,,transcriber',s ,,note3 ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,,the ,,deipnosophists ,,or ,,banquet ,,of ,,the ,,learned ,,of ,,athen,,us4 ,,literally ,,translated ,by ,c4 ,d4 ,,yonge1 ,b4,a4 ,,with ,,an ,,appendix ,,of ,,poetical ,,fragments1 ,,rendered ,,into ,,english ,,verse ,,by ,,various ,,authors1 ,,and ,a ,,general ,,index4 ,,in ,,three ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,london3 ,,henry ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,york ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden4 ,,mdcccliv4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,printer1 ,,bread ,,street ,,hill4 ,,contents ,,of ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,book ,,vii4 ,the ,phagesia--,fish--,epicures--,cooks--,sh arks--,fish--,glaucus --,eels--,the ,tunny-fish--,fish--,pike--,fish--,the ,polypus #dcc-eba ,,book ,,viii4 ,aquatic ,animals--,fish--,recommendations to present ,enjoyment-- ,fish--,hyperides--,epicures--,stratonic us--,aristotle--,aristotle's ,natural ,history--,fish--,the ,swallow--,ephesus--,names of ,feasts --,feasts--,the ,dole-basket #ebc-egf ,,book ,,ix4 ,the words and --,the word --,turnips-- ,cabbage--,leeks--,poultry--,anaxandride s--,pigs--,cooks--,use of particular ,words--,learned ,cooks--,cooks--,use of particular ,words--,made ,dishes--,pheasants--,the ,porphyrion--,partridges--,the ,bustard--,sparrows--,quails --,pigeons--,ducks--,sucklings--,attic form of ,nouns in -- ,loins--,hares--,the word --,dinners--,cookery--,chamleon-- ,bean ,soup--,soap--,towels #egf-fdh ,,book ,x4 ,ulysses--,voracity of certain ,persons--,of ,mithridates--,of the ,botians--,of the ,thessalians--,menedemus--,praise of ,temperance--,stilpo--,mixing ,wine--,cupbearers--,drinking--,the ,proportions of ,mixed ,wine--,drinking--,wine--,lacedmonian ,fashions--,thirst--,philip of ,macedon--,arcadion--,dionysius --,antiochus ,epiphanes--,demetrius--,female ,drinkers--,the ,illyrians--,evils of ,drunkenness ,forms of -- --,riddles----,euripides----,enigmatical ,sayings--,capping ,verses-- #fdh-gbe ,,book ,,xi4 ,cups--,drinking ,pledges--,athenian ,banquets--,drinking-cups --,the ,pleiades--,meaning of particular ,words--,drinking--cups --,plato4 #gbe-hae ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,phagesia4 ,,book ,,vii4 #a4 ,,and when the ,banquet was now finished1 the cynics1 thinking that the festival of the ,phagesia was being celebrated1 were delighted above all things1 and ,cynulcus said1--,while we are supping1 ,o ,ulpian1 since it is on words that you are feasting us1 ,i propose to you this question1--,in what author do you find any mention of the festivals called ,phagesia1 and ,phagesiposia8 ,and he1 hesitating1 and bidding the slaves desist from carrying the dishes round1 though it was now evening1 said1--,i do not recollect1 you very wise man1 so that you may tell us yourself1 in order that you may sup more abundantly and more pleasantly4 ,and he rejoined1--,if you will promise to thank me when ,i have told you1 ,i will tell you4 ,and as he agreed to thank him1 he continued2--,clearchus1 the pupil of ,aristotle1 but a ,solensian by birth1 in the first book of his treatise on ,pictures1 7for ,i recollect his very expressions1 because ,i took a great fancy to them17 speaks as follows3--,phagesia--but some call the festival ,phagesiposia--but this festival has ceased1 as also has that of the ,rhapsodists1 which they celebrated about the time of the ,dionysiac festival1 in which every one as they passed by sang a hymn to the god by way of doing him honour4 ,this is what ,clearchus wrote4 ,and if you doubt it1 my friend1 ,i1 who have got the book1 will not mind lending it to you4 ,and you may learn a good deal from it1 and get a great many questions to ask us out of it4 ,for he relates that ,callias the ,athenian composed a ,grammatical ,tragedy1 from which ,euripides in his ,medea1 and ,sophocles in his dipus1 derived their choruses and the arrangement of their plot4 #b4 ,and when all the guests marvelled at the literary accomplishments of ,cynulcus1 ,plutarch said1--,in like manner there used to be celebrated in my own ,alexandria a ,flagon-bearing festival1 which is mentioned by ,eratosthenes in his treatise entitled ,arsinoe4 ,and lie speaks as follows3--,when ,ptolemy was instituting a festival and all kinds of sacrifices1 and especially those which relate to ,bacchus1 ,arsinoe asked the man who bore the branches1 what day he was celebrating now1 and what festival it was4 ,and when he replied1 ',it is called the ,lagynophoria2 and the guests lie down on beds and so eat all that they have brought with them1 and every one drinks out of his own flagon which he has brought from home2' and when he had departed1 she1 looking towards us1 said1 ',it seems a very dirty kind of party2 for it is quite evident that it must be an assembly of a mixed multitude1 all putting down stale food and such as is altogether unseasonable and unbecoming4' ,but if the kind of feast had pleased her1 then the queen would not have objected to preparing the very same things herself1 as is done at the festival called ,choes4 ,for there every one feasts separately1 and the inviter only supplies the materials for the feast4 #c4 ,but one of the ,grammarians who were present1 looking on the preparation of the feast1 said1--,in the next place1 how shall we ever be able to eat so large a supper8 ,perhaps we are to go on during the night1 as that witty writer ,aristophanes says in his olosicon1 where however his expression is during the whole night4 ,and1 indeed1 ,homer uses the preposition in the same way1 for he says-- ,he lay within the cave stretch'd o'er the sheep 7 72 where means over all the sheep1 indicating the size of the giant4 ,and ,daphnus the physician answered him2 ,meals taken late at night1 my friend1 are more advantageous for everybody4 ,for the influence of the moon is well adapted to promote the digestion of food1 since the moon has putrefying properties2 and digestion depends upon putrefaction4 ,accordingly victims slain at night are more digestible2 and wood which is cut down by moonlight decays more rapidly4 ,and also the greater proportion of fruits ripen by moonlight4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 #d4 ,but since there were great many sorts of fish1 and those very different both as to size and beauty1 which had been served up and which were still being constantly served up for the guests1 ,myrtilus said1--,although all the different dishes which we eat1 besides the regular meal1 are properly called by one generic name1 1 still it is very deservedly that on account of its delicious taste fish has prevailed over everything else1 and has appropriated the name to itself2 because men are so exceedingly enamoured of this kind of food4 ,accordingly we speak of men as 1 not meaning people who eat beef 7such as ,hercules was1 who ate beef and green figs mixed together72 nor do we mean by such a term a man who is fond of figs2 as was ,plato the philosopher1 according to the account given of him by ,phanocritus in his treatise on the ,glorious3 and he tells us in the same book that ,arcesilas was fond of grapes3 but we mean by the term only those people who haunt the fish-market4 ,and ,philip of ,macedon was fond of apples1 and so was his son ,alexander1 as ,dorotheus tells us in the sixth book of his history of the ,life and ,actions of ,alexander4 ,but ,chares of ,mitylene relates that ,alexander1 having found the finest apples which he had ever seen in the country around ,babylon1 filled boats with them1 and had a battle of apples from the vessels1 so as to present a most beautiful spectacle4 ,and ,i am not ignorant that1 properly speaking1 whatever is prepared for being eaten by the agency of fire is called 4 ,for indeed the word is either identical with 1 or else perhaps it is derived from 1 to roast4 #e4 ,since then there are a great many different kinds of fish which we eat at different seasons1 my most admirable ,timocrates1 7for1 as ,sophocles says-- ,a chorus too of voiceless fish rush'd on1 ,making a noise with their quick moving tails4 ,the tails not fawning on their mistress1 but beating against the dish4 ,and as ,achus says in his ,fates-- ,there was a mighty mass of the sea-born herd-- ,a spectacle which fill'd the wat'ry waste1 ,breaking the silence with their rapid tails27 ,i will now recapitulate to you what the ,deipnosophists said about each3 for each of them brought to the discussion of the subject some contribution of quotation from books2 though ,i will not mention the names of all who took part in the conversation1 they were so numerous4 ,amphis says in his ,leucas-- ,whoever buys some for his supper1 ,and1 when he might get real genuine fish1 ,contents himself with radishes1 is mad4 ,and that you may find it easy to remember what was said1 ,i will arrange the names in alphabetical order4 ,for as ,sophocles1 in his ,ajax ,mastigophorus1 called fish 1 saying-- ,he gave him to the to eat2 one of the company asked whether any one before ,sophocles ever used this word2 to whom ,zoilus replied1--,but ,i1 who am not a person exceedingly fond of fish1 7for that is a word which ,xenophon has used in his ,memorabilia1 where he writes1 ,he is and the greatest fool possible17 am well aware that the man who wrote the poem ,titanomachia or the ,battle of the ,giants1 whether he be ,eumelus the ,corinthian1 or ,arctinus1 or whatever else his name may chance to have been1 in the second book of his poem speaks thus-- ,in it did swim the gold-faced 1 ,and sported in the sea's ambrosial depths4 ,and ,sophocles was very fond of the ,epic ,cycle1 so that he composed even entire plays in which he has followed the stories told in their fables4 #f4 ,presently when the tunnies called ,ami were put on the table1 some one said1--,aristotle speaks of this fish1 and says that they have gills out of sight1 and that they have very sharp teeth1 and that they belong to the gregarious and carnivorous class of fishes3 and that they have a gall of equal extent with their whole intestines1 and a spleen of corresponding proportions4 ,it is said also that when they are hooked1 they leap up towards the fisherman1 and bite through the line and so escape4 ,and ,archippus mentions them in his play entitled the ,fishes1 where he says-- ,but when you were eating the fat ami4 ,and ,epicharmus in his ,sirens says-- ,a4 ,in the morning early1 at the break of day1 ,we roasted plump anchovies1 ,cutlets of well-fed pork1 and polypi2 ,and then we drank sweet wine4 ,b4 ,alack6 alack6 my silly wife detain'd me1 ,chattering near the monument4 ,a4 ,i'm sorry for you4 ,then1 too1 there were mullets ,and large plump ami-- ,a noble pair i' the middle of the table1 ,and eke a pair of pigeons1 ,a scorpion and a lobster4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,and ,aristotle1 inquiring into the etymology of the name1 says that they were called ami1 7from their going in shoals with their companions of the same kind74 ,but ,icesius1 in his treatise on the ,materials of ,food1 says that they are full of a wholesome juice1 and tender1 but only of moderate excellency as far as their digestible properties go1 and not very nutritious4 #g4 ,but ,archestratus1--that writer so curious in all that relates to cookery1--in his ,gastrology 7for that is the title of the book as it is given by ,lycophron1 in his treatise on ,comedy1 just as the work of ,cleostratus of ,tenedos is called ,astrology71 speaks thus of the amia3-- ,but towards the end of autumn1 when the ,pleiad ,has hidden its light1 then dress the ami ,whatever way you please4 ,why need ,i teach you8 ,for then you cannot spoil it1 if you wish4 ,but if you should desire1 ,moschus my friend1 ,to know by what recipe you best may dress it2 ,take the green leaves of fig-trees1 and some marjoram1 ,but not too much2 no cheese or other nonsense1 ,but merely wrap it up in the fig-leaves1 ,and tie it round with a small piece of string1 ,then bury it beneath the glowing ashes1 ,judging by instinct of the time it takes ,to be completely done without being burnt4 ,and if you wish to have the best o' their kind1 ,take care to get them from ,byzantium2 ,or if they come from any sea near that ,they'll not be bad3 but if you go down lower1 ,and pass the straits into the gan sea1 ,they're quite a different thing1 in flavour worse ,as well as size1 and merit far less praise4 #h4 ,but this ,archestratus was so devoted to luxury1 that he travelled over every country and every sea1 with great diligence1 wishing1 as it seems to me1 to seek out very carefully whatever related to his stomach2 and1 as men do who write ,itineraries and ,books of ,voyages1 so he wishes to relate everything with the greatest accuracy1 and to tell where every kind of eatable is to be got in the greatest perfection2 for this is what he professes himself1 in the preface to his admirable ,book of ,precepts1 which he addresses to his companions1 ,moschus and ,cleander2 enjoining them1 as the ,pythian priestess says1 to seek ,a horse from ,thessaly1 a wife from ,sparta1 ,and men who drink at ,arethusa's fount4 ,and ,chrysippus1 a man who was a genuine philosopher1 and a thorough man at all points1 says that he was the teacher of ,epicurus1 and of all those who follow his rules1 in everything which belongs to pleasure1 which is the ruin of everything4 ,for ,epicurus says1 without any concealment1 but speaking with a loud voice1 as it were1 ,for ,i am not able to distinguish what is good if you once take away the pleasure arising from sweet flavours1 and if you also take away amatory pleasures4 ,for this wise man thinks that even the life of the intemperate man is an unimpeachable one1 if he enjoys an immunity from fear1 and also mirth4 ,on which account also the comic poets1 running down the ,epicureans1 attack them as mere servants and ministers of pleasure and intemperance4 #i4 ,plato1 in his ,joint ,deceiver1 representing a father as indignant with his son's tutor1 makes him say-- ,a4 ,you've taken this my son1 and ruin'd him1 ,you scoundrel2 you've persuaded him to choose ,a mode of life quite foreign to his nature ,and disposition2 taught by your example1 ,he drinks i' the morning1 which he ne'er was used to do4 ,b4 ,do you blame me1 master1 that your son ,has learnt to live8 ,a4 ,but do you call that living8 ,b4 ,wise men do call it so4 ,and ,epicurus ,tells us that pleasure is the only good4 ,a4 ,indeed2 ,i never heard that rule before4 ,does pleasure come then from no other source8 ,is not a virtuous life a pleasure now8 ,will you not grant me that8--,tell me1 ,i pray you1 ,did you e'er see a grave philosopher ,drunk1 or devoted to these joys you speak of8 ,b4 ,yes2 all of them4--,all those who raise their brows1 ,who walk about the streets for wise men seeking1 ,as if they had escaped their eyes and hid3 ,still when a turbot once is set before them1 ,know how to help themselves the daintiest bits4 ,they seek the head and most substantial parts1 ,as if they were an argument dissecting1 ,so that men marvel at their nicety4 ,and in his play entitled the ,homicide1 the same ,plato1 laughing at one of those gentle philosophers1 says-- ,the man who has a chance to pay his court ,to a fair woman1 and at eve to drink ,two bottles full of richest ,lesbian wine1 ,must be a wise man2 these are real goods4 ,these things ,i speak of are what ,epicurus ,tells us are real joys2 and if the world ,all lived the happy life ,i live myself1 ,there would not be one wicked man on earth4 ,sidenote3 ,,epicures4 ,and ,hegesippus1 in his ,philetairi1 says-- ,that wisest ,epicurus1 when a man ,once ask'd him what was the most perfect good ,which men should constantly be seeking for1 ,said pleasure is that good4 ,wisest and best ,of mortal men1 full truly didst thou speak3 ,for there is nothing better than a dinner1 ,and every good consists in every pleasure4 #aj4 ,but the ,epicureans are not the only men who are addicted to pleasure2 but those philosophers are so too who belong to what are called the ,cyrenaic and the ,mnesistratean sects2 for these men delight to live luxuriously1 as ,posidonius tells us4 ,and ,speusippus did not much differ from them1 though he was a pupil and a relation of ,plato's4 ,at all events1 ,dionysius the tyrant1 in his letters to him1 enumerating all the instances of his devotion to pleasure1 and also of his covetousness1 and reproaching him with having levied contributions on numbers of people1 attacks him also on account of his love for ,lasthenea1 the ,arcadian courtesan4 ,and1 at the end of all1 he says this--,whom do you charge with covetousness1 when you yourself omit no opportunity of amassing base gain8 ,for what is there that you have been ashamed to do8 ,are you not now attempting to collect contributions1 after having paid yourself for ,hermeas all that he owed8 #aa4 ,and about ,epicurus1 ,timon1 in the third book of his ,silli1 speaks as follows3-- ,seeking at all times to indulge his stomach1 ,than which there's no more greedy thing on earth4 ,for1 on account of his stomach1 and of the rest of his sensual pleasures1 the man was always flattering ,idomeneus and ,metrodorus4 ,and ,metrodorus himself1 not at all disguising this admirable principle of his1 says1 somewhere or other1 ,the fact is1 ,timocrates1 my natural philosopher1 that every investigation which is guided by principles of nature1 fixes its ultimate aim entirely on gratifying the stomach4 ,for ,epicurus was the tutor of all these men2 who said1 shouting it out1 as ,i may say1 ,the fountain and root of every good is the pleasure of the stomach3 and all wise rules1 and all superfluous rules1 are measured alike by this standard4 ,and in his treatise on the ,chief ,good1 he speaks nearly as follows3 ,for ,i am not able to understand what is good1 if ,i leave out of consideration the pleasures which arise from delicately-flavoured food1 and if ,i also leave out the pleasures which arise from amatory indulgences2 and if ,i also omit those which arise from music1 and those1 too1 which are derived from the contemplation of beauty and the gratification of the eyesight4 ,and1 proceeding a little further1 he says1 ,all that is beautiful is naturally to be honoured2 and so is virtue1 and everything of that sort1 if it assists in producing or causing pleasure4 ,but if it does not contribute to that end1 then it may be disregarded4 #ab4 ,and before ,epicurus1 ,sophocles1 the tragic poet1 in his ,antigone1 had uttered these sentiments respecting pleasure-- ,for when a man contemns and ceases thus ,to seek for pleasure1 ,i do not esteem ,that such an one doth live2 ,i only deem him ,a breathing corpse3--he may1 indeed1 perhaps ,have store of wealth within his joyless house2 ,he may keep up a kingly pomp and state2 ,but if these things be not with joy attended1 ,they are mere smoke and shadow1 and contribute1 ,no1 not one jot1 to make life enviable4 ,and ,philetrus says1 in his ,huntress1-- ,for what1 ,i pray you1 should a mortal do1 ,but seek for all appliances and means ,to make his life from day to day pass happily8 ,this should be all our object and our aim1 ,reflecting on the chance of human life4 ,and never let us think about to-morrow1 ,whether it will arrive at all or not4 ,it is a foolish trouble to lay up ,money which may become stale and useless4 ,and the same poet says1 in his nopion1-- ,but every man who lives but sparingly1 ,having sufficient means1 ,i call and think ,of all men the most truly miserable4 ,for when you're dead1 you cannot then eat eels2 ,no wedding feasts are cook'd in ,pluto's realms4 #ac4 ,and ,apollodorus the ,carystian1 in his ,stirrer-up of ,law-suits1 says-- ,o men1 whoe'er you are1 why do you now ,scorn pleasant living1 and turn all your thoughts ,to do each other mischief in fierce war8 ,in ,god's name1 tell me1 does some odious fate1 ,rude and unlettered1 destitute of all ,that can be knowledge call'd1 or education1 ,ignorant of what is bad and what is good1 ,guide all your destiny8--a fate which settles ,sidenote3 ,,epicures4 ,all your affairs at random by mere chance8 ,i think it must be so3 for else1 what deity ,who bears a ,grecian heart1 would ever choose ,to see ,greeks by each other thus despoil'd1 ,and falling dead in ghastly heaps of corpses1 ,when she might see them sportive1 gay1 and jesting1 ,drinking full cups1 and singing to the flute8 ,tell me1 my friend1 ,i pray1 and put to shame ,this most unpolish'd clownish fortune4 ,and1 presently afterwards1 he says-- ,does not a life like this deserve the name ,of godlike8--,think how far more pleasant all ,affairs would be in all the towns of ,greece ,than now they are1 if we were but to change ,our fashions1 and our habits1 and our principles ,one little bit4 ,why should we not proclaim1 ,whoe'er is more than thirty years of age1 ,let him come forth and drink4 ,let all the cavalry ,go to a feast at ,corinth1 for ten days1 ,crown'd with chaplets1 and perfumed most sweetly4 ,let all who radishes have got to sell ,come in the morning here from ,megara4 ,bid all th' allies now hasten to the bath1 ,and mix in cups the rich ,euban wine8-- ,sure this is real luxury and life1 ,but we are slaves to a most clownish fortune4 #ad4 ,the poets say that that ancient hero1 ,tantalus1 was also greatly devoted to pleasure4 ,at all events1 the author of the book called ,the ,return of the ,atrid says that he1 when he had arrived among the gods1 and had begun to live among them1 had leave given him by ,jupiter to ask for whatever he wished2 and that he1 being a man quite insatiable in the gratification of his appetites1 asked that it might be granted to him to indulge them to their full extent1 and to live in the same manner as the gods4 ,and that ,jupiter was indignant at this request1 and1 according to his promise1 fulfilled his prayer2 but still1 that he might not enjoy what he had before him1 but be everlastingly tormented1 he hung a stone over his head1 on account of which he should be unable to get at any of the things which he had before him4 ,some of the ,stoics also were addicted to this kind of pleasure4 ,at all events1 ,eratosthenes the ,cyrenean1 who was a pupil of ,ariston the ,chian1 who was one of the sect of the ,stoics1 in his treatise which is entitled ,ariston1 represents his master as subsequently being much addicted to luxury1 speaking as follows3 ,and before now1 ,i have at times discovered him breaking down1 as it were1 the partition wall between pleasure and virtue1 and appearing on the side of pleasure4 ,and ,apollophanes 7and he was an acquaintance of ,ariston71 in his ,ariston 7for he also wrote a book with that title71 shows the way in which his master was addicted to pleasure4 ,and why need we mention ,dionysius of ,heraclea8 who openly discarded his covering of virtue1 and put on a robe embroidered with flowers1 and assumed the name of ,the altered ,man2 and1 although he was an old man1 he apostatized from the doctrines of the ,stoics1 and passed over to the school of ,epicurus2 and1 in consequence1 ,timon said of him1 not without some point and felicity-- ,when it is time to set 771 he now begins ,to sit at table 774 ,but there is a time ,to love1 a time to wed1 a time to cease4 #ae4 ,apollodorus the ,athenian1 in the third book of his treatise on a ,modest and ,prudent ,man1 which is addressed to those whom he calls ,male ,buffoons1 having first used the expression1 more libidinous than the very ,inventors themselves 771 says1 there are some fish called 1 being all of a tawny colour1 though they have a purple hue in some parts4 ,and they say that they are usually caught in couples1 and that one is always found following at the tail of the other2 and therefore1 from the fact of one following close on the tail of the other1 some of the ancients call men who are intemperate and libidinous by the same name4 ,but ,aristotle1 in his work on ,animals1 says that this fish1 which he calls alphesticus1 has but a single spine1 and is of a tawny colour4 ,and ,numenius of ,heraclea mentions it1 in his treatise on ,fishing1 speaking as follows3-- ,the fish that lives in seaweed1 the alphestes1 ,the scorpion also with its rosy meat4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,marriage of ,hebe1 says-- ,mussels1 alphest1 and the girl-like fish1 ,the dainty coracinus4 ,mithcus also mentions it in his ,culinary ,art4 #af4 ,there is another fish called ,anthias1 or ,callicthys2 and this also is mentioned by ,epicharmus1 in his ,marriage of ,hebe3-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,the sword-fish and the chromius too1 ,who1 as ,ananius tells us1 ,is far the best of all in spring2 ,but th' anthias in the winter4 ,and ,ananius speaks as follows3-- ,for spring the chromius is best2 ,the anthias in winter3 ,but of all fish the daintiest ,is a young shrimp in fig-leaves4 ,in autumn there's a dainty dish1 ,the meat of the she-goat2 ,and when they pick and press the grapes1 ,young pigs are dainty eating4 ,then1 too1 young puppies you may eat1 ,and hares1 and also foxes4 ,but when the grasshopper does sing1 ,just at the height of summer1 ,is the best time for mutton fat2 ,then1 too1 the sea-born tunny ,will many a savoury dish afford1 ,and beats his compeers all ,with garlic seasoning richly drest2 ,then1 too1 the fatted ox ,is sweet to eat both late at night1 ,and at a noon-day feast4 ,and ,i have quoted this piece of ,ananius at length1 thinking that it might give some suggestions to the present race of ,epicures4 #ag4 ,but ,aristotle1 in his treatise on the ,habits of ,animals1 says--,they say that wherever the anthias is found1 there is no beast or fish of prey ever seen2 and accordingly the collectors of sponge use him as a guide1 and dive boldly wherever he is found1 and call him the sacred fish4 ,and ,dorion also mentions him in his book on ,fishes1 saying1 ,some call the anthias by the name of callicthys1 and also by that of callionymus and ellops4 ,and ,icesius1 in his treatise on ,materials1 says that he is called wolf by some authors1 and by others callionymus3 and that he is a fish of very solid meat1 and full of delicious juice1 and easy of digestion2 but not very good for the stomach4 ,but ,aristotle says that the callicthys is a fish with serrated teeth1 carnivorous and gregarious4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,muses1 enumerates the ellops among the fishes1 but passes over the callicthys or callionymus in silence as being identical with it2 and of the ellops he speaks thus1-- ,and then the high-priced ellops4 ,and the same poet says1 subsequently-- ,he was the fish of which great ,jupiter ,once bought a pair for money1 and enjoin'd ,his slaves to give him one1 and ,juno t'other4 ,but ,dorion1 in his treatise on ,fish1 says that the anthias and the callicthys are different fish2 and also that the callionymus is not the same as the ellops4 #ah4 ,but what is the fish which is called the ,sacred fish8 ,the author of the ,telchinian ,history1 whether it was ,epimenides the ,cretan1 or ,teleclides1 or any one else1 says1--,what are called the sacred fish1 are dolphins and pompili4 ,but the pompilus is a very amorous animal2 as being sprung himself1 at the same time with ,venus1 from heavenly blood4 ,and ,nicander1 in the second book of his taica1 says-- ,the pompilus1 who points the safest road ,to anxious mariners who burn with love1 ,and without speaking warns them against danger4 ,and ,alexander the tolian1 in his ,crica1 if indeed it is a genuine poem1 says-- ,still did the pompilus direct the helm1 ,swimming behind1 and guide it down the gulf1 ,the minister of the gods1 the sacred pompilus4 ,and ,pancrates the ,arcadian1 in his work entitled ,works of the ,sea1 having first said-- ,the pompilus1 whom all seafaring men ,do call the sacred fish2 proceeds to say1 that the pompilus is not held in great esteem by ,neptune only1 but also by those gods who occupy ,samothrace4 ,at all events that some old fisherman once threatened to punish this fish1 when the golden age still flourished among men2 and his name was ,epopeus1 and he belonged to the island of ,icarus4 ,he therefore was one day fishing with his son1 and they had no luck in their fishing1 and caught nothing but pompili1 and so did not abstain from eating them1 but he and his son ate every one of them1 and not long afterwards they suffered for their impiety2 for a whale attacked the ship1 and ate up ,epopeus in the sight of his son4 ,and ,pancrates states1 that the pompilus is an enemy to the dolphin2 and even the dolphin does not escape with impunity when he has eaten a pompilus1 for he becomes unable to exert himself and tremulous when he has eaten him2 and so he gets cast on shore1 and is eaten himself by the gulls and cormorants2 and he is sometimes1 when in this state1 caught by men who give themselves up to hunting such large fish4 ,and ,timachides the ,rhodian mentions the pompili in the ninth book of his ,banquet1 and says-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,the tench o' the sea1 and then the pompili1 ,the holiest of fish4 ,and ,erinna1 or whoever it was who composed the poem which is attributed to her1 says-- ,o pompilus1 thou fish who dost bestow ,a prosp'rous voyage on the hardy sailor1 ,conduct 77 my dear companion safely home4 #ai4 ,and ,apollonius the ,rhodian or ,naucratian1 in his ,history of the foundation of ,naucratis1 says1 ,pompilus was originally a man2 and he was changed into a fish1 on account of some love affair of ,apollo's4 ,for the river ,imbrasus flows by the city of the ,samians1-- ,and join'd to him1 the fairest of the nymphs1 ,the young and noble ,chesias1 bore a daughter1 ,the lovely maid ,ocyrhoe--her whose beauty ,was the kind ,hours' heaven-descended gift4 ,they say then that ,apollo fell in love with her and endeavoured to ravish her2 and that she having crossed over to ,miletus at the time of some festival of ,diana1 when the endeavour was about to be made to carry her off1 being afraid of such an attempt being made1 and being on her guard1 entreated ,pompilus1 who was a seafaring man and a friend of her father1 to conduct her safe back again to her own country1 saying this1-- ,o ,pompilus1 to whose wise breast are known ,the rapid depths of the hoarse roaring sea1 ,show that your mind doth recollect my sire1 ,who was your friend1 and save his daughter now4 ,and they say that he led her down to the shore1 and conducted her safely across the sea3 and that ,apollo appeared and carried off the maiden1 and sunk the ship with stones1 and metamorphosed ,pompilus into a fish of the same name1 and that he made ,the ,pompilus an everlasting slave ,of ships that swiftly pass along the sea4 #bj4 ,but ,theocritus the ,syracusan1 in his poem entitled ,berenice1 calls the fish which is called leucus the sacred fish1 speaking thus-- ,and if a mortal seeks the gods with prayer ,for a successful hunt1 or plenteous gold1 ,a man who lives by the sea1 whose nets he makes ,his ploughs to raise his crops2 then let him come1 ,and just at nightfall sacrifice with prayer ,to this same goddess the most sacred fish1 ,which men call leucus1 7loveliest he of fish17 ,then let him bend his nets2 and soon he shall ,draw them back from the waters full of prey4 ,but ,dionysius1 who was surnamed the ,iambic1 in his treatise on ,dialects1 writes thus--,we have heard accordingly an ,eretrian fisherman1 and many other fishermen1 too1 of other countries1 call the pompilus the sacred fish4 ,now the pompilus is a sea fish1 and is very commonly seen around ships1 being something like the tunny called pelamys4 ,however1 some one spoken of by the poet catches this fish2-- ,sitting upon a high projecting rock ,he caught the sacred fish4 ,unless1 indeed1 there be any other kind which is likewise called the sacred fish4 ,but ,callimachus in his ,galatea calls the chrysophrys the sacred fish1 where he says-- ,or shall ,i rather say the gold-brow'd fish1 ,that sacred fish1 or perch1 or all the rest ,which swim beneath the vast unfathom'd sea4 ,but in his ,epigrams the same poet says-- ,the sacred sacred hyca4 ,but some understand by the term sacred fish1 one let go and dedicated to the god1 just as people give the same name to a consecrated ox4 ,but others consider that sacred is here only equivalent to great1 as ,homer speaks of ,the sacred might of ,alcinous4 ,and some think that it is only called as 7going down stream74 #ba4 ,but ,clitarchus1 in the seventh book of his treatise on ,dialects1 says--,the nautical people call the pompilus the sacred fish1 because it conducts ships out of the open sea into harbour1 on which account it is called from 1 being the same fish as the chrysophrys4 ,and ,eratosthenes in his ,mercury says-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,they left a share of all their booty there2 ,still living centipedes1 the bearded mullet1 ,the sea-thrush1 with dark spots embroider'd o'er1 ,or the swift sacred fish with golden brows4 ,now after all this discussion of ours about fish1 the excellent ,ulpian may ask why ,archestratus1 speaking in those excellent suggestions of his of the cured fish on the ,bosphorus1 says-- ,those which do come from the ,bosphoric seas ,are whitest2 only let there be no sample ,of the hard meat o' the fish which grow around ,the ,lake ,motis2 not in verse can ,i ,that fish correctly name4 ,what is the fish1 which he says it is not proper to mention in poetry8 #bb4 ,anchovies must be next considered4 ,and1 indeed1 ,aristonymus uses the word in the singular number1 in his ,shivering ,sun-- ,so that there really is not one anchovy4 ,but of the anchovies there are many kinds1 and the one which is called aphritis#a is not produced from roe1 as ,aristotle says1 but from a foam which floats upon the surface of the water1 and which collects in quantities when there have been heavy rains4 ,there is also another kind called cobitis1 and that is produced from some little worthless gudgeons which are generated in the sand2 and from this anchovy itself another kind is produced1 which is called the encrasicholus4 ,there is also another anchovy which is the offspring of the sprat2 and another which comes from the membras2 and another still which comes from the small cestris1 which is engendered in the sand and slime4 ,but of all these kinds the aphritis is the best4 ,but ,dorion1 in his treatise on ,fishes1 speaks of a fish called the cobites1 as good boiled1 and also of the spawn of the atherina2 and atherina is the name of a fish2 and some also call the triglitis an anchovy4 ,but ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,marriage1 enumerates the anchovies among the shrimps or membrades2 making a distinction between this and what is called the seed4 ,and ,icesius says1 ,of the anchovy1 there is one sort which is white and very thin and frothy1 which some people also call the cobitis4 ,and there is another which is not so clean as that1 and which is larger2 but the clean and thin one is the better of the two4 ,and ,archestratus the contriver of delicate dishes1 says1-- ,use all anchovies for manure1 except ,the ,attic fish2 ,i mean that useful seed ,which the ,ionians do call the foam2 ,and take it fresh2 just caught within the bays1 ,the sacred bays of beautiful ,phalerum4 ,good is it too1 when by the sea-girt isle ,of ,rhodes you eat it1 if it's not imported4 ,and if you wish to taste it in perfection1 ,boil nettles with it--nettles whose green leaves ,on both sides crown the stem2 put these in the dish ,around the fish1 then fry them in one pan1 ,and mix in fragrant herbs well steep'd in oil4 #bc4 ,but ,clearchus the ,peripatetic1 in his treatise on ,proverbs1 speaks of the anchovy1 and says--,because they want very little fire for the frying-pan1 ,archestratus recommends people to put them into a pan which is already hot1 and to take them off as soon as they hiss4 ,and they are done1 and begin to hiss in a moment1 like oil2 on which account it is said1 ',anchovy1 look at the fire4' ,and ,chrysippus the philosopher1 in his treatise on the ,things which deserve to be sought for their own ,sakes1 says1 ,the anchovy which is found in the sea at ,athens1 men despise on account of its abundance1 and say that it is a poor man's fish2 but in other cities they prize it above everything1 even where it is far inferior to the ,attic anchovy4 ,moreover some people1 says he1 endeavour to rear the ,adriatic fowls in this place1 which are much less useful than our own kinds1 inasmuch as they are smaller4 ,but the people in the ,adriatic1 on the contrary1 send for our breed from hence4 ,hermippus1 too1 uses the word in the singular number1 in his ,demot1 where he says1-- ,you seem not now to move even an anchovy4 ,and ,callias1 in his ,cyclops1 says-- ,in preference to the best anchovy4 ,and ,aristonymus1 in his ,shivering ,sun1 says-- ,so that there is not really one anchovy4 ,but ,aristophanes uses the diminutive form1 and calls them in his ,friers1 saying-- ,nor these little ,phaleric 4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 #bd4 ,but ,lynceus the ,samian1 in his letter to ,diagoras1 praising the ,rhodian anchovies1 and comparing many of the productions of ,attica to those of ,rhodes1 says--,we may compare to the anchovies of ,phalerum those which are called the niatides1 and you may compare the ellops and the orphus with the glauciscus2 and with the ,eleusinian plaice and turbot1 and whatever other fish there may be among them enjoying a reputation higher than that of ,cecrops1 ,rhodes has the fox fish to compare4 ,but the author of the ,delight of ,life1 exhorts the man who is unable to purchase enough to satisfy his appetite1 to get fish to eat by robbery1 rather than go without it4 ,but ,lynceus calls ,archestratus an epicure1 who in that much celebrated poem of his speaks thus of the shark3-- ,are you at ,rhodes8 e'en if about to die1 ,still1 if a man would sell you a fox shark1 ,the fish the ,syracusans call the dog1 ,seize on it eagerly2 at least1 if fat3 ,and then compose yourself to meet your fate ,with brow serene and mind well satisfied4 #be4 ,the acharnus is mentioned by ,callias in his ,cyclops-- ,a harp-fish roast1 besides a ray1 ,the head too of a tunny1 ,and eel1 some crabs1 and this acharnus1 ,the great nean dainty4 #bf4 ,the ray1 roach1 or sea-frog may also be mentioned4 ,they are mentioned under the two former names by ,aristotle in his treatise on ,animals1 where he classes them under the head of cartilaginous fish4 ,and ,eupolis1 in his ,flatterers1 says-- ,at ,callias's house there is much pleasure1 ,for he has crabs for dinner1 rays besides1 ,and hares1 and women with light twinkling feet4 ,and ,epicharmus says1 in his ,marriage of ,hebe-- ,and there were rays and sea-frogs1 sawfish1 sharks1 ,camit1 roach1 and lobsters with hard shells4 ,and in his ,megarian ,woman he writes-- ,its sides were like a ray1 ,its back was altogether like a roach1 ,its head was long1 far more like a stag's1 ,its flanks were like a scorpion's1 son of the sea4 ,and ,sannyrion says1 in his ,laughter-- ,o rays1 ,o dainty grayling4 ,and ,aristotle in the fifth book of his treatise on the ,parts of ,animals1 says that the following are cartilaginous fish2 the ray1 the turtle1 the sea-cow1 the lamprey1 the sea-eagle1 the sea-frog1 and the whole of the shark tribe4 ,but ,sophron in his ,farces1 gives one fish the name of botis1 saying1 ,the cestres eat the botis1 though it is possible that he may be speaking of some herb4 ,but with respect to the sea frog1 the wise ,archestratus gives us the following advice in his ,apophthegms-- ,whenever you behold a frog1 why roast him 99 99 99 99 ,and 4 4 4 4 prepare his stomach4 ,and concerning the ray1 he says-- ,a boiled ray is good about mid-winter4 ,eat it with cheese and assaftida2 ,but all the sons o' the sea whose flesh is lean ,should1 as a rule1 be dress'd in such a fashion2 ,and thus ,i recommend you now again4 ,and ,ephippus the comic poet1 in his play called ,philyra1 7now ,philyra is the name of a courtesan71 says-- ,a4 ,shall ,i first cut a ray in slender slices ,and boil it8 aye8 or like the cooks in ,sicily ,shall ,i prefer to roast it8 ,b4 ,copy ,sicily4 #bg4 ,there are also fish called boaxes4 ,aristotle1 in his treatise entitled ,concerning ,animals or ,fish1 says1 ,the following animals are marked on the back2 the boax and others--the following are marked transversely1 the kind of tunny-fish called colias4 ,and ,epicharmus in his ,marriage of ,hebe1 speaks thus-- ,and in addition to all these the boax1 ,the smarides1 anchovies1 crabs and lobsters4 ,and ,numenius1 in his ,art of ,fishing1 calls them boeces1 saying-- ,the white synodons1 the boeces1 and trinchi4 ,but ,speusippus and the rest of the ,attic writers call them boaces4 ,aristophanes in his play called ,the ,women who occupy ,tents1 says-- ,but having had a bellyful of boaces1 ,i turn'd my steps towards home4 ,sidenote3 ,fish4 ,and they derived their name from the noise 77 which they make1 on which account it used to be said that the fish was sacred to ,mercury1 as the harp-fish was to ,apollo4 ,but ,pherecrates in his ,ant-,men1 saying--,they say that there is no other fish whatever1 which has any voice at all2 adds afterwards1--,by ,castor and ,pollux1 there is at least no other fish except the boax4 ,and ,aristophanes the ,byzantian says--,that we are wrong to call the fish boax1 when we ought to call it boops1 since1 though it is but a little fish1 it has very large eyes1 so that it might be called boops1 having bulls' eyes4 ,but we may reply to him1 ,if we are wrong in naming him as we do1 why do we say coracinus1 not corocinus8 ,for he derives his name from moving the pupils of his eyes 7 74 ,and so too1 why do we not call the fish instead of 8 for he has his name from continually shaking his tail 7 78 #bh4 ,with respect to the small kind of anchovy called membras1 ,phrynicus1 in his ,tragedians1 says-- ,o golden-headed membrades1 sons of the sea4 ,but ,epicharmus in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 calls them bambradones1 and says-- ,bambradones and sea-thrushes1 and hares1 ,and furious dragons4 ,and ,sophron in his ,manly ,qualities1 says--,the bambradon1 and the needle fish4 ,and ,numenius says1 in his ,treatise on ,fishing1 ,or a small sprat1 or it may be a bembras1 ,kept in a well2 you recollect these baits4 ,and ,dorion in his book on ,fishes1 says--,having taken off the head of a bembras1 if it be one of a tolerable size1 and having washed it with water1 and a small quantity of salt1 then boil it in the same manner as you do a mullet2 and the bembras is the only kind of anchovy from which is derived the condiment called bembraphya2 which is mentioned by ,aristonymus in the ,sun ,shivering-- ,the carcinobates of ,sicily ,resembles the bembraphya4 ,still the ,attic writers often call them bembrades4 ,aristomenes says in his ,jugglers-- ,bringing some bembrades purchased for an obol4 ,and ,aristonymus in his ,sun ,shivering1 says-- ,the large anchovy plainly is not now1 ,nor e'en the bembras1 quite unfortunate4 ,and ,aristophanes says in his ,old ,age-- ,fed on the hoary bembrades4 ,and ,plato in his ,old ,men1 says-- ,o ,hercules1 do just survey these bembrades4 ,but in the ,goats of ,eupolis we may find the word written also with a 7not but 74 ,and ,antiphanes says1 in his ,cnsthis2-- ,they do proclaim within the fish-market ,the most absurd of proclamations1 ,for just now one did shout with all his voice ,that he had got some bembrades sweet as honey2 ,but if this be the case1 then what should hinder ,the honey-sellers crying out and saying1 ,that they have honey stinking like a bembras8 ,and ,alexis in his ,woman leading the ,chorus1 writes the word with a -- ,who to the young folks making merry1 then ,put forth but lately pulse and membrades1 ,and well-press'd grapes to eat4 ,and in his ,protochorus he says-- ,no poorer meal1 by ,bacchus now ,i swear1 ,have ,i e'er tasted since ,i first became ,a parasite2 ,i'd rather sup on membrades ,with any one who could speak ,attic ,greek2 ,it would be better for me4 #bi4 ,there is also a fish called the blennus1 and it is mentioned by ,sophron1 in his play entitled ,the ,fisherman and the ,countryman1 and he calls it the fat blennus4 ,it is something like the tench in shape4 ,but ,epicharmus in his ,hebe's ,wedding speaks of a fish which he calls baiones1 where he says-- ,come now and bring me high-backed mullets1 ,and the ungrateful baiones4 ,and among the ,attic writers there is a proverb1 ,no baion for me2 he is a poor fish4 #cj4 ,there is also a shell-fish called buglossus4 ,and ,archestratus1 the ,pythagorean1 says1 because of his temperate habits1 ,then we may take a turbot plump1 or e'en ,a rough buglossus in the summer time1 ,if one is near the famous ,chalcis4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,there were buglossi and the harp-fish there4 ,but the fish called cynoglossus differs from the buglossus4 ,and of them too ,epicharmus speaks-- ,there were the variegated plotides1 ,and cynoglossi1 and sciathides4 ,but the ,attic writers call the buglossus the psetta4 #ca4 ,there are also fish called congers4 ,icesius says that these are coarser than the common eels2 and that their flesh is less firm and less nutritious1 and that they are very deficient in palatable juice2 but still1 that they are good for the stomach4 ,but ,nicander1 the epic poet1 in the third book of his ,treatise on ,dialects1 says that they are also called grylli4 ,but ,eudoxus1 in the sixth book of his ,circuit of the ,earth1 says that there are numbers of congers caught off ,sicyon1 each large enough to be a load for a man2 and some of them even big enough to be a load for a cart4 ,and ,philemon1 the comic poet1 himself mentioning the extraordinary congers at ,sicyon1 represents a cook as priding himself on his skill1 and saying in the play entitled the ,soldier1-- #cb4 ,how great a wish has now come over me ,to tell to heaven and earth the way in which ,i did prepare that supper4 ,aye1 by ,pallas1 ,how sweet it is when everything goes right6 ,how tender was my fish6 and how ,i dress'd it6 ,not done with cheese1 or powder'd o'er with dyes1 ,but looking as he did in life1 though roasted4 ,so mild and gentle was the fire which ,i ,did to the fish apply1 you'd scarce believe it4 ,it was as when a hen does seize some food1 ,and carries it away to eat at leisure3 ,she runs all round with care2 another sees her1 ,and straightway follows her to take it from her4 ,so here1 the man who first found out the pleasure ,of dainty eating1 sprang up high and ran ,all round and round1 with his dish in his hand4 ,the rest pursued him--it was fine to see them3 ,some got a little1 some got nothing1 some ,got all they wanted4 ,well1 as ,i was saying1 ,i took some river fish1 eaters of mud4 ,what if ,i'd had a scare1 or blue-back'd fish ,from ,attic waters1 ,o thou saving ,jupiter6 ,or boar from ,argive woods1 or noble conger ,from ,sicyon's bay1 the conger which the god ,of the deep sea doth bear aloft to heaven1 ,fit banquet for his brethren4 ,then no doubt ,the guests who ate would all have seem'd like gods2 ,i should have been immortal1 since the dead ,by the mere smell of my meat ,i bring to life again4 #cc4 ,i swear by ,minerva that ,menecrates the ,syracusan himself would not have made such a boast as that1 he who was nicknamed ,jupiter--a man who gave himself airs as being1 by his skill in medicine1 the only person who could cause man to live4 ,accordingly he compelled all who came to be cured by him of what is called the sacred disease1 to enter into a written agreement that if they recovered they would be his slaves4 ,and they followed him1 one wearing the dress of ,hercules1 and being called ,hercules1 7and the man who was so called was ,nicostratus1 an ,argive1 who had been cured of the sacred disease1 and he is mentioned by ,ephippus1 in his ,peltast1 where he says-- ,did not ,menecrates call himself a god1 ,and ,nicostratus of ,argos a second ,hercules87 and another followed him in the dress of ,mercury1 having on a cloak and bearing a caduceus1 and wings besides4 ,as ,nicagoras of ,zelia did1 who also became afterwards the tyrant of his country1 as ,baton relates in the history of the ,tyrants at ,ephesus4 ,and ,hegesander says that he called ,astycreon1 who had been cured by him1 ,apollo4 ,and another of those who had been cured by him1 went about with him to his cost1 wearing the dress of sculapius4 ,but ,jupiter ,menecrates himself1 clad in purple1 and having a golden crown upon his head1 and holding a sceptre1 and being shod with slippers1 went about with his chorus of gods4 ,and once1 writing to ,philip the king1 he began his letter thus-- #cd4 ,menecrates ,jupiter to ,philip greeting4 ,you1 indeed1 are king of ,macedonia1 but ,i am king of medicine2 and you are able1 when you please1 to put men to death1 who are in health2 but ,i am able to save those who are sick1 and to cause those who are in good health1 if they only follow my advice1 to live to old age without being attacked by disease4 ,therefore the ,macedonians attend you as body-guards2 but all who wish to live attend me2 for ,i1 ,jupiter1 give them life4 ,sidenote3 ,,cooks4 ,and so ,philip wrote back to him as to a man out of his senses1--,philip wishes ,menecrates soundness4 ,and he wrote in similar style to ,archidemus1 also the king of the ,lacedmonians1 and to every one else to whom he wrote at all2 never omitting to give himself the name of ,jupiter4 ,and once ,philip invited him and all his gods to supper1 and placed them all on the centre couch1 which was adorned in the loftiest and most holy-looking and beautiful manner4 ,and he had a table placed before them on which there was an altar and first-fruits of the different productions of the earth4 ,and whenever eatables were placed before the other guests1 the slaves placed incense before ,menecrates1 and poured libations in his honour4 ,and at last1 the new ,jupiter1 with all his subordinate gods1 being laughed at by every one1 ran away and fled from the banquet1 as ,hegesander relates4 ,and ,alexis also makes mention of ,menecrates in his ,minos4 #ce4 ,and ,themiso the ,cyprian1 the friend of ,antiochus the king1 as ,pythermus the ,ephesian relates in the eighth book of his ,history1 not only used to have his name proclaimed in the public assemblies1 ,themiso1 the ,macedonian1 the ,hercules of ,antiochus the king2 but all the people of that country used to sacrifice to him1 addressing him as ,hercules ,themiso2 and he himself would come when any of the nobles celebrated a sacrifice1 and would sit down1 having a couch to himself1 and being clad in a lion's skin1 and he used also to bear a ,scythian bow1 and in his hand he carried a club4 ,menecrates then himself1 though he was such as we have said1 never made such a preposterous boast as the cook we have been speaking of1-- ,i am immortal1 for ,i bring the dead1 ,by the mere smell of my meat1 to life again4 #cf4 ,but the whole tribe of cooks are conceited and arrogant1 as ,hegesander says in his ,brothers4 ,for he introduces a cook1 saying-- ,a4 ,my friend1 a great deal has been said already ,by many men on the art of cookery1 ,so either tell me something new yourself1 ,unknown to former cooks1 or spare my ears4 ,b4 ,i'll not fatigue you2 know that ,i alone ,of present men have sounded all the depths ,of culinary science and invention2 ,for ,i have not been just a short two years ,learning my art with snow-white apron girt1 ,but all my life ,i have devoted anxiously ,to the investigation of each point ,of moment2 ,i have inquired into all ,the different kinds of herbs and vegetables2 ,i know the habits of the bembrades1 ,i know the lentils in their various sorts2 ,in short1 this ,i can say--,whene'er ,i am ,at a funereal feast as minister1 ,as soon as men come back from the funeral1 ,clad in dark garments1 ,i take off the lids ,of all my saucepans1 and the weeping guests ,i clothe with smiling faces in a moment2 ,and such a joy runs through each heart and frame ,as if they were a marriage feast attending4 ,a4 ,what6 serving up lentils and bembrades8 ,b4 ,these are some accidental dishes only2 ,but when ,i've got my necessary tools1 ,and once have properly arranged my kitchen1 ,that which in old time happen'd with the ,sirens ,you shall again behold repeated now4 ,for such shall be the savoury smell1 that none ,shall bring themselves to pass this narrow passage2 ,and every one who passes by the door ,shall stand agape1 fix'd to the spot1 and mute1 ,till some one of his friends1 who's got a cold ,and lost his smell1 drags him away by force4 ,a4 ,you're a great artist4 ,b4 ,do not you then know ,to whom you speak8 ,i do declare to you ,i have known many of the guests1 who have1 ,for my sake1 eaten up their whole estates4 ,now1 ,i beg you1 tell me1 in the name of all the gods at once1 in what respect this man appears to you to differ from the ,celedones in ,pindar1 who1 in the same manner as the ,sirens of old1 caused those who listened to them to forget their food through delight1 and so to waste away8 #cg4 ,but ,nicomachus1 in his ,ilithyia1 himself also introduces a cook1 who in arrogance and conceit goes far beyond the artists on the stage4 ,this cook then speaks to the man who has hired him in this way1-- ,a4 ,you do display a gentlemanlike taste ,and kind2 but one thing still you have omitted4 ,b4 ,how so8 ,a4 ,you never have inquired it seems ,how great a man ,i am4 ,or had you heard it ,from some one else who was acquainted with me1 ,and so was that the reason you engaged me8 ,b4 ,by ,jove ,i never heard or thought about it4 ,a4 ,perhaps you do not know how great the difference ,is that exists between one cook and another8 ,b4 ,not ,i1 but ,i shall know now1 if you tell me4 ,a4 ,to take some meat that some one else has bought1 ,and then to dress it tolerably1 is ,what any cook can do4 ,b4 ,o ,hercules6 ,sidenote3 ,,cooks4 ,a4 ,a perfect cook is quite another thing4 ,for there are many admirable arts1 ,all of which he must master thoroughly ,who would excel in this4 ,he first must have ,a smattering of painting2 and indeed ,many the sciences are which he must learn ,before he's fit to begin learning cookery1-- ,and you should know them ere you talk to me1-- ,astrology1 and ,medicine1 and ,geometry4 ,for by these arts you'll know the qualities ,and excellences of the various fish4 ,you'll learn to guide your dishes by the seasons2 ,and when this fish is in1 and this is out1 ,for there is great variety in the pleasures ,that from the table spring4 ,sometimes1 for instance1 ,a boax will be better than a tunny4 ,b4 ,perhaps2 but what on earth has that to do ,with your geometry8 ,a4 ,why this4 ,we say ,the kitchen is a sphere2 this we divide1 ,and take one portion1 as may suit our art1 ,borrowing the principles of mensuration4 ,b4 ,i understand2 that's quite enough of that4 ,where does your medical skill display itself8 ,a4 ,know there are meats hard1 indigestible1 ,pregnant with flatulence1 causing only torture ,to the unhappy eater1 and no nourishment4 ,yet those who sup at other folks' expense ,are always greedy and not temperate4 ,for these and similar viands1 remedies ,must come from the resources of our art2 ,and how to marshal everything in order ,with wisdom and propriety1 we learn ,by borrowing from the science of the ,general4 ,to count the guests requires arithmetic4 ,and no one else has all these parts of knowledge ,except myself4 ,b4 ,now in your turn1 awhile ,listen to me4 ,a4 ,say on4 ,b4 ,give no more trouble ,to me nor to yourself3 but just keep quiet1 ,and rest yourself all day for all ,i care4 #ch4 ,and the cook in the ,younger ,philemon wishes to be a sort of tutor1 and speaks in this fashion-- ,there1 let things be as they are4 ,only take care ,the fire may not too small be or too slow ,to roast the joints4 7,as a fire like that ,makes meat not roast but sodden47 ,nor too fierce4 7,for that again does burn whate'er it catches1 ,and yet is far from cooking the meat through47 ,it is not every one who has a spoon ,and knife about him that we call a cook1 ,nor every one who puts his fish in a pan2 ,there is more wit and reason in the business4 #ci4 ,and the cook in ,diphilus's ,painter tells us also to whom he thinks it worth his while to hire himself1 saying-- ,a4 ,i will not use your meat1 nor give my aid ,unless ,i'm sure that ,i shall have all means ,which needful are to make a proper show2 ,nor do ,i e'er go anywhere till first ,i know who 'tis who makes the sacrifice1 ,or what the cause may be which prompts the banquet1 ,or who the guests are who have been invited4 ,for ,i have got a regular list at home ,of where ,i choose to go1 and where ,i don't4 ,as first1 to speak of the commercial class2 ,some captain of a ship may make a sacrifice ,just to discharge some vow1 made when he lost ,his mast1 or broke the rudder of his vessel1 ,or1 having sprung a leak1 threw overboard ,his cargo4 ,i'll have nought to do with him3 ,for he does nothing willingly1 but only ,just so much as he thinks he cannot help4 ,and every time a cup is fill'd with wine1 ,he makes a calculation of the sum ,which he can charge his owners or his passengers1 ,and thinks that what his guests do eat and drink ,is his own flesh and blood4 ,another came1 ,but three days since1 from the ,byzantine port1 ,safe and successful2 joyful in a profit ,of ten or twelve per cent2 talking of nothing ,but freight and interest1 spending all his love ,on worn-out panders4 ,soon as he did quit ,the ship and set his foot upon the land1 ,i blew my nose1 gave him my hand1 and utter'd ,audible thanks to saving ,jupiter1 ,and hasten'd forth to wait on him4 ,for this ,is always my way2 and ,i find it answer4 ,again1 an amorous youth will feast and squander ,his sire's estate2 to him ,i go at call4 ,but those who feast in shares1 and throw together ,into one dish their petty contributions1 ,though they may tear their clothes1 and cry aloud1 ,come1 who will cook us our new-purchased supper8 ,i let bawl on4 ,for if you go to them1 ,first there is language hard and blows to bear2 ,secondly1 one must slave the livelong night2 ,and when at last you ask them for your pay1 ,first bring the pot1 say they4 ,there was no vinegar ,in all that salad4 ,ask again4 ,aye1 you ,shall be the first to be well beaten here4 ,i could recount ten thousand facts like this4 ,b4 ,but where ,i take now is a rich brothel1 ,where a rich courtesan with other friends ,desires to celebrate with great abundance ,a joyous feast in honour of ,adonis1 ,and where you may enjoy yourself in style4 ,sidenote3 ,,cooks4 #dj4 ,and ,archedicus1 in his ,treasure1 another philosophical cookling1 speaks in this way-- ,in the first place the guests invited came ,while still the fish lay on the dresser raw4 ,give me some water4 ,bring the fish up quick4 ,then placing all my pans upon the fire1 ,i soak'd the ashes well with oil1 and raise ,a rapid heat4 ,meantime the fragrant herbs ,and pleasant sharpness of the seasonings ,delight my master4 ,quickly ,i serve up ,some fish exactly boil'd2 retaining all ,his juice1 and all his unextracted flavour2 ,a dish which any free-born man must know ,how to appreciate rightly4 ,in this manner ,at the expense of one small pot of oil ,i gain employment at full fifty banquets4 ,and ,philostephanus1 in his ,delian1 gives a catalogue of the names of some celebrated cooks in these lines1 and those which follow them-- ,in my opinion you1 ,o ,ddalus1 ,surpass all cooks in skill and genius1 ,save the ,athenian ,thimbron1 call'd the ,top4 ,so here ,i've come to beg your services1 ,bringing the wages which ,i know you ask4 #da4 ,and ,sotades1 not the ,maronite poet1 who composed ,ionian songs1 but the poet of the middle comedy1 in the play entitled ,the ,shut-up ,women1 7for that was the name which he gave to it17 introduces a cook making the following speech1-- ,first ,i did take some squills1 and fried them all2 ,then a large shark ,i cut in slices large1 ,roasting the middle parts1 and the remainder ,i boil'd and stuff'd with half-ripe mulberries4 ,then ,i take two large heads of dainty grayling1 ,and in a large dish place them1 adding simply ,herbs1 cummin1 salt1 some water1 and some oil4 ,then after this ,i bought a splendid pike1 ,to boil in pickle with all sorts of herbs4 ,avoiding all such roasts as want a spit1 ,i bought too some fine mullet1 and young thrushes1 ,and put them on the coals just as they were1 ,adding a little brine and marjoram4 ,to these ,i added cuttle-fish and squills4 ,a fine dish is the squill when carefully cook'd4 ,but the rich cuttle-fish is eaten plain1 ,though ,i did stuff them all with a rich forced meat ,of almost every kind of herb and flower4 ,then there were several dishes of boil'd meats1 ,and sauce-boats full of oil and vinegar4 ,besides all this a conger fine and fat ,i bought1 and buried in a fragrant pickle2 ,likewise some tench1 and clinging to the rocks ,some limpets4 ,all their heads ,i tore away1 ,and cover'd them with flour and bread crumbs over1 ,and then prepared them as ,i dress'd the squills4 ,there was a widow'd amia too1 a noble ,and dainty fish4 ,that did ,i wrap in fig-leaves1 ,and soak'd it through with oil1 and over all ,with swaddling clothes of marjoram did ,i fold it1 ,and hid it like a torch beneath the ashes4 ,with it ,i took anchovies from ,phalerum1 ,and pour'd on them one cruet full of water4 ,then shredding herbs quite fine1 ,i add more oil1 ,more than two cotyl in quantity4 ,what next8 ,that's all4 ,this sir is what ,i do1 ,not learning from recipes or books of cookery4 #db4 ,however1 this is enough about cooks4 ,but we must say something about the conger4 ,for ,archestratus1 in his ,gastronomy1 tells us how every part of it should be treated1 saying-- ,in ,sicyon my friend you best can get ,a mighty head of conger1 fat1 and strong1 ,and large2 and also take his entrails whole1 ,then boil him a long time1 well-soak'd in brine4 ,and after this he goes through the whole country of ,italy1 saying where the congers are best1 describing them like a regular writer of an ,itinerary1 and he says-- ,there too fine congers may be caught1 and they ,are to all other fish as far superior ,as a fat tunny is to coracini4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,seven against ,thebes1 says-- ,and all the parts of a fine conger eel ,well hash'd together1 overlaid with fat4 ,and ,archedicus1 in his ,treasure1 introduces a cook speaking of some fish which he has been buying in the following terms-- ,sidenote3 ,,sharks4 ,then for three drachmas ,i a grayling bought4 ,five more ,i gave for a large conger's head ,and shoulders4 7,oh1 how hard a thing is life67 ,another drachma for the neck4 ,i swear ,by ,phbus1 if ,i knew where ,i could get ,or buy another neck myself1 at once ,i'd choke the one which now is on my shoulders1 ,rather than bring these dishes to this place4 ,for no one ever had a harder job ,to buy so many things at such a price2 ,and yet if ,i have bought a thing worth buying ,may ,i be hang'd4 ,they will devour me4 ,what ,i now say is what concerns myself4 ,and then1 such wine they spit out on the ground6 ,alas6 ,alas6 #dc4 ,there is a kind of shark called 1 which is eaten4 ,and ,icesius1 in his treatise on ,materials1 says that the best and tenderest kind of galei are those called asteri4 ,but ,aristotle says that there are many kinds of them--the thorny1 the smooth1 the spotted1 the young galeus1 the fox shark1 and the file shark4 ,but ,dorion1 in his ,book on ,fishes1 says that the fox shark has only one fin towards his tail1 but has none along the ridge of his back4 ,but ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 says that the centrines is also a kind of shark1 and also the notidanus4 ,but ,epnetus1 in his ,cookery ,book1 calls the latter the enotideus1 and says that the centrines is very inferior to him1 and that it has a bad smell2 and that the one may be distinguished from the other by the fact of the centrines having a sort of spur on his first fin1 while the rest of the kinds have not got such a thing4 ,and he says that these fishes have no fat or suet in them1 because they are cartilaginous4 ,and the acanthias1 or thorny shark1 has this peculiarity1 that his heart is five-cornered4 ,and the galeus has three young at most2 and it receives its young into his mouth1 and immediately ejects them again2 and the variegated galeus is especially fond of doing this1 and so is the fox shark4 ,but the other kinds do not do so1 because of the roughness of the skins of the young ones4 #dd4 ,but ,archestratus1 the man who lived the life of ,sardanapalus1 speaking of the galeus as he is found at ,rhodes1 says that it is the same fish as that which1 among the ,romans1 is brought on the table to the music of flutes1 and accompanied with crowns1 the slaves also who carry it being crowned1 and that it is called by the ,romans accipesius4 ,but the accipesius1 the same as the acipenser1 or sturgeon1 is but a small fish in comparison1 and has a longer nose1 and is more triangular than the galeus in his shape4 ,and the very smallest and cheapest galeus is not sold at a lower price than a thousand ,attic drachm4#b ,but ,appian1 the grammarian1 in his essay on the ,luxury of ,apicius1 says that the accipesius is the fish called the ellops by the ,greeks4 ,but ,archestratus1 speaking of the ,rhodian galeus1 counselling his companions in a fatherly sort of way1 says-- ,are you at ,rhodes8 e'en if about to die1 ,still1 if a man would sell you a fox shark1 ,the fish the ,syracusans call the dog1 ,seize on it eagerly2 at least1 if fat3 ,and then compose yourself to meet your fate ,with brow serene and mind well satisfied4 ,lynceus1 the ,samian1 also quotes these verses in his letter to ,diagoras1 and says that the poet is quite right in advising the man who cannot afford the price for one1 to gratify his appetite by robbery rather than go without it4 ,for he says that ,theseus1 who ,i take to have been some very good-looking man1 offered to indulge ,tlepolemus in anything if he would only give him one of these fish4 ,and ,timocles1 in his play called ,the ,ring1 says-- ,galei and rays1 and all the fish besides ,which cooks do dress with sauce and vinegar4 #de4 ,there is also the sea-grayling4 ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,there is the variegated scorpion1 ,the lizard1 and the fat sea-grayling too4 ,and ,numenius1 in his ,treatise on ,fishing1 says-- ,the hycca1 the callicthys1 and the chromis1 ,the orphus1 the sea-grayling too1 who haunts ,the places where seaweed and moss abound4 ,and ,archestratus1 praising the head of the glaucus1 says-- ,if you're at ,megara or at ,olynthus1 ,dress me a grayling's head4 ,for in the shallows ,around those towns he's taken in perfection4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,shepherd1 says-- ,botian eels1 and mussels too from ,pontus1 ,graylings from ,megara1 from ,carystus shrimps1 ,eretrian phagri1 and the ,scyrian crabs4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,and the same writer1 in his ,philotis1 speaks thus-- ,a4 ,what shall be done with the grayling8 ,b4 ,why ,now1 as at other times1 boil him in brine4 ,a4 ,what with the pike8 ,b4 ,why roast him whole1 and dish him4 ,a4 ,what with the galeus8 ,b4 ,do him up with stuffing1 ,and serve him hot4 ,a4 ,how will you have the eels8 ,b4 ,cook them with salt1 and marjoram1 and water4 ,a4 ,the conger8 ,b4 ,do the same4 ,a4 ,the ray8 ,b4 ,take herbs ,and season him with them4 ,a4 ,there is besides ,half a large tunny4 ,b4 ,roast it4 ,a4 ,some goat's venison4 ,b4 ,roast that4 ,a4 ,how will you have the rest o' the meat8 ,b4 ,all boil'd4 ,a4 ,the spleen8 ,b4 ,stuff that4 ,a4 ,the paunch and trail8 #df4 ,and ,eubulus says1 in his ,campylion1-- ,there was a beautiful dish of the sea-grayling1 ,and a boil'd pike served up i' savoury pickle4 ,and ,anaxandrides1 in his ,nereus1 says-- ,the man who first discover'd all the good ,of the most precious head of a large grayling1 ,and then how dainty was the tunny's meat1 ,caught where the waves are by no tempests tost1 ,how good in short is the whole race of fish1 ,nereus his name1 dwells in this place for ever4 ,and ,amphis1 in his ,seven against ,thebes1 says-- ,whole graylings1 and large slices of the head4 ,and in his ,philetrus1 he says-- ,take a small eel1 and a fine grayling's head1 ,and slices of a pike fresh from the sea4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,cyclops1 out-heroding even the epicure ,archestratus1 says-- ,give me an ,hymettian mullet1 ,and a ray just caught1 a perch ,split open1 and a cuttle-fish1 ,and a well-roasted synodon2 ,a slice of grayling1 and a head ,of mighty conger1 luscious food2 ,a frog's inside1 a tunny's flank1 ,a ray's sharp back1 a cestra's loin1 ,sea-sparrows1 and sea-thrushes too1 ,sprats1 and anchovies1 let me not ,complain of any want4 #dg4 ,and ,nausicrates says1 in his ,captains of ,ships1-- ,a4 ,they say there are two kinds of fish most tender ,and beautiful to see1 which oft appear ,to sailors wandering o'er the spacious plains ,of ocean4 ,and they say that one foretells ,to mortals all the evils which hang o'er them4 ,b4 ,you mean the grayling4 ,a4 ,you are right1 ,i do4 ,and ,theolytus1 the ,methymnan1 in his ,bacchic ,odes1 says that ,glaucus the deity of the sea became enamoured of ,ariadne1 when she was carried off by ,bacchus in the island of ,dia2 and that he1 attempting to offer violence to her1 was bound by ,bacchus in fetters made of vine-twigs2 but that when he begged for mercy he was released1 saying-- ,there is a place1 ,anthedon is its name1 ,on the sea-side1 against th' ,euban isle1 ,near to the stream of the still vext ,euripus-- ,thence is my race2 and ,copeus was my sire4 ,sidenote3 ,,glaucus4 ,and ,promathides of ,heraclea1 in his ,half ,iambics1 traces the pedigree of ,glaucus as being the son of ,polybus1 the son of ,mercury1 and of ,euba1 the daughter of ,larymnus4 ,but ,mnaseas1 in the third book of his history of the ,affairs of ,europe1 calls him the son of ,anthedon and ,alcyone2 and says that he was a sailor and an excellent diver1 and that he was surnamed ,pontius2 and that having ravished ,syme1 the daughter of ,ialemus and ,dotis1 he sailed away to ,asia1 and colonised a desert island near ,caria1 and called that ,syme1 from the name of his wife4 ,but ,euanthes1 the epic poet1 in his ,hymn to ,glaucus1 says that he was the son of ,neptune and the nymph ,nais2 and that he was in love with ,ariadne1 in the island of ,dia1 and was favoured by her after she had been left there by ,theseus4 ,but ,aristotle1 in his ,constitution of the ,delians1 says that he settled in ,delos with the ,nereids1 and gave oracles to all who wished for them4 ,but ,possis1 the ,magnesian1 in the third book of his ,amazonis1 says that ,glaucus was the builder of the ,argo1 and that he was her pilot when ,jason fought the ,etrurians1 and was the only person unwounded in that naval battle2 and that by the will of ,jupiter he appeared in the depths of the sea1 and so became a sea deity1 but was seen by ,jason alone4 ,but ,nicanor the ,cyrenan1 in his ,changes of ,names1 says that ,melicerta changed his name and assumed the name of ,glaucus4 #dh4 ,alexander the tolian also mentions him in his poem entitled the ,fisherman1 saying that he ,first tasted grass1 7and then was immersed in the sea and drowned17 ,the herb which in the islands of the blest1 ,when first the spring doth beam upon the earth1 ,the untill'd land shows to the genial sun4 ,and the sun gives it to his weary steeds1 ,a most refreshing food1 raised in the shade4 ,so that they come in vigour back renew'd ,unto their daily task1 and no fatigue ,or pain can stop their course4 ,but schrion the ,samian1 in some one of his ,iambic poems1 says that ,glaucus the sea-deity was in love with ,hydna1 the daughter of ,scyllus1 the diver of ,scione4 ,and he makes particular mention of this herb1 namely1 that any one who eats of it becomes immortal1 saying-- ,and you found too th' agrostis of the gods1 ,the sacred plant which ancient ,saturn sow'd4 ,and ,nicander1 in the third book of his ,europe1 says that ,glaucus was beloved by ,nereus4 ,and the same ,nicander1 in the first book of his history of the ,affairs of tolia1 says that ,apollo learnt the art of divination from ,glaucus2 and that ,glaucus when he was hunting near ,orea1 7and that is a lofty mountain in tolia17 hunted a hare1 which was knocked up by the length of the chace1 and got under a certain fountain1 and when just on the point of dying1 rolled itself on the herbage that was growing around2 and1 as it recovered its strength by means of the herbage1 ,glaucus too perceived the virtues of this herb1 and ate some himself4 ,and becoming a god in consequence1 when a storm came1 he1 in accordance with the will of ,jupiter1 threw himself into the sea4 ,but ,hedylus1 whether he was a ,samian or an ,athenian ,i know not1 says that ,glaucus was enamoured of ,melicerta1 and threw himself into the sea after him4 ,but ,hedyle1 the mother of this poet1 and daughter of ,moschine of ,attica1 a poetess who composed ,iambics1 in her poem which is entitled ,scylla1 relates that ,glaucus being in love with ,scylla came to her cave-- ,bearing a gift of love1 a mazy shell1 ,fresh from the ,erythrean rock1 and with it too ,the offspring1 yet unfledged1 of ,alcyon1 ,to win th' obdurate maid4 ,he gave in vain4 ,even the lone ,siren on the neighbouring isle ,pitied the lover's tears4 ,for as it chanced1 ,he swam towards the shore which she did haunt1 ,nigh to th' unquiet caves of tna4 #di4 ,there is also a fish called the fuller4 ,dorion1 in his treatise on ,fish1 says that the juice which proceeds from the boiling of a fuller will take out every kind of stain2 and ,epnetus also mentions it in his ,cookery ,book4 #ej4 ,the eel is well known3 and ,epicharmus mentions sea-eels in his ,muses2 but ,dorion1 in his treatise on ,fishes1 mentioning those which come from the lake ,copais1 extols the ,copaic eels highly2 and they grow to a great size4 ,at all events1 ,agatharchides1 in the sixth book of his history of the ,affairs of ,europe1 says that the largest eels from lake ,copais are sacrificed to the gods by the ,botians1 who crown them like victims1 and offer prayers over them1 sprinkling them with meal2 and that once1 when a foreigner was astonished at the singular kind of victim and sacrifice1 and asked a ,botian whence it originated1 the ,botian answered1 ,that he only knew one thing2 that it was right to maintain the customs of one's ancestors1 and that it was not right to make any excuses for them to foreigners4 ,but we need not wonder if eels are sacrificed as victims1 since ,antigonus the ,carystian1 in his treatise on ,language1 says that the fishermen celebrate a festival in honour of ,neptune when the tunnies come in season1 and they are successful in their pursuit of them2 and that they sacrifice to the god the first tunny that is caught2 and that this sacrificial festival is called the ,thunnum4 ,sidenote3 ,,eels4 #ea4 ,but among the people of ,phaselis1 even salt-fish are offered in sacrifice4 ,at all events1 ,heropythus1 in his ,annals of the ,colophonians1 speaking of the original settlement of ,phaselis1 says that ,lacius1 having conducted the colony1 gave as the price of the ground to ,cylabras1 a shepherd who fed sheep there1 some salt-fish1 as that was what he asked for4 ,for when ,lacius had proposed to him to take as a price for the soil either barley-cakes1 or wheat-cakes1 or salt-fish1 ,cylabras chose the salt-fish4 ,and1 on this account1 the people of ,phaselis every year1 even to this day1 sacrifice salt-fish to ,cylabras4 ,but ,philostephanus1 in the first book of his treatise on the ,cities of ,asia1 writes thus3--,that ,lacius the ,argive1 being one of the men who had come with ,mopsus1 whom some say was a ,lindian1 and the brother of ,antiphemus who colonized ,gela1 was sent to ,phaselis by ,mopsus with some men1 in accordance with some directions given by ,manto the mother of ,mopsus1 when the sterns of their ships came in collision off the ,chelidoni1 and were much broken1 as ,lacius and the vessels with him ran into them in the night1 in consequence of their arriving later4 ,and it is said that he purchased the land where the city now stands1 in obedience to the prophetic directions of ,manto1 from a man of the name of ,cylabras1 giving him some salt-fish for it2 for that was what he had selected from all the ships contained4 ,on which account1 the people of ,phaselis sacrifice salt-fish to ,cylabras every year1 honouring him as their hero4 #eb4 ,but concerning eels1 ,icesius1 in his treatise on ,materials1 says that eels have a better juice in them than any other fish2 and in the quality of being good for the stomach1 they are superior to most1 for they are very satisfying and very nutritious3 though he classes the ,macedonian eels among the salt-fish4 ,but ,aristotle says that eels are fond of the very purest water2 on which account1 the people who feed eels pour clean water over them2 for they get choked in muddy water4 ,for which reason1 those who hunt for them make the water muddy1 in order that the eels may be choked2 for1 having very small gills1 their pores are almost immediately stopped up by any mud or disturbance in the water3 on which account1 also1 they are often choked during storms1 when the water is disturbed by heavy gales4 ,but they propagate their species being entwined together1 and then they discharge a sort of viscous fluid from their bodies1 which lies in the mud and generates living creatures4 ,and the people who feed eels say that they feed by night1 but that during the day they remain motionless in the mud2 and they live about eight years at most4 ,but in other places1 ,aristotle tells us again1 that they are produced without either their progenitors laying eggs or bringing forth living offspring1 and also that they are not generated by any copulation1 but that they are propagated by the putrefaction which takes place in the mud and slime--as it is said of those things which are called the entrails of the earth4 ,from which circumstance1 he says that ,homer distinguishes between their nature and that of other fish2 and says-- ,the eels and fish within the briny deep1 ,were startled at the blaze4 #ec4 ,but a certain ,epicurean1#c who was one of our party1 when an eel was served up1 said1--,here is the ,helen of the feast2 ,i therefore will be the ,paris6 ,and1 before any one else could stretch out a hand towards it1 he seized hold of it and split it up1 tearing off one side down to the backbone4 ,and the same man1 when presently a hot cheesecake was set before him1 and when all refused it1 cried out1 ,i will attack it were it hot as fire2 and then1 rushing upon it eagerly1 and swallowing it1 he was carried out severely scalded4 ,and ,cynulcus said1--,the cormorant is carried out from his battle of the throat6 ,moreover1 ,archestratus thus speaks of the eel3-- ,i praise all kinds of eels2 but far the best ,is that which fishermen do take in the sea ,opposite to the strait of ,rhegium4 ,where you1 ,messenius1 who daily put ,this food within your mouth1 surpass all mortals ,in real pleasure4 ,though none can deny ,that great the virtue and the glory is ,of the ,strymonian and ,copaic eels4 ,for they are large1 and wonderfully fat2 ,and ,i do think in short that of all fish ,the best in flavour is the noble eel1 ,although he cannot propagate his species4 #ed4 ,but1 as ,homer has said1 ,the eels and fish were startled1 ,archilochus has also said1 in a manner not inconsistent with that-- ,and you received full many sightless eels4 ,sidenote3 ,,eels4 ,but the ,athenians1 as ,tryphon says1 form all the cases in the singular number with the 1 but do not make the cases in the plural in a similar manner4 ,accordingly1 ,aristophanes1 in his ,acharnensians1 says-- ,behold1 ,o boys1 the noble eel 772 and1 in his ,lemnian ,women1 he says-- 3 but he uses the nominative case in his ,daitaleis-- ,and smooth too 4 ,and ,cratinus1 in his ,pluti1 says-- ,the tunny1 orphus1 grayling1 eel1 and sea-dog4 ,but the ,attic writers do not form the cases in the plural number as ,homer does4 ,aristophanes says1 in his ,knights-- ,for you have fared like men who're hunting eels 772 and1 in his second edition of the ,clouds1 he says-- ,imitating my images of the eels 772 and in his ,wasps we find the dative case-- ,i don't delight in rays nor in ,and ,strattis1 in his ,potamii1 said-- ,a cousin of the eels 774 ,simonides1 too1 in his ,iambics1 writes-- ,like an eel 77 complaining of being slippery4 ,he also uses it in the accusative-- ,a kite was eating a ,mandrian eel 771 ,but a heron saw him and deprived him of it4 ,but ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,animals1 writes the word with an 1 4 ,but when ,aristophanes1 in his ,knights1 says-- ,your fate resembles that of those who hunt ,for mud-fed eels4 ,for when the lake is still ,their labour is in vain4 ,but if they stir ,the mud all up and down1 they catch much fish4 ,and so you gain by stirring up the city2 he shows plainly enough that the eel is caught in the mud1 7 17 and it is from this word that the name ends in 4 ,the ,poet1 therefore1 wishing to show that the violent effect of the fire reached even to the bottom of the river1 spoke thus--,the eels and fish were troubled2 speaking of the eels separately and specially1 in order to show the very great depth to which the water was influenced by the fire4 #ee4 ,but ,antiphanes1 in his ,lycon1 jesting on the ,egyptians after the manner of the comic poets1 says-- ,they say in other things the ,egyptian race ,is clever also1 since they think the eel ,on a level with the gods2 or ,i may say ,by far more valuable4 ,for1 as to the gods1-- ,those we gain over by our prayers alone2 ,but as for eels1 without you spend at least ,twelve drachmas you can scarce get leave to smell them4 ,so it is altogether a holy beast4 ,and ,anaxandrides1 in his ,cities1 directing what he says to the ,egyptians1 speaks as follows-- ,i never could myself your comrade be1 ,for neither do our manners nor our laws ,agree with yours1 but they are wholly different4 ,you do adore an ox2 ,i sacrifice him ,to the great ,gods of heaven4 ,you do think ,an eel the mightiest of deities2 ,but we do eat him as the best of fish4 ,you eat no pork2 ,i like it above all things4 ,you do adore a dog2 but ,i do beat him ,if e'er ,i catch him stealing any meat4 ,then our laws enjoin the priests to be ,most perfect men2 but yours are mutilated4 ,if you do see a cat in any grief ,you weep2 but ,i first kill him and then skin him4 ,you have a great opinion of the shrew-mouse2 ,but ,i have none at all4 ,and ,timocles1 in his ,egyptians1 says-- ,how can an ibis or a dog be able ,to save a man8 ,for where with impious hearts ,men sin against the all-acknowledged ,gods1 ,and yet escape unpunish'd1 who can think ,the altar of a cat will be more holy1 ,or prompter to avenge itself1 than they8 #ef4 ,but that men used to wrap eels up in beet1 and then eat them1 is a fact constantly alluded to in the poets of the old comedy2 and ,eubulus says in his ,echo-- ,the nymph who never knew the joys of marriage1 ,clothed with rosy beet will now appear1 ,the white-flesh'd eel4 ,hail1 brilliant luminary1 ,great in my taste1 and in your own good qualities4 ,and in his ,ionian he says-- ,and after this were served up the rich ,entrails of roasted tunnies2 then there came ,those natives of the lake1 the holy eels1 ,botian goddesses2 all clothed in beet4 ,and in his ,medea he says-- ,sidenote3 ,,eels4 ,the sweet ,botian ,copaic virgin2 ,for ,i do fear to name the ,goddess4 ,and that the eels of the river ,strymon were also celebrated1 ,antiphanes tells us in his ,thamyras1 saying-- ,and then your namesake river1 far renown'd ,in all the mouths of men1 the mighty ,strymon1 ,who waters the rich warlike plains of ,thrace1 ,breeds mighty eels4 ,and ,demetrius the ,scepsian1 in the sixteenth book of his ,trojan ,array1 says that there were eels of surpassing excellence produced in the neighbourhood of the river ,euleus 7and this river is mentioned by ,antimachus in his work entitled ,the ,tablets1 where he says-- ,arriving at the springs ,where ,euleus with his rapid eddies rises74 #eg4 ,with respect to the ellops1 some mention has already been made of him4 ,but ,archestratus also speaks in this way of him-- ,the best of ellopes which you can eat ,come from the bay of famous ,syracuse4 ,those eat whene'er you can4 ,for that's the place ,whence this great fish originally came4 ,but those which are around the islands caught1 ,or any other land1 or nigh to ,crete1 ,too long have battled with the eddying currents1 ,and so are thin and harder to the taste4 #eh4 ,the erythrinus1 or red mullet1 has been mentioned too4 ,aristotle1 in his book on ,animals1 and ,speusippus both say that the fishes called erythrinus1 phagrus1 and hepatus are all very nearly alike4 ,and ,dorion has said much the same in his treatise on ,fish4 ,but the ,cyrenans give the name of erythrinus to the hyca2 as ,clitarchus tells us in his ,dialects4 #ei4 ,the encrasicholi are also mentioned by ,aristotle as fish of small size1 in his treatise on ,what relates to ,animals4 ,but ,dorion1 in his book on ,fishes1 speaks of the encrasicholi among those which are best boiled1 speaking in the following terms--,one ought to boil the encrasicholi1 and the iopes1 and the atherin1 and the tench1 and the smaller mullets1 and the cuttle-fish1 and the squid1 and the different kinds of crab or crawfish4 #fj4 ,the hepsetus1 or boiled fish1 is a name given to several small fish4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,anagyrus1 says-- ,there is not one dish of hepseti4 ,and ,archippus says in his ,fishes-- ,an hepsetus fell in with an anchovy ,and quick devour'd him4 ,and ,eupolis1 in his ,goats1 says-- ,ye graces who do love the hepseti4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,prosusia or ,cycnus1 says-- ,contented if just once in each twelve days ,he sees an hepsetus well boil'd in beet4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,apeglaucomenos1 says-- ,there were some hepseti besides served up ,in a ddalean manner4 ,for they call ,all clever works by the name of ,ddalus2 and presently afterwards he continues-- ,will you not now then try the coracini8 ,nor trichides1 nor any hepseti8 ,but this word is always used in the plural1 1 because they are only served up in numbers4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,dramata or ,niobus1 says-- ,i will say nothing of a dish of hepseti4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,perinthian ,woman1 says-- ,the boy came in bringing some hepseti4 ,but ,nicostratus uses the word in the singular number1 in his ,hesiod-- ,a bembras1 an anchovy1 and a hepsetus4 ,and ,posidippus1 in his ,woman shut up1 says-- ,she's gone to buy a hepsetus4 ,but in my country ,naucratis1 what they call hepseti are little fish left in the drains or ditches1 when the ,nile ceases its overflowing4 #fa4 ,the hepatus or lebias is the next fish to be noticed4 ,diocles affirms that this is one of those fish which stick to the rocks2 but ,speusippus says that the hepatus is the same as the phagrus4 ,but it is a solitary fish1 as ,aristotle declares1 carnivorous1 and with serrated teeth2 black as to its flesh1 and having eyes large1 out of all proportion to the rest of its size2 and its heart is triangular and white4 ,but ,archestratus1 the marshal of banquets1 says-- ,remember that the lebias is best1 ,as also is the hepatus1 in the waves ,which wash the ,delian and the ,tenian shores4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,tunny-,,fish4 #fb4 ,then come the elacatenes1 or spindle-fish4 ,mnesimachus1 in his ,horse-breeder1 classes together in one line-- ,the turbot1 tunny1 tench1 elacatene4 ,but they are a cetaceous fish1 very good for curing4 ,menander1 in his ,colons1 says-- ,the tench1 th' elacatene1 and the tail-fin of ,the sea-dog are the best for pickling4 ,and ,mnaseas of ,patra says1 ,of ,ichthys and ,hesychia1 his sister1 were born the galene1 the lamprey1 and the elacatene4 #fc4 ,the tunny must also not be forgotten4 ,aristotle says this fish swims into the ,black ,sea1 always keeping the land on the right2 but that he sails out again1 keeping the land on the left4 ,for that he can see much best with his right eye1 but that he is rather blind with his left eye4 ,and under his fins he has a sort of gadfly2 he delights in heat1 on which account he comes wherever there is sand2 and he is most eatable at the season when he gets rid of that fly4 ,but he propagates his species after his time of torpor is over1 as we are told by ,theophrastus2 and as long as his offspring are little1 he is very difficult to catch1 but when they get larger1 then he is easily caught1 because of the gadfly4 ,but the tunny lies in holes1 although he is a fish with a great deal of blood4 ,and ,archestratus says-- ,around the sacred and the spacious isle ,of ,samos you may see large tunnies caught4 ,the ,samians call them horcyes1 and others ,do name them cetus4 ,these 'tis well to buy1 ,fit offering for the ,gods2 and do it quickly1 ,nor stop to haggle or bargain for the price4 ,good too are those which fair ,byzantium1 ,or the ,carystian marble rocks do breed4 ,and in the famous isle of ,sicily1 ,the ,cephaldian and ,tyndarian shores ,send forth fish richer still4 ,and if you come ,to sacred ,italy1 where ,hipponium's cape ,frowns on the waves which lave the ,bruttian coast1 ,those are the best of all4 ,the tunnies there ,have gain'd the height of fame and palm of victory4 ,still those which there you find have wander'd far1 ,cross'd many seas1 and many a roaring strait1 ,so that we often catch them out of season4 #fd4 ,but this fish was called the tunny 77 from rushing 7 71 and moving rapidly4 ,for it is an impetuous fish1 from1 at a particular season1 having a gadfly in its head2 by which ,aristotle says that it is driven about1 writing thus--,but the tunny-fish and the sword fish are driven to frenzy about the time of the rising of the dogstar2 for both of them at that season have under their fins something like a small worm1 which is called strus1 resembling a scorpion1 and in size something similar to a spider1 and this makes them leap about in leaps as large as those of the dolphin4 ,and ,theodoridas says1-- ,the tunnies bend their furious course to ,gades4 ,but ,polybius of ,megalopolis1 in the thirty-fourth book of his ,history1 speaking of the ,lusitanian district in ,iberia1 says1 ,that in the sea1 in these parts1 acorn-bearing oaks grow1 on the fruit of which the tunnies feed1 and grow fat2 so that a person who called the tunny the pig of the sea would not err1 for the tunnies1 like the pigs1 grow to a great size on these acorns4 #fe4 ,and the intestines of this fish are highly extolled1 as ,eubulus also tells us1 in his ,ionian1-- ,and after this the luscious intestines ,of roasted tunnies sail'd upon the table4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,lemnian ,woman1 says-- ,despise not thou the fat ,botian eel1 ,nor grayling1 nor the entrails of the tunny4 ,and ,strattis1 in his ,atalanta1 says-- ,next buy the entrails of a tunny1 and ,some pettitoes of pigs1 to cost a drachma4 ,and the same poet says in his ,macedonians-- ,and the sweet entrails of the tunny-fish4 ,and ,eriphus says in his ,meliba-- ,these things poor men cannot afford to buy1 ,the entrails of the tunny or the head ,of greedy pike1 or conger1 or cuttle-fish1 ,which ,i don't think the gods above despise4 ,but when ,theopompus1 in his ,callschrus1 says1 ,the of fish1 ,o ,ceres1 we must take notice that the writers of his time apply the term to fish1 but very seldom to pigs or other animals2 but it is uncertain what animals ,antiphanes is speaking of1 when he makes use of the term in his ,ponticus1 where he says-- ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,tunny-,,fish4 ,whoever has by chance bought dainty food ,for these accursed and abandon'd women1 ,such as 1 which may ,neptune ,confound for ever2 and who seeks to place ,beside them now a dainty loin of meat 4 4 4 4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,ulysses weaving1 praises the head of the tunny2 and says-- ,a4 ,and ,i will throw the fishers headlong down ,into the pit4 ,they only catch for me ,food fit for freed men2 trichides and squids1 ,and partly fried fish4 ,b4 ,but not long ago1 ,this man1 if he could get a tunny's head1 ,thought he was eating tunnies whole1 and eels4 ,they praised also that part of the tunny which they called the key1 as ,aristophon does1 in his ,peirithus3-- ,a4 ,but now the dinner is all spoilt entirely4 ,b4 ,here are two roasted keys quite fit to eat4 ,a4 ,what1 keys to open doors8 ,b4 ,no1 tunny keys2 ,a dainty dish4 ,a4 ,there is the ,spartan key too4 #ff4 ,but ,antigonus the ,carystian1 in his treatise on ,language1 says that the tunny is sacrificed to ,neptune1 as we have already mentioned4 ,but ,heracleon the ,ephesian says that the ,attic writers call the tunny the orcynus4 ,and ,sostratus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,animals1 says that the pelamys is called the thunnis1 or female tunny-fish2 but that when it becomes larger1 it is called thunnus2 and when it gets to a larger size still1 it is called the orcynus2 and that when it has grown to a size which is quite enormous1 then it is called cetus4 ,and schylus likewise mentions the tunny1 saying-- ,i bid you take up hammers now1 and beat ,the fiery mass of iron1 which will utter ,no groan1 but bear in silence like the tunny4 ,and in another place he says-- ,turning his eye aside1 just like the tunny2 because the tunny cannot see well out of his left eye1 as ,aristotle has said4 ,menander1 in his ,fishermen1 says-- ,and the disturbed and muddy sea which breeds ,the largest tunnies4 ,and in ,sophron we find the word 7a hunter of tunnies72 but the same fish which is usually called 1 the ,attic writers call 4 #fg4 ,but as to the thunnis1 ,aristotle says that this is the female1 differing from the male thunnus in having a fin under the belly1 the name of which fin is the ather4 ,but in his treatise on the ,parts of ,animals1 he again distinguishes the thunnis from the thunnus2 saying1 that in the summer1 about the month ,hecatombon1 it drops something like a bag1 in which there are a great number of small eggs4 ,and ,speusippus1 in the second book of his ,similitudes1 distinguishes the thunnis from the thunnus2 and so does ,epicharmus1 in his ,muses4 ,but ,cratinus1 in his ,pluti1 says-- ,for ,i'm a thunnis1 a melnas1 or ,a thunnus1 orphos1 grayling1 eel1 or sea-dog4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,fishes1 says that the thunnis is a gregarious fish1 and also a migratory one4 ,but ,archestratus1 who is so fond of petty details1 says-- ,and then the thunna's tail1 which ,i call thunnis1 ,that mighty fish1 whose home's ,byzantium4 ,cut it in slices1 and then roast it all ,with accurate care1 strewing on nought but salt1 ,most thinly spread2 then sprinkle a little oil2 ,then eat it hot1 first dipping it in brine4 ,or if you like to eat them dry they're good2 ,like the immortal gods in character1 ,and figure too2 but if you once forget1 ,and vinegar add to them1 then you spoil them4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,pderastes1 says-- ,and the middle slices take ,of the choice ,byzantian tunny1 ,and let them be neatly hidden ,under leaves from beet-root torn4 ,antiphanes also praises the tail of the thunnis1 in his ,couris1 where he says-- ,a4 ,the man who's country bred likes not to eat ,food from the sea extracted2 unless indeed ,it comes quite close in shore4 ,such as some conger1 ,some ray1 or tunny's 4 4 4 ,b4 ,which part of the tunny8 ,a4 ,the lower part4 ,b4 ,well1 you may eat that safely4 ,a4 ,all other fish ,i reckon cannibals4 ,b4 ,do not you eat those fish with the ugly backs8 ,a4 ,which8 ,b4 ,the fat eels which haunt ,copais' lake4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,a4 ,aye1 like a ploughman4 ,for indeed ,i have ,a farm not far from that most dainty lake4 ,but ,i impeach the eels now of desertion1 ,for none at all were there the other day4 ,and some of these iambics may be found in the ,acestria1 and also in the ,countryman1 or ,butalion4 ,and ,hipponax1 as ,lysanias quotes him in his treatise on the ,iambic ,poets1 says-- ,for one of them with rapid extravagance ,feasting each day on tunnies and on cheesecakes1 ,like any eunuch of rich ,lampsacus1 ,ate up his whole estate4 ,so that he now ,is forced to work and dig among the rocks1 ,eating poor figs1 and small stale loaves of barley1 ,food fit for slaves4 ,and ,strattis also mentions the thunnis1 in his ,callipides4 #fh4 ,there is also a fish called the hippurus1 or horsetail4 ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his treatise on the ,parts of ,animals1 says that the hippuri lay eggs1 and that these are small at first1 but come to a great size1 like those of the lamprey2 and that they bring forth their young in the spring4 ,but ,dorion1 in his book upon ,fish1 says that the hippurus is also called the coryphna4 ,but ,icesius calls it the hippuris2 and ,epicharmus also mentions them in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 saying-- ,the sharp-nosed needle-fish1 ,and the hippurus1 and bright chrysophrys4 ,but ,numenius1 in his treatise on the ,art of ,fishing1 speaking of the nature of the fish1 says that it keeps continually leaping out of the water2 on which account it is also called the ,tumbler4 ,and he uses the following expressions about it3-- ,or the great synodons1 or tumbler hippurus4 ,and ,archestratus says-- ,th' hippurus of ,carystus is the best1 ,and indeed all ,carystian fish are good4 ,and ,epnetus1 in his ,cookery ,book1 says that it is called also the coryphna4 #fi4 ,there is another fish called the horse2 and perhaps it is the same which ,epicharmus calls the hippidion1 or little horse1 when he says-- ,the coracinus colour'd like a crow1 ,fat1 well-fed fish2 the smooth hippidion1 ,the phyc1 and the tender squill 4 4 4 ,and ,numenius1 in his ,art of ,fishing1 says-- ,the char1 the mighty tench of size enormous1 ,the channus1 and the eel2 and he who roves ,by night1 the wary pitynus2 the mussel1 ,the horse-fish1 or the sea-green corydulis4 ,and ,antimachus the ,colophonian mentions it in his ,thebais1 where he says-- ,the hyca1 or the horse-fish1 or the one ,which they do call the thrush4 #gj4 ,there is a fish1 too1 called the ioulis1 concerning which ,dorion says1 in his treatise on ,fishes1 ,recollect that if you boil the ioulis1 you must do it in brine2 and if you roast them1 you must roast them with marjoram4 ,and ,numenius says-- ,and ne'er neglect the medicine which keeps off ,to a great degree the greedy fish ioulis1 ,and scolopendrus that doth poison dart4 ,but the same writer calls them ioulus1 and the entrails of the earth1 in the following lines3-- ,moreover do not then the bait forget1 ,which on the highest hills that fringe the shore ,shall soon be found4 ,and they are called iouli1 ,black1 eating earth--the entrails of the earth2 ,or the long-footed grasshopper1 what time ,the sandy rocks are sprinkled with the foam ,of the high-rising tide4 ,then dig them up1 ,and stow them carefully within your bag4 #ga4 ,there are also fish called 1 the sea-thrush1 and 1 the sea-blackbird4 ,the ,attic writers call the first 1 with an 2 and the reason is as follows3--,all the feminine nouns which end in have another before the 2 as 1 1 1 1 1 3 but those which end in do not require a to precede the 2 as 1 1 1 1 1 and1 in like manner1 4 ,cratinus says-- ,suppose a man had eaten a red mullet 771 ,would that alone prove him an epicure8 ,and ,diocles1 in the first book of his treatise on ,wholesomes1 says1 ,those fish which are called rocky fish have tender flesh2 such as the sea-blackbird1 the sea-thrush1 the perch1 the tench1 the phyca1 the alphesticus4 ,but ,numenius says1 in his treatise on ,fishing-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,the sea-born race of grayling or of orphus1 ,the black-flesh'd blackbird1 or the dainty sea-thrush ,sporting beneath the waves4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,bambradones1 sea-thrushes1 and sea-hares2 ,and the bold dragon-fish4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,what concerns ,animals1 says1 ,and the fishes with black spots1 like the sea-blackbird2 and the fishes with variegated spots1 like the sea-thrush4 ,but ,pancrates the ,arcadian1 in his ,works of the ,sea1 says that the sea-thrush is called by many names3-- ,add now to these the sea-thrush red1 which they ,who seek to snare the wary fish with bait ,do call the saurus1 and th' olias1 ,add too th' orphiscus with his large fat head4 ,and ,nicander1 in the fourth book of his ,transformed ,people1 says-- ,the scarus or the thrush with many names4 #gb4 ,there is also the sea-boar and the cremys4 ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,animals1 says1 ,but some fish have no teeth and smooth skins1 like the needle-fish2 and some have stony heads1 like the cremys2 and some are harsher1 with rough skins1 like the sea-boar2 and some are marked down the back with two lines1 like the seserinus2 and some are marked with many lines and with red spots1 like the salpe4 ,and both ,dorion and ,epnatus mention the sea-boar2 and ,archestratus says-- ,but when you go to ,acta's favour'd land1 ,if you by chance should see a rich sea-boar1 ,buy it at once1 and let it not escape you1 ,not if you buy it at its weight in gold2 ,else will the indignation of the gods ,o'erpower you2 for 'tis the flower of nectar4 ,but 'tis not all men who can be allow'd ,to eat this dainty1 no1 nor e'en to see it2 ,unless they take a strongly-woven mesh ,of marsh-bred rush1 and hold it in their hands1 ,well used to ply the floats with rapid mind4 ,and with these dainties you must offer up1 ,thrown on the ground1 some gifts of lamb and mutton4 #gc4 ,there is also the harp-fish4 ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,animals1 or on ,fish1 says1 ,the harp-fish has serrated teeth1 is a fish of solitary habits1 he lives on seaweed2 he has a very loose tongue1 and a white and broad heart4 ,pherecrates1 in his ,slave-,tutor1 says-- ,the harp-fish is a good fish2 be you sure ,to buy him when you can4 ,he really is good2 ,but1 ,i by ,phbus swear1 this does perplex me ,exceedingly which men do say1 my friend1 ,that there is secret harm within this harp-fish4 ,epicharmus says1 in his ,marriage of ,hebe-- ,there were hynides1 ,and fine buglossi1 and the harp-fish too4 ,and ,apollodorus has said that1 on account of his name1 he was considered to be sacred to ,apollo4 ,and ,callias1 or ,diocles1 whichever was the author of the play1 says in the ,cyclops-- ,a roasted harp-fish1 and a ray1 ,and the head of a well-fed tunny4 ,and ,archestratus1 in his ,luxurious ,way of ,living1 says-- ,i counsel you always to boil a harp-fish ,if he is white and full of firmish meat2 ,but if he's red and also no great size1 ,then it were best1 when you have prick'd him o'er ,with a new-sharpen'd knife1 to roast him gently4 ,sprinkle him then with oil and plenteous cheese1 ,for he does like to see men liberal1 ,and is himself intemperate4 #gd4 ,there is also the cordylus4 ,aristotle calls this fish an amphibious animal1 and says that it dies if it is dried by the sun4 ,but ,numenius1 in his book on the ,art of ,fishing1 calls it the courylus3-- ,all things are ready4 ,first ,i strip the thighs ,of courylus1 or pirene1 and treat too ,in the same way the marine grasshopper4 ,he also speaks of the fish called the cordylis1 in these lines-- ,mussels1 sea-horses1 or the sea-green cordylis4 #ge4 ,there is also a fish called cammorus4 ,epicharmus1 in his ,marriage of ,hebe1 says-- ,then after this there are boaces and ,smarides1 anchovies1 also cammori4 ,and ,sophron1 in his ,female ,farces1 mentions them4 ,but they are a species of squill1 and this name was given them by the ,romans4 #gf4 ,there is also a fish called the carcharias4 ,numenius of ,heraclea1 in his ,art of ,fishing1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,at times you may too a carcharias catch1 ,at times a psamathis who loves the surf4 ,and ,sophron1 in his ,tunny-hunter1 says1 ,but if your stomach happens to have swallowed a carcharias4 ,but ,nicander the ,colophonian1 in his essay on ,dialects1 says that the carcharias is also called the lamias and the squill4 #gg4 ,there is also the cestreus4 ,icesius says1 ,of the fish which are called by one general name of leucisci there are many sorts2 for some are called cephali1 and some cestres1 and some chellones1 and some myxini4 ,but the cephali are the best both in flavour and juiciness2 the next to them are those called the cestres2 the myxini are inferior to either4 ,but the worst of all are the chellones1 which are called bacchi2 and they are all full of wholesome juice1 not very nutritious1 but very digestible4 ,and ,dorion1 in his essay on ,fish1 mentions the sea cestreus1 but does not approve of the river one4 ,and the sea cestreus he subdivides into two species--the cephalus and the nestis4 ,but the cestreus1 which is like the sea-urchin about the head1 he calls sphondylus4 ,and he says that the cephalinus differs from the cephalus1 and that this last is also called the blepsias4 ,but ,aristotle says1 in the fifth book of his treatise on the ,parts of ,animals1 ,but of the different kinds of cestreus1 the chellones begin to be pregnant in the month ,poseideon2 so does the sargus and the fish called the myxus2 and so does the cephalus3 and they go thirty days with young4 ,but some of the cestres are not generated by copulation1 but are produced by the slime and the sand4 ,and in other places ,aristotle says1 ,the cestreus is a fish with serrated teeth1 but he does not eat other fishes2 and1 indeed1 he is in no respect carnivorous4 ,but of these fish there are several kinds--the cephalus1 the chellon1 and the pherus4 ,and the chellon feeds close to land1 but the pherus does not2 and they use the following food--the pherus uses the mucus which proceeds from itself1 and the chellon eats slime and sand4 ,it is said1 also1 that the spawn of the cestreus is not eaten by any other fish1 just as the cestreus also eats no other fish4 ,but ,euthydemus the ,athenian1 in his treatise on ,cured ,fish1 says that the spheneus and the dactyleus are both different species of cestres2 and also that there is a species which are called cephali1 because they have very large heads4 ,and those which are called spheneus1#d are called so because they are thin and four-cornered2 and the dactyleis are not so thick as two fingers4 ,but the most excellent of the cestres are those which are caught near ,abdera1 as ,archestratus has told us2 and the second-best are those which come from ,sinope4 #gh4 ,but the cestres are called by some writers plotes1 as ,polemo says1 in his treatise on the ,rivers in ,sicily4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,muses1 gives them this name-- olians1 and plotes1 and cynoglossi4 ,there also were sciathides4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his treatise on the ,dispositions and ,way of ,living of ,animals1 says that the cestres live even if they are deprived of their tails4 ,but the cestreus is eaten by the pike1 and the conger is eaten by the turbot4 ,and there is an often-quoted proverb1 ,the cestreus is fasting1 which is applied to men who live with strict regard to justice1 because the cestreus is never carnivorous4 ,anaxilas1 in his ,morose ,man1 attacking ,maton the ,sophist for his gluttony1 says-- ,maton seized hold of a large cestreus' head1 ,and ate it all4 ,but ,i am quite undone4 ,and that beautiful writer1 ,archestratus1 says-- ,buy if you can a cestreus which has come ,from the sea-girt gina2 then you shall ,for well-bred men be fitting company4 ,diocles1 in his ,sea1 says-- ,the cestreus leaps for joy4 #gi4 ,but that the nestes are a kind of cestreus1 ,archippus tells us1 in his ,hercules ,marrying3-- ,nestes cestres1 cephali4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,lampon1 says-- ,but all the other soldiers which you have ,are hungry 77 cestres4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,phrygian1 says-- ,so ,i a nestis cestreus now run home4 ,ameipsias says1 in his ,men playing at the ,cottabus-- ,a4 ,and ,i will seek the forum1 there to find ,some one to take my work4 ,b4 ,i wish you would1 ,you would all have less time to follow me1 ,like any hungry 77 cestreus4 ,and ,euphron says1 in his ,ugly ,woman-- ,midas then is a cestreus--see1 he walks ,along the city fasting 774 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,and ,philemon says1 in his ,men dying together-- ,i bought me now a nestis cestreus roasted ,of no great size4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,gerytades1 says-- ,is there within a colony of man cestres8 ,for that they all are you know4 ,anaxandrides says1 in his ,ulysses-- ,he usually goes supperless about1 ,like a cestrinus nestis4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,nausicaa1 says-- ,who has been drown'd 'tis now four days ago1 ,leading the life of a sad nestis cestreus4 #hj4 ,when all this had been said about this nice dish of fish1 one of the cynics coming late in the evening said1 ,my friends1 are we1 too1 keeping a fast1 as if this were the middle day of the ,thesmophoria1 since we are now fasting like cestres8 ,for1 as ,diphilus says1 in his ,lemnian ,women-- ,these men have supp'd1 but ,i1 wretch that ,i am1 ,shall be a cestreus through th' extreme of fasting4 ,and ,myrtilus answering1 said-- ,but stand in order-- as the ,hedychares of ,theopompus says-- hungry band of cestres1 ,you who are fed1 like geese1 on vegetables4 ,for you shall not take a share of any of these things before either you1 or your fellow-pupil ,ulpian1 tell me why the cestreus is the only fish which is called the faster4 ,and ,ulpian said1--,it is because he never takes any living bait2 and when he is caught1 it is neither effected by any meat nor by any living animal2 as ,aristotle tells us1 when he says perhaps his being hungry makes him lazy2 and also that when he is frightened he hides his head1 as if by so doing he concealed his whole body4 ,but ,plato1 in his ,holidays1 says-- ,as ,i was going out ,i met a fisherman1 ,and he was bringing me some cestres1 and ,he brought me all those worthless starving fish4 ,but do you tell me1 ,o you ,thessalian wrestler1 ,myrtilus6 why it is that fish are called by the poets 8 ,and he said1--,it is because they are voiceless2 but some insist upon it that1 by strict analogy1 the word ought to be 1 because they are deprived of voice3 for the verb means to be deprived1 and means voice4#e ,and are you ignorant of this1 when you are an yourself8 ,but ,i1 as the wise ,epicharmus says1 when this dog makes me no answer1-- ,am by myself enough well to reply ,to what two men have lately said before me4 ,and ,i say that they are called from being covered with scales1 the word coming from the same root1 and being equivalent to 4 ,but ,i will tell you 7though that is not a question which has been asked7 why the ,pythagoreans1 who do touch other living creatures1 though sparingly1 and who allow themselves even to sacrifice some1 absolutely abstain altogether from fish alone4 ,is it because of their silence8 for they think silence a very divine quality4 ,since1 then1 you1 ,o you ,molossian dogs1 are always silent1 but are still not ,pythagoreans1 we will now go on to the rest of the discussion about fish4 #ha4 ,there is a fish called the coracinus4 ,the coracini1 which are caught at sea1 says ,icesius1 contain but little nourishment2 but they are easily secreted1 and have a moderate supply of good juice4 ,but ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 says that it happens to nearly all fish to have a rapid growth1 and this is the case1 in no small degree1 with the coracinus2 and he lays his eggs close to the land1 in places full of weeds and moss4 ,but ,speusippus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,similitudes1 says that the blacktail and the coracinus are much alike4 ,but ,numenius1 in his ,treatise on the ,art of ,fishing1 says-- ,it easily would attract the spotted coracinus4 ,and perhaps the oli mentioned by ,epicharmus1 in his ,muses1 may be the same as coracini4 ,for ,epicharmus says-- oli1 plotes1 cynoglossi too4 ,but1 in his ,hebe's ,marriage1 he speaks of the oli as a different fish2 for he says-- ,there there were mussels1 and the alphastic fish1 ,and coracini like to coriander seed1 oli1 plotes too1 and the cynoglossi4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,but ,euthydemus1 in his essay on ,cured ,fish1 says that the coracinus is by many people called the saperda4 ,and ,heracleon the ,ephesian has said much the same thing2 and so has ,philotimus1 in his ,cookery ,book4 ,but that the saperdas and the coracinus are both called the platistacus is affirmed by ,parmeno the ,rhodian1 in the first book of his ,culinary ,doctrine4 ,but ,aristophanes1 in his ,telmessians1 uses the expression black-finned coracini4 ,pherecrates also uses the word in its diminutive form1 in his ,forgetful ,man1 where he says-- ,being with your and 4 ,and ,amphis says1 in his ,ialemus-- ,whoever eats a sea-born coracinus ,when he may have a grayling1 is a fool4 ,but the coracini of the ,nile are very sweet and delicious in their flesh1 as those who have tried them know2 and they have got their name from continually moving their eyes 7 71 and never ceasing4 ,but the ,alexandrians call them plataces1 which is1 more correctly speaking1 the name of the whole genus4 #hb4 ,there is also a fish called the cyprinus1 or carp4 ,he also1 as ,aristotle tells us1 is a carnivorous and gregarious fish2 and he has his tongue1 not in the lower part of the mouth1 but in the upper part4 ,but ,dorion1 mentioning him in his list among the lake and river fish1 writes thus3 ,a scaly fish1 whom some people call the cyprinus4 #hc4 ,there is also the tench4 ,the tench is very juicy1 as ,icesius says1 exceedingly attractive to the palate1 very easily secreted1 not very nutritious1 nor is the juice which they give very wholesome4 ,but1 in delicacy of flavour1 the white kind is superior to the black4 ,but the flesh of the green tench is more dry1 and devoid of fat2 and they give a much smaller quantity of juice1 and what they do give is thinner4 ,still they are more nutritious1 on account of their size4 ,diocles says that those which are found in rocky situations are very tender4 ,but ,numenius1 in his treatise on ,fishing1 calls them1 not 1 but 4 ,a char or tench 77 of mighty size and bold4 ,and ,sophron1 in his ,countryman1 speaks of ,the cothons1 who bathe in mud2 and perhaps it was from the name of this fish that he called the son of his ,tunny-catcher1 in the play1 ,cothonias4 ,but it is the ,sicilians who call the tench 1 as ,nicander the ,colophonian tells us1 in his book on ,dialects2 and ,apollodorus confirms the statement1 in his treatise on the ,modest and ,temperate ,man4 ,but ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,marriage1 names the tench1 calling it 3-- ,the turtle with their sting behind1 and then the tender tench4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,timon1 praising the tench1 tells us in what places they are to be found in the greatest perfection1 in these lines3-- ,i come1 but ,i have been to great expense ,in buying viands for this marriage feast4 ,i've bought a pennyworth of frankincense ,to offer to the gods and all the goddesses2 ,and to the heroes ,i will offer cakes4 ,but when ,i bid that rascally house-breaking ,seller of fish to add a dainty dish1 ,i'll throw you in1 says he1 the borough itself1 ,for they are all ,phalericans4 ,the rest ,i do believe were selling our ,otrynicans4#f ,menander1 in his ,ephesians1 says-- ,a4 ,there was a fishmonger not long ago1 ,who asked four whole drachmas for his tench4 ,b4 ,a mighty price indeed4 ,and ,dorion mentions river tench also1 in his book on ,fishes4 #hd4 ,there is also a fish called the cuckoo-fish4 ,epicharmus says-- ,and the beauteous cuckoos ,which we split in twain1 ,then we roast and season them1 ,and then with pleasure eat them4 ,and ,dorion says that one ought to roast them1 first having split them down the back2 and1 having seasoned them with herbs1 and cheese1 and spice1 and assaftida1 and oil1 then one ought to turn them round1 and oil them on the other side1 and then to sprinkle them with a little salt2 and1 when one has taken them from the fire1 to moisten them with vinegar4 ,but ,numenius gives it the epithet of red1 from the facts of the case1 saying-- ,eating sometimes the cuckoo red1 sometimes ,a few pempherides1 or else a lizard4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 #he4 ,there is also a fish called the carcharias 7or sharp-toothed dog74 ,and ,archestratus1 whom we may call the ,hesiod or ,theognis of ,epicures1 speaks of this fish2 for ,theognis himself was not indifferent to luxury1 as he admits1 speaking of himself in these words3-- ,but when the sun1 driving his coursers fleet ,with solid hoofs along the heavenly road1 ,guides them at mid-day in the centre path1 ,then let us eat whate'er our heart may prompt1 ,and gratify our appetite with dainties4 ,then let a ,spartan maid with rosy hands1 ,bring water1 and fresh garlands for our brows4 ,nor indeed was that wise man indifferent to the charms of boys2 at all events1 he speaks thus on the subject3-- ,o ,academus1 would you now but sing ,a tuneful hymn1 while in the midst should stand ,a beauteous boy1 in flower of his youth1 ,a prize for you and me to combat for1 ,then you should know how far the mule excels the ass4 ,and ,archestratus1 in these beautiful suggestions of his1 exhorts his friends in this way-- ,in fair ,torone's town 'tis best to cook ,the hollow entrails of the sharp-tooth'd dog4 ,then strew the fish with cummin1 sparing be ,of salt1 then roast him1 and add nothing else ,saving some sea-green oil4 ,then when 'tis done1 ,serve him up with some little seasoning4 ,and if you boil a part of it within ,the hollow of some flat dish1 then add ,no water1 add no wine-made vinegar1 ,but pour on oil alone1 and cummin dry1 ,and add what fragrant herbs the garden gives4 ,then put the saucepan on the ashes hot1 ,and boil it2 let no flame too quickly burn1 ,and stir it often lest the meat should catch1 ,and spoil your dinner so1 before you know it4 ',tis but few mortals know this wondrous food2 ,and those who have thick stupid heavy souls1 ,refuse to taste it1 but are all alarm'd1 ,because they say this dog's a cannibal1 ,and feeds on human flesh4 ,but there is not ,a fish that swims which does not like man's flesh ,if he can only chance to come across it4 ,there is a part of this fish which the ,romans call thursio1 and which is very delicious1 and much sought for as an article of luxury4 #hf4 ,there is also the pike4 ,these1 as ,aristotle reports1 are a solitary and carnivorous fish2 and they have a bony tongue1 adhering to the mouth1 and a triangular heart4 ,but1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 he says that they bring forth their young1 like the cestres and chrysophryes do1 chiefly in those places where rivers fall into the sea2 and they bring forth in winter1 and they also bring forth twice in the season4 ,but ,icesius says that the pike is very juicy1 and not very nutritious2 and that it is also not very easily secreted2 but for delicacy of flavour it is accounted the very first of fish4 ,and this fish has his name1 1 from his voracity 4 ,it is said1 also1 that in shrewdness he is superior to other fish1 being very ingenious at devising means to save himself2 on which account1 ,aristophanes the comic poet says-- ,the pike1 the wisest of all fish that swim4 ,and ,alcus the lyric poet says that he swims very high in the water4 ,but the wise ,archestratus says-- ,take the large cestris cephalus from ,gson1 ,when you do come to fair ,miletus' city4 ,take too the pike1 the offspring of the gods4 ,for in those waters both these fish are best4 ,such is the natural character of the place4 ,but there are many places where they grow ,more fat and large2 in famous ,calydon1 ,and in the opulent ,ambracia1 ,and at the ,bolbe lake2 but there they want ,the fragrant fat which here surrounds their belly2 ,nor have they such a pungent taste1 my friend4 ,those which ,i speak of are most admirable4 ,take them and roast them without scaling them1 ,soften with salt1 and serve them up with brine4 ,and let no ,syracusan1 no ,italian ,break in upon you while you dress this dish3 ,for they have no idea of dressing fish1 ,but spoil them all by seasoning them with cheese1 ,by sprinkling them with too much vinegar1 ,and strongly scented assaftida4 ,they are good cooks enough to dress the vile ,fish which they take while clinging to the rocks2 ,and there are many kinds of season'd dishes ,which they can dress quite well enough2 but they ,have no idea of dressing good fish plain4 #hg4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,knights1 speaks of the pike taken in the neighbourhood of ,miletus as surpassingly good1 when he speaks thus3-- ,but you shall not disturb me thus ,feasting on ,milesian pike4 ,sidenote3 ,,pike4 ,and in his ,lemnian ,women he says-- ,he would not buy a pike's head1 nor a locust3 speaking because the brain of the pike is a great delicacy1 as is also that of the sea-grayling4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,muses1 says-- ,do not be too expensive1 still not mean1 ,whate'er you do2 not for decency's sake4 ,get some small cuttle-fish1 or squids1 some nestis1 ,some small fry of the polypus1 some tripe1 ,and beestings and black-puddings2 get besides ,a noble head of the ,milesian pike4 ,but the ,gson1 which is mentioned by ,archestratus1 means the lake ,gsonis1 which is between ,priene and ,miletus1 connected with the sea1 as ,neanthes of ,cyzicus tells us1 in the sixth book of his ,hellenics4 ,but ,ephorus1 in his fifth book1 says that the ,gson is a river near ,priene1 which flows into the lake ,gsonis4 ,and ,archippus1 in his ,fishes1 mentioning the pike1 says-- ,hermes th' ,egyptian is the greatest rogue ,of all the fishmongers2 he skins by force ,the sharks and rhins1 and takes out the entrails ,of the ,milesian pikes1 before he sells them4 #hh4 ,there is also a fish called the latus2 and ,archestratus says that the best fish of this kind is that which is taken off the coast of ,italy1 and he speaks thus concerning them3-- ,near the well-treed ,italia's verdant shores1 ,fierce ,scylla's strait the famous latus breeds1 ,most marvellous of dainties4 ,but the lati which are found in the river ,nile grow to such a size that they weigh more than two hundred pounds2 and this fish is exceedingly white1 and very delicious1 dress it in whatever way you choose4 ,and it is like the fish called the glanis1 which is found in the ,danube4 ,the ,nile produces also many other kinds of fish1 and they are all very delicious2 but especially does it produce all the different coracini 7for there are many different kinds of this fish74 ,it also produces the fish called the motes1 which are mentioned by ,archippus1 in his ,fishes1 in these words3-- ,mot1 and saperd1 likewise glanides4 ,and this fish is found in great numbers in ,pontus2 and they derive their name from the ,palus ,motis4 ,but the following1 as far as ,i can recollect1 from having been a long time absent from the country1 are the names of the chief fish found in the ,nile4 ,the sweetest of all is the ray2 then there is the sea-pig1 the snub-nose1 the phagrus1 the oxyrhynchus1 the allabes1 the silurus1 the synodontis1 the elecoris1 the eel1 the thrissa1 the abramis1 the blind-fish1 the scaly-fish1 the bellows-fish1 and the cestreus4 ,and there are also a great number of others4 #hi4 ,there is also a kind of shark1 called the leiobatus1 whose other name is the rhin2 and he is a white-fleshed fish1 as ,epnetus tells us in his ,cookery ,book4 ,plato says1 in his ,sophists-- ,the galeus1 the leiobatus1 the eel4 #ij4 ,there is also the lamprey4 ,theophrastus1 in the fifth book of his treatise on those ,animals which can live on dry ,land1 says that the eel and the lamprey can exist for a long time out of the water1 because they have very small gills1 and so receive but very little moisture into their system4 ,but ,icesius affirms that they are not less nutritious than the eel1 nor even1 perhaps1 than the conger4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his treatise on the ,parts of ,animals1 says that from the time that they are little they grow very rapidly1 and that they have sharp serrated teeth2 and that they keep on laying small-sized eggs every season of the year4 ,but ,epicharmus1 in his ,muses1 calls them not 1 but 1 without the 2 speaking in this way of them3-- ,no congers fat were wanting1 and no lampreys 774 ,and ,sophron1 too1 spells the word in the same manner4 ,but ,plato or ,cantharus1 in his ,alliance1 spells the word with the 1 saying-- ,the ray1 the lamprey 77 too1 is here4 ,dorion1 in his treatise on ,fishes1 says that the river lampreys have only one spine1 like the kind of cod which is called gallarias4 ,but ,andreas1 in his treatise on ,poisonous ,animals1 says that those lampreys which are produced by a cross with the viper have a poisonous bite1 and that that kind is less round than the other1 and is variegated4 ,but ,nicander1 in his ,theriacus1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,that is a terrible deed the lamprey does1 ,when oft its teeth it gnashes and pursues ,th' unhappy fishermen1 and drives them headlong ,out of their boats in haste1 when issuing forth ,from the deep hole in which it long has lain3 ,if that the tale is true that it admits ,the poisonous viper's love1 when it deserts ,its pastures 'neath the sea1 for food on land4 ,but ,andreas1 in his treatise on ,things which are believed erroneously1 says that it is quite a mistake to suppose that the lamprey ever breeds with the viper when it comes on marshy ground2 for that vipers do not themselves feed in marshes1 as they are fond rather of sandy and desert places4 ,but ,sostratus1 in his books on ,animals 7and there are two books of his on this subject1 and with this title71 agrees with those who assert that the lamprey and the viper do breed together4 #ia4 ,there is another kind of eel also1 called the myrus4 ,but the myrus1 as ,aristotle says1 in the fifth book of his treatise on the ,parts of ,animals1 differs from the lamprey2 this latter being a variegated fish1 and less powerful than the other2 while the myrus is a fish of one uniform colour1 and strong1 and its whole colour is like that of the wryneck1 and it has teeth both within and without4 ,and ,dorion says1 that the myrus has no small bones running through its flesh1 but that it is in every part eatable1 and exceedingly soft2 and that there are two kinds of it1 for some are black1 and some are of rather a fiery colour1 but those which are dark are best4 ,and ,archestratus1 the voluptuary philosopher1 says-- ,between th' ,italian and ,sicilian shore1 ,where the strait parts them with its narrow waves1 ,whenever that most dainty fish is caught ,which men the lamprey call1 be sure to buy it2 ,for in those waters 'tis the best of food4 #ib4 ,there is a fish1 too1 called the mnis1 or sprat2 and ,icesius says that they are more juicy than the tench1 but that they are inferior in delicacy of flavour1 and also in the extent to which they facilitate the secretions of the stomach4 ,but ,speusippus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,things similar to one another1 says that both the boax and the smaris resemble the sprat2 and these two fishes are mentioned by ,epicharmus1 in his ,earth and ,sea1 in the following manner3-- ,when you see many boaces and smarides4 ,and ,epnetus1 in his ,cookery ,book1 says1 ,the smaris1 which some people call cynoseuna4 ,but ,antiphanes1 in his ,countryman1 or ,butalion1 calls the sprats the food of ,hecate1 on account of their diminutive size2 and the following is the passage3-- ,a4 ,why1 ,i did think that all these monstrous fish ,were cannibals4 ,b4 ,what can you mean1 my friend8 ,a4 ,why1 cannibals3 so how would any man eat them8 ,b4 ,that's true4 ,but these are food of ,hecate1 ,which he is speaking of1 just sprats and mullets4 ,there is also one kind which is called the leucomnis1 or white sprat1 which some people call the boax4 ,poliochus1 in his ,corinthiastes1 says-- ,let no man1 in ,god's name ,i beg1 persuade you1 ,come when he will or whence1 so to mistake ,as to call leucomnides boaces4 #ic4 ,there is also the melanurus1 or blacktail2 and concerning this fish ,numenius says1 in his ,art of ,fishing3-- ,the scorpion or melanurus black1 ,the guide and leader of the perch4 ,but ,icesius says that he is very like the sargus1 but that he is inferior to the latter in the quantity and quality of his juice1 and also in delicacy of flavour2 but that he is rather exciting food1 and very nutritious4 ,and ,epicharmus mentions him in his ,hebe's ,marriage3-- ,there were sargini1 there were melanuri4 ,aristotle too1 in his treatise on ,animals1 writes thus3 ,there are some fish which have barred or spotted tails1 among which are the melanuri1 and the sargi or sardine2 and they have many lines on their skin1 dark lines4 ,but ,speusippus affirms1 in the second book of his treatise on ,things similar to one another1 that the fish called psyrus resembles the melanurus2 but ,numenius calls the psyrus1 psorus1 with an 1 saying-- ,the psorus1 or the salpe1 or the dragon-fish ,which haunts the shore4 #id4 ,there is also a fish called the mormyrus1 a most nutritious fish1 as ,icesius says4 ,but ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,marriage1 calls it the myrmes1 unless1 at least1 he means a different fish by this name4 ,but his expression is-- ,the sea-swallow1 the myrmes too1 ,and they are larger than the colias tunny4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,but ,dorion1 in his book upon ,fishes1 calls them mormylus1 with a 4 ,but ,lynceus of ,samos1 in his treatise on the ,art of buying ,fish1 which he addressed to some friend of his1 who was very difficult to please when making his purchases1 says1 ,but it is not a useless plan1 with reference to men who are obstinate1 and who will not abate their price1 when you are standing by to disparage their fish1 quoting ,archestratus 7who wrote the book called ,the voluptuous ,life71 or some other poet1 and repeating this verse3-- ,the mormyrus that haunts the pebbly shore1 ,is a bad1 good-for-nothing1 worthless fish4 ,and again you may quote-- ,buy an amia in the autumn 4 4 4 4 ',but now 'tis spring4' ,and again you may proceed1 if it should be the proper season-- ,how good the cestreus is when winter comes4 ',but now1' you will say1 'it is summer4' ,and you will go on in this way for some time2 and in this way you will drive away a good many of those who are standing about1 and who might become purchasers4 ,so when you have done this1 you will by this means compel the man to take whatever price you choose to give4 #ie4 ,there is also the torpedo4 ,plato1 or ,cantharus1 says1 in the ,alliance-- ,a boil'd torpedo is delicious food4 ,but ,plato the ,philosopher says1 in the ,meno1 ,you seem very much to resemble the sea-torpedo2 for that fish causes any one who comes near it to become torpid4 ,and an allusion to the name occurs also in ,homer1 where he says-- ,his hand was torpid 77 at the wrist4 ,but ,menander1 in his ,phanus1 uses the termination 1 and says-- ,a certain torpor 77 creeps o'er all my skin2 though no one of the ancient writers ever used this form of the word4 ,but ,icesius says that it is a fish without much nutriment or much juice in it1 but that it has some cartilaginous sort of substance diffused all over it1 very good for the stomach4 ,and ,theophrastus1 in his book on ,animals which live in ,holes1 says that the torpedo works its way underground because of the cold4 ,but in his treatise on ,poisonous ,animals1 and on ,animals which sting1 he says that the torpedo can send the power which proceeds from it through wood1 and through harpoons1 so as to produce torpor in those who have them in their hands4 ,but ,clearchus the ,solensian has explained the cause of this in his treatise on ,torpor2 but1 since his explanation is rather a long one1 ,i do not recollect his exact words1 but will refer you to the treatise itself4 ,but the torpedo1 says ,aristotle1 is one of the cartilaginous and viviparous fish2 and1 to provide itself with food1 it hunts after little fish1 touching them1 and causing them all to become torpid and motionless4 ,and ,diphilus of ,laodicea1 in his essay on the ,theriaca of ,nicander1 says that it is not every part of the animal which produces this torpor1 but only some particular parts of it2 and he says that he has arrived at this fact by a long series of experiments4 ,but ,archestratus speaks of-- ,a boil'd torpedo done in oil and wine1 ,and fragrant herbs1 and some thin grated cheese4 ,alexis1 in his ,galatea1 says-- ,i counsel you to season well and stuff ,torpedos whole1 and then to roast them thoroughly4 ,and in his ,demetrius he says-- ,then ,i took a torpedo1 calculating ,if my wife touch'd it with her tender fingers ,that they would get no hurt from its backbone4 #if4 ,there is also the sword-fish4 ,aristotle says that this fish has its lower jaw short1 but its upper one bony1 long1 and in fact as large as all the rest of the body of the fish2 and this upper jaw is what is called the sword2 but that this fish has no teeth4 ,and ,archestratus says-- ,but take a slice of sword-fish when you go ,to fair ,byzantium1 and take the vertebr ,which bend his tail4 ,he's a delicious fish1 ,both there and where the sharp ,pelorian cape ,juts out towards the sea4 ,now1 who is then so great a general1 or so great a critic in dishes and banquets1 as this poet from ,gela#g 7or1 ,i should rather say1 from ,catagela71 who1 for the sake of his epicurism1 sailed through those straits2 and who also1 for the sake of the same epicurism1 investigated the different qualities and juices of each separate part of every fish1 as if he had been laying the foundation of some science which was useful to human life8 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 #ig4 ,there is also a fish called the orphos 772 but the word is also spelt with an 771 as ,pamphilus tells us4 ,but ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 where he says that the growth of most fish is very rapid1 says1 ,the orphos also grows to a large fish from a little one with great rapidity2 but he is a carnivorous fish1 with serrated teeth1 and of a solitary disposition4 ,and there is this peculiarity in him1 that it cannot be ascertained what means he has of propagating his species1 and that he can live a long time after he has been cut in pieces4 ,he is also one of those fish which bury themselves in holes during the winter season1 and he is fond of keeping close to the land1 rather than of going into the deep sea2 but he does not live more than two years4 ,and ,numenius1 speaking of this fish1 says-- ,now with such baits as these it is not hard ,to draw the lengthy scorpion from his bed1 ,or the rough orphus3 for they're easily caught4 ,and in another place he says-- ,the grayling1 or the sea-born race of orphi1 ,or the dark flesh'd sea-blackbird4 ,but ,dorion says that the young orphus is called by some the orphacines4 ,and ,archippus says1 in his ,fishes1-- ,the orphus came to them1 the priest o' the god4 ,and ,cratinus says1 in his ,ulysses1-- ,a hot slice of the newly taken orphus4 ,and ,plato1 in his ,cleophon1 says-- ,for he has brought you here1 old dame1 to dwell1 ,a rotten food for orphi and for phagri1 ,and other gristly boneless fish around4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,wasps1 says-- ,if a man be inclined to purchase orphi1 ,and likes to leave alone the membrades4 ,now this word 1 in the nominative case singular1 is accented with an acute on the ultima by the ,attic writers2 so ,archippus writes the word1 in his ,fishes1 in the lines which ,i have already quoted2 and ,cratinus also1 in his ,ulysses1 as ,i have above quoted it1 writes-- 4 #ih4 ,there is also a fish called orcynus4 ,dorion1 in his treatise on ,fishes1 says that the orcyni come from the sea near the ,pillars of ,hercules to the waters on our coasts2 on which account1 a great number are taken in the ,iberian and ,tyrrhenian seas2 and that from thence they are dispersed over the rest of the sea4 ,but ,icesius says that those which are caught near ,cadiz are the fattest1 and next to them those which are taken near ,sicily4 ,but that those which are taken at any great distance from the ,pillars of ,hercules have very little fat on them1 because they have swum a very great distance4 ,accordingly1 at ,cadiz1 it is only the shoulders by themselves which are dried and cured2 as also it is only the jaws and palate of the sturgeon1 and that part which is called the melandryas1 which is cured4 ,but ,icesius says that the entrails are very rich1 and very different in flavour from the other parts2 and that the parts about the shoulders are superior even to these4 #ii4 ,there is also the cod and the hake4 ,the cod1 says ,aristotle1 in his work on ,living ,animals1 has a large wide mouth like the shark1 and he is not a gregarious fish2 and he is the only fish which has his heart in his stomach1 and in his brain he has stones like millstones4 ,and he is the only fish who buries himself in a hole in the hot weather1 when the ,dog-star rages2 for all others take to their holes in the winter season4 ,and these fish are mentioned by ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding3-- ,and there are chann with their large wide mouths1 ,and cod with their huge bellies4 ,but the cod is different from the hake1 as ,dorion tells us1 in his work upon ,fish1 where he writes thus3 ,the 7cod71 which some call 4 ,there is also the gallerides1 which some call a hake1 and some a maxinus4 ,but ,euthydemus1 in his work on ,cured ,fish1 says1 ,some call this fish the bacchus1 and some call it the gelaria1 and some call it the hake4 ,but ,archestratus says-- ,anthedon's famous for its cod1 which some ,do call gallerias2 there its size is great1 ,but the flesh spongy1 and in many respects ,i do not think it good1 though others praise it4 ,but this man likes one thing1 and that another4 #ajj4 ,there is the polypus1 declined 1 2 at least this is the way the ,attic writers use the word1 and so does ,homer3-- ,as when a polypus 7 in the genitive7 is dragged from out his lair3 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 keeping the analogy to the noun 1 from which it is derived4 ,but in the accusative case we find the form 1 just as we find and 4 schylus1 too1 has the form 1 as an epithet of a caldron1 in his ,athamas1 from 1 as if it were a simple noun like 4 ,but the form is olic4 ,for the ,attics always say 4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,ddalus1 says-- ,when then ,i had this polypus 77 and cuttle-fish4 ,and in another place he says-- ,he put before me a polypus 774 ,and in another place he has-- ,they are the blows of a polypus press'd tight4 ,and ,alcus says1 in his ,adulterous ,sisters1-- ,the man's a fool and has the mind of a polypus 774 ,but ,ameipsias1 in his ,glutton1 says-- ,i want1 it seems1 a heap of polypi 774 ,and ,plato1 in his ,boy1 writes-- ,first of all you like the polypodes 7 74 ,alcus in another passage says-- ,i myself eat like any polypus 774 ,but others use the accusative case 1 in strict analogy with 1 1 1 4 ,eupolis1 in his ,demi1 has-- ,the man's a fellow-citizen of mine1 ,a very polypus in disposition4 #aja4 ,diocles1 in the first book of his treatise on ,wholesome ,things1 says--,the molluscous fish are calculated to give pleasure1 and to excite the amorous propensities2 especially the polypi 7 74 ,and ,aristotle relates that the polypus has eight feet1 of which the two highest and the two lowest are the smallest1 and those in the middle are the largest2 and they have also two feelers1 with which they bring their food to their mouth4 ,and they have their eyes placed above their two upper feet2 and their mouth and teeth are between their feet4 ,and when the polypus is dissected1 he has a brain divided into two parts2 and what is called his ink is not black1 like the cuttle-fish1 but of a reddish colour1 in that part of him which is called the poppy2 but the poppy lies above the stomach1 like a bladder3 and it has no intestines1 like other fish4 ,but for food it uses at times the flesh of small shell-fish1 and casts the shells outside its body2 by which the hunters know where to find it4 ,and it propagates its species by becoming intertwined with the female1 and is a long time about it1 because it is destitute of blood3 and it ejects its young through the orifice which is called the spiracle1 which is the only passage for its body2 and it lays eggs in clusters1 like bunches of grapes4 #ajb4 ,they say1 also1 that the polypus1 when it is in want of food1 will eat even itself4 ,and among those who relate this fact is ,pherecrates the comic poet2 for he1 in the play entitled ,the ,countryman1 says-- ,they live on green anthrysca1 and on bracana1 ,and snails and slugs4 ,and when they're very hungry1 ,then1 like the polypus1 they e'en at night ,nibble their fingers4 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,merchant1 says-- ,a polypus with all his feelers ,and limbs unhurt2 whose wicked tooth ,has not devour'd himself1 my friend1 ,is ready for our supper4 ,but all this is a mistake2 for the fact is1 that he is pursued by the congers1 and has his feet hurt in that manner4 ,and it is said that if any one strews salt over his hole1 he immediately comes out4 ,it is also affirmed1 that when he flies in alarm1 he changes his colour1 and becomes like the places in which he conceals himself4 ,as also ,theognis of ,megara says1 in his ,elegies-- ,remark the tricks of that most wary polypus1 ,who always seems of the same colour and hue ,as is the rock near which he lies4 ,and ,clearchus makes a similar statement in the second book of his treatise on ,proverbs1 where he quotes the following lines1 without saying from whose writings they come-- ,my son1 my excellent ,amphilochus1 ,copy the shrewd device o' the polypus1 ,and make yourself as like as possible ,to those whose land you chance to visit4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,polypus4 #ajc4 ,and the same ,clearchus says that1 in olden time1 about ,trzen1 it was considered impious to try to catch either the polypus1 which was called sacred1 or that one which was called the rower4 ,and it was contrary to law to eat either that or the sea-tortoise4 ,but the polypus is a fish very apt to decay1 and also very stupid2 for it goes towards the hand of the people who are pursuing it3 and sometimes even when it is pursued1 it does not attempt to get out of the way4 ,their females waste away after laying their eggs1 and get powerless2 by reason of which they are easily taken4 ,and sometimes they have been seen leaving the sea1 and going on dry land1 especially towards any rough or rugged ground2 for they shun smooth places3 and of all plants they especially delight in the olive1 and they are often found embracing the trunk of an olive with their feelers4 ,they have also been discovered clinging to such fig-trees as grow near the sea-shore1 and eating the figs1 as ,clearchus tells us1 in his treatise on those ,animals which live in the ,water4 ,and this also is a proof that they are fond of the olive1--that if any one drops a branch of this tree down into the sea1 in a place where there are polypi1 and holds it there a little time1 he without any trouble draws up as many polypi as he pleases1 clinging to the branch4 ,and all their other parts are exceedingly strong1 but their neck is weak4 #ajd4 ,it is also said that the male has something corresponding to the parts of generation in one of his arms1 in which there are his two large feelers2 and that it is a limb full of nerves1 sticking to the arm all along as far as the middle4 ,but1 in the fifth book of his treatise on the ,parts of ,animals1 ,aristotle says--,the polypus propagates his species in the winter1 and brings forth in the spring2 and it lies in its hole for about two months3 and it is a very prolific animal4 ,but the male differs from the female1 both in having a longer head1 and also in having what the fishermen call its parts of generation in one of its feelers4 ,and when it brings forth1 it sits on its eggs1 on which account it is worse to eat at that season2 and the polypus lays its eggs either in its bed1 or in any potsherd1 or hollow place or vessel of that sort4 ,and after fifty days1 the little polypi come forth out of the egg in immense numbers1 like young spiders4 ,but the female polypus sometimes sits upon the eggs1 and sometimes clings to the mouth of the bed1 holding on with one of its feelers4 ,theophrastus1 in his treatise on those ,animals which change their ,colour1 says that the polypus generally becomes like only to those places which are rocky1 doing this both out of fear and for the sake of protecting itself4 ,but1 in his book on those ,animals which live on dry ,land1 he says that the polypi are not fond of sea-water4 ,but1 in his treatise on those ,things which are different according to the ,differences of their ,situation1 ,theophrastus says that there are no polypi about the ,hellespont2 for that sea is cold1 and not very salt1 and that both these circumstances are unfavourable to the polypus4 #aje4 ,but the fish called the nautilus1 says ,aristotle1 is not a polypus1 though it resembles a polypus in its feelers4 ,and the back of the nautilus is covered with a shell2 and it rises up out of the bottom of the sea1 having its shell upon its back1 in order that it may not catch the water4 ,but when it has turned round1 then it sails on1 putting up two of its feelers1 which have a thin membrane growing between them1 just as the feet of some birds are which have a membrane of skin between their toes4 ,and their other two feelers they let down into the sea1 instead of rudders2 but when they see anything coming towards them1 then out of fear they draw in those feet1 and fill themselves with salt water1 and so descend to the bottom as rapidly as possible4 ,but1 in his treatise on ,animals and ,fishes1 he says--,of the polypi there are two sorts2 one1 that which changes its colour1 the other the nautilus4 #ajf4 ,now1 on this nautilus there is an epigram quoted of ,callimachus of ,cyrene1 which runs thus3-- ,i was a shell1 ,o ,venus ,zephyritis1#h ,now ,i'm the pious offering of ,selena1 ,the gentle nautilus4 ,when balmy winds ,breathe soft along the sea1 ,i hold my course1 ,stretching my sails on their congenial yards4 ,should calm1 the placid goddess1 still the waves1 ,i row myself along with nimble feet1 ,so that my name suits rightly with my acts4 ,now have ,i fallen on the ,iulian shore1 ,to be a pleasant sport to ,arsinoe4 ,no more shall ,halcyons' dew-besprinkled eggs1 ,my dainty meal1 lie thick within my bed ,as formerly they did1 since here ,i lie4 ,but give to ,cleinias's daughter worthy thanks2 ,for she does shape her conduct honestly1 ,and from olian ,smyrna doth she come4 ,posidippus also wrote this epigram on the same ,venus which is worshipped in ,zephyrium3-- ,oh1 all ye men who traffic on the streams1 ,or on the land who hold a safer way1 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,polypus4 ,worship this shrine of ,philadelphus' wife1 ,venus ,arsinoe1 whom ,callicrates1 ,the naval leader1 first did firmly place ,on this most beautiful ,zephyrian shore4 ,and she will on your pious voyage smile1 ,and amid storms will for her votaries ,smooth the vex'd surface of the wide-spread sea4 ,ion the tragedian also mentions the polypus1 in his ,phnix1 saying-- ,i hate the colour-changing polypus1 ,clinging with bloodless feelers to the rocks4 #ajg4 ,now the different species of polypus are these3 the eledone1 the polypodine1 the bolbotine1 the osmylus2 as both ,aristotle and ,speusippus teach us4 ,but1 in his book on ,animals and their ,properties1 ,aristotle says that the polypus1 the osmylus1 the eledone1 the cuttle-fish1 and the squid1 are all molluscous4 ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,a polypus1 a cuttle-fish1 and quickly-moving squid1 ,a foul-smelling bolbitine1 and chattering old woman4 ,and ,archestratus says-- ,the ,carian and the ,thasian polypi ,are far the best2 ,corcyra too can breed ,fish of large size and very numerous4 ,but the ,dorians spell the word with an 1 2 as1 for instance1 ,epicharmus4 ,simonides too has the expression1 4 ,but the ,attics spell the word 1 with an 3 and it is a cartilaginous fish2 for and have the same meaning2-- ,the polypodes and the dog-shark4 ,moreover1 all the fish belonging to the species of the cuttle-fish are called molluscous4 ,but the whole tribe of 4 4 4 4 4 is cartilaginous4 #ajh4 ,there is also a fish called the pagurus2 and it is mentioned by ,timocles or ,xenarchus1 in his ,purple1 thus-- ,but ,i1 as being a skilful fisherman1 ,have carefully devised all sorts of arts ,to catch those vile paguri1 enemies ,to all the gods and all the little fishes4 ,and shall ,i not without delay beguile ,an old buglossus8 ,that would be well done4 #aji4 ,there is also the pelamys4 ,phrynichus mentions it in his ,muses2 and ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his treatise on the ,parts of ,animals1 says the pelamydes and the tunnies breed in the ,black ,sea1 but not anywhere else4 ,sophocles also mentions them1 in his ,shepherds3-- ,there1 too1 the foreign pelamys does winter1 ,the stranger from the ,hellespont4 ,for she ,doth come with many of her kind in summer ,to these cool waters of the ,bosphorus4 #aaj4 ,then there is the perch4 ,he also is mentioned by ,diocles2 and ,speusippus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,things ,resembling one another1 says that the perch1 the canna1 and the phycis are all nearly alike4 ,and ,epicharmus says-- ,the comaris1 the sea-dog1 and the cestra ,and variegated perch4 ,and ,numenius1 in his treatise on the ,art of ,fishing1 says-- ,at one time perch1 and at another strophades1 ,which keep around the rocks4 ,the phycis too1 ,th' alphestes1 and the red-flesh'd scorpion4 ,there is also the phycis4 ,this also is mentioned by ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding2 and by ,speusippus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,things ,resembling one another2 and by ,numenius3 all whose testimonies are at hand4 ,aristotle1 in his book upon ,animals and their ,properties1 says that the phycis is surrounded with prickles and spotted4 ,but the perch is marked with lines1 and with bars running in an oblique direction4 ,and there is a proverb also1 ,the perch follows the blacktail4 #aaa4 ,we have also the needle-fish4 ,this also is mentioned by ,epicharmus1 who says-- ,the oxyrhynchi1 and the needle-fish1 ,and the hippuri4 ,but ,dorion1 in his work on ,fish1 says--,the belone1 which they also call the needle-fish4 ,aristotle too1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 calls this fish the belone4 ,but1 in his book on ,animals and their ,properties1 or else in his work on ,fishes1 he calls it the needle-fish2 and says that it has no teeth4 ,and ,speusippus calls it the belone4 #aab4 ,there is also the rhin4 ,dorion1 in his book on ,fishes1 says that the rhins are best at ,smyrna2 and that all the cartilaginous fish are especially good in the gulf of ,smyrna4 ,and ,archestratus says-- ,and the far-famed ,miletus does produce ,all cartilaginous fish in high perfection1 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,but first of all one ought to take account ,both of the rhina and leiobatus1 ,known for his spacious back4 ,still before all ,give me a roasted crocodile to eat1 ,fresh from the oven1 a most dainty dish ,for all the children of ,ionia4 #aac4 ,there is next the scarus1 or char4 ,aristotle says that this fish has serrated teeth1 and is a solitary fish1 and carnivorous2 and that it has a small mouth1 and a tongue which does not adhere closely to the mouth1 and a triangular heart of a whitish colour and with three lobes2 and that its gall and spleen are black1 and that of its gills one is double and one single2 and that it alone of all fish chews the cud4 ,and that it delights in seaweed for food1 on which account the fishermen use seaweed as a bait to catch it with4 ,and it is in season in the summer4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,we fish for spari1 and for scari too1 ,whose very dung may not be thrown away4 ,but ,seleucus of ,tarsus1 in his treatise on ,fishing1 says that the scarus is the only fish which never sleeps2 by reason of which it is not easily caught1 even by night4 ,but this may be the case on account of its timid nature4 ,and ,archestratus says1 in his ,gastronomy1-- ,seek now a scarus1 fresh from ,ephesus1 ,and in the winter season eat a mullet ,caught in the waves of sandy ,teichioussa1 ,a village of ,miletus1 near the ,carians1 ,the crooked-footed ,carians4 ,and in another part he says-- ,wash and then roast the mighty scarus which ,comes from the sea that laves ,chalcedon's walls3 ,that too is good which near ,byzantium swims1 ,with back as broad as a large oval shield4 ,take him and cook him whole as ,i shall tell you4 ,sprinkle him o'er with oil and grated cheese1 ,then place him in the oven hanging up1 ,so as to escape the bottom1 and then roast him1 ,and sprinkle him with salt and cummin seed ,well mix'd together2 and again with oil1 ,pouring out of your hand the holy stream4 ,nicander of ,thyatira says that there are two kinds of scari2 and that one is called the onias1 and the other the olus4 #aad4 ,then there is the sparus4 ,icesius says that this is a more juicy fish than the sprat1 and more nutritious than most other fish4 ,and ,epicharmus says1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1-- ,neptune then arrives himself ,laden with most beauteous nets ,in the boats of fair ,phnicia1 ,then we all do spari catch1 ,and scari too1 that sacred fish1 ,whose very dung may not be thrown away4 ,and ,numenius says1 in his treatise on ,fishing1-- ,the sparus or the hycas fond of company4 ,and ,dorion mentions this fish1 in his treatise on ,fishes4 #aae4 ,there is also the scorpion4 ,diocles1 in the first book of his treatise on ,wholesome ,things1 addressed to ,plistarchus1 says--,of fresh fish1 the following have drier meat3 the scorpions1 the sea-cuckoo1 the sea-sparrow1 the sargi1 and the rough-tail4 ,but the mullet is not so dry as these are2 for all fish which keep near the rocks have softer flesh4 ,and ,icesius says--,there are two kinds of scorpion2 one of which lives in the sea1 and the other in marshes4 ,and the one which lives in the sea is red1 but the other is rather black4 ,but the sea-mullet is superior to the other1 both in taste and in nutritious qualities4 ,but the scorpions have purging qualities1 are easy of secretion1 very juicy1 and very nutritious2 for they are a cartilaginous fish4 ,the scorpion brings forth its young twice a-year1 as ,aristotle tells us1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals4 ,but ,numenius says1 in his treatise on ,fishing1-- ,the phycides1 the alphestes1 and besides ,the red-flesh'd scorpion1 and the blacktail quick1 ,which guides the perch all through the stormy sea4 ,but that he is a fish which has the power of stinging1 ,aristotle tells us1 in his book about ,fishes or ,animals4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,muses1 says that the scorpion is a variegated fish3-- ,the variegated scorpion1 the grayling1 ,the fat and well-fed lizards4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,the scorpion is a solitary fish1 and feeds on seaweed4 ,but1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 ,aristotle speaks of scorpions and scorpides in different places2 but it is uncertain whether he means the same fish2 because we ourselves have often eaten the scorpna and the scorpion1 and there is no one who does not know that both their juice and their meat are quite different4 ,but ,archestratus1 that skilful cook1 in his ,golden ,words1 tells us-- ,when you're at ,thasos buy a scorpion1 ,but let him not be longer than one cubit2 ,avoid the larger sizes4 #aaf4 ,then there is the scombrus1 or tunny1 which is mentioned by this name by ,aristophanes1 in his ,gerytades4 ,icesius says that that species of tunny called scombrus is smaller in size1 but more nutritious1 than the species called colias2 and also more juicy1 though not more easily digested4 ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 mentions them thus3-- ,sea-swallows1 and mormyri1 both of which ,are larger than the coli and the scombri1 ,but less than those whose name is thynnides4 #aag4 ,the sargus is another fish4 ,he 7as ,icesius tells us7 is a fish of very exciting and astringent properties1 and more nutritious than the melanurus1 or blacktail4 ,but ,numenius1 in his treatise on ,fishing1 says that the sargus is a very cunning fish as respects the catching him3-- ,the rich sea-blackbird1 or the thrush who sports ,beneath the waves2 the sargus too who rushes ,now here with sudden movement1 and now there1 ,the greatest enemy to the fisher's nets4 ,and ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his treatise on the ,parts of ,animals1 says that the sargus brings forth its young twice in the year2 once in the spring1 and once in the autumn4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,the sargus1 and the chalcis1 and the 4 4 4 ,but he speaks of the sarginus1 or sargus1 as an excellent fish1 in the following lines-- ,there the sarginus was1 the melanurus1 ,and the dear tnia1 thin but delicious4 ,and in a similar manner ,dorion1 in his treatise on ,fishes1 speaks1 calling them sargini and chalcides1 on this very account4 ,but the wise ,archestratus says-- ,now when the bright ,orion's star doth set1 ,and the fair mother of the vinous grape ,doth shed her hair1 then take a roasted sargus1 ,well sprinkled o'er with cheese1 of mighty size1 ,smoking1 and soften'd with sharp vinegar4 ,for he is hard by nature4 ,and remember ,this is the way all hard fish should be cook'd4 ,but those whose meat is good and soft by nature1 ,it is enough to sprinkle well with salt1 ,and lightly to anoint with oil4 ,for they ,have virtue and delights within themselves4 #aah4 ,there is the salpe1 too4 ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,the aon1 and the phagrus1 and the pike1 ,and the dung-eating1 bloated1 dirty salpe1 ,which still have a sweet flavour in the summer4 ,and ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 says that the salpe has young once a-year only1 in the autumn2 and that his skin is covered with numerous red lines4 ,moreover1 he has serrated teeth1 and is a solitary fish4 ,and he says that it is stated by the fishermen that he may be caught with a cucumber1 being very fond of that kind of food4 ,and ,archestratus says-- ,i always do account the fish call'd salpe ,a worthless fish4 ,but it is least tasteless ,when the wheat ripens4 ,and the choicest kinds ,are caught at ,mitylene4 ,and ,pancrates1 in his ,works of the ,sea1 says-- ,there is the salpe too1 of the same size1 ,which the seafaring fishermen do call ,the ox1 because he grinds within his teeth ,the stout seaweed with which he fills his belly4 ,he also is a spotted or variegated fish2 on which account his friends used to nickname ,mnaseas the ,locrian 7or1 as some call him1 the ,colophonian71--the man who wrote the poem called ,the ,sports1--,salpe1 on account of the variety of things in his collection4 ,but ,nymphodorus the ,syracusan1 in his ,voyage round ,asia1 says that it was a ,lesbian woman1 named ,salpe1 who wrote the book called ,the ,sports4 ,but ,alcimus1 in his ,affairs of ,sicily1 says that in ,messene1 in ,sicily1 there was a man named ,botrys1 who was the author of some ,sports very like those which are attributed to ,salpe4 ,but ,archippus uses the word in the masculine form1 ,salpes1 saying-- ,the ceryx shouted out1 ,the salpes trumpeted and fetch'd seven obols4 ,and there is a similar fish produced in the ,red ,sea1 which is called the stromateus2 and it has gold-coloured lines running along the whole of his body1 as ,philo tells us1 in his book on ,mines4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 #aai4 ,there is also the synodon and the synagris4 ,they also are mentioned by ,epicharmus1 when he says-- ,synagrides1 and mazi1 and the synodons1 ,with red spots variegated4 ,and ,numenius1 in his treatise on ,fishing1 writes the word with an 1 2 and says-- ,then the white synodon1 and boax1 and triccus4 ,and in another place he says-- ,fish with these baits then1 if you wish to eat ,the mighty synodon1 or diving horsetail4 ,but ,dorion writes the word 1 with an 2 and so does ,archestratus1 in the following lines3-- ,but try to catch a well-fed sinodon1 ,and you will find the best in narrow straits4 ,all this advice to ,cyrus ,i have given1 ,and now to you1 ,clenus1 ,i impart it4 ,and ,antiphanes says1 in his ,archistrata1-- ,but who would eat an eel1 or sinodon's head4 #abj4 ,there is also the saurus1 or lizard4 ,alexis mentions this fish1 in his ,leuce4 ,it is a cook who is speaking3-- ,a4 ,do you know how you ought to dress a lizard8 ,b4 ,i shall1 when you have taught me4 ,a4 ,first of all ,take off the gills1 then wash him1 then cut off ,the spines all round1 and split him open neatly2 ,then when you've laid him flat1 anoint him well ,and thoroughly with assaftida2 ,sprinkle him then with cheese1 and salt1 and marjoram4 ,and ,ephippus1 in his ,cydon1 gives a list of many other fishes1 and among them he mentions the lizard1 in the following lines3-- ,slices of tunny1 and of glanis1 ,of shark1 and rhin1 and of conger1 ,cephalus1 perch1 and lizard too1 ,and phycis1 brinchus1 also mullet1 ,sea-cuckoo1 phagrus1 myllus1 sparus1 ,lebias1 olias1 and sea-swallow1 ,thritta1 and squid1 and cuttle-fish1 ,sea-sparrow1 and dracnides4 ,the polypus1 the squid1 and orphus1 ,the tench1 th' anchovy1 and the cestres1 ,and last of all the needle-fish4 ,and ,innesimachus1 in his ,horse-breeder1 says-- ,of fish with teeth serrated1 you may eat ,the grim torpedo1 the sea-frog1 the perch1 ,the lizard1 and the trichias1 and the phycis1 ,the brinchus1 and the mullet1 and sea-cuckoo4 ,there is also the scepinus2 and this fish is mentioned by ,dorion1 in his treatise on ,fish2 and he says that it is also called the attageinus1 or sea-woodcock4 #aba4 ,there is also the scina4 ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- oli were there1 and plotes too1 ,and cynoglossi and sciathides4 ,but ,numenius calls this fish the ,sciadeus1 saying-- ,use then this bait1 and you perhaps may catch1 ,if such your wish1 a mighty synodon1 ,or the quick leaping hippurus1 or the phagrus ,proud with his high-raised crest1 or in a shoal ,of trusty comrades1 the fresh sciadeus4 ,there is also the syagris2 and this fish is mentioned by ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 and also in his ,earth and ,sea4 #abb4 ,then there is the sphurna1 or hammer-fish2 and these fish1 ,icesius says1 are more nutritious than the congers1 but very unpleasant and unpalatable to the taste2 and1 as to their juicy qualities1 they are tolerable4 ,but ,dorion says--,the sphurna1 which they call the cestra4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,muses1 having named the cestra1 does not after that mention the sphurna1 thinking them the same fish-- ,the chalcides1 the sea-dog1 and the cestra1 ,and perch with variegated back4 ,and ,sophron1 in his ,male ,farces1 says--,the cestr1 which eat the botis4 ,but ,speusippus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,things which resemble one another1 puts down the cestra1 the needle-fish1 and the sea-lizard as very nearly like one another4 ,and the ,attic writers in general call the sphurna the cestra1 and do not so often use the name of sphurna4 ,accordingly1 ,strattis1 in his ,macedonians1 when some ,athenian asks the question1 as being ignorant of the name1 and saying1 ,but what is the sphurna8 ,the other replies1 ,you1 ,o ,athenians1 do call it the cestra4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,euthydicus1 says-- ,a4 ,the sphurna is a common fish4 ,b4 ,you should say cestra1 in strict ,attic ,greek4 ,and ,nicophon1 in his ,pandora1 says-- ,the cestra and the pike4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,the cestra and the variegated perch4 #abc4 ,the cuttle-fish is often mentioned4 ,aristophanes says1 in his ,danaides1-- ,and when ,i have the cuttle-fish and polypus4 ,and the penultima of this word has the acute accent1 like that in the word 1 as ,philemon tells us2 like these words1 1 1 4 ,but ,aristotle says that the cuttle-fish has eight feet1 of which the two lowest are the largest2 and that it has two proboscises1 and between them it has its eyes and mouth placed4 ,and it has two teeth1 one above and one below2 and what is called a shell on its back4 ,and the ink is contained in what is called the mutis1 which answers to the liver2 and it lies near its mouth1 being something like a bladder4 ,its belly is wide and smooth1 like the paunch of an ox4 ,and the little cuttle-fish feed on small fish1 extending their proboscises like fishermen's lines1 and catching their prey with them4 ,it is said1 too1 that when a storm comes1 they seize hold of the rocks with their proboscises1 as if they were anchors1 and so fix themselves firm4 ,and when the cuttle-fish is pursued1 it discharges its ink1 and is hidden in it1 making it appear as if it were flying forwards4 ,and it is also said1 that when the female is struck by a harpoon1 the male fish come to its assistance1 dragging it on2 but if the male fish be taken1 the female fish flees away4 ,but the cuttle-fish does not live more than a year1 as neither does the polypus4 ,but1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 ,aristotle says--,the cuttle-fish and the squids swim together1 being united together at the mouths1 and also touching one another with their feelers1 so as to join in that manner2 and they also join proboscis to proboscis4 ,but of all the molluscous fish1 the cuttle-fish is the earliest in the spring to bring forth its young2 and they do not bring forth at every season4 ,but they go with young fifteen days2 and when they lay their eggs1 the male follows the female1 and breathes upon the eggs and makes them firm4 ,and they move in pairs2 and the male is more variegated than the female1 and blacker on the back4 #abd4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,the polypus1 likewise the cuttle-fish1 ,and the swift-moving squid4 ,and we must also take notice of this1 with reference to ,speusippus1 who says that the cuttle-fish and the squid are the same fish4 ,but when ,hipponax1 in his ,iambics1 uses the words 1 the interpreters have explained the expression as meaning the ink of the cuttle-fish4 ,but the word is1 properly speaking1 equivalent to 1 a dish compounded of various ingredients1 as ,erasistratus tells us1 in his ,cookery ,book4 ,and he writes as follows--,but is made with roast meat and blood stirred up and compounded with cheese1 and salt1 and cummin1 and assaftida2 but the meat may also be boiled4 ,and ,glaucus the ,locrian1 in his ,cookery ,book1 writes as follows-- is blood boiled1 and assaftida1 and boiled lees of wine2 or sometimes honey and vinegar1 and milk and cheese1 and sweet-smelling herbs are shred and mixed together in it4 ,and ,archestratus1 that man of the most varied learning1 says-- ,the cuttle-fish of ,abdera and the middle of ,maronea4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,thesmophoriazus1 says-- ,has any fish or cuttle-fish been bought8 ,and in the ,danaides he says-- ,osmulia1 mnidea1 and cuttle-fish4 ,theopompus1 in his ,aphrodite1 says-- 4 4 4 ,but eat1 my friend1 ,this cuttle-fish1 and this small polypus4 ,but concerning the boiling of the small polypus1 ,alexis1 in his ,wicked ,woman1 introduces a cook speaking as follows-- ,now these three cuttle-fish ,i have just bought ,for one small drachma4 ,and when ,i've cut off ,their feelers and their fins1 ,i then shall boil them4 ,and cutting up the main part of their meat ,into small dice1 and rubbing in some salt1 ,after the guests already are sat down1 ,i then shall put them in the frying-pan1 ,and serve up hot towards the end of supper4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 #abe4 ,the next fish is the mullet2 and is like 1 ending in 4 ,for the feminine nouns which end in require another before the 2 as 1 4 ,but all the words which have united to end in 2 as 1 1 4 ,but ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 says that the mullet brings forth three times in the year2 and states that the fishermen have adopted this opinion from the spawn being seen three times a-year in certain localities4 ,and perhaps it is from the word 7three times7 that it has its name2 just as the fish called has its name from its being a fish which does not go about by itself1 but in shoals 774 ,and the is so called from 7to leap72 as also is the 4 ,and the is so named as being 1 which is equivalent to 1 that is to say1 slowly propagated4 ,then has its name from 7to rush71 because it is an impetuous fish1 from being driven about by its fly in the head at the time of the rising of the ,dog-star4 ,but it is a fish with serrated teeth1 gregarious1 and spotted all over1 and also carnivorous3 and when it has had young three times it becomes barren2 for some little worms are engendered in its womb1 which devour the young as soon as they are conceived4 ,and from the actual facts1 ,epicharmus calls them hump-backed1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 where he says-- ,he brought the hump-back'd mullet too1 ,and the ungrateful bones4 ,but ,sophron1 in his ,male ,farces1 speaks of a fish which he calls 1 saying1 ,the trigola which cuts the navel string4 ,and in another place he says-- ,the trigola which loves calm weather4 ,and in his play called ,pdica he says-- 4 4 4 4 4 trigola 4 4 4 4 ,but1 in his ,affairs of ,women1 he says-- ,the bearded mullet 774 ,but ,diocles1 in his books addressed to ,plistarchus1 says that the mullet is a fish of hard flesh2 and ,speusippus says that the sea-cuckoo1 the sea-swallow1 and the mullet are all alike2 on which account ,tryphon says1 in his treatise on ,animals1 that some people think that the trigola is the sea-cuckoo1 from its likeness to it1 and from the dryness of its hind-quarters2 which ,sophron indicates1 when he says-- ,the fat mullets and the hinder parts of the trigola4 #abf4 ,but ,plato1 in his ,phaon1 says-- ,the mullet is not wholesome for the nerves1 ,for it is sacred to the chaste ,diana1 ,and all excitement hates4 ,but the mullet is attributed to ,hecate as her fish1 on account of the common derivation of their names2 for ,hecate is called 1 as presiding over places where three roads meet1 and 1 as having three eyes2 and also they provide her a banquet on the thirtieth day of each month 7 74 ,and1 on similar principles1 they assign to ,apollo the fish 1 from 7the harp72 and the to ,mercury1 from 7to speak72 and the to ,bacchus1 from 7ivy72 and the to ,venus1 as ,aristophanes in his ,birds says1 from the similarity of its name to the word 4 ,and so the bird called the 7or duck71 they call ,neptune's bird2 and the sea production which we call 1 and others 1 and which is more generally called 7foam71 they also give to him2 though they say that this also is very dear to ,venus1 because she herself was born of foam4 ,but ,apollodorus1 in his books concerning the ,gods1 says that the mullet is sacrificed to ,hecate on account of the resemblance of their names2 for that the goddess is 1 of a triple form4 ,but ,melanthus1 in his treatise on the ,eleusinian ,mysteries1 says that both the and the 7or sprat71 are sacred to ,hecate1 because ,hecate is also a goddess of the sea4 ,but ,hegesander the ,delphian says that the mullet is accustomed to be carried about in the ,artemisia1 because it is accustomed diligently to hunt out and destroy the sea-hares1 which are poisonous animals2 on which account1 as it does this to the great benefit of mankind1 the mullet as a huntress is considered sacred to the goddess who is also a huntress4 ,and ,sophron has called the mullet bearded1 because those which have beards are better flavoured than those which have not4 ,and there is a place at ,athens called 1 and there there is a shrine to 2 on which account ,chariclides1 in his ,chain1 says-- ,o mistress ,hecate1 ,trioditis1 ,with three forms 77 and three faces 771 ,propitiated with mullets 774 #abg4 ,and if the mullet1 while alive1 be choked with wine1 and then a man drinks the wine1 he will no longer be able to indulge in the pleasures of ,venus1 as ,terpsicles tells us in his book on ,amatory ,pleasures4 ,and if a woman drinks this same wine1 she never becomes pregnant4 ,birds1 too1 are affected in the same manner4 ,but ,archestratus1 that very learned man1 after he has praised the ,milesian mullet which are found at ,teichius1 proceeds to say-- ,if you at ,thasos are1 then buy a mullet2 ,you ne'er will get a worse1 unless indeed ,you go to ,tius2 but even those are fair3 ,but at ,erythr they are caught in shore ,and are most excellent4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,and ,cratinus1 in his ,trophonius1 says-- ,and do not eat a red-flesh'd mullet hard1 ,brought from xona2 nor of any turtle1 ,or mighty melanurus from those seas4 ,but ,nausicrates1 the comic poet1 praises the mullets from xona1 in his ,captains of ,ships1 saying-- ,a4 ,those yellow-fleshed fish1 which the high wave ,that beats xona brings towards the shore1 ,the best of fish2 with which we venerate ,the light-bestowing daughter of great ,jove2 ,when sailors offer gifts of feasts to heaven4 ,b4 ,you mean the mullet4 #abh4 ,there is1 too1 the tnia2 and this is mentioned by ,epicharmus3-- ,the most belovd tnia1 which are thin1 ,but highly flavour'd1 and need little fire4 ,and ,mithcus1 in his ,cookery ,book1 says--,having taken out the entrails of the tnia1 and cut off its head1 and washed it1 and having cut it into slices1 sprinkle over it cheese and oil4 ,but this fish is found in the greatest number and in the finest condition off ,canopus1 which is near ,alexandria2 and also off ,seleucia1 which is close to ,antioch4 ,but when ,eupolis1 in his ,prospaltii1 says-- ,his mother was a ,thracian woman1 ,a seller of tni2 he then means by the word 1 not the fish1 but those pieces of woven work and girdles with which women bind their waists4 #abi4 ,another fish is the trachurus1 or rough-tail4 ,diocles mentions this as a dry fish4 ,and ,numenius1 in his ,art of ,fishing1 says-- ,the aconia and the wagtail too1 ,and the 4 4 4 4 trachurus4 ,there is also the taulopias4 ,concerning this fish1 ,archestratus says-- ,when it is summer buy a good-sized head ,of fresh taulopias1 just when ,phaethon ,is driving his last course4 ,dress it with speed1 ,serve it up hot1 and some good seasoning with it1 ,then take its entrails1 spit and roast them too4 #acj4 ,there is also the 1 which is a kind of cuttle-fish1 different from the 4 ,aristotle says that this also is a gregarious fish1 and that it has a great many things in common with the sepia2 such as the same number of feet1 and the two proboscises3 but of this kind the lower feet are the smaller1 and the upper feet the larger2 and of the proboscises1 that on the right side is the thickest3 and the whole body is delicate1 and of a more oblong shape than the sepia4 ,and the teuthis also has ink in its mutis1 which1 however1 is not black1 but of a pale colour4 ,and its shell is very small1 and cartilaginous4 ,there is also the teuthus2 and the only difference between the teuthus and the teuthis is in size3 and the teuthus is of the size of three spans2 and it is of a reddish colour4 ,and of its two teeth1 the lower one is the smallest1 and the upper one is the largest2 and both of them are black1 and like a hawk's beak4 ,and when it is slit open1 it has a paunch like a pig's paunch4 ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 says that both the teuthus and the sepia are short-lived fish4 ,and ,archestratus1 who travelled and sailed over the whole earth1 for the sake of gratifying his greedy appetite1 says1-- ,the best of all the teuthides are those ,caught near ,pierian ,dium1 near the stream ,of ,baphyras4 ,and in ,ambracia's port ,you will see mighty shoals of this same fish4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,eretrian1 introduces a cook speaking in this way-- ,teuthides1 thornbacks1 rays1 and fat ,anchovies1 lumps of meat1 and paunches too4 ,i took the teuthides1 cut off their fins1 ,adding a little fat2 ,i then did sprinkle ,some thin shred herbs o'er all for seasoning4 ,there is also a sort of cake or confectionary called 1 which is mentioned by ,iatrocles1 in his book on the ,art of making ,bread1 as ,pamphilus quotes4 #aca4 ,then there is the sea-pig4 ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,there were hynides1 buglossi1 ,there was the harp-fish too in numbers4 ,and he also calls them not only 1 but also in the following lines-- ,there were too chalcides and sea-pigs 771 ,and sea-hawks1 and the fat sea-dog4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,unless1 indeed1 when he uses the word here1 he means the same animal which is also called 1 the sea-boar4 ,but ,numenius1 in his ,art of ,fishing1 enumerates plainly enough some sort of or plaice1 when he says-- ,the cantharis1 hyna1 and the mullet4 ,and ,dionysius1 in his ,cookery ,book1 also speaks of the hyna or plaice4 ,and ,archestratus1 that prince of cooks and epicures says1-- ,at nus or at ,potus buy the sea-pig1 ,which some men call the digger of the sand1 ,then boil his head1 adding no seasoning1 ,but only water1 stirring it full often1 ,and add some pounded hyssop2 if you want ,anything more1 pour on some pungent vinegar2 ,steep it in that1 then eat it with such haste ,as if your object were to choke yourself4 ,but roast its neck1 and all its other parts4 ,and perhaps it is the sea-pig which ,numenius1 in his ,art of ,fishing1 calls the psamathis1 or sand-fish1 when he says-- ,sometimes the fierce carcharias1 and sometimes ,the psamathis1 delighting in the surf4 #acb4 ,then there is the hyces4 ,callimachus1 in his epigrams1 calls the hyces the sacred fish1 in these lines-- ,and he does deem the sacred hyces god4 ,and ,numenius1 in his ,art of ,fishing1 says-- ,the spar1 or the gregarious hyces2 ,or phagrus1 ever wand'ring near the rocks4 ,and ,timus1 in the thirteenth book of his ,histories1 speaking of the town in ,sicily1 7,i mean the town of ,hyccara17 says that this town derived its name from the circumstance of the first man who arrived at the place finding abundance of the fish called hyces1 and those too in a breeding condition2 and they1 taking this for an omen1 called the place ,hyccarus4 ,but ,zenodotus says that the ,cyrenans call the hyces the erythrinus4 ,but ,hermippus of ,smyrna1 in his essay on ,hipponax1 when he speaks of the hyces1 means the iulis2 and says that it is very hard to catch2 on which account ,philetas says-- ,nor was the hyces the last fish who fled4 #acc4 ,there is also the phagrus4 ,speusippus1 in the second book of his ,things resembling one another1 says that the phagrus1 the erythrinus1 and the hepatus1 are very much alike4 ,and ,numenius also has mentioned it in the lines which have been quoted not long ago4 ,but ,aristotle says that he is a carnivorous and solitary fish2 and that he has a heart of a triangular shape1 and that he is in season in the spring4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 speaks of the ,aones1 and the phagri1 and the pikes4 ,and ,metagenes also mentions them in his ,thurio-,pers4 ,and ,ameipsias says in his ,connus-- ,a food for orphi and selachia1 ,and for the greedy phagri4 ,and ,icesius says--,the phagrus1 and the chromis1 and the anthias1 and the acharnanes1 and the orphi1 and the synodons1 and the synagrides1 are all very nearly akin to one another2 for they are sweet and astringent1 and nutritious1 but in the same proportion they are hard of digestion4 ,and those of them1 which are fleshy1 and which are caught nearer land1 are the most nutritious1 and those also which have the least fat4 ,but ,archestratus says-- ',tis when the dogstar rises in the sky ,that you should eat the phagrus2 specially ,if you in ,delos or ,eretria are1 ,or other favouring harbours of the sea2 ,but1 if you can1 purchase his head alone1 ,and tail2 and bring no more within your doors4 ,strattis also mentions the phagrus in his ,lemnomeda-- ,eating a number of large phagri4 ,and in his ,philoctetes he says-- ,then1 going to the market1 they will buy ,a great abundance of large phagri1 and ,slices of tender round ,copaic eel4 ,there is also a kind of stone called the phagrus4 ,for the whetstone is called so among the ,cretans1 as ,simmias testifies4 #acd4 ,there is also the channa4 ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,the channa1 with large mouth1 and then the cod1 ,with deep and spacious belly4 ,numenius1 in his ,art of ,fishing1 says-- ,the channas and the eel1 and pitinus1 ,who only roams by night4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,dorion also mentions him in his treatise on ,fishes4 ,but ,aristotle1 in his book on ,animals1 calls the channa a fish variegated with red and black2 and he calls it also 1 because it is marked with black lines4 #ace4 ,there is the chromis2 this also is spoken of by ,epicharmus1 who says-- ,there is the sword-fish and the chromias1 ,who1 in the spring1 as ,ananius says1 ,is of all fish the daintiest4 ,and ,numenius1 in his ,art of ,fishing1 says-- ,the hyces1 or the beautiful callicthys1 ,or else the chromis1 and sometimes the orphus4 ,and ,archestratus says-- ,you may catch noble chromises in ,pella1 ,and they are fat when it is midsummer2 ,and in ,ambracia likewise they abound4 #acf4 ,there is also the chrysophrys4 ,archippus says in his ,fishes-- ,the chrysophrys1 sacred to ,cytherean ,venus4 ,and ,icesius says that these fish are the best of all fish in sweetness1 and also in delicacy of flavour in other respects4 ,they are also most nutritious4 ,they produce their young1 as ,aristotle says1 in a manner similar to the cestres1 wherever there are flowing rivers4 ,epicharmus mentions them in his ,muses2 and ,dorion also1 in his book on ,fishes4 ,and ,eupolis1 in his ,flatterers1 says-- ,i spent a hundred drachmas upon fish1 ,and only got eight pike1 and twelve chrysophryes4 ,but the wise ,archestratus1 in his ,suggestions1 says-- ,pass not the chrysophrys from ,ephesus ,unheeded by2 which the ,ephesians call ,the ioniscus4 ,take him eagerly1 ,the produce of the venerable ,selinus2 ,wash him1 and roast him whole1 and serve him up1 ,though he be ten full cubits long4 #acg4 ,there is a fish1 too1 called the chalcis2 and others which resemble it1 namely1 the thrissa1 the trichis1 and the eritimus4 ,icesius says1 the fish called the chalcis1 and the sea-goat1 and the needle-fish1 and the thrissa1 are like chaff1 destitute alike of fat and of juice4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,the chalcides1 the sea-pig too1 ,the sea-hawk1 and the fat sea-dog4 ,but ,dorion calls it the chalcidice4 ,and ,numenius says1-- ,but you would thus harpoon1 in the same way1 ,that chalcis and the little tiny sprat4 ,but the is different from the 2 and the is mentioned by ,heraclides1 in his ,cookery ,book2 and by ,euthydemus1 in his book on ,cured ,fish1 who says that they are bred in the country of the ,cyzicenes1 being a round and circular fish4 ,but the thrissa is mentioned by ,aristotle in his book on ,animals and ,fishes1 in these words--,the following are stationary fish3 the thrissa1 the encrasicholus1 the membras anchovy1 the coracinus1 the erythrinus1 and the trichis4 ,and ,eupolis mentions the trichis in his ,flatterers2-- ,he was a stingy man1 who once in his life ,before the war did buy some trichides2 ,but in the ,samian war1 a ha'p'orth of meat4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,knights1 says-- ,if trichides were to be a penny a hundred4 ,but ,dorion1 in his treatise on ,fishes1 speaks also of the river ,thrissa2 and calls the trichis trichias4 ,nicochares1 in his ,lemnian ,women1 says-- ,the trichias1 and the premas tunny too1 ,placed in enormous quantities for supper4 7,but there was a kind of tunny which they used to call premnas4 ,plato1 in his ,europa1 has these lines-- ,he once1 when fishing1 saw one of such size ,a man could scarcely carry it1 in a shoal ,of premnades1 and then he let it go1 ,because it was a boax47 ,and ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 calls it a trichias also1 but in the book which is entitled 1 he calls it trichis4 ,and it is said that this fish is delighted with dancing and singing1 and that when it hears music it leaps up out of the sea4 ,dorion also mentions the eritimi1 saying1 that they are much the same as the chalcides1 and that they are very nice in forced meat4 ,and ,epnetus1 in his book upon ,fishes1 says--,the sea-weasel2 the smaris1 which some call the dog's-bed2 the chalcides1 which they also call sardini2 the eritimi1 the sea-hawk1 and the sea-swallow4 ,and ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 calls them sardines4 ,and ,callimachus1 in his ,names used by different ,nations1 writes thus--,the encrasicholus1 the eritimus1 are names used by the ,chalcedonians2 the trichidia1 the chalcis1 the ictar1 the atherina4 ,and in another part1 giving a list of the names of fishes1 he says--,the ozna1 the osmylnion1 are names used by the ,thurians2 the iopes1 the eritimi1 are names used by the ,athenians4 ,and ,nicander mentions the iopes in his ,botian1-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,but as when round a shoal of newly born ,iopes1 phagri1 or fierce scopes roam1 ,or the large orphus4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,ships of ,burden1 says-- ,o wretched fish1 the first of trichides ,to be immersed in pickle4 ,for they used to steep in pickle all the fish which were proper to be dressed on the coals4 ,and they called pickle1 ,thasian brine2 as also the same poet says in his ,wasps1-- ,for before that it twice drank in the brine4 #ach4 ,there is also a fish called the thratta4 ,and since we have brought the discussion to this point1 and have also discussed the thrissa2 let us now examine what the thratt are1 which are mentioned by ,archippus1 in his play called the ,fishes4 ,for in that play1 in the treaty between the ,fishes and the ,athenians1 he introduces the following sentences-- ,and it is agreed on further ,that both the high contracting parties ,shall restore all they now do hold ,of each other's property4 ,we shall give up thus the ,thratt1 ,and the flute-playing ,atherina1 ,and ,thyrsus's daughter ,sepia1 ,and the mullet1 and ,euclides1 ,who was archon t'other day1 ,and the coraciontes too1 ,who from ,anagyrus come2 ,and the offspring of the tench1 ,who swims round sacred ,salamis2 ,and the frog who's seated near1 ,from the marshes of ,oreum4 ,now in these lines1 perhaps a man may ask what sort of thratt among the fishes are meant here1 which the fish agree to give up to the men4 ,and since ,i have got some private things written out on this subject1 ,i will now recite to you that portion of them which bears most on the subject4 ,the thratta1 then1 is really a genuine sea-fish2 and ,mnesimachus1 in his ,horse-breeder1 mentions it2 and ,mnesimachus is a poet of the middle comedy4 ,and he speaks thus-- ,the mullet1 and the lebias1 and the sparus1 ,the bright olias1 and the thratta too1 ,the sea-swallow1 the caris1 and the cuttle-fish4 ,but ,dorotheus of ,ascalon1 in the hundred and eighth book of his ,collection of ,words1 writes this name 1 either because he fell in with a copy of the drama with an incorrect text1 or because1 as he himself was unused to the word1 he altered it so before he published it4 ,but the name thetta does absolutely never occur in any ,attic writer whatever4 ,but that they were used to call a sea-fish by the name of thratta1 that ,anaxandrides establishes1 speaking in this manner in his play called ,lycurgus1-- ,and sporting with the little coracini1 ,with little perches1 and the little thratt4 ,and ,antiphanes says in his ,etrurian-- ,a4 ,he is of the ,hala borough4 ,this is all ,that now is left me1 to be abused unjustly4 ,b4 ,why so8 ,a4 ,he will 7you'll see7 bestow on me ,some thratta1 or sea-sparrow1 or some lamprey1 ,or some enormous other marine evil4 #aci4 ,we come now to the sea-sparrow4 ,diocles enumerates this fish among the drier kinds4 ,but ,speusippus1 in the second book of his ,things resembling one another1 says that the sea-sparrow and the buglossus and the tnia are very much alike4 ,but ,aristotle1 in the fifth book of his ,parts of ,animals1 writes--,and in the same manner the greater number of the small fish have young once a-year2 such as those which are called chyti1 which are surrounded by a net1 namely1 the chromis1 the sea-sparrow1 the tunny1 the pelamys1 the cestreus1 the chalcis1 and others of the same sort4 ,and in his treatise on ,animals he says--,these fish are cartilaginous1 the sea-cow1 the turtle1 the torpedo1 the ray1 the sea-frog1 the buglossa1 the sea-sparrow1 the mussel4 ,but ,dorion1 in his book on ,fishes1 says--,but of flat fish there is the buglossus1 the sea-sparrow1 the escharus1 which they also call the coris4 ,the buglossi are mentioned also by ,epicharmus in his ,hebe's ,wedding-- ,hynides1 buglossi1 and a citharus4 ,and ,lynceus the ,samian1 in his ,letters1 says that the finest sea-sparrows are procured near ,eleusis1 in ,attica4 ,and ,archestratus says-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,remember then to get a fine sea-sparrow1 ,and a rough-skinn'd buglossus1 near the port ,of sacred ,chalcis ,but the ,romans call the sea-sparrow rhombus2 which1 however1 is a ,greek name4 ,and ,nausicrates1 in his ,sea ,captains1 having first mentioned the sea-grayling1 proceeds in this manner-- ,a4 ,those yellow-fleshed fish1 which the high wave ,that beats xona brings towards the shore1 ,the best of fish2 with which we venerate ,the light-bestowing daughter of great ,jove2 ,when sailors offer gifts of feasts to heaven4 ,b4 ,you mean the mullet1 with its milky colour1 ,which the ,sicilian multitude calls rhombus4 #adj4 ,so now1 having given you1 ,o ,timocrates1 the whole of the conversation which took place among the ,deipnosophists on the subject of fish1 we may conclude our book here2 and unless you want some other kind of food1 we will end by setting before you what ,eubulus has said in his ,lacedmonians1 or ,leda2-- ,besides all this you now shall have ,a slice of tunny1 a slice of pork1 ,some paunch of kid1 some liver of goat1 ,some ram1 the entrails of an ox1 ,a lamb's head1 and a kid's intestines2 ,the belly of a hare1 a pudding1 ,some tripe1 black-puddings1 and a sausage4 ,being sated1 therefore1 with all this1 let us now take due care of our bodies1 in order to be able to feed comfortably on what is coming next4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #a3 ,from 1 foam4 ,footnote #b3 ,an ,attic drachma was as near as may be #ic_/d;d4 ,so that a thousand will amount to something over #djl4 ,footnote #c3,the ,greek is 1 which last word was an epithet of the ,epicureans1 because they celebrated the death of their founder on the twentieth day of the month ,gamelion4 ,vide ,l4 ,s4 in voc4 ,footnote #d3 ,from 1 a wedge4 ,footnote #e3 ,schweighaeuser thinks that something has dropped out of the text here2 and proposes to insert1 ,and ,ulpian said4 ,footnote #f3 ,the burgh of ,otryna was one of the most obscure ones1 while the ,phaleric burgh was one of those of the highest reputation4 ,footnote #g3 ,this is a pun on the similarity of the name ,gela to 1 laughter1 the compound meaning derision4 ,and it is probably borrowed from ,aristophanes1 who says1 ,acharn4 #fjf3-- 4 ,footnote #h3 ,venus ,zephyritis was the name under which ,arsinoe was worshipped2 and the next line refers to the custom of the maidens on the occasion of their marriage making a sportive offering of their toys to ,venus4 ,arsinoe was the wife and sister of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus4 ,,book ,,viii4 #a4 ,polybius the ,megalopolitan1 speaking of the great happiness which exists in ,lusitania 7and that is a district of ,iberia1 which the ,romans now call ,spania71 ,o most excellent ,timocrates1 in the thirty-fourth book of his ,histories1 says that in that country1 on account of the excellent temperature of the air1 both animals and men are exceedingly prolific2 and the fruits1 too1 in that country never degenerate4 ,for there are roses there1 and white violets1 and asparagus1 and other flowers and fruits like them1 which last nine months in the year2 and as for sea-fish1 both in abundance1 and in excellence1 and in beauty1 it is very superior to that produced in our seas4 ,and a siclus 7this is equal to a medimnus7 of barley costs only a drachma2 and one of wheat costs nine ,alexandrian obols2 and a measure of wine costs a drachma2 and a moderate-sized kid costs an obol1 and so does a hare4 ,and of lambs1 the price is three or four obols2 and a fat pig1 weighing a hundred min1 costs five drachm2 and a sheep costs two4 ,and a talent weight of figs costs three obols2 and a calf costs five drachm2 and a draught-ox ten4 ,and the meat of wild animals is scarcely ever valued at any price at all2 but people throw that in to purchasers into the bargain1 or as a present4 ,but to us1 whenever we sup with our excellent friend ,laurentius1 he makes ,rome another ,lusitania1--filling us with every sort of good thing every day1 receiving us in a most princely manner with the greatest liberality1 while we bring nothing from home as our contribution1 except our arguments4 #b4 ,now1 as a long discussion had taken place about fish1 it was plain that ,cynulcus was annoyed at it2 and so the excellent ,democritus1 anticipating him1 said--,but1 ,o you men fish1 as ,archippus says1 you have omitted 7for ,i too must throw in a little contribution of my own7 those which are called fossil fishes1 which are produced at ,heraclea1 and near ,tium1 in ,pontus1 which is a colony of the ,milesians1 though ,theophrastus gives us an account of them4 ,and this very same philosopher has also told us about those that are congealed in ice the whole winter1 so that they have no feeling whatever1 and make not the slightest motion1 until they are put into the saucepans and boiled4 ,and these fish have this especial peculiarity1 which also belongs in some degree to the fish which are called fossil fish in ,paphlagonia4 ,for it is said that ditches are dug in those places to an exceeding depth1 where no overflow of rivers ever reaches1 nor of any other waters whatever2 and yet in those ditches there are found living fishes4 #c4 ,but ,mnaseas of ,patra1 in his ,periplus1 says that the fish in the river ,clitor are not dumb2 though ,aristotle has stated in writing that the only fishes which have any voice are the scarus and the river-hog4 ,and ,philostephanus1 who was a ,cyrenan by birth1 and a friend of ,callimachus1 in his treatise on ,extraordinary ,rivers1 says that in the river ,aroanius1 which flows through ,pheneum1 there are fish which sing like thrushes1 and that they are called the poicili4 ,and ,nymphodorus the ,syracusan1 in his ,voyages1 says that there are pike in the river ,helorus1 and large eels1 so tame that they take bread out of the hands of any who bring it to them4 ,and ,i myself1 and very likely many of you too1 have seen cestres tamed to the hand in the fountain of ,arethusa1 near ,chalcis2 and eels1 having silver and golden earrings1 taking food from any one who offered it to them1 and entrails from the victims1 and fresh cheese4 ,and ,semus says1 in the sixth book of his ,delias--,they say that a boy once dipped a ewer into the well1 and brought water to some ,athenians who were sacrificing at ,delos1 to wash their hands with2 and he brought up1 as it happened1 some fish in the ewer along with the water3 and that on this the soothsayers of the ,delians told them that they should become the lords of the sea4 ,sidenote3 ,,aquatic ,,animals4 #d4 ,and ,polybius1 in the thirty-fourth book of his ,histories1 says that behind ,pyrene1 as far as the river ,narbo1 the whole country is a plain1 through which the rivers ,illiberis and ,rhoscynus proceed1 flowing through cities of the same name as themselves1 which are inhabited by some of the ,celt2 and in this plain he says that the above-mentioned fossil fish are also found4 ,and he says that the soil of that plain is light1 and that a great quantity of the herb agrostis grows in it2 and that beneath it1 as the soil is sandy for a depth of two or three cubits1 the water flows1 which wanders away from these rivers2 and so the fish1 too1 leaving the rivers1 and proceeding underground1 in the course of these erratic underflowings1 in quest of food 7for they are exceedingly fond of the root of the agrostis71 have caused the whole plain to be full of subterranean fish1 which people catch when they dig up the plain4 ,and among the ,indians1 says ,theophrastus1 there are fish which go forth out of the rivers over the land1 and then1 leaping back1 return again to the water1 just like frogs2 being in appearance very like the fish which are called maxini4 #e4 ,but ,i am not ignorant of what ,clearchus1 the ,peripatetic philosopher1 has said about what he calls the exocoetus fish1 or fish which comes out of the water to sleep1 which he mentions in his work entitled ,a ,treatise on ,aquatic ,animals4 ,for he has said1 7and ,i think that ,i recollect his exact words1 which are as follows17 ,the exocoetus fish1 which some people call ,adonis1 has derived its name from constantly taking his rest out of the water4 ,he is rather of a red colour1 and from his gills down to his tail he has on each side of his body one white stripe reaching the whole length of his body4 ,and he is round1 but not being broad1 he is equal in size to the cestrinisci which are found near the shore2 and they are as near as may be about eight fingers in length4 ,altogether he is very like the fish called the sea-goat1 except that the latter has a black place under his stomach1 which they call the beard of the goat4 ,and the exocoetus is one of the fish which keeps near to the rocks1 and spends his life in rocky places4 ,when it is calm weather he springs up with the waves and lies on the rocks for a considerable time1 sleeping on the dry land1 and turning himself so as to bask in the sun3 and then1 when he has had sufficient rest1 he rolls towards the water again1 until the wave1 taking him again1 bears him with the reflux back into the sea4 ,and when he is awake on the dry land then he is on his guard against those birds which are called pareudist1 such as the halcyon1 the sandpiper1 and the helorius1 which is a bird like the rail4 ,for these birds in calm weather feed on the dry land1 and often attack the exocoetus2 but when he sees them at a distance he flies1 leaping and panting1 until he dives beneath the water4 #f4 ,moreover1 ,clearchus says this also more plainly than ,philostephanus the ,cyrenan1 whom ,i have previously mentioned4 ,there are some fish which1 though they have no throats1 can utter a sound4 ,such are those which are found near ,cleitor1 in ,arcadia1 in the river called ,ladon4 ,for they have a voice1 and utter a very audible sound4 ,and ,nicolaus1 of ,damascus1 in the hundred and fourth book of his ,history1 says--,in the country around ,apamea1 in ,phrygia1 at the time of the ,mithridatic wars1 there were some earthquakes1 after which there appeared in that district some lakes which previously had no existence1 and rivers1 and other springs which had been opened by the earthquake4 ,many also which had previously existed disappeared4 ,and such a quantity of additional water1 which was brackish and of a sea-green colour1 burst up in that district1 though it is at a very great distance from the sea1 that all the neighbouring country was filled with oysters and fish1 and all other productions of the sea4 ,i know also that it has very often rained fishes4 ,at all events1 ,phnias1 in the second book of his ,eresian ,magistrates1 says that in the ,chersonesus it once rained fish uninterruptedly for three days2 and ,phylarchus1 in his fourth book1 says that people had often seen it raining fish1 and often also raining wheat1 and that the same thing has happened with respect to frogs4 ,at all events1 ,heraclides ,lembus1 in the twenty-first book of his ,history1 says--,in ,ponia and ,dardania it has1 they say1 before now rained frogs2 and so great has been the number of these frogs that the houses and the roads have been full of them2 and at first1 for some days1 the inhabitants1 endeavouring to kill them1 and shutting up their houses1 endured the pest2 but when they did no good1 but found that all their vessels were filled with them1 and the frogs were found to be boiled up and roasted with everything they ate1 and when besides all this1 they could not make use of any water1 nor put their feet on the ground for the heaps of frogs that were everywhere1 and were annoyed also by the smell of those that died1 they fled the country4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 #g4 ,i am aware1 too1 that ,posidonius the ,stoic makes this statement about the abundance of the fish3--,when ,tryphon of ,apamea1 who seized upon the kingdom of ,syria1 was attacked by ,sarpedon1 the general of ,demetrius1 near the city of ,ptolemais1 and when ,sarpedon1 being defeated1 retired into the inland parts of the country with his own troops1 but the army of ,tryphon1 having been victorious in the battle1 were marching along the shore1 on a sudden1 a wave of the sea1 rising to a great height1 came over the land1 and overwhelmed them all1 and destroyed them beneath the waters1 and the retreating wave also left an immense heap of fish with the corpses4 ,and ,sarpedon and his army hearing of what had happened1 came up1 and were delighted at the sight of the corpses of their enemies1 and carried away an enormous quantity of fish1 and made a sacrifice to ,neptune who puts armies to flight1 near the suburbs of the city4 #h4 ,nor will ,i pass over in silence the men who prophesy from fish in ,lycia1 concerning whom ,polycharmus speaks1 in the second book of his ,affairs of ,lycia2 writing in this manner3--,for when they have come to the sea1 at a place where there is on the shore a grove sacred to ,apollo1 and where there is an eddy on the sand1 the persons who are consulting the oracle come1 bringing with them two wooden spits1 having each of them ten pieces of roast meat on them4 ,and the priest sits down by the side of the grove in silence2 but he who is consulting the oracle throws the spits into the eddy1 and looks on to see what happens4 ,and after he has put the spits in1 then the eddy becomes full of salt water1 and there comes up such an enormous quantity of fish of such a description that he is amazed at the sight1 and is even1 as it were1 alarmed at the magnitude of it4 ,and when the prophet enumerates the different species of fish1 the person who is consulting the oracle in this manner receives the prophecy from the priest respecting the matters about which he has prayed for information4 ,and there appear in the eddy orphi1 and sea-grayling1 and sometimes some sorts of whales1 such as the phalna1 or pristis1 and a great many other fish which are rarely seen1 and strange to the sight4 ,and ,artemidorus1 in the tenth book of his ,geography1 says that--,it is said by the natives that a fountain springs up in that place of sweet water1 to which it is owing that these eddies exist there2 and that very large fish are produced in that eddying place4 ,and those who are sacrificing throw to these fish the first-fruits of what they offer1 piercing them through with wooden spits1 being pieces of meat1 roasted and boiled1 and cakes of barley and loaves4 ,and both the harbour and the place is called ,dinus4#i #i4 ,i know1 too1 that ,phylarchus has spoken1 somewhere or other1 about large fish1 and about fresh figs which were sent with them2 saying that ,patroclus1 the general of ,ptolemy1 sent such a present to ,antigonus the king1 by way of a riddle1 as the ,scythians sent an enigmatical present to ,darius1 when he was invading their country4 ,for they sent 7as ,herodotus relates7 a bird1 and an arrow1 and a frog4 ,but ,patroclus 7as ,phylarchus tells us1 in the third book of his ,histories7 sent the before-mentioned fishes and figs2 and the king1 at the time that they arrived1 happened to be drinking with his friends1 and when all the party were perplexed at the meaning of the gifts1 ,antigonus laughed1 and said to his friends that he knew what was the meaning of the present2 for1 says he1 ,patroclus means that we must either be masters of the sea1 or else be content to eat figs4 #aj4 ,nor am ,i unaware that all fishes are called by one generic name1 camasenes1 by ,empedocles the natural philosopher1 when he says-- ,how could the mighty trees and sea-born camasenes 4 4 4 ,and the poet1 too1 who wrote the ,cyprian poems 7whether he was a ,cyprian or a man of the name of ,stasinus1 or whatever else his name may have been71 represents ,nemesis as pursued by ,jupiter1 and metamorphosed into a fish1 in the following lines3-- ,and after them she brought forth ,helen third1 ,a marvel to all mortal men to see2 ,her then the fair-hair'd ,nemesis did bear1 ,compell'd by ,jove1 the sovereign of the gods4 ,she indeed fled1 nor sought to share the love ,of that great father1 son of ,saturn1 ,jove2 ,for too great awe did overpower her mind3 ,so ,nemesis did flee o'er distant lands1 ,and o'er the black and barren waves o' the sea2 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,but ,jove pursued her 7and with eagerness ,his soul desired her74 ,in vain she took ,the form of some large fish who bounds along1 ,borne on the vast high-crested roaring wave2 ,sometimes she fled along the ocean1 where ,the earth's most distant boundaries extend2 ,sometimes she fled along the fertile land2 ,and took all shapes of every animal ,which the land bears1 to flee from amorous ,jove4 #aa4 ,i know1 also1 what is related about the fish called apopyris1 which is found in the lake ,bolbe2 concerning which ,hegesander1 in his ,commentaries1 speaks thus3--,around ,apollonia of ,chalcis two rivers flow1 the ,ammites and the ,olynthiacus1 and they both fall into the lake ,bolbe4 ,and on the river ,olynthiacus there is a monument of ,olynthus1 the son of ,hercules and ,bolbe4 ,and in the months ,anthesterion and ,elaphebolion1 the natives say that ,bolbe sends ,apopyris to ,olynthus2 and that about this time a most enormous number of fish ascend out of the lake into the river ,olynthiacus3 and this is a shallow river1 scarcely deep enough to wet a man's ankles2 but for all that there does not the less come a great number of fish1 so that all the people of the district get enough cured fish for their use for the year4 ,and it is a wonderful fact that they never pass above the monument of ,olynthus4 ,they say1 in explanation of this1 that the people of ,apollonia did formerly1 in the month ,elaphebolion1 celebrate sacrifices to the dead1 but that they do so now in the month ,anthesterion2 and that on this account this ascent is made by the fish in those months alone in which the natives are accustomed to pay honour to their national heroes4 #ab4 ,and this is the state of the case1 ,o men fish2 for you1 having collected together every kind of thing1 have thrown us out to be food for fishes1 instead of giving them as food for us1--making such long speeches as not even ,ichthys1 the philosopher of ,megara1 nor ,ichthyon 7and this also is a proper name71 who is mentioned by ,teleclides in his ,amphictyons1 would make to us4 ,and1 on your account1 ,i will give this advice to the servant1 as it is said in the ,ant-,men of ,pherecrates3-- ,mind that you never1 ,o ,deucalion1 7,even if ,i bid you17 set a fish before me4 ,for in ,delos1 as we are told by ,semus the ,delian1 in the second book of the ,delias1 when they sacrifice to ,brizo1--and she is a deity who prophesies to people asleep 7for the ancients used as synonymous with 1 to sleep1 saying-- ,then sleeping 77 there we waited for the dawn7-- so1 when the ,delian women sacrifice to this deity1 they bring her1 as their offering1 boats full of all kinds of good things1 except fish2 because they address prayers to her on every subject1 and especially for the safety of their vessels4 #ac4 ,but1 my friends1 though ,i admire ,chrysippus1 the leader of the sect of the ,stoics1 on many accounts1 ,i also praise him especially for having always classed ,archestratus1 that man who is so famous for his treatise on ,cookery1 with ,philnis1 to whom that indelicate composition about ,amatory ,pleasures is attributed2 which1 however1 schrion1 the iambic poet of ,samos1 says was written by ,polycrates the sophist1 and attributed to ,philnis for the sake of calumniating her1 when she was a most respectable woman4 ,and the iambics1 in which this is stated1 run as follows3-- ,i am ,philnis1 famous among men2 ,and here ,i lie1 o'erwhelm'd by long old age4 ,do not1 ,o foolish sailor1 pass this cape ,laughing and scorning and reproaching me4 ,for now ,i swear by ,jove1 and by the gods ,who reign below1 ,i never lustful was1 ,i never made myself a sport to man4 ,but one ,polycrates1 of ,attic race1 ,a trashy chatterer1 and a false accuser1 ,wrote what he wrote2 ,i know not what it was4 ,therefore that admirable ,chrysippus1 in the fifth book of his treatise on ,honour and ,pleasure1 says--,the books1 too1 of ,philnis1 and the ,gastronomy of ,archestratus1 and all the drugs calculated to provoke appetite or sensual desires1 and also all the servants who are skilled in such motions and such figures1 and whose occupation it is to attend to these things4 ,and again he says--,that they learn such things1 and get hold of the books written on such subjects by ,philnis and ,archestratus1 and by those who have written similar works4 ,and in his seventh book he says--,just as it would not be advisable to study the writings of ,philnis or the ,gastronomy of ,archestratus1 as tending to make a person live better4 ,sidenote3 ,,recommendations ,,to ,,present ,,enjoyment4 #ad4 ,but you1 who are constantly making mention of this ,archestratus1 have made this entertainment full of intemperance2 for what of all the things which could unduly excite men has this fine epic poet omitted8--he1 the only imitator of the life of ,sardanapalus the son of ,anacyndaraxes1 who1 ,aristotle says1 is made more obscure still by adding the name of his father2 on whose tomb1 ,chrysippus says1 the following inscription was engraved3-- ,knowing that you are mortal1 feed your soul ,on banquets and delights2 for in the grave ,there's no enjoyment left4 ,i now am dust ,who once was king of mighty ,nineveh2 ,the things which ,i did eat1 the joys of love1 ,the insolent thoughts with which my wealth did fill me1 ,are all ,i now have left2 for all my power ,and all my happiness is gone for ever4 ,this is the only prudent rule of life1 ,i never shall forget it1 let who will ,hoard boundless treasures of uncounted gold4 ,and the great poet has said of the ,phacians-- ,to dress1 to dance1 to sing1 our sole delight1 ,the feast or bath by day1 and love by night4 ,and another person1 not unlike ,sardanapalus in disposition1 gives this advice and these rules to those who are deficient in wisdom3-- ,i to all mortals now give this advice3 ,live for the day with pleasure2 he who dies ,is nought2 an empty shade beneath the earth3 ,man lives but a short space1 and therefore should1 ,while life remains1 enjoy himself4 ,and ,amphis the comic poet1 in his ,ialemus1 says-- ,the man who knows that he is but a mortal1 ,and yet seeks not enjoyment while alive1 ,leaving all other cares1 is but a fool ,in mine and all wise men's opinion1 ,and most unhappy in his destiny4 ,and1 in his play entitled the ,gyncocracy1 he says nearly the same-- ,drink and play1 our mortal life ,on earth can but a brief space last2 ,death alone will last for ever4 ,when once our too brief term is past4 ,and a man of the name of ,bacchides1 who lived on the same principles as ,sardanapalus1 after he was dead had the following inscription placed on his tomb3-- ,eat1 drink1 indulge thy soul with all delights1 ,this stone is all that now remains for ,bacchides4 #ae4 ,alexis1 in his ,tutor of ,intemperate ,men--7as ,sotion the ,alexandrian says1 in his ,commentary on the ,silli of ,timon2 for ,i myself have never met with the play1 though ,i have read more than eight hundred plays of what is called the ,middle ,comedy1 and have made extracts from them1 but still ,i have never fallen in with the ,tutor of ,intemperate ,men1 nor do ,i recollect having seen any mention of it in any regular list of such plays2 for ,callimachus has not inserted it in his catalogue nor has ,aristophanes1 nor even those scholars at ,pergamus1 who have handed down to us lists of plays17--however1 ,sotion says that in that play a slave1 named ,xanthias1 was represented as exhorting all his fellow-slaves to a life of luxury1 and saying-- ,why do you talk such stuff1 why run about ,to the ,lyceum and the ,academy1 ,to the ,odeum's gates1 hunting in vain ,for all the sophists' nonsense8 there's no good in it2 ,let us drink1 drink1 ,i say4 ,o ,sicon1 ,sicon6 ,let us amuse ourselves2 while time allows us ,to gratify our souls4--,enjoy yourself1 ,my good friend ,manes6 nothing is worth more ,to you than your own stomach4 ,that's your father2 ,that only is your mother2--as for virtues1 ,and embassies1 and military commands1 ,they are but noisy boasts1 vain empty dreams4 ,fate at its destined hour will come to chill you2 ,take all that you can get to eat and drink2 ,pericles1 ,codrus1 ,cimon1 are but dust4 #af4 ,but it would be better1 says ,chrysippus1 if the lines inscribed on the tomb of ,sardanapalus were altered thus-- ,knowing that thou art mortal1 feed thy soul ,on wise discourse4 ,there is no good in eating4 ,for ,i am now no good1 who once did eat ,all that ,i could1 and sought all kinds of pleasure4 ,now what ,i thought and learnt and heard of wisdom ,is all ,i now have left2 my luxuries ,and all my joys have long deserted me4 ,and ,timon says1 very beautifully1-- ,of all bad things the chief is appetite4 #ag4 ,but ,clearchus1 in his essay on ,proverbs1 says that ,terpsion was the tutor of ,archestratus1 who was also the first person who wrote a book on ,gastronomy2 and he says that he gave precepts to his pupils as to what they ought to abstain from2 and that ,terpsion once extemporised the following line about a turtle3-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,eat now a turtle1 or else leave it alone2 which1 however1 others read-- ,eat now a turtle's flesh1 or leave it alone4 #ah4 ,but whence is it1 ,o you wisest of men1 that ,dorion1 who wrote a list of fish1 has been mentioned as if he were the writer of some valuable history8--a fellow who1 ,i know1 has been named a musician and a fish-devourer1 but certainly not a historian4 ,accordingly ,machon1 the comic poet1 speaks of him as a musician1 saying-- ,dorion the musician once did come ,to ,mylon1 all in vain2 for he could find ,no resting-place which he could hire at all2 ,so on some sacred ground he sat him down1 ,which was by chance before the city gates1 ,and there he saw the keeper of the temple ,prepare a sacrifice4--,i pray thee1 tell me1 ,in chaste ,minerva's name1 and all the gods'1 ,what deity is it that owns this temple8 ,the keeper thus replied3 ,this is1 ,o stranger1 ,of ,jupiter-,neptune the sacred shrine4 ,how then1 said ,dorion1 could any man ,expect to find a lodging in a place ,which in one temple crowds a pair of gods8 ,and ,lynceus the ,samian1 the pupil of ,theophrastus1 and the brother of ,duris1 who wrote the ,histories1 and made himself tyrant of his country1 writes thus in his ,apophthegms-- ,when a man once said to ,dorion the flute-player1 that the ray was a good fish1 he said--',yes1 about as good as if a man were to eat a boiled cloak4' ,and once1 when some one else praised the entrails of tunny-fish1 he said--',you are quite right1 but then a man must eat them as ,i eat them2' and when the man asked him how that was1 he said--',how8 why willingly4' ,and he said that crawfish had three good qualities1--exercise1 good food1 and contemplation4 ,and once1 at ,cyprus1 when he was supping with ,nicocreon1 he praised a goblet that there was there2 and ,nicocreon said--',whatever there is here that you fancy1 the artist will make you another like it4' ',let him make that1' he replied1 'for you2 but do you give me this one4' ,and this was a clever speech of the flute-player2 for there is an old saying that-- ',tis not that ,god denies a flutist sense1 ,but when he comes to blow it flies away4 #ai4 ,and ,hegesander1 in his ,commentaries1 says this of him--,dorion1 the great fish-eater1 once1 when his slave had neglected to buy fish1 scourged him1 and ordered him to tell him the names of the best fish2 and when the boy had counted up the orphus1 and the sea-grayling1 and the conger1 and others of this sort1 he said--',i desired you to tell me the names of fishes1 and not of gods4' ,the same ,dorion1 ridiculing the description of a tempest in the ,nautilus of ,timotheus1 said that he had seen a more formidable storm in a boiling saucepan4 ,and ,aristodemus1 in the second book of his ,memorials of ,laughable ,circumstances and ,sayings1 says--,dorion the musician was club-footed2 and once1 in some entertainment1 he lost the slipper of his lame foot2 on which he said1 ',i will not wish anything more to the thief than that the slipper may fit him4' ,but that this ,dorion was notorious for his epicurism in fish1 is plain from what ,mnesimachus the comic poet says in his drama called ,philip-- ,no1 but all night ,dorion the dish-piper ,does stay indoors with us4 #bj4 ,i know1 too1 the sportive sayings which ,lasus of ,hermione has uttered about fishes2 which ,chamleon of ,heraclea has recorded in writing1 in his book on this very ,lasus1 where he says--,they say that ,lasus called raw fish 7which means roasted or visible72 and when many people wondered why he did so1 he thus began to prove what he had said2 arguing thus3 ',as whatever a person can hear 77 is properly called 1 and as whatever a person can understand by his intellect 77 is properly called 1 so whatever any one can see 77 is clearly 2 as therefore it was possible to see the fish1 he evidently was 4' ,and once1 in a joke1 he stole a fish from a fisherman1 and having taken it1 he gave it to one of the bystanders2 and when the fisherman put him to his oath1 he swore that he had not got it himself1 and that he had not seen any one else take it2 because1 in fact1 he himself had taken it1 but some one else had got it4 ,and then he prompted the other man1 on the other hand1 to swear that he had not taken it himself1 and that he was not acquainted with any one else who had it2 for1 in fact1 ,lasus had taken it1 and he himself had it4 ,and ,epicharmus jests in the same way2 as1 in his ,logus and ,logina1-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,a4 ,jupiter 'tis who did invite me1 giving ,a feast 7 7 to ,pelops4 ,b4 ',tis a sorry food1 ,that crane 771 to my mind4 ,a4 ,but ,i did not say ,a crane 771 but a feast 7 71 as you might well have heard4 #ba4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,demetrius1 ridicules1 in his comic manner1 a man of the name of ,phayllus1 as very fond of fish1 in these lines3-- ,first of all1 whether the wind blew north or south1 ,as long as it blew hard1 it was not possible ,for anybody to get fish to eat4 ,but now1 besides that pair of stormy winds1 ,we've a third tempest risen in ,phayllus2 ,for when this last storm bursts upon the market1 ,he buys up all the fish at all the stalls1 ,and bears it off2 so that we are reduced ,to squabble for the vegetables remaining4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,female ,fisher1 enumerating some people as exceedingly fond of fish1 says-- ,give me some cuttle-fish first4 ,o ,hercules6 ,they've dirtied every place with ink2 here1 take them ,and throw them back again into the sea1 ,to wash them clean3 or else they'll say1 ,o ,dorion1 ,that you have caught some rotten cuttle-fish3 ,and put this crawfish back beside the sprats4 ,he's a fine fish1 by ,jove4 ,o mighty ,jove1 ,o you ,callimedon1 who now will eat you8 ,no one who's not prepared to pay his share4 ,i've giv'n you your place here on the right1 ,you mullets1 food of great ,callisthenes2 ,who eats his patrimony in one dish2 ,next comes the mighty conger from ,sinope1 ,with his stout spines2 the first who comes shall have him2 ,for ,misgolas has no great love for such4 ,but here's a citharus1 and if he sees him ,he never will keep off his hands from him2 ,for he1 indeed1 does secretly adhere ,as close as wax to all the harp-players 774 ,i ought to send this best of fish1 this tench1 ,still all alive1 and leaping in his dish1 ,to the fair ,pythionica1 he's so fine3 ,but still she will not taste him1 as her heart ,is wholly set on cured fish4--,here ,i place ,these thin anchovies and this dainty turtle ,apart for ,theano1 to counterbalance her4 #bb4 ,and it is a very clever way in which ,antiphanes thus jested upon ,misgolas1 as devoting all his attention to beautiful harp-players and lyre-players2 for schines the orator1 in his speech against ,timarchus1 says this of him--,misgolas1 the son of ,naucrates1 of ,colyttus1 ,o men of ,athens1 is a man in other respects brave and virtuous1 and no one can find any fault with him in any particular2 but he is known to be exceedingly devoted to this kind of business1 and always to have about him some harp-players1 and people who sing to the music of the harp4 ,and ,i say this1 not by way of disparaging him1 but in order that you may be aware what sort of person he is4 ,and ,timocles1 in his ,sappho1 says-- ,misgolas is not seen to enter in1 ,excited as he is by blooming youth4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,agonis1 or the ,little ,horse1 says-- ,o mother1 do not threaten me1 ,i pray1 ,with ,misgolas1 for ,i am not a harp-player4 #bc4 ,but ,antiphanes says that ,pythionica is fond of cured fish1 since she had for lovers the sons of ,chrephilus1 the seller of salt-fish2 as ,timocles says1 in his ,icarians1-- ,when that stout ,anytus to ,pythionica ,does come1 to eat with her2 for she invites him1 ,as people say1 whenever she does get ,two noble tunnies from ,chrephilus2 ,so fond is she of all things that are large4 ,and again he says-- ,and ,pythionica will receive you gladly1 ,and very likely will devour the gifts ,which you have lately here received from us1 ,for she's insatiable4 ,still do you ,bid her give you a basket of cured fish2 ,for she has plenty2 and she has indeed ,a couple of saperd2 ugly fish1 ,ill salted1 and broad nosed4 ,and before this she had a lover whose name was ,cobius4 #bd4 ,but with respect to ,callimedon1 the son of ,carabus1 ,timocles1 in his ,busybody1 tells us that he was fond of fish1 and also that he squinted3-- ,then up came ,carabus ,callimedon1 ,and looking on me1 as it seem'd to me1 ,he kept on speaking to some other man4 ,and ,i1 as it was likely1 understanding ,no word of what they said1 did only nod4 ,but all the girls do keep on looking at him1 ,while they pretend to turn their eyes away4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,crateua1 or the ,apothecary1 says-- ,a4 ,i am now1 these last four days1 taking care of ,these for ,callimedon4 ,b4 ,had he then ,any 7damsels7 for daughters8 ,a4 ,i mean 1 ,the pupils of the eyes2 which e'en ,melampus1 ,who could alone appease the raging ,proetides1 ,would e'er be able to keep looking straight4 ,and he ridicules him in a similar manner in the play entitled ,the ,men running together4 ,but he also jests on him for his epicurism as to fish1 in the ,phdo1 or ,phdria1 where he says-- ,a4 ,you shall be dile if the gods approve1 ,that you may stop ,callimedon descending ,like any storm all day upon the fish4 ,b4 ,you speak of work for tyrants1 not for diles2 ,for the man's brave1 and useful to the city4 ,and the very same iambics are repeated in the play entitled ,into the ,well2 but1 in his ,woman who has taken ,mandragora1 he says-- ,if ,i love any strangers more than you1 ,i'll willingly be turn'd into an eel1 ,that ,carabus ,callimedon may buy me4 ,and in his ,crateua he says-- ,and ,carabus ,callimedon with ,orpheus4 ,and ,antiphanes says1 in his ,gorgythus1-- ',twould harder be to make me change my mind ,than to induce ,callimedon to pass ,the head of a sea-grayling4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,persons saved1 says-- ,others prostrating them before the gods1 ,are found with ,carabus1 who alone of men ,can eat whole salt-fish out of boiling dishes ,so wholly as to leave no single mouthful4 ,and ,theophilus1 in his ,physician1 ridiculing his coldness of expression1 says--,and the slave put before the young man himself with great eagerness a little eel3 his father had a fine cuttle-fish before him4 ',father1' says he1 'what do you think of your crawfish8' ',it is cold1' says he2 'take it away1--,i don't want to eat any orators4'#aj ,and when ,philemon says1 in his ,canvasser1-- ,agyrrius1 when a crawfish was before him1 ,on seeing him exclaim'd1 ,hail1 dear papa6 ,still what did he do8 ,he ate his dear papa6 ,and ,herodicus the ,cratetian1 commenting on this in his ,miscellaneous ,commentaries1 says that ,agyrrius was the name of the son of ,callimedon4 #be4 ,the following people1 too1 have all been great epicures about fish4 ,antagoras the poet would not allow his slave to touch his fish with oil1 but made him wash it2 as ,hegesander tells us4 ,and when in the army1 he was once boiling a dish of congers1 and had his clothes girt round him1 ,antigonus the king1 who was standing by1 said1 ,tell me1 ,antagoras1 do you think that ,homer1 who celebrated the exploits of ,agamemnon1 ever boiled congers8 ,and it is said that he answered1 not without wit1 ,and do you think that ,agamemnon1 who performed those exploits1 ever busied himself about inquiring who was cooking congers in his army8 ,and once1 when ,antagoras was cooking a bird of some kind1 he said that he would not go to the bath1 because he was afraid that the slaves might come and suck up the gravy4 ,and when ,philocydes said that his mother would take care of that1 ,shall ,i1 said he1 entrust the gravy of game to my mother8 ,and ,androcydes of ,cyzicus1 the painter1 being very fond of fish1 as ,polemo relates1 carried his luxury to such a pitch that he even painted with great care the fish which are around ,scylla4 #bf4 ,but concerning ,philoxenus of ,cythera1 the dithyrambic poet1 ,machon the comic poet writes thus3-- ,they say ,philoxenus1 the ancient poet ,of dithyrambics1 was so wonderfully ,attach'd to fish1 that once at ,syracuse ,he bought a polypus two cubits long1 ,then dress'd it1 and then ate it up himself1 ,all but the head--and afterwards fell sick1 ,seized with a sharp attack of indigestion4 ,then when some doctor came to him to see him1 ,who saw that he was greatly out of order2 ,if1 said the doctor1 you have any business ,not well arranged1 do not delay to settle it1 ,for you will die before six hours are over4 ,philoxenus replied1 ,all my affairs1 ,o doctor1 are well ended and arranged1 ,long1 long ago4 ,by favour of the gods1 ,i leave my dithyrambics all full-grown1 ,and crown'd with many a prize of victory2 ,sidenote3 ,,hyperides4 ,and ,i commit them to the guardianship ,of my dear foster-sisters1 the ,nine ,muses1 ,and join to them both ,bacchus and fair ,venus4 ,this is my will4 ,but now1 since ,charon gives ,no time1 but1 as in the ,niobe of ,timotheus1 ,keeps crying out1 ',now cross2' and deadly fate ,calls me away1 who can't be disobey'd1 ,that ,i may go below with all my goods1 ,bring me the relics of that polypus4 ,and in another part he says-- ,philoxenus of ,cythera1 as men say1 ,wished that he had a throat three cubits long2 ,that ,i might drink1 said he1 as long as possible1 ,and that my food may all at once delight me4 ,and ,diogenes the ,cynic1 having eaten a polypus raw1 died of a swelling in the belly4 ,but concerning ,philoxenus1 ,sopater the parodist also speaks1 saying-- ,for1 between two rich courses of fine fish1 ,he pleased himself by looking down the centre ,of tna's crater4 #bg4 ,and ,hyperides the orator was an epicure in fish2 as ,timocles the comic writer tells us1 in his ,delos1 where he enumerates all the people who had taken bribes from ,harpalus3 and he writes thus-- ,a4 ,demosthenes has half-a-hundred talents4 ,b4 ,a lucky man1 if no one shares with him4 ,a4 ,and ,moerocles has got a mighty sum4 ,b4 ,he was a fool who gave them2 lucky he ,who got them4 ,a4 ,demon and ,callisthenes ,have also got large sums4 ,b4 ,well1 they were poor1 ,so that we well may pardon them for taking them4 ,a4 ,and that great orator ,hyperides4 ,b4 ,why1 he will all our fishmongers enrich2 ,an epicure6 ,gulls are mere ,syrians1 ,compared to him4 ,and in the ,icarians1 the same poet says-- ,then cross ,hyperides1 that fishy river1 ,which with a gentle sound1 bubbling with boasts ,of prudent speeches1 with mild repetitions 99 99 99 99 99 ,and hired1 bedews the plain of him who gave it4 ,and ,philetrus1 in his sculapius1 says that ,hyperides1 besides being a glutton1 was also a gambler4 ,as also ,axionicus1 in his ,lover of ,euripides1 says that ,callias the orator was2 and his words are--,a man of the name of ,glaucus came to this place1 bringing from ,pontus a kind of shark1 a fish of extraordinary magnitude1--a great dainty for epicures in fish1 and1 in fact1 for all men who are devoted to the pleasures of the table4 ,and he brought it on his shoulders1 and said1 ',whom shall ,i instruct how to dress it1 and how shall it be dressed8 ,will you have it soaked in a sauce of green herbs1 or shall ,i baste its body with basting of warm brine1 and then dress it on a fierce fire8 ,and a man named ,moschio1 a great flute-player1 cried out that he should like to eat it boiled in warm pickle-juice4 ,and this was meant as a reproof for you1 ,o ,calaides6 for you are very fond of figs and cured fish2 and yet you will not taste a most exquisite fish which you have served up to you in pickle4 ,reproaching him with the figs as if he were a sycophant2 and perhaps concealing under the mention of the cured fish1 some intimation of his having been implicated in discreditable conduct4 ,and ,hermippus says1 in the third book of his treatise on the ,pupils of ,isocrates1 that ,hyperides was in the habit of taking a walk1 the first thing in the morning1 in the fish-market4 #bh4 ,and ,timus of ,tauromenium says that ,aristotle the philosopher was a great epicure in respect of fish4 ,matron the sophist1 also1 was a great fish-eater3 and ,antiphanes1 in his ,harp-player1 intimates this2 for that play begins thus-- ,he tells no lie 4 4 4 4 ,a man dug out his eye1 as ,matron does ,the eyes of fish when he comes near to them4 ,and ,anaxilas says1 in his ,morose ,man1-- ,matron has carried off and eaten up ,a cestris' head2 and ,i am quite undone4 ,it being the very extravagance of gluttony to carry a thing off while eating it1 and such a thing too as the head of a cestris2 unless1 perhaps1 you may suppose1 that those who are skilful in such things are aware of there being some particular good qualities in the head of a cestris2 and if so1 it belonged to ,archestratus's gluttony to explain that to us4 #bi4 ,but ,antiphanes1 in his ,rich ,man1 gives us a catalogue of epicures1 in the following lines3-- ,euthymus too was there1 with sandals on1 ,a ring upon his finger1 well perfumed1 ,silently pondering on ,i know not what4 ,sidenote3 ,,epicures4 ,phnicides too1 and my friend ,taureas1 ,such great inveterate epicures that they ,would swallow all the remnants in the market2 ,they at this sight seem'd almost like to die4 ,and bore the scarcity with small good-humour2 ,but gather'd crowds and made this speech to them3-- ,what an intolerable thing it is ,that any of you men should claim the sea1 ,and spend much money in marine pursuits1 ,while not one fin of fish comes to this market6 ,what is the use of all our governors ,who sway the islands8 ,we must make a law ,that there should be copious importation ,of every kind of fish4 ,but ,matron now ,has carried off the fishermen2 and then ,there's ,diogeiton1 who1 by ,jove1 has brought ,the hucksters over to keep back for him ,all the best fish2 and he's not popular ,for doing this1 for there is mighty waste ,in marriage-feasts and youthful luxury4 ,but ,euphron1 in his ,muses1 says1-- ,but when at some fine banquet of young men ,phnicides perceived a smoking dish ,full of the sons of ,nereus1 he held back ,his hands1 with rage excited4 ,thus he spoke3-- ,who boasts himself a clever parasite ,at eating at the public cost8 who thinks ,to filch the dainty dishes from the middle8 ,where's ,corydus1 or ,phyromachus1 or ,nillus8 ,let them come here1 they shall get nought of this4 #cj4 ,but ,melanthus the tragic poet was a person of the same sort2 and he also wrote elegies4 ,but ,leucon1 in his ,men of the same ,tribe1 cuts his jokes upon him in the fashion of the comic writers1 on account of his gluttony2 and so does ,aristophanes in the ,peace1 and ,pherecrates in his ,petale4 ,but ,archippus1 in his play called ,the ,fishes1 having put him in chains as an epicure1 gives him up to the fishes1 to be eaten by them in retaliation4 ,and1 indeed1 even ,aristippus1 the pupil of ,socrates1 was a great epicure1--a man who was once reproached by ,plato for his gluttony1 as ,sotion and ,hegesander relate4 ,and the ,delphian writes thus3--,aristippus1 when ,plato reproached him for having bought a number of fish1 said that he had bought them for two obols2 and when ,plato said1 ',i myself would have bought them at that price1' ',you see1 then1' said he1 ',o ,plato6 that it is not ,i who am an epicure1 but you who are a miser4' ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,female ,flute-player1 or the ,female ,twins1 laughing at a man named ,phnicides for his gluttony1 says-- ,menelaus warr'd for ten whole years against ,the ,trojan nation for one lovely woman4 ,phnicides1 too1 attacks ,taureas ,for one fine eel4 #ca4 ,but ,demosthenes the orator reproaches ,pherecrates1 because1 with the gold which he received for his treason1 he bought himself courtesans and fish1 and charges him with debauchery and gluttony4 ,but ,diocles the epicure1 as ,hegesander says1 when a man once asked him which of the two fish was the best1 the conger or the pike1 said--,the one when it is boiled1 and the other when it is roasted4 ,and ,leonteus the ,argive also was an epicure3 he was a tragedian1 and a pupil of ,athenion1 and a slave of ,juba1 king of ,mauritania2 as ,amarantus relates1 in his treatise on the ,stage1 saying that ,juba wrote this epigram on him1 because he had acted the character of ,hypsipyle very badly3-- ,if you should wish to see the genius ,of that devoted artichoke-devourer ,leonteus the tragedian1 don't regard ,the sorrow-stricken heart of ,hypsipyle4 ,i once was dear to ,bacchus1 and his taste ,is ne'er perverted by base bribes t'approve ,untuneful sounds4 ,but now the pots and pans1 ,and well-fill'd dishes have destroyed my voice1 ,while ,i've been anxious to indulge my stomach4 #cb4 ,and ,hegesander tells us that ,phoryscus1 the fish-eater1 once1 when he was not able to take exactly as much fish as he wished1 but when a greater part of it was following his hand1 as he was helping himself1 said1-- ,but what resists is utterly destroy'd1 and so ate up the whole fish4 ,and ,bion1 when some one had been beforehand with him1 and had already taken the upper part of the fish1 having turned it round himself1 and eating abundantly of it1 said1 after he had done1-- ,but ,ino finish'd all the rest o' the business4 ,sidenote3 ,,epicures4 ,and ,theocritus the ,chian1 when the wife of ,diocles the epicure died1 and when the widowed husband1 while making a funeral feast for her1 kept on eating delicacies and crying all the time1 said--,stop crying1 you wretched man2 for you will not remedy your grief by eating all that fish4 ,and when the same ,diocles had also eaten up his land through gluttony1 and was one day1 while bolting down some hot fish1 complaining that his palate 77 was burnt1 ,theocritus1 who was present1 said to him--,then it only remains for you to drink up the sea1 and then you will have got rid of the three greatest things in the world1--earth1 and sea1 and heaven 774 ,and ,clearchus1 in his ,lives1 describing some person who was fond of fish1 says--,technon1 one of the old flute-players1 when ,charmus the flute-player died1 7and he1 too1 was very fond of fish17 sacrificed to the dead man a large dish of every sort of fish on his tomb4 ,alexis the poet1 also1 was a great epicure in fish1 as ,lynceus the ,samian tells us2 and being once ridiculed by some chattering fellows on account of his epicurism1 when they asked him what he liked most to eat1 ,alexis said1 ,roasted chatterers4 #cc4 ,hermippus mentions also ,nothippus the tragic poet1 in his ,tales1 thus-- ,but if such a race of men ,were to wage a present war ,with those who now exist on earth1 ,and if a roast ray led them on1 ,or a fine side of well-fed pork1 ,the rest might safely stay at home1 ,and trust ,nothippus by himself1 ,for he alone would swallow up ,the whole ,peloponnesus3-- and that the man meant here was the poet1 ,teleclides shows plainly1 in his ,hesiods4 ,myniscus1 the tragic actor1 is ridiculed by ,plato1 the comic writer1 in his ,syrphax1 as an epicure in respect of fish2 where he says-- ,a4 ,here is an ,anagyrasian orphus for you1 ,which e'en my friend ,myniscus the ,chalcidean ,could hardly finish4 ,b4 ,much obliged to you4 ,and for a similar reason1 ,callias1 in his ,pedet1 and ,lysippus1 in his ,bacch1 ridicule ,lampon the soothsayer4 ,but ,cratinus1 in his ,female ,runaways1 speaking of him1 says--,lampon1 whom nothing which men said of him could keep away from any banquet of his friends2 and adds1 ,but now again he is belching away2 for he devours everything which he can see1 and he would fight even for a mullet4 #cd4 ,and ,hedylus1 in his ,epigrams1 giving a list of epicures in fish1 mentions a man named ,phdo1 in these lines3-- ,but ,phdo1 that great harpist1 praises phyces1 ,and sausages1 he's such an epicure4 ,and he mentions ,agisoto1 in these lines3-- ,the fish is boil'd1 now firmly bar the doors1 ,lest ,agis1 ,proteus of the dishes1 enter2 ,for he'll be fire1 water1--what he likes2 ,but bar the door 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,for he1 transform'd1 like ,jupiter1 to gold ,will hasten to this rich ,acrisian dish4 ,he also speaks of a woman named ,clio1 on a similar account1 saying-- ,clio's an epicure4 ,let's shut our eyes4 ,i beg you1 ,clio1 by yourself to feed4 ,this conger costs a drachma2 leave a pledge1 ,a band1 an earring1 or some ornament4 ,but we cannot endure the sight of you2 ,you're our ,medusa2 and we're turn'd to stone1 ,not by the ,gorgon1 but by that whole conger4 #ce4 ,and ,aristodemus1 in his ,catalogue of ,laughable ,sayings1 says that ,euphranor the epicure1 having heard that another epicure in fish was dead from having eaten a hot slice of fish1 cried out1 ,what a sacrilegious death6 ,and ,cindon the fish-eater1 and ,demylus 7and he also was an epicure in fish71 when a sea-grayling was set before them1 and nothing else1 the former took one eye of the fish1 and then ,demylus seized hold of ,cindon's eye1 crying1 ,let his eye go1 and ,i will let your's go4 ,and once at a feast1 when a fine dish of fish was served up1 ,demylus1 not being able to contrive any way by which he might get the whole of it to himself1 spat upon it4 ,and ,zeno the ,cittian1 the founder of the ,stoic school1 when he had lived a long time with a great epicure in fish1 7as ,antigonus the ,carystian tells us1 in his life of ,zeno17 once1 when a very large fish was by chance served up to them1 and when no other food was provided1 took the whole fish from the platter1 pretending to be about to eat it all himself2 and1 when the other looked at him1 said--,what do you think1 then1 that those who live with you must suffer every day1 if you cannot endure my being a glutton for a single day8 ,and ,ister says that ,choerilus the poet used to receive four min every day from ,archelaus1 and that he spent them all on fish1 of which he was so exceedingly fond4 ,sidenote3 ,,epicures4 ,i am aware1 also1 that there have been boys who were great fish-eaters1 who are mentioned by ,clearchus1 in his book on ,sands2 which says that ,psammitichus1 king of ,egypt1 bred up some boys to eat nothing but fish1 when he was anxious to discover the source of the ,nile2 and that he accustomed others to endure a great degree of thirst1 who were to be employed in exploring the sands in ,libya2 of whom1 however1 very few escaped in safety4 ,i know1 too1 that the oxen around ,mosynus1 in ,thrace1 eat fish1 which are given to them in their cribs4 ,and ,phnicides1 having set fish before men who had brought their contribution for a banquet1 said that the sea was common1 but that the fish in it belonged to those who bought them4 #cf4 ,and1 my friends1 the noun 7an eater of fish71 and the verb 7to eat fish71 are both used4 ,aristophanes1 in his second edition of the ,clouds1 says-- ,not to eat fish 77 nor to giggle4 ,and ,cephisodorus1 in his ,pig1 says-- ,not a fish-eater 77 nor a chatterer4 ,machon1 in his ,letter1 says-- ,i am a fish-eater 771 and this is now ,the whole foundation of the art we practise4 ,and he who wishes not to spoil the dishes ,served up to others1 should be pleased himself4 ,for he who rightly cares for his own eating ,will not be a bad cook4 ,and if you keep ,your organs1 sense and taste1 in proper order1 ,you will not err4 ,but often taste your dishes ,while you are boiling them4 ,do they want salt8 ,add some2--is any other seasoning needed8 ,add it1 and taste again--till you've arrived ,at harmony of flavour2 like a man ,who tunes a lyre till it rightly sounds4 ,and then1 when everything is well in tune1 ,bring in a troop of willing damsels fair1 ,equal in number to the banqueters4 ,in addition to these epicures in fish1 my friends1 ,i am aware also that ,apollo is honoured among the ,eleans1 under the title of ,fish-eater3 and ,polemo mentions this name of his in his letter to ,attalus4 ,i am aware1 also1 that in ,pisa there is a picture consecrated in the temple of ,diana ,alpheosa 7and it is the work of ,cleanthes the ,corinthian71 in which ,neptune is represented as bringing a tunny to ,jupiter in labour2 as ,demetrius tells us1 in the eighth book of his ,trojan ,array4 #cg4 ,these1 then1 are the things1 said ,democritus1 which ,i myself have brought in the way of my contribution1 not going to eat fish myself1 for the sake of my excellent friend ,ulpian2 who1 on account of the national customs of the ,syrians1 has deprived us of our fish1 continually bringing forward one thing after another4 ,and ,antipater of ,tarsus1 the ,stoic philosopher1 in the fourth book of his treatise on ,superstition1 tells us that it is said by some people that ,gatis1 the queen of the ,syrians1 was so exceedingly fond of fish1 that she issued a proclamation that no one should eat fish without ,gatis being invited 7 72 and that the common people1 out of ignorance1 thought her name was ,atergatis1 and abstained wholly from fish4 ,and ,mnaseus1 in the second book of his ,history of ,asia1 speaks thus--,but ,i think that ,atergatis was a very bad queen1 and that she ruled the people with great harshness1 so that she even forbad them by law to eat fish1 and ordered them to bring all the fish to her1 because she was so fond of that food2 and1 on account of this order of hers1 a custom still prevails1 when the ,syrians pray to the goddess1 to offer her golden or silver fish2 and for the priests every day to place on the table before the god real fish also1 carefully dressed1 both boiled and roasted1 which the priests of the goddess eat themselves4 ,and a little further on1 he says again--,but ,atergatis 7as ,xanthus the ,lydian says71 being taken prisoner by ,mopsus1 king of ,lydia1 was drowned with her son in the lake near ,ascalon1 because of her insolence1 and was eaten up by fishes4 #ch4 ,and you1 perhaps1 my friends1 have willingly passed by 7as if it were some sacred fish7 the fish mentioned by ,ephippus the comic poet1 which he says was dressed for ,geryon1 in his play called ,geryon4 ,the lines are these3-- ,a4 ,when the natives of the land ,catch a fish which is not common1 ,but fine1 as large as the whole isle ,of ,crete1 he furnishes a dish ,able to hold a hundred such2 ,and orders all who live around1 ,sindi1 and ,lycians1 and ,paphians1 ,cranai1 and ,mygdoniot1 ,to cut down wood1 because the king ,is boiling this enormous fish4 ,so then they bring a load of wood1 ,enough to go all round the city1 ,sidenote3 ,,epicures4 ,and light the fire4 ,then they bring ,a lake of water to make brine1 ,and for eight months a hundred carts ,are hard at work to carry salt4 ,and around the dish's edge ,five five-oar'd boats keep always rowing2 ,and bid the slaves take care the fire ,burns not the ,lycian magistrates4 ,b4 ,cease to blow this cold air on us1 ,king of ,macedon1 extinguish ,the ,celts1 and do not burn them more4 ,but ,i am not ignorant that ,ephippus has said the very same thing in his play called the ,peltast2 in which the following lines also are subjoined to those which ,i have just quoted3-- ,talking all this nonsense1 he ,raises the wonder of the youths ,with whom he feasts1 though knowing not ,the simplest sums and plainest figures2 ,but drags his cloak along the ground ,with a most lordly1 pompous air4 ,but1 with reference to whom it is that ,ephippus said this1 it is now proper for you to inquire1 my good friend ,ulpian1 and then to tell us2 and in this inquiry-- ,if you find aught hard and inexplicable1 ,repeat it over1 understand it clearly1-- ,for ,i have much more leisure than ,i like2 as ,prometheus says in schylus4 #ci4 ,and on this ,cynulcus exclaimed3--,and what great subject of inquiry1--,i do not say great fish1--can this fellow admit into his mind8--a man who is always picking out the spines of hepseti and atherin1 and even of worse fish than these1 if there be any such1 passing over all finer fish4 ,for1 as ,eubulus says1 in the ,ixion1-- ,as if a man at a luxurious feast1 ,when cheese cakes are before him1 chooses nought ,but anise1 parsley1 and such silly fare1 ,and ill-dress'd cardamums 4 4 4 4 so1 too1 this ,pot-friend1 ,ulpian1--to use a word of my fellow-,megalopolitan1 ,cercidas1--appears to me to eat nothing that a man ought to eat1 but to watch those who are eating1 to see if they have passed over any spine or any callous or gristly morsel of the meat set before them2 never once considering what the admirable and brilliant schylus has said1 who called his tragedies1 ,relics of the noble banquets of ,homer4 ,but schylus was one of the greatest of philosophers1--a man who1 being once defeated undeservedly1 as ,theophrastus or ,chamleon 7whichever was really the author of the book71 in his treatise on ,pleasure1 has related1 said that he committed his tragedies to time1 well knowing that1 he should hereafter receive the honour due to him4 #dj4 ,but whence could ,ulpian know what ,stratonicus the harp-player said about ,propis the ,rhodian harp-player8 ,for ,clearchus1 in his book on ,proverbs1 says that ,stratonicus1 when he had seen ,propis1 who was a man of great size1 but a very inferior artist1 with a mind much less than his body1 said to some one who asked him what sort of player he was1 2 speaking enigmatically1 and saying1 first of all1 that he is 1 no one1 or good-for-nothing2 secondly1 that he is 1 bad2 and1 in addition to this1 that he is 1 great2 and1 lastly1 1 a fish1 as having no voice4 ,but ,theophrastus1 in his book on ,the ,laughable1 says that this was a proverb originating with ,stratonicus1 but applied to ,simmychas the actor2 for that he uttered the proverb1 dividing the words distinctly-- 4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his ,constitution of the ,naxians1 speaks thus of this proverb--,of the rich men among the ,naxians1 the greater part lived in the city1 but the remainder lived scattered about in the villages4 ,accordingly1 in one of these villages1 the name of which was ,lestad1 ,telestagoras lived1 a man of great riches and of very high reputation1 and greatly honoured by the people in other respects1 and also with daily presents which they used to send him4 ,and whenever people from the city1 going down to the market1 wanted to drive a hard bargain for anything they wished to purchase1 the sellers would say that they would rather give it to ,telestagoras than sell it for such a price as was offered4 ,so some young men1 buying a large fish1 when the fisherman made this speech1 being annoyed at hearing this so often1 having already drunk a good deal1 went to his house to sup2 and ,telestagoras received them in a very friendly and hospitable manner1 but the young men insulted him1 and his two marriageable daughters4 ,at which the ,naxians were very indignant1 and took up arms and attacked the young men2 and there was a great sedition1 ,lygdamis being the leader of the ,naxians1 who1 having got the chief command in this sedition1 became the tyrant of his country4 ,sidenote3 ,,stratonicus4 #da4 ,and ,i do not think it unseasonable myself1 since ,i have mentioned the harp-player ,stratonicus1 to say something also concerning his readiness in repartee4 ,for when he was teaching people to play the harp1 and as he had in his school nine statues of the nine ,muses1 and one of ,apollo1 and had also two pupils1 when some one asked him how many pupils he had1 he said1 ,gods and all1 twelve4 ,and once when he had travelled to ,mylassa1 and saw there a great number of temples1 but very few citizens1 standing in the middle of the forum1 he cried out-- 4#aa ,and ,macho has recorded some memorials of him in these lines3-- ,once ,stratonicus travell'd down to ,pella1 ,and having heard from many men before ,that the baths of that city were accustom'd ,to give the bathers spleen2 and finding1 too1 ,that many of the youths did exercise ,before the fire1 who preserved their colour ,and vigour of their body unimpair'd2 ,he said that those who told him so were wrong4 ,but finding afterwards1 when he left the bath1 ,a man whose spleen was twice his belly's size1-- ,this man1 said he1 appears to me here now ,to sit and keep the garments of the men ,who go to bathe1 and all their spleens beside1 ,that all the people may have room enough4 ,a miserable singer once did give ,a feast to ,stratonicus and his friends1 ,and1 while the cup was freely going round1 ,exhibited his art to all the company4 ,and as the feast was rich and liberal1 ,poor ,stratonicus1 wearied with the song1 ,and having no one near him he could speak to1 ,knock'd down his cup1 and asked for a larger4 ,and when he'd drunk full many a draught1 he made ,a last libation to the glorious sun1 ,and then composed himself to sleep1 and left ,the rest to fortune4 ,presently more guests ,came1 as good luck would have it1 to the singer1 ,to feast with him2 still ,stratonicus slept1 ,heavy with wine2 and when they ask'd him why ,a man so much accustom'd to drink wine ,had been so soon o'ercome by drink this day1 ,this treacherous1 cursed singing man1 said he1 ,treated me like a bullock in a stall2 ,for first he fed me up1 and then he kill'd me4 ,once ,stratonicus to ,abdera went1 ,to see some games which there were celebrated2 ,and seeing every separate citizen ,having a private crier to himself1 ,and each of them proclaiming a new moon ,whene'er he pleased1 so that the criers were ,quite out of all proportion to the citizens1 ,he walk'd about on tiptoes through the city1 ,looking intently on the ground beneath4 ,and when some stranger ask'd him what had happen'd ,to his feet1 to make him look so gravely at them3-- ,he said1 ,i'm very well all over1 friend1 ,and can run faster to an entertainment ,than any parasite2 but ,i'm in fear ,lest ,i should tread by hazard on some 1#ab ,and pierce my foot with its spikes and lame myself4 ,once1 when a wretched flute-player was preparing ,to play the flute at a sacred festival1 ,let us have only sounds of omen good1 ,said ,stratonicus2 let us pour libations ,and pray devoutly to the mighty gods4 ,there was a harper1 and his name was ,cleon1 ,but he was nicknamed ,ox2 he sang most vilely ,without th' accompaniment of the lyre4 ,when ,stratonicus heard him1 then he said1 ,i've often heard of asses at the lyre1 ,but now ,i see an ox in the same case4 ,the harper ,stratonicus once had sail'd ,to ,pontus1 to see king ,berisades4 ,and when he'd staid in ,pontus long enough1 ,he thought he would return again to ,greece4 ,but when the king refused to let him go1 ,they say that ,stratonicus said to him-- ,why1 do you mean to stay here long yourself8 ,the harper ,stratonicus once was staying ,some time at ,corinth2 when an aged woman ,one day stood looking at him a long time1 ,and would not take her eyes off3 then said he1 ,tell me1 ,i pray you1 in ,god's name1 good mother1 ,what is't you wish1 and why you look thus on me8 ,i marvell'd1 said she1 how 'twas your mother ,held you nine months1 without her belly bursting1 ,while this town can't endure you one whole day4 ,fair ,biothea1 ,nicotheon's wife1 ,once at a party with a handmaid fair ,made some strange noise2 and after that1 by chance1 ,she trod upon a ,sicyonian almond4 ,then ,stratonicus said1 ,the noise is different4 ,but when night came1 for this heedless word1 ,he wash'd out his free-speaking in the sea4 ,sidenote3 ,,stratonicus4 ,once1 when at ,ephesus1 as rumour goes1 ,a stupid harper was exhibiting ,one of his pupils to a band of friends2 ,stratonicus1 who by chance was present1 said1 ,he cannot make himself a harp-player1 ,and yet he tries to teach the art to others4 #db4 ,and ,clearchus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,friendship1 says1--,stratonicus the harp-player1 whenever he wished to go to sleep1 used to order a slave to bring him something to drink2 'not1' says he1 'because ,i am thirsty now1 but that ,i may not be presently4' ,and once1 at ,byzantium1 when a harp-player had played his prelude well1 but had made a blunder of the rest of the performance1 he got up and made proclamation1 ,that whoever would point out the harp-player who had played the prelude should receive a thousand drachm4 ,and when he was once asked by some one who were the wickedest people1 he said1 ,that in ,pamphylia1 the people of ,phaselis were the worst2 but that the ,sidet were the worst in the whole world4 ,and when he was asked again1 according to the account given by ,hegesander1 which were the greatest barbarians1 the ,botians or the ,thessalians1 he said1 ,the ,eleans4 ,and once he erected a trophy in his school1 and put this inscription on it--,over the bad harp-players4 ,and once1 being asked by some one which was the safer kind of vessel1 the long one or the round one1--,those1 quoth he1 are the safest which are in dock4 ,and once he made a display of his art at ,rhodes1 and no one applauded2 on which he left the theatre1 and when he had got into the air he said1 ,when you fail to give what costs you nothing1 how can ,i expect any solid pay from you8 ,let the ,eleans1 said he1 celebrate gymnastic contests1 and let the ,corinthians establish choral1 and the ,athenians theatrical exhibitions2 and if any one of them does anything wrong1 let the ,lacedmonians be scourged1--jesting upon the public scourgings exhibited in that city1 as ,charicles relates1 in the first book of his treatise on the ,city ,contests4 ,and when ,ptolemy the king was talking with him in an ambitious kind of way about harp-playing1 ,the sceptre1 said he1 ,o king1 is one thing1 and the plectrum another2 as ,capito the epic poet says in the fourth book of his ,commentaries addressed to ,philopappus4 ,and once being invited to hear a flute-player1 after he had heard him1 he said-- ,the father granted half his prayer1 ,the other half denied4 ,and when some one asked him which half he granted1 he said1 ,he granted to him to play very badly1 and denied him the ability to sing well4 ,and once1 when a beam fell down and slew some wicked man1 ,o ,men1 said he1 ,i think 77 there are gods2 and if not1 there are beams 774 #dc4 ,also1 after the before-mentioned witticisms of ,stratonicus1 he put down besides a list of these things following4 ,stratonicus said once to the father of ,chrysogonus1 when he was saying that he had everything at home in great abundance1 for that he himself had undertaken the works1 and that of his sons1 one could teach#ac and another play the flute2 ,you still1 said ,stratonicus1 want one thing4 ,and when the other asked him what that was1 ,you want1 said he1 a theatre in your house4 ,and when some one asked him why he kept travelling over the whole of ,greece1 and did not remain in one city1 he said--,that he had received from the ,muses all the ,greeks as his wages1 from whom he was to levy a tax to atone for their ignorance4 ,and he said that ,phaon did not play harmony1#ad but ,cadmus4 ,and when ,phaon pretended to great skill on the flute1 and said that he had a chorus at ,megara1 ,you are joking1 said he2 for you do not possess anything there1 but you are possessed yourself4 ,and he said--,that he marvelled above all things at the mother of ,satyrus the ,sophist1 because she had borne for nine months a man whom no city in all ,greece could bear for nine days4 ,and once1 hearing that he had arrived in ,ilium at the time of the ,ilian games1 ,there are1 said he1 always troubles in ,ilium4 ,and when ,minnacus was disputing with him about music1 he said--,that he was not attending to what he said1 because he had got in above his ankles4 ,at another time he said of a bad physician--,that he made those who were attended by him go to the shades below the very day they came to him4 ,and having met one of his acquaintances1 when he saw his sandals carefully sponged1 he pitied him as being badly off1 pretending to think that he would never have had his sandals so well sponged if he had not sponged them himself4 ,and as it was a very mixed race of people who lived at ,teichius1 a town in the ,milesian territory1 when he saw that all the tombs about were those of foreigners1 ,let us begone1 ,o boy1 said he2 for all the strangers1 as it seems1 die here1 and none of the citizens4 ,and when ,zethus the harper was giving a lecture upon music1 he said that he was the only person who was utterly unfit to discuss the subject of music1 inasmuch as he had chosen the most unmusical of all names1 and called himself ,zethus#ae instead of ,amphion4 ,and once1 when he was teaching some ,macedonian to play on the harp1 being angry that he did nothing as he ought1 he said1 ,go to ,macedonia4 ,sidenote3 ,,stratonicus4 #dd4 ,and when he saw the shrine of some hero splendidly adorned1 close to a cold and worthless bathing-house1 when he came out1 having had a very bad bath1 ,i do not wonder1 said he1 that many tablets are dedicated here2 for every one of the bathers naturally offers one1 as having been saved from drowning4 ,and at another time he said--,in nus there are eight months of cold and four of winter4 ,at another time he said1 that the people of ,pontus had come out of a great sea--as though he had said 7great7 trouble4 ,and he called the ,rhodians ,white ,cyrenans1 and the city he called the ,city of ,suitors2 and ,heraclea he called the ,man-,corinth2 and ,byzantium he called the ,arm-pit of ,greece2 and the ,leucadians were ,stale ,corinthians2 and the ,ambraciotes he called ,membraciotes4 ,and when he had gone out of the gates of ,heraclea1 and was looking round him1 when some one asked him what he was looking at1 he said that he was ashamed of being seen1 as if he were coming out of a brothel4 ,and once1 seeing two men bound in the stocks1 he said--,this is suited to the disposition of a very insignificant city1 not to be able to fill such a place as this4 ,and once he said to a man who professed to be a musician1 but who had been a gardener before1 and who was disputing with him about harmony1-- ,let each man sing the art in which he's skill'd4 ,and once at ,maronea1 when he was drinking with some people1 he said1--,that he could tell in what part of the city he was1 if men led him through it blindfold2 and then when they did so lead him1 and asked him where he was1 ,near the eating-house1 said he1 because all ,maronea seemed a mere eating-house4 ,and once1 when he was sitting next to ,telephanes1 and he was beginning to blow the flute1 he said1 ,higher1 like men who belch4 ,and when the bathing-man in ,cardia brought him some bad earth and salt water to cleanse himself with1 he said that he was being besieged both by land and sea4 #de4 ,and when he had conquered his competitors at ,sicyon1 he set up a trophy in the temple of sculapius1 and wrote upon it1 ,stratonicus1 conqueror of those who played badly on the harp4 ,and when some one had sung1 he asked what tune he had been singing2 and when he said that it was an air of ,carcinus1#af ,more like that1 said he1 than the air of a man4 ,he also said1 on another occasion1 that there was no spring at ,maronea1 only heat4 ,and once at ,phaselis1 when the bathing-man was wrangling with his boy about the money1 7for the law was that foreigners should pay more for bathing than natives17 ,oh1 you wretched boy6 said he1 you have almost made me a citizen of ,phaselis1 to save a halfpenny4 ,and once1 when a person was praising him in hopes to get something by it1 he said1 that he himself was a greater beggar4 ,and once1 when he was teaching in a small town1 he said1 ,this is not a city 771 but hardly one 774 ,and once1 when he was at ,pella1 he came to a well1 and asked whether it was fit to drink2 and when those who were drawing water from it said1 ,at all events we drink it2 ,then1 said he1 ,i am sure it is not fit to drink3 for the men happened to be very sallow-looking4 ,and when he had heard the poem of ,timotheus1 on the subject of ,semele in ,labour1 he said1 ,but if she had brought forth an artisan1 and not a god1 what sounds would she have uttered6 ,and when ,polyidas was giving himself airs1 because his pupil ,philotas had beaten ,timotheus1 he said1 ,that he wondered at his being so ignorant as not to know that he makes decrees1 and ,timotheus laws4 ,and he said to ,areus the harp-player1 who was annoying him1 ,play to the crows4#ag ,and once he was at ,sicyon1 when a leather-dresser was abusing him1 and he said to the leather-dresser 771 ,o you 4 ,and ,stratonicus himself1 beholding the ,rhodians dissolved in luxury1 and drinking only warm drinks1 said1 that there were white ,cyrenans4 ,and he called ,rhodes itself the ,city of the ,suitors1#ah thinking that they were in no respect different from the ,cyrenans in debauchery1 but only in complexion2 and also because of the devotion to pleasure of the inhabitants1 he compared ,rhodes itself to the city of the ,suitors4 ,sidenote3 ,,aristotle4 #df4 ,and ,stratonicus was1 in all these elaborate witticisms1 an imitator of ,simonides the poet1 as ,ephorus tells us in the second book of his treatise on ,inventions2 who says that ,philoxenus of ,cythera was also a great studier of the same pursuit4 ,and ,phnias the ,peripatetic1 in the second book of his treatise on ,poets1 says--,stratonicus the ,athenian appears to have been the first person who introduced the system of playing chords into the simple harp-playing2 and he was the first man who ever took pupils in music1 and who ever composed tables of music4 ,and he was also a man of no small brilliancy as a wit4 ,he says also that he was eventually put to death by ,nicocles1 the ,king of the ,cyprians1 on account of the freedom of his witticisms1 being compelled to drink poison1 because he had turned the sons of the king into ridicule4 #dg4 ,but ,i marvel at ,aristotle1 whom these wise men1 my excellent ,democritus1 are so incessantly speaking of and praising1 7and whose writings you also esteem highly1 as you do those of the other philosophers and orators17 on account of his great accuracy3 and ,i should like to know when he learnt1 or from what ,proteus or ,nereus who came up from the depths he found out1 what fish do1 or how they go to sleep1 or how they live3 for all these things he has told us in his writings1 so as to be1 in the words of the comic poets1 a wonder to fools2 for he says that the ceryx1 and indeed that the whole race of shell-fish1 are propagated without copulation2 and that the purple-fish and the ceryx are longlived4 ,for how could he know that the purple-fish lives six years8 and how could he know that the viper takes a long time to propagate his species8 or that of all its tribe the longest at that work is the pigeon1 the next the nas1 and the quickest is the turtle-dove8 ,and whence did he learn that the horse lives five-and-thirty years1 but the mare more than forty8 saying1 too1 that some have lived even seventy-five years4 ,and he also states that from the copulation of lice there are born nits2 and that from a worm1 after its change1 there is produced a caterpillar1 from which comes the humble-bee1 and from that the larva of the silk-worm4 ,and he also says that bees live to six years of age1 and that some live even seven years2 and he says that neither bee nor wasp have ever been seen in the act of copulation1 on which account no one can ever tell whether they are male or female4 ,and from what did he learn that men are inferior to bees8 for these latter always preserve an equal condition of life1 being subject to no changes1 but employing themselves without ceasing in the collection of honey1 and doing that without having been taught by any one to do so3 but men are inferior to bees1 and as full of fancy as bees are of honey3 how1 then1 has ,aristotle observed all these things8 ,and in his treatise on ,long ,life1 he says that a fly has been seen which had lived six or seven years4 ,but what proof is there of this8 #dh4 ,and where did he ever see ivy growing out of a stag's head8 ,and again1 owls and night-jars1 he says1 cannot see by day2 on which account they hunt for their food by night1 and they do this not during the whole night1 but at the beginning of evening4 ,and he says1 too1 that there are several different kinds of eyes1 for some are blue1 and some are black1 and some are hazel4 ,he says1 too1 that the eyes of men are of different characters1 and that the differences of disposition may be judged of from the eyes2 for that those men who have goats' eyes1 are exceedingly sharp-sighted1 and have the best dispositions4 ,and of others1 he says that some men have projecting eyes1 and some have eyes deeply set1 and some keep a mean between the two3 and those whose eyes are deeply set1 he says1 have the sharpest sight1 and those whose eyes project1 must have the worst dispositions2 and those who are moderate in these respects1 are people1 says he1 of moderate dispositions4 ,there are also some people whose eyes are always winking1 and some who never wink at all1 and some who do so in a moderate degree3 and those who are always winking are shameless#ai people1 and those who never wink at all are unstable and fickle1 and those who wink in a moderate degree have the best disposition4 ,sidenote3 ,,aristotle',s ,,natural ,,history4 ,he says also that man is the only animal which has its heart on the left side2 and that all other animals have it in the middle of the body4 ,and he says that males have more teeth than females2 and he affirms that this has been noticed in the case of the sheep1 and of the pig1 and of the goat4 ,and he says also that there is no fish which has testicles1 and there is no fish which has a breast1 and no bird either2 but that the only fish which has no gall is the dolphin4 ,there are1 however1 some1 says he1 which have no gall in their liver1 but they have it near their bowels2 as the sturgeon1 the synagris1 the lamprey1 the sword-fish1 and the sea-swallow4 ,but the amia has its gall spread over the whole of its entrails3 and the hawk and the kite have theirs spread both over their liver and their entrails2 but the gocephalus has his gall both in his liver and in his stomach3 and the pigeon1 and the quail1 and the swallow have theirs1 some in their entrails1 and some in their stomach4 #di4 ,moreover1 he says that all the molluscous fish1 and the shell-fish1 and the cartilaginous fish1 and all insects1 spend a long time in copulation2 but that the dolphin and some other fish copulate lying alongside the female4 ,and he says that the dolphins are very slow1 but fish in general very quick4 ,again he says that the lion has very solid bones1 and that if they are struck1 fire comes from them as from flint stones4 ,and that the dolphin has bones1 but no spine2 but that cartilaginous fish have both gristle and spine4 ,and of animals he says that some are terrestrial and some aquatic2 and that some even live in the fire2 and that there are some1 which he calls ephemera1 which live only one day3 and that there are some which are amphibious1 such as the river-horse1 and the crocodile1 and the otter4 ,and that all animals in general have two forefeet1 but that the crab has four2 and that all the animals which have blood are either without feet at all1 or are bipeds1 or quadrupeds2 and that all the animals which have more than four feet are destitute of blood3 on which account every animal which moves1 moves by what he calls four tokens1--man by two hands and two feet1 a bird by two feet and two wings1 an eel and a conger by two fins and two joints4 ,moreover1 some animals have hands1 as a man has1 and some appear to have hands1 as a monkey does2 for there is no brute beast which can really give and take1 and it is for those things that hands are given to men as instruments4 ,again1 some animals have limbs1 as a man1 an ox1 an ass2 and some have no limbs1 as a serpent1 an oyster1 the pulmo marinus4 ,there are also many animals which are not always visible1 such as those which hide in holes2 and those which do not hide in holes are still not always visible1 as swallows and cranes4 #ej4 ,and though ,i could repeat to you now a great deal of nonsense which the medicine-seller talked1 ,i forbear to do so1 although ,i know that ,epicurus1 that most truthful of men1 said of him in his letter about ,institutions1 that he devoted himself to a military life after having squandered his patrimony in gluttony2 and that1 turning out an indifferent soldier1 he then took to selling medicines4 ,then1 when the school of ,plato was opened1 he says1 he changed again1 and applied himself to philosophical discussions1 and as he was not a man destitute of ability1 by little and little he became a speculative philosopher4 ,i know1 too1 that ,epicurus is the only person who ever said this of him2 for neither did ,eubulides nor ,cephisodorus venture to say anything of the kind against the ,stagirite1 and that1 too1 though they did write books against him4 ,but in that same letter ,epicurus says1 that ,protagoras also1 who became a philosopher from having been a porter and a wood-carrier1 was first promoted to be an amanuensis of ,democritus2 who1 wondering at the admirable way in which he used to put the wood together1 took him under his eye in consequence of this beginning2 and then he began to teach the rudiments of learning in some village1 and after that he proceeded on to the study of philosophy4 ,and ,i now1 ,o fellow feasters1 after all this conversation1 feel a great desire for something to eat4 ,and when some one said that the cooks were already preparing something1 and taking care that the dishes should not be served up cold1 on account of the excessive length to which the feast of words had been carried1 for that no one could eat cold dishes1 ,cynulcus said1--,but ,i1 like the ,milcon of ,alexis1 the comic poet1 can eat them even if they are not served up warm-- ,for ,plato teaches us that what is good1 ,is everywhere on all occasions good2 ,can you deny this8 and that what is sweet ,is always sweet1 here1 there1 and ev'rywhere4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,and it was not without some cleverness that ,sphrus1 who was a fellow-pupil with ,chrysippus in the school of ,cleanthes1 when he had been sent for to ,alexandria by king ,ptolemy2 when on one occasion birds made of wax were served up at a banquet1 and he was putting out his hand to take some1 but was stopped by the king1 who told him that he was assenting to a sham2 very appropriately answered1--,that he did not agree that they were birds at all1 but only that it was probable that they might be birds2 and that an opinion which could be confirmed by the perception1 is superior to that which is merely probable2 for that the one cannot be incorrect1 but that what is probable may turn out contrary to what was expected4 ,and so it could not be a bad thing if some waxen dishes were brought round to us too1 according to our perceptive opinions1 so that we might be beguiled at least by the sight of them1 and so escape talking on for ever4 #ea4 ,and when they were now on the point of sitting down to eat again1 ,daphnus bade them stop1 quoting this iambic out of the ,mammacythus or ,auri of ,metagenes-- ,as when we're feasting anywhere1 ,then we all talk and argue faster4 ,and indeed1 said he1 ,i say that the discussion about fish is still defective in some points1 since the sons of sculapius 7such as ,philotimus ,i mean1 in his essay on ,food1 and ,mnesitheus the ,athenian1 and ,diphilus the ,siphnian7 have said a good deal about fishes1 of which we have as yet taken no notice4 ,for ,diphilus1 in his work entitled ,a ,treatise on ,food fit for ,people in ,health and ,invalids1 says1--,of sea-fish1 those which keep to the rocks are easily digested1 and juicy1 and purgative1 and light1 but not very nutritious2 but those which keep in the deep water are much less digestible1 very nutritious1 but apt to disagree with one4 ,now1 of the fish which keep to the rocks1 the phycen and the phycis are very tender little fish1 and very digestible2 but the perch1 which is like them1 varies a little as to the places in which it is found4 ,and the tench resembles the perch2 but the smaller tench and the white ones are tender1 juicy1 and digestible2 but the green ones 7and they are also called caulin7 are dry1 and devoid of juice4 ,the chann also have tender meat1 but still they are harder than the perch4 ,then there is the scarus1 which has tender flesh1 not very firm1 sweet1 light1 digestible1 not apt to disagree with one1 and good for the stomach4 ,but the fresh ones are less popular than the others1 because they hunt the sea-hares and feed on them1 owing to which their entrails are apt to produce cholera morbus4 ,and the fish which is called ceris is tender1 good for the bowels1 and good for the stomach2 but its juice has fattening and purgative qualities4 ,the orphus1 which some write 1 and some 1 is very full of a pleasant juice1 glutinous1 indigestible1 very nutritious1 diuretic4 ,but the parts near his head are glutinous and digestible2 but the more fleshy parts are indigestible and heavy1 and the part towards the tail is the tenderest part2 and he is a fish apt to generate phlegm1 and indigestible4 ,the sphyrn are more nutritious than the congers2 and the eel caught in lakes is not so nice as the sea-eel1 but it is more nutritious4 ,the chrysophrys is very like the melanurus2 and the sea-scorpions1 which are found in the deep sea1 and are of a tawny colour1 are more nutritious than those which are found in marshes1 or than the large ones which are taken on the shores4 #eb4 ,but the sparus is harsh-tasted1 tender1 with no unpleasant smell1 good for the stomach1 diuretic1 and not indigestible2 but when he is fried he is indigestible4 ,the mullet is good for the stomach1 very astringent1 of very firm flesh1 not very digestible1 apt to bind the bowels1 especially when it is broiled2 but when it is fried in a frying-pan1 then it is heavy and indigestible2 and1 as a general rule1 the whole tribe of mullets has the property of causing secretions of blood4 ,the synodon and the charax are of the same kind1 but the charax is the better of the two4 ,the phagrus is found both in the river and in the sea2 but that which is found in the sea is the best4 ,the capriscus is called also the mussel2 but it has a strong smell1 and very hard meat1 and it is more indigestible than the citharus2 but its skin is very pleasant to the taste4 ,the needle-fish1 or belone1 and it is also called the ablennes1 is indigestible and moist1 but good for the bowels4 ,the thrissa1 and those of the same kind1 such as the chalcis and the eretimis1 are very digestible4 ,the cestreus is found in the sea1 and in rivers1 and in lakes4 ,and this fish1 says he1 is also called the oxyrhynchus2 but the one which is taken in the ,nile is called the coracinus4 ,and the black kind is smaller than the white1 and when boiled it is not so good as when it is roasted2 for when roasted it is good for the stomach and good for the bowels4 ,the salpe is hard-fleshed1 and unpleasant to the taste1 but the best are those which are caught at ,alexandria1 and those which are taken in the autumn4 ,for it is white1 full of moisture1 and free from any unpleasant smell4 ,the gryllus is like the eel in appearance1 but it is not nice to the taste4 ,the sea-hawk is harder than the sea-cuckoo1 but in other respects they are much alike4 ,the uranoscopus1 and also the fish called agnus1 which is also called the callionymus1 are heavy fish4 ,the boax1 when boiled1 is very digestible1 giving out a very wholesome juice1 and is good for the stomach2 and that which is broiled on the coals is sweeter and more tender4 ,the bacchus is full of abundant and agreeable and wholesome juice1 and is very nutritious4 ,the sea-goat is not very agreeable as to its juice1 not very digestible1 and has a disagreeable smell4 ,the sea-sparrow and the buglossus are both nutritious and palatable1 and the turbot is like them4 ,the sea-grayling1 the cephalus1 the cestreus1 the myxinus1 and the colon are all much alike as to their eatable properties2 but the cestreus is inferior to the cephalus1 the myxinus is worse1 and the colon is the least good of all4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 #ec4 ,the thynnis and the thynnus are both heavy and nutritious2 but the fish which is called the ,acarnanian is sweet1 very exciting1 very nutritious1 and easily secreted4 ,the anchovy is heavy and indigestible1 and the white kind is called the cobitis2 and the hepsetus1 a little fish1 is of the same genus4 ,of cartilaginous fish1 the sea-cow is fleshy1 but the shark is superior to that1--that kind1 ,i mean1 which is called the asterias4 ,but the alopecias1 or sea-fox1 is in taste very like the land animal1 from which circumstance1 indeed1 it has its name4 ,the ray is a very delicate fish to the taste2 but the stellated ray is tenderer still1 and full of excellent juice2 but the smooth ray is less wholesome for the stomach1 and has an unpleasant smell4 ,but the torpedo1 which is hard of digestion1 is in the parts below the head very tender1 and good for the stomach1 and1 moreover1 very digestible1 but its other parts are not so2 and the small ones are the best1 especially when they are plain boiled4 ,the rhin1 which is one of the cartilaginous class1 is very digestible and light2 but those of the largest size are the most nutritious2 and1 as a general rule1 all the cartilaginous fish are apt to create flatulence1 and are fleshy1 and difficult of digestion1 and if they are eaten in any quantity1 they are bad for the eyes4 ,the cuttle-fish1 when boiled1 is tender1 palatable1 and digestible1 and also good for the stomach2 but the juice which comes from it has the property of making the blood thin1 and is apt to cause secretions by hmorrhoids4 ,the squid is more digestible1 and is nutritious1 especially the small-sized one2 but when boiled they are harder1 and not palatable4 ,the polypus promotes amativeness1 but it is hard and indigestible2 and those of the largest size are the most nutritious1 and when they are much boiled1 they have a tendency to fill the stomach with liquid1 and they bind the bowels4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,pamphila1 points out the useful properties of the polypus1 speaking as follows1-- ,but if you are in love1 ,o ,cteson1 ,what is more useful than these fish ,i bring8 ,ceryces1 cockles1 7onions too1 are here17 ,the mighty polypus1 and good-sized turbot4 ,the pelamys also is very nutritious and heavy1 it is also diuretic1 and very indigestible2 but when cured like the callubium1 it is quite as good for the stomach1 and it has a tendency to make the blood thin2 and the large kind is called the synodontis4 ,the sea-swallow1 or chelidonias1 is also something like the pelamys1 but harder2 and the chelidon is like the polypus1 and emits juice which purifies the complexion1 and stirs up the blood4 ,the orcynus is a fish who delights in the mud2 and the larger kind is like the chelidonias in hardness1 but the lower part of its abdomen and its collar-bone are palatable and tender2 but those which are called cost1 when cured and salted1 are a middling fish4 ,the xanthias has rather a strong smell1 and is tenderer than the orcynus4 ,these are the statements of ,diphilus4 ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 #ed4 ,but ,mnesitheus the ,athenian1 in his treatise on ,eatables1 says1--,the larger breed of fishes are called by some sectile1 and by others sea-fish2 as1 for instance1 the chrysophrys1 the sea-grayling1 and the phagrus4 ,and these are all difficult of digestion1 but when they are digested they supply a great deal of nourishment4 ,and the whole class of scaly fish1 such as the thynni1 the scombri1 the tunnies1 the congers1 and all of those kinds1 are also gregarious4 ,but those which are not seen by themselves1 nor in large shoals1 are the most digestible1 such as the congers1 and the carchari1 and fish of that kind4 ,but the gregarious kinds of fish of that sort are very pleasant to the palate1 for they are fat2 but they are heavy1 and difficult of digestion1 on which account they are very good for curing2 and1 indeed1 these kinds make the best cured fish of all2 they are also very good roasted1 for by that process their fatty parts are got rid of4 ,but those kinds which are skinned before they are dressed1 as a general rule1 are those fish which have a rough outside to their skin1 not of scales1 but such as rays and rhin have4 ,and all these kinds are easily divided into small pieces1 but they have not a sweet smell4 ,and they supply the body with plenty of moist nourishment1 and of all boiled fish they have the greatest effect on the bowels2 but when they are roasted they are not so good4 ,and the whole class of molluscous fish1 such as polypi and cuttle-fish1 and others like them1 are very indigestible1 on which account they are very serviceable in exciting the amatory passions4 ,they are also calculated to cause flatulence2 and the time of indulgence in amatory pleasures requires a flatulent habit of body4 ,all these fish are better when boiled4 ,for their juices are injurious1 and you may see what juices they emit when they are washed2 and the boiling extracts all these juices from their flesh4 ,for as the heat which is applied in boiling is a gradual one1 and conjoined with moisture1 there is1 as it were1 a sort of washing of them4 ,but when they are roasted1 that dries up the moisture1 and moreover1 as their flesh is hard by nature1 it is natural that it should be made more so in this way4 #ee4 ,but anchovies of all kinds1 and membrades1 and trichides1 and all the other little fish which we eat backbones and all1 make the digestion flatulent1 and give a good deal of moist nutriment4 ,and so1 as the digestion is unequal1 the flesh being digested with great rapidity1 and the bones dissolving slowly1 for the anchovies are very bony of themselves1 the digestion of the one part hinders the digestion of the other1 and so flatulence arises from the digestion1 and moisture comes from the quantity of nourishment4 ,they are better when they are boiled1 but still they have very unequal effects on the bowels4 ,the fish which keep close to the rocks1 such as tench1 and scorpions1 and sea-sparrows1 and others of the same kind1 supply a dry kind of nourishment to our bodies1 but they are light and nutritious1 and are easily digested1 and leave nothing behind them1 and are not apt to cause flatulence4 ,and every kind of fish is more digestible when dressed simply1 and especially those which keep near the rocks have a better flavour when dressed plainly4 ,and the species which is called soft-fleshed is like them1 namely1 the sea-thrush1 the sea-blackbird1 and others which resemble them4 ,and these contain more moisture than the others1 and with respect to refreshing the strength of those who eat them1 they have more efficacy4 ,and if any one wishes to produce an effect upon his bowels1 he should eat them boiled2 but if he is in good health1 then he will find them nutritious roasted4 ,and as diuretic food they are equally useful cooked either way4 #ef4 ,but the places of the sea where rivers and lakes fall into it1 and also those where there are large bays and gulfs of the sea1 are those where all the fish are more juicy1 and more full of fat4 ,they are also more palatable when caught in those places1 but less nutritious and less digestible4 ,and on the shore where it is exposed to the open sea1 and where it is unprotected1 then the fishes found there are for the most part hard and thin1 beaten by the continued action of the waves4 ,but where the sea is deep close in shore and less exposed to violent winds1 especially if there are any cities near1 then there is the greatest number of fish1 and they are equally excellent in respect of pleasantness of flavour and ease of digestion1 and also in the nourishment which they afford to the body4 ,but of sea fish those are the most indigestible and the heaviest which migrate at certain seasons from the sea to the lakes and rivers2 such as the cestreus2 and as a general rule that is the character of every fish which can live in both salt and fresh water4 ,but of those which live wholly in rivers and lakes1 the river fish are the best2 for the water of lakes is more apt to putrefy4 ,and1 again1 of river fish those are the best which are found in the most rapid rivers2 and especially the trout2 for those are never found except where the river is rapid and cold1 and they are far superior to all other river fish in their digestible properties4 #eg4 ,this now1 my friends1 is my contribution1 and ,i have brought you the wholesomest food with which it was in my power to provide you4 ,for1 as you may read in the ,parasite of ,antiphanes1-- ,sidenote3 ,,fish4 ,for ,i have never taken any great trouble ,in buying fish2 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,so that others from rich banquets coming ,should blame the gluttonous surfeits of their friends4 ,and1 indeed1 ,i myself am not so violently fond of fish as the man in the ,butalion of the same poet4 7,and that play is an amended edition of one of the ,countryman's characters47 ,and he says-- ,a4 ,and ,i to-day will give a feast to all of you2 ,and take you money now1 and buy the supper4 ,b4 ,yes2 for unless ,i've money ,i should hardly ,know how to buy discreetly4 ,but i' the first place1 ,tell me what food1 what dishes you prefer4 ,a4 ,all kinds of food4 ,b4 ,but tell me separately4 ,first now1 should you approve of any fish8 ,a4 ,a fishmonger came once into the country ,with a good basketfull of sprats and triglides1 ,and1 by ,jove1 greatly he pleased all of us4 ,b4 ,well1 tell me then1 should you now like some fish8 ,a4 ,indeed ,i should1 if they were very little4 ,for all large fish ,i always fancy cannibals4 ,b4 ,what can you mean1 my friend8 ,a4 ,why1 cannibals2-- ,how can a man eat fish which eat up men8 ,b4 ',tis plain enough that it is ,helen's food ,this fellow means1 just sprats and triglides4 ,and in his ,countryman he also calls sprats and triglides the food of ,hecate4 ,and ,ephippus too1 disparaging small fish1 in his ,philyra1 speaks as follows-- ,a4 ,my father1 would you like to go to market ,and buy some fish for me8 ,b4 ,what shall ,i buy8 ,a4 ,some grown up fish1 my father1 no small babies4 ,b4 ,do not you yet know all the worth of money8 #eh4 ,and in the same poet1 in his ,spit-bearers1 there is a very witty young man who disparages everything connected with the purchase of fish4 ,and he speaks thus-- ,a4 ,but while you buy1 don't disregard economy1 ,for anything will do4 ,b4 ,just tell me how4 ,a4 ,don't be expensive1 though not mean or stingy2 ,whatever you may buy will be enough2 ,some squids and cuttle-fish2 and should there be ,some lobsters in the market1 let's have one-- ,some eels will look nice too upon the table-- ,especially if from the ,theban lake3 ,then let us have a cock1 a tender pigeon1 ,a partridge1 and a few such other things2 ,and if a hare should offer1 then secure it4 ,b4 ,why how precise you are in your directions6 ,a4 ,i'd need be1 you are so extravagant2 ,and we are certain to have meat enough4 ,b4 ,has anybody sent you any present8 ,a4 ,no1 but my wife has sacrificed the calf ,which from ,corone came1 and we to-morrow ,shall surely sup on it4 ,and in ,mnesimachus1 the ,morose ,man1 in the play of the same name1 being a great miser1 says to the extravagant young man in the play-- ,a4 ,i do entreat you1 do not lecture me ,so very fiercely2 do not say so much ,about the money2 recollect ,i'm your uncle2 ,be moderate1 ,i beg4 ,b4 ,how can ,i be ,more moderate than ,i am8 ,a4 ,at least be briefer1 ,and don't deceive me2 use diminutives2 ,for fish say fishlings2 if you want aught more1 ,speak of your bits of dishes2 and at least ,i shall be ruin'd with a better grace4 #ei4 ,but since1 as fortune would have it so1 in the before-quoted lines1--my excellent ,ulpian1 or you too1 ,o you sons of grammarians1 just tell me what was ,ephippus's meaning in what ,i have just repeated1 when he said-- ,the calf ,which from ,corone#bj came1 and we to-morrow ,shall surely sup on it4 ,for ,i think there is here an allusion to some historical fact1 and ,i should like to understand it4 ,and ,plutarch said1--,there is a ,rhodian tale1 which1 however1 ,i can hardly repeat at the moment1 because it is a very long time since ,i have fallen in with the book in which it occurs4 ,but ,i know that ,phoenix the ,colophonian1 the ,iambic poet1 making mention of some men as collecting money for the ,jackdaw1 speaks as follows-- ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,swallow4 ,my friends1 ,i pray you give a handful now ,of barley to the jackdaw1 ,phoebus' daughter2 ,or else a plate of wheat2 or else a loaf1 ,a halfpenny1 or whatsoe'er you please2 ,give1 my good friends1 whatever you can spare ,to the poor jackdaw2 e'en a grain of salt2 ,for willingly she feeds on anything2 ,and he who salt bestows to-day1 to-morrow ,may give some honey4 ,open1 boy1 the door2 ,plutus has heard1 and straight a serving maid ,brings out some figs4 ,gods1 let that maiden be ,for ever free from harm1 and may she find ,a wealthy husband of distinguish'd name3 ,and may she show unto her aged father ,a lusty boy1 and on her mother's lap ,place a fair girl1 her daughter1 to bring up ,a happy helpmate for some lucky cousin4 ,but ,i1 where'er my feet conduct my eyes1 ,sing with alternate melody at the gates ,of him who gives1 and him who rude denies4 ,at present ,i'll leave off1 and say no more4 ,and at the end of this set of iambics he says-- ,but you1 my friends1 who have good store at home1 ,give something4 ,give1 ,o king2 give you too1 housewife4 ,it is the law that all should give their hand ,when the crow begs4 ,and you who know this law1 ,give what you please1 and it shall be sufficient4 ,and those people who went about collecting for the jackdaw 77 were called ,coronist1 as ,pamphilus of ,alexandria tells us1 in his treatise on ,names4 ,and the songs which are sung by them are called coronismata1 as ,agnocles the ,rhodian tells us1 in his ,coronist4 #fj4 ,there is also another collection made among the ,rhodians1 the making of which is called 2 and it is mentioned by ,theognis1 in the second book of his treatise on the ,sacrifices in ,rhodes1 where he writes thus--,there is a species of collecting which the ,rhodians call 1 which takes place in the month ,boedromion4 ,and it derives its name of because the people are accustomed to utter the following song3-- ,the swallow1 the swallow 77 is come1 ,bringing good seasons and a joyful time4 ,her belly is white1 her back is black4 ,bring1 oh bring1 a cake of figs ,out of your luxurious house1 ,bring a cup of wine1 ,and a dish of cheese1 ,and a bag of wheat4 ,those the good swallow will not despise1 ,nor a cake of eggs4 ,shall we now go1 or shall we get something8 ,give something1 and we'll go2 if you give nothing ,we will not cease to pester you2 we'll force the door ,and carry it away1 or th' upper lintel1 ,or e'en your wife who sits within the house4 ,she is but little1 we shall find her light4 ,if you give something1 let it be worth having4 ,open1 then1 open the door to the swallow1 ,for we are not old men1 but only boys4 ,and ,cleobulus the ,lindian was the first man who introduced the custom of this collection1 at a time when there was a great want in ,lindus of a collection of money4 ,sidenote3 ,,ephesus4 #fa4 ,but1 since we have mentioned the ,rhodian histories1 ,i myself am now going to tell you something about fish1 from the account given of the beautiful ,rhodes1 which that delightful writer ,lynceus says is full of excellent fish4 ,ergias the ,rhodian1 then1 in his ,account of his own ,country1 having first made mention of the ,phoenicians1 who inhabited the island1 says--,that ,phalanthus1 and his friends1 having a very strong city in ,ialysus1 called ,achaia1 and being very economical of their provisions1 held out for a long time against ,iphiclus1 who besieged them4 ,for they had also a prophecy given them by some oracle1 that they should keep the place till crows became white1 and till fish were seen in their goblets4 ,they therefore1 expecting that these things would never happen1 prosecuted the war with less vigour4 ,but ,iphiclus1 having heard from some one of the oracles of the ,phoenicians1 and having waylaid a highly-trusted adherent of ,phalanthus1 whose name was ,larcas1 as he was going for water1 and having entered into a covenant with him1 caught some fish at the spring1 and putting them into the ewer1 gave them to ,larcas1 and bade him carry the water back1 and pour it into the goblet from which he was used to pour out wine for ,phalanthus3 and he did so4 ,and ,iphiclus also caught some crows1 and smeared them over with gypsum1 and let them fly again4 ,but when ,phalanthus saw the crows1 he went to his goblet2 and when he saw the fish there1 he considered that the place no longer belonged to him and his party1 and so he sent a herald to ,iphiclus1 demanding permission to retire1 with all his troops1 under the protection of a treaty4 ,and when ,iphiclus agreed to this1 ,phalanthus devised the following contrivance4 ,having slain some victims1 and taken out the entrails1 he endeavoured to put in some silver and gold1 and so to carry it away4 ,but when ,iphiclus perceived this1 he prevented it4 ,and when ,phalanthus alleged against him the oath which he had taken1 when he swore to allow them to take away whatever they had in their bellies1 he met them with a counter device1 giving them vessels to go away in1 but taking away the rudders1 and the oars1 and the sails1 saying that he had sworn to give them boats1 and nothing further4 ,and as the ,phoenicians were in great perplexity1 they buried a great deal of their riches underground1 marking the places where they buried it1 that at some future time they might come and take it up again2 but they left a great deal for ,iphiclus4 ,and so1 when the ,phoenicians had left the place in this manner1 the ,greeks became masters of it4 ,and ,polyzelus has given the same account1 in his ,history of ,rhodian ,affairs2 and says--,that the only people who knew the secret about the fishes and the crows were ,phaces and his daughter ,dorcia2 and she1 being beloved by ,iphiclus1 and having come to an agreement to marry him through the intervention of her nurse1 persuaded the man who brought the water to bring the fish and put them into the goblet2 and she herself whitewashed the crows1 and let them go4 #fb4 ,and ,creophylus1 in his ,annals of the ,ephesians1 says--,those who colonized ,ephesus1 being much perplexed for want of a place where they could settle1 sent at last to the oracle1 and asked where they should build themselves a city2 and he told them to build a city in that place which a fish should show them1 and to which a wild boar should guide them4 ,accordingly1 it is said that some fishermen were breakfasting at the spot where the fountain called ,hypelus now is1 and where the harbour is which is called the sacred harbour2 and that one of the fish leaped up with a burning cinder sticking to him1 and fell on some of the refuse2 and that by this means a thicket was set on fire1 in which there happened to be a wild boar2 and he1 being disturbed by the fire1 ran for some distance up the mountain which is called the ,rough ,mountain1 and at last was transfixed by javelins1 and fell where the temple of ,minerva now stands4 ,and the ,ephesians1 having crossed over from the island1 occupied that for twenty-one years1 and in the twenty-second year they founded ,trachea and the towns around ,coressus1 and erected a temple to ,diana in the market-place1 and one to the ,pythian ,apollo overlooking the harbour4 #fc4 ,now after this long conversation1 all of a sudden there was heard all over the city the music of flutes and the noise of cymbals1 and also a great crash of drums1 with singing at the same time4 ,and it happened to be the time of a festival which used formerly to be called the ,parilia1 but which is now called the ,romana1 in honour of the temple built to the ,fortune of the ,city1 by that most excellent and accomplished sovereign ,hadrian4 ,and all the inhabitants of ,rome 7and all the foreigners sojourning in the city7 every year keep that day as a remarkable one4 ,accordingly1 ,ulpian said1--,my friends1 what is this8-- ,is it a supper or a marriage feast8 ,for certainly there is no picnic held now4 ,and when some one replied that every one in the city was dancing 7using the verb 7 in honour of the goddess1--,my fine fellow1 said ,ulpian1 laughing1 what ,greek in the world ever called this dancing ,you should have said or 1 or1 at all events1 some word in common use2 but you have bought us a name out of the ,subura1 ,and spoilt the wine by pouring in this water4' ,and ,myrtilus said--,but ,i will prove to you1 my dear ,epitimus1#ba that the word is a genuine ,greek word2 for you1 who want to stop every one's mouth1 have not succeeded in convicting any one of ignorance1 but have proved yourself to be emptier than a snake's cast-off skin4 ,epicharmus1 my most excellent gentlemen1 in his ,theori1 speaks of the 1 and ,italy is no great way from ,sicily4 ,accordingly1 in that play1 the public ambassadors1 surveying the offerings at ,pytho1 and mentioning each one separately1 speak as follows3-- ,here there are brazen caldrons1 brazen goblets1 ,and spits4 ,and then to see the men with spits ,and flutes1 too1 dancing 771 what a sight it was6 ,and ,sophron1 in his play which is entitled ,nymphoponus1 says-- ,then he did take it1 and proceeded onwards2 ,the rest did follow dancing 774 ,and again he says-- ,dancing 77 they filled the entrance room with dung4 ,sidenote3 ,,names ,,of ,,feasts4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,curis1 says-- ,and now ,i see a multitude of men ,hastening to a feast1 as if a goodly company ,were here invited4 ,may it be my luck ,to keep out of your way1 my revellers1 ,after your dancing 77 and your feasting both ,have gone off well and are quite finish'd4 ,for ,i should never bear my robe off safely1 ,unless my wings had grown4 ,i know1 too1 that the word is found in other places1 and when ,i recollect the exact passage1 ,i will bring it forward4 #fd4 ,but we have a right to ask of you1 who have quoted to us these lines out of ,homer1 ,but say1 you joyful troop so gaily drest1 ,is this a bridal or a friendly feast8-- in what respect the different sorts of feasts1 which he calls and 1 differ from one another8 ,but1 since you are silent1 ,i will tell you2 for1 as the poet of ,syracuse says1-- ,i by myself am equal to the task ,which formerly it took two men to answer4 ,the ancients used to call sacrifices1 and the more splendid kind of preparations1 2 and those who partook of them they used to call 4 ,but those feasts they called 1 the materials for which were contributed by all who joined in them2 and this name was derived from all the guests being friendly together 7 7 and contributing4 ,and this same is also called 1 and those who partake of it are called and 4 ,the crowd1 also1 which follows ,bacchus in his festivals is called 1 as ,euripides says-- ,i see three thiasi of women coming4 ,and they gave them the name from the word 2-- and1 indeed1 the ,lacedmonian form of the word is 4 ,and the word is derived from the preparation and expense gone to for such purposes2 for being destructive and extravagant is called 1 from which words the poets have used the word for to destroy1 ,and the plunder which is carried off after the sacking of a city they call 4 ,and accordingly schylus and ,eripides have given to the more luxurious banquets the name of 1 from the verb 4 ,there is also a verb1 1 which means to digest one's food1 and to become relaxed 77 by becoming empty4 ,and from this word we get the word 7the flank71 and also 7a thin1 broad cake72 and from the word we get 7the loins74 ,and the verb means1 with great freedom and abundance to evacuate and erupt oneself4 ,and the word 7to spend7 is derived from 2 and is akin to 2 on which account we find the verbs and applied to those who eat in a voracious and savage manner4 ,homer says-- ,him the fierce dogs and hungry vultures tore 774 ,but the word 7a luxurious feast7 is derived not from 1 which means nutriment1 but from everything going on well 7 7 in such a banquet1 in which those who assemble honour the deity1 and give themselves up to mirth and relaxation2 and from this relaxation 7 7 they call wine 1 and the god who gave them wine they call ,methymnaeus1 and ,lyus1 and ,evius1 and ,icius2 just as also they call a man who is not sullen-looking and morose 2 on which account1 too1 they pray the deity to be propitious 771 uttering the ejaculation 1 4 ,and from this again they call the place where they do this 4 ,and that they meant very nearly the same thing by and is plain from the language used by ,ephippus1 in his play entitled ,traffic2 for he is speaking of a courtesan1 and he says-- ,then too1 when any one is out of humour1 ,when he comes in she flatters him discreetly1 ,and kisses him1 not pressing his mouth hard ,like some fierce enemy2 but just billing towards him ,like some fond sparrow2 then she sings and comforts him1 ,and makes him cheerful 77 and dispels all clouds ,from off his face1 and renders him propitious 774 #fe4 ,but the ancients1 who represented the gods under the form of men1 arranged all their festivals on a similar principle2 for1 seeing that it is not possible to divert men from an eagerness for pleasure1 but that it is useful and expedient to accustom them to enjoy themselves with moderation and in an orderly manner1 they set apart certain times1 and1 sacrificing first to the gods1 they in this way permitted them relaxation and enjoyment1 in order that every one1 thinking that the gods had come among them1 and were present at the first-fruits and libations1 might enjoy himself with order and decency4 ,accordingly ,homer says-- ,sidenote3 ,,feasts4 ,there1 too1 was ,pallas to partake the feast3 and ,neptune1 too1 is represented thus-- ,the monarch of the main1 a heavenly guest1 ,in ,ethiopia graced the genial feast1 ,there on the world's extremest verge1 revered ,with hecatombs and prayer in pomp preferr'd1 ,distant he lay3#bb-- and of ,jupiter he says-- ,the sire of gods and all the ethereal train ,on the warm limits of the furthest main ,now mix with mortals1 nor disdain to grace ,the feast of ,ethiopia's blameless race4#bc ,and if a man of more mature age1 and devoted to wise and virtuous pursuits1 is present1 they are ashamed to say or do anything indecorous2 as also ,epicharmus says1 somewhere or other3-- ,but when their aged superiors are present1 ,young men should silent be4 ,therefore1 considering that the gods were near to them1 they celebrated their festivals in an orderly and temperate manner2 on which account it was not the fashion of the ancients to lie at their meals1 but1 as ,homer says1-- ,feasting they sate2 nor were they accustomed to drink to the extent of drunkenness-- ,but when they'd eaten thus1 and drank their fill1 ,each to his room retired1 not dreaming ill4 #ff4 ,but the men of modern times1 pretending to be sacrificing to the gods1 and inviting their friends and nearest kinsmen to the sacrifice1 vent imprecations on their children1 and abuse their wives1 and treat their slaves with indignity1 and threaten the multitude1 almost verifying the line of ,homer3-- ,but now with speed let's take a short repast1 ,and well refresh'd to bloody conflict haste4 ,nor do they ever give a thought to what has been said by the poet who wrote the poem entitled ,chiron1 whether it is ,pherecrates1 or ,nicomachus1 the teacher of rhythm1 or whatever else his name may have been3-- ,when you have ask'd a friend to come to supper1 ,do not be angry when you see him come2 ,that is the part of an unworthy man2 ,but give yourself to happy thoughts of joy1 ,and study to amuse your friend and guest4 ,but now men utterly forget all these rules1 and they recollect only the lines which follow them1 which are all written in imitation of the ,great ,eo which are attributed to ,hesiod1 and which are also meant as a parody on his great work1 ,works and ,days3-- ,when any of us does celebrate ,a sacrifice1 and bids his friends to th' feast1 ,still1 if he come1 we're vex'd and look askance1 ,and wish him to depart without delay4 ,and he his want of welcome soon perceives ,and reassumes his shoes2 when some one rises ,of the surrounding revellers1 and says1 ,here1 my friend1 do not go2 why won't you drink8 ,take off your shoes4 ,and then the host again ,is angry with the guest who calls him back1 ,and quotes some scraps of poetry against him1-- ,remember1 always speed the parting guest1 ,and when a man is sleeping let him rest4 ,do not we in this manner oft behave ,when feasting those we choose to call our friends8 ,and1 moreover1 we add this3-- ,let not a numerous party vex your mind1 ,for more are pleased1 and the cost's near the same4 #fg4 ,and when we are sacrificing to the gods1 we spend as little as possible upon our sacrifices1 and give them the most ordinary presents2 as the admirable ,menander tells us1 in his ,drunkenness3-- ,we don't do other things as we perform ,our duties to the gods4 ,we sacrifice ,one sheep scarce worth ten or a dozen drachm2 ,but for our flute-women1 our perfumes rich1 ,our harpers1 ,thasian and ,mendan wine1 ,eels1 cheese1 and honey to regale ourselves1 ,we do not a whole talent think too much4 ',tis very well to spend a dozen drachm ,when we are sacrificing to the gods1 ,but if you much curtail that slight expense1 ,are you not thus dishonouring the gods8 ,i1 if ,i were a god1 would ne'er allow ,a scanty loin of beef to load my altars1 ,unless an eel were also sacrificed1 ,so that ,callimedon might die of rage4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,dole-,,basket4 #fh4 ,and the ancients call some feasts 1 that is to say1 given into the bargain1--the same which the ,alexandrians call 4 ,alexis1 at all events1 in his ,woman at the ,well1 says-- ,a4 ,and now the master here has sent a slave ,to bring to me a jar of his own wine4 ,b4 ,i understand2 this is 1 ,a gift into the bargain1 as a makeweight2 ,i praise the wise old woman4 ,and ,crobylus1 in his ,supposititious ,son1 says-- ,a4 ,laches1 ,i come to you2 proceed4 ,b4 ,which way8 ,a4 ,how can you ask8 ,why1 to my mistress1 who ,has a feast prepared2 ,and in her honour only yesterday ,you made the guests drink down twelve glasses each4 ,the ancients1 also1 were acquainted with the banquets which are now called dole-basket banquets2 and ,pherecrates mentions them in his ,forgetful ,man1 or the ,sea1 saying-- ,having prepared a small dole-basket supper ,he went away to ,ophela4 ,and this clearly points to the dole-basket supper1 when a man prepares a supper for himself1 and then puts it in a basket1 and goes off to sup with some one4 ,and ,lysias has used the word for a banquet1 in his speech against ,micinus1 on his trial for murder2 for he says that he had been invited to a 3 and ,plato says--,those who had made a 3 and ,aristophanes1 in his ,gerytades1 says-- ,praising great schylus in his 1 on which account some people wish to write the title of ,sophocles's play in the neuter gender1 4 ,some people also use the expression 1 picnic feasts2 as ,alexis does1 in his ,man fond of ,beauty1 or the ,nymphs1 where he says-- ,come1 sit you down1 and call those damsels in2 ,we've got a picnic here1 but well ,i know ,that your's is but a skin-flint disposition4 ,and ,ephippus says1 in his ,geryones1-- ,they also celebrate a picnic feast4 ,they also use the verb for to drink with on another1 and the noun for a drinking party4 ,menander1 in his ,angry ,woman1 says-- ,and for this reason now they drink 77 alone3 and presently afterwards he says-- ,and so they ended the entertainment 774 ,and probably the is the same as that which was also called 4 ,but what the 1 or contributions1 are1 we learn from ,alexis1 in his ,woman who has taken ,mandragora1 where he says-- ,a4 ,i'll come and bring my contributions now4 ,b4 ,how1 contributions8 ,a4 ,the ,chalcidians ,call fringes1 alabaster1 scent boxes1 ,and other things of that kind1 contributions4 ,but the ,argives1 as ,hegesander tells us in his ,commentaries1 7the following are his exact words7--,the ,argives call the contributions towards an entertainment which are brought by the revellers1 2 and each man's share they call 4 #fi4 ,and now1 since this book also has come to a not unsuitable end1 my good friend ,timocrates1 let us stop our discussion at this point1 lest any one should think that we were formerly fishes ourselves1 as ,empedocles says that he was2 for that great natural philosopher says-- ,for ,i myself have been a boy1 a girl1 ,a bush1 a bird1 and fish which roams the sea4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #i3 ,from 1 an eddy4 ,footnote #aj3 ,there is a punning allusion here to 1 a crawfish1 and to ,callimedon's nickname1 ,carabus4 ,footnote #aa3 ,this was a parody on the first words of the crier's usual proclamation1-- 1--,hear1 ,o people4 means temples4 ,footnote #ab3 means1 not only a crier1 but also a prickly instrument of torture4 ,footnote #ac3 ,there is meant here to be a pun on 1 which means to teach1 and also to exhibit a play4 ,footnote #ad3 ,there is an allusion here to ,harmonia the wife of ,cadmus4 ,footnote #ae3 ,zethus was the name of the brother of ,amphion4 ,footnote #af3 is also ,greek for a crab4 ,footnote #ag3 1 parodying the common execration1 4 ,footnote #ah3 ,alluding to the intemperance of the suitors of ,penelope1 as described in the ,odyssey4 ,footnote #ai3 ,schweigh1 referring to the passage here alluded to1 7,hist4 ,an4 i4 #aj17 proposes to transpose these characteristics1 so as to attribute shamelessness to those who do not wink1 and fickleness to those who do4 ,footnote #bj3 ,corone is not a woman's name1 as some have fancied2 the allusion is to the custom of some beggars1 who1 pretending to be ashamed to beg for themselves1 carried about a talking jackdaw 771 and professed to be begging only for the use of the bird4 ,footnote #ba3 ,from 1 to rebuke4 ,footnote #bb3 ,hom4 ,odyss4 i4 #bb4 ,footnote #bc3 ,hom4 ,iliad1 i4 #dbd4 ,,book ,,ix4 #a4 ,but now let each becalm his troubled breast1 ,wash1 and partake serene the friendly feast2 ,while to renew these topics we delay ,till ,heaven's revolving lamp restores the day1 both to you and me1 ,o ,timocrates4 ,for when some hams were brought round1 and some one asked whether they were tender1 using the word 1--,in what author does occur8 said ,ulpian3 and is there any authority1 too1 for calling mustard instead of ,for ,i see that that condiment is being brought round in the dishes with the hams4 ,and ,i see that the word 1 a ham1 a ham1 is now used in the masculine gender1 and not in the feminine only1 as our ,attic writers use it4 ,at all events1 ,epicharmus1 in his ,megarian ,woman1 says-- ,sausages1 cheese1 and hams 1 and artichokes1 ,but not a single thing that's eatable3 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,words ,,and 4 and in his ,cyclops he says-- ,pig's tripe is good1 by ,jove1 and so is ham 774 ,and learn this now from me1 ,o you wise man1 that ,epicharmus1 uses for what1 in every other place1 he calls 1 tripe4 ,and ,i see1 too1 that salt is used in seasoning in other dishes2 but of salt which is not seasoned the ,cynics are full1 among whom we find1 in the ,corycus of ,antiphanes1 another ,cynic saying-- ,of delicacies which the sea produces1 ,we have but one1 but that is constant1 salt2 ,and then#bd 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,i see1 too1 that brine is mingled with vinegar2 and ,i know1 too1 that now some of the inhabitants of ,pontus prepare the pickle which they call oxygarum1 or vinegar pickle1 by itself4 #b4 ,zoilus replied to this1 and said--,aristophanes1 my good friend1 in his ,lemnian ,woman1 has used the word for delicate1 saying-- ,lemnus producing good and delicate 77 beans3 and ,pherecrates1 in his ,crapatalli1 says-- ,to make the vetches delicate 773 and ,nicander the ,colophonian has used the word in his ,theriacans1 where he said-- ,a brazen cucumber and mustard too 772 and in his ,georgics he writes-- ,the biting pungent seed of mustard 772 and again he says-- ,cardamum and the plant which stings the nose1 ,the black-leav'd mustard 774 ,and ,crates1 in his treatise on the ,attic ,dialect1 introduces ,aristophanes as saying-- ,he looked mustard 77 and drew down his brows1 as ,seleucus quotes it1 in his books on ,hellenism4 ,but it is a line out of the ,knights1 and it ought to be read thus-- 1 not 3 for no ,attic writer ever used the form 1 although there is a reason for each form4 ,for may be said1 as if it were 1 because it has no 1 or growth4 ,for it is and little1 like the anchovy1 which is called 1 and is called 1 because it injures the eyes 7 7 by its smell1 as the onion has the name of 1 because it makes us wink our eyes 7 74 ,and ,xenarchus the comic writer says1 in his ,scythians-- ,this evil is no longer evil2 so ,my daughter is corrupted by the stranger4 ,and that exquisite writer1 ,aristophanes1 mentions salt and vinegar1 saying1 in the place where he speaks of ,sthenelus the tragedian1-- ,a4 ,how can ,i swallow ,sthenelus's words8 ,b4 ,by soaking them in vinegar or white salt4 #c4 ,we then1 my good friend1 have gone along with you in these inquiries4 ,but we have a right to expect an answer from you1 in what author the word is used for a vessel4 ,for when speaking of some victuals of various sorts1 which were carefully dressed1 and of some other things of this sort1 ,i am aware that ,plato1 in his ,festivals1 has used the following expressions-- ,whence barley-cakes might be got1 and 4 ,and again1 in his ,europa1 speaking at considerable length of some exquisite dish1 he has used the following expressions among others-- ,a4 ,the woman is asleep2 ,b4 ,i am aware ,that she is doing nothing4 ,a4 ,the ,are all awake2 and there is not a thing ,more calculated to give pleasure always4 ,b4 ,but where are these 1 ,i pray you8 ,and in the passage immediately following1 he uses the word 1 as if it were equivalent to 1 a delicacy2 and in his ,phaon he says-- ,other men's things are like 1 ,they please a short time1 and are quickly spent4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,ddalus1 says-- ,all women have one set of principles1 ,and have a lover1 like a 1 ready4 #d4 ,so when ,ulpian made no reply1--,but ,i1 said ,leonidas1 have a right to speak1 since ,i have been silent a long time4 ,but as ,evenus the ,parian says-- ,many men make a point of contradicting ,on every subject equally2 but care not ,whether they rightly contradict or not4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,word 4 ,but for such men there's an old answer fitting1 ,that may be your opinion1 this is mine4 ,but with good arguments one may persuade ,the wise with ease3 for always men of sense ,do prove the easiest pupils4 #e4 ,and my excellent friend ,myrtilus1--for ,i have taken the words out of your mouth1 ,antiphanes1--in his ,botian1 has used this word for a vessel1 where he says-- ,after she has invited you to supper1 ,she sets before you a full of 4 4 4 4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,hesione1 says-- ,but when he saw two men well loaded with ,the table and conveying it indoors1 ,groaning beneath a number of 1 ,looking no more at me1 he said 4 4 4 4 ,and the man who was the author of the plays which are attributed to ,magnes1 says in his first ,bacchus-- ,these things are now of ill to me4 ,and ,achus1 in his thnon1 a satyric drama1 says-- ,and let these savoury boil'd and roasted meats ,on the be carved in pieces4 ,and ,sotades the comic writer says1 in his ,man wrongly ,ransomed-- ,i a seem to ,crobylus4 ,him he devours alone1 but me he takes ,but as a seasoning to something else4 ,but the word is used in an ambiguous sense by ,xenophon1 in the first book of his ,cyropdia4 ,for the philosopher says1 ,they brought him 1 and condiments of all sorts1 and food of all kinds4 ,and in the works of the author of ,chiron1 which is usually attributed to ,pherecrates1 the word is used for seasoning2 and not1 as ,didymus1 in his treatise on ,words used in a ,corrupted ,sense1 asserts1 for a vessel4 ,for he says-- ,by ,jove1 as are praised or blamed ,because of the way in which they flavour meat1 ,so ,caletas esteems these people nothing4 ,and ,nicophon1 in his ,sirens1 says-- ,others may fight the for their seat4 ,and ,aristophanes says1 in his ,ddalus1-- ,all women have one set of principles1 ,and have a lover1 like a 1 ready4 ,and ,plato says1 in his ,festivals1-- ,whence barley-cakes may be got1 and 4 ,but he is speaking here of cooking and seasoning onions4 ,but the ,attic writers1 ,o my ,syri-,attic friend ,ulpian1 use also in this sense2 as ,theopompus says1 in his ,peace3-- ,bread's a good thing2 but flattery and tricks1 ,when added as a seasoning 77 to bread1 ,are odious as can be4 #f4 ,when speaking of hams1 they use the two forms and 4 ,eupolis1 in his ,autolycus1 says-- ,the legs and hams 77 out of the soup4 ,and ,euripides1 in his ,sciron1 says-- ,nor hams 77 of kids4 ,but the word is contracted from 1 as from 1 from 2 so from 4 ,aristophanes1 in his second ,plutus1 says-- ,alas the ham 77 which ,i have just devour'd6 ,and in his ,daitaleis he says-- ,and the fat hams 77 of tender little pigs ,and dainty tit-bits swift to fly4 ,and in his ,storks he says-- ,the heads of lambs1 the hams 77 of kids4 ,and ,plato1 in his ,griffins1 says-- ,fish1 and hams 771 and sausages4 ,and ,ameipsias1 in his ,connus1 says-- ,the ham 77 from off the victim1 and the ribs1 ,and the left side o' th' head are usually given4 ,and ,xenophon1 in his book on ,hunting1 says--,the ham 77 is fleshy1 and the loins moist4 ,and ,xenophanes the ,colophonian1 in his ,elegies1 says-- ,for having sent a ham 77 of kid1 you won ,a mighty leg of carefully fatted bull1 ,an honourable present for a man1 ,whose glory shall pervade all ,greece1 and never ,cease while the poets and the songs of ,greece ,survive in memory and the mouths of men4 ,sidenote3 ,,turnips4 #g4 ,and as immediately after this a great quantity of food of all sorts was brought in1 we will just mention those dishes which seem most worthy of being remembered2 for there was a great quantity of birds1 and of geese1 and also of young birds 7which some people call 71 and of pigs1 and of those highly-esteemed birds the pheasants4 ,and after ,i have told you about the vegetables1 ,i will then enumerate to you the other dishes also4 #h4 ,first of all1 there were turnips2 and ,apellas1 in his treatise on the ,cities in ,peloponnesus1 says that turnips are called by the ,lacedmonians3 and ,nicander the ,colophonian1 in his ,dialects1 says that among the ,botians it is cabbages which are called 1 and that turnips are called in ,boeotia 4 ,but ,amerias and ,timachidas affirm that it is gourds which are called 4 ,and ,speusippus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,things resembling one another1 says--,the radish1 the turnip1 the rape1 and the nasturtium all resemble each other4 ,but ,glaucus1 in his ,cookery ,book1 spells the word 7rape7 with the lene 1--4 ,but these vegetables have nothing else like them1 unless1 indeed1 it be the plant which we call bounias3 but ,theophrastus does not use the name of bounias1 but calls it a sort of male turnip2 and perhaps the plant which he means is the bounias4 ,and ,nicander1 in his ,georgics1 mentions the bounias-- ,sow turnips on a well-roll'd field1 that they ,may grow as large as the flat dish that holds them4 99 99 99 99 99 4 4 4 4 4 ,for there are two kinds ,which from the radish spring3 one long1 one firm1 ,both seen in well-till'd beds in kitchen gardens4 ,and the turnips which grow on the banks of the ,cephisus are mentioned by ,cratis1 in his ,orators1 thus-- ,and wholly like the turnips of ,cephisus4 ,but ,theophrastus says that there are two kinds of turnips1 the male and the female1 and that they both come from the same seed2 but ,posidonius the ,stoic philosopher1 in the twenty-seventh book of his ,histories1 concerning ,dalmatia1 says that there are some turnips which grow without any cultivation1 and also some carrots that grow wild4 ,but ,diphilus the physician1 of ,siphnos1 says--,the turnip has attenuating properties1 and is harsh and indigestible1 and moreover is apt to cause flatulence3 but the vegetable called bounias is superior to that2 for it is sweeter in taste and more digestible1 in addition to being wholesome for the stomach and nutritious4 ,but the turnip1 he says1 when roasted1 is more easily digested1 but in this state it attenuates the blood still more4 ,this vegetable is mentioned by ,eubulus1 in his ,ancylion1 where he says-- ,i bring this turnip to be roasted now4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,enthusiast1 says-- ,i speak to ,ptolemy1 roasting slices of turnip4 ,but the turnip1 when pickled1 is more attenuating in its effects than when boiled1 especially when it is pickled with mustard1 as ,diphilus says4 #i4 ,then there was the cabbage4 ,eudemus the ,athenian1 in his treatise on ,vegetables1 says that there are three kinds of cabbage--the kind called the salt-cabbage1 and the smooth-leaved-cabbage1 and the parsley-cabbage3 and that the salt-cabbage is reckoned the finest of all in respect of its delicacy of taste2 and it grows in ,eretria1 and ,cyme1 and ,rhodes1 and also in ,cnidos and ,ephesus3 but the smooth-leaved kind is found in every country2 and the parsley-cabbage has its name from the curly nature of its leaves1 for it is like parsley1 both in that respect and in its general thickness4 ,but ,theophrastus writes thus--,but of the 1--,i mean the cabbage1--there is one kind with curly leaves1 and another with smooth leaves1 and a third which is wild4 ,and ,diphilus the ,siphnian says--,the finest and most delicious cabbage grows in ,cyme3 in ,alexandria it is bitter2 and the seed which is brought from ,rhodes to ,alexandria produces sweet cabbage for one year1 after which time it degenerates again1 from the nature of the soil4 ,and ,nicander1 in his ,georgics1 says-- ,the smooth-leaved cabbage sometimes wild is found1 ,and then the curly many-leaved plants ,are often sown in beds2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,there is another kind1 of reddish colour1 ,like frogs in drought2 some of bad colour too ,do come from ,cyme1 like the dingy soles ,which cobblers often sew on worn-out boots2 ,and these the ancients do the ,prophets call4 ,but perhaps ,nicander calls the cabbage ,prophet1 as being sacred2 since in ,hipponax1 in his ,iambics1 we find some such lines as these1-- ,he falling down worshipp'd the seven-leaved cabbage1 ,to which1 before she drank the poison'd draught1 ,pandora brought a cake at the ,thargelia4 ,sidenote3 ,,cabbage4 ,and ,ananius says-- ,and1 by the cabbage do ,i swear1 ,i love thee ,by far the most of mortal men4 4 4 4 ,and ,teleclides1 in his ,prytanes1 uses the oath1 ,yes1 by the cabbages6 and ,epicharmus has the same exclamation in his ,earth and ,sea2 and so has ,eupolis1 in his ,dyers2 and it appears to have been an ,ionian oath3 and there is nothing very strange in the fact of some people having sworn by the cabbage1 since ,zeno the ,cittian1 the founder of the sect of the ,stoics1 imitating the oath of ,socrates1 by the bitch1 was used himself to swear by the caper1 as ,empodus relates in his ,memorabilia4 #aj4 ,and at ,athens the cabbage used to be given to women who had just been delivered1 as a sort of medicine1 having a tendency to add to their nourishment4 ,accordingly1 ,ephippus1 in his ,geryones1 says-- ,what shall next be done8 ,there is no garland now before the doors1 ,no savoury smell strikes on my nostril's edge ,from ,amphidromian festival1 in which ,the custom is to roast large bits of cheese1 ,such as the ,chersonesus furnishes1 ,and then to boil a radish bright with oil1 ,and fry the breasts of well-fed household lamb1 ,and to pluck pigeons1 thrushes too1 and finches1 ,and to eat squids and cuttle-fish together1 ,and many polypi with wondrous curls1 ,and to quaff many goblets of pure wine4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,parasite1 speaks of the cabbage as an economical food1 in the following lines1 where he says-- ,and what these things are1 you1 my wife1 know well2 ,garlic1 and cheese1 and cheesecakes1 dainty dishes ,fit for a gentleman2 no fish cured and salted1 ,no joints of lamb well stuff'd with seasoning1 ,no forced meat of all kinds of ingredients2 ,no high made dishes1 fit to kill a man2 ,but they will boil some cabbage sweet1 ye gods6 ,and in the dish with it some pulse of pease4 ,and ,diphilus says1 in his ,insatiable ,man1-- ,all sorts of dainties now come round us here1 ,all of their own accord4 ,there's cabbage fresh1 ,well boil'd in oil2 and many paunches1 and ,dishes of tender meat4 ,no 4 4 4 4 by ,jove1 ,nor are they like my platters of bruised olives4 ,and ,alceus1 in his ,palstra1 says-- ,and now she's roasted a large dish of cabbage4 ,and ,polyzelus1 in his ,birth of the ,muses1 names cabbages2 and says-- ,the close-grown cabbage with its lofty leaves4 #aa4 ,the next thing to be mentioned is beet-root4 ,of beet-root 7according to the opinion of ,theophrastus71 the white is more juicy than the black1 and it contains less seed1 and it is the kind which is called the ,sicilian beet4 ,but1 says he1 the beet called is a different kind from the 4 ,on which account1 ,diphilus the comic poet1 in his drama called the ,hero1 reproaches some one for speaking incorrectly1 and for calling 1 4 ,and ,eudemus1 in his treatise on ,vegetables1 says that there are four kinds of 3 there is the kind which may be pulled1 the kind with a stalk1 the white kind1 and the common kind2 and this last is of a brown colour4 ,but ,diphilus the ,siphnian says that the beet which he calls is more juicy than the cabbage1 and is also1 in a moderate degree1 more nutritious2 and it ought to be boiled and eaten with mustard1 and that then it has a tendency to attenuate the blood1 and to destroy worms2 but the white kind is better for the stomach1 while the black is more diuretic4 ,he says1 also1 that their roots are more pleasing to the palate1 and more nutritious4 #ab4 ,then there is the carrot4 ,this vegetable1 says ,diphilus1 is harsh1 but tolerably nutritious1 and moderately good for the stomach2 but it passes quickly through the bowels1 and causes flatulence3 it is indigestible1 diuretic1 and not without some influence in prompting men to amatory feelings2 on which account it is called a philtre by some people4 ,and ,numenius1 in his ,man fond of ,fishing1 says-- ,of all the plants which grow in fields unsown1 ,or which take root in fertile plough'd-up lands ,in winter1 or when flowering spring arrives1 ,such as the thistle dry1 or the wild carrot1 ,or the firm rape1 or lastly1 the wild cabbage4 ,and ,nicander1 in the second book of his ,georgics1 says-- ,then there is also the deep root of fennel1 ,and of rock-parsley1 and the carrot too1 ,which loves dry soils1 the sow-thistle1 the myrrh plant1 ,the dog-tongue and the chicory4 ,and with them bruise ,the tough hard-tasted leaves of arum1 and ,the plant which farmers do entitle bird's-milk4 ,sidenote3 ,,leeks4 ,theophrastus also mentions the carrot2 and ,phnias1 in the fifth book of his treatise on ,plants1 speaks as follows3--,but as to the nature of the seed1 the plant which is called and the seed of the carrot are much alike4 ,and in his first book he says--,the following plants have seed in pods of umbellated form3 the anise1 fennel1 the carrot1 the bur-parsley1 hemlock1 coriander1 and aconite 7which some call mousekiller74 ,but1 since ,nicander has mentioned the arum1 ,i must also add that ,phnias1 in the book which ,i have just mentioned1 writes thus3--,the dracontium1 which some call arum or aronia4 ,but ,diocles1 in the first book of his treatise on the ,wholesomes1 calls the carrot1 not 1 but 4 ,there is also another kind which is called 1 which is a large and well-grown carrot1 more juicy than the 1 and more heating1--more diuretic1 very good for the stomach1 and very easily digested1 as ,diphilus assures us4 #ac4 ,then there is the 1 or leek1 which the same ,diphilus says is also called 2 and he says that it is superior to the kind called the sliced-leek1 and that it has some effect in attenuating the blood1 and is nutritious1 and apt to cause flatulence4 ,but ,epnetus1 in his ,cookery ,book1 says that the leeks are also called 2 and ,i find this name occurring in ,eubulus1 in his ,pornoboscus1 where he says-- ,i cannot now eat any other loaf1 ,for ,i've just had one at ,gnathnius'1 ,whom ,i found boiling up 4 ,but some say that the is the same as the peculiar kind of leek called 1 which ,phrynichus mentions in his ,saturn4 ,and ,didymus1 interpreting that play1 says that the resembles the leek called the vine-leek1 or 2 and he says that they are also called 4 ,and ,epicharmus also mentions the gethyllides in his ,philoctetes1 where he says-- ,two heads of garlic1 two gethyllides4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his second olosicon1 says-- ,some roots of leeks 771 which taste almost like garlic4 ,and ,polemo the geographer1 in his book on ,samothrace1 says that ,latona had a longing for the gethyllis1 writing as follows3--,among the ,delphians1 at the festival which they call the ,theoxenia1 there is a rule that whoever brings the largest gethyllis to ,latona shall receive a portion of food from off her table2 and ,i myself have seen a gethyllis as big as a turnip or as the round rape4 ,and men say that ,latona1 when she was pregnant with ,apollo1 longed for the gethyllis2 on which account it is treated with this respect4 #ad4 ,next comes the gourd4 ,but as gourds were served round to us in the winter season1 every one marvelled1 thinking that they were fresh gourds2 and we recollected what the beautiful ,aristophanes said in his ,seasons1 praising the glorious ,athens in these lines3-- ,a4 ,there you shall at mid-winter see ,cucumbers1 gourds1 and grapes1 and apples1 ,and wreaths of fragrant violets ,cover'd with dust1 as if in summer4 ,and the same man will sell you thrushes1 ,and pears1 and honey-comb1 and olives1 ,beestings1 and tripe1 and summer swallows1 ,and grasshoppers1 and bullock's paunches4 ,there you may see full baskets pack'd ,with figs and myrtle1 crown'd with snow2 ,there you may see fine pumpkins join'd ,to the round rape and mighty turnip2 ,so that a stranger well may fear ,to name the season of the year4 ,b4 ,that's a fine thing if all the year ,a man can have whate'er he pleases4 ,a4 ,say rather1 it's the worst of evils2 ,for if the case were different1 ,men would not cherish foolish fancies ,nor rush into insane expenses4 ,but after some short breathing time ,i might myself bear off these things2 ,as indeed in other cities1 ,athens excepted1 oft ,i do3 ,however1 as ,i tell you now1 ,the ,athenians have all these things4 ,because1 as we may well believe1 ,they pay due honour to the gods4 ,b4 ',tis well for them they honour you1 ,which brings them this enjoyment1 since ,you seek to make their city ,egypt1 ,instead of the immortal ,athens4 ,sidenote3 ,,poultry4 ,at all events1 we were astonished eating cucumbers in the month of ,january2 for they were green1 and full of their own peculiar flavour1 and they happened to have been dressed by cooks who above all men knew how to dress and season such things4 ,laurentius1 therefore1 asked whether the ancients were acquainted with this vegetable1 or with this way of dressing it4 ,and ,ulpian said--,nicander the ,colophonian1 in the second book of his ,georgics1 mentions this way of dressing the vegetable1 calling the gourds not 1 but 2 for1 indeed1 that was one of their names1 as we have said before4 ,and his words are3-- ,first cut the gourds in slices1 and then run ,threads through their breadth1 and dry them in the air2 ,then smoke them hanging them above the fire2 ,so that the slaves may in the winter season ,take a large dish and fill it with the slices1 ,and feast on them on holidays3 meanwhile ,let the cook add all sorts of vegetables1 ,and throw them seed and all into the dish2 ,let them take strings of gherkins fairly wash'd1 ,and mushrooms1 and all sorts of herbs in bunches1 ,and curly cabbages1 and add them too4 #ae4 ,the next thing to be mentioned is poultry4 ,and since poultry was placed on the gourds and on other scraped 77 vegetables1 7and this is what ,aristophanes in his ,delian ,woman says of chopped up vegetables1 1 or pressed grapes17 ,myrtilus said1--,but now1 in our time1 we have got into a habit of calling nothing or but pullets1 of which ,i see a quantity now being brought round4 7,and ,chrysippus the philosopher1 in the fifth book of his ,treatise on what is ,honourable and ,pleasant1 writes thus--,as some people insist upon it that white pullets are nicer than black ones47 ,and the names given to the male fowl are and 4 ,but anciently1 men were accustomed to use the word 1 both in the masculine and feminine gender1 and to apply it to other birds1 and not to this species in particular to the exclusion of others1 as is now done when we speak of buying birds1 and mean only poultry4 ,accordingly1 ,homer says1 ,and many birds 7 7 beneath the sun's bright rays4 ,and in another place he uses the word in the feminine gender1 and says-- ,a tuneful bird 7 74 ,and in another place he says-- ,as the bold bird her helpless young attends1 ,from danger guards them1 and from want defends2 ,in search of prey she wings the spacious air1 ,and with untasted food supplies her care1#be-- again using in the feminine gender4 ,but ,menander in his first edition of the ,heiress1 uses the word plainly in the sense in which it is used at the present day2 saying-- ,a cock had loudly crow'd--,will no one now1 ,he cried out1 drive this poultry 7 7 from our doors ,and again1 he writes-- ,she scarcely could the poultry 7 7 drive away4 ,but ,cratinus1 in his ,nemesis1 has used the form 1 saying-- ,and all the other birds 774 ,and they use not only the form 1 but also that of 1 in the masculine gender4 ,the same ,cratinus says in the same play-- ,a scarlet winged bird 7 74 ,and again1 he says-- ,you1 then1 must now become a large bird 7 74 ,and ,sophocles1 in his ,antenorid1 says-- ,a bird 771 and a crier1 and a servant4 ,and schylus1 in his ,cabiri1 says-- ,i make you not a bird 77 of this my journey4 ,and ,xenophon1 in the second book of his ,cyropdia1 says--,going in pursuit of birds 7 7 in the severest winter4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,twin ,sisters1 says-- ,i came laden with birds 774 ,and immediately afterwards he has ,he sends off birds 7 74 ,and that they often used as the plural form we have the evidence of ,menander to prove to us3 and also ,alcman says somewhere or other-- ,the damsels all with unaccomplish'd ends ,departed2 just as frighten'd birds 77 who see ,a hostile kite which hovers o'er their heads4 ,and ,eupolis1 in his ,peoples1 says-- ,is it not hard that ,i should have such sons1 ,when every bird 77 has offspring like its sire8 ,sidenote3 ,,anaxandrides4 #af4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the ancients sometimes also used the word in the feminine gender for a hen4 ,cratinus1 in his ,nemesis1 says-- ,this is your work1 ,o ,leda4 ,take you care ,to imitate the manners of a hen 77 ,and sit upon this egg1 that so you may ,show us from out this shell a noble bird4 ,and ,strattis1 in his ,men ,fond of ,cold1 says-- ,and all the hens 7 71 ,and all the pigs are also dead1 ,and all the little birds around4 ,and ,anaxandrides says1 in his ,tereus-- ,they saw the boars their species propagate ,with joy1 and likewise all the hens 7 74 ,and since ,i have mentioned this comic poet1 and as ,i know1 too1 that this play of his1 namely ,tereus1 is not reckoned one of his best1 ,i will also bring forward1 my friends1 for your judgment1 what ,chamleon of ,heraclea has said about him in the sixth book of his treatise on ,comedy2 where he uses the following language3--,anaxandrides once1 publishing a dithyrambic poem at ,athens1 entered the city on a horse1 and recited some lines of his ,ode4 ,and he was a very fine1 handsome man to look at2 and he let his hair grow1 and wore a purple robe with golden fringes1 but being a man of a bitter disposition he was in the habit of behaving in some such manner as this with respect to his comedies4 ,whenever he did not get the victory he took his play and sent it to the frankincense market to be torn up to pack bunches of frankincense in1 and did not revise it as most people did4 ,and in this way he destroyed many clever and elegant plays2 being1 by reason of his old age1 very sulky with the spectators4 ,and he is said to have been a ,rhodian by birth1 of the city of ,camirus3 and ,i wonder therefore how it was that his ,tereus got preserved1 since it did not obtain the victory2 and ,i feel the same wonder in the case of others by the same author4 ,and ,theopompus1 in his ,peace1 also uses the word for hens1 speaking thus-- ,i am so vex'd at having lost the hen 77 ,which laid the finest eggs in all the yard4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,ddalus1 says-- ,she laid a noble egg1 like any hen 774 ,and in another place he says-- ,sometimes we find that hens 77 when driven about1 ,and frighten'd1 lay wind eggs4 ,and in the ,clouds1 where he is explaining to the old man the difference between the names1 he says-- ,a4 ,tell me then1 now1 what name ,i ought to give them4 ,b4 ,call this1 the hen1 1 thus1 ,and call her mate1 the cock1 4 ,and we find the cock called and 4 ,and ,simonides writes-- ,o tuneful voiced 4 ,and ,cratinus1 in his ,seasons1 says-- ,like the ,persian loud-voiced cock 771 ,who every hour sings his song4 ,and he has this name from rousing us from our beds 774 ,but the ,dorians1 who write with a 1 1 make the genitive with a 1 4 ,but ,alcman writes the nominative with a 1 saying-- ,the purple bird 77 of spring4 ,though ,i am aware that he too makes the genitive with a 1 saying-- ,but yet by all the birds 774 #ag4 ,the next thing to be mentioned is the pig1 under the name of 4 ,epicharmus calls the male pig in his ,ulysses the ,deserter1 saying-- ,i lost by an unhappy chance ,a pig 77 belonging to the neighbours1 ,which ,i was keeping for ,eleusis ,and ,ceres's mysterious feast4 ,much was ,i grieved2 and now he says ,that ,i did give it to th' ,achans1 ,some kind of pledge2 and swears that ,i ,betray'd the pig 7 7 designedly4 ,and ,anaxilus also1 in his ,circe1 has used the word in the masculine gender2 and moreover has used it of a full-grown pig1 saying-- ,some of you that dread goddess will transform ,to pigs 771 who range the mountains and the woods4 ,some she will panthers make2 some savage wolves1 ,and terrible lions4 ,but ,aristophanes1 in his ,fryers1 applies the word to female pigs1 and says-- ,sidenote3 ,,pigs4 ,the paunch1 too1 of a sow in autumn born 7 74 ,and in his ,acharnians he says-- ,for she is young 771 but when she is a sow 771 ,you'll see she'll have a large1 fat1 ruddy tail2 ,and if you keep her she'll be a noble pig 7 74 ,and ,eupolis1 in his ,golden ,age1 uses it as feminine2 and ,hipponax wrote-- 4 ,and1 indeed1 it is the female pig which is more correctly called by this name1 as having 1 for that word means a womb4 ,and it is the word from which is derived4 ,but respecting the age of these animals1 ,cratinus speaks in his ,archilochi1 saying-- ,these men have 1 the others 4 ,and ,aristophanes the grammarian1 in his treatise on ,ages1 says--,those pigs which are now come to a compact form1 are called 2 but those which are tender1 and are full of juice1 are called 2 and this makes that line of ,homer intelligible-- ,the servants all have little pigs 77 to eat1 ,but on fat hogs 77 the dainty suitors feast4#bf ,and ,plato the comic poet1 in his ,poet1 uses the word in the masculine gender1 and says-- ,he led away the pig 7 7 in silence4 ,but there was ancient custom1 as ,androtion tells us1 for the sake of the produce of the herds1 never to slay a sheep which had not been shorn1 or which had never had young1 on which account they always ate full-grown animals3 ,but on fat hogs the dainty suitors feast4 ,and even to this day the priest of ,minerva never sacrifices a lamb1 and never tastes cheese4 ,and when1 on one occasion1 there was a want of oxen1 ,philochorus says1 that a law was passed that they should abstain from slaying them on account of their scarcity1 wishing to get a greater number1 and to increase the stock by not slaying them4 ,but the ,ionians use the word also of the female pig1 as ,hipponax does1 where he says-- ,with pure libations and the offer'd paunch ,of a wild sow 7 74 ,and ,sophocles1 in his ,tnarus1 a satyric drama1 says-- ,should you then guard her1 like a chain'd-up sow 7 78 ,and ,ptolemy1 the king of ,egypt1 in the ninth book of his ,commentaries1 says--,when ,i was at ,assus1 the ,assians brought me a pig 77 two cubits and a half in height1 and the whole of his body corresponding in length to that height2 and of a colour as white as snow3 and they said that ,king ,eumenes had been very diligent in buying all such animals of them1 and that he had given as much as four thousand drachm a piece for one4 ,and schylus says-- ,but ,i will place this carefully fed pig ,within the crackling oven2 and1 ,i pray1 ,what nicer dish can e'er be given to man8 ,and in another place he says-- ,a4 ,is he a white one8 ,b4 ,aye1 indeed he is ,a snow-white pig 771 and singed most carefully4 ,a4 ,now boil him1 and take care he is not burnt4 ,and again in another place he says-- ,but having kill'd this pig 7 71 of the same litter ,which has wrought so much mischief in the house1 ,pushing and turning ev'rything upside down4 ,and these lines have all been quoted by ,chamleon1 in his ,commentary on schylus4 #ah4 ,but concerning the pig1 that it is accounted a sacred animal among the ,cretans1 ,agathocles the ,babylonian1 in the first book of his account of ,cyzicus1 speaks as follows--,they say that ,jupiter was born in ,crete1 on the mountain ,dicte2 on which mountain a mysterious sacrifice used to take place4 ,for it is said that a sow allowed ,jupiter to suck its udder4 ,and that she going about with her constant grunting1 made the whining of the infant inaudible to those who were looking for him4 ,on which account all the ,cretans think that that animal is to be worshipped2 and nothing1 it is said1 can induce them to eat its flesh4 ,and the ,praisians also sacrifice to a sow2 and this is a regular sacrifice among that people before marriage4 ,and ,neanthes of ,cyzicus gives a similar account1 in the second book of his treatise on ,mysteries4 ,achus the ,eretrian mentions full-grown sows under the name of in thon1 a satyric drama1 where he says-- ,and ,i have often heard of full-grown sows ,under this shape and form4 ,sidenote3 ,,pigs4 ,but he has given the name of by a metaphor from heifers4 ,for they are called 1 or spreading1 from their horns1 when they have spreading horns4 ,and ,eratosthenes has spoken of pigs in the same way as ,achus has in his ,anterinnys1 and has called them 1 using this word metaphorically1 which properly belongs to fatted oxen which were called so from the verb 1 which is a word of the same meaning as 1 to be fed up4 ,and ,sophron uses the word-- 2 or perhaps it comes from ,larina1 a small town of ,epirus1 or from the name of the herdsman1 which may have been ,larinus4 #ai4 ,and once when a pig was served up before us1 the half of which was being carefully roasted1 and the other half boiled gently1 as if it had been steamed1 and when all marvelled at the cleverness of the cook1 he being very proud of his skill1 said--,and1 indeed1 there is not one of you who can point out the place where he received the death wound2 or where his belly was cut so as to be stuffed with all sorts of dainties4 ,for it has thrushes in it1 and other birds2 and it has also in it parts of the abdomens of pigs1 and slices of a sow's womb1 and the yolks of eggs1 and moreover the entrails of birds1 with their ovaries1 those also being full of delicate seasoning1 and also pieces of meat shred into thin shavings and seasoned with pepper4 ,for ,i am afraid to use the word before ,ulpian1 although ,i know that he himself is very fond of the thing4 ,and1 indeed1 my favourite author ,paxamus speaks of it by this name1 and ,i myself do not care much about using no words but such as are strictly ,attic4 ,do you1 therefore1 show me now how this pig was killed1 and how ,i contrived to roast half of him and to boil the other side4--,and as we kept on examining him1 the cook said1--,but do you think that ,i know less about my business than the ancient cooks1 of whom the comic poets speak8 for ,posidippus1 in his ,dancing ,women1 speaks as follows--and it is a cook who is represented as making the following speech to his pupils-- #bj4 ,my pupil ,leucon1 and the rest of you1 ,you fellow servants--for there is no place ,unfit to lecture upon science in2 ,know that in the cookery no seasoning ,is equal to the sauce of impudence4 ,and1 if ,i must confess the whole o' the truth1 ,you'll find this quality of great use everywhere4 ,see now1 this tribune1 who displays a breastplate ,all over scales1 or dragon wrought in steel1 ,appears some ,briareus2 but when th' occasion ,calls for his might1 he proves a very hare4 ,so when a cook with helpers and attendants ,comes to some stranger1 and his pupils brings1 ,calling the servants of the house mere humbugs1 ,mere cummin splitters1 famine personified2 ,they all crouch down before him3 but if you bear ,yourself with honesty and spirit towards him1 ,he'll fly half flay'd with fear4 ,do you remember1 ,and1 as ,i bade you1 give fair room for boasting1 ,and take you care to know the taste of the guests2 ,for as in any other market1 so ,this is the goal which all your art should seek1 ,to run straight into all the feasters' mouths ,as into harbour4 ,at the present moment ,we're busied about a marriage feast-- ,an ox is offer'd as the choicest victim2 ,the father-in-law is an illustrious man1 ,the son-in-law a person of like honour2 ,their wives are priestesses to the good goddess4 ,corybantes1 flutes1 a crowd of revellers ,are all assisting at the festival4 ,here's an arena for our noble art4 ,always remember this4 ,and concerning another cook 7whose name is ,seuthes7 the same poet speaks in the following manner-- ,seuthes1 in the opinion of those men1 ,is a great bungler4 ,but ,i'd have you know1 ,my excellent friend1 the case of a good cook ,is not unlike that of a general4 ,the enemy are present1--the commander1 ,a chief of lofty genius1 stands against them1 ,and fears not to support the weight of war3-- ,here the whole band of revellers is the enemy1 ,it marches on in close array1 it comes ,keen with a fortnight's calculation ,of all the feast3 excitement fires their breasts1 ,they're ready for the fray1 and watch with zeal ,to see what will be served up now before them4 ,think now1 that such a crowd collected sits ,to judge of your performance4 ,sidenote3 ,,cooks4 #ba4 ,then you know there is a cook in the ,synephebi of ,euphron2 just hear what a lecture he gives-- ,when1 ,carion1 you a supper do prepare1 ,for those who their own contributions bring1 ,you have no time to play1 nor how to practise ,for the first time the lessons you've received4 ,and you were yesterday in danger too2 ,for not one single one of all your tenches ,had any liver1 but they all were empty4 ,the brain was decomposed too4--,but you must1 ,o ,carion1 when at any future time ,you chance a band like this to thus encounter1 ,as ,dromon1 ,cerdon1 and ,soterides1 ,giving you all the wages that you ask'd1 ,deal with them fairly4 ,where we now are going ,to a marriage feast1 there try experiments4 ,and if you well remember all my rules1 ,you are my real pupil2 and a cook ,by no means common3 'tis an opportunity ,a man should pray for4 ,make the best of it1 ,the old man is a miser1 and his pay ,is little4 ,if ,i do not find you eating up ,the very coals1 you're done for4 ,now go in2 ,for here the old man comes himself1 behold ,how like a skin-flint usurer he looks6 #bb4 ,but the cook in ,sosipater's ,liar is a great sophist1 and in no respect inferior to the physicians in impudence4 ,and he speaks as follows-- ,a4 ,my art1 if you now rightly do consider it1 ,is not1 ,o ,demylus1 at all an art ,to be consider'd lightly2--but alas1 ',tis too much prostituted2 and you'll find ,that nearly all men fear not to profess ,that they are cooks1 though the first principles ,of the great art are wholly strange to them2 ,and so the whole art is discredited4 ,but when you meet an honest1 genuine cook1 ,who from his childhood long has learnt the art1 ,and knows its great effects1 and has its rules ,deep buried in his mind2 then1 take my word1 ,you'll find the business quite a different thing4 ,there are but three of us now left in ,greece2 ,boidion1 and ,chariades1 and ,i2 ,the rest are all the vilest of the vile4 ,b4 ,indeed8 ,a4 ,i mean it4 ,we alone preserve ,the school of ,sicon3 he was the great teacher ,of all our art3 he was the first who taught us ,to scan the stars with judgment3 the great ,sicon6 ,then1 next to this he made us architects3 ,he open'd too the paths of physical knowledge2 ,and after this he taught us all the rules ,of military science2 for all these ,were but preliminaries accessory ,to the preeminent1 godlike art of cooking4 ,b4 ,i think you mean to choke me1 my good friend4 ,a4 ,not ,i2 but till the boy comes back from market ,i'll stir you up a little with some rules ,about your art1 since we can never have ,a more convenient time for talking of it4 ,b4 ,oh1 by ,apollo1 you're a zealous man4 ,a4 ,listen1 my friend4 ,in the first place1 a cook ,must the sublimer sciences have learnt3 ,he must know when the stars do set and rise1 ,and why4 ,moreover1 when the sun returns1 ,causing the long and short days on the earth2 ,and in what figures of the zodiac ,he is from time to time4 ,for1 men do say ,all fish1 and every meat and herb we eat1 ,have different qualities at different seasons ,of the revolving year2 and he who knows ,the principles and reasons of these things ,will use each meat when it is most in season2 ,and he who knows them not1 but acts at random1 ,is always laugh'd at most deservedly4 ,perhaps1 too1 you don't know wherein the science ,of th' architect can bear on this our art4 ,b4 ,indeed ,i wonder'd what it had to do with it4 ,a4 ,i'll tell you3--rightly to arrange the kitchen1 ,to let in just the light that's requisite1 ,to know the quarter whence the winds blow most1 ,are all of great importance in this business-- ,for smoke1 according to which way it goes1 ,makes a great difference when you dress a dinner4 ,b4 ,that may be2 but what need is there1 ,i pray1 ,for cooks to have the science of generals8 ,a4 ,order is a prevailing principle ,in every art2 and most of all in ours3 ,for to serve up and take away each dish ,in regular order1 and to know the time ,when quick t' advance them1 and when slowly bring1 ,and how each guest may feel towards the supper1 ,and when hot dishes should be set before him1 ,when warm ones1 and when regular cold meat ,should be served up1 depends on various branches ,of strategetic knowledge1 like a general's4 ,b4 ,since then you've shown me what ,i wish'd to know1 ,may you1 departing now1 enjoy yourself4 ,sidenote3 ,,cooks4 #bc4 ,and the cook in the ,milesians of ,alexis is not very different from this1 for he speaks as follows-- ,a4 ,do you not know1 that in most arts and trades ',tis not th' artificer who alone has pow'r ,o'er their enjoyment8 ,those who use them too ,contribute all their part1 if well they use them4 ,b4 ,how so8 ,let me1 ,o stranger1 understand4 ,a4 ,the duty of the cook is but to dress ,and rightly season meat2 and nothing more4 ,if1 then1 the man who is to eat his meat1 ,and judge of it1 comes in proper time1 ,he aids the cook in that his business4 ,but if he come too late1 so that the joint ,already roasted must be warm'd again1 ,or if he come too soon1 so that the cook ,is forced to roast the meat with undue haste1 ,he spoils the pleasure which he might have had ,from the cook's skill by his unpunctuality4 ,i class a cook among philosophers2 ,you're standing round2 my fire is alight2 ,see how the numerous dogs of ,vulcan's pack ,leap to the roof2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,you know what happens next3 ,and so some unforeseen necessity ,has brought on us alone this end of life4 #bd4 ,but ,euphron1 whom ,i mentioned a little while ago1 ,o judges1 7for ,i do not hesitate to call you judges1 while awaiting the decision of your sense17 in his play called the ,brothers1 having represented a certain cook as a well-educated man of extensive learning1 and enumerating all the artists before his time1 and what particular excellence each of them had1 and what he surpassed the rest in1 still never mentioned anything of such a nature as ,i have frequently prepared for you4 ,accordingly1 he speaks as follows-- ,i have1 ere this1 had many pupils1 ,lycus1 ,because ,i've always had both wit and knowledge2 ,but you1 the youngest of them all1 are now ,leaving my house an all-accomplish'd cook ,in less than forty weeks4 ,there was the ,rhodian ,agis1 the best of cooks to roast a fish2 ,nereus1 the ,chian1 could a conger boil ,fit for the gods3 ,charides1 of ,athens1 ,black broth was first devised by ,lamprias2 ,sausages rich we owe to ,aphthonetus2 ,euthunus taught us to make lentil soup2 ,aristion made out whole bills of fare ,for those who like a picnic entertainment4 ,so1 like those grave philosophers of old1 ,these are our seven wisest of all cooks4 ,but ,i1 for all the other ground ,i saw ,had been pre-occupied by former artists1 ,first found out how to steal1 in such a way ,that no one blamed me1 but all sought at once ,t' engage my aid4 ,and you1 perceiving too ,this ground already occupied by me1 ,invented something new yourself--'tis this3-- ,five days ago the ,tenians1 grey old men1 ,after a tedious voyage o'er the sea1 ,did hold a sacrifice3 a small thin kid3 ,lycus could crib no portion of that meat1 ,nor could his master4 ,you compell'd the men ,to furnish two more kids4 ,for as they long ,and oft survey'd the liver of the victims1 ,you1 letting down one unperceived hand1 ,were impudent enough to throw the kidneys ,into the ditch3 you raised a mighty tumult3 ,the victim has no kidneys1 they exclaim'd1 ,and all look'd downcast at th' unusual want4 ,they slew another1 and again ,i saw ,you eat the heart from out this second victim4 ,you surely are a mighty man2 you know it-- ,for you alone have found a way to hinder ,a wolf 77 from opening his mouth in vain4 ,and#bg yesterday you threw some strings of sausages 7,which you had sought all day7 into the fire1 ,and sang to the dichordon4 ,and ,i witness'd ,that play of yours2 but this is merely sport4 #be4 ,i wonder if it was any of these second seven wise men who contrived this device about the pig1 so as to stuff his inside without cutting his throat1 and so as to roast one side of him and boil the other at the same time4 ,and as we now urged and entreated him to explain this clever device to us1 he said1--,i will not tell you this year1 ,i swear by those who encountered danger at ,marathon1 and also by those who fought at ,salamis4 ,so when he had taken such an oath as that1 we all thought we ought not to press the man2 but all began to lay hands on the different dishes which were served up before us4 ,and ,ulpian said1--,i swear by those who encountered danger at ,artemisium1 no one shall taste of anything before we are told in what ancient author the word is used in the sense of serving up4 ,for as to the word 1 ,i think ,i am the only person who knows anything about that4 ,and ,magnus said1 ,aristophanes in his ,proagon says-- ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,particular ,,words4 ,why did you not desire him to place ,the goblets on the board 778 ,and ,sophron1 in his ,female ,actresses1 uses the word in a more general sense1 where he says-- ,o ,cocoas1 bring 77 me now a goblet full4 ,and ,plato1 in his ,lacedmonians1 says-- ,let him bring forward 774 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,pamphila1 says-- ,he laid the table1 then he placed on it 77 ,good things in wagon loads4 ,but concerning the word 1 meaning anything which is tasted1 food1 the exclusive knowledge about which you have claimed for yourself1 it is time for you now to tell us1 ,o ,ulpian1 what you do know4 ,for as to the verb 1 we have that in ,eupolis1 in his ,goats1 where he says-- ,take now of this1 and taste 77 it4 ,and ,ulpian said1 ,ephippus in his ,peltastes says-- ,there there were stations for the horses and asses1 ,and wine to drink 7 74 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,twins1 says-- ,now he drinks wine 77 and walks about in splendour1 ,wreathed with flowery garlands4 #bf4 ,on this the cook said--,i1 then1 will relate to you now1 not an ancient contrivance1 but a device of my own1 in order that the flute-player may escape being beaten2 7for ,eubulus1 in his ,lacedmonians or ,leda1 says-- ,but ,i have heard of this1 ,i swear by ,vesta1 ,that when the cook at home makes any blunder1 ,the flute-player is always beaten for it4 ,and ,philyllius1 or whoever the poet may have been who wrote the play of ,the ,cities1 says-- ,whatever blunders now the cook may make1 ,the flute-player receives the stripes for them47 ,and ,i mean the device about the pig half-roasted1 half-boiled1 and stuffed1 without having had any apparent incision made in him4 ,the fact is1 the pig was stuck with a very short wound under his shoulder2 7and he showed the wound47 ,then when the greater part of the blood had flowed from it1 all the entrails1 with the intestines1 ,i washed 7and the word 1 ,o you revellers who think so much of words1 means not only a taking out1 but also the entrails themselves7 carefully in wine several times1 and hung the pig up by his feet4 ,then again ,i washed him in wine2 and having boiled up beforehand all the seasonings which ,i have spoken of with a good deal of pepper1 ,i pushed them in at his mouth1 pouring in afterwards a quantity of broth very carefully made4 ,and after this ,i plastered over one half of the pig1 as you see1 with a great quantity of barley-meal1 having soaked that in wine and oil4 ,and then ,i put it in an oven1 placing under it a brazen table1 and ,i roasted it at a gentle fire1 so as not to burn it1 nor1 on the other hand1 to take it away before it was quite done4 ,and when the skin began to get roasted and brown1 ,i conjectured that the other side was boiled enough4 ,and so then ,i took off the barley-meal1 and brought it up in that condition and set it before you4 #bg4 ,but as to the word 1 my excellent friend ,ulpian1 ,dionysius the comic poet1 in his drama called ,things having the same ,name1 speaks thus1 representing a cook speaking to his pupils-- ,come now1 ,o ,dromon1 if you aught do know1 ,wise or accomplish'd in your business1 ,or fit to charm the eyes1 reveal it straight ,to me your master4 ,for ,i ask you now ,for a brief exhibition of your skill4 ,i'm leading you into an enemy's country2 ,come gaily to the charge4 ,they'll weigh the meat ,and count the joints they give you1 and they'll watch you3 ,but you1 by boiling them to pieces1 will ,not only make them tender1 but confuse ,the number of the pieces1 so as quite ,to upset all their calculations4 ,they bring you a fine fish2--his tail is yours4 ,and if you filch a slice1 that1 too1 is yours4 ,while we are in the house3 when we've got out ,it then belongs to me4 ,th' 1 ,and all the other parts1 which can't be counted1 ,in which you cannot easily be found out1 ,which may be class'd as parings and as scrapings1 ,shall make a feast for you and me to-morrow4 ,and let the porter share in all your spoils1 ,that you may pass his gate with his good-will4 ,why need ,i say much to a prudent man8 ,you are my pupil1 ,i am your preceptor1 ,remember this1 and come along with me4 ,sidenote3 ,,learned ,,cooks4 #bh4 ,and so when we had all praised the cook for the readiness of his discourse1 and for the exceeding perfection of his skill1 our excellent entertainer ,laurentius said--,and how much better it is for cooks to learn such things as these1 than as they do with one whom ,i could mention of our fellow-citizens1 who having had his head turned by riches and luxury1 compelled his cooks to learn the dialogues of the incomparable ,plato1 and when they were bringing in dishes to say1 ,one1 two1 three1 but where is the fourth1 ,o most excellent ,timus1 of those who were guests yesterday1 but who are hosts to-day8 ,then another made answer1 ,an illness has overtaken him1 ,o ,socrates1--and so they went through the whole dialogue in this manner1 so that those who were at the feast were very indignant1 and so that that all-accomplished man was laughed at and insulted every day1 and that on this account many most respectable men refused all invitations to his entertainments4 ,but these cooks of ours1 who are perhaps just as well instructed in these things as he was1 give us no little pleasure4 ,and then the slave who had been praised for his cleverness as a cook1 said1--,now what have my predecessors ever devised or told us of a similar kind to this8 and is not my behaviour moderate enough1 since ,i do not boast myself8 ,and yet ,coroebus the ,elean1 who was the first man who ever was crowned as victor in the ,olympic games1 was a cook2 and yet he was not as proud of his skill and of his art as the cook in ,straton in the ,phnicides1 concerning whom the man who had hired him speaks thus-- #bi4 ',tis a male sphinx1 and not a cook1 that ,i ,seem to have introduced into my house4 ,for by the gods ,i swear there's not one thing ,of all he says that ,i can understand1 ,so full is he of fine new-fangled words4 ,for when he first came in1 he1 looking big1 ,ask'd me this question--,how many #bh now ,have you invited here to dinner8 ,tell me4-- ,how many have ,i ask'd to dinner8-- ,you're angry4--,do you think that ,i'm a man ,to have acquaintance with your 8 ,it is a fine idea1 to make a banquet ,and ask a lot of to eat it4 ,then do you mean there'll be no 7guest78 ,no ,dtymon that ,i know of4--,then ,i counted-- ,there'll be ,philinus1 and ,niceratus1 ,and ,moschion1 and this man too1 and that-- ,and so ,i counted them all name by name2 ,but there was not a ,dtymon among them4 ,no ,dtymon will come1 said ,i4 ,what6 no one8 ,replied he in a rage1 as though insulted ,that not a ,dtymon had been invited4 ,do you not slay that tearer up of th' earth1 ,said he1 the broad-brow'd ox8 ,in truth1 not ,i2 ,i've got no ox to kill1 you stupid fellow4 ,then you will immolate some sheep8 ,not ,i1 ,by ,jove2 nor ox1 nor sheep1 but there's a lamb4 ,what6 don't you know1 said he1 that lambs are sheep8 ,indeed1 said ,i1 ,i neither know nor care ,for all this nonsense4 ,i'm but country bred2 ,so speak more plainly1 if you speak at all4 ,why1 don't you know that this is ,homer's language8 ,my good cook1 ,homer was a man who had ,a right to call things any names he pleased2 ,but what1 in ,vesta's name1 is that to us8 ,at least you can't object when ,i quote him4 ,why1 do you mean to kill me with your ,homer8 ,no1 but it is my usual way of talking4 ,then get another way1 while here with me4 ,shall ,i1 says he1 for your four dirty drachmas1 ,give up my eloquence and usual habits8 ,well1 bring me here the 4 ,oh me6 ,what are 8 ,those barley-cakes4 ,you madman1 why such roundabout expressions8 ,is there no sediment of the sea at hand8 ,sediment8 ,speak plain2 do tell me what you want ,in words ,i understand4 ,old man1 says he1 ,you are most wondrous dull2 have you no salt8 ,that's sediment1 and that you ought to know2 ,bring me the basin4--,so they brought it4 ,he ,then slew the animals1 adding heaps of words ,which not a soul of us could understand1 1 1 1 #bi-- ,so that ,i took ,philetas' ,lexicon down1 ,to see what each of all these words did mean4 ,and then once more ,i pray'd of him to change1 ,and speak like other men2 by earth ,i swear1 ,persuasion's self could not have work'd on him4 ,sidenote3 ,,cooks4 #cj4 ,but the race of cooks are really very curious for the most part about the histories and names of things4 ,accordingly the most learned of them say1 ,the knee is nearer than the leg1--and1 ,i have travelled over ,asia and ,europe3 and when they are finding fault with any one they say1 ,it is impossible to make a ,peleus out of an neus4--,and ,i once marvelled at one of the old cooks1 after ,i had enjoyed his skill and the specimens of his art which he had invented4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,caldron1 introduces one speaking in the following manner-- ,a4 ,he boil'd1 it seem'd to me1 some pork1 from off ,a pig who died by suffocation4 ,b4 ,that's nice4 ,a4 ,and then he scorch'd it at the fire4 ,b4 ,never mind that2 that can be remedied4 ,a4 ,how so8 ,b4 ,take some cold vinegar1 and pour it ,into a plate4 ,dost heed me8 ,then take up ,the dish while hot and put it in the vinegar2 ,for while 'tis hot 'twill draw the moisture up ,through its material1 which is porous all2 ,and so fermenting1 like a pumice-stone1 ',twill open all its spongy passages1 ,through which it will imbibe new moisture thoroughly4 ,and so the meat will cease to seem dried up1 ,but will be moist and succulent again4 ,a4 ,o ,phoebus1 what a great physician's here6 ,o ,glaucias6--,i will do all you tell me4 ,b4 ,and serve them1 when you do serve them up1 7,dost mark me87 cold2 for so no smell too strong ,will strike the nostrils2 but rise high above them4 ,a4 ,it seems to me you're fitter to write books ,than to cook dinners2 since you quibble much ,in all your speeches1 jesting on your art4 #ca4 ,and now we have had enough of cooks1 my feasters2 lest perhaps some one of them1 pluming himself and quoting the ,morose ,man of ,menander1 may spout such lines as these-- ,no one who does a cook an injury ,ever escapes unpunish'd2 for our art ,is a divine and noble one4 ,but ,i say to you1 in the words of the tuneful ,diphilus-- ,i place before you now a lamb entire1 ,well skewer'd1 and well cook'd and season'd2 ,some porkers in their skins1 and roasted whole2 ,and a fine goose stuff'd full1 like ,dureus4 #cb4 ,we must now speak of the goose4 ,for as many geese were served up very excellently dressed1 some one said1 ,look at the fat geese 7 74 ,and ,ulpian said1 ,where do you ever find the expression 8 ,and ,plutarch answered him3--,theopompus the ,chian1 in his ,history of ,greece1 and in the thirteenth book of his ,history of the ,affairs and ,exploits of ,philip1 says that the ,egyptians sent to ,agesilaus the ,lacedmonian1 when he arrived in ,egypt1 some fatted 77 calves and geese 774 ,and ,epigenes the comic poet says in his ,bacchanalian ,women-- ,but if a person were to take me like ,a fatted goose 7 74 ,and ,archestratus1 in that celebrated poem of his1 says-- ,and at the same time dress the young of one ,fat goose 7 71 and let him too be roasted thoroughly4 ,but we have a right now1 ,o ,ulpian1 to expect you to tell us1 you who question everybody about everything1 where this very costly dish of the livers of geese has been mentioned by any ancient writer4 ,for ,cratinus is a witness that they were acquainted with people whose business it was to feed geese1 in his ,dionysalexander1 where he says-- ,geese-feeders1 cow-herds 4 4 4 4 ,and ,homer uses the word in both the masculine and feminine gender2 for he says-- --,an eagle carrying off a lazy goose4 ,and again he says-- ,and as he seized a fine home-fatten'd goose 7 74 ,and in another place he says-- ,i've twenty geese1 fond of the lucid stream1 ,who in my house eat wheat1 and fatten fast4 ,and ,eupolis mentions the livers of geese 7and they are thought an excessive delicacy at ,rome71 in his ,women ,selling ,garlands1 where he says-- ,if you have not a goose's liver or heart4 #cc4 ,there were also heads of pigs split in half and served up as a dish4 ,and this dish is mentioned by ,crobylus1 in his ,son falsely held to be ,supposititious-- ,there came in half a head of a young pig1 ,a tender dish2 and ,i did stick to it ,so close1 by ,jove1 that ,i left none of it4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,particular ,,words4 ,after these things there was served up a haricot1 called 4 ,and this dish consists of meat chopped up with blood and fat1 in a sauce richly sweetened2 and ,aristophanes the ,grammarian says that it was the ,achans who gave this name to the dish4 ,but ,anticlides1 in the seventy-eighth book of his ,returns1 says1 ,once when there was a design on the part of the ,erythreans to put the ,chians to death by treachery at a banquet1 one of them having learnt what was intended to be done1 said-- ,o ,chians1 wondrous is the insolence ,which now has seized the ,erythreans' hearts4 ,flee when you've done your pork--don't wait for beef4 ,and ,aristomenes1 in his ,jugglers1 makes mention in the following terms of boiled meat1 which he calls -- 99 99 99 99 99 ,they used also to eat the testicles of animals1 which they called 4--,philippodes1 in his ,renovation1 speaking of the gluttony of ,gnathna the courtesan1 says-- ,then1 after all these things1 a slave came in1 ,bearing a large dish full of testicles2 ,and all the rest of the girls made prudish faces1 ,but fair ,gnathna1 that undoer of men1 ,laughed1 and said1 ,capital things are testicles1 ,i swear by ,ceres4 ,so she took a pair ,and ate them up3 so that the guests around ,fell back upon their chairs from laughing greatly4 #cd4 ,and when some one said that a cock dressed with a sauce of oil and vinegar 77 was a very good bird1 ,ulpian1 who was fond of finding fault1 and who was reclining on a couch by himself1 eating little1 but watching the rest of the guests1 said--,what is that you speak of8 unless indeed you give that name to the small figs called and lepidium1 which are both national food of mine4--,but ,timocles1 he replied1 the comic poet1 in his play called ,the ,ring1 mentions 1 saying-- ,and sharks and rays and all the other fish1 ,which may be dressed in sauce of 4 ,and ,alexis has called some men 1 fat on the surface1 in his ,wicked ,woman1 saying-- ,fat on the surface1 but the rest of their body ,is all as dry as wood4 ,and once when a large fish was served up in sour pickle 771 and somebody said that every fish 77 was best when dressed in this kind of pickle1 ,ulpian1 picking out the small bones1 and contracting his brows1 said1--here do you find the word ,and as to 1 ,i am quite sure that that is a word used by no living author4 ,however1 at that time the guests all desired him to settle that as he pleased1 and themselves preferred eating2 while ,cynulcus quoted these lines out of the ,breezes of ,metagenes-- ,but1 my friend1 now let us dine1 ,after that ask what you choose2 ,for at present ,i'm so hungry1 ,i can't recollect a thing4 ,but ,myrtilus in a pleasant manner declared that he subscribed to ,ulpian's sentiments1 so as to be willing to have nothing to eat1 as long as he might talk2 and said2--,cratinus1 in his ,ulysseses1 has mentioned 1 in the following lines-- ,and in return for this ,i now will take ,all you my brave companions2 and will pound1 ,and boil1 and broil1 and roast you thoroughly1 n pickle1 sour pickle 771 garlic pickle1 ,soaking you thoroughly in each by turns4 ,and that one which does seem most fairly roasted ,i'll do the honour to devour myself4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,wasps1-- ,breathe on me1 and then put me in hot pickle 774 #ce4 ,and of living people we ourselves use the word 4 ,plato does so too2 speaking of fish in his ,pisander1 he says-- ,a4 ,now eating 4 4 4 4 ,b4 ,what on earth8 4 4 4 ,a4 ,why1 all there is2 ,fish 774 ,b4 ,you were sick1 and did they give you this8 ,a4 ,but ,i1 the other day1 eating a crab 4 4 4 4 ,and ,pherecrates1 in his ,deserters1 says-- ,some one has served us up this dish of fish 7 74 ,and ,philemon1 in his ,treasure1 says-- ,it is not right to cheat us in this way1 ,nor to have worthless fish 774 ,and ,menander1 in his ,carthaginian1 says-- ,i offered ,boreas much frankincense1 ,and yet ,i did not catch one single fish 771 ,so ,i must now cook lentils for my supper4 ,and in his ,ephesian he says-- ,having some fish 77 for breakfast4 ,and then he goes on to say-- ,some fishmonger ,sold me some tench for four drachmas a-piece4 ,sidenote3 ,,made ,,dishes4 ,and ,anaxilas1 in his ,hyacinthus the ,pander1 says-- ,i now1 ,o ,dion1 will buy you some fish 774 ,and a few lines afterwards he writes-- ,now dress1 ,o boy1 the fish 77 for us4 ,and in the ,anagyrus of ,aristophanes we read-- ,unless on all occasions you do soothe me ,with dainty dishes of fish 774 ,where1 however1 perhaps we must take as used synonymously with 1 for made dishes in general4 ,for ,alexis1 in his ,woman ,sitting up all ,night1 represents a cook as speaking in the following terms3-- ,a4 ,do you prefer your high made dishes hot1 ,or cold1 or something just between the two8 ,b4 ,cold4 ,a4 ,are you sure1 my master8 only think2 ,the man has not one notion how to live8 ,am ,i to serve you everything up cold8 ,b4 ,by no means4 ,a4 ,will you1 then1 have all things hot8 ,b4 ,o ,phoebus6 ,a4 ,then1 if neither hot nor cold1 ,they surely must be just between the two2 ,and none of all my fellows can do this4 ,b4 ,i dare say not1 nor many other things ,which you can do4 ,a4 ,i'll tell you now1 for ,i ,give all the guests an opportunity ,to practise a wise mixture of their food4 ,have you not1 ,i adjure you by the gods1 ,just slain a kid8 ,b4 ,don't cut me1 cut the meat3-- ,boys1 bring the kid4 ,a4 ,is there a kitchen near8 ,b4 ,there is4 ,a4 ,and has it got a chimney too8 ,for this you do not say4 ,b4 ,it has a chimney4 ,a4 ,but if it smokes1 it will be worse than none4 ,b4 ,the man will kill me with his endless questions4 #cf4 ,these passages ,i have quoted to you on the part of us who are still alive1 my well-fed friend ,ulpian4 ,for you too1 as it seems to me1 agree so far with ,alexis as to eat no living animals4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,attic ,woman1 speaks in the following manner-- ,the man who first did say that no philosopher ,would eat of living things1 was truly wise4 ,for ,i am just come home1 and have not bought ,a living thing of any kind4 ,i've bought ,some fish1 but they were dead1 and splendid fish4 ,then here are joints of well-fed household lamb1 ,but he was kill'd last week4 ,what else have ,i8 ,oh1 here's some roasted liver4 ,if there be ,a man who can this liver prove to have ,or soul or voice or animation1 ,i will confess ,i've err'd and broken the law4 ,so now after all this let us have some supper4 ,for just see1 while ,i am talking to you1 all the pheasants have flown by me1 and are gone out of reach1 disregarding me1 because of your unseasonable chattering4 ,but ,i should like you to tell me1 my master ,myrtilus1 said ,ulpian1 where you got that word 1 and also whether any ancient author mentions the pheasant1 and ,i-- ,rising at early morn to sail 4 4 4 4 not through the ,hellespont1 but into the market-place1 will buy a pheasant which you and ,i may eat together4 #cg4 ,and ,myrtilus said1--,on this condition ,i will tell you4 ,amphis uses the word in his ,gyncomania1 where he speaks as follows3-- ,eurybates1 you hunter of rich smells1 ,you surely are the most well-fed 77 of men4 ,and as for the bird called the pheasant1 that delicious writer ,aristophanes mentions it in his play called ,the ,birds4 ,there are in that play two old ,athenians1 who1 from their love of idleness1 are looking for a city where there is nothing to do1 that they may live there2 and so they take a fancy to the life among the birds4 ,and accordingly they come to the birds3 and when all of a sudden some wild bird flies towards them1 they1 alarmed at the sight1 comfort one another1 and say a great many things1 and among them they say this-- ,a4 ,what now is this bird which we here behold8 ,will you not say8 ,b4 ,i think it is a pheasant4 ,and ,i also understand the passage in the ,clouds to refer to birds1 and not to horses as many people take it-- ,the ,phasian flocks1 bred by ,leogoras4 ,for it is very possible that ,leogoras may have bred horses and pheasants too4 ,and ,leogoras is also turned into ridicule as a gourmand by ,plato in his ,very ,miserable ,man4 ,sidenote3 ,,pheasants4 ,and ,mnesimachus1 in his play called ,philip1 7and ,mnesimachus is one of the poets of the ,middle ,comedy17 says-- ,and as the proverb runs1 it is more rare ,than milk of birds1 or than a splendid pheasant ,artistically pluck'd4 ,and ,theophrastus the ,eresian1 a pupil of ,aristotle1 mentions them in the third book of his ,treatise on ,animals1 speaking nearly as follows--,there is also some such difference as this in birds4 ,for the heavy birds which are not so well-suited for flying1 such as the woodcock1 the partridge1 the cock1 and the pheasant1 are very well adapted for walking and have thick plumage4 ,and ,aristotle1 in the eighth book of his ,history of ,animals1 writes thus3--,now of birds there are some which are fond of dusting themselves1 and some which are fond of washing1 and some which neither dust nor wash themselves4 ,and those which are not good flyers1 but which keep chiefly on the ground1 are fond of dusting themselves2 such as the common fowl1 the partridge1 the woodcock1 the pheasant1 the lark4 ,speusippus also mentions them in the second book of his treatise on ,things ,resembling one another4 ,and the name these men give the pheasant is 1 not 4 #ch4 ,but ,agatharchides of ,cnidos1 in the thirty-fourth book of his ,history of the ,affairs of ,europe1 speaking of the river ,phasis1 writes as follows3--,but the great multitude of the birds called pheasants 77 come for the sake of food to the places where the mouths of the rivers fall into the sea4 ,and ,callixenus the ,rhodian1 in the fourth book of his ,account of ,alexandria1 describing a procession which took place in ,alexandria1 when ,ptolemy who was surnamed ,philadelphus was king1 mentions1 as a very extraordinary circumstance connected with these birds--,then there were brought on in cases parrots1 and peacocks1 and guinea-fowl1 and pheasants1 and an immense number of thiopian birds4 ,and ,artemidorus the pupil of ,aristophanes1 in his book entitled ,the ,glossary of ,cookery1 and ,pamphilus the ,alexandrian1 in his treatise on ,names and ,words1 represents ,epnetus as saying in his ,cookery ,book that the pheasant is also called 4 ,but ,ptolemy ,euergetes1 in the second book of his ,commentaries1 says that the pheasant is called 4 ,now this is what ,i am able to tell you about the pheasant1 which ,i have seen brought up on your account1 as if we all had fevers4 ,but you1 if you do not1 according to your agreement1 give me to-morrow what you have covenanted to1 ,i do not say that ,i will prosecute you in the public courts for deceit1 but ,i will send you away to live near the ,phasi1 as ,polemon1 the ,describer of the ,world1 wished to drown ,ister the pupil of ,callimachus1 the historian1 in the river of the same name4 #ci4 ,the next thing to be mentioned is the woodcock4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,storks1 says-- ,the woodcock1 most delicious meat to boil1 ,fit dish for conqueror's triumphal feast4 ,and ,alexander the ,myndian says that it is a bird a little larger than a partridge1 and spotted all over the back1 about the colour of earthenware1 but a little more ruddy4 ,and it is caught by the hunters1 because it is a heavy flyer in consequence of the shortness of its wings2 and it is a bird fond of dusting itself1 and very prolific1 and it feeds on seeds4#cj ,but ,socrates1 in his treatise on ,boundaries1 and ,places1 and ,fire1 and ,stones1 says1--,the woodcock having been transported into ,egypt from ,lydia1 and having been let loose in the woods there1 for some time uttered a sound like a quail3 but after the river got low1 and a great scarcity arose1 in which a great many of the natives of the country died1 they never ceased uttering1 as they do to this day1 in a voice more distinct than that of the very clearest speaking children1 ',threefold evils to the wicked doers4' ,but when they are caught it is not only impossible to tame them1 but they even cease to utter any sound at all2 but if they are let go again1 they recover their voice4 ,and ,hipponax mentions them thus-- ,not eating woodcocks or the timid hare4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,birds1 mentions them also4 ,and in his ,acharnians he speaks of them as being very common in the district about ,megara4 ,and the ,attic writers circumflex the noun in a manner quite contrary to analogy4 ,for words of more than two syllables ending in 1 when the final is long1 are barytones2 as for instance1 1 1 4 ,and we ought also to read the plural 1 and not 4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,porphyrion4 #dj4 ,there is also a bird called the porphyrion4 ,and it is well known that this bird is mentioned by ,aristophanes4 ,and ,polemo1 in the fifth book of his treatise addressed to ,antigonus and ,adus1 says that the bird called the porphyrion1 when it is kept in a house1 watches those women who have husbands very closely2 and has such instantaneous perception of any one who commits adultery1 that1 when it perceives it1 it gives notice of it to the master of the house1 cutting its own existence short by hanging itself4 ,and1 says he1 it never partakes of food before it has walked all round the place seeking for some spot which may suit it2 and then it dusts itself there1 and washes itself1 and after that it feeds4 ,and ,aristotle says that it has cloven feet1 and that it is of a dark blue colour1 with long legs1 with a beak of a scarlet colour beginning at its very head2 of about the size of a cock of the common poultry breed2 and it has a small gullet1 on which account it seizes its food with its foot1 and divides it into diminutive morsels4 ,and it drinks greedily2 and it has five toes on each foot1 of which the middle one is the largest4 ,but ,alexander the ,myndian1 in the second book of his treatise on the ,history of ,birds1 says that the bird comes originally from ,libya1 and that it is sacred to the gods of ,libya4 ,there is also another bird called the porphyris4 ,callimachus1 in his treatise on ,birds1 says that the porphyris is different from the porphyrion1 and enumerates the two birds separately4 ,and he says that the porphyrion takes its food while hiding itself in darkness1 so that no one may see it2 for it hates those who come near its food4 ,and ,aristophanes also mentions the porphyris in his drama entitled ,the ,birds4 ,and ,ibycus speaks of some birds which he calls lathiporphyrides1 and says2 ,there are some variegated ducks with purple necks which frequent the highest branches of the trees2 and the birds called lathiporphyrides with variegated necks1 and king-fishers with extended wings4 ,and in another place he says-- ,you're always bearing me aloft1 my mind1 ,like some bold porphyris1 with out-stretch'd wings4 #da4 ,the next bird is the partridge4 ,a great many authors mention this bird1 as also does ,aristophanes4 ,and some of them in the oblique cases shorten the penultima of the noun2 as ,archilochus does where he writes-- 1 in the same way as and have the penultima short4 ,but it is usually made long by the ,attic writers4 ,sophocles1 in his ,camici1 says-- ,a man arrived1 who in the famous hills ,of ,attica is a namesake of the partridge 7374 ,and ,pherecrates1 or whoever it was who wrote the ,chiron1 says-- ,he goes against his will1 like any partridge 7 74 ,and ,phrynichus1 in his ,tragedians1 says-- ,and ,cleombrotus the son of ,perdix 771 7for the bird is sometimes cited as a model of lasciviousness74 ,nicophon1 in his ,handicraftsmen1 says-- ,the hepseti1 and all those partridges 7374 ,but ,epicharmus1 in his ,revellers1 uses the word with the penultima short1 where he says-- ,they brought in cuttle-fish1 who swim the deep1 ,and partridges 77 who fly in lofty air4 ,and ,aristotle gives the following account of the bird--,the partridge is a land bird1 with cloven feet2 and he lives fifteen years3 but the female lives even more4 ,for among all birds the female lives longer than the male4 ,it lays eggs1 and hatches its young itself1 as the common hen does4 ,and when it is aware that it is being hunted1 it comes away from its nest1 and rolls near the legs of the huntsman1 giving him a hope that he may catch it2 and so it deceives him1 until its young have flown away1 and then it flies away itself also4 ,sidenote3 ,,partridges4 #db4 ,but it is a very ill-disposed and cunning animal2 and moreover it is much devoted to amatory enjoyments2 on which account it breaks the eggs of its hen1 that it may not be deprived of her while she is hatching them2 and therefore the hen1 knowing this1 runs away and hides her eggs4 ,and ,callimachus gives the same account in his treatise on ,birds4 ,and the single birds fight with one another1 and the one which is defeated becomes the mate of the conqueror4 ,but ,aristotle says that they all in turn use the bird which has been defeated as their mate1 and that the tame birds also take the wild ones for their mates4 ,and the bird which is defeated by the other patiently allows itself to be treated by him as his mate4 ,and this happens at a particular time of the year1 as is also stated by ,alexander the ,myndian4 ,and they lay their eggs on the ground1 both the cocks and the hens making themselves separate nests4 ,and the leader of the wild birds attacks the decoy partridge1 and when he is taken another comes forward to fight the decoy bird2 and this is done whenever the bird used for the decoy is a cock bird2 but when a hen is employed for the purpose1 then she crows till the leader of the wild birds meets her1 and the rest of the wild birds assemble and drive him away from the hen1 because he is attending to her and not to them2 on which account sometimes he advances without making any noise1 in order that no other bird may hear his voice and come to fight him4 ,and sometimes the hen also checks the crowing of the cock as he comes up3#ca and very often when she is sitting on her nest she gets off it on perceiving the cock approaching the decoy bird1 and remains there to receive his embraces in order to draw him away from the decoy bird4 ,and so very eager to propagate their species are both quails and partridges1 that they fall into the hands of the hunters on that account1 sitting on the tiles4 ,they say1 too1 that when hen partridges are taken out to hunt1 even when they see or smell a cock standing or flying down the wind1 become pregnant1 and some say that they immediately begin to lay eggs4 ,and about breeding time they fly about with their mouths open1 putting out their tongues1 both hens and cocks4 ,and ,clearchus says1 in his treatise on ,panic ,fear1--,sparrows and partridges1 and also the common barn-door fowl and the quail1 are eager to propagate their species1 not only the moment that they see the hen1 but even as soon as they hear her voice4 ,and the cause of this is the excessive impression made on their minds by amatory pleasures and proximity4 ,and you may see more easily all that takes place with respect to the propagation of their species if you put a looking-glass opposite to them4 ,for they run forward1 being deceived by the appearance1 and behave as if they saw a hen1 and so are caught4 ,only the common poultry cock does not do so4 ,but the perception of the reflected image operates on them only so far as to make them wish to fight4 ,and this is the statement of ,clearchus4 #dc4 ,partridges are by some people called 1 as1 for instance1 by ,alcman1 who speaks as follows-- ,alcman1 too1 began the strain2 ,and he introduced into the language ,the compound name of 3 showing plainly enough that he had learnt to compound the word from the noise made by partridges4 ,on which account also ,chamleon of ,pontus said that the discovery of music was originally made by the ancients from the birds singing in desert places2 by imitation of whom they arrived at the art of music2 but it is not all partridges who make the noise called 1 or cackling4 ,at all events1 ,theophrastus1 in his treatise on the ,different ,noises made by ,animals of the same ,species1 says--,the partridges in ,attica1 near ,corydallus1 on the side towards the city1 cackle2 but those on the other side twitter4 ,and ,basilis1 in the second book of his ,history of ,india1 says--,the diminutive men in those countries which fight with cranes are often carried by partridges4 ,and ,menecles1 in the first book of his ,collectanea1 says--,the pygmies fight both with partridges and with cranes4 ,but there is a different kind of partridge found in ,italy1 of a dark colour on its wings1 and smaller in size1 with a beak inclining in the smallest possible degree to a red colour4 ,but the partridges about ,cirrha are not at all nice to eat as to their flesh1 on account of the nature of their food4 ,but the partridges in ,boeotia either do not cross into ,attica at all1 or else1 whenever they do1 they are easily recognised by their voices1 as we have previously mentioned4 ,but the partridges which are found in ,paphlagonia1 ,theophrastus says1 have two hearts4 ,but those in the island of ,sciathos feed on cockles4 ,and sometimes they have as many as fifteen or sixteen young at a time2 and they can only fly short distances1 as ,xenophon tells us in the first book of his ,anabasis1 where he writes1--,but if any one rouses the bustard suddenly it is easy to catch him2 for they can only fly a short distance1 like partridges1 and they very soon tire2 but their flesh is very delicious4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,bustard4 #dd4 ,and ,plutarch says that ,xenophon is quite correct about the bustard2 for that great numbers of these birds are brought to ,alexandria from the adjacent parts of ,libya2 being hunted and caught in this manner4 ,the animal is a very imitative one1 the bustard2 being especially fond of imitating whatever it sees a man do2 and accordingly it does whatever it sees the hunters do4 ,and they1 standing opposite to it1 anoint themselves under the eyes with some unguent1 having prepared other different unguents calculated to close up the eyes and eyelids2 and these other unguents they place in shallow dishes near the bustards4 ,and so the bustards1 seeing the men anoint themselves under the eyes1 do the same thing also themselves1 taking the unguents out of these dishes2 and by this means they are quickly caught4 ,and ,aristotle writes the following account of them3--,it is a migratory bird1 with cloven feet1 and three toes2 of about the size of a large cock1 of the colour of a quail1 with a long head1 a sharp beak1 a thin neck1 large eyes1 a bony tongue1 and it has no crop4 ,but ,alexander the ,myndian says that it is also called also called 4 ,and he says1 also1 that it ruminates1 and that it is very fond of the horse2 and that if any one puts on a horse's skin he can catch as many as he pleases2 for they come up to him then of their own accord4 ,and presently1 in another passage1 ,aristotle tells us1 ,the bustard is something like the owl1 but it is not a bird which flies by night2 and it has large feathers about its ears1 on which account it is called 1 from 2 and it is about the size of a pigeon1 and a great imitator of mankind2 and accordingly it is caught by dancing opposite to them4 ,and it is in shape something like a man1 and it is an imitator of whatever man does4 ,on which account the comic poets call those people who are easily taken in by any one whom they chance to meet1 a bustard4 ,accordingly1 in hunting them1 the man who is cleverest at it1 stands opposite to them and dances2 and the birds1 looking at the man dancing1 move like puppets pulled by strings2 and then some one comes behind them1 and1 without being perceived1 seizes on them while they are wholly occupied with the delight they derive from the imitation4 #de4 ,they say1 also1 that the screech-owl does the same thing3 for it is said that they also are caught by dancing4 ,and ,homer mentions them4 ,and there is a kind of dance1 which is called 1 or the screech-owl1 from them2 deriving its name from the variety of motion displayed by this animal4 ,and the screech-owls also delight in imitation1 and it is from their name that we say that those men 1 who keep looking at the person whom they wish to turn into ridicule1 and mock all his conduct by an exact imitation1 copying the conduct of those birds4 ,but all the birds whose tongues are properly formed1 and who are capable of uttering articulate sounds1 imitate the voices of men and of other birds2 as the parrot and the jay4 ,the screech-owl1 as ,alexander the ,myndian says1 is smaller than the common owl1 and he has whitish spots on a leaden-coloured plumage2 and he puts out two tufts of feathers from his eyebrows on each temple4 ,now ,callimachus says that there are two kinds of screech-owls1 and that one kind does screech1 and the other does not--on which account one kind is called 1 and the other kind is called 1 and these last are of a grey colour4 ,but ,alexander the ,myndian says that the name is written in ,homer1 without the 1 and that that was the name which ,aristotle gave them2 and that they are constantly seen1 and that they are not eatable2 but that those which are only seen about the end of autumn for a day or two are eatable4 ,and they differ from the in their speed1 and they are something like the turtle-dove and the pigeon in pace4 ,and ,speusippus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,things ,resembling one another1 also calls them without the 4 ,but ,epicharmus writes 1 epopses and owls4 ,and ,metrodorus1 in his treatise on ,custom and ,habituation1 says1 that the screech-owl is caught by dancing opposite to it4 ,sidenote3 ,,sparrows4 #df4 ,but since1 when we were talking of partridges1 we mentioned that they were exceedingly amorous birds1 we ought also to add1 that the cock of the common poultry fowl is a very amorous bird too2 at all events ,aristotle says1 that when cocks are kept in the temples as being dedicated to the ,gods1 the cocks who were there before treat any new comer as a hen until another is dedicated in a similar manner4 ,and if none are dedicated1 then they fight together1 and the one which has defeated the other works his will on the one which he has defeated4 ,it is related1 also1 that a cock1 whenever he goes in at any door whatever1 always stoops his crest1 and that one cock never yields to another without a battle2 but ,theophrastus says1 that the wild cocks are still more amorous than the tame ones1 he says1 also1 that the cocks are most inclined to pursue the hens the moment they leave their perch in the morning1 but the hens prefer it as the day advances4 ,sparrows1 also1 are very amorous birds2 on which account ,terpsicles says1 that those who eat sparrows are rendered exceedingly prone to amorous indulgences2 and perhaps it is from such an idea that ,sappho represents ,venus as being drawn by sparrows yoked in her chariot2 for they are very amorous birds1 and very prolific4 ,the sparrow has about eight young ones at one hatching1 according to the statement of ,aristotle4 ,and ,alexander the ,myndian says that there are two kinds of sparrows1 the one a tame species1 and the other a wild one2 and he adds that the hen-sparrow is weaker in other respects1 and also that their beaks are of a more horny colour1 and that their faces are not very white1 nor very black2 but ,aristotle says that the cock-sparrow never appears in the winter1 but that the hen-sparrows remain1 drawing his conclusions as to what he thinks probable from their colour2 for their colour changes1 as the colour of blackbirds and of coots does1 who get whiter at certain seasons4 ,but the people of ,elis call sparrows 1 as ,nicander the ,colophonian tells us in the third book of his treatise on ,different ,dialects4 #dg4 ,we must also speak of the quail2 they are called 4 ,and here there arises a general question about words ending in 1 why the words with this termination do not all have the same letter as the characteristic of the genitive case4 ,i allude to and 4 ,for the masculine simple nouns ending in when the vowel precedes 1 and when the last syllable begins with any one of the immutable consonants or those which are characteristic of the first#cb conjugation of barytone verbs1 make the genitive with 2 as 1 1 1 1 2 but those which have not this characteristic make the genitive with a 1 as 1 1 2 and there is one word with a peculiar inflexion1 2 and as a general rule1 in the nominative case plural1 they follow the genitive case singular in having the same characteristic of the last syllable4 ,and the case is the same if the last syllable does not begin with a consonant at all4 ,but with respect to the quail ,aristotle says1 ,the quail is a migratory bird1 with cloven feet1 and he does not make a nest1 but lies in the dust2 and he covers over his hole with sticks for fear of hawks2 and then the hen lays her eggs in the hole4 ,but ,alexander the ,myndian says1 in the second book of his treatise on ,animals1 ,the female quail has a thin neck1 not having under its chin the same black feathers which the male has4 ,and when it is dissected it is found not to have a large crop1 but it has a large heart with three lobes2 it has also its liver and its gall-bladder united in its intestines1 but it has but a small spleen1 and one which is not easily perceived2 and its testicles are under its liver1 like those of the common fowl4 ,and concerning their origin1 ,phanodemus1 in the second book of his ,history of ,attica1 says3--,when ,erysichthon saw the island of ,delos1 which was by the ancients called ,ortygia1 because of the numerous flocks of quails which came over the sea and settled in that island as one which afforded them good shelter 4 4 4 4 ,and ,eudoxus the ,cnidian1 in the first book of his ,description of the ,circuit of the ,earth1 says that the ,phoenicians sacrifice quails to ,hercules1 because ,hercules1 the son of ,asteria and ,jupiter1 when on his way towards ,libya1 was slain by ,typhon and restored to life by ,iolaus1 who brought a quail to him and put it to his nose1 and the smell revived him4 ,for when he was alive he was1 says ,eudoxus1 very partial to that bird4 #dh4 ,but ,eupolis uses the word in its diminutive form1 and in his play called ,cities1 calls them 1 speaking as follows3-- ,a4 ,tell me now1 have you ever bred any 8 ,b4 ,i've bred some small 4 ,what of that8 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his play called ,the ,countryman1 speaks as follows1 using also the form 3-- ,for what now could a man like you perform1 ,having the soul of a quail 778 ,it is an odd expression that ,pratinas uses1 who in his ,dymn1 or the ,caryatides1 calls the quail a bird with a sweet voice1 unless indeed quails have voices in the ,phliasian or ,lacedmonian country as partridges have2 and perhaps it is from this1 also1 that the bird called has its name1 as ,didymus says4 ,for nearly all birds derive their names from the sounds which they make4 ,sidenote3 ,,quails4 ,there is also a bird called the 7which is mentioned by ,crates in his ,chirons1 where he says1 ,the came from ,ithaca47 ,and ,alexander the ,myndian also mentions it1 and says that in size it is nearly equal to a turtle-dove2 that it has long legs1 a slender body1 and is very timid4 ,and with respect to the hunting for quails1 ,clearchus the ,solensian mentions some very singular circumstances1 in his book which is entitled ,a ,treatise on those things which have been asserted on ,mathematical ,principles in ,plato's ,polity1 where he writes as follows--,quails1 about breeding time1 if any one puts a looking-glass opposite to them1 and a noose in front of it1 run towards the bird which is seen in the looking-glass2 and so fall into the noose4 ,and about the birds called jackdaws he makes a similar statement1 saying--,and a very similar thing happens to the jackdaws1 on account of their naturally affectionate disposition towards each other4 ,for they are a most exceedingly cunning bird2 nevertheless when a bowl full of oil is placed near them1 they stand on the edge of the bowl1 and look down1 and then rush down towards the bird which appears visible in the liquid4 ,in consequence of which1 when they are soaked through with the oil1 their wings stick together and cause them to be easily captured4 ,and the ,attic writers make the middle syllable of the oblique cases of long1 like 1 and 2 as ,demetrius ,ixion tells us1 in his treatise on the ,dialect of the ,alexandrians4 ,but ,aristophanes1 in his ,peace1 has used the word with the penultima short for the sake of the metre1 writing-- ,the tame domestic quails 7 74 ,there is also a bird called 1 which is a small kind of quail1 which is mentioned by ,cleomenes1 in his letter to ,alexander1 where he expresses himself in the following manner--,ten thousand preserved coots1 and five thousand of the kind of thrush called tylas1 and ten thousand preserved 4 ,and ,hipparchus1 in his ,egyptian ,iliad1 says-- ,i cannot fancy the ,egyptian life1 ,plucking the chennia1 which they salt and eat4 #di4 ,and even swans in great plenty were not wanting to our banquets4 ,and ,aristotle speaks in the following manner of this bird--,the swan is a prolific bird1 and a quarrelsome one4 ,and1 indeed1 they are so fond of fighting that they often kill one another4 ,and the swan will fight even the eagle2 though he does not begin the battle himself4 ,and they are tuneful birds1 especially towards the time of their death4 ,and they also cross the seas singing4 ,and they are web-footed1 and feed on herbage4 ,but ,alexander the ,myndian says1 that though he followed a great many swans when they were dying1 he never heard one sing4 ,and ,hegesianax of ,alexandria1 who arranged the book of ,cephalion1 called the ,history of ,troy1 says that the ,cycnus who fought with ,achilles in single combat1 was fed in ,leucophrys by the bird of the same name1 that is1 by the swan4 ,but ,boius1 or ,boio1 which ,philochorus says was his proper name1 in his book on the ,origin of ,birds1 says that ,cycnus was turned into a bird by ,mars1 and that when he came to the river ,sybaris he was cooped with a crane4 ,and he says1 also1 that the swan lines his nest with that particular grass which is called lyga4 ,and concerning the crane 771 ,boius says that there was among the ,pygmies a very well known woman whose name was ,gerana4 ,and she1 being honoured as a god by her fellow-countrymen1 thought lightly of those who were really gods1 and especially of ,juno and ,diana4 ,and accordingly ,juno1 being indignant1 metamorphosed her into an unsightly bird1 and made her hostile to and hated by the ,pygmies who had been used to honour her4 ,and he says1 also1 that of her and ,nicodamas was born the land tortoise4 ,and as a general rule1 the man who composed all these fables asserts that all the birds were formerly men4 #ej4 ,the next bird to be mentioned is the pigeon4 ,aristotle says1 that there is but one genus of the pigeon1 but five subordinate species2 writing thus--,the pigeon1 the nas1 the phaps1 the dove1 and the turtle-dove4 ,but in the fifth book of his treatise on the ,parts of ,animals1 he makes no mention of the phaps1 though schylus1 in his tragedy called ,proteus1 does mention that bird in the following line-- ,feeding the wretched miserable phaps1 ,entangled as to its poor broken sides ,within the winnowing spokes4 ,sidenote3 ,,pigeons4 ,and in his ,philoctetes he uses the word in the genitive case plural1 4 ,the nas1 then1 says ,aristotle1 is something larger than the pigeon1 and it has a puce-coloured plumage2 but the phaps is something between the pigeon and the nas4 ,and the species called phassa is about as large as the common cock1 but of the colour of ashes2 and the turtle-dove is less than all the other species1 and is of a cinder-colour4 ,and this last is only seen in the summer1 and during the winter it keeps in its hole4 ,now1 the phaps and the common pigeon are always to be seen1 but the nas is only visible in the autumn4 ,and the species called the phassa is said to be longer lived than any of the others2 for it lives thirty or forty years4 ,and the cock birds never leave the hens to the day of their death1 nor do the hens ever desert the cock3 but when one dies the other remains solitary3 and crows1 and ravens1 and jackdaws all do the same thing4 ,and in every kind of the genus pigeon1 both male and female sit on the eggs in turn2 and when the chickens are hatched1 the cock bird spits upon them to prevent their being fascinated4 ,and the hen lays two eggs1 the first of which produces a cock and the second a hen4 ,and they lay at every season of the year2 so that they lay ten or eleven times a-year2 and in ,egypt they lay twelve times2 for the hen conceives again the very next day to that in which it lays4 ,and further on1 in the same book1 ,aristotle says that the kind called differs from the 1 and the is the least of the two4 ,and the is easily tamed2 but the is black1 and small1 and has red rough legs2 on which account no one keeps them4 ,but he mentions a peculiarity of the species called 1 that they kiss one another when courting1 and that if the males neglect this1 the hens do not admit their embraces4 ,however1 old doves do not go through this formality2 but omit the kisses and still succeed in their suit1 but the younger ones always kiss before they proceed to action4 ,and the hens1 too1 make love to one another1 when there is no cock at hand1 kissing one another beforehand4 ,but still1 as there are no real results1 the eggs which they lay never produce chickens4 ,the ,dorians1 however1 consider the and the as identical2 and ,sophron uses the two words as synonymous in his ,female ,actresses4 ,but ,callimachus1 in his treatise on ,birds1 speaks of the pyrallis1 the dove1 the wood-pigeon1 and the turtle-dove1 as all different from one another4 #ea4 ,but ,alexander the ,myndian says1 that the pigeon never lifts up his head when it drinks1 as the turtle-dove does2 and that it never utters any sound in the winter except when it is very fine weather4 ,it is said1 also1 that when the species called nas has eaten the seed of the mistletoe1 and then leaves its droppings on any tree1 mistletoe after that grows upon that tree4 ,but ,damachus1 in his history of ,india1 says that pigeons of an apple-green colour are found in ,india4 ,and ,charon of ,lampsacus1 in his history of ,persia1 speaking of ,mardonius1 and of the losses which the ,persian army sustained off ,mount ,athos1 writes as follows--,and that was the first time that white pigeons were ever seen by the ,greeks2 as they had never existed in that country4 ,and ,aristotle says1 that the pigeons1 when their young are born1 eat a lot of earth impregnated with salt1 and then open the mouths of their young and spit the salt into them2 and by this means prepare them to swallow and digest their food4 ,and at ,eryx in ,sicily1 there is a certain time which the ,sicilians call ,the ,departure1 at which time they say that the ,goddess is departing into ,africa3 and at this time all the pigeons about the place disappear1 as if they had accompanied the ,goddess on her journey4 ,and after nine days1 when the festival called 1 that is to say ,the ,return1 is celebrated1 after one pigeon has first arrived1 flying across the sea like an avant-courier1 and has flown into the temple1 the rest follow speedily4 ,and on this1 all the inhabitants around1 who are comfortably off1 feast2 and the rest clap their hands for joy4 ,and at that time the whole place smells of butter1 which they use as a sort of token of the return of the ,goddess4 ,but ,autocrates1 in his history of ,achaia1 says that ,jupiter once changed his form into that of a pigeon1 when he was in love with a maiden in gium1 whose name was ,phthia4 ,but the ,attic writers use the word also in the masculine gender1 4 ,alexis1 in his ,people ,running together1 says-- ,for ,i am the white pigeon 77 of ,venus2 ,but as for ,bacchus1 he knows nothing more ,than how to get well drunk2 and nothing cares ,whether 'tis new wine that he drinks or old4 ,sidenote3 ,,ducks4 ,but in his play of the ,rhodian1 or the ,woman ,caressing1 he uses the word in the feminine gender2 and says in that passage that the ,sicilian pigeons are superior to all others-- ,breeding within some pigeons from ,sicily1 ,the fairest shaped of all their species4 ,and ,pherecrates1 in his ,painters1 says-- ,send off a pigeon 77 as a messenger4 ,and in his ,petale he uses the diminutive form 1 where he says1-- ,but now1 my pigeon1 fly thou like ,callisthenes1 ,and bear me to ,cythera and to ,cyprus4 ,and ,nicander1 in the second book of his ,georgics1 mentions the ,sicilian doves and pigeons1 and says1-- ,and do you in your hall preserve a flock ,of fruitful doves from ,sicily or ,dracontium1 ,for it is said that neither kites nor hawks ,incline to hurt those choice and sacred birds4 #eb4 ,we must also mention ducks4 ,the male of these birds1 as ,alexander the ,myndian says1 is larger than the female1 and has a more richly coloured plumage3 but the bird which is called the glaucion1 from the colour of its eyes1 is a little smaller than the duck4 ,and of the species called boscades the male is marked all over with lines1 and he also is less than the duck2 and the males have short beaks1 too small to be in fair proportion to their size3 but the small diver is the least of all aquatic birds1 being of a dirty black plumage1 and it has a sharp beak1 turning upwards towards the eyes1 and it goes a great deal under water4 ,there is also another species of the boscades1 larger than the duck1 but smaller than the chenalopex3 but the species which are called phascades are a little larger than the small divers1 but in all other respects they resemble the ducks4 ,and the kind called uria are not much smaller than the duck1 but as to its plumage it is of a dirty earthenware colour1 and it has a long and narrow beak3 but the coot1 which also has a narrow beak1 is of a rounder shape1 and is of an ash colour about the stomach1 and rather blacker on the back4 ,but ,aristophanes1 in his ,acharnians1 in the following lines1 mentions the duck and the diver1 from whose names 7 and 7 we get the verbs 1 to swim1 and 1 to dive1 with a great many other water birds-- ,ducks too1 and jackdaws1 woodcocks too1 and coots1 ,and wrens1 and divers4 ,and ,callimachus also mentions them in his treatise on ,birds4 #ec4 ,we often also had put before us the dish called parastat1 which is mentioned by ,epnetus in his ,cookery ,book1 and by ,semaristus in the third and fourth books of his treatise on ,synonymes4 ,and it is testicles which are called by this name4 ,but when some meat was served up with a very fragrant sauce1 and when some one said1--,give me a plate of that suffocated meat1 that ,ddalus of names1 ,ulpian1 said--,i myself shall be suffocated if you do not tell me where you found any mention of meat of that kind2 for ,i will not name them so before ,i know4 ,and he said1 ,strattis1 in his ,macedonians or ,cinesias1 has said-- ,take care1 and often have some suffocated meat4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,catacollomenos1 says-- ,and platters heap'd with quantities of meat ,suffocated in the ,sicilian fashion4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,wasps1 has said-- ,some suffocated meat in a platter4 ,and ,cratinus1 in his ,delian ,women1 says-- ,and therefore do you take some meat and pound it1 ,having first neatly suffocated it4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,countryman1 says-- ,and first of all ,i bring you the much-wish'd-for barley-cake1 ,which the all-genial mother ,ceres gives ,a joyful gift to mortals2 and besides1 ,some tender limbs of suffocated goats ,set round with herbs1 a young and tender meat4 ,b4 ,how say you8 ,a4 ,i am going through a tragedy ,of the divinest ,sophocles4 #ed4 ,and when some sucking-pigs were carried round1 and the guests made an inquiry respecting them1 whether they were mentioned by any ancient author1 some one said--,pherecrates1 in his ,slave turned ,tutor1 says-- ,i stole some sucking-pigs not fully grown4 ,and in his ,deserters he says-- ,sidenote3 ,,sucklings4 ,are you not going to kill a sucking-pig8 ,and ,alcus1 in his ,palstra1 says-- ,for here he is himself1 and if ,i grunt ,one atom more than any sucking-pig 4 4 4 4 ,and ,herodotus1 in his first book1 says that in ,babylon there is a golden altar1 on which it is not lawful to sacrifice anything but sucking-pigs4 ,antiphanes says in his ,philetrus-- ,there's here a pretty little cromaciscus ,not yet wean'd1 you see4 ,and ,heniochus1 in his ,polyeuctus1 says-- ,the ox was brazen1 long since past all boiling1 ,but he perhaps had taken a sucking-pig1 ,and slaughter'd that4 ,and ,anacreon says-- ,like a young sucking kid1 which when it leaves ,its mother in the wood1 trembles with fear4 ,and ,crates1 in his ,neighbours1 says-- ,for now we constantly have feasts of lovers1 ,as long as we have store of lambs and pigs ,not taken from their dams4 ,and ,simonides represents ,danae as speaking thus over ,perseus-- ,o my dear child1 what mis'ry tears my soul6 ,but you lie sleeping1 ,you slumber with your unwean'd heart4 ,and in another place he says of ,archemorus-- ,alas the wreath6 ,they wept the unwean'd child1 ,breathing out his sweet soul in bitter pangs4 ,and ,clearchus1 in his ,lives1 says that ,phalaris the tyrant had arrived at such a pitch of cruelty1 that he used to feast on sucking children4 ,and there is a verb 1 which means to suck milk1 7,homer says-- ,hector is mortal1 and has suck'd the breast27 because the mother's breast is put into the mouth of the infant4 ,and that is the derivation of the word 1 breast1 from 1 to place1 because the breasts are thus placed in the children's mouths4 ,after she'd lull'd to sleep the new-born kids1 ,as yet unweaned from their mother's breast4 #ee4 ,and when some antelopes were brought round1 ,palmedes of ,elea1 the collector of words1 said--,it is not bad meat that of the antelopes 774 ,and ,myrtilus said to him--,the word is only 1 not 4 ,xenophon1 in the first book of his ,anabasis1 says1 ,and there were in that part bustards and 4 #ef4 ,the next thing to be mentioned is the peacock4 ,and that this is a rare bird is shown by what ,antiphanes says in his ,soldier1 or ,tychon1 where his words are-- ,and then some man brought in one single pair ,of peacocks to the city2 'twas a sight ,wondrous to see2 now they're as thick as quails4 ,and ,eubulus says in his ,phoenix-- ,the peacock is admired for his rarity4 ,the peacock1 says ,aristotle1 is cloven-footed1 and feeds on herbage2 it begins to breed when it is three years old1 at which age it also gets the rich and varied colours of its plumage2 and it sits on its eggs about thirty days1 and once a-year it lays twelve eggs1 and it lays these not all at once1 but at intervals1 laying every third day4 ,but the first year of a hen's laying she does not lay more than eight eggs2 and she sometimes lays wind eggs like the common hen1 but never more than two2 and she sits upon her eggs and hatches them very much in the same way as the common hen does4 ,and ,eupolis1 in his ,deserters from the ,army1 speaks of the peacock in the following terms-- ,lest ,i should keep in ,pluto's realm1 ,a peacock such as this1 who wakes the sleepers4 ,and there is a speech extant1 by ,antiphanes the orator1 which is entitled1 ,on ,peacocks4 ,and in that speech there is not one express mention of the name peacock1 but he repeatedly speaks of them in it as birds of variegated plumage1 saying--,that ,demus1 the son of ,pyrilampes1 breeds these birds1 and that out of a desire to see these birds1 a great many people come from ,lacedmon and from ,thessaly1 and show great anxiety to get some of the eggs4 ,and with respect to their appearance he writes thus--,if any one wishes to remove these birds into a city1 they will fly away and depart2 and if he cuts their wings he takes away their beauty4 ,for their wings are their beauty1 and not their body4 ,and that people used to be very anxious to see them he tells us subsequently in the same book1 where he says2 ,but at the time of the festival of the new moon1 any one who likes is admitted to see them1 but on other days if any one comes and wishes to see them he is never allowed to do so2 and this is not a custom of yesterday1 or a recent practice1 but one which has subsisted for more than thirty years4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,attic ,,form ,,of ,,nouns ,,in 4 #eg4 ,but the ,athenians call the word 1 as ,tryphon tells us1 circumflexing and aspirating the last syllable4 ,and they read it spelt in this way in the ,deserters from the ,army of ,eupolis1 in the passage which has been already quoted1 and in the ,birds of ,aristophanes-- ,are you then ,tereus8 are you a bird or a peacock 778 ,and in another passage he writes-- ,a bird then2 what kind8 is it not a peacock 778 ,but in the dative they say 1 as ,aristophanes does in the same play4 ,but it is quite impossible in the ,attic or ,ionic dialects that1 in nouns which have more than one syllable1 the last syllable beginning with a vowel should be aspirated2 for it is quite inevitable that it should be pronounced with a lene breathing1 as 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,for the aspirate is fond of beginning a word1 and is by nature inclined to the lead1 and is never included in the last part of a word4 ,and the name is derived from the extension 77 of the wings4 ,and ,seleucus1 in the fifth book of his treatise on ,hellenisms1 says3 ,the peacock1 3--but the ,attics1 contrary to all rule1 both aspirate and circumflex the last syllable2 but the aspirate is only attached to the first vowel when it begins a word in the simple pronunciation of the word1 and there taking the lead1 and running on more swiftly1 it has the first place in the word4 ,accordingly1 the ,athenians1 in consequence of this arrangement1 observing the inherent character of this breathing1 do not put it on vowels1 as they do often accents and breathings1 but put it before them4 ,and ,i think that the ancients used to mark the aspirate by the character ,h1 on which account the ,romans write the letter ,h at the beginning of all aspirated nouns1 showing its predominant nature2 and if this be the proper character of the aspirate1 it is plain that it is contrary to all reason and analogy that the word has any breathing at all marked upon it by the ,attic writers4 #eh4 ,and as at the banquet a great many more discussions arose about each of the dishes that were served up2--,but ,i1 said ,laurentius1 according to the example of our most excellent friend ,ulpian1 will myself also say something to you 7for we are feeding on discussions74 ,what do you think of the grouse8 ,and when some one said1--,he is a species of bird2 7but it is the custom of the sons of the grammarians to say of anything that is mentioned to them in this way1 ,it is a species of plant1 a species of bird1 a species of stone27 ,laurentius said--,and ,i1 my good friend1 am aware that the admirable ,aristophanes1 in his ,birds1 mentions the grouse in the following lines-- ,with the porphyrion and the pelican1 ,and pelecinnus1 and the phlexis too1 ,the grouse and peacock4 ,but ,i wish to learn from you whether there is any mention of the bird in any other author4 ,for ,alexander the ,myndian1 in the second book of his treatise on ,winged ,animals1 speaks of it as a bird of no great size1 but rather as one of the smaller birds4 ,for his words are these--,the grouse1 a bird about the size of rook1 of an earthenware colour1 variegated with dirty coloured spots1 and long lines1 feeding on fruit2 and when it lays its eggs t cackles 774 from which it derives its name 774 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,hebe's ,wedding1 says-- ,for when you've taken quails and sparrows too1 ,and larks who love to robe themselves in dust1 ,and grouse1 and rooks1 and beauteous fig-peckers4 ,and in another passage he says-- ,there were the herons with their long bending necks1 ,a numerous flock2 and grouse1 and rooks besides4 ,sidenote3 ,,loins4 ,but since none of you have anything to say on the subject 7as you are all silent71 ,i will show you the bird itself2 for when ,i was the ,emperor's ,procurator in ,mysia1 and the superintendent of all the affairs of that province1 ,i saw the bird in that country4 ,and learning that it was called by this name among the ,mysians and ,ponians1 ,i recollected what the bird was by the description given of it by ,aristophanes4 ,and believing that this bird was considered by the all-accomplished ,aristotle worthy of being mentioned in that work of his worth many talents 7for it is said that the ,stagirite received eight hundred talents from ,alexander as his contribution towards perfecting his ,history of ,animals71 when ,i found that there was no mention of it in this work1 ,i was delighted at having the admirable ,aristophanes as an unimpeachable witness in the matter4 ,and while he was saying this1 a slave came in bringing in the grouse in a basket2 but it was in size larger than the largest cock of the common poultry1 and in appearance it was very like the porphyrion2 and it had wattles hanging from its ears on each side like the common cock2 and its voice was loud and harsh4 ,and so after we had admired the beauty of the bird1 in a short time one was served up on the table dressed2 and the meat of him was like that of the ostrich1 which we were often in the habit of eating4 #ei4 ,there was a dish too called loins 774 ,the poet who wrote the poem called ,the ,return of the ,atrid1 in the third book says-- ,and with his rapid feet ,hermioneus ,caught ,nisus1 and his loins with spear transfix'd4 ,and ,simaristus1 in the third book of his ,synonymes1 writes thus3 ,the flesh of the loins which stands out on each side s called 1 and the hollows on each side they call and 4 ,and ,clearchus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,the ,joints in the ,human ,body1 speaks thus3 ,there is flesh full of muscle on each side2 which some people call 1 and others call 1 and others 4 ,and the admirable ,hippocrates also speaks of 2 and they get this name from being easily wiped 7 71 or as being flesh lightly touching 77 the bones1 and lying lightly on the surface of them4 ,and ,euphron the comic poet mentions them in his ,theori-- ,there is a lobe and parts1 too1 called 2 ,learn to cut these before you view the sacrifice4 #fj4 ,there is a dish too made of udder4 ,teleclides1 in his ,rigid ,men1 says-- ,since ,i'm a female1 ,i must have an udder4 ,herodotus1 in the fourth book of his ,history1 uses the same term when speaking of horses2 but it is rare to find the word 77 applied to the other animals2 but the word most commonly used is 1 as in the case of fishes4 ,strattis1 in his ,atalanta1 says-- ,the and the extremities ,of the large tunny4 ,and ,theopompus1 in his ,callschrus1 says-- ,a4 ,and th' of fish4 ,b4 ,o1 ,ceres6 ,but in the ,sirens he calls it not 1 but 1 saying-- ,th' of white ,sicilian tunnies4 #fa4 ,we must now speak of the hare2 concerning this animal ,archestratus1 that author so curious in his dishes1 speaks thus-- ,many are the ways and many the recipes ,for dressing hares2 but this is best of all1 ,to place before a hungry set of guests1 ,a slice of roasted meat fresh from the spit1 ,hot1 season'd only with plain simple salt1 ,not too much done4 ,and do not you be vex'd ,at seeing blood fresh trickling from the meat1 ,but eat it eagerly4 ,all other ways ,are quite superfluous1 such as when cooks pour ,a lot of sticky clammy sauce upon it1 ,parings of cheese1 and lees1 and dregs of oil1 ,as if they were preparing cat's meat4 ,and ,naucrates the comic poet1 in his ,persia1 says that it is an uncommon thing to find a hare in ,attica3 and he speaks thus-- ,for who in rocky ,attica e'er saw ,a lion or any other similar beast1 ,where 'tis not easy e'en to find a hare8 ,but ,alcus1 in his ,callisto1 speaks of hares as being plentiful1 and says-- ,you should have coriander seed so fine ,that1 when we've got some hares1 we may be able ,to sprinkle them with that small seed and salt4 #fb4 ,and ,tryphon says1--,aristophanes1 in his ,danaides1 uses the form in the accusative case with an acute accent on the last syllable1 and with a for the final letter1 saying-- ,and when he starts perhaps he may be able ,to help us catch a hare 774 ,and in his ,daitaleis he says-- ,i am undone1 ,i shall be surely seen ,plucking the fur from off the hare 774 ,but ,xenophon1 in his treatise on ,hunting1 writes the accusative without the 1 and with a circumflex accent4 ,but among us the ordinary form of the nominative case is 2 and as we say 1 and the ,attics 1 and as we say 1 and the ,attics 2 so1 while we call this animal 1 they call him 4 ,and as for our using the form in the accusative case singular1 to that we find a corresponding nominative plural in ,sophocles1 in his ,amycus1 a satyric drama2 where he enumerates-- ,sidenote3 ,,hares4 ,cranes1 crows1 and owls1 and kites1 and hares 774 ,but there is also a form of the nominative plural corresponding to the accusative 1 ending in 1 as found in the ,flatterers of ,eupolis-- ,where there are rays1 and hares 771 and light-footed women4 ,but some people1 contrary to all reason1 circumflex the last syllable of this form 2 but it ought to have an acute accent1 since all the nouns which end in 1 even when they are changed into by the ,attic writers1 still preserve the same accent as if they had undergone no alteration2 as 1 2 1 4 ,and so1 too1 ,epicharmus used this noun1 and ,herodotus1 and the author of the poem called the ,helots4 ,moreover1 is the ,ionic form-- ,rouse the sea-hare 77 before you drink the water2 and the ,attic one4 ,but the ,attic writers use also the form 2 as ,sophocles1 in the line above quoted-- ,cranes1 crows1 and owls1 and hares 774 ,there is also a line in ,homer1 where he says-- 4 ,now1 if we have regard to the ,ionic dialect1 we say that is interpolated2 and if we measure it by the ,attic dialect1 then we say the is so3 and the meat of the hare is called 4 #fc4 ,but ,hegesander the ,delphian1 in his ,commentaries1 says that in the reign of ,antigonus ,gonatas1 there were such a number of hares in the island of ,astypala1 that the natives consulted the oracle on the subject4 ,and the ,pythia answered them that they ought to breed dogs1 and hunt them2 and so in one year there were caught more than six thousand4 ,and all this immense number arose from a man of the island of ,anaphe having put one pair of hares in the island4 ,as also1 on a previous occasion1 when a certain ,astypalan had let loose a pair of partridges in the island of ,anaphe1 there came to be such a number of partridges in ,anaphe1 that the inhabitants ran a risk of being driven out of the island by them4 ,but originally ,astypala had no hares at all1 but only partridges4 ,and the hare is a very prolific animal1 as ,xenophon has told us1 in his treatise on ,hunting2 and ,herodotus speaks of it in the following terms--,since the hare is hunted by everything--man1 beast1 and bird--it is on this account a very prolific animal2 and it is the only animal known which is capable of superfetation4 ,and it has in its womb at one time one litter with the fur on1 and another bare1 and another just formed1 and a fourth only just conceived4 ,and ,polybius1 in the twelfth book of his ,history1 says that there is another animal like the hare which is called the rabbit 772 and he writes as follows--,the animal called the rabbit1 when seen at a distance1 looks like a small hare2 but when any one takes it in his hands1 there is a great difference between them1 both in appearance and taste3 and it lives chiefly underground4 ,and ,posidonius the philosopher also mentions them in his ,history2 and we ourselves have seen a great many in our voyage from ,dicarchia#cc to ,naples4 ,for there is an island not far from the mainland1 opposite the lower side of ,dicarchia1 inhabited by only a very scanty population1 but having a great number of rabbits4 ,and there is also a kind of hare called the ,chelidonian hare1 which is mentioned by ,diphilus1 or ,calliades1 in his play called ,ignorance1 in the following terms-- ,what is this8 whence this hare who bears the name ,of ,chelidonian8 ,is it grey hare soup1 ,mimarcys call'd1 so thick with blood8 ,and ,theophrastus1 in the twentieth book of his ,history1 says that there are hares about ,bisaltia which have two livers4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,word 4 #fd4 ,and when a wild boar was put upon the table1 which was in no respect less than that noble ,calydonian boar which has been so much celebrated1--,i suggest to you now1 said he1 ,o my most philosophical and precise ,ulpian1 to inquire who ever said that the ,calydonian boar was a female1 and that her meat was white4 ,but he1 without giving the matter any long consideration1 but rather turning the question off1 said--,but it does seem to me1 my friends1 that if you are not yet satisfied1 after having had such plenty of all these things1 that you surpass every one who has ever been celebrated for his powers of eating1--and who those people are you can find out by inquiry4 ,but it is more correct and more consistent with etymology to make the name 1 with a 2 for the animal has its name from rushing 77 and going on impetuously2 but men have got a trick of pronouncing the word without the 12 and some people believe that it is called 1 by being softened from 1 as if it had its name from being a fit animal to sacrifice 774 ,but now1 if it seems good to you1 answer me who ever uses the compound word like we do1 calling the wild boar not 1 but ,at all events1 ,sophocles1 in his ,lovers of ,achilles1 has applied the word to a dog1 as hunting the boar 7 71 where he says-- ,and you1 ,syagre1 child of ,pelion4 ,and in ,herodotus we find ,syagrus used as a proper name of a man who was a ,lacedmonian by birth1 and who went on the embassy to ,gelon the ,syracusan1 about forming an alliance against the ,medes2 which ,herodotus mentions in the seventh book of his ,history4 ,and ,i am aware1 too1 that there was a general of the tolians named ,syagrus1 who is mentioned by ,phylarchus1 in the fourth book of his ,history4 ,and ,democritus said--,you always1 ,o ,ulpian1 have got a habit of never taking anything that is set before you until you know whether the existing name of it was in use among the ancients4 ,accordingly you are running the risk1 on account of all these inquiries of yours1 7just like ,philetas of ,cos1 who was always investigating all false arguments and erroneous uses of words17 of being starved to death1 as he was4 ,for he became very thin by reason of his devotion to these inquiries1 and so died1 as the inscription in front of his tomb shows-- ,stranger1 ,philetas is my name1 ,i lie ,slain by fallacious arguments1 and cares ,protracted from the evening through the night4 #fe4 ,and so that you may not waste away by investigating this word 1 learn that ,antiphanes gives this name to the wild boar1 in his ,ravished ,woman3-- ,this very night a wild boar 77 will ,i seize1 ,and drag into this house1 and a lion and a wolf4 ,and ,dionysius the tyrant1 in his ,adonis1 says-- ,under the arched cavern of the nymphs ,i consecrate 4 4 4 4 ,a wild boar 77 as the first-fruits to the gods4 ,and ,lynceus the ,samian1 in his epistle to ,apollodorus1 writes thus--,that you may have some goat's flesh for your children1 and some meat of the wild boar 7 7 for yourself and your friends4 ,and ,hippolochus the ,macedonian1 whom we have mentioned before now1 in his epistle to the above-named ,lynceus1 mentioned many wild boars 774 ,but1 since you have turned off the question which was put to you about the colour of the ,calydonian boar1 and whether any one states him to have been white as to his flesh1 we ourselves will tell you who has said so2 and you yourself may investigate the proofs which ,i bring4 ,for some time ago1 ,i read the dithyrambics of ,cleomenes of ,rhegium2 and this account is given in that ode of them which is entitled ,meleager4 ,and ,i am not ignorant that the inhabitants of ,sicily call the wild boar 7which we call 7 4 ,and schylus1 in his ,phorcides1 comparing ,perseus to a wild boar1 says-- ,he rush'd into the cave like a wild boar 7 74 ,and ,sciras 7and he is a poet of what is called the ,italian comedy1 and a native of ,tarentum71 in his ,meleager1 says-- ,where shepherds never choose to feed their flocks1 ,nor does the wild boar range and chase his mate4 ,and it is not wonderful that schylus1 who lived for some time in ,sicily1 should use many ,sicilian words4 #ff4 ,there were also very often kids brought round by the servants1 dressed in various ways2 some of them with a great deal of assafoetida1 which afforded us no ordinary pleasure2 for the flesh of the goat is exceedingly nutritious4 ,at all events1 ,clitomachus the ,carthaginian1 who is inferior to no one of the new ,academy for his spirit of philosophical investigation1 says that a certain ,theban athlete surpassed all the men of his time in strength1 because he ate goat's flesh2 for the juice of that meat is nervous and sticky1 and such as can remain a long time in the substance of the body4 ,and this wrestler used to be much laughed at1 because of the unpleasant smell of his perspiration4 ,and all the meat of pigs and lambs1 while it remains undigested in the system1 is very apt to turn1 because of the fat4 ,but the banquets spoken of by the comic poets rather please the ears by sweet sounds1 than the palate by sweet tastes2 as1 for instance1 the feast mentioned by ,antiphanes1 in his ,female ,physician-- ,sidenote3 ,,dinners4 ,a4 ,but what meat do you eat with most delight8 ,b4 ,what meat8--why if you mean as to its cheapness1 ,there's mutton ere it bears you wool or milk1 ,that is to say1 there's lamb1 my friend2 and so ,there's also meat of goats which give no milk1 ,that is to say1 of kids4 ,for so much profit ,is got from these when they are fully grown1 ,that ,i put up with eating cheaper kinds4 ,and in his ,cyclops he says-- ,these are the animals which the earth produces1 ,which you will have from me3 the ox of th' herd1 ,the goat which roves the woods1 the chamois which ,loves the high mountain tops1 the fearless ram1 ,the hog1 the boar1 the sucking-pig besides1 ,and hares1 and kids 4 4 4 4 ,green cheese1 dry cheese1 and cut and pounded cheese1 ,scraped cheese1 and chopp'd cheese1 and congeal'd cheese #fg4 ,and ,mnesimachus1 in his ,horse-breeder1 provides the following things for dinner-- ,come forth1 ,o ,manes1 from the chamber ,deck'd with the lofty cypress roof2 ,go to the market1 to the statues ,of ,maia's son1 where all the chiefs ,of the tribes meet1 and seek the troop ,of their most graceful pupils1 whom ,phidon is teaching how to mount ,their horses1 and dismount from them4 ,i need not tell you now their names4 ,go2 tell them that the fish is cold1 ,the wine is hot1 the pastry dry1 ,the bread dry1 too1 and hard4 ,the chops ,are burnt to pieces1 and the meat ,taken from out the brine and dish'd4 ,the sausages are served up too2 ,so is the tripe1 and rich black-puddings4 ,those who're indoors are all at table1 ,the wine cups all are quickly drain'd1 ,the pledge goes round2 and nought remains ,but the lascivious drunken cordax4#cd ,the young men all are waxing wanton1 ,and ev'rything's turn'd upside down4 ,remember what ,i say1 and bear ,my words in mind4 ,why stand you gaping like a fool8 ,look here1 and just repeat the message ,which ,i've just told you2 do1--,i will ,repeat it o'er again all through4 ,bid them come now1 and not delay1 ,nor vex the cook who's ready for them4 ,for all the fish is long since boil'd1 ,and all the roast meat's long since cold4 ,and mention o'er each separate dish2-- ,onions and olives1 garlic too1 ,cucumbers1 cabbages1 and broth1 ,fig-leaves1 and herbs1 and tunny cutlets1 ,glanis and rhin1 shark and conger1 ,a phyxicinus whole1 a tunny1 ,a coracinus whole1 a thunnis1 ,a small anchovy1 and a tench1 ,a spindle-fish1 a tail of dog-fish1 ,a carcharias and a torpedo2 ,a sea-frog1 lizard1 and a perch1 ,a trichias and a phycis too1 ,a brinchus1 mullet1 and sea-cuckoo4 ,a turtle1 and besides a lamprey1 ,a phagrus1 lebias1 and grey mullet1 ,a sparus1 and olias1 ,a swallow1 and the bird of ,thrace1 ,a sprat1 a squid1 a turbot1 and ,dracnides1 and polypi1 ,a cuttle-fish1 an orphus too2 ,a crab1 likewise an escharus1 ,a needle-fish1 a fine anchovy1 ,some cestres1 scorpions1 eels1 and loaves4 ,and loads of other meat1 beyond ,my calculation or my mention4 ,dishes of goose1 and pork1 and beef1 ,and lamb1 and mutton1 goat and kid2 ,of poultry1 ducks and partridges1 ,and jays1 and foxes4 ,and what follows ,will be a downright sight to see1 ,so many good things there will be4 ,and all the slaves through all the house ,are busy baking1 roasting1 dressing1 ,and plucking1 cutting1 beating1 boiling1 ,and laughing1 playing1 leaping1 feasting1 ,and drinking1 joking1 scolding1 pricking4 ,and lovely sounds from tuneful flutes1 ,and song and din go through the house1 ,of instruments both wind and string'd4 ,meantime a lovely scent of cassia1 ,from ,syria's fertile land1 does strike ,upon my sense1 and frankincense1 ,and myrrh1 and nard 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,such a confusion fills the house ,with every sort of luxury4 ,sidenote3 ,,cookery4 #fh4 ,now1 after all this conversation1 there was brought in the dish which is called ,rhoduntia2 concerning which that wise cook quoted numbers of tragedies before he would tell us what he was bringing us4 ,and he laughed at those who professed to be such admirable cooks1 mentioning whom1 he said--,did that cook in the play of ,anthippus1 the comic poet1 ever invent such a dish as this8--the cook1 ,i mean1 who1 in the ,veiled ,man1 boasted in this fashion3-- ,a4 ,sophon1 an ,ararnanian citizen1 ,and good ,democritus of ,rhodes1 were long ,fellow-disciples in this noble art1 ,and ,labdacus of ,sicily was their tutor4 ,these men effaced all vulgar old recipes ,out of their cookery books1 and took away ,the mortar from the middle of the kitchen4 ,they brought into disuse all vinegar1 ,cummin1 and cheese1 and assafoetida1 ,and coriander seed1 and all the sauces ,which ,saturn used to keep within his cruets4 ,and the cook who employ'd such means they thought ,a humbug1 a mere mountebank in his art4 ,they used oil only1 and clean plates1 ,o father1 ,and a quick fire1 wanting little bellows3 ,with this they made each dinner elegant4 ,they were the first who banish'd tears and sneezing1 ,and spitting from the board2 and purified ,the manners of the guests4 ,at last the ,rhodian1 ,drinking some pickle by mistake1 did die2 ,for such a draught was foreign to his nature4 ,b4 ',twas likely so to be4 ,a4 ,but ,sophon still ,has all ,ionia for his dominions1 ,and he1 ,o father1 was my only tutor4 ,and ,i now study philosophic rules1 ,wishing to leave behind me followers1 ,and new discover'd rules to guide the art4 ,b4 ,ah6 but1 ,i fear1 you'll want to cut me up1 ,and not the animal we think to sacrifice4 ,a4 ,to-morrow you shall see me with my books1 ,seeking fresh precepts for my noble art2 ,nor do ,i differ from th' ,aspendian4 ,and if you will1 you too shall taste a specimen ,of this my skill4 ,i do not always give ,the self-same dishes to all kinds of guests2 ,but ,i regard their lives and habits all4 ,one dish ,i set before my friends in love1 ,another's suited to philosophers1 ,another to tax-gatherers4 ,a youth ,who has a mistress1 quickly will devour ,his patrimonial inheritance2 ,so before him ,i place fat cuttle-fish ,of every sort2 and dishes too of fish ,such as do haunt the rocks1 all season'd highly ,with every kind of clear transparent sauce4 ,for such a man cares nought about his dinner1 ,but all his thoughts are on his mistress fix'd4 ,then to philosophers ,i serve up ham1 ,or pettitoes2 for all that crafty tribe ,are wonderful performers at the table4 ,owls1 eels1 and spars ,i give the publicans1 ,when they're in season1 but at other times ,some lentil salad4 ,and all funeral feasts ,i make more splendid than the living ones4 ,for old men's palates are not critical2 ,at least not half so much as those of youths4 ,and so ,i give them mustard1 and ,i make them ,sauces of pungent nature1 which may rouse ,their dormant sense1 and make it snuff the air2 ,and when ,i once behold a face1 ,i know ,the dishes that its owner likes to eat4 #fi4 ,and the cook in the ,thesmophorus of ,dionysius1 my revellers1 7for it is worth while to mention him also17 says-- ,you have said these things with great severity1 7,and that's your usual kindness1 by the ,gods72 ,you've said a cook should always beforehand ,know who the guests may be for whom he now ,is dressing dinner4 ,for he should regard ,this single point--whom he has got to please ,while seasoning his sauces properly2 ,and by this means he'll know the proper way ,and time to lay his table and to dress ,his meats and soups4 ,but he who this neglects ,is not a cook1 though he may be a seasoner4 ,but these are different arts1 a wondrous space ,separates the two4 ,it is not every one ,that's called a general who commands an army1 ,but he who can with prompt and versatile skill ,avail himself of opportunities1 ,and look about him1 changing quick his plans1 ,he is the general4 ,he who can't do this ,is only in command4 ,and so with us4 ,to roast some beef1 to carve a joint with neatness1 ,to boil up sauces1 and to blow the fire1 ,is anybody's task2 he who does this ,is but a seasoner and broth-maker3 ,a cook is quite another thing4 ,his mind ,must comprehend all facts and circumstances3 ,where is the place1 and when the time of supper2 ,who are the guests1 and who the entertainer2 ,what fish he ought to buy1 and when to buy it4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,for all these things ,you'll have on almost every occasion2 ,sidenote3 ,,cookery4 ,but they're not always of the same importance1 ,nor do they always the same pleasure give4 ,archestratus has written on this art1 ,and is by many people highly thought of1 ,as having given us a useful treatise2 ,but still there's much of which he's ignorant1 ,and all his rules are really good for nothing1 ,so do not mind or yield to all the rules ,which he has laid down most authoritatively1 ,for a more empty lot of maxims you ,will hardly find4 ,for when you write a book ,on cookery1 it will not do to say1 ,as ,i was just now saying2 for this art ,has no fix'd guide but opportunity1 ,and must itself its only mistress be4 ,but if your skill be ne'er so great1 and yet ,you let the opportunity escape1 ,your art is lost1 and might as well be none4 ,b4 ,o man1 you're wise4 ,but as for this man who ,you just now said was coming here to try ,his hand at delicate banquets1 say1 does he ,forget to come8 ,a4 ,if ,i but make you now ,one forced meat ball1 ,i can in that small thing ,give you a specimen of all my skill4 ,and ,i will serve you up a meal which shall ,be redolent of the ,athenian breezes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dost fear that ,i shall fail to lull your soul ,with dishes of sufficient luxury8 #gj4 ,and to all this milianus makes answer-- ,my friend1 you've made a speech quite long enough ,in praising your fav'rite art of cookery2-- as ,hegesippus says in his ,brethren4 ,do you then-- ,give us now something new to see beyond ,your predecessor's art1 or plague us not2 ,but show me what you've got1 and tell its name4 ,and he rejoins-- ,you look down on me1 since ,i am a cook4 ,but perhaps-- ,what ,i have made by practising my art-- according to the comic poet ,demetrius1 who1 in his play entitled ,the ,areopagite1 has spoken as follows-- ,what ,i have made by practising my art ,is more than any actor e'er has gain'd1-- ,this smoky art of mine is quite a kingdom4 ,i was a caper-pickler with ,seleucus1 ,and at the court of the ,sicilian king1 ,agathocles1 ,i was the very first ,to introduce the royal dish of lentils4 ,my chief exploit ,i have not mention'd yet3 ,there was a famine1 and a man named ,lachares ,was giving an entertainment to his friends2 ,whom ,i recovered with some caper-sauce4 ,lachares made ,minerva naked1 who caused him no inconvenience2 but ,i will now strip you who are inconveniencing me1 said milianus1 unless you show me what you have got with you4 ,and he said at last1 rather unwillingly1 ,i call this dish the ,dish of ,roses4 ,and it is prepared in such a way1 that you may not only have the ornament of a garland on your head1 but also in yourself1 and so feast your whole body with a luxurious banquet4 ,having pounded a quantity of the most fragrant roses in a mortar1 ,i put in the brains of birds and pigs boiled and thoroughly cleansed of all the sinews1 and also the yolks of eggs1 and with them oil1 and pickle-juice1 and pepper1 and wine4 ,and having pounded all these things carefully together1 ,i put them into a new dish1 applying a gentle and steady fire to them4 ,and while saying this1 he uncovered the dish1 and diffused such a sweet perfume over the whole party1 that one of the guests present said with great truth-- ,the winds perfumed the balmy gale convey ,through heav'n1 through earth1 and all the arial way2 so excessive was the fragrance which was diffused from the roses4 #ga4 ,after this1 some roasted birds were brought round1 and some lentils and peas1 saucepans and all1 and other things of the same kind1 concerning which ,phnias the ,eresian writes thus1 in his treatise on ,plants--,for every leguminous cultivated plant bearing seed1 is sown either for the sake of being boiled1 such as the bean and the pea1 7for a sort of boiled soup is made of these vegetables17 or else for the sake of extracting from them a farinaceous flour1 as1 for instance1 the aracus2 or else to be cooked like lentils1 as the aphace and the common lentil2 and some again are sown in order to serve as food for fourfooted animals1 as1 for instance1 the vetch for cattle1 and the aphace for sheep4 ,but the vegetable called the pea is mentioned by ,eupolis1 in his ,golden ,age4 ,and ,heliodorus1 who wrote a description of the whole world1 in the first book of his treatise on the ,acropolis1 said--,after the manner in which to boil wheat was discovered1 the ancients called it 1 but the people of the present day name it 4 ,sidenote3 ,,cham,,leon4 ,now1 after this discussion had continued a long time1 ,democritus said--,but at least allow us to have a share of these lentils1 or of the saucepan itself1 lest some of you get pelted with stones1 like ,hegemon the ,thasian4 ,and ,ulpian said1--,what is the meaning of this pelting 77 with stones8 for ,i know that in my native city1 ,eleusis1 there is a festival celebrated which is called 1 concerning which ,i will not say a word1 unless ,i get a reward from each of you4 ,but ,i1 said ,democritus1 as ,i am not a person who makes speeches by the hour for hire1 like the ,prodeipnus of ,timon1 will tell you all ,i know about ,hegemon4 #gb4 ,chamleon of ,pontus1 in the sixth book of his treatise concerning ancient ,comedy1 says--,hegemon of ,thasos1 the man who wrote the ,parodies1 was nicknamed ,the ,lentil1 and in one of his parodies he wrote-- ,while ,i revolved these counsels in my mind1 ,pallas ,minerva1 with her golden sceptre1 ,stood by my head1 and touched me1 and thus spake-- ,o thou ill-treated ,lentil1 wretched man1 ,go to the contest3 and ,i then took courage4 ,and once he came into the theatre1 exhibiting a comedy1 having his robe full of stones2 and he1 throwing the stones into the orchestra1 caused the spectators to wonder what he meant4 ,and presently afterwards he said-- ,these now are stones1 and let who chooses throw them2 ,but ,lentil's good alike at every season4 ,but the man has an exceedingly high reputation for his parodies1 and was exceedingly celebrated for reciting his verses with great skill and dramatic power2 and on this account he was greatly admired by the ,athenians4 ,and in his ,battle of the ,giants1 he so greatly delighted the ,athenians1 that they laughed to excess on that day2 and though on that very day the news of all the disasters which had befallen them in ,sicily had just arrived1 still no one left the theatre1 although nearly every one had lost relations by that calamity2 and so they hid their faces and wept1 but no one rose to depart1 in order to avoid being seen by the spectators from other cities to be grieved at the disaster4 ,but they remained listening to the performance1 and that too1 though ,hegemon himself1 when he heard of it1 had resolved to cease his recitation4 ,but when the ,athenians1 being masters of the sea1 brought all the actions at law concerning the islands or the islanders into the city1 some one instituted a prosecution against ,hegemon1 and summoned him to ,athens to answer it4 ,and he came in court1 and brought with him all the workmen of the theatre1 and with them he appeared1 entreating ,alcibiades to assist him4 ,and ,alcibiades bade him be of good cheer1 and ordered all the workmen to follow him2 and so he came to the temple of ,cybele1 where the trials of prosecutions were held2 and then wetting his finger with his mouth1 he wiped out the indictment against ,hegemon4 ,and though the clerk of the court and the magistrate were indignant at this1 they kept quiet for fear of ,alcibiades1 for which reason also the man who had instituted the prosecution ran away4 #gc4 ,this1 ,o ,ulpian1 is what we mean by pelting 771 but you1 when you please1 may tell us about the at ,eleusis4 ,and ,ulpian replied1--,but you have reminded me1 my good friend ,democritus1 by your mention of saucepans1 that ,i have often wished to know what that is which is called the saucepan of ,telemachus1 and who ,telemachus was4 ,and ,democritus said1--,timocles the comic poet1 and he was also a writer of tragedy1 in his drama called ,lethe1 says-- ,and after this ,telemachus did meet him1 ,and with great cordiality embraced him1 ,and said1 ,now lend me1 ,i do beg1 the saucepans ,in which you boil'd your beans4 ,and scarcely had ,he finish'd saying this1 when he beheld ,at some small distance the renowned ,philip1 ,son of ,chrephilus1 that mighty man1 ,whom he accosted with a friendly greeting1 ,and then he bade him send some wicker baskets4 ,but that this ,telemachus was a citizen of the borough of ,acharn1 the same poet shows us in his ,bacchus1 where he says-- ,a4 ,telemachus th' ,acharnian still is speaking1 ,and he is like the new-bought ,syrian slaves4 ,b4 ,how so1 what does he do8 ,i wish to know4 ,a4 ,he bears about with him a deadly dish4 ,and in his ,icarians1 a satyric drama1 he says-- ,so that we'd nothing with us2 ,i myself1 ,passing a miserable night1 did first ,sidenote3 ,,bean ,,soup4 ,sleep on the hardest bed2 and then that ,lion1 ,thudippus1 did congeal us all with fear2 ,then hunger pinch'd us 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,and so we went unto the fiery ,dion4 ,but even he had nought with which to help us2 ,so running to the excellent ,telemachus1 ,the great ,acharnian1 ,i found a heap ,of beans1 and seized on some and ate them up4 ,and when that ass ,cephisodorus saw us1 ,he by a most unseemly noise betray'd us4 ,from this it is plain that ,telemachus1 being a person who was constantly eating dishes of beans1 was always celebrating the festival ,pyanepsia4 #gd4 ,and bean soup is mentioned by ,heniochus the comic writer1 in his play called the ,wren1 where he says-- ,a4 ,i often1 by the ,gods ,i swear1 consider ,in my own mind how far a fig surpasses ,a cardamum4 ,but you assert that you ,have held some conversation with this ,pauson1 ,and you request of me a difficult matter4 ,b4 ,but having many cares of divers aspects1 ,just tell me this1 and it may prove amusing2 ,why does bean soup so greatly fill the stomach1 ,and why do those who know this ,pauson's habits ,dislike the fire8 ,for this great philosopher ,is always occupied in eating beans4 #ge4 ,so after this conversation had gone on for some time1 water for the hands was brought round2 and then again ,ulpian asked whether the word 1 which we use in ordinary conversation1 was used by the ancients2 and who had met with it2 quoting that passage in the ,iliad-- ,he spoke1 and bade the attendant handmaid bring ,the purest water of the living spring1 7,her ready hands the ewer 77 and basin held17 ,then took the golden cup his queen had fill'd4 ,but the ,attic writers say 1 as ,lysias1 for instance1 in his speech against ,alcibiades1 where he says1 ,with all his golden wash-hand basins 77 and incense-burners2 but ,eupolis uses the word 1 in his ,peoples-- ,and he who runs up first receives a basin 771 ,but when a man is both a virtuous man ,and useful citizen1 though he surpass ,in virtue all the rest1 he gets no basin 774 ,but ,epicharmus1 in his ,ambassadors for a ,sacred ,purpose1 uses the word in the following lines3-- ,a harp1 and tripods1 chariots too1 and tables ,of brass ,corinthian1 and wash-hand basins 771 ,cups for libations1 brazen caldrons too4 ,but it is more usual to say 7water to be poured over the hands71 as ,eupolis does say in his ,golden ,age1 and ,ameipsias in his ,sling1 and ,alcus in his ,sacred ,wedding3 and this is a very common expression4 ,but ,philyllius1 in his ,auge1 says 1 not 1 in these lines3-- ,and since the women all have dined well1 ',tis time to take away the tables now1 ,and wipe them1 and then give each damsel water ,to wash her hands 7 71 and perfumes to anoint them4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,pitcher1 says-- ,and they having had water for their hands 7 71 ,wait in a friendly manner4 #gf4 ,but ,aristophanes the grammarian1 in his ,commentary on the ,tablets of ,callimachus1 laughs at those who do not know the difference between the two expressions1 and 2 for he says that among the ancients the way in which people washed their hands before breakfast and supper was called 1 but what was done after those meals was called 4 ,but the grammarian appears to have taken this observation from the ,attic writers1 since ,homer says1 somewhere or other-- ,marshall'd in order due1 to each a ewer ,presents1 to bathe his hands 771 a radiant ewer2 ,luxuriant then they feast4 ,and somewhere else he says-- ,the golden ewer a maid obsequious brings1 ,replenish'd from the cool translucent springs1 ,with copious water the bright vase supplies1 ,a silver laver of capacious size2 ,they wash 7 74 ,the tables in fair order spread1 ,they heap the glittering canisters with bread4 ,and ,sophron1 in his ,female ,actresses1 says-- ,o hard-work'd ,ccoa1 give us water for our hands 7 71 ,and then prepare the table for our food4 ,and among both the tragic and comic writers the word is read with an acute accent on the penultima4 ,by ,euripides1 in his ,hercules-- ,which great ,alcmena's son might in the basin 77 dip4 ,and also by ,eupolis1 in his ,goats-- ,here make an end of your lustration 774 ,sidenote3 ,,soap4 ,and means the water into which they used to dip a firebrand which they took from the altar on which they were offering the sacrifice1 and then sprinkling the bystanders with it1 they purified them4 ,but the accusative ought to be written with an acute accent on the antepenultima2 for all compound words like that1 ending in 1 derived from the perfect passive1 preserve the vowel of the penultima of that perfect tense4 ,and if the perfect ends its penultimate syllable with a double 1 then the derivative has a grave on the ultima1 as 1 1 7a word found in ,sophocles and applied to ,mercury71 7a word found in ,archelaus of the ,chersonese1 in his poem on ,things of a ,peculiar ,nature3 and in the oblique cases such words keep the accent on the same syllable74 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,heroes1 has used the word 4 #gg4 ,and for washing the hands they also used something which they called 1 or soap1 for the sake of getting off the dirt2 as ,antiphanes mentions in his ,corycus-- ,a4 ,but while ,i'm listening to your discourse1 ,bid some one bring me water for my hands4 ,b4 ,let some one here bring water and some 4 ,and besides this they used to anoint their hands with perfumes1 despising the crumbs of bread on which men at banquets used to wipe their hands1 and which the ,lacedmonians called 1#ce as ,polemo mentions in his ,letter on ,mean ,appellations4 ,but concerning the custom of anointing the hands with perfumes1 ,epigenes or ,antiphanes 7whichever was the author of the play called the ,disappearance of ,money7 speaks as follows3-- ,and then you'll walk about1 and1 in the fashion1 ,will take some scented earth1 and wash your hands4 ,and ,philoxenus1 in his play entitled the ,banquet1 says-- ,and then the slaves brought water for the hands 7 71 ,and soap 77 well mix'd with oily juice of lilies1 ,and poured o'er the hands as much warm water ,as the guests wish'd4 ,and then they gave them towels ,of finest linen1 beautifully wrought1 ,and fragrant ointments of ambrosial smell1 ,and garlands of the flow'ring violet4 ,and ,dromo1 in his ,female ,harp-player1 says-- ,and then1 as soon as we had breakfasted1 ,one handmaid took away the empty tables1 ,another brought us water for our hands2 ,we wash'd1 and took our lily wreaths again1 ,and crown'd our heads with garlands4 #gh4 ,but they called the water in which they washed either their hands or their feet equally 1 ,aristophanes says-- ,like those who empty slops 77 at eventide4 ,and they used the word 1 or basin1 in the same way as they used 7a wash-hand basin72 but the word is used in a peculiar sense by the ,attic writers only for the water used to do honour to the dead1 and for purifying men who have incurred some religious pollution4 ,as also ,clidemus tells us1 in his book entitled ,exegeticus2 for he1 having mentioned the subject of ,offerings to the ,dead1 writes as follows3--,dig a trench to the west of the tomb4 ,then look along the side of the trench towards the west4 ,then pour down water1 saying these words1--',i pour this as a purifying water for you to whom it is right to pour it1 and who have a right to expect it4' ,then after that pour perfume4 ,and ,dorotheus gives the same instructions2 saying1 that among the hereditary national customs of the people of ,thyatira1 these things are written concerning the purification of suppliants1--,then having washed your hands yourself1 and when all the rest of those who have joined in disembowelling the victim have washed theirs1 take water and purify yourselves1 and wash off all the blood from him who is to be purified3 and afterwards stir the purifactory water1 and pour it into the same place4 #gi4 ,but the cloth of unbleached linen with which they used to wipe their hands was called 1 which also1 in some verses which have been already quoted1 by ,philoxenus of ,cythera1 was called 4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,cook's ,frying1 says-- ,bring quickly1 slave1 some water for the hands 7 71 ,and bring at the same time a towel 77 too4 7,and we may remark here1 that in this passage he uses the expression with reference to washing the hands after eating2 not1 as ,aristophanes the grammarian says1 that ,sidenote3 ,,towels4 the ,athenians used the expression before eating1 but the word after eating47 ,sophocles1 in his nomaus1 says-- ,shaved in the ,scythian manner1 while his hair ,served for a towel1 and to wipe his hands in4 ,and ,herodotus1 in the second book of his ,history1 speaks in a similar manner4 ,but ,xenophon1 in the first book of his ,cyropdia1 writes--,but when you have touched any one of these things1 you immediately wipe your hands in a towel1 as if you were greatly annoyed at their having been polluted in such a manner4 ,and ,polemo1 in the sixth book of his books addressed to ,antigonus and ,adus1 speaks of the difference between the two expressions and 4 ,and ,demonicus1 in his ,achelonius1 uses the expression 1 of water used before a meal1 in these lines3-- ,but each made haste1 as being about to dine ,with one who'd always a good appetite1 ,and who had also but ,botian manners4 ,and so they all neglected washing their hands 7 71 ,because they could do that when they had dined4 ,and ,cratinus also mentions towels1 which he calls 1 in his ,archilochi1-- ,with her hair cover'd with a linen towel1 ,token of slovenly neglect4 ,and ,sappho1 in the fifth book of her ,melodies addressed to ,venus1 when she says-- ,and purple towels o'er your knees ,i'll throw1 ,and do not you despise my precious gifts 99 99 99 99 99 speaks of these towels as a covering for the head2 as ,hecatus shows1 or whoever else it was who wrote those ,descriptions of the ,world in the book entitled ,asia1--,and the women wear towels 77 on their heads4 ,and ,herodotus1 in his second book1 says1 ,and after this they said that this king descended down alive into the lower regions1 which the ,greeks call 1 and that there he played at dice with ,ceres1 and that sometimes he won and sometimes he lost2 and that after that he returned to earth with a gold-embroidered towel1 which he had received as a present from her4 #hj4 ,and ,hellanicus1 in his ,histories1 says that the name of the boy who1 when he had given ,hercules water to wash his hands1 and poured it over his hands from the basin1 was afterwards slain by ,hercules with a blow of his fist1 7on which account ,hercules left ,calydon17 was ,archias2 but in the second book of the ,phoronis he calls him ,cherias3 but ,herodorus1 in the seventeenth book of his account of the ,exploits of ,hercules1 calls him ,eunomus4 ,and ,hercules also1 without intending it1 killed ,cyathus1 the son of ,pyles and brother of ,antimachus1 who was acting as his cupbearer1 as ,nicander relates in the second book of his ,history of ta2 to whom also he says that a temple was dedicated by ,hercules in the ,proschium1 which to this day is called the ,temple of the ,cupbearer4 ,but we will stop this conversation at this point1 and begin the next book with an account of the voracity of ,hercules4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #bd3 ,the fragment here given appears to be hopelessly corrupt4 ,footnote #be3 ,hom4 ,iliad1 ix4 #cbc1 ,pope's translation4 ,footnote #bf3 ,hom4 ,odyss4 xiv4 #hj4 ,footnote #bg3 ,this is very obscure and corrupt4 ,casaubon suspects the genuineness of the last four lines altogether4 ,footnote #bh3 means properly men speaking articulately1 in contradistinction to brutes4 ,it is a favourite word with ,homer4 ,footnote #bi3 ,these are words applied by ,homer to sacrifices4-- is a portion1 and a spit2 but is only a word derived from ,homer's verb 1 7from which milianus1 a friend of ,martial1 called his cook ,mistyllus17 and is used by ,homer as an adverb4 ,footnote #cj3 ,i have translated as the woodcock1 because that is always considered to be the bird meant1 but it is plain that the description here given does not apply in the least to the woodcock4 ,in some particulars it is more like the landrail4 ,footnote #ca3 ,schweighaeuser thinks1 with apparent reason1 that there is some corruption in the text here4 ,footnote #cb3 ,athenus here does not arrange his conjugations as we do2 nor is it very plain what he means by an immutable consonant4 ,footnote #cc3 ,the same as ,puteoli4 ,footnote #cd3 ,the cordax was a lascivious dance of the old comedy2 to dance it off the stage was considered a sign of drunkenness and indecency4 ,footnote #ce3 ,as being thrown to the dogs2 from 1 a dog4 ,,book ,x4 #a4 ,but a wise poet should behave ,like one who gives a splendid feast2 ,and so if he is wise should he ,seek the spectators to delight1 ,so that each one1 when he departs1 ,may think that he has drunk and eaten ,exactly what he'd most have wish'd2 ,not that there should have been but one ,dish for all sorts of appetites1 ,or but one kind of writing for all tastes4 ,these1 my good friend ,timocrates1 are the words of ,astydamas the tragedian1 in his satyric drama of ,hercules4 ,come1 let us now proceed to mention what is consistent with what we have said before1 to show how great an eater ,hercules was4 ,and this is a point in his character mentioned by nearly all poets and historians4 ,epicharmus1 in his ,busiris1 says-- ,for if you were to see him eat1 you would ,be frighten'd e'en to death2 his jaws do creak1 ,his throat with long deep-sounding thunder rolls1 ,his large teeth rattle1 and his dog-teeth crash1 ,his nostrils hiss1 his ears with hunger tremble4 ,and ,ion1 in his ,omphale1 having mentioned his voracity1 adds-- ,and then1 excited by th' applause1 he rose ,and swallow'd all the logs and burning coals4 ,sidenote3 ,,ulysses4 ,but ,ion borrowed all this from ,pindar1 who said#cf-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,and they say that he was a man of such excessive voracity1 that they gave him the cormorant1 amongst birds which should be sacred to him1 which is called the ox-eater1 on account of its voracity4 #b4 ,and ,hercules is represented as having entered into a contest with ,lepreus in respect of their mutual powers of eating1 ,lepreus having been the challenger3 however1 ,hercules gained the victory4 ,but ,zenodotus1 in the second book of his ,epitomes1 says that ,lepreus was the son of ,caucon1 who was the son of ,neptune and ,astydamia2 and that he ordered ,hercules to be thrown into prison1 when he demanded of ,augeas the reward which was due to him for his labours4 ,but ,hercules1 when he had completed his labours1 came to the house of ,caucon1 and at the entreaty of ,astydamia1 he became reconciled to ,lepreus4 ,and after this ,lepreus contended with ,hercules in throwing the quoit1 and in drawing water1 and also as to which would eat a bull with the greatest rapidity2 and in all these things he was defeated4 ,and after that he armed himself1 and challenged ,hercules to single combat1 and was slain in the battle4 ,but ,matris1 in his panegyric on ,hercules1 says1 that ,hercules was also challenged by ,lepreus to a contest as to who could drink most1 and that ,lepreus was again defeated4 ,and the ,chian orator1 ,caucalus1 the brother of ,theopompus the historian1 relates the same story in his panegyric on ,hercules4 #c4 ,homer1 too1 represents ,ulysses as a great eater1 and a very voracious man1 when he says-- ,what histories of toil ,i could declare1 ,but still long-wearied nature wants repair4 ,spent with fatigue and shrunk with pining fast1 ,my craving bowels still require repast2 ,howe'er the noble suffering mind may grieve ,its load of anguish1 and disdain to live1 ,necessity demands our daily bread2 ,hunger is insolent and will be fed4 ,for in these lines his gluttony appears prodigious1 when it induces him on so unseasonable an occasion to utter apophthegms about his stomach4 ,for he ought1 if he had been ever so hungry1 to have endured it1 or at all events to have been moderate in his food4 ,but this last passage shows the extreme voracity and gluttony of the man-- ,for all my mind is overwhelm'd with care1 ,but hunger is the worst of griefs to bear2 ,still does my stomach bid me eat and drink1 ,lest on my sorrows ,i too deeply think4 ,food makes me all my sufferings forget1 ,and fear not those which may surround me yet4 ,for even the notorious ,sardanapalus would hardly have ventured to give utterance to such sentiments as those4 ,moreover1 when ,ulysses was an old man-- ,voraciously he endless dishes ate1 ,and quaff'd unceasing cups of wine4 4 4 4 #d4 ,but ,theagenes of ,thasos1 the athlete1 ate a bull single-handed1 as ,posidippus tells us in his ,epigrams4 ,and as ,i'd undertaken1 ,i did eat ,a ,thracian bull4 ,my own poor native land ,of ,thasos could not have purvey'd a meal ,sufficient for the hunger of ,theagenes4 ,i ate all ,i could get1 then ask'd for more4 ,and1 therefore1 here you see1 ,i stand in brass1 ,holding my right hand forth2 put something in it4 ,and ,milo of ,crotona1 as ,theodorus of ,hierapolis tells us in his book upon ,games1 ate twenty min#cg weight of meat1 and an equal quantity of bread1 and drank three choes#ch of wine4 ,and once at ,olympia he took a four year old bull on his shoulders1 and carried it all round the course1 and after that he killed it and cut it up1 and ate it all up by himself in one day4 ,and ,titormus the tolian had a contest with him as to which could eat an ox with the greatest speed1 as ,alexander the tolian relates4 ,but ,phylarchus1 in the third book of his ,histories1 says that ,milo1 while lying down before the altar of ,jupiter1 ate a bull1 on which account ,dorieus the poet made the following epigram on him3-- ,sidenote3 ,,voracity ,,of ,,certain ,,persons4 ,milo could lift enormous weights from earth1 ,a heifer four years old1 at ,jove's high feast1 ,and on his shoulders the huge beast he bore1 ,as it had been a young and little lamb1 ,all round the wondering crowd of standers by4 ,but he did still a greater feat than this1 ,before the altar of ,olympian ,jove2 ,for there he bore aloft an untamed bull ,in the procession1 then he cut it up1 ,and by himself ate every bit of it4 ,but ,astydamas the ,milesian1 having gained the victory at ,olympia three times in the pancratium1 being once invited to supper by ,ariobarzanes the ,persian1 when he had come1 offered to eat everything that had been prepared for the whole party1 and did eat it4 ,and when1 ,theodorus relates1 the ,persian entreated him to do something suitable to his enormous strength1 he broke off a large brazen ornament in the shape of a lentil from the couch and crushed it in his hand4 ,and when he died1 and when his body was burnt1 one urn would not contain his bones1 and scarcely two could do so4 ,and they say that the dinner which he ate by himself at ,ariobarzanes's table had been prepared for nine persons4 #e4 ,and there is nothing unnatural in such men as those being very voracious2 for all the men who practise athletic exercises1 learn with these gymnastic exercises also to eat a great deal4 ,on which account ,euripides says1 in the first edition of his ,autolycus-- ,for when there are ten thousand ills in ,greece1 ,there's none that's worse than the whole race of athletes4 ,for1 first of all1 they learn not to live well1 ,nor could they do so2 for could any man ,being a slave to his own jaws and appetite ,acquire wealth beyond his father's riches8 ,how could a man like that increase his substance8 ,nor yet can they put up with poverty1 ,or e'er accommodate themselves to fortune2 ,and so being unaccustom'd to good habits1 ,they quickly fall into severe distress4-- ,in youth they walk about in fine attire1 ,and think themselves a credit to the city2 ,but when old age in all its bitterness ,o'ertakes their steps1 they roam about the streets1 ,like ragged cloaks whose nap is all worn off4 ,and much ,i blame the present fashions1 too1 ,which now in ,greece prevail2 where many a feast ,is made to pay great honour to such men1 ,and to show false respect to vain amusements4 ,for though a man may wrestle well1 or run1 ,or throw a quoit1 or strike a heavy blow1 ,still where's the good his country can expect ,from all his victories and crowns and prizes8 ,will they fight with their country's enemies ,with quoit in hand8 ,or will their speed assist ,to make the hostile bands retreat before them8 ,when men stand face to face with th' hostile sword ,they think no more of all these fooleries4 ',twere better to adorn good men and wise ,with these victorious wreaths2 they are the due ,of those who govern states with wisdom sound1 ,and practise justice1 faith1 and temperance2 ,who by their prudent language ward off evils1 ,banishing wars and factions4 ,these are the men1 ,who're not alone a grace and ornament ,to their own land1 but to the whole of ,greece4 #f4 ,now ,euripides took all this from the ,elegies of ,xenophanes the ,colophonian1 who has spoken in this way-- ,but if a man1 in speed of foot victorious1 ,or in the contests of the pentathlum1 ,where is the sacred grove of ,jupiter1 ,near to the sacred streamlets of ,olympia2 ,or as a wrestler1 or exchanging blows ,and painful struggles as a hardy boxer1 ,or in the terrible pancratium1 ,he surely is a noble citizen1 ,and well he does deserve the honours due ,of a front seat at games and festivals1 ,and at the public cost to be maintain'd2 ,and to receive a public gift of honour1 ,which shall become an heirloom to his children4 ,and such shall be his honours1 even if ,he wins by horses1 not by his own strength4 ,and still ,i think he does not equal me2 ,for wisdom far exceeds in real value ,the bodily strength of man1 or horses' speed2 ,but the mob judges of such things at random2 ,though 'tis not right to prefer strength to sense3 ,for though a man may a good boxer be1 ,or pentathlete1 or never-conquer'd wrestler1 ,or if he vanquish all in speed of foot-- ,which is the most important of all contests-- ,still for all this his city will enjoy ,no better laws through his great strength or speed2 ,and 'tis small cause for any lasting joy1 ,that one of all her citizens should gain ,a prize on ,pisa's banks2 for such achievements ,fill not the country's granaries with corn4 ,and ,xenophanes contends at great length1 and with great earnestness and variety of argument1 in favour of the superior advantage of his own wisdom1 running down athletic exercises as useless and unprofitable4 ,and ,achus the ,eretrian1 speaking of the good constitution of the athletes1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,voracity ,,of ,,certain ,,persons4 ,for naked they did wave their glistening arms1 ,and move along exulting in their youth1 ,their valiant shoulders swelling in their prime ,of health and strength2 while they anoint with oil ,their chests and feet and limbs abundantly1 ,as being used to luxury at home4 #g4 ,but ,heraclitus1 in his ,entertainer of ,strangers1 says that there was a woman named ,helena1 who ate more than any other woman ever did4 ,and ,posidippus1 in his ,epigrams1 says that ,phuromachus was a great eater1 on whom he wrote this epigram3-- ,this lowly ditch now holds ,phuromachus1 ,who used to swallow everything he saw1 ,like a fierce carrion crow who roams all night4 ,now here he lies wrapp'd in a ragged cloak4 ,but1 ,o ,athenian1 whoe'er you are1 ,anoint this tomb and crown it with a wreath1 ,if ever in old times he feasted with you4 ,at last he came sans teeth1 with eyes worn out1 ,and livid swollen eyelids2 clothed in skins1 ,with but one single cruse1 and that scarce full2 ,for from the gay ,lenan games he came1 ,descending humbly to ,calliope4 ,but ,amarantus of ,alexandria1 in his treatise on the ,stage1 says that ,herodorus1 the ,megarian trumpeter1 was a man three cubits and a half in height2 and that he had great strength in his chest1 and that he could eat six chnixes#ci of bread1 and twenty litr of meat1 of whatever sort was provided for him1 and that he could drink two choes of wine2 and that he could play on two trumpets at once2 and that it was his habit to sleep on only a lion's skin1 and when playing on the trumpet he made a vast noise4 ,accordingly1 when ,demetrius1 the son of ,antigonus1 was besieging ,argos1 and when his troops could not bring the helepolis against the walls on account of its weight1 he1 giving the signal with his two trumpets at once1 by the great volume of sound which he poured forth1 instigated the soldiers to move forward the engine with great zeal and earnestness2 and he gained the prize in all the games ten times2 and he used to eat sitting down1 as ,nestor tells us in his ,theatrical ,reminiscences4 ,and there was a woman1 too1 who played on the trumpet1 whose name was ,aglais1 the daughter of ,megacles1 who1 in the first great procession which took place in ,alexandria1 played a processional piece of music2 having a head-dress of false hair on1 and a crest upon her head1 as ,posidippus proves by his epigrams on her4 ,and she1 too1 could eat twelve litr of meat and four chnixes of bread1 and drink a choeus of wine1 at one sitting4 #h4 ,there was1 besides1 a man of the name of ,lityerses1 a bastard son of ,midas1 the king of ,celn in ,phrygia1 a man of a savage and fierce aspect1 and an enormous glutton2 and he is mentioned by ,sositheus the tragic poet1 in his play called ,daphnis or ,lityersa2 where he says-- ,he'll eat three asses' panniers1 freight and all1 ,three times in one brief day2 and what he calls ,a measure of wine is a ten-amphor cask2 ,and this he drinks all at a single draught4 ,and the man mentioned by ,pherecrates1 or ,strattis1 whichever was the author of the play called ,the ,good ,men1 was much such another2 the author says-- ,a4 ,i scarcely in one day1 unless ,i'm forced1 ,can eat two bushels and a half of food4 ,b4 ,a most unhappy man6 how have you lost ,your appetite1 so as now to be content ,with the scant rations of one ship of war8 ,and ,xanthus1 in his ,account of ,lydia1 says that ,cambles1 who was the king of the ,lydians1 was a great eater and drinker1 and also an exceeding epicure2 and accordingly1 that he one night cut up his own wife into joints and ate her2 and then1 in the morning1 finding the hand of his wife still sticking in his mouth1 he slew himself1 as his act began to get notorious4 ,and we have already mentioned ,thys1 the king of the ,paphlagonians1 saying that he too was a man of vast appetite1 quoting ,theopompus1 who speaks of him in the thirty-fifth book of his ,history2 and ,archilochus1 in his ,tetrameters1 has accused ,charilas of the same fault1 as the comic poets have attacked ,cleonymus and ,pisander4 ,and ,phnicides mentions ,chrippus in his ,phylarchus in the following terms-- ,and next to them ,i place ,chrippus third2 ,he1 as you know1 will without ceasing eat ,as long as any one will give him food1 ,or till he bursts1--such stowage vast has he1 ,like any house4 ,sidenote3 ,,voracity ,,of ,,mithridates4 #i4 ,and ,nicolaus the ,peripatetic1 in the hundred and third book of his ,history1 says that ,mithridates1 the king of ,pontus1 once proposed a contest in great eating and great drinking 7and the prize was a talent of silver71 and that he himself gained the victory in both2 but he yielded the prize to the man who was judged to be second to him1 namely1 ,calomodrys1 the athlete of ,cyzicus4 ,and ,timocreon the ,rhodian1 a poet1 and an athlete who had gained the victory in the pentathlum1 ate and drank a great deal1 as the epigram on his tomb shows-- ,much did ,i eat1 much did ,i drink1 and much ,did ,i abuse all men2 now here ,i lie2-- ,my name ,timocreon1 my country ,rhodes4 ,and ,thrasymachus of ,chalcedon1 in one his ,prefaces1 says that ,timocreon came to the great king of ,persia1 and being entertained by him1 did eat an immense quantity of food2 and when the king asked him1 ,what he would do on the strength of it8 he said that he would beat a great many ,persians2 and the next day1 having vanquished a great many1 one after another1 taking them one by one1 after this1 he beat the air with his hands2 and when they asked him what he wanted1 he said that he had all those blows left in him if any one was inclined to come on4 ,and ,clearchus1 in the fifth book of his ,lives1 says1 that ,cantibaris the ,persian1 whenever his jaws were weary with eating1 had his slaves to pour food into his mouth1 which he kept open as if they were pouring it into an empty vessel4 ,but ,hellanicus1 in the first book of his ,deucalionea1 says that ,erysichthon1 the son of ,myrmidon1 being a man perfectly insatiable in respect of food1 was called thon4 ,and ,polemo1 in the first book of his ,treatise addressed to ,timus1 says that among the ,sicilians there was a temple consecrated to gluttony1 and an image of ,ceres ,sito2#dj near which1 also1 there was a statue of ,himalis1#da as there is at ,delphi one of ,hermuchus1#db and as at ,scolum1 in ,boeotia1 there are statues of ,megalartus#dc and ,megalomazus4 #aj4 ,and ,alcman the poet records himself to have been a great eater1 in his third book of ,odes1 when he says-- ,and presently ,i will bestow ,on you a large round dish well fill'd2 ,and even now 'tis on the fire1 ,full of pulse-broth1 which e'en the glutton ,alcman would like to feast on warm1 ,after the wintry solstice sets in2 ,for he for dainties does not care1 ,but loves the common people's dishes1 ,as long as they are full enough4 ,and in his fifth book he also displays his love of eating1 speaking thus-- ,god has bestow'd on man three various seasons1 ,the summer1 and the winter1 and the autumn2 ,and a fourth too1 the spring1 when men can dance1 ,but scarce are able to get much to eat4 ,and ,anaxilas the comic poet1 speaking in his play called ,chrysochous of a man named ,ctesias1 says-- ,you now have nearly all things1 save the art ,of ,ctesias himself2 for wise men say1 ,that he does recognise nought but the beginning ,of a rich banquet1 and denies the end4 ,and in his ,rich ,men he says-- ,a4 ,others may also burst when fed too well ,not ,ctesias alone4-- ,b4 ,what should hinder it8 ,a4 ,for he1 as wise men say1 loves the beginning ,of any feast1 but ne'er can make an end of it4 ,and in his play called ,the ,graces he includes a man called ,cranaus in his list of great eaters2 saying-- ,men do not come and ask at random now1 ,does ,cranaus eat less than ,ctesias8 ,or do they both keep constantly devouring8 ,and ,philetrus1 in his ,atalante1 says-- ,if it were needful1 ,i could run more stadia ,than e'er were run by ,sotades2 ,i surpass ,e'en ,taureas himself in these my labours2 ,and out-run ,ctesias himself in eating4 ,and ,anaxippus1 in his ,thunderbolt1 says-- ,a4 ,for now ,i see ,damippus here approaching ,from the palstra4 ,b4 ,what6 that man of stone8 ,sidenote3 ,,voracity ,,of ,,the ,b,,otians4 ,him whom your friends e'en now1 from his great strength1 ,surname the ,thunderbolt8 ,a4 ,most probably2 ,for ,i think he will overturn all tables ,which he once strikes with his consuming jaw4 ,and in these lines the comic poet shows that it was from this man that he had given his play the title of ,the ,thunderbolt4 ,and ,theophilus1 in his ,epidaurus1 says-- ,there was a ,mantinean centurion1 ,atrestides his name2 who of all men ,that ever lived could eat the greatest quantity4 ,and1 in his ,pancratiast1 he introduces the athlete as eating a great deal1 where he says-- ,a4 ,of boil'd meat about three min weight4 ,b4 ,now mention something else4 ,a4 ,a fine pig's face2 ,a ham2 four pettitoes2-- ,b4 ,oh1 ,hercules6 ,a4 ,three calves' feet1 and one hen4 ,b4 ,oh1 ,phoebus1 oh6 ,what else8 ,a4 ,two min weight of figs3 that's all4 ,b4 ,and how much did you drink8 ,a4 ,twelve measures only ,of unmix'd wine4 ,b4 ,oh1 ,bacchus6 oh1 ,sabazius6 #aa4 ,and whole nations also have been ridiculed by the comic poets for their gluttony2 as the ,botians1 for instance4 ,accordingly1 ,eubulus says1 in his ,antiopa-- ,we are courageous men to toil and eat1 ,and to endure sharp pain2 the ,attic race ,is quick and eloquent1 and they eat little2 ,but the ,botians eat enormously4 ,and in his ,europa he says-- ,go now and build up the ,botian city1 ,where the men eat all day and never tire4 ,and in his ,ionian he says-- ,he is so thorough a ,botian ,in all his manners1 that1 like them1 'tis said ,he's never tired nor content with eating4 ,and in his ,cercopes he says-- ,and after that ,i came to ,thebes1 where men ,spend the whole night in feasts and revelry2 ,and each man has a privy at his doors1 ,which is a great boon to an o'er-fed man2 ,for men who have got a long way to go1 ,and who eat much and bite their weary lips1 ,are some of the most ludicrous of sights4 ,and in his ,mysians he represents some one as making the following speech to ,hercules-- ,you leaving1 as you say1 the ,theban plain1 ,where valiant men sit eating all the day1 ,being all throat1 and close beside the privy4 ,diphilus1 in his ,botian1 says-- ,that man can eat1 beginning before dawn1 ,or come again and eat till the following day4 ,mnesimachus1 in his ,busiris1 says-- 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,for ,i am a ,botian1 ,who do not eat much else1 except these things4 ,alexis1 in his ,trophonius1 says-- ,and now that you may not be found out thus1 ,and spoken of as men of ,boeotia1 ,by those whose wont it is to run you down1 ,as men unequall'd in creating noise1 ,and knowing nothing else save how to eat ,and drink unceasingly the whole night long2 ,strip yourselves quick1 and all prepare for action4 ,and ,achus1 in his ,contests1 says-- ,a4 ,are you now speaking to the spectators here1 ,or to the body of competitors8 ,b4 ,to those who eat much1 as men training do4 ,a4 ,whence do the strangers come from8 ,b4 ,they're ,botians4 ,and very likely it is because of all this that ,eratosthenes1 in his ,epistles1 says1 that ,pempelus1 when he was asked1 ,what sort of people the ,botians appeared to him8 answered1 ,that they only spoke just as vessels might be expected to speak1 if they had a voice1 of how much each of them could hold4 ,and ,polybius of ,megalopolis1 in the twentieth book of his ,histories1 says that the ,botians1 having gained great glory at the battle of ,leuctra1 after that relaxed their courage again1 and turned to feasting and drunkenness1 and to making parties for eating among friends2 and many of them1 even of those who had children1 spent the greater part of their substance on their feasts2 so that there were a great number of ,botians who had more invitations to supper than there were days in the month4 ,on which account the ,megarians1 hating such a system as that1 abandoned their alliance1 and joined themselves to the ,achans4 ,sidenote3 ,,voracity ,,of ,,the ,,temperance4 #ab4 ,the people of ,pharsalus also are ridiculed by the comic poets as being enormous eaters2 accordingly ,mnesimachus1 in his ,philip1 says-- ,a4 ,has any man of the ,pharsalians come1 ,that he may eat up e'en our very tables8 ,b4 ,there's no one come at all4 ,a4 ,so much the better2 ,perhaps they have all gone somewhere else to eat ,some city of ,achaa ready roasted4 ,and that it was a general imputation on all the ,thessalians1 that they were great eaters1 ,crates tells us in his ,lamia1 saying-- ,great words three cubits long1 ,cut into huge ,thessalian slices thus3-- and he by this alludes to the ,thessalians as cutting their meat into overgrown pieces4 ,and ,philetrus1 in his ,lampbearers1 says also-- ,and a huge piece of pork1 enough to break ,one's arm1 cut in the coarse ,thessalian fashion4 ,they used to speak also of a ,thessalian mouthful1 as something enormous4 ,hermippus says in his ,fates-- ,but ,jupiter1 considering nought of this1 ,wink'd1 and made up a huge ,thessalian mouthful4 ,and such great bits of meat ,aristophanes1 in his ,men ,frying1 calls ,capanic1 saying-- ,what is all this ,to the great ,lydian and ,thessalian banquets8 ,and presently he says-- ,more splendid 77 far than the ,thessalian2 meaning big enough to load a wagon4 ,for the ,thessalians use the word as equivalent to 4 ,xenarchus1 in his ,scythians1 says-- ,a4 ,they kept to seven ,capan for the games ,at ,pisa4 ,b4 ,what do you mean8 ,a4 ,in ,thessaly ,they call their carts ,capan4 ,b4 ,i understand4 #ac4 ,and ,hecatus says that the ,egyptians were great bread-eaters1 eating loaves of rye1 called 1 and bruising barley to extract a drink from it2 and on this account ,alexis1 in his treatise on ,contentment1 says that ,bocchoris and his father ,neochabis were contented with a moderate quantity of food2 as ,lycon of ,iasus relates in his treatise on ,pythagoras4 ,but he did not abstain from animal food1 as ,aristoxenus tells us2 and ,apollodorus the ,arithmetician says1 that he even sacrificed a hecatomb when he found out that in a right-angled triangle1 the square of the side subtending the right angle is equal to the squares of the two sides containing it-- ,when the illustrious ,pythagoras ,discover'd that renowned problem which ,he celebrated with a hecatomb4 ,but ,pythagoras was a very sparing drinker1 and lived in a most frugal manner1 so that he often contented himself with honey by itself4 ,and nearly the same thing is told us of ,aristides1 and of ,epaminondas1 and of ,phocion1 and of ,phormio1 the generals4 ,but ,manius ,curius1 the ,roman general1 lived on turnips all his life2 and once1 when the ,sabines sent him a large sum of gold1 he said he had no need of gold while he ate such food as that4 ,and this story is recorded by ,megacles in his treatise on ,illustrious ,men4 #ad4 ,and there are many people who approve of moderate meals1 as ,alexis tells us in his ,woman in ,love-- ,but ,i am content with what is necessary1 ,and hate superfluous things2 for in excess ,there is not pleasure1 but extravagance4 ,and in his ,liar he says-- ,i hate excess2 for those who practise it ,have only more expense1 but not more pleasure4 ,and in his ,foster ,brothers he says-- ,how sweet all kinds of moderation are6 ,i now am going away1 not empty1 but ,in a most comfortable state1--for wise ,mnesitheus tells us that 'tis always right ,t' avoid extravagance in everything4 ,sidenote3 ,,menedemus4 ,and ,ariston the philosopher1 in the second book of his ,amatory ,similitudes1 says that ,polemo1 the ,academic philosopher1 used to exhort those who were going to a supper1 to consider how they might make their party pleasant1 not only for the present evening1 but also for the morrow4 ,and ,timotheus1 the son of ,conon1 being once taken by ,plato from a very sumptuous and princely entertainment to one held at the ,academy1 and being there feasted in a simple and scholar-like manner1 said that those who supped with ,plato would be well the next day also4 ,but ,hegesander1 in his ,commentaries1 says that on the next day ,timotheus1 meeting with ,plato1 said1 ,you1 ,o ,plato1 sup well1 more with reference to the next day than to the present one6 ,but ,pyrrho the ,elean1 when on one occasion one of his acquaintances received him with a very sumptuous entertainment1 as he himself relates1 said1 ,i will for the future not come to you if you receive me in this manner2 that ,i may avoid being grieved by seeing you go to a great expense for which there is no necessity1 and that you1 too1 may not come to distress by being overwhelmed by such expenses2 for it is much better for us to delight one another by our mutual companionship and conversation1 than by the great variety of dishes which we set before one another1 of which our servants consume the greater part4 #ae4 ,but ,antigonus of ,carystus1 in his ,life of ,menedemus1 relating the way in which the banquets of that philosopher are managed1 says1 that he used to dine with one or two companions at most2 and that all the rest of his guests used to come after they had supped4 ,for in fact1 ,menedemus's supper and dinner were only one meal1 and after that was over they called in all who chose to come2 and if any of them1 as would be the case1 came before the time1 they would walk up and down before the doors1 and inquire of the servants who came out what was being now served up1 and how far on the dinner had proceeded4 ,and if they heard that it was only the vegetables or the cured fish that was being served up1 they went away2 but if they were told that the meat was put on the table1 then they went into the room which had been prepared for that purpose4 ,and in the summer a rush mat was spread over each couch1 and in the winter a fleece4 ,but every one was expected to bring his own pillow2 and the cup1 which was brought round to each person1 did not hold more than one cotyla4 ,and the dessert was lupins or beans as a general rule2 but sometimes some fruits1 such as were in season1 were brought in2 in summer1 pears or pomegranates2 and in spring1 pulse2 and in winter1 figs4 ,and we have a witness as to these things1 ,lycophron the ,chalcidian1 who wrote a satyric drama entitled ,menedemus1 in which ,silenus says to the satyrs-- ,o cursed sons of a most excellent father1 ,i1 as you see1 have quite a fancy for you3 ,for1 by the gods ,i swear1 that not in ,caria1 ,nor in fair ,rhodes1 nor royal ,lydia1 ,have ,i e'er eaten so superb a supper2 ,phoebus ,apollo6 what a feast it was4 ,and a little further on1 he says-- ,and the boy brought us round a scanty cup ,of wine that might be worth five pence a bottle-- ,awfully flat2 and then that cursed thing1 ,that hang-dog lupin1 danced upon the board1 ,a fitting meal for parasites and beggars4 ,and presently afterwards1 he says that philosophical disquisitions were carried on during the entertainment-- ,and for dessert1 ,we had some learned conversation4 ,it is also related that those who met in this way very often kept on conversing to such a time that the bird which calls the morn still caught them talking1 and they were not yet satisfied4 #af4 ,but ,arcesilaus1 when giving a supper to some people1 when the bread fell short1 and his slave made him a sign that there were no loaves left1 burst out laughing1 and clapped his hands2 and said1 ,what a feast we have here1 my friends6 ,we forgot to buy loaves enough2 run now1 my boy3--and this he said1 laughing2 and all the guests who were present burst out laughing1 and great amusement and entertainment were excited1 so that the very want of bread was a great seasoning to the feast4 ,and at another time1 ,arcesilaus ordered ,apelles1 one of his friends1 to strain some wine2 and when he1 not being used to doing so1 shook some of the wine and spilt some1 so that the wine appeared much thicker than usual1 he laughed1 and said1 ,but ,i told a man to strain the wine who has never seen anything good any more than ,i myself have2 so do you now get up1 ,aridices2 and do you go away and tap the casks that are outside4 ,and this good-humour of his so pleased and excited the mirth of those present1 that they were all filled with joy4 ,sidenote3 ,,praise ,,of ,,temperance4 #ag4 ,but those of the present day who give entertainments1 especially the inhabitants of the beautiful ,alexandria1 cry out1 and make a noise1 and curse the cupbearer1 the steward1 and cook2 and the slaves are all crying1 being beaten with fists and driven about in every direction4 ,and not only do the guests who are invited sup with great discomfort and annoyance1 but even if there is any sacrifice going on1 the god himself would veil his face and go away1 leaving not only the house1 but even the entire city1 in which such things take place4 ,for it is absurd for a man1 proclaiming that people should all confine themselves to words of good omen1 to curse his wife and his children2 and such a man as that would say to the guests-- ,and now then let us hasten to the feast1 ,that we may plan the movements of the war2-- for such a man's house-- ,is redolent of frankincense1 ,and pans too1 and groans at the same time4 ,now1 when all this had been said1 one of the guests who were present said1--,we ought1 then1 when we consider these things1 to guard against indulging our appetites too much2 ,for a frugal supper breeds no drunkenness1 as ,amphis says1 in his ,pan3 nor does it produce insolence or insulting conduct2 as ,alexis testifies in his ,ulysses ,weaving1 where he says-- ,for many a banquet which endures too long1 ,and many and daily feasts1 are wont t' engender ,insult and mockery2 and those kind of jests ,give far more pain than they do raise amusement4 ,for such are the first ground of evil-speaking2 ,and if you once begin t' attack your neighbour1 ,you quickly do receive back all you bring1 ,and then abuse and quarrels surely follow2 ,then blows and drunken riot4 ,for this is ,the natural course of things1 and needs no prophet4 #ah4 ,and ,mnesimachus1 in his ,philip1 on account of the immoderate indulgence in suppers of people of his time1 introduces an entertainment which professes to be a preparation for war1 and which really is what that admirable writer ,xenophon calls a workshop of war4 ,and he speaks thus-- ,know you now with what men you must fight8 ,with us1 who sup upon well-sharpen'd swords1 ,and swallow lighted firebrands for dainties3 ,and then1 for our dessert1 our slaves bring in1 ,after the first course1 ,cretan bows and arrows2 ,and1 'stead of vetches1 broken heads of spears1 ,and fragments of well-batter'd shields and breastplates2 ,and at our feet lie slings1 and stones1 and bows1 ,and on our heads are wreaths of catapults4 ,and ,phoenix the ,colophonian says-- ,a cask of wine shall be our sword--a cup ,shall be our spear--our hair shall arrows be2 ,goblets shall be our enemies--wine our horses-- ,ointments and perfumes our war-cry fierce4 ,and in the ,parasite1 ,alexis1 speaking of some very voracious person1 says-- ,and all the younger men do call him parasite1 ,using a gentler name2 but he cares not4 ,and ,telephus in speechless silence sits1 ,making but signs to those who ask him questions2 ,so that the inviter often offers prayers ,to the great ,samothracian gods o' the sea1 ,to cease their blowing1 and to grant a calm2 ,for that young man's a storm to all his friends4 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,hercules1 speaking of some similar kind of person1 says-- ,do you not now behold me drunk and merry1 ,well fill'd with wine1 and all inflamed with anger8 ,have not ,i just devour'd a dozen cakes1 ,every one larger than a good-sized shield8 ,on which account1 ,bion of the ,borysthenes said1 cleverly enough1 that ,a man ought not to derive his pleasures from the table1 but from meditation2 and ,euripides says-- ,i pleased my palate with a frugal meal2 signifying that the pleasure derived from eating and drinking is chiefly limited to the mouth4 ,and schylus1 in his ,phineus1 says-- ,and many a most deceitful meal they snatch'd ,away from hungry jaws1 in haste t' enjoy ,the first delight of the too eager palate4 ,and in his ,stheneba1 ,euripides speaks of frugality thus-- ,a life at sea is a much troubled life1 ,not reinforced with pleasures of the table1 ,but like a stable on the shore4 ,the sea itself ,is a moist mother1 not a nurse on land2 ',tis her we plough2 from this our food1 procured ,with nets and traps1 comes daily home to us4 #ai4 ,for the belly is a great evil to man2 concerning which ,alexis speaks1 in his ,men ,dying together-- ,sidenote3 ,,stilpo4 ,and hence you well may see how great an evil ,the belly is to man2 what lessons strange ,it teaches1 and what deeds it forces on us4 ,if there were any power which could take ,this part alone from out our bodies1 then ,no one would any more do injury ,or insult to his neighbour4 ,but from this ,flow all the ills that harass human life4 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,parasite1 says-- ,well did that wise ,euripides oft speak1 ,and this does seem his wisest word of all-- ,but want compels me and my wretched belly2 ,for there is nought more wretched than the belly3 ,and into that you pour whate'er you have1 ,which you do not in any other vessel4 ,loaves you perhaps may in a wallet carry1-- ,not soup1 or else you'll spoil it4 ,so again1 ,you put cakes in a basket1 but not pulse2 ,and wine into a bladder1 but not crabs3 ,but into this accursed belly1 men ,put every sort of inconsistent thing4 ,i add no more2 since it is plain enough ,that all men's errors are produced by it4 ,and ,crates the ,cynic1 as ,sosicrates tells us in his ,successions1 reproached ,demetrius ,phalereus for sending him a wallet of bread with a flagon of wine4 ,i wish1 said he1 that the fountains bore bread4 ,and ,stilpo did not think himself guilty of intemperance when1 having eaten garlic1 he went to sleep in the temple of the ,mother of the ,gods2 but all who eat of that food were forbidden even to enter into it4 ,but when the goddess appeared to him in his sleep1 and said1 ,o ,stilpo1 do you1 though you are a philosopher1 transgress the law8 he thought that he made answer to her 7still being asleep71 ,do you give me something better to eat1 and ,i will not eat garlic4 #bj4 ,after this1 ,ulpian said1--,since we have feasted 77 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,curis1 has used this expression1 where he says-- ,since we have long since supp'd 772 and so has ,eubulus1 in his ,procris-- ,but we have not yet supp'd 772 and in another passage he says-- ,a man who ought long since to have had supper 774 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,leonidas1 says-- ,he will be here before we've finish'd supper 774 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,proagon1 says-- ,it's time for me to go now to my master1 ,for by this time ,i think they all have supp'd 774 ,and in his ,danaides he says-- ,you now are insulting me in a drunken manner ,before you've supp'd 774 ,and ,plato1 in his ,sophist1 and ,epicrates of ,ambracia 7and this last is a poet of the middle comedy71 in his ,amazons1 says-- ,for these men seem to me to have had their supper 77 ,in capital season4 ,and1 on the same principle1 ,aristophanes has given us the form 1 in his ,men ,frying-- ,we've drank our fill1 my men1 and well have dined 774 ,and ,hermippus1 in his ,soldiers1 says-- ,to dine 771 and come to this man's house4 ,and ,theopompus1 in his ,callschrus1 says-- ,we've dined 772--for ,i must this discourse cut short4 ,but1 in his ,politician1 ,antipho has used the word 1 saying-- ,when any one has all consumed in dinners 77 ,his own estate1 and that of all his family4 ,and ,amphis has used the word 1 in his ,vagabond1 saying-- ,the boys who long ago have lost their dinner 774 #ba4 ,let us1 then1 now1 as ,plato says in his ,philebus1 pray to the gods1 and pour libations to them1 whether it be ,bacchus1 or ,vulcan1 or whoever else of the gods it may be1 who has had the honour of having our cups mixed for his sake4 ,for there are two fountains by us1 as if we were cupbearers to mix the wine3 and a person might compare a fountain of pleasure to honey2 but the fountain of wisdom1 which is a sober and wine-eschewing spring1 to that of some hard but wholesome water1 which we must be very earnest to mix as well as possible4 ,it is1 then1 time for us now to drink wine2 and let some one of the slaves bring us goblets from the sideboard1 for ,i see here a great variety of beautiful and variously-ornamented drinking-cups4 ,accordingly1 when a large cup had been given to him1 he said1--,but1 ,o boy1 draw out and pour into my cup a liquor with not quite so much water in it2 not like the man in the comic poet ,antiphanes1 who1 in the ,twins1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,mixing ,,wine4 ,he took and brought me an enormous cup1 ,and ,i pour'd into it unmixed wine1 ,not to the honour of a boy1 but all ,my cups1 and they were numberless1 ,i quaff'd ,to all the gods and goddesses of heaven4 ,then1 after them1 ,i drank twice as much more ,to the great goddess and the noble king4 ,so do you now1 ,o boy1 pour me out something stronger2 for ,i do not prescribe to you the exact number of cyathi4#dd ,but ,i will show you that the words and 7wine with less water in it7 are both used3 and then1 too1 ,i will give you a lecture about cupbearers4 #bb4 ,but1 first of all1 ,i will speak about the habit of drinking strong drinks1 with reference to which we find the word 4 ,antiphanes1 in his ,milanion1 says-- ,i think this man does drink the cup of health1 ,making his cupbearer shun too much water 7 74 ,and in his ,lampon he says-- ,my friend ,iapyx1 mix it somewhat stronger 774 ,and ,ephippus1 in his ,ephebi1 says-- ,he gave him in each hand a brimming flagon1 ,mixing in strong wine 771 in ,homer's fashion4 ,and you find some people say that the expression in ,homer-- ,take care and give less water 7 71 does not mean that there is to be less water1 but that the draught is to be hot2 urging that is derived from 7giving life71 and from 7boiling72--for that1 as there were companions present1 it would have been absurd to begin mixing the cups of wine over again4 ,but some say that the word is to be understood as equivalent to 7well-mixed72 just as we find the form used instead of 4 ,and some say that1 since the year is called 1 and since the particle indicates magnitude or number1 means merely what has been made many years4 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,pederast1 says-- ,pour me now out a cup of wine to drink2 ,give it1 by ,jove6 than that2 ,for wat'ry things are ruinous to the stomach4 ,and ,theophrastus1 in his treatise on ,drinking1 says that means mixed2 quoting the following lines of ,empedocles2-- ,and soon the things which formerly they learnt ,immortal were1 did mortal now become1 ,and things unmix'd before became now mix'd 717 ,changing their previous ways and habits all4 #bc4 ,and ,plato has used the word in the sense of a ladle1 in his ,phaon1 where he says-- ,taking up thus the ladle 77 in their mouths4 ,and in his ,ambassadors he says-- ,he stole the ladles 77 every time he could4 ,and ,archippus1 in his ,fishes1 says-- ,i bought a ladle 77 there from ,dsias4 ,and there is a similar use of the word in the ,peace of ,aristophanes3-- ,all having fought till they had got black eyes1 ,lying all on the ground around the 2 for black eyes are reduced by having 7cupping glasses7 applied to them4 ,xenophon also speaks of the in the first book of his ,cyropdia2 and so does ,cratinus2 and1 besides1 so does ,aristophanes in many places1 and ,eubulus in his ,orthanna2 and ,pherecrates1 in his ,triflers1 has spoken of a made of silver4 ,but ,timon1 in the second book of his ,history of the ,silli1 has called 1 2 speaking thus3-- ,and 1 hard to fill with wine2 naming them so from the verb 1 to draw4 ,and they are called also and 4 ,simonides says-- ,sidenote3 ,,cupbearers4 ,and no one gave me even one ,of the mere dregs and lees4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,wasps1 says-- ,for ,i had these near me4 ,and ,phrynichus1 in his ,weeding ,women1 says-- 7,a cup7 3 and from this comes the word 4 ,they also called this vessel 1 as ,xenophanes did in his ,relationship2 and ,polybius1 in the ninth book of his ,histories1 says that there is a certain river called the ,cyathus1 near ,arsinoe1 a city in tolia4 #bd4 ,but the word 1 meaning the same as 1 is used by ,hyperides in his oration against ,demosthenes2 where he writes thus--,if any one drank any wine of much strength 771 it grieved you4 ,and a similar form is 1 and also the expression in the ,heliades of schylus-- 4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,pyrrha1 has the word 7cheaper72 and ,hyperides1 in his ,oration against ,demades1 has used the expression-- 4 ,and as for the word 7to mix71 that is used by ,plato in his ,philebus--,let us1 ,o ,protarchus1 pray to the gods1 and mingle cups 77 to pour libations to them4 ,and ,alcus1 in his ,sacred ,marriage1 says-- ,they mix the cups 77 and drink them4 ,and ,hyperides1 in his ,delian ,oration1 says--,and the ,greeks mix 77 the ,panionian goblet all together4 ,and among the ancients they were the most nobly born youths who acted as cupbearers2 as1 for instance1 the son of ,menelaus3-- ,and the king's noble son pour'd out the wine4 ,and ,euripides the poet1 when he was a boy1 acted as cupbearer4 ,accordingly1 ,theophrastus1 in his treatise on ,drinking1 says--,but ,i hear that ,euripides the poet also acted as a cupbearer at ,athens1 among those who are called the dancers3 and these men were they who used to dance around the temple of the ,delian ,apollo1 being some of the noblest of the ,athenians1 and they were clothed in garments of the ,therans4 ,and this is that ,apollo in whose honour they celebrate the ,thargelian festival2 and a writing concerning them is kept at ,phyl1 in the ,daphnephorium4 ,and ,hieronymus the ,rhodian gives the same account1 who was a disciple of ,aristotle1 and that too in a book of his entitled a ,treatise on ,drunkenness4 ,and the beautiful ,sappho often praises her brother ,larichus1 as having acted as cupbearer to the ,mitylenans in the ,prytaneum4 ,and among the ,romans1 the most nobly born of the youths perform this office in the public sacrifices1 imitating the olians in everything1 as even in the tones of their voices4 #be4 ,and so great was the luxury of the ancients in respect of their sumptuous meals1 that they not only had cupbearers1 but also men whom they called nopt 7inspectors of wines74 ,at all events1 the office of nopt is a regular office among the ,athenians2 and it is mentioned by ,eupolis1 in his play called ,the ,cities1 in the following lines-- ,and men whom heretofore you'd not have thought ,fit e'en to make nopt of1 we now ,see made commanders4 ,but oh1 city1 city6 ,how much your fortune does out-run your sense4 ,and these nopt superintended the arrangement of banquets1 taking care that the guests should drink on equal terms4 ,but it was an office of no great dignity1 as ,philinus the orator tells us1 in his debate on the ,croconid4 ,and he tells us1 too1 that the nopt were three in number1 and that they also provided the guests with lamps and wicks4 ,and some people called them eyes2 but among the ,ephesians1 the youths who acted as cupbearers at the festival of ,neptune were called bulls1 as ,amerias tells us4 ,and the people of the ,hellespont call the cupbearer 1 or the pourer out2 and they call carving1 which we call 1 1 as ,demetrius of ,scepsis tells us1 in the twenty-sixth book of his ,arrangement of the ,trojan ,forces4 ,and some say that the nymph ,harmonia acted as cupbearer to the gods2 as ,capito the epic poet relates 7and he was a native of ,alexandria by birth71 in the second book of his ,love ,poems4 ,but ,alcus also represents ,mercury as their cupbearer2 as also does ,sappho1 who says-- ,and with ambrosia was a goblet mix'd1 ,and ,mercury pour'd it out to all the gods4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking4 #bf4 ,but the ancients used to call the men who discharged this office1 heralds 774 ,homer says-- ,meanwhile the heralds through the crowded town ,bring the rich wine and destined victims down4 ,idus's arms the golden goblets prest1 ,who thus the venerable king addrest4 ,and a few lines further on he says-- ,on either side a sacred herald stands2 ,the wine they mix1 and on each monarch's hands ,pour the full urn4 ,but ,clidemus says that the cooks used to be called heralds4 ,and some people have represented ,hebe as acting as cupbearer to the gods1 perhaps because their banquets were called ,hebeteria4 ,and ,ptolemy1 the son of ,agesarchus1 speaks of a damsel named ,cleino as the cupbearer of ,ptolemy the king1 who was surnamed ,philadelphus1 mentioning her in the third book of his ,history of ,philopator4 ,but ,polybius1 in the fourteenth book of his ,history1 adds that there are statues of her in ,alexandria1 in many parts of the city1 clad in a tunic alone1 holding a cup in her hand4 #bg4 ,and so1 after this conversation1 ,ulpian drinking a goblet of wine1 said-- ,i drink this cup1 a pledge of friendship dear1 ,to all my kinsmen1 naming them4 ,and while he was still drinking1 one of those who were present quoted the rest of the passage-- ,when ,i have drunk1 ,i'll say ,the rest2 for ,i am choked3 but now drink this4 ,and ,ulpian1 when he had drunk it up1 said1--,clearchus has these lines in his ,harp-,player2 but ,i1 as is said in the ,wool-spinners of ,amphis1 recommend-- ,let the boy wait on all with frequent goblets4 ,and again-- ,you fill for me1 and ,i will give you drink2 ,so shall the almond with the almond play3 as ,xenarchus says1 in his ,twins4 ,and accordingly1 when some of the guests asked for more wine1 and others wished to have it mixed half-and-half1 and when some one mentioned that ,archippus1 in the second edition of his ,amphitryon1 said-- ,wretch1 who has mix'd for you this half-and-half8 and that ,cratinus had said-- ,giving him half-and-half2 but ,i'm undone2 every one seemed to agree to speak of the way of mixing wine among the ancients4 #bh4 ,and when some one mentioned that ,menander1 in his ,hero1 said-- ,here is a measure of well-temper'd wine2 ,take it1 and drink it up2-- ,democritus said--,hesiod1 my friends1 recommends men ,to pour three parts of water in the cup1 ,and let the fourth part be the vinous juice4 ,and1 perhaps1 it was on account of ,hesiod that ,anaxilas said1 in his ,nereus1-- ,and this is much more pleasant2 for ,i'd never ,have drunk one part of wine to three of water4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,nurse1 recommends even a more moderate mixture than this-- ,see1 here is wine4 ,shall ,i1 then1 give to ,criton ,equal proportions8 ,this is better far1 ,one part of wine to four of limpid water3 ,perhaps you'll call that weak2 but still1 when you ,have drunk your fill of this1 you'll find your head ,clear for discussion1--and the drink lasts longer4 ,and ,diocles1 in his ,bees1 says-- ,a4 ,in what proportions should the wine be mix'd8 ,b4 ,four parts of water to two parts of wine4 ,and this mixture1 as it is not that in ordinary use1 put the questioner in mind of the well-known proverb1-- ,drink waters three or five2 but never four4 ,what they mean is1 ,you had better take two parts wine with five of water1 or one of wine to three of water4 ,but1 concerning this mixture1 ,ion the poet1 in his book on ,chios1 says that ,palamedes the soothsayer discovered and prophesied to the ,greeks1 that they would have a favourable voyage if they drank one portion of wine to three of water4 ,but they1 applying themselves to their drink very vigorously1 took two pints of wine to five of water2--accordingly ,nicochares in his ,amymone1 playing on the name1 says-- ,here1 you nomaus1--here1 you two and five1-- ,let you and ,i now have a drink together4 ,and he said nearly the same in his ,lemnian ,women3 and ,ameipsias1 in his ,men ,playing the ,cottabus1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,proportions ,,of ,,mixed ,,wine4 ,but ,i 7it is ,bacchus who is represented as speaking7 am five and two to all of you4 ,and ,eupolis says1 in his ,goats1-- ,hail1 my friend ,bacchus1 are you two to five8 ,and ,hermippus says1 in his ,gods1-- ,a4 ,then1 when we drink1 or when we thirsty are1 ,we pray our wine may be in due proportion4 ,b4 ,i do not bring it from a roguish wine-vault1 ,meaning to mock you3 this which ,i do bring ,is1 as before1 the proper two and five4 #bi4 ,but in ,anacreon we find one measure of wine to two of water spoken of-- ,come1 my boy1 and bring to me ,such a cup as ,i may drink ,at one easy draught3 pour in ,ten cyathi of water pure1 ,and five of richest ,chian wine2 ,that ,i may drink1 from fear removed1 ,and free from drunken insolence4 ,and going on presently1 he calls the drinking of unmixed wine1 a ,scythian draught-- ,come hither1 now1 and let us not ,give way to vulgar shouts and noise1 ,indulging in the ,scythian draughts ,while o'er our wine2 but let us drink1 ,singing well-omen'd1 pious hymns4 ,and the ,lacedmonians1 according to the statement of ,herodotus1 in his sixth book1 say that ,cleomenes the king1 having lived among the ,scythians1 and got the habit of drinking unmixed wine1 became perfectly mad from his habit of drunkenness4 ,and the ,lacedmonians themselves1 when they take it into their heads to drink hard1 say that they are ,episcythising4 ,accordingly1 ,chamleon of ,heraclea1 in his book on ,drunkenness1 writes thus concerning them3--,since the ,lacedmonians say also1 that ,cleomenes the ,spartan became mad from having lived among the ,scythians1 and there learnt to drink unmixed wine2 on which account1 when they take a fancy to drink unmixed wine they desire their slaves to pour out in the ,scythian fashion4 ,and ,achus1 in his thon1 a satyric drama1 represents the ,satyrs as indignant at being compelled to drink their wine watered1 and as saying-- ,was the whole ,achelous in this wine8 ,but even then this race would not cease drinking1 ,for this is all a ,scythian's happiness4 #cj4 ,but the habit of pouring libations of pure wine1 as ,theophrastus says1 in his treatise on ,drinking1 was not ancient2 but originally libations were what is given to the ,gods1 and the cottabus1 what was devoted to the object of one's love4 ,for men practised throwing the cottabus with great care1 it being originally a ,sicilian sport1 as ,anacreon the ,teian says-- ,throwing1 with his well-bent arm ,the ,sicilian cottabus4 ,on which account those songs of the ancient poets1 which are called scolia1 are full of mention of the cottabus4#de ,i mean1 for instance1 such a scolion as ,pindar composed-- ,and rightly ,i adore the ,graces1 ,nymphs of ,venus and of ,love1 ,while drinking with a loving heart ,this sounding cottabus ,i pour ,to ,agathon1 my heart's delight4 ,and they also consecrated to those of their friends who were dead1 all that portion of their victuals which fell from their tables4 ,on which account ,euripides says of ,sthenoba1 when she thinks that ,bellerophon is dead-- ,nothing escaped her from her hand which fell1 ,but in a moment she did couple it ,with the loved name of the ,corinthian stranger4 #ca4 ,but the ancients were not in the habit of getting drunk4 ,but ,pittacus recommended ,periander of ,priene not to get drunk1 nor to become too much addicted to feasting1 so that1 says he1 it may not be discovered what sort of a person you really are1 and that you are not what you pretend to be4-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking4 ,for brass may be a mirror for the face1-- ,wine for the mind4 ,on which account they were wise men who invented the proverb1 ,wine has no rudder4 ,accordingly1 ,xenophon the son of ,gryllus1 7when once at the table of ,dionysius the tyrant of ,sicily1 the cupbearer was compelling the guests to drink17 addressed the tyrant himself by name1 and said1 ,why1 ,o ,dionysius1 does not also the confectioner1 who is a skilful man in his way1 and one who understands a great many different recipes for dressing things1 compel us also1 when we are at a banquet1 to eat even when we do not wish to2 but why1 on the contrary1 does he spread the table for us in an orderly manner1 in silence8 ,and ,sophocles1 in one of his ,satyric dramas1 says-- ,to be compell'd to drink is quite as hard ,as to be forced to bear with thirst4 ,from which also is derived the saying-- ,wine makes an old man dance against his will4 ,and ,sthenelus the poet said very well-- ,wine can bring e'en the wise to acts of folly4 ,and ,phocylides says-- ,it should be a rule for all wine-bibbing people ,not to let the jug limp round the board like a cripple1 ,but gaily to chat while enjoying their tipple3 and to this day this custom prevails among some of the ,greeks4 ,but since they have begun to be luxurious and have got effeminate they have given up their chairs and taken to couches2 and having taken indolence and laziness for their allies1 they have indulged in drinking in an immoderate and disorderly manner2 the very way in which the tables were laid contributing1 as ,i imagine1 to luxury4 #cb4 ,and it is on this account that ,hesiod1 in his ,eo1 has said-- ,what joys and also what exceeding pains ,has ,bacchus given to mortal men who drink1 ,indulging in excess3 for to such men ,wine is an insolent master1 binding fast ,their feet and hands1 their tongues and intellects1 ,with chains unspeakable1 unnoticeable2 ,and tender sleep loves on their eyes to fall4 ,and ,theognis says-- ,i come like wine1 the sweetest drink of men1-- ,i am not sober1 nor yet very drunk2 ,but he who goes to great excess in drink ,is no more master of his mind or senses2 ,then he talks unintelligible nonsense4 ,which seems to sober men a shameful thing2 ,but he1 when drunk1 is not ashamed of anything1 ,e'en though at other times a modest man ,and gentle-minded4 ,mind you this1 my friend1 ,and don't indulge in drinking to excess1 ,but rise from table ere the wine begins ,to take effect2 nor let your appetite ,reduce you to become its daily slave4 ,but ,anacharsis the philosopher1 wishing to exhibit the power of the vine to the king of the ,scythians1 and showing him some of its branches1 said that if the ,greeks did not prune it every year it would by this time have reached to ,scythia4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking4 #cc4 ,but those men do not act wisely who represent and describe ,bacchus in their statues or pictures1 and who also lead him through the middle of the market-place on a waggon1 as if he were drunk2 for1 by so doing1 they show the beholders that wine is stronger than the god4 ,and ,i do not think that even a good and wise man could stand this4 ,and if they have represented him in this state because he first showed us the use of wine1 it is plain that for the same reason they should always represent ,ceres as reaping corn or eating bread4 ,and ,i should say that schylus himself erred in this particular2 for he was the first person 7and not ,euripides1 as some people say17 who introduced the appearance of drunken people into a tragedy4 ,for in his ,cabiri he introduces ,jason drunk4 ,but the fact is1 that the practices which the tragedian himself used to indulge in1 he attributed to his heroes3 at all events he used to write his tragedies when he was drunk2 on which account ,sophocles used to reproach him1 and say to him1 ,o schylus1#df even if you do what you ought1 at all events you do so without knowing it2 as ,chamleon tells us1 in his treatise on schylus4 ,and they are ignorant people who say that ,epicharmus was the first person who introduced a drunken man on the stage1 and after him ,crates1 in his ,neighbours4 ,and ,alcus the lyric poet1 and ,aristophanes the comic poet1 used to write their poems when they were drunk4 ,and many other men have fought with great gallantry in war when they were drunk4 ,but among the ,epizephyrian ,locrians1 if any one drank untempered wine1 except by the express command of his physician for the sake of his health1 he was liable to be punished with death1 in accordance with a law to that effect passed by ,zaleucus4 ,and among the people of ,massilia there was a law that the women should drink water only4 ,and ,theophrastus says1 that to this day that is the law at ,miletus4 ,and among the ,romans no slave ever drank wine1 nor any free woman1 nor any youth born of free parents till he was thirty years of age4 ,and ,anacreon is very ridiculous for having referred all his poems to the subject of drunkenness2 for1 owing to this1 he is found fault with as having in his poems wholly abandoned himself to effeminacy and luxury1 as the multitude are not aware that while he wrote he was a sober and virtuous man1 who pretended to be a drunkard1 when there was no necessity at all for his doing so4 #cd4 ,and men who are ignorant of the power of wine1 say that ,bacchus is the cause of madness to men2 in saying which they abuse wine in a very senseless manner4 ,on which account ,melanippides says-- ,all men have detested water ,who did not before have wine2 ,and though some have enjoy'd their cups1 ,others have turn'd to ravings wild4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,drinking1 says1 ,if the wine be moderately boiled1 then when it is drunk1 it is less apt to intoxicate2 for1 as some of its power has been boiled away1 it has become weaker4 ,and he also says1 ,old men become drunk more quickly on account of the small quantity of natural warmth which there is in them1 and also of the weak-genius get drunk very quickly1 on account of the great quantity of natural warmth that there is in them2 for1 in consequence1 they are easily subdued by the warmth proceeding from the wine which is added to their natural warmth4 ,and some of the brute beasts are also capable of becoming intoxicated2 such as pigs when they are filled with the husks of pressed grapes2 and the whole race of crows1 and of dogs1 when they have eaten of the herb called nussa3 and the monkey and the elephant get intoxicated if they drink wine2 on which account they hunt monkeys and crows when the former have been made drunk with wine1 and the latter with nussa4 ,but to drink unceasingly-- as ,crobylus says1 in his ,woman who deserted her ,husband-- ,can have ,no pleasure in it1 surely2 how should it1 ,when it deprives a living man of power ,to think as he should think8 and yet is thought ,the greatest blessing that is given to man4 ,and ,alexis1 in the revised edition of his ,phrygian1 says-- ,if now men only did their headaches get ,before they get so drunk1 ,i'm sure that no one ,would ever drink more than a moderate quantity3 ,but now we hope t' escape the penalty ,of our intemperance1 and so discard ,restraint1 and drink unmixed cups of wine4 ,and ,aristotle says1 that the wine called the ,samagorean wine was so strong that more than forty men were made drunk with a pint and a half of it after it had been mixed with water4 #ce4 ,democritus having said this1 and having drunk1 said1--,now if any one can gainsay any of these statements let him come forward3 and then he shall be told1 as ,evenus says-- ,that may be your opinion2 this is mine4 ,but ,i1 since ,i have now made this digression about the mixtures of the ancients1 will resume the thread of my original discourse where ,i let it drop2 considering what was said by ,alcus the lyric poet4 ,for he speaks1 somewhere or other1 in this way-- ,pour out1 in just proportion1 one and two4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking4 ,for in these words some people do not think that he is alluding to the mixture of wine and water at all2 but that1 being a moderate and temperate man1 he would not drink more than one cyathus of pure wine1 or perhaps1 at the most1 two4 ,and this is the interpretation given to the passage by ,chamleon of ,pontus1 who was ignorant how fond of wine ,alcus had been4 ,for this poet will be found to have been in the habit of drinking at every season and in every imaginable condition of affairs4 ,in winter he speaks thus-- ,now the storm begins to lower1 ,and ,jove descends in heavy snow1 ,and streams of water stand congeal'd ,in cruel ice3 let's drive away ,the wintry cold1 and heap up fire1 ,and mingle with unsparing hand ,the honied cup1 and wreathe our brows ,with fragrant garlands of the season4 ,and in summer1 he writes-- ,now it behoves a man to soak his lungs ,in most cool wine2 for the fierce dogstar rages1 ,and all things thirst with the excessive heat4 ,and in spring1 he says-- ,now does the flowery spring return1 ,and shed its gifts all o'er the land2 and he continues-- ,come then1 my boy1 and quickly pour ,a cup of luscious ,lesbian wine4 ,and in his misfortunes he sings-- ,one must not give one's thoughts up wholly ,to evil fortune2 for by grieving ,we shall not do ourselves much good4 ,come to me1 ,bacchus2 you are ever ,the best of remedies1 who bring ,us wine and joyous drunkenness4 ,and in his hours of joy he says-- ,now is the time to get well drunk1 ,now e'en in spite of self to drink1 ,since ,myrsilus is dead at last4 ,and1 giving some general advice1 he says-- ,never plant any tree before the vine4 ,how1 then1 could a man who was so very devoted to drinking be a sober man1 and be content with one or two cups of wine8 ,at all events1 his very poem1 says ,seleucus1 testifies against those people who receive the line in this sense4 ,for he says1 in the whole passage-- ,let us now drink1--why put we out the light8 ,our day is but a finger3 bring large cups1 ,fill'd with the purple juice of various grapes2 ,for the great son of ,semele and ,jove ,gave wine to men to drive away their cares4 ,pour on1 in just proportion1 one and two1 ,and let one goblet chase another quickly ,out of my head4 ,in which words he plainly enough intimates that his meaning is1 that one cup of wine is to be mixed with two of water4 #cf4 ,but ,anacreon likes his liquors stronger still2 as is shown by the verses in which he says-- ,let the cup well be clean'd1 then let it hold ,five measures water1 three of rosy wine4 ,and ,philetrus1 in his ,tereus1 speaks of two measures of water to three of wine4 ,and he speaks thus1-- ,i seem to have drunk two measures now of water1 ,and only three of wine4 ,and ,pherecrates1 in his ,corianno1 speaks even of two measures of water to four of wine1 and says-- ,a4 ,throw that away1 my dear2 the fellow has ,given you such a watery mixture4 ,b4 ,nay rather1 'tis mere water and nought else4 ,a4 ,what have you done8--in what proportions1 ,you cursed man1 have you this goblet mix'd8 ,b4 ,i've put two waters only in1 my mother4 ,a4 ,and how much wine8 ,b4 ,four parts of wine1 ,i swear4 ,a4 ,you're fit to serve as cupbearer to the frogs4 ,and ,ephippus1 in his ,circe1 says-- ,a4 ,you will find it a much more prudent mixture1 ,to take three parts of one1 and four of th' other4 ,b4 ,that's but a watery mixture1 three to four4 ,a4 ,would you1 then1 quite unmix'd your wine prefer8 ,b4 ,how say you8 #cg4 ,and ,timocles speaks of half-and-half in his ,conisalus1-- ,and ,i'll attack you straight with half-and-half1 ,and make you tell me all the truth at once4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,dorcis1 or the ,caressing ,woman1 says-- ,i drink now cups brimming with love to you1 ,mixed in fair proportions1 half and half4 ,and ,xenarchus1 or ,timocles1 in his ,purple1 says-- ,by ,bacchus1 how you drink down half-and-half6 ,and ,sophilus1 in his ,dagger1 says1-- ,and wine was given in unceasing flow1 ,mix'd half and half2 and yet1 unsatisfied1 ,they ask'd for larger and for stronger cups4 ,sidenote3 ,,wine4 ,and ,alexis1 in his play entitled ,the ,usurer1 or ,liar1 says-- ,a4 ,don't give him wine quite drown'd in water1 now2-- ,dost understand me8 ,half and half1 or nearly3 ,that's well4 ,b4 ,a noble drink3 where was the land ,that raised this noble ,bacchus8 by its flavour1 ,i think he came from ,thasos4 ,a4 ,sure 'tis just ,that foreigners should foreign wines enjoy1 ,and that the natives should drink native produce4 ,and again1 in his ,supposititious ,son1 he says-- ,he drank and never drew his breath1 as one ,would quaff rich wine1 mix'd half and half with care4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,brethren-- ,some one cried out to mingle eight and twelve1 ,till he with rivalry subdued the other 774 ,and the verb was especially used of those who fell down from drinking1 taking its metaphor from the shaking down fruit from the tree4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,man cut off1 says-- ,he was no master of the feast at all1 ,but a mere hangman1 ,chreas his name2 ,and when he'd drunk full twenty cups of wine1 ,mix'd half-and-half1 he ask'd for more1 and stronger4 #ch4 ,and ,diodorus of ,sinope1 in his ,female ,flute-player1 says-- ,when any one1 ,o ,crito1 drinks ten cups1 ,consider1 ,i do beg you1 whether he ,who never once allows the wine to pass ,is in a fit state for discussion4 ,and it was not without some wit that ,lysander the ,spartan1 as ,hegesander relates in his ,commentaries1 when some vintners sold wine which had been much watered in his camp1 ordered some one to supply it properly tempered1 that his men might buy it with less water in it4 ,and ,alexis has said something which comes to nearly the same thing1 in his sop2 thus-- ,a4 ,that is a good idea of yours1 ,o ,solon1 ,and cleverly imagined1 which you have ,adopted in your city4 ,s4 ,what is that8 ,a4 ,you don't let men drink neat wine at their feasts4 ,s4 ,why1 if ,i did1 'twould not be very easy ,for men to get it1 when the innkeepers ,water it ere it comes out of the waggon4 ,no doubt they do not do so to make money1 ,but only out of prudent care for those ,who buy the liquor2 so that they may have ,their heads from every pang of headache free4 ,this now is1 as you see1 a ,grecian drink2 ,so that men1 drinking cups of moderate strength1 ,may chat and gossip cheerfully with each other3 ,for too much water is more like a bath ,than like a wine-cup2 and the wine-cooler ,mix'd with the cask1 my friend1 is death itself4 #ci4 ,but to drink to the degree of drunkenness1 says ,plato1 in his sixth book of the ,laws1 is neither becoming anywhere--except perhaps in the days of festival of the god who gave men wine for their banquets1--nor is it wholesome3 and1 above all1 a man ought to guard against such a thing who has any thoughts of marriage2 for at such a time1 above all other times1 both bride and bridegroom ought to be in full possession of their faculties2 when they are entering upon what is no small change in the circumstances of their life2 and also they ought to be influenced by anxiety that their offspring shall be the offspring of parents in the fullest possible possession of all their faculties2 for it is very uncertain what day or what night will be the originating cause of it4 ,and in the first book of his ,laws he says--,but respecting drunkenness it may be a question1 whether we ought to give way to it as the ,lydians do1 and the ,persians1 and the ,carthaginians1 and the ,celt1 and the ,spaniards1 and the ,thracians1 and other nations like them2 or whether like you1 ,o ,lacedmonians1 one ought wholly to abstain from it4 ,but the ,scythians and the ,thracians1 who indulge altogether in drinking unmixed wine1 both the women and all the men1 and who spill it all over their clothes1 think that they are maintaining a very honourable practice1 and one that tends to their happiness4 ,and the ,persians indulge to a great extent in other modes of luxury which you reject2 but still they practise them with more moderation than the ,scythians and ,thracians4 #dj4 ,and a great many of the guests were drinking1 and putting lumps of meal into their wine1 a custom which ,hegesander of ,delphi mentions4 ,accordingly ,epinicus1 when ,mnesiptolemus had given a recitation of his history1 in which it was written how ,seleucus had used meal in his wine1 having written a drama entitled ,mnesiptolemus1 and having turned him into ridicule1 as the comic poets do1 and using his own words about that sort of drink1 represents him as saying3-- ,sidenote3 ,,laced,,monian ,,fashions4 ,once ,i beheld the noble king ,seleucus1 ,one summer's day1 drinking with mighty pleasure ,some wine with meal steep'd in it4 7,so ,i took ,a note of it1 and show'd it to a crowd1 ,although it was an unimportant thing1 ,yet still my genius could make it serious47 ,he took some fine old ,thasian wine1 and eke ,some of the liquor which the ,attic bee ,distils who culls the sweets from every flower2 ,and that he mingled in a marble cup1 ,and mix'd the liquor with fair ,ceres' corn1 ,and took the draught1 a respite from the heat4 ,and the same writer tells us that in the ,therades islands men mash lentils and pease into meal1 instead of ordinary corn1 and put that into the wine1 and that this drink is said to be better than that in which the meal is mixed4 #da4 ,now it was not the fashion among the ,lacedmonians to practise the system of pledging healths at their banquets1 nor to salute one another with mutual greetings and caresses at their feasts4 ,and ,critias shows us this in his ,elegies3-- ,and this is an old fashion1 well establish'd1 ,and sanction'd by the laws of noble ,sparta1 ,that all should drink from one well-fill'd cup2 ,and that no healths should then be drunk to any one1 ,naming the tender object3 also that ,the cup should not go round towards the right4 ,the ,lydian goblets 4 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 ,and to drink healths with skill and well-turn'd phrase1 ,naming the person whom one means to pledge4 ,for1 after draughts like this1 the tongue gets loose1 ,and turns to most unseemly conversation2 ,they make the body weak2 they throw a mist ,over the eyes2 and make forgetfulness ,eat recollection out of the full heart4 ,the mind no longer stands on solid ground2 ,the slaves are all corrupted by licentiousness1 ,and sad extravagance eats up the house4 ,but those wise youths whom ,lacedmon breeds ,drink only what may stimulate their souls ,to deeds of daring in th' adventurous war1 ,and rouse the tongue to wit and moderate mirth4 ,such draughts are wholesome both for mind and body1 ,and not injurious to the pocket either3 ,good1 too1 for deeds of love2 authors of sleep1 ,that wholesome harbour after toil and care3 ,good1 too1 for health--that best of goddesses ,who mortal man befriend3 and likewise good ,for piety's best neigbour temperance4 ,and presently afterwards he goes on-- ,for fierce1 immoderate draughts of heady wine ,give momentary pleasure1 but engender ,a long-enduring pain which follows it4 ,but men at ,sparta love a mode of life ,which is more equal2 they but eat and drink ,that which is wholesome1 so that they may be ,fit to endure hard pains1 and do great deeds4 ,nor have they stated days in all the year1 ,when it is lawful to indulge too much4 #db4 ,and a man who is always ready for wine is called 4 ,but he is called who is always ready to drink anything2 and he is called who drinks to the degree of drunkenness4 ,and of all heroes1 the greatest drinker is ,nestor1 who lived three times as long as other men2 for he evidently used to stick to his wine more closely than other people1 and even than ,agamemnon himself1 whom ,achilles upbraids as a man given to much drinking4 ,but ,nestor1 even when a most important battle was impending1 could not keep away from drinking4 ,accordingly ,homer says-- ,but not the genial feast or flowing bowl ,gould charm the cares of ,nestor's watchful soul4 ,and he is the only hero whose drinking-cup he has described1 as he has the shield of ,achilles2 for he went to the war with his goblet just as he did with that shield1 the fame of which ,hector says had reached to heaven4 ,and a man would not be very wrong who called that cup of his the ,goblet of ,mars1 like the ,cneus of ,antiphanes1 in which it is said-- ,the hero stood and brandish'd ,mars's cup1 ,like great ,timotheus1 and his polish'd spear4 ,and indeed it was on account of his fondness for drinking that ,nestor1 in the games instituted in honour of ,patroclus1 received a drinking-cup as a present from ,achilles2 not but what ,achilles also gave a cup to the competitor who was defeated3 for victory does not commonly attend hard drinkers1 on account of their usual inactivity2 or perhaps it is owing to their thirst that boxers usually fail1 from being fatigued with holding out their hands too long4 ,but ,eumelus receives a breastplate after having run a course with great danger1 and having been torn1 the breastplate being a serviceable piece of defensive armour4 ,sidenote3 ,,thirst4 #dc4 ,but there is nothing more covetous than thirst2 on which account the poet has called ,argos thirsty1 or rather causing great thirst1 as having been much desired on account of the length of time the person of whom he is speaking had been absent from it4 ,for thirst engenders in all men a violent desire for abundant enjoyment2 on which account ,sophocles says-- ,though you were to unfold unnumber'd treasures ,of wisdom to a thirsty man1 you'd find ,you pleased him less than if you gave him drink4 ,and ,archilochus says-- ,i wish to fight with you1 as much as e'er ,a thirsty man desired to quench his thirst4 ,and one of the tragic poets has said-- ,i bid you check your hand which thirsts for blood4 ,and ,anacreon says-- ,for you are kind to every stranger1 ,so let me drink and quench my thirst4 ,and ,xenophon1 in the third book of his ,cyropdia1 represents ,cyrus as speaking in this manner3--,i thirst to gratify you4 ,and ,plato1 in his ,polity1 says--,but if1 as ,i imagine1 any city which is governed by a democracy1 thirsting for its liberty1 should have evil-disposed cupbearers to wait upon it1 and should be intoxicated to an improper degree with unmixed wine4 4 4 4 #dd4 ,proteas the ,macedonian was also a very great drinker1 as ,ephippus tells us in his treatise on the ,funeral of ,alexander and ,hephstion3 and he had an admirable constitution1 and he had practised drinking to a great degree4 ,accordingly1 ,alexander1 having once asked for a cup containing two choes1 and having drank from it1 pledged ,proteas2 and he1 having taken it1 and having sung the praises of the king a great deal1 drank it in such a manner as to be applauded by every one4 ,and presently ,proteas asked for the same cup again1 and again he drank and pledged the king4 ,and ,alexander1 having taken the cup1 drank it off in a princely manner1 but he could not stand it1 but leaned back on the pillow1 letting the cup fall from his hands2 and after this he fell sick and died1 ,bacchus1 as it is said1 being angry with him because he had besieged his native city of ,thebes4 ,and ,alexander drank a great deal too1 so that he once1 after a drunken bout1 slept without interruption two days and two nights4 ,and this is shown in his ,journals1 which were compiled by ,eumenes the ,cardian1 and ,diodotus the ,erythran4 ,but ,menander1 in his ,flatterer1 says-- ,a4 ,my good friend1 ,struthias1 ,i thrice have drunk ,a golden cup in ,cappadocia1 ,containing ten full cotyl of wine4 ,st4 ,why1 then you drank more than king ,alexander4 ,a4 ,at all events not less1 ,i swear by ,pallas4 ,st4 ,a wondrous feat4 ,but ,nicobule1 or whoever it was who wrote the books attributed to her1 says that ,alexander1 once supping with ,medeus the ,thessalian1 when there were twenty people present at the party1 pledged every one of the guests1 receiving a similar pledge from all of them1 and then1 rising up from the party1 he presently went off to sleep4 ,and ,callisthenes the ,sophist1 as ,lynceus the ,samian says in his ,commentaries1 and ,aristobulus and ,chares in their ,histories1 when in a banquet given by ,alexander1 a cup of unmixed wine came to him1 rejected it2 and when some one said to him1 ,why do you not drink8 ,i do not wish1 said he1 after having drunk the cup of ,alexander1 to stand in need of the cup of sculapius4 #de4 ,but ,darius1 who destroyed the ,magi1 had an inscription written on his tomb1--,i was able to drink a great deal of wine1 and to bear it well4 ,and ,ctesias says1 that among the ,indians it is not lawful for the king to get drunk2 but among the ,persians it is permitted to the king to get drunk one day in the year1--the day1 namely1 on which they sacrifice to ,mithras4 ,and ,duris writes thus1 with respect to this circumstance1 in the seventh book of his ,histories3--,the king gets drunk and dances the ,persian dance on that festival only which is celebrated by the ,persians in honour of ,mithras2 but no one else does so in all ,asia2 but all abstain during this day from dancing at all4 ,for the ,persians learn to dance as they learn to ride2 and they think that the motion originated by this sort of exercise contains in it a good kind of practice tending to the strength of the body4 ,sidenote3 ,,philip ,,of ,,macedon4 ,but ,alexander used to get so drunk1 as ,carystius of ,pergamus relates in his ,historic ,commentaries1 that he used even to celebrate banquets in a chariot drawn by asses2 and the ,persian kings too1 says he did the same thing4 ,and perhaps it was owing to this that he had so little inclination for amatory pleasures2 for ,aristotle1 in his ,problems of ,natural ,history1 says1 that the powers of men who drink to any great excess are much weakened4 ,and ,hieronymus1 in his ,letters1 says1 that ,theophrastus says1 that ,alexander was not much of a man for women2 and accordingly1 when ,olympias had given him ,callixene1 a ,thessalian courtesan1 for a mistress1 who was a most beautiful woman1 7and all this was done with the consent of ,philip1 for they were afraid that he was quite impotent17 she was constantly obliged to ask him herself to do his duty by her4 #df4 ,and ,philip1 the father of ,alexander1 was a man very fond of drinking1 as ,theopompus relates in the twenty-sixth book of his ,history4 ,and in another part of his ,history he writes1 ,philip was a man of violent temper and fond of courting dangers1 partly by nature1 and partly too from drinking2 for he was a very hard drinker1 and very often he would attack the enemy while he was drunk4 ,and in his fifty-third book1 speaking of the things that took place at ,chronea1 and relating how he invited to supper the ambassadors of the ,athenians who were present there1 he says1 ,but ,philip1 when they had gone away1 immediately sent for some of his companions1 and bade the slaves summon the female flute-players1 and ,aristonicus the harp-player1 and ,durion the flute-player1 and all the rest who were accustomed to drink with him2 for ,philip always took people of that sort about with him1 and he had also invented for himself many instruments for banquets and drinking-parties2 for being very fond of drinking and a man intemperate in his manners1 he used to keep a good many buffoons and musicians and professed jesters about him4 ,and when he had spent the whole night in drinking1 and had got very drunk and violent1 he then dismissed all the rest1 and when it was day-break proceeded in a riotous manner to the ambassadors of the ,athenians4 ,and ,carystius in his ,historical ,commentaries says1 that ,philip1 when he intended to get drunk1 spoke in this way3 ,now we may drink2 for it is quite sufficient if ,antipater is sober4 ,and once1 when he was playing at dice1 and some one told him that ,antipater was coming1 he hesitated a moment1 and then thrust the board under the couch4 #dg4 ,and ,theopompus gives a regular catalogue of men fond of drinking and addicted to drunkenness2 and among them he mentions the younger ,dionysius1 the tyrant of ,sicily1 whose eyes were a good deal injured by wine4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his ,polity of the ,syracusans1 says that he sometimes was drunk for three months at a time together1 owing to which he had got somewhat weak in the eyes4 ,and ,theophrastus says that his companions also1 who were flatterers of the supreme power1 pretended not to see well1 and to be led by the hand by ,dionysius1 and not to be able to see the meat that was served up before them1 nor the cups of wine1 on which account they got the name of ,dionysiocolaces1 or flatterers of ,dionysius4 ,nysus also1 who was tyrant of ,syracuse1 drank a great deal1 and so did ,apollocrates2 and these men were the sons of the former ,dionysius1 as ,theopompus tells us in the fortieth and forty-first books of his ,history2 and he writes thus about ,nysus3 ,nysus1 who was afterwards tyrant of ,syracuse1 when he was taken for the purpose of being put to death1 and knew that he had only a few months to live1 spent them wholly in eating and drinking4 ,and in his thirty-ninth book he says3 ,apollocrates1 the son of ,dionysius the tyrant1 was an intemperate man1 and addicted to drinking2 and some of his flatterers worked upon him so as to alienate him as much as possible from his father4 ,and he says that ,hipparinus1 the son of ,dionysius1 who behaved like a tyrant when drunk1 was put to death4 ,and about ,nysus he writes as follows3 ,nysus1 the son of the elder ,dionysius1 having made himself master of ,syracuse1 got a four-horse chariot1 and put on an embroidered robe1 and devoted himself to gluttony and hard drinking1 and to insulting boys and ravishing women1 and to all other acts which are consistent with such conduct4 ,and he passed his life in this manner4 ,and in his forty-fifth book the same historian1 speaking of ,timolaus the ,theban1 says3 ,for though there have been a great many men who have been intemperate in their daily life1 and in their drinking1 ,i do not believe that there has ever been any one who was concerned in state affairs1 more intemperate1 or a greater glutton1 or a more complete slave to his pleasures than ,timolaus1 whom ,i have mentioned4 ,and in his twenty-third book1 speaking of ,charidemus of ,oreum1 whom the ,athenians made a citizen1 he says3 ,for it was notorious that he spent every day in the greatest intemperance1 and in such a manner that he was always drinking and getting drunk1 and endeavouring to seduce free-born women2 and he carried his intemperance to such a height that he ventured to beg a young boy1 who was very beautiful and elegant1 from the senate of the ,olynthians1 who had happened to be taken prisoner in the company of ,derdas the ,macedonian4 ,sidenote3 ,,arcadion4 #dh4 ,a man of the name of ,arcadion1 too1 was a very great drinker1 7but it is uncertain whether this is the same man who was at enmity with ,philip17 as the epigram shows which ,polemo has preserved in his treatise on the ,inscriptions existing in different ,cities-- ,this is the monument of that great drinker1 ,arcadion2 and his two loving sons1 ,dorcon and ,charmylus1 have placed it here1 ,at this the entrance of his native city3 ,and know1 traveller1 the man did die ,from drinking strong wine in too large a cup4 ,and the inscription over some man of the name of ,erasixenus says that he also drank a great deal4 ,twice was this cup1 full of the strongest wine1 ,drain'd by the thirsty ,erasixenus1 ,and then in turn it carried him away4 ,alcetas the ,macedonian also used to drink a great deal1 as ,aristos the ,salaminian relates2 and so did ,diotimus the ,athenian3 and he was the man who was surnamed the ,funnel4 ,for he put a funnel into his mouth1 and would then drink without ceasing while the wine was being poured into it1 according to the account of ,polemo4 ,and it has been already mentioned that ,cleomenes the ,lacedmonian was a great drinker of unmixed wine2 and that in consequence of his drunkenness he cut himself to pieces with a sword1 is related by ,herodotus4 ,and ,alcus the poet also was very fond of drinking1 as ,i have already mentioned4 ,and ,baton of ,sinope1 in his essay on ,ion the poet1 says that ,ion was a man fond of drinking and amorous to excess2 and he himself1 too1 in his ,elegies1 confesses that he loved ,chrysilla the ,corinthian1 the daughter of ,teleas1 with whom ,teleclides1 in his ,hesiods1 says that the ,olympian#dg ,pericles also was in love4 ,and ,xenarchus the ,rhodian1 on account of the excessive way in which he used to drink1 was surnamed ,the ,nine-gallon ,cask2 and ,euphorion the ,epic poet mentions him in his ,chiliades4 #di4 ,and ,chares the ,mitylenan1 in his ,history of ,alexander1 speaking of ,calanus the ,indian philosopher1 and saying that he threw himself on a funeral pile that had been raised1 and so died1 says also that ,alexander instituted some gymnastic games at his tomb1 and also a musical contest of panegyrics on him4--,and he instituted1 says ,chares1 because of the great fondness of the ,indians for wine1 a contest as to who should drink the greatest quantity of unmixed wine2 and the prize was a talent for the first1 and thirty min for the second1 and ten min for the third4 ,and of those who entered for the prize and drank the wine1 thirty-five died at once by reason of the cold2 and a little afterwards six more died in their tents4 ,and he who drank the greatest quantity and won the prize1 drank four choes of unmixed wine1 and received the talent2 and he lived four days after it2 and he was called the ,champion4 ,and ,timus says that ,dionysius the tyrant gave1 at the festival of the ,choes1 to the first man who should drink a choeus1 a golden crown as a prize3 and he says also that ,xenocrates the philosopher was the first person who drank it2 and that he1 taking the golden crown1 and departing1 offered it up to the ,mercury who was placed in his vestibule1 on which statue he was always accustomed on every occasion to offer up the garlands of flowers which he had1 every evening as he returned home2 and he was much admired for this conduct4 ,and ,phanodemus says1 that the festival of the ,choes was established at ,athens by ,demophoon the king1 when he was desirous to receive ,orestes in hospitality on his arrival at ,athens4 ,and that1 as he did not like him to come to the temples1 or to share in the libations offered to the gods1 before his trial was decided1 he ordered all the temples to be shut1 and a choeus of wine to be set before everybody1 saying that a cheesecake should be given as a prize to the first person who drank it up4 ,and he bade them1 when they had finished drinking1 not to offer up the garlands1 with which they had been crowned1 in the temples1 because they had been under the same roof with ,orestes2 but he desired each man to place his garland round his own cup1 and so to bring them to the priestess at the temple which is in the ,marshes1 and after that to perform the rest of the sacred ceremonies in the temple4 ,and from thence it was that this festival got the name of the ,choes4 ,but on the day of the festival of the ,choes1 it is customary for the ,athenians to send presents and pay to the sophists1 who also themselves invite their acquaintances to a banquet1 as ,eubulides the dialectician shows us in his drama entitled the ,revellers1 where he says-- ,sidenote3 ,,dionysius4 ,you're acting like a sophist now1 you wretch1 ,and long for the pay-giving feast of ,choes4 99 99 99 99 #ej4 ,but ,antigonus the ,carystian1 in his essay on the ,life of ,dionysius of ,heraclea1 who was called the ,turncoat1 says that ,dionysius1 when he was feasting with his slaves at the festival of the ,choes1 and was not able1 by reason of his old age1 to avail himself of the courtesan whom they brought him1 turned round and said to those who were feasting with him-- ,i cannot now1 so let another take her4 ,but ,dionysius1 as ,nicias of ,nica tells us in his ,successions1 had been from the time he was a boy very furious in the indulgence of his amorous propensities2 and he used to go to all the common women promiscuously4 ,and once1 when walking with some of his acquaintances1 when he came near the house where the girls are kept1 and where1 having been there the day before1 he had left some money owing1 as he happened to have some with him then1 he put out his hand and paid it in the presence of all of them4 ,and ,anacharsis the ,scythian1 when a prize for drinking was proposed at the table of ,periander1 demanded the prize1 because he was the first man to be drunk of all the guests who were present2 as if to get to the end were the goal to be aimed at1 and the victory to be achieved in drinking as in running a race4 ,but ,lacydes and ,timon the philosophers1 being invited to an entertainment which was to last two days1 by one of their friends1 and wishing to adapt themselves to the rest of the guests1 drank with great eagerness4 ,and accordingly1 in the first day1 ,lacydes went away first1 as soon as he was quite satiated with drink4 ,and ,timon1 seeing him as he was departing1 said-- ,now have we gain'd immortal praise and fame1 ,since we have slain great ,hector4 4 4 4 ,but on the next day ,timon went away first because he could not drink up the goblet in which he had been pledged1 and ,lacydes seeing him departing1 said-- ,wretched are they who dare encounter me4 #ea4 ,and ,herodotus1 in his second book1 relates that ,mycerinus the ,egyptian1 having been told by the soothsayers that he was fated to live but a short time1 used to light a great number of lamps when night arrived1 and spend all his time in drinking and luxury1 relaxing neither by day nor by night2 and when he withdrew into the marshes and into the groves1 or wherever he heard that there were meetings of young people to amuse themselves1 he always got drunk4 ,and ,herodotus tells us that ,amasis also1 who was another of the ,egyptian kings1 was a very hard drinker indeed4 ,and ,hermeas the ,methymnan1 in the third book of his ,history of ,sicily1 says that ,nicoteles the ,corinthian was a man greatly addicted to drinking4 ,and ,phnias the ,eresian1 in the book entitled1 ,the ,slaying of ,tyrants out of ,revenge1 says that ,scopas the son of ,creon1 and the grandson of the former ,scopas1 was throughout his whole life very fond of drinking2 and that he used to return from banquets at which he had been present1 sitting on a throne1 and carried by four palanquin-bearers1 and in that way he used to enter his house4 ,and ,phylarchus1 in the sixth book of his ,histories1 says that ,antiochus the king was a man very fond of wine2 and that he used to get drunk1 and then go to sleep for a long time1 and then1 as evening came on1 he would wake up1 and drink again4 ,and it was very seldom1 says he1 that he transacted the affairs of his kingdom when he was sober1 but much more frequently when he was drunk2 on which account there were two men about him who managed all the real business of the state as they pleased1 namely ,aristos and ,themiso1 ,cyprians by birth1 and brothers2 and they were both on terms of the greatest intimacy with ,antiochus4 #eb4 ,and ,antiochus the king1 who was surnamed ,epiphanes1 was also a great drinker1--the one1 ,i mean1 who had been a hostage among the ,romans1 whom ,ptolemy ,euergetes mentions in the third book of his ,commentaries1 and also in the fifth2 saying that he turned to ,indian revellings and drunkenness1 and spent a vast quantity of money in those practices2 and for the rest of the money which he had at hand1 he spent ,sidenote3 ,,antiochus ,,epiphanes4 a part of it in his daily revels1 and the rest he would scatter about1 standing in the public streets1 and saying1 ,let whoever chance gives it to1 take it3 and then1 throwing the money about1 he would depart4 ,and very often1 having a plaited garland of roses on his head1 and wearing a golden embroidered robe1 he would walk about alone1 having stones under his arm1 which he would throw at those of his friends who were following him4 ,and he used to bathe also in the public baths1 anointed all over with perfumes2 and1 on one occasion1 some private individual1 seeing him1 said1 ,you are a happy man1 ,o king2 you smell in a most costly manner3 and he1 being much pleased1 said1 ,i will give you as much as you can desire of this perfume4 ,and so he ordered an ewer containing more than two choes of thick perfumed unguent to be poured over his head2 so that the multitude of the poorer people who were about all collected to gather up what was spilt2 and1 as the place was made very slippery by it1 ,antiochus himself slipped and fell1 laughing a great deal1 and most of the bathers did the same4 ,but ,polybius1 in the twenty-sixth book of his ,histories1 calls this man ,epimanes 7mad71 and not ,epiphanes 7illustrious71 on account of his actions4 ,for he not only used to go to entertainments of the common citizens1 but he also would drink with any strangers who happened to be sojourning in the city1 and even with those of the meanest class4 ,and if1 says ,polybius1 he heard that any of the younger men were making a feast anywhere whatever1 he would come with an earthen bowl1 and with music1 so that the greater part of the feasters fled away alarmed at his unexpected appearance4 ,and very often he would put off his royal robes1 and take a common cloak1 and in that dress go round the market4 #ec4 ,and in the thirty-first book of his ,histories1 the same ,polybius tells us that when ,antiochus was celebrating some public games at ,antioch1 he invited all the ,greeks and any of the multitude who chose to come to the spectacle4 ,and when a great many people came1 he anointed them all in the gymnasia with ointment of saffron1 and cinnamon1 and nard1 and amaracus1 and lilies1 out of golden vessels3 and then1 inviting them all to a feast1 he filled sometimes a thousand and sometimes fifteen hundred triclinia with the most expensive preparations2 and he himself personally attended to waiting on the guests4 ,for1 standing at the entrance1 he introduced some1 and others he placed upon the couches2 and he himself marshalled the servants who brought in the different courses2 and1 walking about among the guests1 at times he sat down in one place1 and at times he lay down in another4 ,and sometimes he would put down what he was eating1 and at other times he would lay down his cup1 and jump up1 and change his place1 and go all round the party1 standing up himself1 and pledging different people at different times2 and then1 mingling with the musicians1 he would be brought in by the actors1 entirely covered up1 and laid down on the ground1 as if he had been one of the actors himself2 and then1 when the music gave the signal1 the king would leap up1 and dance and sport among the actors1 so that they were all ashamed4 ,to such absurdities does a want of education1 when joined with drunkenness1 reduce miserable men4 ,and his namesake1 the ,antiochus who carried on war in ,media against ,arsaces1 was very fond of drinking2 as ,posidonius of ,apamea relates in the sixteenth book of his ,history4 ,accordingly1 when he was slain1 he says that ,arsaces1 when he buried him1 said--,your courage and your drunkenness have ruined you1 ,o ,antiochus2 for you hoped that1 in your great cups1 you would be able to drink up the kingdom of ,arsaces4 #ed4 ,but the ,antiochus who was surnamed the ,great1 who was subdued by the ,romans 7as ,polybius relates in his twentieth book71 having arrived at ,chalcis1 in ,euboea1 celebrated a marriage when he was fifty years of age2 and after he had undertaken two most enormous and important affairs1 namely1 the liberation of the ,greeks 7as he himself professed7 and the war against the ,romans4 ,at all events1 he1 being smitten with love for a damsel of ,chalcis1 was very anxious to marry her at the very time that he was engaged in this war1 being a man very fond of drinking and delighting in drunkenness4 ,and she was the daughter of ,cleophanes1 one of the nobles1 and superior to all the maidens of her country in beauty4 ,accordingly1 he celebrated his marriage in ,chalcis1 and remained there all the winter1 not once giving the smallest thought to the important affairs which he had in hand4 ,and he gave the damsel the name of ,euboea4 ,accordingly1 being defeated ,sidenote3 ,,demetrius4 in the war1 he fled to ,ephesus1 with his newly-married bride4 ,and in the second book1 the same ,polybius relates that ,agron1 the king of the ,illyrians1 being delighted at having gained a victory over the haughty tolians1 being a man much addicted to drinking1 and to drunkenness1 and banqueting1 fell ill of a pleurisy1 and died4 ,and the same historian says1 in his twenty-ninth book1 that ,genthion1 the king of the ,illyrians1 on account of his great fondness for drinking1 did a great many intemperate things during his life1 being incessantly drunk1 both night and day2 and having murdered ,pleuratus1 his brother1 who was about to marry the daughter of ,menunius1 he married the damsel himself1 and treated his subjects with great cruelty4 ,and he says1 in the thirty-third book of his ,history1 that ,demetrius1 when he fled after having been a hostage at ,rome1 and became king of the ,syrians1 became a great drinker1 and was drunk the greater part of the day4 ,and he also1 in his thirty-second book1 says that ,orophernes1 who was for a short time king of ,cappadocia1 disregarded all the customs of his country1 and introduced the artificial luxury of the ,ionians4 #ee4 ,on which account1 that divinest of writers1 ,plato1 lays down admirable laws in his second book--,that boys1 till they are eighteen years of age1 should absolutely never taste wine at all2 for that it is not well to heap fire on fire3 that men up to thirty years of age may drink wine in moderation2 and that the young man should wholly abstain from much wine and from drunkenness4 ,but that a man1 when he arrives at forty years of age1 may feast in large banquets1 and invoke the other gods1 and especially ,bacchus1 to the feasts and amusements of the older men2 since he it is who has given men this means of indulgence1 as an ally against the austerity of old age1 for which wine was the best medicine2 so that1 owing to it1 we grow young again1 and forget our moroseness4 ,and then he proceeds to say--,but there is a report and story told that this god was once deprived of his mind and senses by his mother-in-law1 ,juno2 on which account he sent ,bacchic frenzy1 and all sorts of frantic rage1 among men1 out of revenge for the treatment which he had experienced2 on which account also he gave wine to men4 #ef4 ,but ,phalus1 in his ,epigrams1 makes mention of a woman1 whose name was ,cleo1 as having been a very hard drinker-- ,cleo bestow'd this splendid gift on ,bacchus1 ,the tunic1 fringed with gold and saffron hues1 ,which long she wore herself2 so great she was ,at feasts and revelry3 there was no man ,who could at all contend with her in drinking4 ,and it is a well-known fact that all the race of women is fond of drinking4 ,and it was not without some wit that ,xenarchus introduces1 in his ,pentathlum1 a woman swearing this most horrible oath3-- ,may it be granted me to pass from life ,drinking abundant draughts of wine1 while you1 ,my darling daughter1 live and prosper here4 ,but among the ,romans1 as ,polybius says1 in his sixth book1 it was forbidden to women to drink wine at all4 ,however1 they drink what is called ,passum2 and that is made of raisins1 and when drank is very like the sweet gosthenite and ,cretan wine1 on which account men use it when oppressed by excessive thirst4 ,and it is impossible for a woman to drink wine without being detected3 for1 first of all1 she has not the key of the cellar2 and1 in the next place1 she is bound to kiss her relations1 and those of her husband1 down to cousins1 and to do this every day when she first sees them2 and besides this1 she is forced to be on her best behaviour1 as it is quite uncertain whom she may chance to meet2 for if she has merely tasted wine1 it needs no informer1 but is sure to betray itself4 ,and ,alcimus the ,sicilian1 in that book of his which is entitled the ,italian ,history1 says that all the women in ,italy avoid drinking wine on this account3 ,when ,hercules was in the district of the ,crotoniat1 he one day was very thirsty1 and came to a certain house by the wayside and asked for something to drink2 and it happened that the wife of the master of the house had privily opened a cask of wine1 and therefore she said to her husband that it would be a shameful thing for him to open this cask for a stranger2 and so she bade him give ,hercules some water4 ,but ,hercules1 who was standing at the door1 and heard all this1 praised her husband very much1 but advised him to go indoors himself and look at the cask4 ,and when he had gone in1 he found that the cask had become petrified4 ,and this fact is proved by the conduct of the women of the country1 among whom it is reckoned disgraceful1 to this day1 to drink wine1 on account of the above-mentioned reason4 ,sidenote3 ,,female ,,drinkers4 #eg4 ,and what sort of women those among the ,greeks are who get drunk1 ,antiphanes tells us1 in his ,female ,darter2 where he says-- ,there is a certain neighbouring victualler1 ,and he1 whenever ,i arrive1 being thirsty1 ,is th' only man who knows the proper way ,in which to mix my wine2 and makes it not ,too full of water1 nor too strong and heady3 ,i recollect that once when ,i was drinking 4 4 4 4 4 ,and1 in his ,woman ,initiated1 7and it is women who are conversing17 he writes-- ,a4 ,would you now like1 my dearest friend1 to drink8 ,b4 ,no doubt ,i should4 ,a4 ,well come1 then1 take a cup2 ,for they do say the first three cups one takes ,all tend to th' honour of the heavenly gods4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,female ,dancer1 says-- ,a4 ,but women are quite sure to be content ,if they have only wine enough to drink4 ,b4 ,but1 by the heavenly twins1 we now shall have ,as much as we can wish2 and it shall be ,sweet1 and not griping1--rich1 well-season'd wine1 ,exceeding old4 ,a4 ,i like this aged sphinx2 ,for hear how now she talks to me in riddles4 ,and so on4 ,and1 in his ,jupiter the ,mourner1 he mentions a certain woman named ,zopyra1 and says-- ,zopyra1 that wine-cask4 ,antiphanes1 in his ,female ,bacchanalians-- ,but since this now is not the case1 ,i'm sure ,he is a wretched man who ever marries ,except among the ,scythians2 for their country ,is the sole land which does not bear the vine4 ,and ,xenarchus1 in his ,pentathlum1 says-- ,i write a woman's oath in mighty wine4 #eh4 ,plato1 in his ,phaon1 relating how many things happen to women because of wine1 says-- ,come now1 ye women1 long ago have ,i ,pray'd that this wine may thus become your folly2 ,for you don't think1 as the old proverb goes1 ,that there is any wisdom at a vintner's4 ,for if you now desire to see ,phaon1 ,you first must all these solemn rites perform4 ,first1 as the nurse of youths1 ,i must receive ,a vigorous cheesecake1 and a pregnant mealcake1 ,and sixteen thrushes whole1 well smear'd with honey1 ,twelve hares1 all taken when the moon was full2 ,but all the other things may be got cheaply4 ,now listen4 ,three half-measures of fine onions2 ,these for ,orthanna4 ,for ,conisalus ,and his two mates1 a plate of myrtleberries1 ,pluck'd with the hand3 for the great ,gods above ,dislike the smell of lamps4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 for the dogs and huntsmen4 ,a drachma for ,lordon2 for ,cybdasus1 ,three obols2 for the mighty hero ,celes1 ,some hides and incense4 ,now if you bring ,these things1 you'll certainly obtain admittance2 ,but if you don't1 you'll knock in vain1 and long ,in vain to enter1 and get nothing by it4 ,and ,axionicus says1 in his ,philinna-- ,just trust a woman to drink only water4 #ei4 ,and whole nations are mentioned as addicted to drunkenness4 ,accordingly1 ,bton1 the measurer of distances for ,alexander1 in his book which is entitled ,stations of the ,march of ,alexander1 and ,amyntas also1 in his ,stations1 says that the nation of the ,tapyri is so fond of wine that they never use any other unguent than that4 ,and ,ctesias tells the same story1 in his book ,concerning the ,revenues in ,asia4 ,and he says that they are a most just people4 ,and ,harmodius of ,lepreum1 in his treatise on the ,laws in force among the people of ,phigalea1 says that the ,phigaleans are addicted to drinking1 being neighbours of the ,messenians1 and being also a people much accustomed to travelling4 ,and ,phylarchus1 in his sixth book1 says that the ,byzantians are so exceedingly fond of wine1 that they live in the wine-shops and let out their own houses and their wives also to strangers3 and that they cannot bear to hear the sound of a trumpet even in their sleep4 ,on which account once1 when they were attacked by the enemy1 and could not endure the labour of defending their walls1 ,leonidas1 their general1 ordered the innkeepers' booths to be erected as tents upon the walls1 and even then it was with difficulty that they were stopped from deserting1 as ,damon tells us1 in his book on ,byzantium4 ,but ,menander1 in his play called the ,woman carrying the ,mysterious sacred ,vessels of ,minerva1 or the ,female ,flute-player1 says-- ,byzantium makes all the merchants drunk4 ,on your account we drank the whole night long1 ,and right strong wine too1 as it seems to me1-- ,at least ,i got up with four heads1 ,i think4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,illyrians4 ,and the ,argives too are ridiculed by the comic poets as addicted to drunkenness2 and so are the ,tirynthians by ,ephippus1 in his ,busiris4 ,and he introduces ,hercules as saying-- ,a4 ,for how in the name of all the gods at once1 ,do you not know me1 the ,tirynthian ,argive8 ,that race fights all its battles when 'tis drunk4 ,b4 ,and that is why they always run away4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,man ,glued1 says that the ,milesians are very insolent when they are drunk4 ,and ,polemo1 in his treatise on the ,inscriptions to be found in ,cities1 speaking of the ,eleans1 produces this epigram3-- ,elis is always drunk1 and always lying3 ,as is each single house1 so is the city4 #fj4 ,and ,theopompus1 in his twenty-second book1 speaking of the ,chalcidians in ,thrace1 says3 ,for they disregarded all the most excellent habits1 rushing readily with great eagerness to drinking and laziness1 and every sort of intemperance4 ,and all the ,thracians are addicted to drinking2 on which account ,callimachus says-- ,for he could hardly bear the ,thracian way ,of drinking monstrous goblets at one draught2 ,and always did prefer a smaller cup4 ,and1 in his fiftieth book1 ,theopompus makes this statement about the ,methymnans3 ,and they live on the most sumptuous kind of food1 lying down and drinking--and never doing anything at all worthy of the expense that they went to4 ,so ,cleomenes the tyrant stopped all this2 he who also ordered the female pimps1 who were accustomed to seduce free-born women1 and also three or four of the most nobly born of those who had been induced to prostitute themselves1 to be sewn in sacks and thrown into the sea4 ,and ,hermippus1 in his account of the ,seven ,wise ,men1 says ,periander did the same thing4 ,but in the second book of his ,history of the ,exploits of ,philip he says1 ,the ,illyrians both eat and drink in a sitting posture2 and they take their wives to their entertainments2 and it is reckoned a decorous custom for the women to pledge the guests who are present4 ,and they lead home their husbands from their drinking-parties2 and they all live plainly1 and when they drink1 they girdle their stomach with broad girdles1 and at first they do so moderately2 but when they drink more vehemently1 then they keep contracting their belt4 ,and the ,arians1 says he1 have three hundred thousand slaves whom they call prospelat1 and who correspond to the ,helots2 and they get drunk every day1 and make large entertainments1 and are very intemperate in their eating and drinking4 ,on which account the ,celt when making war upon them1 knowing their intemperance1 ordered all the soldiers to prepare as superb a feast as possible in the tent1 and to put in the food some medicinal herbs which had the power to gripe and purge the bowels exceedingly4 ,and when this had been done 4 4 4 4 ,and so some of them were taken by the ,celt and put to death1 and some threw themselves into the rivers1 being unable to endure the pains which they were suffering in their stomachs4 #fa4 ,now1 after ,democritus had uttered all this long uninterrupted discourse1 ,pontianus said that wine was the metropolis of all these evils2 and it was owing to this that drunkenness1 and madness1 and all sorts of debauchery took place2 and that those people who were too much addicted to it were not unappropriately called rowers of cups1 by that ,dionysius who is surnamed the ,brazen1 in his ,elegies1 where he says-- ,and those who bring their wine in ,bacchus' rowing1 ,sailors through feasts1 and rowers of large cups4 ,and concerning this class of men1 7for it is not extinct17 ,alexis1 in his ,curia1 speaking of some one who drunk to excess1 says-- ,this then my son is such in disposition ,as you have just beheld him4 ,an nopion1 ,or ,maron1 or ,capelus1 or ,timoclees1 ,for he's a drunkard1 nothing more nor less4 ,and for the other1 what can ,i call him8 ,a lump of earth1 a plough1 an earth-born man4 ,so getting drunk is a bad thing1 my good friends2 and the same ,alexis says1 with great cleverness1 to those who swallow wine in this way1 in his ,opora1 7and the play is called after a courtesan of that name17-- ,are you then full of such a quantity ,of unmix'd wine1 and yet avoid to vomit8 ,and in his ,ring he says-- ,is not1 then1 drunkenness the greatest evil1 ,and most injurious to the human race8 ,sidenote3 ,,evils ,,of ,,drunkenness4 ,and in his ,steward he says-- ,for much wine is the cause of many crimes4 ,and ,crobylus1 in his ,female ,deserter1 says-- ,what pleasure1 prithee tell me1 can there be ,in getting always drunk8 in1 while still living1 ,yourself depriving thus of all your senses2 ,the greatest good which nature e'er has given8 ,therefore it is not right to get drunk2 for ,a city which has been governed by a democracy1 says ,plato1 in the eighth book of his ,polity1 when it has thirsted for freedom1 if it meets with bad cupbearers to help it1 and if1 drinking of the desired draught too deeply1 it becomes intoxicated1 then punishes its magistrates if they are not very gentle indeed1 and if they do not allow it a great deal of licence1 blaming them as wicked and oligarchical2 and those people who obey the magistrates it insults4 ,and1 in the sixth book of his ,laws1 he says--,a city ought to be like a well-mixed goblet1 in which the wine which is poured in rages2 but being restrained by the opposite and sober deity1 enters into a good partnership with it1 and so produces a good and moderate drink4 #fb4 ,for profligate debauchery is engendered by drunkenness4 ,on which account ,antiphanes1 in his ,arcadia1 says-- ,for it1 ,o father1 never can become ,a sober man to seek debauchery1 ,nor yet to serious cares to give his mind1 ,when it is rather time to drink and feast4 ,but he that cherishes superhuman thoughts1 ,trusting to small and miserable riches1 ,shall at some future time himself discover ,that he is only like his fellow-men1 ,if he looks1 like a doctor1 at the tokens1 ,and sees which way his veins go1 up or down1 ,on which the life of mortal man depends4 ,and1 in his olus1 mentioning with indignation the evil deeds which those who are great drinkers do1 he says-- ,macareus1 when smitten with unholy love ,for one of his own sisters1 for a while ,repress'd the evil thought1 and check'd himself2 ,but after some short time he wine admitted ,to be his general1 under whose sole lead ,audacity takes the place of prudent counsel1 ,and so by night his purpose he accomplish'd4 ,and well1 therefore1 did ,aristophanes term wine the milk of ,venus1 saying-- ,and wine1 the milk of ,venus1 sweet to drink2 because men1 after having drunk too much of it1 have often conceived a desire for illicit amours4 #fc4 ,but ,hegesander the ,delphian speaks of some men as 2 by which term he means1 overtaken with wine2 speaking thus3--,comeon and ,rhodophon being two of the ministers who managed the affairs of ,rhodes1 were both drunk2 and ,comeon attacking ,rhodophon as a gambler1 said-- ,o you old man1 the crew of youthful gamblers ,beyond a doubt are pressing hard upon you4 ,and ,rhodophon reproached him with his passion for women1 and with his incontinence1 abstaining from no sort of abuse4 ,and ,theopompus1 in the sixteenth book of his ,histories1 speaking of another ,rhodian1 says--,when ,hegesilochus had become perfectly useless1 partly from drunkenness and gambling1 and when he had utterly lost all credit among the ,rhodians1 and when instead his whole course of life was found fault with by his own companions and by the rest of the citizens4 4 4 4 4 4 ,then he goes on to speak of the oligarchy which he established with his friends1 saying--,and they violated a great number of nobly-born women1 wives of the first men in the state2 and they corrupted no small number of boys and young men2 and they carried their profligacy to such a height that they even ventured to play with one another at dice for the free-born women1 and they made a bargain which of the nobly-born matrons he who threw the lowest number on the dice should bring to the winner for the purpose of being ravished2 allowing no exception at all2 but the loser was bound to bring her to the place appointed1 in whatever way he could1 using persuasion1 or even force if that was necessary4 ,and some of the other ,rhodians also played at dice in this fashion2 but the most frequent and open of all the players in this way was ,hegesilochus1 who aspired to become the governor of the city4 ,sidenote3 ,,evils ,,of ,,drunkenness4 ,and ,antheas the ,lindian1 who claimed to be considered a relation of ,cleobulus the philosopher1 as ,philodemus reports1 in his treatise on the ,sminthians in ,rhodes1 being an oldish man1 and very rich1 and being also an accomplished poet1 celebrated the festivals in honour of ,bacchus all his life1 wearing a dress such as is worn by the votaries of ,bacchus1 and maintaining a troop of fellow-revellers4 ,and he was constantly leading revels both day and night2 and he was the first man who invented that kind of poetry which depends upon compound words1 which ,asopodorus the ,phliasian afterwards employed in his conversational ,iambics4 ,and he too used to write comedies and many other pieces in the same style of poetry1 which he used to recite to his phallus-bearers4 #fd4 ,when ,ulpian had heard all this he said1--,tell me1 my good ,pontianus1 says he1 in what author does the word occur8 ,and he replied-- ,you will undo me with your questions 4 4 7as the excellent ,agatho says7-- 4 4 4 4 and your new fashion1 ,always talking at an unseasonable time4 ,but since it is decided that we are to be responsible to you for every word1 ,antiphanes1 in his ,lydian1 has said-- ,a ,colchian man drunken and quarrelsome 774 ,but you are not yet satisfied about your 1 and drunkards2 nor do you consider that ,eumenes the king of ,pergamus1 the nephew of ,philetrus1 who had formerly been king of ,pergamus1 died of drunkenness1 as ,ctesicles relates1 in the third book of his ,times4 ,but1 however1 ,perseus1 whose power was put down by the ,romans1 did not die in that way2 for he did not imitate his father ,philip in anything2 for he was not eager about women1 nor was he fond of wine2 but when at a feast he was not only moderate himself1 but all his friends who were with him were so too1 as ,polybius relates1 in his twenty-sixth book4 ,but you1 ,o ,ulpian1 are a most immoderate drinker yourself 771 as ,timon the ,phliasian calls it4 ,for so he called those men who drink a great quantity of unmixed wine1 in the second book of his ,silli-- ,or that great ox-goad1 harder than ,lycurgus's1 ,who smote the of ,bacchus1 ,and threw their cups and brimming ladles down4 ,for ,i do not call you simply 1 or fond of drinking2 and this last is a word which ,alcus has used1 in his ,ganymede4 ,and that a habit of getting drunk deceives our eyesight1 ,anacharsis has shown plainly enough1 in what he says where he shows that mistaken opinions are taken up by drunken men4 ,for a fellow-drinker of his once1 seeing his wife at a banquet1 said1 ,o ,anacharsis1 you have married an ugly woman4 ,and he replied1 ,indeed ,i think so too1 but however now1 give me1 ,o boy1 a cup of stronger wine1 that ,i may make her out beautiful4 #fe4 ,after this ,ulpian1 pledging one of his companions1 said1--,but1 my dear friend1 according to ,antiphanes1 who says1 in his ,countryman-- ,a4 ,shut now your eyes1 and drink it all at once4 ,b4 ',tis a great undertaking4 ,a4 ,not for one ,who has experience in mighty draughts4 ,drink then1 my friend2 and-- ,a4 ,let us not always drink 7as the same ,antiphanes says1 in his ,wounded ,man17 ,full cups1 but let some reason and discussion ,come in between1 and some short pretty songs2 ,let some sweet strophes sound4 ,there is no work1 ,or only one at least1 ,i tell you true1 ,in which some variation is not pleasant4 ,b4 ,give me1 then1 now at once1 ,i beg you1 wine1 ,strengthening the limbs 771 as says ,euripides-- ,a4 ,aye1 did ,euripides use such a word8 ,b4 ,no doubt--who else8 ,a4 ,it may have been ,philoxenus1 ',tis all the same2 my friend1 you now convict me1 ,or seek to do so1 for one syllable4 ,and he said1--,but who has ever used this form 8 ,and ,ulpian replied1--,why1 you are all in the dark1 my friend1 from having drunk such a quantity of wine4 ,you have it in ,cratinus1 in his ,ulysses1-- ,take now this cup1 and when you've taken1 drink it 771 ,and then ask me my name4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,mystic1 says-- ,a4 ,still drink 771 ,i bid you4 ,b4 ,i'll obey you1 then1 ,for certainly a goblet's figure is ,a most seductive shape1 and fairly worthy ,the glory of a festival4 ,we have-- ,have not we8 7for it is not long ago7-- ,drunk out of cruets of vile earthenware4 ,may the ,gods now1 my child1 give happiness ,and all good fortune to the clever workman ,for the fair shape that he bestow'd on thee4 ,sidenote3 ,,forms ,,of 4 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,bath1 says-- ,fill the cup full1 and hide the mortal part1 ,the goblet made by man1 with godlike wine3 ,drink 772 these are gifts1 my father1 given us ,by the good ,jove1 who thus protects companionship4 ,and ,ameipsias1 in his ,sling1 says-- ,when you have stirr'd the sea-hare1 take and drink 774 ,and ,menander1 in his ,female ,flute-player1 says-- ,away with you2 have you ne'er drunk1 ,o ,sosilas8 ,drink 77 now1 ,i beg1 for you are wondrous mad4 #ff4 ,and in the future tense of 1 we should not read 1 but without the 1 lengthening the 4 ,and this is the way the future is formed in that line of ,homer-- 7 7 ,drank after feeding4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,knights1 says-- ,he ne'er shall drink 77 of the same cup with me3 and in another place he says-- ,thou shalt this day drink 77 the most bitter wine2 though this might1 perhaps1 come from 4 ,sometimes1 however1 they shorten the 1 as ,plato does1 in his ,women ,returning from ,sacrifice-- ,nor he who drinks up 77 all her property3 and in his ,syrphax he says-- ,and ye shall drink 77 much water4 ,and ,menander uses the word as a dissyllable1 in his ,dagger-- ,a4 ,drink 774 ,b4 ,i will compel this wretch1 ,this sacrilegious wretch1 to drink 77 it first3 and the expression 1 take and drink1 and 1 drink4 ,so do you1 my friend1 drink2 and as ,alexis says1 in his ,twins1-- ,pledge you 77 this man1 that he may pledge another4 ,and let it be a cup of comradeship1 which ,anaceron calls 4 ,for that great lyric poet says-- ,and do not chatter like the wave ,of the loud brawling sea1 with that ,ever-loquacious ,gastrodora1 ,drinking the cup 4 ,but the name which we give it is 4 #fg4 ,but do not you be afraid to drink2 nor will you be in any danger of falling on your hinder parts2 for the people who drink what ,simonides calls-- ,wine1 the brave router of all melancholy1 can never suffer such a mischance as that4 ,but as ,aristotle says1 in his book on ,drunkenness1 they who have drunk beer1 which they call 1 fall on their backs4 ,for he says1 ,but there is a peculiarity in the effects of the drink made from barley1 which they call 1 for they who get drunk on other intoxicating liquors fall on all parts of their body2 they fall on the left side1 on the right side1 on their faces1 and on their backs4 ,but it is only those who get drunk on beer who fall on their backs1 and lie with their faces upwards4 ,but the wine which is made of barley is by some called 1 as ,sophocles says1 in his ,triptolemus-- ,and not to drink the earthy beer 774 ,and ,archilochus says-- ,and she did vomit wine as any ,thracian ,might vomit beer 771 and played the wanton stooping4 ,and schylus1 also1 mentions this drink1 in his ,lycurgus-- ,and after this he drank his beer 771 and much ,and loudly bragg'd in that most valiant house4 ,but ,hellanicus1 in his ,origins1 says that beer is made also out of roots1 and he writes thus3--,but they drink beer 77 made of roots1 as the ,thracians drink it made of barley4 ,and ,hecatus1 in the second book of his ,description of the ,world1 speaking of the ,egyptians1 and saying that they are great bread-eaters1 adds1 ,they bruise barley so as to make a drink of it4 ,and1 in his ,voyage round ,europe1 he says that the ,ponians drink beer made of barley1 and a liquor called 1 made of millet and conyza4 ,and they anoint themselves1 adds he1 with oil made of milk4 ,and this is enough to say on these topics4 #fh4 ,but in our time dear to the thyrsus-bearers ,is rosy wine1 and greatest of all gods ,is ,bacchus4 ,as ,ion the ,chian says1 in his ,elegies-- ,for this is pretext fit for many a song2 ,the great assemblies of th' united ,greeks1 ,the feasts of kings1 do from this gift proceed1 ,since first the vine1 with hoary bunches laden1 ,push'd from beneath the ground its fertile shoots1 ,clasping the poplar in its firm embrace1 ,and from its buds burst forth a numerous race1 ,sidenote3 4 ,crashing1 as one upon the other press'd2 ,but when the noise has ceased they yield their juice1 ,divinest nectar1 which to mortal men ,is ever the sole remedy for care1 ,and common cause of joy and cheerfulness4 ,parent of feasts1 and laughter1 and the dance1 ,wine shows the disposition of the good1 ,and strengthens all their noble qualities4 ,hail6 then1 ,o ,bacchus1 president of feasts1 ,dear to all men who love the wreathed flowers2 ,give us1 kind ,god1 an age of happiness1 ,to drink1 and play1 and cherish just designs4 ,but ,amphis1 in his ,philadelphi1 praising the life of those who are fond of drinking1 says3-- ,for many causes do ,i think our life1 ,the life of those who drink1 a happy one2 ,and happier far than yours1 whose wisdom all ,lies in a stern and solemn-looking brow4 ,for that slow prudence which is always busy ,in settling small affairs1 which with minuteness1 ,and vain solicitude1 keeps hunting trifles1 ,fears boldly to advance in things of weight2 ,but our mind1 not too fond of scrutinising ,th' exact result of every trifling measure1 ,is ever for prompt deeds of spirit ready4 #fi4 ,and when ,ulpian was about to add something to this milianus said1--,it is time for us1 my friends1 to inquire in some degree about 1 that we may leave our cups for a little while1 not indeed in the spirit of that work which is entitled the ,grammatical ,tragedy of ,callias the ,athenian3 but let us first inquire what is the definition of what we call a 4 4 4 4 ,and we may omit what ,cleobulina of ,lindus has proposed in her ,epigrams2 for our companion1 ,diotimus of ,olympia1 has discussed that point sufficiently2 but we must consider how the comic poets have mentioned it1 and what punishment those who have failed to solve it have undergone4 ,and ,laurentius said1--,clearchus the ,solensian defines the word thus3 1 says he1 is a sportive problem1 in which we are bidden to seek out1 by the exertion of our intellect and powers of investigation1 what is proposed to us1 which has been uttered for the sake of some honour or some penalty4 ,and in his discussion on these griphi1 the same ,clearchus asserts that there are seven kinds of griphi4 ,in the letter1 when we say that there is a certain name of a fish or plant1 beginning with 4 ,and similarly1 when he who proposes the griphus desires us to mention some name in which some particular letter is or is not4 ,such are those which are called sigma-less griphi2 on which account ,pindar has composed an ode on the 1 as if some griphus had been proposed to him as a subject for a lyric poem4 ,then griphi are said to be in the syllable1 when we are desired to recite some verse which begins with the syllable 1 as with 1 for instance1 or which ends with 1 as 1 or some in which the syllables take the lead1 as 1 or on the other hand close the sentence1 as 4 ,they are in the name1 when we utter simple or compound names of two syllables1 by which some tragic figure1 or on the other hand some humble one1 is indicated2 or some names which have no connexion with anything divine1 as 1 or which have some such connexion1 as 3 and this1 too1 whether the connexion be with one ,god or with more1 as ,e2 or whether the name begins with ,jupiter1 as 1 or with ,mercury1 as 2 or whether it ends1 as it perhaps may1 with 4 ,and then they who were desired to say such and such things1 and could not1 had to drain the cup4 ,and ,clearchus defined the word in this way4 ,and now you1 my good friend ,ulpian1 may inquire what the cup to be drained is4 #gj4 ,but concerning these griphi1 ,antiphanes says1 in his ,cnoethis1 or the ,pot-bellied ,man-- ,a4 ,i thought before that those who while at meals ,bade me solve griphi1 were the silliest triflers1 ,talking mere nonsense4 ,and when any one ,was bade to say what a man bore and bore not1 ,i laugh'd and thought it utter childishness2 ,and did not think that truth did lie beneath1 ,but reckon'd them as traps for the unwary4 ,but now1 indeed1 ,i see there is some truth in them2 ,for we1 ten men1 contribute now for supper1 ,but no one of them all bears what he brings1 ,so here's a case where he who bears bears not1 ,and this is just the meaning of a griphus4 ,so surely this may fairly be excused2 ,but others play tricks with the things themselves1 ,paying no money1 as1 for instance1 ,philip4 ,b4 ,a wise and fortunate man1 by ,jove1 is he4 ,and in his ,aphrodisian he says-- ,sidenote3 4 ,a4 ,suppose ,i want to say now dish to you1 ,shall ,i say dish1 or shall ,i rather say1 ,a hollow-bodied vessel1 made of earth1 ,form'd by the potter's wheel in rapid swing1 ,baked in another mansion of its mother1 ,which holds within its net the tender milk-fed ,offspring of new-born flocks untimely choked8 ,b4 ,by ,hercules1 you'll kill me straight if you ,do not in plain words say a dish of meat4 ,a4 ',tis well4 ,and shall ,i speak to you of drops ,flowing from bleating goats1 and well compounded ,with streams proceeding from the yellow bee1 ,sitting on a broad receptacle provided ,by the chaste virgin born of holy ,ceres1 ,and now luxuriating beneath a host ,of countless finely-wrought integuments2 ,or shall ,i say a cheesecake8 ,b4 ,prithee say ,a cheesecake4 ,a4 ,shall ,i speak of rosy sweat ,from ,bacchic spring8 ,b4 ,i'd rather you'd say wine4 ,a4 ,or shall ,i speak of dusky dewy drops8 ,b4 ,no such long paraphrase1--say plainly1 water4 ,a4 ,or shall ,i praise the cassia-breathing fragrance ,that scents the air8 ,b4 ,no1 call it myrrh1--forbear ,those sad long-winded sentences1 those long ,and roundabout periphrases2 it seems ,to me by far too great a labour thus ,to dwell on matters which are small themselves1 ,and only great in such immense descriptions4 #ga4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,sleep1 proposes a griphus of this kind-- ,a4 ,it is not mortal1 nor immortal either1 ,but as it were compounded of the two1 ,so that it neither lives the life of man1 ,nor yet of ,god1 but is incessantly ,new born again1 and then again deprived ,of this its present life2 invisible1 ,yet it is known and recognised by all4 ,b4 ,you always do delight1 ,o lady1 in riddles4 ,a4 ,no1 ,i am speaking plain and simple things4 ,b4 ,what child then is there which has such a nature8 ,a4 ',tis sleep1 my girl1 victor of human toils4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,sphingocarion1 proposes griphi of this kind1 himself afterwards giving the solution of them-- ,a4 ,there is a thing which speaks1 yet has no tongue2 ,a female of the same name as the male2 ,the steward of the winds1 which it holds fast2 ,rough1 and yet sometimes smooth2 full of dark voices ,scarce to be understood by learned men2 ,producing harmony after harmony2 ',tis one thing1 and yet many2 e'en if wounded ',tis still invulnerable and unhurt4 ,b4 ,what can that be8 ,a4 ,why1 don't you know1 ,callistratus8 ,it is a bellows4 ,b4 ,you are joking now4 ,a4 ,no2 don't it speak1 although it has no tongue8 ,has it not but one name with many people8 ,is't not unhurt1 though with a wound i' the centre8 ,is it not sometimes rough1 and sometimes smooth8 ,is it not1 too1 a guardian of much wind8 ,again3-- ,there is an animal with a locust's eye1 ,with a sharp mouth1 and double deathful head2 ,a mighty warrior1 who slays a race ,of unborn children4 7',tis the ,egyptian ichneumon47 ,for he does seize upon the crocodile's eggs1 ,and1 ere the latent offspring is quite form'd1 ,breaks and destroys them3 he's a double head1 ,for he can sting with one end1 and bite with th' other4 ,again3-- ,i know a thing which1 while it's young1 is heavy1 ,but when it's old1 though void of wings1 can fly ,with lightest motion1 out of sight o' th' earth4 ,this is thistledown4 ,for it-- ,while it is young1 stands solid in its seed1 ,but when it loses that1 is light and flies1 ,blown about every way by playful children4 ,listen1 now1 to this one-- ,there is an image all whose upper part ,is its foundation1 while the lower part ,is open2 bored all through from head to feet2 ',tis sharp1 and brings forth men in threefold way1 ,some of whom gain the lot of life1 some lose it3 ,all have it2 but ,i bid them all beware4 ,and you yourselves may decide here1 that he means the box into which the votes are thrown1 so that we may not borrow everything from ,eubulus4 ,sidenote3 4 #gb4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,problem1 says-- ,a4 ,a man who threw his net o'er many fish1 ,though full of hope1 after much toil and cost1 ,caught only one small perch4 ,and 'twas a cestreus1 ,deceived itself1 who brought this perch within1 ,for the perch followeth the blacktail gladly4 ,b4 ,a cestreus1 blacktail1 perch1 and man1 and net1-- ,i don't know what you mean2 there's no sense in it4 ,a4 ,wait while ,i clearly now explain myself3 ,there is a man who giving all he has1 ,when giving it1 knows not to whom he gives it1 ,nor knows he has the things he does not need4 ,b4 ,giving1 not giving1 having1 and not having1-- ,i do not understand one word of this4 ,a4 ,these were the very words of this same griphus4 ,for what you know you do not just now know1 ,what you have given1 or what you have instead4 ,this was the meaning4 ,b4 ,well1 ,i should be glad ,to give you too a griphus4 ,a4 ,well1 let's have it4 ,b4 ,a pinna and a mullet1 two fish1 both ,endued with voices1 had a conversation1 ,and talk'd of many things2 but did not say ,what they were talking of1 nor whom they thought ,they were addressing2 for they both did fail ,in seeing who it was to whom they talk'd4 ,and so1 while they kept talking to each other1 ,the goddess ,ceres came and both destroy'd4 #gc4 ,and in his play called ,sappho1 ,antiphanes represents the poetess herself as proposing griphi1 which we may call riddles1 in this manner3 and then some one else is represented as solving them4 ,for she says-- ,s4 ,there is a female thing which holds her young ,safely beneath her bosom2 they1 though mute1 ,cease not to utter a loud-sounding voice ,across the swelling sea1 and o'er the land1 ,speaking to every mortal that they choose2 ,but those who present are can nothing hear1 ,still they have some sensation of faint sound4 ,and some one1 solving this riddle1 says-- ,b4 ,the female thing you speak of is a city2 ,the children whom it nourishes1 orators2 ,they1 crying out1 bring from across the sea1 ,from ,asia and from ,thrace1 all sorts of presents3 ,the people still is near them while they feed on it1 ,and pour reproaches ceaselessly around1 ,while it nor hears nor sees aught that they do4 ,s4 ,but how1 my father1 tell me1 in ,god's name1 ,can you e'er say an orator is mute1 ,unless1 indeed1 he's been three times convicted8 ,b4 ,and yet ,i thought that ,i did understand ,the riddle rightly4 ,tell me then yourself4 ,and so then he introduces ,sappho herself solving the riddle1 thus-- ,s4 ,the female thing you speak of is a letter1 ,the young she bears about her is the writing3 ,they're mute themselves1 yet speak to those afar off ,whene'er they please4 ,and yet a bystander1 ,however near he may be1 hears no sound ,from him who has received and reads the letter4 #gd4 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,theseus1 says that there were once three ,samian damsels1 who1 on the day of the festival of ,adonis1 used to delight themselves in solving riddles at their feasts4 ,and that when some one had proposed to them this riddle1 ,what is the strongest of all things8 one said iron1 and alleged the following reasons for her opinion1 because that is the instrument with which men dig and cut1 and that is the material which they use for all purposes4 ,and when she had been applauded1 the second damsel said that a blacksmith exerted much greater strength1 for that he1 when he was at work1 bent this strong iron1 and softened it1 and used it for whatever purposes he chose4 ,and the third said1 they were both wrong1 and that love was the strongest thing of all1 for that love could subdue a blacksmith4 ,and ,achus the ,eretrian1 though he is usually a very clear poet as respects the structure of his poems1 sometimes makes his language obscure1 and says many things in an enigmatical style2 as1 for instance1 in his ,iris1 which is a satyric play4 ,for he says1 ,a cruet of litharge full of ointment was suspended from a ,spartan tablet1 written upon and twisted on a double stick2 meaning to say a white strap1 from which a silver cruet was suspended2 and he has spoken of a ,spartan written tablet when he merely meant the ,spartan scytale4 ,and that the ,lacedmonians put a white strap1 on which they wrote whatever they wished1 around the scytale1 we are told plainly enough by ,apollonius ,rhodius1 in his ,treatise on ,archilochus4 ,and ,stesichorus1 in his ,helen1 speaks of a footpan of litharge2 and ,ion1 in his ,phoenix or ,cneus1 calls the birdlime the sweat of the oak1 saying-- ,the sweat of oaks1 and a long leafy branch ,cut from a bush supports me1 and a thread ,drawn from ,egyptian linen1 clever snare ,to catch the flying birds4 ,sidenote3 ,,riddles4 #ge4 ,and ,hermippus says1 that ,theodectes of ,phaselus1 in his book on the ,pupils of ,isocrates1 was a wonderfully clever man at discovering any riddles that might be proposed to him1 and that he too could propose riddles to others with great acuteness4 ,as that riddle about shade1 for instance2--for he said that there was a nature which is greatest at its birth and at its decease1 and least when at its height4 ,and he speaks thus3-- ,of all the things the genial earth produces1 ,or the deep sea1 there is no single one1 ,nor any man or other animal ,whose growth at all can correspond to this3 ,for when it first is born its size is greatest2 ,at middle age 'tis scarcely visible1 ,so small it's grown2 but when 'tis old and hastens ,nigh to its end1 it then becomes again ,greater than all the objects that surround it4 ,and in the dipus1 which is a tragedy1 he speaks of night and day in the following riddle3-- ,there are two sisters1 one of whom brings forth ,the other1 and in turn becomes its daughter4 ,and ,callisthenes1 in his ,greek ,history1 tells the following story1 that when the ,arcadians were besieging ,cromnus1 7and that is a small town near ,megalopolis17 ,hippodamus the ,lacedmonian1 being one of the besieged persons1 gave a message to the herald who came to them from the ,lacedmonians1 showing the condition in which they were by a riddle1 and he bade him tell his mother--'to be sure and release within the next ten days the little woman who was bound in the temple of ,apollo2 as it would not be possible to release her if they let those days elapse4' ,and by this message he plainly enough intimated what he was desirous to have understood2 for the little woman meant is ,famine1 of which there was a picture in the temple of ,apollo1 near the throne of ,apollo1 and it was represented under a woman's form2 so it was evident to every one that those who were besieged could hold out only ten days more because of famine4 ,so the ,lacedmonians1 understanding the meaning of what had been said1 brought succour with great speed to the men in ,cromnus4 #gf4 ,there are also many other riddles1 such as this3-- ,i saw a man who by the means of fire ,was glueing brass unto another man ,so closely that they two became like brothers4 ,and this expression means the application of a cupping-glass4 ,and a similar one is that of ,panarces1 mentioned by ,clearchus1 in his ,essay on ,griphi1 that ,a man who is not a man1 with a stone which was not a stone1 struck a bird which was not a bird1 sitting on a tree which was not a tree4 ,for the things alluded to here are a eunuch1 a piece of pumice-stone1 a bat1 and a narthex#dh4 ,and ,plato1 in the fifth book of his ,laws1#di alludes to this riddle1 where he says1 that those philosophers who occupy themselves about minute arts1 are like those who1 at banquets1 doubt what to eat1 and resemble too the boys' riddle about the stone thrown by the eunuch1 and about the bat1 and about the place from which they say that the eunuch struck down the bat1 and the engine with which he did it4 #gg4 ,and of this sort also are those enigmatical sayings of ,pythagoras1 as ,demetrius of ,byzantium says1 in the fourth book of his treatise on ,poets1 where1 for instance1 he says1 ,a man should not eat his heart2 meaning1 a man should cultivate cheerfulness4 ,one should not stir the fire with a sword2 meaning1 one should not provoke an angry man2 for anger is fire1 and quarrelsomeness is a sword4 ,one should not step over a yoke2 meaning1 one should avoid and hate all kinds of covetousness1 but seek equality4 ,one should not travel along the high road2 meaning1 one should not follow the opinions of the multitude1 7for the common people approve of whatever they take in their heads without any fixed principle17 but one should rather go on the straight road1 using sense as one's guide4 ,one should not sit down upon a bushel2 meaning1 one should not be content with merely considering what is sufficient for the present day1 but one should always have an eye to the future 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99#ej ,for death is the boundary and limit of life2 and this saying is meant to forbid us approaching the subject with anxiety and grief4 ,sidenote3 4 #gh4 ,and ,dromeas the ,coan used to play at riddles in much the same way as ,theodectes1 according to the statement of ,clearchus3 and so did ,aristonymus1 the player on the harp1 without any vocal accompaniment3 and so did that ,cleon who was surnamed ,mimaulus1 who was the best actor of ,italian mimes that ever appeared on the stage without a mask4 ,for in the style of play which ,i have mentioned already1 he was superior even to ,nymphodorus4 ,and ,ischomachus the herald was an imitator of his1 who used to give his representations in the middle of a crowd1 and after he had become celebrated1 he altered his style and used to act mimes at the jugglers' shows4 ,and the riddles which these men used to propose were of the following kind3--,a clown once had eaten too much1 and was very unwell1 and when the physician asked him whether he had eaten to vomit1 ,no1 said he1 but ,i ate to my stomach4 ,and another was1--,a poor woman had a pain in her stomach1 and when the physician asked her whether she had anything#ea in her stomach1 ,how should ,i1 said she1 when ,i have eaten nothing for three days8 ,and the writings of ,aristonymus were full of pompous expressions3 and ,sosiphanes the poet said to ,cephisocles the actor1 reproaching him as a man fond of long words1 ,i would throw a stone at your loins1 if ,i were not afraid of wetting the bystanders4 ,but the logical griphus is the oldest kind1 and the one most suited to the natural character of such enigmatical language4 ,what do we all teach when we do not know it ourselves8 and1 ,what is the same nowhere and everywhere8 and also1 ,what is the same in the heavens and on the earth and in the sea8 ,but this is a riddle arising from an identity of name2 for there is a bear1 and a serpent1 and an eagle1 and a dog1 both in the heavens and on the earth and in the sea4 ,and the other riddle means ,time2 for that is the same to all people and everywhere1 because it has not its nature depending on one place4 ,and the first riddle means ,how to live3 for though no one knows this himself1 he teaches his neighbour4 #gi4 ,and ,callias the ,athenian1 whom we were discussing just now1 and who was a little before ,strattis in point of time1 wrote a play which he called ,grammatical ,science2 and the plot of it was as follows4 ,the prologue consists of the elements1 and the actor should recite it1 dividing it into paragraphs1 and making the termination in the manner of a dramatic catastrophe1 into ,alpha1 beta1 gamma1 delta1 eta1 theta4 ,for is sacred to the ,god2 iota1 cappa1 lambda1 mu1 nu1 xu1 the diphthong ou1 pi1 rho1 sigma1 tau1 the present 1 phi1 chi1 which is next to psi1 all down to omega4 ,and the chorus consisted of women1 in pairs1 made of two elements taken together1 composed in metre and lyrical odes in this fashion2--,beta alpha ba1 beta ei be1 beta eta be1 beta iota bi1 beta ou bo1 beta upsilon bu1 beta omega bo4 ,and then1 again1 in the antistrophe of the ode and of the metre1 ,gamma alpha1 gamma ei1 gamma eta1 gamma iota1 gamma omicron1 gamma upsilon1 gamma omega4 ,and in the same way he dealt with all other syllables--all which have the same melody and the same metre in the antistrophes4 ,so that people not only suspect that ,euripides drew all his ,medea from this drama1 but they think that it is perfectly plain that he drew the system of his choruses from it4 ,and they say that ,sophocles1 after he had heard this drama1 endeavoured to divide his poem in respect of the metre1 and did it thus1 in the dipus1-- ,i shall not grieve myself nor you1 ,being convicted of this action4 ,on which account1 all the rest admitted the system of antistrophes from his example1 as it should seem1 into their tragedies4 ,then1 after this chorus1 ,callias introduces another speech of vowels1 in this manner3 7and this also the reciter must divide into paragraphs in the same way as the previous portions1 in order that that delivery may be preserved which the author originally intended7-- ,alpha alone1 ,o woman2 then one should ,say alone in the second place3 next1 ,still by itself you will say1 thirdly1 ,eta2 ,fourth1 still alone1 ,iota2 fifthly1 ,ou4 ,in the sixth place1 ,upsilon by itself4 ,the last of all the seven vowels is ,the slow-paced ,omega4 ,the seven vowels ,in seven verses2 and when you've recited ,all these1 then go and ponder by yourself4 #hj4 ,callias was also the first man who taught the elements of learning by iambics1 in a licentious sort of language1 described in the following manner-- ,sidenote3 ,,euripides4 ,for ,i'm in labour1 ladies2 but from shame1 ,i will1 my dear1 in separate lines and letters1 ,tell you the name of the child4 ,there is a line ,upright and long2 and from the middle of it ,there juts forth on each side a little one1 ,with upward look3 and next a circle comes1 ,on two short feet supported4 ,and afterwards1 following this example1 as any one may suspect1 ,mandrius the prose writer1 turning away a little from the usual pronunciation in his descriptions1 wrote those things which are found in his ,precepts1 in a less polished style than the above-mentioned ,callias4 ,and ,euripides appears to have followed the same model when he composed those verses1 in his ,theseus1 in which the elements of writing are described4 ,but the character is an illiterate shepherd1 who is showing that the name of ,theseus is inscribed in the place in this way-- ,for ,i indeed do nothing know of letters1 ,but ,i will tell you all their shapes1 and give ,clear indications by which you may judge4 ,there is a circle1 round as though 't had been ,work'd in a lathe1 and in its centre space ,it has a visible sign4 ,then the second ,has first of all two lines1 and these are parted ,by one which cuts them both across the middle4 ,the third's a curly figure1 wreathed round4 ,the fourth contains one line which mounts right up1 ,and in a transverse course three others hang ,from its right side4 ,the letter which comes fifth ,admits of no such easy explanation2 ,for there are two diverging lines above1 ,which meet in one united line below4 ,the letter which comes last is like the third4 ,so as to make ,and ,agathon the tragic poet has composed a similar passage1 in his ,telephus2 for there also some illiterate man explains the way of spelling ,theseus thus3-- ,the letter which comes first is like a circle1 ,divided by a navel in the middle2 ,then come two upright lines well join'd together2 ,the third is something like a ,scythian bow3 ,next comes a trident placed upon its side2 ,and two lines branching from one lower stem3 ,the last again the same is as the third4 ,and ,theodectes of ,phaselus introduces an illiterate clown1 who also represents the name of ,theseus in his own way-- ,the letter which comes first a circle is1 ,with one soft eye2 then come two upright lines ,of equal and exact proportions1 ,united by one middle transverse line2 ,the third is like a wreathed curl of hair2 ,the next a trident lying on its side2 ,the fifth two lines of equal length above1 ,which below join together in one base2 ,the sixth1 as ,i have said before1 a curl4 ,and ,sophocles has said something like this1 in his ,amphiaraus1 which is a satyric drama1 where he introduces an actor dancing in unison with his explanation of the letters4 #ha4 ,but ,neoptolemus the ,parian1 in his treatise on ,inscriptions1 says that this inscription is engraved on the tomb of ,thrasymachus the sophist at ,chalcedon-- ,my name is ,theta1 ro1 alpha1 and san1 ,upsilon1 mu1 alpha1 chi1 ou1 san again3 ,chalcedon was my home1 wisdom my trade4 ,and there is a poem of this kind upon ,pan1 by ,castorion the ,solensian1 as ,clearchus says3 every foot#eb consists of one entire word1 and so every line has its feet in pairs1 so that they may either precede or follow each other2 as for instance-- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,which may be translated thus-- ,o thou that dwellest on the lofty plain1 ,stormy with deep loud-sounding falls of snow1 ,th' ,arcadian land1--lord of the forest kinds1 ,thee1 mighty ,pan1 will ,i invoke in this ,sagacious writing1 carefully compounding ,words difficult for ignorant men to know1 ,or rightly understand4 ,hail1 friend o' the ,muse1 ,who pourest forth sweet sounds from waxen flute4 ,and so on in the same manner4 ,and in whatever order you place each of these pairs of feet it will give the same metre2 as you may1 for instance1 transpose the first line1 and instead of-- 1 1 you may read it-- 4 ,sidenote3 4 ,you may also remark that each pair of feet consists of ten#ec letters2 and you may produce the same effect not in this way1 but in a different one1 so as to have many ways of putting one line2 for instead you may read-- 1 3 or this way-- 1 4 ,and you may take this line too-- 1 and transpose it thus-- 4 #hb4 ,but ,pindar1 with reference to the ode which was composed without a in it1 as the same ,clearchus tells us1 as if some griphus had been proposed to him to be expressed in a lyric ode1--as many were offended because they considered it impossible to abstain from the 1 and because they did not approve of the way in which the idea was executed1 uttered this sentence-- ,before long series of songs were heard1 ,and the ill-sounding san from out men's mouths4 ,and we may make use of this observation in opposition to those who pronounce the sigma-less ode of ,lasus of ,hermione to be spurious1 which is entitled ,the ,centaurs4 ,and the ode which was composed by ,lasus to the ,ceres in ,hermione1 has not a in it1 as ,heraclides of ,pontus says1 in the third book of his treatise on ,music1 which begins-- ,i sing of ,ceres and her daughter fair1 ,the bride of ,clymenus4 #hc4 ,and there are great numbers of other griphi4 ,here is one-- ,in a conspicuous land ,i had my birth1 ,the briny ocean girds my country round1 ,my mother is the daughter fair of ,number4 ,by the conspicuous land 77 he means ,delos 7as is synonymous with 71 and that is an island surrounded by the sea4 ,and the mother meant is ,latona1 who is the daughter of ,coius1 and the ,macedonians use as synonymous with 4 ,and the one on barley-water 77-- ,mix the juice of peel'd barley1 and then drink it4 ,and the name is derived from the verbs 1 to pound1 and 1 to bruise4 ,there is also the one on the snail1 which is quoted in the ,definitions of ,teucer-- ,an animal destitute of feet and spine ,and bone1 whose back is clad with horny shell1 ,with long1 projecting1 and retreating eyes4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in the ,man who admires himself1 says-- ,coagulated1 tender-bodied milk4 ,dost understand me not8 ,i mean new cheese4 ,and ,anaxandrides1 in his ,ugly ,woman1 says-- ,he's lately cut it up2 then he confined ,the long1 unbroken portions of the body ,in earthen vases1 wrought in crackling fire1-- ,a phrase1 my men1 invented by ,timotheus1 ,who meant to say in dishes4 ,and ,timocles1 in his ,heroes1 says-- ,a4 ,and when the nurse of life was taken away1 ,fierce hunger's foe1 sweet friendship's guardian1 ,physician of voracious hunger1 which ,men call the table 4 4 4 4 ,b4 ,how you tire yourself1 ,when you might say the table in a word4 ,and ,plato1 in his ,adonis1 saying that an oracle was given to ,cinyras concerning his son ,adonis1 reports it in these words-- ,o ,cinyras1 king of hairy ,cyprians1 ,your son is far the fairest of all men1 ,and the most admirable3 but two deities ,lay hands upon him2 one is driven on ,by secret courses1 and the other drives4 ,he means ,venus and ,bacchus2 for both of them loved ,adonis4 ,and the enigma of the ,sphinx is reported by ,asclepiades1 in his essay on the ,subjects on which ,tragedies have been written1 to have been such as this-- ,there is upon the earth an animal ,with two feet1 and with four1 and eke with three1 ,and with one voice2 and it alone1 of all ,the things which move on earth1 or in the heavens1 ,or o'er the boundless sea1 doth change its nature2 ,but when its feet are of the greatest number1 ,then is its speed the slowest1 and strength least4 #hd4 ,and there are also some sayings partaking of the character of griphi1 composed by ,simonides1 as is reported by ,chamleon of ,heraclea1 in his treatise on the ,life and ,writings of ,simonides-- ,sidenote3 ,,enigmatical ,,sayings4 ,the father of a kid which roves for food1 ,and a sad fish1 had their heads near together2 ,and when they had received beneath their eyelids ,the son of ,night1 they did not choose to cherish ,the bull-slaying servant of the sovereign ,bacchus4 ,but some say that these verses were inscribed on some one of the ancient offerings which were dedicated at ,chalcis2 and that on it were represented the figures of a goat and a dolphin2 to which animals allusion is made in the above lines4 ,and others say that a dolphin and a goat were embossed in that part of a psaltery where the strings are put in1 and that they are what is meant here2 and that the bull-slaying servant of ,bacchus is the dithyrambic4 ,and others say that the ox which is sacrificed to ,bacchus in the town of ,iulis is struck with an axe by some one of the young men3 and that the festival being near1 the axe had been sent to a forge1 and ,simonides1 being then a young man1 went to the smith to fetch it2 and that when he found the man asleep1 and his bellows and his tongs lying loosely about with their fore parts touching one another1 he then came back1 and told the before-mentioned problem to his friends4 ,for the father of a kid he called the bellows1 and the sad fish the tongs 7which is called 1 or the crab74 ,the son of ,night is sleep1 and the bull-slaying servant of ,bacchus is the axe4 ,and ,simonides composed also another epigram which causes perplexity to those who are ignorant of history-- ,i say that he who does not like to win ,the grasshopper's prize1 will give a mighty feast ,to the ,panopeiadean ,epeus4 ,and it is said1 that when he was sojourning at ,carthea he used to train choruses2 and that the place where these exercises took place was in the upper part of the city1 near the temple of ,apollo1 a long way from the sea2 so that all the rest of the citizens1 and ,simonides himself1 went down to get water1 to a place where there was a fountain2 and that an ass1 whose name was ,epeus1 used to carry the water up for them2 and they gave him this name1 because there was a fable that ,epeus himself used to do this2 and there was also represented in a picture1 in the temple of ,apollo1 the ,trojan fable1 in which ,epeus is represented as drawing water for the ,atrid2 as ,stesichorus also relates-- ,for the great daughter of ,jove pitied him ,bearing incessant water for the kings4 ,and as this was the case1 they say that it was a burden imposed on every member of the choruses who was not present at the appointed time1 that he should give the ass a chnix of barley2 and that this is stated by the same poet2 and that what is meant by not liking to win the grasshopper's prize1 is not liking to sing2 and that by ,panopeiadean is meant the ass1 and the mighty feast is the chnix of barley4 #he4 ,and of the same kind is the epigram of ,theognis the poet1-- ,for a sea-corpse has call'd me now back home1 ,which1 though dead1 speaketh with a living mouth4 ,where he means the cockle4 ,and we may consider of the same character those sentences in which we use words which resemble men's names1 as-- 3 ,he gain'd in battle a glorious victory2 where sounds like the name of a man1 ,aristonicus4 ,and there is also that riddle which is so frequently repeated-- ,five men came to one place in vessels ten1 ,and fought with stones1 but might not lift a stone1 ,and died of thirst while water reach'd their chins4 #hf4 ,and what punishment had the ,athenians who could not solve this riddle when proposed to them1 if it was only to drink a bowl of mixed wine1 as ,clearchus has stated in his ,definition8 ,and1 in the first book of his treatise on ,proverbs1 he writes thus--,the investigation of riddles is not unconnected with philosophy2 for the ancients used to make a display of their erudition by such things2 for they used at their entertainments to ask questions1 not such as the men of the present day ask one another1 as to what sort of amorous enjoyment is the most delicious1 or what kind of fish is nicest1 or what is most in season at the moment2 or again1 what fish is best to eat at the time of ,arcturus1 or what after the rising of the ,pleiades1 or of the ,dog-star4 ,and then they offer kisses as prizes for those who gain the victory in such questions2 such as are hateful to men of liberal sentiments2 and as a punishment for those who are defeated they enjoin them to drink sheer wine2 which they drink more willingly than the cup of health4 ,for these things are well adapted to any one who has devoted his attention to the writings of ,philnis and ,archestratus1 or who has studied the books called ,gastrologies4 ,sidenote3 ,,capping ,,verses4 ,they preferred such plays as these2--when the first person had recited a verse1 the others were bound to quote the verse following2 or if any one had quoted a sentence from some poet1 the rest were bound to produce a sentence from some other poet expressing the same sentiments4 ,after that1 every one was bound to repeat an iambic4 ,and then1 each person was to repeat a line of such and such a number of syllables precisely2 and so on with everything that related to any acquaintance with letters and syllables4 ,and in a similar manner they would be bound to repeat the names of all the commanders in the army which attacked ,troy1 or of all the ,trojan leaders3 or to tell the name of some city in ,asia beginning with a given letter2 and then the next person was to tell the name of a city in ,europe3 and then they were to go through the rest according as they were desired to give the names of ,grecian or barbarian cities2 so that this sport1 not being an inconsiderate one1 was a sort of exhibition of the ability and learning of each individual4 ,and the prizes given were a garland and applause1 things by which love for one another is especially sweetened4 #hg4 ,this1 then1 was what ,clearchus said2 and the things which he says one ought to propose1 are1 ,i imagine1 such as these4 ,for one person to quote a line in ,homer beginning with ,alpha1 and ending with the same letter1 such as-- 4 4 4 ,and1 again1 they quoted iambics on a similar principle-- 1 4 4 ,or lines in ,homer beginning and ending with 1 as-- 4 4 ,and iambics on the same principle-- 1 3 4 ,and lines of ,homer beginning and ending with 1 as-- 3 4 ,and iambics-- 4 ,lines in ,homer beginning and ending with 1 as-- 3 4 ,beginning and ending with 1 as-- 1 4 ,and iambics as-- 4 ,and beginning and ending with 1 as-- 4 ,and iambics as-- 4 ,sometimes too1 it is well to propound lines without a sigma1 as-- 1 3 and again1 to quote lines of ,homer1 of which the first syllable when connected with the last1 will make some name1 such as-- 3 4 4 ,there are also other lines in ,homer expressing the names of vessels from the first and last syllable1 such as-- 1 which makes 1 a mortar2 1 which makes 1 a millstone2 1 which makes 1 a lyre4 ,and other lines1 the first and last syllables of which give some eatable1 as-- 1 which makes 1 bread2 1 1 which makes 1 apples4 #hh4 ,and since we have made a pretty long digression about griphi1 we must now say what punishment those people underwent who failed to solve the griphus which was proposed to them4 ,they drank brine mingled with their drink1 and were bound to drink the whole cup up at one draught2 as ,antiphanes shows in his ,ganymede1 where he says-- ,sidenote3 4 ,a4 ,alas me6 what perplexing things you say1 ,o master1 and what numerous things you ask me4 ,b4 ,but now ,i will speak plainly3 if you know ,one circumstance about the rape of the child1 ,you must reveal it quick1 before you're hang'd4 ,a4 ,are you then asking me a riddle1 master1 ,bidding me tell you all about the rape ,of the child8 ,what's the meaning of your words8 ,b4 ,here1 some one1 bring me out a halter quickly4 ,a4 ,what for8 ,b4 ,perhaps you'll say you do not know4 ,a4 ,will you then punish me with that8 ,oh don't6 ,you'd better make me drink a cup of brine4 ,b4 ,know you then how you ought to drink that up8 ,a4 ,indeed ,i do4 ,b4 ,how8 ,a4 ,so as to make you pledge me4 ,b4 ,no1 but first put your hands behind your back1 ,then drink it at a draught1 not drawing breath4 ,so when the ,deipnosophists had said all this about the griphi1 since it has taken us till evening to recollect all they said1 we will put off the discussion about cups till to-morrow4 ,for as ,metagenes says in his ,philothytes-- ,i'll change my speech1 by way of episode1 ,so as to treat the theatre with many ,new dishes rich with various seasonings2 taking the discussion about cups next4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #cf3 ,the passage from ,pindar is hopelessly corrupt4 ,footnote #cg3 ,a mina was something less than a pound4 ,footnote #ch3 ,a was something under three quarts4 ,footnote #ci3 ,it is not quite certain what was the size of the chnix2 some make it about a pint and a half1 while others make it nearly four pints4 ,the is only the ,greek form of the ,roman libra1 and was a little more than three-quarters of a pound4 ,footnote #dj3 ,sito is from 1 food4 ,footnote #da3 ,it is uncertain what this name means1 or how it should be spelt4 ,some write it ,simalis4 ,footnote #db3 ,this name appears to mean1 having unexpected gain1 4 ,footnote #dc3 ,megalartus1 from 1 large1 and 1 a loaf4 ,megalomazus1 from 1 great1 and 1 a barley-cake4 ,footnote #dd3 ,the cyathus held the twelfth part of a sextarius1 which was about a pint2 and the ,romans who wished to preserve a character for moderation used to mix their wine in the proportion of nine cyathi of water to three of wine4 ,poets1 who1 according to ,horace1 were good for nothing till they were inebriated1 reversed these proportions3-- ,tribus aut novem ,miscentur cyathis pocula commodis4 ,qui ,musas amat impares1 ,ternos ter cyathos attonitus petit ,vates4 ,tres prohibet supra ,rixarum metuens tangere ,gratia1 ,nudis juncta sororibus4--,hor4 iii4 #ai4 #aa4 ,footnote #de3 ,the cottabus was a ,sicilian game1 much in vogue at the drinking-parties of young men in ,athens4 ,the simplest mode was when each threw the wine left in his cup so as to strike smartly in a metal basin1 at the same time invoking his mistress's name4 ,if all fell in the basin1 and the sound was clear1 it was a sign that he stood well with her4 ,the basin was called 1 the action of throwing 1 and the wine thrown 1 or 4 ,the game afterwards became more complicated1 and was played in various ways2 sometimes a number of little cups 77 were set floating1 and he who threw his cottabus so as to upset the greatest number1 in a given number of throws1 won the prize1 which was also called 4 ,sometimes the wine was thrown upon a scale 771 suspended over a little image 77 placed in water3 here the cottabus was to be thrown so as to make the scale descend upon the head of the image4 ,it seems quite uncertain what the word is derived from4--,vide ,l4 ,s4 ,gr4 ,eng4 ,lex4 4 4 ,footnote #df3 ,schlegel gives a very different interpretation to this story4 ,he says--,in schylus the tragic style is as yet imperfect1 and not unfrequently runs into either unmixed epic or lyric4 ,it is often abrupt1 irregular1 and harsh4 ,to compose more regular and skilful tragedies than those of schylus was by no means difficult2 but in the more than mortal grandeur which he displayed1 it was impossible that he should ever be surpassed1 and even ,sophocles1 his younger and more fortunate rival1 did not in this respect equal him4 ,the latter1 in speaking of schylus1 gave a proof that he was himself a thoughtful artist2--'schylus does what is right1 without knowing it4' ,these few simple words1 exhaust the whole of what we understand by the phrase1 powerful working unconsciously4 ,this is the comment of a man of real sense1 learning1 taste1 and judgment4--,dramatic ,literature1 p4 #ie4 7,bohn's ,standard ,library47 ,footnote #dg3 ,this was a name given to ,pericles by ,aristophanes1 ,acharn4 #eca4 ,footnote #dh3 1 a tall umbelliferous plant1 7,lat4 ferula17 with a slight knotted pithy stalk1 in which ,prometheus conveyed the spark of fire from heaven to earth4--,l4 ,s4 ,gr4 ,eng4 ,lex4 in voc4 4 ,footnote #di3 ,this is a mistake of ,athenus4 ,the passage referred to occurs in the fifth book of the ,de ,republica4 ,footnote #ej3 ,a line or two is lost here1 containing probably the enigmatical sentence subsequently referred to4 ,footnote #ea3 ,the ,greek is 1 which also signifies to be pregnant4 ,footnote #eb3 ,there is probably some corruption in the text here4 ,footnote #ec3 ,there is some mistake here1 for they consist of eleven4 ,,book ,,xi4 #a4 ,come now1 where shall our conversation rise8 as ,cephisodorus the comic poet says1 my good friend ,timocrates2 for when we were all met together at a convenient season1 and with serious minds1 to discuss the goblets1 ,ulpian1 while every one was sitting still1 and before any one began to speak at all1 said1--,at the court of ,adrastus1 my friends1 the chief men of the nation sup while sitting down4 ,but ,polyidus1 while sacrificing on the road1 detained ,peteos as he was passing by1 and while lying on the grass1 strewing some leaves which he had broken off on the ground by way of a table1 set before him some part of the victim which he had sacrificed4 ,and when ,autolycus had come to the rich people of ,ithaca1 and while he was sitting down1 7for the men of that time ate their meals while sitting down17 the nurse took ,ulysses1 7as the poet says-- ,his course to ,ithaca the hero sped ,when first the product of ,laertes' bed ,was new disclosed to birth2 the banquet ends ,when ,euryclea from the queen descends1 ,and to his fond embrace the babe commends37 and placed him on his knees1 not near his knees4 ,so let us not waste time now1 but let us lie down1 that ,plutarch may lead the way in the lecture which he promised us on the subject of goblets1 and that he may pledge us all in bumpers4 #b4 ,but ,i imagine that ,simonides of ,amorgos is the first poet who has spoken of drinking-cups 77 by name in his iambics1 thus-- ,the cups away did lead him from the table4 ,and the author of the poem called the ,alcmonis says-- ,he placed the corpses lowly on the shore ,on a broad couch of leaves2 and by their side ,a dainty feast he spread1 and brimming cups1 ,and garlands on their noble temples wreathed4 ,and the word comes from 1 drink1 as the ,attic word also does2 but they form the word with 1 as they also say 1 to drink water1 and 1 to drink wine4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,knights1 says-- ,a stupid serpent drinking deep of blood 774 ,but he also says in the same play-- ,much then did ,bacis use the cup 774 ,and ,pherecrates1 in his ,tyranny1 says-- ,one is better than a thousand cups 774 ,and ,anacreon said-- ,i am become a wine-bibber 774 ,and the verb occurs also in the same poet1 for he says 4 ,and ,sappho1 in her second ,ode1 says-- ,and many countless cups 771 ,o beauteous ,iphis4 ,and ,alcus says-- ,and from the cups 77 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,and in ,achaia ,ceres is honoured under the title of 1 in the territories of the ,antheans1 as ,autocrates informs us in the second book of his ,history of ,achaia4 ,sidenote3 ,,cups4 #c4 ,and ,i think it right that you should inquire1 before we begin to make a catalogue of the cups of which this sideboard 77 is full1--7for that name is given to the cupboard where the cups are kept1 by ,aristophanes1 in his ,farmers-- ,as a cloth is placed in front of a sideboard 772 and the same word occurs also in ,anaxandrides in his ,melilotus2 and ,eubulus in his ,leda says-- ,as if he had been offering a libation1 ,he's broken all the goblets in the sideboard 774 ,and in his ,female ,singer he says-- ,and he found out the use of sideboards 77 for us4 ,and in his ,semele or ,bacchus he says-- ,hermes the son of ,maia1 polish'd well ,upon the sideboard 4 4 4 4 4 ,and the younger ,cratinus1 in his ,chiron1 says-- ,but1 after many years1 ,i now have come ,home from my enemies2 and scarce have found ,relations who would own me1 or companions ,of the same tribe or borough4 ,i enroll'd ,my name among a club of cup-collectors 773 ,jupiter is the guardian of my doors-- ,protector of my tribe4 ,i pay my taxes47 #d4 ,it is worth while1 ,i say1 to inquire whether the ancients drank out of large cups4 ,for ,dicarchus the ,messenian1 the pupil of ,aristotle1 in his ,essay on ,alcus1 says that they used small cups1 and that they drank their wine mixed with a good deal of water4 ,but ,chamleon of ,heraclea1 in his essay on ,drunkenness1 7if ,i only recollect his words correctly17 says--,but if those who are in power and who are rich prefer this drunkenness to other pleasures1 it is no great wonder1 for as they have no other pleasure superior to this1 nor more easy to obtain1 they naturally fly to wine3 on which account it has become customary among the nobles to use large drinking-cups4 ,for this is not at all an ancient custom among the ,greeks2 but one that has been lately adopted1 and imported from the barbarians4 ,for they1 being destitute of education1 rush eagerly to much wine1 and provide themselves with all kinds of superfluous delicacies4 ,but in the various countries of ,greece1 we neither find in pictures nor in poems any trace of any cups of large size being made1 except indeed in the heroic times4 ,for the cup which is called they attributed only to the heroes1 which fact will appear a perplexing one to some people2 unless indeed any one should choose to say that this custom was introduced because of the fierceness of the appearance of these demigods4 ,for they think the heroes irascible and quarrelsome1 and more so by night than by day4 ,in order1 then1 that they may appear to be so1 not in consequence of their natural disposition1 but because of their propensity for drinking1 they represent them as drinking out of large cups4 ,and it appears to me not to have been a bad idea on the part of those people who said that a large cup was a silver well4 ,in all this ,chamleon appears to be ignorant that it is not a small cup which in ,homer is given to the ,cyclops by ,ulysses2 for if it had been a small one1 he would not have been so overcome with drunkenness after drinking it three times only1 when he was a man of such a monstrous size4 ,there were therefore large cups at that time2 unless any one chooses to impute it to the strength of the wine1 which ,homer himself has mentioned1 or to the little practice which the ,cyclops had in drinking1 since his usual beverage was milk2 or perhaps it was a barbaric cup1 since it was a big one1 forming perhaps a part of the plunder of the ,cicones4 ,what then are we to say about ,nestor's cup1 which a young man would scarcely have had strength enough to carry1 but which the aged ,nestor lifted without any labour2 concerning which identical cup ,plutarch shall give us some information4 ,however1 it is time now to lie down at table4 #e4 ,and when they had all laid themselves down2--,but1 said ,plutarch1 according to the ,phliasian poet ,pratinas-- ,not ploughing ready-furrow'd ground1 ,but1 seeking for a goblet1 ,i come to speak about the cups 77 ,nor indeed am ,i one of those whom ,hermippus1 the comic poet1 ridicules in his iambics1 where he says-- ,i've come now to the vineyard of the ,cylicranes1 ,and seen ,heraclea1 a beauteous city4 ,sidenote3 ,,cups4 ,but these are ,heracleans who live at the foot of ,mount ta1 as ,nicander of ,thyatira says2 saying that they are so named from a certain ,cylix1 a ,lydian by birth1 who was one of the comrades of ,hercules4 ,and they are mentioned also by ,scythinus the ,teian1 in his work entitled ,the ,history1 where he says1 ,hercules1 having taking ,eurytus and his son1 put them to death for exacting tribute from the people of ,euboea4 ,and he laid waste the territory of the ,cylicranes for behaving like robbers2 and there he built a city called ,heraclea of ,trachis4 ,and ,polemo1 in the first of his books1 addressed to ,adus and ,antigonus1 speaks thus--,but the inhabitants of the ,heraclea which is at the foot of ,mount ta1 and of ,trachis1 are partly some ,cylicranes who came with ,hercules from ,lydia1 and partly ,athamanes1 some of whose towns remain to this day4 ,and the people of ,heraclea did not admit them to any of the privileges of citizenship1 considering them only as foreigners sojourning amongst them2 and they were called ,cylicranes1 because they had the figure of a cup 77 branded on their shoulders4 #f4 ,i am aware1 too1 that ,hellanicus says1 in his treatise on the ,names of ,races1 that ,some of the ,libyan nomades have no other possessions than a cup1 and a sword1 and a ewer1 and they have small houses made of the stalks of asphodel1 merely just to serve as a shade1 and they even carry them about with them wherever they go4 ,there is also a spot amongst the ,illyrians1 which has been celebrated by many people1 which is called 1 near to which is the tomb of ,cadmus and ,harmonia1 as ,phylarchus relates in the twenty-second book of his ,histories4 ,and ,polemo1 in his book on ,morychus1 says that at ,syracuse1 on the highest spot of the part called the ,island1 there is an altar near the temple of ,olympia1 outside the walls1 from which he says that people when putting to sea carry a goblet with them1 keeping it until they get to such a distance that the shield in the temple of ,minerva cannot be seen2 and then they let it fall into the sea1 being an earthenware cup1 putting into it flowers and honeycombs1 and uncut frankincense1 and all sorts of other spices besides4 #g4 ,and since ,i now see your banquet1 as ,xenophanes the ,colophonian says1 full of all kinds of pleasure-- ,for now the floor and all men's hands are clean1 ,and all the cups1 and since the feasters' brows ,are wreathed with garlands1 while the slaves around ,bring fragrant perfume in well-suited dishes2 ,and in the middle stands the joyful bowl1 ,and wine's at hand1 which ne'er deserts the guests ,who know its worth1 in earthen jars well kept1 ,well flavour'd1 fragrant with the sweet fresh flowers2 ,and in the midst the frankincense sends forth ,its holy perfume2 and the water's cold1 ,and sweet1 and pure2 and golden bread's at hand1 ,and duly honour'd tables1 groaning under ,their weight of cheese and honey2--then an altar1 ,placed in the centre1 all with flow'rs is crown'd4 ,and song and feasting occupies the house1 ,and dancing1 and all sorts of revelry3-- ,therefore it does become right-minded men ,first with well-omen'd words and pious prayers ,to hymn the praises of the ,gods2 and so1 ,with pure libations and well-order'd vows1 ,to win from them the power to act with justice-- ,for this comes from the favour of the ,gods2 ,and you may drink as much as shall not hinder ,you from returning home without assistance1 ,unless1 indeed1 you're very old3 and he ,deserves to be above his fellows lauded ,who drinks and then says good and witty things1 ,such as his memory and taste suggests1-- ,who lays down rules1 and tells fine tales of virtue2 ,not raking up the old ,titanic fables1 ,wars of the ,giants1 or the ,lapith1 ,figments of ancient times1 mere pleasing trifles1 ,full of no solid good2 but always speaking ,things that may lead to right ideas of ,god4 #h4 ,and the exquisite ,anacreon says-- ,i do not love the man who1 'midst his cups1 ,says nothing but old tales of war and strife1 ,but him who gives its honour due to mirth1 ,praising the ,muses and the bright-faced ,venus4 ,and ,ion of ,chios says-- ,hail1 our great king1 our saviour1 and our father6 ,and let the cupbearers now mix us wine ,in silver jugs3 and let the golden bowl ,pour forth its pure libations on the ground1 ,while duly honouring the mighty ,jove4 ,first of the ,gods1 and first in all our hearts1 ,we pour libations to ,alcmena's son1 ,and to the queen herself1--to ,procles too1 ,and the invincible chiefs of ,perseus' line4 ,thus let us drink and sport2 and let the song ,make the night cheerful2 let the glad guests dance2 ,and do thou willingly preside among us3 ,but let the man who's a fair wife at home ,drink far more lustily than those less happy4 ,those also who were called the seven wise men used to make drinking parties2 for wine comforts the natural moroseness of old age1 as ,theophrastus says1 in his treatise on ,drunkenness4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking ,,pledges4 #i4 ,on which account1 when we are met together in these ,dionysiac conversaziones1 no one1 as is said in the ,tarentines of ,alexis-- ,no one can find a just pretence to grudge us ,our harmless pleasure1 since we never injure ,one of our neighbours4 ,know you not1 my friend1 ,that what is called life is but a name1 ,well soften'd down 7to make it palatable71 ,for human fate8 ,and whether any one ,thinks that ,i'm right or wrong in what ,i say1 ,i cannot change a word2 for well ,i know1 ,and long have ,i consider'd the whole matter1 ,that all th' affairs of men are full of madness1 ,and we who live are only sojourners1 ,like men who go to some great festival1 ,starting from death and darkness to a pastime1 ,and to this light which we behold before us4 ,but he who laughs and drinks most cheerfully1 ,and most enjoys the charming gifts of ,venus1 ,and most attends on feasts and festivals1 ,he goes through life1 and then departs most happily4 ,and1 in the words of the beautiful ,sappho1-- ,come1 ,o ,venus1 hither come1 ,bringing us thy goblets fair1 ,mingled with the merry feast2 ,and pour out sparkling wine1 ,i pray1 ,to your and my companions gay4 #aj4 ,and we may add to all this1 that different cities have peculiar fashions of drinking and pledging one another2 as ,critias mentions1 in his ,constitution of the ,lacedmonians1 where he says--,the ,chian and the ,thasian drink out of large cups1 passing them on towards the right hand2 and the ,athenian also passes the wine round towards the right1 but drinks out of small cups4 ,but the ,thessalian uses large cups1 pledging whoever he pleases1 without reference to where he may be2 but among the ,lacedmonians1 every one drinks out of his own cup1 and a slave1 acting as cupbearer1 fills up again the cup when each has drained it4 ,and ,anaxandrides also mentions the fashion of passing the cup round towards the right hand1 in his ,countrymen1 speaking as follows3-- ,a4 ,in what way are you now prepared to drink8 ,tell me1 ,i pray4 ,b4 ,in what way are we now ,prepared to drink8 ,why any way you please4 ,a4 ,shall we then now1 my father1 tell the guests ,to push the wine to the right8 ,b4 ,what6 to the right8 ,that would be just as though this were a funeral4#ed #aa4 ,but we may decline entering on the subject of goblets of earthenware2 for ,ctesias says--,among the ,persians1 that man only uses an earthenware who is dishonoured by the king4 ,and ,choerilus the epic poet says-- ,here in my hands ,i hold a wretched piece ,of earthen goblet1 broken all around1 ,sad relic of a band of merry feasters2 ,and often the fierce gale of wanton ,bacchus ,dashes such wrecks with insult on the shore4 ,but ,i am well aware that earthenware cups are often very pleasant1 as those which are imported among us from ,coptus2 for they are made of earth which is mixed up with spices4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,drunkenness1 says--,the cups which are called ,rhodiacan are brought into drinking-parties1 because of the pleasure which they afford1 and also because1 when they are warmed1 they deprive the wine of some of its intoxicating properties2 for they are filled with myrrh and rushes1 and other things of the same sort1 put into water and then boiled2 and when this mixture is put into the wine1 the drinkers are less apt to become intoxicated4 ,and in another place he says--,the ,rhodiacan cups consist of myrrh1 flowery rushes1 saffron1 balsam1 spikenard1 and cinnamon1 all boiled together2 and when some of this compound is added to the wine1 it has such effect in preventing intoxication1 that it even diminishes the amorous propensities1 checking the breath in some degree4 ,sidenote3 ,,athenian ,,banquets4 #ab4 ,we ought not1 then1 to drink madly1 looking at the multitude of these beautiful cups1 made as they are with every sort of various art1 in various countries4 ,but the common people1 says ,chrysippus1 in the introduction to his treatise on what is ,good and ,evil1 apply the term madly to a great number of things2 and so they call a desire for women 1 a fondness for quails 2 and some also call those who are very anxious for fame 2 just as they call those who are fond of women 1 and those who are fond of birds 3 all these nouns having the same notion of a propensity to the degree of madness4 ,so that there is nothing inconsistent in other feelings and circumstances having this name applied to them2 as a person who is very fond of delicacies1 and who is properly called and 1 may be called 2 and a man very fond of wine maybe called 2 and so in similar instances4 ,and there is nothing unreasonable in attributing madness to such people1 since they carry their errors to a very mad pitch1 and wander a great distance from the real truth4 #ac4 ,let us1 then1 as was the custom among the ,athenians1 drink our wine while listening to these jesters and buffoons1 and to other artists of the same kind4 ,and ,philochorus speaks of this kind of people in these terms--,the ,athenians1 in the festivals of ,bacchus1 originally used to go to the spectacle after they had dined and drunk their wine2 and they used to witness the games with garlands on their heads4 ,but during the whole time that the games were going on1 wine was continually being offered to them1 and sweetmeats were constantly being brought round2 and when the choruses entered1 they were offered wine2 and also when the exhibition was over1 and they were departing1 wine was offered to them again4 ,and ,pherecrates the comic poet bears witness to all these things1 and to the fact that down to his own time the spectators were never left without refreshment4 ,and ,phanodemus says--,at the temple of ,bacchus1 which is in the ,marshes 7 71 the ,athenians bring wine1 and mix it out of the cask for the god1 and then drink of it themselves2 on which account ,bacchus is also called 1 because the wine was first drunk at that festival mixed with water4 ,on which account the fountains were called ,nymphs and the ,nurses of ,bacchus1 because the water being mingled with the wine increases the quantity of the wine4 ,accordingly1 men being delighted with this mixture1 celebrated ,bacchus in their songs1 dancing and invoking him under the names of ,euanthes1 and ,dithyrambus1 and ,baccheutes1 and ,bromius4 ,and ,theophrastus1 in his treatise on ,drunkenness1 says--,the nymphs are really the nurses of ,bacchus2 for the vines1 when cut1 pour forth a great deal of moisture1 and after their own nature weep4 ,on which account ,euripides says that one of the ,horses of the ,sun is thops1 who with his fervent heat doth ripen ,th' autumnal vines of sweetly flow'ring ,bacchus1 ,from which men also call wine thops 7 74 ,and ,ulysses gave ,twelve large vessels of unmix'd red wine1 ,mellifluous1 undecaying1 and divine1 ,which now 7some ages from his race conceal'd7 ,the hoary sire in gratitude reveal'd4 ,such was the wine1 to quench whose fervent steam ,scarce twenty measures from the living stream ,to cool one cup sufficed2 the goblet crown'd1 ,breathed aromatic fragrancies around4#ee ,and ,timotheus1 in his ,cyclops1 says-- ,he fill'd one cup1 of well-turn'd iv'ry made1 ,with dark ambrosial drops of foaming wine2 ,and twenty measures of the sober stream ,he poured in1 and with the blood of ,bacchus ,mingled fresh tears1 shed by the weeping nymphs4 #ad4 ,and ,i know1 my messmates1 of some men who were proud1 not so much of their wealth in money as of the possession of many cups of silver and gold2 one of whom is ,pytheas the ,arcadian1 of the town of ,phigalea1 who1 even when dying1 did not hesitate to enjoin his servants to inscribe the following verses on his tomb3-- ,this is the tomb of ,pytheas1 a man ,both wise and good1 the fortunate possessor ,of a most countless number of fine cups1 ,of silver made1 and gold1 and brilliant amber4 ,these were his treasures1 and of them he had ,a store1 surpassing all who lived before him4 ,and ,harmodius the ,lepreatian mentions this fact in his treatise on the ,laws and ,customs subsisting in ,phigalea4 ,and ,xenophon1 in the eighth book of his ,cyropdia1 speaking of the ,persians1 writes as follows--,and also they pride themselves exceedingly on the possession of as many goblets as possible2 and even if they have acquired them by notorious malpractices1 they are not at all ashamed of so doing2 for injustice and covetousness are carried on to a great degree among them4 ,but dipus cursed his sons on account of some drinking-cups 7as the author of the ,cyclic poem called the ,thebas says71 because they set before him a goblet which he had forbidden2 speaking as follows3-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,but the divine1 the golden-hair'd hero1 ,great ,polynices1 set before his father first ,a silver table1 beautifully wrought1 ,whilome the property of th' immortal ,cadmus2 ,and then he fill'd a beauteous golden cup ,up to the brim with sweet and fragrant wine2 ,but dipus1 when with angry eyes he saw ,the ornaments belonging to his sire ,now set before him1 felt a mighty rage1 ,which glow'd within his breast1 and straightway pour'd ,the bitterest curses forth on both his sons1 7,nor were they by the ,fury all unheard17 ,praying that they might never share in peace ,the treasures of their father1 but for ever ,with one another strive in arms and war4 #ae4 ,and ,ccilius the orator who came from ,cale ,acte1 in his treatise on ,history1 says that ,agathocles the ,great1 when displaying his golden drinking-cups to his companions1 said that he had got all these from the earthenware cups which he had previously made4 ,and in ,sophocles1 in the ,larissans1 ,acrisius had a great many drinking-cups2 where the tragedian speaks as follows3-- ,and he proclaims to strangers from all quarters ,a mighty contest1 promising among them ,goblets well wrought in brass1 and beauteous vases ,inlaid with gold1 and silver drinking-cups1 ,full twice threescore in number1 fair to see4 ,and ,posidonius1 in the twenty-sixth book of his ,histories1 says that ,lysimachus the ,babylonian1 having invited ,himerus to a banquet 7who was tyrant not only over the people of ,babylon1 but also over the citizens of ,seleucia71 with three hundred of his companions1 after the tables were removed1 gave every one of the three hundred a silver cup1 weighing four min2 and when he had made a libation1 he pledged them all at once1 and gave them the cups to carry away with them4 ,and ,anticlides the ,athenian1 in the sixteenth book of his ,returns1 speaking of ,gra1 who1 with other kings1 first led a colony into the island of ,lesbos1 and saying that those colonists had received an answer from the oracle1 bidding them1 while sailing1 throw a virgin into the sea1 as an offering to ,neptune1 proceeds as follows3--,and some people1 who treat of the history and affairs of ,methymna1 relate a fable about the virgin who was thrown into the sea2 and say that one of the leaders was in love with her1 whose name was ,enalus1 and that he dived down1 wishing to save the damsel2 and that then both of them1 being hidden by the waves1 disappeared4 ,but that in the course of time1 when ,methymna had now become populous1 ,enalus appeared again1 and related what had happened1 and how it had happened3 and said that the damsel was still abiding among the ,nereids1 and that he himself had become the superintendent of ,neptune's horses2 but that a great wave having been cast on the shore1 he had swam with it1 and so come to land3 and he had in his hand a goblet made of gold1 of such wondrous workmanship that the golden goblets which they had1 when compared with his1 looked no better than brass4 #af4 ,and in former times the possession of drinking-cups was reckoned a very honourable thing4 ,accordingly1 ,achilles had a very superb cup as a sort of heirloom3-- ,but1 mindful of the gods1 ,achilles went ,to the rich coffer in his shady tent1 7,there lay the presents of the royal dame27 ,from thence he took a bowl of antique frame1 ,which never man had stain'd with ruddy wine1 ,nor raised in offerings to the pow'rs divine1 ,but ,peleus' son2 and ,peleus' son to none ,had raised in offerings but to ,jove alone4#ef ,and ,priam1 when offering ransom for his son1 amid all his most beautiful treasures especially offers a very exquisitely wrought cup4 ,and ,jupiter himself1 on the occasion of the birth of ,hercules1 thinks a drinking-cup a gift worthy to be given to ,alcmena2 which he1 having likened himself to ,amphitryon1 presents to her3-- ,and she received the gift1 and on the bowl ,admiring gazed with much delighted soul4 ,and ,stesichorus says that the sun sails over the whole ocean in a bowl2 in which also ,hercules passed over the sea1 on the occasion of his going to fetch the cows of ,geryon4 ,we are acquainted1 too1 with the cup of ,bathycles the ,arcadian1 which ,bathycles left behind him as a prize of wisdom to him who should be pronounced the best of those who were called the wise men4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and a great many people have handled the cup of ,nestor2 for many have written books about it4 ,and drinking-cups were favourites even among the ,gods2 at all events-- ,they pledged each other in their golden cups4#eg ,but it is a mark of a gentleman to be moderate in his use of wine1 not drinking too greedily1 nor drinking large draughts without drawing one's breath1 after the fashion of the ,thracians2 but to mingle conversation with his cups1 as a sort of wholesome medicine4 #ag4 ,and the ancients affixed a great value to such goblets as had any story engraved upon them2 and in the art of engraving cups in this manner1 a high reputation was enjoyed by ,cimon and ,athenocles4 ,they used also drinking-cups inlaid with precious stones4 ,and ,menander1 somewhere or other1 speaks of drinking-cups turned by the turning-lathe1 and chased2 and ,antiphanes says-- ,and others drain with eager lips the cup1 ,full of the juice of ancient wine1 o'ershadow'd ,with sparkling foam1--the golden-wrought rich cup1 ,which circled round they raised3 one long1 deep draught ,they drain1 and raise the bottom to the skies4 ,and ,nicomachus says to some one-- ,o you1 who 4 4 4 4 4 and vomit golden 4 4 4 4 ,and ,philippides says-- ,could you but see the well-prepared cups1 ,all made of gold1 my ,trophimus2 by heaven1 ,they are magnificent6 ,i stood amazed ,when ,i beheld them first4 ,then there were also ,large silver cups1 and jugs larger than ,i4 ,and ,parmenio1 in his letter to ,alexander1 summing up the spoils of the ,persians1 says1 ,the weight of goblets of gold is seventy-three ,babylonian talents1 and fifty-two min4#eh ,the weight of goblets inlaid with precious stones1 is fifty-six ,babylonian talents1 and thirty-four min4 #ah4 ,and the custom was1 to put the water into the cup first1 and the wine afterwards4 ,accordingly1 ,xenophanes says-- ,and never let a man a goblet take1 ,and first pour in the wine2 but let the water ,come first1 and after that1 then add the wine4 ,and ,anacreon says-- ,bring me water--bring me wine1 ,quick1 ,o boy2 and bring1 besides1 ,garlands1 rich with varied flowers2 ,and fill the cup1 that ,i may not ,engage in hopeless strife with love4 ,and before either of them ,hesiod had said-- ,pour in three measures of the limpid stream1 ,pure from an everflowing spring2 and then ,add a fourth cup of sacred rosy wine4 ,and ,theophrastus says--,the ancient fashion of the mixture of wine was quite opposite to the way in which it is managed at the present day2 for they were not accustomed to pour the water on the wine1 but the wine on the water1 in order1 when drinking1 not to have their liquor too strong1 and in order also1 when they had drunk to satiety1 to have less desire for more4 ,and they also consumed a good deal of this liquor1 mixed as it was1 in the game of the cottabus4 #ai4 ,now of carvers of goblets the following men had a high reputation1--,athenocles1 ,crates1 ,stratonicus1 ,myrmecides the ,milesian1 ,callicrates the ,lacedmonian1 and ,mys2 by which last artist we have seen a ,heraclean cup1 having most beautifully wrought on it the capture of ,troy1 and bearing also this inscription-- ,the sketch was by ,parrhasius2--by ,mys ,the workmanship2 and now ,i represent ,the lofty ,troy1 which great ,achilles took4 #bj4 ,now among the ,cretans1 the epithet 1 illustrious1 is often given to the objects of one's affection4 ,and it is a matter of great desire among them to carry off beautiful boys2 and among them it is considered discreditable to a beautiful boy not to have a lover4 ,and the name given to the boys who are carried off in that manner is 4 ,and they give to the boy who has been carried off a robe1 and an ox1 and a drinking-cup4 ,and the robe they wear even when they are become old1 in order to show that they have been 4 #ba4 ,you see that when men drink1 they then are rich2 ,they do whate'er they please1--they gain their actions1 ,they're happy themselves1 and they assist their friends4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,for amusing oneself with wine exalts1 and cherishes1 and elevates the mind1 since it inflames and arouses the soul1 and fills it with lofty thoughts1 as ,pindar says-- ,when the sad1 laborious cares ,flee from the weary hearts of men1 ,and in the wide1 expansive ocean ,of golden wealth we all set sail1 ,floating towards the treacherous shore4 ,e'en he who is poor1 is rich when he ,has fill'd his soul with rosy wine2 ,and he who's rich 4 4 4 4 4 ,and then he goes on-- becomes elated ,beneath the glad dominion of the vine4 #bb4 ,there is a kind of drinking-cup also called ancyla1 or curved2 a kind especially useful for the play of the cottabus4 ,cratinus says-- ',tis death to drink of wine when water's mix'd3 ,but she took equal shares1 two choes full ,of unmix'd wine1 in a large ancyla3 ,and calling on her dear ,corinthian lover ,by name1 threw in his honour a cottabus4 ,and ,bacchylides says-- ,when she does throw to the youths a cottabus ,from her ancyla1 stretching her white arm forth4 ,and it is with reference to this ancyla that we understand the expression of schylus-- ,the cottabus of th' ancyla 7 74 ,spears are also called 1 or curved2 and also 1 held by a string in the middle4 ,there is also the expression 1 which means1 from the right hand4 ,and the cup is called 1 from the fact that the right hand is curved1 in throwing the cottabus from it4 ,for it was a matter to which great attention was paid by the ancients--namely1 that of throwing the cottabus dexterously and gracefully4 ,and men in general prided themselves more on their dexterity in this than in throwing the javelin skilfully4 ,and this got its name from the manner in which the hand was brandished in throwing the cottabus1 when they threw it elegantly and dexterously into the cottabium4 ,and they also built rooms especially designed for this sport4 #bc4 ,in ,timachides there is also a kind of drinking-cup mentioned1 called the acis4 ,there is another kind also1 called the 1or boat1 being shaped like a boat4 ,epicrates sayss-- ,throw down th' acatia1 7using here the diminutive form17 and take instead ,the larger goblets2 and the old woman lead ,straight to the cup2 4 4 4 the younger maiden 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 fill it2 have your oar ,all ready1 loose the cables1 bend the sails4 ,among the ,cyprians there is also a kind of cup called the aotus1 as ,pamphilus tells us3 and ,philetas says1 this is a cup which has no ears 774 ,there is also a kind of cup called aroclum1 which is mentioned by ,nicander the ,colophonian4 #bd4 ,the cup called 1 is the same as that called 4 ,homer1 in his ,odyssey1 speaking of ,pisistratus1 says-- ,in a rich golden cup he pour'd the wine2#ei and proceeding1 he says1 in the same manner-- ,to each a portion of the feast he bore1 ,and held the golden goblet 77 foaming o'er2 and presently afterwards he says-- ,and gave the goblet 77 to ,ulysses' son4 ,and1 accordingly1 ,asclepiades the ,myrlean says--,the appears to me to have been much of the same shape as the 4 ,for men make libations with it4 ,accordingly1 ,homer says1 -- ,the cup which ,peleus' son ,had raised in offerings to ,jove alone4 ,and it is called 1 either because it is given to all 7 7 who wish to make libations1 or who wish to drink2 or because it has two ears 7 71 for must be the same as 4 ,and it has the name of 1 either from being very smooth 7 71 or because the liquor is collected 77 in it4 ,and that it had two ears is plain-- ,high in his hands he rear'd the golden bowl ,by both its ears4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,but when he applies the word to it1 he means nothing more than curved on both sides4 ,but ,silenus interprets the word to mean devoid of ears1 while others say that here is equivalent to 1 and that it means a cup which you may put to your mouth all round1 at any part of it4 ,but ,parthenius says that it means that the ears are curved 771 for that is synonymous with 4 ,but ,anicetus says that the is a kind of cup 771 and that the word is equivalent to 1 that is to say1 superb and magnificent2 unless1 indeed1 any one chooses to interpret the word as something very highly ornamented1 and therefore not at all smooth 7174 ,and ,pisander says1 ,hercules gave ,telamon a cup 77 as the prize of his preeminent valour in the expedition against ,troy4 #be4 ,there is also a kind of cup called the horn of ,amalthea1 and another called 1 or the year4 ,there is also a kind of cup made of wood1 called 1 which ,philetas says that the countrymen use1 who milk their cattle into it1 and then drink the milk4 ,there is also a kind of drinking called 1 when any one drinks a long draught without taking breath and without winking 7 74 ,and they give the same name to the goblets from which it is easy to drink in this manner4 ,and they also use a verb 77 for drinking without taking breath1 as ,plato the comic poet says-- ,and opening a fair cask of fragrant wine1 ,he pours it straight into the hollow cup2 ,and then he drank it sheer and not disturb'd1 ,and drain'd it at one draught 774 ,and they also drank the draught to an accompaniment of music2 the melody being measured out according to the quickness of the time2 as ,ameipsias says-- ,gentle musician1 let that dulcet strain ,proceed2 and1 while ,i drink this luscious draught1 ,play you a tune2 then you shall drink yourself4 ,for mortal man has no great wants on earth1 ,except to love and eat2--and you're too stingy4 #bf4 ,there is also a kind of cup called ,antigonis1 from the name of king ,antigonus3 like the ,seleucis from king ,seleucus2 and the ,prusis1 from king ,prusias4 ,there is also a kind of cup known in ,crete1 and called anapha1 which they use for hot drinks4 ,there is also a kind of cup called aryballus4 ,this kind of cup is wider at the bottom1 and contracted at top like a purse when it is drawn together2 and1 indeed1 some people call purses 1 from their resemblance to this kind of cup4 ,aristophanes says1 in his ,knights-- ,he pour'd upon his head ,ambrosia from a holy cup 774 ,and the aryballus is not very different from the arystichus1 being derived from the verbs and 2 they also call a jug 4 ,sophocles says-- ,you are most accursed of all women1 ,who come to supper with your 4 ,there is also a city of the ,ionians called arystis4 ,there is another kind of cup called argyris1 which is not necessarily made of silver4 ,anaxilas says-- ,and drinking out of golden argyrides4 #bg4 ,then batiacium1 labronius1 tragelaphus1 pristis1 are all names of different kinds of cups4 ,the batiaca is a ,persian goblet4 ,and among the letters of the great ,alexander to the ,satraps of ,asia there is inserted one letter in which the following passage occurs3--,there are three batiac of silver-gilt1 and a hundred and seventy-six silver condya2 and of these last thirty-three are gilt4 ,there is also one silver tigisites1 and thirty-two silver-gilt mystri4 ,there is one silver vegetable dish1 and one highly wrought wine-stand of silver ornamented in a barbaric style4 ,there are other small cups from every country1 and of every kind of fashion1 to the number of twenty-nine3 and other small-sized cups called rhyta1 adbatia1 and ,lycurgi1 all gilt1 and incense-burners and spoons4 ,there is a cup used by the ,alexandrians named bessa1 wider in the lower parts1 and narrow above4 #bh4 ,there is also a kind of cup called baucalis3 and this1 too1 is chiefly used in ,alexandria1 as ,sopater the parodist says-- ,a baucalis1 with four rings mark'd on it4 ,and in another passage he says-- ',tis sweet for men to drink 77 ,cups of the juice by bees afforded1 ,at early dawn1 when parch'd by thirst1 ,caused by too much wine overnight4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and the men in ,alexandria1 it is said1 have a way of working crystal1 forming it often into various shapes of goblets1 and imitating in this material every sort of earthenware cup which is imported from any possible country4 ,and they say that ,lysippus the statuary1 wishing to gratify ,cassander1 when he was founding the colony of ,cassandria1 and when he conceived the ambition of inventing some peculiar kind of utensil in earthenware1 on account of the extraordinary quantity of ,mendean wine which was exported from the city1 took a great deal of pains with that study1 and brought ,cassander a great number of cups of every imaginable fashion1 all made of earthenware1 and taking a part of the pattern of each1 thus made one goblet of a design of his own4 #bi4 ,there is also a kind of cup called bicus4 ,xenophon1 in the first book of his ,anabasis1 says3-- ,and ,cyrus sent him a number of goblets 77 of wine half full2 and it is a cup of a flat shallow shape1 like a 1 according to the description given of it by ,pollux the ,parian4 ,there is another kind of cup called the bombylius2 a sort of ,rhodian ,thericlean cup2 concerning the shape of which ,socrates says1--,those who drink out of the phiale as much as they please will very soon give over2 but those who drink out of a bombylius drink by small drops4 ,there is also an animal of the same name4 ,there is also a kind of drinking-cup called the bromias1 in form like the larger kind of scyphus4 #cj4 ,there is another kind called the lettered cup1 having writing engraved round it4 ,alexis says-- ,a4 ,shall ,i describe to you the appearance first ,o' the cup you speak of8 ,know1 then1 it was round2 ,exceeding small2 old1 sadly broken too ,about the ears2 and all around the brim ,were carved letters4 ,b4 ,were there those nineteen ,engraved in gold1--,to ,jupiter the ,saviour8#fj ,a4 ,those1 and no others4 ,and we have seen a lettered cup of this kind lying at ,capua in ,campania1 in the temple of ,diana2 covered with writing taken from the poems of ,homer1 and beautifully engraved2 having the verses inlaid in golden characters1 like the drinking-cup of ,nestor4 ,and ,achus the tragic poet1 in his ,omphale1 himself also represents the ,satyrs speaking in the following manner about a lettered drinking-cup-- ,and the god's cup long since has call'd me1 ,showing this writing1--delta1 then iota1 ,the third letter was omega1 then nu1 ,then u came next1 and after that a sigma ,and omicron were not deficient4 ,but in this passage we want the final which ought to have ended the word4 ,since all the ancients used the omicron not only with the power which it has now1 but also when they meant to indicate the diphthong they wrote it by only4 ,and they did the same when they wished to write the vowel 1 whether it is sounded by itself1 or when they wish to indicate the diphthong by the addition of iota4 ,and accordingly1 in the above-cited verses1 the ,satyrs wrote the final syllable of the genitive case with only2 as being short to engrave3 so that we are in these lines to understand the final upsilon1 so as to make the whole word 4 ,and the ,dorians called sigma san2 for the musicians1 as ,aristoxenus often tells us1 used to avoid saying sigma whenever they could1 because it was a hard-sounding letter1 and unsuited to the flute2 but they were fond of using the letter rho1 because of the ease of pronouncing it4 ,and the horses which have the letter branded on them1 they call samphoras4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,clouds1 says-- ,neither you1 nor the carriage-horse1 nor samphoras4 ,and ,pindar says-- ,before long series of songs were heard1 ,and the ill-sounding san from out men's mouths4 ,and ,eubulus also1 in his ,neottis1 speaks of a lettered cup as being called by that identical name1 saying-- ,a4 ,above all things ,i hate a letter'd cup1 ,since he1 my son1 the time he went away1 ,had such a cup with him4 ,b4 ,there are many like it4 #ca4 ,there is a kind of cup also called gyala4 ,philetas1 in his ,miscellanies1 says that the ,megarians call their cups gyal4 ,and ,parthenius1 the pupil of ,dionysius1 in the first book of his ,discussions upon ,words found in the ,historians1 says--,the gyala is a kind of drinking-cup1 as ,marsyas the priest of ,hercules writes1 where he says1 ',whenever the king comes into the city1 a man meets him having a cup 77 full of wine2 and the king takes it1 and pours a libation from it4' ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 #cb4 ,there is another sort of cup called the deinus4 ,and that this is the name of a cup we are assured by ,dionysius of ,sinope1 in his ,female ,saviour1 where he gives a catalogue of the names of cups1 and mentions this among them1 speaking as follows-- ,and as for all the kinds of drinking-cups1 ,lady1 all fair to see1--dicotyli1 ,tricotyli besides1 the mighty deinus1 ,which holds an entire measure1 and the cymbion1 ,the scyphus and the rhytum2 on all these ,the old woman keeps her eyes1 and minds nought else4 ,and ,cleanthes the philosopher1 in his book on ,interpretation1 says1 that the cups called the ,thericlean1 and that called the ,deinias1 are both named from the original makers of them4 ,and ,seleucus1 saying that the deinus is a kind of cup1 quotes some lines of ,stratis1 from his ,medea-- ,dost know1 ,o ,creon1 what the upper part ,of your head doth resemble8 ,i can tell you3 ',tis like a deinus turned upside down4 ,and ,archedicus1 in his ,man in ,error1 introducing a servant speaking of some courtesans1 says-- ,a4 ,i lately introduced a hook-nosed woman1 ,her name ,nicostrata2 but surnamed also ,scotodeina1 since 7at least that is the story7 ,she stole a silver deinus in the dark4 ,b4 ,a terrible thing 771 by ,jove2 a terrible thing6 ,the deinus is also the name of a kind of dance1 as ,apollophanes tells us in his ,dalis1 where he says-- ,a strange thing 77 is this deinus and calathiscus4 ,and ,telesilla the ,argive calls a threshing-floor also 4 ,and the ,cyrenans give the same name to a foot-tub1 as ,philetas tells us in his ,attic ,miscellanies4 #cc4 ,there is also a kind of drinking-cup called 4 ,silenus and ,clitarchus1 in their ,dialects1 say that this is a name given to drinking-cups among the ,clitorians2 but ,antimachus the ,colophonian1 in the fifth book of his ,thebais1 says-- ,and carefully they all commands obey'd ,which wise ,adrastus laid on them4 ,they took ,a silver goblet1 and they pour'd therein ,water1 and honey pure1 compounding deftly2 ,and quickly then they all distributed ,the cups 77 among the princes of the ,greeks1 ,who there were feasting2 and from a golden jug ,they pour'd them wine for due libations4 ,and in another place he says-- ,let others bring the bowl of solid silver1 ,or golden cups 771 which in my halls are stored4 ,and immediately afterwards he says-- ,and golden cups 771 and a pure untouch'd vessel ,of honey sweet1 which will be best for him4 #cd4 ,there is also a kind of cup called 1 with finger-like handles2 and it is called so by ,ion1 in the ,agamemnon-- ,and you shall have a gift worth running for1 ,a finger-handled cup1 not touch'd by fire1 ,the mighty prize once given by ,pelias1 ,and by swift ,castor won4 ,but by this expression ,epigenes understands merely having two ears1 into which a person could put his fingers on each side4 ,others1 again1 explain it as meaning1 having figures like fingers engraved all round it2 or having small projections like the ,sidonian cups2--or1 again1 some interpret the word as meaning merely smooth4 ,but when he says1 untouched by fire1 that has the same meaning as ,homer's phrase-- 1 meaning a caldron fit for the reception of cold water1 or suitable for drinking cold drinks out of4 ,but by this expression some understand a horn2 and about the ,molossian district the oxen are said to have enormous horns2 and the way in which they are made into cups is explained by ,theopompus3 and it is very likely that ,pelias may have had cups made of these horns2 and ,iolcos is near the ,molossian district1 and it was at ,iolcos that these contests spoken of were exhibited by ,pelias4--,but1 says ,didymus1 in his ,explanation of the play here spoken of1 it is better to say that ,ion misunderstood ,homer's words1 where he says-- ,and for the fifth he gave a double bowl1 ,which fire had never touch'd2 for he fancied that this meant a drinking-cup1 while it was in reality a large flat vessel made of brass in the form of a caldron1 suitable to receive cold water4 ,and he has spoken of the dactylotus cup1 as if it were a goblet that had a hollow place all round the inside of it1 so as to be taken hold of inside by the fingers of the drinkers4 ,and some say that the cup which has never been touched by fire means a cup of horn2 for that that is not worked by the agency of fire4 ,and perhaps a man might call a a drinking-cup by a metaphorical use of the word4 ,but ,philemon1 in his treatise on ,attic ,nouns and ,attic ,dialects1 under the word says1 ,the dactylotus cup is the same as the two-headed cup into which a person can insert his fingers on both sides4 ,but some say that it is one which has figures in the shape of fingers carved all round it4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 #ce4 ,there is also the elephant2 and this was the name of a kind of cup1 as we are told by ,damoxenus1 in the ,man who laments himself-- ,a4 ,if that is not enough1 here is the boy ,bringing the elephant4 ,b4 ,in ,god's name tell me1 ,what beast is that8 ,a4 ',tis a mighty cup1 ,pregnant with double springs of rosy wine1 ,and able to contain three ample measures3 ,the work of ,alcon4 ,when ,i was at ,cypseli1 ,adus pledged me in this self-same cup4 ,and ,epinicus also mentions this cup1 in his ,supposititious ,damsels2 and ,i will quote his testimony when ,i come to speak of the rhytum4 #cf4 ,there is another kind of cup called the ,ephebus4 ,and ,philemon the ,athenian1 in his treatise on ,attic ,nouns and ,attic ,dialects1 says that this cup is also called the embasicoitas2 but ,stephanus the comic poet1 in his ,friend of the ,lacedmonians1 says-- ,sos4 ,the king then pledged him in a certain village4 ,b4 ,a wondrous thing4 ,what can you mean8 ,is this ,a kind of goblet8 ,sos4 ,no2 ,i mean a village ,near ,thyria4 ,b4 ,why1 my whole thoughts were borne ,off to the ,rhodian cups1 ,o ,sosia1 ,and to those heavy bowls they call ephebi4 #cg4 ,there are also some cups which are called 4 ,these1 says ,lynceus the ,samian1 were made by the ,rhodians in emulation of the ,thericlean goblets which were in use at ,athens4 ,but as the ,athenians1 on account of the great weight of metal employed in them1 only made this shape for the use of the richer classes1 the ,rhodians made theirs so light that they were able to put these ornaments within the reach even of the poor4 ,and ,epigenes mentions them1 in his ,heroine1 in these words-- ,a psycter1 and a cyathus1 and cymbia1 ,four rhyta1 and three hedypotides1 ,a silver strainer1 too4 ,and ,semus1 in the fifth book of his ,delias1 says that there is among the offerings at ,delos a golden hedypotis1 the gift of ,echenica1 a woman of the country1 whom he mentions also1 in his eighth book4 ,and ,cratinus the younger says1 using the diminutive form1-- ,and ,archephon had twelve 4 #ch4 ,there was another kind of cup called the ,herculeum4 ,pisander1 in the second book of his ,herculead1 says that the cup in which ,hercules sailed across the ocean belonged to the ,sun2 and that ,hercules received it from ,oceanus for that purpose4 ,but1 perhaps1 as the hero was fond of large cups1 the poets and historians jesting because of the great size of this one1 invented the fable of his having gone to sea in a cup4 ,but ,panyasis1 in the first book of his ,herculead1 says that ,hercules obtained the cup of the ,sun from ,nereus1 and sailed even to ,erythea in it4 ,and we have said before that ,hercules was one of the inordinate drinkers4 ,and that the sun was borne on towards his setting in a cup1 ,stesichorus tells us1 where he says-- ,and then the ,sun1 great ,hyperion's offspring1 ,embarked in his golden cup1 that he ,might cross the ocean's wide expanse1 and come ,to the deep foundations of immortal ,night2 ,to his fond mother1 and his virgin bride1 ,and his dear children4 ,and the son of ,jove ,came to the grove ,shaded with laurels and with bays4 ,and ,antimachus speaks thus-- ,and then the most illustrious ,erythea ,sent the ,sun forth in a convenient cup4 ,and schylus1 in his ,daughters of the ,sun1 says-- ,there in the west is found the golden cup1 ,great ,vulcan's work1 your father's property1 ,in which he's borne along his rapid course ,o'er the dark waters of the boundless sea4 ,when1 his work done1 he flies before dark ,night1 ,borne on her black-horsed chariot4 #ci4 ,and ,mimnermus1 in his ,nannus1 says that the ,sun when asleep is borne round to the east1 lying on a golden bed which was made for this express purpose by ,vulcan2 by which enigmatical statement hie indicates the hollow form of the cup2 and he speaks thus-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,for the ,sun labours every day1 nor ever ,do he or his fleet steeds know pleasing rest ,from that bright hour when the rosy ,morn1 ,leaving her ocean-bed1 mounts up to heaven4 ,for all across the sea1 a lovely bed ,of precious gold1 the work of ,vulcan's hands1 ,conveys the god2 passing on rapid wings ,along the water1 while he sleeps therein1 ,from the bright region of th' ,hesperides1 ,to th' ,ethiopian shore1 where his swift car ,and fiery horses wait within their stalls ,till bright ,aurora comes again and opes ,her rosy portals4 ,then ,hyperion's son ,ascends again his swift untiring car4 ,but ,theolytus1 in the second book of his ,annals1 says that the ,sun crosses the sea in a cup1 and that the first person who invented this statement was the author of the poem called the ,battle of the ,titans4 ,and ,pherecydes1 in the third book of his ,histories1 having previously spoken about the ocean1 adds--,but ,hercules drew his bow against him1 as if he meant to shoot him3 and the ,sun bade him desist1 and so he1 being afraid1 did desist4 ,and in return for his forbearance1 the ,sun gave him the golden cup in which he himself used to travel with his horses when he has set1 going all night across the ocean to the east1 where he again rises4 ,and so then ,hercules went in this cup to ,erythea4 ,and when he was at sea1 ,oceanus1 to tempt him1 appeared to him in visible form1 tossing his cup about in the waves2 and he then was on the point of shooting ,oceanus2 but ,oceanus being frightened desired him to forbear4 #dj4 ,there is also a cup of the name of ethanion4 ,hellanicus1 in his account of the ,history and ,manners of the ,egyptians1 writes thus--,in the houses of the ,egyptians are found a brazen 1 and a brazen 1 and a brazen 4 ,there is another kind called hemitomus2 a sort of cup in use among the ,athenians1 so called from its shape2 and it is mentioned by ,pamphilus1 in his ,dialects4 #da4 ,then there is the cup called the thericlean cup2 this kind is depressed at the sides1 sufficiently deep1 having short ears1 as being of the class of cup called 4#fa ,and1 perhaps1 it is out of a thericlean cup that ,alexis1 in his ,hesione1 represents ,hercules to be drinking1 when he speaks thus-- ,and when he had1 though scarcely1 come t' himself1 ,he begg'd a cup of wine 771 and when he'd got it1 ,he drank down frequent draughts1 and drain'd it well2 ,and1 as the proverb says1 the man sometimes ,is quite a bladder1 and sometimes a sack4 ,and that the thericlean cup belongs to the class is plainly stated by ,theophrastus1 in his ,history of ,plants4 ,for speaking of the turpentine-tree1 be says--,and thericlean cups 7 7 are turned of this wood1 in such a manner that no one can distinguish them from earthenware ones4 ,and ,thericles the ,corinthian is said to have been the first maker of this kind of cup1 and he was a potter originally1 and it is after him that they have their name2 and he lived about the same time as ,aristophanes the comic poet4 ,and ,theopompus speaks of this cup1 in his ,nemea1 where he says-- ,a4 ,come hither you1 you faithful child of ,thericles1 ,you noble shape1 and what name shall we give you ,are you a looking-glass of nature8 ,if ,you were but full1 then ,i could wish for nothing ,beyond your presence4 ,come then-- ,b4 ,how ,i hate you1 ,you old ,theolyta4 ,a4 ,old dost thou call me1 friend8 ,b4 ,what can ,i call you else8 but hither come1 ,let me embrace you2 come to your fellow-servant3 ,is it not so8 ,a4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 you try me4 ,b4 ,see here ,i pledge you in fair friendship's cup4 ,a4 ,and when you've drunk your fill1 then hand the cup ,over to me the first4 ,but ,cleanthes1 in his treatise on ,interpretation1 says--,and as for all these inventions1 and whatever others there are of the same kind1 such as the thericlean cup1 the deinias1 the iphicratis1 it is quite plain that these1 by their very names1 indicate their inventors4 ,and the same appears to be the case even now4 ,and if they fail to do so1 the name must have changed its meaning a little4 ,but1 as has been said before1 one cannot in every case trust to a name4 ,but others state that the thericlean cup has its name from the skins of wild beasts 77 being carved on it4 ,and ,pamphilus of ,alexandria says that it is so called from the fact of ,bacchus disturbing the beasts 7 7 by pouring libations out of these cups over them4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 #db4 ,and ,antiphanes mentions this kind of cup1 in his ,similitudes1 saying-- ,and when they had done supper1 7for ,i wish ,to put all things that happen'd in the interval ,together17 then the thericlean cup ,of ,jove the ,saviour was introduced1 ,full of the luscious drops which o'er the sea ,came from the isle of the delicious drinks1 ,the sea-girt ,lesbos1 full1 and foaming up1 ,and each one in his right hand gladly seized it4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,dolon1 says-- ,i never drain'd a cup more carefully1 ,for ,i did make the earthen cask more clean ,than ,thericles did make his well-turn'd cups ,e'en in his youth4 ,and1 in his ,dice-players1 he says-- ,and then they drain'd the valiant cup yclept ,the thericlean2 foaming o'er the brim1 ,with ,lacedmonian lip1 loud sounding ,as if 'twere full of pebbles1 dark in colour1 ,a beauteous circle1 with a narrow bottom1 ,sparkling and brilliant1 beautifully wash'd1 ,all crown'd with ivy2 and the while they call'd ,on the great name of ,jove the ,saviour4 ,and ,ararus1 or ,eubulus1 whichever it was who was the author of the ,campylion1 says-- ,o potter's earth1 you whom great ,thericles ,once fashion'd1 widening out the circling depth ,of your large hollow sides2 right well must you ,have known the natures and the hearts of women1 ,that they are not well pleased with scanty cups4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,horseman1 says-- ,there is1 besides1 a thericlean cup1 ,having a golden wreath of ivy round it1 ,carved on it1 not appended4 ,and in his ,little ,horse he says-- ,he drank a thericlean cup of unmix'd wine1 ,right full1 and foaming o'er the brim4 #dc4 ,but ,timus1 in the twenty-eighth book of his ,history1 calls the cup thericlea1 writing thus3--,there was a man of the name of ,polyxenus who was appointed one of the ambassadors from ,tauromenium1 and he returned having received several other presents from ,nicodemus1 and also a cup of the kind called thericlea4 ,and ,adus1 in his treatise on ,descriptions1 considers that the thericleum and the carchesium are the same4 ,but that they are different is plainly shown by ,callixenus1 who1 in his ,account of ,alexandria and its customs1 says--,and some people marched in the procession1 bearing thericlea 7and he uses the masculine form 71 and others bearing carchesia4 ,and what kind of cup the carchesium was1 shall be explained in due time4 ,there is also another kind called the thericlean bowl 7 71 which is mentioned by ,alexis1 in his ,cycnus-- ,and in the midst a thericlean bowl ,resplendent stood2 full of old clear white wine1 ,and foaming to the brim4 ,i took it empty1 ,and wiped it round1 and made it shine1 and placed it ,firm on its base1 and crown'd it round with branches ,of ,bacchus' favourite ivy4 ,menander also has used the form as feminine1 in his ,fanatic ,woman1 when he says-- ,and being moderately drunk1 he took nd drain'd the thericleum 7 74 ,and in his ,begging ,priest he says-- ,drinking a thericleum of three pints4 ,and ,dioxippus1 in his ,miser1 says-- ,a4 ,i want now the large thericlean cup 7 74 ,b4 ,i know it well4 ,a4 ,likewise the ,rhodian cups2 ,for when ,i've pour'd the liquor into them1 ,i always seem to drink it with most pleasure4 ,and ,polemo1 in the first book of his treatise on the ,acropolis at ,athens1 has used the word in the neuter gender1 saying-- ,neoptolemus offered up some golden thericlean cups 7 7 wrought on foundations of wood4 #dd4 ,and ,apollodorus of ,gela1 in his ,philadelphia or the ,man who killed himself by ,starvation1 says-- ,then there were robes of fine embroidery1 ,and silver plate1 and very skilful chasers ,who ornament the thericlean cups1 ,and many other noble bowls besides4 ,and ,aristophon1 in his ,philonides1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,therefore my master very lately took ,the well-turn'd orb of a thericlean cup1 ,full foaming to the brim with luscious wine1 ,mix'd half-and-half1 a most luxurious draught1 ,and gave it me as a reward for virtue2 ,i think because of my tried honesty2 ,and then1 by steeping me completely in it1 ,he set me free4 ,and ,theophilus1 in his ,boeotia1 says-- ,he mixes beautifully a large cup ,of earthenware1 of thericlean fashion1 ,holding four pints1 and foaming o'er the brim2 ,not ,autocles himself1 by earth ,i swear1 ,could in his hand more gracefully have borne it4 ,and1 in his ,proetides1 he says-- ,and bring a thericlean cup1 which holds ,more than four pints1 and 's sacred to good fortune4 ,there is also a cup called the ,isthmian cup3 and ,pamphilus1 in his treatise on ,names1 says that this is a name given to a certain kind of cup by the inhabitants of ,cyprus4 #de4 ,there is also a kind of vessel called cadus2 which ,simmias states to be a kind of cup1 quoting this verse of ,anacreon-- ,i breakfasted on one small piece of cheesecake1 ,and drank a cadus full of wine4 ,and ,epigenes1 in his ,little ,monument1 says-- ,a4 ,craters1 and cadi1 olkia1 and crunea4 ,b4 ,are these crunea8 ,a4 ,to be sure these are1 ,luteria1 too4 ,but why need ,i name each8 ,for you yourself shall see them4 ,b4 ,do you say ,that the great monarch's son1 ,pixodarus1 ,has come to this our land8 ,and ,hedylus1 in his ,epigrams1 says-- ,let us then drink2 perhaps among our cups ,we may on some new wise and merry plan ,with all good fortune light4 ,come1 soak me well ,in cups 77 of ,chian wine1 and say to me1 ,come1 sport and drink1 good ,hedylus2 ,i hate ,to live an empty life1 debarr'd from wine4 ,and in another place he says-- ,from morn till night1 and then from night till morn1 ,the thirsty ,pasisocles sits and drinks1 ,in monstrous goblets 771 holding quite four quarts1 ,and then departs whatever way he pleases4 ,but midst his cups he sports more mirthfully1 ,and is much stronger than ,sicelides4 ,how his wit sparkles6 ,follow his example1 ,and ever as you write1 my friend1 drink too4 ,but ,clitarchus1 in his treatise on ,dialects1 says that the ,ionians call an earthenware cask 4 ,and ,herodotus1 in his third book1 speaks of a cask 77 of palm wine4 #df4 ,there is also the 4 ,philemon1 in his treatise before mentioned1 says that this too is a species of cup4 ,and it is a vessel in which they place the ,ctesian ,jupiters1 as ,anticlides says1 in his ,book on ,omens1 where he writes1--,the statuettes of ,jupiter ,ctesius ought to be erected in this manner4 ,one ought to place a new cadiscus with two ears 4 4 4 4 --and crown the ears with white wool2 and on the right shoulder1 and on the forehead 4 4 4 4 and put on it what you find there1 and pour ambrosia over it4 ,but ambrosia is compounded of pure water1 and oil1 and all kinds of fruits2 and these you must pour over4 ,stratis the comic poet also mentions the cadiscus1 in his ,lemnomeda1 where he says-- ,the wine of ,mercury1 which some draw forth ,from a large jug1 and some from a cadiscus1 ,mix'd with pure water1 half-and-half4 #dg4 ,there is also the cantharus4 ,now1 that this is the name of a kind of boat is well known4 ,and that there is a kind of cup also called by this name we find from ,ameipsias1 in his ,men ,playing at the ,cottabus1 or ,madness1 where he says-- ,bring here the vinegar cruets1 and canthari4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,creation 7the sentence refers to some one drinking in a wine-shop71 says-- ,and then ,i saw ,hermaiscus turning over ,one of these mighty canthari1 and near him ,there lay a blanket1 and his well-fill'd wallet4 ,and ,eubulus1 who often mentions this cup by name1 in his ,pamphilus1 says-- ,but ,i 7for opposite the house there was ,a wine-shop recently establish'd7 ,there watch'd the damsel's nurse2 and bade the vintner ,mix me a measure of wine worth an obol1 ,and set before me a full-sized cantharus4 ,and in another place he says-- ,how dry and empty is this cantharus6 ,and again1 in another place-- ,soon as she took it1 she did drink it up1-- ,how much d'ye think8 a most enormous draught2 ,and drain'd the cantharus completely dry4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and ,xenarchus1 in his ,priapus1 says this-- ,pour1 boy1 no longer in the silver tankard1 ,but let us have again recourse to the deep4 ,pour1 boy1 ,i bid you1 in the cantharus1 ,pour quick1 by ,jove1 aye1 by the ,cantharus1#fb pour4 ,and ,epigenes1 in his ,heroine1 says-- ,but now they do no longer canthari make1 ,at least not large ones2 but small shallow cups ,are come in fashion1 and they call them neater1 ,as if they drank the cups1 and not the wine4 #dh4 ,and ,sosicrates1 in his ,philadelphi1 says-- ,a gentle breeze mocking the curling waves1 ,sciron's fair daughter1 gently on its course ,brought with a noiseless foot the cantharus2 where cantharus evidently means a boat4 ,and ,phrynichus1 in his ,revellers1 says-- ,and then ,chrestratus1 in his own abode1 ,working with modest zeal1 did weep each day ,a hundred canthari well fill'd with wine4 ,and ,nicostratus1 in his ,calumniator1 says-- ,a4 ,is it a ship of twenty banks of oars1 ,or a swan1 or a cantharus8 ,for when ,i have learnt that1 ,i then shall be prepared ,myself t' encounter everything4 ,b4 ,it is ,a cycnocantharus1 an animal ,compounded carefully of each4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,captain of a ,ship1 says-- ,a4 ,leaving the salt depths of the gean sea1 ,theophilus has come to us1 ,o ,strato4 ,how seasonably now do ,i say your son ,is in a prosperous and good condition1 ,and so's that golden cantharus4 ,b4 ,what cantharus8 ,a4 ,your vessel4 ,and a few lines afterwards he says-- ,b4 ,you say my ship is safe8 ,a4 ,indeed ,i do1 ,that gallant ship which ,callicles did build1 ,and which the ,thurian ,euphranor steer'd4 ,and ,polemo1 in his treatise on ,painters1 addressed to ,antigonus1 says--,at ,athens1 at the marriage of ,pirithous1 ,hippeus made a wine jug and goblet of stone1 inlaying its edges with gold4 ,and he provided also couches of pinewood placed on the ground1 adorned with coverlets of every sort1 and for drinking-cups there were canthari made of earthenware4 ,and moreover1 the lamp which was suspended from the roof1 had a number of lights all kept distinct from one another4 ,and that this kind of cup got its name originally from ,cantharus a potter1 who invented it1 ,philetrus tells us in his ,achilles-- ,peleus8--but ,peleus#fc is a potter's name1 ,the name of some dry wither'd lamp-maker1 ,known too as ,cantharus1 exceeding poor1 ,far other than a king1 by ,jove4 ,and that cantharus is also the name of a piece of female ornament1 we may gather from ,antiphanes in his ,boeotia4 #di4 ,there is also a kind of cup called carchesium4 ,callixenus the ,rhodian1 in his ,history of the ,affairs and ,customs of ,alexandria1 says that it is a cup of an oblong shape1 slightly contracted in the middle1 having ears which reach down to the bottom4 ,and indeed1 the carchesium is a tolerably oblong cup1 and perhaps it has its name from its being stretched upwards4 ,but the carchesium is an extremely old description of cup2 if at least it is true that ,jupiter1 when he had gained the affections of ,alcmena1 gave her one as a love gift1 as ,pherecydes relates in his second book1 and ,herodorus of ,heraclea tells the same story4 ,but ,asclepiades the ,myrlean says that this cup derives its name from some one of the parts of the equipment of a ship4 ,for the lower part of the mast is called the pterna1 which goes down into the socket2 and the middle of the mast is called the neck2 and towards the upper part it is called carchesium4 ,and the carchesium has yards running out on each side1 and in it there is placed what is called the breastplate1 being four-cornered on all sides1 except just at the bottom and at the top4 ,both of which extend a little outwards in a straight line4 ,and above the breastplate is a part which is called the distaff1 running up to a great height1 and being sharp-pointed4 ,and ,sappho also speaks of the carchesia1 where she says-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and they all had well-fill'd carchesia1 ,and out of them they pour'd libations1 wishing ,all manner of good fortune to the bridegroom4 ,and ,sophocles1 in his ,tyro1 says-- ,and they were at the table in the middle1 ,between the dishes and carchesia2 saying that the dragons came up to the table1 and took up a position between the meats and the carchesia1 or cups of wine4 ,for it was the fashion among the ancients to place upon the table goblets containing mixed wine2 as ,homer also represents the tables in his time4 ,and the carchesium was named so from having on it rough masses like millet 771 and the is by enallage instead of 1 for 4 ,on which account ,homer calls those who are overcome by thirst 4 ,and ,charon of ,lampsacus1 in his ,annals1 says that among the ,lacedmonians there is still shown the very same cup which was given by ,jupiter to ,alcmena1 when he took upon himself the likeness of ,amphitryon4 ,there is another kind of cup called calpium1 a sort of ,erythran goblet1 as ,pamphilus says2 and ,i imagine it is the same as the one called scaphium4 #ej4 ,there is another kind of cup called celebe4 ,and this description of drinking-cup is mentioned by ,anacreon1 where he says-- ,come1 ,o boy1 and bring me now ,a celebe1 that ,i may drink ,a long deep draught1 and draw no breath4 ,it will ten measures of water hold1 ,and five of mighty ,chian wine4 ,but it is uncertain what description of cup it is1 or whether every cup is not called celebe1 because one pours libations into it 7 71or from one's pouring libations 774 ,and the verb is applied habitually to every sort of liquid1 from which also the word is derived4 ,but ,silenus and ,clitarchus say that celebe is a name given to drinking-cups by the olians4 ,but ,pamphilus says that the celebe is the same cup which is also called thermopotis1 a cup to drink warm water from4 ,and ,nicander the ,colophonian1 in his ,dialects1 says that the celebe is a vessel used by the shepherds in which they preserve honey4 ,for ,antimachus the ,colophonian1 in the fifth book of his ,thebais1 says-- ,he bade the heralds bear to them a bladder ,fill'd with dark wine1 and the most choice of all1 ,the celebea in his house which lay1 ,fill'd with pure honey4 ,and in a subsequent passage he says-- ,but taking up a mighty celebeum ,in both his hands1 well fill'd with richest honey1 ,which in great store he had most excellent4 ,and again he says-- ,and golden cups of wine1 and then besides1 ,a celebeum yet untouch'd by man1 ,full of pure honey1 his most choice of treasures4 ,and in this passage he very evidently speaks of the celebeum as some kind of vessel distinct from a drinking-cup1 since he has already mentioned drinking-cups under the title of 4 ,and ,theocritus the ,syracusan1 in his ,female ,witches1 says-- ,and crown this celebeum with the wool1 ,well dyed in scarlet1 of the fleecy sheep4 ,and ,euphorion says-- ,or whether you from any other stream ,have fill'd your celebe with limpid water4 ,and ,anacreon says-- ,and the attendant pour'd forth luscious wine1 ,holding a celebe of goodly size4 ,but ,dionysius1 surnamed the ,slender1 explaining the poem of ,theodoridas1 which is addressed to ,love1 says that celebe is a name given to a kind of upstanding cup1 something like the prusias and the thericleum4 #ea4 ,there is also the horn4 ,it is said that the first men drank out of the horns of oxen2 from which circumstance ,bacchus often figured with horns on his head1 and is moreover called a bull by many of the poets4 ,and at ,cyzicus there is a statue of him with a bull's head4 ,but that men drank out of horns 77 is plain from the fact that to this very day1 when men mix water with wine1 they say that they 7mix it74 ,and the vessel in which the wine is mixed is called 1 from the fact of the water being mingled 77 in it1 as if the word were 1 from the drink being poured 7into the horn72 and even to this day the fashion of making horns into cups continues3 but some people call these cups rhyta4 ,and many of the poets represent the ancients as drinking out of horns4 ,pindar1 speaking of the ,centaurs1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,horns4 ,after those monsters fierce ,learnt the invincible strength of luscious wine2 ,then with a sudden fury1 ,with mighty hands they threw the snow-white milk ,down from the board1 ,and of their own accord ,drank away their senses in the silver-mounted horns4 ,and ,xenophon1 in the seventh book of his ,anabasis1 giving an account of the banquet which was given by the ,thracian ,seuthes1 writes thus3 ,but when ,xenophon1 with his companions1 arrived at ,seuthes's palace1 first of all they embraced one another1 and then1 according to the ,thracian fashion1 they were presented with horns of wine4 ,and in his sixth book he says1 when he is speaking of the ,paphlagonians1 ,and they supped lying on couches made of leaves1 and they drank out of cups made of horn4 ,and schylus1 in his ,perrhbi1 represents the ,perrhbi as using horns for cups1 in the following lines3-- ,with silver-mounted horns1 ,fitted with mouthpieces of rich-wrought gold4 ,and ,sophocles1 in his ,pandora1 says-- ,and when a man has drain'd the golden cup1 ,she1 pressing it beneath her tender arm1 ,returns it to him full4 ,and ,hermippus1 in his ,fates1 says-- ,do you now know the thing you ought to do8 ,give not that cup to me2 but from this horn ,give me but once more now to drink a draught4 ,and ,lycurgus the orator1 in his ,oration against ,demades1 says that ,philip the king pledged those men whom he loved in a horn4 ,and ,theopompus1 in the second book of his history of the ,affairs and ,actions of ,philip1 says that the kings of the ,ponians1 as the oxen in their countries have enormous horns1 so large as to contain three or four choes of wine1 make drinking-cups of them1 covering over the brims with silver or with gold4 ,and ,philoxenus of ,cythera1 in his poem entitled ,the ,supper1 says-- ,he then the sacred drink of nectar quaff'd ,from the gold-mounted brims of th' ample horns1 ,and then they all did drink awhile4 ,and the ,athenians made also silver goblets in the shape of horns1 and drank out of them4 ,and one may ascertain that by seeing the articles mentioned in writing among the list of confiscated goods on the pillar which lies in the ,acropolis1 which contains the sacred offerings--,there is also a silver horn drinking-cup1 very solid4 #eb4 ,there is also the cernus4 ,this is a vessel made of earthenware1 having many little cup-like figures fastened to it1 in which are white poppies1 wheat-ears1 grains of barley1 peas1 pulse1 vetches1 and lentils4 ,and he who carries it1 like the man who carries the mystic fan1 eats of these things1 as ,ammonius relates in the third book of his treatise on ,altars and ,sacrifices4 #ec4 ,there is also the cup called the cissybium4 ,this is a cup with but one handle1 as ,philemon says4 ,and ,neoptolemus the ,parian1 in the third book of his ,dialects1 says that this word is used by ,euripides in the ,andromache1 to signify a cup made of 77-- ,and all the crowd of shepherds flock'd together1 ,one hearing a huge ivy bowl of milk1 ,refreshing medicine of weary toil2 ,another brought the juice o' the purple vine4 ,for1 says he1 the cissybium is mentioned in a rustic assembly1 where it is most natural that the cups should be made of wood4 ,but ,clitarchus says that the olians called the cup which is elsewhere called scyphus1 cissybium4 ,and ,marsyas says that it is a wooden cup1 the same as the 4 ,but ,eumolpus says that it is a species of cup which perhaps 7says he7 was originally made of the wood of the ivy4 ,but ,nicander the ,colophonian1 in the first book of his ,history of tolia1 writes thus3--,in the sacred festival of ,jupiter ,didymus they pour libations from leaves of ivy 771 from which circumstance the ancient cups are called cissybia4 ,homer says-- ,holding a cup 77 of dark rich-colour'd wine4 ,and ,asclepiades the ,myrlean1 in his essay on the cup called ,nestoris1 says1 ,no one of the men in the city or of the men of moderate fortune used to use the or the 1 but only the swineherds and the shepherds1 and the men in the fields4 ,polyphemus used the cissybium1 and ,eumus the other kind4 ,but ,callimachus seems to make a blunder in the use of these names1 speaking of an intimate friend of his who was entertained with him at a banquet by ,pollis the ,athenian1 for he says-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,for he abhorr'd to drink at one long draught ,th' amystis loved in ,thrace1 not drawing breath3 ,and soberly preferr'd a small cissybium3 ,and when for the third time the cup 77 went round1 ,i thus address'd him 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,for1 as he here calls the same cup both and 1 he does not preserve the accurate distinction between the names4 ,and any one may conjecture that the was originally made by the shepherds out of the wood of the ivy 774 ,but some derive it from the verb 1 used in the same sense as 1 to contain2 as it occurs in the following line3-- ,this threshold shall contain 77 them both4 ,and the hole of the serpent is also called 1 as containing the animal2 and they also give the name of 1 that is1 1 to the box which holds the dice4 ,and ,dionysius of ,samos1 in his treatise on the ,cyclic ,poets1 calls the cup which ,homer calls 1 1 writing thus--,and ,ulysses1 when he saw him acting thus1 having filled a with wine1 gave it to him to drink4 #ed4 ,there is also the ciborium4 ,hegesander the ,delphian says that ,euphorion the poet1 when supping with the ,prytanis1 when the ,prytanis exhibited to him some ciboria1 which appeared to be made in a most exquisite and costly manner1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,and when the cup had gone round pretty often1 he1 having drunk very hard and being intoxicated1 took one of the ciboria and defiled it4 ,and ,didymus says that it is a kind of drinking-cup2 and perhaps it may be the same as that which is called scyphium1 which derives its name from being contracted to a narrow space at the bottom1 like the ,egyptian ciboria4 #ee4 ,there is also the condu1 an ,asiatic cup4 ,menander1 in his play entitled the ,flatterer1 says-- ,then1 too1 there is in ,cappadocia1 ,o ,struthion1 a noble golden cup1 ,call'd condu1 holding ten full cotyl4 ,and ,hipparchus says1 in his ,men ,saved1-- ,a4 ,why do you so attend to this one soldier8 ,he has no silver anywhere1 ,i know well2 ,but at the most one small embroider'd carpet1 7,and that is quite enough for him17 on which ,some ,persian figures and preposterous shapes ,of ,persian griffins1 and such beasts1 are work'd4 ,b4 ,away with you1 you wretch4 ,a4 ,and then he has ,a condu1 a wine-cooler1 and a cymbium4 ,and ,nicomachus1 in the first book of his treatise on the ,egyptian ,festivals1 says--,but the condu is a ,persian cup2 and it was first introduced by ,hermippus the astrologer4#fd 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 on which account libations are poured out of it4 ,but ,pancrates1 in the first book of his ,conchoreis1 says-- ,but he first pour'd libations to the gods ,from a large silver condu2 then he rose1 ,and straight departed by another road4 ,there is also the cononius4 ,ister1 the pupil of ,callimachus1 in the first book of his ,history of ,ptolemais1 the city in ,egypt1 writes thus3--,a pair of cups1 called cononii1 and a pair of thericlean cups with golden covers4 #ef4 ,there is also the cotylus4 ,the cotylus is a cup with one handle1 which is also mentioned by ,alcus4 ,but ,diodorus1 in his book addressed to ,lycophoron1 says that this cup is greatly used by the ,sicyonians and ,tarentines1 and that it is like a deep luterium1 and sometimes it has an ear4 ,and ,ion the ,chian also mentions it1 speaking of a cotylus full of wine4 ,and ,hermippus1 in his ,gods1 says-- ,he brought a cotylus first1 a pledge for his neighbours4 ,and ,plato1 in his ,jupiter ,afflicted1 says-- ,he brings a cotylus4 ,aristophanes also1 in his ,babylonians1 mentions the cotylus2 and ,eubulus1 in his ,ulysses1 or the ,panopt1 says-- ,and then the priest utt'ring well-omen'd prayers1 ,stood in the midst1 and in a gorgeous dress1 ,pour'd a libation from the cotylus4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and ,pamphilus says that it is a kind of cup1 and peculiar to ,bacchus4 ,but ,polemo1 in his treatise on the ,fleece of the ,sheep sacrificed to ,jupiter1 says--,and after this he celebrates a sacrifice1 and takes the sacred fleece out of its shrine1 and distributes it among all those who have borne the cernus in the procession3 and this is a vessel made of earthenware1 having a number of little cups glued to it2 and in these little cups there is put sage1 and white poppies1 and ears of wheat1 and grains of barley1 and peas1 and pulse1 and rye1 and lentils1 and beans1 and vetches1 and bruised figs1 and chaff1 and oil1 and honey1 and milk1 and wine1 and pieces of unwashed sheep's-wool4 ,and he who has carried this cernus eats of all these things1 like the man who has carried the mystic fan4 #eg4 ,there is also the cotyle4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,cocalus1 says-- ,and other women1 more advanced in age1 ,into their stomachs pour'd1 without restraint1 ,from good-sized cotyl1 dark ,thasian wine1 ,the whole contents of a large earthen jar1 ,urged by their mighty love for the dark wine4 ,and ,silenus1 and ,clitarchus1 and also ,zenodotus1 say that it is a kind of 1 and say-- ,and all around the corpse the black blood flow'd1 ,as if pour'd out from some full cotyle4 ,and again-- ,there is many a slip ',twixt the cup 77 and the lip4 ,and ,simaristus says that it is a very small-sized cup which is called by this name2 and ,diodorus says that the poet has here called the cup by the name of cotyle1 which is by others called cotylus1 as where we find-- 7bread7 2 and that it is not of the class 1 for that it has no handles1 but that it is very like a deep luterium1 and a kind of drinking cup 772 and that it is the same as that which by the tolians1 and by some tribes of the ,ionians1 is called cotylus1 which is like those which have been already described1 except that it has only one ear3 and ,crates mentions it in his ,sports1 and ,hermippus in his ,gods4 ,but the ,athenians give the name of to a certain measure4 ,thucydides says--,they gave to each of them provisions for eight months1 at the rate of a cotyla of water and two cotyl of corn a-day4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,proagon1 says-- ,and having bought three chnixes of meal1 ,all but one cotyla1 he accounts for twenty4 ,but ,apollodorus says that it is a kind of cup1 deep and hollow2 and he says--,the ancients used to call everything that was hollow 1 as1 for instance1 the hollow of the hand2 on which account we find the expression meaning1 blood in such quantities that it could be taken up in the hand4 ,and there was a game called 1 in which those who are defeated make their hands hollow1 and then take hold of the knees of those who have won the game and carry them4 ,and ,diodorus1 in his ,italian ,dialects1 and ,heraclitus 7as ,pamphilus says71 relate that the cotyla is also called hemina1 quoting the following passage of ,epicharmus3-- ,and then to drink a double measure1 ,two hemin of tepid water full4 ,and ,sophron says-- ,turn up the hemina1 ,o boy4 ,but ,pherecrates calls it a cotylisca1 in his ,corianno1 saying-- ,the cotylisca8 ,by no means4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,acharnians1 uses a still more diminutive form1 and says-- ,a cotyliscium 77 with a broken lip4 ,and even the hollow of the hip is called 2 and the excrescences on the feelers of the polypus are1 by a slight extension of the word1 called 4 ,and schylus1 in his ,edonians1 has called cymbals also 1 saying-- ,and he makes music with his brazen 4 ,but ,marsyas says that the bone of the hip is also called and 4 ,and the sacred bowl of ,bacchus is called 2 and so are those goblets which the initiated use for their libations2 as ,nicander of ,thyatira says1 adducing the following passage from the ,clouds of ,aristophanes3-- ,nor will ,i crown the cotyliscus4 ,and ,simmias interprets the word by 4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 #eh4 ,there is also the cottabis4 ,harmodius of ,lepreum1 in his treatise on the ,laws and ,customs of ,phigalea1 going through the entertainments peculiar to different countries1 writes as follows3--,when they have performed all these purificatory ceremonies1 a small draught is offered to each person to drink in a cottabis of earthenware2 and he who offers it says1 ',may you sup well4' ,but ,hegesander the ,delphian1 in his ,commentaries 7the beginning of which is ,in the best ,form of ,government71 says--,that which is called the cottabus has been introduced into entertainments1 the ,sicilians 7as ,dicarchus relates7 having been the first people to introduce it4 ,and such great fondness was exhibited for this amusement1 that men even introduced into entertainments contests1 which were called cottabian games2 and then cups of the form which appeared to be most suitable for such an exercise were made1 called cottabides4 ,and besides all this1 rooms were built of a round figure1 in order that all1 the cottabus being placed in the middle1 might contest the victory1 all being at an equal distance1 and in similar situations4 ,for they vied with one another1 not only in throwing their liquor at the mark1 but also in doing everything with elegance2 for a man was bound to lean on his left elbow1 and1 making a circuit with his right hand1 to throw his drops 7 7 over gently-- for that was the name which they gave to the liquor which fell from the cup3 so that some prided themselves more on playing elegantly at the cottabus than others did on their skill with the javelin4 #ei4 ,there is also the cratanium4 ,but perhaps this is the same cup1 under an ancient name1 as that which is now called the craneum3 accordingly1 ,polemo 7or whoever it is who wrote the treatise on the ,manners and ,customs of the ,greeks71 speaking of the temple of the ,metapontines which is at ,olympia1 writes as follows3--,the temple of the ,metapontines1 in which there are a hundred and thirty-two silver phial1 and two silver wine-jars1 and a silver apothystanium1 and three gilt phial4 ,the temple of the ,byzantians1 in which there is a figure of ,triton1 made of cypress-wood1 holding a silver cratanium1 a silver siren1 two silver carchesia1 a silver culix1 a golden wine-jar1 and two horns4 ,but in the old temple of ,juno1 there are thirty silver phial1 two silver cratania1 a silver dish1 a golden apothystanium1 a golden crater 7the offering of the ,cyrenans71 and a silver batiacium4 ,there is also the crounea4 ,epigenes1 in his ,monument1 says-- ,a4 ,crateres1 cadi1 holcia1 crounea1 ,b4 ,are these crounea8 ,a4 ,yes1 indeed these are4 ,there is the cyathis also4 ,this is a vessel with a great resemblance to the cotyla4 ,sophron1 in his play entitled the ,buffoon1 represents the women who profess to exhibit the goddess as present1 as saying-- ,three sovereign antidotes for poison ,are buried in a single cyathis4 #fj4 ,then there is the 4 ,pherecrates1 in his ,slave-,tutor1 says-- ,now wash the out2 ,i'll give you then ,some wine to drink3 put o'er the cup a strainer1 ,and then pour in some wine4 ,but the is a drinking-cup made of earthenware1 and it is so called from being made circular 7 7 by the potter's wheel2 from which also the 1 the place in which the cups are stored up1 gets its name1 even when the cups put away in it are made of silver4 ,there is also the verb 1 derived from the same source1 when any one makes an harangue over his cups ,but the ,athenians also call a medicine chest 1 because it is made round in a turning-lathe4 ,and the 1 both at ,argos and at ,athens1 were in great repute2 and ,pindar mentions the ,attic in the following lines-- ,o ,thrasybulus1 now ,i send ,this pair of pleasantly-meant odes ,as an after-supper entertainment for you4 ,may it1 ,i pray1 be pleasing ,to all the guests1 and may it be a spur ,to draw on cups of wine1 ,and richly-fill'd ,athenian 4 #fa4 ,but the ,argive appear to have been of a different shape from the ,athenian ones4 ,at all events1 they tapered towards a point at the brims1 as ,simonides of ,amorgos says-- ,but this is taper-brimm'd 771 that is to say1 drawn up to a point towards the top2 such as those which are called 4 ,for they use the word in this sense1 as ,homer does when speaking of ,thersites-- ,his head was sharp at top4 ,and the word is equivalent to 1--it being perceived to be sharp 77 in the part where the eyes 7 7 are4 ,and very exquisitely wrought are made at ,naucratis1 the native place of our companion ,athenus4 ,for some are in the form of phial1 not made in a lathe1 but formed by hand1 and having four handles1 and being widened considerably towards the bottom3 7and there are a great many potters at ,naucratis1 from whom the gate nearest to the potteries 77 is called the ,ceramic gate37 and they are dyed in such a manner as to appear like silver4 ,the ,chian also are highly extolled1 which ,hermippus mentions in his ,soldiers-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and a ,chian hung on a peg aloft4 ,but ,glaucon1 in his ,dialects1 says that the inhabitants of ,cyprus call the cotyle culix4 ,and ,hipponax1 in his ,synonymes1 writes thus--,the aleisum1 the poterium1 the cupellum1 the amphotis1 the scyphus1 the culix1 the cothon1 the carchesium1 the phiale4 ,alcmon1 instead of 1 has lengthened the word1 and written 1 in these lines-- ,but it is best to bring1 as soon as possible1 ,dark wine1 and one large common bowl for all1 ,and some besides ,and ,alcus says-- ,let us at once sit down and drink our wine1 ,why do we wait for lights8 ,our day is but ,a finger's span4 ,bring forth large goblets 77 now ,of various sorts4 ,for the kind liberal son ,of ,jove and ,semele gave rosy wine1 ,which bids us all forget our griefs and cares2 ,so pour it forth1 and mix in due proportion4 ,and in his tenth ,ode he says-- ,drops of wine 77 fly from ,teian culichn1 showing1 by this expression1 that the of ,teos were exceedingly beautiful4 #fb4 ,pherecrates also says1 in his ,corianno-- ,a4 ,for ,i am coming almost boil'd away ,from the hot bath2 my throat is parch'd and dry2 ,give me some wine4 ,i vow my mouth and all ,my jaws are sticky with the heat4 ,b4 ,shall ,i ,then take the 1 ,o damsel1 now8 ,a4 ,by no means1 'tis so small2 and all my bile ,has been stirr'd up since ,i did drink from it1 ,not long ago1 some medicine4 ,take this cup ,of mine1 'tis larger1 and fill that for me4 ,and that the women were in the habit of using large cups1 ,pherecrates himself expressly tells us in his ,tyranny1 where he says-- ,and then they bade the potter to prepare ,some goblets for the men1 of broader shape1 ,having no walls1 but only a foundation1 ,and scarcely holding more than a mere shell4 ,more like to tasting cups2 but for themselves ,they order good deep 1 good-sized1 ,downright wine-carrying transports1 wide and round1 ,of delicate substance1 swelling in the middle4 ,a crafty order3 for with prudent foresight ,they were providing how1 without much notice1 ,they might procure the largest quantity ,of wine to drink themselves2 and then when we ,reproach them that 'tis they who've drunk up everything1 ,they heap abuse on us1 and swear that they1 ,poor injured dears1 have only drunk one cup1 ,though their one's larger than a thousand common cups4 #fc4 ,then there are cymbia4 ,these are a small hollow kind of cup1 according to ,simaristus4 ,but ,dorotheus says1 ,the cymbium is a kind of deep cup1 upright1 having no pedestal and no handles4 ,but ,ptolemy the father of ,aristonicus calls them curved goblets4 ,and ,nicander of ,thyatira says that ,theopompus1 in his ,mede1 called a cup without handles cymbium4 ,philemon1 in his ,vision1 says-- ,but when fair ,rhode came and shook above you ,a cymbium full of mighty unmix'd wine4 ,but ,dionysius of ,samos1 in the sixth book of his treatise on the ,cyclic ,poets1 thinks that the and the are the same4 ,for he says that ,ulysses1 having filled a cymbium with unmixed wine1 gave it to the ,cyclops4 ,but the cup mentioned in ,homer1 as having been given to him by ,ulysses1 is a good-sized cissybium2 for if it had been a small cup1 he1 who was so enormous a monster1 would not have been so quickly overcome by drunkenness1 when he had only drunk it three times4 ,and ,demosthenes mentions the cymbium in his oration against ,midias1 saying that he was accompanied by rhyta and cymbia3 and in his orations against ,euergus and ,mnesibulus4 ,but ,didymus the grammarian says that is a cup of an oblong shape1 and narrow in figure1 very like the shape of a boat4 ,and ,anaxandrides1 in his ,clowns1 says-- ,perhaps large cups 77 immoderately drain'd1 ,and cymbia full of strong unmixed wine1 ,have bow'd your heads1 and check'd your usual spirit4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,knight1 says-- ,a4 ,had then those cymbia the faces of damsels ,carved on them in pure gold8 ,b4 ,indeed they had4 ,a4 ,wretched am ,i1 and wholly lost 4 4 4 4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 #fd4 ,but ,eratosthenes1 in his letter addressed to ,ageton the ,lacedmonian1 says1 that the cymbium is a vessel of the shape of the cyathus1 writing thus--,but these men marvel how a man who had not got a cyathus1 but only a cymbium1 had1 besides that1 also a phiale4 ,now it seems to me1 that he had one for the use of men1 but the other for the purpose of doing honour to the ,gods4 ,and at that time they never used the cyathus nor the cotyla4 ,for they used to employ1 in the sacrifices of the ,gods1 a crater1 not made of silver nor inlaid with precious stones1 but made of ,coliad clay4 ,and as often as they replenished this1 pouring a libation to the ,gods out of the phiale1 they then poured out wine to all the company in order1 bailing out the newly-mixed wine in a cymbium1 as they do now among us at the phiditia4 ,and if ever they wished to drink more1 they also placed on the table beside them the cups called cotyli1 which are the most beautiful of all cups1 and the most convenient to drink out of4 ,and these1 too1 were all made of the same earthenware4 ,but when ,ephippus says1 in his ,ephebi-- ,chremon brings no culices to supper1 ,nor did ,euripides with cymbia fight1 he does not mean the tragic poet1 but some namesake of his1 who was either very fond of wine1 or who had an evil reputation on some other account1 as ,antiochus of ,alexandria says1 in his treatise on the ,poets1 who are ridiculed by the comic writers of the ,middle ,comedy4 ,for the circumstance of cymbia being introduced into entertainments1 and being used to fight with in drunken quarrels1 bears on each point4 ,and ,anaxandrides mentions him in his ,nereids-- ,give him a choeus then of wine1 ,o messmate1 ,and let him bring his cymbium1 and be ,a second ,euripides to-day4 ,and ,ephippus1 in his ,similitudes1 or ,obeliaphori1 says-- ,but it were well to learn the plays of ,bacchus1 ,and all the verses which ,demophoon ,made upon ,cotys2 and1 at supper-time1 ,to spout the eclogues of the wise ,theorus4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,and let ,euripides1 that banquet-hunter1 ,bring me his cymbia4 ,and that the is the name of a boat too we are shown by ,sophocles1 who1 in his ,andromeda1 says-- ,come you on horseback hither1 or in a boat 778 ,and ,apollodorus1 in his ,paphians1 says there is a kind of drinking-cup called 4 #fe4 ,then there is the 4 ,now1 is this the same as the and the 1 and different from them only in name8 ,then rising1 all with goblets 77 in their hands1 ,the peers and leaders of the ,achaian bands ,hail'd their return4 ,or was their form different also8 ,for this kind has not the character of the amphicupellum1 as the depas and aleison have1 but is only of a curved form4 ,for the is so called from its curved shape1 as also is the 4 ,or is it so called as being in shape like a milk-pail 771 only contracted a little1 so as to have an additional curve8 ,and the word is equivalent to 1 being so called from its handles1 because they are of a curved shape4 ,for the poet calls this cup-- ,golden1 two-handled4 ,but ,antimachus1 in the fifth book of his ,thebais1 says-- ,and heralds1 going round among the chiefs1 ,gave each a golden cup 77 with labour wrought4 ,and ,silenus says1 the are a kind of cup resembling the 1 as ,nicander the ,colophonian says-- ,the swineherd gave a goblet 77 full to each4 ,and ,eumolpus says that it is a kind of cup1 so called from its being of a curved shape 774 ,but ,simaristus says that this is a name given by the ,cyprians to a cup with two handles1 and by the ,cretans to a kind of cup with two handles1 and to another with four4 ,and ,philetas says that the ,syracusans give the name of to the fragments of barley-cakes and loaves which are left on the tables4 ,there is also the 4 ,philemon1 in his ,attic ,dialect1 calls it a species of 4 ,and ,apollodorus1 in his treatise on ,etymologies1 says1 that the ,paphians call a drinking-cup 4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups #ff4 ,then there is the 1 which is mentioned by ,xenophon1 in the first book of his ,cyropdia4 ,but ,critias1 in his ,constitution of the ,lacedmonians1 writes as follows--,and other small things besides which belong to human life2 such as the ,lacedmonian shoes1 which are the best1 and the ,lacedmonian garments1 which are the most pleasant to wear1 and the most useful4 ,there is also the ,lacedmonian 1which is a kind of drinking-cup most convenient when one is on an expedition1 and the most easily carried in a knapsack4 ,and the reason why it is so peculiarly well-suited to a soldier is1 because a soldier often is forced to drink water which is not very clean2 and1 in the first place1 this cup is not one in which it can be very easily seen what one is drinking2 and1 secondly1 as its brim is rather curved inwards1 it is likely to retain what is not quite clean in it4 ,and ,polemo1 in his work addressed to ,adus and ,antigonus1 says that the ,lacedmonians used to use vessels made of earthenware2 and proceeds to say further--,and this was a very common practice among the ancients1 such as is now adopted in some of the ,greek tribes4 ,at ,argos1 for instance1 in the public banquets1 and in ,lacedmon1 they drink out of cups made of earthenware at the festivals1 and in the feasts in honour of victory1 and at the marriage-feasts of their maidens4 ,but at other banquets and at their ,phiditia#ff they use small casks4 ,and ,archilochus also mentions the cothon as a kind of cup1 in his ,elegies1 where he says-- ,but come now1 with your cothon in your hand1 ,move o'er the benches of the speedy ship1 ,and lift the covers from the hollow casks1 ,and drain the rosy wine down to the dregs2 ,for while we're keeping such a guard as this1 ,we shan't be able to forego our wine2 as if the were here called 4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,knights1 says-- ,they leapt into th' horse-transports gallantly1 ,buying cothones2 but some bought instead ,garlic and onions4 ,and ,heniochus1 in his ,gorgons1 says-- ,let a man give me wine to drink at once1 ,taking that capital servant of the throat1 ,the ample cothon1--fire-wrought1 and round1 ,broad-ear'd1 wide-mouth'd4 ,and ,theopompus1 in his ,female ,soldiers1 says-- ,shall ,i1 then1 drink from out a wryneck'd cothon1 ,breaking my own neck in the hard attempt8 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,spinners1 says-- ,and then he hurl'd a four-pint cothon at me1 ,an ancient piece of plate1 an heirloom too4 ,and it is from this cup that they call those who drink a great deal of unmixed wine 77 1 as ,hyperides does in his oration against ,demosthenes4 ,but ,callixenus1 in the fourth book of his ,history of ,alexandria1 giving an account of the procession of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 and giving a catalogue of a number of drinking-cups1 adds these words3 ,and two cothons1 each holding two measures of wine4 #fg4 ,but with respect to drinking1 7which from the name of this kind of cup is sometimes called in the verb 1 and in the substantive 17 that occasional drinking is good for the health is stated by ,mnesitheus the ,athenian physician1 in his letter on the subject of ,drinking 771 where he speaks as follows3 ,it happens that those who drink a great quantity of unmixed wine at banquets often receive great injury from so doing1 both in their bodies and minds2 but still occasional hard drinking 77 for some days appears to me to produce a certain purging of the body and a certain relaxation of the mind4 ,for there are some little roughnesses on the surface1 arising from daily banquets2 now for getting rid of these there is no easier channel than the wine4 ,but of all modes of purging1 that which is caused by hard drinking is the most advantageous2 for then the body is as it were washed out by the wine2 for the wine is both liquid and heating3 but the wine which we secrete is harsh2 accordingly1 fullers use it as a cleanser when they are cleaning garments4 ,but when you are drinking hard1 you should guard against three things1--against drinking bad wine1 against drinking unmixed wine1 and against eating sweetmeats while you are drinking4 ,and when you have had enough1 then do not go to sleep1 until you have had a vomit1 moderate or copious as the case may be2 and when you have vomited1 then go to sleep after having taken a slight bath4 ,and if you are not able to empty yourself sufficiently1 then you must take a more copious bath1 and lie down in the bath in exceedingly warm water4 ,but ,polemo1 in the fifth book of his treatise addressed to ,antigonus and ,adus1 says--,bacchus being full grown1 sitting on a rock1 and on his left hand a satyr1 bald1 holding in his right hand a cothon of striped colours1 with one handle4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups #fh4 ,there is also the labronia4 ,this is a species of ,persian drinking-cup1 so named from the eagerness 77 with which people drink3 and its shape is wide1 and its size large1 and it has large handles4 ,menander1 in his ,fisherman1 says-- ,we are abundantly well off at this time ,for golden cylinders2 and all those robes ,from ,persia1 all those quaintly carved works1 ,are now within1 and richly-chased goblets1 ,figures and faces variously carved1 ,tragelaphi and labronia4 ,and in his ,philadelphi he says-- ,and now the drinking of healths began1 and now ,labroni1 inlaid with precious stones1 ,were set upon the board2 and slaves stood round ,with ,persian fly-flappers4 ,and ,hipparchus1 in his ,thais1 says-- ,but this labronius is an omen now4 ,o ,hercules6 it is a cup which weighs ,of standard gold more than two hundred pieces4 ,just think1 my friend1 of this superb labronius4 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,pithraustes1 giving a catalogue of other kinds of cups1 says-- ,a4 ,the tragelaphus1 and likewise the pristis1 ,the batiace1 and labronius too4 ,b4 ,these seem to me to be the names of slaves4 ,a4 ,by no means2 they are all the names of cups2 ,and this labronius is worth twenty pieces4 ,and ,didymus says that it resembles the bombylium and the batiacium4 #fi4 ,there is also the lacna4 ,and this is a kind of cup so called either from the potter1 as the ,attic vessels usually are1 or from the form which is usual in that district1 on the same principle as the thericlean cups derive their name4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,daitaleis1 says-- ,he gladly shared the ,sybaritic feasts1 ,and drank the ,chian wine from out the cups ,called the lacn1 with a cheerful look4 #gj4 ,then there is the lepaste4 ,some mark this word with an acute accent on the last syllable1 like 2 but some mark the penultima with an acute1 as 4 ,and this kind of cup derived its name from those who spend a great deal of money on their drinking and intemperance1 whom men call 4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,peace1 says-- ,what will you do1 then1 when you've drunk ,one single lepaste full of new wine8 ,and it is from this word that the verb comes1 which means to swallow all at once1 having a meaning just opposite to the bombylium2 for the same author says1 somewhere or other1-- ,you've drunk up all my blood1 ,o king1 my master6 which is as much as to say1 you have utterly drained me4 ,and in his ,gerytades he says-- ,but there was then a festival3 a slave ,went round1 and brought us all a lepaste1 ,and pour'd in wine dark as the deep-blue sea2 but the poet means here to indicate the depth of the cup4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his sculapius1 says-- ,he took an agd woman1 who had been ,a long time ill1 sick of a ling'ring fever1 ,and bruising some small root1 and putting it ,into a noble-sized lepaste there1 ,he made her drink it all1 to cure her sickness4 ,philyllius1 in his ,auge1 says-- ,for she was always in the company ,of young men1 who did nothing else but drink2 ,and with a lot of aged women too1 ,who always do delight in good-sized cups4 ,and ,theopompus says in his ,pamphila-- ,a sponge1 a dish1 a feather2 and1 besides1 ,a stout lepaste1 which1 when full1 they drain ,to the ,good ,deity1 raising loud his praises1 ,as chirps a grasshopper upon a tree4 ,and in his ,mede he says-- ,callimachus1 'tis stated1 once did charm ,the ,grecian heroes by some promised gain1 ,when he was seeking for their aid and friendship4 ,the only thing he fail'd in was th' attempt ,to gain the poor1 thin-bodied ,rhadamanthus ,lysander with a cothon1 ere he gave him ,a full lepaste4 ,but ,amerias says that the ladle with which the wine is poured into the cups is called lepaste2 but ,aristophanes and ,apollodorus say that it is a sort of cup of the class 4 ,pherecrates1 in his ,crapatalli1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,if there was one of the spectators thirsty1 ,he would a full lepaste seize1 and drain ,the whole contents4 ,but ,nicander the ,colophonian says that the ,dolopians give the name of to the 2 but ,lycophron1 in the ninth book of his treatise on ,comedy1 quoting this passage of ,pherecrates1 himself also asserts the lepaste to be kind of 2 but ,moschus1 in his ,interpretation of ,rhodiat ,words1 says that it is an earthenware vessel resembling those which are called ptomatides1 but flatter and wider3 but ,artemidorus1 the pupil of ,aristophanes1 says that it is some sort of drinking-cup4 ,and ,apollophanes1 in his ,cretans1 says-- ,and the lepasta1 fill'd with fragrant wine1 ,shall fill me with delight the livelong day4 ,and ,theopompus says in his ,pamphila-- ,a stout lepaste1 which1 well-fill'd with wine1 ,they drain in honour of the ,happy ,deity1 ,rousing the village with their noise and clamour4 ,but ,nicander of ,thyatira says it is a larger kind of 1 quoting the expressions of ,teleclides out of his ,prytanes-- ,to drink sweet wine from a sweet-smelling lepaste4 ,and ,hermippus1 in his ,fates1 says-- ,if anything should happen to me when ,i've drain'd this promising lepaste1 then ,i give my whole possessions unto ,bacchus4 #ga4 ,there is also the loibasium4 ,this1 too1 is a 1 as ,clearchus and ,nicander of ,thyatira say2 with which they pour libations of oil over the sacred offerings and victims4 ,spondeum is the name given to the cup out of which they pour libations of wine4 ,and he says that the spondea are also called loibides1 by ,antimachus of ,colophon4 ,then we have the lesbium4 ,this also is a kind of cup1 as ,hedylus proves in his ,epigrams1 where he says-- ,callistion1 contending against men ,in drinking1 7'tis a marvellous thing1 but true17 ,when fasting1 drank three whole choeis of wine2 ,and now her cup1 fashion'd of purple glass1 ,adorn'd with bands fragrant of luscious wine1 ,she offers here to you1 ,o ,paphian queen4 ,preserve this first1 that so your walls may bear ,the spoils of all the love excited so4 ,there is also the luterium4 ,epigenes1 in his ,tomb1 where he gives a catalogue of cups of different kinds1 says-- ,crateres1 cadi1 holcia1 cruneia-- ,are they cruneia8 aye1 and luteria4 ,but why need ,i each separate article ,enumerate8 for you yourself shall see them4 #gb4 ,there is also the ,lyciurges4 ,the things which are so called are some kinds of phial1 which derive their name from ,lycon who made them1 just as the ,cononii are the cups made by ,conon4 ,now1 ,demosthenes1 in his ,oration for the ,crown1 mentions ,lycon2 and he does so again1 in his oration against ,timotheus for an assault1 where he says--,two lyciurgeis phial4 ,and in his speech against ,timotheus he also says--,he gives ,phormion1 with the money1 also two lyciurgeis phial to put away4 ,and ,didymus the grammarian says that these are cups made by ,lycius4 ,and this ,lycius was a ,botian by birth1 of the town of ,eleuther1 a son of ,myron the sculptor1 as ,polemo relates in the first book of his treatise on the ,acropolis of ,athens2 but the grammarian is ignorant that one could never find such a formation of a word as that derived from proper names1 but only from cities or nations4 ,for ,aristophanes1 in his ,peace1 says-- ,the vessel is a ,n cantharus2 that is to say1 made at ,naxos4 ,and ,critias1 in his ,constitution of the ,lacedmonians1 has the expressions1 1 and again1 3 and 1 and 3 made at ,miletus1 or ,chios1 or ,rhenea4 ,and ,herodotus1 in his seventh book1 speaks of two spears1 4 ,but perhaps we ought to read in ,herodotus as we do in ,demosthenes1 so as to understand by the word things made in ,lycia4 #gc4 ,there is also the mele4 ,this is a name given to some cups which are mentioned by ,anaxippus in his ,well1 where he says-- ,and you1 ,syriscus1 now this mele take1 ,and bring it to her tomb--do you understand8 ,then pour a due libation4 ,there is also the metaniptrum4 ,this is the kind of cup which is offered after dinner1 when men have washed their hands4 ,antiphanes1 in his ,lamp1 says-- ,the metaniptrum of the ,fortunate ,god2 ,feasting1 libations1 and applause 4 4 4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,sappho1 says-- ,archilochus1 receive this metaniptris1 ,the brimming cup of ,jupiter the ,saviour4 ,but some people say that this is rather the name of the draught itself which was given to the guests after they had washed their hands2 as1 for instance1 ,seleucus says in his ,dialects4 ,but ,callias1 in his ,cyclops1 says-- ,receive this metaniptris of ,hygeia4 ,and ,philetrus1 in his sculapius1 says-- ,he raised aloft a mighty metaniptris1 ,brimfull of wine1 in equal portions mix'd1 ,repeating all the time ,hygeia's name4 ,and ,philoxenus the ,dithyrambic poet1 in his ode entitled the ,supper1 pledging some one after they have washed their hands1 says-- ,do you1 my friend1 receive ,this metaniptris full of wine1 ,the sweetly dewy gift of ,bacchus4 ,bromius gives this placid joy1 ,to lead all men to happiness4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,torch1 says-- ,our table shall now be this barley-cake1 ,and then this metaniptrum of ,good ,fortune 4 4 4 4 4 ,nicostratus1 in his ,woman returning ,love1 says-- ,pour over him the metaniptrum of health4 #gd4 ,then there is the mastus4 ,apollodorus the ,cyrenan1 as ,pamphilus says1 states that this is a name given to drinking-cups by the ,paphians4 ,there are also the mathalides4 ,blsus1 in his ,saturn1 says-- ,pour out for us now seven mathalides ,full of sweet wine4 ,and ,pamphilus says1 ,perhaps this is a kind of cup1 or is it only a measure like the cyathus ,but ,diodorus calls it a cup of the class4 #ge4 ,there is also the manes1 which is a species of cup4 ,nicon1 in his ,harp-player1 says-- ,and some seasonably then exclaim'd1 ,my fellow-countryman1 ,i drink to you2 ,and in his hand he held an earthenware manes1 ,of ample size1 well able to contain ,five cotyl of wine2 and ,i received it4 ,and both ,didymus and ,pamphilus have quoted these iambics4 ,but that is also called manes which stands upon the cottabus1 on which they throw the drops of wine in that game1 which ,sophocles1 in his ,salmoneus1 called the brazen head1 saying-- ,this is a contest1 and a noise of kisses2 ,i give a prize to him who gains the victory ,in elegantly throwing the cottabus1 ,and striking with just aim the brazen head4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,birthday of ,venus1 says-- ,a4 ,i then will show you how3 whoever throws ,the cottabus direct against the scale 771 ,so as to make it fall-- ,b4 ,what scale8 ,do you ,mean this small dish which here is placed above8 ,a4 ,that is the scale--he is the conqueror4 ,b4 ,how shall a man know this8 ,a4 ,why1 if he throw ,so as to reach it barely1 it will fall ,upon the manes1#fe and there'll be great noise4 ,b4 ,does manes1 then1 watch o'er the cottabus1 ,as if he were a slave8 ,and ,hermippus says in his ,fates-- ,you'll see1 says he1 a cottabus rod1 ,wallowing round among the chaff2 ,but the manes hears no drops1-- ,and you the wretched scale may see ,lying by the garden gate1 ,and thrown away among the rubbish4 #gf4 ,there is the ,nestoris also4 ,now concerning the shape of the cup of ,nestor1 the poet speaks thus-- ,next her white hand a spacious goblet brings1 ,a goblet sacred to the ,pylian kings ,from eldest times2 the massy1 sculptured vase1 ,glittering with golden studs1 four handles grace1 ,and curling vines1 around each handle roll'd1 ,support two turtle-doves emboss'd in gold4 ,on two firm bases stood the mighty bowl1 ,lest the topweight should make it loosely roll3 ,a massy weight1 yet heaved with ease by him1 ,though all too great for men of lesser limb4 ,now with reference to this passage a question is raised1 what is the meaning of glittering with golden studs3--and again1 what is meant by the massy1 sculptured vase four handles grace4 ,for ,asclepiades the ,myrlean1 in his treatise on the ,nestoris1 says that the other cups have two handles4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and again1 how could any one give a representation of turtle-doves feeding around each of the handles8 ,how also can he say1 ,on two firm bases stood the mighty bowl8 ,and this also is a very peculiar statement that he makes1 that he could heave it with ease1 though all too great for men of lesser limb4 ,now ,asclepiades proposes all these difficulties1 and especially raises the question about the studs1 as to how we are to understand that they were fastened on4 ,now some say that golden studs must be fastened on a silver goblet from the outside1 on the principles of embossing1 as is mentioned in the case of the sceptre of ,achilles-- ,he spoke1--and1 furious1 hurl'd against the ground ,his sceptre1 starr'd with golden studs around2 for it is plain here that the studs were let into the sceptre1 as clubs are strengthened with iron nails4 ,he also says of the sword of ,agamemnon-- ,a radiant baldric1 o'er his shoulder tied1 ,sustain'd the sword that glitter'd at his side3 ,gold were the studs--a silver sheath encased ,the shining blade4 ,but ,apelles the engraver1 he says1 showed us on some articles of ,corinthian workmanship the way in which studs were put on4 ,for there was a small projection raised up by the chisel1 to form1 as it were1 the heads of the nails4 ,and these studs are said by the poet to be fixed in1 not because they are on the outside and are fixed by nails1 but because they resemble nails driven through1 and project a little on the outside1 being above the rest of the surface4 #gg4 ,and with respect to the handles1 they tell us that this cup had indeed two handles above1 like other cups2 but that it had also two more on the middle of its convex surface1 one on each side1 of small size1 resembling the ,corinthian water-ewers4 ,but ,apelles explained the system of the four handles very artistically in the following manner4 ,he said1 that from one root1 as it were1 which is attached to the bottom of the cup1 there are diverging lines extending along each handle1 at no great distance from each other3 and these reach up to the brim of the cup1 and even rise a little above it1 and are at the greatest distance from each other at the point where they are furthest from the vessel itself2 but at the lower extremity1 where they join the rim1 they are again united4 ,and in this way there are four handles2 but this kind of ornament is not seen in every cup1 but only on some1 and especially on those which are called seleucides4 ,but with respect to the question raised about the two bases1 how it can be said1 ,on two firm bases stood the mighty bowl1 some people explain that line thus3--that some cups have one bottom1 the natural one1 being wrought at the same time as1 and of one piece with1 the whole cup2 as for instance1 those which are called cymbia1 and the phial1 and others of the same shape as the phial4 ,but some have two bottoms2 as for instance1 the egg-shaped cups called ooscyphia1 and those called cantharia1 and the seleucides1 and the carchesia1 and others of this kind4 ,for they say that one of these bottoms is wrought of the same piece as the entire cup1 and the other is attached to it1 being sharp at the upper part1 and broader towards the lower end1 as a support for the cup2 and this cup of ,nestor's1 they say1 was of this fashion4 ,but the poet may have represented this cup as having two bottoms2 the one1 that is to say1 bearing the whole weight of the cup1 and having an elevation proportionate to the height1 in accordance with its greater circumference2 and the other bottom might be smaller in circumference1 so as to be contained within the circumference of the larger circle1 where the natural bottom of the cup becomes sharper2 so that the whole cup should be supported on two bases4 ,but ,dionysius the ,thracian is said to have made the cup called ,nestor's1 at ,rhodes1 all his pupils contributing silver for the work2 of which ,promethidas of ,heraclea1 explaining the way in which it was made on the system of ,dionysius1 says that it is a cup having its handles made side by side1 as the ships with two prows have their prows made2 and that turtle-doves are represented sitting on the handles2 and that two small sticks1 as it were1 are placed under the cup as a support to it1 running transversely across in a longitudinal direction1 and that these are the two bottoms meant by ,homer4 ,and we may to this day see a cup of that fashion at ,capua1 a city of ,campania1 consecrated to ,diana2 and the ,capuans assert that that is the identical cup which belonged to ,nestor4 ,and it is a silver cup1 having on it the lines of ,homer engraved in golden characters4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 #gh4 ,but ,i1 said the ,myrlean1 have this to say about the cup3--the ancients1 who first brought men over to a more civilized system of life1 believing that the world was spherical1 and taking their ideas of form from the visible forms of the sun and moon which they beheld1 and adapting these figures to their own use in the daily concerns of life1 thought it right to make all their vessels and other articles of furniture resemble1 in shape at least1 the heaven which surrounds everything3 on which account they made tables round2 and so also they made the tripods which they dedicated to the ,gods1 and they also made their cakes round and marked with stars1 which they also call moons4 ,and this is the origin of their giving bread the name of 1 because of all figures the circle is the one which is the most complete 771 and it is a perfect figure4 ,and accordingly they made a drinking-cup1 being that which receives moist nourishment1 circular1 in imitation of the shape of the world4 ,but the cup of ,nestor has something peculiar about it1 for it has stars on it1 which the poet compares to studs1 because the stars are as round as the studs1 and are1 as it were1 fixed in the heaven2 as also ,aratus says of them-- ,there do they shine in heaven1--ornaments ,fix'd there for ever as the night comes round4 ,but the poet has expressed this very beautifully1 attaching the golden studs to the main body of the silver cup1 and so indicating the nature of the stars and of the heaven by the colour of the ornaments4 ,for the heaven is like silver1 and the stars resemble gold from their fiery colour4 #gi4 ,so after the poet had represented the cup of ,nestor as studded with stars1 he then proceeds on to the most brilliant of the fixed stars1 by contemplating which men form their conjectures of what is to happen to them in their lives4 ,i mean the ,pleiades4 ,for when he says were placed in gold around each handle1 he does not mean the birds called 1 that is to say1 turtle-doves2 and those who think that he does use here as synonymous with are wrong4 ,for ,aristotle says expressly that the is one bird1 and the another4 ,but the poet calls that constellation which at present w call 2 by the rising of which men regulate their swing and their reaping1 and the beginning of their raising their crops1 and their collection of them2 as ,hesiod says3-- ,when the seven daughters of the ,libyan king ,rise in the heavens1 then begin to mow2 ,and when they hide their heads1 then plough the ground4 ,and ,aratus says-- ,their size is small1 their light but moderate1 ,yet are they famous over all the world2 ,at early dawn and late at eve they roll1 ,jove regulating all their tranquil motions2 ,he has ordain'd them to give signs to men1 ,when winter1 and when summer too begins1-- ,what is the time for ploughing1 what for sowing4 ,and accordingly it is with great appropriateness that the poet has represented the ,pleiades1 who indicate the time of the generation and approach to perfection of the fruits of the earth1 as forming parts of the ornaments of the cup of that wise prince ,nestor4 ,for this vessel was intended to contain any kind of food1 whether solid or liquid2 on which account he also says that the turtle-doves bring ambrosia to ,jupiter3-- ,no bird of air1 nor dove of trembling wing1 ,that bears ambrosia to th' ethereal king1 ,but shuns these rocks4 ,for we must not think here that it is really the birds called turtle-doves which bring ambrosia to ,jupiter1 which is the opinion of many2 for that were inconsistent with the majesty of ,jupiter2 but the daughters of ,atlas1 turned into the constellation of ,pleiades or doves4 ,for it is natural enough that they who indicate the appropriate seasons to the human race should also bring ambrosia to ,jupiter1 on which account also he distinguishes between them and other birds1 saying-- ,no bird of air1 nor dove of trembling wing2 and that he considers the ,pleiades as the most famous of all fixed stars is plain1 from his having placed them in the first rank when giving a list of other constellations3-- ,there earth1 there heaven1 there ocean he design'd1-- ,th' unwearied sun1 the moon completely round1-- ,the starry lights1 that heaven's high convex crown'd1-- ,the ,pleiades1 ,hyads1 with the ,northern ,team1 ,and great ,orion's more refulgent beam2 ,to which1 around the axle of the sky1 ,the ,bear1 revolving1 points his golden eye2 ,still shines exalted on th' ethereal plain1 ,nor bathes his blazing forehead in the main1-- ,the ,bear1 whom trusting rustics call the ,wain4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,pleiades4 ,but people in general have been deceived by fancying the here spoken of to be birds1 first of all from the poetical form of the word1 because of the insertion of the letter 2 and secondly1 because they have taken the word 1 'trembling1' as an epithet only of doves2 since1 owing to its weakness1 that is a very cautious bird2 and when he calls it 1 this word is derived from 1 and is the same as 1 to be cautious4 ,but still there is a good deal of reason in attributing the same characteristic also to the ,pleiades3 for the fable is1 that they are always fleeing from ,orion1 since their mother ,pleione is constantly pursued by ,orion4 #hj4 ,and the variation of the name1 so that the ,pleiades are called both and 1 occurs in many poets4 ,first of all1 ,myro the ,byzantian admirably caught the feeling of the ,homeric poems1 saying in her poem entitled ,memory1 that the ,pleiades convey ambrosia to ,jupiter4 ,but ,crates the critic1 endeavouring to appropriate to himself the credit due to her1 produces that assertion as his own4 ,simonides also has called the ,pleiades 1 in the following lines3-- ,and may great ,mercury1 whose protecting pow'r ,watches o'er contests1 ,maia's mighty son1 ,grant you success4 ,but ,atlas was the sire ,of seven dark-hair'd daughters1 beautiful1 ,surpassing all the maidens upon earth1 ,and now in heaven they're call'd ,peleiades4 ,here he distinctly calls the ,pleiades 1 for they it was who were the daughters of ,atlas2 as ,pindar says-- ,and it is natural ,that great ,orion should advance ,not far from the seven ,pleiades1 at the tail 774 ,for1 in the arrangement of the stars1 ,orion is not far from the ,pleiades2 from which circumstance has arisen the fable about them1 that they1 with their mother ,pleione1 are always fleeing from ,orion4 ,but when he calls the ,pleiades here1 he means 1 only he has left out the v1 because the ,pleiades are close to the tail of the ,bull4 ,and schylus has spoken still more plainly1 playing on their name on account of the resemblance of its sound1 where he says-- ,the seven celebrated daughters of ,the mighty ,atlas1 much bewail'd with tears ,their father's heaven-supporting toil2 where they ,now take the form of night-appearing visions1 ,the wingless ,peleiades4 ,for he calls them here wingless on account of the similarity of the sound of their name to that of the birds 4 ,and ,myro herself also speaks in the same manner-- ,the mighty ,jove was nourish'd long in ,crete1 ,nor yet had any of the heav'nly beings ,e'er recognised their king2 meanwhile he grew ,in all his limbs2 and him the trembling doves ,cherish'd1 while hidden in the holy cave1 ,bringing him1 from the distant streams of ocean1 ,divine ambrosia3 and a mighty eagle1 ,incessant drawing with his curved beak ,nectar from out the rock1 triumphant brought ,the son of ,saturn's necessary drink4 ,him1 when the ,god of mighty voice had cast ,his father ,saturn from his unjust throne1 ,he made immortal1 and in heaven placed4 ,and so1 too1 did he give the trembling doves 77 ,deserved honour2 they who are to men ,winters and summer's surest harbingers4 ,and ,simmias1 in his ,gorgo1 says-- ,the swiftest ministers of air came near1 ,the quivering peleiades4 ,and ,posidippus1 in his ,asopia1 says-- ,nor do the evening cool set4 ,but ,lamprocles the ,dithyrambic poet has also expressly and poetically said that the word is in every sense synonymous with 1 in the following lines-- ,and now you have your home in heaven1 ,showing your title with the winged doves4 ,and the author of the poem called ,astronomy1 which is attributed to ,hesiod1 always calls the ,pleiades 1 saying-- ,which mortals call ,peleiades4 ,and in another place he says-- ,and now the ,peleiades of winter set4 ,and in another passage we find-- ,then the ,peleiades do hide their heads2 so that there is nothing at all improbable in the idea of ,homer having lengthened the name by poetic licence into 4 ,sidenote3 ,,meaning ,,of ,,particular ,,words4 #ha4 ,since1 then1 it is demonstrated that it is the ,pleiades who were embossed on the goblet1 we must understand that two were affixed to each handle1 whether we choose to fancy that the damsels were represented under the form of birds or under human form2--at all events they were studded with stars3 and as for the expression1 ,around each there were golden peleiades1 we are not to understand that as meaning around each separate one2 for that would make eight in number3 but as each of the handles was divided into two sections1 and as these again were united towards the bottom1 the poet has the word 1 speaking as if there were four sections of handles2 but if he had said 1 that would have applied to the fact of their again becoming united at the highest point which they respectively reach4 ,and accordingly1 when he says-- ,and curling vines1 around each handle roll'd1 ,bear two ,peleiades emboss'd in gold2 ,on two firm bases stood the mighty bowl2 we are by that to understand one ,peleias to4 each section of the handles4 ,and he has called them 1 as being united to one another and grown together as it were4 ,for the word 1 1 signifies simply the number two1 as in the passage-- ,two tripods 7 71 and ten golden talents2 and again-- ,two attendants 7 73 and it also at times intimates a natural connexion subsisting between the two things spoken of1 as well as that they are two in number2 as in these lines3-- ,there grew two 77 olives1 closest of the grove1 ,with roots entwined and branches interwove1 ,alike their leaves1 but not alike they smiled ,with sister fruits1--one fertile1 one was wild3-- and accordingly this calculation will give altogether four ,peleiades upon the handles4 #hb4 ,and1 then1 when he adds this-- ,and curling vines1 around each handle roll'd1 ,bear two ,peleiades emboss'd in gold3 ,on two firm bases stood the mighty bowl2 we are to understand not two actual separate bases1 nor indeed ought we to read as two words1 like ,dionysius the ,thracian1 but we ought to read it as one word1 1 in order to understand it with reference to the ,peleiades1 that there were four ,peleiades on the handles1 and two more 1 which is equivalent to 1 that is to say1 under the pedestal1 as if the word were 4 ,so that the goblet is supported by two ,peleiades which lie under the bottom1 and in that way there are altogether six ,pleiades in all1 since that is the number which are seen1 though they are said to be seven in number1 as ,aratus says-- ,they are indeed declared by mortal man ,to be in number seven2 yet no more ,than six have e'er been seen by mortal eyes4 ,not that a star can e'er have disappear'd ,unnoticed from the pure expanse of heaven ,since we have heard of its existence2 but ,the number has been stated carelessly1 ,and therefore they are usually call'd seven4 ,accordingly1 what is seen in the stars the poet has very suitably described among the ornaments made on the occasion4 ,and many fancy that the poet is here referring to ,jupiter1 when he says-- ,no bird of air1 nor dove of trembling wing1 ,that bears ambrosia to th' ethereal king1 ,but shuns these rocks4 ,in vain she cuts the skies1 ,they fearful meet1 and crush her as she flies4 ,meaning in reality1 that one of the ,pleiades was destroyed by the sharpness of the rocks and their smooth edge1 and that another is substituted in her place by ,jupiter for the sake of keeping the number undiminished4 ,expressing by the enigmatical figures of speech common to poets1 that1 though there are only six ,pleiades seen1 still their real number is not actually diminished2 but there are said to be seven in number1 and also the names of the seven are distinctly given4 #hc4 ,but as for those people who contend that there is no appropriateness in embossing the ,pleiades on this cup1 as they are rather indicative of dry food1 we must state that this kind of cup is calculated to receive both solid and liquid food2 for #fg is made in it2 and this is a kind of potion1 having mixed in it cheese and meal2 and the poet tells us that both these ingredients are stirred up 77 together and so drunk3-- ,sidenote3 ,,meaning ,,of ,,particular ,,words4 ,the draught prescribed fair ,hecamede prepares1 ,arsinous' daughter1 graced with golden hairs 7,whom to his aged arms a royal slave ,greece1 as the prize of ,nestor's wisdom1 gave73 ,a table first with azure feet she placed1 ,whose ample orb a brazen charger graced2 ,honey1 new press'd1 the sacred flour of wheat1 ,and wholesome garlic crown'd the savoury treat4 ,next her white hand a spacious goblet brings1 ,a goblet sacred to the ,pylian kings2 ,temper'd in this1 the nymph of form divine ,pours a large portion of the ,pramnian wine2 ,with goats'-milk cheese a flavorous taste bestows1 ,and last with flour the smiling surface strows4 ,this for the wounded prince the dame prepares2 ,the cordial beverage reverend ,nestor shares4 #hd4 ,and as for the lines-- ,a massy weight1 yet heav'd with ease by him1 ,though all too great for men of smaller limb2 we are not to understand this as referring only to ,machaon and ,nestor1 as some people think1 who refer to ,machaon1 taking it as if it were 1 and say1 1-- thinking that heaved with ease by him is said of ,machaon1 as he was the person for whom the cup has been mixed1 as he had been wounded2 but we shall show hereafter that ,machaon is never represented in ,homer as wounded4 ,but these men do not perceive1 that when ,homer says 1 he is not speaking of ,machaon and ,nestor alone 7for these two are drinking of the cup71 for in that case he would have said 4 ,for is the proper word for the other of two1 as in this line-- 1 1-- ,and bring two lambs1 one male1 with snow-white fleece1 ,the other black1 who shall the breed increase4 ,besides1 ,homer never uses for the demonstrative pronoun 2 but1 on the contrary1 he sometimes uses the demonstrative for the relative 1 as in the line-- 1-- ,there ,sisyphus1 who of all men that lived ,was the most crafty1 held his safe abode4 ,but still1 in this line1 is wanting1 for the sentence1 when complete1 should run-- 1 3 so that the meaning would be1 that there is no man who could lift the cup up from the table without an effort1 but that ,nestor raised it easily1 without any labour or distress4 ,for the cup is described as having been large in size1 and very heavy in weight2 which however ,nestor1 being very fond of drinking1 was easily able to lift1 from his constant practice4 #he4 ,but ,sosibius1 the solver of questions1 quoting the lines-- 3 1 writes on this expression--',now1 the poet has been often reproached for making that the rest of the men could only lift this cup by a great effort1 but that ,nestor alone could do so without any extraordinary exertion4 ,for it appeared unreasonable1 that when ,diomede and ,ajax1 and even ,achilles too were present1 ,nestor should be represented as more vigorous than they1 when he was so far advanced in years4 ,but though these accusations are brought against him1 we may release the poet from them by transposing the order4 ,for in that hexameter-- 1 1 if we take out of the middle1 we shall unite that to the beginning of the preceding line1 after 1 and then we shall connect the words as before-- 1 4 ,now then1 when the words are arranged in this way1 ,nestor only appears to be represented as the only one of the old men who could lift the cup without an extraordinary effort4' ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,these are the observations of that admirable solver of difficulties1 ,sosibius4 ,but ,ptolemy ,philadelphus the king jested upon him with some wit1 on account of this and other much talked-of solutions4 ,for as ,sosibius received a royal stipend1 ,ptolemy1 sending for his treasurers1 desired them1 when ,sosibius came to demand his stipend1 to tell him that he had received it already4 ,and when1 not long after1 he did come and ask for his money1 they said they had given it to him already1 and said no more4 ,but he1 going to the king1 accused the treasurers4 ,and ,ptolemy sent for them1 and ordered them to come with their books1 in which were the lists of those who received those stipends4 ,and when they had arrived1 the king took the books into his hands1 and looking into them himself1 also asserted that ,sosibius had received his money2 making it out in this way3--,these names were set down1--,soter1 ,sosigenes1 ,bion1 ,apollon1 ,dion2 and the king1 looking on these names1 said--,my excellent solver of difficulties1 if you take from 1 and from 1 and the first syllable from and the last syllable from 1 you will find1 on your own principles1 that you have received your stipend4 ,and you are caught in this way1 not owing to the actions of others1 but by your own feathers1 as the incomparable schylus says1 since you yourself are always occupied about solutions of difficulties which are foreign to the subject in hand4 #hf4 ,there is the holmus also4 ,this1 too1 is a drinking-cup1 made in the fashion of a horn4 ,menesthenes1 in the fourth book of his ,politics1 writes thus--,a twisted albatanes and a golden holmus4 ,but the holmus is a cup wrought after the fashion of a horn1 about a cubit in height4 #hg4 ,there is also the oxybaphum4 ,now common usage gives this name to the cruet that holds the vinegar2 but it is also the name of a cup2 and it is mentioned by ,cratinus1 in his ,putina1 in this way3-- ,how can a man now make him leave off this ,excessive drinking8 ,i can tell a way2 ,for ,i will break his jugs and measures all1 ,and crush his casks as with a thunderbolt1 ,and all his other vessels which serve to drink3 ,nor shall he have a single oxybaphum left1 ,fit to hold wine4 ,but that the oxybaphum is a kind of small 1 made of earthenware1 ,antiphanes proves plainly enough1 in his ,mystis1 in the following words4#fh ,there is a wine-bibbing old woman praising a large cup1 and disparaging the oxybaphum as small4 ,so when some one says to her-- ,do you1 then1 drink2 she answers-- ,there ,i will obey you4 ,and1 by the gods1 the figure of the cup ,is quite inviting1 worthy of the fame ,of this high festival2 for have we not-- ,have we not1 and not long ago1 ,i say1 ,drunk out of earthenware oxybapha8 ,but may the gods1 my son1 give many blessings ,to him who made this cup--a noble cup1 ,as to its beauty and its good capacity4 ,and also in the ,babylonians of ,aristophanes we hear of the oxybaphum as a drinking-cup1 when ,bacchus speaks of the demagogues at ,athens1 saying that they demanded of him two oxybapha when he was going away to trial4 ,for we cannot think that they asked him for anything but cups4 ,and the oxybaphum1 which is put before the people who play at the cottabus1 into which they pour their drops of wine1 can be nothing else but a flat cup4 ,eubulus also1 in his ,mylothris1 mentions the oxybaphum as a cup-- ,and besides1 ,i measure out for drinking ,an oxybaphum all round2 and then he swore ,the wine was nothing but pure vinegar1 ,and that the vinegar was wine1 at least ,superior to the other4 #hh4 ,there is the oinisteria too4 ,the young men1 when they are going to cut their hair1 says ,pamphilus1 fill a large cup with wine1 and bring it to ,hercules2 and they call this cup an oinisteria4 ,and when they have poured a libation1 they give it to the assembled people to drink4 ,there is the ollix also4 ,pamphilus1 in his ,attic ,words1 describes this as a wooden cup4 #hi4 ,there is also the panathenaicum4 ,posidonius the philosopher1 in the thirty-sixth book of his ,history1 mentions some cups called by this name1 speaking thus--,there were also cups made of an onyx1 and also of several precious stones joined together1 holding about two cotyl4 ,and very large cups1 called panathenaica1 some holding two choes1 and some even larger4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,there is the proaron too4 ,this was a wooden cup1 into which the ,athenians used to pour mixed wine4 ,in hollow proara1 says ,pamphilus4 #ij4 ,then there is the pelica4 ,callistratus1 in his ,commentary on the ,thracian ,women of ,cratinus1 calls this a 4 ,but ,crates1 in the second book of his treatise on the ,attic ,dialect1 writes thus3--,choes1 as we have already said1 were called pelic4 ,but the form of this vessel was at first like that of the panathenaica1 when it was called pelica2 but afterwards it was made of the same shape as the nochoe1 such as those are which are put on the table at festivals1 which they formerly used to call olp1 using them for infusing the wine1 as ,ion the ,chian1 in his ,sons of ,eurytus1 says-- ,you make a noise1 intemperately drawing ,superfluous wine from the large casks with olp4 ,but now a vessel of that sort1 which has been consecrated in some fashion or other1 is placed on the table at festivals alone4 ,and that which comes into every-day use has been altered in form1 being now generally made like a ladle1 and we call it choeus4 ,but ,clitarchus says that the ,corinthians1 and ,byzantians1 and ,cyprians call an oil-cruet1 which is usually called lecythus1 olpa2 and the ,thessalians call it prochous4 ,but ,seleucus says that the ,botians call a pelichna2 but ,euphronius1 in his ,commentaries1 says that they give this name to a choeus4 #ia4 ,there is the pella4 ,this is a vessel resembling the scyphus1 having a wider bottom1 into which men used to milk the cattle4 ,homer says-- ,thick as beneath some shepherd's thatch'd abode1 ,the pails high foaming with a milky flood1 ,the buzzing flies1 a persevering train1 ,incessant swarm1 and chased1 return again4 ,but ,hipponax calls this pellis2 saying1-- ,drinking from pellides2 for there was not ,a culix there1--the slave had fallen down1 ,and broken it to pieces2 showing1 ,i imagine1 very plainly that the pellis was not a drinking-cup1 but that on this occasion they used it as one1 from want of a regular culix4 ,and in another place he says-- ,and they at different times from out the pella ,did drink2 and then again ,arete pledged them4 ,but ,phoenix the ,colophonian1 in his ,iambics1 interprets this word as identical with the phiala2 saying1-- ,for ,thales1--honestest of all the citizens1 ,and1 as they say1 by far the best of men ,who at that time were living upon earth1-- ,took up a golden pellis4 ,and in another part he says-- ,and with one hand he pours from out the pellis1 ,weak as he was in all his limbs and fingers1 ,a sharp libation of sour vinegar1 ,trembling1 like age1 by ,boreas much shaken4 ,but ,clitarchus1 in his ,dialects1 says that the ,thessalians and olians call the milk-pail pelleter2 but that it is a drinking-cup which they call pella4 ,but ,philetas1 in his ,miscellanies1 says that the ,botians give the name of pelleter to a culix4 #ib4 ,there is also the pentaploa4 ,philochorus mentions this1 in the second book of his treatise on ,attic ,affairs4 ,but ,aristodemus1 in the third book of his ,commentary on ,pindar1 says that on the third day of the ,scira1 games are celebrated at ,athens1 in which the young men run races2 and that they run1 holding in their hands a branch of the vine loaded with fruit1 which is called oschus4 ,and they run from the temple of ,bacchus to the temple of ,minerva ,sciras2 and he who has gained the victory takes a cup of the species called pentaplous1 and feasts with the rest of the runners4 ,but the cup is called pentaplous1 as containing five 77 ingredients2 inasmuch as it has in it wine1 and honey1 and cheese1 and meal1 and a little oil4 ,there is the petachnum4 ,this is a cup of a flat shape1 which is mentioned by ,alexis1 in his ,dropidas2 and the passage has been already cited4 ,and ,aristophanes also mentions it in his ,dramas1 where he says-- ,and every one indoors drinks out of petachna4 #ic4 ,there is the plemochoe1 too4 ,this is an earthenware vessel1 shaped like a top1 not very steady2 and some people call it the cotyliscus1 as ,pamphilus tells us4 ,but they use it at ,eleusis on the last day of the ,mysteries1 which day they call ,plemochoai1 from the cups4 ,and on this day they fill two plemocho1 and place one looking towards the east1 and the other looking towards the west1 saying over them a mystic form of words2 and the author of the ,pirithous names them 7whoever he was1 whether ,critias the tyrant1 or ,euripides71 saying1-- ,that with well-omen'd words we now may pour ,these plemocho into the gulf below4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,there is a vessel1 too1 called the pristis2 and that this is a species of cup has been already stated in the discussion on the batiacium4 #id4 ,there is the prochytes1 too4 ,this is a kind of drinking-cup1 as ,simaristus says1 in the fourth book of his ,synonymes4 ,but ,ion the ,chian1 in his ,elegies1 says-- ,but let the cupbearing maidens fill for us ,a crater with their silver prochyt2 and ,philetas1 in his ,miscellanies1 says it is a wooden vessel1 from which the countrymen drink3 and ,alexander also mentions it in his ,tigon4 ,and ,xenophon1 in the eighth book of his ,cyropdia1 calls some kinds of culices1 prochoides1 writing thus 7and it is of the ,persians that he is speaking73--,but it was a custom among them not to bring prochoides into their banquets1 evidently because they think that not drinking too much is good both for the body and the mind4 ,and even now the custom prevails that they do not bring them2 but they drink such a quantity of wine that1 instead of carrying in their cups1 they themselves are carried out1 when they can no longer go out themselves in an upright attitude4 ,there is also the ,prusias2 and it has been already said that this is an upright kind of cup1 and that it derived its name from ,prusias king of ,bithynia1 who was a man very notorious for his luxury and effeminacy2 as is mentioned by ,nicander the ,chalcedonian1 in the fourth book of his ,history of the ,events of the ,life of ,prusias4 #ie4 ,there are also rheonta2 for this was a name given to some cups3 and ,astydamas mentions them in his ,mercury1 speaking thus3-- ,first of all were two silver craters large1 ,and fifty phial1 and ten cymbia1 ,and twelve rheonta1 two of which were gold1 ,the others silver2--of the gold ones1 one ,was like a griffin1 one like ,pegasus4 ,there is also the rhysis4 ,this is called a golden phiala by ,theodorus2 and ,cratinus1 in his ,laws1 says--,pouring a libation from a rhysis4 #if4 ,there is also the ,rhodias4 ,diphilus1 in his ,stormer of ,walls 7but ,callimachus calls the play ,the ,eunuch71 speaks thus-- ,and they intend to drink more plenteously ,than rhodiaca or rhyta can supply4 ,dioxippus1 too1 mentions this cup1 in his ,miser2 and so does ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,drunkenness2 and so also does ,lynceus the ,samian1 in his ,letters4 #ig4 ,there is also the rhytum--4 ,the is short1 and the word has an acute accent on the last syllable4 ,demosthenes1 in his speech against ,midias1 speaks of rhyta1 and cymbia1 and phial4 ,but ,diphilus1 in his ,eunuch1 or ,the ,soldier1 7and this play is a new edition of his ,stormer of ,walls17 says-- ,and they intend to drink more plenteously ,than rhodiaca or rhyta can supply4 ,and ,epinicus1 in his ,supposititious ,damsels1 says-- ,a4 ,and of the large-sized rhyta three are here2 ,to-day one will be forced to drink more steadily1 ,by the clepsydra4 ,b4 ,this1 ,i think1 will act ,both ways4 ,a4 ,why1 'tis an elephant6 ,b4 ,yes1 he ,is bringing round his elephants4 ,a4 ,a rhytus1 ,holding two choes1 such as e'en an elephant ,could hardly drink2 but ,i have drunk it often4 ,b4 ,yes1 for you're very like an elephant4 ,a4 ,there is besides another kind of cup1 ,its name a trireme2 this1 too1 holds one choeus4 ,and1 speaking of the rhytum1 he says-- ,a4 ,bellerophon1 on ,pegasus's back1 ,fought and subdued the fire-breathing ,chimra4 ,b4 ,well1 take this cup4 ,but formerly a drinking-horn was also called a rhytum2 and it appears that this kind of vessel was first made by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus the king1 to be carried by the statues of ,arsinoe3 for in her right hand she bears a vessel of this kind1 full of all the fruits of the season2 by which the makers of it designed to show that this horn is richer than the horn of ,amalthea4 ,and it is mentioned by ,theocles1 in his ,ithyphallics1 thus-- ,for all the journeymen to-day ,have sacrificed ,soteria2 ,and in their company ,i've drunk this cup1 ,and now ,i go to my dear king4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,but ,dionysius of ,sinope1 in his ,female ,saviour1 giving a list of some cups1 has also mentioned the rhytus1 as ,i have said before2 but ,hedylus1 in his ,epigrams1 mentioning the rhytum made by ,ctesibius the engineer or machinist1 speaks thus-- ,come hither1 all ye drinkers of sheer wine1-- ,come1 and within this shrine behold this rhytus1 ,the cup of fair ,arsinoe ,zephyritis1 ,the true ,egyptian ,besa1 which pours forth ,shrill sounds1 what time its stream is open'd wide1-- ,no sound of war2 but from its golden mouth ,it gives a signal for delight and feasting1 ,such as the ,nile1 the king of flowing rivers1 ,pours as its melody from its holy shrines1 ,dear to the priests of sacred mysteries4 ,but honour this invention of ,ctesibius1 ,and come1 ,o youths1 to fair ,arsinoe's temple4 ,but ,theophrastus1 in his treatise on ,drunkenness1 says that the cup called the rhytum is given to heroes alone4 ,dorotheus the ,sidonian1 says that the rhyta resemble horns1 but are perforated at both ends1 and men drink of them at the bottom as they send forth a gentle stream2 and that it derives its name from the liquor flowing from them 7 74 #ih4 ,there is the sannacra too4 ,crates1 in the fifth book of his treatise on the ,attic ,dialect1 says that it is a drinking-cup which bears this name1 but it is a ,persian cup4 ,but ,philemon1 in his ,widow1 mentioning the batiacia1 and jesting on the ridiculousness of the name1 says-- ,the sannacra1 and hippotragelaphi1 ,and batiacia1 and sannacia4 ,there is also the ,seleuci2 and we have already stated that this cup derives its name from king ,seleucus2 ,apollodorus the ,athenian having made the same statement4 ,but ,polemo1 in the first chapter of his treatise addressed to ,adus1 says these goblets are very like one another1 the ,seleucis1 the ,rhodias1 and the ,antigonis4 ,then1 there is the scallium4 ,this is a small cup 771 with which the olians pour libations1 as ,philetas tells us1 in his ,miscellanies4 #ii4 ,there is also the scyphus4 ,now some people form the genitive of this word with a invariably2 but they are mistaken3 for sometimes is masculine1 like 1 and then we form its genitive case without but when is neuter1 then we must decline with the 1 1 like 4 ,but the ,attic writers use the nominative case in both the masculine and neuter genders4 ,and ,hesiod1 in the second book of his ,melampodia1 writes the word with a 1 -- ,to him came ,mares1 a swift messenger1 ,straight from his house2 he fill'd a silver cup 771 ,and brought it in his hand1 and gave it to the king4 ,and in another place he says-- ,and then the prophet in his right hand took ,the chain that held the bull2 and on his back ,iphiclus laid his hand3 and following then1 ,holding a cup 77 in one hand1 in the other ,raising a staff1 brave ,phylacus advanced1 ,and1 standing amid the servants1 thus he spoke4 ,and in the same manner ,anaximander in his ,heroology speaks1 where he says1 ,but ,amphitryon1 when he had divided the booty among his allies1 and having the cup 77 which he had selected for himself1 4 4 4 ,and in another place he says--,but ,neptune gives his to ,teleboas his own son1 and ,teleboas to ,pteselaus2 and he when he received it sailed away4 ,and in the same manner ,anacreon has said-- ,but ,i1 in my right hand holding ,a full of wine1 ,drank to the health of the white-crested ,erxion4 7,and in this last line he uses the verb instead of ,for properly speaking means to give to some one else to drink before yourself4 ,and so ,ulysses1 in ,homer1-- ,gave to ,arete first the well-fill'd cup4 ,and in the ,iliad he says-- ,and first he fill'd a mighty cup of wine1 ,then pledg'd the hero1 ,peleus' son divine2 for they used1 when they had filled their cups1 to pledge one another with a friendly address47 ,panyasis1 in the third book of his ,heraclea1 says-- ,this wine he pour'd into an ample bowl1 ,radiant with gold1 and then with frequent draughts ,he drain'd the flowing cup4 ,euripides1 in his ,eurystheus1 uses the word in the masculine gender-- ,and a long cup 7 74 ,and so does ,achus1 in his ,omphale-- ,the goblet of the god invites me 7 74 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and ,simonides too1 speaking of a cup with handles1 says1 4 ,but ,ion1 in his ,omphale1 says-- ,there is no wine in the cup 7 71 forming regularly from 1 as a neuter noun4 ,and in the same way ,epicharmus1 in his ,cyclops1 says-- ,come1 pour the wine into the cup 7 74 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,leucadia1 says-- ,and with his aged lips he drank ,a mighty cup of fragrant wine4 ,and ,epigenes1 in his ,bacchea1 says-- ,i rejoiced when ,i received 4 ,and ,phdimus1 in the first book of his ,heraclea1 says-- ,a mighty cup 7 7 of well-grain'd timber framed1 ,and fill'd with honied wine4 ,and also in ,homer1 ,aristophanes the ,byzantian writes-- ,but having filled a cup 1 he gave it him1 ,having himself drunk from the same4 ,but ,aristarchus in this line writes 1 not 4 ,but ,asclepiades the ,myrlean1 in his treatise on the ,nestoris1 says that none of those who lived in the city1 and none of the men of moderate property1 used the scyphus 7 7 and the cissybium2 but only the swineherds1 and shepherds1 and men in the fields1 as ,eumus1 for instance1 ,gave him the cup 77 from which he drank himself1 ,well fill'd with wine4 ,and ,alcman says-- ,and often on the highest mountain tops1 ,when some most tuneful festival of song ,is held in honour of the ,gods1 you hold ,a golden vessel1--a fine1 ample cup 1 ,such as the shepherds1 pasturing their flocks ,on the high hills1 delight in1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 have made cheese ,most delicate and white to look upon4 ,and schylus1 in his ,perrhbians1 says-- ,where are my many gifts and warlike spoils1-- ,where are my gold and silver cups 778 ,and ,stesichorus calls the cup on the board of ,pholus the ,centaur 1 using as synonymous to 4 ,and he says1 when speaking of ,hercules-- ,and taking a huge scyphus-shaped cup 7 71 ,holding three measures1 to his lips he raised it1 ,full of rich wine1 which ,pholus wisely mix'd ,and gave him2 and at one good draught he drank it4 ,and ,archippus1 in his ,amphitryon1 has used the word in the neuter gender4 #ajj4 ,but as for the word 1 they say that that is the name of a measure among the ,greeks1 as also are the words and 4 ,and they say that the contains twelve ,attic 4 ,and at ,patr they say that there is a regular measure called 4 ,but ,nicostratus1 in his ,hecate1 has used the word in the masculine gender1 1 where he says-- ,a4 ,and yet among the flagons into which ,we pour'd the wine out of the casks1 now tell me ,what is the measure some of them contain 7 78 ,b4 ,they hold three choes each4 ,and again he says-- ,bring us the full flagon 7 74 ,and1 in the play entitled ,the ,couch1 he says-- ,and this most odious flagon's 7 7 full of vinegar4 ,diphilus1 in his ,people ,saved1 says-- ,i have an empty flagon1 my good woman1 ,and a full wallet4 ,and ,lynceus the ,samian1 in his letter to ,diagoras1 says1--,at the time that you sojourned in ,samos1 ,o ,diagoras1 ,i know that you often came to banquets at my house1 at which a flagon was placed by each man1 and filled with wine1 so as to allow every one to drink at his pleasure4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his ,constitution of the ,thessalians1 says that the word is used by the ,thessalians in the feminine gender1 as 4 ,and ,rhianus the epic poet1 in his ,epigrams1 says-- ,this flagon 7 71 ,o ,archinus1 seems to hold ,one half of pitch from pines1 one half of wine2 ,and ,i have never met a leaner kid3 ,and he who sent these dainties to us now1 ,hippocrates1 has done a friendly deed1 ,and well deserves to meet with praise from all men4 ,but ,diphilus1 in his ,brothers1 has used the word in the neuter gender-- ,o conduct worthy of a housebreaker ,or felon1 thus to take a flagon now ,under one's arm1 and so go round the inns2 ,and then to sell it1 while1 as at a picnic1 ,one single vintner doth remain behind1 ,defrauded by his wine-merchant4 ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and the line in the ,geryonis of ,stesichorus-- ,a measure of three flagons 7 71 leaves it quite uncertain under what gender the word is to be classed as far as respects that line4 ,but ,eratosthenes says that the words and are also used as feminine nouns by some authors4 #aja4 ,but the name is derived from 1 a little boat4 ,and this likewise is a round vessel made of wood1 intended to receive milk1 or whey2 as it is said in ,homer-- ,capacious chargers all around were laid1 ,full pails 771 and vessels of the milking trade4 ,unless1 indeed1 is quasi 1 because the ,scythians were in the habit of drinking more than was decent4 ,but ,hieronymus the ,rhodian1 in his treatise on ,drunkenness1 says to get drunk is called 2 for that is a cognate letter to 4 ,but at subsequent times scyphi were made of earthenware and of silver1 in imitation of the wooden ones4 ,and the first makers of cups of this kind were the ,botians1 who obtained a high reputation for their manufacture2 because ,hercules originally used these cups in his expeditions4 ,on which account they are called ,heracleotici by some people4 ,and they are different from other cups2 for they have on their handles what is called the chain of ,hercules4 ,and ,bacchylides mentions the ,botian scyphi in these words1 7addressing his discourse to ,castor and ,pollux1 and invoking their attendance at a banquet7-- ,here there are no mighty joints ,of oxen slain1--no golden plate1 ,no purple rich embroidery2 ,but there is a cheerful mind1 ,and a sweetly-sounding ,muse1 ,and plenty of delicious wine1 ,in cups of ,theban workmanship 7 74 ,and next to the ,botian scyphi1 those which had the highest reputation were the ,rhodian ones1 of the workmanship of ,damocrates4 ,and the next to them were the ,syracusan cups4 ,but the is called by the ,epirotes 1 as ,seleucus reports2 and by the ,methymnans it is called 1 as ,parmeno says1 in his book on ,dialects4 ,and ,dercyllidas the ,lacedmonian was nicknamed 1 as ,ephorus relates in his eighteenth book1 where he speaks as follows3--,the ,lacedmonians sent ,dercyllidas into ,asia in the place of ,thymbron1 having heard that the barbarians were in the habit of doing everything by deceit and trick2 on which account they sent ,dercyllidas1 thinking that he was the least likely of all men to be taken in2 for he was not at all of a ,lacedmonian and simple disposition1 but exceedingly cunning and fierce2 on which account the ,lacedmonians themselves used to call him 4 #ajb4 ,there is the tabaitas also4 ,amyntas1 in the first book of his treatise on the ,stations of ,asia1 speaking of what is called aerial honey1 writes as follows3--,they gather it with the leaves1 and store it up1 making it up in the same manner as the ,syrian cakes of fruit1 but some make it into balls2 and when they are about to use it for food1 they break pieces off these cakes into wooden cups1 which they call tabait1 and soak them1 and then strain them off and drink the liquor2 and the drink is very like diluted honey1 but this is much the sweeter of the two4 ,there is also the tragelaphus4 ,and this is the name given to some cups1 as ,alexis mentions1 in his ,coniates-- ,cymbia1 phial1 tragelaphi1 culices4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,man ,glued on1 says-- ,but there are five phial1 and two tragelaphi4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,fisherman1 says-- ,tragelaphi1 labronii4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,chrysis1 says-- ,and for this rich and sordid bridegroom now1 ,who owns so many talents1 slaves1 and stewards1 ,and pairs of horses1 camels1 coverlets1-- ,such loads of silver plate1 such phial1 ,triremes1 tragelaphi1 carchesia1 ,milkpails of solid gold1 vessels of all sorts2 ,for all the gluttons and the epicures ,call casks brimful of wine mere simple milkpails4 ,there is also the trireme4 ,and that trireme is the name of a species of drinking-cup ,epicurus has shown1 in his ,supposititious ,damsels2 and the passage which is a proof of this has been already quoted4 ,there is also the hystiacum1 which is some sort of drinking-cup4 ,rhinthon1 in his ,hercules1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,you swallow'd1 in one small hystiacum1 ,a cheesecake of pure meal1 and groats1 and flour4 #ajc4 ,there is the phiale too4 ,homer1 when he says-- ,he placed a phiale upon the board1 ,by both hands to be raised 771 untouch'd by fire2 and again1 when he says-- ,a golden phiale1 and doubled fat2 is not speaking of a drinking-cup1 but of a brazen vessel of a flat shape like a caldron1 having perhaps two handles1 one on each side4 ,but ,parthenius the pupil of ,dionysius understands by a phiale without any bottom4 ,but ,apollodorus the ,athenian1 in his short essay on the ,crater1 says that it means a cup which cannot be firmly placed and steadied on its bottom1 but only on its mouth4 ,but some say1 that just as the word is used for a cup which can be lifted by its handles on both sides1 the same is meant by the expression 4 ,but ,aristarchus says that it means a cup which can be placed on either end1 on its mouth or on its bottom4 ,but ,dionysius the ,thracian says that the word means round1 running round 77 in a circular form4 ,and ,asclepiades the ,myrlean says1--,the word 1 by a change of letters1 becomes 1 a cup which contains enough to drink 7 72 for it is larger than the 4 ,but when ,homer calls it also 1 he means either that it was wrought without fire1 or never put on the fire4 ,on which account he calls a kettle which may be put on the fire 1 and one which is not so used 4 ,and when he says-- ,an ample charger1 of unsullied frame1 ,with flowers high wrought1 not blacken'd yet by flame1 he perhaps means one intended to receive cold water4 ,so that the phiale would in that case resemble a flat brazen vessel1 holding cold water4 ,but when he calls it 1 can we understand that it has two bases1 one on each side2 or is here to be taken as equivalent to 1 and then again is to be taken as equivalent to 1 so that in fact all that is meant by the epithet is beautifully made2 since was often used by the ancients for 'to make8' ,it may also mean1 ' being capable of being placed either on its bottom or upon its mouth2' and such a placing of cups is an ,ionian p4 #hjb and an ancient fashion4 ,and even now the ,massilians often adopt it1 and set their goblets down on their mouths4 #ajd4 ,but as ,cratinus has said1 in his ,female ,runaways-- ,receive from me these round-bottom'd phial1 ,eratosthenes1 in the eleventh book of his treatise on ,comedy1 says that ,lycophron did not understand the meaning of the word 771 for that the word 1 as applied to a phiale1 and the word 1 as applied to a bath1 were nearly similar in meaning2 and that1 in the word1 allusion is neatly enough made to the umbilical form4 ,but ,apion and ,diodorus say1 ,there are some kinds of phial of which the boss is similar to a strainer4 ,but ,asclepiades the ,myrlean1 in his ,essays on ,cratinus1 says-- are the phial called1 because their bosses and the vaulted roofs of the baths are much alike4 ,and ,didymus1 saying the same thing1 cites the words of ,lycophron1 which run thus3--,from the bosses in the women's baths1 out of which they ladle the water in small cups4 ,but ,timarchus1 in the fourth book of his ,essay on the ,mercury of ,eratosthenes1 says1--,any one may suppose that this word contains a secret allusion in it1 because most of the baths at ,athens1 being circular in their shape1 and in all their furniture1 have slight projections in the middle1 on which a brazen boss is placed4 ,ion1 in his ,omphale1 says-- ,go quick1 ,o damsels2 hither bring the cups1 ,and the mesomphali2-- and by here1 he means the same things as those which ,cratinus calls 1 where he says-- ,receive from me these round-bottom'd phial4 ,and ,theopompus1 in his ,altha1 said-- ,she took a golden round-bottom'd 77 phiale1 ,brimful of wine2 to which ,telestes gave ,the name of acatos2 as ,telestes had called the phiale an acatos1 or boat4 ,but ,pherecrates1 or whoever the poet was who composed the ,pers1 which are attributed to him1 says1 in that play-- ,garlands to all1 and well-boss'd chrysides 7 74 #aje4 ,but the ,athenians call silver phial 1 and golden ones they call 4 ,and ,pherecrates mentions the silver phiale in the following words in his ,pers-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,here1 you sir2 where are you now carrying ,that silver phiale 7 78 ,and ,cratinus mentions the golden one in his ,laws-- ,making libations with a golden phiale 771 ,he gave the serpents drink4 ,and ,hermippus1 in his ,cercopes1 says-- ,he first completely drain'd an ample cup1 ,golden 77 and round1 then carried it away4 ,there was also a kind of cup called the phiale1 under the bottom of which were placed golden feet4 ,and ,teneus says1 that among the offerings at ,delos there was a brazen palm-tree1 the offering of the ,naxians1 and some golden phial1 to which he gives the epithet 4 ,but ,anaxandrides calls cups of this fashion the phial of ,mars4 ,but the olians call the phiale an aracis4 #ajf4 ,there is also the phthos2 these are wide-shaped phial with bosses4 ,eupolis says-- ,he pledged the guests in phthodes1 writing the dative plural 2 but it ought to have an acute on the last syllable2 like 1 1 4 ,there is the philotesia also4 ,this is a kind of 1 in which they pledged one another out of friendship1 as ,pamphilus says4 ,and ,demosthenes says1 ,and he pledged him in the philotesia4 ,and ,alexis says-- ,we1 in our private and public capacity1 ,do pledge you now in this philotesian culix4 ,but1 besides being the name of a cup1 a company feasting together was also called 4 ,aristophanes says-- ,now does the shadow of the descending sun ,mark seven feet3 'tis time for supper now1 ,and the philotesian company invites me4 ,but it was from the system of pledging one another at these banquets that the cup got the name of philotesia--as in the ,lysistrata-- ,o thou ,persuasion1 mistress of my soul6 ,and you1 ,o philotesian cup of wine4 ,there are also chonni4 ,among the ,gortynians this is the name given to a species of cup resembling the thericleum1 made of brass1 which ,hermonax says is given by lovers to the objects of their affection4 ,there are also ,chalcidic goblets1 having their name and reputation perhaps from ,chalcis in ,thrace4 #ajg4 ,there are also 2 ,alexis1 in his ,supposititious ,child1 says-- ,i1 seeking to do honour to the king1 ,to ,ptolemy and to his sister1 took ,four of strong1 untemper'd wine1 ,and drank them at a draught1 with as much pleasure ,as any one ever swallow'd half-and-half3 ,and1 for the sake of this agreement1 why ,should ,i not now feast in this splendid light8 ,but ,herodotus1 in the fifth book of his ,history1 says that the ,argives and ginetans made a law that no one should ever use any ,attic vessel of any kind in their sacrifices1 not even if made of earthenware2 but that for the future every one should drink out of the of the country4 ,and ,meleager the ,cynic1 in his ,symposium1 writes as follows--,and in the meantime he proposed a deep pledge to his health1 twelve deep full of wine4 #ajh4 ,there is also the or 4 ,plato1 in his ,symposium1 says1--,but1 ,o boy1 bring1 said he1 that psycter hither 7for he had seen one which held more than eight cotyl74 ,accordingly1 when he had filled it1 first of all he drank it himself1 and then he ordered it to be filled again for ,socrates 4 4 4 4 4 as ,archebulus was attempting to be prolix1 the boy1 pouring the wine out at a very seasonable time1 overturned the psycter4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,colonist1 says-- ,a psygeus1 holding three full cotyl4 ,and ,dioxippus1 in his ,miser1 says-- ,and from ,olympicus he then received ,six thericlean cups1 and then two psycters4 ,and ,menander1 in his play entitled ,the ,brazier's ,shop1 says-- ,and1 as the present fashion is1 they shouted ,for more untemper'd wine2 and some one took ,a mighty psycter1 giving them to drink1 ,and so destroy'd them wretchedly4 ,and ,epigenes1 in his ,heroine1 giving a list of many cups1 among them mentions the psygeus thus-- ,now take the boys1 and make them hither bring ,the thericlean and the ,rhodian cups2 ,but bring yourself the psycter and the cyathus1 ,some cymbia too4 ,and ,strattis1 in his ,psychast-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and one man having stolen a psycter1 ,and his companion1 who has taken away ,a brazen cyathus1 both lie perplex'd1 ,looking for a chnix and a cotylis4 ,but ,alexis1 in his ,hippiscus1 uses the diminutive form1 and calls it a 1 saying-- ,i went to see my friend while at his inn1 ,and there ,i met a dark-complexion'd man1 ,and told my slaves1 for ,i brought two from home1 ,to put in sight the well-clean'd drinking-cups3 ,there was a silver cyathus1 and cups ,weighing two drachmas each2 a cymbium1 ,whose weight was four2 a 1 ,weighing two obols1 thinner than ,philippides4 #aji4 ,but ,heracleon of ,ephesus says1 ,the cup which we call some name the 1 but the ,attic writers make jokes upon the 1 as being a foreign name4 ,euphorion1 in his ,woman ,restoring1 says-- ,but when they call a a 1 ,and 1 and the 1 ,what can one do8 ,for ,i rightly said1 ,give me1 ,i pray1 ,pyrgothemis1 some change ,for this your language1 as for foreign money4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,knights1 says-- ,how then are we to live8 ,our bedclothes are ,a saddlecloth1 and our well-fitting hat ,only a psycter4 ,what would you have more8 ,here is the very ,amalthean horn4 ,and in the ,carna he declares plainly that1 when pouring out wine1 they used the psycter for a cyathus4 ,for after he had said-- ,and putting on the board a tripod and cask1 ,and psycter too1 he gets drunk on the wine2 in the passage following1 he represents his man as saying-- ,so will the drink be fiercer3 therefore now1 ,if any one should say it is not fit ,t' indulge in wine at present1 just leave out ,this cask1 and this one single drinking-cup1 ,and carry all the rest away at once4 ,but ,dionysius the pupil of ,tryphon1 in his treatise on ,names1 says--,the ancients used to call the psygeus dinus4 ,but ,nicander of ,thyatira says1 that woods and shady places dedicated to the gods are also called 1 as being places where one may cool oneself 774 schylus1 in his ,young ,men1 says-- ,and gentle airs1 in the cool1 shady places 772 and ,euripides1 in his ,phaethon1 says-- ,the trees1 affording a cool shade 771 ,shall now embrace him in their loving arms2 and the author of the poem called gimius1 whether it really was ,hesiod1 or only ,cecrops of ,miletus1 says-- ,there shall my cool shade 77 be1 ,o king of men4 #aaj4 ,there is also the oidos4 ,this was the name of a drinking-cup1 as we are told by ,tryphon1 in his ,onomasticon2 a cup given to him who sang the scolia--as ,antiphanes shows in his ,doubles-- ,a4 ,what will there be1 then1 for the gods8 ,b4 ,why1 nothing1 ,unless now some one mixes wine for them4 ,a4 ,stop2 take this 1 and abandon all ,those other worn-out fashions2 sing no more ,of ,telamon1 or ,pon1 or ,harmodius4 ,there are also the ooscyphia4 ,now respecting the shape of these cups1 ,asclepiades the ,myrlean1 in his ,essay on the ,nestoris1 says that it has two bottoms1 one of them wrought on to the bowl of the cup1 and of the same piece with it2 but the other attached to it1 beginning with a sharp point1 and ending in a broad bottom1 on which the cup stands4 ,there is also the 1 or egg-cup4 ,dinon1 in the third book of his ,affairs of ,persia1 speaks as follows3--,there is also a bread called potibazis1 made of barley and roasted wheat2 and a crown of cypress leaves2 and wine tempered in a golden oon1 from which the king himself drinks4 #aaa4 ,plutarch having said this1 and being applauded by every one1 asked for a phiala1 from which he made a libation to the ,muses1 and to ,mnemosyne their mother1 and drank the health of every one present1 saying1--,as if any one1 taking a cup in his hand1 being a rich man1 were to make a present of it1 foaming over with the juice of the vine2--and drinking not only to the young bridegroom1 but also to all his friends2 and he gave the cup to the boy1 desiring him to carry it round to every one1 saying that this was the proper meaning of the phrase 1 reciting the verses of ,menander in his ,perinthian ,woman-- ,and the old woman did not leave untouch'd ,one single cup1 but drank of all that came4 ,and again1 in his ,fanatical ,woman1 he says-- ,sidenote3 ,,drinking-,,cups4 ,and then again she carries round to all ,a cup of unmix'd wine4 ,and ,euripides1 in his ,cretan ,women1 says-- ,farewell all other things1 as long ,as cups of wine go freely round4 ,and then1 when ,leonidas the grammarian demanded a larger cup1 and said1--,let us drink hard 771 my friends1 7for that was the word which ,lysanias the ,cyrenean says that ,herodorus used to apply to drinking-parties1 when he says1 ,but when they had finished the sacrifice they turned to the banquet1 and to craters1 and prayers1 and pans2 and the poet1 who was the author of the poem called the ,buffoons--a play which ,duris says that the wise ,plato always had in his hands--says1 somewhere1 1 for we had drunk27 ,but now1 in the name of the gods1 said ,pontianus1 you are drinking in a manner which is scarcely becoming1 out of large cups1 having that most delightful and witty author ,xenophon before your eyes1 who in his ,banquet says1--,but ,socrates1 in his turn1 said1 ,but it seems to me now1 ,o men1 that we ought to drink hard4 ,for wine1 in reality1 while it moistens the spirit1 lulls the griefs to sleep as mandragora does men2 but it awakens all cheerful feelings1 as oil does fire4 ,and it appears to me that the bodies of men are liable to the same influences which affect the bodies of those things which grow in the ground2 for the very plants1 when ,god gives them too much to drink1 cannot hold up their heads1 nor can they expand at their proper seasons4 ,but when they drink just as much as is good for them1 and no more1 then they grow in an upright attitude1 and flourish1 and come in a flourishing state to produce fruit4 ,and so1 too1 in our case1 if we take too much drink all at once1 our bodies and our minds rapidly get disordered1 and we cannot even breathe correctly1 much less speak4 ,but if our slaves bedew us 7to use ,gorgias-like language7 in small quantities with small cups1 then we are not compelled to be intoxicated by the wine2 but being gently induced1 we proceed to a merry and cheerful temperament4 #aab4 ,now1 any one who considers these expressions of the accomplished ,xenophon1 may understand how it was that the brilliant ,plato displayed such jealousy of him4 ,but perhaps the fact may partly be because these men did from the very beginning feel a spirit of rivalry towards one another1 each being aware of his own powers2 and perhaps they began very early to contend for the preeminence1 as we may conjecture not only from what they have both written about ,cyrus1 but also from other writings of theirs on similar subjects4 ,for they have both written a piece called the ,banquet2 and in these two pieces1 one of them turns out the female flute-players1 and the other introduces them2 and one1 as has been already said1 refuses to drink out of large cups1 but the other represents ,socrates as drinking out of a psycter till morning4 ,and in his treatise concerning the ,soul1 ,plato1 reckoning up all who were present1 does not make even the slightest mention of ,xenophon4 ,and concerning ,cyrus1 the one says that from his earliest youth he was trained up in all the national practices of his country2 but ,plato1 as if in the express spirit of contradiction1 says1 in the third book of his ,laws1--,but with respect to ,cyrus1 ,i consider that1 as to other things1 he was indeed a skilful and careful general1 but that he had never had the very least particle of a proper education1 and that he had never turned his mind the least in the world to the administration of affairs4 ,but he appears from his earliest youth to have been engaged in war1 and to have given his children to his wives to bring up4 ,and again1 ,xenophon1 who joined ,cyrus with the ,ten ,thousand ,greeks1 in his expedition into ,persia1 and who was thoroughly acquainted with the treachery of ,meno the ,thessalian1 and knew that he was the cause of the murder of ,clearchus by ,tissaphernes1 and who knew also the disposition of the man1 how morose and debauched he was1--has given us a full account of everything concerning him4 ,but the exquisite ,plato1 who all but says1 ,all this is not true1 goes through a long panegyric on him1 who was incessantly calumniating every one else4 ,and in his ,polity1 he banishes ,homer from his city1 and all poetry of the theatrical kind2 and yet he himself wrote dialogues in a theatrical style1--a manner of writing of which he himself was not the inventor2 for ,alexamenus the ,teian had1 before him1 invented this style of dialogue1 as ,nicias of ,nica and ,sotion both agree in relating4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,poets1 writes thus3--,let us not then call those ,mimes1 as they are called1 of ,sophron1 which are written in metre1 ,discourses and ,imitations2 or those ,dialogues of ,alexamenus of ,teos1 which were written before the ,socratic ,dialogues2--,aristotle1 the most learned of all men1 stating here most expressly that ,alexamenus composed his ,dialogues before ,plato4 ,and ,plato also calumniates ,thrasymachus of ,chalcedon1 saying that he was a sophist in a way consistent with his name4#fi ,and he also attacks ,hippias1 and ,gorgias1 and ,parmenides2 and in one dialogue1 called ,protagoras1 he attacks a great many2--a man who in his ,republic has said1 ,when1 as ,i think1 a city which has been governed by a democracy1 feels a thirst for liberty1 and meets with bad cupbearers1 and so it gets intoxicated by too untempered a draught 4 4 4 4 ,sidenote3 ,,plato4 #aac4 ,and it is said also1 that ,gorgias himself1 when he read the dialogue to which ,plato has given his name1 said to his friends1 ,how well ,plato knows how to write iambics6 ,and ,hermippus1 in his book on ,gorgias1 says1--,when ,gorgias was sojourning at ,athens1 after he had offered up at ,delphi the golden image of himself which is there now1 and when ,plato said when he had seen it1 ,the beautiful and golden ,gorgias is come among us1 ,gorgias replied1 ,this is indeed a fine young ,archilochus whom ,athens has now brought forth4 ,but others say that ,gorgias1 having read the dialogue of ,plato1 said to the bystanders that he had never said any of the things there attributed to him1 and had never heard any such things said by ,plato4 ,and they say that ,phdo also said the same when he had read the treatise on the ,soul1 on which account it was well said by ,timon1 respecting him1-- ,how that learned ,plato invented fictitious marvels6 ,for their respective ages will scarcely admit of the ,socrates of ,plato ever having really had a conference with ,parmenides1 so as to have addressed him and to have been addressed by him in such language4 ,and what is worst of all is1 that he has said1 though there was not the slightest occasion for making any such assertion1 that ,zeno had been beloved by ,parmenides1 who was his fellow-citizen4 ,nor1 indeed1 is it possible that ,phdrus should have lived in the time of ,socrates1 much less that he should have been beloved by him4 ,nor1 again1 is it possible that ,paralus and ,xanthippus1 the sons of ,pericles1 who died of the plague1 should have conversed with ,protagoras when he came the second time to ,athens1 as they had died before4 ,and we might mention many other particulars respecting his works to show how wholly fictitious his ,dialogues are4 #aad4 ,but that ,plato was ill-natured to everybody is plain from what he says in his dialogue entitled ,ion2 in which first of all he abuses all the poets1 and then all those who have been promoted to the highest dignities by the people1 such as ,phanosthenes of ,andros1 and ,apollodorus of ,cyzicus1 and also ,heraclides of ,clazomen4 ,and in his ,menon he abuses those who have been the greatest men among the ,athenians--,aristides and ,themistocles2 and he extols ,meno1 who betrayed the ,greeks4 ,but in his ,euthydemus he attacks this same ,meno and his brother ,dionysiodorus1 and calls them men slow to learn any good thing1 and contentious people1 reproaching them with their flight from ,chios1 which was their native place1 from which they went and settled in ,thurii4 ,and1 in his essay on ,manly ,courage1 he attacks ,melesias1 the son of that ,thucydides who headed the opposite party to ,pericles1 and ,lysimachus1 the son of ,aristides the ,just1 saying that they both fell far short of their fathers' virtues4 ,and as to what he said about ,alcibiades1 in his ,banquet1 that is not fit to be produced to light2 nor is what he says in the first of the ,dialogues which go by his name4 ,for the second ,alcibiades is said by some people to be the work of ,xenophon2 as also the ,halcyon is said to be the work of ,leon the ,academician1 as ,nicias of ,nica says4 ,now1 the things which he has said against ,alcibiades ,i will pass over2 but ,i cannot forbear to mention his calling the ,athenian people a random judge1 guided only by outward appearance4 ,and he praises the ,lacedmonians1 and extols also the ,persians1 who are the enemies of all the ,greeks4 ,and he calls ,cleinias the brother of ,alcibiades a madman2 and the sons of ,pericles he makes out to be fools2 and ,meidias he calls a man fit for nothing but killing quails2 and of the people of the ,athenians he says1 that it wears a fair mask1 but that one ought to strip the mask off1 and look at it then2 for he says that it will then be seen that it is only clothed with a specious appearance of a beauty which is not genuine4 ,sidenote3 ,,plato4 #aae4 ,but in the ,cimon he does not abstain from accusing ,themistocles1 and ,alcibiades1 and ,myronides1 and even ,cimon himself2 and his ,crito contains an invective against ,sophocles2 and his ,gorgias contains an invective not only against the man from whom it is named1 but also against ,archelaus1 king of ,macedon1 whom he reproaches not only with his ignoble birth1 but also with having killed his master4 ,and this is the very same ,plato whom ,speusippus represents as having1 while he professed to be a great friend of ,archelaus1 assisted ,philip to get possession of the kingdom4 ,at all events1 ,carystius of ,pergamus1 in his ,historical ,commentaries1 writes as follows3--,speusippus1 hearing that ,philip used calumnious language respecting ,plato1 wrote something of this sort in his letter to him3 ',just as if men did not know that ,philip originally obtained the kingdom by the assistance of ,plato4' ,for ,plato sent ,euphrus of ,oreum to ,perdiccas1 who persuaded him to apportion a certain district to ,philip2 and so he1 maintaining a force in that country1 when ,perdiccas died1 having all his forces in a state of preparation1 seized the supreme power4 ,but whether all this is true or not1 ,god knows4 ,but his fine ,protagoras1 besides that it contains attacks on many poets and wise men1 also shows up the life of ,callias with much greater severity than ,eupolis does in his ,flatterers4 ,and in his ,menexenus1 not only is ,hippias the ,elean turned into ridicule1 but also ,antipho the ,rhamnusian1 and ,lamprus the musician4 ,and the day would fail me1 if ,i were inclined to go through the names of all those who have been abused by that wise man4 ,nor indeed do ,i praise ,antisthenes2 for he1 having abused many men1 did not abstain even from ,plato himself1 but1 having given him the odious name of ,sathon1 he then published a dialogue under this name4 #aaf4 ,but ,hegesander the ,delphian1 in his ,commentaries1 speaking about the universal ill-nature of ,plato towards everybody1 writes as follows3--,after the death of ,socrates1 when a great many of his friends1 being present at a banquet1 were very much out of spirits1 ,plato1 being present1 taking the cup1 exhorted them not to despond1 as he himself was well able to lead the school2 and1 so saying1 he pledged ,apollodorus3 and he said1 ',i would rather have taken the cup of poison from ,socrates than that pledge of wine from you4' ,for ,plato was considered to be an envious man1 and to have a disposition which was far from praiseworthy2 for he ridiculed ,aristippus when he went to visit ,dionysius1 though he himself had three times sailed to ,sicily1--once for the purpose of investigating the torrents of lava which flow from ,mount tna1 when he lived with the elder ,dionysius1 and was in danger from his displeasure2 and twice he went to visit the younger ,dionysius4 ,and again1 though schines was a poor man1 and had but one pupil1 ,xenocrates1 he seduced him from him2 and he was also detected in instigating the commencement of a prosecution against ,phdo1 which1 if successful1 would have reduced him to slavery2 and altogether he displayed the feelings of a stepmother towards all the pupils of ,socrates4 ,on which account1 ,socrates1 making a not very unreasonable conjecture respecting him1 said in the presence of several persons that he had had a dream1 in which he thought he had seen the following vision4 ,for ,i thought1 said he1 that ,plato had become a crow1 and leaped on my head1 and began to scratch my bald place1 and to take a firm hold1 and so to look about him4 ,i think1 therefore1 said he1 that you1 ,o ,plato1 will say a good many things which are false about my head4 ,and ,plato1 besides his ill-nature1 was very ambitious and vainglorious2 and he said1 ,my last tunic1 my desire of glory1 ,i lay aside in death itself--in my will1 and in my funeral procession1 and in my burial2 as ,dioscorides relates in his ,memorabilia4 ,and as for his desire of founding cities and making laws1 who will not say that these are very ambitious feelings8 ,and this is plain from what he says in the ,timus--,i have the same feelings towards my constitution that a painter would have towards his works2 for as he would wish to see them possessed of the power of motion and action1 so too do ,i wish to see the citizens whom ,i here describe4 #aag4 ,but concerning the things which he has said in his ,dialogues1 what can any one say8 ,for the doctrine respecting the soul1 which he makes out to be immortal1 even after it is separated from the body1 and after the dissolution of this latter1 was first mentioned by ,homer2 for he has said1 that the soul of ,patroclus-- ,fled to the shades below1 ,lamenting its untimely fate1 and leaving ,its vigour and its youth4 ,sidenote3 ,,plato4 ,if1 then1 any one were to say that this is also the argument of ,plato1 still ,i do not see what good we have got from him2 for if any one were to agree that the souls of those who are dead do migrate into other natures1 and do mount up to some higher and purer district1 as partaking of its lightness1 still what should we get by that theory8 ,for1 as we have neither any recollection of where we formerly were1 nor any perception whether we really existed at all1 what do we get by such an immortality as that8 ,and as to the book of the ,laws composed by him1 and the ,polity which was written before the ,laws1 what good have they done us8 ,and yet he ought 7as ,lycurgus did the ,lacedmonians1 and as ,solon did the ,athenians1 and ,zaleucus the ,thurians71 if they were excellent1 to have persuaded some of the ,greeks to adopt them4 ,for a law 7as ,aristotle says7 is a form of words decided on by the common agreement of a city1 pointing out how one ought to do everything4 ,and how can we consider ,plato's conduct anything but ridiculous2 since1 when there were already three ,athenian lawgivers who had a great name1--,draco1 and ,plato himself1 and ,solon1--the citizens abide by the laws of the other two1 but ridicule those of ,plato8 ,and the case of the ,polity is the same4 ,even if his ,constitution is the best of all possible constitutions1 yet1 if it does not persuade us to adopt it1 what are we the better for it8 ,plato1 then1 appears to have written his laws1 not for men who have any real existence1 but rather for a set of men invented by himself2 so that one has to look for people who will use them4 ,but it would have been better for him to write such things as he could persuade men of2 and not to act like people who only pray1 but rather like those who seize hold of what offers itself to them4 #aah4 ,however1 to say no more on this point1 if any one were to go through his ,timus and his ,gorgias1 and his other dialogues of the same character1 in which he discusses the different subjects of education1 and subjects of natural philosophy1 and several other circumstances1--even when considered in this light1 he is not to be admired on this account2 for one may find these same topics handled by others1 either better than by him1 or at all events not worse4 ,for ,theopompus the ,chian1 in his book ,against the ,school of ,plato1 says-- ,we shall find the greater part of his ,dialogues useless and false1 and a still greater number borrowed from other people2 as some of them come from the school of ,aristippus1 and some from that of ,antisthenes1 and a great many from that of ,bryson of ,heraclea4 ,and as to the disquisitions which he enters into about man1 we also seek in his arguments for what we do not find4 ,but what we do find are banquets1 and conversations about love1 and other very unseemly harangues1 which he composed with great contempt for those who were to read them1 as the greater part of his pupils were of a tyrannical and calumnious disposition4 #aai4 ,for ,euphrus1 when he was sojourning with king ,perdiccas in ,macedonia1 was not less a king than the other1 being a man of a depraved and calumnious disposition1 who managed all the companionship of the king in so cold a manner1 that no one was allowed to partake of his entertainments unless he knew something about geometry or philosophy2 on which account1 after ,philip obtained the government1 ,parmenio1 having caught him in ,oreum1 put him to death2 as ,carystius relates in his ,historical ,commentaries4 ,and ,callippus the ,athenian1 who was himself a pupil of ,plato1 having been a companion and fellow-pupil of ,dion1 and having travelled with him to ,syracuse1 when he saw that ,dion was attempting to make himself master of the kingdom1 slew him2 and afterwards1 attempting to usurp the supreme power himself1 was slain too4 ,and ,euagon of ,lampsacus 7as ,eurypylus says1 and ,dicocles of ,cnidus1 in the ninety-first book of his ,commentaries1 and also ,demochares the orator1 in his argument in defence of ,sophocles1 against ,philo71 having lent his native city money on the security of its ,acropolis1 and being afterwards unable to recover it1 endeavoured to seize on the tyranny1 until the ,lampsacenes attacked him1 and repaid him the money1 and drove him out of the city4 ,and ,timus of ,cyzicus 7as the same ,demochares relates71 having given largesses of money and corn to his fellow-citizens1 and being on this account believed by the ,cyzicenes to be an excellent man1 after having waited a little time1 attempted to overturn the constitution with the assistance of ,aridus2 and being brought to trial and convicted1 and branded with infamy1 he remained in the city to an extreme old age1 being always1 however1 considered dishonoured and infamous4 ,sidenote3 ,,plato4 ,and such now are some of the ,academicians1 who live in a scandalous and infamous manner4 ,for they1 having by impious and unnatural means acquired vast wealth by trickery1 are at present highly thought of2 as ,chron of ,pellene1 who was not only a pupil of ,plato1 but of ,xenocrates also4 ,and he too1 having usurped the supreme power in his country1 and having exercised it with great severity1 not only banished the most virtuous men in the city1 but also gave the property of the masters to their slaves1 and gave their wives also to them1 compelling them to receive them as their husbands2 having got all these admirable ideas from that excellent ,polity and those illegal ,laws of ,plato4 #abj4 ,on which account ,ephippus the comic poet1 in his ,shipwrecked ,man1 has turned into ridicule ,plato himself1 and some of his acquaintances1 as being sycophants for money1 showing that they used to dress in a most costly manner1 and that they paid more attention to the elegance of their persons than even the most extravagant people among us4 ,and he speaks as follows-- ,then some ingenious young man rising up1 ,some pupil of the ,new ,academy1 ,brought up at ,plato's feet and those of ,bryso1 ,that bold1 contentious1 covetous philosopher1-- ,and urged by strong necessity1 and able1 ,by means of his small-wages-seeking art1 ,to speak before th' assembly1 in a manner ,not altogether bad2 having his hair ,carefully trimm'd with a new-sharpen'd razor1 ,and letting down his beard in graceful fall1 ,putting his well-shod foot in his neat slipper1 ,binding his ancles in the equal folds ,of his well-fitting hose1 and well protected ,across the chest with the breastplate of his cloak1 ,and leaning1 in a posture dignified1 ,upon his staff2 said1 as it seems to me1 ,with mouthing emphasis1 the following speech1 ,more like a stranger than a citizen1-- ,men of the land of wise ,athenians4 ,and here let us put an end to this part of the discussion1 my friend ,timocrates4 ,and we will next proceed to speak of those who have been notorious for their luxury4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,printer1 ,,bread ,,street ,,hill4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #ed3 ,the following is the note of ,dalccampius on this line3--,while the corpse of a dead person was being burnt1 those who attended the funeral1 going round the funeral pile1 in order to see the face of the corpse from all sides1 walked round as the undertaker bade them1 sometimes turning 1 sometimes ' 4 ,the writers on ,greek antiquities have observed that those who were following a corpse to the tomb went round the funeral pile from right to left1 and when the funeral was over1 returned going from left to right4--,schweig4 ,footnote #ee3 ,odyss4 xi4 #bji4 ,footnote #ef3 ,iliad1 xvi4 #bbe1 ,pope's version4 ,footnote #eg3 ,iliad1 iv4 #c4 ,footnote #eh3 ,the ,attic talent weighed within a fraction of fifty-seven pounds1 and the ,babylonian talent was to the ,attic as seven to six2 but ,boeckh considers the ,babylonian talent as equal to the ginetan1 which was about eighty-two pounds and a quarter4 ,the ,attic mina was not quite a pound2 the ginetan not quite one pound six ounces1 being always one-sixtieth part of a talent4 ,footnote #ei3 ,odyss4 iii4 #dj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,the ,greek has 1 eleven1 being the number of letters in 4 ,i have altered the number to make it correspond to the letters in ,to ,jupiter the ,saviour4 ,footnote #fa3 ,liddell and ,scott say the word is probably from the same root as 1 1 from their round shape1 for the is against any connexion with or 4 ,footnote #fb3 ,the cantharus was also a kind of beetle worshipped in ,egypt1 and as such occasionally invoked in an oath4 ,footnote #fc3 ,there is a pun here on the name1 as if ,peleus were derived from 1 clay4 ,footnote #fd3 ,this quotation from ,nicomachus is hopelessly corrupt4 ,footnote #fe3 ,the manes was a small brazen figure4 ,footnote #ff3 ,this was the name given to the ,spartan syssitia2 apparently derived from 7to spare71 but probably being rather a corruption of 7love feasts71 a term answering to the ,cretan 1 from which they were said to be borrowed4 ,anciently they were called 1 as in ,crete4--,vide ,smith1 ,dict4 ,ant4 v4 ,syssitia4 ,footnote #fg3 1 a mixture1 especially a refreshing draught1 made of barley-meal1 grated cheese1 and ,pramnian wine 7,il4 xi4 #fbd71 to which ,circe adds honey 7,od4 x4 #bcd71 and when it is ready puts in magical drugs4--,vide ,liddell ,scott1 in voc4 ,footnote #fh3 ,this refers to a line of the ,myrmidons of schylus1 quoted by ,aristophanes-- 1 and 7perhaps7 imitated by ,waller-- ,that eagle's fate and mine are one1 ,who on the shaft that made him die1 ,espied a feather of his own1 ,wherewith he wont to soar so high4 ,footnote #fi3 1 an audacious disputant2 a name derived from 1 audacious1 and 1 to contend4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes4 #a4 ,silently corrected simple spelling1 grammar1 and typographical errors4 #b4 ,retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed4 #c4 ,the last chapter 7,,book ,,vii7 of ,volume ,i4 is repeated as the first chapter of this ,volume 7,volume ,,ii74 ,the repetition has not been deleted4