,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,pres5t ,,sy/em ,,( ,,road ,,mak+1 c4 ,h4 ,bry]1 ,pr9t]1 ,bridge-/reet1 ,blackfri>s4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,pres5t ,,sy/em ,,( ,,road ,,mak+2 ,,) ,,obs]vations1 ,,d$uc$ ,,f ,,practice ,,& ,,exp]i5ce1 ,,) ,a ,,view ,,to ,a ,,revision ,,( ,,! ,,exi/+ ,,laws1 ,,& ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,mak+1 ,,repair+1 ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,roads1 ,,& ,,def5d+ ,,! ,,road ,,funds ,,f ,,misapplication4 ,,sev5? ,,edition1 ,,c>efully ,,revis$1 ,,) ,,an ,,app5dix1 ,,& ,,report ,,f ,,! ,,select ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,commons1 ,,june #ahbc1 ,,) ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,evid5ce4 ,,by ,,john ,,l\don ,m,,adam1 ,,esq4 ,,g5]al ,,surveyor ,,( ,,! ,,roads ,,9 ,,! ,,bri/ol ,,di/rict4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,longman1 ,,hur/1 ,,rees1 ,,orme1 ,,& ,,br[n1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 #ahbc4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,s9ce ! ,publication ( ! e>ly editions ( ?is ,essay1 ! ,au?or has witness$ ) v great satisfaction ! am5dm5t ( a l>ge proportion ( ! ,turnpike ,roads1 & "s improvem5t ( ! ,p>i% ,roads4 ,t ! re=mation has n be5 m ext5sive & successful1 may be attribut$ to ! error /ill p]si/$ 9 by ,tru/ees1 ( cont9u+ ! s]vices ( p]sons z ,road ,surveyors1 :o are n only altoge!r ignorant ( ! bus9ess !y pr(ess1 b full ( prejudices 9 fav\r ( _! own errone\s practice4 ,ano!r & a great] error has be5 committ$ lately1 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,c\ntry1 & :i* has entirely aris5 f ! desire ent]ta9$ ( us+ ! new me?od ( ,road mak+4 ,?is v dang]\s error consi/s 9 employ+ p]sons :o (f] !mselves z hav+ be5 in/ruct$ 9 ,road mak+ on sci5tific pr9ciples1 )\t due inquiry respect+ _! skill1 indu/ry1 & moral "*4 ,among ! _m p]sons :o pres5t !mselves to be in/ruct$1 a v small proportion acquire a compet5t k ( _! pr(ession1 & ?is numb] is f>!r dim9i%$ by subsequ5t dismission = neglig5ce1 drunk5ness1 & di%one/y4 ,( ^! reject$ & incapable p]sons1 great numb]s are spread ov] ! ,c\ntry1 solicit+ employm5t2 & _m h be5 incauti\sly engag$ by ,tru/ees1 )\t inquiry ei!r z to _! "* or _! ability 9 _! pr(ession4 ,"u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances = ! con/ant & vigilant control ( a ma/]1 ^: public cr$it dep5ds on ! economical & skilful p]=mance ( ! "w1 x is difficult to keep sub-surveyors 9 ! /rict l9e ( _! duty2 b x may be easily conceiv$ h[ mu* ! public mu/ suff] f accept+ ! s]vices ( m5 reject$ = gross misconduct1 & plac+ !m 9 situations ( confid5ce1 altoge!r fre$ f ! only control capable ( be+ ex]t$ ) effect4 ,?is error1 al?\gh ( rec5t date1 has already be5 att5d$ ) v disa/r\s consequ5ces 9 sev]al places4 ,a practical exp]i5ce ( ,six ,ye>s1 has s]v$ to confirm ! op9ion ( ! ,au?or1 t ! control ( ,commission]s ov] surveyors is altoge!r ineffectual2 :e!r = direction 9 _! active duties1 or = protect+ ! funds ( ,tru/s f wa/e & peculation4 ,! unceas+ control1 & m9ute inspection ( a p]son :om ! surveyors "k to be z mu* _! sup]ior 9 skill & g5]al in=mation1 z 9 /ation 9 society1 & 9 ! confid5ce ( ! ,commission]s1 is absolutely necess>y = ! protection ( ! ,roads4 ,:]e su* control is duly ex]cis$1 good managem5t ) economy w be ! result2 & :]ev] a mi/ak5 notion ( economy %all cont9ue to prev5t ! application ( su* :olesome & necess>y control1 ! roads w be imp]fectly repair$1 & ! funds dissipat$4 ,x appe>s f ! returns made to ,p>liam5t1 t ! sum annually rais$ = ! use ( ! ,roads exce$s ! neat rev5ue ( ! ,po/ ,(fice2 yet is ?is v l>ge sum exp5d$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( p]sons ( ! l[e/ rank 9 society1 "u an appe>ance ( control2 :i* equally deceives ! public & deludes ! expectation ( ^? :o conduct ! g5]al bus9ess ( ! ,roads4 ,commission]s c only act ) effect1 z a delib]ative body2 & _! mo/ b5eficial resolutions are r5d]$ valueless1 ?r\gh want ( a /eady executive p[]4 ,any attempt on ! "p ( individual ,commission]s to ex]cise ?is p[] is a /ill m dang]\s c\rse4 ,! designs ( ! majority may ?us be imp$$1 or ?w>t$ by ! subsequ5t int]f]5ce ( a s+le p]son4 ,all o!r bran*es ( ! public rev5ue are def5d$ by ! /ation & "* ( ! p]sons1 "u ^: c>e !y are plac$4 ,! ,legislature & ! ,gov]nm5t h wisely consid]$ x important 7) a view to economy7 to pur*ase tal5ts1 & /ation1 z a protection = e bran* ( ! public exp5diture2 b 9 ! case ( ! ,roads !y h miscalculat$ ! p[] & effect ( ! controll+ & direct+ au?ority4 ,a prop] comp>ison has n be5 made ( ! duties1 or ( ! effect ( ! ex]tions ( a body compos$ ( unpaid & unresponsible individuals1 l ! road ,commission]s1 & ^? ( bodies compos$ ( ,bo>ds ( ,commission]s1 9 ! pay1 & responsible to ! ,gov]nm5t = ! due adm9i/ration ( ! tru/ repos$ 9 !m3 hav+ also prop] (fic]s equally responsible z !mselves to act "u _! directions4 ,! /ate ( ! public roads1 ! al>m+ am\nt ( an increas+ debt1 ! loose & neglect$ /ate ( ! acc\nts ( ! sev]al ,tru/s1 are ! be/ pro(s ( ! defects ( ! sy/em1 & ( its comp>ative ineffici5cy4 ,! returns made to ,p>liam5t by ! sev]al ,tru/s 9 ! k+dom 7defective z !y are7 af=d matt] = s]i\s reflection4 ,engl& alone1 is divid$ into #iee little ,tru/s :i* may be consid]$1 9 fact1 z ho/ile to ea* o!r2 :ile x is evid5t t unity ( action is ( vital importance among ,commission]s ( ! same bran* ( ! public s]vice1 = effect+ ! great object ( _! appo9tm5t4 ,:ile !re=e ea* ( ^? small communities is liable to be biass$ by individual int]e/ or feel+1 x w h>dly be deem$ inexp$i5t to recomm5d "s c5tral control ov] ! ,di/rict ,commission]s1 t may h ! effect ( regulat+ ! ecc5tricity ( _! measures1 z well z giv+ _! views1 9 _m in/ances1 a bett] direction4 ,?is c5tral control w be mo/ b5eficially e/abli%$ 9 ea* c\nty1 "u su* regulations1 & ) su* p[]s z ! wisdom ( ,p>liam5t may deem mo/ effectual4 ,a ,g5]al ,road ,act mu/1 9 ord] to adapt itself to ! exig5ces ( ! times1 embrace a compreh5sive view ( ! subject3 & effectually rem$y all ! great evils :i* h orig9at$ 9 ! weakness ( ! sy/em1 & h be5 all[$ to gr[ up1 ?r\gh a want ( att5tion to ! alt]$ /ate ( ! comm]ce1 agriculture1 manufactures1 & g5]al int]e/s ( ! k+dom4 ,until ! ,legislature %all be pleas$ to ent] into a s]i\s consid]ation ( ! subject1 no g5]al & useful am5dm5t c take place4 ,! great debt1 7exce$+ at ?is mom5t ,sev5 ,millions17 w cont9ue to increase1 & improvem5t w /ill be imp$$ by ob/acles n removeable by any o!r p[] except ! au?ority ( ,p>liam5t4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,sev5? ,,edition4 ,9 prep>+ ano!r edition ( ! v>i\s pap]s on roads1 :i* ,i h publi%$ dur+ ! la/ six ye>s1 x may be useful to take a slight review ( ! subject1 & ( ! gradual progress ( road improvem5t ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,t any fur!r in=mation %\ld be call$ =1 aft] ! num]\s additions made to ! orig9al pamphlet1 7p>ticul>ly ! la/ communication to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture17 is a conv9c+ pro( ( ! impossibility ( convey+ adequate in/ructions = practical purposes1 by means ( ! press4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ! utmo/ importance t ! !ory be fully und]/ood1 z f want ( compreh5d+ ! orig9al nature ( ! sy/em h aris5 ! _m fruitless attempts at imitation1 :i* h co/ su* va/ sums to ! public4 ,! practical utility ( "s p>ts ( ! sy/em is s obvi\s1 t !y h be5 act$ ^u 9 v>i\s places1 )\t any desire ( fur!r improvem5t4 ,x is uncommon n[1 to meet ) roads repair$ ) l>ge /ones1 or ( ! dang]\s convex =m1 :i* 0 ! univ]sal cu/om ab\t five ye>s ago2 b ^! improvem5ts be+ m]ely graft$ on ! old errone\s me?od1 h nev] be5 att5d$ ) ! rapid dim9ution ( exp5se1 & ! durable advantages :i* imm$iately result f ! adoption ( ! entire sy/em z recomm5d$ by me4 ,^? :o cont9ue to use any "p ( ! old me?od ( road-mak+1 are n1 p]haps1 aw>e ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y are act+4 ,i h =m]ly rem>k$1 t ! old roads ( ! c\ntry 7 g5]ally c>ri$ along ! tops ( hills 9 se>* ( dry or /rong gr\nd2 & x is pla9 t ! fir/ turnpike roads 7 m]ely attempts to op5 m direct communications ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 9 cont9u+1 by me*anical means1 ! rocky pa?s1 to :i* travell]s 7 oblig$ to resort4 ,) ?is view1 l>ge masses ( /one 7 fir/ sunk into ! gr\nd1 & aft]w>ds ?ick lay]s ( brok5 /one /rew$ ov] !m1 s z1 9 fact1 to =m an artificial rock4 ,! insecurity ( ?is unskilful /ructure mu/ be obvi\s4 ,! ra9 p5etrat+ ?r\gh e "p ( ! surface kept x cont9ually 9 a loose /ate1 & z x 0 imb$d$ bel[ ! gr\nd wat]1 x 0 con/antly brok5 up 9 w9t] by ! fro/4 ,h5ce ! va/ sums requir$ = ! =m+ new roads1 & ! heavy & incessant exp5se ( keep+ !m 9 a passable /ate4 ,any improvem5ts t h be5 made on ?is plan1 m]ely relate to ! smoo?ness ( ! surface1 by m c>efully lay+ on ! /ones1 at1 consequ5tly1 a great] exp5se3 b ! orig9al pr9ciple rema9s ! same 9 e road1 except ^? :]e ! new sy/em has be5 fully adopt$4 ,"u su* disadvantages1 x is n surpriz+ t ! roads ( ! k+dom h n kept pace ) ! advancem5t ( e o!r useful art4 ,! l>ge sums dem&$ = ! fir/ outlay1 & ! frequ5t failure ( su* speculations f ! badness ( ! roads1 & ! exp5se ( _! subsequ5t repairs1 suffici5tly acc\nt = ! t>dy progress ( road-mak+4 ,f conviction ( ! v insuffici5t & exp5sive nature ( ! me?od 9 use1 ,i 0 l$ to consid] ( ! possibility ( con/ruct+ l9es ( communication1 capable ( convey+ ! heavie/ weights ov] e k9d ( soil1 & at all seasons1 ^u pr9ciples purely sci5tific3 a plan1 :i* ev5 9 !ory diff]s z widely f ! in>tificial me?ods ( road-mak+ hi!rto practis$1 z ! pr9ciple by :i* an ar* is ?r[n ov] a riv]1 diff]s f ! heap ( /ones :i* con/itutes ! =d4 ,! actual exp]i5ce ( sev5 ye>s1 ! great ext5t ( road :i* has be5 entirely con/ruct$ accord+ to my direction1 & ! unque/ionable te/imony ( ! ,committees ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons appo9t$ to enquire into ?is matt]1 h n[ plac$ ! effici5cy ( ! discov]y beyond a d\bt4 ,x rema9s ) ! c\ntry to consid] ( ! mo/ wise & effectual mode ( secur+ ! b5efit ( ! sy/em4 ,:oev] has att5tively consid]$ ! weakness & inadequacy ( ! pres5t road laws1 to protect ! great int]e/ at /ake1 mu/ be aw>e ( ! urg5t necessity = "s new legislative measures1 m adapt$ to ! pres5t /ate ( ! c\ntry4 ,! roads are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important bran* ( our dome/ic economy4 ,! rev5ue collect$ = _! support equals t ( ! ,po/-(fice2 & any failure 9 execut+ ! "w1 op]ates z a sev]e *eck ^u our comm]ce1 manufactures1 & agriculture4 ,yet a public s]vice ( su* vital importance1 cont9ues to be regulat$ solely by ! n>r[ policy & limit$ views ( ! fir/ ,turnpike ,act1 7:i* 71 9 fact1 m]e exp]im5ts 9 legislation17 :ile ?is imm5se rev5ue is ab&on$ to ! discretion or ! cupidity ( ! l[] ord]s ( society4 ,! b5efit :i* ,i h aspir$ to r5d] ! c\ntry1 is ( a tw(old nature2 & my lab\rs h be5 z con/antly direct$ t[>ds ! introduction ( a wise & well-regulat$ sy/em ( managem5t = ! roads1 z t[>ds _! me*anical con/ruction4 ,i h always express$ a conviction1 t no p]man5t improvem5t c\ld take place 9 road affairs1 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( ! legislature2 nor has ! success att5d+ ! ef=ts ( my family1 9 v>i\s places1 9 any way t5d$ to weak5 t op9ion4 ,! advantages ( ! new me?od ( mak+ roads are s app>5t1 !y h n fail$ ( attract+ att5tion2 b ,i h n be5 equally =tunate 9 induc+ ! g5tlem5 ( ! c\ntry to obs]ve ! means by :i* economy & improvem5t h be5 comb9$4 ,x is n only to ! simplicity & *eapness ( ! new sy/em1 t ! great diff]5ce ( exp5se is ow+4 ,9 e place :]e ! sy/em has be5 prop]ly act$ ^u1 c>e has be5 tak5 to place ! road bus9ess on ! same respectable foot+ z o!r bran*es ( ! public s]vice2 a complete executive dep>tm5t has be5 creat$4 ,! inf]ior (fic]s1 select$ f ! mo/ respectable yeomanry1 are plac$ "u ! vigilant inspection ( a sup]ior1 ^: responsibility secures 8 att5tion1 & :o is n liable to be biass$ by any influ5ce 9 ! duties ( 8 (fice4 ,! great success t has att5d$ ! adoption ( ?is plan1 "u all ! disadvantages ( ! pres5t road laws1 is an e>ne/ ( :at might result f its be+ e/abli%$ on a compreh5sive scale1 "u ! au?ority ( ,p>liam5t4 ,al?\gh no measures h yet be5 tak5 = e/abli%+ any sy/ematic plan = ! managem5t ( roads1 x is gratify+ to obs]ve ! _s ( improvem5t :i* is ext5d+ itself ov] ! c\ntry4 ,?is is manife/ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! plan ( conv]t+ ! pavem5ts ( /reets into /on$ roads1 0 introduc$ into ! ,bri/ol di/rict ab\t six ye>s ago2 & x may reasonably be expect$1 t pavem5ts w v soon be ne>ly sup]s$$ by ! m conv5i5t1 safe1 & economical sub/itute ( /on$ roads4 ,( ! sup]ior conv5i5ce ( roads1 !re c be no "q2 & all ! m9or objections :i* h be5 />t$ c be s easily obviat$1 t a v little reflection w be suffici5t = any c&id m9d4 ,! inhabitants ( t[ns are g5]ally appreh5sive t roads w be less commodi\s = foot pass5g]s ?an pavem5ts3 b 7if prop] c>e be be/[$ on clean+ & wat]+7 a road made ( brok5 /one w be f\nd m eligible ?an su* pavem5ts z ^? ( ,london4 ,9 "s t[ns1 :]e ! pr9cipal /reets are turnpike roads1 ! commission]s h caus$ !m to be made ( mat]ials brok5 v small1 :i*1 :5 skilfully laid1 =m a smoo?1 firm surface4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! co/ ( a road1 & ev5 ! wor/ ,london pavem5t1 w\ld enable ! city to be/[ su* c>e on ! cleanl9ess ( ! c>riage ways1 z w\ld all[ ! inhabitants to enjoy all ! advantages ( smoo? road1 ) ev5 increas$ com=t to ! foot pass5g]4 ,,to ,,! ,,g5]al ,,treasur]1 ,,! ,,treasur]s ,,( ,,divisions1 ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,commission]s ,,= ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,turnpike ,,roads ,,9 ,,! ,,bri/ol ,,di/rict1 ,,to ,,^: ,,firmness ,,& ,,patriotic ,,zeal ,,9 ,,! ,,dis*>ge ,,( ,,_! ,,duty1 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,is ,,indebt$ ,,= ,,! ,,fir/ ,,example ,,( ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,a ,,new ,,& ,,effectual ,,sy/em ,,( ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,! ,,repair ,,( ,,! ,,roads1 ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,! ,,funds ,,"u ,,_! ,,c>e2 ,,^! ,,rem>ks ,,are ,,mo/ ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$1 ,,z ,a ,,te/imony ,,( ,,! ,,e/eem ,,& ,,gratitude ,,( ,,_! ,,oblig$ ,,& ,,ob$i5t ,,s]vant1 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,introduction4 ,! pres5t v defective /ate ( ! ,turnpike ,roads & ,highways 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ! cont9ual & app>5tly unlimit$ increase ( ! ,toll ,duties1 are ! consid]ations1 :i* h giv5 rise to ! publication ( ! foll[+ rem>ks4 ,( ! value ( ! in=mation conta9$ 9 !m1 ! intellig5t read] w be ! mo/ compet5t judge2 ! au?or c only v5ture to assure him1 t ! few facts br\ght =w>d 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w h be5 mo/ c>efully au!nticat$2 t ! op9ions advanc$ are ! result ( mu* ?\ght1 & pati5t inve/igation2 t :atev] may appe> !oretical1 has1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 already r$uc$ to practice2 & t :]e practice has be5 want+1 a long exp]i5ce ( ! evils aris+ f ! pres5t sy/em1 & n ! m]e love ( innovation1 has be5 ! motive = ! sugge/ion ( ! rem$ies propos$4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 ! au?or gladly submits to ! good s5se & c&\r ( ! public2 only reque/+1 9 ! words ( a celebrat$ writ]1 t :oev] favors him ) a p]usal1 w n judge by a few h\rs read+ ( ! lab\rs ( ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 ! subject ( ,roads w be consid]$ "u ?ree pr9cipal heads3 ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,mak+ ,,roads2 ,,! ,,commission]s1 ,,& ,,(fic]s ,,employ$ ,,"u ,,!m1 ,,= ,,?is ,,s]vice1 & ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,f9ances3 ,:i* has appe>$ to ! ,au?or ! mo/ cle> & compreh5sive arrangem5t4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,roads4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,mak+ ,,roads4 ,! modes ( mak+ & repair+ ,roads are s v>i\s 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom1 t x w\ld be an endless task to attempt a p>ticul> acc\nt ( ea*4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be possible to give a g5]al idea ( !m1 accord+ to ! mat]ials produc$ 9 ea* "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 ! roads are =m$ ( gravel2 9 ,essex & ,sussex1 !y are =m$ ( fl9t2 9 ,wilts1 ,som]set1 & ,gloce/]1 lime/one is pr9cipally us$2 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 & 9 ,scotl&1 :9/one is ! pr9cipal mat]ial2 & 9 ,%rop%ire & ,/af=d%ire1 l>ge pebbles mix$ ) s&4 ,excell5t roads may be made ) any ( ^! mat]ials4 ,! gravel ( :i* ! roads r\nd ,london are =m$ is ! wor/2 because x is mix$ ) a l>ge portion ( clay1 & because ! compon5t p>ts ( gravel are r\nd1 & want ! angul> po9ts ( contact1 by :i* brok5 /one unites1 & =ms a solid body2 ! loose /ate ( ! roads ne> ,london1 is a consequ5ce ( ?is quality 9 ! mat]ial1 & ( ! entire neglect1 or ignorance ( ! me?od ( am5d+ x4 ,a m c>eful exam9ation ( facts connect$ ) ! roads r\nd ,london1 has discov]$ sev]al o!r causes1 f :5ce proce$s ! defective /ate ( ^! roads4 ,! greate/ appe>s to be1 ! division ( ! roads into s _m small ,tru/s1 :i* precludes ! possibility ( any ext5d$ plan ( op]ations1 = ! b5efit ( ! :ole4 ,be=e any "o road r\nd ,london c be prop]ly re=m$1 & all wa/eful exp5diture re/ra9$1 a compreh5sive view ( ! local situation ( ! :ole di/rict w be requisite4 ,ano!r great imp$im5t to improvem5t1 arises f ! laws & regulations1 :i* prev5t a supply ( good road mat]ials1 ( sev]al k9ds1 be+ br\ght to ,london by wat]1 & l&$ 9 diff]5t places1 conv5i5t = ! roads4 ,7 ^! re/rictions remov$1 z f> z conc]ns /one1 fl9t1 or any balla/ = road-mak+1 ,london is s favorably situat$ = wat] c>riage by ! riv]1 & by ! canals connect$ ) x1 t a supply1 equal to ! wants ( all ! roads 9 ! vic9ity ( ,london1 might be obta9$ at a reasonable rate1 & ( good quality1 s z to r5d] ! use ( ! bad gravel r\nd ! metropolis no long] necess>y4#a ,b ?is measure1 to be p]=m$ 9 an economical1 & effici5t mann]1 mu/ be done ^u an ext5d$ scale2 x mu/ become "o int]e/1 direct$ by "o select body ( m5 ( weight1 ability1 & "*4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is mu/ n be und]/ood z convey+ an op9ion1 t a good road may n be con/ruct$ ) ! ,london gravel1 prop]ly prep>$ & appli$4 ,! road at ,read+1 9 ,b]k%ire1 has lately be5 made p]fectly smoo?1 solid1 & level1 ) a gravel inf]ior to t ( ,london1 & at less ?an x =m]ly co/4 ,c>riages make no impression on ?is road1 & x has rema9$ good 9 all *anges ( wea!r4 ,nev]!less1 a means hav+ be5 discov]$1 by dilig5t enquiry1 = import+ fl9ts1 f a di/ance1 ! ,read+ road w1 9 future1 be repair$ ) fl9t1 at half ! exp5ce requir$ to prep>e ! gravel ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,a road ne> ,london may be made z smoo?1 solid1 & easy = cattle to draw c>riages ov]1 z ! road ne> ,bri/ol2 & ! ,london road s made w la/ long]1 & consequ5tly be less exp5sive ?an ! ,bri/ol road1 because ! mat]ials :i* may be obta9$ are m durable1 & may be procur$ at less exp5ce4 ,fl9t makes an excell5t road1 if due att5tion be paid to ! size2 b f want ( t att5tion1 _m ( ! fl9t roads are r\gh1 loose1 & exp5sive4 ,lime/one1 :5 prop]ly prep>$ & appli$1 makes a smoo?1 solid road1 & becomes consolidat$ soon] ?an any o!r mat]ial2 b f its nature is n ! mo/ la/+4 ,:9/one is ! mo/ durable ( all mat]ials2 & :]ev] x is well & judici\sly appli$1 ! roads are comp>atively good & *eap4 ,! pebbles ( ,%rop%ire & ,/af=d%ire1 are ( a h>d sub/ance1 & only require a prud5t application to be made good road mat]ials4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,scotti% roads1 made ( ! v be/ mat]ials1 :i* are abundant & *eap 9 e "p ( t c\ntry1 are ! mo/ loose1 r\gh1 & exp5sive roads 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ow+ to ! unskilful use ( ! mat]ial4 ,! =mation ( roads is defective 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 9 p>ticul> ! roads r\nd ,london1 are made high 9 ! middle1 9 ! =m ( a ro(1 by :i* means a c>riage goes ^u a dang]\s slope1 unless kept on ! v c5tre ( ! road4 ,^! roads are repair$ by ?r[+ a l>ge quantity ( unprep>$ gravel 9 ! middle1 & tru/+ t1 by its nev] consolidat+1 x w 9 due "t move t[>ds ! sides4 ,:5 a road has be5 orig9ally well made1 x w be easily repair$4 ,su* a road c nev] become r\gh1 or loose2 ?\gh x w gradually we> ?9 & weak1 9 proportion to ! use to :i* x is expos$2 ! am5dm5t w !n be made1 by ! addition ( a quantity ( mat]ials prep>$ z at fir/4 ,z !re w be no exp5se on su* road1 betwe5 ! fir/ mak+ & ea* subsequ5t repair1 except ! necess>y att5tion to ! wat]-ways1 & to accid5tal injuries1 ! funds w be no long] burd5$ ) ! unceas+ exp5diture1 at pres5t exp]i5c$1 f cont9ual ef=ts at repair+1 )\t am5dm5t ( ! roads4 ,!re _c be a d\bt1 t all ! roads 9 ! k+dom may be made smoo? & solid1 9 an equal degree1 & to cont9ue s at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,_! durability w ( c\rse dep5d on ! /r5g? ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y may be compos$1 b !y w all be good :ile !y la/1 & ! only "q t c arise respect+ ! k9d ( mat]ials1 is "o ( "t & exp5ce1 b nev] ( ! imm$iate condition ( ! roads4 ,! anxi\s provisions ( ! ,legislature = pres]vation ( ! roads h un=tunately tak5 prec$5ce ( measures = mak+ roads fit to be travell$ ^u1 or wor? ! c>e ( be+ pres]v$4 ,w x be deem$ presumptu\s to propose1 t "s regulations may be adopt$1 = enc\rag+ & promot+ a bett] sy/em ( mak+ roads1 by elicit+ ! ex]tion ( sci5ce1 & by creat+ a set ( (fic]s ( skill1 & reputation1 to sup]9t5d ?is mo/ ess5tial bran* ( dome/ic economy8 ,:5 roads are prop]ly made1 v few regulations are necess>y = _! pres]vation4 ,x is c]ta9ly useful to make effectual provision = keep+ cle> ! wat]c\rses1 = remov+ nuisances1 & = ! prun+ ( trees & h$ges2 = ^! purposes ample p[]s %\ld be giv5 to ,commission]s2 b ! advantage ( _m exi/+ regulations respect+ :eel$ c>riages may v well be que/ion$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t _m ( ^? regulations are oppressive to comm]ce & agriculture1 by compell+ an inconv5i5t con/ruction ( c>riages4#b ,! au?or has nev] obs]v$ any great diff]5ce ( effect1 on a well made road1 by n>r[ or broad :eels2 ei!r ( !m w pass ov] a smoo?1 solid road1 )\t leav+ any visible impression3 on r\gh1 loose roads1 ! effect w c]ta9ly be diff]5t2 b :e!r a loose & r\gh road c be am5d$ by dragg+ an unwieldy c>riage ov] x1 or :e!r1 if x 7 possible to am5d roads by su* means1 x c be deem$ ! mo/ economical = ! nation at l>ge1 c h>dly be subject ( d\bt4#c ,footnote #b3 ,! increase ( ! bread? ( ! :eels1 ?\gh 9 a great] proportion ?an t ( ! weights1 is by no means a comp5sation = x2 because ! :ole bread? 9 _m in/ances1 f ! inequality ( ! gr\nd1 or ! :eels1 w n be br\ght to be> :5ev] x c1 ! fir/ impression mu/ be made by ! nails1 :]e !y are prom95t1 p]haps by a s+le nail2 or ! be>+ may happ5 ^u s+le pieces ( mat]ials1 or ^u ! edges ( mat]ials1 incapable ( support+ ! weights4 ,see ,enquiry into ! ,/ate ( ! ,public ,roads1 by ! ,rev4 ,,h5ry ,,hom]1 ,a4 ,m4 ,rector ( ,birdl+bury1 ,w>wick%ire4 ,publi%$ 9 #agfg1 ,page #ff4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ^! rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,hom]1 & ( e o!r writ] on ! subject ( roads1 are only applicable to su* z are loose1 r\gh1 & unev52 & t no "o seems to h contemplat$ ! idea ( a road be+ made at once /rong1 smoo?1 & solid4--,,au?or4 ,footnote #c3 ,broad-:eel$ c>riages are f\nd to be s unadapt$ to ! purposes ( husb&ry1 ! numb] ( horses requisite = _! draught s great1 & ! b5eficial effects ( !m to ! road s que/ionable1 t nei!r ! enc\ragem5ts on ! "o h&1 nor ! disc\ragem5ts on ! o!r1 h be5 suffici5t to br+ !m into g5]al use4 ,,hom]',s ,,enquiry1 ,page #be4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be admitt$1 t ! we> ( roads is proportion$ to ! weight & velocity ( c>riages runn+ ^u a giv5 bread? ( ! tire ( ! :eels1 & !re=e1 x is ( consequ5ce t "s regulations %\ld be adopt$4 ,! be/ regulations1 z reg>d ! bread? ( ! tire ( :eels1 w be f\nd 9 sev]al ,acts ( ! ,session ( ,p>liam5t #ahaf1 :]e ,c>ts are requir$ to h :eels ( a cyl9drical =m five in*es broad2 & ,waggon ,:eels ( ! same =m six in*es broad1 ) an equal upright be>+4 ,! weights w be be/ & mo/ easily regulat$ by ! numb] ( horses1 or o!r cattle1 draw+ ! c>riages3 & ?is1 z a regulation ( economy1 may be made1 by ! tolls at pres5t payable on ! cattle be+ levi$ 9 a l>g] ratio z ! numb] increases4 ,waggons & c>ts ) :eels ( a cyl9drical =m & upright be>+1 runn+ on a bread? ( tire ( five & six in*es1 _c injure a well made road1 at ! sl[ pace ) :i* su* c>riages travel2 at lea/1 9 any proportion beyond ! toll !y pay4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is c]ta91 t ,/age ,coa*es1 ) _! pres5t sy/em ( load+1 & velocity ( travell+ ^u v n>r[ :eels1 damage ! roads 9 a mu* great] proportion ?an ! comp5sation d]iv$ f ! toll4 ,e :eel1 propell$ by a =ce appli$ to its c5tre ( motion1 z ! axis ( a c>riage :eel1 is dispos$ by its specific gravity1 to be dragg$ =w>ds1 in/ead ( turn+ r\nd2 & ! rotative motion is occasion$ by ! resi/ance pres5t$ by ! surface ov] :i* x passes2 yet ?is resi/ance does n entirely prev5t dragg+2 = e :eel runn+ ^u a road drags 9 "s degree4 ,?is degree w be proportion$ to ! weight ( ! c>riage1 & ! velocity ( ! :eel ^u its axis1 & w be oppos$ by ! bread? ( ! tire com+ 9 contact ) ! road4 ,/age ,coa*es1 !re=e1 c>ry+ heavy weights1 mov+ ) great velocity1 & pres5t+ to ! road a n>r[ tire ( :eel1 mu/ ( necessity drag 9 a great] degree ?an any o!r c>riage1 z comb9+ 9 !mselves e cause by :i* dragg+ is produc$4#d ,footnote #d3 ,above fifty ,/age ,coa* j\rnies are made daily betwe5 ,,bri/ol & ,,ba?3 ! ,au?or's obs]vation leads him to ! conclusion1 t ! toll-duty paid by !m1 does n indemnify ! funds = ! we>+ ( ! road4 ,:5 ! ,legislature %all h provid$ ! means ( putt+ all ! roads 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom into ! be/ & fitte/ /ate = ! accommodation ( ! agriculture & comm]ce ( ! c\ntry1 !y w naturally consid] ( ! mo/ prop] modes ( protect+ !m f injury1 or = indemnify+ ! funds = ! effects ( use :i* are unavoidable1 by impos+ toll duties 9 a j & equitable proportion on ! c>riages occasion+ su* injury4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,commission]s ,,& ,,(fic]s ,,employ$ ,,"u ,,!m4 ,! c>e ( ! ,turnpike ,roads has be5 committ$ by ,p>liam5t1 into ! h&s ( ,commission]s1 select$ f t class ( society1 mo/ capable ( execut+ ! duties ( sup]9t5dance1 & f _! /ation mo/ likely to p]=m ! duty ) fidelity2 9 ?is respect ! expectations ( ! public has n be5 disappo9t$2 & !re c be b "o op9ion1 ^u ! obligations ! c\ntry owes to ?is v respectable "p ( ! community4 ,p]haps ! only useful regulation want$1 9 respect to ,commission]s1 w\ld be to conf9e ! qualification ( ,tru/ees to l&$ prop]ty4 ,! sup]9t5d+ & contr\l+ p[]1 s wisely plac$ by ,p>liam5t 9 ! ,commission]s1 has n1 h[ev]1 be5 suffici5t to secure all ! objects ( ! ,legislature4 ,a sci5tific1 labori\s1 executive p[] is want+2 & no means hav+ be5 ?\ght ( = ?is "p ( ! s]vice1 x has be5 altoge!r neglect$1 or at be/ v unpr(itably suppli$ by a set ( ,surveyors1 altoge!r ignorant ( ! duties ( ! (fice !y 7 call$ ^u to fill4#e ,footnote #e3 ,! g5]al laws relat+ to highways seem suffici5tly calculat$ to answ] ! purpose int5d$ by !m1 if ,ov]se]s 7 qualifi$ ) a suffici5t degree ( judgm5t to execute !m prop]ly1 & ( indu/ry & _s to d x effectually4 ,,hom]',s ,,enquiry1 ,page #ah4 ,g5]al sup]9t5dance & gratuit\s s]vices1 su* z ! law contemplat$ to receive f ! ,commission]s ( ,turnpikes1 may be obta9$1 & h be5 fai?fully & consci5ti\sly giv5 by ! ,commission]s2 b t con/ant & labori\s att5tion1 requisite to sup]9t5d ! executive duties ( a turnpike tru/1 _c reasonably be expect$ f g5tlem5 engag$ 9 o!r pursuits4 ,7 !y to und]take ! task1 x mu/ be subject to all ! int]ruptions ( _! private affairs1 or o!r occupations2 & ?is alone w\ld r5d] _! s]vices nugatory4 ,"s in/ances ( individual zeal & ex]tion1 on ! "p ( ,commission]s1 9 p>ticul> p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 h s]v$ to %[ :at b5efit might be d]iv$ f provid+ ea* c\nty ) an executive (fic]1 ^: sole att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! bus9ess2 ^: s]vices %\ld be amply remun]at$1 & ( :om ! ,commission]s might ( "r dem& an acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* _! ord]s 7 c>ri$ into execution2 :o %\ld exam9e & audit ! acc\nts ( ! ,sub-surveyors2 comp>e !m ) ! "w p]=m$1 & c]tify !m1 if approv$1 to ! ,treasur]s4 ,9 a tru/ ( any ext5t1 say ab\t #aej miles ( road1 ! "t ( su* an (fic] w\ld be v fully employ$4 ,he mu/ direct ! execution ( ! repairs1 & alt]ations ( ! road1 :5 ord]$ by ! ,commission]s2 & he mu/ contr\l ! contracts1 & o!r agreem5ts ent]$ into by ! ,sub-surveyors1 s z to prev5t unnecess>y exp5ce2 he mu/ exam9e all "w p]=m$1 to see t x is correspond+ ) contracts1 & g5]ally keep a vigilant sup]9t5dance ov] ! p]sons employ$ "u him4 ,acc\nts ( all exp5ces incurr$ %\ld e second week be deliv]$ by ! ,sub-surveyors into 8 (fice 9 duplicate2 aft] exam9ation1 "o copy to rema9 9 ! (fice1 ! o!r c]tifi$1 to be s5t to ! ,treasur]1 ^u :i* paym5t may foll[4 ,mu* mu/ dep5d on ! selection ( ! (fic] to :om ?is *>ge is committ$2 he mu/ h a consid]able %>e ( g5]al in=mation respect+ c\ntry bus9ess2 ! subject ( road-mak+ ought to h be5 well consid]$ by him2 8 /ation 9 society %\ld be su*1 z to secure to him ! support & confid5ce ( ! ,commission]s1 :ile x comm&s ! ob$i5ce & def]5ce ( ! subord9ate (fic]s4 ,! success ( ! ex]tions ( individual ,commission]s1 9 p>ticul> p>ts ( ! c\ntry fir/ sugge/$ ! op9ion1 t a bett] sy/em ( road-mak+ might be adopt$1 & ! examples ( a bett] practice ext5d$ to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 b ! b5efit c nev] be r5d]$ ?us g5]al1 unless accompani$ by ! zeal & activity t produc$ x2 & ?is c only be suppli$ by (fic]s1 ^: sole duty x %all be1 & :o w be acc\ntable to ! ,commission]s "u ^: ord]s !y act = ! execution ( ! tru/ confid$ to !m4 ,gratuit\s s]vices are ev] tempor>y & local1 !y are dep5dant on ! resid5ce1 & life ( ! p>ty2 & h always disappo9t$ expectation4 ,skill & executive lab\r mu/ be adequately paid =1 if expect$ to be con/antly & usefully ex]t$2 & if s ex]t$1 ! price is no consid]ation :5 comp>$ ) ! advantage to ! public4 ,f ! want ( su* an (fic]1 ! ord]s ( ! ,commission]s1 aft] hav+ be5 maturely consid]$1 & wisely giv51 h fall51 = execution into ! h&s ( ,surveyors1 select$ n unfrequ5tly f ! l[e/ class ( ! community1 :o h proce$$ )\t plan or me?od4 ,! consequ5ce is se5 9 e corn] ( ! c\ntry2 want ( sci5ce 9 ! ,surveyor has gone h& 9 h& ) improvid5t exp5diture1 to ! injury ( ! roads1 & ! d]angem5t ( ! f9ances4 ,a vigilant & unremitt+ sup]9t5dance is want+ to ensure an economical & effectual execution4 ,:e!r x may n be useful to emp[] ,commission]s 9 ! small ,tru/s into :i* ! roads ( ,engl& are un=tunately divid$1 to unite toge!r 9 suffici5t numb] to enable !m to provide a respectable & effici5t executive (fic]1 & = o!r g5]al purposes ( improvem5t1 is humbly submitt$ to ! wisdom ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! effect ( an active & effici5t contr\l ov] ! ,sub-surveyors1 9 ! executive "p ( _! duties2 & 9 rescu+ ! funds f mis-application & depr$ation1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! measures wisely ent]$ into by ! ,commission]s = ! c>e ( ! turnpike roads 9 ! ,,bri/ol ,,di/rict1 ! success ( :i* has amply ju/ifi$ _! adoption1 ! roads hav+ be5 entirely re=m$ & put into ! be/ possible /ate = use1 at an exp5ce consid]ably )9 ! rev5ue ( ! ,tru/4 ,?is improv$ /ate ( ! f9ances has enabl$ ! ,commission]s to effect sev]al great p]man5t improvem5ts1 )\t =gett+ ! necess>y provision = liquidation ( ! debt1 :i* _h accumulat$ dur+ =m] ye>s4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,f9ances4 ,! funds plac$ by ! ,legislature at ! disposal ( ! ,commission]s = ! c>e ( turnpike roads are v consid]able1 & might be suppos$ ) prop] managem5t1 fully equal to ! object2 !y arise pr9cipally f toll duties1 & a proportion ( /atute lab\r4 ,z long z x %all be necess>y to raise l>ge sums = ! ma9t5ance ( roads1 ! pres5t means mu/ cont9ue2 toll duties1 al?\gh liable to _m objections1 are s imm$iately1 & effectually productive1 t little hope c be ent]ta9$ ( ! possibility ( _! be+ r$uc$1 until a cont9uance ( a bett] sy/em %all h mat]ially am5d$ ! roads1 & r$uc$ ! exp5ce1 s z to leave means = ext+ui%+ ! heavy debt ow+ by ! c\ntry = ?is bran* ( ! public s]vice4 ,/atute lab\r1 9 k9d1 0 decre$ by ,p>liam5t at a "t1 :5 no bett] means c\ld be devis$3 :5 a circulat+ m$ium 0 defici5t1 & :5 a fair quantum ( lab\r c\ld n1 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 be obta9$ = money4 ,p]sonal lab\r = a public s]vice c nev] be made pr(itable1 or fairly productive2 at ! same "t1 x is liable to ! great objections ( be+ made an in/rum5t ( p>tiality & oppression "u ! direction ( a class ( m5 ) :om su* a p[] %\ld nev] be lodg$1 & ov] :om1 9 ?is in/ance1 no adequate contr\l c be plac$4 ,! causes1 :i* op]at$ to induce ,p>liam5t to resort to p]sonal s]vice1 hav+ ceas$1 x w be f\nd exp$i5t to commute /atute lab\r = a mod]ate assessm5t 9 money4 ,?is has be5 effect$ ) great advantage 9 ,scotl&1 by mo/1 if n all ( ! local & c\nty ,acts = turnpike roads4#f ,footnote #f3 ,x is impossible n to see t /atute lab\r is a remnant ( p]sonal s]vice2 a g5tleman might z well argue at ! pres5t day1 t r5ts paid 9 k9d1 are m easy & equitable ?an moni$ r5ts1 z to def5d ! cu/om ( m5d+ highways by compulsory lab\r4 ,,edgewor?',s ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,roads ,,& ,,c>riages1 p4 #df4 ,! sum ( money annually rais$ 9 ! k+dom = roads is v great1 & w\ld be f\nd1 if c>efully exam9$ into1 mu* beyond ! g5]al belief4 ,gov]nm5t h procur$ in=mation1 z to ! sum rais$ annually = p>i% roads 7g5]ally d5om9at$ highways7 b !y h n yet enquir$ into ! am\nt ( ! mu* great] sum rais$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! turnpike roads1 nor into ! am\nt ( ! debt incurr$ = ! same purpose4 ,^! funds1 consid]able z !y are1 cont9ue to be exp5d$1 nom9ally1 "u ! direction ( ,commission]s1 b effectually & practically "u ! ,surveyors1 ov] :om ! ,commission]s h v unc]ta9 means ( useful contr\l2 & !re is no d\bt1 t mu* abuse exi/s 9 ! exp5diture1 p>tly f ignorance1 b mu* m f peculation & patronage v mu* misplac$4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! protection ( ! funds w\ld be promot$ by ! inspection & contr\l ( a sup]ior (fic]2 & f9ally x might be desirable1 t a report f ea* tru/ %\ld be made to ,p>liam5t ( ! receipt & exp5diture = ! ye>4 ,t ! funds provid$ by ,p>liam5t = ! roads are ei!r insuffici5t = ! object1 or t !y are improvid5tly exp5d$1 is be/ prov$ by ! num]\s applications to ,p>liam5t 9 e ,session1 = ext5sion ( p[]s & increase ( tolls2 sett+ =? t )\t su* aid ! debts _c be paid1 nor ! roads kept 9 repair4 ,9 ! ,session ( ,p>liam5t #ahae1 ?irty-f\r su* petitions 7 pres5t$2 & 9 ! ,session ( #ahaf1 ?irty-two2 all :i* bills 7 pass$ z a matt] ( c\rse2 ! petition]s be+ only requir$ to prove ! actual necessity to ! ,committee1 b no enquiry seems to h be5 made z to ! cause ( t necessity4 ,an effici5t1 uni=m & con/ant contr\l ( ! exp5diture ( road funds1 & an annual report ( ! result to ,p>liam5t w\ld enable ! ,h\se ( ,commons to =m a judgm5t1 :e!r ! defici5cy proce$$ f inadequacy ( ! means1 or f improvid5t exp5diture2 & !reby t ,hon\rable ,h\se w\ld be enabl$ to use means = prev5t+ ! gr[+ am\nt ( debt1 :i* ! petitions pres5t$ ea* ,sessions suffici5tly %ew to be increas+ to an al>m+ degree2 & :i*1 be+ incurr$ "u ! au?ority ( ,p>liam5t1 mu/ ultimately become a claim ^u ! ju/ice ( ! c\ntry4 ,^u consid]ation ( ?is important subject x appe>s1 t a review ( ! turnpike laws has become indisp5sable1 = ! purpose ( alt]+ & am5d+ obsolete1 useless1 & oppressive regulations2 & = sub/itut+ o!rs m consonant ) ! pres5t /ate ( society4 ,?is review is requir$ by exp]i5ce ( ! inadequacy ( ! pres5t sy/em1 to ! great object ( =m+ ! be/ & easie/ communications ?r\gh e "p ( ! c\ntry1 ) a due reg>d to economy2 & = prev5t+ ! increase ( a debt1 :i* has be5 all[$1 9 sil5ce1 to accumulate to an ext5t1 t w h>dly be cr$it$ :5 prop]ly & accurately asc]ta9$4 ,_m & important improvem5ts h orig9at$ f ! good s5se & zeal ( individual ,commission]s1 or f p>ticul> di/rict meet+s1 ! good effects ( :i* h be5 conf9$ to ! place ( orig92 su* improvem5ts h also ceas$ to op]ate1 on ! dea? or removal ( _! au?ors1 & h be5 !reby f9ally lo/1 = want ( a g5]al sup]9t5dance1 :i* w\ld h an int]e/ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! :ole4 ,! defective /ate ( ! roads1 indep5d5t ( ! unnecess>y exp5ce1 is oppressive on agriculture1 comm]ce1 & manufactures1 by ! increase ( ! price ( transport1 by wa/e ( ! lab\r ( cattle1 & we> ( c>riages1 z well z by caus+ mu* delay ( "t4 ,"u an effici5t & responsible executive dep>tm5t1 e/abli%$ & direct$ by ! wisdom ( ,p>liam5t1 ?is subject w\ld be br\ght )9 ! means ( exam9ation & regulation2 & _m local improvem5ts1 :i* h be5 conf9$ to small di/ricts1 w\ld be br\ght =w>d1 & communicat$ g5]ally = ! public b5efit4#g ,footnote #g3 ,s9ce ?is ,essay 0 writt51 ,i h visit$ ,engl&1 & h f\nd1 on a j\rney ( _m hundr$ miles1 sc>cely tw5ty miles ( well-made road4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & especially r\nd ,london1 ! roads are 9 a %ameful condition4 ,?is mu/ /rike ! public2 & soon] or lat] ! good s5se ( ! ,engli% nation w feel ! necessity ( adopt+ "s means ( improvem5t4 ,,edgewor?',s ,,essay1 ,preface1 p4 #g4 ,9 ,irel&1 ! cross roads are g5]ally bett] ?an ! great roads1 & comp>+ all ! roads 9 t c\ntry ) ! roads 9 ,engl&1 ! %ameful inf]iority ( ! latt] w\ld evid5tly appe>4 ,,edgewor?',s ,,essay1 p4 #df4 ,! ,au?or has ab/a9$ f any notice ( ! p>i% roads2 al?\gh _! condition & ! /ate ( _! funds1 are m deplorable ?an t ( ! turnpike roads4 ,! ,legislative enactm5ts = _! ma9t5ance & repair are s inadequate to ! object1 t !y may be consid]$ z be+ plac$ almo/ out ( ! protection ( ! law4 ,!re c be no app>5t good reason1 :y1 su* a di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 ! two description ( roads2 & _! be+ bo? plac$ "u ! c>e ( ! ,commission]s1 ) ! b5efit ( ! sci5tific direction ( a ,g5]al ,surveyor1 w\ld ensure an equal improvem5t ( ! p>i% roads4 ,! =ego+ ,rem>ks on ,roads _c be bett] conclud$ ?an by ! foll[+ ,extract f ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahaa4 8,! _m important advantages to be d]iv$ f am5d+ ! highways & turnpike roads ( ! k+dom ne$ h>dly be dwelt ^u4 ,e individual 9 x w\ld !reby f9d 8 com=ts mat]ially increas$1 & 8 int]e/ greatly promot$4 ,by ! improvem5t ( our roads1 e bran* ( our agricultural1 comm]cial1 & manufactur+ indu/ry w\ld be mat]ially b5efit$4 ,e article br\ght to m>ket w\ld be dim9i%$ 9 price2 ! numb] ( horses w\ld be s mu* r$uc$1 t by ^!1 & o!r retr5*m5ts1 ! exp5ce ( ,,five ,,millions w\ld be annually sav$ to ! public4 ,! exp5ce ( repair+ roads1 & ! we> & te> ( c>riages & horses1 w\ld be ess5tially dim9i%$2 & ?\s&s ( acres1 ! produce ( :i* is n[ wa/$ 9 fe$+ unnecess>y horses1 w\ld be devot$ to ! production ( food = man4 ,9 %ort1 ! public & private advantages1 :i* w\ld result f effect+ t great object1 ! improvem5t ( our highways & turnpike roads1 are incalculable2 ?\gh f _! be+ spread ov] a wide surface1 & available 9 v>i\s ways1 su* advantages w n be s app>5t z ^? d]iv$ f o!r s\rces ( improvem5t1 ( a m re/rict$ & less g5]al nature40 ,app5dix4 ,extracts f ,obs]vations on ! ,highways ( ! ,k+dom1 by ,,john ,,l\don ,m,,adam1 pres5t$ to a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,h\se1 #ad? ,june #ahaa4 8,9 all ! ,reports ( ,committees ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! subject ( ,roads1 !y seem to h _h pr9cipally 9 view ! con/ruction ( :eel$ c>riages1 ! weights !y 7 to draw1 & ! bread? & =m ( _! :eels2 ! nature ( ! roads on :i* ^! c>riages 7 to travel has n be5 s well att5d$ to40 8,! obs]vations ,i h made 9 a p]iod ( tw5ty-six ye>s on ! roads ( ! k+dom1 9 :i* "t ,i h travell$ ov] ! great] numb] 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & ! opportunities ,i h _h ( mak+ comp>isons on ! diff]5t mat]ials & ! modes ( _! application1 h l$ me to =m ! foll[+ conclusions40 8#a/4 ,t ! pres5t bad condition ( ! roads ( ! k+dom is ow+ to ! injudici\s application ( ! mat]ials ) :i* !y are repair$1 & to ! defective =m ( ! roads40 8#bnd4 ,t ! introduction ( a bett] sy/em ( mak+ ! surface ( roads1 & ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples1 :i* has hi!rto nev] be5 ?\ght (1 w\ld rem$y ! evil40 8,9 illu/ration ( ^! positions1 ,i beg to obs]ve1 t ! object to be atta9$ 9 a good road1 z f> z reg>ds ! surface1 is to h x smoo?1 solid1 & s flat z t a c>riage may /& upright2 ^! objects are n atta9$ by ! pres5t sy/em1 because no sci5tific pr9ciples are appli$2 b x is presum$ !y are p]fectly atta9able 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry40 8,/one is to be procur$ 9 "s =m 9 almo/ e "p ( ! k+dom1 & a road made ( small brok5 /one to ! dep? ( t5 in*es1 w be smoo?1 solid & durable40 8,! mat]ials ( :i* ! pres5t roads are compos$1 are n worn out2 b are displac$ by ! action ( ! :eels ( c>riages ^u /ones ( too l>ge a size3 ! :eel does n pass ov] ! mat]ials ( :i* ! road is =m$1 b is con/antly1 almo/ at e /ep1 enc\nt]+ an ob/acle :i* mu/ ei!r give way & be remov$1 or ! c>riage mu/ be lift$ by ! =ce ( ! cattle s z to surm\nt x2 9 ei!r case ! road is injur$1 & ! c>riage imp$$1 & ! injury & imp$im5t w be great 9 ! exact proportion to ! numb] & size ( ! ob/acles40 8,! size ( /ones = a road has be5 describ$ 9 contracts 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 sometimes z ! size ( a h5's egg1 sometimes at half a p\nd weight4 ,^! descriptions are v vague1 ! fir/ be+ an indef9ite size1 & ! latt] dep5d+ on ! d5sity ( ! /one us$1 & nei!r be+ att5d$ to 9 ! execution4 ,! size ( /one us$ on a road mu/ be 9 due proportion to ! space occupi$ by a :eel ( ord9>y dim5sions on a smoo? level surface1 ?is po9t ( contact w be f\nd to be1 longitud9ally ab\t an in*1 & e piece ( /one put into a road1 :i* exce$s an in* 9 any ( its dim5sions1 is mis*iev\s40 8,! roads 9 ,scotl& are worse ?an ^? 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh1 mat]ials are m abundant1 ( bett] quality1 & lab\r at lea/ z *eap1 & ! toll duties are ne>ly d\ble2 ?is is because road-mak+1 t is ! surface1 is ev5 worse und]/ood 9 ,scotl& ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,by a late discussion 9 ,p>liam5t on ! subject ( ,mail ,coa*es pay+ toll1 x 0 univ]sally all[$ t ! roads 9 ,scotl& 7 9 a deplorable /ate1 & 9 _! circum/ances1 bankrupt40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,x is und]/ood1 t ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al 0 oblig$ to give up ! mail-coa* f ,glasg[ to ,ayr1 on ! road t[>ds ,irel&1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5ce ( tolls1 & ! bad condition ( ! road2 !re be+ t5 turnpike gates on ?irty-f\r miles ( road4 ,dur+ ne>ly five ye>s t ! writ] has giv5 8 :ole att5tion to ! improvem5t ( ! ,turnpike ,roads1 exp]i5ce hav+ confirm$ 8 ideas on ! subject1 no endeav\rs h be5 sp>$1 to ext5d ! b5efits :i* h already result$ to ! ,bri/ol di/rict1 ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! v limit$ means possess$ by any individual = influ5c+ ?is important bran* ( dome/ic economy1 has occasion$ frequ5t attempts to convey in/ructions = road-mak+ 9 writ+4 ,?is me?od has nev] be5 entirely successful2 x be+ impossible to acquire a me*anical art )\t actual practice2 or to obta9 any j ideas ( x1 beyond ! fir/ pr9ciples1 f books4 ,^! pr9ciples are1 t a road ought to be consid]$ z an artificial floor+ =m+ a /rong1 smoo?1 solid surface1 at once capable ( c>ry+ great weight1 & ov] :i* c>riages may pass )\t meet+ any imp$im5t4 ,directions = ,repair ( an old ,road1 be+ ! sub/ance ( a ,communication made to a ,committee ( ! ,hon\rable ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahaa1 & publi%$ ) ! ,report by ,ord] ( ! ,h\se1 ) additions & alt]ations1 d$uc$ f actual practice dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s4 #a/ ,febru>y1 #ahai4 ,no addition ( mat]ials is to be br\ght ^u a road1 unless 9 any "p ( x be f\nd t !re is n a quantity ( clean /one equal to t5 in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,! /one already 9 ! road is to be loos5$ up & brok51 s z no piece %all exce$ six ounces 9 weight4 ,! road is !n to be laid z flat z possible1 a rise ( ?ree in*es f ! c5tre to ! side is suffici5t = a road ?irty feet wide4 ,! /ones :5 loos5$ 9 ! road are to be ga!r$ (f by means ( a /rong heavy rake1 ) tee? two & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 to ! side ( ! road1 & !re brok51 & on no acc\nt are /ones to be brok5 on ! road4 ,:5 ! great /ones h be5 remov$1 & none left 9 ! road exce$+ six ounces1 ! road is to be put 9 %ape & a rake employ$ to smoo? ! surface1 :i* w at ! same "t br+ to ! surface ! rema9+ /one1 & w all[ ! dirt to g d[n4 ,:5 ! road is s prep>$1 ! /one t has be5 brok5 by ! side ( ! road is !n to be c>efully spread on x--?is is r a nice op]ation1 & ! future quality ( ! road w greatly dep5d on ! mann] 9 :i* x is p]=m$4 ,! /one mu/ n be laid on 9 %ovels full1 b scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 "o %ovel full foll[+ ano!r & spread+ ov] a consid]able space4 ,only a small space ( road %\ld be lift$ at once2 five m5 9 a gang %\ld be set to lift x all across3 two m5 %\ld cont9ue to pick up & rake (f ! l>ge /ones & to =m ! road = receiv+ ! brok5 /one1 ! o!r ?ree %\ld break /ones--! brok5 /one to be laid on z soon z ! piece ( road is prep>$ to receive x1 & !n break up ano!r piece2 two or ?ree y>ds at "o lift is en\gh4 ,! proportion+ ! "w among ! five m5 mu/ ( c\rse be regulat$ by ! nature ( ! road2 :5 !re are _m v l>ge /ones1 ! ?ree break]s may n be able to keep pace ) ! two m5 employ$ 9 lift+ & =m+1 & :5 !re are few l>ge /ones ! contr>y may be ! case2 ( all ?is ! ,surveyor mu/ judge & direct4 ,b :ile x is recomm5d$ to lift & relay roads :i* h be5 made ) l>ge /one1 or ) l>ge /one mix$ ) clay1 *alk or o!r mis*iev\s mat]ials1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* x w\ld be highly unpr(itable to lift & relay a road1 ev5 if ! mat]ials %\ld h be5 orig9ally too l>ge4 ,! road betwe5 ,cir5ce/] & ,ba? is made ( /one too l>ge 9 size1 b x is ( s friable a nature t 9 lift+ x becomes s&2 9 ?is case ,i recomm5d$ cutt+ d[n ! high places1 keep+ ! surface smoo? & gradually we>+ out ! mat]ials n[ 9 ! road1 & !n replac+ !m ) "s /one ( a bett] quality prop]ly prep>$4 ,9 l mann] a "p ( ! road 9 ! ,ba? di/rict is made ( free/one :i* x w\ld be unpr(itable to lift4 ,at ,egham 9 ,surrey1 x 0 necess>y to remove ! :ole road to sep>ate ! small portion ( valuable mat]ials f ! mass ( s(t matt] ( :i* x 0 pr9cipally compos$ :i* 0 remov$ at consid]able exp5ce1 be=e a road c\ld be aga9 made ^u ! site4 ,o!r cases ( sev]al k9ds h occurr$ :]e a diff]5t me?od mu/ be adopt$1 b :i* x is impossible to specify1 & mu/ be met by ! practical skill ( ! ,(fic] ^: duty x may be to sup]9t5d ! repair ( a road1 & :o mu/ con/antly recur to g5]al pr9ciples4 ,^! pr9ciples are uni=m1 h[ev] mu* circum/ances may diff]1 & !y mu/ =m ! guide by :i* 8 judgm5t mu/ be always direct$4 ,:5 additional /one is want$ on a road t has consolidat$ by use1 ! old h>d5$ surface ( ! road is to be loos5$ ) a pick1 9 ord] to make ! fre% mat]ials unite ) ! old4 ,c>riages1 :atev] be ! con/ruction ( _! :eels1 w make ruts 9 a new-made road until x consolidates1 h[ev] well ! mat]ials may be prep>$1 or h[ev] judici\sly appli$2 !re=e a c>eful p]son mu/ att5d = "s "t aft] ! road is op5$ = use1 to rake 9 ! track made by :eels4 ,! only prop] me?od ( break+ /ones1 bo? = effect & economy1 is by p]sons sitt+2 ! /ones are to be plac$ 9 small heaps1 & wom51 boys1 or old m5 pa/ h>d lab\r1 mu/ sit d[n ) small hamm]s & break !m1 s z none %all exce$ six ounces 9 weight4 ,! ,tools to be us$ are1-- ,/rong picks1 b %ort f ! h&le to ! po9t1 = lift+ ! road4 ,small hamm]s ( ab\t "o p\nd weight 9 ! head1 ! face ! size ( a new %ill+1 well /eel$1 ) a %ort h&le4 ,rakes ) wood5 heads1 t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & iron tee? ab\t two & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 v /rong = rak+ out ! l>ge /ones :5 ! road is brok5 up1 & = keep+ ! road smoo? aft] be+ relaid1 & :ile x is consolidat+4 ,v light broad-m\!d %ovels1 to spread ! brok5 /one & to =m ! road4 ,e road is to be made ( brok5 /one )\t mixture ( e>?1 clay1 *alk1 or any o!r matt] t w imbibe wat]1 & be affect$ ) fro/2 no?+ is to be laid on ! clean /one on pret5ce ( b9d+2 brok5 /one w comb9e by its own angles into a smoo? solid surface t _c be affect$ by vicissitudes ( wea!r1 or displac$ by ! action ( :eels1 :i* w pass ov] x )\t a jolt1 & consequ5tly )\t injury4 ,,prices4 ,! price ( lift+ a r\gh road1 break+ ! /ones1 =m+ ! road1 smoo?+ ! surface1 clean+ out ! wat]c\rses1 & replac+ ! /one1 leav+ ! road 9 a f9i%$ /ate1 has be5 f\nd 9 practice to be f "o p5ny to two-p5ce p] sup]ficial y>d1 lift$ f\r in*es deep2 ! v>iation ( price dep5ds on ! great] or less] quantity ( /one to be brok54 ,at two-p5ce p] y>d1 a road ( six y>ds wide w co/1 !re=e1 "o %ill+ p] runn+ y>d1 or #hhl4 p] mile4 ,any r\gh road may be r5d]$ smoo? & solid at ?is price1 unless x be weak & require an addition ( /one1 or require "s v mat]ial alt]ation ( %ape4 ,break+ /one has be5 r$uc$ 9 price by ! use ( m prop] hamm]s1 & ! sitt+ po/ure4 ,! ,commission]s at ,bri/ol us$ to pay fifte5 p5ce p] ton = lime/one f ,durdham ,d[n1 = ! use ( _! roads1 & brok5 to a size above tw5ty ounces4--,/one is n[ procur$ f ! same place1 brok5 s z none exce$ six ounces = t5-p5ce p] ton6 & ! workm5 are v desir\s ( contracts at t rate1 because ! heavy "w is done by ! m51 ! light "w ) small hamm]s by ! wives & *ildr51 s t :ole families are employ$4 ,9 ,sussex1 ! proportion is great] betwe5 =m] & pres5t prices2 ! break+ ( fl9t co/ at "o "t two %ill+s p] ton1 & is n[ done1 by introduc+ a bett] me?od & fitt] tools at "o %ill+ p] ton4 ,by a m judici\s prep>ation & application ( mat]ials ! quantity ( /one consum$ 9 roads is decreas$1 by :i* a great sav+ ( exp5ce is made1 & ) ?is great advantage1 t ! sav+ is 9 horse lab\r ( c>tage1 :ile ! lab\r price is giv5 to m51 & 9 su* a mann] z includes boys f ! age ( t5 upw>ds1 wom5 & old m5 pa/ ! age ( be+ able to lab\r h>d4 ,! proportion ( m5 & horse lab\r 9 ! ,bri/ol di/rict1 "u ! =m] managem5t1 0 ,"o-f\r? to m5's lab\r1 ,?ree-f\r?s to horse lab\r4 ,"u a bett] sy/em ( managem5t ! proportion has be5 exactly rev]s$3 dur+ half a ye> t an exact acc\nt 0 kept1 !re 0 paid4 ,= m5's1 wom5 & *ildr5's lab\r1 #cjhh4 ,= horses' lab\r #ajce4 ,?is imm5se advantage is pres5t$ 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry1 z roads are conf9$ to no p>ticul> place1 & are univ]sally 9 want ( repair3 ample funds are already provid$ = e useful & prop] purpose1 al?\gh at pres5t misappli$ 9 almo/ e "p ( ! k+dom1 :ile ! lab\r]s are 9 want ( t employm5t :i* x ought to af=d !m4 ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,! ,,presid5t1 ,,& ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,hav+ communicat$ to y\r ,hon\rable ,bo>d1 "s obs]vations on mak+ & repair+ roads1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahai1 ,i beg leave to add ! foll[+1 :i* h aris5 f increas$ exp]i5ce on ! subject1 & also f a desire ( call+ y\r att5tion to ! effects ( ! late sev]e w9t] on ! roads ( ! c\ntry1 & ! confirmation af=d$ to ! op9ions ,i h endeav\r$ to introduce on ! con/ruction ( roads4 ,dur+ ! late w9t]1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 #ahbj1 :5 ! fro/ 0 succe$$ by a sudd5 ?aw1 accompani$ by ! melt+ ( sn[1 ! roads ( ! k+dom broke up 9 a v al>m+ mann]1 & to an ext5t t creat$ great loss & inconv5i5ce by ! int]ruption ( communication1 & ! delay ( ! mails1 & also occasion$ a v heavy extra exp5diture by ! ,po/-(fice4 ,! obvi\s cause ( ?is defect ( ! roads1 0 ! admission ( wat] f ! loose & unskilful me?od ( _! con/ruction4 ,previ\s to ! sev]e fro/1 ! roads 7 fill$ ) wat]1 :i* _h p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! ill-prep>$ & unskilfully laid mat]ials3 ?is caus$ an imm$iate expansion ( ! :ole mass dur+ ! fro/1 & ^u a sudd5 ?aw1 ! roads became q loose1 & ! :eels ( c>riages p5etrat$ to ! orig9al soil1 :i* 0 also saturat$ ) wat]1 f ! op5 /ate ( ! road4 ,by ?is means1 _m roads became altoge!r impassable1 :ile ! :ole 7 r5d]$ deep & inconv5i5t to be travell$ ^u4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x 0 obs]v$1 t all ! roads ( :i* *alk 0 a compon5t "p1 became1 g5]ally1 impassable2 & ev51 t ! roads made ov] *alk soils gave way 9 mo/ places4 ,?is evid5tly proce$$ f ! absorb5t quality ( *alk1 :i* r5d]s x s t5aci\s ( wat]1 t ,i consid] its use to be "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s errors 9 road mak+4 ,i 0 induc$ on =m] occasions to recomm5d p>ticul> c>e 9 mak+ roads ov] *alk soils1 & to advise a discont9uance ( ! practice ( mix+ *alk1 clay1 or any o!r matt] t holds wat]1 ) ! mat]ials ( a road4 ,! exp]i5ce ( la/ w9t] has confirm$ ?is op9ion1 & has %ewn ! ru9\s effects ( ! =m] me?od4 ,( all ! roads :i* h be5 ?or\ghly re-made1 accord+ to ! directions :i* ,i _h ! hon\r to submit to y\r ,hon\rable ,bo>d la/ spr+1 n "o has giv5 way1 nor has any delay tak5 place ?r\gh ! sev]ity ( ! late season4 ,z e w9t] has1 9 "s degree1 pres5t$ su* inconv5i5ces1 & z x has be5 obs]v$ t v sev]e w9t]s occur 9 ,engl& e six or sev5 ye>s1 x is ( great consequ5ce to consid] ( ! means ( con/ruct+ ! roads ( ! k+dom 9 su* a mann] z %all prev5t _! be+ 9 future affect$ by any *ange ( wea!r or season4 ,! roads c nev] be r5d]$ ?us p]fectly secure1 until ! foll[+ pr9ciples be fully und]/ood1 admitt$1 & act$ ^u3 namely1 t x is ! native soil :i* really supports ! weight ( traffic3 t :ile x is pres]v$ 9 a dry /ate1 x w c>ry any weight )\t s9k+1 & t x does 9 fact c>ry ! road & ! c>riages also2 t ?is native soil mu/ previ\sly be made q dry1 & a cov]+ imp5etrable to ra91 mu/ !n be plac$ ov] x1 to pres]ve x 9 t dry /ate2 t ! ?ickness ( a road %\ld only be regulat$ by ! quantity ( mat]ial necess>y to =m su* imp]vi\s cov]+1 & nev] by any ref]5ce to its own p[] ( c>ry+ weight4 ,! errone\s op9ion s long act$ ^u1 & s t5aci\sly adh]$ to1 t by plac+ a l>ge quantity ( /one "u ! roads1 a rem$y w be f\nd = ! s9k+ into wet clay1 or o!r s(t soils1 or 9 o!r words1 t a road may be made suffici5tly /rong1 artificially1 to c>ry heavy c>riages1 ?\gh ! sub-soil be 9 a wet /ate1 & by su* means to av]t ! inconv5i5ces ( ! natural soil receiv+ wat] f ra91 or o!r causes1 has produc$ mo/ ( ! defects ( ! roads ( ,great ,brita94 ,at "o "t ,i _h =m$ ! op9ion t ?is practice 0 only a useless exp5ce1 b exp]i5ce has conv9c$ me t x is likewise positively injuri\s4 ,x is well kn[n to e skilful & obs]vant road-mak]1 t if /rata ( /one ( v>i\s sizes be plac$ z a road1 ! l>ge/ /ones w con/antly "w up by ! %ak+ & pressure ( ! traffic1 & t ! only mode ( keep+ ! /ones ( a road f motion1 is to use mat]ials ( a uni=m size f ! bottom4 ,9 roads made ^u l>ge /ones z a f\ndation1 ! p]petual motion1 or *ange ( ! position ( ! mat]ials1 keeps op5 _m ap]tures ?r\gh :i* ! wat] passes4 ,x has also be5 f\nd1 t roads plac$ ^u a h>d bottom1 we> away m quickly ?an ^? :i* are plac$ ^u a s(t soil4 ,?is has be5 app>5t ^u roads :]e motives ( economy1 or o!r causes1 h prev5t$ ! road be+ lift$ to ! bottom at once2 ! we> has always be5 f\nd to dim9i%1 z soon z x 0 possible to remove ! h>d f\ndation4 ,x is a kn[n fact1 t a road la/s mu* long] ov] a morass ?an :5 made ov] rock4 ,! evid5ce produc$ be=e ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 %ew$ ! comp>ison on ! road betwe5 ,bri/ol & ,bridgwat]1 to be z five to sev5 9 fav\r ( ! we>+ on ! morass1 :]e ! road is laid on ! nak$ surface ( ! soil1 aga9/ a "p ( ! same road made ov] rocky gr\nd4 ,! practice common 9 ,engl&1 & univ]sal 9 ,scotl&1 on ! =mation ( a new road1 is1 to dig a tr5* bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd adjo9+1 & 9 ?is tr5* to deposit a quantity ( l>ge /ones2 aft] ?is1 a second quantity ( /one1 brok5 small]1 g5]ally to ab\t sev5 or eight p\nds weight2 ^! previ\s b$s ( /one are call$ ! bottom+ ( ! road1 & are ( v>i\s ?ickness1 accord+ to ! caprice ( ! mak]1 & g5]ally 9 proportion to ! sum ( money plac$ at 8 disposal4 ,on "s new roads1 made 9 ,scotl&1 9 ! summ] ( #ahai1 ! ?ickness exce$$ ?ree feet4 ,t :i* is prop]ly call$ ! road1 is !n plac$ on ! bottom+1 by putt+ l>ge quantities ( brok5 /one or gravel1 g5]ally a foot or eighte5 in*es ?ick1 at once ^u x4 ,7 ! mat]ials ( :i* ! road itself is compos$1 prop]ly select$1 prep>$1 & laid1 "s ( ! inconv5i5ces ( ?is sy/em might be avoid$2 b 9 ! c>eless way 9 :i* ?is s]vice is g5]ally p]=m$1 ! road is z op5 z a sieve to receive wat]2 :i* p5etrates ?r\gh ! :ole mass1 is receiv$ & reta9$ 9 ! tr5*1 :5ce ! road is liable to give way 9 all *anges ( wea!r4 ,a road =m$ on su* pr9ciples has nev] effectually answ]$ ! purpose :i* ! road-mak] %\ld con/antly h 9 view2 namely1 to make a secure1 level floor+1 ov] :i* c>riages may pass ) safety1 & equal exp$ition1 at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,if x be admitt$1 z ,i believe x is n[ v g5]ally1 t 9 ?is k+dom an artificial road is only requir$ to obviate ! inconv5i5ce ( a v unsettl$ climate2 & t wat] ) alt]nate fro/ & ?aw1 are ! evils to be gu>d$ aga9/1 x mu/ be obvi\s t no?+ c be m errone\s ?an provid+ a res]voir = wat] "u ! road & giv+ facility to ! wat] to pass ?r\gh ! road into ?is tr5*1 :]e x is act$ ^u by fro/ to ! de/ruction ( ! road4 ,z no artificial road c ev] be made s good1 & s useful z ! natural soil 9 a dry /ate1 x is only necess>y to procure1 & pres]ve ?is dry /ate ( s mu* gr\nd z is int5d$ to be occupi$ by a road4 ,! fir/ op]ation 9 mak+ a road %\ld be ! rev]se ( digg+ a tr5*4 ,! road %\ld n be sunk bel[1 b r rais$ above1 ! ord9>y level ( ! adjac5t gr\nd1 c>e %\ld at any rate be tak51 t !re be a suffici5t fall to take (f ! wat]1 s t x %\ld always be "s in*es bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! road is int5d$ to be plac$3 ?is mu/ be done1 ei!r by mak+ dra9s to l[] gr\nd1 or if t be n practicable1 f ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 !n ! soil ^u :i* ! road is propos$ to be laid1 mu/ be rais$ by addition1 s z to be "s in*es above ! level ( ! wat]4 ,hav+ secur$ ! soil f "u wat]1 ! road-mak] is next to secure x f ra9 wat]1 by a solid road1 made ( clean1 dry /one1 or fl9t1 s select$1 prep>$1 & laid1 z to be p]fectly imp]vi\s to wat]3 & ?is _c be effect$1 unless ! greate/ c>e be tak51 t no e>?1 clay1 *alk1 or o!r matt]1 t w hold or conduct wat]1 be mix$ ) ! brok5 /one2 :i* mu/ be s prep>$ & laid1 z to unite by its own angles into a firm1 compact1 imp5etrable body4 ,! ?ickness ( su* road is immat]ial1 z to its /r5g? = c>ry+ weight2 ?is object is already obta9$ by provid+ a dry surface1 ov] :i* ! road is to be plac$ z a cov]+1 or ro(1 to pres]ve x 9 t /ate3 exp]i5ce hav+ %ewn1 t if wat] passes ?r\gh a road1 & fill ! native soil1 ! road1 :atev] may be its ?ickness1 loses its support1 & goes to pieces4 ,9 consequ5ce ( an alt]ation 9 ! l9e ( ! turnpike road1 ne> ,r[nham ,f]ry1 9 ! p>i% ( ,a%ton1 ne> ,bri/ol1 x has be5 necess>y to remove ! old road4 ,?is road 0 lift$ & relaid v skilfully 9 #ahaf2 s9ce :i* "t x has be5 9 contemplation to *ange ! l9e1 & consequ5tly1 x has be5 suff]$ to we> v ?94 ,at pres5t x is n above ?ree in*es ?ick 9 mo/ places1 & 9 none m ?an f\r3 yet on remov+ ! road x 0 f\nd1 t no wat] _h p5etrat$1 nor _h ! fro/ affect$ x dur+ all ! late w9t]2 & ! natural e>? b5ea? ! road 0 f\nd p]fectly dry4 ,sev]al new roads h be5 con/ruct$ an ?is pr9ciple )9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s4 ,"p ( ! great nor? road f ,london by ,hoddesdon 9 ,h]t=d%ire--two pieces ( road on ,durdham ,d[n1 & at ,r[nham ,f]ry1 ne> ,bri/ol--) sev]al private roads1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,sussex4 ,none ( ^? roads exce$ six in*es 9 ?ickness1 & al?\gh t on ! great nor? road is subject$ to a v heavy traffic1 7be+ only fifte5 miles di/ant f ,london7 x has n giv5 way1 nor 0 x affect$ by ! late sev]e w9t]2 :5 ! roads betwe5 t & ,london became impassable1 by break+ up to ! bottom1 & ! mails & o!r coa*es 7 oblig$ to rea* ,london by circuit\s r\tes4 ,x is wor?y ( obs]vation1 t ^! bad roads co/ m money p] mile = _! annual repair1 ?an ! orig9al mak+ ( ?is useful new road4 ,improvem5t ( roads1 ^u ! pr9ciple ,i h endeav\r$ to expla91 has be5 rapidly ext5d$ dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,x has be5 c>ri$ into effect1 on v>i\s roads1 & ) e v>iety ( mat]ial1 9 sev5te5 diff]5t c\nties4 ,^! roads be+ s con/ruct$ z to exclude wat]1 consequ5tly none ( !m broke up dur+ ! late sev]e w9t]2 !re 0 no int]ruption to travell+1 nor any additional exp5se by ! ,po/-(fice 9 convey+ ! mails ov] !m1 to ! ext5t ( upw>ds ( "o ?\s& miles ( road4 ,_m new roads1 & to a consid]able ext5t1 are project$ = ! ensu+ season4 ,"s ( !m are to be assi/$ by grants or loans f gov]nm5t1 & x w be a great sav+ ( prop]ty1 & enable gov]nm5t to ext5d _! assi/ance m effectually1 if ^! roads be made 9 ! mo/ approv$ & economical mann]4 ,! unnecess>y exp5se att5d+ ! mak+ ( new roads 9 ! mann] hi!rto practis$1 is "o great cause ( ! pres5t heavy debt ^u ! road tru/s ( ! k+dom4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! l>ge sums orig9ally borr[$1 h be5 sunk 9 ! useless1 & 9 my op9ion1 mis*iev\s prep>ation1 ( a f\ndation4 ,?is debt presses heavily on ! funds ( all ! roads 9 ,engl&1 &1 9 _m cases1 absorbs almo/ _! :ole rev5ue 9 paym5t ( int]e/4 ,9 ,scotl& ?is pressure is /ill m heavily felt3 inde$ x is n ( uncommon occurr5ce 9 t c\ntry1 = cr$itors to lose bo? pr9cipal & int]e/ ( _! loans to roads4 ,?is causes n only a great & unnecess>y loss 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & a defici5cy ( means = ord9>y repair1 & ma9t5ance ( ! roads1 b x also disc\rages ! =mation ( new roads4 ,7 a bett] & m economical sy/em g5]ally adopt$ & act$ ^u1 _m great additions & improvem5ts ( ! communications ( ! c\ntry w\ld take place1 f :i*1 at pres5t1 ! l&hold]s are det]r$1 by fe> ( ! ext5t ( ! exp5se1 & ! difficulty ( obta9+ loans ( money4 ,! measure ( sub/itut+ pavem5ts1 = conv5i5t & useful roads1 is a k9d ( desp]ate rem$y1 to :i* ignorance has _h rec\rse4 ,! badness1 or sc>city ( mat]ials1 _c be consid]$ a reasonable excuse2 because ! same quantity ( /one requir$ = pav+1 is fully suffici5t to make an excell5t road any :]e3 & x mu/ be evid5t1 t road mat]ials ( ! be/ quality may be procur$ at less co/ ?an pav+ /one4 ,! v bad quality ( ! gravel r\nd ,london1 comb9$ ) want ( skill & ex]tion1 ei!r to obviate its defects1 or to procure a bett] mat]ial1 has induc$ sev]al ( ! small tru/s1 lead+ f t city1 to h rec\rse to ! plan ( pav+ _! roads1 z f> z _! means w admit4 ,in/ead ( apply+ _! ample funds to obta9 good mat]ials = ! roads1 !y h import$ /one f ,scotl&1 & h pav$ _! roads1 at an exp5se t5 times great] ?an t ( ! excell5t roads lately made on "s ( ! adjo9+ tru/s4 ,v few ( ^! pavem5ts h be5 s laid z to keep 9 good ord] = any l5g? ( "t2 s t a v heavy exp5se has be5 incurr$ )\t any b5eficial result1 & x is to be lam5t$ t ?is wa/eful & ineffectual mode is ^u ! increase 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london4 ,?is practice has also be5 adopt$ 9 places :]e ! same motive _c be adduc$3 9 ,lanca%ire1 almo/ all ! roads are pav$ at an enorm\s co/1 & are1 9 consequ5ce1 prov]bially bad4 ,at ,ed9burgh1 :]e !y h ! be/ & *eape/ mat]ials 9 ! k+dom1 ! want ( sci5ce to con/ruct good roads1 has l$ ! tru/ees to adopt ! exp$i5t ( pavem5ts1 to a consid]able ext5t2 & at an exp5se h>dly cr$ible1 :5 comp>$ ) :at w\ld h be5 ! co/ ( roads on ! be/ pr9ciples4 ,! advantages ( good roads1 :5 comp>$ ) pavem5ts1 are univ]sally ackn[l$g$2 ! ext5sion ( pavem5t is !re=e to be deprecat$ z an actual evil1 besides ! greatness ( ! exp5ce4 ,pavem5ts are p>ticul>ly inconv5i5t & dang]\s on /eep asc5ts1 su* z ! asc5t to bridges1 c4 ,a v /rik+ example ( ?is may be obs]v$ on ! ,london end ( ,blackfri>s ,bridge1 :]e heavy loads are drawn up ) great difficulty1 & :]e m horses fall & receive injury1 ?an 9 any o!r place 9 ! k+dom4 ,! pavem5t 9 su* places %\ld be lift$1 & conv]t$ into a good road2 :i* may be done ) ! same /one1 at an exp5se n exce$+ t5-p5ce p] squ>e y>d4 ,?is road w\ld be m la/+ ?an ! pavem5t1 &1 :5 out ( ord]1 may be repair$ at less ?an "o-t5? ( ! exp5se :i* relay+ ! pavem5t w\ld require4 ,?is measure has be5 adopt$ ) great success1 & consid]able sav+ ( exp5se1 9 ! suburbs ( ,bri/ol1 :]e ! pavem5ts 7 tak5 up1 & conv]t$ into good roads1 ab\t ?ree ye>s ago4 ,! advantages ( ! sy/em recomm5d$ is s obvi\s to common obs]vation 9 ! repair ( old roads1 & has be5 practis$ to an ext5t s consid]able1 dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s1 t ! m9ds ( mo/ p h become reconcil$ to x2 & objections1 f\nd$ on old prejudice & suspicion1 h giv5 way to exp]i5ce1 b ! application ( ! same pr9ciples to ! con/ruction ( new roads1 has necess>ily be5 mu* m limit$4 ,x w1 !re=e1 require m lib]ality & confid5ce on ! "p ( c\ntry g5tlem51 & also m pati5t inve/igation ( ! pr9ciples on :i* ! sy/em is f\nd$1 be=e !y w all[ ( its adoption on new l9es ( road4 ,x is to be hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! importance ( ! subject w recomm5d x to g5]al consid]ation4 ,,report ,,f ,,! ,,select ,,committee ,,on ,,! ,,highways ,,( ,,! ,,k+dom3 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,! ,,m9utes ,,( ,,evid5ce ,,tak5 ,,be=e ,,!m4 ,,report4 ,! ,select ,committee appo9t$ to take into consid]ation ! ,acts n[ 9 =ce reg>d+ ! ,,turnpike ,,roads & ,,highways 9 ,,engl& & ,,wales1 & ! exp$i5cy ( additional ,regulations = _! bett] repair & pres]vation1 & to report _! ,obs]vations !reupon f "t to "t to ! ,h\se2 & to :om ! ,petitions ( ,joseph ,d4 ,bassett1 ,john ,ri*>ds ,re$1 & ,john ,m>t92 & ( sev]al ,tru/ees ( ,turnpike ,roads 9 ! ,c\nties ( ,middlesex1 ,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex1 7 ref]r$2--,,h1 pursuant to ! ,ord]s ( ! ,h\se1 exam9$ ! matt]s to !m ref]r$1 & h agre$ ^u ! foll[+ ,,report3 ,y\r ,committee consid]$ x _! indisp5sable duty to direct _! fir/ att5tion to ! ,reports ( =m] ,committees1 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! same important subject2 9 ^! ,reports1 z well z 9 ! docum5ts subjo9$ to !m1 are to be f\nd mu* sci5tific in=mation1 & _m valuable sugge/ions1 :i* h d\btless t5d$ to aid ! progress ( improvem5t 9 ! art ( mak+ & pres]v+ roads4 ,/ill ! object ( am5d+ ! laws :i* relate to !m has be5 unatta9$1 ! bills introduc$ ) a p>tial view to t purpose hav+ be5 lo/ 9 _! progress ?r\gh ,p>liam5t1 & ! sugge/ions = m g5]al improvem5ts hav+ be5 all[$ to rema9 )\t fur!r notice4 ,if y\r ,committee may be p]mitt$ to assign ! probable reasons ( ?is disc\rag+ result ( ! lab\rs ( _! pr$ecessors1 !y w\ld v5ture to sugge/1 t too wide a field ( inquiry 0 tak5 to lead to imm$iate practical b5efit3 t "s ( ! sy/ems mo/ confid5tly recomm5d$ 7 ( a novel & speculative nature2 t ! regulations :i* x 0 propos$ to f\nd on !m too /rongly affect$ ! int]e/s ( ve/$ prop]ty2 & t ev5 ! mo/ valuable in=mation communicat$ to ! ,h\se re/$ ^u +5i\s !ories1 :i* _h !n be5 v p>tially1 if at all1 r$uc$ to practice1 or submitt$ to fair exp]im5t4 ,z ! consid]ations :i* influ5c$ ! appo9tm5t ( ! pres5t ,committee1 av[$ly sprang f ! successful trial ( an improv$ sy/em ( mak+ roads1 y\r ,committee h judg$ x "r to in/itute a p>ticul> exam9ation into all ! circum/ances ( t exp]im5t1 & ! v>i\s in/ances 9 :i* ! example has be5 foll[$4 ,mr4 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam hav+ = _m ye>s direct$ 8 att5tion1 z a magi/rate & a commission]1 to ! improvem5t ( roads1 0 induc$ to accept ! situation ( g5]al surveyor ( an ext5sive tru/ r\nd ! city ( ,bri/ol4 ,! admirable /ate ( repair into :i* ! roads "u 8 direction 7 br\ght1 attract$ v g5]al att5tion2 & induc$ ! commission]s ( v>i\s di/ricts to apply = 8 assi/ance or advice4 ,! g5]al te/imony borne to 8 complete success :]ev] he has be5 employ$1 & ! pro( t 8 improvem5ts h be5 att5d$ ) an actual r$uction ( exp5se1 :ile !y h af=d$ ! mo/ useful employm5t to ! poor1 induce y\r ,committee to atta* a high degree ( importance to t :i* he has already accompli%$4 ,! imitation ( 8 plans is r5d]$ easy by _! simplicity1 & by ! c&\r ) :i* he has expla9$ !m1 ?\gh ability 9 ! surveyor to judge ( _! application mu/ be und]/ood z an ess5tial requisite4 ,y\r ,committee h dwelt on ?is improv$ sy/em ( mak+ roads1 z a prelim9>y consid]ation to any alt]ation ( ! laws1 be+ p]suad$ t x is ( ess5tial importance to adapt ! law to new circum/ances2 t ! fir/ /ep requisite is to take effectual measures = ensur+ ! =mation ( good roads2 & t _! pres]vation aft]w>ds1 if prop] pr9ciples = _! repair be once adopt$1 w require few] legislative regulations ?an =m] inquir]s h deem$ necess>y4 ,= a full elucidation ( ! me?ods pursu$ by ,mr4 ,m,adam y\r ,committee beg leave to ref] to 8 evid5ce 9 ! ,app5dix annex$1 z well z to t ( 8 son1 & ( diff]5t ,commission]s :o _h witness$ ! success ( 8 plans4 ,b ?\gh y\r ,committee h limit$ _! fir/ inquiries to ! actual /ate ( ! turnpike roads1 & ! results ( rec5t plans = _! improvem5t1 !y h by no means conf9$ _! rese>*es to ! op]ations or ! op9ions ( "o individual4 ,9 ! evid5ce :i* !y subjo9 w be f\nd1 9 ! fir/ place1 a description ( ! pres5t g5]al defects ( ! turnpike roads1 giv5 by ^? ^: employm5ts & int]e/ r5d] !m be/ acqua9t$ ) ! nature & ext5t ( ! evil2 & ?is exposition is foll[$ n only by ! detail ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's sy/em1 already allud$ to1 b by ! evid5ce ( o!r em95t surveyors & civil eng9e]s1 "u ^: sup]9t5d5ce ! late/ & mo/ p]fect improvem5ts h be5 effect$4 ,y\r ,committee consid] t high praise is due to ! sup]ior sci5ce exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,tel=d1 9 trac+ & =m+ ! new roads 9 ,nor? ,wales2 b !y cont5t$ !mselves ) a g5]al inquiry into 8 plans1 aw>e t _! m]its w\ld be p>ticul>ly br\ght "u ! eye ( ! ,h\se 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,committee on ! ,holyhead ,roads4 ,! concurr5t te/imony ( all ! witnesses exam9$ by y\r ,committee e/abli%es ! fact t ! g5]al /ate ( ! turnpike roads 9 ,engl& & ,wales is extremely defective1 b at ! same "t proves t prop] managem5t is alone want$ to effect ! mo/ desirable re=mation4 ,x is n ! lea/ int]e/+ result ( ! rese>*es ( y\r ,committee1 t ! mo/ improv$ sy/em is demon/rat$ to be ! mo/ economical2 t ev5 ! fir/ effectual repair ( a bad road may be accompli%$ ) little1 if any1 increase ( exp5diture2 & t its future pres]vation 9 good ord] w1 "u judici\s managem5t1 be att5d$ ) a consid]able annual sav+ to ! public4 ,!re is no po9t ^u :i* a m decid$ co9cid5ce ( op9ion exi/s among/ all ^? :o pr(ess :at may n[ be call$ ! sci5ce ( road-mak+1 ?an t ! fir/ effectual /ep t[>ds g5]al improvem5t mu/ be ! employm5t ( p]sons ( sup]ior ability & exp]i5ce z sup]9t5d+ surveyors4 ,y\r ,committee1 fully concurr+ 9 ?is op9ion1 h anxi\sly consid]$ 9 :at mann] ?is object c be atta9$ ) ! lea/ exp5se to ! c\ntry1 & ! lea/ injuri\s or (f5sive int]f]5ce ) exi/+ cu/oms & au?orities4 ,v>i\s are ! plans :i* h be5 br\ght "u _! consid]ation = alt]+ ! g5]al con/itution ( ! laws affect+ ! managem5t ( ,turnpike ,roads1 propos+ ei!r to annex ! sup]9t5d5ce & patronage to "s ( ! exi/+ dep>tm5ts ( ,gov]nm5t1 or to con/itute a new ,bo>d ( ,commission]s expressly = ?is object4 ,y\r ,committee =be> to detail ! reasons :i* induce !m to )hold _! recomm5dation f any ( ^! plans1 :atev] advantages !y might af=d 9 unity or vig\r ( managem5t4 ,!y are ( op9ion1 t _m important reasons exi/ = leav+ g5]ally ! direction ( ! affairs ( ! diff]5t turnpike tru/s 9 ! h&s ( _! respective ,commission]s1 ^: exp]i5ce1 "* & int]e/1 af=d ! be/ pl$ges ( ability1 att5tion & economy4 ,if y\r ,committee ?9k x necess>y to propose1 9 "o respect1 an int]f]5ce ) _! appo9tm5ts1 x by no means proce$s f any di/ru/ ( _! judgm5t or integrity4 ,! duties ( a head surveyor dem& suitable education & tal5ts4 ,^! qualifications mu/ be fairly remun]at$2 & x is evid5t1 t ! limit$ ext5t ( ! funds ( ,turnpike ,tru/s1 9 g5]al1 d n af=d ! means ( pay+ to su* an (fic] an adequate sal>y4 ,! difficulty might 9 _m in/ances be obviat$ by volunt>y associations1 b :]e ! sy/em is wi%$ to be univ]sal1 x ought n to be left to s prec>i\s a dep5d5ce4 ,! plan to :i* y\r ,committee1 aft] full consid]ation1 are dispos$ to give ! pref]5ce1 is t ( emp[]+ ! magi/rates ( e c\nty1 assembl$ 9 qu>t] sessions1 to appo9t "o or m surveyors g5]al1 :o %all h ! sup]9t5d5ce & managem5t ( ! turnpike roads )9 ! c\nty1 "u ! au?ority & direction ( ! ,commission]s ( ! diff]5t tru/s4 ,x is n necess>y at pres5t to ent] on ! detail$ regulations by :i* ! executive duties ( su* an (fic] %\ld be prescrib$1 s z to keep !m "u ! delib]ative control ( ! ,commission]s1 ^: meet+s he %\ld att5d1 & to :om he %\ld uni=mly report on ! improvem5ts & alt]ations he may wi% to recomm5d )9 _! tru/s4 ,y\r ,committee are ( op9ion1 t ! mo/ eligible mode ( pay+ ! sal>y ( ?is (fic] w\ld be by an uni=m rate p] mile ^u all ! roads )9 ! c\nty2 to be fix$ by ! magi/rates at qu>t] sessions1 & paid f ! funds ( ! respective tru/s4 ,! success ( ?is plan ( appo9t+ g5]al c\nty surveyors w1 9 a great degree1 dep5d ^u ! firmness ev9c$ by ! magi/rates1 9 lay+ aside e consid]ation ( p]sonal fav\r1 & imp>tially look+ to integrity1 tal5ts1 & en]gy ( "*1 z ! recomm5dations = (fice2 "s skill 9 ! sci5ce ( an eng9e] %\ld also be reg>d$ z a valuable qualification4 ,y\r ,committee h manife/$ _! g5]al dis9cl9ation to any int]f]5ce ) ! hon\rable & gratuit\s dis*>ge ( ! functions ( ! ,commission]s ( ,turnpike ,tru/s2 9 "o in/ance1 h[ev]1 !y are dispos$ to dep>t f ! pr9ciple :i* !y h recomm5d$4 ,a full consid]ation ( ! evid5ce relative to ! defective /ate1 & injudici\s managem5t ( ! roads r\nd ! ,metropolis1 & ( ! advantages :i* w\ld accrue f a consolidation ( ! num]\s small ,tru/s into :i* !y are mo/ inconv5i5tly divid$1 induce y\r ,committee to express to ! ,h\se _! /rong recomm5dation1 t a special ,act ( ,p>liam5t may be pass$ = unit+ all ! ,tru/s )9 a di/ance ( ab\t t5 miles r\nd ,london "u "o set ( ,commission]s4 ,x is to ^! roads t ! heavie/ compla9ts made by ! coa*ma/]s1 & ! surveyor ( mail coa*es "u ! po/-(fice1 pr9cipally apply2 & :e!r an improvem5t is to be effect$ by ! importation ( fl9t1 & o!r common mat]ials1 or by lay+ granite pavem5t 9 ! c5tre or sides ( ! roads1 x is evid5t t1 8! measure to be p]=m$ 9 an economical & effici5t mann]1 mu/ be done ^u an ext5d$ scale x mu/ become "o int]e/1 direct$ by "o select body ( m51 ( weight1 ability1 & "*40 ,x is ! object ( ! recomm5dation ( y\r ,committee to r5d] ! roads r\nd ! ,metropolis a patt]n = ! k+dom1 by ! introduction ( ! mo/ judici\s sy/em ( =mation & repair1 :i* w ?us be br\ght "u g5]al inspection2 & ! _s ( improvem5t1 radiat+ f ?is c5tre1 may be expect$ to spread ) rapidity ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & to diffuse 8^? incalculable public & private advantages10 :i* a =m] ,committee anticipat$ f ! accompli%m5t ( ?is great national object4 ,y\r ,committee are deeply s5sible ( ! consid]ation due to ! p]sons ^: prop]ty is inve/$ 9 ! funds ( ^! ,tru/s1 z well z to ^? :o n[ act z ,commission]s4 ,!y are p]fectly aw>e ( ! jeal\sy ) :i* ! ,h\se may view any proposition = ! creation ( new (fices ( patronage & pr(it2 & !y d n disguise _! conviction1 t x w be f\nd exp$i5t to remun]ate ^? effici5t ,commission]s :o are expect$ to devote _! "t to ! p]=mance ( active duties4 ,y\r ,committee h[ev] anticipate1 t if ! ,h\se %all approve ! =mation ( a ,bo>d ( ,commission]s = ?is object1 !y w deem x prop] to place at its head "s p]sons ( em95t /ation & "*1 z a security = ! indep5d5ce & respectability ( its proce$+s4 ,all ^! consid]ations c]ta9ly require cauti\s delib]ation1 & delicacy 9 arrang+ ! plan2 b y\r ,committee feel confid5t t ! wisdom & judgm5t ( ! ,h\se w f9d ! means ( surm\nt+ ! difficulties1 )\t inju/ice1 or haz>d\s innovation4 ,x is obvi\s1 t ! =mation ( ?is di/9ct c5tral au?ority w be be/ effect$ by ! introduction ( a sep>ate ,bill1 :ile ! plan ( emp[]+ ! magi/rates to appo9t c\nty surveyors w\ld naturally =m "p ( a g5]al ,bill = am5d+ ! laws relat+ to ,turnpike ,roads4 ,y\r ,committee h weigh$1 ) mu* att5tion1 ! comp>ative advantages ( an attempt to am5d ^! laws by supplem5tal enactm5ts1 & ( ! compreh5sive plan ( endeav\r+ to embody 9 "o ,act ( ,p>liam5t all t is valuable 9 ! old laws1 ) ! addition ( su* new regulations z are ackn[l$g$ to be desirable4 ,! ,committee ( #ahaa 7 impress$ ) ! exp$i5ce ( 8comb9+ ! old & new regulations into "o g5]al code1 divid$ into two bran*es1 "o reg>d+ ! ,highways1 & ! o!r reg>d+ ,turnpike ,roads10 ?\gh !y consid]$ t 8x w\ld require m "t & lab\r ?an ^? :o h n _h "s exp]i5ce 9 ! draw+ up ( su* laws c be at all aw>e (40 8,y\r ,committee d n hesitate to av[ _! op9ion1 t unless ?is task1 h[ev] ardu\s be accompli%$1 ! laws relat+ to roads mu/ rema9 9 an incomplete1 unc]ta91 & inconv5i5t /ate4 ,!y _c d\bt t ! ,h\se w agree ) !m t ! promotion ( su* a measure is des]v+ ( legal assi/ance on ! "p ( 8 ,maje/y's gov]nm5t1 to ^? :o are dispos$ to apply _! "t & att5tion to ! und]tak+2 & !y indulge ! hope1 t if ! ,h\se %all ?9k fit to reappo9t a ,committee = ! same object 9 ! next session ( ,p>liam5t1 mu* may be f\nd done = ! prep>ation ( su* a bill40 ,y\r ,committee !mselves h n be5 inatt5tive to _m ( ! am5dm5ts :i* !y ?9k x ought to embrace1 "s ( :i* !y proce$ to p>ticul>ize = ! consid]ation ( ^? memb]s ^: att5tion may be drawn to ! subject ( ?is ,report4 ,!re is no object :i* appe>s m des]v+ ( regulation ?an ! exp5se att5d+ ! pass+ & r5ew+ ( ,turnpike ,acts4 ,?is might be less5$ by compris+ 9 a g5]al ,act su* cu/om>y clauses z are applicable to all tru/s1 & by disp5s+ ) ! att5dance ( witnesses 9 ,london to prove ! notices requir$ by ! ord]s ( ! ,h\se2 b a /ill great] advantage w\ld be ga9$ by ext5d+ ! p]iod ( ! duration ( ^! ,acts1 & provid+ = _! r5ewal )\t ! paym5t ( fees4 ,a g5]al commutation = /atute lab\r appe>s to be requir$1 bo? = public advantage & private conv5i5ce4 ,! am\nt ( composition might be levi$ z a rate2 & x w become a subject ( consid]ation1 :e!r "s bett] pr9ciple may n be laid d[n = apportion+ ! money ?us collect$ betwe5 ! highways & turnpike roads4 ,! advantage ( au?oriz+ p>i% (fic]s to contract ) ! commission]s = ! repair ( ! roads pass+ ?r\gh ! p>i% by lab\r]s belong+ to x1 has be5 /rongly press$ on ! att5tion ( y\r ,committee1 b ?\gh !y are dispos$ to admit t su* a sy/em may (t5 af=d desirable relief to ! p>i%es1 !y are n equally satisfi$ t x w h a t5d5cy to promote ! improvem5t ( ! roads4 ,!y ?9k x "r to br+ ! proposition "u ! consid]ation ( ! ,h\se1 ?\gh !y are too diffid5t ( its utility to v5ture to add to x _! recomm5dation4 ,x seems g5]ally admitt$1 t ! pres5t exemptions f toll grant$ to broad-:eel$ waggons require to be revis$1 z ! enorm\s weights :i* !y c>ry r5d] !m m de/ructive to ! mat]ials ( ! roads ?an _! suppos$ advantage 9 consolidat+ !m c comp5sate4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! yet unsettl$ controv]sy respect+ ! sup]ior utility ( conical1 b>rell$1 or cyl9drical :eels1 = ! purpose ( draught1 x is p]fectly evid5t1 t ! n>r[ "p ( ! surface ^u :i* :eels ( ! two fir/ descriptions meet ! gr\nd1 _c give !m ! advantage ( ! roll]4 ,z soon z impolitic exemptions %all be aboli%$1 & ! tolls be regulat$ ^u all c>ts & waggons1 ) :eels ( a mod]ate wid?1 9 proportion ei!r to ! weight c>ri$1 or ! numb] ( horses1 !re w no long] be ! same temptation to c>ry excessive loads2 & x is probable t a new practice1 regulat$ by private int]e/1 may r5d] x unnecess>y to limit ! weight all[$ to be tak54 ,"s regulations appe> to be absolutely requir$ 9 respect to ! conduct ( tollkeep]s1 & ! liability ( r5t]s1 = ! p5alties impos$ on _! s]vants4 ,y\r ,committee h ?us notic$ a few ( ^? objects ( am5dm5t :i* h pres5t$ !mselves to _! consid]ation4 ,to r$uce ^! & o!r propos$ improvem5ts into prop] =m--to dige/ ! v>i\s provisions ( =m] ,acts--to expunge :at is useless or injuri\s1--to reconcile :at is contradictory--to re-model & arrange :at is s\nd & useful1 w require ! assi/ance ( ! be/ legal judgm5t4 ,y\r ,committee h[ev]1 aft] hav+ ?us avail$ !mselves ( ! p[] grant$ by ! h\se1 ( report+ ! p>tial result ( _! inve/igations1 w cont9ue to make su* inquiries1 & to collect su* mat]ials1 z may pave ! way = ! accompli%m5t ( t important und]tak+4 ,x w at once be se51 t !y h conf9$ !mselves to "o bran* ( ! "w committ$ to !m1 hav+ conceiv$ x to be m judici\s n to di/ract _! own att5tion & t ( ! ,h\se by too _m subjects ( inquiry1 b to pursue t :i* !y fir/ und]took to a practical result4 ,%\ld ! ,h\se adopt _! recomm5dation ( r5ew+ ! ,committee 9 ano!r session1 ! subject ( ! ,highways w naturally engage _! att5tion z soon z !y %all h fully matur$ ! plan = am5d+ ! laws relat+ to ! ,turnpike ,roads4 #be? ,june1 #ahai4 ,,m9utes ,,( ,,evid5ce4 ,,witnesses3 ,m>tis1 #b die ,m>tii1 #ahai3 ,*>les ,johnson1 ,esq4 p4 #ha ,mr4 ,william ,wat]h\se #hd ,mr4 ,william ,horne #hh ,mr4 ,john ,eames #ib ,v5]is1 #ba die ,maij3 ,mr4 ,george ,bo?am #id ,jovis1 #d die ,m>tij3 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 ,esq4 #if ,m>tis1 #i die ,m>tij3 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 ,esq4 #aag ,jovis1 #aa die ,m>tij3 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 ,esq4 #acd ,james ,mc,adam1 ,esq4 #acf ,col4 ,*>les ,br[n #add ,ezekiel ,h>man1 ,esq4 #ade ,?omas ,bridgeman1 ,esq4 #adf ,john ,m>t9 ,cripps1 ,esq4 ibid4 ,w4 ,d[deswell1 ,esq4 #adh ,m>tis1 #bc die ,m>tij3 ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,f>ey #aej ,john ,f>ey1 ,esq4 #aed ,jovis1 #be die ,m>tij3 ,john ,f>ey1 ,esq4 #aeg ,james ,walk]1 ,esq4 #afe ,jovis1 #a die ,aprilis3 ,mr4 ,james ,dean #ahb ,jovis1 #f die ,maij3 ,?omas ,tel=d1 ,esq4 #ahg ,m>tis1 #aa die ,maij3 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,p]ry #aie ,ab/ract ( ,return ( ,turnpike ,roads r\nd ,london #aif ,,m9utes ,,( ,,evid5ce4 ,m>tis1 #b die ,m>tij1 #ahai4 ,,edw>d ,,pro!roe1 ,,esquire1 ,9 ! ,*air4 ,*>les ,johnson1 ,esquire1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y are surveyor & sup]9t5d5t ( mail coa*es "u ! ,po/ ,ma/] ,g5]al8--,yes4 ,h[ long h y held t (fice8--,n twelve mon?s yet4 ,has y\r att5tion be5 direct$1 9 ! execution ( ! duties ( t (fice1 to ! /ate ( ! turnpike roads ?r\gh\t ! k+dom8--,i h giv5 a g5]al att5tion to ! subject1 & ,i h _h occasion1 ( c\rse1 to give p>ticul> att5tion to x1 :5 compla9ts h be5 made ( loss ( "t4 ,9 :at /ate ( repair d y consid] ! turnpike roads to be1 g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! k+dom8--,i c]ta9ly 7z f> z ,i h _h an opportunity ( inspect+ !m7 consid]1 t almo/ all ! roads might be improv$2 b !re are v few in/ances 9 :i* ,i %\ld h ?\ght x necess>y to advise ! ,po/ ,ma/] ,g5]al to int]f]e1 except 9 ! m imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,london4 ,x is n ! practice ( ! ,po/-(fice to int]f]e 9 ! mode y m5tion1 by indictm5t1 unless ! evil has aris5 to a v great pit*8--,n until x has aris5 to a v consid]able evil4 ,d y consid] t ! g5]al defective /ate ( ! road arises f any local disadvantages1 or f mismanagem5t 9 reg>d to ! funds1 or ! application ( mat]ials8--,t "q involves s _m consid]ations1 t ,i h>dly "k h[ to give an answ] to x2 b ,i ?9k1 t 9 g5]al "o may obs]ve a great want ( t skill 9 =m+ ! road & keep+ x 9 repair1 :i* is v obvi\s 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,d y consid] t ! defects y h m5tion$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 arise f any local disadvantages1 or f ! roads be5 worse manag$8--,x is g5]ally und]/ood t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london !y h n s good mat]ials to repair ! roads )1 be+ *iefly gravel2 b ,i ?9k ,i may say1 t !re is c]ta9ly a want ( att5tion & ( c>e4 ,h y kn[n in/ances 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london :]e bett] roads h be5 obta9$ by sup]ior managem5t8--,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! w9t] we 7 "u su* great difficulties ) respect to ! ,exet] mail coa*1 t ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( apply+ to ! ,egham tru/4 ,x 0 at t "t report$ to me1 t ! :ole t[n ( ,egham _h be5 cov]$ ) gravel unsift$1 eight or n9e in*es deep f side to side2 ! consequ5ce ( t 01 t ! mail coa* lo/ t51 fifte51 or tw5ty m9utes e night4 ,we 7 giv5 aft]w>ds to und]/& t ! commission]s _h put t p>ticul> road "u ! c>e ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 & at ?is "t ,i h no sort ( occasion :atev] to compla9 ( x4 ,g5]ally speak+1 d y consid] t ! mails are deta9$ m by ! bad /ate ( ! roads 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london ?an else:]e8--,!y c]ta9ly h m difficulty 9 pass+ to & f ,london = ! fir/ fifty or sixty miles1 ?an 9 almo/ any o!r "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is 9 ! nights we h ! heavie/ weights1 & !re=e x is v desirable t ! roads ne> t[n %\ld be r bett]1 ?an worse ?an o!rs4 ,has y\r att5tion be5 p>ticul>ly direct$ to ! /ate ( ! roads 9 o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom lately8--,i travell$ a consid]able di/ance la/ autumn 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,c]ta9ly ,i consid]$ ! roads t ,i pass$ ov] !re1 to be v sup]ior 9 g5]al to :at !y are 9 ! fir/ hundr$ miles f ! metropolis4 ,subsequ5tly to t1 ,i h _h occasion to travel ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,wales1 & ,i gave p>ticul> att5tion to ! ,holyhead l9e ( road4 ,by :at road8--,by ,cov5try4 ,! roads :i* are f\nd 9 ,nor? ,wales are rem>kably good1 & 9 my humble op9ion1 %[ great sci5ce 9 ! =mation ( !m4 ,! new roads ,i mean4 ,! mat]ials 9 t c\ntry are ( c\rse v good4 ,on ?is side ( ,birm+ham1 :i* is also ! road to ,liv]pool1 !re is great occasion to compla91 p>ticul>ly f ,dun*ur* to ,dav5try4 ,at ?is "t t road is 9 a v neglect$ /ate1 v heavy1 n>r[1 & block$ up by banks ( drift4 ,i h _h occasion to apply to t tru/1 b ,i d n le>n t any ?+ has be5 done4 ,h y f\nd ! sy/em ( indictm5t af=d any effectual rem$y = ! evils :i* y h _h cause to obs]ve 9 t way8--,i ?9k we h4 ,b !re h be5 v few indictm5ts pref]r$ = "s ye>s pa/2 ! po/ma/] g5]al n ?9k+ x "r to press ^u ! di/ricts dur+ ! season ( agricultural di/ress4 ,i %\ld say1 we d n consid] t any reason1 at pres5t1 = ab/a9+4 ,h y exp]i5c$ f ! commission]s1 a disposition1 g5]ally1 to att5d to su* compla9ts z y h f\nd occasion to make8--,su* applications z ,i h _h occasion to make appe> to h be5 v well receiv$2 b ,i _c say1 t 9 _m in/ances ! roads h be5 mu* improv$4 ,i w add to ?is answ]1 t ,i lately pass$ ov] ! road f ,ox=d ?r\gh ,h5ley to ,london2 & al?\gh t is "o ( ! roads compla9$ mu* (1 x is c]ta9ly1 at ?is "t1 9 a v improp] /ate4 ,9 su* cases d y n foll[ up y\r measures by /rong] proce$+s1 by indictm5t8--,i ?9k t 9 ?is case x w\ld be necess>y to r5ew our applications1 & p]haps to proce$ by indictm5t2 b ,i h consid]$ x prud5t n to int]f]e1 *iefly 9 contemplation ( ! proce$+s ( ?is ,committee4 ,f :at y h se5 ( ! new roads 9 ,wales1 d y n conceive t ne>ly all ! turnpike roads 9 ,engl& are capable ( v consid]able improvem5t1 by an application ( equal skill 9 ! disposition ( ! mat]ials employ$ ^u !m8--,i c]ta9ly d4 ,mr4 ,william ,wat]h\se1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y keep ! ,swan-)-two-,necks 9 ,lad-lane8--,i belong to ! premises2 ,i don't keep ! h\se2 ,i am ! coa*ma/]4 ,y are ! proprietor ( _m mail & o!r coa*es8--,i am4 ,z ! proprietor ( mail & /age coa*es1 has y\r att5tion be5 direct$ to ! /ate ( ! roads ov] :i* !y travel8--,yes1 x has4 ,in=m ! ,committee :e!r y ?9k ! roads are 9 su* a /ate ( repair z !y might be1 "u prop] managem5t1 ) ! advantages !y possess8--,tak+ !m g5]ally1 ,i ?9k !y are n4 ,d y consid] t ! am\nt ( ! tolls at pres5t receiv$ w\ld be suffici5t to place !m 9 a /ate ( good repair1 "u prop] managem5t8--,f :at in=mation ,i h be5 able to obta9 ( ! sums :i* ! gates are let = ^u sev]al tru/s1 x is my op9ion t ! money s receiv$ is q suffici5t to put !m 9 a v good /ate4 ,= in/ance1 !re is "o tru/1 :i* is call$ ! ,dav5try tru/1 lead+ f ,old ,/rat=d to ,dun*ur*2 _! tolls1 ,i und]/&1 produce m ?an #ajjl4 a mile p] annum4 ,v little improvem5t has be5 made 9 t tru/2 & ! roads are v unsafe1 & 9 a bad condition altoge!r4 ,d y consid] t t arises f want ( prop] mat]ials1 or want ( prop] skill 9 mak+ use ( !m8--,f bo?4 ,! mat]ials t !y h 9 t neighb\rhood1 9 my op9ion1 are n good2 & ! p t !y employ ^u ! roads are n equal to ! task1 & !re=e !y are v mu* neglect$4 ,! surveyors & ! m5 t "w "u !m are insuffici5t4 ,d y "k ( any in/ances :]e simil> disadvantages h be5 surm\nt$ by prop] skill & +5uity8--,i believe ,i c /ate t ^u "o p>ticul> tru/ t has be5 ! case4 ,i believe !y call x ! ,hockliffe tru/4 ,x is b a %ort di/ance1 b v great improvem5ts h be5 made ^u x4 ,! great improvem5ts t h be5 made !re1 ,i am in=m$ by sev]al ( ! commission]s1 h be5 done ?r\gh _! skilful & att5tive surveyors4 ,!y h improv$ t tru/ v mu* inde$4 ,i believe ,i c m5tion ano!r road out ( ,london t has be5 mu* improv$1 ,i mean ! ,essex road1 7_! surveyor be+ a clev] man1 & compet5t to und]/& 8 bus9ess17 betwe5 ,:ite*apel *ur* & ,br5twood4 ,are !re any p>ticul> defects 9 ! managem5t ( ! roads g5]ally1 :i* y ?9k might be rem$i$1 t y c po9t out to ! ,committee8--,9 ! fir/ place1 !re may be great improvem5ts by ! prop] =mation ( ! roads4 ,i "k1 9 "s places1 p>ticul>ly f "h d[n to ,colney1 :]e !re is a clayey bottom1 & ^u t l9e ( road !re are a great _m l& spr+s2 ^? spr+s frequ5tly "w up ?r\gh ! gravel1 & injure ! road v mat]ially4 ,:5 t is ! case ,i consid] t !y %\ld "u-dra9 ! road1 & take away ^! l& spr+s1 :i* w\ld be ! means ( hav+ ! roads firm & h>d1 mu* h>d] ?an !y are n[4 ,is x n a common defect to place ! gravel on ! road )\t be+ suffici5tly sift$ or wa%$8--,v mu* s4 ,d y n consid] x z a bad sy/em1 likewise1 to place ! gravel s mu* 9 ! c5tre ( ! road1 !reby r5d]+ x ( too great convexity8--,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,i ?9k x is laid g5]ally too ?ick & too high 9 ! middle4 ,!re is no necessity = ! roads be+ r\nd$ s mu*4 ,h y kn[n any accid5ts to h aris5 f ! /eepness ( ! road8--,yes2 sev]al accid5ts ) my coa*es1 z well z ^? ( o!r p1 9 consequ5ce ( ! road be+ laid s v high 9 ! middle4 ,is n t %ape ( ! road likewise att5d$ ) a disadvantage 9 ! draft ( ! c>riage8--,i consid] x s1 inasmu* z x fl+s ! weight too mu* on "o side4 ,is n a great loss su/a9$ by ! proprietors ( /age coa*es1 9 consequ5ce ( ! badness ( ! roads1 9 ! we>+ out ( _! horses8--,yes2 p>ticul>ly s ! fir/ fifty or sixty miles f ,london4 ,) reg>d to ! p]=mance ( "t by ! mail coa*es1 d y f9d t y lab\r "u great] difficulty on ! roads ne> ,london1 ?an on ^? at a great] di/ance f t[n8--,i am c]ta9 we d4 ,x requires a great] quantity ( horses to p]=m ! duty1 &1 9 my op9ion1 x requires t5 horses to p]=m ! same numb] ( miles = ! fir/ fifty out ( ,london1 t might be done by eight1 ) ! same spe$1 beyond t di/ance4 ,is !re any diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ! horses us$ ne> t[n & at a di/ance f x8--,i c buy horses at #ael4 a piece t w p]=m ! duty1 at a di/ance f ,london1 equal to ^? t we are oblig$ to give #cjl4 a piece =1 on ! av]age1 = ! "w ne> t[n4 ,are y 9 ! habit ( work+ coa*es to a great] ?an fifty miles f ,london8--,n at ?is "t2 ,i h work$ coa*es z f> z "o hundr$ miles di/ance f ,london1 & ,i always f\nd !re t eight horses w\ld p]=m z _m miles z t51 ! fir/ fifty miles out ( ,london4 ,h n ! tolls v mu* increas$ ( late ye>s "u new acts ( p>liam5t8--,x is my op9ion t ! tolls g5]ally h d\bl$ )9 ^! la/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,h ! roads improv$ 9 any degree 9 ! same proportion8--,no1 !y h n4 ,h y calculat$ ! av]age rate p] mile :i* a coa* ) f\r horses pays = toll8--,i h3 ,x is my op9ion t ! av]age am\nt ?r\gh\t ! k+dom is #c;d4 p] mile2 x 0 above #c;d4 :5 ,i took !m above twelve mon?s ago4 ,d y f9d t ! horses we> out 9 a mu* %ort] space ( "t1 9 work+ coa*es )9 ! fir/ fifty miles f ,london1 ?an !y d l[] d[n8--,yes !y d v mu*4 ,we calculate t our /ock ( horses1 employ$ 9 work+ ! fir/ fifty miles out ( ,london1 w n la/ m ?an f\r ye>s2 9 ! c\ntry1 at a great] di/ance1 ,i believe !y calculate t _! /ock1 on an av]age1 w la/ six ye>s4 ,are y n frequ5tly oblig$ to put six horses to y\r coa*es1 on ! roads f ,london8--,sometimes t is ! case2 we d "w ) six horses :]e ! roads are bad & heavy4 ,i may say1 f ! k ,i h ( "o p>ticul> road1 namely1 f ,london to ,birm+ham1 x requires twelve horses to p]=m ! same numb] ( miles z eight horses w d betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,holyhead4 ,h[ _m coa*-horses d y keep8--,ab\t f\r hundr$4 ,are y acqua9t$ ) ! new roads 9 ,nor? ,wales1 made by ,mr4 ,tel=d8--,yes1 ,i am4 ,d y ?9k t ?ree ( y\r horses w\ld draw ! ,holyhead mail z easily on ^? roads z f\r ( !m d ! same coa* on any "p ( ! road f ,london to ,dun*ur*8--,i h no d\bt ab\t x4 ,does t arise f ! con/ruction ( ! road1 or nature ( ! mat]ials1 or bo?8--,bo?4 ,! con/ruction ( ! new road is extraord9>ily good1 & ! mat]ials also are v good4 ,c y /ate :at p>ticul> con/ruction ^? roads are (8--,!y are laid 9 a =m suffici5tly r\nd to wa% !mselves1 if !re is a %[] ( ra9 t comes ^u !m4 ,!y are n v high2 & _! excell5ce consi/s 9 ! smallness ( ! convexity4 ,!y are 9 ! be/ =m ,i h ev] se5 roads made4 ,mr4 ,william ,horne1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y keep ! ,gold5 ,cross ,inn1 ,*>+ ,cross8--,yes4 ,y are ! proprietor ( _m mail & /age coa*es8--,i am4 ,y\r att5tion ( c\rse has be5 direct$ to ! /ate ( ! roads ov] :i* !y travel8--,x has4 ,c y in=m ! ,committee 9 :at /ate ! roads g5]ally are1 9 po9t ( goodness8--,i ?9k 9 g5]al !y h be5 bett] = ! la/ sev5 ye>s ?an =m]ly1 ?\gh !y are n[ bad4 ,!y are g5]ally bad1 & might be v mu* improv$4 ,c y /ate to ! ,committee any p>ticul> in/ances ( improvem5t t h tak5 place )9 y\r own k8--,yes2 "o betwe5 ,london & ,h\nsl[1 :i* mu/ be kn[n to e body to h be5 v bad2 t road has be5 made good1 :i* 0 extremely bad be=e4 ,d y consid] t ! application ( ! mat]ials ^u t road is at pres5t good8--,yes4 ,x is ! bett] con/ruction ( ! road1 toge!r ) ! diff]5t mat]ials f :at !y us$ =m]ly1 :i* h be5 ! means ( mak+ t road bett]4 ,!y h br\ght *alk & fl9ts f ,k5t by ! canal1 & h got !m at z small an exp5se z gravel2 & ^! h =m$ a h>d well-b\nd road1 :i* 0 =m]ly bad4 ,^u :at o!r roads d y\r coa*es travel8--,i w m5tion "o :i* is precisely ! contr>y1 ! ,uxbridge road4 ,gravel is usually employ$ on t8--,solely gravely & ! road is v flat4 ,x is made l[] ?an ! fields1 :i* draws ! wat] ^u x1 & !re=e x _c be drawn (f f x4 ,t is ! *ief cause ( ! road be+ s bad4 ,is x n ! practice ^u t road to pile up ! scrap+s or drift by ! side ( ! road8--,x is4 ,)9 y\r exp]i5ce1 d y consid] t ! goodness ( ! roads is at all 9 proportion to ! local advantages or disadvantages2 or h y f\nd t ! skill & exp]i5ce ( ! surveyors employ$ ^u !m h effect$ p>ticul> improvem5ts8--,!y *iefly dep5d ^u hav+ good surveyors4 ,! ,dov] road w %[ t m ?an any o!r road ,i "k (4 ,i c rememb] t )9 ^! sev5 ye>s1 :at 0 !n call$ 8,! ,sun 9 ! ,s&s0 has be5 made a v good road4 ,t road 0 all loose & s&y3 !y h dra9$ x1 & x is n[ a v good road4 ,c y /ate "u ^: sup]9t5d5ce t road is plac$8--,mr4 ,collis's4 ,he is n[ employ$ on ! ,brighton road1 effect+ ! same sort ( improvem5t2 r$uc+ hills1 & mak+ ! road good4 ,d y f9d t ! roads on :i* y\r coa*es travel1 are mu* worse 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london ?an ! m di/ant p>ts8--,i f9d !m worse = coa*es ne> ,london1 b x may be attribut$ p>tly to ! great] quantity ( travell+ ne> ,london to :at !re is 9 ! c\ntry4 ,are ! horses t y employ 9 ! /ages ne> ,london ( sup]ior value to ^? t are employ$ at a great] di/ance8--,x diff]s accord+ to ! c>riage4 ,i ?9k ) ! /age coa*es1 ! horses out ( ,london are consid]ably m 9 value ?an ^? employ$ at a great] di/ance f ,london2 & z to mail coa*es1 vice v]sa4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 ! day /ock ( ! coa*es is v good1 b 9 ! night !y "w !m v badly4 ,d y f9d t y\r horses t are employ$ 9 ! /ages ne> ,london1 we> out soon] ?an ^? at a great] di/ance8--,mu* soon]1 ,i %\ld ?9k4 ,i employ ab\t f\r hundr$ horses myself1 & ,i am sure ,i buy "o hundr$ & fifty a ye> to support ! numb]1 & keep ! /ock 9 ord]4 ,i consid] t my /ock we>s out fully 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,h[ mu* long] on an av]age1 w horses la/ at a di/ance f t[n8--,i %\ld ?9k d\ble ! "t3 = ^! reasons2 fir/1 ! "w is light]1 & next1 ! food is bett]2 besides :i*1 ! lodg+ ( !m is bett]2 ! /ables are airy & m heal?y2 !y h n s (t5 diseases 9 ! c\ntry z we h 9 ,london4 ,are y 9 ! habit ( work+ coa*es to any great di/ance f ,london8--,i "w !m half way to ,bri/ol2 ) ,mr4 ,pickwick ( ,ba?1 ,i "w to ,newbury4 ,d y "k :e!r ! horses t are employ$ /ill l[] d[n ^u t road1 are consid]$ to h light] or heavi] "w8--,i %\ld n keep l>g] horses = t "w myself2 ,i %\ld keep %ort-legg$ horses1 because ( ! hills4 ,:i* are ( less value8--,yes4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 if ! same skill & managem5t t y h m5tion$ 9 p>ticul> di/ricts 7 g5]ally employ$1 d y n ?9k t ! roads ( ,engl& & ,wales might be put into a v p]fect /ate ( repair8--,i ?9k1 t ) bett] direction z to managem5t1 !y might be put into a mu* bett] /ate ( repair1 at ! same co/1 ?an !y n[ are4 ,!re is a road1 call$ ! ,nor?-ea/ ,road 7! way t ! ,ed9burgh mail comes17 :i* is mu* improv$ lately1 & )\t any great exp5se4 ,"u ^: managem5t is t road8--,( a ,mr4 ,clay4 ,x has be5 done by roll+ ! road1 & break+ ! gravel to a c]ta9 size1 n putt+ x on too l>ge or too small2 & tak+ c>e to turn ! road well4 ,if ! road is n turn$ well1 x nev] w be good4 ,?is roll] is a late inv5tion1 is x n8--,x is4 ,x impresses ! gravel1 or :atev] ! mat]ial is1 into ! gr\nd1 be=e ! road is scrap$2 !n !y proce$ to scrape x & take ! slu% (f2 ?is rolls d[n ! ruts z well4 ,& f y\r exp]i5ce1 y h e reason to believe t x is ( great advantage to ! road8--,i h work$ ! ,tyburn road1 & ! ,:ite ,cross roads1 :i* 7 z bad z ! ,tyburn till ?is practice has be5 introduc$4 ,d y "k any ?+ ( ! ,read+ road1 :i* ,mr4 ,m,adam has _h ! sup]9t5d5ce (8--,x is a v fair road2 x is ! be/ piece ( road 9 t direction4 ,c y in=m ! ,committee ! weights y are accu/om$ to c>ry ^u ! diff]5t descriptions ( c>riages1 mail coa*es1 po/ coa*es1 & heavy coa*es8--,! po/ coa* load$ is #ch cwt4 weight2 x is nev] m ?an two tons4 ,! mail coa* also is n m ?an two tons1 ,i %\ld ?9k4 ,z to heavy coa*es1 ,i only "w two ( t description out ( ! #dj coa*es t are 9 my own y>d2 !y are s little us$1 t !y don't g5]ally weigh m ?an ! po/ coa*2 !y don't c>ry s mu* luggage4 ,:at is ! weight ( ! heavy coa*8--,n m ?an ! po/1 because !y don't c>ry s mu* luggage z "s ( ! po/ coa*es4 ,i reckon #ab pass5g]s "o ton1 coa* "o ton1 & luggage half a ton4 ,h y kn[n ( any accid5ts to y\r coa*es aris+ f ! great convexity ( ! roads 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london8--,i h _h accid5ts1 & !y h sometimes be5 attribut$ to ! horses %y+1 & plung+ ! coa* on "o side1 s z to cause x to ov]turn1 f ! great r\ndness ( ! road4 ,mr4 ,john ,eames1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y keep ! ,:ite ,horse1 ,fett]-lane1 & are ! proprietor ( ! ,angel ,inn1 ,/4 ,clem5t's8--,yes4 ,y are ! proprietor ( sev]al mail & /age coa*es8--,yes4 ,h[ _m horses d y keep8--,ab\t ?ree hundr$4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal roads y are 9 ! habit ( work+ f ,london8--,we "w ! ,cant]bury1 ! ,cambridge1 ! ,dov]1 ! ,norwi*1 ! ,portsm\?1 & "s o!rs4 ,d y f9d t y su/a9 mu* inconv5i5ce f ! /ate ( ! roads ov] :i* y travel8--,yes4 ,z to inconv5i5ce1 ,i f9d mu* m 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london ?an ! m di/ant p>ts4 ,h[ long d y f9d t y\r horses ^u an av]age la/1 t are employ$ 9 ! fir/ /ages f ,london8--,my horses1 ^u an av]age1 don't la/ above ?ree ye>s 9 ! fa/ coa*es4 ,includ+ ! mails8--,yes4 ,& ^? horses 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 are ( great] value ?an ^? employ$ at a di/ance8--,!y are4 ,^u an av]age1 h[ long d ! horses la/ t are employ$ 9 ! m di/ant p>ts8--,!y la/ z long aga94 ,d y attribute t 9 a great degree to ! badness ( ! roads 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london8--,i attribute x to ! di/ress ! horse receives f ! badness ( ! roads ne> t[n2 b ,i attribute x also 9 a great degree to ! meet+ ( diff]5t c>riages1 & cross+ ! road1 :i* makes x m labori\s to ! horse1 ?\gh he does n appe> to g s _m miles4 ,d y n consid] t t p>ticul> evil is occasion$ 9 a great degree by ! convexity ( ! roads 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 ! mat]ials be+ g5]ally heap$ up 9 ! middle8--,i d2 x 8te>s _! he>ts out10 z ! coa*m5 express x4 ,! roads are inconv5i5t f ! quantity & quality ( ! gravel heap$ 9 ! middle4 ,h y kn[n any in/ances 9 :i* a diff]5t sy/em has be5 pursu$1 & ! roads greatly improv$1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london8--,! road f ,london to ,cran=d ,bridge has be5 improv$ ( late1 & f ,london to ,h\nsl[ m p>ticul>ly1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pavem5t 9 ! cr[n ( ! road1 :i* has done away ) ! gravell+1 or %+le r4 ,is n ! gravel ^u t road g5]ally employ$ )\t sift+ or wa%+8--,x is half clay4 ,h y kn[n in/ances 9 :i* ?is inconv5i5ce has be5 rem$i$ by sup]ior skill & exp]i5ce 9 ! surveyor ( ! roads8--,yes2 9 ! same l9e ( road t ,mr4 ,horne ref]r$ to2 9 ! ,k5t road p>ticul>ly4 ,if t same skill 0 employ$ 9 ! application ( mat]ials to ! o!r roads1 d y n ?9k t !y might be br\ght g5]ally to ! same /ate ( improvem5t8--,i h no d\bt ( x2 !re is no "q ab\t x4 ,! ,surrey road has be5 improv$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,:at d y call ! ,surrey road8--,f ,london to ,guild=d4 ,d y "k "u ^: managem5t t is8--,i don't "k n[2 a p]son nam$ ,bak] _h ! managem5t ( x4 ,0 x "u him x 0 improv$8--,yes4 ,h[ _m miles ( road does t consi/ (8--,?irty miles4 ,& x is v mu* improv$8--,yes4 ,by :at means8--,! mat]ials are h>d] ?an ! gravel4 ,he br+s ! rag fl9ts & breaks !m1 b 9 a diff]5t mann] f o!r p>ts ( ! road4 ,he has improv$ x s mu*1 t x does n look ! same road at all2 ,i c g n[ sixte5 miles bett] ?an ,i c\ld twelve be=e4 ,d y consid] t ! horses :i* travel ^! roads t h be5 improv$1 la/ long] ?an =m]ly8--,yes4 ,y ne$ h>dly be ask$ :e!r ^! improvem5ts enable y to c>ry pass5g]s at a l[] rate ?an be=e8--,( c\rse2 x is ! exp5se ( ! /ock t is ! great ?+4 ,if ! roads 7 g5]ally improv$1 travell+ w\ld be *eap]8--,( c\rse4 ,v5]is1 #ba die ,maii1 #ahai4 ,mr4 ,george ,bo?am1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y keep ! ,george ,inn1 at ,newbury8--,i d4 ,are y a proprietor ( mail & o!r coa*es8--,yes4 ,to a consid]able ext5t8--,yes1 & h be5 = "s "t4 ,h[ _m horses h y8--,m ?an a hundr$4 ,y\r att5tion has ( c\rse be5 direct$ to ! /ate ( ! road betwe5 ,newbury & ,london8--,yes4 ,/ate any improvem5t t has tak5 place 9 t road8--,!re is a v great improvem5t betwe5 ,m>lbor\gh & ,twy=d4 ,"u ^: directions8--,mr4 ,m,adam4 ,9 :at /ate 0 t road be=e8--,x 0 9 a v bad /ate1 & ,i m5tion$ x to "l ,aylesbury1 & he appli$ to get ! mat]ials1 & (f]$ to give up any quantity ( 8 l& = ! wid5+ ( ! road1 :i* he has done4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! road has be5 wid5$8--,mu* wid5$ & mu* improv$4 ,c y /ate :at improvem5t x w\ld make 9 ! draught ( ! c>riages8--,n exactly1 b ,i consid] x a v great "o4 ,y _c /ate any proportion ( ! lab\r ( horses 9 draw+ a c>riage8--,no1 n p>ticul>ly s2 ,i did n expect to be ask$1 b x is n v mat]ial4 ,9 :at /ate is t road1 comp>$ ) ! road f ,twy=d to ,london8--,i consid] ! road f ,twy=d to be a little m5d$1 b x is v bad at pres5t4 ,d y ?9k by ! adoption ( ! same sy/em ! road f ,twy=d to ,london might be equally improv$8--,i h no d\bt ( x2 ! mat]ials are bett]4 ,:i* ( c\rse w\ld make a great diff]5ce 9 ! ease ( work+ y\r coa*es8--,yes2 ,i %\ld ?9k we c\ld p]=m ! j\rney f ,newbury to ,read+ 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r's less "t1 :i* is sev5te5 miles4 ,h y1 z proprietor ( mail coa*es1 _h occasion to express any dissatisfaction to ! ,po/ ,(fice1 ) reg>d to y\r pres5t contracts8--,c]ta9ly1 ) v great reason4 ,d y ?9k t y %\ld be enabl$ to cont9ue ^? contracts at ! pres5t rate1 if ! roads are n put into a bett] /ate ( repair8--,t entirely dep5ds ^u ! price ( corn2 we 7 v great suff]]s till lately1 t corn has fall5 s mu*3 or else my bro!r1 z well z myself1 int5d$ to quit ! mails1 because we 7 los+ a great deal ( money4 ,d y consid] t ! sy/em ( repair+ roads1 :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 t "p ( ! road :i* y h describ$ z "u ! sup]9t5dance ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 is sup]ior to any o!r t y h se5 adopt$8--,c]ta9ly1 ,i am sure x is1 !re is no "q ab\t x4 ,& t its g5]al adoption w\ld be highly b5eficial to ! coa* proprietors1 & to ! public8--,mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,mr4 ,fromont be+ prev5t$ by an accid5t f att5d+ ! ,committee1 x 0 resolv$ t ! foll[+ ,lett] be ent]$ on ! ,m9utes3 ,?at*am1 ,may #ahai4 ,g5tlem51 ,i ?9k x a duty incumb5t on me to pres5t to y my op9ion respect+ ,mr4 ,m,adam's plan ( repair+ & improv+ turnpike roads4 ,f :at ,i h notic$ ( 8 improvem5t on diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,ba? road1 on :i* ,i am at pres5t work+ diff]5t coa*es a di/ance ( above #ejj miles p] day1 ,i ?9k 8 plan altoge!r1 i4 e4 fir/ ( scre5+ & cleans+ ! gravel1 & break+ ! /ones2 secondly1 ( prep>+ ! road to receive x2 & ?irdly1 ( lay+ x on ! road1 is ! be/ & safe/ me?od ,i h ev] se5 9 ! c\rse ( fifty ye>s exp]i5ce 9 ! coa* & waggon bus9ess4 ,i h =m]ly _h sev]al accid5ts happ5 f ! gravel be+ laid too ?ick & v high 9 ! middle ( ! road2 & h kill$ "s hundr$s ( horses 7extra7 9 pull+ ?r\gh x2 & ,i ?9k ,i may v5ture to say1 t if ,mr4 ,m,adam's plan 0 adopt$ g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t ! public w\ld be enabl$ to travel ) mu* great] ease & safety1 & at ne>ly "o-?ird less ( exp5se2 at all ev5ts ,i am conv9c$ t ne>ly "o-?ird less lab\r is requir$ to "w a fa/ coa* ov] "p ( ! road betwe5 ,read+ & ,london1 :]e ,m,adam's plan has be5 adopt$1 ?an !re is ov] o!r p>ts ( ! road :]e !y /ill cont9ue ! old plan ,9 %ort1 my op9ion may be giv5 9 a few words2 8 plan1 if adopt$ g5]ally1 w cause ! travell] to f9d easi]1 saf]1 & m exp$iti\s travell+1 & ! own]s ( horses a dim9ution ( ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! orig9al lab\r4 ,i am1 ,g5tlem51 ) respect1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 ,edw>d ,fromont4 ,jovis1 #d die ,m>tii1 #ahai4 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 ,esq4 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,i believe1 ,mr4 ,m,adam1 y reside at ,bri/ol8--,yes1 ,i d4 ,& h "u y\r c>e a consid]able di/rict ( ! turnpike roads 9 t neighb\rhood8--,yes1 ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty miles ( road 9 t neighb\rhood4 ,h[ long has y\r att5tion be5 p>ticul>ly direct$ to ! /ate ( ! public roads ( ! k+dom g5]ally1 & ! means ( _! improvem5t8--,ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,are y a pr(essional civil eng9e]8--,no4 ,be pleas$ to /ate to ! ,committee ! g5]al /ate ( ! turnpike roads at ! "t y fir/ direct$ y\r att5tion to !m1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago8--,i ?9k ! /ate ( ! roads tw5ty ye>s ago1 0 worse g5]ally ?an at pres5t1 & 9 p>ticul> places mu* worse4 ,if ! ,committee w\ld indulge me1 ,i w\ld m5tion :at fir/ l$ me to ^! consid]ations4 ,on my fir/ arriv+ f ,am]ica 9 ! ye> #aghc1 at ! "t ! roads 7 mak+ 9 ,scotl& 7_! ,turnpike ,acts be+ 9 op]ation ab\t tw5ty ye>s at t "t17 v _m ( _! roads 7 unmade4 ,i 0 !n appo9t$ a commission] ( ! roads1 & _h occasion 9 t capacity to see a great deal ( road-"w4 ,:]e8--,9 ,scotl&4 ,?is fir/ l$ me to inquire into ! g5]al me?od ( road-mak+1 & ! exp5se ( x4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 ,i h be5 mo/ly 9 ,bri/ol1 :]e ,i 0 also appo9t$ a commission] ( ! roads2 ! v defective /ate ( :i* c\ld n fail to attract my att5tion4 ,i 0 induc$ to (f] myself to ! commission]s1 to take *>ge ( ! roads z a surveyor1 because ,i f\nd x impossible = any individual commission] to get ! roads put into a situation ( be+1 m5d$ ) any prospect ( success2 & no individual c\ld incur ! exp5se ( mak+ exp]im5ts on a great scale4 ,! roads ( ,bri/ol 7 accord+ly put "u my direction 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y #ahaf4 ,t 0 :5 y 7 appo9t$ surveyor8--,yes1 ,i h travell$ at v>i\s times1 dur+ ! lo/ tw5ty ye>s1 to asc]ta9 :i* are ! be/ roads1 & :i* ! be/ means ( road-mak+ ov] ! :ole k+dom1 f ,inv]ness 9 ,scotl& to ! ,l&'s ,end 9 ,cornwall4 ,i h obta9$ all ! in=mation t an unau?oriz$ p]son c\ld expect to receive4 ,9 ! c\rse ( travell+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 ,i h g5]ally f\nd ! roads 9 a v defective /ate1 c]ta9ly mu* worse 9 p>ticul> p>ts ( ! c\ntry ?an 9 o!rs2 & 9 p>ticul> c\nties ,i h f\nd "s p>ts ( ! roads mu* worse ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! same c\nty4 ,! defects ( ! roads appe> to me to proce$ f v>i\s causes1 b pr9cipally f ! l>ge use ( a mixture ( clay & *alk & o!r matt]s1 t imbibe wat]1 & are affect$ by fro/4 ,su* roads become loose 9 wet wea!r1 s z to all[ ! :eels ( c>riages to displace ! mat]ials1 & !reby occasion ! roads to be r\gh & rutty4 ,m pa9s1 & mu* m exp5se1 h be5 be/[$ on ! roads ( late ye>s1 b )\t1 9 my op9ion1 produc+ any adequate effect1 f want ( skill 9 ! executive dep>tm5t4 ,i consid] ! roads 9 ,s\? ,wales1 9 ,monm\?%ire1 9 ,cornwall1 9 ,devon%ire1 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 9 "p ( ,hamp%ire1 9 "p ( ,ox=d%ire1 & "s "p ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 are manag$ ) ! lea/ skill1 & consequ5tly1 at ! heavie/ exp5se4 ,! pav$ roads ( ,lanca%ire appe> to be v unpr(itable1 & v exp5sive4 ,i %all m5tion to ! ,committee a few roads :i* ,i ?9k 9 a bett] condition & "u a bett] sy/em ( managem5t4 ,ea/w>d ( ,bridgewat] 9 ,som]set%ire1 ne> ,k5dal 9 ,we/morel&1 & ne> ,nor? ,all]ton1 9 ,york%ire1 ! roads appe> to be 9 a mu* bett] /ate ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom2 & !re is a /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! mod]ate rate ( _! tolls1 :i* ,i h always f\nd mo/ mod]ate :]e ! roads are be/ manag$4 ,i consid] ! reason ( ! roads 9 ^? p>ts be+ 9 a bett] condition ?an 9 o!r places1 is f great] skill & att5tion be+ paid to ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ials & ! mann] lay+ !m on ! roads4 ,does ! sup]iority ( roads1 9 c]ta9 places t y h m5tion$1 arise f _! bett] mat]ials 9 ^? neighb\rhoods8--,no2 ! same mat]ial is f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! k+dom ) mu* worse roads4 ,!n1 9 g5]al1 y impute ! badness ( ! roads solely to ! apply+ ( ! mat]ials8--,yes4 ,& also to ! =mation ( ! roads8--,t ,i consid] z "p ( ! application ( ! mat]ials4 ,has !re prevail$ ( late ye>s a g5]al _s ( improvem5t1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ) reg>d to ! roads8--,i ?9k !re has1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! we/ c\ntry4 ,:at in/ances h come )9 y\r own k8--,! roads imm$iately r\nd ! city ( ,bri/ol to ! ext5t ( #adh miles1 r\nd ,ba? to ! ext5t ( #di miles1 betwe5 ,cir5ce/] & ,ba? to ! am\nt ( #cb miles1 ! roads ( n9e tru/s 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,sussex am\nt+ to #ig miles1 at ,epsom 9 ,surrey am\nt+ to #bj miles1 at ,read+ 9 ,b]k%ire six miles1 am\nt+ 9 ! :ole to #ceb miles1 h be5 put into a v good condition2 9 addition to :i*1 !re are n[ "u repair1 five tru/s 9 ,wilt%ire & ,b]k%ire1 am\nt+ to #ajh miles2 six tru/s 9 ,middlesex1 ,cambridge & ,hunt+don1 am\nt+ to #ia miles2 six tru/s 9 ,devon%ire1 ,buck+ham%ire & ,glamorgan%ire1 am\nt+ to #abi miles2 mak+ a total ( #cbh miles "u repair4 ,^! are roads t h be5 m5d$1 or are n[ m5d+1 "u directions :i* ,i h giv51 or :i* h be5 giv5 by my family4 ,y are n p>ticul>ly acqua9t$ ) ! improvem5ts tak+ place "u ! managem5t ( o!r p]sons8--,n p>ticul>ly2 b ,i h "s k ( "s ( !m f circum/ances4 ,y h n tak5 "u obs]vation ! great road to ,holyhead8--,no2 t ,i und]/& is a new road4 ,y ask$ me ) respect to ! _s ( improvem5t2 ,i w\ld wi% to expla9 9 :at way ,i ?9k t is proce$+4 ,i h be5 s5t = & consult$ by #cd diff]5t sets ( commission]s1 & z _m diff]5t tru/s1 & 9 #ac c\nties1 to ! ext5t ( #fcg miles1 all ( :om h be5 mak+ improvem5ts1 & ,i h _h _m sub-surveyors in/ruct$ & s5t to v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 at ! reque/ ( commission]s2 _m surveyors also 9 ! neighb\rhood :]e improvem5ts are mak+1 h avail$ !mselves ( ! opportunity ( hav+ in/ruction4 ,?us ! surveyors ( ,s\?ampton & t neighb\rhood h att5d$ to :at is do+ at ,salisbury & ,wilton2 ?us ! surveyors at ,k+/on & ,guild=d h pr(it$ by ! improvem5ts at ,epsom 9 ,surrey4 ,on :i* road are ! #bj miles t y m5tion$ at ,epsom8--,f ,epsom to ,toot+1 & !n across ! c\ntry to ,k+/on4 ,sev]al surveyors ne> ,read+ 9 ,b]k%ire h imitat$1 ) consid]able success1 ! improvem5ts on t road4 ,mr4 ,clay1 :o has contract$ = ! repair ( ! ,k+sl& road ne> ,london1 engag$ a "y man :o 0 9 my (fice at ,bri/ol1 ,mr4 ,m>%al1 :om he s5t aft]w>ds to ,le$s 9 ,york%ire4 ,x has be5 my /udy to give e facility to spread in=mation4 ,has y\r att5tion be5 direct$ to ! roads 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london2 & c y /ate to ! ,committee :e!r any correspond+ improvem5t has tak5 place 9 ?is di/rict8--,i ?9k less improvem5t has tak5 place r\nd ,london ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,on ! new ,surrey roads ! example set by ! pieces ( road made at ,blackfri>s & ,we/m9/] bridges has induc$ a little am5dm5t2 ! mat]ials h be5 m c>efully brok51 & !y h cont9u$ to use ! hamm]s1 rakes & o!r tools :i* 7 recomm5d$ to !m2 b ! g5]al improvem5t is unimportant3 & ,i am n aw>e t any alt]ation has tak5 place 9 ! sy/em ( exp5diture1 & ! mode ( be+ suppli$ ) mat]ials1 or 9 employ+ m compet5t surveyors4 ,f ! exp]i5ce y h _h 9 ! improvem5ts t h tak5 place1 h y f\nd t ^! h be5 att5d$ g5]ally1 ) an increase or dim9ution ( exp5se8--,9 g5]al ! exp5se mu/ be dim9i%$ by ! improvem5ts4 ,! repairs ( "o hundr$ & =ty-eight miles r\nd ,bri/ol1 & _m exp5sive p]man5t improvem5ts & alt]ations1 h be5 made 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* a float+ debt ( upw>ds #a1djjl4 has be5 paid (f1 a consid]able r$uction ( ! pr9cipal debt has be5 made1 & a balance ( a consid]able am\nt is rema9+ 9 ! h&s ( ! treasur]1 applicable to fur!r alt]ations1 or to ! paym5t ( "p ( ! debt1 at ! discretion ( ! commission]s4 ,c y /ate :at proportion t is8--,i ?9k ! fir/ ye>1 #gbcl4 ,:at is ! am\nt ( ! :ole debt8--,! :ole debt is #dc1jjjl4 ,i said a consid]able r$uction ( ! pr9cipal debt _h be5 made1 ,i did n use ! ^w proportion4 ,i c m5tion t ! balance 9 ! h&s ( ! treasur]1 on ! la/ settlem5t ( ! acc\nt am\nt$ to #b1gijl4 #js4 #d;d4 9 ! ,bri/ol di/rict1 beside a consid]able dim9ution ( ! debt1 & beside alt]ations & improvem5ts4 ,t applies only to "o hundr$ & =ty-eight miles r\nd ,bri/ol8--,only to ! "o hundr$ & =ty-eight miles r\nd ,bri/ol4 ,! ,bri/ol di/rict has be5 "u "o tru/ = tw5ty ye>s1 & 9 t p]iod ! debt has increas$ to #dc1jjjl4 ,y w be k9d en\gh to furni% ! ,committee1 ) a /atem5t simil> to t :i* 0 suppli$ by y to ! ,holyhead ,committee1 d[n to ! late/ p]iod8--,i w4 ,bri/ol is ! only di/rict = :i* ,i c h precise figures1 ,i h n _h ! f9ances 9 my own managem5t or direction ) respect to ! o!rs4 ,z ,i h only advis$ ) respect to !m1 ,i _c give y ! items2 & ,i mu/ say1 t my in=mation ) respect to o!r roads1 mu/ be mu* m g5]al ?an ) respect to ?is road4 ,9 ,sussex1 ! roads 9 n9e tru/s h be5 m5d$ ) a consid]able dim9ution ( ! =m] exp5se1 & ! ?anks ( a g5]al meet+ ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,lewes tru/s 7 unanim\sly vot$ to ,"l ,*i*e/] 8= ! introduction ( ?is sy/em1 by :i* ! roads _h be5 s mu* improv$1 & ! c\ntry 0 likely to d]ive s mu* b5efit40 ,h y f\nd t a simil> dim9ution ( exp5se has tak5 place :]e ! mat]ials h be5 bad1 z :]e !y h be5 good8--,yes1 ,i h4 ,d y f9d y\r mode ( managem5t equally applicable :]e ! mat]ials are bad z :]e !y are good1 & t ! same proportionable b5efit arises8--,i am afraid g5tlem5 suppose t ,i h "s p>ticul> mode ( managem5t1 :i* is c]ta9ly n ! case1 nor c by any means be ! case2 & 9 e road ,i h be5 oblig$ to alt] ! mode ( managem5t1 accord+ to ! situation ( ! roads1 & sometimes accord+ to ! f9ances4 ,at ,epsom 9 ,surrey1 ! roads h be5 put into a good repair1 at an exp5se consid]ably "u ! =m] annual exp5diture1 by :i* ! tru/ees h be5 enabl$ to l[] _! tolls on agricultural c>riages4 ,! road betwe5 ,read+ & ,twy=d1 9 ,b]k%ire1 has be5 made solid & smoo? s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ,july la/1 by p]sons "u my directions1 at an exp5se1 includ+ ! surveyor's sal>y1 n exce$+ fifte5 p\nds p] week2 & _! =m] exp5diture1 exclusive ( ! surveyor's sal>y1 0 tw5ty-two p\nds p] week4 ,a great "p ( ! road 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ba?1 :i* 0 =m$ ^u ! plan laid d[n 9 my report to ! commission]s1 & ) ! greate/ success1 is made ) free/one1 :i* 0 always suppos$ impossible to make a good road (2 b x w make a good road4 ,x c]ta9ly does n la/ s long z "o made ( bett] mat]ials2 b x is equally good :il/ x does la/4 ,"o ( ! roads out ( ,bri/ol t[>ds ,old ,d[n has be5 made good1 :]e x 0 a receiv$ op9ion1 t f ! nature ( ! mat]ials ! road c\ld n be made s2 & ! commission]s w\ld n cons5t to my beg9n+ x until ! road 0 ?reat5$ to be indict$4 ,x 0 put into my h&s 9 ,octob] #ahaf1 & at ! ,*ri/mas foll[+ ,i 0 able to report t x 0 "o ( ! be/ roads 9 ,engl& = a di/ance ( elev5 miles1 at ! exp5se ( fir/ outlay only ( #fjjl4 & x has cont9u$ s until ! pres5t4 ,please to in=m ! ,committee1 :at are ! means1 9 y\r op9ion1 ! mo/ eligible to be adopt$ = ! amelioration ( ! roads ?r\gh\t ! k+dom8--,t "q1 ,i ?9k1 divides itself into two bran*es3 ,! op]ative "p1 9 mak+ ! roads1 & ! c>e ( ! f9ances1 & ! mode ( _! exp5diture4 ,i %\ld imag9e ! op]ative "p ( prep>+ roads _c be effect$ )\t procur+ a m skilful set ( sub-surveyors2 "y m51 br\ght up to agriculture & lab\r mu/ be s\ght1 & regul>ly in/ruct$4 ,x is a bus9ess t _c be taught f books1 b c only be acquir$ by a labori\s practice ( sev]al mon?s1 & actual "w ^u roads1 "u skilful road-mak]s4 ,"y m5 :o h be5 accu/om$ to agricultural lab\r are fitte/ to be made road-surveyors1 z _! occupations h giv5 !m opportunities ( be+ acqua9t$ ) ! value ( lab\r bo? ( m5 & horses4 ,b ,i %\ld greatly mislead ! ,committee if ,i did n in=m !m1 t skill 9 ! op]ative "p ( road-mak+ _c alone produce a re=mation ( ! multitude ( abuses t are practis$ 9 almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry1 9 ! managem5t ( roads & road funds4 ,^! abuses c only be put d[n by (fic]s 9 ! situation ( g5tlem51 :o mu/ enjoy ! confid5ce1 & h ! support ( commission]s1 & :o mu/ ex]cise a con/ant & vigilant inspection ov] ! exp5diture made by ! sub-surveyors4 ,!y mu/ be enabl$ to c]tify to ! commission]s t ! public money is judici\sly & usefully1 z well z hone/ly exp5d$2 )\t ?is control & sup]9t5d5ce an end _c be put to ! wa/e ( ! public money1 & all ! v>i\s modes t are injuri\s to ! public int]e/1 ! am\nt ( :i* w\ld appe> incr$ible1 c\ld x be asc]ta9$2 b :i*1 ,i consci5ti\sly believe1 am\nt to "o-eigh? ( ! road rev5ue ( ! k+dom at l>ge1 & to a mu* great] proportion ne> ,london4 ,d y mean ! frauds am\nt to "o-eigh?8--,no1 n direct frauds1 ,i call x mis-application2 x mu/ n be conceal$1 t ! temptations ) :i*1 ev5 a sup]ior (fic] w be assail$1 ! facility ( yield+ to !m1 & ! impunity ) :i* transgression may be committ$1 require great delicacy 9 ! selection ( p]sons to fill ! situation2 & enc\ragem5t to make ?is a pr(ession mu/ be 9 proportion to ! quality ( ! p]son requir$4 ,d y n consid] "o ( ^! mis-applications to be ! injudici\s use ( ! lab\r ( horses1 in/ead ( t ( m51 wom5 & *ildr58--,i d consid] t to be a great mis-application ( ! lab\r ( horses4 ,i am afraid t g5tlem5 may und]/&1 f :at ,i said1 t frauds are committ$ to ! am\nt ( "o-eigh?1 b ,i meant no su* ?+2 ,i meant ! loss aris+ f mis-application g5]ally4 ,i h 9 g5]al f\nd a great deal m mat]ials put ^u ! road ?an are necess>y1 & ,i am ( op9ion t is "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! wa/e ( ! public money4 ,d y ?9k ! loss arises1 9 mo/ in/ances1 f mi/ake1 or f any abuse 9 reg>d to ! p[] & patronage :i* ! situation conf]s8--,i ?9k x proce$s f mi/akes & ignorance mo/ly4 ,please to expla9 to ! ,committee 9 :at way y ?9k ! lab\r ( m51 wom5 & *ildr51 may be sub/itut$ = t ( horses8--,i h g5]ally f\nd t a mu* great] quantity ( mat]ials h be5 c>t$ to ! roads ?an are necess>y1 & !re=e ! increase ( horse-lab\r has be5 beyond any useful purpose1 & t g5]ally ! roads ( ! k+dom conta9 a supply ( mat]ials suffici5t = _! use = sev]al ye>s1 if !y 7 prop]ly lift$ & appli$2 ?is is to be entirely done by m51 wom51 & *ildr51 m5 lift+ ! roads1 & wom5 & boys1 & m5 pa/ lab\r1 break+ ! /ones :i* 7 lift$ up4 ,by lift+ ! road1 y mean turn+ x up ) ! pickaxe8--,yes2 t ,i consid] z man's "w2 tak+ up ! mat]ials & break+ /ones1 ,i consid] ! "w ( wom5 & *ildr51 & :i* inde$ ought to h be5 done be=e ^? mat]ials _h be5 laid d[n4 ,h[ deep d y g 9 lift+ ! roads8--,t dep5ds ^u circum/ances1 b ,i h g5]ally gone f\r in*es deep2 ,i take ! mat]ials up f\r in*es deep1 & hav+ brok5 ! l>g] pieces1 ,i put !m back aga94 ,please to expla9 to ! ,committee ! mode ( break+ ! /ones s z to admit ( ! lab\r ( m51 wom5 & *ildr58--,:5 ! /ones ( an old road h be5 tak5 up1 !y are g5]ally f\nd ( ! size t wom5 & boys c break !m ) small hamm]s1 & !re=e ,i w\ld propose to employ ^! p to break ^? /ones always be=e !y are laid back 9 ! roads4 ,is x y\r plan = ^? p to break ^? /ones /&+1 or 9 a sitt+ po/ure8--,always 9 a sitt+ po/ure3 because ,i h f\nd t p]sons sitt+ w break m /ones ?an p]sons /&+1 & ) a light] hamm]4 ,does t apply to all mat]ials8--,to all mat]ials univ]sally4 ,does ! plan :i* y h m5tion$ ( break+ up ! roads1 apply to gravel roads1 or only to ^? roads compos$ ( h>d /ones8--,9 gravel roads & 9 "s o!r roads x w\ld be impossible to break !m up to any advantage2 & 9 sev]al places :i* ,i w expla91 ,i %\ld ?9k x unpr(itable to lift a road at all4 ,!re is a discretion ( ! surveyor1 or ! p]son :o has ! execution ( ! "w1 :i* mu/ be ex]cis$4 ,i did n ord] ! road 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,read+ to be lift$1 b ,i direct$ :]ev] a l>ge piece ( fl9t 0 se51 x %\ld be tak5 up1 brok51 & put d[n aga92 & ,i direct$ ! road to be made p]fectly clean--,i am speak+ ( a gravel road n[--& ,i direct$ t additional gravel %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! pits by scre5+ ! dirt v clean f x1 break+ all ! l>ge pieces & br++ t ^u ! road 9 v light coats n exce$+ two in*es at a "t2 & :5 ^? coats 7 settl$1 to br+ o!rs ( v clean mat]ials ^u ! road1 until x settl$ into a solid smoo? h>d surface1 & :i* ! coa*m5 9 _! mode ( expression1 say 8runs true40 ,! :eel runs h>d ^u x2 x runs ^u ! nail4 ,un9flu5c$ by ! /ate ( ! wea!r8--,p]fectly s4 ,9 y\r exp]i5ce1 h y obs]v$ t on gravel roads ! mat]ials are g5]ally v unskilfully & improp]ly appli$8--,g5]ally s4 ,i ?9k always ,i may say1 = ,i ?9k ,i nev] saw !m skilfully or prop]ly manag$4 ,h y adopt$ ! mode ( wa%+ ! gravel8--,no2 ,i ?9k t is a m exp5sive process ?an is necess>y4 ,d y ?9k x m exp5sive ?an scre5+8--,a great deal m s1 & ,i h ano!r reason = object+ to t1 ) respect to ! gravel ne> ,london2 ! loam adh]es s /rongly to x t no ord9>y wa%+ w clean x4 ,! loam is deta*$ f ! gravel by ! unit$ ef=t ( ! wat] on ! road1 & ! travell+1 by :i* ! roads ne> ,london become s excessively dirty2 b x w\ld be impossible to deta* ! loam f ! gravel 9 ! pits1 by ?r[+ wat] on x2 ,i h tri$ ! exp]im5t & "k ! fact4 ,to :at p>ticul> practice d y allude1 :5 y in=m ! ,committee t gravel is unskilfully appli$ to ! roads 9 g5]al8--,i see t on gravel roads1 ! gravel is put on aft] be+ v imp]fectly sift$1 & ! huge pieces n be+ brok51 & ! gravel is laid on ! middle ( ! road & all[$ to f9d its own may to ! sides4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( road-mak+ ,i ?9k ! mo/ valuable1 is to put brok5 /one ^u a road1 :i* %all unite by its own angles1 s z to =m a solid h>d surface1 & !re=e x foll[s1 t :5 t mat]ial is laid ^u ! road1 x mu/ rema9 9 ! situation 9 :i* x is plac$ )\t ev] be+ mov$ aga92 & :at ,i f9d fault ) putt+ quantities ( gravel on ! road is1 t be=e x becomes useful x mu/ move its situation & be 9 con/ant motion4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ! advantage y allude to 9 ! angul> mat]ials1 ,i take x = grant$1 x is y\r plan to h ! l>g] pieces ( gravel well brok58--,c]ta9ly2 b ,i mean fur!r1 t 9 digg+ ! gravel ne> ,london1 & places :]e !re are va/ quantities ( loam1 & t loam adh]+ to e p>ticle ( ! gravel1 h[ev] small1 ,i %\ld recomm5d to leave ! v small or f9e "p ( ! gravel 9 ! pits1 & to make use ( ! l>g] "p :i* c be brok51 = ! d\ble purpose ( hav+ ! gravel laid on ! road 9 an angul> %ape1 & t ! op]ation ( break+ x is ! mo/ effectual op]ation = beat+ (f ! loam t adh]es to ! pieces ( gravel4 ,!re are o!r cases besides t ( gravel1 9 :i* ,i %\ld ?9k x unpr(itable to lift a road4 ,! road betwe5 ,cir5ce/] & ,ba? is made ( v s(t /one1 & is ( s brittle a nature1 t if x 7 lift$ x w\ld rise 9 s&1 & !re w\ld be no?+ to lay d[n aga9 t w\ld be useful4 ,i %\ld n recomm5d lift+ ( free/one roads = ! same reason1 because x w\ld g s mu* to s& t !re w\ld be v little to lay d[n aga94 ,i w expla9 :at ,i h done to t road betwe5 ,cir5ce/] & ,ba?2 ,i 0 oblig$ to lift a little ( ! sides ( ! road 9 ord] to give x %ape1 b 9 ! c5tre ( ! road1 we1 :at our m5 call1 8%av$ x20 x 0 be=e 9 ! /ate :i* ! c\ntry p call 8gridiron$10 t is1 x 0 9 long ridges ) long holl[s betwe51 & we cut d[n ! high "p to a level ) ! bottom ( ! furr[s1 & took ! mat]ials & sift$ !m at ! side ( ! read & return$ :at 0 useful to ! c5tre4 ,c y /ate :e!r ! plan adopt$ on ?is road has increas$ or dim9i%$ ! exp5se8--,i ?9k ! exp5ses1 by ! la/ acc\nt1 7 r )9 ! exp5diture ( ! =m] ye>1 ev5 includ+ ! new surveyor's wages4 ,!y _h be5 9 ! practice ( all[+ ab\t #cbl4 a week to ! two surveyors z ! ord9>y exp5diture2 ,i direct$ ! new surveyors n to exce$ t sum ^u any acc\nt :atev]1 includ+ _! own wages3 b =m]ly !y paid t sum1 & paid ! surveyor 8 wages at ! end ( ! qu>t] or half-ye> 9 addition3 !re=e ,i consid] ! sum exp5d$ ^u ! road is r )9 ! =m] exp5diture ?an o!rwise1 except ) reg>d to two dang]\s slips :i* took place at ,swa9swick-hill1 :i* ,i consid] z p]fectly extra4 ,9 ! =mation ( roads "u y\r managem5t1 to :at %ape d y give ! pref]5ce2 ,i allude to ! convex %ape or ! flat8--,i consid] a road %\ld be z flat z possible ) reg>d to all[+ ! wat] to run (f at all1 because a c>riage ought to /& upright 9 travell+ z mu* z possible4 ,i h g5]ally made roads ?ree in*es high] 9 ! c5tre ?an ,i h at ! sides1 :5 !y are #ah feet wide2 if ! road be smoo? & well made1 ! wat] w run (f v easily 9 su* a slope4 ,d y consid] a road s made w n be likely to we> holl[ 9 ! middle1 s z to all[ ! wat] to /&1 aft] x has be5 us$ = "s "t8--,no2 :5 a road is made flat1 p w n foll[ ! middle ( x z !y d :5 x is made extremely convex4 ,g5tlem5 w h obs]v$ t 9 roads v convex1 travell]s g5]ally foll[ ! track 9 ! middle1 :i* is ! only place :]e a c>riage c run upright1 by :i* means ?ree furr[s are made by ! horses & ! :eels1 & ! wat] cont9ually /&s !re3 & ,i ?9k t m wat] actually /&s ^u a v convex road ?an on "o :i* is reasonably flat4 ,:at wid? w\ld y 9 g5]al recomm5d = lay+ mat]ials on a turnpike road8--,t mu/ dep5d ^u ! situation4 ,ne> great t[ns roads ( c\rse ought to be wid] ?an f>!r 9 ! c\ntry4 ,roads ne> great t[ns ought n to be less ?an ?irty or =ty feet wide1 b at a di/ance f great t[ns x w\ld be a wa/e ( l& to make !m s wide4 ,y mean a bread? ( ?irty feet actual road8--,yes4 ,! access to ,bri/ol = a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree miles1 if we _h room betwe5 ! h$ges1 ,i w\ld make ab\t ?irty feet wide4 ,betwe5 ,ba? & ,bri/ol ,i %\ld wi% to see ! road wide all ! way1 because x is only ! di/ance ( twelve miles betwe5 two l>ge cities4 ,9 :at way d y make ! wat]c\rses at ! sides ( ! road2 ,i ask t "q1 hav+ obs]v$ ! f>m]s1 9 ex]cis+ _! p[] ( clean+ out _! dit*es1 dig !m to su* a dep? z to r5d] !m dang]\s to be pass$ at night8--,i always wi%$ ! dit* to be s dug z t ! mat]ials ( ! road %\ld be ?ree or f\r in*es above ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! dit*1 & to t po9t we endeav\r to br+ ! f>m]s1 b !y are v unwill+ to clean ! dit*es at any "t :5 call$ ^u1 & :5 !y d x1 if !y f9d vegetable m\ld 9 any quantity at ! bottom ( ! dit*1 !y w prosecute _! inquiry mu* deep] ?an is useful1 or prop] = safety4 ,d y consid] y h p[] by law1 at pres5t1 = prev5t+ t8--,yes2 because ! law says1 !y are to clean !m out accord+ to ! directions ( ! surveyors4 ,9 y\r exp]i5ce h y f\nd any imp$im5t to ! improvem5t ( ! roads1 f a want ( p[] 9 ! proprietors ( diff]5t navigations to l[] _! tolls = convey+ mat]ials8--,i h f\nd 9 ! riv] ,lea navigation1 t ! tru/ees h no p[] to l[] _! tolls1 :i* 7 impos$ by act ( p>liam5t ^u m]*&ize1 & !re=e1 x op]at$ 9 a great measure z a prohibition to c>ry mat]ials ^u t riv]4 ,d y consid] x w\ld be to ! int]e/ ( ! proprietors to all[ mat]ials to be c>ri$ on _! navigations at a l[] rate ?an !y are emp[]$ to all[ by law8--,yes1 if !y c\ld4 ,d y "k any simil> in/ance z applicable to canals8--,i don't "k an in/ance ) respect to canal tru/s1 b !re is an in/ance ) respect to ! ,ba? riv] at ,bri/ol4 ,no mitigation ( ! pres5t rate ( duty on t riv] c take place if object$ to by any "o proprietor1 & !re=e we h f\nd great difficulty 9 c>ry+ mat]ials on ! ,ba? riv]4 ,9 "o p>ticul> place we h be5 entirely preclud$ f c>ry+ any4 ,h y f\nd any imp$im5t to ! improvem5t ( roads aris+ f ! conditions ^u :i* mat]ials are p]mitt$ to be convey$ f "o p>i% to ano!r8--,yes2 ,i f\nd t 9 sev]al cases 9 ! ,bri/ol di/rict4 ,"o v /rong in/ance occurr$ ne> ,keyn%am2 we _h a qu>ry close to ! edge ( "o p>i%1 & we c\ld n c>ry ! /ones f x to ! di/ance ( t5 y>ds1 )\t ! process ( go+ to ! magi/rates4 ,did y 9 t case make application to ! magi/rates8--,i did int5d to make application1 b be=e ,i made t application1 ,i f\nd 9 ! v next field1 belong+ to ! same f>m]1 & 9 ! p>i% :]e we requir$ !m1 ! necess>y mat]ials1 & ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( op5+ bo? ! fields1 to ! detrim5t ( ! f>m]'s l&lord ,i am p]suad$4 ,d y "k an in/ance ( su* an application z t to :i* y h allud$1 hav+ be5 made to ! magi/rates1 & hav+ be5 refus$8--,no1 ,i d n4 ,d y ?9k t a great inconv5i5ce & loss ( "t w\ld be sav$ if t necessity ( application 0 disp5s$ )8--,x c]ta9ly is a great inconv5i5ce1 & creates a great deal ( he>t-burn+ 9 ! c\ntry1 & mu* dispute4 ,i ?9k ! commission]s w\ld v seldom be dispos$ to c>ry mat]ials f "o p>i% to ano!r1 unless = ! g5]al public good4 ,:at dep? ( solid mat]ials w\ld y ?9k x "r to put ^u a road1 9 ord] to repair x prop]ly8--,i %\ld ?9k t t5 in*es ( well consolidat$ mat]ials is equal to c>ry any?+4 ,t is1 provid$ ! sub/ratum is s\nd8--,no2 ,i %\ld n c>e :e!r ! sub/ratum 0 s(t or h>d2 ,i %\ld r pref] a s(t "o to a h>d "o4 ,y don't mean y w\ld pref] a bog8--,if x 0 n su* a bog z w\ld n all[ a man to walk ov]1 ,i %\ld pref] x4 ,:at advantage is d]iv$ f ! sub/rata n be+ p]fectly solid8--,i ?9k1 :5 a road ts plac$ ^u a h>d sub/ance1 su* z a rock1 ! road we>s mu* soon] ?an :5 plac$ on a s(t sub/ance4 ,b mu/ n ! draught ( a c>riage be mu* great] on a road :i* has a v s(t f\ndation1 ?an ov] "o :i* is ( a rocky f\ndation8--,i ?9k ! diff]5ce w\ld be v little inde$1 because ! yield ( a good road on a s(t f\ndation1 is n p]ceptible4 ,to use ! expression to :i* y h allud$1 z be+ us$ by ! coa*m51 w\ld a c>riage run s true ^u a road1 ! f\ndation ( :i* 0 s(t1 z ^u "o ( :i* ! f\ndation 0 h>d8--,if ! road be v good1 & v well made1 x w be s solid1 & s h>d1 z to make no diff]5ce4 ,& ,i w give ! ,committee a /rong in/ance ( t1 9 ! k ( _m g5tlem5 "h4 ,! road 9 ,som]set%ire1 betwe5 ,bridgewat] & ,cross1 is mo/ly ov] a morass1 :i* is s extremely s(t1 t :5 y ride 9 a c>riage along ! road1 y see ! wat] tremble 9 ! dit*es on ea* side2 & aft] !re has be5 a slight fro/1 ! vibration ( ! wat] f ! c>riage on ! road1 w be s great z to break ! "y ice4 ,t road is p>tly 9 ! ,bri/ol di/rict4 ,i ?9k !re is ab\t sev5 miles ( x1 & at ! end ( ^? sev5 miles1 we come directly on ! lime/one rock4 ,i ?9k we h ab\t five or six miles ( ?is rocky road imm$iately succe$+ ! morass2 & be+ curi\s to "k :at ! we> 01 ,i _h a v exact acc\nt kept1 n v lately1 b ,i ?9k ! diff]5ce is z five to sev5 9 ! exp5diture ( ! mat]ials on ! s(t & h>d4 ,d y mean sev5 on ! h>d & five on ! s(t8--,yes4 ,& yet ! h>d road is m op5 to ! effect ( ! sun & air ?an ! s(t road8--,x c]ta9ly lies high]4 ,h y ev] inquir$ ( ! coa*m51 on :i* ( ^? two descriptions ( roads ! c>riages run ! lighte/8--,yes1 ,i h2 & ,i h f\nd t !re is no diff]5ce1 if ! road be equally smoo? on ! surface1 :e!r x be plac$ on ! s(t gr\nd or h>d4 ,b 9 =m+ a road ov] a morass1 w\ld y bottom ! road ) small or l>ge /ones8--,i nev] use l>ge /ones on ! bottom ( a road2 ,i w\ld n put a l>ge /one 9 any "p ( x4 ,9 =m+ a road across morass1 w\ld y n put "s sort ( int]m$iate mat]ial betwe5 ! bog & ! /one8--,no1 nev]4 ,w\ld y n put faggots8--,no1 no faggots4 ,h[ small w\ld y use ! /ones8--,n to exce$ six ounces 9 weight4 ,h y n f\nd t a f\ndation ( bog s9ks8--,no1 n a bit ( ! road s9ks2 & we h ! same ?ickness ( mat]ials on ! "o z on ! o!r4 ,if a road be made smoo? & solid1 x w be "o mass1 & ! effect ( ! sub/rata1 :e!r clay or s&1 c nev] be felt 9 effect by c>riages go+ ov] ! road2 because a road well made1 unites itself into a body l a piece ( timb] or a bo>d4 ,9 mak+ a road "u ^! circum/ances1 d y make ! :ole ( ! dep? ( mat]ials at once8--,no1 ,i pref] mak+ a road 9 ?ree times4 ,?ree diff]5t times8--,yes4 ,to :at size w\ld y break ! h>d mat]ials8--,to ! size ( six ounces weight4 ,d y n ?9k t is an indef9ite crit]ion2 _h y n bett] m5tion ! size8--,no2 ,i did imag9e myself1 t ! diff]5ce exi/$ to :i* y allude1 & ,i h weigh$ six ounces ( diff]5t sub/ances1 & am confid5t !re is little diff]5ce 9 appe>ance & none 9 effect2 ,i ?9k t none ought to exce$ six ounces2 ,i hold six ounces to be ! maximum size4 ,if y made ! road1 ( all six ounce /ones x w\ld be a r\gh road2 b x is impossible b t ! great] "p ( ! /ones mu/ be "u t size4 ,d y f9d a measure or r+ ?r\gh :i* ! /ones w pass1 a good me?od ( regulat+ _! size8--,t is a v good way1 b ,i always make my surveyors c>ry a pair ( scales & a six ounce weight 9 _! pocket1 & :5 !y come to a heap ( /ones1 !y weigh "o or two ( ! l>ge/1 & if !y are reasonably ab\t t weight !y w d2 x is impossible to make !m come exactly to x4 ,i w\ld beg leave to say1 9 all cases ( lay+ new mat]ials ^u an old road1 ,i recomm5d loos5+ ! surface ) a pickaxe a v little1 s z to all[ ! new mat]ials to unite ) ! old1 o!rwise ! new mat]ials be+ laid on ! h>d surface nev] unite1 b get kick$ ab\t1 & are lo/ to ! roads2 :]ev] new mat]ials are to be put d[n ^u an old road1 ,i recomm5d a little loos5+2 b t ,i don't call lift+4 ,h y /at$ :at ?ickness ( new mat]ials y w\ld lay d[n on an old road8--,i %\ld consid] an old road w\ld n want new mat]ials if x _h t5 in*es ( mat]ials be=e1 b ,i %\ld only pick up ! mat]ials1 & break ! l>ge /ones2 & if !re 7 any want ( mat]ials1 ,i w\ld lay on z mu* z w\ld br+ x up to some:]e ab\t ! t5 in*es4 ,w\ld y pref] do+ t 9 dry wea!r or 9 wet wea!r8--,9 wet wea!r1 always2 ,i always pref] m5d+ a road 9 wea!r n v dry4 ,are y ( op9ion t any alt]ation ( ! pres5t law1 ei!r 9 reg>d to ! repeal ( ! pres5t regulations or ! enactm5t ( new ones1 c\ld advantage\sly take place 9 reg>d to ! %ape ( :eels1 & ! all[ance ( weight to be c>ri$ 9 waggons & c>ts8--,i am ( op9ion t ! descriptions ( :eels giv5 9 all ! acts ( p>liam5t 9 ! la/ sessions are ! mo/ conv5i5t & useful2 & ,i h ?\ght ( ! matt] v mu*1 )\t be+ able to sugge/ any alt]ation pr(itable to ! public4 ,) respect to weights1 ,i consid] !re are v great difficulties 9 t bus9ess4 ,we h weigh+ ma*9es 9 ! neighb\rhood ,i n[ am 91 & ,i am p]suad$ 9 _m in/ances t !y are made in/rum5ts ( oppression1 & 9 a great _m cases ! means ( committ+ v great fraud on ! commission]s & o!rs2 & if "s me?od c\ld be fall5 ^u by :i* weigh+ ma*9es might be disp5s$ ) altoge!r1 & ! road reasonably protect$1 ,i %\ld ?9k x a v great public advantage4 ,9 ! new ,bri/ol ,act1 ,i h propos$ to ! commission]s t !y %\ld submit to p>liam5t to lay a toll-duty ^u ! numb] ( horses 9 a progressive ratio1 s z to compel ^? p :o (f5d to br+ 9 _! h&s ! p5alty 9 ! %ape ( toll2 ,i ?9k x w\ld prev5t a great deal ( t sy/em ( ent]+ into comb9ations betwe5 ! toll collectors & ! waggon]s1 :i* is c>ri$ on to a great ext5t4 ,d y ?9k1 t if horses 9 n>r[-:eel$ waggons 7 oblig$ to draw o!rwise ?an at l5g?1 x w\ld af=d any protection to ! road8--,yes4 ,has n ! practice ( mak+ horses draw at l5g? v mu* a t5d5cy to make ! horses foll[ "o track1 be ! road ev] s good8--,yes2 & ,i mu/ m5tion to ! ,committee1 t ! feet ( horses on ill-made roads d full z mu* mis*ief z ! :eels4 ,x is driv+ horses 9 a /r+ t makes a road :at ! c\ntry p call 8gridiron$20 x is an odd expression1 b x is a v significant "o4 ,d y n believe1 t if horses 7 atta*$ to n>r[ :eel$ waggons 9 pairs1 x w\ld be f\nd v consid]ably easi] to drive & guide !m :5 abrea/1 ?an :5 plac$ at l5g?8--,i %\ld ?9k x w\ld4 ,& w\ld x n t5d to prev5t accid5ts8--,horses driv5 9 pairs w\ld provide 9 a great measure aga9/ ! accid5ts t arise f ! c>elessness ( ^? p]sons :o drive !m1 :i* is extremely great4 ,d y ?9k t if horses 7 put 9 pairs to waggons1 ! p[] ( hold+ back ^? waggons :5 go+ d[n a hill1 w\ld be s mu* increas$ z to prev5t ! necessity ( s frequ5tly lock+ ! :eels8--,c]ta9ly x w\ld2 because on c]ta9 slopes x w\ld n be necess>y to lock ! :eels2 b !re are v /eep hills :]e y _c d )\t lock+4 ,is n lock+ :eels an op]ation extremely injuri\s to ! roads8--,i am n prep>$ to say x is1 if ! drag-iron1 z x is call$1 be ( a prop] description4 ,i foll[$ a waggon lately1 ) sev5 tons ( timb] on x1 d[n ,p>k-/reet1 at ,bri/ol1 be+ a v /eep road1 ) bo? its h9d :eels lock$2 & ?is waggon1 ) ?is weight ( timb] on 9 & ) bo? ! h9d :eels lock$1 did n make ! lea/ impression f ! top ( ! /reet to ! bottom4 ,y c\ld disc]n :]e ! drag-irons _h gone1 b !y _h n displac$ ! mat]ials nor done any mis*ief4 ,don't y f9d lock+ g5]ally injuri\s8--,extremely injuri\s2 on r\gh roads x is dreadful4 ,w\ld n few] ruts be made if x 7 m ! cu/om = horses to draw 9 pairs8--,i believe g5tlem5 are n g5]ally aw>e ( :at a rut consi/s4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ruts1 g5]ally speak+3 "o is a rut produc$ by displac+ ill-prep>$ mat]ials1 & t is ! common rut4 ,:5 a road is made ( ill-prep>$ mat]ials1 ! :eel piles !m up "o ^u ano!r1 & t =ms a v n>r[ rut1 :i* j holds ! :eel2 b a rut made by we> ^u a smoo? surface1 is r a concave holl[ ?an a rut1 & w pres5t no difficulty to a c>riage 9 travell+1 & t is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a rut produc$ by we> 9 a v well-made road1 & t produc$ by displac+ ! mat]ials4 ,is !re n mu* injury done to ! roads by ! heavy weights bo? ( coa*es & waggons8--,i am n dispos$ to ?9k t ^u a well-made road ! weight ( coa*es is mat]ial1 or t x w\ld be judici\s to make any legal provisions affect+ t subject4 ,9 reg>d to waggons1 ,i conceive t ! loads c>ri$ ^u :eels ( ! description enc\rag$ by rec5t acts ( p>liam5t1 :atev] _! weight1 w\ld be v little injuri\s to well-made roads4 ,i ?9k a waggon :eel ( six in*es 9 bread?1 if /&+ fairly on ! road ) any weight :atev]1 w\ld d v little mat]ial injury to a road well made1 & p]fectly smoo?4 ,! injury done to roads is by ^! imm5se weights /rik+ aga9/ mat]ials1 & 9 ! pres5t mode ( %ap+ ! :eels !y drive ! mat]ials be=e !m1 in/ead ( pass+ ov] !m1 because ,i ?9k if a c>riage passes fairly ov] a smoo? surface1 t _c hurt ! road1 b mu/ r be an advantage to x1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! roll]4 ,are y n ( op9ion t ! imm5se weights c>ri$ by ! broad-:eel$ waggons1 ev5 by _! p]p5dicul> pressure1 d injury by cru%+ ! mat]ials8--,on a new-made road ! cru% w\ld d mis*ief1 b on a consolidat$ old road ! m]e p]p5dicul> pressure does n d any4 ,b !re is a great deal ( injury done by ! conical =m ( ! broad :eels1 :i* op]ate l sl$g+ in/ead ( turn+ fairly4 ,!re is a sixte5-in* :eel waggon :i* comes out ( ,bri/ol1 t does m injury to our roads ?an all ! travell+ ( ! day besides4 ,are y ( op9ion t any b5efit arises f ^? broad-:eel$ waggons1 :i* w\ld ju/ify _! total exemption f tolls8--,none at all4 ,does ! answ] y h giv5 to ! ,committee relative to ! effect ( great weights1 apply equally to roads made ) gravel1 z well z brok5 /one8--,i mean x to apply to all well-made roads1 :e!r ( gravel or ( o!r mat]ials4 ,y mean aft] ! road is smoo? & solid8--,yes4 ,b ) reg>d to a new road1 are y n ( op9ion t ! mat]ials are cru%$ & worn out by a great weight8--,yes2 no d\bt t is s on a new-made road1 & "o ( ^? waggons ) ! :eels made conical1 w\ld cru% a great] proportion ( /one ?an x ought to d4 ,d y n conceive t ! /ate ( ! turnpike roads w\ld be improv$ by n all[+ any waggons to c>ry m weight ?an f\r ton8--,i don't "k t t w\ld make any great diff]5ce1 "u good managem5t4 ,i ?9k ! defect lies 9 a want ( sci5ce 9 road-mak+4 ,m>tis1 #i die ,m>tii1 #ahai4 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 ,esquire1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,9 y\r evid5ce la/ week1 y /at$ t less improvem5t _h tak5 place 9 ! roads 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london ?an 9 any o!r di/rict1 to :at causes d y attribute ?is circum/ance8--,i consid] ! pr9cipal cause to be ! small ext5t ( ! tru/s1 & ! peculi> situation ( ,london1 :i* increases ! bad effects ( ! division into v small tru/s4 ,:at are ! p>ticul>s ( ! situation to :i* y allude8--,! situation ( mo/ ( ! roads ne> ,london is v l[1 difficult to be kept free f wat]1 ! traffic is v great bo? 9 weight & numb]1 & !re=e requir+ m skill1 z well z m c>e & att5tion1 ?an ! o!r roads ( ! k+dom2 ! mat]ial f\nd ne> ,london = mak+ ! roads is gravel ( a v bad quality1 x is mix$ ) an adhesive loam t _c be sep>at$ f ! gravel1 except by ! unit$ p[] ( wat] & friction2 ?is op]ation _c be effectually p]=m$ be=e lay+ x on ! roads1 b is done by ! ra9 & ! traffic1 produc+ a /iff mud1 :i* is n only 9 itself an imp$im5t to travell+1 b has ! effect ( keep+ ! roads loose2 ! =m ( ! gravel is also unfavorable1 be+ smoo? r\nd masses ( fl9t1 )\t any angles by :i* ! p>ts might unite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,london is plac$ 9 a situation peculi>ly conv5i5t = be+ suppli$ ) mat]ials f a di/ance1 by wat] c>riage4 ,! mat]ials t may be s procur$ are ( ! v be/ description1 &1 "u ! sanction ( p>liam5t1 may be procur$ on v mod]ate t]ms4 ,! ,?ames furni%es gravel ( a v good quality & q clean2 by us+ ?is gravel1 ! navigation ( ! riv] w be improv$2 ! sev]al canals1 ! ,surrey1 ! ,gr& ,junction1 ,padd+ton1 & riv] ,lea navigation1 pres5t facilities = procur+ clean fl9t ( ! be/ k9d2 ! coa/ ( ,essex1 ,k5t1 & ,sussex1 c furni% a supply to any ext5t ( bea* pebbles1 "o ( ! be/ road mat]ials 9 ! k+dom4 ,granite *ipp+s might be obta9$ occasionally f ,cornwall1 ,gu]nsey & ,scotl&1 z balla/2 two pieces ( road 7 made ) ^! mat]ials ne> ,london1 )\t any mixture ( l& gravel1 at ,blackfri>s ,bridge & ,we/m9/] ,bridge4 ,:at are ! imp$im5ts :i*1 9 y\r op9ion1 prev5t ! commission]s ( ! roads ne> ,london f avail+ !mselves ( ^? advantages8--,! v small tru/s into :i* ! roads 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,london are divid$1 is ! pr9cipal cause2 ?is r5d]s x impossible = commission]s to ent] ^u ! plan ( procur+ mat]ials ^u an ext5d$ scale1 & !y _c be obta9$ ) any reg>d to economy1 except 9 quantity1 ) a view to a supply = ! :ole roads1 proce$+ f ! /ones ( ,london to a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,!re are also "s imp$im5ts aris+ f p>ticul> laws1 regulations & cu/oms1 :i* c only be remov$ by p>liam5t4 ,! ,balla/ ,act gives a "r ( pre-emption to ! ,tr9ity ,h\se ( all /one & o!r mat]ials br\ght z balla/ into ! ,?ames4 ,! coa/+ duty on /one op]ates z a prohibition to ! importation ( /one z m]*&ize2 ! am\nt ( canal duties payable on m]*&ize prev5ts ! c>riage ( road mat]ials on all inl& navigations2 manure s transport$ has be5 protect$ 9 mo/ ,canal ,acts1 b road mat]ials h n be5 consid]$4 ,%\ld p>liam5t be pleas$ to remove ^! difficulties1 ! ,london roads may be r5d]$ indep5d5t ( ! gravel ( ! c\ntry1 by a mod]ate ex]tion ( /ati/ical & m]cantile in=mation on ! "p ( ! (fic]s employ$ by ! commission]s4 ,if ! ,committee und]/& y "r1 y give a decid$ pref]5ce to mat]ials ?us import$1 ov] ! gravel to be f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london8--,i d4 ,is x y\r op9ion1 t by prop] regulations a suffici5t supply ( ^? mat]ials to :i* y h allud$1 c\ld be procur$ = ! :ole ( ! roads 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london8--,yes1 ,i ?9k !re might2 because a /eady & con/ant dem&1 ev5 at a l[ price1 w\ld insure importation1 & ?is dem& c only be /eady if ! roads r\nd ,london 7 consolidat$ "u "o set ( commission]s act+ = ! :ole1 & hav+ depts into :i* !y c\ld receive mat]ials at all times at a fix$ price1 to be di/ribut$ :]ev] want$1 by an assurance ( a ready pur*as]2 vessels com+ 9 balla/1 or n fully load$1 f any place :]e good road mat]ials 7 to be procur$1 w\ld be induc$ to take on bo>d suffici5t to make up _! load+2 contracts c\ld also be made = fl9t by ! v>i\s canals1 & ^u t]ms m mod]ate ?an ! pres5t price ( gravel2 ,i am unable to lay be=e ! ,committee a detail$ plan = supply+ ! ,london roads ) good & *eap mat]ials1 :i* requires a consid]able "t & att5tion 9 ! inquiry4 ,is !re any o!r in=mation connect$ ) ! improvem5t ( ! roads 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 :i* y ?9k y c\ld give to ! ,committee8--,i am q satisfi$ t ! mat]ials to be import$ into ,london w\ld make good roads1 because ,i made two pieces ( v excell5t road ) ^? mat]ials at ! two bridges1 )\t mak+ use ( any gravel ( ! c\ntry4 ,at :at "t 0 ?is done8--,! pieces ( road 7 made 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] #ahag4 ,:at 0 ! ext5t8--,!re 7 ab\t #bjj y>ds ( ! "o1 & ab\t #ahj y>ds ( ! o!r2 "o ( !m jo9s ! iron pavem5t at ! foot ( ,blackfri>s bridge2 & ! o!r jo9s ! ,m>%-gate turnpike1 & goes to ! ,asylum2 ^? roads 7 made ) riv]-gravel & pebbles f ! coa/4 ,f :5ce did y get ! riv]-gravel8--,x 0 pur*as$ f ! /eam-eng9es t raise x 9 ! riv]4 ,did y lift ! old road8--,i took up all ! /ones t 7 9 !m t 7 good = any ?+1 ! fl9ts & o!r /ones1 & !n made use ( a consid]able quantity ( additional mat]ials to make ! surface ( ! road aft]w>ds4 ,0 ! exp5se consid]able8--,!re 0 no acc\nt kept ( ! exp5se ( ! exp]im5t at ,we/m9/] bridge1 because ! commission]s wi%$ me to employ a numb] ( paup]s & p]sons t _h be5 on ! road be=e1 )\t dis*>g+ !m1 :o 7 v indiff]5t h&s2 & !y also wi%$ t ! road %\ld be v consid]ably above ! level ?an ,i ?\ght necess>y1 & t br\ght mu* m mat]ials ?an o!rwise ne$ h be5 put on2 b ! ,blackfri>s bridge exp]im5t co/ ab\t sev5-p5ce halfp5ny p] squ>e y>d2 !re 0 a v correct acc\nt kept ( x1 includ+ ! price ( mat]ials & lab\r1 & e ?+4 ,c\ld y /ate :at t w\ld am\nt to = a mile8--,t w\ld dep5d ^u ! bread? ( ! road4 ,at :at rate p] mile w\ld be ! exp5se ( su* an improvem5t1 suppos+ ! road ?irty feet wide8--,ab\t #ebhl4 or #ecjl4 ,is n a road con/ruct$ ) a roadway ( sixte5 feet bread? ( solid mat]ials1 & ) six feet on ea* side ( t ) slight] mat]ials1 a suffici5t road = ! g5]al purposes ( c\ntry travell+8--,yes2 & g5]ally ! roads r\nd ,bri/ol are made ) /one1 ab\t ! bread? ( sixte5 feet4 ,9 y\r =m] answ] respect+ mat]ials1 y made use g5]ally ( ! t]m roads 8r\nd ,london10 to :at ext5t did y mean to convey ! idea ( t improvem5t8--,i %\ld ?9k t ! riv]1 & ! facility ( ! canals1 might 9 all places all[ y to c>ry ! improvem5t t5 miles r\nd ,london2 & p]haps :]e ! canals or rail-ways come ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 y might c>ry ! improvem5t f>!r4 ,has n ! sy/em ( road managem5t at pres5t practis$1 ! effect ( repress+ ef=ts = acquir+ skill & ex]tions ( sci5ce1 z connect$ ) ! bus9ess ( road-mak+8--,i ?9k x has4 ,w y expla9 9 :at way8--,because ! surveyors at pres5t appo9t$ are n requir$ to h any p>ticul> skill 9 _! bus9ess be=e !y are appo9t$2 b ! appo9tm5t g5]ally takes place to provide = "s p]son a situation2 & ! want ( sup]ior (fic]s ov] ! sub-surveyors is ! means ( prev5t+ ^? sub-surveyors f acquir+ a k necess>y to execute _! duties "u an (fic] :o w\ld "k :e!r !y 7 able to execute !m or n4 ,y mean t !re is a n a suffici5t degree ( inspection & control provid$ by ! legislature ov] ! conduct ( ! surveyor ( ! roads8--,i ?9k s4 ,d y conceive t a m sci5tific sy/em ( managem5t ( roads is want$ univ]sally8--,i d4 ,d n y conceive t ! want ( ?is sci5tific sy/em leads to a great wa/e ( public money8--,i ?9k x leads to a great wa/e ( public money4 ,& also to a great wa/e ( prop]ty 9 horses & c>riages8--,i ?9k x does4 ,has any e/imate ev] be5 made ( ! ext5t ( t loss8--,!re c be no accurate e/imate ( a loss s univ]sal z t ( ! wa/e ( horses & c>riages by bad roads2 b ! ,committee ( #ahaa e/imat$ ! sav+ :i* w\ld be made to ! c\ntry by putt+ ! roads 9 a prop] /ate ( repair1 at a sum equal to five millions annually4 ,:at rem$y w\ld y propose to cure ! defects ( ! g5]al sy/em ( road managem5t8--,my op9ion is1 t ! only cure w\ld be to h p ( a bett] /ation ( life plac$ ov] !m 9 ! direction ( ?is bus9ess2 t ea* c\nty or l>ge di/rict 9 ! c\ntry ought to h an (fic] 9 ! "* ( a g5tleman1 to ov]see ! surveyors ( ! di/rict2 n only to direct !m :at to d1 b to see t ! "w is judici\sly & hone/ly execut$2 & ,i ?9k a v small proportion ( ! sum n[ wa/$ by bad managem5t w\ld pay = su* an e/abli%m5t4 ,w\ld y alt] ! tru/s8--,t w\ld be a great advantage1 if ! tru/s c\ld be consolidat$2 b !re are objections to t1 & v s]i\s objections4 ,local objections8--,yes1 su* z ! debt ^u ea* tru/4 ,d y propose ! appo9tm5t ( ^? ov]se]s to be ) ! pres5t commission]s ( ! roads8--,c]ta9ly4 ,d y propose any g5]al inspection to be e/abli%$ ov] ! :ole sy/em ( road-mak+8--,i %\ld ?9k x a public advantage if !re 0 "s inspection or controll+ p[] 9 "s qu>t] or o!r1 to prev5t ! g5]al surveyors f be+ improp]ly appo9t$2 b :e!r t controll+ p[] %\ld emanate f ! gov]nm5t1 or ! au?orities 9 ! c\nty1 ,i am n a judge4 ,d y ?9k a controll+ p[] e/abli%$ 9 ! metropolis1 to communicate on ! subject ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 w\ld be an advantage\s e/abli%m5t8--,i ?9k x w\ld be a v pr(itable & desirable e/abli%m5t4 ,look+ to ! rev5ues & to practical advantages8--,look+ to ! rev5ues1 practical advantages1 & to ! dissem9ation ( in=mation4 ,w\ld y propose _! hav+ a p[] ( susp5d+ (fic]s 9 c]ta9 cases8--,c]ta9ly1 till ! pleasure ( ! commission]s 0 kn[n2 on any gross in/ance ( misconduct or neglig5ce4 ,w\ld n y propose !y %\ld report occasionally ! /ate & condition ( ! roads1 & also ! /ate ( ! f9ances ( ea* tru/8--,i %\ld ?9k ! /ate ( ! f9ances ought to be report$ 9 "s way e ye>1 t !y might rea* p>liam5t1 ei!r by c\nties1 or by "s means ! lea/ exp5sive & lea/ tr\blesome2 & ,i ?9k su* a report ( ! f9ances1 annually1 w\ld be a great means ( prev5t+ mis-application ( ! public funds2 & x w\ld create a comp>ison betwe5 "o "p ( ! c\ntry & ano!r1 t w\ld be useful 9 *eck+ misconduct4 ,!n y d n ?9k !re is1 at pres5t1 a suffici5t protection ( ! road rev5ue ( ! k+dom aga9/ di%one/ or ignorant practices8--,i ?9k ! road rev5ue is less protect$ ?an any o!r "p ( ! public exp5diture2 &1 ?\gh x is v l>ge1 x may be consid]$1 ,i ?9k1 almo/ unprotect$1 "u ! pres5t sy/em ( law4 ,h y any loose guess 9 y\r own m9d1 z to ! ext5t ( ! rev5ue ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 rais$ = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ roads8--,i h be5 l$ to guess a million & a qu>t] a ye>1 z ! toll rev5ue2 f ! circum/ance ( !re be+ five-&-tw5ty ?\s& miles ( turnpike road 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,t is an increas+ rev5ue8--,x is c]ta9ly increas+ v mu*2 ,i ?9k ! rev5ue has be5 increas$ by ! increase ( travell+1 & p>ticul>ly /age-coa*es4 ,has n x be5 ! practice to augm5t ! tolls consid]ably 9 all rec5t turnpike acts8--,9 ! ?ree sessions ( p>liam5t prec$+ ! pres5t1 ,i ?9k1 !re 7 ab\t n9ety petitions to p>liam5t = a r5ewal ( acts1 & an increase ( _! tolls1 because !y 7 9 a /ate t !y c\ld n pay _! debts )\t ! assi/ance ( p>liam5t4 ,does n ! great exp5se att5d+ ! r5ewal ( acts ( p>liam5t1 contribute v mu* to re/ra9 a prop] improvem5t ( ! roads 9 ! k+dom8--,! exp5se ( r5ew+ s _m acts ( p>liam5t1 z is occasion$ by ! great division ( tru/s 9 ! c\ntry1 c]ta9ly absorbs a v great sum ( ! road rev5ue ( ! k+dom2 because ^? acts are e "o ( !m r5ew$ e tw5ty-"o ye>s1 & frequ5tly circum/ances oblige ! tru/ees to come (t5] to p>liam5t4 ,d y happ5 to "k :e!r !re h be5 any /eps tak5 by ! ,po/-(fice1 ) a view to =m+ "s g5]al arrangem5t ) reg>d to ! roads8--,i am n acqua9t$ ) any4 ,i h _h repeat$ conv]sations ) "l ,*i*e/]1 ! po/ma/]-g5]al1 & he has ask$ = all ! in=mation ,i c\ld give 8 lord%ip2 &1 ( c\rse1 ,i h giv5 ! in=mation pretty mu* 9 ! mann] ,i h _h ! hon\r to d to ?is ,committee2 &1 ,i believe1 8 lord%ip is satisfi$1 t ! consolidation ( tru/s w\ld be v useful3 & he has us$ 8 influ5ce 9 ! c\nty ( ,sussex to h n9e tru/s consolidat$1 = ! express purpose ( mutual assi/ance 9 provid+ a g5]al surveyor4 ,d y "k ! result8--,i gave ! result1 & a copy ( ! resolutions ( ! c\nty1 at ! la/ meet+4 ,d y "k ! result z to ! exp5diture8--,yes1 x goes to t z well z to ! am5dm5t ( ! roads4 ,suppos+ any insup]able difficulty to exi/ 9 plac+ ! managem5t ( ! roads ( ! k+dom "u a bo>d ( managem5t1 d y n consid] t v great advantage w\ld arise f consolidat+ ! diff]5t tru/s r\nd ,london1 & plac+ !m "u an unity ( sup]9t5d5ce & regulation8--,c]ta9ly s2 ,i ?9k t t w\ld be a measure ( ! greate/ use 9 ! _w2 & ,i ?9k t no palliative1 no o!r means :atev] c be devis$ to get ! ,london roads improv$1 except consolidat+ ! tru/s "u "o head1 or "o set ( commission]s1 or "s body t %all control ! :ole2 consolidat+ ! roads r\nd ,london1 w\ld be ! means probably ( great amelioration 9 ! sy/em or mann] ( m5d+ ! roads1 & t w\ld s]ve z an example to o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & might be ! means ( ext5d+ improvem5t 9 ! mode ( road-mak+1 & w\ld =m a sort ( s*ool or example to o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,d y ?9k1 ^u ! same pr9ciple t y recomm5d consolidat+ tru/s r\nd ,london1 x w\ld be advisable t p[]s %\ld be giv5 to consolidate tru/s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom8--,i %\ld ?9k x v advisable t p[]s 7 grant$ by p>liam5t to su* tru/s z *ose to d x1 to consolidate !mselves into "o body = ! purpose ( hav+ a bett] sup]9t5d5ce1 or = any o!r purposes ( g5]al improvem5t2 b ^u consid]+ ! matt] v fully1 ,i am ( op9ion t x w\ld be m pr(itable t ! ,legislature %\ld give leave to tru/s ?an t !y %\ld make x imp]ative ^u !m2 x w be absolutely necess>y1 be=e any su* measure c\ld come into effect1 t p>liam5t %\ld n only give ?is leave1 b t !y %\ld make ! proce$+s ( ! g5]al meet+ ( ^? tru/s legal1 :i* at pres5t !y w\ld n be z ! law /&s2 ! n9e tru/s 9 ,sussex1 :o h n[ volunt>ily associat$ toge!r1 hold :at is consid]$ a g5]al meet+ ( ^? tru/s2 b ,i by no means ?9k t _! proce$+s are legal1 z ! law n[ /&s4 ,9 _m cases :]e ! consolidation w\ld be b5eficial1 d n y consid] x w\ld be resi/$ f local motives8--,p]haps x might be resi/$2 x w be un=tunate :5 t happ5s to be ! case1 b :5 ! good effects ( x beg9 to be se5 9 ! c\ntry1 ,i ?9k ^? objections w\ld be got rid (4 ,d y believe t ! fir/ effects ( su* consolidation w\ld be a dim9ution ( exp5se8--,i am q c]ta9 ( t4 ,h[ is t dim9ution ( exp5se to arise8--,by introduc+ a mu* bett] mode ( managem5t1 x w\ld occasion m regul>ity 9 ! mode ( keep+ acc\nts1 x w\ld introduce a dim9ution ( exp5se mat]ially 9 horse lab\r1 & 9 v>i\s o!r ?+s2 t ,i ?9k1 ^u ! :ole1 ! dim9ution ( exp5se by su* regulation w\ld be f\nd v great inde$4 ,d n y believe t ! pres5t sy/em ( ma9ta9+ roads is ! means ( a cont9u$ increase ( exp5se 9 ! debt & tolls ?r\gh\t ! k+dom8--,i ?9k ! debt is increas+ v mu* ?r\gh\t ! k+dom & t ! debt is p]haps great] ?an g5tlem5 9 p>liam5t are aw>e (2 at pres5t tolls are increas+4 ,d y consid] t !re is a correspond+ improvem5t 9 ! roads1 9 proportion to ! increase ( ! tolls & debts8--,by no means2 my belief is1 t :]e ! greate/ exp5se is1 !re ! wor/ managem5t is1 or r1 t ! wor/ managem5t produces ! greate/ exp5se4 ,!n1 9 y\r op9ion1 a great improvem5t might be effect$ on ! roads 9 g5]al1 :i* might be accompani$ 9 ! end by a gradual dim9ution ( debt & tolls8--,c]ta9ly1 ,i ?9k s4 ,c y give any in=mation z to ! total am\nt ( g5]al debt on ! roads n[ exi/+ 9 ,engl& & ,wales8 ,aft] inquir+ by all ! means t an unau?oriz$ individual c\ld d 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & asc]ta9+1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld1 ! am\nt ( debt ^u a great numb] ( tru/s2 ,i h be5 incl9$ to believe t ! debt at pres5t am\nts to ab\t sev5 millions 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,are y ( op9ion t any consid]able advantage might be d]iv$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! roads1 by a commutation = ! /atute lab\r8--,yes2 ,i ?9k v great advantage w\ld be d]iv$ by ! public1 if ! /atute lab\r 7 commut$ = money1 & t1 if x 7 commut$ at a v l[ rate2 if x 7 "o half ( ! real value ( ! "w1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 ! roads w\ld be m b5efit$ by x 9 g5]al ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,is x ! g5]al practice 9 ,scotl&1 "u any act ( p>liam5t1 to commute /atute lab\r = money8--,all ! acts ( p>liam5t ,i am acqua9t$ ) 9 ,scotl&1 h commut$ x2 "o 9 ! c\nty ,i belong to1 commut$ x tw5ty ye>s ago ) v great advantage4 ,y h m5tion$ t ! commission]s ( ! ,we/m9/] bridge road requir$ y to employ a consid]able numb] ( paup]s2 ! ,committee wi% to "k :e!r x is ! g5]al practice1 9 y\r obs]vation1 to employ paup]s ^u roads8--,i h always f\nd t 9 e place :]e ! improvem5t ( ! roads has be5 comm5c$1 "u any advice giv5 by me1 x has be5 desir$ v mu* by ! inhabitants t ! p unemploy$ 7n1 p]haps1 paup]s t g5]ally receive p>i% relief1 b ^? p :o come to ask = relief1 because !y _c get "w7 %\ld be employ$ on ! road2 & x has be5 v mu* my wi% to gratify t desire by giv+ !m "w1 n by ! day1 b by ! piece1 because t has g5]ally put !m (f ! p>i%es2 ! mom5t !y get "w to d1 by :i* !y c get _! bread1 & )\t :i* !y _c get _! bread1 !y quit ! p>i%4 ,is x n ! practice1 9 tru/s :]e y h n be5 conc]n$1 to employ paup]s1 or v old lab\r]s8--,i h f\nd 9 all ! tru/s t h s5t to me to take advice1 t ! lab\r]s h be5 a great numb] ( !m v ineffici5t m52 & ! excuse g5]ally giv5 = t is1 t ^? p w\ld come to ! p>i% if !y 7 n s5t to ! roads4 ,is ! pay ( ^? m5 proportionably l[ ) _! abilities to "w8--,i h n f\nd t to be ! case4 ,i h f\nd t ^? poor1 mis]able m51 :o c d v little1 h be5 gett+ consid]able wages1 & 9 t way a consid]able sum has be5 wa/$4 ,9 po9t ( practice1 !n1 ! road rev5ue is made to act z a poor fund8--,precisely s2 ,i ?9k ! road rev5ue has gone to ! assi/ance ( ! poor 9 t way4 ,9 y\r exp]i5ce h y f\nd t ! common mode ( employ+ paup]s by day-"w1 is ineffici5t bo? to ! improvem5t ( ! roads & to ! object ( reliev+ ! p>i%es8--,x may h ! effect ( reliev+ ! p>i%es1 b ,i %\ld ?9k x a v bad mode ( m5d+ ! roads2 inasmu* z ^! m51 :5 !y h got day-wages1 w d v little1 & = t reason ,i employ all our m5 on piece-"w2 we h two hundr$ & eighty lab\r]s 9 ! di/rict ( ,bri/ol1 & !y are almo/ all on piece-"w2 x is v seldom we employ m5 by ! day4 ,i 0 direct$ by ! ,committee1 at _! la/ meet+1 to produce "s m detail$ acc\nts respect+ ! ,bri/ol di/rict3 9 ob$i5ce to t ord]1 ,i h obta9$ ! report made by me at ! end ( ! fir/ & second ye> ( my adm9i/ration1 :i* ,i beg to submit to ! ,committee1 toge!r ) ! resolution ( ! commission]s !reon4 ,! foll[+ ,pap]s 7 deliv]$ 91 & read3 ,,exp5diture on ! ,,bri/ol ,,roads4 ,9 ! ye> #ahae1 previ\s to ! alt]ation ( managem5t1 !re 0 paid 4 #ad1bhe #b #a ,an unpaid float+ debt ( #a1djj #j #j -------------------------- ,total exp5se ( #ahae1 to #be? ,m>* #ahaf 4 #ae1fhe #b #a ,alt]ation ( managem5t1 comm5c$ #af? ,janu>y1 #ahaf4 ,9 #ahaf1 outlay 0 4#af1abg #e #a ,d$uct acc\nts ( #ahae 4#a1djj ,paid into #e p] c5t4 fund1 ab\t #cdj -------------- #a1gdj #j #j ------------------------ ,total exp5se ( roads1 to ,m>* #ahag 4#ad1chg #e #a ,9 #ahag1 outlay 0 4#ae1hcj #d #aa ,( :i*1 p]man5t improvem5ts co/ 4#a1ejj ,paid to #e p] c5t4 fund1 ab\t #bjj ,paid = a g5]al survey & plans #cdj ,:it*ur* ,bridge repairs #cbj -------------- #b1cfj #j #j ------------------------ ,total exp5diture = roads1 to #be ,m>* #ahah 4#ac1dgj #d #aa ,,bri/ol ,,turnpikes4 ,report ( ,mr4 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 to a ,g5]al ,meet+ ( ,commission]s1 #b;d ,june #ahag4 ,s9ce ,i _h ! hon\r ( report+ to ! meet+ ( commission]s on ! #b;d ( ,m>* la/1 ! am5dm5t ( ! roads has proce$$ ) success1 & at pres5t !re are no p>ts ( ! roads ( ! ,bri/ol di/rict 9 a bad /ate4 ,mu* has be5 done 9 p>tial improvem5ts1 :i* h altoge!r am\nt$ to a consid]able sum1 al?\gh n ( suffici5t magnitude individually to come )9 ! scope ( ! regulations ( ! g5]al meet+1 t re/ra9 improvem5ts exce$+ #ejl4 )\t special ord]2 sev]al su* improvem5ts are /ill necess>y1 & "s ( ! small bridges require to be l5g!n$ 9 ! ar*es1 9 ord] to lead ! roads to !m m commodi\sly1 & to wid5 ! roadway on ! bridges4 ,! /atem5t ( ! income & exp5diture ( ! ye>1 n[ made up to ! #be? ,m>*1 pres5ts a v satisfactory result4 ,9 ! la/ ye>1 a sum equal to ne>ly five times t ( ! prec$+ ye>1 has be5 paid into ! #e p] c5t4 fund4 ,a float+ debt1 :i* did n appe> 9 ! pr9t$ annual acc\nt ( la/ ye>1 b :i* am\nt$ to ab\t #a1djjl4 has be5 paid (f4 ,! balances ( treasur]'s acc\nts1 :i* la/ ye> %[$ ! tru/ to be indebt$ on ! :ole to ! treasur] #cefl4 are n[ s mu* on ! o!r side1 t y\r treasur]s h on ! :ole acc\nt a balance 9 h& ( #fadl4 & ?is balance is effici5t1 because ! float+ debt is n[ r$uc$ to ! smalle/ sum possible1 "u ! circum/ances ( a bus9ess s ext5d$4 ,9 addition to :i*1 ,i h to congratulate ! commission]s on a r$uction ( ! pr9cipal debt 9 ! sum ( #gbil4 #ajs4 #c;d4 & t turnpike tickets1 :i* 7 at a disc\nt1 are n[ 9 dem& at p>4 7,sign$7 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam4 #h? ,m>* #ahai4 ,! =ego+ is a true copy f ! book ( proce$+s ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,bri/ol turnpike roads4 ,osborne ,w>d1 ,cl]ks4 ,,bri/ol ,,turnpikes4 ,report ( ,mr4 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 to a ,g5]al ,meet+ ( ,commission]s1 #a/ ,june #ahah4 ,bri/ol ,(fice ( ,roads1 #a/ ,june1 #ahah4 ,s9ce ,i _h ! hon\r to report to ! commission]s1 9 ,june #ahag1 ! bus9ess ( ! roads has gone on successfully1 & !y h be5 kept 9 inv>iably good repair "u ! pres5t sy/em ( managem5t1 not)/&+ ! roads hav+ be5 tri$ by all vicissitudes ( ! mo/ unfav\rable seasons ev] kn[n4 ,sev]al valuable improvem5ts h also be5 effect$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! di/rict2 ! v promis+ /ate ( ! f9ances hav+ induc$ ! commission]s to employ great "p ( ! sav+s ( _! income = t purpose1 in/ead ( apply+ ! :ole to ! liquidation ( ! pr9cipal debt ( ! tru/4 ,?is great debt has1 h[ev]1 be5 dim9i%$ ne>ly #ejjl4 :ile ! sum exp5d$ on ! p]man5t improvem5ts consid]ably exce$s #a1ejjl4 4 s4 d4 ,on ! #be? ,m>* #ahah1 !re 0 a balance 9 ! h&s ( ea* ( ! treasur]s1 ) exception ( ! ,bitton & ,toghill roads2 & ! balance due to t treasur] has be5 dim9i%$ ^u ! :ole acc\nt2 !re rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! treasur]s1 on ! #be? ,m>* #ahah1 ! sum ( #a1ihg #ad #e ,9 ! h&s ( ! g5]al treasur]1 f #e p] c5t4 fund 4#ejb #e #aa ,due by ! ,:it*ur* road to ! #e p] c5t4 fund1 & includ$ 9 ! g5]al debt #cjj #j #j ---------------------- #hjb #e #aa ---------------------- ,balance 9 h&1 #be? ,m>* #ahah 4#b1gij #j #d ,x is v gratify+ to report to ! commission]s ?is mat]ial amelioration ( ! funds dur+ ! pres5t ye>1 :5 ! income ( ! tru/ has suff]$ a dim9ution ( #dbel4 #es4 occasion$ probably by ! depression ( trade ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! directions ( ! g5]al meet+s respect+ ! paym5ts to ! #e p] c5t4 fund h n be5 m punctually obey$2 b )\t ent]+ into ! circum/ances ( heavy debt & o!r difficulties1 :i* h hi!rto prev5t$ paym5ts f p>ticul> treasur]s1 ,i beg leave to call ! att5tion ( ! commission]s to a consid]ation ( ! importance ( ?is fund1 & ! use to :i* x may be mo/ advantage\sly appli$4 ,! fund 0 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( giv+ ! g5]al meet+s ! p[] ( ext5d+ aid to any division ( ! roads ( ! di/rict t might be 9 di/ress4 ,z ! fav\rable /ate ( ! funds1 aris+ f ! sy/em ( managem5t adopt$ by ! commission]s1 gives a v reasonable hope t su* occasion ( di/ress may nev] aga9 occur1 x may be exp$i5t to consid] ( ! propriety ( conv]t+ ! #e p] c5ts4 into a s9k+ fund4 ,by application ( su* a sum1 am\nt+ to ab\t #hejl4 annually1 to ! gradual ext9ction ( ! debt ( ! tru/1 ! means ( cont9u+ sev]al useful & v desirable improvem5ts w be dim9i%$ only 9 a small proportion1 & ! am5dm5t ( ! g5]al /ate ( ! roads w proce$1 )\t entirely los+ sight ( ! ju/ice due to ! cr$itors1 & ! desirable object ( r$uc+ a debt ( su* magnitude4 ,z x may be d\btful :e!r "u ! au?ority ( ! pres5t act ( p>liam5t ! tru/ees may legally apply ! #e p] c5t4 fund to ! purpose ( a s9k+ fund1 ! committee appo9t$ to prep>e ! new act may be in/ruct$ to consid] ( ?is subject1 & also = bett] secur+ ! due paym5t ( ! #e p] c5t4 fund at /at$ p]iods1 along ) ! int]e/ ( ! debt1 to ! g5]al treasur]4 ,i h great pleasure 9 be+ able to cont9ue to give a fav\rable report ( ! conduct ( ! sub-surveyors4 7,sign$7 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam4 #h? ,m>*1 #ahai4 ,! =ego+ is a true copy f ! book ( proce$+s ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,bri/ol turnpike roads4 ,osborne ,w>d1 ,cl]ks4 ,,bri/ol ,,turnpikes4 ,at a ,meet+ ( ! ,tru/ees = ! c>e ( ! sev]al roads r\nd ! city ( ,bri/ol1 hold5 on #g? ,decemb] #ahah1 at ! ,guildhall 9 ,bri/ol4 ,,?omas ,,daniel1 ,esq4 9 ! ,*air4 ,x appe>+ t "u ! tri5nial appo9tm5t ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 8 (fice ( g5]al surveyor w cease on ! #af? day ( ,janu>y next2-- ,ord]$ unanim\sly1 ,t he be aga9 appo9t$ to t (fice = a fur!r t]m ( ?ree ye>s1 at ! same sal>y4 ,resolv$ unanim\sly1 ,t ! ?anks ( ?is meet+ be giv5 to ,mr4 ,m,adam = ! zeal & ability ) :i* he has execut$ ! v ardu\s duties ( 8 (fice1 f :i* x appe>s to ?is meet+ t ! mo/ important advantages h result$ to ! roads "u 8 c>e4 #h? ,m>* #ahai4 ,! =ego+ is a true copy f ! book ( proce$+s ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,bri/ol turnpike roads4 ,osborne ,w>d1 ,cl]ks4 ,does any "p ( t sav+ :i* is /at$ to h tak5 place on ^? roads1 arise f an increase ( rev5ue8--,!re has be5 a small increase ( rev5ue1 b :e!r aris+ f tolls or a bett] collection ( ! /atute lab\r1 ,i _c take ^u me to say2 b t increase ( rev5ue mu/ be d$uct$ f ! sav+ ( #b1gjjl41 :i* appe>s 9 ! treasur]'s h&s4 ,jovis1 #aa die ,m>tii1 #ahai4 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 ,esquire1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,is !re any "p ( y\r =m] evid5ce ^u :i* y wi% to give any fur!r explanation to ! ,committee8--,9 consequ5ce ( ! surprise & d\bt express$ by "s memb]s ( ?is hon\rable ,committee1 on t "p ( my evid5ce respect+ ! c>ry+ a road ov] a morass 9 ,som]set%ire1 & ! proportions ( ! mat]ials us$ ^u t1 & ! "p ( ! road ) a rocky f\ndation1 :i* ,i /at$ f memory1 ,i ?\ght x prop] to write d[n to ! treasur] ( t road1 to reque/ ! fav\r ( him to s5d = ! surveyor1 & "k ! facts exactly f him4 ,! treasur]1 ,mr4 ,phipp51 :o is a magi/rate1 s5t a c]tificate1 sign$ by ! surveyor4 ,!re 0 a c]tificate1 also1 sign$ by ,mr4 ,phipp52 & ) x !re 0 a lett] f ,mr4 ,phipp51 ( explanation2 bo? ( :i* ,i wi% to put 94 ,! pap]s put 9 7 z foll[3 8,i d c]tify t t "p ( ! sixte5 miles ( ! ,bri/ol turnpike road "u my c>e1 f ,cross1 ov] ! m>% l&s1 t[>ds ,bridgewat]1 is n[ 9 ! be/ /ate ,i ev] knew x1 :i* is :olly ow+ to hav+ ! v l>ge /ones laid at ! f\ndation :5 ! road 0 fir/ made m ?an fifty ye>s s9ce1 lift$ & beat5 v small4 ,! g5]al /r5g? ( ! road is f sev5 in*es to n9e2 & five tons ( /ones1 ,i h always consid]$ = ! repairs ( ?is "p ( ! road equal to sev5 on ! o!r "p ov] ! hills4 7,sign$7 8,edw>d ,:itt+1 ,surveyor40 8,i1 ,rob]t ,phipp51 ,esq4 "o ( ,8 ,maje/y's ju/ices ( ! peace = ! c\nty ( ,som]set1 & treasur] on ! road m5tion$ 9 ! above c]tificate1 d h]eby c]tify & decl>e1 t ! cont5ts are true to ! be/ ( my k & belief2 & ! road 9 "q has be5 "u my con/ant inspection = five ye>s pa/2 & ! surveyor1 ,edw>d ,:itt+1 is a p]son well kn[n to me1 & wor?y ( cr$it4 8,dat$ ,m>* #i?1 #ahai40 8,lett] f ,rob]t ,phipp51 ,esq4 to ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 ,esq4 ,no4 #i1 ,nor?umb]l&-/reet1 ,/r&1 ,london4 8,de> ,sir1 8,!re _c1 9 my op9ion1 be any necessity to lay ! f\ndation ( a road on any gr\nd1 ev5 ! mo/ s(t & peaty1 ) l>ge /ones2 daily obs]vation tells me1 t ?is is a great wa/e ( "t1 mat]ials1 & money4 ,i h _h1 = ^! five or six ye>s pa/1 a great deal ( exp]i5ce 9 see+ roads made1 "o 9 p>ticul>1 ov] a v s(t peat bog1 by ,w$more & ,gla/onbury1 9 ?is c\nty4 ,at ! "t ?is new l9e ( road 0 propos$ to be made1 a great diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/$ z to its practicability1 & ! me?od to be pursu$ to accompli% x4 ,"s ( ! p>ties 7 = lay+ ! :ole ( ! road ov] ! bog ) bru%-wood1 on :i* 7 to be put l>ge flat /ones1 & on ^? small] ones4 ,we :o 7 ! o!r p>ty1 insi/$ t a m simple1 less exp5sive1 & m p]man5t me?od 0 to make x ) /ones alone1 brok5 v small4 ,we1 at la/1 prevail$1 & ! sy/em succe$$ ev5 beyond our mo/ sangu9e expectations2 = ?is "p ( ! road has /ood uncommonly well1 ?\gh ! travell+ on x has be5 v great1 & ) heavy c>riages1 & ! little repairs want$ h be5 done z an inconsid]able exp5se1 comp>$ to ! o!r "p ( ! road made on h>d gr\nd ov] ! hills4 8,i rema91 de> ,sir1 y\rs truly1 8,rob4 ,phipp540 8,badgwor? ,c\rt1 ne> ,axbridge1 ,m>* #i?1 #ahai4 ,i wi%1 9 ref]5ce to ! op9ion ,i gave ) respect to ! /atute lab\r1 to /ate1 t ,i h to transact ) sixty-n9e p>i%es1 respect+ _! /atute lab\r1 9 ! c\nties ( ,som]set & ,gl\ce/]2 & t x is 9 consequ5ce ( ^! transactions1 ,i gave ! op9ion to ! ,committee t ,i _h ! hon\r to submit4 ,:at proportion ( ! /atute duty1 by pecuni>y paym5ts1 in/ead ( ! mode at pres5t adopt$1 d y conceive might be sav$8--,i ?9k1 if "o ?ird ( ! pres5t nom9al value ( ! /atute lab\r 0 to be regul>ly paid into ! h&s ( ! treasur]1 t x w\ld be m available to ! public roads1 ?an ! pres5t mann] 9 :i* ! "w is done1 & c]ta9ly less on]\s to ! agriculture ( ! c\ntry4 ,james ,m,adam1 ,esq4 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y are ! son ( ! la/ witness8--,i am4 ,h y be5 employ$ z a g5]al surveyor ^u ! turnpike roads8--,i h4 ,^u :at roads h y be5 employ$8--,^u ! ,epsom & ,ewell turnpike roads ( tw5ty-"o miles2 ^u ! ,read+ road ( six miles2 ^u ! ea/]n division ( ! ,egham road1 sev5 miles & a half2 on ! we/]n division ( ! ,egham road1 eight miles & a half2 on ! ,*e%unt turnpike roads1 ( eighte5 miles2 ^u ! ,wades-mill turnpike tru/ ( tw5ty-n9e miles2 on ! old ,nor? road1 or ,roy/on road1 ( fifte5 miles2 ^u ! ,hunt+don road ( t5 miles2 & on ! road f ,hunt+don to ,som]%am ( t5 miles2 be+ toge!r "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five miles4 ,h[ long h y be5 appo9t$ to !m8--,my fir/ appo9tm5t 0 9 ,decemb] #ahag4 ,_h y be5 previ\sly 9 ! habits ( mak+ ! improvem5t ( turnpike roads y\r /udy8--,i _h at ,bri/ol1 "u my fa!r's tuition4 ,! in=mation y h acquir$1 ,i presume1 !n1 has be5 entirely "u y\r fa!r's sy/em8--,yes1 ^u my fa!r's pr9ciples ( mak+ roads4 ,& ^? plans :i* y h adopt$1 h be5 entirely con=mable to ! evid5ce :i* he has giv5 be=e ?is ,committee8--,entirely con=mable to ^? pr9ciples :i* my fa!r has /at$ 9 8 evid5ce be=e ?is ,committee4 ,c y give ! ,committee any in=mation ) reg>d to ! rev5ues ( ! diff]5t roads "u y\r managem5t8--,! gross rev5ue ( ! tru/s ,i h m5tion$1 ( :i* ,i am g5]al surveyor1 is ab\t #ai1eejl4 p] annum4 ,please to /ate to ! ,committee1 ! /ate ( repair 9 :i* ^! roads 7 :5 !y fir/ came "u y\r managem5t8--,! roads 9 g5]al 7 9 a v loose1 r\gh1 & heavy /ate1 mu* ov]load$ ) mat]ials1 ! wat]c\rses mu* /opp$ up1 & ! roads 9 g5]al 9 a v bad /ate4 ,:at improvem5ts h tak5 place ^u !m s9ce y\r und]tak+ ! c>e ( !m8--,! ,epsom & ,ewell roads 7 put into a p]fect /ate ( repair dur+ ! la/ spr+ & summ]2 ! ,read+ road has also be5 put into a p]fect /ate ( repair dur+ ! la/ summ]2 & ! ,*e%unt turnpike roads h be5 put into a good /ate ( repair1 not)/&+ t ! improvem5ts comm5c$ 9 ,octob]1 & h be5 c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! :ole w9t]3 ! improvem5t is proce$+ rapidly 9 ! o!r di/ricts2 b ! ?ree roads ,i h m5tion$1 are ! only tru/s t are br\ght into a p]fect /ate ( repair4 ,i v5ture to speak freely & ) great confid5ce1 ( ! good /ate ( repair ( ^! ?ree tru/s2 = ! reason1 t no cr$it :atev] is atta*$ to me1 except :at may be consid]$ due by ! c>eful att5tion & zeal\s execution ( my fa!r's comm&s4 ,! m]its ( ! improvem5ts are :olly 8 own4 ,c y /ate to ! ,committee ! exp5se ) :i* ^! improvem5ts h be5 accompani$8--,! exp5se ^u ! ,epsom roads am\nt$ to #a1ibil4 #hs4 #a;d4 9 ! ye> #ahah2 t is ! only tru/ ^u :i* ,i am enabl$ to /ate ! twelvemon?'s exp5diture4 ,9 :at proportion has ! exp5diture be5 divid$ betwe5 ! lab\r ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 & ! price ( c>tage & ( mat]ials8--,i h paid = lab\r ^u ! ,epsom roads1 #a1adfl4 #as4 #b;d42 = mat]ials1 #ihl4 #ajs42 = c>tage1 #bbgl4 #afs42 = tradesm5's bills1 #cdbl4 #js4 #aa;d42 = l& to wid5 ! roads1 #aael42 :i* makes up ! exp5diture #a1ibil4 #hs4 #a;d4 ,i beg "h to /ate1 t ,i did n avail myself ( any /atute duty ^u ! ,epsom & ,ewell roads4 ,c y /ate to ! ,committee ! exp5diture ^u ^! roads1 9 ! ye>s prec$+ y\r hav+ ! *>ge ( !m8--,i c2 9 ! ye>s #ahae1 #ahaf1 &1 #ahag1 :i* are ! ?ree prec$+ ye>s to my hav+ ! *>ge ( ^! roads4 ,9 ! ye> #ahae1 !re 0 paid = lab\r1 #cgil4 #ads42 = c>tage1 #a1jail4 #ads42 = gravel1 #dhfl4 #aes4 #e;d42 = tradesm5's bills1 #aghl4 #fs4 #c;d42 mak+ a total ( #b1jfdl4 #is4 #e;d4 ,9 ! ye> #ahaf1 !re 0 paid = lab\r #cdjl4 #afs42 = c>tage1 #a1jgjl4 #gs4 #f;d42 = gravel1 #efcl4 #as4 #aj;d42 = tradesm5's bills1 #chbl4 #ds4 #e;d4 mak+ a total ( #b1cgel4 #ais4 #i;d4 ,9 ! ye> #ahag1 !re 0 paid = lab\r1 #ccil4 #afs42 = c>tage1 #a1ajcl4 #afs4 #c;d42 = gravel1 #eeal42 = tradesm5's bills1 #fhal4 #fs4 #a;d42 mak+ a total ( #b1fgel4 #ahs4 #d;d42 indep5d5t ( ! /atute duty ^u ! sev]al p>i%es1 :i* 7 call$ =? by ! =m] surveyor4 ,d y "k ! value ( t /atute duty8--,n hav+ _h occasion to call x =?1 ,i am unable precisely to answ] ! "q2 b ! p>i%es are weal?y1 & ! /atute lab\r mu/ =m a v consid]able am\nt4 ,i presume ! comp>ative smallness ( ! exp5se :i* y incurr$ = mat]ials mu/ h aris5 f mak+ use ( ! old mat]ials ^u ! road1 by lift+ !m accord+ to ! plan :i* y\r fa!r has describ$8--,t 0 ! case4 ,9 :at /ate did y f9d ! executive dep>tm5t ( ^! roads :5 y took *>ge ( !m8--,i f\nd at ,epsom a p]son z surveyor1 :o _h be5 an und]writ] at ,lloyd's ,c(fee-h\se1 at a sal>y1 z ,i am in=m$1 ( sixty p\nds p] annum1 & :o 0 p]mitt$ to keep ! c>ts & horses1 & d ! c>tage = ! tru/4 ,at ,read+1 ,i f\nd an eld]ly g5tleman z ! surveyor1 :o 0 also "o ( ! commission]s1 at a sal>y ( tw5ty or ?irty p\nds p] annum4 ,i f\nd at ,*e%unt ?ree surveyors1 ! tru/ be+ divid$ into ?ree di/ricts4 ,"o ( ! surveyors 0 an infirm old man1 ano!r a c>p5t]1 & ano!r a coal-m]*ant4 ,i f\nd on ! ,wades-mill tru/ ?ree surveyors also1 & ! tru/ divid$ into ?ree di/ricts2 "o ( ^! surveyors 0 a v old man1 ano!r a publican at ,buckl&1 & ! o!r a bak] at ,backway1 ) a sal>y ( f\rte5 %ill+s a week ea*4 ,i f\nd on ! ,roy/on road a publican z surveyor !re2 & ,i f\nd at ,hunt+don a b$ridd5 old man :o _h n be5 out ( ! h\se = sev]al mon?s1 & :o _h be5 all[$ by ! commission]s to apply to a c>p5t] 9 ! t[n = assi/ance1 & to :om ! commission]s all[$ tw5ty p\nds p] annum2 ?is p]son1 :o accompani$ me 9 ! survey ( ! roads1 /at$1 t he c\ld give b little att5tion to ! managem5t ( ! road1 ! sal>y be+ s small2 & ! /ate ( ^? roads bore evid5ce to ! tru? ( 8 ass]tion4 ,)\t ent]+ into individual cases1 d y consid] t x 0 possible1 f ! nature ( ! circum/ances & engagem5ts ( ^! p>ties1 t !y c\ld give t att5tion to ! roads :i* _! improvem5t requir$8--,i d n consid] x 0 at all likely t !y w\ld4 ,:at arrangem5ts did y make 9 ! executive dep>tm5t ( ^! roads aft] y took ! *>ge ( !m8--,) ! p]mission ( ! tru/ees1 ,i appo9t$ ^u ea* tru/ an active sub-surveyor1 :om ,i requir$ to keep a horse1 & to h no o!r occupation :atev]4 ,c y /ate to ! ,committee ! exp5se ( employ+ su* sub-surveyors8--,! sal>y ( ! sub-surveyors 9 g5]al is "o hundr$ gu9eas a ye>2 & :]e ! rev5ues ( ! tru/ h be5 small1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,roy/on roads & ! ,hunt+don roads1 ,i h made "o surveyor d ! duty ( bo? ! tru/s1 9 ord] t t exp5se might be divid$4 ,:at emolum5ts h y y\rself d]iv$ f y\r employm5t ^u ^! tru/s8--,i am unable to /ate ! precise am\nt to ! ,committee2 = ! reason t ,i h 9 e in/ance reque/$ ( ! tru/ees t t consid]ation might be def]r$ = at lea/ a twelvemon? aft] ,i 0 hon\r$ ) ! *>ge ( ! roads2 ,epsom is !re=e ! only road ^u :i* t p]iod has elaps$2 & ) ! p]mission ( ! ,committee1 ,i w read ! resolution ent]$ ^u ! l$g] ( ! ,epsom roads ^u t subject4 #ba/ ,decemb]1 #ahah4 ,we h exam9$ ! above acc\nts ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 ! surveyor1 f its comm5cem5t to ?is date1 & f9d t ! sum ( #gel4 #fs4 #a;d4 is due to ,mr4 ,m,adam1 by ! tru/1 say 4#ge #f #a ,b z no all[ance has be5 made to ! surveyor = 8 managem5t1 & z t managem5t has giv5 great satisfaction to ! tru/ees1 x 0 resolv$ to give ! surveyor1 to cov] all *>ges1 & = 8 tr\ble1 x be+ di/9ctly und]/ood = ?is ye> only1 ! sum ( "o hundr$ & fifty gu9eas #aeg #aj ---- -------------------- 4#bcb #af #a ,:i* sum ( #bcbl4 #afs4 #a;d4 ! treasur] w be pleas$ to pay to ,mr4 ,m,adam4 7,sign$7 ,t4 ,reid1 ,edw>d ,ar*bold1 ,john ,webb1 ,?omas ,calv]ley1 ,?omas ,halliday1 ,william ,d[deswell1 ,j4 ,m4 ,cripps10 ,) p]mission ( ! ,committee ,i w relate :at ,i /at$ to ! tru/ees1 ^u ^? resolutions be+ read to me2 t ,i consid]$ t sum z extremely lib]al1 & q suffici5t = "o small tru/ to give a g5]al surveyor1 & 7 ,epsom "o tru/ 9 a di/rict1 su* a sum w\ld be q suffici5t = _! proportion ( ! sal>y ( a g5]al surveyor2 b /&+ alone1 & divid$ f all o!r tru/s ( :i* ,i _h ! managem5t1 & sep>at$ also by ! ,london roads1 ! necessity ( my fa!r's travell+ f ,bri/ol & resid+ "s "t at ,epsom1 & ( s mu* be+ requir$ to be done ! fir/ ye> 9 a new tru/1 t sum did no m ?an repay ! actual exp5ses incurr$4 ,x w be obvi\s to ! ,committee t su* a tru/ z ,read+1 consi/+ ( six miles only1 di/ant f ,bri/ol eighty miles1 & f ,london =ty miles1 & anticipat+ an equal lib]ality on ! "p ( ! commission]s !re1 no sum su* a tru/ c\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ to a g5]al surveyor c\ld repay ev5 a moiety ( ! exp5se ( sup]9t5dance2 ! rew>d = my s]vices1 !n1 mu/ be look$ = 9 ! conv9c+ pro( t my fa!r's pr9ciples ( road-mak+ are1 if possible1 m applicable1 & m b5eficial 9 a tru/ :]e ! mat]ials are v bad ?an :]e !y are good3 my only object 9 tr\bl+ ! ,committee ) ^! obs]vations1 is to %[ t unless a di/rict ( roads are unit$1 ! exp5se ( a g5]al sup]9t5d5ce w\ld n be paid by any sal>y su* tru/ c\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 giv+4 ,c y /ate to ! ,committee ! nature ( ! mat]ials :i* y h employ$ 9 ! diff]5t roads "u y\r c>e8--,at ,epsom !re are fl9ts2 at ,read+ a v small1 f\l gravel1 ) a ?ick adhesive loam atta*$2 at ,wal?am ,cross1 on ! ,*e%unt roads1 small f\l gravel2 t[>ds ,w>e1 fl9ts2 on ! ,wades-mill tru/1 fl9ts2 on ! ,roy/on tru/1 fl9t1 gravel1 & blue p]met /one2 at ,hunt+don1 fl9t1 & gravel2 ,egham1 fl9t & gravel4 ,is !re any p>ticul> me?od :i* y h employ$ out ( ! common practice1 = mak+ use ( ^! mat]ials8--,i h be/[$ great lab\r1 c>e & att5tion 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! mat]ials 9 ! pits1 & 9 _! sep>ation previ\s to _! be+ br\ght ^u ! roads2 & also mu* lab\r & c>e = a l5g? ( "t aft] _! be+ laid ^u ! road1 until x became p]fectly smoo?1 h>d & level4 ,c y /ate to ! ,committee ! probable future exp5se ( keep+ ^! roads 9 repair1 aft] !y h once be5 put into good ord]1 z comp>$ ) ! annual outgo+s "u ! old managem5t8--,i am ( op9ion t ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ ^! roads 9 good condition w be consid]ably less ?an ! =m] exp5diture2 = ! reason1 t ! bett] a road is1 ! less ! we>2 & t !re w be a less quantity ( mat]ials requir$1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 ?an 7 =m]ly us$1 :5 !y 7 br\ght to ! road 9 a v f\l & improp] /ate4 ,c y /ate g5]ally1 :e!r ! proportion ( lab\r1 mat]ials & c>tage t y h describ$ ^u ! ,epsom tru/1 agrees ) ! same proportion ^u ! o!r roads "u y\r managem5t8--,on "s ( ! o!r roads1 ! proportion ( lab\r to c>tage w be f\nd great] ?an ^u ! ,epsom road4 ,at ,*e%unt1 9 five mon?s1 dur+ :i* ! roads h be5 put into good repair1 ,i h exp5d$ ! sum ( #hjjl4 =ty ( :i* alone 0 paid = c>tage4 ,^u ! ,wades-mill tru/1 out ( #fjjl4 exp5d$1 n a sixp5ce 0 paid = c>tage4 ,^u ! ,roy/on roads1 :]e ,i h sp5t #ejjl4 n any ( x 0 paid = c>tage4 ,^u ! ,hunt+don roads1 ,i h sp5t #bjl4 a week1 ! :ole ( :i* has be5 paid 9 lab\r4 ,at ,read+1 dur+ eight mon?s1 #ejjl4 7 laid out1 #djjl4 ( :i* 7 paid = lab\r4 ,is x y\r op9ion1 t ! proportion ( lab\r1 wages1 & c>tage1 is likely to cont9ue ! same1 9 ! future rep>ation ( ! roads8--,i am ( op9ion !y w2 because !re w be an increase ( lab\r1 9 ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ials1 previ\s to _! be+ br\ght to ! road2 & also 9 ! =mation ( ! road aft] !y are laid on4 ,by a m c>eful & prop] prep>ation ( ! mat]ials1 a mu* less quantity w be requir$ to uphold ! roads ?an =m]ly2 ,i am1 !re=e1 ( op9ion1 t ! proportion ( lab\r to c>tage w cont9ue ! same4 ,x appe>s1 by y\r answ] to a =m] "q1 t ! exp5se ( c>tage has be5 mu* dim9i%$1 ow+ to y\r mak+ use ( ! mat]ials ( ! old road2 w n ! proportionate exp5se ( c>tage = future ye>s be increas$ 9 consequ5ce ( y\r no long] hav+ ! res\rce ( break+ up ! roads1 b be+ oblig$ to repair !m ) fre% mat]ials8--,9 "s degree x c]ta9ly w\ld4 ,9 :at way is ! /atute lab\r at pres5t p]=m$ ^u ^! roads8--,^u two ( ! tru/s only1 ! ,roy/on road & ! ,hunt+don road1 ,i h _h occasion to avail myself ( any /atute lab\r2 ! fund ^u ! o!r tru/s be+ m ?an suffici5t to uphold ! roads )\t hav+ rec\rse to /atute lab\r4 ,^u ^! two tru/s ,i h d]iv$ "s small advantage f /atute lab\r4 ,colonel ,*>les ,br[n1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,are y "o ( ! commission]s ( ! turnpike road ^u ! ,*e%unt tru/8--,i am4 ,h[ long h y act$8--,sev]al ye>s1 eight or t5 ye>s4 ,be k9d en\gh to expla9 to ! ,committee any rec5t improvem5ts1 :i* h tak5 place 9 ! managem5t & repairs ( ! roads )9 t tru/8--,s9ce ! new me?od has be5 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,m,adam1 a v evid5t advantage has aris5 to ! roads2 !y are n[ extremely good1 & 7 =m]ly v indiff]5t2 ,i !re=e attribute x solely to ! pres5t mode adopt$ by ,mr4 ,m,adam = no?+ c be bett] ?an ! roads are at pres5t4 ,c y /ate to ! ,committee1 :e!r ! improvem5t has tak5 place ) an increase or a dim9ution ( ! exp5se8--,i believe at ab\t "o-?ird less2 ,at lea/ ,i und]/& t x 0 tak5 at ab\t "o-?ird less4 ,has !re be5 any increase ^u ! tolls ^u ^! roads8--,n s9ce ,mr4 ,m,adam has _h any ?+ to d ) !m4 ,i h e reason to suppose !re w be a dim9ution1 9 consequ5ce ( ! good /ate ( ! roads4 ,hav+ he>d ,mr4 ,m,adam's evid5ce1 c y give ! ,committee any fur!r in=mation ) reg>d to ! means by :i* ^! improvem5ts h be5 effect$8--,i conceive t ! mode ( ,mr4 ,m,adam has be5 ! means ( mak+ ! roads s mu* bett]1 t x is only wond]ful :5 we see x n[1 t x has n tak5 place soon]1 be+ f\nd$ ^u ! be/ pr9ciple possible4 ,c y /ate :e!r ^! improvem5ts h tak5 place by ! use ( any new mat]ials1 or by a bett] application ( ! exi/+ mat]ials8--,by ! bett] application ( ! exi/+ mat]ials1 c]ta9ly4 ,h y f\nd ?is improv$ sy/em att5d$ ) any advantages1 9 reg>d to ! employm5t ( ! poor )9 ^? p>i%es8--,) reg>d to ! p>i% :]e ,i live1 & :]e my prop]ty is situat$1 ,i h se5 consid]able improvem5t1 s9ce we h _h ! opportunity ( s5d+ our poor to be employ$ by ,mr4 ,m,adam1 :o has mo/ readily employ$ e "o we h s5t2 & ,i c /ate n[1 t we h n a man unemploy$ t ,i "k (4 ,ezekiel ,h>man1 ,esquire1 call$ 9 & ,exam9$4 ,y are a commission] ( ! turnpike road ^u ! ,*e%unt tru/8--,i am4 ,hav+ he>d ! evid5ce ( ! la/ witness2 c y1 ^u y\r own k1 confirm ! te/imony t he has giv5 ) reg>d to improvem5t ( ! roads )9 y\r tru/ "u ,mr4 ,m,adam's inspection1 & ! advantages d]iv$ !refrom8--,i c1 c]ta9ly4 ,x is a matt] ( surprise to me1 t s mat]ial an alt]ation has be5 already made 9 ! roads1 ! advantages ( :i* are obvi\s to e "o travell+ ! road2 &1 z an additional pro(1 ! coa*m5 :o are 9 ! habit ( driv+ t road h confirm$ ?is /atem5t4 ,i h witness$ also a simil> improvem5t 9 ! ,epsom road1 :]e ! =w>d /ate ( ! improvem5t %[s an additional pro( ( ! advantages d]iv$ f ?is sy/em4 ,?omas ,bridgman1 ,esquire1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,are y a commission] ^u ! ,*e%unt tru/8--,i am4 ,hav+ he>d ! evid5ce ( ! two la/ witnesses does y\r judgm5t 9 all respects confirm ! te/imony :i* !y h giv51 9 reg>d to ! improvem5t :i* has tak5 place ^u y\r roads1 & ! advantages d]iv$ f !m8--,mo/ assur$ly4 ,i h witness$ ^! roads = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 9 a v>iety ( =ms z a commission]4 ,i h obs]v$1 ! failure ( two or ?ree diff]5t sets ( coa*m5 & coa* conc]ns d[n bel[1 all ( :om are n[ say+1 t if ?is sy/em cont9ues !y %all require a horse less4 ,all ^! p>ties 7 orig9ally mu* prejudic$ aga9/ ! new sy/em4 ,john ,m>t9 ,cripps1 ,esquire1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y are a magi/rate ( ! c\nty ( ,surrey1 & commission] ( ! roads ^u ! ,epsom tru/8--,i am4 ,c y in=m ! ,committee :at 0 ! /ate ( ! roads )9 y\r tru/1 previ\s to ! ye> #ahah8--,!y 7 v bad1 hav+ no att5tion paid to ! =mation ( ! road2 hav+ ! wat]1 9 _m places1 go+ ov] ! road2 & great inatt5tion paid to ! break+ ( ! mat]ials1 & to ! exp5se att5d+ ! c>t+ ( !m4 ,at :at "t did y comm5ce ! alt]ation 9 ! sy/em ( managem5t8--,at ! latt] end ( ,decemb] #ahag1 :5 ! roads 7 put "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 s5ior1 & :5 8 son comm5c$ ! managem5t4 ,:at alt]ations h s9ce tak5 place 9 ! /ate ( ! roads8--,by a new] =mation ( ! road2 ! mat]ials be+ prop]ly brok52 & ! wat] c>ri$ "u ! road by trunks1 or dra9s1 ) prop] grat+s4 ,ref]r+ to ! p>ticul>s ( ! exp5diture giv5 by ,mr4 ,m,adam1 jun4 9 8 evid5ce ?is day1 c y confirm ! accuracy ( ^? acc\nts8--,yes2 & ,i c expla9 t ! items = tradesm5's bills include ! :>f+ & repairs ( ,bridges 9 ea* ye>2 ,i c add1 t ! /atute lab\r = #ahae1 #ahaf1 & #ahag1 am\nt+ to "o hundr$ p\nds ea* ye>1 :i* ,mr4 ,m,adam has n avail$ himself ( 9 _! improvem5ts4 ,_h ! sy/em ( managem5t pursu$ by ,mr4 ,m,adam prov$ ! means ( giv+ employm5t to lab\r]s 9 ! di/rict1 & !reby less5+ ! poor's rates8--,v mu* s2 & !y h occasionally employ$ f tw5ty to ?irty p]sons1 /\t able-bodi$ m51 :o o!rwise w\ld h be5 oblig$ to h be5 support$ out ( ! p>i% rates4 ,h y 9 consequ5ce _h any p]sons :o 7 able to "w :o h be5 out ( employ8--,betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty p]sons h be5 employ$ = ! la/ ?ree mon?s 9 break+ fl9ts1 & 9 repair+ & improv+ ! roads1 :o o!rwise mu/ h come ^u ! poor's rates2 & all ! p]sons :o h be5 enabl$ to "w h f\nd employm5t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is improvem5t2 t has be5 ! means ( greatly reliev+ our poor's rates4 ,has ! same sy/em be5 ext5d$ to ! private roads 9 t di/rict8--,x has be5 adopt$ 9 "s ( ! private roads ( t di/rict1 & ) ! same b5eficial effects4 ,c y /ate any p>ticul>s ) reg>d to ! necessity !re has be5 = c>t+ additional mat]ials = ^! roads8--,at pres5t ,mr4 ,m,adam hav+ lift$ ! roads1 has f\nd m ?an suffici5t mat]ial = ! support ( ^? roads4 ,:at h be5 ! mat]ials t h be5 us$8--,! mat]ials t h be5 us$ are fl9ts *iefly4 ,dur+ ! /ate ( improvem5t ( ^! roads1 h ! tolls be5 increas$ or r$uc$ )9 y\r tru/8--,at our la/ meet+1 we agre$1 t at ! next lett+1 ! tolls %\ld be r$uc$ f ,may next1 = ! b5efit ( agriculture 9 g5]al2 & t :]e two %ill+s & eight-p5ce is n[ paid1 !y w h n[ to pay "o %ill+2 t ) relation to ! agricultural int]e/1 w be a r$uction ( tw5ty five p\nds p] mile4 ,)9 y\r own p]sonal obs]vation1 h y kn[n any o!r in/ance 9 :i* a road has be5 =m$ ^u ! same pr9ciples z ^? adopt$ by ,mr4 ,m,adam8--,i _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ 9 ,sw$5 t ! roads 7 m beautiful ?an any ,i ev] beheld2 !y are =m$ 9 ! same mann] z by ,mr4 ,m,adam1 ! mat]ials brok5 extremely small4 ,! mat]ial is ! be/ 9 ! _w1 z x is rocks ( ,granite2 & s well d !y und]/& ! necessity ( break+ !m small1 t y nev] behold ?r\gh\t ,sw$51 a fragm5t ( granite l>g] ?an ! size ( a walnut1 = ! purposes ( ! roads4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ^! roads8--,to ! eye !y appe> p]fectly flat2 b ^u trial by ! _s level1 !re is a slight degree ( convexity4 ,william ,d[deswell1 ,esquire1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y are a commission] ^u ! ,epsom tru/8--,i am4 ,h[ long h y be5 a commission]8--,ab\t f\r or five ye>s4 ,h y _h any opportunity ( obs]v+ ! comp>ative /ate ( ! roads s9ce !y 7 put "u ! c>e ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 comp>$ ) t 9 :i* !y 7 be=e8--,!y 7 v bad :5 fir/ put "u ,mr4 ,m,adam's c>e2 !y are n[1 ,i ?9k1 v good4 ,d y attribute ?is to ! improv$ sy/em ( managem5t8--,totally4 ,c y confirm ! evid5ce t has be5 already giv5 relative to ! exp5ses ( repair+ ! roads previ\sly to t "t & s9ce8--,f ! /atem5t made to me by ! =m] surveyor1 & f ,mr4 ,m,adam's /atem5t1 ,i believe ! /atem5ts deliv]$ 9 to y are p]fectly correct4 ,consid]+ ! advantage :i* ! public has d]iv$ f ,mr4 ,m,adam's sy/em1 ,i h adopt$ ! same ^u ! p>i% roads4 ,i (f]$ myself to ! p>i% z _! surveyor1 = ! purpose ( c>ry+ t sy/em into execution4 ,i h f\nd employm5t = all p]sons :o want$ employm5t ^u ! p>i% roads1 assi/$ occasionally by p]sons go+ to ! public roads "u ,mr4 ,m,adam4 ,h[ long h y adopt$ ?is sy/em ^u ! private roads8--,ev] s9ce ,octob] la/4 ,f t p]iod ! :ole ( ! poor h be5 employ$ ^u ! p>i% roads8--,f t p]iod ! :ole ( ! poor t want$ employm5t1 h be5 employ$ ^u ! p>i% roads1 or ^u ! public roads "u ,mr4 ,m,adam4 ,h ^? p]sons be5 employ$ by y1 by piece-"w or by day-"w8--,! roads 7 9 su* a /ate1 & z ,i want$ k to employ by piece-"w1 ,i h be5 compell$ to employ !m by day-"w4 ,f y\r exp]i5ce are y ( op9ion t ^! private roads1 made ^u ! new sy/em :i* has be5 adopt$1 c be kept 9 good repair at a less exp5se ?an !y =m]ly co/ 9 _! bad /ate8--,at a v consid]able less exp5se ?an =m]ly4 ,m>tis1 #bc die ,m>tii1 #ahai4 ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,f>ey1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y are1 ,i believe1 ! surveyor ( ! ,:ite*apel road8--,i am4 ,h[ long h y be5 9 t (fice8--,n9e ye>s4 ,9 :at situation did y f9d ! road1 at ! "t ( y\r und]tak+ ! managem5t8--,i f\nd ! ,:ite*apel road 9 a dreadful /ate1 p>tly f ! neglect ( ! surveyor1 9 lay+ on f\l & improp] mat]ials4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahji1 x 0 almo/ impassable4 ,gravel is ! only mat]ial y h 9 t neighb\rhood8--,gravel is ! only mat]ial we f9d1 on or ne> ! spot4 ,is ! traffic ^u ! ,:ite*apel road s great z to r5d] x impossible to pres]ve x 9 good ord] ) ! pres5t mat]ials8--,x is impossible to pres]ve x 9 good ord] at all times1 ) ! pres5t mat]ials2 x is pa/ ! art ( man4 ,d y consid] ! traffic ^u t road1 z great] ?an ^u any o!r road out ( ,london8--,i believe x is a heavi] traffic2 !re are n s _m light c>riages1 z on "s o!r roads4 ,:at species ( c>riages d y consid] d ! mo/ injury to y\r road8--,! c>riages t d ! mo/ injury1 are ^? ) ! wide/ :eels4 ,9 :at way d y consid] t !y injure ! road8--,by _! great weights de/roy+ ! mat]ials4 ,are ! c>riages y allude to1 exempt f ! paym5t ( tolls8--,!y pay mu* less tolls4 ,! pressure1 or cru%+ ( mat]ials by ! wide :eels1 is ow+ to ! :eels n runn+ flat4 ,be+ ( a conical %ape8--,be+ ( a b>rell$ & conical %ape1 & ! middle tire project+ above ! o!rs1 ) r\gh nails4 ,d y consid]1 t if ^? :eels 7 made ( a cyl9drical or flat %ape1 x w\ld be good policy to grant !m any exemption f tolls8--,!y w\ld be less injuri\s = be+ cyl9drical2 b :5ev] ! road 0 at all out ( ! level1 & ! weight came on "o edge ( ! :eel1 ! road w\ld be de/roy$ !re4 ,^u ! :ole1 is x y\r op9ion t !re are any circum/ances :i* ju/ify an exemption f toll1 on acc\nt ( ! bread? ( ! :eels8--,i d n see any at all1 = ,i ?9k !y are injuri\s 9 e s5se1 on acc\nt ( ! great weights !y c>ry4 ,d y consid] t injury is done to ! roads1 9 consequ5ce ( ! use ( s+le %afts 9 waggons8--,v great4 ,9 :at way8--,9 consequ5ce ( s+le %afts1 ! horses foll[ 9 "o track1 9 ! c5tre ( ! c>riage2 & ! :eels also foll[ ea* o!r 9 o!r tracks1 & cut ruts3 if !re 7 d\ble %afts1 !y w\ld naturally avoid =m] :eel-tracks1 :i* w\ld be less injuri\s to ! road4 ,d y consid] x !re=e desirable to give enc\ragem5t to d\ble %afts8--,i d4 ,d y consid] ! wat]+ ( t road 9 any way injuri\s8--,i consid] t wat]+ t road 9 summ]1 is v injuri\s4 ,9 :at respect8--,! wat] sep>ates ! /ones1 ow+ to ! s(t5+ ( ! loam1 & makes ! road spongy & loose4 ,at :at p]iods d y consid] x injuri\s to wat] ! road = lay+ ! du/8--,be=e ,may & aft] ,augu/4 ,h y n a practice ( sometimes wat]+ 9 w9t]1 :5 !re is no du/8--,aft] ! mo/ c>eful sift+ ( ! gravel1 a small quantity ( loamy dirt w unavoidably /ill adh]e to ! /ones1 & ?is loam1 toge!r ) a glut9\s matt] :i* accumulates 9 ! summ] f ! dung & ur9e ( ! cattle 7:i* accumulation ! summ] wat]+ has a t5d5cy to increase7 occasions ! :eels to /ick to ! mat]ials1 9 c]ta9 /ates ( ! road1 9 spr+ & autumn1 :5 x is betwe5 wet & dry1 p>ticul>ly 9 heavy foggy wea!r1 & aft] a fro/2 by :i* /ick+ ( ! :eels1 ! ,:ite*apel road is (t51 9 a %ort "t1 dreadfully torn & loos5$ up2 & x is = rem$y+ ?is evil1 t ,i h1 = m ?an eight ye>s pa/1 occasionally wat]$ ! road 9 w9t]4 ,z soon z ! /ick+ & te>+ up ( ! mat]ials is obs]v$ to h comm5c$1 sev]al wat]-c>ts are employ$ ^u ^! p>ts ( ! road1 to wet ! loamy & glut9\s matt]s s mu*1 t !y w no long] adh]e to ! tire ( ! :eels1 & to all[ ! :eels & feet ( ! horses to =ce d[n & aga9 fa/5 ! gravel /ones2 ! traffic1 9 ! c\rse ( f\r to tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] wat]+1 =ms su* a sludge on ! surface1 z c be easily rak$ (f by wood5 scrap]s1 :i* is p]=m$ z quickly z possible2 aft] :i* ! road is h>d & smoo?1 ! advantages ( ?is practice ( occasional w9t] wat]+ h be5 great2 & x might1 ,i am ( op9ion1 be adopt$ ) l advantages on ! o!r entrances into ,london1 or :]ev] else ! traffic is great1 & ! gravel /ones are at times obs]v$ to be torn up by ! /ick+ ( ! :eels4 ,9 :at /ate ( ! road are y 9 ! habit ( lay+ on fre% mat]ials8--,i pref] lay+ on mat]ials imm$iately aft] ! road has _h a scrap+1 9 consequ5ce ( !re be+ ^u ! surface ( ! road a small quantity ( dirty matt] & brok5 gravel1 :i* !n =m a sort ( cem5t = ! gravel to fix 94 ,y consid] x advantage\s to lay on ! mat]ials :5 ! road is wet8--,i d1 because ! gravel adh]es clos]4 ,consid]+ ! v great traffic ^u ! ,:ite*apel road1 is x y\r op9ion t x w\ld be advantage\s to pave any "p ( t road8--,i ?9k x w\ld be desirable to pave x1 )9 "s feet ( ! footpa? m p>ticul>ly4 ,:at bread? f ! sides ( t road w\ld y consid] x desirable to h pav$8--,ab\t elev5 or twelve feet f ! footpa?4 ,y w\ld consid] x a desirable plan to pave ! sides ( t road 9 pref]5ce to ! c5tre8--,c]ta9ly4 ,= :at reasons8--,if ! c5tre 0 pav$1 ! light c>riages w\ld be v mu* annoy$2 :5 ! gravel road 0 good on ! sides1 ! heavy c>riages w\ld g !re1 & ! light c>riages w\ld be driv5 on ! /ones f ! sides aga92 if ! c5tre 0 pav$ ! c>t]s w\ld be oblig$ to walk on t road to manage _! horses1 & w\ld be consid]ably annoy$ by c>riages1 horsem51 c4 pass+3 b if ! sides ( t road 7 pav$1 ! c>t]s w\ld be enabl$ to walk on ! footpa? & to manage _! horses )\t annoyance4 ,:at is ! %ape ( road :i*1 f y\r exp]i5ce1 y w\ld give ! pref]5ce to8--,i w\ld h ! road b>rell$1 & made s z t x w\ld convey (f ! wat] 9 ! sev]e wea!r 9 w9t]1 :5 ! roads are g5]ally bad4 ,:i* d y give ! pref]5ce to1 a road ) a flat surface1 or "o t gradually decl9es f ! c5tre8--,i ?9k a road :i* gradually decl9es f ! c5tre is by f> ! mo/ pref]able1 decid$ly s4 ,:at is ! degree ( ! declivity or fall :i* y w\ld recomm5d z ! mo/ desirable8--,i h paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! ,:ite*apel road1 :]e x is ( ! wid? ( #ee feet1 & ! fall f ! c5tre to ! sides is #ab in*es2 b to atta9 ?is %ape1 :5 ! road is worn d[n1 :5 fir/ cov]$ ) gravel1 !re %\ld be a fall n exce$+ f #af to #ah in*es f ! c5tre to ! sides4 ,! witness deliv]$ 9 a cross section ( ! road4 ,is x y\r op9ion t any p>liam5t>y regulation ) reg>d to /age coa*es is necess>y = prev5t+ injury to ! road8--,none4 ,y ?9k x desirable t !y %\ld rema9 z at pres5t8--,yes4 ,:at is ! /ate ( ! ,:ite*apel road n[1 z comp>$ ) :at x 0 "s ye>s ago8--,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 x is n[ "o ( ! mo/ pleasant roads out ( ,london to travel ^u2 b f ! gravel be+ small & brittle1 x is soon worn d[n1 by ! great numb] ( heavy weights pass+ on x4 ,) ! small gravel we h 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,:ite*apel1 ! road at times breaks up1 & becomes 9 a bad /ate2 b by ! application ( wat]1 to /op ! /ick+ ( ! :eels1 & sep>ate ! sludge1 9 two days !y are f\nd 9 a good /ate aga94 ,h y any o!r sugge/ion to make to ! ,committee = ! improvem5t ( t road1 or ( roads 9 g5]al8--,on t road1 v great improvem5t might be made1 9 n all[+ ! wide :eels to pass by pay+ s little toll1 or to c>ry s great weights z at pres5t2 if ! n>r[-:eel$ waggons 7 to use d\ble %afts1 !y w\ld be less injuri\s to ! roads3 ev5 ) n>r[-:eel$ c>ts1 if ! two =e-horses 7 d\ble1 ! %afts n be+ 9 _! track1 x w\ld be less injuri\s to ! roads4 ,john ,f>ey1 ,esquire1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,:at is y\r pr(ession8--,i am a m9]al surveyor & eng9e]4 ,h y turn$ y\r att5tion to ! /ate ( ! roads 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts ( ! k+dom8--,i h1 v p>ticul>ly4 ,c y furni% ! ,committee ) any in=mation ) reg>d to ! /ate ( ^? roads1 z comp>$ ) =m] ye>s8--,i c2 ,i h p>ticul>ly att5d$ to t subject2 m especially 9 ! "t ( ! late duke ( ,b$=d1 = :om ,i 0 an ag5t4 ,i h s9ce be5 employ$ 9 ne>ly e "p ( ,engl& & ,wales1 & also 9 ,scotl&3 & ,i h /atem5ts by me ( ! v>i\s obs]vations ,i h made4 ,y h be5 employ$ "u ! late duke ( ,b$=d1 9 ! improvem5t ( ! roads 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,woburn8--,9 ! managem5t ( 8 roads 9 ,b$=d%ire1 & ( all 8 rural works4 ,describe :at improvem5t ( ! ma9 road has tak5 place "u y\r direction1 9 ,woburn8--,! :ole ( ! l9e ( ! road ?r\gh ,woburn1 except ab\t ?ree hundr$ y>ds 9 diff]5t places1 is on a v /rong alluvial clay3 ! road passes ov] nak$ s&1 only = ?ree hundr$ y>ds2 ?is road _h be5 r5d]$ s s&y & s bad1 entirely by br++ s(t s&-/one out ( ,buck+ham%ire1 at ?ree miles c>riage1 ^u ! av]age1 9 ,woburn1 & "s ( t /one 0 br\ght almo/ to ! end ( ,hockliff ,t[n1 :]e ! be/ gravel ab\nds4 ,x appe>$1 f ! rema9s ( a numb] ( gravel pits1 t !re _h be5 =m]ly a great deal ( gravel dug 9 ,woburn2 ?is circum/ance ,i m5tion$ to ! duke ( ,b$=d1 & he desir$ se>* to be made2 & x 0 asc]ta9$ t ,woburn might furni% gravel en\gh1 adequate to any purpose4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 8 ,grace direct$1 :5 ! lab\r]s 7 mu* 9 want ( employm5t1 t ! poor p]sons %\ld be employ$ 9 prep>+ a great quantity ( gravel = ! purposes ( ?is turnpike road4 ,i und]took to direct ! tak+ ( ?is gravel out1 & to level ! sift+s & dirt 9 a uni=m mann]1 & lay all ! soil aga9 ^u ! top2 by :i* means ! l& 0 9 no degree injur$1 b1 9 fact1 consid]ably b5efit$1 by be+ loos5$ to t dep?4 ,a great _m hundr$s ( cubic y>ds ( clean-sift$ & pick$ gravel 7 prep>$ 9 num]\s squ>e /acks1 & ! tru/ees at a meet+1 or else _! cl]k1 7 in=m$1 t ?is gravel 8 ,grace (f]$ to ! road at ! m]e co/ ( lab\r1 )\t any ?+ = ! gravel1 or ! tempor>y damage to ! occupi]s ( ! l&4 ,aft] a long "t ( hesitation1 ! tru/ees or _! cl]k return$ an answ]1 t !y did n l t mode1 alleg+ t _! surveyor ought to be all[$ to dig mat]ials :]e & h[ he lik$1 & !y w\ld n h ?is gravel3 x lay !re1 "s ( x = two or ?ree ye>s1 ^u ! l&4 ,9 t "t a numb] ( private roads 7 mak+ ( 8 ,grace's1 & a good deal ( x 0 us$ on ^!4 ,! ma9 road became progressively worse & worse1 & ! po/-(fice caus$ ! p>i% to be indict$4 ,i 0 !n surveyor1 & made an application to ! tru/ees1 /at+ ! circum/ances ! road 0 "u3 t road-tru/ is ?irte5 miles 9 l5g?1 two ( :i*1 or r m1 are 9 ! p>i% ( ,woburn2 !re is a toll-gate 9 ! p>i% :i* ! inhabitants are liable to all ! toll (2 "s ( !m1 ev5 9 go+ & return+ to & f _! fields3 ! tru/ees _h exact$ v /rictly ! half ( ! /atute duty1 al?\gh ! p>i% _h1 ,i ?9k1 elev5 miles ( private roads to ma9ta94 ,i m5tion ?is circum/ance to %[ !re 0 no default on ! "p ( ! p>i%2 & x 0 aft]w>ds prov$1 t !y _h done _! duty2 ! tru/ees m]ely laugh$ at ! application1 & said1 t !y _h no?+ to d ) x3 we mu/ repair ! road1 & till we did s1 !y w\ld n lay out a f>?+ ^u our road4 ,x happ5$1 v =tunately = ! p>i% ( ,woburn1 t _! act 0 v ne>ly out1 & !y appli$ = a new "o2 ! p>i% oppos$ x1 /at+1 t ! tru/ees _h misappli$ ! tolls1 & pray+1 t ! "p ( ! road1 ?r\gh ,woburn1 %\ld be tak5 out ( _! managem5t2 ! act accord+ly direct$1 t two-?irte5?s ( ! tolls %\ld be paid ov] to ! p>i% surveyors ( ,woburn1 & ! tru/ees 7 n to call = any /atute duty1 or int]f]e 9 ! managem5t ( ?is "p ( ! road2 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! gravel m5tion$1 :i* rema9$1 & great quantities dug on purpose1 0 us$ ^u ! road1 9 a suffici5t quantity at once1 s z to admit ( its settl+ d[n toge!r2 = x want$ l9+ n9e in*es ?ick1 or m1 & ! road has s9ce be5 p]fectly good4 ,jovis1 #be die ,m>tii1 #ahai4 ,john ,f>ey1 ,esquire1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$1 ,9 effect+ ! improvem5t ( ! ,woburn road1 did y make use ( any p>ticul> mode ( apply+ ! gravel8--,! gravel1 be=e ! "t ( us+ x1 _h be5 v clean-sift$1 & sep>at$ f ! dirt & s&2 ! great /ones _h be5 pick$ out1 & su* ( ! fl9ts :i* 7 ( a long & irregul> %ape1 9 ord] t !y might be brok54 ,aft] lay+ ! gravel ^u ! road m5 7 daily employ$ to rake ! gravel into ! ruts1 &1 at ! same "t1 to c>efully pick (f ! surface any /ones t 7 ei!r s(t or improp]ly %ap$1 l long fl9ts1 or too l>ge4 ,:at is y\r op9ion1 9 reg>d to ! =m ! mo/ pref]able = turnpike roads8--,a small convexity 9 ! middle4 ,w y /ate ! fall1 9 any giv5 wid? ( road1 t y w\ld pref]8--,ref]r+ to my bro!r1 ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,f>ey's evid5ce1 ,i agree ) him 9 wi%+ t ! section :i* he produc$1 might be receiv$ by ! ,committee1 z an answ] to ?is "q4 ,is !re any p>ticul> circum/ance1 9 ! =mation ( roads1 m p>ticul>ly applicable to ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,london8--,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 & ( sev]al o!r l>ge t[ns1 ! mat]ials t are to be readily procur$1 are ( too t5d] & brittle a nature to endure ! we> ( ! heavy c>riages2 ,i !re=e am ( op9ion1 t x w\ld be prop] to pave ! sides ( all ! pr9cipal entrances into ,london2 b n ! middle1 z has be5 done on ! ,comm]cial road & ,bor\gh ,/ones'-end road4 ,my reasons = pref]r+ ! sides be+ pav$ are1 t x is next to impossible to compel ! c>t]s to keep ^u ! pavem5t 9 ! middle ( ! road1 9 too _m in/ances2 ! fe> ( damage1 f ! swift go+ c>riages1 occasions !m1 ei!r to draw _! c>ts close to ! sides1 & walk ^u ! footpa?s1 or :at is worse to leave _! horses 9 ! middle1 beyond a tra9 ( c>riages4 ,! sides be+ pav$1 w\ld enable "o ( ^? tra9s ( c>riages to ent] ,london on "o side ( ! road1 & g out ( x on ! o!r1 )\t _m occasions to turn out ( _! tracks3 :i* keep+ ne>ly to ! same tracks1 ^u a well-pav$ road1 w\ld n be prejudicial2 b on a road =m$ ( gravel is entirely ru9\s4 ,d y consid] t ! plan ( roll+ ! roads 9 ! neighb\rhood1 ( ,london1 might be advantage\sly introduc$8--,! c5tre ( ! roads ,i %\ld recomm5d to rema9 cov]$ ) clean-sift$ & pick$ gravel1 hav+ z _m z possible ( its l>ge1 r\ndi% & smoo? /ones brok5 by means ( a hamm] be=e ! "t ( lay+ x on ! road1 & t an heavy iron roll]1 ( f f\r to five feet diamet]1 & n less1 might be advantage\sly us$ 9 ! fir/ settl+ d[n ( ?is gravel2 a small roll]1 su* z ,i believe to h be5 tri$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 v heavily load$ on its top1 might h a t5d5cy to =ce ! loose gravel be=e x s z n easily to be drawn or to m\nt on to ! gravel driv5 be=e x )\t cru%+ ! fl9ts4 ,i w add1 ,i am ( op9ion1 t a roll] c\ld n be b5eficially us$ ^u a road at any o!r times b aft] new coat+ x ) gravel1 or aft] a fro/ or ! /ick+ ( mat]ials to ! :eels may h loos5$ up ! mat]ials4 ,d y consid] t ! pres5t regulations 9 reg>d to exemptions ( tolls to waggons ) broad :eels1 are ju/ifi$ by s\nd policy8--,9 my op9ion1 ^? exemptions h :olly orig9at$ 9 mi/ak5 pr9ciples1 & t no :eels wid] ?an ab\t six in*es are n[1 9 fact1 us$ ^u ! roads1 ow+ to ! g5]al & gross deceptions :i* ! waggon]s practise z to ! bread? ( surface t _! :eels roll on2 & t if by any m effici5t regulations1 ! us]s ( broad :eels 7 compell$ to roll ! bread?s ( surface1 :i* ! laws contemplate1 all su* :eels w\ld be imm$iately disus$1 f ! great additional =ce ( draught :i* broad :eels occasion dur+ ! av]age /ate ( all ! roads4 ,are y ( op9ion t any regulation by /atute1 = sub/itut+ cyl9drical = conical :eels1 w\ld rem$y t evil1 or ju/ify an exemption f toll8--,z f> z ,i h obs]v$1 !re are no conical :eels 9 use3 all ! :eels are r\nd+ or b>rell$1 & x is comp>atively an immat]ial circum/ance :e!r !y approa* ! =m ( a cone or a cyl9d]1 :ile !y rema9 s r\nd+ or b>rell$1 because _! enorm\s loads roll on a v small portion ( ! surface ( all ^? broad :eels4 ,i ?9k t six-in* cyl9drical :eels1 or "u1 are ! mo/ practicable & useful1 provid$ ! project+ nails are mo/ rigidly prohibit$1 :i* ,i believe c nev] be done b by a p5alty p] nail ^u ! :eel]s :o put 9 ^? nails1 & ^u ! driv]s ( ! c>riages :o us$ su* r\ghly-nail$ :eels4 ,are y ( op9ion t ! p5alties n[ fix$ by law ^u ov]-weights are regulat$ ^u good pr9ciples8--,i consid] ! :ole sy/em z to p5alties ^u ov]-weights g5]ally bad2 ! pres5t regulations seem to me fram$ ^u mi/ak5 pr9ciples1 & are ! s\rce ( v great impositions4 ,9 :at mann] might ! p5alties & tolls ^u c>ts & waggons be be/ fix$8--,x is n practicable v simply or 9 ?is way to /ate any "o scale t w\ld be g5]ally applicable = ea* bread? ( :eels3 bel[ six in*es1 !re %\ld be a rate fix$1 :i* w\ld apply to ord9>y or gate-tolls1 & at ! weigh+ ma*9es additional tolls1 :i* ,i w call ma*9e-tolls1 %\ld be levi$ ^u all c>riages :i* exce$$ ! weight1 to be regulat$ 9 an increas+ scale = ea* bread? ( :eel1 s z v greatly to disc\rage1 b n ru9\sly to prohibit ! occasional c>ry+ ( l>ge weights ^u any :eels4 ,y are n1 !n1 ( op9ion t x w\ld be "r to d away ! regulations altoge!r 9 respect to ! weights1 & apportion ! tolls only to ! numb] ( horses8--,by no means4 ,are y acqua9t$ ) any p>ticul> weigh+ ma*9e1 :i* obviates ! common objection 9 reg>d to impositions by ! ma*9e-keep]s8--,i am2 ,mr4 ,salmon1 ( ,woburn1 _m ye>s ago1 contriv$1 & _h a pat5t 7:i* has expir$7 = a weigh+ ma*9e1 int5d$ to prev5t impositions on ! c>t]s3 ! ma*9e be+ s contriv$ z to be lock$ up f ! ma*9e-keep]1 & accessible only to ! surveyor1 & s z to exhibit ! exact weight by a revolv+ index1 l ! h&s ( a clock1 :i* are call$ clock-face indexes2 a great numb] ( ^! weigh+ ma*9es h long be5 9 use 9 ! k+dom1 "s 9 ! imm$iate environs ( ,london3 by look+ at ! index ( :i* ma*9e1 ! c>t]1 or any pass] by1 may see t ! ma*9e1 be=e ! c>riage is drawn ^u its weigh-bridge1 is 9 j balance2 & all ! "t ! c>riage rema9s ^u ! weigh-bridge1 ! index exhibits ! weight1 s t ! c>t] c take x d[n2 & at ! same "t ! dial-plate is made an ab/ract ( ! law1 by !re be+ writt5 aga9/ ea* ( ! weights fix$1 ! bread? ( ! c>riage :eel1 & ! season to :i* t weight is applicable at ! comm5cem5t ( p5alties = ov]-weights4 ,c y in=m ! ,committee ( ! exp5se ( a ma*9e ( ?is description8--,i _c2 b x is trifl+1 comp>$ ) its advantages1 & an index may be add$ to a ma*9e ^u ! common pr9ciple1 us+ weights1 plac$ 9 a scale2 !y may be appli$ to any good ma*9e already 9 use4 ,are y ( op9ion !re exi/s any necessity = limit+ ! numb] ( horses 9 c>ts & wagons1 ^u roads :]e !re are weigh+-ma*9es8--,i am ( op9ion n2 & ev5 d\bt ! propriety ( calculat+ ! gate-toll by ! numb] ( horses :i* draw ! c>riage4 ,^u private or p>i% roads1 :]e no ma*9es are erect$1 !re seems1 h[ev]1 no o!r mode ( regulat+ or prev5t+ excessive loads be+ c>ri$1 to ! ru9 ( ! roads1 ?an limit+ ! numb] ( horses2 b 9 case ( ! practice becom+ g5]al1 :i* already prevails 9 _m ( ! t[ns 9 ! middle ( ,engl&1 ( !re be+ a weigh+-ma*9e1 kept by a cottag]1 at all ! pr9cipal entrances at ! t[n1 at :i* he is au?oriz$ 7by ! local magi/rates1 ,i believe17 to collect a small toll = ea* weigh+1 = ^? :o volunt>ily apply to him1 by :i* means all loads pass+ into & out ( su* t[ns1 may be1 & ! great] "p ( !m are n[1 weigh$2 & if ?is 7 adopt$ 9 ! environs ( ,london1 7) ! addition ( a y>d & a w>eh\se1 :]e a c>t] :o has inadv]t5tly tak5 up too l>ge a load1 ei!r ( dung1 furniture1 or o!r articles1 ( ! weights ( :i* he c\ld n be accurately in=m$1 may le>n ! same2 & :]e1 ^u ! result ( ?is weigh+1 if x %\ld be discov]$ t he _h mu* too l>ge a load1 he c\ld !re ?r[ (f & deposit a "p ( x1 ei!r to ab&on x if ( small value l dung1 or to take x up f ! w>eh\se1 at a future "t17 ^! entrance weigh+-ma*9es w\ld remove ! only valid objection to weigh+ ! loads ( manure go+ out ( ,london1 by :i* ! roads are at pres5t m cut up & de/roy$1 ?an by any o!r description ( c>riages4 ,w y h ! goodness to /ate ! pr9ciple ^u :i* y pref] t ! tolls %\ld be regulat$ entirely by weights & bread? ( :eels1 )\t reg>d to ! numb] ( horses draw+8--,because no?+ c be m vague or unsatisfactory1 ?an ! latt] mode ( def9+ weights1 or prev5t+ ! c>ry+ ( excessive loads1 because horses are ( su* v diff]5t degrees ( size1 condition & /r5g?1 & ! humanity or o!rwise ( _! driv]s are s v diff]5t2 b m on acc\nt ( ! v great inequality ( ! diff]5t roads ( ! k+dom1 :i* ?is g5]al regulation is n[ made to apply to1 z to ! numb] & /eepness ( ! hills3 ! precautions t h be5 us$1 ( sett+ up po/s ^u ! tops & bottoms ( ^? /eeps1 to def9e :]e extra horses may be us$1 are entirely become useless1 comp>atively1 none ( ! hills n[ rema91 to any l5g?1 ) s great a degree ( /eepness1 z to cause x to be wor? any "o's :ile to keep horses /ation$ !re1 = ! purpose ( assi/+ heavy c>riages up ^? hills = hire2 /ill less has x occurr$ t any waggon] has sp>e horses foll[+ 8 waggon1 = :i* he mu/ pay tolls1 9 ord] to avail himself ( ?is useless p]mission1 to use any numb] ( horses up ! /eep hills4 ,are y ( op9ion t /age-coa*es require1 or w\ld admit ( any regulation ) respect to _! :eels or weights8--,i am cle>ly ( op9ion1 t !y w\ld n2 = 9 travell+1 :5 x has happ5$ t ,i c\ld n get a seat on ! front ( ! coa*1 ,i h1 ?r\gh _m long days1 c>efully att5d$ to ! impression made by ! :eels ( ! c>riages ^u :i* ,i h be5 travell+ 7:5 !y h be5 among ! heavie/ load$ coa*es7 & h comp>$ ^! impressions ) ^? ( ! c>ts & waggons1 p>ticul>ly broad-:eel$ ones1 :i* we met2 f :i* obs]vations1 & o!r m p>ticul> ones1 ,i am ( op9ion1 t ! injury done to ! roads by ! coa*es1 comp>$ ) _! utility & ! tolls !y pay1 is n su* z to ju/ify any legal re/ra9t on _! :eels or weights4 ,are y ( op9ion1 t x w\ld be att5d$ ) any advantage to ! roads1 to enc\rage1 by any regulation or exemption f tolls1 ! use ( c>riages1 v>y+ ! l5g? ( _! axles1 s z to prev5t _! runn+ 9 ! same tracks8--,i am ( op9ion x w\ld be v b5eficial1 & h p>ticul>ly s /at$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 ) an example ( ! tolls ov] a new road1 :i* are s regulat$ 9 ,d]by%ire3 9 addition to :i*1 "s inducem5t 9 ! abatem5t ( tolls1 might be made to ^? c>riages1 :i* n[ g5]ally use s+le %afts l ! f>m]s' c>ts & waggons1 on _! adopt+ d\ble %afts1 s t all _! horses may draw 9 pairs2 ?is be+ applicable ev5 to ?ree-horse c>ts1 z f> z conc]ns ! two =emo/4 ,/age-coa*es1 = ! reasons "h allud$ to1 z !y d all draw 9 pairs1 & v seldom foll[ 9 any previ\s & deep rut1 d f> less damage to ! roads ?an o!rwise w\ld happ52 _! spr+s also1 & swiftness ( motion1 contribut+1 v mat]ially1 to less5+ _! we> ( ! road4 ,are y ( op9ion t any advantage w\ld be d]iv$ f ! g5]al commutation ( /atute duty8--,i h long be5 ( op9ion t ! :ole pr9ciple ( /atute duty1 z n[ regulat$1 is errone\s2 lab\r 9 k9d %\ld entirely cease3 & ! surveyor collect a m equable rate on all prop]ty 9 8 t[n%ip2 ! pres5t regulations = call+ out ! teams & mak+ ( a road rate1 are s complicat$1 z to be above ! capacity ( ! majority ( p>i% surveyors1 :o 9 mo/ or all in/ances collect ! rates = ! turnpike roads z well z ! private roads4 ,w y /ate y\r op9ion ( ! /atute lab\r1 z x p>ticul>ly applies to turnpike roads8--,9 all ! local road acts :i* ,i h exam9$1 "o half ( ! /atute duty ( ea* t[n%ip is apportion$ to ea* toll road :i* passes ?r\gh any "p or corn] ( t t[n%ip1 :i* 9 innum]able in/ances1 is v highly prejudicial2 a due proportion ( ! fair road rate1 z already m5tion$1 %\ld be payable to ea* toll road1 :]e !re are m ?an "o 9 ! t[n%ip1 9 proportion 7or ne>ly s1 z ! qu>t] sessions might ord]7 to all ! l5g?s ( all ! roads )9 ! t[n%ip :i* x contributes to repair4 ,f y\r obs]vation ( ! diff]5t roads ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 d y ?9k t important advantages w\ld be d]iv$ f _! be+ plac$ "u skilful surveyors1 act+ = l>ge di/ricts8--,at pres5t1 ! sep>ate tru/s are s exce$+ly diff]5t 9 ext5t1 _m ( !m ext5d+ only ?ree1 f\r & five miles1 :ile o!rs h fifty or a hundr$ miles ( road "u _! tru/s1 t x seems impracticable1 9 _m tru/s1 to employ a v skilful & compet5t surveyor1 on acc\nt ( ! great & unnecess>y exp5se t w\ld be incurr$ on ! %ort l5g?s ( road2 b if ! legislature %\ld see x "r to enact ! appo9tm5t ( ?or\ghly compet5t di/rict surveyors1 :o might h ! sup]9t5d5ce & control1 to a def9$ ext5t1 ov] ! (fic]s ( ! local tru/ees ( turnpike roads1 z well z ov] ! surveyors ( ! p>i% roads )9 _! di/ricts1 ! mo/ important advantages w\ld result4 ,d y n ?9k great inconv5i5ce arises f ! great numb]s g5]ally f\nd =m+ commission]s ( turnpike tru/s8--,f my own exp]i5ce1 ,i _c say t ,i h se5 any evil f ! great numb] ( tru/ees1 on ! contr>y1 ! greate/ mismanagem5t t ,i h se5 9 any roads1 has aris5 f ! cl]gym5 ( ! di/ricts be+ almo/ ! only act+ tru/ees2 ! greate/ & mo/ active l& own]s frequ5tly hav+ no %>e 9 su* tru/s3 ! late duke ( ,b$=d1 = in/ance1 n be+ a tru/ee 9 ! vic9ity ( ,woburn = _m ye>s aft] he took an active "p 9 improv+ ! di/rict4 ,james ,walk]1 ,esq4 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y are a civil eng9e]8--,i am4 ,9 ! c\rse ( y\r exp]i5ce h y turn$ y\r att5tion to ! mak+ & repair+ ( roads8--,i h be5 employ$ 9 ! mak+ & repair+ ( sev]al roads1 & ! regulation ( o!rs4 ,9 :at "p ( ! k+dom h y be5 employ$1 & :at obs]vations h occurr$ to y ^u ?is subject8--,! :ole ( ! works execut$ "u ! ,comm]cial ,road1 ! ,ea/ ,india ,road1 ! ,b>k+ ,road1 & ! ,tilbury ,road ,acts1 h be5 "u my direction1 z well z ! roads made "u ! ,bridge & ,dock ,companies1 = :i* ,i h be5 eng9e]4 ,! ,comm]cial ,road1 :i* is betwe5 ! ,we/ ,india ,docks & ,london is ref]r$ to 9 ! report ( a =m] ,committee on highways1 z p>ticul>ly well fitt$ = heavy traffic2 t road is sev5ty feet wide1 & is divid$ into two footways1 ea* t5 feet1 & a c>riage road fifty feet wide1 ( :i* tw5ty feet 9 ! middle is pav$ ) granite4 ,i h a section ( ! =m ( ?is road 7,no4 #a1 9 ! annex$ plan47 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,dock bran* ( ! ,comm]cial ,road is also sev5ty feet wide1 t5 feet ( :i* is pav$ ) granite4 ,i h prep>$ also a section ( t road 7,no4 #b1 9 ! plan47 ,! traffic ^u ! ,comm]cial ,road1 bo? up & d[n1 is v great1 & necess>ily requir$ a wid? ( pav+ suffici5t = two c>riages to pass ^u x4 ,i am q sure t ! exp5se ( ?is road w\ld h be5 v mu* great]1 probably mu* m ?an d\bl$ if x _h n be5 pav$1 & t ! c>riage ( goods w\ld also "h be5 mu* m exp5sive2 inde$ x w\ld h be5 next to impossible to h c>ri$ ! pres5t loads ^u a gravell$ road4 ,! road has be5 pav$ = ab\t sixte5 ye>s1 & ! exp5se ( support+ x has be5 small1 al?\gh ! /age-coa*es g5]ally1 z well z almo/ all ! c>ts & waggons1 g ^u x2 :ile ! exp5se ( ! gravell$ "p has be5 comp>atively great4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5 ye>s t ! ,ea/ ,india ,dock bran* has be5 pav$1 ! pav+ has n co/ #bjl4 9 repairs1 al?\gh ! waggons1 ea* weigh+ ab\t five tons1 ) ! :ole ( ! ,ea/ ,india produce1 :i* is br\ght f ! docks by l&1 h pass$ all t "t 9 "o track ^u x1 & a great deal ( heavy c\ntry traffic = ! la/ eight ye>s1 :5 a communication 0 =m$ ) ! c\nty ( ,essex4 ,! advantage ( pav+ "p ( a road :]e ! traffic is great1 & ! mat]ials ( mak+ roads bad or exp5sive1 is n conf9$ to improv+ ! conveyance = heavy goods & r$uc+ ! horses' lab\r2 b z ! pav+ is always pref]r$ = heavy c>riages1 ! sides ( a road are left = light c>riages1 & are kept 9 mu* bett] repair ?an o!rwise !y c\ld possibly be4 ,x is n1 ,i am sure1 ov]/at+ ! advantage ( ! pav+1 b r o!rwise1 to say1 t tak+ ! ye> ?r\gh1 two horses w d m "w1 ) ! same lab\r to !mselves1 ^u a pav$ road ?an ?ree ^u a good gravell$ road1 if ! traffic ^u ! gravell$ road is at all consid]able1 & if ! effect ( ?is1 9 po9t ( exp5se1 is br\ght into figures1 ! sav+ ( ! exp5se ( c>riage w be f\nd to be v great :5 comp>$ ) ! co/ ( ! pav+4 ,if ! annual tonnage ^u ! ,comm]cial ,road is tak5 at #bej1jjj tons1 & at ! rate ( only #cs4 p] ton f ! ,docks1 x c\ld n ^u a gravell$ road be done "u #ds4 #f;d4 say h[ev] #ds4 or #as4 p] ton diff]5ce1 mak+ a sav+ ( #ab1ejjl41 or ne>ly ! :ole exp5se ( ! pav+ 9 "o ye>4 ,i ?9k ,i am "u ! m>k 9 all ^! figures1 & ,i am conv9c$ !re=e t ! introduction ( pav+ w\ld1 9 _m cases1 be productive ( great advantage1 by improv+ ! gravel road1 r$uc+ ! exp5se ( repairs1 & caus+ a sav+ ( horses' lab\r mu* beyond :at !re is1 ,i believe1 any idea (4 ,! exp5se ( a ton ( ,ab]de5 granite pav+-/ones laid 9 ,london1 or 9 any simil> situation1 includ+ lay+1 & e exp5se1 is ab\t #bes42 ! co/ ( ! same weight ( gravel is f #cs4 #f;d4 to #es4 ,! co/ ( granite pav+1 #i in*es deep1 is f #hs4 #f;d4 to #ajs4 #f;d4 p] sup]ficial y>d1 or f #gejl4 to #ibjl4 p] mile = e y>d 9 wid?4 ,gu]nsey granite is h>d] & m durable ?an ,ab]de5 granite1 b is m exp5sive by ab\t #aj p] c5t4 & ,i ?9k is ?is mu* bett]4 ,"s /one ( v good quality f ne> ,gre5ock1 has be5 us$ lately ^u ! ,comm]cial ,road1 x is *eap] ?an ,ab]de51 & appe>s to be v durable4 ,! requisites = =m+ a good pav+ are to h ! /ones prop]ly squ>$ & %ap$1 n z w$ges1 b ne>ly z rectangul> prisms2 to sort !m into classes accord+ to _! sizes1 s z to prev5t unequal s9k+1 :i* is always ! effect ( /ones1 or r[s ( /ones1 ( unequal sizes be+ mix$ toge!r2 to h a f\ndation prop]ly consolidat$ be=e ! road is begun to be pav$1 & to h ! /ones laid ) a close jo9t1 ! c\rses be+ kept at "r angles f ! direction ( ! sides1 & 9 p]fectly /raight l9es1 ! jo9ts c>efully brok51 t is1 s t ! jo9t betwe5 two /ones 9 any "o c\rse %all n be 9 a l9e )1 or opposite to a jo9t 9 any ( ! two c\rses adjo9+4 ,aft] ! /ones are laid !y are to be well ramm$1 & su* ( ! /ones z appe> to ram loose1 %\ld be tak5 out & replac$ by o!rs2 aft] ?is ! jo9ts are to be fill$ ) f9e gravel1 & if x c be done conv5i5tly1 ! /ability ( ! "w w be increas$ by well wat]+ at night ! "p t has be5 done dur+ ! day1 & ramm+ x ov] aga9 next morn+4 ,! surface ( ! pavem5t is !n to be cov]$ ) an in* or s ( f9e gravel1 t ! jo9ts may be always kept full1 & t ! :eels may n come 9 contact ) ! /ones :ile !y are at all loose 9 _! places4 ,att5tion to ^! po9ts w v mu* increase bo? ! smoo?ness & durability ( ! pav+4 ,i h f\nd great advantage f fill+ up1 or1 z x is call$1 gr\t+ ! jo9ts ) lime-wat]1 :i* f9ds its way into ! gravel betwe5 & "u ! /ones1 & =ms ! :ole into a solid concret$ mass4 ,! purpose s]v$ by ! lime might also be effectually answ]$ by mix+ a little ( ! bor+s or *ipp+s ( iron1 or small scraps ( iron hoop1 ) ! gravel us$ 9 fill+ up ! jo9ts ( ! pav+4 ,! wat] w\ld v soon create1 an oxide ( iron1 & =m ! gravel into a species ( rock4 ,i h se5 a piece ( ru/y hoop tak5 f "u wat]1 to :i* ! gravel _h s connect$ itself1 = f\r or five in*es r\nd ! hoop1 z n to be sep>at$ )\t a sm>t bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,& ! ca/-iron pipes :i* are laid 9 moi/ gravel soon exhibit ! same t5d5cy4 ,x has occurr$ to me1 z ,i /at$ to ! *airman ( ?is hon\rable ,committee "s weeks s9ce1 t consid]able improvem5t w\ld be f\nd f pav+ ! sides ( a road1 ^u :i* ! heavy traffic is great1 9 bo? directions1 & leav+ ! middle = light c>riages1 ! c>m5 walk+ ^u ! footpa?s or sides ( ! road1 w\ld !n be close to _! horses1 )\t int]rupt+1 or be+ 9 dang] ( accid5ts f light c>riages1 :i* is ! case :5 !y are driv+ ^u ! middle ( ! road2 & ! unpav$ "p be+ 9 ! middle or highe/ "p ( ! road1 w\ld be m easily kept 9 good repair4 ,i h prep>$ a section ( a road =m$ 9 ?is way 7,no4 #c 9 ! plan71 b unless ! heavy traffic 9 bo? directions is great1 "o wid? 7say t5 or twelve feet1 if v well pav$17 w be f\nd suffici5t2 & 9 ?is case1 ,i ?9k ! pav+ ought to be 9 ! middle ( ! road4 ,! wid? ( _m ( ! pres5t roads is1 besides1 su*1 t t5 or twelve feet c be sp>$ = pav+1 :ile twice t wid? w\ld leave too little = ! gravell$ "p4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ co/ ( pav+ is s great1 ,i d n ?9k t any o!r plan c be adopt$ to good & s *eap 9 ^? places :]e ! mat]ials got 9 ! neighb\rhood are n suffici5t = support+ ! roads4 ,a coat+ ( :9/one is1 = in/ance1 m durable ?an ! gravel ) :i* ! roads r\nd ,london are made & repair$2 b mu* less s ?an pav+2 al?\gh ! freight & c>riage ( ! :9/one1 & ( ! pav+-/ones1 :i* =m ! pr9cipal items ( ! exp5se1 are ne>ly ! same4 ,scot* :9/one1 or ! granite rubble 7t is1 r\gh *ipp+s ( granite17 c\ld n1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 be deliv]$ into b>ges 9 ! riv]1 at less ?an f #ads4 to #aes4 p] ton1 ! freight alone be+ f #aas4 to #abs41 :ile ! price ( ,ab]de5 granite1 9 ! same situation1 is only f #ais4 to #bas4 & #bbs4 ,maid/one rag/one 9 ! rubble /ate1 co/s ab\t #gs4 p] ton3 x is a lime/one1 & mu* less durable ?an ! :94 ,! c>riage f ! riv] to ! road1 ( all ^!1 is ( c\rse ! same4 ,fl9t1 aga91 is s mu* less durable ?an :91 t x w n be> ! exp5se ( c>riage 7:i* may be tak5 at f #as4 #f;d4 to #bs4 p] ton p] mile7 f any di/ance1 to make x pref]able to ! gravel1 or pav+1 9 po9t ( co/1 = ! roads ne> ,london4 ,a d\ble iron rail-road1 to suit ! ,london waggons1 :i* "s h recomm5d$1 w\ld co/ ab\t #d1ejjl4 p] mile1 & w\ld be fitt$ = waggons only ( "o precise wid?1 & = waggons or heavy c>ts only2 :ile1 f ! difficulty ( cross+ x1 x w\ld =m r an ob/acle to light c>riages4 ,blocks ( ,ab]de5 granite1 twelve in*es wide & fifte5 in*es deep1 laid 9 ! way ( ! :eels 7z recomm5d$ by o!rs17 w\ld be ne>ly z exp5sive2 & ! eight jo9ts1 :i* w\ld be =m$ betwe5 ! /one & ! gravel1 by f\r r[s ( /one1 w\ld be f\nd extremely tr\blesome & inconv5i5t4 ,bo? ^! sub/itutes = pav+1 !re=e1 ?\gh equally exp5sive z pav+1 h peculi> disadvantages2 & !y h ?is besides1 :i* is common to !m bo?1 t !y make no provision = prev5t+ ! great we> ^u gravell$ roads1 :i* is caus$ by ! horses' feet1 p>ticul>ly if 7z is ! case 9 a rail-road7 !y are conf9$ 9 "o track4 ,att5tion 9 ! =m+ & repair+ ( roads1 w 9 all cases d mu* to comp5sate = ! inf]iority ( ! mat]ial us$ = t purpose1 ( :i* ! improvem5ts 9 ! g5]al /ate ( ! highways )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s af=ds ! be/ pro(4 ,to =m ! road ^u a good f\ndation1 & to keep ! surface cle> ( wat] aft] x is =m$1 are ! two mo/ ess5tial po9ts t[>ds hav+ ! be/ roads possible1 ^u a giv5 c\ntry1 & ) giv5 mat]ials4 ,= obta9+ ! fir/ ( ^! objects1 x is ess5tial t ! l9e = ! road be tak5 s t ! f\ndation c be kept dry ei!r by avoid+ l[ gr\nd by rais+ ! surface ( ! road above ! level ( ! gr\nd on ea* side ( x1 or by draw+ (f ! wat] by means ( side dra9s4 ,! o!r object1 viz4 t ( cle>+ ! road ( wat]1 is be/ secur$ by select+ a c\rse = ! road :i* is n horizontally level1 s t ! surface ( ! road may 9 its longitud9al section1 =m 9 "s degree an incl9$ plane2 & :5 ?is _c be obta9$1 ow+ to ! extreme flatness ( ! c\ntry1 an artificial incl9ation may g5]ally be made4 ,:5 a road is s =m$1 e :eel-track t is made1 be+ 9 ! l9e ( ! incl9ation1 becomes a *annel = c>ry+ (f ! wat]1 mu* m effectually ?an c be done by a curvature 9 ! cross section or rise 9 ! middle ( ! road1 )\t ! dang]1 or o!r disadvantages :i* necess>ily att5d ! r\nd+ a road mu* 9 ! middle4 ,i consid] a fall ( ab\t "o in* & a half 9 t5 feet1 to be a m9imum 9 ?is case1 if x is atta9able )\t a great deal ( extra exp5se4 ,x is 9 ! k ( ! above po9ts1 & ( ! application ( !m 9 practice1 t :at may be call$ ! sci5ce ( road-mak+ consi/s1 z ! obs]vations apply 9 e case4 ,:5 a road is to be =m$1 accurate sections ( ! rises & falls ( ! gr\nd %\ld always be tak51 9 ! same way z is done = a canal1 be=e ! l9e is det]m9$1 or ! levels ( ! road fix$ ^u1 & :5 ! c\rse & levels ( ! road are laid d[n1 ! d]ail ( ! "w ought to be p>ticul>ly expla9$ by a specification & plan1 describ+ ! mann] 9 :i* ea* p>ticul> l5g? is to be =m$ & complet$4 ,! quantity ( mat]ials necess>y to =m ! road dep5ds s mu* ^u ! soil & ! nature ( ! mat]ials !mselves1 t x is impossible to lay d[n any g5]al rules = !m4 ,! ?ickness ought to be su* t ! greate/ weight w n affect m ?an ! surface ( ! %ell1 & x is = ?is purpose *iefly1 t ?ickness is requir$1 9 ord] to spread ! weight :i* comes ^u a small "p only ( ! road ov] a l>ge portion ( ! f\ndation4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is v s(t1 trees1 bav9s or bu%es1 are appli$ to answ] ! same purpose1 & to c>ry (f ! wat] previ\s to ! mat]ials ( ! road be+ s consolidat$ z to =m a solid body1 & to be imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,bu%es are1 h[ev]1 n advisable to be us$1 unless !y are s l[ z always to be completely moi/4 ,:5 !y are dry & exclud$ f ! air !y decay 9 a v few ye>s1 & produce a s9k+ 9 place ( pres]v+ ! road2 a ?ickness ( *alk is useful = ! same purpose 9 cases :]e bu%es are improp]1 ! *alk mix+ ) ! gravel or /ones becomes concret$1 & pres5ts a l>g] surface to ! pressure4 ,if ! mat]ial = mak+ ! roads is gravel1 ! common way is to lay x z x comes f ! pit1 except+ ! upp] foot1 or #ah in*es or s1 :i* is scre5$2 b if :9 or o!r /one is to be us$1 ! size ( ! pieces into :i* x is brok5 %\ld decrease z we approa* ! surface1 ! sup]ficial coat+ n exce$+ a cube f #a in* to #a in*4 ,if ! f\ndation is bad1 break+ ! bottom /one into small pieces is exp5sive & injuri\s1 ^u ! pr9ciple ,i h above describ$1 & also = ! same reason t an ar* =m$ ( :ole bricks or ( deep /ones is to be pref]r$ to "o ( ! same mat]ials brok5 into small] pieces1 = 9 "s c\nties ! mat]ials w admit ( ! f\ndation ( ! road be+ consid]$ z ( ! nature ( a flat ar*1 z well z ( be+ support$ by ! /rata directly "u x3 b ! error 9 lay+ ! /one 9 l>ge pieces ^u ! surface is m common & m injuri\s4 ,9 all cases1 :e!r ! mat]ial is gravel or h>d /one1 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! pieces %\ld be fill$ up solid ) small] pieces1 & ! f9i%+ made by a ?9 cov]+ ( v small pieces1 or road-s& or rubbi%1 = ^? int]/ices mu/ be fill$ up be=e ! road becomes solid1 ei!r 9 ?is way or by a portion ( ! mat]ials ( ! road be+ gr\nd d[n1 :i* la/ mode occasions a wa/e ( ! mat]ial1 & keeps ! road unnecess>ily heavy & loose4 ,?is obs]vation applies to ! repair+ z well z ! orig9al mak+ ( roads1 & ! effect ( ?is cov]+1 or z x is call$ 9 ! c\ntry1 bl9d+ ! loose /ones1 is s evid5t1 t ,i h (t5 wond]$ to see s little att5tion paid to x4 ,if ! mat]ial is s(t1 z "s lime/one1 ?is is less necess>y1 & ! quantity ought nev] to be m ?an is j suffici5t = ! purpose ,i h describ$4 ,9 ! orig9al mak+ or effectually repair+ ( a road1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 be/ t ! :ole ( ! propos$ ?ickness be laid on at once1 = ! sake ( ! road z well z ( ! travell]2 ! mat]ials ( ! road !n =m a m solid compact mass ?an :5 !y are laid 9 ?9 /rata1 at diff]5t times1 = ! same reason t a deep ar* ( uni=m mat]ials is pref]able to a numb] ( sep>ate r+s4 ,?\gh ,i /ate t an incl9ation 9 ! longitud9al section ( ! road is always desirable = ! purpose ( cle>+ x ( wat]1 ,i am n ( ! op9ion ( ^? :o recomm5d ! road to be made & kept flat or level 9 its cross section4 ,! v>iety ( op9ions & practice ^u ?is po9t are v great2 bo? extremes appe> to me to be bad4 ,a road mu* r\nd$ is dang]\s1 p>ticul>ly if ! cross section approa*es t[>ds ! segm5t ( a circle1 ! slope 9 ! case n be+ uni=m1 b increas+ rapidly f ! nature ( ! curve1 z we dep>t f ! middle or v]tical l9e4 ,! ov] r\nd+ ( roads is also injuri\s to !m1 by ei!r conf9+ ! heavy c>riages to "o track 9 ! cr[n ( ! road1 or if !y g ^u ! sides1 by ! great we> !y produce1 f _! con/ant t5d5cy to move d[n ! incl9$ plane1 ow+ to ! angle :i* ! surface ( ! road & ! l9e ( gravity ( ! load =m ) ea* o!r1 & z ?is t5d5cy is p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( draught1 ! lab\r ( ! horse & ! we> ( ! c>riage :eels1 are bo? mu* increas$ by x4 ,x is n altoge!r =eign to ! subject to notice "h1 ! error ( =m+ ! incl9ation ( ! roadway ^u bridges1 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 or across ! riv]1 f a section ( a curve = ! :ole l5g?1 r ?an f two l9es jo9$ toge!r by a curve1 z ,i h recomm5d$ = ! cross section ( a road4 ,x is to ?is cause t ! v heavy pull is ow+1 :i* mu/ h be5 notic$ 9 j gett+ ^u a bridge1 :i* decreases z we advance t[>ds ! middle ( ! bridge1 & :i* w\ld n h be5 s mu* felt1 _h x be5 spread regul>ly ov] ! :ole l5g? 7see ,no4 #e1 9 ! plan47 ,! disadvantages ( a flat road aga9 are1 t ev5 if x is suppos$ to cont9ue s1 x is bad 9 pr9ciple1 by do+ away ! t5d5cy :i* a road ought to h1 9 e direction1 to cle> itself ( wat]2 b z ! greate/ we> w always be 9 ! middle ( ! road1 a level or flat road w v soon be concave2 ! middle ( ! road !n becomes ! wat]c\rse1 & ! consequ5ce1 if ! road is ^u level gr\nd1 is1 t ! wat] & mud lie ^u x1 & injure ! f\ndation & mat]ials2 or1 if o!rwise1 t ! /ones or mat]ials ( ! road are wa%$ b>e1 & liable to be loos5$ & ?r[n up by ! :eels com+ into contact ) _! expos$ angul> surfaces4 ,_m ( ! roads 9 ! c\ntry af=d examples ( ?is1 p>ticul>ly aft] heavy ra9s1 & if ! c\ntry is at all hilly4 ,! be/ =m = a road1 9 ord] to avoid ^? evils1 is1--9 my op9ion1 to =m x1 & to keep x ) j a suffici5t rise t[>ds ! middle1 to incl9e ! wat] t[>ds ! sides2 & 9 place ( mak+ ! :ole wid? ! section ( "o curve1 to =m x by two /raight l9es1 =m+ incl9$ planes1 & jo9$ by a curve t[>ds ! middle4 ,i h prep>$ a section ( a road 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$ 7,no4 #d47 & z ! l9es1 except+ at ! c5tre1 are /raight1 ! section may be made to suit almo/ any great] or less wid?1 by m]ely ext5d+ !m4 ,! section is tak5 ne>ly f a "p ( a road made "u my direction 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! dott$ l9e drawn ^u x %[s ! =m ,i allud$ to :5 speak+ ( ! circul> road t ought to be avoid$4 ,i h se5 ridges =m$ 9 :at ,i ?\ght well =m$ l&1 mu* aft] :at ,i w\ld recomm5d = ! =m ( a road4 ,! object ( =m+ ! l& into ridges1 rais$ a little 9 ! middle1 is ! same z t ( rais+ ! middle ( a road to prev5t ! wat] f settl+ ^u x1 & :at is suffici5t = ! pl\gh$ l& is c]ta9ly en\gh = a road4 ,if ! road is ( good /one1 f\r to five in*es rise 9 t5 feet is suffici5t1 gravel1 & o!r inf]ior mat]ial1 w all[ a little m4 ,9 ?is section x may be wor? :ile to notice ! situation ( ! h$ge & dit*1 or rill on ea* side ( ! road1 a m common1 b ,i ?9k a m dang]\s & worse way1 is to =m ! dit* close to ! road1 & to plant ! quick ^u a rais$ bank beyond x4 ,i h dott$ ?is mode also ^u ! section4 ,! advantage ( hav+ ! h$ge next ! road1 consi/s 9 its great] safety to ! travell]1 p>ticul>ly if a dit* ( any consid]able dep? is necess>y1 & 9 ! h$ge be+ support$ 9 its gr[? f ! gr\nd "u ! road1 )\t draw+ ^u ! f>m]'s side ( ! dit*2 & x is ,i believe1 ?is la/ advantage1 :i* has l$ ! au?or ( an article 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,f>m]'s ,magaz9e1 ) :om ,i am acqua9t$1 to make ne>ly ! same obs]vations4 ,9 a l5g? ( road1 made eight or t5 ye>s s9ce1 ov] a m>%1 p>tly a bog1 consid]ably "u high wat]1 :]e1 f ! level ( ! gr\nd1 & ( ! dra9age1 ! dit*es 7 oblig$ to be deep & wide1 & !re=e dang]\s2 ,i ord]$ "s cutt+s ( will[ to be /uck into ! roadside ( ! dit*4 ,9 ab\t two ye>s !y =m$ a bl9d to ! dit*1 & are n[ s ?ick & /rong z to be a complete security f all dang]4 ,i may "h take ! lib]ty to say1 t no?+ is m injuri\s to roads ?an ! p]mitt+ high h$ges & plantations ne> !m1 _! effect 9 keep+ ! ra9 susp5d$ & dripp+ ^u ! road long] ?an o!rwise x w\ld1 & 9 prev5t+ ! air & sun f dry+ ! roads1 is mo/ de/ructive & v g5]al3 & z ! ,commission]s or pr9cipal m5 ( ! di/rict are (t5 ! greate/ (f5d]s 9 ?is respect1 ! evil is "o 9 :i* bo? ! enactm5ts & ! application ( !m require ! /ricte/ att5tion & imp>tiality4 ,aft] a road is prop]ly made1 ! com=t ( ! travell] & ! pr9ciple ( economy on ! "p ( ! road-tru/1 bo? dem& t x be n all[$ to get mu* out ( repair2 ! adage ( 8a /it* 9 "t10 applies p>ticul>ly to ! repair+ ( roads1 & ?\gh n univ]sally practis$1 is s well kn[n1 t x is1 ,i presume1 unnecess>y to /ate reasons1 = :at no "o acqua9t$ ) ! subject at all d\bts4 ,! be/ season = repair+ roads is1 ,i ?9k1 ! spr+ or v e>ly 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! wea!r is likely nei!r to be v wet nor dry1 = bo? ( ^! extremes prev5t ! mat]ials f consolidat+1 & !re=e cause a wa/e ( !m1 & at ! same "t1 ei!r a heavy or a du/y road2 b if done at ! "t ,i h recomm5d$1 ! roads are left 9 good /ate = ! summ]1 & become consolidat$ & h>d to resi/ ! "w ( ! ensu+ w9t]4 ,:5 ,i rem>k$ ! great improvem5t 9 _m ( ! highways dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 ,i by no means meant to say t !y are n /ill capable ( mu* great]1 or t _m ( !m h n be5 mu* neglect$4 ,9 _m di/ricts ?is is notori\sly ! case1 & :5 ! mat]ials are ! be/1 ! roads are frequ5tly ! wor/4 ,!re is no road r\nd ,london ^u :i* !re is m heavy c\ntry traffic1 ?an ! fir/ /age ( ! great ,essex or ,mile ,end road2 & ow+ to ! well direct$ att5tion ( ! *airman ( ! commission]s1 & ( _! surveyor1 !re are few bett] roads any :]e1 except+ 9 v wet heavy wea!r4 ,inde$ ,i d n ?9k x possible to d mu*1 if any ?+1 9 improv+ ! sup]9t5dance & repair ( t road1 ) ! mat]ial at pres5t 9 use2 = ! nature ( :i*1 z well z = ! exclusion ( air & sun by build+s1 prop] all[ance ought to be made 9 judg+ ( ! /ate ( ! roads ne> ,london1 & :5 ?is is done1 & ! great we> consid]$1 we may f9d t 9 v _m cases1 !re is b little cause to f9d fault1 & mu* room = comm5dation4 ,! traffic ^u ! ,mile ,end road is h[ev] too mu* = a gravell$ road1 & ! expanse = repair = ! fir/ ?ree miles is consequ5tly v great4 ,! same rem>ks z to conduct & att5tion1 are m]it$ by ! commission]s ( o!r di/ricts1 & _! gratuit\s s]vices entitle !m to ! ?anks ( ! public2 :ile 9 "s p>ts ( ! k+dom1 includ+ ,scotl&1 :]e ! mat]ial is ! v be/1 ! roads are (t5 9 ! wor/ condition1 & ! mo/ unpleasant to travel ^u4 ,! /one is put 9 l>ge pieces ^u ! road1 )\t any cov]+ or mixture ( small] mat]ial1 & is left to take ! *ance ( be+ broke & =m$ into a solid1 or ( tumbl+ loose ^u ! road4 ,:5 a track is once =m$ 9 ?is /one-heap1 x is n to be expect$ t ! horses w be easily made to move out ( x2 & unless ! ?or\ghf>e is consid]able1 ! road 9 use consi/s sometimes = a long p]iod1 ( ! two deep :eel tracks1 :i* are always fill$ ) wat] dur+ ! w9t]1 & ( ! horse's pa? betwe5 !m1 ! o!r p>ts be+ cov]$ ) a body ( loose /ones1 & r5d]$ absolutely useless4 ,^! obs]vations apply to "s l5g?s ( ! mo/ frequ5t$ highways1 b are m p>ticul>ly applicable to ! cross roads & ! p>i% roads4 ,i _h ! opportunity ( see+ ! roads 9 ! ,we/ ,highl&s la/ autumn2 !y are =m$ ) judgem5t1 & kept 9 good repair4 ,:5 ! highways 9 a c\nty are "u ! managem5t ( tru/ees1 x is common to divide !m1 & to assign a p>ticul> l5g? to ! tru/ees :o live ne> x1 )\t employ+ any p]son 9 ! capacity ( a surveyor4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! /ate ( repair dep5ds mu* ^u ! obs]vation & att5tion ( ! tru/ee2 & ! *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! road (t5 m>ks out ! *ange ( sup]9t5d5ce4 ,a relative ( m9e has giv5 up a good deal ( 8 "t & att5tion to a "p ( ! roads 9 ,/irl+%ire1 ( :i* he is "o ( ! tru/ees3 no pr(essional man c\ld1 p]haps1 d ! bus9ess bett]2 & ! effect ( ?is att5tion is v visible4 ,in/ances ( ! same k9d are frequ5t1 b x is n to be expect$ t tru/ees g5]ally c bo? und]/&1 & h s great a reli% = s]v+ ! public1 z t ! detail ( ! repairs ( roads1 if impos$ ^u !m1 w be always execut$ ) ! att5tion !y require4 ,! case ( p>i% roads is /ill worse1 :]e ! inhabitants are1 )\t mu* reg>d to _! habits ( life1 oblig$ 9 _! turns to s]ve ! annual (fice ( surveyor ( ! highways4 ,if su* p]sons mean to signalize !mselves dur+ _! be+ 9 (fice1 ! fir/ /ep is (t5 to undo :at _! pr$ecessor has done1 or has n p]fect$2 & ! love ( self & ( fri5ds det]m9es !m to make sure :ile !y h x 9 _! p[]1 t "s fav\r$ roads or lanes are put into prop] ord]4 ,if ! surveyor is1 on ! contr>y1 an unwill+ (fic]1 or if ! att5tion to 8 own affairs prev5ts him giv+ 8 "t to ! duties ( ! (fice1 he avoids ! f9e by accept+ ! *>ge1 pays ! bills & wages )\t mu* k ( _! nature or accuracy1 & "o ( ! lab\r]s becomes1 9 fact1 ! road-surveyor2 b 9 e case ( annual nom9ations !re is ?is evil1 t s soon z ! surveyor has1 by a ye>'s appr5tice%ip1 begun to "k some?+ ( ! nature ( ! bus9ess1 8 place is fill$ by ano!r1 :o comes 9 = ! same "t to take lessons at ! exp5se ( ! p>i%4 ,?us1 :ile _m simple trades require1 by law1 an appr5tice%ip ( sev5 ye>s1 be=e ! p]son is ?\ght qualifi$ to practise ) 8 own capital1 ! road-surveyor is suppos$ fit1 ! v h\r he is nam$1 = an (fice :i* requires at lea/ z mu* und]/&+ & exp]i5ce z ! av]age ( trades1 & 9 :i* he has ! capital ( all ! p>i% to speculate )4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i h always be5 conv9c$ ( ! propriety ( an intellig5t acc\ntable (fic] 9 ea* di/rict1 b ,i d n see to :om he c be responsible ) s great propriety1 or 9 o!r words1 9 :om ! *ief control c be s well ve/$1 z 9 ! g5tlem5 :o live 9 ! c\nty1 :o are almo/ daily witnesses ( :at is do+1 & are *iefly int]e/$ 9 keep+ d[n ! exp5ses1 at ! same "t hav+ _! roads 9 good repair4 ,:e!r a bo>d ( roads1 appo9t$ by p>liam5t1 meet+ once e ye>1 & =m+ a report ( ! exp5se & /ate ( ! roads 9 ea* c\nty1 to be pres5t$ to p>liam5t1 ) su* obs]vations z pres5t !mselves1 z to improvem5ts1 or o!rwise1 tak5 f g5]al surveys made by p]sons appo9t$ by !m1 w\ld be useful1 by excit+ a _s ( emulation & att5tion on ! "p ( ! diff]5t tru/s1 e memb] ( ?is hon\rable ,committee is z able1 & p]haps m able1 to give a dis9t]e/$ judgm5t ?an ,i am2 = ,i conclude1 t if surveys are to be made1 eng9e]s w ?9k !y h "s *ance ( be+ select$ z ! mo/ prop] p]sons to be employ$ on ! occasion1 "u ! bo>d4 ,! /ate ( ! roads cont9ue to improve ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,e fri5d to 8 c\ntry w be pleas$1 if ! m>* ( ?is improvem5t c be accel]at$ by a mod]ate re=m1 & c>ri$ into remote corn]s & p>i%es1 :]e x appe>s mo/ to be want$2 b ,i mu* "q ! propriety ( su* a revolution z w\ld less5 ! int]e/1 :i*1 9 _! pres5t situation1 ! commission]s ought to feel 9 ! repair ( _! roads1 & ! consequ5ce :i* ! appo9tm5t t5ds to give !m4 ,if c\ntry road-surveyors are appo9t$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 ! nom9ation might be ) ! commission]s ( ! c\nty1 & if fri5d%ip or local int]e/ is suppos$ to op]ate too f>1 ! nom9ation1 or ! exam9ation previ\s to election1 or ! veto aft] x1 might be ) ! c5tral or o!r bo>d1 ! memb]s ( :i* might be suppos$ n to be connect$ ) ! individual1 9 ! same way z pilots & ! ma/]s ( m5 ( w> are exam9$ by ! eld] bre?r5 ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,& sub-surveyors or surveyors ( p>i%es1 might 9 ! same mann] be appo9t$1 or und]go an exam9ation by ! c\nty commission]s & c\nty surveyor1 to qualify !m to be elect$2 = x is to be lam5t$1 t 9 cases :]e p>i%es h1 f ! reasons ,i h m5tion$1 made ! (fice ( road-surveyors p]man5t1 ) a sal>y3 ! election be+ popul>1 has fall51 n ^u ! c&idate :o 0 really ! be/ qualifi$1 b probably ^u "s hone/ decay$ tradesman1 :o1 hav+ prov$ himself unable to manage 8 own bus9ess1 :i* he ought to h kn[n ! be/1 has !reby1 & by 8 long resid5ce1 qualifi$ himself = manag+ a public bus9ess1 ( :i* he probably kn[s no?+1 b :e!r he does1 or does n1 r>ely ent]s into ! consid]ation ( ! majority ( ! vot]s4 ,9 :at mann] d y ?9k ! extra toll = ov]weight ought to be regulat$2 :e!r by ! weight1 or by ! numb] ( horses us$1 )\t reg>d to ! weight8--,i ?9k by ! weight mo/ c]ta9ly2 unless ! object is to disc\rage ! bre$ ( small horses1 & enc\rage ! ov]-load+ & /ra9+1 ( horses ( all sizes4 ,! numb] ( horses is a v imp]fect measure1 or r no measure at all ( ! injury done to ! roads2 = a load ( ?ree tons1 drawn by "o horse1 injures ! road z mu*1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 z if two horses 7 us$4 ,x is n out ( place to m5tion ! extreme disproportion betwe5 ! p5alties = ov]weight1 & ! injuries :i* !y are meant to comp5sate =1 or to prev5t2 p>ticul>ly :5 ?is ov]-load+ is ! effect ( ignorance1 :i* is almo/ always ! case4 ,:5 ! tolls are 9 ! h&s ( tru/ees1 ! p5alty is almo/ always r$uc$2 a pro( t t fix$ by law is exorbitant2 b :5 ! tolls are f>m$1 & ! tru/ees d n res]ve ! p[] ( mitigat+ ! p5alty1 ! poor c>man has less *ance ( be+ sav$ p]haps f ru94 ,jovis1 #a die ,aprilis1 #ahai4 ,mr4 ,james ,dean1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,:at is y\r pr(ession8--,i am a l& ag5t & civil eng9e]1 & am occasionally employ$ to solicit bills 9 p>liam5t z an ag5t4 ,:]e d y reside8--,i reside 9 ,london ab\t half ! ye>1 & ! o!r half 9 ,devon%ire4 ,z an eng9e]1 h y _h ! means ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! roads ( ! k+dom8--,ab\t tw5ty ye>s s9ce1 ,i _h ! appo9tm5t ( surveyor to ! tru/ees ( ! turnpike roads f ,ox=d to ,h5ley ^u ,?ames1 & f ,dor*e/] to ,ab+don1 9 ,b]k%ire2 s9ce !n ,i h be5 employ$ ab\t sev]al roads 9 ,devon%ire & ,cornwall1 &1 latt]ly1 9 survey+ & report+ on an ext5sive di/rict ( ! roads 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,f ! obs]vations :i* y h made 9 ?is employm5t1 are y able to give ! ,committee any in=mation z to ! be/ mode ( improv+ ! roads ( ! k+dom g5]ally8--,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s improvem5t is to %ort5 di/ances2 b ev5 t mu/ be gov]n$ by circum/ances (t5 ( a local nature2 a s\nd f\ndation1 & ! contiguity ( good /one or gravel to a road1 %\ld n be ov]look$ 9 *oos+ a new l9e1 or dep>t+ f an old "o4 ,9 =m+ a new l9e 9 a level c\ntry1 ! transv]se section %\ld approa* z ne> z possible to ! =m ( ! accompany+ sket* ,no4 #a1 & 9 a hilly c\ntry to t ( ,no4 #b2 9 ! =m]1 ! wat] f "o half ! road w\ld be c>ri$ into a dit* on ! field side1 & t ( ! o!r half into a dit* betwe5 ! footpa? & h$ge-bank4 ,:5 x is necess>y to =m a road on ! side ( a hill1 ! dit* %\ld be on ! high] side ( ! road1 :]e x w receive ! wat] fall+ f ! high gr\nd1 & s keep ! f\ndation ( ! road dry4 ,i h figur$ ! bread?s ( a good av]age turnpike road on sket* ,no4 #a1 b ! bread? w frequ5tly dep5d ^u circum/ances ( a local nature4 ,ne> to great t[ns1 x w\ld be highly advantage\s if ! c5tre ( ! road1 = ab\t twelve feet 9 wid?1 7 to be pav$ ) h>d well-squ>$ /ones1 n9e in*es deep1 & ! sides made ) h>d rubble /ones or gravel4 ,i ne$ sc>cely m5tion1 t 9 apply+ ! mat]ials to a new l9e ( road1 ! /ones %\ld be brok5 into pieces ( an uni=m size1 z ne> z may be2 t ! l>g] %\ld be laid ( ne>ly an equal dep? ov] ! :ole surface ( ! road1 & ! small]1 mix$ ) gravel1 %\ld be plac$ ^u !m4 ,! repair+ ( roads %\ld be conduct$ 9 ! same mann] z f> z x is practicable2 b1 aft] all1 ! only sure way ( gett+ good roads is1 = ! tru/ees to employ m5 ( education & sci5ce z _! surveyors4 ,9 a few in/ances1 :]e ?is has be5 done1 ! be/ consequ5ces h result$1 & 9 no case is if m conspicu\s ?an 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bri/ol1 :]e ,mr4 ,m,adam is ! surveyor4 ,w n a consequ5t imp$im5t arise to ! employm5t ( m5 ( education & ( sup]ior ability z surveyors1 f ! smallness ( ! funds ^u small tru/s or di/ricts8--,= t reason1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! consolidation ( ! sev]al tru/s1 9 ea* c\nty1 into "o g5]al tru/1 "u ! au?ority ( "o g5]al act ( p>liam5t1 leav+ ! adoption1 h[ev]1 ( ! acts to ! discretion ( ! sev]al tru/s respectively 9 ea* c\nty1 mak+ x compulsory only on ! m9ority1 at ! expiration ( a "t to be limit$1 :5 a majority 9 am\nt ( toll %all call = its adoption1 & aft] ins]tion 9 ! prov9cial pap]s & ,london ,gazette4 ,suppos+ p>liam5t to adopt y\r sugge/ion z to ! pass+ ( su* an act1 & suppos+ t aft]w>ds ! tru/s ( none ( ! c\nties %\ld adopt x z a g5]al tru/1 w\ld !re be any objection to ! act be+ s fram$ z to admit ( adoption by su* ( ! tru/s z might pref] x to incurr+ ! exp5se ( a r5ewal ( _! !n local acts8--,i d n ?9k !re w\ld be any well f\nd$ objection to an act made capable ( be+ s appli$2 & ,i am ( op9ion1 t ! mak+ x optional on tru/ees to adopt x or n1 w\ld r5d] ! measure extremely popul>1 & 9 ! end be highly b5eficial to ! c\ntry4 ,h y n lately prep>$ a bill = ! tru/ees ( an ext5sive tru/ 9 ,som]set%ire1 includ+ 9 x ne>ly all ! improvem5ts :i* y w\ld recomm5d to be introduc$ into a g5]al turnpike act8--,i h prep>$ su* a bill2 & x 0 int5d$ t ! same %\ld h be5 br\ght be=e p>liam5t 9 ! pres5t session1 b ! cl]k to ! tru/ees hav+ omitt$ to put ! notice requir$ by ! /&+ ord]s ( p>liam5t ^u ! sessions-h\se door1 at ! ,mi*aelmas sessions1 ! tru/ees resolv$ to def] pres5t+ _! petition until ! next session4 ,9 :at respect does ! bill :i* y h prep>$ diff] f ! g5]ality ( local turnpike acts8--,_m ( ! clauses ( ! bill are n s rem>kable = orig9ality1 z _! comb9ation is calculat$ to produce ext5sive b5efit to ! c\ntry1 by conf]r+ l>g] p[]s ?an h h]et(ore be5 giv5 to any "o body ( tru/ees2 among o!rs1 x emp[]s ! tru/ees to appo9t committees1 & make bye-laws2 x b9ds !m to provide a fund = buy+ up out/&+ securities2 & to pay (f ! fur!r sums propos$ to be rais$ "u ! new act1 )9 ! t]m ( ! act2 ! tolls on :eel c>riages are made ref]rible to ! bread? ( ! fellies1 & description ( :eel1 & to ! weight drawn1 r ?an to ! numb] ( horses1 draw+1 & are f\nd$ on a /atem5t :i* ,i _h ! hon\r ( deliv]+ to a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahji4 ,! /&+ ord]s ( p>liam5t require t on or be=e ! #cj? ( ,septemb] next1 prec$+ any application to p>liam5t = any ,turnpike ,act1 a plan c4 ( ! roads propos$ to be made or alt]$1 %all be deposit$ ) ! cl]k ( ! peace4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 t 9 ! ,committee alt]ations are made 9 ! propos$ l9e1 :5 ! plan deposit$ becomes m]e wa/e pap]2 ! sev5ty six? clause ( ?is bill provides = ! deposit+ ( a plan1 c4 la/ det]m9$ ^u1 ) ! cl]k ( ! peace1 sign$ by ! ,speak]1 & be+ an au!ntic docum5t c be ref]r$ to ) safety4 ,! bill also provides = ! mak+ ( commodi\s footpa?s by ! sides ( ! roads4 ,& z ! pav+1 cleans+1 light+1 wat*+1 c4 ( ! lib]ty or bor\gh ( 99 99 99 99 is plac$ 9 ! tru/ees ( ! roads1 ! tru/ees are emp[]$ to rate ! inhabitants1 & are also emp[]$ to light ! /reets1 c4 ) gas1 & to all[ gas to be tak5 f _! ma9s = ! light+ ( private dwell+s1 manufactories1 c42 s t 9 all probability ! latt] indulg5ce may pay ! great] "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! exp5se ( light+ ! public lamps4 ,! n9ety-?ird clause emp[]s ! tru/ees to pave1 light & wat* any t[n1 village or place ?r\gh1 :i* ! roads pass1 ^u application ( two-?irds ( ! inhabitants1 & is 9 my view extremely important4 ,h y any fur!r sugge/ions to (f] to ! ,committee t w\ld t5d to ! improvem5t ( ! roads1 or ! laws relat+ to !m8--,^u ! subject ( turnpike roads1 & ( :eel-c>riages g5]ally1 ,i am ( op9ion t su* a _s ( improvem5t has gone =? z1 ) ! assi/ance ( judici\s legislative enactm5ts1 w 9 a few ye>s c>ry bo? to a /ate ( v great p]fection2 b ,i _c close ^! rem>ks )\t obs]v+ on ! injuri\s effect :i* ! l>ge fees paid to ! high] (fic]s ( bo? h\ses ( p>liam5t has ^u ! gr[+ improvem5ts ( ! c\ntry1 by prev5t+ a recurr5ce to p>liam5t to remove ob/acles :i* ! prejudice ( "s w n1 & ! incapacity ( o!rs _c p]mit4 ,! p]iodical exp5ses ( r5ew+ turnpike acts is really enorm\s1 :5 x is consid]$ t betwe5 ! fees ( p>liam5t on ! "o h&1 & a two mon?'s resid5ce 9 ,london ( ! c\ntry solicitor1 to manage ! bus9ess1 besides a p>liam5t>y ag5t 9 t[n to assi/ him1 f\r or five hundr$ p\nds are soon swall[$ up2 b ,i also feel x "r to sugge/1 t if p>liam5t w\ld all[ affidavits to be made be=e two magi/rates 9 ! c\nty1 ( ! notices direct$ by ! /&+ ord]s ( p>liam5t1 hav+ be5 duly giv51 ( plans & ( books ( ref]5ce be+ lodg$ ) ! cl]k ( ! peace1 & ( ! names ( ! p]sons ass5t+ to1 diss5t+ f1 or be+ neut] 9 respect ( any propos$ new road1 ! solicitor ne$ n rema9 9 t[n m ?an ?ree days1 & ! exp5ses1 except 9 cases ( opposition1 ne$ n exce$ #bjjl4 ,w\ld y1 z a p>liam5t>y ag5t1 und]take to prep>e & conduct an ord9>y road bill ?r\gh p>liam5t = #bjjl41 to include all exp5ses1 :]e !re is no opposition8--,i w\ld und]take any numb] at t sum1 provid$ ! pro(s be=e m5tion$ 7 admitt$ to be made by affidavit 9 ! c\nty1 9 l mann] z ! pro(s are n[ giv5 to facilitate ! pass+ ( inclosure bills4 ,jovis1 #f die ,maii1 #ahai4 ,?omas ,tel=d1 ,esquire1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y are1 ,i believe1 a civil eng9e]8 ,yes1 ,i am4 ,! roads :i* h be5 =m$ by direction ( ! ,p>liam5t>y ,commission]s = ! ,holyhead road1 & "u y\r managem5t1 hav+ be5 describ$ to ?is ,committee z be+ v p]fect1 w y h ! goodness to /ate y\r op9ion z to ! pres5t condition ( ! diff]5t turnpike roads ( ! k+dom1 & :at improvem5ts y w\ld recomm5d 9 _! direction & managem5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 /ate to ! ,committee 9 :at respect y consid] ! roads ( ! k+dom at pres5t to be defective1 ei!r 9 _! =mation or managem5t8-- ,) reg>d to ! roads 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 !y are 9 g5]al v defective1 bo? z to _! direction & incl9ations1 !y are frequ5tly c>ri$ ov] hills1 :i* might be avoid$ by pass+ along ! adjac5t valleys2 at pres5t ! incl9ations are inconv5i5tly /eep1 & long cont9u$4 ,i might in/ance _m pr9cipal l9es1 ov] :i* ,i h _h frequ5t occasion to travel3 ,i %all select ! great road f ,holyhead1 ?r\gh ,nor? ,wales to ,%rewsbury2 & f !nce by ,birm+ham & ,cov5try to ,london4 ,on ! ,wel% portion ( x1 ^? p>ts :i* h be5 improv$ "u ! direction ( ! ,p>liam5t>y ,commission]s = ! ,holyhead road1 ! incl9ations 7 =m]ly 79 _m in/ances7 z mu* z "o 9 six1 sev51 eight1 n9e1 & t51 ! wid? at ! same "t frequ5tly n exce$+ twelve feet1 )\t protection on ! l[] side1 & ! roadway itself ( improp] con/ruction4 ,! improvem5ts :i* h lately be5 made 9 ,nor? ,wales1 ,i beg leave to submit z models = roads ?r\gh hilly c\ntries1 al?\gh ^! improvem5ts h be5 made ?r\gh ! mo/ difficult & precipit\s di/rict ( t c\ntry1 ! longitud9al incl9ations are 9 g5]al less ?an "o 9 ?irty2 9 "o in/ance1 = a consid]able di/ance1 !re 0 no avoid+ "o 9 tw5ty-two1 & 9 ano!r1 = ab\t two hundr$ y>ds1 "o 9 sev5te52 b 9 ^! two cases1 ! surface ( ! roadway be+ made peculi>ly smoo? & h>d1 no inconv5i5ce is exp]i5c$ by :eel$ c>riages4 ,on flat gr\nd1 ! bread? ( ! roadway is ?irty-two feet1 :]e !re is side cutt+ n exce$+ ?ree feet1 ! bread? is tw5ty-eight1 & along any /eep gr\nd & precipices1 x is tw5ty-two1 all cle> )9 ! f5ces2 ! sides are protect$ by /one walls1 brea/ & reta9+ walls & p>apets2 great pa9s h be5 be/[$ on ! cross dra9s1 also ! dra9+ ! gr\nd1 & likewise 9 con/ruct+ firm & sub/antial f\ndations = ! metall$ "p ( ! roadway4 ,f ,%rewsbury upw>ds1 ! road at pres5t is encumb]$ ) _m hills1 all ( :i* might be avoid$1 or mu* improv$4 ,!re is a v long "o betwe5 ,%rewsbury & ,heygate1 sev]al betwe5 t po9t & ,%iffnal1 two betwe5 ,%iffnal & ,wolv]hampton1 "o betwe5 ,wolv]hampton & ,birm+ham1 viz4 at ,w$nesbury1 c4 ,maid5 ,hill1 betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,cov5try2 ,braun/on ,hill1 betwe5 ,dun*ur* & ,dav5try2 a cont9u$ succession ( hills betwe5 ,dav5try & ,t[ce/]2 aft]w>ds ! well-kn[n ,brickhill & ,hockliffe hills1 besides ! v circuit\s & imp]fect road betwe5 ,s\? ,mims & ,b>net4 ,ano!r in/ance ,i w\ld beg leave to m5tion to ! ,committee1 is ! road betwe5 ! t[ns ( ,%rewsbury & ,worce/]1 on ! way to ,ba?1 :i* consi/s ( ne>ly a succession ( v high & inconv5i5tly /eep hills1 al?\gh v easy incl9ations might be obta9$ by pass+ along ! side ( ! riv] ,sev]n4 ,i h m5tion$ ^! two in/ances z examples ( ! pres5t imp]fections ( ma9 roads1 & x is q evid5t !y might all be readily avoid$ by l9es ( new road1 easily to be accompli%$4 ,^!1 ,i presume1 ! ,committee w admit are suffici5t to %[ ! pres5t /ate ( _m o!r roads 9 ! k+dom1 !y n hav+ be5 select$ z m p>ticul>ly defective ?an o!rs4 ,! %ape1 or cross sections & dra9age ( ! roads1 are q z defective z ! g5]al direction & incl9ations2 !re has be5 no att5tion paid to con/ruct+ a good & solid f\ndation = ! roadway2 ! mat]ials1 :e!r ( gravel or /ones1 h seldom be5 suffici5tly select$ & arrang$2 & !y lie s promiscu\sly ^u ! road z to r5d] x inconv5i5t to travel ^u1 & promote its spe$y de/ruction4 ,! %ape ( ! road1 or cross section ( ! surface1 is frequ5tly holl[ 9 ! middle2 ! sides encumb]$ ) great banks ( mud1 :i* h accumulat$ sometimes to ! height ( six1 sev5 & eight feet2 ^! prev5t ! wat] f fall+ into ! side-dra9s2 !y also ?r[ a consid]able %ade ^u ! road itself1 & are gross & unp>donable nuisances4 ,! mat]ials1 in/ead ( be+ cleans$ ( ! mud & soil ) :i* !y are mix$ 9 _! native /ate1 are laid promiscu\sly ^u ! road2 ?is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 creates an unnecess>y exp5se ( c>riage to ! road1 & aft]w>ds ne>ly z mu* 9 remov+ x1 besides inconv5i5ce & ob/ruction to travell+2 ! mat]ials %\ld !re=e be cleans$ on ! spot :]e !y are procur$1 f e p>ticle ( e>?1 by scre5+1 or if necess>y1 ev5 by wa%+2 "s additional exp5se might 9 ! fir/ in/ance be incurr$ by ^! op]ations1 b x w\ld be f\nd by mu* ! mo/ economical & advantage\s mode 9 ! end4 ,9 all cases1 mat]ials 9 _! native /ate are compos$ ( p>ticles & pieces ( diff]5t sizes1 x is mo/ important t ^? %\ld be sep>at$1 & t ! l>ge/ size %\ld be r$uc$ to n m ?an six or eight ounces 9 weight1 & laid 9 ! bottom "p ( ! road2 ^? t are "u t weight or size may be laid on ! top or surface ( ! road2 ! surface itself %\ld be made ) a v g5tle curve 9 its cross section1 j suffici5t to p]mit ! wat] to pass f ! c5tre t[>ds ! sides ( ! road1 ! declivity may increase t[>ds ! sides1 & ! g5]al section =m a v flat ellipsis1 s t ! side1 at ! "t1 %\ld 7^u a road ( ab\t ?irty feet 9 wid?7 be n9e in*es bel[ ! surface 9 ! middle4 ,connect$ ) ! cross section are ! side dra9s :i* are to receive ! wat]1 & :i* dra9s1 9 e in/ance1 ,i p>ticul>ly recomm5d to be on ! field side ( ! f5ce1 ) ap]tures 9 t f5ce = ! wat] to pass f ! sides ( ! road into !m4 ,! f5ces !mselves on ea* side =m a v mat]ial & important subject1 ) reg>d to ! p]fection ( roads2 !y %\ld 9 no in/ance be m ?an five feet 9 height above ! c5tre ( ! road1 & all trees :i* /& )9 tw5ty y>ds f ! c5tre ( x ought to be remov$4 ,i am sure t tw5ty p] c5t4 ( ! exp5se ( improv+ & repair+ roads is incurr$ by ! improp] /ate ( ! f5ces & trees along ! sides ( x1 on ! sunny side m p>ticul>ly2 ?is mu/ be evid5t to any p]son :o w notice ! /ate ( a road :i* is mu* %ad$ by high f5ces & trees1 comp>$ to ! o!r p>ts ( ! road :i* are expos$ to ! sun & air4 ,my obs]vations1 ) reg>d to f5ces & trees1 apply :5 ! road is on ! same level z ! adjac5t fields2 b 9 _m cases1 on ! mo/ frequ5t$ roads ( ,engl&1 m /uff has be5 remov$ f "t to "t ?an 0 put on2 ! surface ( ! road is consequ5tly sunk into a tr\gh or *annel f ?ree to six feet bel[ ! surface ( ! fields on ea* side2 "h all attempts at dra9age1 or ev5 common repairs1 seem to be q out ( ! "q2 & by mu* ! mo/ judici\s & economical mode w be to remove ! :ole road into ! field :i* is on ! sunny side ( x4 ,9 cases :]e a road is made ^u gr\nd :]e !re are _m spr+s1 x is absolutely necess>y to make a numb] ( "u & cross dra9s to collect ! wat] & conduct x into ! a=esaid side-dra9s1 :i* ,i h recomm5d$ to be made on ! field side ( ! f5ces4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! bottom "p ( a road1 7:i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be made ( an elliptical =m7 if x is ^u clay1 or o!r ela/ic sub/ance1 :i* w\ld reta9 wat]1 ,i w\ld recomm5d to cov] ! :ole bottom ( ! road ) vegetable soil1 9 cases :]e ! natural %ape ( ! gr\nd admits2 ,i w\ld n remove ! orig9al surface1 & :]e !re are inequalities ,i w\ld fill !m up ) vegetable soil1 s z to cut (f all connexion ) clay4 ,:]e gravel is ! mat]ial to complete ! road )1 ,i h already m5tion$1 t x ought to be completely cleans$ ( e p>ticle ( clay or e>?y sub/ance1 & its diff]5t sizes ought to be select$ & arrang$ by means ( riddl+ or wa%+2 9 ! use ( ! riddle1 ! p>ticles ( e>? or clay adh]e s mu* to ! /ones t x frequ5tly requires to be expos$ to ! sun1 air1 & fro/1 = sev]al mon?s1 & !n riddl$ ov] aga94 ,9 ?is gravel1 ! /ones are ( diff]5t sizes & diff]5t %apes2 all ^? t are r\nd ought to be brok5 ) a small hamm]1 & 9 m5tion+ hamm]s1 ,i beg leave to draw ! att5tion ( ! ,committee to _! weight1 %ape & mann] ( us+1 :i* is ( mu* m importance ?an any "o c conceive :o has n _h mu* exp]i5ce 9 road-mak+2 ! diff]5ce 9 manag+ ?is op]ation be+ n less ?an t5 p] c5t4 & is1 besides1 ( equal importance t[>ds ! p]fection ( ! road2 ! size & weight ( ! hamm] ,i w\ld apportion to ! size & weight ( ! /ones1 & ! /ones %\ld be brok5 ^u ! heap1 n on ! gr\nd2 x mu/ be evid5t t us+ r\nd /ones w be ! means ( d]ang+ ! position ( ^? ne> !m1 & ( gr9d+ !m to pieces4 ,are y ( op9ion t ! gravel :i* is f\nd 9 ! pits 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london is calculat$ = mak+ roads capable ( be>+ ! heavy weights :i* ! great traffic r\nd ,london occasions to be us$ ^u !m8--,i am ( op9ion t ! mat]ials 9 ! :ole valley or pla9 ar\nd ,london be+ entirely silici\s1 or fl9ts1 & easily gr\nd1 to du/1 are v improp]4 ,?is mu/ be evid5t to e p]son :o travels ne> ,london 9 any direction4 ,are y ( op9ion t x w\ld be advisable or practicable to procure f any p>ticul> "p ( ! c\ntry1 ei!r by canal1 or by riv] conveyance1 bett] mat]ials1 s z to =m p]fect roads1 )\t ! necessity ( pav+ !m8--,t ^? mat]ials c\ld be procur$ bo? by ! canals2 & by sea is evid5t2 b ,i am satisfi$ t ! mo/ economical & pref]able mode w\ld be by means ( pav+4 ,d y consid] t x w\ld be advisable to pave ! :ole ( ! roads1 or t ! pav+ ( ! c5tre or sides1 z has be5 recomm5d$ by "s witnesses1 w\ld be suffici5t8--,i appreh5d t ! pav+ a prop] wid? 9 ! c5tre w\ld be q suffici5t1 gravel might be prop] en\gh = ! sides1 ^u ! same pr9ciple t we1 9 all new roads :i* are con/ruct$1 make use ( metall+1 or brok5 /ones on ! middle "p ( ! road1 = ab\t f sixte5 to eighte5 or tw5ty feet 9 bread?1 & leave ! sides gravell$ & kept dry2 ?is1 9 g5]al1 =ms a v p]fect road4 ,is !re any pr9ciple :i* y w\ld ?9k prop] to recomm5d 9 reg>d to ! %ape ( ! /ones to be us$ 9 pav+ roads8--,i am ( op9ion t ! g5]al %ape ( ! /ones at pres5t us$ = pav+1 & ! modes ( di/ribut+ !m are v imp]fect1 ! l[] "p ( ! /ones be+ ( a triangul> w$ge-l %ape1 :i*1 in/ead ( enabl+ !m to resi/ ! weights :i* come ^u !m2 easily p5etrate into ! sub/ratum2 ! /ones are also brok5 ( an unequal size4 ,! rem$ies = ^! defects are obvi\s1 !y %\ld be z ne>ly z possible ( a cubical =m1 its l[] b$ hav+ an equal surface ) its upp] face2 !y %\ld be select$ z ne>ly z possible ( an equal size1 & !y %\ld nev] be ( great l5g? on ! face4 ,9 qu>ry+ & prep>+ ! /ones w\ld !re be any additional exp5se 9 =m+ !m into ! cubical %ape n[ recomm5d$8--,!re w\ld c]ta9ly be an additional exp5se 9 ! prep>ation1 because !re w\ld be m "w requir$ 9 ! dress+1 & _m /ones mu/ be reject$ :i* are n[ us$2 b ,i ?9k ! additional exp5se w\ld be v well be/[$4 ,are y ( op9ion t great injury is done to turnpike roads by ! heavy weights c>ri$ 9 waggons ^u !m8--,i am4 ,are y ( op9ion t any bread? ( :eels = ^? waggons w ju/ify ! pres5t exemption f tolls8--,x c]ta9ly ought n4 ,9 :at mann] w\ld y recomm5d t ! tolls %\ld be apportion$ to ! weights c>ri$ by waggons on ^? roads8--,i am ( op9ion t ! mo/ advisable mode w\ld be to apportion ! tolls to ! weight c>ri$ on ea* :eel1 )\t ref]5ce to ! bread?1 provid$ x is n all[$ to be less ?an f\r in*es4 ,= ! purpose ( assess+ ! tolls 9 ?is in/ance w\ld x n be necess>y t ! waggon %\ld be weigh$ at e turnpike gate8--,!re ought to be a p[] to d x1 b !re might be a *eck by means ( toll tickets1 simil> to :at is done ^u navigable canals4 ,) a view ( e/abli%+ good roads g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & ( keep+ !m 9 repair ^u ! mo/ economical plan1 :at limitation w\ld y propose z to ! actual weight ea* c>riage %\ld be all[$ to c>ry8--,i %\ld ?9k x %\ld nev] exce$ f\r tons1 :i* %\ld be a ton ^u ea* :eel2 :5 x exce$s t weight ! be/ mat]ials :i* c be procur$ = road-mak+ mu/ be d]ang$ & gr\nd to pieces4 ,m>tis1 #aa die ,maii1 #ahai4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,p]ry1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y hold a situation 9 ! ,po/-(fice8--,yes1 "u ,mr4 ,johnson1 inspector ( ! mails 9 ! ,po/-(fice4 ,s9ce ! exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,johnson be=e ?is ,committee1 has ! ,po/-(fice receiv$ any fur!r report on ! /ate ( any ( ! roads ne> ! ,metropolis8--,yes2 "o t is betwe5 ,/a9es & ,bag%ot1 :i* ,i h br\ght ) me4 ,deliv]$ 91 & read3 8,/ate ( ! ,turnpike ,road betwe5 ,/a9es & ,bag%ot1 ,may #d?1 #ahai4 ,f ,/a9es ,bridge to ,egham ! =m ( ! road has be5 consid]ably alt]$ = ! bett]1 ) pl5ty ( wat]c\rses & ar*$ dra9s3 ?r\gh ,egham t[n ! dirt has be5 entirely remov$1 & a v pl5tiful supply ( well-sift$ gravel laid on1 :i* w 9 a %ort "t make a good h>d road4 ,! hill likewise has rec5tly be5 cov]$ ) a ?ick coat ( good /ones1 :i* w require a little "t to cem5t2 f !nce ! road is greatly improv$2 ! sides are p>$ d[n1 & kept p>ticul>ly clean4 ,at ,virg9ia ,wat] e ?+ appe>s to h be5 done to ! hills1 t ! "t & s&y nature ( ! soil w\ld p]mit2 x is n[ 9 a good =m1 & level4 ,f ,virg9ia ,wat] ,hill1 by ,broom ,hill ,hut1 ! road has be5 well scrap$1 ! wat]c\rses op5$1 & ! sides kept clean1 & is 9 a v good /ate all ! way to ,bag%ot4 7,sign$7 ,samuel ,maddocks40 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,returns ,,( ,,turnpike ,,tru/s ,,r\nd ,,london4 ,,"n ,,( ,,tru/4 ,,acts ,,( ,,l5g? ,,( ,,am\nt ,,( ,,exp5ses1 ,,debt4 ,,p>liam5t4 ,,road4 ,,tolls1 #ahah4 #ahah4 ,surrey ,new #bf1 #dg1 #f #ddj 4#i1baj -- -- 4#i1baj -- -- 4#i1jjj -- -- ,road #eh ,geo4 #c ,m4 ,yds4 ,city ,road #dc ,geo4 #c4;c #a #ddj #a1fde -- -- #a1ffa #f #d #a1fbc #ab #f #fh4 ,m4 ,yds4 ,/4 #g1 #h1 #bi #d #a1ehd #c1ifj -- -- #c1hjh #af #aj #c1ejj -- -- ,m>y-le-,bone ,g4#c4 #bc ,m4 ,yds4 #dh ,g4#c4 ,k5s+ton #ce #ea #ag #ad1ffj ,tolls4 #ab1icc #ah #h #aa1ejj -- -- ,geo4 #c4 ,m4 ,cannon ,/reet #bg ,geo4 #b4 #a #gdg #a1afg -- #f #ifb #i #b #c1eai #ah #f #e #db ,geo4 ,m4 ,yds4 #c4 ,new ,cross #bd ,may #ci #ffj #aa1hcc #h #c #aa1ffj #aa #h #b1dfd #af -- #ahjb1 #bg ,m4 ,yds4 ,may #ahji4 ,:ite*apel #be #dc #cd #bbj #ab1dej -- -- #ac1jhf #b #a #b1cjj -- -- ,geo4 #c4 ,m4 ,yds4 ,surrey & #db #eh #eg #gih #ad1fjf #aj -- #ad1geh #ah #g #c1gej -- -- ,sussex ,geo4 #c4 ,m4 ,yds4 ,highgate & #da ,geo4 #c4 #bj #aa1ecf -- -- #ad1ahc #ag #b #g1ijj -- -- ,hamp/ead ,m4 ,hackney #ed ,geo4 #c4 #f #hhj #d1cee -- -- #c1idb -- -- #b1ajj -- -- ,m4 ,yds4 ,old ,/reet #ee ,geo4 #c4 #a #hhj #a1ebj -- -- #a1bee -- -- ,m4 ,yds4 ,/am=d ,hill #ee ,geo4 #c4 #bj #hhj #aj1edj -- -- #aa1cic -- -- #ae1jjj -- -- ,m4 ,yds4 ------ ------ ------------ ---- ---- ------------ ---- ---- ------------ ---- ---- #baj #dhi4ig1dhb #ah #i4ih1hef -- #f4fb1feh #g -- ,m4 ,yds ------------ ---- ---- ------------ ---- ---- ------------ ---- ---- 4#dfd4d4 4#dgj4ad4 4#bih4g4 p',mile4 p',mile4 p',mile4 ,,report ,,f ,,select ,,committee ,,on ,,mr4 ,m',,adam',s ,,petition1 ,,& ,,extracts ,,f ,,evid5ce ,,relat+ ,,to ,,8 ,,improv$ ,,sy/em ,,( ,,con/ruct+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,! ,,public ,,roads ,,( ,,! ,,k+dom4 ,ord]$1 by ,! ,h\se ( ,commons1 to be ,pr9t$1 #bj? ,june #ahbc4 ,,report4 ,,! ,,select ,,committee appo9t$ to take into consid]ation ! ,petition ( ,mr4 ,m,,adam1 & to report to ! ,h\se1 :e!r any & :at fur!r pecuni>y ,grant %all be made to him1 ei!r by way ( paym5t ( 8 ,exp5ses or z a remun]ation = 8 ,s]vices1 = hav+ introduc$ into practice an improv$ ,sy/em ( con/ruct+ & repair+ ! ,,public ,,roads ( ! ,k+dom1 or = ! managem5t ( ! ,funds applicable to ! same2--,,h1 pursuant to ! ,ord] ( ! ,h\se1 exam9$ ! matt]s to !m ref]r$1 & h agre$ ^u ! foll[+ ,,report3 ,9 pres5t+ to ! ,h\se ! result ( _! inquiry into ! claim pref]r$ by ,mr4 ,m,adam = a comp5sation = 8 s]vices1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ devis$ & introduc$ into practice an improv$ & economical sy/em ( repair+1 mak+ & manag+ ! ,turnpike ,roads ( ! ,k+dom2 y\r ,committee w notice1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! proce$+s :i* h tak5 place ^u ?is subject previ\s to ! in/itution ( ! inquiry 9 :i* !y h be5 engag$4 ,x appe>s f ! correspond5ce & docum5ts obta9$ f ! ,treasury1 z well z f ! ,reports ( =m] ,committees ( ! ,h\se1 appo9t$ to inquire into ! /ate ( ! ,highways ( ! ,k+dom1 t ! fir/ application made by ,mr4 ,m,adam = paym5t ( 8 exp5ses1 & remun]ation = 8 s]vices1 0 9 ,novemb] #ahai4 ,?is application 0 ref]r$ by ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,treasury1 by lett]1 to ! ,po/ma/]s ,g5]al1 = explanation & in=mation2 :o1 9 reply1 transmitt$ a ,report f ,mr4 ,johnson1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,mailcoa*es1 /at+ z foll[s3-- 8,z ,i travel rapidly ov] great di/ances1 & my att5tion is usually mu* occupi$ ) ! imm$iate bus9ess ( ! (fice1 ,i _c speak ) accuracy ab\t p>ticul> & local alt]ations2 b ,i feel myself well w>rant$ 9 /at+1 t :5ev] ,i h f\nd any ?+ done "u ,mr4 ,m,adam's imm$iate direction1 or by 8 pupils1 or ev5 9 imitation ( 8 plan & pr9ciples1 ! improvem5t has be5 mo/ decisive1 & ! sup]iority ov] ! common me?od ( repair+ roads mo/ evid5t2 &1 z ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,mailcoa*es1 ,i h abundant reason to wi% t ,mr4 ,m,adam's pr9ciples 7 act$ ^u v g5]ally3 if !y 71 a pace :i* 9 w9t]1 or any bad wea!r1 _c be accompli%$ )\t difficulty1 w\ld become p]fectly easy2 to say no?+ ( ! com=t & safety ( ! travell]1 & ! cr$it to humanity 9 less5+ ! lab\r ( ! animals4 ,i may add1 al?\gh s mu* has be5 accompli%$1 ! ,po/ma/]s ,g5]al c\ld /ill exp$ite ! conveyance ( ! ,mails1 & br+ ! arrangem5t ( ! ,po/s ne>] to p]fection1 if ! ,roads 7 univ]sally z mu* improv$ z ! practice ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's plan w\ld effect4 7,sign$7 ,,*a4 ,,johnson40 ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice1 ,dec4 #h1 #ahai40 8,z "o in/ance ( ! b5efit ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's improvem5t1 ,i beg to m5tion t ! ,mail la/ w9t] lo/ t51 fifte51 & tw5ty m9utes1 9 pass+ f ,/a9es to ,bag%ot2 b n[ ! "t is exactly kept4 7,sign$7 ,c4 ,j40 ,& ! ,po/ ,ma/]s ,g5]al also conclud$ _! ,report to ! ,treasury by obs]v+1 8,t ) respect to ! road ne> ,/a9es1 to :i* he alludes1 we _h f\nd x necess>y to give notice ( indictm5t1 :i* has be5 prev5t$ by ! ,commission]s resort+ to ,mr4 ,m,adam's assi/ance & advice1 :i* has produc$ ! excell5t road m5tion$ by ! ,sup]9t5d5t4 8,! ,road f ,newbury1 ?r\gh ,read+1 to ,twy=d1 has be5 s mu* improv$1 t ! ,mailcoa* has be5 bett] enabl$ to keep its "t ?an h]et(ore1 & we are conv9c$ t if ! roads ne> ,london 7 improv$ 9 a simil> mann]1 consid]able advantages w\ld be obta9$ to ! correspond5ce 9 g5]al1 b p>ticul>ly 9 places f n9ety to "o hundr$ miles di/ant40 ,9 ,febru>y1 ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,treasury receiv$ a repres5tation f sev]al noblem5 & g5tlem51 urg+ 9 v /rong t]ms ! claim ( ,mr4 ,m,adam to remun]ation = ! s]vices he _h r5d]$ to ! ,public4 ,?is docum5t1 z well on acc\nt ( ! gr\nds ^u :i* ! remun]ation is /at$ to h be5 m]it$1 z also f its hav+ be5 s num]\sly & respectively sign$1 well des]ves ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se4 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 by desire ( _! ,lord%ips1 transmitt$ ?is c]tificate ) a lett] to ! ,po/ma/]s ,g5]al2 9 :i*1 among/ o!r obs]vations1 & allud+ to ! recomm5dation 9 fav\r ( ,mr4 ,m,adam be=e m5tion$1 he writes z foll[s3--8,^! te/imonials are ( s highly respectable a nature f ! /ation & "* ( ! individuals :o h sign$ !m1 & are s decisive z to ! m]it1 n only ( ! sy/em itself1 b also ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's p]sonal lab\rs & ex]tions 9 r$uc+ x into practice2 & z to ! great advantages :i* ! ,public h already d]iv$ !refrom on sev]al important l9es ( road 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,k+dom1 t my ,lords c\ld n hesitate a mom5t 9 af=d+ to any application1 :i* ,mr4 ,m,adam may be advis$ to make to ,p>liam5t = remun]ation = ^! s]vices1 _! p]fect & entire concurr5ce40 ,& ! ,po/ma/]s ,g5]al 9 ! same lett] are direct$1 aft] tak+ into _! consid]ation ^! te/imonials1 toge!r ) any subsequ5t in=mation !y may h acquir$1 to report :e!r ! sum ( #b1jjjl4 or any o!r sum might1 9 _! op9ion1 be advanc$ to ,mr4 ,m,adam1 to relieve him f ! difficulties "u :i* he !n lab\r$1 & until ! pleasure ( ,p>liam5t %all be obta9$2 to :i* ! ,po/ma/]s ,g5]al reply by lett] ( #bc;d ,febru>y #ahbj1 9 /ill /rong] t]ms ( comm5dation ( ! s]vices ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 /at+ t 8!y consid] ,mr4 ,m,adam's sy/em ( mak+ & repair+ roads z des]v+ ( e enc\ragem5t1 t its b5eficial results are ackn[l$g$ 9 e "p ( ! v>i\s di/ricts ( ! c\ntry :]e ! tru/ees ( roads h avail$ !mselves ( 8 assi/ance & sugge/ions1 t he has 9 ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ mann] giv5 e facility to o!r p]sons ) ! same g5]al object2 & t ! obs]vations ( _! ,surveyor ( ,mailcoa*es1 enclos$ 9 _! ,report ( ! #bj? ,decemb]1 h acquir$ additional =ce f ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ two mon?s1 9 :i* ! mail coa*es h _h to cont5d ) unusual difficulties2 = x has be5 evid5t on su* p>ts ( roads :]e ,mr4 ,m,adam's sy/em has be5 pursu$1 ! public mails h exp]i5c$ less int]ruption ?an :]e ! old sy/em 0 p]si/$ 92 & _! ,lord%ips conclude _! lett] by recomm5d+ ! advance ( #bjjjl40 ,9 ! session ( #ahai1 a ,select ,committee 0 appo9t$ to take into consid]ation ! ,acts 9 =ce reg>d+ ! ,turnpike ,roads & ,highways ( ! ,k+dom1 & ! exp$i5cy ( additional regulations = _! bett] repair & pres]vation4 ,?is ,committee report$1 9 ! mo/ decid$ t]ms1 z to ! success ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's sy/em4 ,! foll[+ is a %ort extract f t ,report3 8,! admirable /ate ( repair into :i* ! roads "u ,mr4 ,m,adam's sy/em 7 br\ght attract$ v g5]al att5tion1 & induc$ ! commission]s ( v>i\s di/ricts to apply = 8 assi/ance or advice4 ,! g5]al te/imony borne to 8 complete success :]ev] he has be5 employ$1 & ! pro( t 8 improvem5ts h be5 att5d$ ) an actual r$uction ( exp5se1 :ile !y h af=d$ ! mo/ useful employm5t to ! poor1 induce y\r ,committee to atta* a high degree ( importance to t :i* he has already accompli%$4 ,! imitations ( 8 plans are r5d]$ easy by _! simplicity1 & by ! c&\r ) :i* he has expla9$ !m1 al?\gh ability 9 ! surveyor to judge ( _! application mu/ be und]/ood z an ess5tial requisite40 ,9 session #ahbj1 ,mr4 ,m,adam pres5t$ a petition to ,p>liam5t1 pray+ = ! paym5t ( 8 exp5ses1 & su* rew>d = 8 s]vices z ! ,h\se 9 its ju/ice & wisdom %\ld ?9k fit to grant4 ,?is petition 0 ref]r$ = consid]ation to ! ,select ,committee !n sitt+ ^u ! /ate ( ! ,highways1 :o _h ! acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's exp5ses up to #ahad submitt$ to !m2 & f :i* acc\nt x appe>s1 t ! di/ance travell$ by ,mr4 ,m,adam 0 #cj1jjj miles1 & t !re 7 #a1ibj days employ$ 9 ?is s]vice2 t reckon+ by ! rules ( all[ance made by ! ,po/ ,(fice to _! surveyors1 ! exp5se ( ! above travell+ am\nt$ to ! sum ( #e1jail4 #fs4 :i* sum ,mr4 ,m,adam /ates to h be5 exp5d$ by him on ?is s]vice up to ,augu/ #ahad4 ,mr4 ,m,adam fur!r /ates1 9 8 ,evid5ce be=e ! ,committee2 8,?is acc\nt is made f memor&a 9 my possession1 & ,i h made ! same ) su* c>e & att5tion1 t ,i am ready to make oa? t x is to ! be/ ( my k & belief correct1 :5ev] ,i may be requir$ s to d40 ,:i* he aft]w>ds did 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,i1 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 d h]eby volunt>ily make oa? t ! above-m5tion$ acc\nt deliv]$ by me to ! ,committee on ,turnpike ,roads & ,highways1 is to ! be/ ( my k & belief correct40 8,witness my h& ?is #h? day ( ,m>* #ahba4 7,sign$7 ,,jno4 ,,l\don ,m,,adam40 8,sworn be=e me at ,pontefract1 #h? ,m>* #ahba4 7,sign$7 ,g4 ,,ald]son1 ,ald]man40 ,y\r ,committee1 9 _! ,report ( ! #ah? ( ,july #ahbj1 /ate z foll[s3 8,! att5tion ( y\r ,committee has be5 direct$ to ! claim ( ,mr4 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam = public remun]ation1 conta9$ 9 8 petition ref]r$ to !m by ! ,h\se4 8,y\r ,committee appreh5d1 t ! ability1 indu/ry & zeal ( ,mr4 ,m,adam 9 8 successful pursuit ( ! be/ means = con/ruct+ roads are become matt]s ( g5]al notoriety4 ,x appe>s t ,mr4 ,m,adam fir/ direct$ ! public att5tion to ?is important fact1 t angul> fragm5ts ( h>d mat]ials1 suffici5tly r$uc$ 9 size1 w coalesce or b9d1 )\t o!r mixture1 into a compact$ mass ( /one ne>ly imp5etrable to wat]1 :i* be+ laid almo/ flat1 s z to all[ ( c>riages pass+ freely ^u all p>ts ( ! road1 w we> ev5ly ?r\gh\t1 n exhibit+ ! appe>ance ( ruts or ( any o!r inequalities4 ,?is pr9ciple1 once br\ght "u notice1 may appe> suffici5tly obvi\s2 b ,mr4 ,m,adam has _h ! hon\r at mu* exp5se ( lab\r1 ( "t1 & ( 8 private =tune1 to br+ x into practice on an ext5sive scale4 8,y\r ,committee are !re=e cle>ly ( op9ion1 t ,mr4 ,m,adam is entitl$ to rew>d1 & !y approve ( ! advance made to him by ! ,po/ma/] ,g5]al1 "u sanction ( ! ,treasury4 ,y\r ,committee h call$ = ! correspond5ce :i* pass$ ^u t occasion4 ,!y h exam9$ ,mr4 ,freel+1 ,*ief ,secret>y to ! ,po/ ,(fice2 ,mr4 ,johnson1 ,surveyor or ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,mailcoa*es2 & !y h receiv$ /atem5ts f ,mr4 ,m,adam1 9 support ( 8 fur!r claim1 all ( :i* !y ins]t 9 ! ,app5dix2 & aft] a full inve/igation ( ! matt]s submitt$ to !m1 y\r ,committee are ( op9ion1 t ,mr4 ,m,adam is entitl$ to fur!r rew>d = 8 s]vices1 b !y ?9k x mu* bett] 9 all respects to leave ! am\nt to ! ,po/ ,(fice1 ?an to m5tion any specific sum !mselves4 8,:ile e individual ?r\gh\t ! nation1 & almo/ e conc]n is b5efit$ by good roads1 ! ,po/ ,(fice d]ives peculi> & m direct advantage f !m1 comb9$ ) con/ant & accurate intellig5ce respect+ _! /ate2 y\r ,committee1 !re=e1 consid] ! ,po/ ,(fice be/ able to =m a correct op9ion ^u ! subject1 & !y moreov] feel t a debt is due f ! rev5ue ( ! ,po/ ,(fice1 to be paid on any extraord9>y occasion to ! ,roads ( ,great ,brita91 a debt contract$ by ! exemption1 h[ev] prop]ly giv51 ( _! c>riages f toll4 8,on all ^! gr\nds y\r ,committee ?9k x "r to ref] ! ,petition ( ,mr4 ,m,adam to ! ,po/ma/]s ,g5]al1 "u ! sanction ( ! ,treasury1 ) _! fav\rable recomm5dation40 ,& 9 ! ,app5dix to t ,report x w be f\nd f ! ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,freel+1 8,t ! ,po/ ,(fice did n take ,mr4 ,m,adam's s]vices into consid]ation1 or suppose t #b1jjjl4 w\ld be a suffici5t remun]ation = ^? s]vices2 !y m]ely /at$1 9 answ] to pap]s f ! ,treasury1 t !y consid]$ x w\ld be "r to advance to ,mr4 ,m,adam ! sum ( #b1jjjl4 & consid] ,mr4 ,m,adam's claims z e/abli%+ a gr\nd = fur!r remun]ation40 ,9 consequ5ce ( t ,report ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,treasury aga91 on ! #bc;d ( ,septemb]1 ref] ! subject to ! ,po/ma/]s ,g5]al1 :o1 consid]+ ! fir/ sum ( #e1jail4 #fs4 to be admitt$ z prov$ be=e ! ,committee1 recomm5d$ ! paym5t ( 8 exp5ses f #ahad1 to be calculat$ ^u ! same pr9ciple z ! travell+ all[ance is made to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,mailcoa*es1 am\nt+ to #a1hcgl4 #ags4 #f;d4 & !y fur!r propose ! sum ( #b1jjjl4 or #b1ejjl4 to be grant$ to ,mr4 ,m,adam1 z a mod]ate comp5sation = 8 s]vices2 ^u ?is ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,treasury issu$ a second sum ( #b1jjjl4 /at+ t _! ,lord%ips1 adv]t+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's claims1 _c feel !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 issu+ any fur!r sum to him on acc\nt !re(1 )\t ! express au?ority ( ,p>liam5t = t purpose4 ,on ! #e? ,decemb] #ahbj1 ,mr4 ,m,adam aga9 address$ a lett] to ! ,lords ( ! ,treasury1 :i* 0 transmitt$ to ! ,po/ ,(fice2 & ! ,po/ma/]s ,g5]al1 ref]r+ to _! =m] lett]1 obs]ve t !y h no difficulty 9 be>+ _! te/imony to ! s]vices ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 & to ! b5efits :i* ! ,public 7 likely to d]ive f !m1 & also /at$ t 9 _! op9ions ! *>ges 7 reasonable4 ,! la/ ,memorial pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,m,adam 0 to ! ,po/ma/]s ,g5]al1 :o1 9 transmitt+ x to ! ,treasury1 obs]ve1 8,! fav\rable op9ions :i* we ent]ta9$ & express$ 9 our =m] ,reports ^u ?is subject h be5 confirm$ by exp]i5ce2 & t by employ+ ,mr4 ,m,adam to survey ! roads 9 ,lanca%ire ! mo/ b5eficial results are likely to foll[40 ,hav+ ?us giv5 a succ9ct & connect$ acc\nt ( ^! diff]5t proce$+s1 & hav+ tak5 into _! consid]ation ! :ole ( ! correspond5ce :i* has pass$ previ\s to ?is inquiry betwe5 ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,treasury & ! ,po/ma/]s ,g5]al1 toge!r ) ! sev]al ,memorials pres5t$ at diff]5t p]iods to ^! dep>tm5ts by ! ,petition]1 ) ! docum5ts accompany+ !m1 & hav+ consid]$ ,mr4 ,m,adam's /atem5t ( 8 case1 & ! pro( adduc$ 9 support ( x1 :i* accompany ?is ,report1 y\r ,committee are ( op9ion t ,mr4 ,m,adam has1 by means ( great assiduity1 skill1 & _m ye>s p]sonal lab\r1 & at a consid]able exp5se1 out ( 8 private prop]ty1 introduc$ into v ext5sive practice a sy/em ( repair+1 mak+ & manag+ ! turnpike roads & highways ( ! k+dom1 f :i* ! ,public h d]iv$ mo/ important & valuable advantages4 ,t 9 addition to ! notoriety ( ! fact1 t ! improv$ condition ( ! public roads is 9 a great degree to be ascrib$ to ! ability1 zeal1 & indefatigable ex]tions ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 x n[ = ! fir/ "t appe>s1 t ,mr4 ,m,adam has gratuit\sly giv5 8 p]sonal att5tion ^u1 & advice & assi/ance to1 no less a numb] ?an sev5ty turnpike tru/s 9 tw5ty-eight c\nties ( ! k+dom1 f _m ( :i* he has n receiv$ ! paym5t ev5 ( 8 exp5ses2 t he has1 = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 be5 engag$ 9 an ext5sive correspond5ce ) p]sons connect$ ) ! managem5t & improvem5t ( roads1 af=d+1 9 ! mo/ unres]v$ mann]1 in=mation & in/ruction :]ev] requir$2 & t he has att5d$1 dur+ sev]al sessions ( ,p>liam5t1 ! ,committee ( ?is ,h\se1 = ! same purpose ( communicat+ in=mation3 all :i* s]vices1 toge!r ) ! assi/ance he has be5 call$ ^u to give to ! ,po/ ,(fice1 he has r5d]$ )\t rew>d or pecuni>y comp5sation ( any k9d1 beyond ! sum ( #d1jjjl4 advanc$ to him by ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,treasury1 9 "p paym5t ( 8 exp5ses4 ,look+ to ! result ( ^! s]vices z affect+ ! community at l>ge2 ! increase ( com=t1 conv5i5ce & safety to ! ,public g5]ally2 ! dim9ution ( exp5se 9 ! we> & te> ( c>riages ( all descriptions2 ! r$uction ( horse-lab\r1 & consequ5t exp5se ( horses2 ! relief ! oppressive bur!n ( ! poor rates1 by ! additional means creat$ = employ+ ! surplus lab\r+ population ( ! encumb]$ p>i%es2 ! abolition 9 _m in/ances ( a great "p1 & 9 "s1 ( ! :ole ( ! /atute duty compla9$ ( by ! agriculturi/s1 & ! v ess5tial b5efit to ! agricultural1 comm]cial & manufactur+ classes1 by ! m easy & equal diffusion ( ! produce ( ! soil ov] ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! k+dom2 ! free z well z rapid circulation ( comm]cial capital1 !reby add+ greatly to ! national weal? & prosp]ity :i* ?is sy/em has mat]ially contribut$ to effect2 ! ,committee _c hesitate to express _! op9ion1 9 concurr5ce ) t already pron\nc$ by ! ,heads ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,po/ ,(fice1 t ! sum ( #b1jjjl4 or #b1ejjl41 9 addition to 8 exp5ses1 to be calculat$ aft] ! same rate ( all[ance z is grant$ by t (fice to ! ,surveyor or ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,mailcoa*es1 w be b a mod]ate comp5sation to ,mr4 ,m,adam = 8 great ex]tions & v valuable s]vices4 ,! ,committee1 ) a view to abridge ! ,app5dix1 h omitt$ to include sev]al te/imonials =w>d$ to !m f diff]5t innkeep]s & po/ma/]s1 /at+ ! advantages !y h d]iv$ f ! improvem5t ( ! roads "u ,mr4 ,m,adam's sy/em2 b :i* t5d to confirm ! g5]al op9ion fav\rable to ! sy/em4 ,x appe>s t ,mr4 ,m,adam has held1 f ! ye> #ahaf to ! pres5t "t1 & n[ holds1 ! situation ( g5]al surveyor ( ! ,bri/ol ,turnpike ,roads at a sal>y1 ! fir/ ye>1 ( #djjl4 & ea* subsequ5t ye>1 ( #ejjl42 b tak+ into consid]ation1 t out ( 8 annual sal>y #bjjl4 is = exp5ses incid5t to 8 ,(fice1 ! rema9+ sum ( #cjjl4 is1 9 ! op9ion ( ?is ,committee1 n m ?an an adequate paym5t = ! con/ant & labori\s duties atta*$ to ! situation1 & _c1 or ought n1 to be consid]$ z con/itut+ any remun]ation to ,mr4 ,m,adam = 8 o!r di/9ct & important s]vices4 ,x fur!r appe>s1 t ! ?ree sons ( ,mr4 ,m,adam are employ$ z g5]al surveyors ^u v>i\s l9es ( road 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,k+dom2 t !y h be5 & are competitors ) all o!r road surveyors1 ov] :om !y possess no o!r advantage ?an su* z _! sup]ior intellig5ce1 skill & indu/ry entitle !m to1 hav+ no exclusive or pref]able privilege :atev]2 t !y h improv$1 & at ! same "t h v consid]ably r$uc$ ! exp5se ^u almo/ all ! roads "u _! managem5t2 & t _! incomes1 :5 dim9i%$ by ! necess>y disbursem5ts & paym5ts to ! p]sons act+ "u !m1 & _! own exp5ses1 _c be deem$ too l>ge a sum = _! own individual s]vices2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t !y h return$ to ! ,public = ! am\nt ( _! ga9s a fair & full measure ( b5efit1 by ! p]sonal activity1 skill & lab\r s conspicu\s 9 ! managem5t ( ! roads1 & ! funds ( ! tru/s "u _! sup]9t5d5ce2 t two ( ! ?ree _h rel9qui%$ situations ( pr(it to af=d _! aid 9 giv+ effect to & c>ry+ ! sy/em into execution1 & are ju/ly entitl$ to ! fruits ( _! indu/ry1 & h>d-e>n$ incomes1 )\t ! p>ticipation ( any o!r p]son2 & x does n appe> t ! ,petition] has pr(it$ 9 any mann] f ! sal>ies all[$ to 8 sons4 ,) respect to ! petition ( ,mr4 ,w+rove1 ref]r$ to y\r ,committee1 x appe>s1 f ! ,petition]'s own /atem5t1 t 8 object is a comp5sation = s]vices :i* he consid]s himself individually to h r5d]$ to ! public1 a claim :i* y\r ,committee c nei!r inve/igate nor ent]ta91 be+ =eign to ! object ( _! inquiry2 & no "p ( ,mr4 ,w+rove's /atem5t appe>+1 9 ! op9ion ( y\r ,committee1 to affect ! sy/em ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 or impea* 8 claim to a remun]ation = s]vices p]=m$1 !y feel x necess>y only to pres5t 8 evid5ce )\t fur!r rem>k4 ,9 l mann]1 & ) ! same obs]vation1 !y may dismiss ! petition ( ,mr4 ,le/]1 betwe5 ! comp>ative m]it ( ^: lit]>y productions ) ^? ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 & :e!r ,mr4 ,m,adam has 8infr+$ ^u 8 lit]>y prop]ty10 y\r ,committee are n call$ ^u to det]m9e2 nor is x )9 _! prov9ce to pron\nce an op9ion ^u ! degree ( m]it belong+ to ,mr4 ,le/] = ! con/ruction ( ! v>i\s models ( ma*9es exhibit$ to y\r ,committee1 & alleg$ by ,mr4 ,le/] to be applicable to1 & useful =1 ! improvem5t ( roads4 ,9 conclusion1 y\r ,committee desire to /ate x z _! op9ion1 t ! value ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's sy/em1 & consequ5tly ( 8 s]vices1 by no means appe>s to its full ext5t ^u ! roads "u ! imm$iate managem5t ( himself1 or ( 8 sons2 b t ! effect produc$ ^u a consid]able portion ( ! roads g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,k+dom1 s9ce ! adoption ( 8 sy/em1 has be5 manife/1 &1 z y\r ,committee conceive1 too app>5t to escape ! mo/ common or indiff]5t obs]v]2 & fur!r1 t x mu/ be obvi\s1 f pa/ exp]i5ce1 t a sy/em f :i* s mu* good has be5 already d]iv$1 w\ld1 if ext5d$ ov] ! :ole face ( ! ,k+dom1 be productive ( ! mo/ b5eficial consequ5ces bo? to ! condition ( ! roads1 & 9 effect+ a r$uction ( ! am\nt ( ! pres5t enorm\s & improvid5t exp5diture4 ,y\r ,committee w\ld !re=e /rongly recomm5d to ! ,h\se ! consid]ation ( ! subject ( mak+ & manag+ ! roads ( ! ,k+dom 9 ! c\rse ( ! ensu+ ,session ( ,p>liam5t1 feel+ conv9c$ t :atev] plausible appe>ance ! plan may assume ( appo9t+ a l>ge numb] ( noblem51 g5tlem51 f>m]s1 & tradesm51 ,commission]s ( ,roads1 t ! practice has ev]y:]e be5 f\nd to be at v>iance ) ! suppos$ effici5cy ( s l>ge a numb] ( irresponsible manag]s2 & t ! inevitable consequ5ces ( a cont9uance ( ?is defective sy/em w be1 to involve ! diff]5t tru/s deep] 9 debt1 & leave ! roads )\t funds to pres]ve !m 9 prop] ord]4 ,y\r ,committee _c close _! ,report )\t direct+ ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se to t "p ( ,mr4 ,james ,m,adam's evid5ce1 9 :i* he /ates ! practicability ( conv]t+ ! pavem5t ( ! /reets ( ,london into smoo? & sub/antial roads2 & y\r ,committee h ! satisfaction to in=m ! ,h\se t ! exp]im5t is ab\t to be tri$ 9 two v diff]5t & di/9ct p>ts ( ! ,metropolis1 viz4 9 ,/4 ,james's ,squ>e1 & ov] ,we/m9/] ,bridge & its b\nd>y4 ,?is mo/ desirable improvem5t has1 z appe>s f ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,m,adam1 s5ior1 & f t ( ,mr4 ,william ,m,adam1 already be5 tri$1 & completely succe$$ 7z is well kn[n to _m memb]s ( ! ,h\se7 bo? at ,bri/ol & ,exet]1 & is 9 progress ( execution ^u ! pav$ ways 9 ! c\nty ( ,lanca/]4 ,! b5efit to ! inhabitants ( ?is l>ge ,city by su* an important improvem5t1 9 all its v>i\s advantages ( com=t1 conv5i5ce1 & economy1 c sc>cely be appreciat$2 & y\r ,committee hope t ! plan ab\t to be tri$ 9 two sep>ate p>ts ( ,london w be f\nd s f> to succe$ z to induce its adoption1 at lea/ 9 all ! l>ge /reets ( ! ,metropolis1 obs]v+1 t !y believe t x is a plan :i* ,mr4 ,m,adam has = _m ye>s urg$ ! adoption (1 &1 z con/itut+ a "p ( 8 sy/em1 w be f\nd m5tion$ 9 all 8 publications on ! improv$ sy/em ( road-mak+4 #bj? ,june1 #ahbc4 ,,m9utes ,,( ,,evid5ce4 ,m]curii1 #bh die ,maij1 #ahbc4 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,b>+1 ,,b>t4 ,9 ! ,*air4 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 ,esquire1 call$ 92 & ,exam9$4 ,y 7 =m]ly a magi/rate1 & commission] ( ! roads 9 ,scotl&1 7 y n8--,i 04 ,:5 did y fir/ turn y\r att5tion to road mak+8--,i 0 a commission] & tru/ee ( ! roads 9 ,scotl& f ! "t ( my return f ,am]ica 9 ! ye> #aghc2 & ,i naturally turn$ my att5tion to x !re1 because !y _h begun ab\t twelve ye>s be=e to make ! roads turnpike1 & !y 7 c>ry+ !m on ) consid]able activity :5 ,i return$ f ,am]ica2 & x appe>$ to me at t "t1 & all ! "t ,i 0 tru/ee1 t !re 0 a great deal ( money exp5d$ ne$lessly1 & ) v little effect1 on ! roads1 & t ( c\rse turn$ my att5tion to ! cause4 ,i began !n to travel ?r\gh diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry to inspect ! diff]5t managem5ts ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! road1 fir/ 9 ,scotl&1 & !n ,i w5t into ,engl&4 ,9 ! ye> #agih1 ,i came to live 9 ,engl&1 at ,bri/ol4 ,i h no docum5ts to prove my travell+ be=e ,i came to reside 9 ,engl& 9 ! ye> #agih4 ,9 #agih ,i began to make x a sort ( bus9ess4 ,)\t say+ to any "o :at my object 01 ,i travell$ all ov] ! c\ntry 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,i h a li/ ( su* ( ^? places ,i travell$ to t ,i happ5$ to keep memor&ums (1 b ,i _c possibly say all ! places ,i travell$ to4 ,h[ long 7 y occupi$ 9 travell+ = ! purpose ( obta9+ in=mation = ! con/ruction ( roads8--,x 0 only occasional travell+ ( c\rse4 ,i _h "s o!r occupations & private affairs to look into4 ,i began 9 ! ye> #agih to travel z (t5 z ,i _h leisure & conv5i5ce d[n to ! "t ,i took ! *>ge ( ! ,bri/ol roads1 d[n to ! ye> #ahaf1 ! beg9n+ ( #ahaf or latt] end ( ! ye> #ahae4 ,:at 0 ! result ( y\r obs]vations & inquiry ( ! /ate ( ! roads8--,i f\nd ! roads 7 extremely bad 9 all p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 z f> back z ! ye> #agih1 & t v little improvem5t took place 9 !m betwe5 t "t & ! ye> #ahae1 :i* ,i attribut$ to ! ignorance ( ! p]sons :o _h ! *>ge ( !m1 ! ignorance ( ! surveyors1 ! total want ( sci5ce4 ,:at 7 ! objections :i* y f\nd8--,i f\nd ! mat]ials s appli$ t ! roads 7 all loose1 & c>riages1 in/ead ( pass+ ov] ! roads1 pl\gh$ !m2 t 0 ! g5]al fault ( ! roads1 & ! loose /ate ( ! mat]ials1 ,i appreh5d1 0 ow+ to ! bad selection1 ! bad appropriation1 & ! unskilful lay+ ( !m4 ,i came to t conclusion fir/1 f obs]v+ t 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ?+s 7 bett] manag$1 !re 7 bett] roads2 & ,i in/anc$ ! roads betwe5 ,cross & ,bridgewat]1 9 ,som]set%ire2 !re ,i saw a bett] road ?an 9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & hav+ inquir$ into _! managem5t1 ,i f\nd t !y prep>$ _! mat]ials bett]4 ,! next improvem5t t ,i saw 9 roads1 0 at ,k5dal1 9 ,we/morel&1 :]e ,i ?9k ! same result proce$$ f ! same cause4 ,t l$ me to ! conclusion1 t "u a bett] sy/em ( managem5t a bett] road w\ld be produc$2 & hav+ gone to e "p ( ! c\ntry1 & inquir$ into ! mann] 9 :i* !y made ! roads1 ,i =m$ a !ory 9 my own m9d4 ,?is !ory ,i got leave to put 9 practice by be+ appo9t$ to ! c>e ( ! ,bri/ol roads1 ( :i* ,i 0 a commission] 9 ,janu>y #ahaf4 ,did y make any inquiry into ! exp5diture ( money ^u ^? roads1 t y f\nd 9 s bad a /ate8--,i did4 ,:at 0 ! result ( t inquiry8--,i g5]ally f\nd t ! exp5se 0 9 proportion to ! badness ( ! roads1 n to _! good quality1 b z ! roads 7 bad & badly manag$ ! exp5se increas$1 & ,i f\nd few roads t 7 n deeply 9 debt & 9 di/ress = money4 ,9 :at did ! improvid5t exp5diture consi/8--,i ?9k pr9cipally 9 c>t+ great quantities ( unprep>$ mat]ials1 & putt+ !m into ! roads :]e !y 7 n want$2 t 0 "o s\rce ( ne$less exp5se2 & !n ! mat]ials be+ put 9 s bad a /ate did n la/2 ! road w5t soon to pieces4 ,i believe !re 0 a great deal ( o!r k9d ( prodigality1 ( a worse "* ?an c>elessness4 ,did y f9d a l>g] quantity ( mat]ials put 9 ! road ?an 0 necess>y8--,i did1 9 mo/ in/ances2 a mu* l>g] quantity ?an 0 necess>y4 ,did y discov]1 9 any ( ! roads1 t !re 7 mat]ials suffici5t1 if rais$1 to make a good road1 )\t putt+ on ! additional1 quantity8--,9 a v great numb]1 ,i ?9k ! great] numb]1 ,i f\nd a suffici5t quantity ( mat]ials = giv+ !m "o good mak+1 )\t any fur!r addition4 ,7 ^! ! :ole ( y\r obs]vations on ! /ate ( ! roads8--,no4 ,x is n v easy to expla9 to g5tlem51 exactly1 ! p>ticul>s t ,i "k to be wrong 9 roads2 ,i f\nd ! wat]-ways1 & ?+s connect$ ) keep+ ! roads dry1 exce$+ly neglect$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,be s good z to /ate :at defects y obs]v$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! roads1 besides ^? y h already m5tion$8--,i ?9k ! wat]-ways 7 extremely neglect$1 & ! roads 9 g5]al 7 cov]$ ) wat]1 & _m ( !m /&+ 9 wet4 ,x 0 a practice =m]ly to dig a tr5* :5 !y made ! new road4 ,!re 0 a holl[ way1 & a great deal ( ! bad quality ( roads 9 g5]al 0 ow+ to ! circum/ance t ! road 0 /&+ 9 wat]4 ,i ?9k t 0 "o v great error =m]ly2 b ! roads 7 made ^u no pr9ciple2 !re seem$ to be no object2 ! p]sons :o made !m did n seem to und]/& !re 0 "s object to be ga9$2 !y _h no o!r idea ( m5d+ a road ?an br++ a great quantity ( mat]ial1 & %oot+ x on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 a road got into entire disrepair1 ! next ?+ 0 to br+ a quantity ( ! same k9d ( unprep>$ mat]ial1 & to %oot x ^u ! road4 ,did y f9d t !y made use ( bad mat]ial :5 a bett] 0 to be procur$8--,i f\nd t to be v univ]sally ! case1 t ! tops ( ! qu>ries1 & t to be easily procur$1 0 tak5 9 g5]al1 & ! be/ /one left beh9d4 ,i am afraid t is too mu* ! cu/om 9 ! c\ntry /ill4 ,did y f9d !y put ^! mat]ials on ! road 9 an unprep>$ & unfit /ate8--,i did2 !y 7 n brok51 nor 9 _m cases clean$4 ,h y any ?+ fur!r to /ate ) reg>d to ! con/ruction ( ! road8--,no2 ,i d n recollect any ?+ fur!r ,i c /ate4 ,:at inquiry did y make into ! managem5t ( ! funds ( ! diff]5t tru/s8--,i made x a bus9ess to inquire g5]ally ( ! surveyors1 workm51 & p on ! roads1 z to ! exp5se ( mat]ials1 c>tage1 day-lab\r1 & !n ,i took :at pa9s ,i c\ld ) g5tlem5 ( ! c\ntry1 to inquire into ! /ate ( ! funds3 ) surveyors & o!r (fic]s ( tru/s1 ,i f\nd a jeal\sy & an unwill+ness e :]e to give me in=mation4 ,an unau?oriz$ individual f9ds x extremely difficult to procure in=mation ( t sort1 & ,i f\nd x s2 a v great unwill+ness to in=m4 ,:at class ( p]sons did y f9d 9 ! situation ( surveyors on ! road8--,always1 ,i ?9k1 almo/ )\t exception1 v l[ p1 _m ( !m old s]vants1 ru9$ tradesm51 p )\t t k9d ( en]gy & "* :i* ,i ?9k is absolutely necess>y = su* a s]vice4 ,did y make any inquiry into ! mode ( ! p]=mance ( /atute lab\r8--,yes2 ,i inquir$ v p>ticul>ly ab\t t1 & ,i f\nd ! /atute lab\r1 :5 call$ =1 0 s5t by ! f>m] to ! roads1 b ! p seldom did above half a day's "w2 & ?\gh ! f>m] lo/ ! s]vice ( 8 s]vants & team1 ! public did n get x2 x 0 a heavi] oppression on ! c\ntry ?an b5efit to ! roads4 ,did y f9d1 9 collect+ ! mat]ials1 t !re 0 any defici5cy1 or any mismanagem5t1 on ! "p ( ^? :o sup]9t5d$ x8--,i _h v great reason to believe1 t 9 mo/ in/ances ! c\ntry 0 impos$ on4 ,h y any k ( x8--,no1 ,i h no k2 ,i _h no legal means ( tak+ su* measures z %\ld h made me s c]ta9 z to be able to give evid5ce to x4 ,:at ext5t ( turnpike road is !re 9 ,engl& & ,wales8--,on my fir/ exam9ation be=e a ,committee ( ?is ,h\se1 ,i /at$ my op9ion to be #be1jjj miles2 b ,i see1 f a correct$ /ate ( ! returns made to p>liam5t1 :i* ,i made out1 t ! numb] is #bd1eii miles4 ,d y "k :at sum is annually exp5d$ ^u ^! roads8--,! annual income has be5 asc]ta9$ by ! same returns to be #a1bhb1gael4 ,c y /ate :at "p ( ! sum goes to ! paym5t ( ! int]e/ ( ! debt1 & :at is appli$ to ! improvem5t ( ! road8--,! mortgage debt 9 ! k+dom is #f1jcf1ejbl42 b !re is a l>ge sum due to treasur]s1 & balances ( int]e/1 :i* is also be>+ int]e/1 am\nt+ to #efi1jdal4 ,! :ole debt t be>s int]e/ is #f1fje1edcl4 ,:at is ! am\nt ( tolls8--#a1bhb1gael4 ,:at d y compute ! exp5se ( /atute lab\r at8--,i nev] h made any guess at x2 = two reasons1 /atute lab\r is s difficult to guess at2 & ! proportion giv5 to ! turnpike roads is s diff]5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 "u local ,acts1 & "u ! g5]al ,act2 b 9 ! roads "u my managem5t x am\nts to ab\t five p] c5t4 ( ! toll-duty4 ,mr4 ,james ,m,adam1 ,exam9$4 ,h y 9 any in/ance tri$ ! exp]im5t ( conv]t+ pav$ /reets into roads8--,i h 9 sev]al in/ances tak5 up small pieces ( pavem5t t ,i f\nd ^u ! sev]al road tru/s1 & sub/itut$ road4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,/am=d ,i took a piece up ( consid]able ext5t1 :i* is n[ road in/ead ( ! pavem5t4 ,:at has be5 ! effect ( ! conv]sion ( ! pavem5t into road8--,! exp5se has consid]ably dim9i%$1 & facility ( travell+ v consid]ably increas$4 ,has any sugge/ion be5 made to y ( conv]t+ ! pavem5t ( any "p ( ! /reets ( ,london into road8--,i h be5 ord]$1 by ! ,p>liam5t>y commission]s hav+ *>ge ( ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 to prep>e an e/imate & report1 ) a view to conv]t t pavem5t into a brok5 /one road1 :i* docum5ts ,i h furni%$2 & ,i h reason to believe t ! same w be imm$iately c>ri$ into effect4 ,i h be5 also direct$ by ! tru/ees & proprietors ( ,/4 ,james's squ>e1 to prep>e 7:i* ,i h done7 ! same docum5ts1 ) a view to sub/itute a brok5 /one road 9 ,/4 ,james's squ>e1 9 lieu ( ! pres5t pavem5t4 ,:at is y\r op9ion ( ! effect t w\ld be f\nd f its be+ c>ri$ into execution 9 all ! /reets ( ,london1 z to ! r$uction ( exp5se1 & b5efit g5]ally to ! public8--,i consid] t ! exp5se w\ld be mo/ mat]ially r$uc$2 ! conv5i5ce ( pass+ ov] ! surface1 !re c\ld be no d\bt1 w\ld be g5]ally facilitat$1 & made m conv5i5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! great lead+ /reets1 su* z ,piccadilly1 ,pall-mall1 ,p>liam5t /reet & ,:itehall1 & o!rs ( t description2 ! exp5se ( ! same weight ( /one n[ put ^u ^? /reets z pavem5t w\ld be obta9$ at inf9itely less exp5se1 9 a diff]5t =m1 = ! purpose ( road-mak+4 ,is x y\r plan to raise ! pres5t pavem5t1 & conv]t t pavem5t into mat]ials = mak+ ! road1 or to br+ new mat]ials & dispose ( ! pavem5t8--,= ,we/m9/] ,bridge ,i recomm5d$ to ! tru/ees to sell ! pres5t pavem5t1 because z long z pavem5ts cont9ue to be g5]ally us$1 /one 9 t %ape & size w always be valuable1 & ! same weight ( granite ,i c\ld obta9 = ! =mation ( ! road ov] ! bridge at #ajs4 #f;d4 p] ton1 ! pres5t pavem5t be+ wor? a gu9ea p] ton2 b 7 ! /reets ( ,london g5]ally tak5 up1 pavem5t w\ld ( c\rse become ( less value1 & x might be brok5 = ! =mation ( ! roads4 ,is t pavem5t ( a quality calculat$ to make good roads8--,! be/ mat]ial 9 ! k+dom4 ,:at proportion w\ld ! pavem5t n[ us$ 9 ! /reets ( ,london be> to ! mat]ials necess>y to ! =mation ( ! roads8--,!re w\ld be suffici5t = ! =mation ( a /rong durable road 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 & ,i e/imate t a supply ( mat]ials = ! future c>e ( ! road1 = a consid]able "t1 w\ld be left4 ,w\ld t answ] 9 all ! small /reets ( ! metropolis z well z = ! l>ge & op5 /reets8--,i ?9k n s well 9 ! v n>r[ /reets1 :i* are liable to wat]1 & :]e1 f ! wid? ( ! /reet1 ! ?or\ghf>e mu/ necess>ily be ^u "o giv5 spot4 ,i beg1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve1 t ! ?or\ghf>e 9 ^? /reets is extremely small4 ,w\ld ! du/ be increas$ or dim9i%$ by ?is alt]ation8--,i consid]1 t ^u a well made /one road1 ) ! same c>e ( cleans+ & wat]+ t is giv5 to ! /reets1 t ! annoyance f du/ w\ld be inf9itely less2 & a road is m susceptible ( reta9+ ! wat] ?an pavem5t4 ,:at w\ld be ! proportion ( ! annual exp5se betwe5 ! pav$ /reet & ! road8--,tak+ sev5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ,i calculate t ! pavem5t gets worn out1 ,i %\ld ?9k ! annual exp5se ( ! road w\ld n be "o fif? "p1 because 9 t sev5 ye>s ! :ole value ( ! pavem5t is ne>ly lo/4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect produc$ ^u ! necessity ( rais+ ! road = ! purpose ( alt]ation ( ! pipes & o!r works "u ! /reet8--,at pres5t1 :5 ?is op]ation is necess>y1 a pavi\r1 ^: wages are f five to six %ill+s a-day1 is requir$4 ,7 ! /reets conv]t$ into /one roads1 a lab\r] at eighte5-p5ce a-day w\ld p]=m ! same s]vice2 & by due c>e 9 lay+ ! mat]ials on "o side1 & ! e>? on ! o!r1 ! injury to ! road w\ld be extremely small1 & ! spot w\ld v soon become oblit]at$2 :]eas 9 rais+ a "p ( a pav$ /reet x is q impossible ev] to unite ! piece s rais$ ) ! re/ ( ! pavem5t4 ,suppos+ ! pavem5t to be conv]t$ into a road1 9 t case1 w\ld x be necess>y1 :5 any pipe 0 repair+1 to /op up ! way to prev5t c>riages & horses pass+8--,c]ta9ly n m s ?an at pres5t1 z t circum/ance mu/ always dep5d ^u ! wid? ( ! /reet4 ,9 v n>r[ /reets1 :]e ! pipe lies 9 ! c5tre1 a l>ge op5+ is necess>y2 x w\ld foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse t ! /reet mu/ be /opp$2 b ^u l>ge /reets "o side w\ld be left free4 ,w\ld n a repair be m rapidly execut$1 suppos+ ! way to be a road in/ead ( a /reet8--,7 ! /reets conv]t$ into roads1 ! repair ( ! roads w\ld be almo/ unkn[n to ! public1 & no /oppage :atev] w\ld take place2 ! repair ( su* roads w\ld be limit$ to a "o-in* coat at a "t1 :i* w\ld sc>cely be kn[n to p]sons pass+ 9 c>riages1 & ! great inconv5i5ce at pres5t con/antly felt 9 e "p ( ?is l>ge metropolis by ! necessity ( repav+ ! /reets w\ld cease4 ,y assume t ! roads = ! /reets 9 ,london mu/ be made ) granite8--,mo/ assur$ly1 ,i %\ld nev] recomm5d any o!r mat]ial to be made use ( = ! roads 9 ! t[n4 ,mr4 ,william ,m,adam1 fur!r ,exam9$4 ,h y1 9 ! c\rse ( y\r practice1 conv]t$ any pav$ /reet into a road8--,yes1 ,i h2 ,=e-/reet ,hill1 9 ,exet]1 =ms "p ( t turnpike tru/2 x is v /eep1 & 0 exce$+ly slipp]y1 s mu* s1 t ,i nev] rode on horseback d[n x myself till x 0 conv]t$ into a /one road2 x has be5 s = a ye> or two2 x has answ]$ e purpose1 & /ood rem>kably well1 & by be+ wat]$ a little 9 v dry wea!r1 ,i believe !re is less inconv5i5ce f\nd f du/ ?an :5 x 0 pav$4 ,i h he>d "s g5tlem5 say1 t 9 com+ up t hill ) _! c>riages1 x n be+ above a furlong & a half or two furlongs 9 l5g?1 !y h sav$ f five to t5 m9utes "t s9ce x 0 made road2 & ,i h he>d coa*m5 say1 t :5 !y br\ght _! horses q cool to ! bottom ( t hill1 !y h be5 q 9 a la!r by ! "t !y got to ! top ( x1 f ! t]ror ( ! horses 9 slipp+ ab\t4 ,t 0 :5 x 0 pav$8--,yes4 ,:at k9d ( /one d y use = mak+ t road8--,! pebble ( ! c\ntry1 pick$ f ! gravel pits4 ,h y conv]t$ any o!r "p ( ,exet] f pavem5t into road8--,!re is no o!r "p ( ,exet] "u ! c>e ( ! tru/2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! effect :i* ! ,*amb] ( ,exet] saw 9 ,=e-/reet1 !y h brok5 up a great _m ( ! /reets 9 ,exet]1 &1 ,i believe1 are proce$+ gradually to d !m all4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,newton-,abbot !re is a c\nty bridge2 ! c\nty h brok5 up ! bridge b&s1 & conv]t$ x 9 a simil> mann]4 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 ,esq4 fur!r ,exam9$4 ,h y1 9 any in/ance1 made ! alt]ation /at$ by y\r sons8--,yes1 ,i h2 ,i f\nd ! suburbs ( ,bri/ol 7 entirely pav$ :5 ,i took *>ge ( ! roads ( ! di/rict2 ^? suburbs are )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! commission]s = ! c>e ( turnpike roads2 & ,i f\nd ! exp5se ( pav+ 0 v heavy1 & ! effect v bad1 & ,i at once took ! :ole pavem5t up1 & broke ! /one t ,i f\nd !re into a /one road1 up to ! jurisdiction ( ! magi/rates4 ,0 t granite /one8--,no1 a k9d ( /one call$ ! blue p5net 9 t c\nty1 & "p ( a light /one call$ ,br&on ,hill /one2 bo? tol]ably good /ones3 ! blue p5net is c]ta9ly n s good z granite2 ! ,br&on ,hill /one1 :5 brok51 is pretty ne>ly z good z granite4 ,b ^? suburbs hav+ be5 tak5 up1 & giv5 great satisfaction ! ye> be=e la/1 ! magi/rates took up half ( ! /reet1 call$ ,/oke's ,cr(t1 :i* is ! great entrance ( ! t[n f ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,! inhabitants 7 v mu* afraid ( du/2 & !re=e !y reque/$ ! magi/rates n to take up ! :ole ( ! /reet1 b to make an exp]im5t on "o half ( x1 & aft] a ye>'s exp]im5t !y cons5t$ to ! :ole be+ tak5 up4 ,:5 ,i left ,bri/ol1 :i* is n[ ?ree mon?s ago1 !y 7 busy tak+ up ! rema9d] ( t /reet2 & ,i und]/ood x 0 ! int5tion ( ! magi/rates to proce$ gradually to take up a great numb] ( o!r /reets 9 ! t[n4 ,d y "k :at diff]5ce x has made 9 ! exp5se8--,t "p ( ! suburbs t 0 lift$1 & laid aga9 ) ! same /one brok51 co/ #e;d4 a squ>e y>d = do+ x4 ,i took up ! /one2 ,i _h no?+ to pur*ase2 ! /one t came out ( ! /reets fully made ! road1 & we _h a little rema9+ = repair aft]w>ds1 & t op]ation co/ #e;d4 a squ>e y>d2 pav+1 9 ! city ( ,bri/ol1 co/ #es4 #f;d4 a squ>e y>d :5 /one is f\nd by ! pavi\r1 & ,i believe !y reckon ! lay+ d[n to be eighte5-p5ce ( t4 ,:at w\ld be ! diff]5ce ( exp5se annually betwe5 pav$ /reet & a road8--,i ?9k t road requir$ no repair = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s aft] x 0 done4 ,a pav$ /reet w\ld require no repair = sev5 ye>s aft] x 0 done8--,i ?9k we repair$ x = ab\t a fif? "p ( ! money1 :5 x requir$ repair1 t a pavem5t w\ld h co/4 ,we seldom f9d our /reets 9 ,bri/ol la/ above ?ree ye>s2 ! pavem5ts become rugg$1 & full ( holes1 & s on2 !y are oblig$ to be tak5 up1 & !y relay !m g5]ally once 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,!re is ano!r /reet 9 ,bri/ol :i* has be5 tak5 up1 b ,i _c recollect ! "n ( x2 x goes f ,/oke's ,cr(t to ,k+/on2 x has be5 tak5 up by ! magi/rates1 n "u my direction4 ,has any objection be5 tak5 by any p]son to ! alt]ation t has be5 made at ,bri/ol8--,no1 except ! al>m t ! inhabitants ( ,/one ,cr(t _h :5 x 0 begun to be done1 & !y got ! magi/rates to delay do+ m ?an half ( x till !y 7 satisfi$ t x w\ld n inconv5i5ce !m2 & ! circum/ance ( _! s5d+ a reque/ to ! magi/rates to f9i% x induces me to believe t !y 7 v mu* satisfi$ ) ! exp]im5t4 ,p>k-/reet1 9 ,bri/ol1 has be5 done 9 t way =1 ,i ?9k1 sev5te5 ye>s2 ,i 0 !n a commission] = wat*+ & pav+ ! /reets ( ,bri/ol4 ,:o did x8--,x 0 done at ! exp5se ( ! commission]s = wat*+ & pav+1 at my wi%1 & ,i c]ta9ly did sup]9t5d x1 ?\gh ,i _h no?+ to d ) x m ?an any o!r commission] _h4 ,x is a /reet _m g5tlem5 "k v well2 x is a public road f ,bri/ol to ! ,p>k1 & v /eep2 ,i believe x is a rise ( ?ree in*es 9 a y>d1 & :5 pav$ 0 s v dang]\s & slipp]y t _m accid5ts arose f x1 & n[ x is a v good road inde$1 & ,i d n believe t x co/ ^u an av]age1 s9ce t alt]ation1 m ?an "o f\r? ( :at x us$ to d4 ,:at /one 0 x pav$ ) be=e8--,black rock-/one1 a species ( lime/one4 ,,app5dix4 ,,app5dix 7,b47 ,,memor&um ( ,mr4 ,johnson1 respect+ ! ,roads "u ,mr4 ,m,adam's sup]9t5d5ce4 ,z ,i travel rapidly ov] great di/ances1 & my att5tion is usually mu* occupi$ ) ! imm$iate bus9ess ( ! (fice1 ,i _c speak ) accuracy ab\t p>ticul> & local alt]ations4 ,b ,i feel myself well w>rant$ 9 /at+1 t :5ev] ,i h f\nd any ?+ done "u ,mr4 ,m,adam's imm$iate direction1 or by 8 pupils1 or ev5 9 imitation ( 8 plan & pr9ciples1 ! improvem5t has be5 mo/ decisive1 & ! sup]iority ov] ! common me?od ( repair+ roads1 mo/ evid5t2 &1 z sup]9t5d5t ( mailcoa*es1 ,i h abundant reason to wi% t ,mr4 ,m,adam's pr9ciples 7 act$ ^u v g5]ally4 ,if !y 71 a pace1 :i* 9 w9t] or any bad wea!r _c be accompli%$ )\t difficulty1 w\ld become p]fectly easy1 to say no?+ ( ! com=t & safety ( ! travell]1 & ! cr$it to humanity 9 less5+ ! h>d lab\r ( ! animals4 ,i may add1 t al?\gh s mu* has be5 accompli%$1 ! po/ma/] g5]al c\ld /ill exp$ite ! conveyance ( ! mails1 & br+ ! arrangem5ts ( ! po/s ne>] to p]fection1 if ! roads 7 univ]sally z mu* improv$ z ! practice ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's plan w\ld effect4 ,,*as4 ,,johnson4 ,g5]al ,po/-(fice1 ,dec4 #h1 #ahai4 ,p4,s4 ,z "o in/ance ( ! b5efit ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's improvem5t1 ,i beg to m5tion t ! mail la/ w9t] lo/ t51 fifte51 & tw5ty m9utes1 9 pass+ f ,/a9es to ,bag%ot1 b n[ ! "t is exactly kept4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,app5dix 7,c47 ,,lett] f ,po/ma/] ,g5]al to ! ,lords ( ! ,treasury2 dat$ #bj? ,decemb] #ahai4 ,to ! ,"r ,hon4 ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,treasury4 ,my ,lords1 ,we beg to ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( ,mr4 ,h>rison's lett] ( ! #bf? ult4 transmitt+1 by y\r lord%ips comm&1 ! application ( ,john ,l\don ,m,adam1 submitt+ 8 claim on acc\nt ( 8 inquiries relative to ! improvem5t ( ! roads 9 ?is k+dom1 & reque/+ any in=mation 9 our p[] ) reg>d to ,mr4 ,m,adam's s]vices4 ,9 con=mity to y\r lord%ip's desire1 we h appli$ to ! sup]9t5d5t ( mailcoa*es1 z ! (fic] 9 our dep>tm5t mo/ compet5t to give in=mation ^u ! subject ( ,mr4 ,m,adam's ex]tions2 & we beg leave to inclose 8 report1 & to add1 t ) respect to ! road ne> ,/a9es1 to :i* he alludes1 we _h f\nd x necess>y to give notice ( indictm5t1 :i* has be5 prev5t$1 by ! commission]s resort+ to ,mr4 ,m,adam's assi/ance & advice1 :i* h produc$ ! excell5t road m5tion$ by ! sup]9t5d5t4 ,! road f ,newbury1 ?r\gh ,read+ to ,twy=d has be5 s mu* improv$1 t ! mail-coa* has be5 bett] enabl$ to keep its "t ?an h]et(ore2 & we are conv9c$1 t if ! roads ne> ,london 7 improv$ 9 a simil> mann]1 consid]able advantages w\ld be obta9$ to ! correspond5ce 9 g5]al1 b p>ticul>ly 9 places f n9ety to "o hundr$ miles di/ant4 ,we are1 ) great respect1 ,my ,lords1 ,y\r ,lord%ips v ob$i5t humble s]vants1 ,,*i*e/]4 ,,salisbury4 ,g5]al ,po/-(fice1 #bj? ,dec4 #ahai4 ,,app5dix 7,d47 ,c]tificate & ,recomm5dation by sev]al ,pe]s & ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,"l ,commission]s ( ! ,treasury1 respect+ ,mr4 ,m,adam's ,claim = remun]ation4 ,x appe>s to ! und]sign$1 by ! report ( a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons ( la/ session1 & by _! own exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 t ! sy/em ( road mak+1 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,m,adam1 has already be5 ( great public b5efit1 z x facilitates ! communications ( ! c\ntry1 & af=ds useful & univ]sal employm5t to ! lab\r+ class1 ) suffici5t funds already provid$4 ,! und]sign$ are ( op9ion1 t z ,mr4 ,m,adam obta9$ ! in=mation necess>y to p]fect 8 sy/em ( road mak+1 entirely at 8 own exp5se1 & ) ! lab\r ( _m ye>s2 & aft]w>ds1 by 8 ex]tions & ^? ( 8 family1 r$uc$ ! sy/em to actual practice1 & has n[ put ! public 9 complete possession ( 8 plans1 ,mr4 ,m,adam has a claim on ! c\ntry = remun]ation4 ,!y are fur!r ( op9ion1 t x w be a great means ( enc\rag+ ! g5]al adoption ( ?is improv$ sy/em ( road managem5t1 if ,gov]nm5t %all be pleas$ to be/[ ?is m>k ( _! approbation on ,mr4 ,m,adam4 ,*i*e/]1 ,de ,law>e1 ,h>dwicke1 ,macclesfield1 ,salisbury1 ,beau=t1 ,g4 ,cl]k1 ,wm4 ,rea1 ,?omas ,g4 ,e/c\rt1 ,wm4 ,dick9son1 ,n4 ,calv]t1 ,w4 ,h4 ,a%ur/1 ,j4 ,fane1 ,j4 ,n4 ,fazak]ley1 ,c>r+ton1 ,g4 ,doveton1 ,dacre1 ,daniel ,giles1 ,wm4 ,lamb1 ,george ,%ee1 ,w4 ,freemantle1 ,w>r5 ,bulkeley1 ,gr5ville1 ,folke/one1 ,r4 ,sp5c]1 ,r4 ,m4 ,davis4 ,,app5dix 7,k47 ,lett] ( ,po/ma/] ,g5]al to ! ,lords ( ! ,treasury1 on ,petition ( ,mr4 ,m,adam = paym5t ( ,balance due to him on acc\nt ( s]vices /at$ to h be5 r5d]$ by him 9 ! improvem5t ( ! ,public ,roads4 ,my ,lords1 ,mr4 ,john ,l\don ,m,adam hav+ address$ to u a memorial1 relative to c]ta9 claims on acc\nt ( ! s]vices :i* he /ates to h be5 r5d]$ by him 9 ! improvem5t ( ! public ,roads ( ! k+dom1 we h ! hon\r to transmit ! same to y\r lord%ips = su* consid]ation z x may appe> to y to des]ve2 & we h to /ate1 t ! fav\rable op9ions :i* we ent]ta9$ & express$ 9 our =m] reports ^u ?is subject1 h be5 confirm$ by exp]i5ce2 & t by employ+ ,mr4 ,m,adam to survey ! roads 9 ,lanca%ire1 ! mo/ b5eficial results are likely to foll[4 ,we are1 my ,lords1 ) great respect1 ,y\r ,lord%ips mo/ ob$i5t s]vants1 ,,*i*e/]4 ,,salisbury4 ,g5]al ,po/-(fice1 #f? ,feb4 #ahbc4 ,h4 ,bry]1 ,pr9t]1 ,bridge-/reet1 ,blackfri>s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4