 says he1 8no c5tral organ4 ,?is is consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful objections to ,gall4 ,z f> z ,i "k he nev] answ]$ x4 ,z = me1 ,i %all be m frank1 p]haps m bold3 ,i %all say x is impossible t !re %\ld be "o1 c40#bjf ,,note ,,vi4 ,,contractility ,,( ,,br\ssais4 ,page #abf4 ,he assigns x to e tissue1 &1 l !m1 he expla9s e ?+ by means ( x4 ,he assigns x to e tissue4 ,hall] attribut$ ?is prop]ty to ! muscles alone1 8b x is a common prop]ty ( ! tissues40#bjg ,he expla9s e ?+ by means ( x3 e ?+1 ev5 inn]vation itself4 ,b he is con/ra9$ to add3 8,d\btless some?+ m occurs 9 ! int]ior ( ! n]v\s tissue2 d\btless we are unacqua9t$ & ignorant z to h[ t o!r ?+ is connect$ ) ! motions 9 "q1 & h[ x may employ !m 9 ! act ( inn]vation10 c4#bjh ,s we p]ceive1 9 ! fir/ place1 contractility expla9s inn]vation2 & !n1 t some?+ m is want+4 ,& z n]v\s contractility is no?+ b a m5tal fiction 7a n]ve nev] moves1 nev] contracts1 :5 x is t\*$7 ! :ole matt] tap]s d[n to ?is some?+ m1 or to t o!r ?+4 ,see h[ v f> f be+ rigor\s are ^? :o con/ruct sy/ems4 ,,note ,,vii4 ,,real ,,lab\rs ,,( ,,gall ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,bra94 ,page #abh4 ,gall1 moreov]1 0 a great anatomi/4 ,he f\nd t ! m$ull>y sub/ance ( ! bra9 0 fibr\s ?r\gh\t2#bji he saw ! fibres ( ! m$ulla oblongata decussate be=e !y =m ! pyramidal em95ces1#baj ^? ( ! corpora oliv>ia1 c42 t is to say1 all ! asc5d+ fibres ( ! m$ulla oblongata across ! pons v>olii1 ?alami n]vor opticorum1 & ! corpora /riata1 z f> z ! vault ( ! hemisph]es2 he saw ! bundles =m$ by ^! fibres increas$ 9 magnitude at ea* ( ^! passages2 he di/+ui%$ ! fibres :i* g out 9 ord] to exp& 9 ! hemisph]es1 f ^? t g 9 9 ord] to give bir? to ! commissures3 _m n]ves t 7 reg>d$ z com+ out imm$iately f ! bra91 7 by him trac$ ev5 into ! m$ulla oblongata1 c4 ,& ,i repeat t all ^! facts1 ) ! discov]y ( :i* he has enri*$ ! sci5ce ( anatomy1 all ( !m are ! results ( a happy ?\ght ( 8--! idea ( trac+ ! fibres ( ! bra91 or to use a common expression1 ( sub/itut+ 9 ! dissection ( ! bra9 ! me?od ( developm5ts = t ( sections4 ,^? ( ,gall's op9ions :i* x seems ought n to be adopt$1 are3 t 9 :i* he supposes ! n]ve fibres to be born 7he und]/&s ! ^w to ! lett]7 ( ! gray matt]2 t 9 :i* he cont5ds t ! convolutions ( ! bra9 are m]ely fold+s ( ! m$ull>y fibres1 & c !re=e be unfold$2 t 9 :i* he comp>es ! rete mucosum ( ! sk9 to ! gray matt] ( ! encephalon1 c41 c4 ,gall _h a m9d :i* impell$ him to ! =mation ( hypo!ses2 & ev5 9 8 real anatomy !re is a decid$ smack ( a sy/em-au?or4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes #a ,anatomie et ,physiologie du sy/me n]veux en gnral1 et du c]veau en p>ticuli]1 avec des obs]vations sur la possibilit de reconnatre plusieurs dispositions intellectuelles et morales de l'homme et des animaux p> la configuration de leurs ttes2 #d vol4 #dto1 avec plan*es4 ,p>is1 de #ahaj #ahai4 #b ,t4 ii4 p4 #bag4 8,x is g5]ally und]/ood10 says he fur!r1 8t ! bra9 is ! peculi> organ ( ! s\l40 ,t4 ii4 p4 #ad4 #c ,gall1 t4 ii4 p4 #bba4 #d ,gall1 t4 ii4 p4 #bbb4 ,hall]1 ,elem4 ,physiolog4 etc41 t4 iv4 p4 #cjd4 ,s5sus prt]ea s$em 9 c]ebro esse1 atque ad c]ebrum p] n]vos m&>i1 alia sunt qu o/5dunt4 #e ,rapports du ,physique et du ,moral de l'homme1 ,i,ie ,mmoire1 vii4 #f ,leons d',anat4 ,comp4 t4 ii4 p4 #aec4 #g ,ibid4 p4 #agc4 #h ,re*]*es ,phys4 sur la ,vie et la ,mort1 art4 vi4 ii4 #i ,ibid4 #aj ,desc>tes1 ,lettre ,regius ou ,l]oy1 t4 viii4 p4 #eae1 edit1 p> ,m4 ,c\s94 #aa ,t4 v4 p4 #cd4 8,i rem>k10 says he aga91 8t ! m9d does n receive ! impression f all p>ts ( ! body1 b f ! bra9 only40--,t4 i4 p4 #cdd4 #ab ,t4 vi4 p4 #cdg4 #ac ,t4 ii4 p4 #ceg4 #ad ,t4 ii4 p4 #ceh4 #ae 8,! pr9cipal object ( ?is "w10 says he1 8is to %[ h[ all our k1 & all our faculties come f ! s5ses40--,trait des ,s5sations1 prambule de l',extrait ,raisonn4 #af ,trait des ,s5sations1 pram4 de l',extrait ,raisonn4 #ag ,de l'homme1 de ses facults intellectuelles1 etc4 t4 i4 p4 #ahf4 ,liege1 #aggd4 #ah ,he v prop]ly di/+ui%es ! s5ses f ! und]/&+2 b1 z w be else:]e se51 he end[s ea* s5se ) all ! attributes ( ! und]/&+4 ,he escapes f "o error only to fall into ano!r4 #ai ,see my ,re*]*es ,exprim5tales sur les proprits et les fonctions du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #b;d edit4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 #bj ,ibid4 #ba ,see my ,re*]*es ,exprim5tales sur les proprits et les fonctions du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #b;d edit4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 #bb ,see my ,re*]*es ,exprim5tales sur les proprits et les fonctions du ,sy/me ,n]veux4 #bc ,ibid4 #bd ,see my ,re*]*es ,exprim5tales sur les proprits et les fonctions du ,sy/me ,n]veux4 #be 8,f :at ,i h n[ said1 x cle>ly foll[s t ! ap]ceptive faculty1 ! faculty ( rem9isc5ce1 & t ( memory1 are no?+ b attributes common to all ! fundam5tal faculties40--,gall1 t4 iv4 p4 #cai4 8,all t ,i h j said1 is also applicable to ! judgm5t & ! imag9ation10 c4--,ibid4 p4 #cbe4 8,! s5tim5ts & ! prop5sities also h _! judgm5t1 _! imag9ation1 _! recollection1 & _! memory40--,ibid4 p4 #cbg4 #bf ,ibid4 #cbh4 #bg ,ibid4 #cbg4 #bh ,gall1 t4 iv4 p4 #cci4 #bi ,ibid4 p4 #cda4 #cj 8,! intellectual faculty & all its subdivisions1 su* z p]ception1 recollection1 memory1 judgm5t1 imag9ation1 c4 are n fundam5tal faculties1 b m]ely g5]al attributes ( !m40--,gall1 t4 iv4 p4 #cbg4 #ca 8,reason10 says ,gall1 8is ! result ( ! simultane\s action ( all ! intellectual faculties40--,gall1 t4 iv4 p4 #cda4 #cb ,gall enum]ates tw5ty-sev5 ( ^! faculties1 ,spurzheim enum]ates tw5ty-five1 c4 #cc ,gall1 t4 iv4 p4 #cbe4 #cd ,ibid4 p4 #ccj4 #ce 8,i f9d 9 myself10 says ,desc>tes1 8div]s faculties ( ?\ght1 t h ea* _! own way1 444 :5ce ,i conclude1 !y are di/9ct f me1 z modes are di/9ct f ?+s40--,t4 i4 p4 #ccb4 #cf ,t4 viii4 p4 #afi4 #cg ,gall1 iv4 p4 #cda4 #ch ,ibid4 #ci ,ibid4 t4 ii4 p4 #ajj4 #dj ,gall1 t4 ii4 p4 #ig4 #da ,ibid4 #db 8,x is a law ( moral lib]ty1 t man %all be always det]m9$1 & t he %all himself det]m9e f ! mo/ num]\s & mo/ p[]ful motives40--,t4 ii4 p4 #acg4 #dc 8,b an organ may act ) great] en]gy1 & furni% a m p[]ful motive40--,t4 ii4 p4 #ajd4 #dd 8,!re is no p]son :o1 ^u contemplat+ himself1 does n feel & exp]i5ce t w & lib]ty are "o & ! same2 or r1 t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 t :i* is volunt>y & t :i* is free40--,t4 i4 p4 #dif4 #de ,desc>tes1 t4 i4 p4 #bii4 8,x is always 9 our p[] to prev5t ourselves f pursu+ a good :i* is cle>ly kn[n to u1 provid$ we %\ld ?9k x a good to %[ 9 t way our free w40--,desc>tes1 t4 vi4 p4 #acc4 8,! fulness ( lib]ty consi/s 9 ! great use ( our positive ability to foll[ ! worse1 :ile we truly "k ! bett]40--,ibid4 p4 #ach4 #df ,! "q "h relates solely to ! bra91 prop]ly s call$1 7! lobes or c]ebral hemisph]es47 ,! re/ ( ! encephalon does n s]ve 9 ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,see ! prec$+ article1 p4 #bi1 et seq4 #dg ,individual intellig5ces--an expression ( ,gall's4 8,ea* individual intellig5ce has its own prop] organ40--iv4 #cda4 #dh ,ev5 ! in/9cts1 accord+ to ,gall1 h _! memory1 imag9ation1 c4 8,! in/9ct ( propagation1 t ( ! love ( (fspr+1 pride1 vanity1 possess1 beyond contradiction1 _! p]ceptive faculty1 _! recollection1 _! memory1 judgm5t1 imag9ation1 & _! own att5tion40--,t4 iv4 p4 #cca4 8,! prop5sities & ! s5tim5ts likewise possess _! judgm5t1 _! ta/e1 _! imag9ation1 _! recollection1 & _! memory40--iv4 #cdd4 #di ,gall1 t4 iv4 p4 #cbe4 #ej ,ibid4 #ea ,see p>ticul>ly t4 ii4 p4 #e4 #eb 8,_h ,i to d ) read]s :olly free f prejudice1 ,i %\ld1 9 ord] to conv9ce !m ( ?is1 7! supposition ( innate ideas17 h no?+ to d b %[ !m t mank9d acquire all ! k !y possess by ! simple use ( _! natural faculties40--,philos4 ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+4 #ec 8,locke cont5ts himself10 says he1 8) ackn[l$g+ t ! s\l p]ceives1 d\bts1 believes1 reasons1 kn[s1 wills1 & reflects3 t we are conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! op]ations2 444 b he seems to h reg>d$ !m z some?+ innate40 ,a %ort "t be=e he _h said1 8,we %all see t all ! faculties ( ! s\l appe>$ to him to be innate qualities40--,trait des ,s5sations4 7,extrait raisonn47 #ed ,see t4 iii4 p4 #ha4 #ee ,t4 i4 p4 #cdc4 #ef 8,i may n[ flatt] myself10 says he1 8t ! read] is suffici5tly prep>$ = q a new philosophy1 d$uc$ directly f ! fundam5tal =ces40--,t4 iii4 p4 #aa4 #eg ,t4 iv4 p4 #cbg4 #eh ,t4 iv4 p4 #cai4 #ei ,t4 iv4 p4 #cda4 #fj ,ibid4 #fa ,ibid4 #fb 8,ea* individual und]/&+ possesses its own prop] organ40--,t4 iv4 p4 #cda4 #fc ,t4 i4 p4 #bcj4 #fd ,t4 iv4 p4 #aje4 #fe ,see ! prec$+ articles4 #ff ,t4 iv4 p4 #cdj4 8,f all ^! faculties comes at la/ decision4 ,x is ?is decision 444 :i* is really w & wi%+40--,t4 ii4 p4 #aje4 #fg ,t4 iv4 p4 #cda4 #fh ,t4 iv4 p4 #bfi4 #fi ,t4 iv4 p4 #bga4 #gj ,t4 iv4 p4 #beb4 #ga ,t4 iv4 p4 #beb4 #gb ,t4 iv4 p4 #aj4 #gc ,t4 i4 p4 #bij4 #gd ,t4 i4 p4 #bhg4 #ge ,article 8,lib]t10 ,diction4 ,encyclop4 #gf ,t4 iii4 p4 #aee4 ,su* phrases _c be conclud$4 #gg ,t4 iii4 p4 #bac4 #gh ,ibid4 #bai4 #gi 8,?is t]m1 in/9ct1 is applicable10 says he1 8to all ! fundam5tal =ces40--,t4 iv4 p4 #ccd4 ,& he does n see t z to ! in/9cts & ! und]/&+ all is contra/4 ,^u ?is diff]5ce ( in/9ct & und]/&+1 see my "w ,de l',in/9ct et de l',intellig5ce des ,animaux1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahde1 #b;d edit4 #hj ,x is true t ?is approximation a/oni%es him4 8,! pr$ilection ( animals = elevat$ places dep5ds10 says he1 8^u ! same p>ts z pride1 :i* is 9 man a moral s5tim5t6 ,let ! read] imag9e ! a/oni%m5t excit$ 9 my m9d by su* a ph5om5on40--,t4 iii4 #caa4 #ha 8,co-exi/+ ) ! love ( w>1 x 7! c>nivor\s in/9ct7 con/itutes ! intrepid w>rior40--,t4 iii4 p4 #beh4 8,i "k a head :i*1 z to ! organ ( murd]1 approa*es t ( ,madel9e ,alb]t1 & ! la ,b\h\rs1 except only t nature has execut$ x ^u a gr&] scale4 ,to witness suff]+1 is = ?is p]son to h ! ke5e/ enjoym5t4 ,:oev] does n love blood1 is 9 8 eyes contemptible40--,t4 iii4 p4 #bei4 ,! p5 refuses to transcribe su* ?+s1 :i* =tunately1 h[ev]1 are pure extravagances4 #hb 8,f my reflections x foll[s t consci5ce is no?+ b a modification1 an affection ( ! moral s5se10 7organ47--,t4 iv4 p4 #baj4 8,f all t ,i h said z to consci5ce1 x foll[s t x c by no means be reg>d$ z a fundam5tal quality3 t x is really only an affection ( ! moral s5se--or b5evol5ce40--,t4 iv4 p4 #bag4 #hc ,t4 iii4 p4 #cba4 #hd ,t4 iv4 p4 #bgb4 #he ,t4 ii4 p4 #bhg4 #hf ,re*]*es sur le sy/me n]veux en gnral et sur celui du c]veau en p>ticuli]2 mmoire prs5t l',in/itut de ,france1 le #ad ,m>s1 #ahjh2 suivi d',obs]vations sur le rapport qui en a t fait cette compagnie p> ses commissaires1 p> ,f4 ,j4 ,gall et ,g4 ,spurzheim4 ,p>is1 #ahji4 #hg 8,! n]v\s membrane ( ! bra9 =ms ^! folds1 :i* are d5om9at$ its convolutions40--,anat4 et ,physiol4 du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 t4 iii4 p4 #hb4 #hh ,spurzheim ju/ly rem>ks3 8,admitt+ t ! direction ( ! fibres is kn[n1 t we "k _! consi/5ce to be great] or less1 t _! col\r is m or less :ite1 t _! magnitude is m or less consid]able1 c4 :at conclusions c we1 f all ^! circum/ances1 draw z to _! functions8 ,none at all40--,obs]4 sur la ,phrnologie1 ou la connaissance de l'homme moral et intellectuel fonde sur les fonctions du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 p4 #hc4 ,p>is1 #ahah4 #hi ,rapport sur un ,mmoire de ,,mm4 ,gall et ,spurzheim1 rlatif l'anat4 du c]veau4 ,sances des #be ,avril et #b ,mai1 #ahjh4 #ij 8,! det]m9ation ( ! fundam5tal =ces & ! seat ( _! organs con/itutes ! mo/ /rik+ portion ( my discov]ies4 ,! k ( ! prim>y faculties & qualities1 & ! seat ( _! mat]ial conditions1 con/itutes precisely ! phr5ology ( ! bra940--,gall1 ,anat4 et ,phys4 du ,sy/4 ,n]v41 t4 iii4 p4 #d4 #ia ,lettre d'un ,mdec9 des ,hpitaux du ,roi4 ,namur4 #agaj4 #ib ,elem5ta ,physiologi1 t4 iv4 p4 #chd4 #ic 8,b if x be suppos$ t ea* fundam5tal faculty1 z well z ea* p>ticul> s5se1 is dep5d5t on a p>ticul> "p ( ! bra910 c4 ,gall1 ,anat4 et ,phys4 du ,sy/4 ,n]v41 t4 iii4 p4 #cib4 #id ,t4 iv4 p4 #i4 #ie ,t4 iv4 p4 #i4 #if ,t4 ii4 p4 #bcd4 #ig ,! bra91 prop]ly s call$4 #ih ,i see ) my eyes4--,m4 #ii ,see my ,re*]*es ,exprim5tales sur les proprits et les fonctions du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #b;d edit4 #ahdb4 #ajj ,ibid4 #aja ,see at ! end ( ?is "w ! fir/ ,note on ,gall's ,anatomy4 #ajb ,t4 i4 p4 #bga4 ,spurzheim expla9s himself 9 l mann]4 8,! organs ( ! int]nal faculties are z sep>ate z ! bundles ( ! n]ves ( ! five s5ses40--,obs]v4 sur la ,phrnol41 c4 p4 #gd4 8,x is f\nd t ! bra9 is compos$ ( _m bundles1 :i* mu/ h _! functions40--,ibid4 p4 #id4 8,! organs 444 are compos$ ( div]g5t bundles1 ( convolutions1 & ( ! commissures40--,ibid4 #ajc ,t4 iv4 p4 #h4 8,bonnet believes1 & x is probable1 t ea* n]ve fibre has its own prop] action40--,ibid4 #ajd ,t4 iii4 p4 #b4 #aje ,t4 iii4 p4 #d4 #ajf ,see my ,re*]*es ,exprim5tales sur les proprits et les fonctions du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #b;d edit4 #ahdb4 ,see also ! fir/ article ( ?is "w4 #ajg ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be "o or ! o!r2 = x mu/ be some?+4 ,might x be a convolution1 z has be5 s9ce said8 ,b !re are n sev5 & tw5ty convolutions1 c4 c4 #ajh ,t4 ii4 p4 #afc4 #aji ,gall1 z we h se51 conf\nds und]/&+ ) in/9ct4 ,lit]ally1 he divides und]/&+ into _m in/9cts1 & !n out ( ea* in/9ct con/ructs an intellectual faculty4 ,see ! second article ( ?is "w4 8,! t]m in/9ct suits all ! fundam5tal faculties40--,t4 iv4 p4 #ccd4 ,= ! *>act]s peculi> to ! in/9cts1 see my "w entitl$ 8,de l',in/9ct et de l',intellig5ce des ,animaux10 #b;d edit4 #ahde4 #aaj ,see my ,re*]*es ,exprim5tales sur les proprits et les fonctions du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 #b;d edit4 #ahdb4 #aaa 8,! organ ( philog5iture1 or ! la/ convolution ( ! c]ebral lobes40--,spurzheim1 ,obs]4 sur la ,phrn41 c4 p4 #aag4 #aab ,) v few exceptions4 #aac 8,! qualities & faculties common to man & animals1 are situat$ 9 ! po/]ior portions10 c4--,t4 iii4 p4 #gi1 & t4 iv4 p4 #ac4 8,! qualities & faculties t man exclusively enjoys1 are situat$ 9 ! c]ebral portions1 ( :i* ! brute creation is depriv$2 & we mu/ consequ5tly seek = !m 9 ! ant]o sup]ior portion ( ! frontal bone40--,t4 iii4 page #gi4 #aad 8,! ant]ior p>ts ( ! bra9 are n want+ 9 ! mammif]a1 b ! po/]ior p>ts10 says ,leuret1 v ju/ly1 9 8 f9e "w on ! circumvolutions ( ! bra91 entitl$1 ,anat4 ,comp>4 du ,sy/4 ,n]veux1 consid] dans ses rapports avec l',intellig5ce1 t4 i4 p4 #ehh4 ,p>is1 #ahci4 #aae ,t4 iii4 p4 #bj4 #aaf ,t4 iii4 p4 #bf4 #aag ,x is curi\s to see h[ ,m4 ,vimont1 a v decid$ phr5ologi/ z well z an able anatomi/1 expresses himself on ! subject ( ! localizations ( ,gall & ,spurzheim4 8,gall's "w10 says ,m4 ,vimont1 8is fitt] to lead into error ?an to give a j idea ( ! seats ( ! organs40--,trait de ,phrn4 t4 ii4 p4 #ab4 8,gall says he has rem>k$1 t horses ^: e>s are widely sep>at$ at ! roots1 are sure-foot$ & c\rage\s4 ,possibly ! fact may be true2 b ,i _c compreh5d ! connexion t may exi/ betwixt ! outw>d m>k & ! quality ( c\rage1 ^: seat1 9 ! horse1 ,gall indicates at a po9t :]e !re is no bra940--,ibid4 #bha4 8,spurzheim indicates ! region ( ! frontal s9uses z ! seat ( g5tl5ess1 :ile c\rage is locat$ ^u ! muscles t g to be ins]t$ on ! os occipitis40--,ibid4 p4 #aag4 ,su* are ,m4 ,vimont's rem>ks1 yet ?is same ,m4 ,vimont inscribes ! foll[+ tw5ty-n9e names on ! skull ( a goose6 #a4 ,cons]vation4 #b4 ,*oice ( alim5t4 #c4 ,de/ruction4 #d4 ,cunn+4 #e4 ,c\rage4 #f4 ,*oice ( locality4 #g4 ,conc5tration4 #h4 ,atta*m5t to life1 or m>riage4 #i4 ,atta*m5t4 #aj4 ,reproduction4 #aa4 ,atta*m5t to ! product ( conception4 #ab4 ,prop]ty4 #ac4 ,circumspection4 #ad4 ,p]ception ( sub/ance4 #ae4 ,configuration4 #af4 ,ext5t4 #ag4 ,di/ance4 #ah4 ,geometrical s5se4 #ai4 ,resi/ance4 #bj4 ,localities4 #ba4 ,ord]4 #bb4 ,"t4 #bc4 ,language4 #bd4 ,ev5tuality4 #be4 ,con/ruction4 #bf4 ,musical tal5t4 #bg4 ,imitation4 #bh4 ,comp>ison4 #bi4 ,g5tl5ess4 8,all ?is ^u ! cranium ( a goose60 says ,m4 ,leuret ^u ?is occasion1 7page #cee47 8,& !re is no place s small b x is occupi$4444 ,! faculties are s cr[d$10 adds he1 8t x w\ld be a m>vell\s ?+ to be able to write _! names ^u ! bra94444 ,x w\ld be a great] m>vel to discov] !m40 #aah ,gall himself says3 8,9 :atev] region we exam9e ! two sub/ances t compose ! bra91 x is ) difficulty t we c disc]n any diff]5ce betwe5 !m z to _! /ructure1 c40--,t4 iii4 p4 #gj4 #aai ,t4 iii4 p4 #fc4 #abj 8,i rema9$ a :ole day %ut up 9 an ov540--,t4 i4 #acc4 #aba ,t4 i4 p4 #bfc4 #abb ,eloge de ,t\rne=t4 #abc ,"o volume1 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahah4 ,phr5ology is ! v "n giv5 by ,spurzheim to ! doctr9e ( ,gall4 #abd ,"o volume1 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahbj4 #abe ,obs]v4 sur la ,phrnol4 c4 p4 #h4 #abf ,obs]v4 sur la ,phrn4 p4 #bj4 #abg ,ibid4 p4 #bb4 #abh ,re*4 sur le ,sy/4 ,n]v4 en gnral1 c4 p> ,f4 ,j4 ,gall et ,g4 ,spurzheim4 #abi ,anat4 et ,phys4 du ,sy/4 ,n]veux1 c41 ! "w :i* has be5 exam9$ 9 ! ?ree prec$+ articles4 #acj ,t4 iv4 p4 #cda4 #aca ,ibid4 p4 #cbg4 #acb ,ibid4 p4 #cda4 #acc ,9 ! prec$+ article1 p4 #ic4 #acd ,lettre de ,*>les ,vill]s ,georges ,cuvi]1 sur une n\velle ?orie du c]veau1 p> le ,docteur ,gall1 c4 ,metz1 #ahjb4 #ace ,lettre de ,*>les ,vill]s1 c4 p4 #cd4 #acf ,ibid4 #acg ,obs]v4 sur la ,phrn41 c4 p4 #aj4 #ach ,especially 9 ! la/ article4 #aci ,& :i* 0 n tak5 up by ,gall1 except f ! necessity he 0 "u ( assimilat+ at all po9ts ! ext]nal s5ses ) ! faculties ( ! s\l4 #adj ,obs]v4 sur la ,phrn41 c4 p4 #fe4 #ada ,ibid4 p4 #fg4 #adb ,ibid4 p4 #ge4 #adc ,see p>ticul>ly ! ,essai philosophique sur la morle et intellectuelle de l'homme1 p4 #ed1 et seq4 #add ,obs]v4 sur la ,phrn4 p4 #ag4 #ade ,ibid4 p4 #abg4 #adf ,anat4 et ,phys4 du ,sy/4 ,n]v41 c4 t4 iii4 p4 #ai4 ,?is volume came out ! same ye> z ,spurzheim's ,obs]v41 c4 #adg ,t4 iv4 p4 #fg4 #adh ,! eight organs add$ by ,spurzheim1 are ! organs ( habitativity1 ord]1 "t1 "r1 sup]naturality1 hope1 ext5t1 weight4 ,gall's rem>ks ^u ^! eight organs propos$ by ,spurzheim are z foll[s3 8,m4 ,spurzheim1 x is true1 recognises eight organs m ?an ,i admit4 ,z to ! organs ( habitativity1 ord]1 "t1 & sup]naturality1 ,i h already spok54 ,i admit an organ ( ! moral s5se1 or s5se ( "r 7ju/e71 b ,i h v /rong reasons = believ+ t b5evol5ce is no?+ m ?an a v /rong manife/ation ( ! moral s5se2 !re=e ,i treat ^! two organs "u ! rubric ( a s+le organ4 ,:at ,m4 ,spurzheim says on ! organs ( hope1 ( ext5t1 & ( weight1 has n z yet conv9c$ me3 &1 9 fact1 he has hi!rto prov$ no?+ 9 respect to !m40--,t4 iii4 p4 #be4 #adi ,essai ,philosophique1 c4 p4 #baf4 #aej ,see ! ,essai ,philosophique1 c4 p4 #dg1 et seq4 #aea ,! s5se ( ,amativity1 ! s5se ( ,philog5iture1 ! s5se ( ,de/ructivity1 ! s5se ( ,affectivity1 ! s5se ( ,?ievi%ness1 ! s5se ( ,secretivity1 ! s5se ( ,circumspection1 ! s5se ( ,approbation1 ! s5se ( ,self-love4 7,:at a *aos1 & :at words67 #aeb ,! s5se ( ,b5evol5ce1 ! s5se ( ,v5]ation1 ! s5se ( ,firmness1 ! s5se ( ,duty1 ! s5se ( ,hope1 ! s5se ( ! ,m>vell\s1 ! s5se ( ,ideality1 ! s5se ( ,gaiety1 ! s5se ( ,imitation4 #aec ,! s5se ( ,individuality1 ( ,ext5t1 ( ,configuration1 ( ,consi/5ce1 ( ,weight1 ( ,col\r4 #aed ,! s5se ( ,localities1 ( ,num]ation1 ( ,ord]1 ( ,ph5om5a1 ( ,"t1 ( ,me?od1 ( ,artificial ,language4 #aee ,! s5se ( ,comp>ison1 ! s5se ( ,causality4 #aef 8,"s ( ! affective faculties produce only a desire1 an incl9ation4444 ,i %all call !m prop5sities40--,obs]v4 sur la ,phrnol41 c4 p4 #abd4 #aeg 8,o!r affective faculties are n re/rict$ to a simple incl9ation1 b some?+ beyond2 :i* is :at is call$ s5tim5t or feel+40--,ibid4 #aeh 8,! intellectual faculties are also d\ble3 "s ( !m "k2 o!rs reflect40--,essai ,philosophique1 c4 p4 #bbe4 #aei 8,! faculties peculi> to man are happy 9 !mselves1 p] se40--,ibid4 p4 #afg4 #afj ,anat4 et ,phys4 du ,sy/4 ,n]v4 c4 t4 iii4 p4 #bg4 #afa ,see 8 ,hi/oire des ,phlegmas4 ,*ron4 #ahjh4 #afb ,see 8 "w entitl$1 8,de l',irritation et de la ,folie10 #ahbh4 #afc ,c\rs de ,phrnologie1 #a vol4 #hvo4 #ahcf4 #afd ,c\rs de ,phrnologie1 p4 #hb4 #afe ,ibid4 p4 #adj4 #aff ,ibid4 p4 #cg4 #afg 8,memory is n an isolat$ faculty2 & !re are z _m memories z organs40--p4 #aca4 #afh 8,! in/9cts & ! s5tim5ts h a memory z well z ! ext]nal p]ceptions40--p4 #cf4 #afi 8 444 ,! /udy ( ! human m9d1 n inde$ t ( a fictiti\s "o be>+ ?is my/]i\s appellation1 b ( ! ensemble ( ! m5tal faculties ( man40--p4 #hb4 #agj ,page #dh4 #aga 8,! favor]s ( ! intra-cranial entity40--p4 #aec4 #agb 8,_! c5tral intra-cranial be+1 to :i* !y attribute all _! faculties40 #agc 8,suppose !y _h call$ ?is be+ p]son p> excell5ce44440--p4 #ge4 #agd ,let u exam9e1 z to ?is p>ticul> 7moi7 ,,me1 all ,br\ssais's v>iorums4 ,9 "o place ! me comes f only "o organ--! organ ( g5]al comp>ison3 8,we owe to ! organ ( g5]al comp>ison ! di/9ction ( our p]son express$ by ! sign me40--,c\rs de ,phrn41 p4 #fhd4 ,fur!r on x comes f two--! organ ( comp>ison & ! organ ( causality3 8,! organ ( causality is z necess>y to ! di/9ction ( ! me1 & ( ! p]son1 z ! organ ( g5]al comp>ison40--,ibid4 p4 #fhe4 ,next !re is no organ at all3 8,to assign to ! me a special organ appe>s to me to be out ( ! "q40--,ibid4 p4 #aai4 ,& !n x comes f e :]e3 8,!re is no special & c5tral organ1 & our p]ception ( ourselves has = its basis ! s5sitive p]ceptions40--,ibid4 p4 #aai4 #age ,c\rs de ,phrnologie1 p4 #fhd4 #agf ,exam5 de la ,doctr9e ,mdicale1 etc4 #ahaf4 #agg ,c\rs de ,phrnologie1 p4 #gag4 #agh ,c\rs de ,phrnologie1 p4 #gg4 ,he also says1 8,_! c5tral intra-cranial be+1 to :i* !y attribute all ! faculties ( a man1 is n cognisable by any ( our s5ses1 444 x is !re=e a pure hypo!sis40--,ibid4 p4 #aec4 ,?us !re is no m9d 7pure hypo!sis72 no faculties b ^? ( ! organs 7! faculties are ! acts ( mat]ial organs72 no und]/&+1 except z a simple ph5om5on ( ! n]v\s action 7und]/&+ & all its manife/ations are ph5om5a ( n]v\s action72 consequ5tly1 !re is no psycology2 !re is no?+ b physiology2 & ev5 7= x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood7 no?+ b ,br\ssais's physiology4 #agi 8,9 ord] to =m = "o's self a j notion ( ! op]ations :i* result 9 ! production ( ?\ght1 x is necess>y to conceive ( ! bra9 z a peculi> organ1 specially design$ = ! production !re(1 j z ! /oma* is design$ to effect dige/ion1 ! liv] to =m ! bile1 c40--,cabanis1 ,rapports du ,physique et du moral de l'homme1 ,i,ie mmoire1 vii4 #ahj ,:5ce he concludes /ill m admirably1 to ! immortality ( ! s\l4 8,i _c10 says he1 8conceive o!rwise ( ^? :o die1 ?an t !y pass into a m pleas+ & tranquil life ?an ours1 ev5 c>ry+ ) !m ! remembrance ( ! pa/3 = ,i f9d !re is )9 u an intellectual memory4444 ,& al?\gh religion tea*es u _m ?+s ^u ?is subject1 ,i mu/1 not)/&+1 confess my infirmity on ?is po9t1 :i* x appe>s to me t ,i possess 9 common ) mo/ p1 :i* is1 t al?\gh we might wi% to believe1 & ev5 might suppose ourselves to be firm believ]s 9 ! doctr9es ( religion1 we are n s deeply t\*$ ) ^? ?+s t are taught by fai? alone1 & :i* our m]e reason _c atta91 z by ^? t are in/ill$ into u by natural & v evid5t reasons40--,t4 viii4 p4 #fhd4 #aha ,de l',imitation et de la ,folie1 p4 #d4 #ahb 8,! exagg]ation ( ! ph5om5a ( contractility is :at con/itutes irritation40--,ibid4 p4 #gg4 #ahc ,anat4 et ,physiol4 du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 c4 iii4 #ae4 #ahd ,! :ite matt] is e :]e fibr\s4 ,no p]son has contribut$ m ?an ,gall to ! demon/ration ( ?is great fact4 ,he ju/ly rem>ks3 8,^? au?ors :o1 ) ,smm]r+ & ,cuvi]1 c41 recognise ! fibr\s /ructure ( ! bra91 9 _m ( its p>ts1 h nev]!less1 n yet v5tur$ to say t x is s 9 all its p>ts40--,t4 i4 #bce4 #ahe ,! c]ebellum s]ves only = ! motions ( locomotion4 7,see ! fir/ article ( ?is "w47 ,b1 ,i am "h sett+ =? ,gall's op9ions4 #ahf 8,! p>ticul> sy/ems ( ! bra9 t]m9ate 9 fibr\s expansions arrang$ 9 lay]s1 j z ! o!r n]v\s sy/ems exp& 9 fibres at _! p]iph]al extremity40--,t4 i4 #cah4 8,all ! div]g+ bundles ( ! bra91 aft] !y come out f ! la/ app>atus ( re9=cem5t1 exp& 9 lay]s & =m convolutions40--,t4 i4 #bhc4 8,! n]ves ( s5sation & motion exp& 9 ! sk9 & ! muscles2 ! n]ves ( ! s5ses1 ea* 9 ! ext]nal in/rum5t to :i* !y belong3 = example1 ! pituit>y membrane ^u ! bones ( ! nose3 ! n]ve ( ta/e 9 ! tongue1 & ! expansion ( ! optic n]ve 9 ! ret9a4444 ,nature obeys precisely ! same law 9 ! bra94 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra9 orig9ate & are re9=c$ at diff]5t po9ts2 !y =m fibr\s bundles ( v>i\s sizes1 :i* t]m9ate 9 expansions4 ,all ^! expansions ( ! v>i\s bundles con/itute1 :5 reunit$1 ! hemisph]es ( ! bra940--,t4 iii4 p4 #c4 ,i "h speak only ( ! div]g+ fibres4 ,com+ f ! int]ior1 !y proce$ t[>ds ! ext]ior3 ! conv]g+ fibres com+ f ! ext]ior1 t is1 accord+ to ,gall1 f ! gray matt] t envelopes ! bra9 & ! c]ebellum1 are direct$ inw>ds4 ,! =m] con/itute ! convolutions1 :ile ! latt] compose ! commissures4 ,b ,i %all1 fur!r on1 return to ?is subject4 #ahg ,see my "w1 ,de l'in/9ct et de l'intellig5ce des animaux1 c4 p4 #df1 #b;d edit4 #ahh ,opus citat4 p4 #di4 #ahi ,t4 iii4 p4 #fd4 #aij ,t4 iii4 p4 #fd4 #aia ,t4 iii4 p4 #fd4 #aib ,t4 iii4 p4 #eh4 #aic ,t4 iii4 p4 #ei4 #aid ,t4 i4 p4 #c4 #aie ,t4 i4 p4 #ah4 #aif ,t4 i4 p4 #fd #fg4 #aig ,de la ,re*4 de la ,v]it1 liv4 ii4 *ap4 ii4 #aih ,ibid4 #aii ,ibid4 #bjj ,du bel esprit1 p4 #hj4 #bja ,ibid4 #bjb ,c\rs de ,phrn4 #bah4 #bjc ,p4 #bba4 #bjd ,see ,m4 ,leuret3 ,anat4 ,comp4 du ,sy/4 ,n]v4 c4 #ahci4 #bje ,c\rs de ,phrn4 p4 #cej4 #bjf ,ibid4 p4 #aag4 #bjg ,de l',irritation et de la ,folie1 p4 #b4 #bjh ,ibid4 p4 #gf4 #bji ,/5o _h already said1 8,if ! m$ull>y sub/ance be e :]e fibr\s1 z 9 fact1 9 mo/ p>ts x appe>s to be1 y mu/ confess t ! disposal ( ^! fibres mu/ be arrang$ ) great skill1 s9ce ! :ole div]sity ( our feel+s & motions dep5d ^u !m4 ,we wond] at ! artifice ( ! fibres 9 ea* muscle1 b h[ mu* m are !y wor?y ( admiration 9 ! bra91 :]e ^! fibres1 enclos$ )9 s small a space1 p]=m ea* its own function )\t confusion & )\t disord]40--,disc\rs sur l'anat4 du c]veau1 #affh4 #baj ,long be=e 8 "t ! same _h be5 se5 by ,mi/i*elli1 ,p\rf\r du ,petit1 ,w9sl[1 & sev]al o!rs1 b x _h be5 =gott54 8,ea* pyramidal body10 says ,p\rf\r du ,petit1 8is divid$ at its inf]ior "p into two l>ge bundles ( fibres1 mo/ frequ5tly into ?ree1 & 9 "s in/ances into f\r4 ,^? ( ! "r pass to ! left side1 & ^? ( ! left pass to ! "r side1 m+l+ ) ea* o!r40--,lettre d'un mdec9 des hpitaux du ,roi4 ,namur #agaj4