,illu/ration3 ,,feu ,d',,artifice ,,v]sailles ,,p\r ,,le ,,m>iage ,,du ,,dauph91 #agce4 ,,f ,a ,,wat]-,,col\r ,,draw+ ,,by ,,morel ,,torr4 ,front ,endpap]4 ,,pyrote*nics ,illu/ration3 ,copyright4 ,brock4 ,sutton ,frontispiece ,display at ! ,t]c5t5>y ,fetes1 ,quebec1 ,july #bcrd1 #aijh4 ,! l>ge/ display ev] fir$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,f a draw+ by ,c4 ,m4 ,padday4 ,,pyrote*nics3 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,art ,,( ,,firework ,,mak+ ,,by ,a4 ,/4 ,h4 ,,brock1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,col\r$ ,,& ,,o!r ,,illu/rations ,,london3 ,,daniel ,o',,connor #ij ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4#a ,,mcmxxii ,d$icat$ to ! memory ( my bro!r ,w+-,comm&] ,frank ,ar?ur ,brock1 ,r4,n4,a4,s4 ,kill$ at ,zeebrugge ,april #bcrd1 #aiah 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 be bright & busy ,:ile hoax$ a/ronom]s look up & />e ,f tall obs]vatories1 dumb & dizzy1 ,to see a ,squib 9 ,cassiopeia's ,*air6 ,a ,s]p5t wriggl+ into ,*>les's ,wa96 ,a ,roman ,c&le light+ ! ,great ,be>6 ,a ,rocket tangl$ 9 ,diana's tra91 ,& ,crack]s /uck 9 ,b]5ice's ,hair6 ,ode to ,madame ,h5gl]1 ,firework-mak] to ,vauxhall ,by ,,?omas ,,hood4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,,page ,introduction xiii ,i ,! ,orig9 ( ,pyrote*ny #c ,,ii ,pyrote*ny 9 ! ,ea/ #f ,,iii ,pyrote*ny 9 ,europe #ac ,,iv ,pyrote*ny 9 ,europe 7cont9u$7 #bc ,v ,london ,pleasure ,g>d5s #cb ,,vi ,fireworks 9 ! ,n9ete5? & ,tw5tie? ,c5turies #ci ,,vii ,firework ,manufacture #eg ,,viii ,mod]n ,firework ,manufacture #fi ,,ix ,firework ,accid5ts #gg ,,"p ,,ii ,i ,simple ,fireworks1 ,rocket ,class #ia ,,ii ,simple ,fireworks1 ,%ell ,class #ajc ,,iii ,simple ,fireworks1 ,m9e ,class #aaj ,,iv ,simple ,fireworks1 ,saxon & ,lance ,classes #aaf ,v ,comp\nd ,fireworks #aba ,,vi ,comp\nd ,fireworks 7cont9u$7 #aca ,,vii ,firework ,compositions #acf ,,viii ,mod]n ,firework ,compositions #add ,,ix ,milit>y ,pyrote*ny #aeb ,x ,milit>y ,pyrote*ny 9 ! ,great ,w> #afd ,,xi ,! ,civil ,use ( ,fireworks #age ,li/ ( ! ,pr9cipal ,+r$i5ts us$ 9 ,pyrote*ny at ! pres5t "t #aha ,pyrote*nic ,bibliography #ahb ,index #ahg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,to face page ,firework ,display at ,quebec4 ,f a draw+ by ,c4 ,m4 ,padday ,frontispiece ,six ,col\r$ ,japanese ,pr9ts ( ,fireworks manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,hirayama ( ,yokohama #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab ,facsimile ,title ,page ( ,john ,bate's 8,second ,booke10 #afce #af ,a ,display ( ! ,e>lie/ ,type 7c4 #afej7 #ah ,set ,piece ( ! ,sc5ic ,type #bj ,firework ,display at ,nuremb]g1 #afej #bb ,great ,firework ,display ne> ,/ockholm1 #affi #bd ,fireworks on ! ,?ames1 #afhh #bh ,firework ,display giv5 by ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 #agdi #cj ,firework ,temple at ,vauxhall1 #ahde #cf ,fireworks at ,v]sailles1 #ahee1 f a draw+ by ,gu/av ,dor #dd ,! ,gr& ,:im = ,po/]ity to laugh at1 #agdi #df ,a ,full-size ,picture ( ! ,jumma ,musjid 9 ,fireworks at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 #ahib ,firework ,display = ! ,coronation ,durb> at ,delhi1 #ej ,janu>y #crd1 #aijc ,a ,cry/al ,palace ,set ,piece at ! "t ( ! ,s\? ,african ,w> #eb ,panorama ( ! ,a]ial ,effects 9 ! ,national ,display at ,hyde ,p>k1 #aiai #ef ,! ,explosion at ,madame ,cotton's ,firework ,factory1 #aheh #ff ,programme ( ,exp]im5ts ) ,fireworks at ,nunhead1 #ahgb #fh ,mod]n ,firework ,tools #gb ,types ( ,mod]n ,fireworks #ij ,crack] ,mak+ #ib ,rocket ,manufacture1 f ,frzi]'s 8,feu d',artifice10 #agdg #id ,mann] ( mak+ & repres5t+ ,fl[]s1 etc41 9 ! ,*9ese ,fireworks1 f ! 8,univ]sal ,magaz9e0 ( #agfd #ajj ,an ,old ,firework ,bill3--,programme ( ,mr4 ,brock's ,sup]ior ,fireworks at ,ipswi*1 #ahah #aad ,rocket ,*>g+ #aaf ,fill+ ,roman ,c&les ,types ( ,comp\nd ,fireworks3--,lattice ,poles1 ,*romatrope1 ,lattice ,diamond #abh ,a ,display ready = ,fir+1 ,dresd51 #ahii #acd ,diagram illu/rat+ ! evolution ( ,pyrote*nic ,composition1 %[+ _! p]iods ( use #adj ,roman ,c&les--illu/rat+ brilliance ( alum9ium compositions #aej ,! ,late ,w+-,comm&] ,brock1 ,r4,n4,a4,s4 #aff ,smoke ,float 9 action #afh ,cry/al ,palace--,by ! light ( a ,magnesium ,%ell #agh ,end ,pap]s3--,feu d'artifice a ,v]sailles p\r le ,m>iage du ,dauph94 ,two displays f ! orig9al wat]col\r draw+s by ,morel ,torr1 #agce ,,introduction ,! ^w 8fireworks0 z a metaphor1 us$ ei!r to describe ! high] flights ( oratory1 ( lit]ature1 or ( human /rife1 :e!r x be 9 ,p>liam5t or ! ,p>i% ,hall1 or m]ely descriptive ( dome/ic discord1 is famili>1 ev5 ?readb>e4 ,moreov]1 ! metaphor has g5]ally a humor\s flav\r2 :y is ?is8 ,is !re any?+ inh]5tly comic ab\t fireworks8 ,x is true t = a %ort season ! less critical ( ! comic pap]s us$ ! crack] & squib z pegs ^u :i* to hang ! type ( joke :i* dep5ds = its success on ! atavi/ic human trait ( laugh+ at ! mis=tune or discom=t ( o!rs1 b ?is is ! l[e/ type ( hum\r :i* soon palls ^u ! m9d4 ,! ,/age also has its com$y & cl[n1 yet ! m5tion ( ! /age is n a signal = mir?4 ,c any :o h he>d ! long-drawn ,ah-h6 ( rapture f _m ?\s& ?roats1 at ! bur/+ ( a flight ( %ell1 or ! d>t+ up ( ! wond]fully t9t$ rays ( ! 8,magical ,illum9ation0 at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ma9ta9 t ! mo/ dramatic mom5t on ! /age is m affect+ to ! spectators8 ,pyrote*ny is possibly ! only art :i* c compete ) nature2 anyone :o has se5 a fir/-class firework display w admit t = impressive gr&eur1 col\r effects1 & contra/s ( light & %ade1 pyrote*ny is unapproa*$4 ,pyrote*ny pa9ts on ! canvas ( ! sky2 & ! results are at once ! joy & despair ( ! arti/4 ,_m arti/s h tri$ to record _! impressions1 b ! results h be5 g5]ally disappo9t+4 ,:i/l] came ne> success1 b ev5 8 wond]ful "w conveys m]ely ! dy+ emb]s ( pass$ glory4 ,"o feels t "h has be5 a magnific5t display1 b ! sc5e 9 its full gr&eur is n depict$4 ,"o ( ! few black-&-:ite arti/s :o c approa* ! subject ) "s success is ,mr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,padday1 an example ( ^: "w is reproduc$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,8 success comes f a c>eful /udy ( ! subject1 bo? te*nically & f ! po9t ( view ( composition4 ,t fireworks are popul> !re is no d\bt2 no =m ( amusem5t is capable ( giv+ enjoym5t to s _m p at "o "t2 !re is no ent]ta9m5t :i* s appeals to y\? & age ( all classes & ta/es4 ,& yet x is d\btful if !re is an indu/ry conc]n+ :i* ! public at l>ge is s pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,to ! av]age onlook] any firework :i* rises 9 ! air is a rocket1 any t revolve are ca!r9e :eels2 bo? ( ^! assumptions are incorrect4 ,:at is ! av]age conception ( a firework factory8 ,a build+1 let u say1 9 :i* workm51 ) sleeves roll$ up1 are busily engag$ 9 %ovell+ heaps ( gunp[d]4 ,h[ _m "k t a firework factory consi/s ( doz5s ( small build+s1 ! con/ruction ( :i* is exactly def9$ by law1 sep>at$ by spaces also specifi$ by law2 t workm5 may n roll up _! sleeves 9 ! dang] build+s2 or t ! am\nt ( gunp[d] 9 ea* build+ is /rictly limit$ to a small quantity8 ,all ( ^! re/rictions be+ en=c$ ) ! view1 ( c\rse1 ( limit+ ! effects ( any explosion t may occur4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no hi/ory ( ! art has yet be5 writt54 ,x is true t dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury _m text-books on pyrote*ny 7 writt51 b ! hi/orical side ( ! subject has be5 g5]ally repres5t$ by a few disjo9t$ rem>ks 9 ! prefaces4 ,my object has n be5 to write a text-book on firework-mak+1 b r to trace ! art f e>lie/ times1 & to give a description ( ! developm5t & process ( manufacture4 ,= ^? int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 & desir+ full] in=mation1 ! li/ ( ,,mss4 & books giv5 9 ! ,bibliography at ! end ( ?is volume may be f\nd useful4 ,my excuse = add+ ano!r volume to ! lit]ature ( ! art is t ,i am ( ! eigh? g5]ation ( a family ( pyrote*ni/s1 ^: "w1 ,i v5ture to claim1 has n be5 )\t its effect4 ,if ,i succe$ 9 int]e/+1 & 9 "s degree enlight5+1 my read]s1 ,i %all feel ,i h n writt5 9 va92 if ,i fail1 ,i %all "k x is n 9 my *oice ( subject b 9 my capacity = deal+ ) x4 ,a4 ,/4 ,h4 ,,brock4 ,sutton1 ,augu/1 #aibb4 ,,errata ,page #aag l9e #ac = 8fill$0 read 8fitt$0 #acc #h 8&0 8at0 #aec #aed = 8,hume0 read 8,hime0 ,,"p ,i ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,pyrote*ny ,pyrote*ny1 or ! ,art ( ,firework-mak+1 is ( great antiquity1 & ! date ( its orig9 is q unkn[n2 inde$1 x w\ld be impossible to def9e ) any degree ( exactitude :at actually con/itutes a firework4 ,x is curi\s h[ univ]sal is ! belief t fireworks 7 dep5d5t ^u ! inv5tion or discov]y ( gunp[d]4 ,v little consid]ation w prove ! fallacy ( ?is view2 9 fact1 w %[ t ! rev]se is probably ! case4 ,9 ,india & ,*9a saltpetre 7or nitrate ( pota%7 is f\nd 9 l>ge quantities1 & 01 no d\bt1 us$ by ! primitive inhabitants 9 f>-(f times = su* purposes z cur+ meat1 cook+1 etc4 ,! dropp+ ( a quantity 9 ! camp fire may h attract$ ! att5tion ( "s e>ly inv5tor to ! ext5t ( />t+ him on a s]ies ( :at 7 probably ! e>lie/ *emical exp]im5ts4 ,he w\ld notice t ! pres5ce ( saltpetre made ! fire burn bright]1 & its use z a t9d] mak] w\ld sugge/ itself by mix+ x ) "s sub/ance :i* he knew to be combu/ible4 ,! mo/ common fuel he knew ( 0 wood1 b x mu/ be a p[d] to mix ev5ly ) saltpetre4 ,wood is n easily r$uc$ to p[d]2 saws _h n be5 inv5t$1 s t he c\ld n add sawdu/1 & ! ne>e/ ?+ he c\ld get w\ld be *>coal f ! fire1 :i* c\ld easily be r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,) ?is mixture he w\ld be well on ! way to success 9 elem5t>y pyrote*ny4 ,! next /ep 9 8 c>e] z ! fir/ pyrote*ni/ is to utilise 8 composition z an easy means ( mak+ fire4 ,gradually he gives up 8 hi!rto necess>y tasks ( hunt+ & trapp+1 z he receives ! fruits ( o!r lab\rs 9 return = 8 s]vices z fire-mak] to ! tribe4 ,! mo/ important item 9 e>ly social life is fire1 ! implem5ts = produc+ x ! mo/ valu$ prop]ty ( ! tribe2 x 0 ! focus ( religion & ! c5tre ( daily exi/5ce1 s t any new ph5om5on connect$ ) fire w\ld be ( ! greate/ int]e/ to primitive p1 & any %ort cut to ! production ( fire w\ld be accord$ m p]sev]ance & c>e 9 its p]fection ?an almo/ any o!r inv5tion4 ,fire w\ld be /ruck ) a piece ( iron pyrites on a fl9t1 small pieces ( regul9e p>ticles ( iron w\ld be deta*$ & fall on ! fire mixture unlit4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 combu/ion ( ! mass ( fire mixture took place1 ^! small pieces ( metal w\ld sc9tillate z d ! iron fil+s 9 a mod]n firework composition4 ,?is w\ld give rise to a fur!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 & gradually ! composition kn[n z ,*9ese ,fire w\ld be evolv$1 :i* is kn[n to h be5 9 use 9 ! ,ea/ f remote times4 ,hav+ arriv$ at a pyrote*nic composition1 attempt to use x 9 o!r ways besides fire-mak+ w\ld naturally foll[1 & soon] or lat] ! idea ( fill+ ! mixture into tubes w\ld sugge/ itself1 especially z bo? 9 ,india & ,*9a 79 "o ( :i* c\ntries pyrote*ny und\bt$ly orig9at$7 a s]viceable tube--or to use ! mod]n t]m 8case0--0 ready to h& 9 any size or quantity 9 ! ubiquit\s bamboo4 ,! bamboo is 9 use = ! purpose at ! pres5t day 9 ! ,ea/1 & until rec5t times1 :5 displac$ by ,european weapons1 0 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ordnance ( consid]able size4 ,mort>s us$ = ?r[+ firework %ell up to six or m in*es 9 diamet] are /ill 9 use 9 ,japan & ,*9a1 ! b>rel consi/+ ( a section ( bamboo /r5g!n$ on ! outside ) a b9d+ ( split cane4 ,illu/ration ,hav+ rea*$ ! po9t ( *>g+ composition into a tube1 t is to say conf9+ x1 a m or less viol5t explosion 0 likely or r c]ta9 to foll[ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5ts1 :i* might sugge/ ! use ( a tube z a means ( dis*>g+ a projectile4 ,?is w\ld lead to rese>* 9 ! direction ( ! be/ composition = ! purpose & ! evolution ( gunp[d]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! con/itu5ts ( gunp[d] mu/ be pres5t 9 approximately exact proportion1 :]eas ) primitive pyrote*nic compositions1 if ! +r$i5ts saltpetre & *>coal are pres5t1 x is almo/ impossible to fail 9 gett+ "s result4 ,! above sugge/ion mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally z a /atem5t ( fact1 b r z an attempt on ! "p ( ! writ] to trace ! /ages by :i* pyrote*nic & explosive compositions came to be evolv$4 ,if "o disabuses "o's m9d ( ! curi\sly widespread belief t all fireworks are compos$ *iefly ( gunp[d]1 & t )\t ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] fireworks c\ld n h be5 con/ruct$1 x seems f> m likely t pyrote*ny is bas$ on ! discov]y ( ! assi/ance giv5 to combu/ion by saltpetre1 ?an on ! discov]y ( gunp[d]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,pyrote*ny ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/ ,pyrote*ny und\bt$ly _h its g5esis 9 ! ,ea/1 & = t reason we w deal ) its developm5t !re fir/4 ,z he has int5d$ to convey1 ! writ] is /rongly ( op9ion t ! discov]y ( pyrote*nic compositions ant$at$ t ( gunp[d]4 ,9 _m cases e>li] writ]s h discov]$ passages :i* !y consid] prove ! use ( fire>ms & gunp[d]2 9 reality ^! ref] to ,greek-fire & simil> compositions1 :i* 7 us$ z projectiles1 be+ ?r[n f ma*9es or catapults1 & n z propellants4 ,gunp[d] z a mixture ( +r$i5ts may h be5 kn[n f remote times1 z und\bt$ly 7 o!r simple pyrote*nic compositions1 b all evid5ce goes to %[ t its use z a propellant 0 n kn[n until well into ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,! composition ,greek-fire1 kn[n 9 anci5t times z 8naph?a10 0 a mixture ( pit*1 res91 & sulphur1 ) ! addition 9 "s cases ( crude saltpetre4 ,x may be consid]$ t 9 ! abs5ce ( ! latt] +r$i5t ! mixture does n con/itute a pyrote*nic composition1 b f ! description ( ! use ( 8naph?a0 9 e>ly writ+s1 x appe>s at lea/ likely t x 0 g5]ally pres5t4 ,! fire 0 ei!r enclos$ 9 holl[ /ones or iron vessels1 & ?r[n f a catapult1 or sometimes fill$ into ! end ( arr[s & assi/$ to propel !m =w>d or su/a9 _! flight4 ,philo/ratus 7#agj-bej ,a4,d471 writ+ ( ! ,indian ,campaign ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7,b4,c4 #cbf71 relates t ! inhabitants ( a t[n on ! riv] ,hyphasis 7,beas7 8def5d$ !mselves by means ( lightn+ & ?und]1 :i* d>t$ ^u _! besieg]s40 ,?is has be5 consid]$ z evid5ce ( ! use ( fire>ms1 b is m probably ! fir/ ref]5ce to ,greek-fire4 ,greek-fire or 8naph?a0 0 us$ at ! def5ce ( ,con/ant9ople betwe5 #ffj & #ffg4 ,illu/ration ,at ! siege ( ,pian-,k+ ,lo-,yang 7#abcb71 z m5tion$ 9 ! ,*9ese ,annals1 iron pots 7 ?r[n conta9+ a burn+ sub/ance :i* c\ld spread fire ov] half an acre1 & describ$ by ! hi/orians z ! 8?und] :i* %akes heav540 ,! ,mongolians attack+ ,bagdad 9 ! ye> #abeh made use ( simil> vessels1 also fire arr[s4 ,m>co ,polo1 describ+ sieges ( t[ns 9 ,*9a #abfh to #abgc1 m5tions ! ?r[+ ( fire4 ,9 mo/ ( ! e>ly records al?\gh noise is rem>k$ ^u1 x is app>5tly :ile ! projectile is 9 ! air or ^u impact2 ?is disposes ( ! impression :i* _m writ]s h =m$ t fire>ms are ref]r$ to1 !re be+ no ref]5ce to an initial explosion4 ,sir ,george ,/anton1 writ+ 9 #agih ( 8 embassy to ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 says t 8nitre 7saltpetre7 is ! daily produce ( ,*9a & ,india1 & !re accord+ly ! k ( gunp[d] seems coeval ) t ( ! mo/ di/ant hi/oric ev5ts4 ,among ! ,*9ese x has be5 appli$ at all times to useful purposes 444 & to amusem5t 9 mak+ a va/ v>iety ( fireworks--b its =ce _h n be5 direct$ ?r\gh /rong metallic tubes1 z x 0 by ,europeans soon aft] !y _h discov]$ t composition40 ,al?\gh ! place ( orig9 ( ! art1 pyrote*ny has n develop$ 9 ! ,ea/ z rapidly z 9 ,europe1 except 9 ,japan4 ,japanese pyrote*ni/s1 ) t wond]ful capacity = c>eful & exact manual "w :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! race1 h develop$ a]ial fireworks1 t is to say1 ! %ell1 to a rem>kable degree ( p]fection4 ,! compositions us$ are n to be comp>$ ) ,european manufactures 9 po9t ( col\r or brilliance1 b ! effects obta9$ are extraord9>y4 ,! />s1 ^u ! bur/+ ( ! %ell1 are ?r[n out 9 symmetrical patt]ns & designs1 sev]al examples ( :i* are giv5 9 ! accompany+ ,japanese col\r pr9ts4 ,daylight fireworks also orig9at$ 9 ,japan4 ,in/ead ( pyrote*nic effects1 ! %ell conta9s a grotesque balloon 9 ! =m ( an animal1 human figure1 or o!r =m1 :i*1 be+ op5 & weight$ at ! l[] end1 becomes inflat$ z x falls & rema9s 9 ! air = a consid]able p]iod4 ,o!r daylight effects are col\r$ cl\ds =m$ by col\r$ p[d]1 di/ribut$ by ! bur/+ ( ! %ell1 %[]s ( /ream]s1 confetti1 & toys4 ,*9ese firework displays h (t5 be5 en?usia/ically describ$ by travell]s 9 ,*9a4 ,:e!r x is t ! glam\r ( ! ,ea/ di/orts ! p]ceptions1 or t ^! travell]s h n se5 a ,european firework display1 !re is no d\bt t su* descriptions are1 to say ! lea/1 ov] col\r$4 ,*9ese fire 7a composition ( saltpetre1 iron fil+s1 sulphur & *>coal71 a few simple col\r compositions1 & a l>ge numb] ( ,*9ese crack]s ( v>y+ sizes con/itute a ,*9ese display2 ! re/ ( ! exhibition be+ ek$ out ) lant]ns1 pictures1 etc41 :i* c]ta9ly d n come "u ! head+ ( pyrote*nics4 ,! writ] once _h an opportunity ( witness+ a ,*9ese display ( "s importance1 la/+ sev]al h\rs1 :i* produc$ ! effect on ! m9d ( wat*+ "s p]=mance or game ( ! rules ( :i* "o 0 9 entire ignorance4 ,pyrote*nically1 only ! crude/ effects 7 produc$1 ! rema9d] ( ! display1 consi/+ ( su* items z a man sl[ly climb+ a ladd] c>ry+ a lant]n1 0 to ! un9itiat$ my/ify+4 ,illu/ration ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt by a travell] 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury ( a ,*9ese display3 8,! fireworks1 9 "s p>ticul>s10 says he1 8exce$$ any?+ ( ! k9d ,i _h ev] se54 ,9 gr&eur1 magnific5ce1 & v>iety !y 71 ,i own1 inf]ior to ! ,*9ese fireworks we _h se5 at ,batavia1 b inf9itely sup]ior 9 po9t ( novelty1 neatness & +5uity ( contrivance4 ,"o piece ( ma*9]y ,i greatly admir$3 a gre5 *e/1 five feet squ>e1 0 hoi/$ up by a pulley fifty or sixty feet f ! gr\nd1 ! bottom ( :i* 0 s contriv$ z !n sudd5ly to fall out1 & make way = tw5ty or ?irty /r+s ( lant]ns1 enclos$ 9 a box1 to desc5d f x1 unfold+ !mselves f "o ano!r by degrees1 s z at la/ to =m a collection ( full five hundr$1 ea* hav+ a light ( a beautifully col\r$ flame burn+ brightly )9 x4 ,?is devolution & developm5t ( lant]ns 0 sev]al times repeat$1 & at e "t exhibit+ a diff]5ce ( col\r & figure4 ,on ea* side 0 a correspond5ce ( small] boxes1 :i* op5$ 9 l mann] z ! o!r1 & let d[n an imm5se network ( fire1 ) divisions & comp>tm5ts ( v>i\s =ms & dim5sions1 r\nd & squ>e1 hexagons1 octagons1 etc41 :i* %one l ! brighte/ burni%$ copp]1 & fla%$ l prismatic lightn+s1 ) e impulse ( ! w9d4 ,! :ole conclud$ ) a volcano1 or g5]al explosion & dis*>ge ( suns & />s1 squibs1 crack]s1 rockets & gr5ades1 :i* involv$ ! g>d5s = an h\r 9 a cl\d ( intol]able smoke4 ,! div]sity ( col\r1 ) :i* ! ,*9ese h ! secret ( clo?+ _! fire1 seems "o ( ! *ief m]its ( _! pyrote*ny40 ,x w be se5 t lant]ns play an important "p 9 ! exhibition1 & t :5 ! fireworks prop] are rea*$1 ! result is an 8intol]able smoke40 ,indian pyrote*ni/s are m advanc$ ?an _! ,*9ese neighb\rs4 ,firework displays c>ri$ out by !m are n[adays m or less crude attempts to reproduce ,european "w4 ,! writ] has se5 a set piece evid5tly int5d$ to foll[ a fire picture se5 9 a ,european display c>ri$ out by small wicks burn+ 9 oil in/ead ( ! 8lances10 z ! small fireworks us$ to outl9e ! pictures are call$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,india z 9 ,*9a fireworks play a frequ5t "p 9 religi\s & civil c]emonies4 ,9 ! =m] c\ntry1 at c]ta9 fe/ivals1 a primitive device = produc+ a s]ies ( reports is us$4 ,^! are call$ 8adirv$is10 & consi/ ( a s]ies ( %ort iron tubes fitt$ to a wood5 plank1 *>g$ ) gunp[d] & tamp$ ) clay4 ,at w$d+s1 crack]s are l>gely us$ "u a v>iety ( names1 su* z ,v5gagv$i1 ,gola1 ,pataka or ,koroo4 ,to-day ^! are simple crack]s fill$ ) c\ntry-made gunp[d] or ! import$ ,*9ese crack]s4 ,=m]ly almo/ ! only composition us$ 0 *lorate ( pota% & "o ( ! sulphides ( ars5ic4 ,a fav\rite =m consi/$ ( a small quantity ( ! two +r$i5ts put toge!r unmix$ into a piece ( rag ) "s small /ones or grit & ti$4 ,! result+ fireworks 7 simil> to ! 8?r[-d[n0 crack]s sold 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ow+ to ! v l>ge numb] ( accid5ts caus$ by ! casual me?ods1 bo? 9 manufacture & use1 ) ?is highly s5sitive composition1 ,h4,m4 ,*ief ,inspector ( ,explosives = ,india endeav\r$1 9 #aijb1 to secure its prohibition1 z 0 done 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahie1 b x 0 n until #aiaj1 :5 x _h be5 e/abli%$ t ?is composition 0 be+ us$ by an>*i/s1 t x 0 f9ally prohibit$4 ,! mo/ successful effect produc$ by ,h9doo pyrote*ni/s is ! 8,tubri40 ,! composition is "h kn[n z ,*9ese fire1 a mixture ( *>coal1 saltpetre1 sulphur & iron du/1 *>g$ into ei!r bamboo tubes or e>!n pots4 ,illu/ration ,x is a common practice to fix a pot at ei!r end ( a long bamboo1 :i* is :irl$ quickly ab\t by a p]=m]2 ! result produc$ is q good1 b seems r to come "u ! head+ ( juggl+ ?an t ( pyrote*nics prop]4 ,z ! pots are !oretically ! wrong %ape = su* a purpose1 t is to say1 a l>ge mass ( composition is burn+ ?r\gh a n>r[ orifice1 premature explosions are frequ5t4 ,?is want ( !oretical k is noticeable ?r\gh\t1 b su* incid5ts seem to be appreciat$ z "p ( ! %[4 ,ano!r use ( ! e>? pot is ! 8burusu10 a k9d ( r$ fl>e2 ! composition us$ be+ sulphur1 saltpetre1 & nitrate ( /rontia4 ,fl>e compositions are also us$ loose z 9 ,engl&1 & are kn[n z 8*&rajota0 or 8mahteb40 ,abusavanani or ,hawai1 t is to say1 rockets1 are n[ made simil>ly to ^? manufactur$ 9 ,europe except a bamboo case is mo/ g5]ally us$1 b =m]ly *lorate ( pota% & orpim5t seem to h be5 employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! firework %ell "u ! "n 8out0 is also manufactur$ v mu* z 9 ?is c\ntry1 except t ! range ( effects is v limit$1 simple col\r$ />s be+ almo/ ! only 8g>niture0 us$4 ,9 ,siam x is a cu/om1 & "o app>5tly ( consid]able antiquity1 to celebrate c]ta9 religi\s fe/ivals ) firework displays4 ,^! displays take place 9 ! day-"t1 & take ! =m ( dis*>ges ( rockets1 "s ( :i* are ( v l>ge size2 a writ] giv+ _! l5g?1 exclusive ( ! /ick1 z f #h ft4 to #aj ft4 ,! case is compos$ ( a section ( bamboo b\nd ) /r+4 ,! composition consi/s ( co>se native p[d]1 ( :i* f #bj lbs4 to #cj lbs4 is (t5 us$ 9 "o case4 ,! rocket /ick1 :i* is ( bamboo1 v>y+ f #bj ft4 to #dj ft4 9 l5g?1 is gaily decorat$ ) col\r$ pap] & t9sel & fitt$ ) bamboo :i/les4 ,a r\gh scaffold is erect$ f :i* to fire ! rockets1 & accord+ to ^? :o h witness$ su* exhibitions1 consid]able altitudes are rea*$ by ! rockets 9 flight4 ,z may be expect$ ) su* crude me?ods1 mi%aps are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,pyrote*ny ,,9 ,,europe ,pyrote*nic compositions & gunp[d] are inextricably mix$ toge!r 9 e>ly ,european records2 = our inquiries x w s]ve no useful purpose to dis5tangle !m1 ! latt] be+ only a p>ticul> case ( ! =m]4 ,we w !re=e deal ) !m toge!r1 tak+ ! evid5ce ( ! k ( "o z t ( bo?1 z until gunp[d] is specifically m5tion$ z be+ us$ z a propellant 9 a gun or simil> weapon1 !re is no?+ to di/+ui% x f any o!r pyrote*nic composition4 ,! e>lie/ record ( ,european pyrote*ny is 9 ,claudius' acc\nt ( ! public fe/ivities dur+ ! consulate ( ,!odosius 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 9 :i* he describes fire 8:i* ran ab\t 9 diff]5t directions ov] ! planks )\t burn+ or ev5 *>r+ !m1 & :i* =m$ by _! twi/+ & turn+ globes ( fire40 ,leo ,,vi1 ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 9 a "w writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ijj1 says3 8,we h div]s ways ( de/roy+ ! enemies' %ips1 z by means ( fire prep>$ 9 tubes1 f :i* !y issue ) a s\nd ( ?und]1 & ) a fi]y smoke t burns ! vessels on :i* !y are hurl$4 ,a tube ( t9 mu/ be put on ! front ( ! %ip to hurl ?is f40 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ref]5ce ( an e>ly date is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,m>cus ,graecus 9 8 8,lib] ignium ad combur5dos ho/es0 7,book ( fires = burn+ up ! enemy71 9 :i* he n only gives ! exact proportions ( ! compositions1 b describes :at is virtually ! mod]n crack]1 & also a primitive =m ( rocket4 ,! case ( ! =m] 0 only p>tially fill$1 z ) ! jump+ crack] ( to-day1 & al?\gh ! word+ is n v explicit1 x 0 app>5tly b5t 9 a simil> way4 ,! date ( ?is "w is a subject ( controv]sy2 "s writ]s place x z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury1 & x c only be said ) c]ta9ty t x is n lat] ?an #abhj4 ,! latt] date is fix$ by ! dea? ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o1 9 8 book 8,de miribilibus mundi10 f int]nal evid5ce1 is obvi\sly plagi>is+ ! ,lib] ,ignium4 ,fri> ,rog] ,bacon 7#abad-id71 9 two ( 8 works1 ref]s at lea/ twice to compositions conta9+ saltpetre1 p[d]$ *>coal1 & sulphur4 ,9 "o place he ref]s to fires t 8%all burn at :at di/ance we please02 9 ano!r to 8?und] & corruscations10 :i* ref]5ces seem to sugge/ t he is describ+ some?+ ( a pyrote*nic nature r ?an ! simple effect ( gunp[d]4 ,8 description 9 no way indicates t he claim$ to be ! inv5tor1 b r z some?+ well kn[n be=e4 ,dr4 ,jebb1 9 8 preface to ,bacon's 8,opus ,majus10 ref]s to :at seems to be an e>ly example ( bo? ! rocket & ! crack]4 ,dut5s1 9 8 8,inquiries into ! ,orig9 ( ! discov]ies attribut$ to ! ,mod]ns0 7#agij71 makes ref]5ce to _m e>ly writ]s1 :i* are mo/ly s vague & exagg]at$ t no def9ite conclusion c be drawn f !m2 mo/ ref] to ! e>ly uses ( ,greek-fire or simil> composition4 ,don ,p$ro1 ,bi%op ( ,leon1 says t 89 #acdc1 9 a sea combat betwe5 ! ,k+ ( ,tunis & ! ,moori% ,k+ ( ,seville 444 ^? ( ,tunis _h c]ta9 iron tubes or b>rels :]e) !y ?rew ?und]bolts ( fire40 ,?is description1 if accurate1 may be ?\ght to sugge/ ! use ( cannons1 b x is m likely to ref] to ! use ( ,greek-fire2 ?is composition w1 9 c]ta9 proportions1 if *>g$ into a /rong tube1 give int]mitt5t bur/s1 project+ blaz+ masses ( ! mixture to a consid]able di/ance4 ,! writ] has se5 ?is effect produc$ 9 a /eel mort> ( #e in*es diamet]1 ! masses ( composition be+ ?r[n a di/ance ( upw>ds ( a hundr$ y>ds1 a consid]able range 9 ! days ( close w>f>e4 ,anyone :o has se5 ?is ph5om5on w at once realise t "h probably is ! true solution ( _m obscure e>ly ref]5ces to expla9 :i* s mu* +5uity has be5 exp5d$4 ,an int]e/+ fact :i* seems to h escap$ ! notice ( writ]s on ?is subject is t ,!resa1 daught] ( ,alfonso ,v4 ,k+ ( ,leon & ! ,a/urias 7,a4,d4 #iii71 :5 m>ri$ to ,abdallah1 ,k+ ( ,tol$o1 took = device on h] coat ( arms a mort> 9 :i* a p[d] is be+ p\nd$4 ,?is p[d] is suppos$ to repres5t gunp[d]1 a supposition :i* is support$ by ! motto1 8,m9ima maxima fecit0 7,a little makes mu*74 ,if gunp[d] is int5d$1 ?is mu/ be "o ( ! e>lie/ ref]5ces to its quality ( explod+1 & x is difficult to expla9 ! mean+ o!rwise4 ,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion us$ ,greek-fire on 8 galley at ! siege ( ,acre 9 #aaia1 & x is ?\ght by _m t x 0 introduc$ into ,we/]n ,europe by ! ,crusad]s1 :o _h le>n$ its use 9 ! ,ea/4 ,alfonso ,duke ( ,f]r>a _h z 8 coat ( arms a bomb-%ell 9 flight1 & ,anto9e de ,lala+1 ,c\nt ( ,hoogh/raet51 _h a bomb-%ell explod+ 9 wat]4 ,! adoption ( ^! two devices at ab\t ! same "t 7#aedj7 seems to indicate t ?is projectile 0 com+ into use1 t is to say1 = milit>y purposes at lea/4 ,an e>ly ref]5ce to %ell appe>s 9 ,/[e's ,*ronicles 7#aefe74 ,he m5tions two =eign]s1 ,pet] ,br& & ,pet] ,van ,cull51 a gunsmi?1 9 ! employ ( ,h5ry ,,viii 7,a4,d4 #aedf71 :o 8caus$ to be made c]ta9 mort> pieces be+ at ! m\? elev5 in*es unto n9ete5 in*es wide1 = ! use :]e( to be made c]ta9 holl[ %ot ( ca/-iron1 to be /uff$ ) firework or wild-fire1 :]e( ! bigg] sort = ! same _h screws ( iron to receive a mat* to c>ry fire k9dl$1 t ! firework might be set on fire = to break 9 pieces ! same holl[ %ot1 :]e( ! smalle/ piece hitt+ any man w\ld kill or spoil him40 ,! missile is to all int5ts ! firework %ell ( ! pres5t day1 except t ! mod]n %ell has a papi]-ma* case4 ,! ref]5ce to 8firework0 )\t fur!r explanation seems to indicate t by ?is "t ! ^w 0 well e/abli%$ 9 use4 ,%akespe>e makes ?ree ref]5ces to fireworks4 ,9 8,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/10 ,act ,v1 ,sc5e #a1 ,don ,armado says3 8,! ,k+ w\ld h me pres5t ! ,pr9cess ) "s delightful ent]ta9m5t1 or %[1 or pageant1 or antic1 or firework40 ,9 8,h5ry ,,viii10 ,act ,i1 ,sc5e #c1 we read ( 8fights & fireworks02 & aga9 9 8,k+ ,john10 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc5e #a3 8,:at crack] is ?is same t deafs our e>s80 ,h[ev]1 no?+ 9 ! nature ( a firework display appe>s to h tak5 place1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 be=e ! "t ( ,elizabe?4 ,! use ( fire = !atrical purposes1 z 9 ,my/]y ,plays to repres5t ! 8gate ( ,hell10 has be5 tak5 by "s to ref] to fireworks1 b ?is seems d\btful z flames are m5tion$1 & x is m probable t a tor* or simil> contrivance 0 us$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we read a description ( a b>ge at ! coronation ( ,anne ,boleyn1 9 #aech1 c>ry+ a dragon 8ca/+ =? wild fire--& m5 ca/+ fire10 ! ref]5ce to "s pyrote*nic effect1 h[ev] primitive1 seems fairly obvi\s4 ,! m5 p]=m]s may be consid]$ z e>ly types ( ! 8gre5 man0 :o made 8 appe>ance some:at lat]4 ,! (fice ( ?is p]=m] 0 to head processions c>ry+ 8fire clubs0 & scatt]+ 8fireworks0 7probably sp>ks7 to cle> ! way4 ,"o acc\nt ( a procession to ! ,*e/] ,races on ,/4 ,george's ,day1 #afaj1 comm5ces z foll[s3 8,two m5 9 gre5 ivy1 set ) "w ^u _! o!r habit1 ) black hair & black be>ds1 v ugly to behold1 & g>l&s ^u _! heads1 ) great clubs 9 _! h&s1 ) fireworks to scatt] abroad to ma9ta9 ! way = ! re/ ( ! %[40 ,! fire clubs ref]r$ to are describ$ 9 ,john ,bate's book1 publi%$ 9 #afce2 ! same writ] illu/rates a 8gre5 man0 on ! title page ( 8 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,facsimile ,title-page ( ,bate's ,book1 %[+ a 8,gre5 ,man40 ,reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! ,gre5 ,man1 x has be5 sugge/$ t ! "* 0 evolv$ f ! wild m51 satyrs1 mon/]s1 etc41 :i* appe>$ 9 ! e>li] exhibitions4 ,?is may or may n be s1 b ano!r explanation sugge/$ to ! writ] by an old ,dani% pr9t ( ! sixte5? c5tury is at lea/ plausible4 ,?is pr9t1 :i* app>5tly repres5ts a float+ firework device ( ! old sc5ic type1 %[s two figures c>ry+ fire clubs we>+ leaves1 & sugge/+ imm$iately ! gre5 man ( a slightly lat] date4 ,beh9d !m are two figures hold+ rockets1 leav+ no d\bt t a firework display is portray$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ap>t f ! fact t normally !y h no fire issu+ f _! clubs1 ! support]s ( ! ,dani% royal arms might be "h depict$2 a supposition :i* is borne out by ! fact t ! figure surm\nt+ ! erection c>ries ! cr[n & sceptre ( ,d5m>k4 ,x seems q )9 ! b\nds ( possibility t ^! two figures 7 introduc$ into ,dani% displays z a complim5t to ,royalty1 & t lat] !y appe>$ 9 ,engl&1 & became1 z x 71 acclimatis$4 ,col\r is l5t to ?is belief by ! record ( a display giv5 on a float by ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k 9 #afjf ^u 8 dep>ture f ?is c\ntry1 :]e he _h be5 on a visit to 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,james ,i4 ,?is exhibition seems to h giv5 ,james a ta/e = fireworks1 & "o at lea/ ( ! ,dani% arti/s appe>s to h rema9$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z "s mon?s aft] ,james _h a display c>ri$ out by 8a ,dane1 two ,dut*m51 & ,sir ,?omas ,*allon]40 ,9 #aegb a firework display 0 giv5 9 ! ,temple ,fields1 ,w>wick1 by ! ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 !n ,ma/]-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance4 ,! occasion 0 a visit to ! ca/le by ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :o appe>s to h be5 r p>tial to su* exhibitions4 ,! display consi/$ ( a mimic battle1 ) two canvas =ts = a sett+2 noise 0 provid$ by ! dis*>ge ( ordnance ( v>i\s sizes2 ! fireworks prop] seem to h tak5 ! =m ( flights ( rockets4 ,! display 0 evid5tly conduct$ 9 a some:at reckless mann]1 "s h\ses be+ set on fire1 & "s completely de/roy$1 ! two inhabitants ( :i* are said 9 a contempor>y report to h be5 9 b$ & asleep1 al?\gh h[ t c\ld be ) cont9u\s dis*>ge f tw5ty pieces ( ordnance1 to say no?+ ( 8qualiv]s & h>quebuses10 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 is to say ! lea/ curi\s4 ,two o!r displays att5d$ by ,elizabe? 7 ^? at ,k5ilwor? 9 #aegb & at ,elve?am 9 #aeia4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,display ( ! ,e>lie/ ,type4 ,f a contempor>y pr9t 7c4 #afej74 ,! fir/ ,european p to make headway 9 ! art ( pyrote*ny prop] appe> to h be5 ! ,italians4 ,vano*io1 an ,italian1 9 a "w on artill]y1 dat$ #aegb1 attributes to ! ,flor5t9es & ,vi5nese ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ :o made fireworks on erections ( wood1 decorat$ ) /atues & pictures rais$ to a great height1 "s 9 ,flor5ce be+ =ty ells1 or sev5ty-two feet high4 ,he adds t ^! 7 illum9at$ s t !y might be se5 f a di/ance1 & t ! /atues ?rew out fire f ! m\?s & eyes4 ,he ref]s to ! practice1 :i* surviv$ up to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ( con/ruct+ elaborate temples or palaces ri*ly decorat$1 ) transp>5cies illum9at$ f inside1 /atu>y1 gild+1 floral & o!r decorations4 ,on ^! erections ! fireworks prop] 7 display$1 & :i* 7 !n call$ artificial fireworks4 ,no?+ v l>ge 9 ! way ( firework set-pieces seems to h be5 attempt$1 b effect 0 ga9$ by repetition ( a small device ov] ! facade ( ! build+4 ,displays 7 giv5 annually 9 ,flor5ce at ! ,fea/ ( ,/4 ,john & ! ,assumption4 ,?is cu/om ext5d$ to ,rome1 :]e ! fe/ivals 7 giv5 on ! ,fea/ ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 & at ! rejoic+s on ! election ( a ,pope4 ,! t[]s & =tifications ( ! ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo furni%$ suitable spots = ^!1 be+ visible f ! great] "p ( ! city ( ,rome1 & :at are describ$ z brazi]s1 firepots1 & o!r fires w\ld be plac$ !re1 s z to give a great display )\t ! exp5se ( a build+4 ,evelyn1 ! fam\s di>i/1 gives an acc\nt ( "o su* display :i* he witness$ 9 #affd4 ,9 o!r t[ns t wi%$ to imitate ! fe/ival ( ,rome1 x 0 arrang$ to place illum9ations on ! highe/ t[]s & /eeples ( ! t[ns1 b z x 0 f\nd t !re 0 consid]able dang] ( fire f ^!1 x 0 aft]w>ds pref]r$ to make suitable erections 9 ! great public squ>es1 :i* 7 conv5i5t = ! exhibition itself & also = ! sightse]s4 ,! ,italians appe> to h held ! supremacy until ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! book ( ,artill]y by ,diego ,ufano1 writt5 9 #afaj1 we read t only v simple fireworks 7 made 9 8 "t 9 ,spa9 & ,fl&]s1 consi/+ ( wood5 framework support+ pots ( fire wrapp$ r\nd ) clo? dipp$ 9 pit*1 b t m ?an fifty ye>s be=e magnific5t spectacles c\ld be se5 9 ,italy4 ,9 #afae1 on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ,l\is ,,xiii1 a display 0 giv5 at ,p>is 9 ! ,place ,royale1 9 :i* 7 includ$ combats betwe5 m5 c>ry+ illum9at$ arms4 ,9 #afjf ! ,duc de ,sully gave a spectacle :i* depict$ a battle betwe5 savages & mon/]s1 ! =m] ?r[+ d>ts & fire4 ,a simil> display _h previ\sly be5 giv5 on ! occasion ( ! entry ( ,h5ry ,,ii into ,rheims1 & x 0 repeat$ 9 #afab4 ,^! spectacles1 :i* are quot$ z firework displays1 _c rightly be consid]$ z su*1 fireworks play+ a comp>atively second>y "p 9 ! exhibitions4 ,a display ( ?is nature to celebrate ! capture ( ,ro*elle 0 conduct$ by ,cl>9] ( ,nuremb]g1 a celebrat$ pyrote*ni/ ( ! day4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 #afch-agae1 great advances 7 made 9 pyrote*ny 9 ,france2 great displays 7 giv5 on ! return ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 to ,p>is 9 #affj1 on five consecutive days at ,v]sailles 9 #afgf1 also on ! occasion ( ! bir? ( ! ,dauph9 9 #afhb1 9 ,p>is at ! ,l\vre1 ,dijon1 & ,lyons4 ,a p>ticul>ly f9e display 9 celebration ( ! ,peace ( ,riswick1 #affi 7= :i* ev5t displays took place 9 sev]al c\ntries71 is m5tion$ by ,frzi]1 :o wrote a treatise on pyrote*ny 7#agdg72 x 01 he says1 witness+ ?is display t inspir$ him to /udy ! art4 ,illu/ration3 ,set ,piece ( ! ,sc5ic ,type4 ,"o ( ! *ief causes ( progress 9 ,france 0 ! enc\ragem5t giv5 by ,l\is ,,xv 7#agaj-aggd7 to ! pyrote*ni/s ,morel ,torr & ! ,ruggi]i bro!rs1 ! latt] be+ ,italians f ,bologna :o became naturalis$ ,fr5*m51 & contribut$ v greatly to ! developm5t ( ,fr5* pyrote*ny4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ to rely *iefly on fireworks = ! effect1 in/ead ( us+ !m m]ely to embelli% a sc5ic or ar*itectural /ructure4 ,l\is ,,xv exp5d$ l>ge sums ( money on displays1 "o ( ! f9e/ be+ t fir$ at ,v]sailles 9 #agci by ,ruggi]i1 on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ,madame ,la ,premire ( ,france ) ,don ,philippe ( ,spa94 ,writ+ ( ?is display 9 #ahba1 ,ruggi]i's son says3 8,!re appe>$ = ! fir/ "t ! ,salam&] la ,rosace & le ,guillo*e1 :i* are /ill admir$ to-day40 ,^! are purely pyrote*nic pieces & devices2 simil> or id5tical ones are us$ at ! pres5t day1 :i* seems to indicate t fireworks prop] 7 mak+ headway aga9/ sc5ic effect4 ,o!r displays 9 ,france dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury 7 ^? on ! occasions ( ! bir? ( ! ,duke ( ,brittany1 #agjd2 bir? ( ! ,dauph91 #agcj2 ! convalesc5ce ( ! ,k+1 #agdd2 & ! return ( ! ,k+ to ,p>is1 #agde4 ,also !re is 9 exi/5ce a s]ies ( pr9ts :i*1 b = ! fact t !y are describ$ z fireworks1 w\ld be tak5 to be sc5ic tableaux2 :e!r ! figures are human be+s or wax-works is n indicat$4 ,^! 7 erect$ 9 celebration ( ! foll[+ ev5ts3--,! tak+ ( ,t\rnay1 ! tak+ ( ,*ateau ,gr&1 ,victory ov] ! ,allies1 all dat$ #agde2 ! tak+ ( ,ypres1 #agdg1 all ( :i* took place 9 ,p>is be=e ! ,hotel de ,ville4 ,simil> displays 7 giv5 9 ,lyons 9 #agfe to celebrate ! tak+ ( ,=t ,san ,philippe1 & at ,soleure 9 #aggg1 9 hon\r ( ! ,swiss ,gu>d4 ,displays took place at ,v]sailles 7#agea7 on ! occasion ( ! bir? ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy4 ,9 #ageh-i came a fur!r s]ies ( victory celebrations 9 hon\r ( ! victory ( ,lutzelb]g1 ov] ! ,engli% 9 ,am]ica1 & ov] ! ,allies at ,b]gh]i1 all ( :i* appe> to h be5 ( ! 8tableau0 type m5tion$ above4 ,!re 7 also displays = ! peace celebrations on ! ,se9e1 #agfc1 ! bir? ( ! ,dauph91 #aghb1 9 ! ,place de ,g5eve1 & peace rejoic+s1 #aghc1 be=e ! ,hotel de ,ville4 ,ruggi]i1 h[ev]1 /ates 9 8 book t ! display fir$ on ! m>riage ( ,l\is ,,xvi 7or1 z he !n 01 ! ,dauph97 0 ! only display s9ce ! great fetes ( #agci :i* %[$ any consid]able advance 9 ! art2 he may1 h[ev]1 be 9 "s degree bias$ z 8 fa!r 0 conc]n$ 9 ea* ( ^! displays4 ,illu/ration3 ,firework ,display at ,nuremb]g1 #afej4 ,f a contempor>y engrav+ ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,pyrote*ny ,,9 ,,europe 7cont9u$7 ,dur+ ! lat] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & subsequ5tly1 _m pr9ts appe>$ depict+ firework displays2 _! numb] seems q out ( proportion to ! total numb] ( pr9ts publi%$ 9 t p]iod4 ,possibly ?is may be tak5 z "s indication ( ! popul>ity ( firework displays at ! "t1 or may give ! measure ( ! fav\r 9 :i* !y 7 held by ! arti/s ( ! day4 ,_m ( ^! pr9ts are ( little value to ! /ud5t ( pyrote*ny1 z !y m]ely depict ! m or less elaborate /ructure = ! display by daylight1 & :atev] may be _! ar*itectural or arti/ic m]it !re is g5]ally no indication ( :at actual fireworks 7 to be us$1 or h[ !y 7 to be display$4 ,9 "s cases a li/ ( ! works is giv5 "u ! engrav+1 add+ greatly to its value 9 ! eyes ( ! pyrote*ni/1 & "s1 al?\gh !y are consid]ably 9 ! m9ority1 are int5d$ to repres5t ! display 9 progress1 al?\gh on ! r futuri/ic me?od ( %[+ ev]y?+ go+ (f at "o "t4 ,a s]ies ( pr9ts publi%$ 9 ,g]many dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury are among ! e>lie/ 9 :i* a s]i\s attempt is made to depict pyrote*nic effects2 ! s]ies includes 8,sw$i% ,fireworks10 dat$ #afej2 8,fireworks at ,nuremburg 9 celebration ( ,peace10 ( ! same date2 8,fireworks giv5 at ,pleiss5burg by ! ,pr9ce ( ,saxony10 #afff2 & ! same ye>1 8,fireworks at ,vi5na02 all ?ree pr9ts %[ a good display ( rockets1 also bonfires1 & !re are indications ( primitive :eels4 ,! same rem>ks apply to a v f9e plate publi%$ 9 #affi1 depict+ a display giv5 at ,/ockholm 9 hon\r ( ! inve/iture ( ,*>les ,,xi ( ,sw$5 ) ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t] by ! ,briti% ,ambassador4 ,?is engrav+ c>ries ) x a feel+ ( conviction t x is an actual repres5tation ( ! sc5e1 & n--z is ! case ) e>li] & ) "s lat] "w--t ! arti/ is draw+ on 8 imag9ation4 ,9 _m ( ! e>li] pr9ts x is difficult to judge if ! arti/ is depict+ :at he imag9$1 or mon/]s & sc5ic effects actually con/ruct$ = ! display4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ev5 9 e>ly times1 speak+ pyrote*nically1 ! value ( wat] 9 enhanc+ ! effect ( fireworks seems to h be5 realis$4 ,! display at ,/ockholm we h already m5tion$ appe>s to h tak5 place on ! sea front4 ,_m ( ! l>g] ,fr5* displays ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 7 fir$ ) a =egr\nd ( wat]2 9 ^? at ,v]sailles full advantage 0 tak5 ( ! wond]ful f\nta9s & ornam5tal wat]1 ! display giv5 9 celebration ( ! entry ( ,l\is ,,xiv 9 ,p>is aft] 8 m>riage be+ giv5 on ! ,se9e1 & _m ( ! e>ly ,engli% displays took place on ! ,?ames4 ,probably ! e>lie/ contempor>y acc\nt ( any l5g? ( a firework display 9 ,engl& is "o head$ 8,! ,mann] ( ,fire-,workes %ew$ up ^u ! ,?ames0 9 celebration ( ! m>riage ( ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick 7,elector ,palat9e7 ) ! daught] ( ,james ,i 9 #afac4 ,we read 8_m artificiall concusions 9 ,fire-,workes 7 ^u ! ,?ames p]=m$4 8,fir/1 = a welcome to ! behold]s a peale ( ,ordnance l unto a t]rible ?und] ratl$ 9 ! ayre4444 ,secondly1 foll[$ a numb] m ( ! same fa%ion1 spr$d+ s /rangely ) sp>kl+ blazes1 t ! skie seem$ to be fill$ ) fire4444 ,aft] ?is1 9 a mo/ curi\s mann]1 an artificiall fire-worke ) great wond] 0 se5 fly+ 9 ! ayre1 l unto a fi]y ,dragon1 aga9/ :i* ano!r fi]rie vision appe>$ flam+ l to ,sa9t ,george on ,horsebacke1 br\ght 9 by a burn+ ,in*ant]1 betwe5 :i* 0 !n f\ght a mo/ /range battell cont9u+ a qu>t] ( an h[re or m2 ! dragon be+ vanqui%$1 seem$ to ro> l ?und]1 & )all bur/ 9 pieces1 & s vani%$2 b ! *ampion1 ) 8 flam+ horse1 = a little "t made a %ew ( a tryumphant conque/1 & s ceas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,great ,firework ,display ne> ,/ockholm1 ,july1 #affi4 ,to celebrate ! ,inve/iture ( ,*>les ,,xi1 ,k+ ( ,sw$51 ) ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t] by ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 8,aft] ?is 0 he>d ano!r ratl+ s\nd ( ,cannons1 almo/ cov]+ ! ayre ) fire & smoke1 & =?) appe>$1 out ( a hill ( e>? made ^u ! wat]1 a v /range fire1 flam+ upright l unto a blaz+ />re4 ,aft] :i* flew =? a numb] ( rockets s high 9 ! ayre1 t we c\ld n *ose b approve by all reasons t ,arte ha? exce$$ ,nature1 s artificially 7 !y p]=m$4 ,& /ill z ! ,*amb]s & ,culv]9es plaide ^u ! e>?1 ! fire-workes danc$ 9 ! ayre1 to ! great delight ( 8 ,highnes & ! ,pr9ces4 8,out ( ! same m\nt or hill ( e>? flew ano!r /range piece ( artificiall fire-worke1 :i* 0 9 ! lik5es ( a hunt$ ,h>te1 runn+ ^u ! wat] s swiftly1 z x _h be5 *ac$ by _m huntsm54 8,aft] ! same1 issu$ out ( ! m\nt a numb] ( hunt+-h\nds made ( fire burn+1 pursu+ ! a=esaid ,h>te up & d[ne ! wat]s1 mak+ _m reb\nds & turnes ) mu* /rang5es2 skipp+ 9 ! ayre z x _h be5 a usual hunt+ ^u l&4 8,^! 7 ! noble delights ( ,pr9ces1 & prompt 7 ! wits ( m5 to contrive su* pr9cely pleasures4 ,:]e ,k+s comm&s be1 ,art is /ret*t to ! true dep?2 z ! p]=mance ( ^! ,eng9e]s h be5 approv$4 8,b n[ aga9 to our wi%$ sports3 :5 ?is fi]y hunt+ 0 ext+ui%$1 & t ! ,elem5ts 7 a little cle>$ f fire & smoke1 !re came sail+ up1 z x 7 ^u ! ,seas1 c]ta9e %ips & gallies bravely rigg$ ) top & top gallant1 ) _! flagges & /ream]s wav+ l ,m5 ( ,w>r1 :i* repres5t$ a ,*ri/ian "n oppos$ aga9/ ! ,turkes2 :]e1 aft] !y _h a:ile hov]$1 prep>+ z x 71 to make an incursion into ! ,turki% c\ntry1 !y 7 discov]$ by h] ,t[]s or ,ca/les ( def5ce1 /rongly furni%$ to int]cept all su* invad+ purposes1 s s5d+ =? ! reports ( a cannon1 !y 7 bravely answ]$ ) ! l f ! gallies1 b&+ fire & p[d] "o f ano!r1 z if ! ,god ( ,battle _h be5 !re pres5t4 8,"h 0 ! mann] ( a sea-fight rightly p]=m$3 ,fir/1 by assail+ "o ano!r1 all /riv+ = victorie1 & pursu+ ea* o!r ) fire & sword3 ! ,culv]9es m]rily plaid betwixt !m1 & made ! ayre res\nd ) ?und]+ e*oes2 & at la/ to repres5t ! joyes ( a victorie1 ! ,ca/les 7 sack$1 burn$1 & ru9at$1 & ! def5d]s ( ! same =c$ to escape ) great dang]40 ,! =ego+ appe>s to be ! only full acc\nt ( a display 9 ,engl& dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b 9 ! fir/ s]i\s "w on fireworks1 8,pyrote*nia10 by ,john ,bab+ton1 8gunn] & /ud5t ( ! ma!maticks10 we f9d a propos$ programme = 8a g5]all piece ( fire-worke = l&1 = ! pleasure ( a ,pr9ce or "s great p]son40 ,! spectacle consi/s ( two ca/les ) me*anical effects1 b includes su* devices z horizontal & v]tical :eels1 flights ( rockets1 l9e rockets & 8tor*es ( beautifull fire40 ,bab+ton also describes ! ,/4 ,george & ,dragon device1 :i* is m]ely sc5ic1 ! figures be+ ( wick]work & canvas ) slight firework effects4 ,at ?is "t1 accord+ to a 8,hi/ory ( ,colleges 9 & arr\nd ,london10 !re 7 8_m m5 v skilful 9 ! art ( pyrote*ny & fireworks40 ,9 a book on fireworks1 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 by ,john ,bate1 ! au?or concludes by say+3 8,i might h be5 inf9ite 9 ! describ+ ( su* l ) ,%ips1 ,t[]s1 ,ca/les1 ,pyramides4 ,b1 consid]+ t x w\ld b increase ! price ( ! book & n bett] y\r und]/&+1 s9ce all consi/ ( ! =m] workes1 :i* are s pla9ly describ$ z t ! mo/ ignorant may easily conceive !re(1 & 7if any :it +5i\s7 !nce contrive o!rs1 ( :at fa%ion !y li/40 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t firework displays 7 by t date a well-e/abli%$ in/itution4 ,pepys1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! coronation ( ,*>les ,,ii1 #affa1 says3 8,we /aid ^u ! leads & bel[ till x 0 late1 expect+ to see ! fireworks1 b !y 7 n p]=m$ to-night40 ,he seems to h look$ ^u fireworks z a matt] ( c\rse on su* an occasion4 ,h[ev]1 a display ( consid]able size did take place1 conduct$ by ,sir ,m>t9 ,beckman1 lat] ,firema/] to ,james ,,ii1 :o 0 responsible = mo/ ( ! important displays until #agjf4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ pr9ts ( an ,engli% firework display is t depict+ ! fireworks on ! ,?ames at ,:itehall = ! coronation ( ,james ,,ii1 #afhe1 9 :i* ! arti/ appe>s to h drawn some:at on 8 imag9ation4 ,?ree ye>s lat] an elaborate display 0 giv5 on ! ,?ames to celebrate ! bir? ( an heir to ! ?rone1 :o 0 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! ,old ,pret5d]4 ,9 ! same ye> we aga9 see fireworks on ! ,?ames1 ?is "t to celebrate ! reception ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,illu/ration3 ,fireworks on ! ,?ames1 ,june #ag?1 #afhh4 ,to celebrate ! bir? ( a son to ,k+ ,james ,,ii4 kn[n to fame fir/ z ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & aft]w>ds z ! ,old ,pret5d]4 ,9 #afij displays 7 giv51 aga9 on ! ,?ames1 & 9 ,cov5t ,g>d51 on ! occasion ( ! ,k+'s return f ,irel&4 ,! tak+ ( ,namur1 #afie1 0 celebrat$ by a display 9 ,/4 ,james's ,squ>e1 & on ! same site two ye>s lat]1 ! celebrations = ! ,peace ( ,riswick4 ,?is latt] is depict$ 9 a f9e engrav+1 giv+ ! foll[+ li/ ( fireworks us$ on ! occasion3--8#a1jjj ,sky ,rockets1 f f\r to six p\nds weight2 #bjj ,%ell2 #b1djj ,pumps ) ,/>rs 7,roman ,c&les72 #a1jjj ,cones2 #g1jjj ,reports2 #ae1jjj ,sw>ms2 #djj ,light ,balls2 #bc ,rocket ,*e/s1 ea* conta9+ #fj rockets f "o to f\r p\nd]s40 ,john ,evelyn1 9 8 8,di>y10 says3 8,! ev5+ conclud$ ) illum9ations & fireworks ( great exp5se40 ,! display co/ #ab1jjj4 ,!re seem to h be5 no fireworks 9 ,london at ! coronation ( ei!r ,anne or ! fir/ two ,georges1 al?\gh on ! =m] occasion rockets appe> to h be5 fir$ f ! ,fleet at ,spi!ad4 ,! ,peace ,rejoic+s ( #agac 7 ! occasion ( ano!r display on ! ,?ames (f ,:itehall1 ! erection be+ ab\t #djj feet long on b>ges *a9$ toge!r 9 ! /ream4 ,a feature ( ?is display 0 ! wat] fireworks1 describ$ z3 8#a1ejj small & l>ge wat] ,rockets2 #e l>ge wat] ,pyramids2 #d wat] f\nta9s2 #ac ,pumps2 #ba /&+ ,rockets1 ) lights all swimm+ on ! wat]2 #hd ( ,coll ,borg>ds2 l>ge & small ,bees sw>ms1 half ( :i* 7 set ) lights to swim on ! wat]40 ,! next ev5t to be celebrat$ by firework displays on a l>ge scale 0 ! ,peace ( ,aix-la-,*apelle2 ^! 7 giv5 at ,p>is1 ,! ,hague1 ,london1 & ,/4 ,/eph5's ,gre51 ,dubl94 ,! ,duke ( ,ri*mond 0 responsible = a display on ! ,?ames (f ,:itehall1 ! (ficial display tak+ place 9 ,gre5 ,p>k1 & 0 on a scale unequall$ 9 ?is c\ntry until well into ! la/ c5tury4 ,x 0 conduct$ by ! fam\s pyrote*ni/ ,gaetano ,ruggi]i1 :o came ov] f ,france = ! purpose1 assi/$ by ,gioseppe ,s>ti1 "u ! direction ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance4 ,foll[+ ! practice ( ! p]iod1 an elaborate /ructure 0 prep>$4 ,! foll[+ is tak5 f ! (ficial programme3 8,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,! ,,fireworks1 c4 8,! ,ma*9e is #aad feet high to ! ,top ( ,8 ,maje/y's arms1 & is #daj feet long4 ,x 0 inv5t$ & design$ by ! ,*evali] ,s]v&oni & all ! fram+ 0 p]=m$ by ,mr4 ,james ,morris1 ,ma/] ,c>p5t] to ! ,(fice ( ,ordnance4 8,! ,ornam5ts ( ?is ,ma*9e are all 9 ,relief1 & x is adorn$ ) ,frets1 ,gild+1 ,lu/res1 ,artificial ,fl[]s1 ,inscriptions1 ,/atues1 ,allegorical ,pictures1 etc40 ,accord+ to a contempor>y newspap] report1 ! con/ruction occupi$ f ,novemb] #g? until ,april #bf?4 ,x 0 compos$ ( timb] cov]$ ) canvas1 :itewa%$ & siz$4 ,! display comm5c$ ab\t six o'clock1 & cont9u$ until aft] twelve2 dur+ ! display ! left w+ caught fire1 :i* prev5t$ ! fir+ ( "s ( ! devices4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ,walpole1 ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond's display on ! ,?ames a few weeks lat] consi/$ l>gely ( fireworks :i* _h n be5 fir$ ow+ to ?is occurr5ce1 & :i* ! noble duke _h b\ght up *eap4 ,among ! items 7 includ$ ! foll[+3--,regulat$ ,pieces1 ,fix$ ,suns1 ,/>s ( six ,po9ts1 & betwe5 ea* po9t a ,ray1 a l>ge v]tical ,sun mov$ by d\ble ,fires1 ,cascades1 ,pyramids 7#dj feet high7 ( ,g]bs1 etc41 etc4 ,! *ief piece seems to be "o 8f :5ce ,fire issues out & retires )91 twelve times alt]nately2 :5 )\t1 x =ms a ,glory2 :5 )91 x composes a ,/> ( eight ,po9ts1 & !n *anges to a ,royal brilliant ,:eel1 ^: ,fire is ?irty feet 9 diamet]1 & is mov$ by twelve fires40 ,! rema9d] ( ?is c5tury 9 ,engl& appe>s to be r b>r5 ( firework displays on a l>ge scale4 ,a writ] 9 ! 8,/4 ,james's ,*ronicle10 "u ! date ,febru>y #ah?1 #agfd1 9 a lett] advocat+ c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k1 evid5tly recall+ ! outcry ov] ! #agdi display1 obs]ves3 8,we _h no fireworks at ! peace la/ ye>1 t w surely obviate any argum5t pref]r$ aga9/ ! exp5se ( ! und]tak+40 ,until ne>ly ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 accord+ to ,/rutt1 writ+ at t "t1 x 0 cu/om>y 8= ! ,tra9 ( ,artill]y to display a gr& fire-"w on ,t[] ,hill1 on ! ,k+'s ,bir?day1 b ow+ to ! di/urbances t occurr$1 ! inhabitants a few ye>s s9ce petition$ aga9/ x40 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a great increase 9 ! numb] ( displays4 ,fireworks became a feature ( ! programme ( ! majority ( ! !n fa%ionable tea & pleasure g>d5s4 ,walpole describes a firework display giv5 9 #agfc by ! notori\s ,du*ess ( ,k+/on1 :o 0 ?irte5 ye>s lat] tri$ by h] pe]s on a *>ge ( bigamy4 ,! display appe>s to h tak5 place 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 opposite ! resid5ce ( ! ,du*ess1 !n at ! height ( h] popul>ity4 ,he records t 8! fireworks 7 f9e & succe$$ well40 ,"o item seems curi\s to mod]n ideas2 x took ! =m ( a c5otaph = ! ,pr9cess ,elizabe?1 a si/] ( ! k+1 be>+ ! inscription3 8,all hon\rs ! dead c receive40 ,! sequel 0 ev5 m extraord9>y1 z 8ab\t "o 9 ! morn+ ?is ,s>cophagus bur/ into crack]s & guns40 ,illu/ration3 ,firework ,display giv5 by ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond on ! ,?ames (f ,:itehall1 ,may #ae?1 #agdi1 to celebrate ! ,peace ( ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,lieut5ant ,jones1 :o publi%$ a book on fireworks 9 #agfe1 9 8 preface makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3 8,i own ,i _c help reflect+ ) "s k9d ( *agr9 t :5ev] we h _h occasion = ^! sort ( div]sions to be exhibit$ 9 ,engl& we h almo/ always _h rec\rse to =eign]s to execute !m2 if ?is has be5 ow+ to ! ignorance ( our own p on ?is subject ,i %all be v happy if x is 9 my p[] to correct x2 if x is only ow+ to t prevail+ fondness we ent]ta9 = ev]y?+ =eign ,i "k no rem$y = t evil b "t & exp]i5ce40 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t 8 compla9t seems ju/ifi$2 z we h se51 ! ,aix-la-,*apelle celebrations 7 conduct$ by =eign]s--,ruggi]i & ,s>ti4 ,lat] 9 ! c5tury1 ,morel ,torr1 :o1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 collaborat$ ) ,ruggi]i 9 pyrote*nic displays = ,l\is ,,xv1 & sev]al o!r pyrote*ni/s came to ?is c\ntry & conduct$ displays4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !re 7 und\bt$ly _m capable pyrote*ni/s ( ,engli% nationality1 :o f\nd scope = _! abilities 9 ! exhibitions giv5 9 ! pleasure g>d5s ( ,london & ! prov9ces 9 ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,a hi/ory ( pyrote*ny w\ld n be complete )\t a survey ( ^! popul> places ( amusem5t1 & we propose 9 ! foll[+ *apt] to give a brief summ>y ( ! bett] kn[n places ( resort4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,london ,,pleasure ,,g>d5s ,dur+ ! eighte5? & fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5turies ! ,pleasure ,g>d5s fill$ a position 9 ! lives ( a l>ge proportion ( ! public comp>able ) t ( ! ,c9ema to-day4 ,to ! great mass ( ! public1 ! mo/ g5]al =m ( ev5+ relaxation 0 a visit to "o or o!r ( ^! places ( resort4 ,ap>t f meals ( a m or less elaborate nature1 & liquid refre%m5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 a great v>iety ( ent]ta9m5ts 7 provid$1 v>y+ f displays ( horseman%ip to exhibitions ( pa9t+s4 ,( ^! div]sions none 7 m g5]al ?an fireworks & illum9ations4 ,at _m g>d5s fireworks =m$ a regul> feature ( ! programme1 at o!rs1 g5]ally less ambiti\s und]tak+s1 displays 7 conf9$ to occasions1 su* z ! ,k+'s ,bir?day4 ,space w h>dly p]mit ( m ?an a glance at ^? resorts situat$ 9 ! prov9ces1 b a description ( ^? 9 ! ,london area may be tak5 z typical4 ,capta9 ,m>ryat1 9 8,pet] ,simple10 gives an acc\nt ( a visit to ,po/d[n ,fair1 ne> ,portsm\?1 & an adj\rnm5t to ! local ,ranelagh ,g>d5s to 8see ! fireworks40 ,z ! pyrote*ni/ 0 beh9d "t1 ,pet] ,simple & 8 fri5ds took x ^u !mselves to fire ! display4 8,9 ab\t half a m9ute (f !y all w5t 9 ! mo/ beautiful confusion2 !re 7 silv] />s & gold5 />s1 blue lights & ,ca!r9e ,:eels1 ,m9es & ,bombs1 ,grecian fires & ,roman ,c&les1 ,*9ese ,trees1 rockets & illum9at$ mottoes1 all fir+ away1 crack+1 popp+1 & fizz+ at ! same "t4 ,x 0 unanim\sly agre$ t x 0 a great improvem5t on ! int5d$ %[40 ,und\bt$ly ! g>d5s be/ rememb]$ at ! pres5t day are ,vauxhall & ,ranelagh1 nei!r ( :i* 7 e>ly 9 ! field 9 pres5t+ firework displays to ! public4 ,! fir/ displays took place at ,vauxhall ab\t #agih1 m ?an half a c5tury aft] _! appe>ance at "s ( ! less fam\s g>d5s1 & did n become a p]man5t feature ( ! programme until #ahac4 ,!y cont9u$ regul>ly until ! f9al clos+ ( ! g>d5s 9 #ahei1 ! f9al item ( ! programme be+ 8,f>ewell = ,ev]0 9 lett]s ( fire4 ,9 #ahac an item 9 ! firework programme 0 ! p]=mance ( ,madame ,saqui1 :i* 0 to slide d[n an incl9$ rope #cej feet long f ! top ( a ma/ #fj feet high1 erect$ on ! firework plat=m1 envelop$ 9 fireworks4 ,s popul> did ?is exhibition become t x 0 repeat$ "h by o!r p]=m]s1 by ,longueman 9 #ahbb1 & lat] by ,blackmore4 ,! be/-kn[n pyrote*ni/s connect$ ) ,vauxhall 7 ,s\?by1 ,mortram1 & ,h5gl]1 ! fir/ display be+ by an ,italian nam$ ,invetto4 ,pyrote*nic displays at ,ranelagh became a prom95t feature ( ! amusem5ts ab\t #agfg4 ,! pyrote*ni/s ,angelo1 fa!r & son1 dur+ t & ! foll[+ ye>s1 help$ to e/abli% ^! displays 9 popul>ity1 foll[$ by ,cli!ro1 ,caillot1 ,brock1 ,rossi1 & ,tessi]1 up to ! clos+ ( ! g>d5s 9 #ahje1 aft] :i* date !y appe> to h be5 op5$ f "t to "t on special occasions4 8,! ,morn+ ,*ronicle0 ( ,june #a/1 #ahab1 ann\nces t 8,by ! ,au?ority ( ! ,"r ,hon4 ! ,"l ,*amb]la90 ^! g>d5s w\ld be op5 89 ,hon\r ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,bir?day1 ) a gr& naval & milit>y ,fete1 & a sup]b exhibition ( ,fireworks40 ,an int]e/+ old adv]tisem5t1 dat$ #agff3 8,= ! ,b5efit ( ! ,g5]al ,ly+-9 ,hospital4 ,! mo/ sup]b & ,magnific5t ,fireworks ev] exhibit$ at t ,place1 "u ! conduct & direction ( ,mr4 ,angelo40 ,x w\ld appe> f ?is t fireworks _h be5 fir$ at ,ranelagh e>li] ?an #agff1 b !y c\ld n h be5 a regul> feature be=e #agfg4 ,cup]s ,g>d5s1 :i* /ood on ! s\? side ( ! riv]1 approximately on ! site ( ! ,wat]loo ,bridge approa*1 7 = a long p]iod ! sc5e ( popul> firework displays4 ,comm5c+ ab\t #agda1 ^! displays 7 z elaborate z any ( ?is p]iod4 ,! e>li] displays appe> to h be5 conduct$ by 8! +5i\s ,mr4 ,worman10 :o seems to h reli$ to a consid]able ext5t on transp>5cies & sc5]y2 9 #agdi & #agej he reproduc$ 9 m9iature ! firework 8ma*9e0 or ,temple us$ 9 ! respective (ficial displays 9 ,gre5 ,p>k1 & at ,! ,hague = ! ,aix-la-,*apelle peace celebrations4 ,o!r sc5ic effects 7 a view ( ! city ( ,rhodes ) a model ( ! ,colossus2 ,neptune1 issu+ f a grotto bel[ drawn by sea-horses1 set fire to a pyramid or an 8,ar*im$an worm0 & return$4 ,cli!ro 0 also associat$ ) ^! displays1 produc+ simil> sc5ic effects1 includ+ a naval engagem5t 9 #agee1 :i* 0 ! la/ ye> ( fireworks 9 ^! g>d5s4 ,! e>li] displays at ,m>ylebone ,g>d5s took place ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 #agea a display is ann\nc$ to take place at elev5 o'clock1 & 8a l>ge collection0 ( fireworks 0 adv]tis$ 9 #agec4 ,"s at lea/ ( ^! e>li] displays 7 fir$ by ,brock1 ^: son1 lat] on1 work$ "h 9 conjunction ) ,torr4 ,9 #agfi ! displays 7 "u ! direction ( ,rossi & ,clanfield4 ,f #aggb to #aggd 0 ! mo/ successful p]iod ( ! fireworks at ^! g>d5s2 !y 7 !n "u ! direction ( ,torr4 ,a popul> item1 aft]w>ds copi$ by ,m>9>i at ,ranelagh1 0 ! 8,=ge ( ,vulcan10 a sc5ic display conclud+ ) ! eruption ( ,m\nt ,etna4 ,on ! occasion ( ,torr's b5efit1 9 #aggb1 !re 0 a fur!r exhibition ( ?is k9d1 repres5t+ ,h]cules deliv]+ ,!seus f ,hell4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod attempts 7 made by neighb\r+ resid5ts to /op ! displays z a nuisance1 b no?+ came ( x1 & ! fireworks cont9u$4 ,at ! annual fe/ival 9 #aggb1 ! display includ$ a temple ( 8upw>ds ( #aj1jjj cases ( diff]5t fires1 all light$ at ! same "t40 ,o!r pyrote*ni/s fir+ at ! g>d5s 7 ,cli!ro & ,caillot1 bo? ( :om _h conduct$ displays at ,ranelagh1 ! latt] be+ responsible = ! fireworks up to ! clos+ ( ! g>d5s ab\t #aggh4 ,x is record$ t ,dr4 ,johnson once visit$ ! g>d5s on a firework night1 b un=tunately a wet "o1 & notice 0 giv5 to ! h&ful ( visitors t ! fireworks 7 wet & ! display w\ld be cancell$4 ,! doctor1 h[ev]1 0 ( op9ion t x 0 a 8m]e excuse to save _! crack]s = a m pr(itable company10 & sugge/$ t a ?reat to break ! lamps w\ld result 9 ! %[ be+ =?com+4 ,"s "y m5 /&+ by endeav\r$1 "u 8 direction1 to ignite ! pieces1 b unsuccessfully4 ,! ,mulb]ry ,g>d5s1 ,cl]k5well1 7 among ! e>lie/ to make fireworks a feature4 ,displays took place f ! op5+ 9 #agdb1 & t5 ye>s lat] ,clanfield gave a display ea* ev5+4 ,two neighb\r+ tav]ns1 8,"l ,cobham's ,head0 & ! 8,sir ,john ,oldca/le10 _h displays f #agdd1 & 9 #agea 8,new fireworks 9 ! ,*9ese mann]0 7 ann\nc$ at ! latt] e/abli%m5t4 ,! ,new ,wells1 9 ! same neighb\rhood z ! =ego+1 _h _h a display z e>ly z #agdj1 b x appe>s to h be5 ( a sc5ic nature1 repres5t+ ! ,siege ( ,portobello4 ,! 8,/> & ,g>t]10 ,*elsea1 adv]tis$ displays by ,signor ,g5ov9i ( ,rome1 9 #agfb1 & 8,j5ny's ,:im10 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 _h displays some:at e>li]1 ! place hav+ be5 e/abli%$ z a pleasure resort by a pyrote*ni/4 ,cromwell ,g>d5s1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! pres5t ,cromwell ,road1 _h :at appe>s to h be5 a small display 9 #aghd4 ,rossi & ,tessi]1 ! pyrote*ni/s ( ,ranelagh1 gave displays at ! ,b]mondsey ,spa ,g>d5s 9 #agib4 ,a repres5tation ( ! ,siege ( ,gibralt> 0 giv51 & on ,septemb] #bh? ( t ye>1 8by special desire ! ,battle ( ! ,fi]y ,dragons1 & ! l9e comet to come f ! ,rock ( ,gibralt> & cause ! ,dragons to engage40 ,brock also gave displays "h lat]4 ,f9*'s ,grotto ,g>d5s1 ^: site is n[ occupi$ by ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,metropolitan ,fire ,brigade 9 ,s\?w>k1 _h occasional displays ( fireworks ab\t #aggj1 z did ! ,temple ( ,flora 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,bridge ,road1 ab\t ! same date4 ,cli!ro adv]tis$ a display ( fireworks at ,jamaica ,h\se1 ,ro!rhi!1 9 #agfb4 ,a ,peace ,celebration display is ann\nc$ = ,febru>y #g?1 #agdi1 to 8be play'd (f ?is ev5+ 9 ! ,field adjo9+ to ! ,tav]n call$ ,bob's ,hall40 ,9 #aghh ,a/ley s5ior adv]tises1 to take place at ! ,royal ,grove & ,a/ley's ,amphi!atre1 ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 a 8,d\ble ,display ( ,fire-,works4444 ,num]\s ,devices prep>$ 9 ! usual way f ,p[d]1 etc41 :i* w be alt]natively play$ (f ) ! new-inv5t$ ,philosophical ,fire-,works1 "u ! direction ( ,mons4 ,h5ry1 ! inv5tor & ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy f ,p>is40 ,! same ye> he ann\nces a display 8on ! ,?ames imm$iately aft] ,a/ley's ,exhibition 9 ,hon\r ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,bir?-day10 & concludes by say+ 8! ,fireworks are made "u ! ,direction ( ,mr4 ,a/ley1 by ,messrs4 ,cobonell ,son1 :o w let !m (f on ! ,?ames ?is ev5+ at diff]5t signals f ,mr4 ,a/ley1 ,s541 :o w be m\nt$ on ! ,gibralt> ,*>g]1 plac$ 9 a ,b>ge1 9 ! ,front ( ! l9e ( ,fireworks40 ,illu/ration3 ,firework ,temple at ,vauxhall1 #ahde4 ,f a woodcut 9 8,! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news40 ,! 8,philosophical fireworks0 above m5tion$ 7 evid5tly an imitation ( ^? exhibit$ at ! ,lyceum by ,dill]1 :i* he describes z 8,philosophical ,fireworks f ,inflammable ,air )\t smell1 smoke or ,detonation40 ,^! appe> to h be5 no?+ m ?an gas jets arrang$ 9 patt]ns & designs1 "s revolv+ & "s /ation>y4 ,air 0 =c$ f a bladd] ?r\gh a sponge saturat$ ) e!r4 ,movem5t & v>iation 7 produc$ by turn+ on & (f ! gas f sep>ate sets ( holes4 ,two col\rs only appe> to h be5 produc$--rose & gre52 ^! 7 by ! addition ( /rontia & b>yta or copp]4 ,a h&bill is 9 exi/5ce adv]tis+ a simil> display at ,hull 9 #ahjd1 by ,w4 ,cl>ke4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury sev]al g>d5s r\nd ,london made a feature ( pyrote*nic displays4 ,! ,m]maid ,g>d5s1 ,hackney1 9 8,! ,morn+ ,*ronicle0 ( ,june #a/1 #ahab1 ann\nces 8! greate/ fea/ = ! eye ev] exhibit$ is a sup]b firework by t unp>allel$ arti/1 ,mr4 ,brock1 ,eng9e]40 ,! ,york%ire ,/+o & ,bayswat] ,tea ,g>d5s 9 ! we/ gave displays up to ! e>ly =ties4 ,:ite ,conduit ,h\se1 9 ! ,isl+ton di/rict1 _h firework displays f #ahbd up to %ortly be=e ! clos+ ( ^! g>d5s 9 #ahdi4 ,ro%]ville ,g>d5s1 op5$ 9 #ahcg1 ! ,nor? ,woolwi* ,g>d5s1 ! ,eagle1 #ahbe-hb1 ! ,globe1 ,mile ,end1 ! ,cremorne1 #ahdc-gg1 all _h _! firework displays4 ,! be/ kn[n1 h[ev]1 = ?is feature 7 ! ,surrey ,zoological ,g>d5s1 #ahca-ef1 :]e ,s\?by1 ( ,vauxhall1 conduct$ displays = sev]al ye>s1 produc+ pyrote*nic & sc5ic displays !re4 ,9 #ahda he gave a reproduction ( ! fireworks ( ,/4 ,angelo1 & ! ,illum9ation ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome1 :i* prov$ a great attraction to ! g>d5s4 ,9 ! prov9ces ! ,belvue ,g>d5s1 ,man*e/]1 & ! ,clifton ,zoological ,g>d5s1 ,bri/ol1 h made a feature ( firework displays 9 _! li/ ( attractions1 ^? at ! latt] be+ c>ri$ out 9 #ahce by ,gyngell4 ,! fam\s ,cremorne ,g>d5s made a feature ( pyrote*nic displays & spectacles ( ! sc5ic type ) m or less regul>ity f _! op5+ 9 #ahdf d[n to ! f9al clos+ ow+ to public petition 9 #ahgg4 ,! e>li] displays 7 c>ri$ out by ,mortram & ,duffel4 ,firework displays ( a some:at m ambiti\s nature h be5 giv5 f "t to "t at ! ,alex&ra ,palace1 no d\bt 9 emulation ( ! hi/oric ,cry/al ,palace displays1 :i* are dealt ) 9 ! ensu+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fireworks ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,tw5tie? ,,c5turies ,z we h se51 ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 m>k$ by great activity 9 ! pyrote*nic art4 ,firework displays 7 look$ ^u z a necess>y item 9 ! programme ( a place ( public ent]ta9m5t4 ,s ambiti\s did ^! displays become1 ow+ to ke5 rivalry exi/+ betwe5 ! v>i\s resorts1 t any (ficial display 9 celebration ( peace or l ev5t mu/ ( necessity be on a scale ( unexampl$ lavi%ness4 ,no (ficial display ( note appe>s to h be5 giv5 9 ,london dur+ ! fir/ ?irte5 ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 or inde$ s9ce ! ,aix-la-,*apelle peace display4 ,! reason may h be5 ! public outcry on ! score ( wa/e on t occasion4 ,!y 7 totally prohibit$ at ! coronation ( ,george ,,iii1 & at 8 jubilee 9 #ahji !re 7 app>5tly no firework displays 9 ,london1 al?\gh m ?an =ty t[ns ab\t ! c\ntry celebrat$ ! ev5t pyrote*nically1 & a f9e display 0 giv5 f ! ,fleet at ! ,nore4 ,! l>ge/ public firework exhibition on ?is occasion 0 t giv5 at ,bombay1 :]e ! celebration took place e>li] 9 ! ye>1 ! date select$ be+ ,june #d?1 ! ,k+'s bir?day1 in/ead ( ,octob] #be?1 ! actual anniv]s>y ( 8 accession4 ,! ,peace ( #ahjb1 al?\gh no (ficial display 0 giv51 0 ! occasion ( mu* private pyrote*nic ent]prise1 ! fireworks & illum9ations 9 ,london la/+ ne>ly a week4 ,! ,peace ( #ahad 0 signalis$ 9 ,london by sev]al displays3 ! #a/ ( ,augu/ 0 *os5 = ! ,peace ,celebration1 x be+ ! c5t5>y ( ! accession ( ! ,h\se ( ,brunswick1 & also ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,battle ( ! ,nile4 ,! display 9 ,hyde ,p>k comm5c$ ) a naval engagem5t on ! ,s]p5t9e betwe5 model w>%ips repres5t+ ! ,engli% & ! comb9$ ,fr5* & ,am]ican ,fleets4 ,?is item1 :i* la/$ ?ree h\rs1 0 foll[$ by a display ( wat] fireworks4 ,! display 9 ,gre5 ,p>k comm5c$ at t5 o'clock1 "o ( ! *ief items be+ ! 8gr& metamorphosis ( ! ,ca/le into ! ,temple ( ,concord40 ,?is *ange1 says a writ] 9 8,! ,times0 ( ! p]iod1 80 made ) some:at less cel]ity ?an ^? witness$ 9 our !atrical pantomimes4 ,x resembl$ r ! cauti\s removal ( a scre5 ?an ! sudd5 leap into a new %ape4 ,:5 fully develop$1 h[ev]1 x pres5t$ a spectacle :i* excit$ g5]al approbation40 ,! ,temple ( ,concord 0 an elaborate /ructure illum9at$ ) col\r$ lamps1 & decorat$ ) gild+1 fe/oons1 etc41 & transp>5t pa9t+s4 ,x 0 design$ by ,smirke1 ! pa9t+s be+ by ,/od>d1 ,h[>d1 ,hilton1 & o!rs1 & repres5t$ su* subjects z 8,! ,gold5 ,age10 & 8,peace re/or$ to ,e>?40 ,*>les ,lamb1 9 a lett] to ,william ,wordswor?1 dat$ ,augu/ #i?1 #ahad1 aft] describ+ ! havoc wr\ght 9 ! p>k by ! cr[ds & boo?s1 rem>ks t3 8,aft] all ! fireworks 7 spl5d5t--! ,rockets 9 clu/]s1 9 trees & all %apes1 spread+ ab\t l "y />s 9 ! mak+ fl\nd]+ ab\t 9 space 7l unbroke horses7 till "s ( ,newton's calculations %\ld fix !m1 b !n !y w5t out4 ,anyone :o c\ld see 'em & ! /ill f9] %[]s ( gloomy ra9 fire t fell sulkily & angrily f 'em1 & c\ld g to b$ )\t dream+ ( ! ,la/ ,day1 mu/ be z h>d5$ an ,a!i/ z 9999999940 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k 0 res]v$ = ^? :o paid = admission4 ,! trees 7 illum9at$ ) lamps1 & a ,*9ese bridge1 :i* _h be5 erect$ ov] ! lake1 0 simil>ly treat$4 ,! use ( gas on ?is /ructure mu/ be "o ( ! e>lie/ occasions ( its be+ employ$ = outdoor illum9ations ( ?is nature4 ,nei!r c ! result be consid]$ altoge!r successful1 z ! build+ caught fire t[>ds ! end ( ! firework display1 & a lamplight]1 :o appe>s to h be5 caught by ! flames 9 an attempt to ?r[ himself into ! wat]1 0 kill$4 ,o!r m5 simil>ly employ$ 7 also sev]ely burn$4 ,^! m51 evid5tly ?r\gh ignorance1 _h />t$ light+ ! l[] lamps fir/1 work+ upw>ds on ! /ructure1 until !y f\nd !mselves 9 a position ( intol]able heat ) no means ( desc5d+4 ,! pyrote*nic display consi/$ *iefly ( a]ial fireworks ) g]bs1 roman c&les1 f\nta9s1 & :eels2 !re d n appe> to h be5 _m devices ( any size4 8,! ,times0 report] compla9s t 8! repetition ( ^! ?+s1 ) occasional pauses1 = m ?an two h\rs became t$i\s to all40 ,! coronation ( ,george ,,iv1 9 #ahba1 0 celebrat$ by a display 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 includ+ l& & wat] fireworks1 sup]9t5d$ by ,congreve4 ,! displays on ! coronation ( ,william ,,iv1 9 #ahca1 7 direct$ by ,congreve's successor1 ,sir ,augu/us ,fraz]1 b appe> to h be5 ( an insignificant "*4 ,que5 ,victoria's coronation 0 celebrat$ by displays 9 ,hyde ,p>k & ,gre5 ,p>k1 conduct$ by ,s\?by & ,d',ern/1 :i* exhibitions includ$ a ,temple on simil> l9es to t ( #ahad4 ,9 ,france1 dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !re 7 _m pyrote*nic displays ( importance4 ,napoleon is cr$it$ ) be+ extremely p>tial to su* exhibitions4 ,displays took place 9 ,p>is 9 ! ,*amps ,elyses1 at ! b>ri]e ,*aillot1 be=e ,les ,invalides 9 #ahja to celebrate ! f\ndation ( ! ,republic1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> 9 hon\r ( ,napoleon's arrival 9 t city4 ,major-,g5]al ,"l ,blayney1 :o 0 captur$ by ,napoleon's troops 9 ! ,p59sula 9 #ahaj1 travell$ on p>ole across ,spa9 & ,france on 8 way to ,v]dun4 ,8 some:at leisurely j\rney ( ne>ly six mon?s enabl$ him to witness _m celebrations ( ,fr5* victories 9 ! t[ns ?r\gh :i* he pass$4 ,he records hav+ se5 fireworks & illum9ations among o!r places at ,malaga & ,orleans4 ,9 #ahjd a display 0 giv5 by ,napoleon be=e ! ,hotel de ,ville1 ,p>is1 on 8 assumption ( ! title ( ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! sc5]y provid$ = ?is display took ! =m ( a repres5tation ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ) a figure symbolis+ ,napoleon m\nt$ on a *>g] on ! summit4 ,?is display 0 repeat$ 9 #ahaj on ! occasion ( 8 m>riage ) ,m>ie ,l\ise2 ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! topmo/ feature 0 ! ,temple ( ,hym51 ) figures ( ,napoleon & 8 bride4 ,o!r displays 7 giv5 on ! bridge ( ,l\is ,,xvi1 :i* appe>s to h be5 a popul> position = su* exhibitions1 9 #ahjj1 #ahjd1 #ahjf1 #ahbj1 & #ahba4 ,ano!r site frequ5tly us$ = displays 0 ! g>d5 ( ! ,s5ate1 :]e ,ruggi]i fir$ displays 9 ! ye>s #ahja1 #ahjf 7twice71 & #ahjg4 ,fireworks cont9u$ to be a national in/itution 9 ,france1 irrespective ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,l\is ,napoleon1 l 8 uncle1 be+ fond ( fireworks1 or x may be1 consid]+ !m a good means ( ga9+ popul>ity1 made any public ev5t an excuse = pyrote*nic displays4 ,notable occasions 7 ! ,milit>y ,fetes1 #aheb1 ! ,fete ( ! ,emp]or1 #ahec1 ! visit ( ,que5 ,victoria to ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahee1 9 hon\r ( :i* a mo/ elaborate display 0 giv5 at ,v]sailles1 ! ,baptismal ,fetes 9 #ahef1 ! triumphal entry & ! ,emp]or's bir?day1 #ahei1 & ! visit ( ! ,k+ ,consort ( ,spa9 9 #ahfd4 ,! ,ent5te ,cordiale movem5t 9 #ahfh 0 responsible = displays 9 ! ,fleets on bo? sides ( ! ,*annel1 ^? 9 ,france tak+ place 9 ,*]b\rg1 ^? 9 ,engl& at ,spi!ad4 ,a previ\s ev5t :i* _h be5 celebrat$ pyrote*nically on a l>ge scale 9 bo? c\ntries 0 ! ,peace ,rejoic+ at ! conclusion ( ! ,crimean ,w>4 ,?is occasion 0 m>k$ 9 ,london by f\r displays ( fireworks on a scale hi!rto unprec$5t$4 ,! sites *os5 7 ,hyde ,p>k1 ,gre5 ,p>k1 ,primrose ,hill1 & ,victoria ,p>k4 ,!y 7 arrang$ ?us ) ! v s5sible idea ( splitt+ ! cr[ds ( sightse]s into sections & ?us prev5t+ dang]\s cr[d+ to "o spot4 ,! fireworks 7 prep>$ = ^! displays 9 ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,s\?by1 ! pyrote*ni/ ( ! ,surrey ,g>d5s1 :o w5t !re = ?is ev5t4 ,! programmes ( ^! displays 7 precisely simil>1 ) ! exception ( t at ,primrose ,hill1 :i* consi/$ ma9ly ( a]ial fireworks4 ,tyrrell1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,w> ) ,russia10 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! display 9 ,gre5 ,p>k3 8,at ! appo9t$ signal !re 0 a cont9u\s dis*>ge ( m>oons1 accompani$ by brilliant illum9ations ) :ite1 r$1 gre51 & yell[ fires4444 ,!n = two h\rs foll[$ e conceivable design ( elegant & dazzl+ pyrote*nic art4 ,flights ( rockets a hundr$ at a "t2 revolv+ :eels1 sun /> & gold5 /ream]s1 & fi]y s]p5ts *as+ ea* o!r ?r\gh ! air4 ,g]bs1 ,roman c&les1 t\rbillions1 %ells1 & fix$ pieces ( ! mo/ fanta/ic designs & brilliant hues4 ,! eyes 7 dazzl$ by ! int5sity ( ! light4444 ,x 0 /range to believe t s fi]ce & ungov]nable an elem5t z fire c\ld be r5d]$ s delicately ob$i5t to ! w ( man4444 ,! triumph1 h[ev]1 ( ! ent]ta9m5t 0 res]v$ = ! close ( x4 ,?is 0 a trem5d\s bomb>dm5t1 dur+ :i* ! air 0 con/antly fill$ ) flights ( rockets1 & 0 int5d$ z a repres5tation ( ! la/ gr& attack ^u ,seba/opol--! bl[+ up ( ! magaz9es & works1 & g5]al conflagration4 8,z an introduction to ?is !re 7 five fix$ pieces1 all ( complicat$ con/ruction1 ! c5tre be+ an enorm\s "o :i*1 amid all its fanta/ic blaz+ & revolv+1 exhibit$ ! words #8,god ,save ! ,que54' ,language fails to convey a vivid idea ( ! deaf5+1 ro>+1 cra%+ & gr& appe>ance ( ! t]m9ation1 dur+ :i* ! pr\d =tifications ( ,seba/opol 7 suppos$ to succumb4 ,!n rose up into ! blackness1 rapidly "o aft] ano!r1 six flights ( rockets1 compris+ altoge!r no less ?an t5 ?\s& ( ^! beautiful & brilliant in/rum5ts4444 ,x 0 su* a spectacle z man c\ld n reasonably expect to witness m ?an once 9 a lifetime40 ,?is acc\nt appe>s to be some:at highly col\r$1 z ! (ficial programme makes no ref]5ce to ! fall ( ,seba/opol1 b x is evid5t f x t ! writ] 0 greatly impress$ ) ! display1 & contempor>y pr9ts indicate t he 0 voic+ popul> op9ion4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ^! celebrations 7 ! fir/ occasion ( ! k9d 9 :i* ! exhibitions consi/$ ( v]itable fireworks )\t extrane\s matt] 9 ! =m ( sc5]y & build+s4 ,?is may acc\nt = ! fact t !re 01 on ?is occasion1 consid]ably less ( ! usual outcry aga9/ ! 8wa/e0 involv$4 ,x is curi\s t on occasions ( ?is k9d !re are always to be f\nd c]ta9 damp spirits :o beg9 a clam\r aga9/ ! exp5diture ( money on fireworks :i* might be appli$ to o!r objects4 ,! ,aix-la-,*apelle display excit$ ^! g5tlem5 to a great pit*1 probably on acc\nt ( ! elaborate nature ( ! prep>ations1 :i*1 z we h already se51 occupi$ ov] five mon?s1 ?us provid+ !m ) pl5ty ( "t to develop _! !me1 or an object lesson to prove _! /atem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,que5 ,victoria's ,visit to ,france1 #ahee4 ,! ,fireworks at ,v]sailles4 ,f a draw+ by ,gu/av ,dor 9 8,! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news40 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! display consi/s--z on ! occasion "u consid]ation--solely ( fireworks prop]1 a few days' prep>ation on ! actual site is usually suffici5t2 ! kill-joy has less "t to spread himself4 ,x may be m5tion$ 8 season is ov] ) ! display2 g5]ally ! ,briti% public1 hav+ enjoy$ itself1 turns a deaf e> to ^? :o w\ld conv9ce x t x ought n to h done s4 ,o!r displays took place 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! k+dom3 9 ,ed9burgh on ,ar?ur's ,seat1 at ,portsm\? on ! ,fleet1 to m5tion two only4 ,an int]e/+ ev5t :i* took place on ! #be? ,augu/ 0 ! ent]ta9m5t ( #b1jjj m5 ( ! ,gu>ds at ! ,surrey ,g>d5s4 ,?is resort 0 at ! "t ! home ( ,briti% pyrote*ny1 ! displays be+ conduct$ by ,s\?by1 :o1 z we h said1 w5t into ,woolwi* ,ars5al to assi/ 9 ! production ( ! fireworks = ! (ficial displays4 ,! amusem5ts ( ! day conclud$ ) an exhibition ( fireworks4 ,a fur!r ev5t connect$ ) ! =ego+ celebration 0 ! fe/ivities 9 ,mosc[ on ! occasion ( ! coronation ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,,ii1 :i* conclud$ ) a pyrote*nic display4 ,f ?is "t until ! end ( ! c5tury ! hi/ory ( pyrote*ny 9 ?is c\ntry is practically ! hi/ory ( pyrote*ny at ! ,cry/al ,palace2 x has be5 ! ,cry/al ,palace displays :i* h set ! pace1 z x 71 to pyrote*ni/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & has provid$ ! spur :i* has plac$ ,briti% pyrote*ni/s n only ahead b m>k$ly ahead ( _! competitors 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,cry/al ,palace displays became a national in/itution1 & any public ev5t wor?y ( su* recognition 0 accord$ a pyrote*nic celebration !re on a scale hi!rto unattempt$4 ,! cr$it = ! orig9al introduction ( fireworks at ! ,cry/al ,palace mu/ belong to ! late ,c4 ,t4 ,brock1 :o succe$$ 9 induc+ ! ,directors to in/itute a competition among pyrote*ni/s 9 #ahfe4 ,x may be int]e/+ to give 9 8 own words an acc\nt ( ! matt]1 tak5 f an article writt5 by him "s few ye>s lat]3 8,x occurr$ to me t ( all ! places ( public resort suitable = ! inauguration ( a new era = pyrote*ny1 none (f]$ su* glori\s advantages z ! ,cry/al ,palace1 !n at ! height ( its popul>ity4 ,its t]races1 f\nta9s & foliage (f]$ unrivall$ advantages = ! display ( gr& effects4 ,! ,directors ( ! ,cry/al ,palace ,company1 :o _h m ?an once be5 appli$ to = p]mission to hold displays 9 ! gr\nds1 fe>$ t1 inasmu* z fireworks _h be5 rec5tly associat$ solely ) g>d5s ( ! ,cremorne class1 ! ,palace itself w\ld be degrad$ to ! same rank if cons5t 7 grant$4 ,i urg$ t ! ,exhibition ( #ahfb _h af=d$ no opportunity = competition among firework mak]s--necess>ily exclud$ by ! nature ( _! trade--al?\gh almo/ e o!r bran* ( manufactures 7 embrac$1 t su* a conte/ might ) reason & advantage be held at ,syd5ham1 & t fireworks 7 really n ( an immoral t5d5cy4 ,i fur!r agre$ t 9 ! ev5t ( ! result be+ unfav\rable1 ei!r f9ancially or f a social po9t ( view1 no second display ne$ take place1 b if1 z ,i felt confid5t1 !re %\ld be a l>ge att5dance ( ! bett] classes1 !n o!r exhibitions might foll[4 ,! ,directors1 aft] _m mon?s ( delay1 cons5t$ to make ! exp]im5t1 & ! fav\rable result ( ! trial on ,july #ab?1 #ahfe1 f> exce$$ my mo/ sangu9e expectations4 8,! result 0 an unlook$-= success1 #bj1jjj p be+ pres5t on ! occasion4 ,?ree m displays took place t ye> ^u a small scale1 b always ) successful results4 8,! fir/ display 0 produc$ jo9tly by my fa!r & ,mr4 ,s\?by1 ! w9n] ( ! fir/ prize1 & cont9u$ to ! end ( t season by my fa!r alone "u my managem5t4 8,! success ( fireworks at ! ,cry/al ,palace hav+ become an accompli%$ fact1 ,i built ext5sive works at ,nunhead1 & comm5c$ manufactur+ on a scale nev] previ\sly dreamt ( 9 ! trade--! va/ expanse ( ! locale ( my displays obvi\sly necessitat+ extraord9>y exp5diture ( mat]ial4 8,by degrees ! set pieces grew f twelve feet 9 diamet] to #cjj feet4 ,%ells = :i* ! ,cry/al ,palace has be5 r5[n$ grew to "o hundr$ times m ?an ! ord9>y %ells ( my e>ly days1 & ?\s&s ( p\nds weight ( mat]ial 0 gradually introduc$ to increase ! effectiv5ess ( ^! displays40 ,illu/ration3 8,! ,,gr& ,,:im = ,,po/]ity to ,laugh at3 ,be+ ! ,night ,view ( ! ,,royal ,,fireworks1 z ,exhibit$ 9 ! ,gre5 ,p>k1 ,/4 ,james's1 ) ! ,"r ,w+ on ,fire40 ,firework ,display 9 ! ,gre5 ,p>k to celebrate ! ,peace ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 #agdi4 ,! ,cry/al ,palace displays c>ri$ out by ,c4 ,t4 ,brock & 8 bro!r1 ,ar?ur ,brock1 :o succe$$ him 9 ! bus9ess on ,m>* #be?1 #ahha1 h s9ce become prov]bial4 ,!y cont9u$ up to #aiaj1 :5 ! ,cry/al ,palace 0 tak5 ov] by ! promot]s ( ! ,pageant ( ,empire4 ,!y h be5 reviv$ 9 #aibj1 :5 ! ,w> ,museum 0 op5$1 & ! att5dance has prov$ t ! public ta/e = fireworks is v f> f dim9i%+4 ,dur+ ! run ( =ty-five consecutive ye>s an in/allation 0 built up1 me?od & te*nique 7 evolv$ unkn[n 9 any o!r place ( pyrote*nic exhibition4 ,:ile ! firework t]race1 ) its magnific5t backgr\nd ( p>k & %rubb]ies1 is unrivall$ z a fir+ gr\nd1 x is at ! same "t ! mo/ exact+4 ,! huge build+1 its impos+ position & sett+1 ! wond]ful f\nta9s1 all dem& pyrote*nic effects on a correspond+ scale4 ,! pictorial set pieces1 orig9ally introduc$ by ,c4 ,t4 ,brock 9 #ahge1 increas$ 9 size until a plant 0 arriv$ at capable ( exhibit+ a picture n9ety feet high & two hundr$ feet long on ! ma9 gird]1 :i* l5g? c\ld be ext5d$ to ev5 six hundr$ feet ( frontage1 z on ! occasion ( ! exhibition ( a battle piece or simil> subject4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! subjects dealt ) 9 ! ma9 set pieces h cov]$ a wide range4 ,a fav\rite subject1 & "o l5d+ itself p>ticul>ly well to pyrote*nic production1 is ! sea battle4 ,almo/ e hi/oric naval engagem5t ( suffici5t size to w>rant its adoption has be5 prov$ ! subject = a fire picture4 ,among ! battle pictures produc$ are ! foll[+3--,bomb>dm5t ( ,alex&ria 9 #ahhb1 ,siege ( ,gibralt> 9 #ahhc1 ,battle ( ,trafalg> 9 #ahhd2 dur+ #ahhe1 two pictures repres5t+ ! use ( ! ironclads ( ! p]iod & bas$ on ! ,naval manuvres1 entitl$ ! 8,attack on ,dov]10 & ! ,battle ( ,bantry ,bay2 ! foll[+ ye> ano!r imag9>y picture depict+ an attack by torp$o boats on ! late/ battle%ip1 ! 8,colossus40 ,! ,bomb>dm5t ( ,seba/opol 0 reproduc$ 9 #ahhg1 foll[$ by ! ,jubilee ,naval ,review at ,spi!ad4 ,9 #ahhh ! defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada 0 depict$2 9 #ahij ,trafalg>1 foll[$ 9 #ahia by ! engagem5t betwe5 ! 8,*esapeake0 & ! 8,%annon10 toge!r ) a portrait ( ,admiral ,sir ,provo ,wallis1 !n ag$ "o hundr$1 & ano!r f an e>ly pa9t+ %[+ him at ! "t ( ! engagem5t :5 ! comm& ( ! ,engli% vessel devolv$ ^u him ow+ to ! casualties among ! s5ior (fic]s4 ,lat] 9 t ye> ! ,battle ( ! ,nile 0 reproduc$2 #ahic saw ! ,bomb>dm5t ( ,canton2 #ahid ! ,battle ( ! ,fir/ ( ,june1 & ! ,battle ( ! ,yalu4 ,! ,battle ( ,manilla ,bay 0 produc$ 9 #ahih1 & on ! c5t5>y date ! ,battle ( ! ,nile4 ,9 #ahhi1 ,h4,m4,s4 8,implacable0 0 %[n 9 action on ! day on :i* %e 0 commission$1 foll[$ 9 #aijj by ! ,bomb>dm5t ( ! ,taku ,=ts1 & 9 #aija by ! immortal sea fight betwe5 ! 8,rev5ge0 & ! 8,fifty-?ree40 ,9 #aijd ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> gave subjects 9 ! v>i\s attacks on ,port ,ar?ur & ! ,battle ( ,tsu-,%ima1 & ! ,battle ( ! ,sea ( ,japan 9 ! ye> foll[+4 ,! ,battle ( ,trafalg> 0 r5ew$ t season1 & 9 #aijh ano!r imag9>y picture portray+ mod]n naval w>f>e 0 produc$1 foll[$ 9 #aiji by an imag9>y enc\nt] betwe5 ! fir/ ,dreadn\ght & o!r craft4 ,! revival ( ! ,cry/al ,palace displays 9 #aibj saw ! reproduction ( ! ,battle ( ,jutl&1 ( :i* ! foll[+ appreciation appe>$ 9 ! ,press3 8,! *ief set piece 9 ! programme is a ,fire ,picture ( ! ,battle ( ,jutl&1 ! mo/ reali/ic spectacle ev] produc$ 9 fire2 by +5i\s devices ! guns fire1 %ells bur/ 9 all directions1 gap+ holes appe> 9 ! sides & upp] works ( ! %ips engag$1 until--:5 ! d9 ( battle has rea*$ its height--! ,g]man cruis] #8,lutz[' bl[s up & s9ks4 ,"o realises t "h at lea/ is "o pictorial subject 9 :i* ! ,c9ematograph is hopelessly outdone2 ! v>iety ( noises1 v>y+ f ! %>p b>k ( quick-fir]s to ! boom ( ! heavy guns1 :i* are "h s wond]fully reproduc$1 are q inadequately r5d]$ by ! conv5tional ?umps on ! big drum 9 ! or*e/ra40 ,be=e ! res\rces ( lance-"w 7 fully und]/ood1 ! reproduction ( fam\s build+s 0 a fruitful s\rce ( subjects2 ^? reproduc$ v>y f ! ,cry/al ,palace itself to ,worce/] & ,salisbury ,ca!drals1 & f ! ,arc de ,triomphe to ! ,mosque at ,delhi4 ,natural cata/rophes su* z ! ,avalan*e1 ! ,eruption ( ,vesuvius1 & ! ,de/ruction ( ,pompeii h be5 portray$4 ,! ,wreck ( ! ,eid] 9 #ahib1 ) ! rescue ( ! pass5g]s by ! lifeboats1 =m$ ! subject ( a popul> set piece2 ano!r successful sc5ic %[$ a wreck ) l9e-?r[+ rockets & transport ( pass5g]s by ! bree*es buoy4 ,9 #ahgi portraits 9 fire 7 reproduc$ = ! fir/ "t1 & s9ce t date ^? execut$ h includ$ almo/ all ! ,royal ,p]sonages ( ! day1 _m ( :i* h be5 fir$ electrically f ! ,royal ,box by ! orig9als4 ,o!r em95t p reproduc$ range f ,k+ ,cetewayo 9 #ahhb1 ! ,maori ,k+ 9 #ahhd1 ,li-,hung-,*ang 9 #ahif1 to ,d\glas ,fairbanks & ,m>y ,pick=d 9 #aibj4 ,9 #ahhg :at is kn[n z ! trans=mation set piece 0 introduc$4 ,^u light+1 ! piece exhibits a floral design 9 col\rs1 :i*1 aft] burn+ "s "t1 becomes trans=m$ into a portrait1 ! l9es ( :i* are work$ inconspicu\sly ) ^? ( ! floral design1 &1 to use a mod]n t]m1 cam\flag$ by its col\rs1 ! col\r ( ! portrait be+ :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,a full-size picture ( ! ,jumma ,musjid 9 ,fireworks at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 #ahib4 ,illu/ration3 ,firework ,display = ! ,coronation ,durb> at ,delhi1 ,janu>y #crd1 #aijc4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is ! ,jumma ,musjid4 ,! fir/ portrait to be s %[n 0 ,"l ,beaconsfield1 ! floral design be+ ( primroses1 & ! occasion ,primrose ,day4 ,?is1 = ! fir/ example ( its k9d1 0 v successful1 & lat] 9 ! ye> an enorm\s trans=mation picture1 #bjj feet long & #ajj feet high1 0 fir$ at ! ,jubilee display1 *ang+ to portraits ( ,que5 ,victoria & memb]s ( ! ,royal ,family4 ,a popul> picture ( ?is k9d is ! puzzle picture :i* trans=ms f a jungle sc5e to animals4 ,ano!r mo/ successful *ang+ picture 0 entitl$ 8,! ,seasons10 fir/ produc$ 9 #ahhi1 & reviv$ f "t to "t4 ,a rural sc5e *anges f ,spr+ to ,summ]1 f ,summ] to ,autumn1 & f9ally to ,w9t]4 ,! effect is produc$ by v>y+ compositions 9 ! lances1 & by employ+ lances ( v>y+ l5g?1 & requires v exact manipulation & sup]vision4 ,patriotic1 congratulatory1 & political c>toons & devices h be5 exhibit$ 9 wond]ful v>iety ( design1 s5tim5t1 & language3 ,*9ese1 ,p]sian1 & ,maori1 to m5tion only ?ree ( ! latt]4 ,liv+ ,fireworks1 inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,c4 ,t4 ,brock & ,co41 9 #ahhh1 h always be5 a fav\rite feature ( ! ,cry/al ,palace displays4 ,! p]=m] is clad 9 ov]alls ( asbe/os clo?1 & on ! side ne>e/ to ! spectators we>s a light wood framework1 ( :i* ! outl9e is 8lanc$0 to depict ! p>ticul> "* to be portray$4 ,! fir/ subject dealt ) 0 ! box+ mat*1 :i* has enjoy$ cont9u\s popul>ity up to ! pres5t day1 & is possibly ! mo/ successful4 ,o!r fav\rites h be5 ,blond9 on ! tight rope1 inspir$ by ! appe>ance ( ! real ,blond9 on ! firework t]race1 surr\nd$ by firework effects1 9 #ahga2 danc]s ( v>i\s k9ds1 f ! ,sailor's ,hornpipe to ,salome2 ,cat fights2 ,cock fights2 ! ,box+ ,kang>oo 9 #ahic1 :5 t p]=mance 0 attract+ cr[ds to ! old ,aqu>ium2 an ,indian ,snake ,*>m]2 a ,fi%]man2 a ,trapeze ,arti/1 h all be5 produc$ by liv+ actors 9 fire4 ,9 #ahie 8,! ,village ,blacksmi?0 0 enact$1 ) horse1 blacksmi?1 assi/ant1 & horse's own]1 ) =ge1 bell[s1 anvil1 & all necess>y 8prop]ties40 ,! foll[+ ye> a piece 0 exhibit$ %[+ v>i\s memb]s ( ! build+ trades at "w4 ,!n foll[$ ! ,fire ,sc5e1 9 :i* a h\se is se5 on fire1 ! motor fire eng9e arrives1 ! m5 jump d[n1 unroll ! hose1 & proce$ to ext+ui% ! outbreak ) a jet ( fire4 ,ano!r ambiti\s ef=t %[$ a ,city policeman regulat+ ! traffic4 ,! mo/ elaborate sc5e ( ! k9d yet attempt$ 0 to "w liv+ figures 9 connection ) ! ma9 set piece4 ,! subject *os5 0 life 9 ! ,arctic ,regions1 & op5$ ) ! op5 ,pol> ,sea1 ) :al+ vessels1 sp\t+ :ale1 & laun* ( ! :al+ boat1 :i* foll[s ! :ale & fires a h>poon4 ,! picture !n *ang$ to ,arctic w9t]1 ice =ms1 & ! vessel is froz5 ) ! ice1 sl$g+ p>ties travel ov] ! ice1 & ! picture conclud$ ) a man & be> fight 9 liv+ fireworks4 ,! same ye>--#ahij--!re 0 introduc$ into ! ,*ildr5's ,fireworks1 :i* =m an annual feature ( ! ,cry/al ,palace displays1 a liv+ ,jack & ! ,bean/alk picture4 ,9 #aijf ! !n popul> song1 8,i w\ldn't leave my little ,wood5 ,hut = ,y10 0 ! basis ( :at 0 describ$ 9 ! programme z a ,liv+ ,firework ,drama4 ,! popul> songs ( ! day h provid$ ! subject = _m successful set pieces1 & =m a class ( picture :i* d]ives mu* ( its success f ! b& accompanim5t & ! opportunity = vocal ef=t on ! "p ( ! cr[d4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,cry/al ,palace ,set ,piece at ! "t ( ! ,s\? ,african ,w>4 7#bjj ft4 long by #gj ft4 high47 ,! orig9 ( ?is type ( picture is wor? record+4 ,9 #ahhi ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia visit$ ! ,cry/al ,palace1 & fir$ a portrait ( himself1 electrically1 f ! ,royal ,box4 ,a popul> song ( ! day1 8,h y se5 ! ,%ah80 0 sugge/$ to "s musically incl9$ memb]s ( ! audi5ce1 :o comm5c$ to s+ x1 & 7 soon jo9$ by ! :ole ( ! spectators1 numb]+ ab\t #ej1jjj4 ,! effect ( ?is impromptu conc]t 0 s /rik+ z to lead to ! production ( ! popul> song :5ev] !re happ5$ to be "o suitable = pictorial r5d]+ 9 fireworks4 ,9 #ahib a me*anical ,lottie ,coll9s1 #fj feet high1 danc+ to ! !n popul> /ra9 ( 8,ta-ra-ra-bom-de-ay10 0 en?usia/ically receiv$4 ,a s]ies ( patriotic & s5tim5tal songs at ! "t ( ! ,s\? ,african ,w>1 z 8,! ,abs5t-m9d$ ,begg>0 & 8,good-bye1 ,dolly ,grey10 etc41 7 v successful4 ,! 8,honeysuckle & ! ,bee0 provid$ ! subject = a trans=mation picture1 a design ( honeysuckle *ang+ to a girl's head ) a me*anical bee twelve feet long4 ,9 #aijh ?ree songs 7 includ$ 9 "o piece--8,bill ,bailey10 8,f>ewell1 my ,bluebell10 & 8,! ,old ,bull & ,bu%40 ,! small] me*anical pieces =m a hi/ory ( locomotion dur+ ! half-c5tury cov]$ by ! displays4 ,bicycles1 motor c>s1 loop+ ! loop1 a]oplanes1 co/]s' b>r[s1 hansom cabs1 fire eng9es1 scoot]s h all be5 repres5t$1 & 9 #ahie1 on ! occasion ( ! visit ( ! ,railway ,conf]5ce1 two ( ! be/ me*anical pieces ev] c>ri$ out--full-siz$ repres5tations ( ! 8,rocket0 & ! late/ type ( express eng9e ) exact details & work+ p>ts4 ,an effective work+ device introduc$ z e>ly z #ahgj 0 a comet travell+ d[n a wire f "o ( ! fam\s t[]s to ! gr\nd4 ,lat] ! comet 0 replac$ by a dragon1 ,"m ,goose1 & 9 #ahgb by a 8,fi]y ,bicycle10 a subject :i* seems some:at out ( place 9 su* a position4 ,! next developm5t ( ?is feature 0 to introduce a liv+ man :o1 clad 9 %9+ arm\r & surr\nd$ & illum9at$ by a frame ( fireworks1 /rik+ an impressive attitude1 slid f ! summit ( ! t[] to ! t]race4 ,! "n ( ?is p]=m]1 no d\bt 9 imitation ( ! ,italian arti/s :o on a small] scale c>ri$ out a simil> feat at ,vauxhall1 0 giv5 9 ! programme z ,signor ,gregor9i4 ,9 private life or 9 ! works1 h[ev]1 he w5t by ! "n ( ,bill ,gregory1 & x is record$ t1 :5 on ! fir/ night he /uck half-way d[n & _h to rema9 9 8 airy position = ! rema9d] ( ! display1 8 rem>ks left no d\bt z to ! c\ntry ( 8 orig94 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,brock t he :o orig9at$ ! idea 0 ! fir/ to try ! desc5t4 ,! weight ( ! cable 0 v consid]able & ! /ra9 v heavy 9 ord] to keep x suffici5tly taut1 & d\bts 7 express$ z to ! advisability ( putt+ su* a /ress on ! /ructure1 :i* l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( ! p]=mance4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to attempt to give any?+ l a description ( ! _m & v>i$ mov+ & /ation>y devices us$ 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace displays4 ,! descriptions 9 ! traditional some:at fl[]y language ( ! firework programmes w\ld convey little )\t illu/ration4 ,"o feature g5]ally to be f\nd 9 ! programme is t ( ! :eels4 ,^! are g5]ally fir$ 9 a gr\p ( ?ree 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,t]race1 ! designs v>y+ 9 =m1 movem5t & col\r f "t to "t1 ! fire ( ! c5tre or l>ge/ :eel =m+ a circle "o hundr$ feet 9 diamet]4 ,! hi/orical displays dur+ ?is p]iod include ! displays giv5 9 ,india 9 #ahge-f1 dur+ ! t\r ( ,k+ ,edw>d1 !n ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 at ,bombay1 ,madura1 ,colombo1 ,madras1 & ,jaipur1 & a s]ies ( enorm\s displays c>ri$ out at ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial ,exposition 9 #ahgf1 at "o ( :i* #bej1jjj p paid half-a-doll> admission1 & 9 #ahgg1 ! displays giv5 at ,calcutta & ,delhi on ! occasion ( ! assumption by ,que5 ,victoria ( ! title ,empress ( ,india4 ,! ,jubilee & ,diamond ,jubilee ( ,que5 ,victoria produc$ enorm\s activity 9 ! manufacture ( fireworks4 ,displays great & small took place all ov] ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 or r1 ! ,empire4 ,among ! displays fir$ on ! occasion ( ! ,diamond ,jubilee1 c]ta9ly n ! lea/ int]e/+1 al?\gh comp>atively small 9 ext5t1 0 t giv5 at ,blantyre 9 ! he>t ( ! ,african cont95t4 ,?is display1 :i* includ$ a portrait ( ,h] late ,maje/y1 0 c>ri$ up ?ree hundr$ & sixty miles ( ! ,zambesi1 !nce by canoe ov] eighty miles ( s&banks & mud1 & f9ally ?irty miles ov]l& ) a rise ( #c1ejj feet4 ,o!r displays 7 ! display on ! ,tagus 9 #ahhf on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ! late ,k+ ( ,portugal2 ! display fir$ f ,brooklyn ,bridge = ! ,columbus ,t]c5t5>y 9 #ahib2 ! ,imp]ial ,fete on ! ,danube 9 #aijc2 ! display fir$ f ?irte5 battle%ips moor$ at a di/ance ( a qu>t] ( a mile f ea* o!r on ! occasion ( ! 8,ent5te ,cordiale0 visit ( ! ,fr5* ,fleet 9 #aije2 ! display celebrat+ ! ,t]c5t5>y ( ! f\nd+ ( ,quebec 9 #aijh2 & ! greate/ display ( fireworks ev] fir$--! (ficial ,peace display 9 ,hyde ,p>k 9 #aiai1 9 :i* "s ( ! gr\nd works suff]$ f ! ra9 :i*1 un=tunately1 />t$ ab\t five o'clock1 b ! a]ial "w 0 on an unprec$5t$ scale1 %ells v>y+ f sixte5 in*es d[n to #e in*es 9 diamet] be+ fir$ 9 salvoes ( tw5ty-five to "o hundr$4 ,rockets ( #a lb4 7 fir$ 9 flights ( "o hundr$1 & a f9al flight ( ?ree ?\s&2 sets ( ,roman c&les1 ea* conta9+ two hundr$2 "o hundr$ fi]y jets1 etc41 etc4 ,! 8,f\r? ( ,june0 celebration at ,eton has always be5 ! occasion ( a firework display1 & displays h tak5 place annually1 ) ! exception ( ! ye>s ( ! ,great ,w>1 f at lea/ z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,hone1 9 8 8,ev]yday ,book0 7#ahca71 speaks ( ! fireworks z a well-e/abli%$ feature ( ! fe/ival4 ,x is possible1 & ev5 probable1 t !y date f ! reign ( ,george ,,iii1 on ^: bir?day ! ev5t takes place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,panorama ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,a]ial ,,effects ,,9 ,,! ,,national ,,firework ,,display ,,at ,,hyde ,,p>k1 #ai? ,,july1 #aiai4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,firework ,,manufacture ,! manufacture ( fireworks 9 ?is c\ntry1 z an indu/ry di/9ct f m]e firework mak+1 dates f ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,be=e t p]iod displays appe> to h be5 g5]ally c>ri$ out by ! milit>y1 or at any rate "u ! control ( artill]y or eng9e] (fic]s4 ,at t "t ! art 0 consid]$ to h two di/9ct bran*es1 civil & milit>y pyrote*ny1 ! latt] class naturally attract+ mo/ att5tion dur+ a p]iod :5 ,europe 0 almo/ cont9u\sly at w>1 & :5 fire>ms _h made little progress f ! e>ly types4 ,z has be5 previ\sly m5tion$1 ,jones compla9s t :5 x 0 requir$ to c>ry out a display ( fireworks on a l>ge scale1 rec\rse 0 always _h to =eign]s to conduct x4 ,"o reason 0 t1 ap>t f ! actual mak+ ( ! firework units1 a display dep5ds f> m = its success on ! exp]i5ce & skill ( ! pyrote*ni/ 9 arrang+ & compos+ bo? ! =m & sequ5ce ( ! pieces4 ,! firework mak]s capable ( c>ry+ out a display on a l>ge scale 7 v few2 !re 7 few]1 if any1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! :ole ( ! trade 0 illegal2 "u ! /atute ( ! #i? & #aj? ( ,william ,,iii x 0 illegal to make1 sell1 or let (f fireworks3 8,by ! #i? & #aj? ( ,william1 ,*ap4 #g1 x is enact$3 ,t if any ,p]son %all make or cause to be made1 or sell1 give1 or utt]1 or (f]1 or expose to sale any ,squibs1 ,rockets1 ,s]p5ts1 or o!r ,fire-works1 he %all =feit ,five ,p\nds4 ,& t if any ,p]son %all p]mit ! same to be fir$ f 8 ,h\se or ,premises1 or %all ca/ or fire1 or be aid+ & assi/+ 9 ca/+ or fir+ ! same 9 any public ,/reet1 ,h\se1 ,%op1 ,riv]1 or ,highway1 he %all =feit ,tw5ty ,%ill+s1 or be committ$ to ! ,h\se ( ,correction to h>d ,lab\r = "o ,mon?40 ,?is ,act cont9u$ 9 =ce up to ! pass+ ( ! ,gunp[d] ,act 9 #ahfj4 ,!re 7 p]iods dur+ :i* x 0 practically a dead lett]1 & aga9 p]iods ( sporadic activity4 ,! fir/ re/riction ( ! public use ( fireworks appe>s to h be5 an ord] 9 c\ncil dat$ ,novemb] #f?1 #afhe1 :i* 8,= ! prev5t+ ( ,tumultuas ,disord]s0 & ) ! object ( 8,disappo9t+ ! ,evil ,designs ( ,p]sons ,disaffect$ to ! ,gov]nm5t1 :o commonly make use ( su* occasions to turn ^? ,meet+s into ,riots & ,tumults10 enact$ t 8,no ,p]son or ,p]sons :atsoev]1 d presume to make or enc\rage ! mak+ ( any ,bonfires1 or o!r ,publick ,fire ,works--)\t p>ticul> p]mission ,leave 9 ,ord]--^u ,pa9 ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,displeasure2 & be+ ,prosecut$ ) ! utmo/ sev]ity ( ! ,law40 ,a notice appe>$ 9 ! press ( ,novemb] #a/1 #aghh1 dat$ f ! 8,public ,(fice1 ,b[ ,/reet10 w>n+ ! public aga9/ fir+ crack]s 9 ! /reet1 & quot+ ! ,act 8t no ,p]son may claim ,ignorance !re(40 ,aga91 9 #ahad1 8,! ,times0 has an acc\nt ( a summons "u ! ,act ( a ,william ,swift1 8= expos+ = sale1 ,squibs1 ,s]p5ts1 ,crack]s & ,fireworks ( o!r descriptions to ! great dang] & annoyance ( ! public & contr>y to ! ,/atute40 ,! report cont9ues3 8,mr4 ,laws 9 op5+ ! case obs]v$1 t ?is 0 a prosecution br\ght =w>d at ! recomm5dation ( ! ,magi/rates ( ,union-,hall1 :o1 h[ev]1 did n by x seek to puni% ! def5dant ) sev]ity b only to in=m him & o!rs act+ l him1 t ! ,act ^u :i* ! pres5t indictm5t 0 f\nd$ & :i* s f> back z ! reign ( ,william ,,iii1 0 pass$ = ! protection ( ! public1 ?\gh x _h n lately be5 act$ ^u1 0 /ill 9 =ce4 ,! def5dant1 x appe>$1 0 a man ( prop]ty & a respectable hold] resid+ 9 ,falcon-,c\rt1 :]e he _h = "s "t pa/ c>ri$ on ! pr(ession ( a firework-mak]4 ,! (fic]s ( ,union-,hall hav+ he>d1 h[ev]1 t he 0 9 ! habit ( supply+ boys or any p]son :o appli$ indiscrim9ately ) ^! dang]\s commodities1 !y det]m9$1 if possible1 to put a /op to ?is traffic1 s dang]\s to ! public safety4 ,= ?is purpose !y s5t a p]son1 prop]ly in/ruct$1 to pur*ase "s2 ,g(f1 ,bruce1 & "s o!r ( ! (fic]s rema9+ ne> ! door to detect him com+ out2 ! pur*ase 0 made1 & z ! pur*as] 0 quitt+ ! h\se1 ! (fic]s /opt him & =c$ _! way 94 ,!y proce$$ to se>* ! premises1 & conceal$ 9 closets & o!r p>ts1 !y discov]$ a va/ quantity ( fireworks ( v>i\s sizes & descriptions1 am\nt+ to #ai1fjj & weigh+ upw>ds ( #f cwt41 sev]al ( ^!1 s+ly1 7 l>ge en\gh to h spread ru9 ?r\gh ! neighb\rhood1 _h !y by accid5t explod$4 ,^! ! (fic]s took away & deposit$ at ! ,(fice1 :]e !y /ill rema9$ to ! great annoyance ( ! ,magi/rates wait+ ! decision ( ?is "q40 ,hone1 9 8 8,ev]yday ,book10 records t at t "t1 #ahbe1 8,a ,corporation notice 0 annually left at ! h\se ( e inhabitant 9 ! ,city ( ,london1 previ\s to "l mayor's day40 ,! foll[+ 7deliv]$ 9 ,/4 ,bride's7 is its =m3 8,octob] ! #aa?1 #ahbe4 ,sir3 ,by ,virtue ( a ,precept f my ,"l ,mayor1 9 ord] to prev5t any ,tumults & ,riots t may happ5 on ! ,fif? ( ,novemb]1 & ! next ensu+ ,"l ,mayor's ,day1 y are requir$ to *>ge all y\r ,s]vants & ,lodg]s1 t !y nei!r make1 nor cause to be made1 any ,squibs1 ,s]p5ts1 ,fire ,balloons1 or o!r ,fireworks1 nor fire1 fl+1 nor ?r[ !m out ( y\r ,h\se1 ,%op or ,w>eh\se1 or 9 ! ,/reets ( ?is ,city1 on ! ,p5alties conta9$ 9 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t made 9 ! ,t5? ye> ( ! late ,k+ ,william4 ,note4 ,! ,act 0 made p]petual1 & is n expir$1 z "s ignorantly suppose4 ,c4 ,puck]idge1 ,beadle4 ,taylor1 ,pr9t]1 ,bas+hall ,/reet40 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! op]ation ( ! ,act1 t is f ! end ( ! sev5te5? to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5turies1 on ! occasion ( public rejoic+1 ! au?orities 7 9 ! anomal\s position ( employ+ p]sons to break ! law1 bo? by manufactur+ & display+ fireworks4 ,al?\gh1 z we h se51 ?is ,act _h v little effect on ! quantity ( fireworks manufactur$1 x _h consid]able adv]se effect on ! indu/ry4 ,z ! :ole ?+ 0 illegal1 no regulations 7 fram$ to control ! mak+1 /orage1 or di/ribution ( fireworks1 or ! safety ( ei!r work]s or public4 ,! manufacture 0 conduct$ on l9es :i*1 at ! pres5t "t1 appe> inconceivably reckless4 ,sev]al p work+ 9 "o room 9 a cr[d$ build+1 ) loose composition & gunp[d]1 & a fire 9 an op5 grate r\nd :i* f9i%$ or p>tially f9i%$ goods 7 put to dry1 & ?is 9 a ?ickly populat$ area ( ,london4 ,! result ( ?is /ate ( affairs1 z might h be5 expect$1 0 a cont9u\s s]ies ( explosions ( a m or less s]i\s nature4 ,an e>ly press acc\nt1 dat$ #agbb1 relates to 8,mr4 ,good%ip ( ,:ite ,alley 9 ,*anc]y ,lane10 & cont9ues1 8z he 0 mak+ "s fireworks1 ! ,gunp[d] took fire & blew him up1 by :i* means ! ,h\se 0 fir$1 & t adjo9+ some:at damag$4 ,m ,mis*ief _h be5 done1 b t !re 0 timely help4 ,! ,man is s hurt t 8 life is despair$ (40 ,ano!r acc\nt gives ! man's "n z ,good%eaf4 ,! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury provid$ an extraord9>y li/ ( accid5ts4 ,9 #ahaj we f9d ! foll[+ acc\nt ( an accid5t at ,ba?3 8,on ,monday a dreadful accid5t happ5$ at ,ba? to ,mrs4 ,invetto1 a firework-mak]1 & a "y man h] assi/ant4 ,!y 7 prep>+ sky-rockets1 etc41 = ! ,jubilee1 :51 by "s means1 an explosion took place ( a consid]able quantity ( p[d]1 "s say upw>ds ( two hundr$ b>rels1 :i* blew ! h\se1 & ano!r adjo9+1 to atoms4 ,! un=tunate woman 0 mis]ably burnt & bruis$2 & no hopes are ent]ta9$ ( h] recov]y4 ,! poor fell[ also lies 9 a %ock+ /ate at ! ,casualty ,hospital at ,ba?40 ,9 #ahad two accid5ts are record$ to ,mortram & ,cli!ro4 ,! =m] took place 9 ! 8,we/m9/] ,roade1 ne> ! ,asylum02 a man & two boys 7 v badly burn$1 two succumb+ to _! injuries ! same day4 ,cli!ro's e/abli%m5t 0 situat$ 9 ,fleet ,/reet ,hill1 ,be?nal ,gre54 ,! accid5t "h 0 caus$ by fire f ! /eam eng9e rea*+ "s fireworks4 ,?ree p 7 badly injur$1 & mu* glass 0 de/roy$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,cli!ro appe>s to h _h 8 works sep>ate f ! dwell+-h\se1 an arrangem5t :i* appe>s to be ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,mortram's premises 7 aga9 de/roy$ 9 #ahah1 =tunately )\t loss ( life4 ,a s]i\s accid5t took place 9 #ahae1 9 :i* five p lo/ _! lives1 ! premises1 & ^? on ei!r side1 be+ demoli%$1 & ne>ly all w9d[s de/roy$ )9 two hundr$ y>ds4 ,! proprietor ( ! premises1 :i* 7 situat$ at ,wilkes ,/reet1 ,spitalfields1 0 ,lu%alan4 ,9 #ahba a ?ird accid5t occurr$ at ,mortram's works1 ! newspap] acc\nt ( :i* gives an illum9at+ glimpse ( ! extraord9>y me?ods ( ! p]iod3 8,tuesday morn+ an accid5t1 :i* occasion$ consid]able al>m1 & might h be5 att5d$ ) dang]\s consequ5ces1 took place 9 ! h\se ( ,m4 ,mortram1 firework-mak]1 9 ,we/m9/] ,road4 ,x appe>s t "o ( ! boys employ$ 9 mak+ composition />s = rockets _h plac$ a numb] ( !m on ! f5d] be=e ! fire to dry1 & _h set fire to "o on ! hob1 :i* fall+ 9 among/ ! o!rs1 ! :ole explod$1 by :i* a little girl 0 mu* hurt 9 ! back1 & s fright5$ t %e ran to ! w9d[ ( ! fir/ floor1 b 0 prev5t$ jump+ out4 ,! boy escap$ up ! area ) 8 jacket on fire4 ,! neighb\rs 7 n[ mu* al>m$1 fe>+ t ! fire might spread to m combu/ible matt] 9 ! h\se1 & s on to ! ext5sive work%ops ( ,madame ,h5gl]1 ! celebrat$ pyrote*nic to 8 ,maje/y2 b1 ?r\gh ! activity ( ! workm51 :o ran into ! adjo9+ h\se ) buckets ( wat]1 fur!r damage 0 happily prev5t$1 or ! consequ5ces might h be5 dreadful4 ,an accid5t ( a %ock+ nature1 x w be recollect$1 occurr$ ab\t ?ree ye>s s9ce 9 ! same p]son's repository1 :5 two m5 7 kill$ by ! explosion40 ,9 #ahbe1 9 ,bell's 8,weekly ,mess5g]0 ( ,septemb] #d?1 appe>s ! foll[+ acc\nt3 8,,dreadful ,,explosion ,,9 ,,:ite*apel4 8,ye/]day morn+1 ab\t half-pa/ eight o'clock1 ,:ite*apel ,road1 & ! num]\s /reets t ab\nd !re1 7 ?r[n into ! greate/ /ate ( agitation1 by ! inhabitants exp]i5c+ a mo/ trem5d\s %ock1 z if caus$ by a volcano or an e>?quake4 ,! h\ses = a consid]able di/ance 7 des]t$ by _! inhabitants1 & m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 se5 runn+ ab\t 9 all directions1 "u ! impression t ! _w 0 at an end4 ,x 0 soon asc]ta9$ t _! al>m 0 produc$ by ! explosion ( ! factory ( ,mr4 ,brock1 ! arti/ 9 fireworks1 at ,no4 #aa1 ,bak]'s ,r[1 ,:ite*apel ,road1 ne>ly opposite ! ,london ,hospital4 8,! foll[+ p>ticul>s relative to ?is direful disa/] h rea*$ u3--,mr4 ,brock has resid$ = ! la/ five ye>s 9 ,bak]'s ,r[1 & at ! back ( 8 dwell+-h\se is 8 repository = fireworks1 :]e !y are manufactur$4 ,?is build+ is ab\t #ej feet by #bj feet1 & conta9s ?ree magaz9es1 :i* are l9$ ) lead1 & w\ld be p]fectly secure f fire1 %\ld x occur1 on any ( ! adjo9+ premises4 ,9 ^! receptacles 7 deposit$ all ! p[d]1 composition1 &1 9 fact1 all ! combu/ible matt]1 & ,mr4 ,b4 0 rem>kable = ! me?od he _h tak5 to prev5t any accid5t occurr+ on 8 premises4 ,a few weeks s9ce he _h tak5 two boys out ( ! poor-h\se to in/ruct 9 ! art ( firework mak+ & he kept !m *iefly employ$ 9 fill+ & ramm+ ! cases ( ! sky-rockets1 s]p5ts1 squibs1 etc4 ,! latt] "p ( ?is /age ( ! "w is done by a funnel1 or piece ( t9 made 9 ! %ape ( an ext+ui%]1 & a small piece ( iron wire1 ab\t a foot long1 :i* is us$ z a ramrod4 ,! small end1 or nipple1 z x is call$1 ( ! ext+ui%] is introduc$ into "o end ( ! rocket or squib1 & ! boys ram ! p[d] & wadd+ d[n ) ! ramrod4 ,ye/]day morn+1 at ! "t above /at$1 ,mr4 ,brock & 8 m5 left ! factory to g to breakfa/1 leav+ ! two boys engag$ at ! "w-bo>d1 ramm+ ! sky-rockets4 ,!y _h sc>cely sat d[n to _! meal :5 !y1 z well z ! inhabitants ar\nd !m = "s di/ance1 he>d a sort ( rumbl+ noise z if ( "s di/ant ?und]1 & ! next mom5t a trem5d\s & deaf5+ explosion foll[$1 & ! air 0 illum9$ ) lights ( v>i\s descriptions1 & accompani$ by cont9u$ reports4 ,! concussion ?us occasion$ 0 s great t ! inmates 9 ! diff]5t h\ses 7 %ak5 f _! seats1 _m ( :om 7 sitt+ at _! breakfa/1 & ! tables & tea-?+s 7 upset & brok5 to pieces4 ,! w9d[ frames 7 all =c$ out1 & ! brickbats & mat]ials 7 fly+ ab\t 9 e direction4 ,! ro(s ( ,mr4 ,brock's manufactory1 & ! factory ( ,mr4 ,m',devitt adjo9+1 7 bl[n to a consid]able height1 & ! fall+ mat]ials did consid]able mis*ief4 ,aft] ! agitation 0 some:at subsid$1 an inquiry into ! cause ( ! accid5t took place1 :5 x appe>$ f ! /atem5t ( ! two boys 7:o 7 bl[n a consid]able height & 7 mu* injur$7 t !y 7 at "w1 ramm+ ! rockets1 :5 ! ramrod /ruck aga9/ ! funnel1 & ! friction caus$ a sp>k1 :i* flew into ! b[l ( gunp[d] t /ood ne> !m2 ?is soon explod$1 & ran l a tra9 to all ! o!r fireworks 9 ! factory1 & at l5g? communicat$ to ! magaz9es1 :i* caus$ ! disa/]4 ,mr4 ,brock1 h[ev]1 decl>es t x c\ld n h aris5 9 t way1 z ! nipple ( ! funnel 0 copp]1 !re=e a friction w\ld n cause a sp>k4 ,"o poor woman1 si/] to ! beadle1 :o lives next door to ,mr4 ,brock1 0 s dreadfully injur$ by ! brok5 glass t %e lies 9 ! ,london ,hospital )\t hopes ( recov]y4 ,t5 h\ses 7 s]i\sly damag$1 & ov] sixty _h _! w9d[s brok5 f top to bottom40 ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ t ,brock 0 9 advance ( 8 "t z reg>ds precautions aga9/ explosions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case prov$ to "s ext5t ineffective4 ,an accid5t took place 9 #ahch at ! premises ( ,cock]ill1 9 ,p>adise ,r[1 ,l[] ,road1 ,isl+ton4 ,?ree p]sons 7 kill$1 & ! proprietor 0 s sev]ely hurt 9 an attempt to rescue 8 family t he di$ lat]4 ,! foll[+ ye> an accid5t took place at #f ,edw>d ,/reet1 ,be?nal ,gre51 9 :i* ?ree p]sons 7 injur$4 ,! explosion 0 caus$ by a sp>k f ! fire fall+ on a quantity ( loose p[d] ly+ on ! table1 ! fla% f :i* 0 communicat$ to a b>rel ( p[d] ne>4 ,! report cont9ues3 8,! mo/ mis]able neglig5ce 0 display$ by ! p]sons engag$ 9 ! fabrication ( ! fireworks1 z j previ\s to ! accid5t "o ( ! individuals 0 mak+ a squib by ! fire ) a light$ pipe 9 8 m\?40 ,! pyrote*ni/'s "n is n record$4 ,an explosion took place 9 #ahda at #f ,hatfield ,place1 ,we/m9/] ,road1 ,lambe?1 at ! works ( ,drewett4 ,consid]able damage 0 done1 b =tunately no "o 0 injur$4 ,9 #aheg ,d>by's factory at #ih ,reg5t ,/reet1 ,lambe? ,walk1 0 de/roy$4 ,! upp] "p ( ! h\se 0 us$ z b$rooms1 ) ! /ock bel[2 ! :ole ( ! premises & /ock 7 de/roy$1 ! occupants ( ! b$rooms1 :o 7 cut (f1 be+ rescu$ by ! aid ( ladd]s4 ,on ?is occasion ! gunp[d] appe>s to h be5 /or$ 9 a magaz9e away f ! h\se4 ,! report adds t ! same premises _h suff]$ 9 a simil> mann] on "o or two previ\s occasions1 & subsequ5tly1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgc1 a disa/r\s explosion at ! same premises result$ 9 ! loss ( no few] ?an eight lives4 ,9 #aheh a s]i\s explosion took place at ,madame ,cotton's factory 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,bridge ,road4 ,! above-m5tion$ accid5ts d n comprise any?+ l a complete li/1 b t5d to %[ ! l9es on :i* ! manufacture ( fireworks 0 conduct$ dur+ ! p]iod cov]$4 ,! frequ5cy ( su* occurr5ces & ! dang] entail$ to ?ird p>ties po9t$ to ! necessity ( action ( "s k9d4 ,! old ,act might h be5 put into =ce1 b by s do+ ! indu/ry w\ld be /amp$ out1 an indu/ry :i* f\nd employm5t = a l>ge numb] ( workpeople1 & besides giv+ amusem5t & ent]ta9m5t to _m1 provid$ signal lights & rockets1 ! dem& = :i* 0 /eadily increas+4 ,!re 7 at ?is "t a consid]able numb] ( firework mak]s 9 ,london1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ea/ & s\? ( ! ,?ames4 ,mu* ( ! "w 0 giv5 out to ! workpeople's families to make up 9 _! own homes4 ,workm5 n[ liv+ c rememb]1 z *ildr51 see+ crack]s1 squibs1 & o!r small goods be+ manufactur$ 9 b$ & liv+-rooms ( t5em5t h\ses 9 cr[d$ di/ricts1 ) op5 fires 9 ! grates & sev]al p\nds ( p[d] 9 a corn] ( ! room4 ,! mat]ials 7 ei!r giv5 out at ! factory & a piecework rate paid = mak+ up1 or ! work]s b\ght _! own mat]ials at ! local %ops1 :i* 9 ^! di/ricts kept :at 0 requir$1 & sold !m to ! factory on completion4 ,x 0 !n a common practice = a mak] :o _h complet$ a 8frame0 ( quickmat* to take x r\nd to ! local bakeh\se to be dri$ & call$ = 9 ! morn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,explosion ,,at ,,madame ,,coton',s ,,firework ,,factory1 ,,we/m9/] ,,road4 ,f 8,! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news10 #aheh4 ,consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( mod]n practice1 ! wond] is t !re 7 n m accid5ts ?an actually took place4 ,! ,gunp[d] ,act ( #ahfj 0 an attempt to place ! manufacture & /orage ( explosives g5]ally on a m satisfactory foot+4 ,x laid d[n regulations to be 8obs]v$ ) reg>d to ! manufacture ( load$ p]cussion caps1 & ! manufacture & keep+ ( ammunition1 fireworks1 fulm9ate ( m]cury1 & any o!r prep>ation or composition ( an explosive nature02 & makes x lawful = ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace 9 ,qu>t] ,sessions to lic5se places = ! manufacture & /orage ( su* articles1 & to grant lic5ses to p]sons to sell fireworks4 ,x also provid$ = ! in/allation ( lightn+ conductors 9 explosive magaz9es4 ,?is ,act1 al?\gh f> f p]fect1 0 a /ep 9 ! "r direction2 x _h ! effect ( br++ "s mak]s out f ! back /reets ( cr[d$ di/ricts1 to con/ruct prop]ly arrang$ factories1 or at any rate1 factories plann$ ) "s reg>d to _! use4 ,f\r ye>s aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,act1 public att5tion 0 %>ply drawn to ! matt] by an explosion on an unprec$5t$ scale at ,eri?1 :]e sev]al ( ! gunp[d] manufactur]s _h magaz9es4 ,enorm\s damage 0 done1 & _m lives lo/1 ov] an area t5 miles 9 radius4 ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,box]1 ,r4,a41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,royal ,laboratory1 ,woolwi*1 9 8 report on ?is explosion1 draws att5tion to ! ne$ = a sy/em ( inspection ( explosive e/abli%m5ts1 ) ! result t he 0 himself au?oris$ to make su* inspection4 ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,box] 0 succe$$ 9 #ahgj by ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,colonel7 ,sir ,v4 ,d4 ,maj5die1 ,k4,c4,b41 :o recomm5d$ ! appo9tm5t ( p]man5t ,explosives ,inspectors4 ,! late ,c4 ,t4 ,brock1 :o comm5c$ ! long run ( ,cry/al ,palace displays 9 #ahff1 f\nd 8 works insuffici5t = ! l>ge supply ( mat]ial requir$ = su* displays1 & comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( a factory on new l9es at ,nunhead4 ,x 0 "h 9 #ahgb t ! ,royal ,commission witness$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ! programme ( :i* is "h reproduc$4 ,x 0 ^u ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts t ! provisions ( ! ,explosives ,act ( #ahge1 9 s f> z !y relate to fireworks1 are bas$4 ,?is ,act is /ill 9 =ce1 & is unlikely to be sup]s$$ = _m ye>s to come4 ,!re c h be5 few ,acts :i* h1 s9ce _! inception1 prov$ s satisfactory to ! indu/ry controll$ by !m1 ei!r 9 ! results a*iev$1 or 9 ! mann] ( _! adm9i/ration4 ,! ,explosives ,acts ( #ahfj & #ahge took ! !n proscrib$ art ( pyrote*ny f back /reets & cr[d$ di/ricts1 reh\s$ x 9 prop]ly design$ & conduct$ factories 9 rural or suburban di/ricts1 mak+ x z heal?y & safe an occupation z almo/ any 9 ! c\ntry4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,fireworks ,,at ,,nunhead1 7,9 a ,field ne> ,messrs4 ,c4 ,t4 ,brock ,co4's ,firework ,manufactory17 ,on ,?ursday1 ,april #d?1 #ahgb4 ,,! ,,objects ,,( ,,! ,,exp]im5ts ,,are-- #a4 ,to det]m9e if ! di/ance betwe5 ,firework ,%$s1 z at pres5t laid d[n by law1 viz4 #bj y>ds1 is amply suffici5t to prev5t an explosion 9 "o %$ communicat+ to o!r %$s situat$ at ! /atutory di/ance4 #b4 ,to det]m9e ! liability ( ,fireworks to ignite by concussion or friction4 #c4 ,to det]m9e ! liability ( ,fireworks to explode en masse if f any cause !y %\ld be accid5tally ignit$4 #d4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ,fireworks exhibit+ a liability to explode1 to det]m9e ! area ( de/ructive effect ( su* explosion4 #e4 ,to det]m9e1 ) ref]5ce to ! conclusions :i* may be arriv$ at z to po9ts #c & #d1 ! degree ( dang] :i* att5ds ! transport ( ,fireworks by rail1 b>ge or o!r public conveyance4 #f4 ,to det]m9e at :at di/ance f dwell+ h\ses /ores ( ,fireworks may be safely e/abli%$4 ,,programme ,,( ,,exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,explode #cj lbs4 ( loose ,firework ,composition 9 a ,%$1 ano!r ,%$ be+ #aj y>ds di/ant4 ,scre5 betwe54 #b4 ,explode #cj lbs4 ( ,composition 9 ,fireworks 9 a ,%$1 ano!r ,%$ be+ #aj y>ds di/ant4 ,scre5 betwe54 #c4 ,ignite a ,box ( cwt4 ( mix$ ,ord9>y ,fireworks 9 op5 air4 #d4 ,ditto ditto ditto 9 contact ) ano!r ,box ( ditto4 #e4 ,place a ,box ( cwt4 ( ditto 9 a bonfire4 #f4 ,no4 #c repeat$1 ) mix$ ,fireworks b\ght ov] ! ,c\nt]4 #g4 ,no4 #d ditto ditto4 #h4 ,no4 #e ditto ditto4 #i4 ,hamm] v>i\s sorts ( ,fireworks--,wood on ,wood4 #aj4 ,ditto ditto ,wood on ,iron4 #aa4 ,ditto ditto ,iron on ,iron4 #ab4 ,run a ,railway ,truck ov] "s ( ! diff]5t sorts4 #ac4 ,repeat su* ( above z may seem necess>y ) 8,p>l\r ,fireworks40 ,v4 ,d4 ,,maj5die1 ,capta9 ,r4 ,a41 ,h4,m4's ,inspector ( ,gunp[d] ,works1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,mod]n ,,firework ,,manufacture ,fireworks are n[ manufactur$ "u ! ,explosives ,act ( #ahge & ,ord]s 9 ,c\ncil ,no4 #b & ,no4 #d "u t ,act4 ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil ,no4 #d deals ) small ,firework ,factories1 ! total cont5ts ( :i*1 ei!r f9i%$ or 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 d n exce$ #ejj lbs4 ,?is class ( factory pres5ts little ( int]e/ = consid]ation2 & is gov]n$ by practically ! same rules z are ! l>g] e/abli%m5ts ( ! k9d1 ) su* modifications z are ju/ifi$ by ! small quantity ( explosive mat]ial involv$4 ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil ,no4 #b sets out ! g5]al rules to be obs]v$ 9 factories lic5s$ "u ! ,act1 ! lead+ po9ts ( :i* are z foll[s3 ,! abs5ce ( iron or /eel 9 any work%op1 c>riage1 or boat2 cleanl9ess & abs5ce ( grit2 c>e z to mat]ial liable to spontane\s ignition2 provision ( lightn+ conductors on magaz9es2 tools & implem5ts to be ( s(t metal2 work+ clo!s )\t pockets2 %oes )\t nails2 se>*+ or means to prev5t ! introduction ( mat*es or dang]\s sub/ances into ! works2 mat]ials & f9i%$ "w to be remov$ f work+ build+s & n all[$ to accumulate :5 any p>ticul> process is complet$2 no p]son "u sixte5 ye>s to be employ$ or ent] any dang] build+4 ,e build+ to be provid$ ) a set ( ^! rules1 & a /atem5t ( ! quantities ( explosives & +r$i5ts1 & ! "w to be c>ri$ on 9 x z all[$ by ! lic5se4 ,! mod]n factory is g5]ally situat$ 9 a rural di/rict on acc\nt ( ! fact t x is m easy to obs]ve ! /atut>y di/ances f protect$ works4 ,protect$ works ref]r$ to 9 ! ,act include o!r work%ops & magaz9es 9 ! factory1 & also dwell+-h\ses1 factories1 in/itutions1 railways1 highways1 & v>i\s und]tak+s & build+s1 ! di/ances to be obs]v$ v>y+ ) ! nature ( ! protect$ "w f public highways to palaces or h\ses ( resid5ce ( ! ,k+1 8 heirs & successors4 ,9 "s cases1 z ) private dwell+-h\ses1 ! di/ance to be obs]v$ is ab\t half1 if ! cons5t ( ! occupi] to ! erection ( ! factory build+ or magaz9e is obta9$4 ,firework factories1 9 fact all explosive factories1 are con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( limit+ ! scope & effect ( any explosion t may take place to ! smalle/ possible quantity ( mat]ial & to ! smalle/ possible risk to human life4 ,! work+ build+s are con/ruct$ ) a door at ei!r end to facilitate escape 9 case ( dang]2 ! quantity ( *emicals & ( p>tially or :olly f9i%$ fireworks is /rictly limit$1 z is ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! build+4 ,?is numb] v>ies ) ! nature ( ! op]ation be+ c>ri$ out1 f "o 9 ! case ( ! mo/ haz>d\s to six 9 "s cases4 ,! work+ build+s are ( light con/ruction2 ! =m mo/ 9 use is a timb] fram+ l9$ ) mat*$ bo>d+ & cov]$ ext]nally ) corrugat$ iron4 ,no iron fitt+s are us$1 or iron nails left expos$ 9 ! int]ior4 ,! floor is cov]$ ) l9oleum1 :i* is secur$ by copp] tacks4 ,! di/ance sep>at+ work+ build+s is1 g5]ally speak+1 tw5ty-five y>ds1 or if a suitable scre5 is plac$ betwe5 two su* build+s1 ?is di/ance may be r$uc$ to twelve y>ds4 ,! workpeople are provid$ ) non-inflammable out] g>m5ts1 no pockets are all[$1 & suitable ov]%oes ( sewn lea!r or indi>ubb] are provid$4 ,all tools are ( s(t metal1 su* z brass or copp]1 or ( wood4 ,! regulations ref]1 ( c\rse1 only to ^? build+s 9 :i* explosive "w is c>ri$ on1 t is to say1 build+s 9 ! dang] area z di/9ct f ! non-dang] area4 ,! build+s 9 ! dang] area are work+ build+s1 dry+-rooms1 exp5se & factory magaz9es4 ,exp5se magaz9es are ^? :i* are lic5s$ = a comp>atively small quantity ( explosives1 & f :i* explosive mat]ial is drawn z ! "w ( ! factory dem&s1 or into :i* is put p>tially or :olly f9i%$ "w ei!r await+ completion or transf]5ce to ! ma9 or factory magaz9es4 ,! non-dang] area includes /ores = *emicals1 pap]1 & o!r mat]ial1 also case roll+ & dry+ %$s1 sawmill1 wood-work+ & pap]-cutt+ %ops1 (fices1 & simil> build+s4 ,! manufacture ( fireworks beg9s ) ! mak+ ( ! case or conta9]1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( %ells & ,jacks-9-!-box1 are cyl9drical 9 =m4 ,:at are kn[n z 8small goods0 are 8dry-roll$10 t is1 ! out] edge ( ! pap] only is pa/$4 ,!y are !n roll$ up on a metal =m] on a slate slab4 ,! l>g] cases1 su* z rockets1 g]bs1 & ,roman c&les1 h ! pap] pa/$ all ov]1 :i* is roll$ up on ! =m] & consolidat$ by repeat$ roll+ betwe5 ! slate slab & a bo>d provid$ ) a h&le4 ,!re are two me?ods ( introduc+ ! composition into ! cases--fill+ & *>g+4 ,fill+ is us$ :]e ! composition does n h to be consolidat$1 & is done ) a wire & funnel1 or z x 0 =m]ly call$1 a 8tun di%40 ,! funnel has its outlet ( su* a size z to fit ! case to be fill$1 ! wire or rod is some:at small] ?an ?is outlet1 & is provid$ at ! upp] end ) a knob = ! h&4 ,! end ( ! funnel1 :i* is fill$ ) composition1 is ins]t$ 9 ! upright case4 ,! wire is !n drawn up1 ?us free+ a small quantity ( ! composition :i* runs d[n into ! case1 ! l[]+ ( ! wire pu%+ x into position4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! d[nw>d movem5t m effective1 ! wire is (t5 not*$1 b x is d\btful if ?is actually increases ! effici5cy4 ,?is action is rapidly repeat$ until ! case is fill$4 ,?is me?od1 al?\gh simple1 is v effective1 & 9 ! h&s ( a practis$ work] is exce$+ly quick4 ,*>g+ is adopt$ :]e ! cont5ts h to be solidifi$ 9 ! case4 ,! composition is introduc$ 9 small quantities ) a scoop ( suitable size & consolidat$ by repeat$ bl[s ) a wood5 mallet on a 8drift40 ,! drift is a cyl9drical wood5 tool ( a size to fit ! case1 & an enl>gem5t at ! upp] end to receive ! bl[ ( ! mallet4 ,! me?ods ( *>g+ ! v>i\s =ms ( fireworks w be dealt ) lat] "u _! sep>ate head+s4 ,! me?od ( *>g+ rockets 9 use 9 ! sixte5? c5tury are ^? ( to-day1 & x is rem>kable t no satisfactory alt]native to h& *>g+ has yet be5 devis$4 ,me*anical hamm]+ & hydraulic pressure h bo? be5 tri$1 b s f> ) limit$ success4 ,/>s :i* are us$ 9 ,roman c&les & z g>niture = rockets & %ells1 are ( _m k9ds & comb9ations1 b ) ! exception ( "s :i* are 9 effect complete m9iature fireworks1 !y are con/ruct$ on "o ( ?ree me?ods--!y are ei!r 8pump$10 8p9*$0 or 8*>g$40 ,! pump us$ 9 ! fir/ ( ^! op]ations consi/s ( a %ort metal tube1 :i* fits exactly a %ort metal plung] provid$ ) a knob = ! h&1 & a small metal /ud at ! side4 ,! tube has a slot cut p>tially d[n ! side to receive ?is /ud4 ,illu/ration3 ,mod]n ,firework ,tools4 ,g]b ,tools ,a#a ,case4 ,a#c ,drift4 ,a#c ,nipple4 ,a#d ,scoop4 ,b#d ,mallet4 ,rocket ,tools ,d#a ,m\ld4 ,d#b ,sp9dle4 ,d#c ,mallet4 ,d#d ,*ok+ ,tools4 ,d#e ,*ok$ ,case4 ,d#f ,scoop4 ,d#g ,sett+ d[n ,tool4 ,d#h ,graduat$ ,drifts4 ,roman ,c&le ,tools ,b#a ,bundle ( ,cases ready = fill+4 ,b#b ,drift4 ,b#c ,topp+ ,funnel & ,drift4 ,b#e ,p[d] ,b[l & graduat$ ,scoops4 ,c#a ,%ell ,m\ld4 ,c#b ,half ,%ell ,case z tak5 f m\ld4 ,e ,/> ,pump4 ,f ,funnel & ,wire4 ,! me?od ( us+ ! pump is z foll[s3--,! plung] is drawn up s t ! /ud re/s on ! top ( ! tube4 ,! pump is press$ into a heap ( prep>$ composition1 :i* action has ! effect ( compress+ ! composition 9 ! tube4 ,! plung] is !n turn$ s t ! /ud engages ) ! slot1 & pu%$ d[n1 =c+ ! /> out ( ! tube4 ,! composition is prep>$ = pump+ by be+ damp$ ) me?ylat$ _s or "s o!r suitable solv5t1 & aft] mak+1 ! />s are dri$ 9 specially con/ruct$ build+s4 ,p9*$ />s are made by p9*+ ! damp$ composition into a %ort pap] case1 ?r\gh :i* a %ort l5g? ( mat* is fir/ pass$4 ,*>g$ />s h g5]ally a clay or c>dbo>d bottom to ! case1 & are usually mat*$4 ,?is =m is g5]ally us$ = ,gov]nm5t signal rockets1 z ! composition be+ only at "o end ( ! case1 ! "t ( burn+ is ext5d$4 ,! mix+ ( compositions requires great c>e & ?or\ghness4 ,c>e bo? on acc\nt ( ! necessity ( exact adh]5ce to ! =mula1 & to preclude ! pres5ce ( any =eign body or *emical :i*1 ap>t f any effect x might h on ! successful function+ ( ! fireworks = :i* x happ5s to be us$1 might r5d] x mo/ dang]\s 9 manipulation4 ,g5]ally work+ build+s are lic5s$ = mix+ compositions1 b x is usual to set c]ta9 %$s ap>t = ?is purpose1 especially if ! *emicals us$ are ( a du/y nature1 t is1 v f9ely divid$1 9 :i* case ! atmosph]e becomes highly *>g$ & dang]\s4 ,*lorate ( pota%1 f ! introduction ( :i* into pyrote*ny mod]n effects & col\rs may be said to date1 has at ! same "t be5 responsible = _m accid5ts4 ,z w be se5 9 ! lat] *apt]s on firework compositions1 = _m ye>s *lorate ( pota% & sulphur 7 us$ freely 9 ! same mixtures1 & _m z 7 ! accid5ts caus$ by s do+1 yet x is incr$ible t !y 7 n f> m num]\s4 ,mo/ mak]s 7 well aw>e ( ! dang]\s nature ( ?is admixture1 b p]si/$ 9 us+ x1 z ! col\rs s obta9$ 7 at t "t unapproa*$ by o!r means2 naturally no manufactur] wi%$ to be alone 9 ! discont9uance ( "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ effects at ! "t available1 or to give competition ! consequ5t advantage4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahic1 a man 0 fatally burn$ :il/ simply empty+ a small quantity ( crimson />s f "o tray to ano!r2 ! slight friction s caus$ 0 suffici5t to ignite ! />s & ?us fire ! :ole cont5ts ( ! build+4 ,?is un=tunate accid5t took place at ! works ( ,c4 ,t4 ,brock & ,co41 !n at ,s\? ,norwood1 & seems ev5 m un=tunate :5 "o le>ns t ) ! exception ( ?is p>ticul> crimson1 !y _h practically elim9at$ *lorate & sulphur col\rs4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 by ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil ,no4 #ae1 ! admixture ( *lorate ( pota% & sulphur 0 made illegal4 ,previ\s to ?is accid5t1 dur+ ! same ye> & 9 ! same works1 a s]i\s accid5t involv+ ! dea? ( "o workman & ! injury ( ano!r1 0 caus$ by a b>rel ( *lorate ( pota% be+ deliv]$ & m>k$ nitrate ( pota% 7saltpetre74 ,its use 9 a composition conta9+ sulphide ( ars5ic 7orpim5t7 produc$ a mixture approximately to t us$ 9 "s fog signals & design$ to fire by p]cussion4 ,! natural effect 0 ! s]i\s explosion t foll[$4 ,! late ,sir ,vivian ,d4 ,maj5die1 ,k4,c4,b41 ! !n ,*ief ,inspector ( ,explosives1 records 9 8 report t 8,messrs4 ,brock are extremely c>eful to keep *lorate & non-*lorate mix+ dep>tm5ts1 & ev5 +r$i5ts 9 sep>ate build+s & "u sep>ate control10 & :ile he consid]$ t 8"s measure ( blame is attributable to !m 9 respect ( ! defects ( _! sy/em :i* r5d]$ possible ! pres5ce ( a cask ( *lorate ( pota% z 8saltpetre0 9 ! saltpetre %$10 he adds3 8,x is only fair & prop] t ,i %\ld say t our exp]i5ce ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,messrs4 ,brock conduct _! l>ge bus9ess g5]ally is extremely satisfactory4 ,?is factory is 9 _m respects a model2 !y h always %[n !mselves ready to discuss ) u & adopt any sugge/ion t5d+ to increase ! safety ( ! workpeople40 ,^! indications1 if su* 7 ne$$ ap>t f ! (ficial prohibition ( ! use ( ^! two +r$i5ts toge!r1 conv9c$ ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,brock t ev5 great] c>e 0 necess>y 9 deal+ ) !m4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 :5 ! works 7 remov$ to ,sutton1 ,surrey1 ! two factories at ,s\? ,norwood & ,h>old ,wood1 ,essex1 be+ inadequate to deal ) ! bus9ess1 ! plan ( ! new factory 0 arrang$ s z entirely to sep>ate t portion ( ! factory us+ *lorate ( pota% f ! portion us+ sulphur4 ,a road runn+ up ! factory f ! entrance gate divides x into :at are virtually two factories1 kn[n z ! ,col\r & ,bright ,sides4 ,^! works1 :i* are easily ! l>ge/ ( ! k9d 9 ! _w1 cov] an area ( ne>ly #bjj acres4 ,!y include ab\t #fj magaz9es1 exp5se magaz9es1 & dry+ rooms1 ) a total /orage capacity ( #a1cjj1jjj lbs4 ( fireworks & #e tons ( gunp[d]2 #abj explosive work+ build+s 7mo/ly d\ble71 besides num]\s /ores1 non-explosive work+ build+s1 saw-mills1 & wood-work+ %ops4 ,! build+s are connect$ by ov] f\r miles ( tram-l9es4 ,! av]age numb] ( employees is #aej m5 & #bjj wom54 ,dur+ ! late w> ?is numb] 0 increas$ to ov] #b1jjj on ! manufacture ( munitions4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,firework ,,accid5ts ,! record ( firework accid5ts until ! date ( ! ,explosives ,act1 #ahge1 is v meagre1 n 9 subject matt]1 z ref]5ce to ,*apt] ,,vi w %[1 = ! hi/ory ( ! indu/ry up to t "t appe>s to h be5 "o catalogue ( accid5ts2 ! only cause = wond] :5 "o consid]s ! conditions !n prevail+ is t !re 7 n m4 ,b 9 detail1 ! only records are m or less s5sational reports ( ! ev5t1 & su* explanation ( ! cause z ! report] c\ld pick up f "s by/&]4 ,9 "s cases :]e ! work]s 7 n kill$ ! explanation 0 f\nd to be simple2 z = in/ance1 ! accid5t at ,mortram's works 9 #ahba4 ,"h a boy :o 0 mak+ />s 9 a room ) sev]al o!r work]s & o!r composition pres5t1 put "s ( 8 "w to dry be=e ! op5 fire1 & z if ?is 0 n a suffici5tly reckless proce$+1 lit "o on ! hob1 ) ! consequ5ces t 7 to be expect$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! cause seems to h be5 obscure1 & little or no tr\ble appe>s to h be5 tak5 to discov] ! cause ) a view to prev5tion ( a repetition4 ,s9ce ! ,explosives ,act c>eful record is kept ( all accid5ts2 ! sc5e ( ! accid5t is inspect$1 & a report pr9t$1 sett+ out ! cause1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$4 ,until ! introduction ( *lorate ( pota% ab\t #ahcj1 if ev5 reasonable c>e _h be5 us$ ! *ances ( spontane\s ignition 7 v small1 & x is reasonable to suppose t su* accid5ts z did take place 7 9 ! majority due to su* incid5ts z ! above4 ,aft] t date1 h[ev]1 x is n too mu* to say t q z l>ge a proportion ( accid5ts 7 due to ! admixture ( *lorate ( pota% & sulphur4 ,we are1 ( c\rse1 n[ speak+ ( accid5ts dur+ manufacture1 al?\gh to ! same cause may be attribut$ _m ( ! num]\s cases ( bur/+ mort>s dur+ displays :i* 7 s frequ5t until ! prohibition ( ?is mixture 9 #ahid by ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil #ae4 ,dr4 ,br[ne1 ( ,hull1 a consult+ *emi/1 publi%$ 9 #ahhd a book entitl$1 8,firework ,accid5ts1 _! cause & prev5tion10 9 :i* he divides accid5ts into ?ree classes3 me*anical1 *emical 7spontane\s combu/ion71 & me*ano-*emical4 ,su* a classification seems to ! writ] mislead+1 z all accid5ts mu/ ( necessity be *emical2 t is to say1 = combu/ion *emical action mu/ take place2 & ) ! exception ( cases :]e ignition has tak5 place q spontane\sly1 t is :]e ! composition has ignit$ :5 ly+ p]fectly undi/urb$1 all mu/ be consid]$ me*anical4 ,almo/ any composition us$ 9 pyrote*ny1 h[ev] /able1 c be ignit$ by a viol5t bl[ betwe5 two h>d surfaces1 b "s compositions are s un/able z to be ignit$ by v slight friction4 ,x is !re=e a "q ( degree1 or :e!r ! me*anical factor is mo/ to blame or ! *emical4 ,a bett] classification w\ld be3 ,i4 ,ignition caus$ by viol5ce1 friction or heat4 ,,ii4 ,accid5ts caus$ by ! /ate1 condition or quality ( ! composition or +r$i5ts4 ,if ! accid5t be includ$ 9 ! class :i* gives ! fundam5tal cause ( ! accid5t1 x w be f\nd t ! greate/ numb] fall 9 ,class ,,ii1 ev5 ?\gh !y may at fir/ glance appe> to belong to ! fir/ class4 ,class ,i includes accid5ts caus$ by ! accid5tal pres5ce ( fire & accid5ts caus$ by necess>ily m or less viol5t action 9 manufacture1 t is to say1 9 *>g+4 ,ignition dur+ *>g+ may be caus$ 9 two ways1 ei!r by a bl[ on composition betwe5 ! *>g+ tool or drift & ! sp9dle or o!r h>d surface1 or by heat g5]at$ by repeat$ bl[s on ! consolidat$ composition4 ,9 ?is class also %\ld be put accid5ts1 ( :i* !re are _m1 caus$ by play+ or scuff+ by ! workpeople1 ! abs5ce ( safety ov]%oes1 ! pres5ce ( grit or iron or /eel implem5ts1 9 fact ^? caus$ by misconduct or neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! work]s1 also ! r>e occasions :]e lightn+ has be5 ! cause4 ,accid5ts caus$ by slight friction h to a great ext5t ceas$ to exi/ ow+ to ! elim9ation ( *lorate & sulphur compositions4 ,:]e accid5ts arise ow+ to in/ability ( ! composition1 !y mo/ frequ5tly at ! pres5t "t fall )9 ,class ,,ii1 z ! in/ability ( ! composition is g5]ally due to ! pres5ce ( "s impurity 9 "o or m ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,ano!r s\rce ( accid5t ( ?is class is ! use ( viol5ce 9 em]g5cy ) a composition :i*1 al?\gh n suffici5tly /able = heavy *>g+1 is q safe = c>eful manipulation2 z = in/ance1 :]e =ce is ex]t$ to cle> a funnel :i* has become block$ ) composition1 or "s simil> action4 ,z reg>ds ! "p play$ by heat 9 accid5ts ( ?is class1 a /udy ( ! records cle>ly indicates h[ great is ! influ5ce ( wea!r4 ,by f> ! greate/ numb] ( accid5ts take place 9 ! summ] mon?s2 hot wea!r & a heavy atmosph]e are ! mo/ likely conditions to produce tr\ble = ! pyrote*ni/1 al?\gh :e!r ! prim>y cause is heat or ow+ to an electrical condition ( ! atmosph]e x is difficult to say1 probably x is ! two conditions 9 conjunction4 ,sulphur & %ellac1 two v important +r$i5ts 9 ! art1 are bo? capable ( hold+ an electric *>ge1 & x seems n unlikely t !y may be s *>g$ 9 an electric atmosph]e dur+ ! process ( mix+4 ,accid5ts 9 ,class ,,ii are g5]ally less easily expla9$ ?an ^? 9 ! =m] class & h occurr$ 9 _m =ms4 ,z has be5 said1 dur+ ! p]iod 7ab\t sixty-five ye>s7 f ! introduction ( *lorate ( pota% to ! ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil =bidd+ its use ) sulphur1 num]\s accid5ts occurr$2 spontane\s ignition1 bo? :il/ dry+ dur+ manufacture & ev5 dur+ mix+1 ignition f v slight friction1 & = a "t a frequ5t occurr5ce ! detonation ( ! cont5ts ( %ell by ! lift+ *>ge4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( sev5te5 ye>s betwe5 ! date ( ! ,explosives ,act & ! prohibition ( *lorate sulphur mixture1 tw5ty-eight accid5ts are record$1 result+ 9 elev5 dea?s attributable to ! use ( su* mixtures4 ,! in/ability ( *lorate sulphur compositions1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to be s mu* due to ! pres5ce ( ^! two *emicals !mselves1 b r to ! pres5ce ( impurity 9 conjunction ) !m4 ,comm]cial sulphur (t5 conta9s free sulphur\s acid1 :i* act+ ^u ! *lorate produces *lor9e tetroxide1 :i* rapidly decomposes & ignites ! mass ( ! composition4 ,o!r acids :i* produce decomposition ( ! *lorate are equally likely to produce ignition4 ,( su* cases1 examples may be m5tion$ ( acid be+ pres5t 9 ! pa/e us$ = case & box-mak+1 also 9 gumwat] :i* has be5 kept "s "t be=e us+1 & 9 />* pa/e simil>ly treat$4 ,spontane\s ignition has also be5 caus$ by ! contact ( oil ) f9ely divid$ c>bon su* z lampblack or f9ely divid$ metals1 su* z magnesium & alum9ium1 :i* are s l>gely us$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,ano!r case ( ?is nature is ! heat+ up ( cases aft] *>g+ ) g]b composition1 two ( ! +r$i5ts ( :i* are sulphur & iron bor+s1 ?is heat+ sometimes be+ suffici5t to cause combu/ion4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on is ! comb9ation ( ! iron ) sulphur to =m sulphide ( iron1 ?is action be+ accompani$ by heat4 ,9 fact1 x is ! same z t produc+ ! exp]im5t kn[n z ,lem]y's volcano4 ,z f> z ! k ( ! writ] ext5ds1 h[ev]1 no occurr5ce ( ignition has be5 def9itely trac$ to ?is ph5om5on1 al?\gh x seems highly probable t ev5 if ignition ( ! actual composition has n tak5 place1 cases h occurr$ :]e m s5sitive compositions h be5 fir$ by heat s g5]at$ :]e fireworks h be5 /or$ toge!r4 ,! annual reports ( ,h4,m4 ,inspectors ( ,explosives publi%$ s9ce #ahgf =m an int]e/+ & in/ructive summ>y ( accid5ts 9 explosive trades1 an exam9ation ( :i* ?r[s consid]able light on our subject4 ,"o is /ruck by ! frequ5cy ) :i* explosions occur z a result ( ignorance1 g5]ally on ! "p ( amateur firework mak]s4 ,9 _m cases1 z :]e *ildr5 are conc]n$1 ?is ignorance is natural1 b ! want ( k & ev5 reasonable c>e display$ by individuals ^: occupation sugge/s at lea/ "s k ( ! risk is inde$ (t5 extraord9>y4 ,su* a case occurr$ 9 #ahhd 9 ,devon%ire1 :5 a local *emi/ :o 0 illegally manufactur+ col\r$ fire1 in/ruct$ an assi/ant to gr9d 9 an iron mort> a mixture conta9+ *lorate ( pota% & sulphur4 ,! lad 0 kill$ 9 ! result+ explosion4 ,ev5 m rem>kable 0 an explosion :i* took place 9 a railway c>riage 9 #ahic4 ,?is 0 due to ! spontane\s ignition ( a quantity ( *lorate & sulphur col\r$ fire1 :i* 0 be+ c>ri$ 9 an ord9>y h&bag by a g5tleman ^: occupation 9 life 0 t ( pr(essor ( *emi/ry4 ,an accid5t pres5t+ consid]able int]e/ took place 9 #ahhe at ,mit*am4 ,! cause ( ?is occurr5ce 0 q simple4 ,a man 0 fix+ ! curv$ /ick :i* =ms ! pivot ^u :i* a t\rbillion rotates to "o ( ^? fireworks4 ,! wire nail us$ = ! purpose p5etrat$ ! composition & fir$ x4 ,! rema9+ goods 9 ! %$ 7 ignit$1 & communicat$ to ! neighb\r+ build+s1 "o ( :i* 0 a magaz9e conta9+ #c1jjj lbs4 ( p>tially manufactur$ fireworks1 includ+ a numb] ( rockets4 ,^! be+ )\t /icks & becom+ ignit$ flew 9 all directions1 sett+ fire to o!r build+s4 ,! result 0 t t5 build+s & an air dry+ rack 7 totally de/roy$1 & ?ree build+s & ?ree racks p>tially s4 ,?is w\ld seem a v s]i\s matt] z f> z monet>y damage is conc]n$1 b z reg>ds ! *ief consid]ation 9 accid5ts ( ?is k9d1 t is to say damage to human life & limb1 ! result 0 almo/ negligible2 two p]sons 7 slightly injur$4 ,?is accid5t1 :i* 0 ! mo/ ext5sive 9 any firework factory s9ce ! ,explosives ,act came into op]ation1 af=d$ /rik+ pro( ( ! effici5cy ( ! precautions in/itut$ "u t ,act4 ,x is inde$ extraord9>y t 9 an explosive factory ( consid]able size1 employ+ _m workpeople1 dur+ work+ h\rs x %\ld be possible to de/roy m or less completely sev5te5 build+s & only slightly injure two p]sons4 ,x may be cont5d$ t ! numb] ( build+s damag$ 0 v high1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t rockets )\t /icks take a mo/ erratic c\rse 9 _! flight1 r5d]+ ! effective scre5+ ( o!r build+s mo/ difficult1 if n impossible4 ,h[ev]1 !re is evid5ce t _m rockets 7 /opp$ by ! scre5s1 & t )\t _! int]position ! numb] ( build+s de/roy$ might h be5 _m times great]4 ,! o!r ,explosives ,act requirem5ts ( :i* ! effici5cy 0 demon/rat$ by ?is accid5t1 are ! divid+ ( %$s into comp>tm5ts ) a limit$ numb] ( workpeople 9 ea*1 easy means ( escape f work+ build+s1 & ! value ( un9flammable clo?+4 ,x 0 also %[n t a l>ge quantity ( fireworks might be burnt 9 mass )\t caus+ a v]itable explosion2 z 9 ! case ( ! magaz9e conta9+ #c1jjj lbs4 ,contra/+ ) ?is occurr5ce are ! reports ( accid5ts 9 firework factories bo? on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,am]ica4 ,! same ye>1 at ,civita ,vec*ia1 t5 p]sons 7 kill$ & twice t numb] injur$ 9 "o accid5t at a firework factory4 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 9 ,p>is1 sev5 girls 7 kill$ out ( ! eighte5 employ$ 9 "o comp>tm5t4 ,! mat]ial be+ us$ 0 r$ phosphorus & *lorate4 ,9 #ahhb f\rte5 p]sons 7 kill$ & no few] ?an sev5ty injur$ at ,*e/]1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,f #ahia to #ahid eight accid5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are report$1 result+ 9 a total ( tw5ty-?ree dea?s & injury to m ?an fifty p]sons4 ,9 #ahid1 at ,new ,hav51 ,con41 damage to ! ext5t ( #abe1jjj doll>s 0 done1 & at ,dallas a consid]able "p ( ! city 0 de/roy$4 ,^! are1 ( c\rse1 n a complete li/1 b only su* cases z are br\ght to ! notice ( ! ,engli% ,home ,(fice1 b ! ext5t ( ^! cle>ly illu/rates ! value ( ! re/rictions 9 =ce 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! same ye>s ! total ( firework factory accid5ts 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ?irte51 9 :i* ?ree p]sons lo/ _! lives1 & 9 no case 0 m ?an "o p]son kill$ 9 any "o accid5t4 ,inde$1 9 "o in/ance only s9ce #ahge has ! numb] ( dea?s result+ f any accid5t exce$$ two--on t occasion f\r dea?s result$4 ,an int]e/+ type ( accid5t1 examples ( :i* h tak5 place on sev]al occasions1 is t 9 :i* two compositions1 "o conta9+ sulphur & ! o!r *lorate ( pota%1 are plac$ 9 contact 9 ! pap] case ( a firework1 & produce spontane\s combu/ion4 ,9 "o case a lance conta9+ :ite & gre5 composition bur/ into flame on ! "w b5*4 ,?is provid$ an explanation to an explosion at ! same factory :i* _h tak5 place t5 days be=e 9 a magaz9e conta9+ betwe5 #f1jjj & #g1jjj lbs4 ( display fireworks4 ,an occurr5ce ( a simil> nature 0 obs]v$ at ,brighton 9 #aijc1 :5 "s *ang+ col\r$ lights :i* _h be5 remov$ f a build+ :]e a fire _h tak5 place 7! fireworks n be+ involv$ 9 any way7 ignit$ "s days aft]w>ds4 ,x is ?\ght t ! lights may h be5 wett$ dur+ ! fire1 & ^u dry+ out "s days lat] ! diff]5t compositions 9 contact 9 ! case or cases set up *emical action1 :i* result$ 9 spontane\s ignition4 ,x 0 f\nd on exam9ation t a blue conta9+ sulphur 0 9 contact ) a gre5 conta9+ *lorate4 ,x may be not$ "h t mixtures :i* are damp$ dur+ manufacture are m liable to spontane\s ignition ?an ^? manipulat$ 9 a dry /ate4 ,_m accid5ts & explosions are left unexpla9$1 ei!r because ! evid5ce is de/roy$ by ! result+ fire or by ! dea? ( ! witness or witnesses1 or because ( ! difficulty (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ! workpeople to give a full & fai?ful acc\nt ( :at occurr$1 fe>+ to cause tr\ble = !mselves or o!rs conc]n$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! cause is frequ5tly c>elessness or mi/akes on ! "p ( work]s4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 h[ev]1 ?is explanation gives no help & ! cause rema9s obscure4 ,"o su* may be m5tion$3 ,9 #aijb an explosion occurr$ 9 a /ore = non-explosive +r$i5ts1 9 :i* 7 kept ! *emicals us$ 9 a firework factory4 ,9 ! build+ at ! "t 0 a workman :o appe>s to h be5 engag$ 9 sift+ *lorate ( pota%1 & ! te*nical manag] ( ! factory :o seems to h be5 weigh+ out +r$i5ts4 ,!re is no d\bt t he 0 a man ( v consid]able exp]i5ce1 & f 8 responsible position unlikely ei!r to take risks or be guilty ( c>elessness4 ,an explosion occurr$ 9 ! build+1 kill+ bo? occupants1 & ( s viol5t a nature z to sev] ! foot ( ! manag] & to project "o ( ! %eets ( corrugat$ iron ) :i* ! ro( 0 cov]$ a di/ance ( ?irty y>ds4 ,no explanation ( ?is occurr5ce 0 arriv$ at o!r ?an t 9 "s way "s ( ! *emicals mu/ h become mix$ to =m a s5sitive & viol5t explosive2 s mu* is obvi\s1 b h[ ! *emicals became s mix$ rema9s a my/]y1 z no mix+ 0 actually done 9 ! build+4 ,! ignition ( su* a mixture is less obscure z magaz9e boots 7 n necess>y 9 ! build+ ow+ to ! non-haz>d\s nature ( ! "w c>ri$ on !re1 & suffici5t friction w\ld be produc$ to fire ev5 a fairly s5sitive mixture betwe5 a nail$ boot sole & a wood floor4 ,an occurr5ce ( consid]able int]e/ 9 ?is direction took place 9 a w>eh\se at ,man*e/] 9 #aijh4 ,9 ! build+ 7 /or$ sev]al tons ( *emicals1 among :i* 7 twelve tons ( *lorate ( pota% & ?irty-two ( *lorate ( soda4 ,a workman /epp+ d[n f a b>rel /ruck fire1 & saw a flame1 :i* he tri$ to ext+ui% by rubb+ ) 8 foot4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _h ! opposite effect4 ,he !n tri$ a bucket ( wat]1 :i* fail$ to put x out2 he left ! build+ & he>d an explosion1 foll[$ by a second & a ?ird1 all app>5tly ( a viol5t nature1 all ?ree be+ he>d ne>ly t5 miles away1 & glass brok5 ?r\gh\t a consid]able area r\nd ! w>eh\se4 ,! cause appe>s to h be5 z foll[s3 ,dur+ ! conveyance ( ! *lorate into ! build+ leak+s took place1 & a c]ta9 quantity rema9$ on ! floor1 ?is mix+ ) du/ & o!r organic matt] w\ld prove a highly s5sitive composition4 ,?is 0 ignit$ by ! man's foot & rapidly spread1 probably a deposit :i* _h accumulat$ "u ! floor became involv$4 ,! woodwork ( ! build+ & ! wood5 b>rels !n became ignit$4 ,! rapid decomposition ( ! *lorate caus$ by ! heat lib]at$ l>ge quantities ( free oxyg51 :i* unit$ ) c>bon 9 ! smoke to =m gas1 :i* explod$ ^u rea*+ ! correct proportion = s do+4 ,! writ] has *iefly conf9$ himself to accid5ts 9 firework factories2 ^? occurr+ dur+ ! illegal manufacture ( fireworks 9 premises unlic5s$ = ! purpose pres5t no fur!r int]e/1 & are g5]ally caus$ by ignorance on ! "p ( ! p>ticipant ( ! (t5 extremely dang]\s nature ( ! mat]ial he is h&l+4 ,to take an example3 ,two boys 7 engag$ 9 gr9d+ 9 a mort> a 8small quantity0 ( *lorate ( pota% & sug>4 ,an explosion result$ :i* blew out ! entire w9d[ frames ( ! room1 de/roy$ ! p>tition betwe5 ! room & ! passage1 consid]ably damag$ ! o!r wall1 & project$ ! pe/le into ! ceil+1 :]e x rema9$ emb$d$4 ,accid5ts at displays are n[ happily r>e2 ! mo/ fruitful cause ( su* happ5+s 0 ! detonation ( %ell 9 ! mort>1 t is1 ! detonation ( ! cont5ts or 8g>niture0 by ! explosion ( ! propellant *>ge4 ,! elim9ation ( *lorate-sulphur composition has r$uc$ ! *ances ( ?is to a m9imum1 & ! compulsory bury+ ( mort>s up to ! muzzle has practically elim9at$ ! dang] to ei!r fir]s or spectators4 ,ap>t f slight injuries caus$ by fall+ rocket /icks & mi%aps ( a simil> nature1 accid5ts to ! public at firework displays are ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,,"p ,,ii ,illu/ration3 ,types ( ,mod]n ,fireworks4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,simple ,,fireworks--,,rocket ,,class ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h be5 deal+ ) displays ( fireworks1 t is to say2 fireworks 9 ! mass4 ,we w n[ turn our att5tion to ! firework units compos+ ^? displays1 & endeav\r to trace _! gradual evolution f ! crude orig9als4 ,fireworks may be divid$ into two classes1 simple & comp\nd4 ,! fir/ ( ^! include fireworks :i* are a complete item 9 !mselves1 z ! rocket1 %ell1 or ,roman c&le2 also ! units :i*1 fitt$ on a framework1 g to compose ! set pieces & devices ( a display1 & ! small %op goods n us$ 9 displays4 ,we w consid] ?is class fir/4 ,! two olde/ =ms ( fireworks kn[n are und\bt$ly ! crack] & ! rocket4 ,z we h already not$1 bo? ( ^!--or at lea/ primitive =ms--are m5tion$ by ,m>cus ,graecus1 ,alb]tus1 & ,rog] ,bacon4 ,! description by ! =m] is suffici5tly cle> to leave no d\bt 9 our m9ds t he is describ+ a rocket2 al?\gh ! description ( a crack] is n s explicit z to enable u to say t he is actually describ+ a jump+ crack]1 yet 8 m5tion ( fold+ & ty+ w\ld c]ta9ly give col\r to t belief4 ,9 fact1 "s writ]s h endeav\r$ to f9d a connection betwe5 ! words 8,graecus0 & 8,crack]40 ,gre5e1 9 8,orl&o ,furioso0 7#aeii71 uses ! words1 8,yes1 yes1 ) squibs & crack]s brauly40 ,john ,bate1 9 8 book previ\sly m5tion$1 "u ! some:at mislead+ head+1 8,h[ to make ,crack]s10 says3 8,x is well kn[ne t e boy c make ^!1 !re=e ,i ?9k x w be b labor lo/1 to be/[ "t to describe _! mak+40 ,he also describes a k9d ( kite :i* he designates a 8,fire ,drake10 to ! tail ( :i* he fa/5s 8div]s crack]s0 :i* are %[n 9 ! illu/ration to be exactly l ! jump+ crack]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,bab+ton illu/rates a crack] fix$ to ! top ( a rocket4 ,pepys makes ! foll[+ entry 9 8 di>y = ,novemb] #e?1 #affa3 8,see+ ! boys 9 ! /reets fly+ _! crack]s40 ,! only practical diff]5ce betwe5 ! crack] ( #afce & t ( to-day is 9 ! diff]5ce ( me?ods ( manufacture1 ! e>ly practice be+ to fold ! gunp[d] 9 ! pap]1 ! mod]n1 to roll a pap] case & fill ! p[d] 9 ?r\gh a funnel1 aft]w>ds flatt5+ x ?r\gh a roll] mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,crack] ,mak+ ,curi\sly en\gh1 al?\gh ! crack] has be5 9 use = c5turies 9 ,engl&1 !re appe>s to be no e>ly ref]5ce to x on ! ,cont95t1 ! ^w 8pet>d0 mean+ a crack] 9 ,fr5*1 b m (t5 be+ appli$ to a firework ) a s+le report1 su* z a m>oon or cannon4 ,! ,dictionnaire ,national ( #aheb1 h[ev]1 describes ! true crack] z "o ( ! mean+s ( 8pet>d40 ,! rocket is equal to ! crack] 9 its claim to antiquity1 & x is extraord9>y t ^! two fireworks %\ld h *ang$ s little 9 =m & composition4 ,john ,bab+ton gives illu/rations ( rocket-*>g+ tools & describes ! manufacture ( rockets1 :i* are approximately ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,x is only 9 ! proportion ( ! +r$i5ts t !re is any consid]able alt]ation4 ,! ^w 8rocket0 appe>s to be ,italian 9 orig91 & to be bas$ on ! simil>ity 9 appe>ance ( a rocket on its /ick to ! r\nd piece ( wood us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages to cov] ! po9t ( a lance 9 mimic combat1 & kn[n z a 8rockette10 f 8rocca10 ! ,italian ^w = a bobb91 a dim9utive ( di/aff4 ,z a rocket is ! mo/ important unit 9 ! art ( pyrote*ny1 a description ( its manufacture w assi/ 9 ! consid]ation ( a l>ge numb] ( o!r fireworks :i* are ei!r modifications ( or bas$ ^u ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( ! rocket1 z well z ! sev]al pr9ciples gov]n+ all fireworks4 ,! +r$i5ts ( rocket composition are ^? ( gunp[d] 9 approximately simil> proportions1 b ! resultant composition is n gunp[d]1 ! reason be+ t ! +r$i5ts are less intimately mix$1 ) ! result t ! combu/ion is spread ov] a long] int]val ( "t4 ,in/ead ( ! :ole mass deflagrat+ in/antly1 only ! expos$ surface is consum$4 ,x is ! recoil produc$ by ! ru% ( gases1 & p>tially consum$ matt]1 f ! viol5tly burn+ composition :i* projects ! rocket =w>d4 ,! obvi\s =m = ! case conta9+ ! composition is cyl9drical1 bo? on acc\nt ( ease ( con/ruction & ( *>g+4 ,9 ord] to get ! greate/ possible reaction f ! burn+ composition1 ! case ( ! rocket is con/rict$ or *ok$1 s t ! fire may issue z x 7 9 ! =m ( a jet4 ,?is *oke has "o obvi\s disadvantage1 x r$uces ! surface ( composition to ! area ( ! op5+1 ?us re/rict+ ! initial burn+ surface at ! "t :5 ! maximum ( ef=t is requir$ to =ce ! rocket into motion4 ,?is defect is ov]come by hav+ a tap]+ hole up almo/ ! entire l5g? ( ! composition1 ?us giv+ a l>ge burn+ surface ) a consequ5t dis*>ge ( gas ?r\gh a small orifice & a resultant p[]ful jet ( fire & gas4 ,! rocket case is ( /\t pap] roll$ on a =m] consolidat$ by roll+ "u a bo>d4 ,! *oke is =m$ by ins]t+ into ! bore ( ! rocket two wood5 tools ) r\nd$ ends1 ! %ort] tool hav+ a peg project+ :i* is equal 9 diamet] to ! bore ( ! *oke4 ,! tools are ( su* l5g? t :5 !y are ins]t$ ! peg takes up ! position :]e ! *oke is to be =m$4 ,! case is !n con/rict$ at ?is po9t by a /rong pressure ) a /\t cord w\nd r\nd ! case & soap$ to all[ x to slip r\nd easily4 ,! case is !n dri$ & *>g$ by plac+ on a 8sp9dle10 :i* is a /rong gun-metal base ) a nipple fitt+ into ! v5t ( ! rocket & hav+ a tap]+ sp9dle :i* fits tightly 9 ! *oke & projects up into ! bore ( ! rocket4 ,! composition is p\r$ 9 9 small quantities measur$ 9 a scoop1 ea* scoopful be+ consolidat$ by bl[s ) a wood5 mallet or a wood5 8drift0 holl[$ to take ! sp9dle4 ,be=e ! fir/ scoop ( composition is introduc$1 ! rocket is 8set d[n10 t is1 sev]al bl[s are giv5 on ! drift to consolidate ! pap] at ! *oke & give x accurate %ape4 ,next1 a scoop ( gr\nd dry clay is p\r$ 9 & *>g$ firm z a protection to ! pap] ( ! *oke4 ,! *>g+ is !n proce$$ ) z detail$ above4 ,v>y+ drifts are us$ 9 ord] t ! hole may approximately correspond ) ! diamet] ( ! tap]+ sp9dle z ! composition rises 9 ! case4 ,a %ort portion ( ! case above ! sp9dle is *>g$ solid2 ?is is ref]r$ to z ! 8head+10 & is usually ab\t "o & a half times ! bore 9 dep?4 ,l>ge rockets are *>g$ 9 a m\ld :i* fits tightly r\nd ! outside ( ! case & prev5ts ! case be+ split "u ! pressure ( ! bl[s :il/ be+ *>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,rocket ,manufacture1 f ,frzi]'s 8,feu d',artifice10 #agdg4 ,9 e>ly times ^! m\lds 7 us$ = all sizes & 7 ( ca/ metal1 & x is f !m t ! classification ( ! sizes is d]iv$4 ,rockets are designat$ by ! weight ( a ball ( lead :i* fits ! bore ( ! correspond+ m\ld4 ,?us we h rockets v>y+ 9 size f oz4 to #f lbs4 & ov]1 w> rockets be+ made up to #i & #bd lbs41 b _! use is n[ almo/ ext9ct4 ,?is classification1 al?\gh x s]ves its purpose well en\gh1 is some:at mislead+1 z ! ?ickness ( ! case v>ies 9 practice1 at any rate "u mod]n conditions4 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies pyrote*ni/s seem to h _h a /&>d proportion betwe5 ! case & bore1 i4e41 ! ?ickness ( ! case 0 "o-qu>t] ! int]nal diamet] ( ! rocket4 ,9 mod]n comm]cial practice a rocket--say = example ( #a lb4--is a rocket roll$ on a =m] ^: diamet] is t ( ! bore ( a #a lb4 rocket ( /&>d ?ickness1 b ^: outside diamet] is gov]n$ by ! /r5g? ( ! pap] employ$ 9 ! case4 ,sev]al writ]s on pyrote*ny1 "o ,frzi] writ+ 9 #agdg 9 p>ticul>1 h endeav\r$ to sup]s$e ?is classification ( rockets by replac+ x ) a s]ies ( int]nal diamet] measurem5ts1 s f> )\t success4 ,x is h>d to sup]s$e ! traditions ( c5turies on a plea ( m]e rationalism4 ,rocket compositions1 al?\gh conta9+ ! same +r$i5ts1 namely1 saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 h !m 9 diff]+ proportions4 ,broadly speak+1 ! l>g] ! rocket ! great] ! proportion ( *>coal & sulphur1 ! v>iations 9 proportion be+ consid]able1 f ! half-ounce rocket mix+ ( #ac saltpetre1 #b sulphur1 & #e *>coal to ! #i lb4 & #bd lb4 w> rocket1 ) #ac saltpetre1 #c sulphur1 & #d *>coal approximately1 & ev5 high] proportions ( ! second & ?ird +r$i5ts = special purposes4 ,a l>g] proportion ( *>coal gives a l>g] tail--a desirable feature 9 display & signal rockets4 ,"s compositions h a proportion ( meal$ gunp[d] to produce fi]c] burn+4 ,e>ly mak]s appe> to h us$ meal$ gunp[d] & add$ *>coal & o!r +r$i5ts to1 z x 71 dilute ! p[d] & r5d] ! deflagration less fi]ce4 ,bab+ton 7#afce7 adds *>coal 9 ! foll[+ proportion3 #a oz4--#d oz4 rockets1 #a lb4 ( meal$ p[d] to #b oz4 *>coal #d oz4--#aj oz4 #a lb4 #b oz4 #aj oz4--#a lb4 #a lb4 #c oz4 ,john ,bate's compositions are r erratically arrang$2 9 "s cases he adds ! saltpetre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 & a fur!r addition is 8yron scales10 presumably to increase ! effect ( ! tail1 = :i* purpose lat] pyrote*ni/s us$ iron fil+s4 ,! rocket hav+ be5 *>g$ to ! top ( ! head+1 clay is *>g$ 91 =m+ a diaphragm above x4 ,e>li] practice 0 to turn d[n ! top edge ( ! case on ! head+ composition to =m a diaphragm4 ,! be/-kn[n =m ( rocket is ! sky rocket1 :i* is fitt$ ) a /ick held 9 position by hav+ a d[ell$ end introduc$ into a roll$ pap] or metal tube secur$ to ! side ( ! rocket4 ,! object ( ! /ick is to direct ! flight ( ! rocket1 & fur!r s]ves to hold x 9 position = fir+1 be+ pass$ ?r\gh two r+s at a suitable di/ance "o above ! o!r on a /ake1 ?r\gh :i* x slides easily4 ,sky rockets are fitt$ ) a 8cap0 conta9+ ! 8g>niture0 ( ! rocket1 :i* may take ! =m ( 8/>s0 or o!r pyrote*nic effects1 or a gun-cotton wad1 or simil> explosive to make a s\nd signal1 or small cases *>g$ ) picrate ( pota%1 produc+ ! well-kn[n 8:i/l+ rocket0 effect4 ,! 8cap0 is ei!r cyl9drical or 9 ! =m ( a truncat$ cone1 ) a conical or o!r top4 ,! cap is bur/ op5 & ! cont5ts ignit$ by an op5+ *>ge ( p[d] light$ ?r\gh a hole bor$ 9 ! clay diaphragm above ! head+1 s t :5 ! head+ is burnt ?r\gh ! fire may be communicat$ to ! op5+ *>ge4 ,f e>lie/ times ! rocket has be5 ! *ief item 9 recreative fireworks2 ei!r ! sky rocket z we "k x to-day or its _m modifications & d]ivatives 0 ! *ief con/itu5t ( ! e>ly displays4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies a display w\ld conta9 ! foll[+ items--dragons or simil> figures issu+ f ! sc5ic ca/le provid$ = ! display2 ^! w\ld be mov$ by l9e rockets4 ,a l9e rocket has no cap or g>niture1 ! socket usually provid$ to hold ! /ick be+ l5g!n$1 & ( suffici5t diamet] to all[ x to slide along a tightly /ret*$ cord pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,pieces ( a simil> nature to ! mod]n f\nta9 & g]b w\ld be repres5t$ by 8gr\nd rockets40 ,?is is a rocket less fi]cely burn+1 *>g$ solid1 fix$ to a support s t x rema9s /ation>y :il/ burn+1 ! fire be+ ?r[n out 9 a jet4 ,rockets w\ld also be us$ to turn su* primitive :eels z 7 exhibit$1 & to actuate me*anical sc5ic devices1 :i* are 9 effect ! 8turn+ cases0 ( ! pres5t day4 ,s]p5ts ( fiz-gigs 7 mu* us$1 bo? z a g>niture = rockets1 & to give animation to :eels & simil> pieces4 ,^! 7 made on ! rocket pr9ciple1 simil> to ! squib1 b slightly m elaborate4 ,a *oke 0 =m$ betwe5 ! composition & ! 8b\nce0 or p[d] giv+ ! report4 ,to-day ! gr\nd rocket has develop$ into ! g]b or ,*9ese tree1 f\nta9s ( v>i\s k9ds1 ! fl[] pot--( ! l>g] k9ds2 & among ! small] v>ieties1 ! squib ) its v>iations1 su* z ,black ,jack & ,blue ,devil1 & ! gold5 ra9 ) its v>iations4 ,! mod]n1 or r m rec5t1 me?od ( head+ ! rocket ) a clay diaphragm evid5tly sugge/$ t ! *ok+ ( ! case might be disp5s$ ) :]e ! composition 0 less fi]ce1 ! necess>y r$uction ( ! orifice be+ produc$ by a clay diaphragm ) a c5tral hole ( suffici5t size4 ,?is me?od is foll[$ ) ! g]b1 f\nta9s1 & fl[] pot1 & 9 ! firework kn[n to pyrote*ni/s z 8fixt02 ?is unit is l>gely us$ 9 display "w to =m ! fr+e frame or lattice effect ( a set piece4 8,fixt0 are made 9 #a oz4 & #b oz4 sizes1 & conta9 a composition ( approximately "o "p ( /eel fil+s to f\r ( meal$ gunp[d] & f9i% ) a b\nce4 ,! orig9 ( ! "n is unc]ta93 x may ref] to _! use on fix$ pieces 9 contradi/9ction to "o revolv+1 or--z is mo/ probable--0 fir/ us$ to di/+ui% betwe5 a fix$ & a mov+ rocket4 ,! "t ( ! introduction ( ! clay *oke is unc]ta94 ,jones1 writ+ 9 #agfe1 al?\gh us+ clay 9 ! head+ ( rockets1 /ill *ok$ all cases1 b ,mortim] 7#ahbd7 uses x1 al?\gh ,ruggi]i 7#ahba71 :il/ do+ ! same1 appe>s to ?9k *ok+ pref]able4 ,! =m] gives in/ructions = *>g+ ! clay solid & bor+ ! c5tral hole2 ,ruggi]i1 h[ev]1 uses a nipple l a mu* %ort5$ rocket sp9dle1 9 :i* he agrees ) ! mod]n practice4 ,?is me?od is also utilis$ at ! pres5t "t = small-siz$ rockets4 ,( ! fireworks ( ! f\nta9 class1 probably ! fir/ to develop f ! crude rocket =m 7 ! g]b & fl[] pot4 ,! g]b1 or ,*9ese tree1 conta9s a composition ( saltpetre1 sulphur1 *>coal & iron bor+s1 ) ! addition--if m =ce is requir$1 z = in/ance to turn a device--( meal$ gunp[d]4 ,e>ly mak]s us$ meal$ p[d] alone & 8iron s&10 or ca/-iron r$uc$ to p[d] by hamm]+4 ,?is composition is kn[n z ,*9ese fire1 &1 z its "n implies1 0 introduc$ into ,europe f ! ,ea/4 ,an int]e/+ article appe>$ 9 ! 8,univ]sal ,magaz9e0 ( #agfd1 writt5 by a ,jesuit mission>y on ! subject ( ,*9ese fireworks4 ,9 x he describes ! mak+ ( iron s& z foll[s3 8,old brok5 or useless pots s]ve g5]ally = mak+ ?is s&2 !y are brok5 into pieces ( ! bread? ( ! h&1 aft] :i*1 be+ made r$-hot 9 ! fire ( a =ge1 !y are ?r[n 9 t condition into a tr\gh fill$ ) fre% wat]1 :]e !y are left to cool4 ,?us calc9$1 ! ru/ falls (f 9 scales1 & !y are easily r$uc$ into s&1 be+ fir/ brok5 into p>cels ( a f+]'s bread?4 ,! anvil & hamm] us$ = ?is purpose mu/ be also ( ca/-iron1 because /eel flats ! gra9s ( s&4 ,x is necess>y t ! angles ( ^? gra9s %\ld be %>p1 z x is ! angles t =m ! fl[]s40 ,! ^w 8g]b0 is d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* ^w mean+ a %eaf ( corn1 & 0 fir/ appli$ to wat] f\nta9s4 ,! fl[] pot is *>g$ ) a composition =m]ly kn[n z 8spur-fire10 f ! resemblance 9 =m ( its coruscations to ! r[el ( a spur4 ,! effect produc$ is "o ( ! mo/ effective :5 successful1 b has ! disadvantage = display "w t ! effect is only appreciat$ at close qu>t]s4 ,! +r$i5ts us$ are lampblack1 sulphur1 r$ ars5ic1 saltpetre1 ) sometimes ! addition ( *>coal & meal$ gunp[d]4 ,( ! small] works ( ?is division ! squib & gold5 ra9 are too well kn[n to ne$ description4 ,! squib & its v>iations h a *ok$ case2 ! gold5 ra9 & simil> works are left ) an op5 bore4 ,squibs are g5]ally fill$ ) a composition ( sulphur1 saltpetre & *>coal1 sometimes /eel fil+s1 ) a b\nce ( f9e-gra9 p[d]4 ,a curi\s firework1 n[ almo/ obsolete1 = :i* x is difficult to f9d a class1 is ! five-po9t$ />4 ,?is "w consi/$ ( a case hav+ a diaphragm ( pla/] ( p>is or clay above ! fill+1 bel[ :i* five holes are bor$ equidi/ant & at "r angles to ! axis4 ,! case is fir$ 9 ! unusual position ( horizontal ) ! end t[>ds ! spectator1 ! fire play+ all r\nd ! case1 =m+ a />4 ,! composition us$ 0 meal$ p[d]1 sulphur1 saltpetre1 & sulphuret ( antimony4 ,ruggi]i m5tions ?is firework "u ! "n 8,etoile fix10 & x is m5tion$ by ,jones1 writ+ 9 #agfe1 b n by ,frzi]4 ,x is h>d to believe t ?is unit 0 successful1 s _m factors militat+ aga9/ success1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! exactly simil> jet f ea* ( ! five holes4 ,b x is possible t 9 l>ge geometrical pieces x 0 at lea/ ( use to give an additional effect 9 :at1 ow+ to ! lack ( v>iety ( ! fireworks ( ! "t1 mu/ h be5 r a monoton\s repetition ( a few effects4 ,x also w\ld enable small blank spaces to be fill$ 9 on set pieces4 ,9 a sun or /> ( ! ord9>y type1 t is ( radiat+ cases1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! jets mu/ be z f> ap>t z ! l5g? ( two ( ! cases1 :i* l5g? is gov]n$ by ! requir$ "t ( burn+4 ,?is leaves a blank c5tre2 ! five-po9t$ />1 h[ev]1 if work+ correctly1 has ! jets radiat+ f a po9t4 ,_m ( ! e>li] writ]s classifi$ fireworks "u ! heads3--,fireworks = ! gr\nd1 = ! air1 & = ! wat]4 ,^? fall+ 9 ! latt] division are only v>iations ( ^? = ! gr\nd1 t is to say1 a g]b1 f\nta9 or o!r firework is fitt$ ) a float1 su* z a block ( wood1 & functions float+ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 ! effect be+ greatly enhanc$ by ! reflection4 ,illu/ration3 ,f 8,! ,univ]sal ,magaz9e10 #agfd4 ,x is n propos$ to deal sep>ately 9 ?is "w ) aquatic fireworks unless !y h "s ess5tial diff]5ce f _! p>allel type = l& display4 ,"o unit1 ( ! rocket class1 :i* is s di/9ct is ! 8skimm]40 ,?is is 9 effect a /ickless rocket ) ! cap 7:i* is empty7 fa/5$ at an angle to ! l9e ( ! ma9 case4 ,:5 fir$ ! skimm]1 z its "n implies1 skims ov] ! surface ( ! wat]1 ) occasional dives "u ! surface 9 an erratic c\rse4 ,x requires = its safe display a consid]able area ( wat]4 ,^! are kn[n by ,fr5* pyrote*ni/s z 8g5\illres10 f _! %ape4 ,ruggi]i & ,frzi] describe :at !y call 8plongeons40 ,^! are g]bs *>g$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 except t be=e ea* scoop ( composition a small quantity ( meal$ p[d] is add$4 ,?is produces a j]ky burn+1 ! recoil ( ea* puff ( p[d] driv+ ! g]b b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]2 ! jet ( fire1 ( c\rse1 is suffici5t to prev5t wat] ent]+ ! case :ile s subm]g$4 ,^!1 & o!r e>li] writ]s1 9 _! section devot$ to aquatic fireworks1 give directions = fir+ ord9>y l& fireworks on ! wat]1 :i* w\ld almo/ appe> to h be5 includ$ ) ! idea ( fill+ space4 ,"o item :i* is g5]ally includ$ consi/s ( directions = fir+ rockets "u wat]4 ,jones1 "u ?is head+1 gives ! foll[+ directions3 8,,to ,,fire ,,sky ,,rockets ,,"u ,,wat]4 8,y mu/ h /&s made z usual1 only ! rails mu/ be plac$ flat1 in/ead ( edgeways1 & h holes 9 !m = ! rocket /icks to g ?r\gh2 = if !y 7 hung ^u hooks1 ! motion ( ! wat] w\ld ?r[ !m (f3 ! /&s be+ made1 if ! pond is deep en\gh1 s9k !m at ! sides s deep t :5 ! rockets are 9 _! heads may j appe> above ! surface ( ! wat]2 to ! m\? ( ea* rocket fix a lead] :i* put ?r\gh ! hole ) ! /ick2 !n a little above ! wat] mu/ be a bo>d1 support$ by ! /&1 & plac$ along "o side ( ! rockets2 !n ! ends ( ! lead]s are turn$ up ?r\gh holes made 9 ?is bo>d1 exactly opposite ! rockets4 ,by ?is means y may fire !m s+ly1 or all at once4 ,rockets may be fir$ by ?is me?od1 9 ! middle ( a pond1 by a ,neptune1 a swan1 a wat]-:eel1 or any?+ else y *use40 ,x w be se5 t ! rockets !mselves are above ! surface1 :i* seems m reasonable ?an ! in/ructions ( "s writ]s1 :o1 to get ! effect ( a rocket ris+ f actually b5ea? ! surface1 give !mselves an inf9ite am\nt ( tr\ble to r5d] ! case & connections wat]pro(4 ,! effect se5 f a %ort di/ance is id5tical4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,simple ,,fireworks--,,%ell ,,class ,we n[ come to a di/9ct class ( fireworks1 ^? ^: function+ dep5ds on ! propulsion ( gunp[d]4 ,! fir/ & p>5t ( ?is class is ! %ell or bomb4 ,! orig9al "n ( ! %ell 0 8air balloon10 :i* is n[ obsolete4 ,"s writ]s h be5 misl$ by its appe>ance 9 old amusem5t ann\ncem5ts into ?9k+ a balloon asc5t 0 ref]r$ to1 or t a balloon c>ry+ fireworks 0 to be exhibit$1 at dates consid]ably be=e ! inv5tion ( gas or hot-air balloons4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t ,ruggi]i claims t 8 fa!r 0 ! fir/ to release a balloon c>ry+ fireworks 9 #aghf4 ,z we h se51 ! milit>y use ( %ell dates f at lea/ z e>ly z ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,bo? ,bab+ton & ,bate1 writ+ 9 #afce1 give in/ructions = mak+ %ell1 & al?\gh ! book ( ! =m] is m advanc$ 9 ?is p>ticul> matt]1 he is1 g5]ally speak+1 consid]ably m primitive4 ,bab+ton describes a holl[ sph]e ( canvas1 a "p ( :i* is fill$ ) a sl[-burn+ composition1 ! rema9d] be+ fill$ ) />s & gra9 p[d]1 ! canvas is pi]c$ to expose ! sl[ composition4 ,! %ell is fir$ f a mort> hav+ a t\*-hole4 ,! foll[+ are ,bab+ton's in/ructions 9 ! matt]3 8,load y\r mort] piece ) "o ounce ( corne p[d]1 putt+ aft] a wadd & tampion1 & put on y\r ball ) ! v5t t[>ds ! m\? ( y\r piece3 s elevat+ y\r piece to ! z5i?1 y may proce$ to ! fir+ ( x1 :i* mu/ be aft] ?is mann]3 provide two mat*es ready light$1 hav+ "o 9 ea* h&1 & fir/ fire y\r ball ) "o h& & pres5tly give fire to y\r piece ) ! o!r1 alwaies hold+ y\r head "u ! horizontall l9e ( y\r piece1 = fe> ! bla/ annoy y3 ?is hav+ done y %all see y\r ball m\nt v high ) a fair taile ( fire1 & :5 at its highe/1 %all break =? into a goodly %[re ( />res40 ,?is some:at unconv9c+ acc\nt gives "o to wond] if ! wor?y gunn] _h inde$ fir$ a %ell su* z he describes1 & if s1 :e!r he 0 n m ?an 8annoy$0 at ! result4 ,he gives ! lift+ *>ge z exactly "o ounce1 b gives no indication ( ! size ( ! %ell or mort>4 ,x seems probable t he _h nev] se5 a %ell ( ?is nature1 & 0 giv+ 8 idea ( x )\t practical exp]i5ce2 ?is is ! m curi\s z1 g5]ally speak+1 8 book is wond]fully advanc$ = ! p]iod1 & indicates p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! matt]s "u discussion4 ,john ,bate1 al?\gh less flu5t1 gives great] indication ( practical k ( ! matt]4 ,8 8balloone0 is r oblong 9 section1 & is made by roll+ canvas on a =m]1 us+ eight or n9e turns4 ,! ends are *ok$ 9 ! same way z a rocket case1 "o end be+ *ok$ on to a 8little cane ramm$ full ( a sl[ composition40 ,! %ell is plac$ 9 ! mort> ) ! fuse d[nw>ds1 :i* is ignit$ by ! fla% ( ! mort> *>ge4 ,bate takes ! precaution ( hav+ a "t fuse at ! t\*-hole ( ! mort>1 & concludes 8 in/ructions = fir+ by say+1 8& :ile t burne?1 retreat out ( h>ms way40 ,altoge!r a m practical & conv9c+ description4 ,frzi] 7#agdg7 makes ! foll[+ prefatory rem>ks to 8 *apt] on %ells3 8,! "n ( #8balon' is giv5 to a firework :i* is ?r[n into ! air l artill]y bombs = w>1 s t !y are (t5 giv5 ! same "n z bomb4 8,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is firework & a bomb is n only t ! =m] is to amuse & t ! latt] to de/roy1 & t ! "o is made ( iron1 & ! o!r ( wood1 l951 or c>dbo>d1 b pr9cipally because ! latt] is made to bur/ & ?r[ out its g>niture at ! po9t ( ! highe/ elevation1 :ile ! w> bombs d s at ! mom5t ( _! fall to ! e>?1 also ! w> bombs are ?r[n t[>ds ! horizon1 :ile ! firework bombs are ?r[n v]tically or ne>ly s4 8,! fireworks diff] also f ! w> bombs 9 %ape1 ! =m] be+ n always sph]ical1 z ! latt] are4 8,we mu/ !re=e und]/& by ! "n ( %ell a firework ( :i* ! effect & pr9cipal beauty is t :ile go+ up 9 ! air x only %ews a small /ream ( fire1 :i* multiplies itself sudd5ly into a great numb] ( o!rs at ! mom5t ( its highe/ elevation1 :i* causes a pleasant surprise4 8,z ?is firework does n lift itself1 b is ?r[n by impulsion ! same way z a bomb1 x c1 l ! latt]1 only be fir$ f a mort>40 ,he describes two %apes ( %ell1 ! sph]ical & cyl9drical1 ) a hemisph]ical end1 :i* %ape is m conv5i5t :]e ! cont5ts are long 9 =m1 z rockets1 ,roman c&les1 etc4 ,he attributes ! introduction ( ?is %ape to ,siemi5[itz1 :o1 he says1 made ! cases ( wood4 ,he himself1 h[ev]1 adopts ! mod]n me?od1 z he does ) ! fuse1 :i* he calls ! port-fire4 ,! lift+ *>ge1 h[ev]1 is plac$ 9 ! mort> sep>ately f ! %ell & ignit$ at a t\*-hole1 9 :i*1 z w be se51 he diff]s f mod]n practice4 ,he gives a li/ ( g>nitures or fill+s1 :i* are int]e/+ z %[+ ! practice ( ! day3 8,! fir/ is ! "o :i* gives ! effect ( a wat]fall or head ( hair4 ,?is is made ( ?9 n>r[ tubes1 or if possible1 ( ?9 canes1 cut to ! l5g? ( ! %ell1 & fill$ ) a sl[-burn+ composition made ( ?ree p>ts ( prim+ p[d]1 two ( *>coal1 & "o ( sulphur1 damp$ ) a little petroleum1 & capp$ ) a pa/e made ( p[d] cru%$ 9 di/ill$ wat] or _s & aft]w>ds dri$4 ,all ^! are put 9 ! tube1 ar\nd ! "o :i* is us$ = ! passage ( ! port-fire4 8,:5 x is full ! load$ port-fire is introduc$1 & pu%$ s f> t x rea*es ! frame1 & :5 x is t\*+ ! lid1 ?is lid mu/ be glu$ by ! r\gh ends to t ( ! tube1 & ! %ell is f9i%$4 8,z x is r heavy1 x is advisable to adopt means = its resi/+ ! %ock ( ! lift+ *>ge ( p[d] :i* drives x out ( ! mort>1 by /r5g!n+ x ) a cov]+ ( l95 /rips1 :i* %\ld be /uck on to ! %ell by means ( a pa/e1 compos$ ( two-?irds ( fl\r pa/e1 & "o-?ird ( glue4 8,unless ?is is done x (t5 happ5s t ! %ell bur/s be=e x rises 9 ! air40 ,! second consi/s ( s]p5ts1 ! ?ird ( 8saucissons volans10 simil> to ! 8fiz-gig0 ( ,bate2 ! *oke 9 ! middle betwe5 ! composition & ! bang be+ v>i$ 9 position s z to produce a succession ( bangs4 ,! vacant spaces left ov] 9 ! %ort] may be fill$ ) />s4 ,! f\r? is ( />s arrang$ 9 b$s ( gra9 p[d]2 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ ) a mixture ( meal$ p[d] & *>coal4 ,! fif? ( 8light balls10 & = ! six? he describes 8! mann] ( mak+ figures & v>i\s %apes 9 fire appe> 9 ! air40 ,^! lett]s are made on a frame cov]$ ) composition1 & are consequ5tly limit$ to a size to ! int]nal diamet] ( ! %ell1 t is1 less ?an eight in*es4 ,x seems improbable t !y c\ld be di/+ui%$ satisfactorily at ! height ( a %ell's trajectory1 besides :i* ! difficulties involv$1 z he himself expla9s1 are v great1 :i* no d\bt expla9s ! fact t ?is idea is n[ obsolete4 ,"u ! head+ 8,d\ble & ,triple ,balloons10 ?is writ] describes ! me?od ( plac+ %ell ( small] size inside a l>g]4 ,! bur/+ ( ! fir/ %ell lights ! %ort-"t fuse ( ! conta9$ %ell1 :i* falls "s di/ance & bur/s4 ,) ! triple %ell ?is action is repeat$4 ,jones 7#agfe7 divides %ell into f\r k9ds1 namely1 8illum9at$ balloons0 fill$ ) />s2 8balloons ( s]p5ts10 8balloons ( reports1 m>rons & crack]s10 & 8comp\nd balloons40 ,! la/ description is mislead+1 z ! balloon is n comp\nd b ! cont5ts are v>i$1 z = example1 ! cont5ts ( "o specifi$ t5 crack]s ( six reports1 tw5ty gold5 ra9s1 sixte5 two-ounce cases *>g$ half-in* ) /> composition & b\nc$1 two ounces ea* ( brilliant1 blue1 col\r$ tail$1 l>ge /r+ & roll$ />s4 ,x is h>d to believe t ?is writ] _h ev] se5 a %ell fir$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! result w\ld h be5 m]e confusion4 ,! /> compositions ( t date 7 v rudim5t>y1 ! col\rs :5 se5 f ! di/ance ( a bur/+ %ell 7 indi/+ui%able4 ,"o int]e/+ detail 9 ,jones's "w is ! classification ( sizes4 ,! smalle/ %ell m5tion$ by him is ! 8,coehorn ,balloon02 he does n give ! size1 b x is giv5 9 ! 8,milit>y ,encyclop$ia0 z #d in*es4 ,?is corresponds to ! #d-;in* ( to-day4 ,! "n 0 app>5tly d]iv$ f a ,dut* milit>y eng9e] ( t "n4 ,! next size is ! royal #e-;in*1 & above t #h-;in* & #aj-;in*4 ,ruggi]i 7#ahba7 is ! fir/ writ] on ! subject to h ! %ell & lift+ *>ge 9 a unit z is ! practice to-day1 :i* indicates con/ructionally a great advance ov] 8 pr$ecessors1 al?\gh ! fill+s %[ little progress4 ,! mod]n %ell is arrang$ ) a 8light]0 ( quickmat*1 long en\gh to rea* f ! top ( ! %ell :5 9 position 9 ! mort> to a suffici5t di/ance outside ! m\? to enable x to be ignit$ )\t dang]4 ,! light] fires ! "t-fuse 9 ! top ( ! %ell1 & at ! same "t two pieces ( quickmat* :i* run r\nd ! %ell 9 grooves work$ 9 ! pap] %ell case1 & ignites ! lift+ *>ge1 :i* is conta9$ 9 a flannel bag1 or 9 ! case ( small %ell1 a pap] cone4 ,! lift+ *>ge projects ! %ell into ! air & ! "t fuse1 :i* is arrang$ to burn ?r\gh at ! top ( ! %ell's flight1 ignites ! bur/+ *>ge :i* op5s ! %ell & fires ! cont5ts4 ,! mod]n v>ieties ( %ell are almo/ inf9ite4 ,col\rs h be5 br\ght to a wond]ful pit* ( dep? & brilliance1 besides v>i\s k9ds ( fire = />s1 produc+ />s ) tails ( ! same & contra/+ col\rs4 ,ano!r class ( %ell1 :i* might be call$ ! comp\nd1 consi/s ( %ell fill$ ) fireworks ( o!r k9ds--,roman c&les1 t\rbillions1 :eel-turn+ cases1 small %ell1 & :at gives und\bt$ly ! mo/ dramatic a]ial effect yet devis$1 ) rockets4 ,! 8?und]bolt10 a %ell #af in*es 9 diamet]1 conta9+ a hundr$ #d-ounce rockets1 has always be5 a popul> feature ( ! ,cry/al ,palace displays4 ,ano!r v>iation ( ! %ell is ! comet1 :i* is 9 effect a small %ell 7g5]ally ab\t ?ree in*es7 ) an exagg]at$ fuse ( brilliant fire1 :i* leaves a heavy tail dur+ ! comet's flight4 ,^! are usually fir$ f ei!r side ( ! fir+-gr\nd 9 rapid succession1 produc+ an a]ial ar*1 & op5+ j aft] hav+ pass$ ea* o!r4 ,! a]ial m>oon consi/s ( a m>oon fitt$ ) a lift+ *>ge & "t fuse4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,simple ,,fireworks--,,m9e ,,class ,! next gr\p ( fireworks is :at may be call$ ! 8,m9e0 class1 & has "s ( its memb]s among/ ! e>lie/ firework units4 ,to-day a m9e consi/s ( a quantity ( small effects su* z />s1 crack]s1 squibs1 etc41 bl[n simultane\sly f a case1 or 9 display "w--f a mort>4 ,9 ! latt] ev5t !y are made up into bags ) ! lift+ *>ge bel[1 & are kn[n te*nically z 8bags40 ,! 8,m9e ( ,s]p5ts0 & 8,jack-9-!-,box0 z sold 9 ! %ops consi/ ( a roll$ pap] case :i* acts z ! mort>1 at ! bottom ( :i* is a lift+ *>ge4 ,?is case has a light /rawbo>d cov] ) a c5tral hole1 ?r\gh :i* passes a case *>g$ ) a gold5 f\nta9 composition1 ! l[] end ( :i* is n--z is g5]ally ! case--8clay$40 ,! space r\nd ! c5tral case is fill$ 9 ) squibs or crack]s4 ,:5 light$ ! f\nta9 case functions 9 ! usual way1 b :5 f9i%$ ignites ! lift+ *>ge1 :i* lights & bl[s up ! conta9$ fireworks4 ,a v e>ly ref]5ce to ! 8,jack-9-!-,box0 is by ,john ,bab+ton 7#afce74 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii he says3 8,ano!r :i* ,i call ,jack 9 a ,box4 ,! ord] ( mak+ ?is is aft] ?is mann]3 provide a box ( plate1 ( :at l>g5ess y please--!n putt+ 9 a quantity ( corn p[d] or p[d] du/ 79 ! bottom ( ! box7 y %all fill x ) fisgigs or s]p5ts1 leav+ a case 9 ! middle = a cane to g ?r\gh to ! bottom1 :i* cane mu/ be fill$ ) a sl[ receipt1 9 :i* y %all put a quantity ( *amphire b no oyles1 9 reg>d ( ! n>r[ passage x has to burn )\t any o!r v5t40 ,he !n describes fitt+ ! pa/ebo>d top & concludes3 8& light y\r cane1 :i* w appe> l a c&le1 & aft] a pretty di/ance ( "t y %all he>e a sudd5 noyse & see all ^? fisgigs fly+ "s "o way1 "s ano!r4 ,?is toy has giv5 great cont5t to ! spectators40 ,frzi] calls m9es 8,pots feu0 or 8d'aigrettes10 :i*1 he says1 7 ?ree1 f\r1 or five in*es 9 diamet]1 & twelve to eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,:5 fir$ 9 batt]ies !y 7 call$ 8,pots de br9s40 ,! small] k9d 7 ignit$ at a v5t =m$ by *ok+ ! case1 ! v5t--:5 ! case 0 9 position--po9t+ d[nw>d4 ,! l>g] sorts 7 light$ f above1 & 7 practically ! same z ! ,jack-9-!-,box1 ) ! diff]5ce t !re 0 a case simil> to a %ell fuse in/ead ( ! c5tral ,roman c&le4 ,jones' description ( 8,pots d'aigrettes0 & 8,pots de br9s0 are simil>1 only t he fires ! =m] ) a ,roman c&le 9 ! c5tre ( ! c5tral mort> ( a gr\p ) a light] f x to ea* ( ! o!rs1 s t at ! f9i% ( ! ,roman c&le ! mort>s are dis*>g$ simultane\sly4 ,an elaboration ( ! 8,jack0 is ! 8,devil-among-!-,tailors10 :i* is ! same device surr\nd$ by ,roman c&les4 ,! next fireworks 9 ?is class--! ,roman c&le--is "o ^: g5esis pres5ts a mo/ int]e/+ /udy4 ,f ! evid5ce available !re seems no d\bt t ?is firework1 9 spite ( its "n1 orig9at$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( any?+ resembl+ x is f\nd 9 ,bab+ton's book4 ,he describes :at he calls 8a trunck ( fire :i* %all ca/ =? div]s fire balls40 ,x is "o ( a class1 app>5tly 9 fav\r at ?is "t1 int5d$ to be c>ri$ on a /aff1 & kn[n collectively z 8fire lances0 or 8clubs0 7! =m] "n is n to be confus$ ) ! lances us$ 9 set-piece "w74 ,! p>ticul> "o "u consid]ation1 al?\gh x is v l>ge1 be+ f\r in*es bore1 & only emits two balls or />s1 is und\bt$ly ! prototype ( ! 8,roman40 ,bate describes a some:at simil> lance ) ! diff]5ce t 8pet>ds0 or s+le crack]s are sub/itut$ = />s4 ,?is 0 9 #afce4 ,ov] "o hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ,frzi] describes an almo/ exactly simil> firework "u ! head+ 8,artifices ,portatifs10 :i* "n he adopts in/ead ( ! old "n 8,lance feu10 9 ord] to avoid confusion ) ! lance z kn[n to-day1 :i* 0 !n com+ into use4 ,?is is ! only m5tion he makes ( any?+ t c be consid]$ to ev5 remotely resemble a ,roman c&le1 & z he ref]s to sev]al o!r writ]s1 a ju/ifiable inf]5ce seems to be t nei!r he or !y _h any k ( su* a firework4 ,_h he kn[n ( x1 su* is its popul>ity he w\ld c]ta9ly h m5tion$ x4 ,eighte5 ye>s lat] ,jones describes exactly ! ,roman c&le z made to-day1 to :i* he gives ! "n 8,fire ,pump40 8,pumps0 & 8,pumps ) ,/>rs0 occur 9 ! description subjo9$ to engrav+s depict+ ,engli% peace displays 9 #afig & #agac2 !re c be no d\bt t ! ref]5ce is to ,roman c&les or ! e>li] developm5t ( !m4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! eld] ,ruggi]i came ov] to ?is c\ntry 9 #agdi to conduct ! ,aix-la-,*apelle peace display 9 ,gre5 ,p>k1 9 conjunction ) ,s>ti1 no firework ( ?is nature appe>s 9 ! programme ( ! display4 ,"h we h two pyrote*ni/s :o c be consid]$ to repres5t ! be/ skill ( ,france & ,italy2 9 fact1 x 0 ,ruggi]i ^: arrival 9 ,france f ,italy 9 or ab\t #agce m>k$ ! great advance 9 pyrote*ny 9 ! =m] c\ntry4 ,yet ! 8,pump0 does n appe> 9 ?is great display plann$ & execut$ by !m1 al?\gh = ye>s x _h be5 a popul> item 9 displays 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! obvi\s reason = ?is omission is t !y did n "k ( x4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! "n 8,roman c&le0 comes into use bo? "h & 9 ,france4 ,! 8,engli% ,encyclopdia0 ( #ahjb /ill uses ! expression 8,fire ,pump10 b ?is is probably because _! article is copi$ almo/ v]batim f ,jones' book4 ,! "n ,roman c&le1 h[ev]1 appe>s 9 an adv]tisem5t ( a display at ,ipswi* by ,william ,brock 9 #ahah1 & ,ruggi]i ! y\ng] uses ! words 8*&elle roma9e0 9 8 book ( #ahje4 ,h[ ?is firework receiv$ ! "n ,roman is obscure2 x may h be5 affix$ by "o ( ! _m ,italian pyrote*ni/s work+ "h1 or x may h _h political or religi\s significance4 ,a firework function+ 9 ! same way z a ,roman c&le is ! ,italian /ream]1 :i* has />s ( a composition conta9+ lampblack1 :i* burn ) a gold fire & leave a tail 9 _! flight4 ,! ,roman c&le ( ! pres5t day is made ) an almo/ endless v>iety ( />s1 b ^? 9 use :5 ! "n 0 fir/ introduc$ 7 ( v simple "*4 ,col\r$ />s1 z accept$ to-day1 7 n introduc$ until ab\t ! ?irtie? ye> ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! compositions giv5 by ,jones & ,ruggi]i w\ld produce approximately ! same effect z ! ,italian /ream] /> ( to-day1 b ) little or no tail4 ,lampblack compositions appe> to h be5 introduc$ into ,europe f ! ,ea/1 & !re seems to be no reason :y ,italy %\ld h _h !m be=e ?is c\ntry1 or t ! introduction ( lampblack into ,roman c&le /> composition %\ld be cr$it$ to ,italy4 ,x seems m probable t ! "n ,italian /ream] 0 atta*$ to t firework 9 ?is c\ntry to di/+ui% x f ! ,roman c&le ) tailless />s1 & "u ! mi/ak5 idea t ! 8,roman0 0 a =eign importation1 or t x w\ld be m acceptable if labell$ ) a =eign "n4 ,z we h said1 ! mod]n ,roman c&le is made ) />s ( v _m v>ieties1 b :atev] k9d ( /> may be us$1 ! me?od ( fill+ is ! same4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! ,roman c&le is con/ruct$ is z foll[s3 ,! case is *>g$ ) a s]ies ( repetitions ( ! foll[+--,roman c&le fuse1 8d>k fire10 />1 bl[+ *>ge4 ,^! are repeat$ z _m times z ! case w hold1 & function ?us--! fuse burns ) a f\nta9 effect1 & ^u be+ exhau/$ lights ! 8d>k fire10 :i* lights ! />1 fla%es r\nd x & fires ! bl[+ *>ge :i* propels ! /> f ! case4 ,! bl[+ *>ge also ignites ! next lay] ( fuse1 & ! effect is repeat$4 ,9 fill+ ! case diff]5t siz$ scoops are us$ = ! bl[+ *>ge1 :i* is ( f9e-gra9 p[d]1 ! small] scoops be+ us$ at ! l[] portion ( ! case4 ,?is is done s t ! />s may rise to approximately ! same height2 ! *>ge at ! bottom act+ ?r\gh a great] di/ance1 naturally acts m effectively & less is requir$4 ,e>li] pyrote*ni/s1 9 addition1 z a means ( regulat+ ! height ( ! />s' flight1 made ! />s ( diff]+ sizes2 ?is "u mod]n manufactur+ conditions w\ld be impossible1 & has be5 ab&on$4 ,roman c&le fuse is compos$ ( sulphur1 *>coal1 saltpetre 9 ! proportion ( #d1 #h1 #ae4 ,! 8d>k fire0 is ( meal$ p[d]1 ) a small admixture ( *>coal4 ,illu/ration3 ,an old ,firework ,bill4 ,ano!r firework :i* is probably a developm5t ( ! ,roman c&le is ! jewel f\nta94 ,?is consi/s ( a f\nta9 mixture ( saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 to :i* is add$ granules ( /> composition1 :i* are ?r[n out by ! =ce ( ! fire1 giv+ a f\nta9 effect 9 :i* appe> v>i\sly col\r$ po9ts ( fire4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,simple ,,fireworks--,,saxon ,,lance ,,classes ,! fireworks :i* =m a class by !mselves are ! ,saxon or ,*9ese fly]1 & ! t\rbillion4 ,bo? ( ^! consi/ ( a s+le case made to revolve 9 ! plane ( its axis by jets ( fire project$ ?r\gh a hole at "r angles to ! axis4 ,saxons revolve ab\t a nail driv5 ?r\gh ! case into a po/ or o!r support2 !y are *>g$ ) a composition ( meal$ gunp[d]1 saltpetre1 & sulphur4 ,! case is *>g$ ?us3 ! l[] end is firmly 8clay$0 & ! composition is *>g$ up to a po9t ab\t in* bel[ ! c5tre1 clay is !n *>g$ = in*1 & aga9 composition to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! top1 :i* is aga9 firmly clay$4 ,two holes are bor$ ne> ea* end on opposite sides ( ! case1 & a ?ird hole is bor$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! case at "r angles to ! o!r two & ( suffici5t size to take ! nail or sp9dle on :i* ! case revolves4 ,! two holes at ! end may be connect$ ) mat* to light simultane\sly1 or ! "t ( burn+ may be l5g!n$ by lead+ ! second half f ! l[] end ( ! fir/ lit4 ,9 ! l>g] sizes1 & g5]ally 9 display "w1 a small case *>g$ ) a col\r composition is atta*$ to ! side ( ! case1 produc+ a r+ ( col\r inside ! fire ( ! saxon4 ,a small] & *eap] =m ( saxon is :at is 9 effect half ( t describ$ above1 ! nail be+ at "o end & ! propell+ hole at ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,rocket ,*>g+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fill+ ,roman ,c&les4 ,=m]ly saxons = display "w 7 made ) a wood5 c5tre1 on :i* ! two halves1 :i* 7 *>g$ sep>ately1 7 fitt$1 & to :i* ! col\r case 0 secur$ by a nail4 ,! t\rbillion is a developm5t ( ! saxon2 in/ead ( ! c5tral sp9dle a piece ( curv$ wood is secur$ to ! case1 =m+ a pivot on :i* to revolve :5 ly+ on a flat surface1 & two additional holes are bor$ on ! "u side ( ! case1 s arrang$ z to light :5 ! case has suffici5tly rapid revolution & project x into ! air4 ,jones describes t\rbillions z made to-day1 also saxons "u ! old] "n ( ,*9ese fly]4 ,9 addition1 he describes :at he calls 8table rockets10 :i* resemble f\r d\ble saxon cases fitt$ to a c5tre1 :i* has a project+ cone ^u :i* ! device revolves4 ,he says t 8table rockets are design$ m]ely to %[ ! tru? ( driv+ & ! judgm5t ( a firework]1 !y hav+ no o!r effect :5 fir$ ?an sp9n+ r\nd 9 ! same place :]e !y beg9 till !y are burnt out1 & %[+ no?+ m ?an a horizontal circle ( fire10 b aft]w>ds adds t 8^! rockets may be made to rise l t\rbillions by mak+ ! cases %ort] & bor+ holes 9 ! "u side ( ea* case at equal di/ances2 ?is be+ done !y are call$ #8d\ble t\rbillions4'0 ,frzi] %[s t\rbillions z at pres5t manufactur$1 :i* he calls 8t\rbillion de feu0 or 8soleil montant10 b ! ne>e/ device he %[s to a saxon is simil> to ,jones's table rocket1 made to revolve on a sp9dle1 & hav+ sev]al holes bor$ d[n ! side ( ea* case1 presumably to produce m effect4 ,^! he designates 8t\rniquets0 or 8soleils t\rnants40 ,he also illu/rates two ord9>y rockets m\nt$ on a c5tre simil> to t ( a d\ble saxon4 ,?is he calls 8baton feu10 & describes t "o case lights aft] ! o!r is burnt out1 & "o ga!rs t ! device is int5d$ to revolve b h[ x c be made to d ?is by fire issu+ radially is n app>5t4 ,! ^w t\rbillion is ! ,fr5* = a :irlw9d & is appli$ by ,ruggi]i to a comp\nd firework1 :i* w be consid]$ lat] "u t head4 ,:at we "k z t\rbillion he names 8fuse de table0 7a table rocket71 & adds t !y are commonly call$ 8arti*auts40 ,! success ( all ! above1 9 common ) rockets1 dep5ds on c>eful & exp]i5c$ con/ruction & /r5g? ( ! case1 & x is inde$ curi\s t ,jones describes ! roll+ ( ! cases = ^! fireworks )\t pa/e except on ! edge ( ! pap]4 ,x seems incr$ible t an exp]i5c$ pyrote*ni/ %\ld make su* a mi/ake1 & "o is almo/ incl9$ to agree ) ,k5ti% 7#ahgh71 :o says ( ,jones's book3 8,! great] portion ( x is absurd & impracticable1 & %[s x 0 writt5 by a p]son :o und]took to tea* :at he _h n le>nt40 ,nev]!less ,jones's book1 z ,k5ti% says1 has be5 copi$ by almo/ e book publi%$ s9ce1 j z 8 own matt] 0 l>gely pirat$ f previ\s works4 ,9 fact1 = a c5tury & a half ! plates illu/rat+ pyrote*nic works 7 9 a great degree fac-similes ( "o ano!r4 ,! ca!r9e :eel1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ! p9 :eel1 is a rotat+ firework ( simple1 z di/9ct f comp\nd con/ruction1 & %\ld !re=e be includ$ 9 ?is class4 ,x consi/s ( a long1 ?9 case ( small diamet]1 *>g$ ) a composition ( sulphur1 saltpetre1 & meal$ gunp[d]4 ,?is case is w\nd r\nd a circul> block ( ?9 wood1 ) a hole 9 ! c5tre ?r\gh :i* a p9 or nail is pass$1 =m+ a pivot ^u :i* ! :eel turns4 ,! case ( ! ca!r9e :eel1 unlike any firework we h consid]$ up to ! pres5t1 burns d[n z ! composition is consum$1 & = ?is reason x may be includ$ equally well 9 ano!r small class ( fireworks4 ,?is class includes ! lance1 ! port-fire1 ! />lights1 fea!rs1 & ! col\r cases us$ on :eels & saxons1 etc4 ,! lance is us$ 9 display "w 9 great] numb]s ?an any o!r unit4 ,"s idea ( ! quantity us$ may be ga!r$ f ! fact t on "o ( ! battle set pieces %[n at ! ,cry/al ,palace z _m z ?irty ?\s& lances are consum$ 9 a s+le display4 ,lances consi/ ( ?9 pap] cases ab\t ! diamet] ( a lead p5cil1 fill$ ) col\r composition1 & prim$1 to facilitate ! light+1 ) meal$ p[d] damp$ ) wat]4 ,?is sets & fur!r s]ves to reta9 ! cont5ts ( ! lance1 :i* are n compress$ solid z are f\nta9s1 rockets1 etc4 ,! port-fire is us$ z a means ( light+ ! pieces1 etc41 ( a display1 & 9 ! la/ c5tury = milit>y purposes2 its composition consi/s ( a mixture ( saltpetre1 sulphur1 & meal$ gunp[d]4 ,x 0 =m]ly kn[n z a blue c&le4 ,! />light & fea!rs1 z are ! squib1 gold5 ra91 etc41 are ( ! g>d5 type1 & are n us$ 9 display "w1 z al?\gh burn+ ) pretty effect1 x is n di/+ui%able at any di/ance4 ,! fea!r & />light compositions are simil> to t ( ! fl[] pot1 b ! cases are small]1 t ( ! fea!r be+ ca!r9e :eel pipe1 b naturally n b5t--! ends are clos$ by 8dubb+40 ,?is is a me?od usually adopt$ = clos+ ! ends ( 8small goods40 ,! end ( ! case is introduc$ into an op5+ =m$ by oppos+ ,v-%ap$ not*es 9 an upp] & l[] s]ies ( /eel plates1 ! upp] set be+ !n =c$ d[n4 ,! result is to con/rict ! end ( ! case1 :i* is !n dipp$ 9 a mixture ( seal+-wax & glue4 ,"u ! same head fall ! ,light gr\p1 :i* are wide & comp>atively ?9 cases fill$ ) col\r$ or 8bright0 7z :ite composition is kn[n 9 ! trade7 composition4 ,!y are us$ ei!r = illum9at+ z ,b5gal lights1 or = signall+ purposes2 if = ! latt]1 !y are g5]ally provid$ ) a wood5 h&le & "s means ( self-ignition4 ,! "n ,b5gal light is probably bas$ on ! use ( ,b5gal saltpetre1 & does n indicate _! orig9 9 t prov9ce4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,comp\nd ,,fireworks ,comp\nd fireworks are ^? :i* are compos$ ( a numb] ( simple fireworks or units fix$ to a framework or o!r device s t !y produce a m elaborate effect ?an d s+le fireworks4 ,probably ! e>lie/ =m ( comp\nd firework 0 ! :eel4 ,aft] ! sky rocket _h become an e/abli%$ fact1 x 0 a small /ep to tie rockets r\nd a :eel1 s t :5 fir$ !y caus$ x to revolve4 ,bab+ton gives sev]al devices bas$ on ! idea ( imp>t+ movem5t to a :eel by rockets3 he describes horizontal & v]tical :eels1 :i* appe> to be ! same piece fir$ ei!r horizontally or v]tically4 ,9 nei!r case is !re any fur!r effect ?an ! fire f ! rockets ti$ to ! p]iph]y4 ,8 illu/ration %[s no less ?an sixte5 rockets to fire s+ly 9 succession1 :i* w\ld1 by mod]n /&>ds1 make a r l5g?y & monoton\s piece4 ,he also describes gr\nd :eels1 :i* consi/ ( two :eels fitt$ to an axle ) a small] :eel plac$ c5trally betwe5 !m4 ,! c5tre :eel has rocket cases fitt$ to x1 caus+ ! :ole arrangem5t to revolve & run along ! gr\nd4 ,z an alt]native he sugge/s sub/itut+ cases secur$ to ! axle )\t a c5tral :eel1 s arrang$ t "o be+ burnt out ! second burns 9 ! opposite direction & rev]ses ! direction ( ! :eels4 ,! device is n[ q obsolete4 ,"o int]e/+ po9t is ! me?od ( communicat+ fire f "o case to ! next2 quickmat*1 z us$ to-day1 _h n !n be5 inv5t$4 ,8 me?od 0 to fa/5 ! cases head to tail a %ort di/ance ap>t by wrapp+ & ty+ pap] r\nd 9 ! =m ( a tube1 ! space s =m$ conta9+ "s meal$ p[d]4 ,he also describes :at he calls fix$ :eels1 :i* are 9 effect ! fix$ sun ( to-day2 t is1 a framework ) cases arrang$ radially s t ! fire is ?r[n out f ! c5tre4 ,z v>iations ( ! above1 he sugge/s v>i\s effects su* z 8a fix$ :eel :i* %all give div]s reports10 8:i* %all ca/ =? div]s fisgigs1 & likewise z _m reports or break]s10 8:i* %all ca/ =? _m rockets into ! ayre40 ,! latt] is evid5tly ! prototype ( a piece kn[n lat] z ! rocket :eel1 popul> = "s "t1 b little us$ at ! pres5t1 ! objection to x be+ t !re is no control ov] ! direction 9 :i* ! rockets fly f x4 ,! :eel revolves horizontally1 & projects a s]ies ( rockets into ! air z x revolves4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ c5tury1 z comp\nd fireworks develop$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! ,italian & ,fr5* nom5clature 0 introduc$1 _m ( :i* survive at ! pres5t "t4 ,! pyrote*ni/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury seem to h delight$ 9 inv5t+ new t]ms1 possibly ) ! idea ( impress+ ! layman4 ,frzi]1 writ+ ov] a hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an ,bab+ton1 records v little advance 9 revolv+ fireworks1 except 9 ! matt] ( names4 ,he classifies all revolv+ pieces z gir&oles4 ,?is ^w appe>s 9 pyrote*ny v frequ5tly2 curi\sly en\gh1 ne>ly e writ] has atta*$ a diff]5t mean+ to x4 ,frzi] expla9s t ! ^w is d]iv$ f gir>e--to revolve or gyrate1 f ! ,greek4 ,bate appli$ ?is mean+ to x4 ,he says1 8,h[ to make gironels or fire :eeles40 ,he is1 h[ev]1 ! only ,engli% writ] to d s2 o!rs use x to mean a flight ( rockets1 & occasionally = an elaborate fix$ piece ( ! f\nta9 type4 ,ruggi]i & ,s>ti1 bo? ,italians1 us$ x 9 ! s5se ( a 8flight0 ( rockets 9 ! programme ( _! ,gre5 ,p>k display 9 #agdi4 ,ruggi]i ! y\ng]1 h[ev]1 applies x to a specific k9d ( revolv+ firework 9 8 book1 & introduces a new ^w--gir&e--to :i* he applies ! same mean+ z ! "o g5]ally accept$ 9 ?is c\ntry = gir&ole4 ,! confusion ( ^! two words1 :i* h ! same d]ivation1 may be ! explanation ( ! duplication ( mean+1 or x may lie 9 ! fact t ! "n 0 also appli$ to ! rocket :eel previ\sly m5tion$1 :i* bo? revolves & ?r[s up rockets4 ,frzi] %[s a :eel simil> to t giv5 by ,bab+ton1 & v>iations on ! d\ble saxon1 a fix$ sun also1 z d mo/ e>ly writ]s1 d\ble l9e rockets to run backw>ds & =w>ds & v>iations4 ,^! latt]1 :i* appe> to h be5 v popul> at ?is p]iod1 7 kn[n 9 ,france z 8c\rant9s40 ,bate calls !m 8swevels10 o!r e>ly writ]s 8runn]s on ! l9e40 ,! above-m5tion$1 toge!r ) "s r intricate b impracticable appe>+ wat] devices1 make up ! comp\nd fireworks 9 ,frzi]'s book4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t he mu/ h be5 beh9d 8 day 9 ?is bran* ( ! art1 z ! ,aix-la-,*apelle peace display appe>s to h includ$ sev]al elaborate pieces :i*1 ev5 all[+ = ! usual exagg]ation ( ! programme1 mu/ h requir$ consid]able skill & k 9 con/ruction4 ,^! 7 mo/ly :at 7 call$ regulat$ or regulat+ pieces1 g5]ally describ$ z ( a c]ta9 numb] ( mutations4 ,! pieces 71 & are1 al?\gh ! old descriptions are n[ disp5s$ )1 s con/ruct$ t aft] be+ lit !y g ?r\gh a s]ies ( alt]ations 9 =m & movem5t )\t fur!r att5tion4 ,"s ( ^? describ$ 9 old works w\ld seem to h requir$ m ?an a slight elem5t ( luck = _! successful p]=mance4 ,to-day x is (t5 f\nd m advantage\s to make a second light+ 9 cases :]e !re is a dang] ( premature ignition1 ! effect to ! spectators be+ id5tical1 & ! successful function+ ( ! piece secur$4 ,?is does n apply to all pieces ( ?is nature1 z ) mod]n safety fuse ! pyrote*ni/ has consid]able advantage ov] ! e>li] practition]s4 ,! mod]n spectator is only conc]n$ ) ! effect produc$1 n by ! means adopt$ to produce x4 ,x is difficult to-day to realise ! position occupi$ by ! pyrote*ni/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he c>ri$ out 8 "w p]sonally1 ) ( c\rse tra9$ assi/ants1 & occupi$ a position simil> to ! arti/ or sculptor4 ,ea* piece 0 look$ ^u z a "w ( art1 ! p]sonal ef=t ( ! pyrote*nic arti/4 ,ruggi]i gives "s idea ( ?is 9 ! foll[+ passage f 8 book3 8,x 0 9 ! mon? ( ,july1 #agdc1 t my fa!r & my uncles ,ruggi]i exhibit$ = ! fir/ "t at ! ,!atre de la ,comdie ,itali5ne & be=e ! ,k+1 ! passage ( fire f a mov+ to a fix$ piece4 8,?is +5i\s contrivance at fir/ a/oni%$ ! sci5ti/s ( ! day1 :o said :5 x 0 expla9$ to !m t no?+ c\ld be m simple & t any "o c\ld h done x at once40 ,he !n expla9s ! me?od ( con/ruction1 :i* is to lead f ! back end ( "o ( ! turn+ cases ?r\gh ! holl[ c5tre ( ! axle to ! light] ( ! fix$ piece situat$ beh9d x4 ,! developm5t ( fix$ & me*anical pieces 0 made possible by ! introduction ( quickmat*4 ,:5 ?is actually took place is unc]ta94 ,frzi] describes its mak+ simil>ly to t 9 use to-day1 "u ! "n ( 8t\pilles40 ,bate uses ! ^w 8/\ple10 evid5tly a corruption ( ! ,fr5*4 ,he gives no actual description ( ! mak+ ( ?is1 b x appe>s to be ( 8cotton weeke0 dipp$ 9 8aqua vit :]e9 camphire ha? be5 dissolv$40 ,?is w\ld produce only a sl[-burn+ mat* unless x 0 8 int5tion to use x wet1 9 :i* case ! burn+ ( ! spirits ( w9e might quick5 ! effect4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be q out ( ! "q to con/ruct a piece ( any elaboration ) su* mat]ials4 ,quickmat* is manufactur$ to-day 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,cotton wick is run ?r\gh a pan conta9+ a pa/e compos$ ( gunp[d] & />*4 ,x is w\nd on a frame six feet 9 l5g?1 du/$ ) meal$ p[d] & dri$4 ,:5 dry x is cut (f ! frame & ?read$ into pap] tubes or 8pipes0 ( l>g] diamet]1 leav+ an air space r\nd ! mat*4 ,be=e ?read+ 9 ! tubes x is kn[n 9 ! trade z 8raw mat*10 & is us$ = prim+ & simil> uses1 & 9 ?is /ate w only burn q sl[ly4 ,quickmat* is us$ to connect ! units ( all pieces4 ,display cases h a 8cap0 =m$ ( a few turns ( pap] pa/$ on ! case at ! light+ end4 ,:5 a piece is fitt$ up ! cases are ti$ to ! cleats provid$ to receive !m on ! framework2 !y are !n 8lead up40 ,a l5g? ( quickmat* has a small piece cut out ( ! pipe to all[ ! fire to fla% ?r\gh1 x is !n d\bl$ at t po9t & ins]t$ 9 ! cap1 :i* is ga!r$ 9 & ti$ r\nd securely4 ,?is is cont9u$ r\nd ! piece1 ea* case hav+ mat* ent]+ & leav+ ! cap1 & 9 "s cases a fur!r l5g? connect+ "o s]ies ) ano!r4 ,?is lead+ up ( set pieces is "w requir+ skill & k :i* is only ga9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,an amateur at a fir/ attempt might possibly be successful 9 light+ all ! cases on a piece1 b he w\ld be v unlikely to produce t in/ant & symmetrical ignition :i* d5otes ! skill$ pyrote*ni/4 ,! small] :eels h turn+ cases1 t is1 small rockets to give !m motion2 ^! burn ?r\gh v rapidly1 & ! cont9uation ( movem5t is provid$ = by capp+ ! turn+ cases at ei!r end & lead+ !m up v5t to head 9 s]ies2 ! motive p[] = ! l>g] display pieces is provid$ by g]bs1 :i*1 f ! nature ( _! fire1 give m effect ?an w\ld rocket cases1 & h ! fur!r advantage ( burn+ long]4 ,x w\ld n be possible 9 ! pres5t "w to give a complete catalogue ( ! v>ieties ( pieces :i* h be5 produc$1 b ! li/ giv5 by ,ruggi]i is typical ( ! :ole1 & includes _m ( ! small] comp\nd pieces 9 use to-day = %op & small display "w4 ,! l>g] display pieces are g5]ally design$ & r$esign$ season by season by pyrote*ni/s1 & are c]ta9ly be+ elaborat$ & improv$4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 fall g5]ally into c]ta9 classes 9 ! same way z d ^? giv5 by ,ruggi]i4 ,8 classification is z foll[s3 #a4 ,/ation>y fireworks4 #b4 ,fireworks turn+ v]tically4 #c4 ,mix$ fireworks or fix$ & turn+4 #d4 ,fireworks turn+ horizontally or on a pivot4 #e4 ,built-up pieces turn+ on a pivot4 #f4 ,cut-out pieces & transp>5cies4 ,( ^!1 ! la/ m5tion$ class are n[ obsolete3 !y consi/$ ( transp>5t & silh\ette pictures or designs illum9at$ f beh9d4 ,he also includes bo? simple & comp\nd fireworks 9 ea* class1 b z ! =m] h already be5 dealt ) !y w be ignor$ "h4 ,class #a4 7#a7 ,glorys1 fans & 8pates d'oie0 or goose foot1 synonym\s ) our expression cr['s foot4 ,glory 0 a t]m us$ also 9 ?is c\ntry to signify fix$ suns1 z m5tion$ above4 ,fans 7 cases five or m 9 numb]1 arrang$ z ! "n indicat$1 & pates d'oie1 ?ree simil>ly arrang$4 7#b7 ,mosaiques4 ,^! are geometrical designs =m$ by arrang+ g]bs or fixt on framework1 s t _! fire =ms a symmetrical patt]n4 ,! effect is height5$ by saxons 9 suitable positions1 & 9 l>ge devices ( ?is nature1 small :eels1 also =m]ly1 ! n[ obsolete fix$ or five-po9t$ />4 ,?is type includes :at are n[ call$ 8lattice poles10 a s]ies ( poles provid$ ) cleats s t ! fire ( ! cases crosses1 =m+ a lattice ( sp>ks2 also ! m elaborate 8c>pet piece40 7#c7 ,feux croiss4 ,^! 7 simil> 9 conception to ! above1 except t ! design is circul> or bas$ on ! circle or :eel =m2 ?is type is repres5t$ by ! 8fixt piece0 ( to-day1 :i* is con/ruct$ up to consid]able dim5sions1 ! l>ge fixt piece at ! ,cry/al ,palace (t5 measur+ sixty feet across ! fire4 7#d7 ,palm ,trees4 ,^! consi/ ( a framework int5d$ to sugge/ ! =m ( a palm1 provid$ ) cleats to take ! cases4 7#e7 ,b\quets4 ,^! he describes also z a k9d ( tree diff]5t f palm trees2 8 illu/ration %[s t !y 7 simil> to ! mod]n lattice-pole ) ! diff]5ce t ! cleats 7 n symmetrically arrang$4 ,to-day ! ^w b\quet is appli$ to ,roman c&les arrang$ 9 :at he call$ 8pates d'oie40 7#f7 ,cascade4 ,?is device ne$s no explanation4 ,he says t ,*9ese fire is ! be/ composition = su* a piece2 ?is rema9$ true up to ! introduction ( ! alum9ium into pyrote*ny1 :5 ! 8weird :ite wat]fall0 became a feature ( ! ,cry/al ,palace displays1 be+ #bjj feet long & #ij feet high4 7#g7 ,decorations 9 col\r$ fire4 ,?is head+ introduces ! lancework set piece ( to-day4 ,! developm5t ( ?is bran* s9ce #ahfe has be5 v m>k$4 ,z w be se5 f ! description ( ! lancework pieces c>ri$ out at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ! subjects dealt ) h be5 ( extraord9>y v>iety4 ,up to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury pyrote*ni/s _h fail$ to realise ! possibilities ( lancework4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly due 9 a great measure to ! fewness ( col\rs available4 ,ruggi]i appe>s to h us$ lancework to outl9e ar*itectural designs1 evid5tly a survival ( ! temples or !atres ( e>li] ye>s4 ,9 8 "t1 & ev5 z late z ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 any subject ( a pictorial nature 0 depict$ by ! use ( sc5]y or transp>5cies4 ,lancework 01 z ,ruggi]i describes x1 m]ely 8decorations 9 col\r$ fire40 ,! lances ( 8 day 7 consid]ably ?ick] ?an ^? at pres5t 9 use1 :i* are ab\t ! diamet] ( a lead p5cil4 ,!y 7 also spac$ fur!r ap>t & 7 9 "s cases 8b\nc$10 z are fix$ cases ( ! pres5t day4 ,! mod]n me?od ( con/ruct+ a lancework set piece is z foll[s3 ,an outl9e draw+ ( ! subject is made 9 :i* all unnecess>y l9es are elim9at$4 ,?is is rul$ 9 squ>e ( su* size t 9 ! proportion "o squ>e to a foot ! complet$ piece w be ( ! size requir$4 ,frames are !n laid out on ! draw+-floor3 ^! are ( light batt5s =m+ foot squ>es1 & ( a conv5i5t size = h&l+1 g5]ally t5 feet by five feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,lattice ,poles4 ,illu/ration3 ,*romatrope 7,! out] fire =ms ! ,guillo* ( ,ruggi]i47 ,illu/ration3 ,lattice ,diamond 7,! ,feux ,croiss ( ,ruggi]i47 ,! draw+ is !n transf]r$ to ! floor ) ! assi/ance ( ! squ>$ l9es1 & ! design foll[$ by nail+ on light wood /rips or ?9 rattan cane4 ,! l9es ?us indicat$ are !n 8pegg$10 t is1 pegs or small wire nails po9t$ at ei!r end1 are driv5 9 at int]vals ( ab\t f\r in*es4 ,! lances1 ^: con/ruction has already be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 h _! ends glu$ & are pu%$ on to ! pegs s t !y /& v]tically f ! framework4 ,! frames are !n l$ up ) quickmat*1 secur$ by p9s driv5 into ! prim+4 ,! mat* is !n pi]c$ ) a small awl above ! prim+1 & secur$ & protect$ by a /rip ( pap] pa/$ ov] x & r\nd ! case ( ! lance4 ,! piece is !n ready = hoi/+ into position & fir+4 ,=m]ly1 & sometimes n[ on ! ,cont95t1 ! mat* 0 secur$ by a wire pass+ ?r\gh ! case ne> ! top1 :i* 0 twi/$ ov] ! mat*4 ,ruggi]i1 "u ?is head1 describes a me?od ( illum9at+ by impregnat+ wick simil> to t us$ = mat*mak+1 ) a mixture ( sulphur1 antimony1 & saltpetre4 ,?is 0 wir$ on to a metal framework4 ,he says x is bett] ?an lancework = outl9+ curves1 volutes1 etc41 z ! l9e is cont9u\s4 ,?is difficulty is dispos$ ( 9 mod]n ,engli% lancework by ! clos] spac+ ( lances on curves r5d]$ possible by ! small] lances n[ us$4 ,he also rem>ks t ?is me?od 0 r>ely us$ 9 8 "t & x is n[ q discont9u$4 ,ano!r device ( :i* he seems pr\d 0 a palm tree1 ! leaves ( :i* 7 ( ?9 metal f :i* project spikes ^u :i* 0 hung cotton impregnat$ ) a composition compos$ ( 8v]t-de-gris1 vitriol blue & sel ammoniac0 7copp] acetate1 copp] sulphate & ammonium *loride74 ,imm$iately be=e fir+ ! cotton 0 soak$ ) alcohol4 ,actually ?is composition c h>dly be consid]$ pyrote*nic2 :at takes place is t ! alcohol burns1 & ! flame ?us creat$ is col\r$ ) ! copp] pres5t 9 ! salts4 ,! :ole arrangem5t is too cumb]some & involv$ = mod]n use1 b at ! "t ( its inception1 :5 col\r 0 practically unkn[n1 no d\bt x attract$ great admiration4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,comp\nd ,,fireworks 7cont9u$7 ,ruggi]i's next class 7fireworks turn+ v]tically7 includes ! foll[+3 #a4 ,revolv+ ,suns4 ,^! are m]ely v]tical :eels2 he appe>s to use ?is t]m = ! m ambiti\s pieces ( ?is k9d4 #b4 ,v]tical ,:eels4 ,he illu/rates a v]tical :eel exactly z made to-day "u t "n4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 elaborat$ by ! addition ( col\r cases on ! spokes & c5tre1 z rosette & ra9b[ :eels2 also by ! application ( saxons to ! spokes1 z saxon :eels4 ,he also %[s ! triangle :eel1 consi/+ ( ?ree spokes ) groov$ ends to receive ! cases ^: sides =m ! sides ( an equilat]al triangle4 ,?is has be5 fur!r develop$ into ! d\ble triangle :eel1 ) two sets ( spokes plac$ "o set beh9d ! o!r4 ,9 all ! :eels 9 ?is class ! cases fire 9 succession1 n z 9 ! case ( ! sun--simultane\sly4 ,w9dmills he illu/rates z flat b>s pivot$ 9 ! c5tre ) ?ree cases at ei!r end fir$ 9 succession4 ,!re also 7 ?ree1 f\r1 & up to eight-arm$ w9dmills ( ! same k9d4 ,! ne>e/ device to ^! ( mod]n times is ! *romatrope1 ! simple/ =m ( :i* has two b>s ) a g]b at ei!r end s set z to revolve !m 9 opposite directions1 ! front "o c>ry+ two saxons4 ,?is piece1 :i* is ( comp>atively simple design1 gives an extraord9>ily f9e effect by ! int]sections ( ! v>i\s /reams ( fire4 ,! *romatrope has be5 develop$ & enl>g$ until = important display "w q elaborate pieces are fir$ "u ?is "n4 ,lancework ( geometric =m is us$ on ! b>s or spokes1 & ! int]section ( ^!1 =m+ ev]-*ang+ geometrical designs1 adds greatly to ! effect ( ! int]section ( ! fire4 ,?is effect is ! basis ( ! ,guillo*1 a some:at elaborate piece :i* falls 9 ,ruggi]i's ?ird class4 ,x consi/$ ( six :eels plac$ "o beh9d ! o!r 9 pairs ( graduat$ size2 ! two smalle/--:i* fir$ fir/--_h six cases1 ! next eight1 & ! l>ge/ =ty-eight1 & 0 tw5ty feet 9 diamet]4 ,! next describ$ is ! ,salam&re1 a piece :i*1 on a l>ge scale1 is /ill occasionally fir$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,x %[s a snake 9 pursuit ( a butt]fly :i* x seems to ov]take b nev] q cat*es4 ,! me*anism is an endless *a9 ( wood5 l9ks runn+ 9 & out betwe5 eight sprocket :eels1 arrang$ 9 octagon =mation4 ,ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! *a9 is made out & lanc$ to repres5t ! snake1 & a lancework butt]fly is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! o!r half4 ,ruggi]i claims t 8 fa!r fir$ ?is piece & ! guillo* 9 #agci at ,v]sailles4 ,! o!r pieces m5tion$ 9 ?is section are too elaborate = description 9 ! space available1 b are int]e/+ z %[+ ! use ( ! helix & spiral z appli$ to :eels & cones1 z second>y elem5ts ( l>g] pieces4 ,! mod]n design] ( pyrote*nic pieces has great advantage ov] ! e>li] practition]s 9 t he has available an inf9itely l>g] range ( col\r & o!r composition4 ,x is (t5 possible to get a mu*-enhanc$ result ) less cases giv+ m or v>i$ effects z oppos$ to a l>g] numb] ( cases ( simil> effects1 :i*1 9 an attempt to produce a lavi% %[ ( fire1 end 9 confusion4 ,8 f\r? division beg9s ) ! 8,caprice simple02 ?is is ! mod]n horizontal :eel4 ,?is :eel is simil> 9 arrangem5t to ! v]tical above-m5tion$1 except t its cases are arrang$ s t ! fir/ plays horizontally 9 ! plane ( ! :eel1 ! next at an angle d[nw>ds1 & ! ?ird upw>ds4 ,?is succession is repeat$ ) ! rema9+ ?ree cases4 ,9 addition1 ! horizontal :eel has ei!r a m9e :i* is lit f ! la/ case1 or ,roman c&les & m9e1 at ! c5tre play+ upw>ds4 ,! second =m is arrang$ s t ! ,romans are fir$ simultane\sly ) ! f\r? case & ! m9e f ! la/4 ,! :eel giv5 by ,ruggi]i has a g]b 9 ! c5tre4 ,he expla9s t ,caprice is a g5]ic "n appli$ to all horizontal :eels :i* v>y ! direction ( ! fire :5 revolv+4 ,h[ev]1 at ! pres5t "t ! "n ,caprice is only appli$ to a :eel ) ?ree ti]s ( ?ree cases1 ea* simil> 9 appe>ance to ?ree s+le triangle :eels sup]impos$ at di/ances ab\t equal to _! diamet]1 ! grooves 9 ! end ( ! spokes be+ s arrang$ z to v>y ! direction ( ! fire4 ,! cases are l$ up 9 ! foll[+ ord]--"o case horizontal1 "o up1 "o d[n1 "o horizontal1 two cases "o up & "o d[n1 f\r cases 9 ea* direction & "o v]tical4 ,= a compact piece ?is is "o ( ! mo/ effective made4 ,a simil> piece is ! ,furiloni ,:eel1 :i* has1 h[ev]1 two ti]s ( ?ree cases ea*4 ,jones describes a furiloni :eel :i* is m elaborate1 hav+ tw5ty-five cases4 ,8 me?od ( lead+ w\ld1 h[ev]1 n be s effective z ! mod]n :eels ( ?is type4 ,! cases us$ = ^! :eels are *>g$ ) a /eel mix+ =m]ly kn[n z brilliant fire4 ,he m5tions two o!r devices--,caprices petans & ,caprices des pts4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 a modification ( ! piece =m]ly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry z ! balloon :eel4 ,x consi/$ ( a solid :eel r\nd :i* are a s]ies ( m9es :i* dis*>g$ 9 succession z ea* turn+ case lit4 ,! second 0 simil> b m elaborate1 hav+ rockets z well z m9es1 & 0 a v>iation ( ! rocket :eel4 ,9 8 description ( ! ,gir&ole1 he expla9s t x is compos$ ( two horizontal :eels "o above ! o!r4 ,?is is ! =m tak5 by ! rocket :eel z fir$ 9 ?is c\ntry :i*1 z we h se51 0 kn[n z ! gir&ole :eel4 ,ruggi]i1 h[ev]1 appe>s n to h us$ rockets on 8 gir&ole4 ,! la/ device he m5tions 9 ?is class is ! ,spirali1 :i* consi/$ ( a framework 9 ! =m ( a cone1 r\nd :i* 0 w\nd a spiral ( cane fitt$ ) lances4 ,a v effective piece1 n m5tion$ by ,ruggi]i1 is ! revolv+ f\nta92 x consi/s ( a wood c5tre bor$ to turn on a v]tical sp9dle4 ,! c5tre has two spokes fitt$ ) g]bs = turn+1 & has play+ v]tically a l>ge g]b & ,roman c&les4 ,! turn+ g]bs play tang5tially & slightly upw>ds4 ,jones describes a simil> device "u ! "n ( 8illum9at$ spiral :eel02 also two o!r horizontal pieces--! spirali & ! plural :eels1 :i* approximate to ! furiloni & caprice :eels ( ! pres5t day4 ,! spiral & helix are mu* us$ 9 l>g] devices1 & ! use ( mod]n lancework & col\r has greatly add$ to _! effect4 ,ruggi]i's next division deals ) built-up lancework pieces su* z ! globe1 :i* x 0 ?\ght wor?y ( sep>ate m5tion 9 8 "t1 b to-day is includ$ ) _m devices ( ?is nature too num]\s to m5tion1 =m+1 z !y d1 a l>ge proportion ( ! me*anical & o!r pieces us$ 9 display "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,display ready = ,fir+1 ,dresd51 ,septemb] #a/1 #ahii4 ,firework ,portraits ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,saxony on ! "r1 ,bism>ck second f ! left4 ,he !n deals ) t\rbillions & table :eels4 ,! latt] consi/$ ( a circul> table ) a c5tral pivot1 r\nd :i* is free to revolve a b> :i* =ms ! axle ( a :eel1 ! hub ( :i* runs on ! edge ( ! table4 ,:5 ! :eel is turn$1 ! hub runn+ on ! edge ( ! table moves x =w>d 9 a circul> pa? r\nd ! pivot4 ,?is pr9ciple is appli$ to simil> & m elaborate devices4 ,! "n t\rbillions1 z be=e m5tion$1 is by o!r writ]s diff]5tly appli$4 ,! section deal+ ) cut-out & transp>5t devices is ( little int]e/4 ,^! devices 7 an attempt to give v>iety f ! monoton\s repetition ( turn+ cases & g]bs4 ,to-day ! use ( col\r cases1 lances1 a mu*-enl>g$ range ( f\nta9 & simil> compositions1 includ+ alum9ium & o!r brilliant fires1 has obviat$ ! employm5t ( effects :i* _c be rightly consid]$ z pyrote*nic4 ,! mov+ & /ation>y pieces consid]$ 9 ?is & prec$+ *apt]s give a good g5]al idea ( ! fir+ me?ods 9 comp\nd fireworks4 ,z we h already not$1 ! diff]5ce ( designs & effects at ! pres5t "t is inf9ite1 s t x w\ld be impossible 9 a "w ( ! pres5t size to give any?+ approa*+ a complete survey ( :at has be5 accompli%$4 ,b x is hop$ t en\gh has be5 said to give ! read] "s idea ( ! me?ods adopt$ & ! l9es ^u :i* ! mod]n pyrote*ni/ works4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,firework ,,compositions ,x may h be5 rem>k$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s t1 al?\gh ! +r$i5ts compos+ ! firework mixtures are giv51 g5]ally ! proportions are n4 ,! reason = ?is is two-fold3 prim>ily1 z we h se5 9 ! *apt] on rockets1 ! proportion ( ! +r$i5ts ( a firework v>ies 9 accordance ) its size4 ,s t to give ! proportions ( ! compositions ( any "o type ( firework w\ld (t5 require z _m =mul z !re are sizes4 ,secondly1 & p]haps m importantly1 ! quality & purity ( *emicals z suppli$ 9 bulk v>y s enorm\sly t a con/ant s]ies ( exp]im5ts has to be conduct$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at modifications & adju/m5ts are necess>y 9 ! =mul to give ! requir$ /&>d ( p]=mance4 ,x is n meant to sugge/ t ! impurities g5]ally to be f\nd 9 bulk supplies are necess>ily h>mful to pyrote*nic results4 ,?is is n s2 salts give f> bett] results 9 _! natural or m9]al =m ?an d ^? prep>$ syn!tically4 ,z an example ( ?is saltpetre may be cit$4 ,= pyrote*nic purposes ! be/ obta9able is t f ,b5gal1 yet an analysis ( ?is w\ld probably be f\nd to be less pure ?an t syn!tically prep>$ 9 ,g]many4 ,b exp]im5ts h %[n t samples ( ! latt]1 tak5 f ! same cask1 b 9 diff]5t p>ts1 produce v di/9ctly v>y+ results pyrote*nically4 ,pyrote*ny is an art1 *emi/ry is a sci5ce1 & al?\gh x is impossible to d5y t ! =m] is greatly indebt$ to ! latt] = ! supply & production on a comm]cial scale ( *emical +r$i5ts1 yet x is possible to ov]e/imate ! position ( *emi/ry 9 ! art1 or possibly x might be m correct to say t pyrote*ny has its own *emi/ry4 ,*emi/ry )\t pyrote*nic exp]i5ce is apt to lead to errone\s conclusions4 ,to take a concrete in/ance3 9 an article 9 a fam\s encyclopdia1 obvi\sly writt5 by a *emi/ ( /&+1 a portion deals ) ! use ( metal salts 9 ! production ( col\r2 ! writ] gives copp] z produc+ gre51 :i* no d\bt x does 9 ! laboratory2 9 practice1 h[ev]1 copp] is us$ solely = ! production ( blue4 ,! "q ( purity 9 *emicals us$ 9 pyrote*ny is a second>y consid]ation1 t is1 ( c\rse1 z long z ! adult]ants h no adv]se effect ei!r z reg>ds ! pyrote*nic result or ! safety ( ! work] 9 manipulation4 ,:at is ( fir/ importance is its pyrote*nic suitability1 t is1 x mu/ produce ! requir$ result & mu/ be consi/5t4 ,unequal results are ! bugbe> ( ! firework mak]s4 ,z we h se51 con/ant exp]im5ts are necess>y to keep an ev5 /&>d1 b ) irregul>ly function+ *emicals ^! w\ld be multipli$ to an impossible degree4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( compositions = consid]ation is t ne>e/ relat$ to gunp[d]1 9 fact1 = ! purposes ( a "w on pyrote*ny1 gunp[d] may be consid]$ a p>ticul> case ( ?is class4 ,! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( ?is gr\p1 & "o may say ( all firework compositions1 is ! same4 ,= combu/ion to take place oxyg5 mu/ be pres5t4 ,:5 an inflammable article su* z a piece ( pap] is set on fire x takes up oxyg5 f ! air4 ,a pyrote*nic composition1 h[ev]1 is s arrang$ t "o ( ! +r$i5ts has a supply ( oxyg5 :i* x is ready to give up2 ano!r1 or o!rs1 are ( a k9d ready to receive & comb9e ) ?is oxyg54 ,! oxyg5-supply+ +r$i5t :i* is by f> ! mo/ frequ5tly us$ is saltpetre1 or1 z x 0 =m]ly call$1 nitre1 kn[n *emically z nitrate ( pota%4 ,saltpetre may be said to be ! basis ( pyrote*ny4 ,!re is h>dly a =mula by any ( ! writ]s on pyrote*ny up to at lea/ ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury :i* does n conta9 x4 ,gunp[d] is compos$ ( saltpetre1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 ?ree *emicals :i* x w h be5 ga!r$ f ! previ\s pages play a prom95t "p 9 v _m ( ! pyrote*nic compositions4 ,9 "s compositions _! proportion is app>5tly id5tical ) t ( gunp[d]1 yet !y d n =m gunp[d] z !y are n mill$1 & are consequ5tly n s intimately mix$4 ,compositions conta9+ ^! +r$i5ts h frequ5tly an admixture ( meal$ gunp[d]1 ! function ( :i* is to give additional fi]c5ess :5 requir$1 z is ! case 9 "s rocket mix+s4 ,^! *emicals1 z we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 are ! compon5ts ( rockets1 turn+ cases1 t\rbillions1 saxons1 ,roman c&le fuse1 & _m o!rs4 ,:5 v>iation 0 requir$ 9 fireworks us$ to give a simple f\nta9 effect ! e>lie/ addition 0 ( metal 9 f9ely divid$ p>ticles1 z fil+s1 bor+s1 or ! n[ almo/ obsolete iron s&4 ,/eel fil+s 7 us$ 9 :at 0 kn[n z 8brilliant fire10 a t]m :i* has fall5 into disuse s9ce ! introduction ( o!r metals ^: effects eclips$ t ( /eel4 ,x has also be5 us$ :]e extra effect is want$1 t is1 m tail 9 rockets & t\rbillions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n mu* us$ 9 ! =m] case to-day1 z ! pres5ce ( /eel 9 a composition :i* is to be *>g$ on a /eel sp9dle introduces a decid$ elem5t ( risk into ! op]ation4 ,! introduction ( /eel & iron 0 ! fir/ use ( metals 9 firework mak+1 probably ! next metal to be introduc$ 0 antimony1 ei!r black 7sulphide7 or regulus4 ,jones 7#agfe7 0 already us+ :at he calls crude antimony2 ?is 0 probably ! black sulphide4 ,be=e ! introduction ( g5u9e col\r1 & :ile ! *emicals :i* _h be5 adopt$ = pyrote*ny 7 /ill v limit$ 9 numb]1 attempts 7 made to obta9 ei!r a semblance ( col\r or "s v>iety 9 />s & g>nitures by ! addition ( su* sub/ances z p[d]$ glass1 brass1 sawdu/1 bee* rasp+s1 :i* appe> to h function$ z d ! iron or /eel 9 ! compositions already discuss$1 except t !re w\ld be no coruscation ev5 ) ! brass4 ,^! additions w\ld m]ely %[ z r$-hot p>ticles 9 ! jet ( fire4 ,k5ti% gives two g]b compositions1 "o ( :i* conta9s coke gra9s1 & ! o!r porcela9 gra9s1 :i* w\ld app>5tly produce cognate results2 ! use1 h[ev]1 ( bo? ^! +r$i5ts is n[ almo/ if n q obsolete4 ,antimony1 on acc\nt ( its ready combu/ion1 is m completely consum$ be=e leav+ ! case4 ,9 ?is connection x may be m5tion$ t c>e is necess>y 9 a mixture conta9+ /eel or iron to avoid too l>ge a proportion ( ! oxyg5-be>+ +r$i5t1 = fe> ( consum+ x inside ! case4 ,ano!r composition produc+ rem>kable coruscations is ! old-fa%ion$ 8spur fire10 :i* consi/s ( saltpetre1 sulphur1 & lampblack4 ,?is composition requires v c>eful & exp]i5c$ mix+1 or no effect w be produc$1 r5d]+ its prep>ation a v l5g?y process4 ,?is difficulty 0 some:at ov]come dur+ ! la/ c5tury by ! addition ( orpim5t or sulphide ( ars5ic4 ,ev5 ) ?is addition1 h[ev]1 its manufacture requires c>e & pati5ce4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ?is composition1 unlike mo/ o!rs1 has ! quality ( m>k$ly improv+ by keep+4 ,h[ ! lampblack produces ?is unique effect1 or :y its effect %\ld be s diff]5t f t produc$ by any o!r =m ( c>bon1 has n be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,! compositions we h be5 consid]+ fall into "o ( two classes1 namely1 ^? to produce =ce & ^? to produce sp>ks4 ,^! two classes1 ) "o o!r1 namely t ( col\r1 may be said to include all ! mod]n recreative firework compositions4 ,up to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! +r$i5ts us$ 9 ! production ( ! compositions ( ^! ?ree classes 7 v few 9 numb]4 ,a consid]ably l>g] numb] w5t to supply ! +r$i5ts = a f\r? class n[ almo/ ext9ct1 ^! might be call$ ! flame-produc+ class4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ^! compositions 7 design$ 01 z x 71 to ov]load a mixture ( saltpetre & sulphur ) combu/ible mat]ial2 ?is latt] took ! =m ( gums1 res9s1 or fats1 ! object be+ to produce a r$di% or gold5 col\r$ flame4 ,! e>ly writ]s give =mul = v>i\sly col\r$ />s & fires1 :i* mu/ h requir$ consid]able ef=t on ! "p ( ! obs]v] = id5tification4 ,^! belong$ to ! flame class4 ,frzi]1 ) m p]ception ?an mo/ ( ! o!rs1 realis$ ! %ortcom+s ( su* compositions1 m]ely designat+ !m gre5i% 7v]dtre71 yell[i%1 r$di%1 & russet4 ,! only col\r :i* he pr(esses to produce di/9ct is blue1 :i* he obta9$ ) pure sulphur4 ,progress f ! e>lie/ times ( pyrote*ny up to ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 v gradual & v slight4 ,! *emicals us$ by ,bate & ,bab+ton 9 _! actual pyrote*nic compositions 7 z foll[s3--,gunp[d] & its con/itu5ts1 camphor1 pit*1 res91 orpim5t1 l9se$ oil1 bo? pure & boil$1 oil ( spike 7spica lav&ula71 oil ( petre 7rock oil71 an oil kn[n ei!r z b5$ict or tile1 v>ni% 7probably amb]71 iron scales1 & aqua vit 7spirits ( w9e74 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,illu/rat+ ! evolution ( ,pyrote*nic ,composition4 ,bate ext5ds ?is li/ consid]ably by ! +r$i5ts ( a s]ies ( compositions :i* he has evid5tly tak5 f "s al*emi/ic "w4 ,^! compositions are all ei!r design$ to burn "u wat] or to ignite spontane\sly 9 wat]1 & fall some:at outside ! b\nds ( our subject4 ,frzi] also includes ^!1 evid5tly f ! same s\rce4 ,bate also ref]s to a liquid1 ! recipe = :i* 0 probably tak5 f ! same "w4 8,aqua ard5s40 ,! foll[+ are 8 directions = prep>+ x3 8,take old r$ w9e1 put x into a glass$ vessell1 & put into x ( orpim5t "o p\nd1 quicke sulphur halfe a p\nd1 quicke lime a qu>t] ( a p\nd2 m+le !m v well1 & aft]w>ds di/ill !m 9 a rosewat] /ill2 a clo? be+ wet 9 ?is wat] w burne l a c&le & w n be qu5*$ ) wat]40 ,x is difficult to see :at he obta9$ by ?is process diff]+ f spirits ( w9e4 ,! quicklime w\ld s]ve to dehydrate ! w9e1 & probably no "p ( ! orpim5t or sulphur w\ld be tak5 ov] 9 ! di/illation4 ,r ov] a c5tury lat] we f9d ,frzi] & ,jones h made "s additions to ! +r$i5ts ( pyrote*ny1 ! mo/ notable innovations be+ ! use ( iron fil+s 7n to be confus$ ) ! iron scales ( ,bate1 :i* 7 probably hamm]slag1 ! magnetic oxide ( iron71 /eel fil+s & pulv]is$ ca/-iron4 ,beyond ^!1 & ! sp>k-produc+ ag5t already m5tion$1 ! o!r additions are ( small importance1 ! mo/ notable be+ lapis calim9>is1 or ! m9]al c>bonate ( z9c1 :i* h[ev] 0 n us$ z are metal salts to-day1 t is1 = ! production ( col\r4 ,jones's book1 writt5 "s ye>s aft] t ( ,frzi]1 %[s little advance f ! latt] z f> z pyrote*nic results are conc]n$4 ,:at he has done1 h[ev]1 is to elim9ate :at might be call$ ! al*emi/ic1 or "o might almo/ say magic elem5t ) :i* x is p]vad$4 ,9 attempt+ to classify ! compositions 9 ,frzi]'s book "o is /agg]$ by ! grotesque "* ( _m ( !m & by ! extraord9>y v>iations 9 ! proportion ( _! +r$i5ts1 ev5 among/ compositions design$ = a simil> effect4 ,presumably ) ! int5tion ( impress+ 8 read]s ) ! wond]s ( ! sci5ce1 he add$ +r$i5t aft] +r$i5t1 :i*1 if !y did actually no h>m to ! composition1 c]ta9ly 9 no degree assi/$ its function+4 ,9 :at he calls a simple /> !re are elev5 +r$i5ts1 ( :i*1 9 fact1 f\r only are ess5tial4 ,fur!r1 beyond ! multiplication ( unnecess>y +r$i5ts 9 individual compositions1 !re is (t5 _! incompatibility & innate unsuitability = ! purpose4 ,su* compon5ts z ink1 onion juice1 & ! dra9+s ( a dung-heap sugge/ s /rangely ! =mul ( ! al*emi/s t "o almo/ expects to come across 8! hair ( a ,b>b>y ape10 or simil> absurdity4 ,ruggi]i1 :o may be consid]$ z ! la/ ( ! old s*ool1 is ! fir/ au?or to deal ) ! subject 9 su* a way z to conv9ce ! pr(essional read] ( ! practical k ( ! subject4 ,8 additions to ! li/ ( +r$i5ts are n _m1 b !y are g5u9e4 ,he is ! fir/ writ] to make use ( metals or _! salts 9 ! production ( col\r2 he includes among 8 *emicals metallic copp] & z9c1 also ! acetate & sulphate ( copp]1 & *loride ( ammonium4 ,! notable advance 9 8 col\r compositions1 besides ! use ( metal salts = t purpose1 is ! introduction ( a *loride1 :i* has ! effect ( improv+ ! col\r by assi/+ 9 ! volatilisation ( ! metal4 ,= ?is purpose he us$ sal-ammoniac1 ! use ( :i* has n[ be5 almo/ discont9u$ on acc\nt ( its hygroscopic nature1 not)/&+ t its base ( ammonium is v useful 9 compositions conta9+ copp]4 ,its place is n[ g5]ally tak5 by calomel2 9 su* compositions *loride ( sodium _h be5 us$ = _m ye>s1 b n z a *lor9e c>ri$4 ,ruggi]i appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to produce col\r on any?+ approa*+ mod]n l9es1 & al?\gh he did n progress greatly1 :at he did a*ieve 0 und\bt$ly a m>k$ advance 9 ! art4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! inv5tion ( ?is composition is int]e/+4 ,he says t he 0 told by a return$ travell] f ,russia ( a set piece repres5t+ a palm tree1 8! col\r ( :i* rivall$ nature40 ,?is piece he set out to imitate1 :i* he did1 at any rate to 8 own satisfaction4 ,! result he obta9$ w\ld und\bt$ly give a good col\r1 if ! me?od ( fir+ 0 v clumsy4 ,he rem>ks t he does n "k if 8 me?od 0 z t adopt$ 9 ,russia1 & lat] ( ! 8m]it if n ( discov]+ a new fire at lea/ to h imitat$ or r to h r$iscov]$ x40 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t !re may be "s d\bt z to ! orig9ality or priority ( ,ruggi]i's a*ievem5t 9 ?is direction1 b he mu/ be cr$it$ at lea/ ) indep5d5tly arriv+ at ! result4 ,inde$ x is m ?an probable t ! piece se5 9 ,russia 0 q diff]5t1 a transp>5cy or illum9ation1 ei!r import$ or copi$ f ! "w ( ,ea/]n pyrote*ni/s1 & t ! :ole cr$it ( introduc+ col\r into ! art belongs to ,ruggi]i & to him only4 ,he m5tions t he puts x on record ) ! object ( 8?us prev5t+ writ]s f attribut+ x to ! ,*9ese1 ! ,m$es1 or ,arabs1 z is ! cu/om 9 ,europe1 & above all 9 ,france1 :]e m ?an else:]e !re is a mania = enri*+ =eign]s ) our m]its & to rob ourselves ( ! bir?rights ( g5ius40 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,mod]n ,,firework ,,compositions ,ruggi]i may be reg>d$ z ! la/ ( ! anci5ts4 ,x is true t 8 book %[s a m>k$ advance on any?+ t _h gone be=e1 also t he appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! fir/1 if n actually ! fir/1 to introduce ! use ( metal salts 9 ! production ( col\r4 ,b he makes no ref]5ce to ! use ( *lorate ( pota%1 & x is ! introduction ( ?is salt into pyrote*ny :i* m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( ! mod]n epo* ( ! art4 ,?is e>lie/ use ( *lorate1 or z x 0 !n call$1 oxymuriate or hyp]oxymuriate ( pota%1 appe>s to h be5 soon aft] its discov]y 9 #aghf by ,b]?ollet4 ,samuel ,p>kes1 9 a "w on *emi/ry writt5 9 #ahaa1 says3 8,! %ock+ dea? ( two individuals 9 ,octob]1 #aghh1 & ! burns o!rs h suff]$ by x1 r5d] x fe>$ by *emi/s 9 g5]al10 t is 9 conjunction ) sulphur & *>coal4 ,he lat] rem>ks t not)/&+ ?is accid5t 8! ,fr5* h s9ce ---- actually employ$ 9 "o ( _! campaigns gunp[d] made ) oxymuriate ( pota% in/ead ( saltpetre10 & adds t a ,scot* cl]gyman _h tak5 out a pat5t = ! use ( a p[d] conta9+ *lorate ( pota% to be fir$ by p]cussion4 ,?is pat5t1 grant$ 9 #ahjg1 is ! fir/ = ! p]cussion sy/em 9 fire>ms4 ,! use1 h[ev]1 ( *lorate ( pota% 9 propellant compositions pres5ts no v great advance 9 pyrote*ny1 h[ev] revolution>y may h be5 ! introduction ( ! p]cussion sy/em into ! manufacture ( fire>ms4 ,x is its use 9 ! production ( col\r t m>ks ! mod]n epo*4 ,! exact date ( ?is innovation appe>s to be ab\t #ahcj4 ,a ,belgian lieut5ant ( artill]y1 ,hipp]t by "n1 publi%$ 9 #ahcf a translation ( a "w by ,capta9 ,moritz ,mey]1 ( ! ,prussian ,artill]y1 on ! application ( *emi/ry to artifices ( w>4 ,9 a *apt] devot$ to col\r$ fires he gives sev]al =mul conta9+ *lorate ( pota%4 ,al?\gh ?is appe>s to be ! fir/ publi%$ notice ( its use1 x seems likely t by ! "t ! book 0 publi%$ t x 0 fairly well e/abli%$4 ,mey] concludes 8 rem>ks on col\r$ composition by say+ t ! ,engli% at t "t made use ( col\r$ rockets = signall+ at sea1 & _h succe$$ 9 produc+ t5 diff]5t %ades1 8:i* are q suffici5t = ! purpose ( signall+ p>ticul> pieces ( in=mation40 ,?is seems r to indicate t ! elaboration if n ! fir/ introduction ( *lorate ( pota% into pyrote*ny may be attribut$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,8 m5tion ( t5 di/+ui%able t9ts1 h[ev]1 is some:at optimi/ic4 ,dur+ ! late w> x 0 f\nd t to avoid any *ance ( a mi/ake 9 code signals only ?ree col\rs c\ld be us$ = long-di/ance signall+1 namely1 r$1 gre51 & :ite4 ,x is curi\s t ,mey] makes a mi/ake ov] ! fir/ composition he m5tions4 ,he describes a light composition ( *lorate ( pota% & sug>1 :i* he says burns ) a r$ light4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 ! light s produc$ is a blui% :ite1 simil> to ! s-call$ blue %ipp+ light4 ,! directions he gives = ! prep>ation ( o!r col\rs are z foll[s3 8,a p[d] :i* burns ) a gre5 flame is obta9$ by ! addition ( nitrate ( b>yta to *lorate ( pota%1 nitrate ( copp]1 acetate ( copp]4 8,a :ite flame is made by ! addition ( sulphide ( antimony1 sulphide ( ars5ic1 camphor4 8,r$ by ! mixture ( lampblack1 coal1 bone a%1 m9]al oxide ( iron1 nitrate ( /rontia1 pumice /one1 mica1 oxide ( cobalt4 8,blue ) ivory1 bismu?1 alum1 z9c1 copp] sulphate purifi$ ( its sea wat] 7sic74 8,yell[ by amb]1 c>bonate ( soda1 sulphate ( soda1 c9nab>4 8,x is necess>y 9 ord] to make ! col\rs come out well to animate ! combu/ion by add+ *lorate ( pota%40 ,^! =mul1 if some:at incoh]5t1 & cle>ly %[+ a want ( exp]im5tal v]ification1 indicate a real advance 9 pyrote*nic *emi/ry1 n only by ! addition ( *lorate ( pota%1 b by ! multiplication ( ! numb] ( metal salts us$4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t t ! old al*emi/ic ideas 7 n entirely ext9ct by ! use ( su* +r$i5ts z ivory1 mica1 & pumice /one4 ,h[ev]1 !re c be no d\bt t f ! ?ird decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury dates ! mod]n era ( ! pyrote*nic art4 ,f ?is date onw>d *emical +r$i5ts1 metals & _! salts z !y 7 provid$ by ! comm]cial *emi/ 7 eag]ly tak5 & te/$ by ! pyrote*ni/1 & adopt$ or reject$ on _! m]its4 ,& f ?is date beg9s ! rapid elim9ation ( useless additions4 ,( ^? compositions giv5 above ! foll[+ salts are at pres5t 9 use3 nitrate ( b>yta1 sulphide ( antimony1 sulphide ( ars5ic1 nitrate ( /rontia1 copp] sulphate1 c>bonate ( soda1 & *lorate ( pota%4 ,z9c1 alum1 lampblack1 & oxide ( iron are also us$1 b n = ! purpose indicat$4 ,nitrate ( copp] & sulphate ( soda w\ld bo? be valuable +r$i5ts1 b _! un/able nature prev5ts _! use "u mod]n conditions4 ,mey] also describes ! use ( salts to t9t an alcohol flame1 :i* is m]ely an elaboration ( ,ruggi]i's palm tree & ( little int]e/ at ! pres5t "t4 ,! next "n prom95t 9 pyrote*ny is t ( ,f4 ,m4 ,*]ti]1 :o publi%$ 9 #ahed 8 8,n\velles re*]*es sur les feux d'artifice10 aft] hav+ publi%$ a pamphlet on ! subject ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s previ\sly4 ,9 ?is "w ,*]ti] devotes mo/ ( 8 att5tion to ! subject ( col\r1 & al?\gh new +r$i5ts h be5 introduc$ :i* 7 ei!r unkn[n or 7 n !n available on acc\nt ( exp5se or o!r causes1 s9ce ! "t ( 8 writ+1 yet !re c be no d\bt t ,*]ti] /&s alone 9 ! lit]ature ( pyrote*ny & z a pione] ( ! mod]n developm5t ( ! art4 ,tessi]1 9 ! introduction to 8 8,treatise on ,col\r$ ,fires10 publi%$ 9 #ahei1 :il/ pay+ tribute to ,*]ti]'s "w1 regrets t he only possess$ 8q sup]ficial notions ( *emi/ry40 ,"h speaks ! *emi/4 ,! writ] rec5tly ask$ a pyrote*nic *emi/ ( _m ye>s' exp]i5ce1 ^: k ( pyrote*nic *emi/ry is probably second to none1 8 op9ion ( ,tessi]'s book1 & receiv$ ?is answ]4 8,tessi]'s book conta9s too mu* *emical !ory & too little pyrote*nic practice40 ,!re speaks ! pyrote*ni/4 ,! writ]1 z he has be=e rem>k$1 has no wi% to belittle ! value ( ! *emi/'s "w 9 relation to pyrote*ny1 b a k ( *emi/ry is n ! mo/ important attribute ( ! successful pyrote*ni/4 ,z 9 o!r arts s 9 pyrote*ny1 exp]i5ce & natural aptitude are ! fir/ ess5tials4 ,*]ti] may h _h little k ( *emi/ry1 b 9 spite ( or p]haps because ( 8 lack ( *emical k1 he 0 able to produce a "w :i*1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! practical pyrote*ni/1 has nev] be5 equall$4 ,8 rese>*es 7 conduct$ by practical exp]im5ts2 he _h "o end 9 view1 namely1 pyrote*nic effect1 & by exhau/ive trials ( ! mat]ials obta9able1 unbias$ by !oretical consid]ation1 he succe$$ 9 advanc+ ! art to a /age undream$ ( a few ye>s previ\sly4 ,x is true t _m ( 8 =mul are n 9 use to-day1 9 ?is c\ntry t is1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( us+ sulphur or sulphur comp\nds 9 conjunction ) *lorate ( pota%2 b !re c be no d\bt t 8 writ+s & rese>* "w laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n pyrote*nic practice4 ,once ! !ory ( col\r production 0 e/abli%$1 t is to say ! volatilisation ( a metal salt 9 a hotly burn+ composition1 x 0 a matt] ( less difficulty to ei!r elim9ate ! sulphur1 :i* 0 pres5t *iefly z a burnable1 or to replace x4 ,?is prohibition1 z we h se51 took place 9 #ahid1 "u ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil #ae1 & affect$ ! production ( col\r$ fireworks f> less ?an might h be5 anticipat$4 ,dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 ! introduction ( *lorate ( pota% & ! ,ord] 9 "q1 ! developm5t ( comm]cial *emi/ry _h increas$ greatly ! numb] ( *emicals available 9 pyrote*ny1 s t 9 "s few cases x 0 f\nd possible to replace ! *lorate4 ,9 addition1 moreov]1 mo/ ( ! lead+ mak]s1 anticipat+ "s =m ( re/riction on ?is admixture1 _h be5 = "s "t previ\sly seek+ sub/itute col\r =mul1 & al?\gh x may be said by "s t col\rs 7 obta9$ by ! use ( *lorate & sulphur :i* h n be5 equall$ by subsequ5t =mul1 yet mo/ h n only be5 equall$ b improv$ ^u1 & ! small m9ority rema9+ are an insignificant price to pay = ! security & safety ga9$ 9 manufacture4 ,betwe5 ! publication ( ,*]ti]'s book 9 #ahef 7ne>ly ?irty ye>s lat] ?an 8 fir/ pamphlet7 & ! close ( ! c5tury1 sev]al works on pyrote*ny made _! appe>ance1 sev]al by ,fr5*m53 ,tessi]1 #ahei1 8,trait ,pratique des ,feux colors10 two works 9 ! ,roret encyclopdia s]ies1 8,pyrote*nie ,civile0 & 8,pyrote*nie ,militaire10 publi%$ #ahfe1 & 9 #ahhb1 8,trait pratique des ,feux d',artifice10 by ,d5isse4 ,! ,engli% works ( any value dur+ ?is p]iod 73 8,pyrote*ny10 by ,practicus1 ,br[n's 8,practical ,firework ,mak+10 & 8,! ,pyrote*ni/'s ,treasury10 by ,k5ti%1 #ahgh4 ,hut/e9 & ,websky's 8,art ( ,firework ,mak+10 publi%$ at ,leipzig 9 #ahgh1 a book publi%$ "u ! same title by ,osc> ,frey ab\t #ahhe1 & 8,a ,!oretical & ,practical ,treatise ( ,civil ,pyrote*ny10 by ,antoni1 publi%$ at ,trie/e 9 #ahic1 toge!r ) "s works on milit>y pyrote*ny publi%$ bo? 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 complete ! li/4 ,"s ( ! milit>y works are ( consid]able value1 b are *iefly direct$ to ! /udy ( rockets & signals2 "s1 h[ev]1 are 9 ! same category z 8,! ,artill]i/'s ,manual & ,briti% ,soldi]'s ,comp5dium10 by ,capta9 ,f4 ,a4 ,griffi?s1 ,r4,a41 publi%$ 9 #aheb4 ,! section deal+ ) fireworks 9 ?is "w might almo/ be tak5 z an attempt to be humor\s on ! subject4 ,! au?or quotes 9 all s]i\sness =mul dat+ f ! days ( ,bate & ,bab+ton1 & kn[s s little ( 8 subject t he gives in/ructions = mak+ ! same firework "u diff]5t names "u ! impression t !y are di/9ct units1 ! in=mation be+ obvi\sly pillag$ f e>li] writ]s4 ,g5]ally a /udy ( ! above-m5tion$ works indicates t ! t5d5cy 9 pyrote*nic compositions has be5 9 ! direction ( simplification4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! useless +r$i5ts _h be5 9 a great measure elim9at$4 ,! 8burnables0 _h be5 r$uc$ f a long li/ ( al*emi/ic survivals to a m]e half-doz5 or s4 ,gums _h be5 r$uc$ practically to %ellac alone 7! use ( gum arabic z an adhesive is q di/9ct71 c>bons to lampblack & *>coal1 & ^! ) sulphur & sulphides ( antimony & ars5ic practically complet$ ! li/4 ,( ! metals ! use ( pure z9c1 copp]1 & brass has be5 discont9u$1 & ! two almo/ revolution>y additions ( magnesium & alum9ium made1 ! =m] ab\t #ahfe & ! latt] 9 #ahid4 ,! date ( ! introduction ( ^! metals m>ks almo/ z great advances 9 ! art z did ! introduction ( *lorate ( pota%4 ,n only are !y us$ z sp>k-produc+ metals 9 ! same way z are /eel & iron1 b !y are also us$ z 8burnables10 t is1 !y are consum$ inside ! case2 & _m ( ! pres5t-day firework compositions owe _! brilliance to "o or o!r ( ^! metals4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 col\r compositions t ! t5d5cy t[>ds simplification is mo/ /rongly exhibit$4 ,9 ,k5ti%'s book col\r compositions conta9+ z _m z sev5 or eight +r$i5ts are common1 :]eas to-day =mul conta9+ ov] f\r are ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,roman ,c&les4 ,?is unt\*$ photograph illu/rates ! extraord9>y brilliance ( alum9ium compositions4 ,ea* 8plume0 7#bjj ft4 high7 is produc$ by a s+le /> ab\t 94 diamet] & 94 long4 ,ea* l9e is a microscopic p>ticle ( alum9ium4 ,! reason = ?is complexity is n easy to foll[1 b x may h be5 9 "s measure due to ! difficulty ( obta9+ suffici5tly f9ely gr\nd *emicals be=e ! days ( ma*9e gr9d+2 9 "s cases x 0 f\nd t by melt+ two ( ! +r$i5ts toge!r & all[+ ! mass to cool !y c\ld be gr\nd ) great] ease4 ,*]ti] w5t s f> z to melt %ellac & salt toge!r1 gr9d !m & remove ! salt by dissolv+ 9 wat]4 ,also by add+ a f9ely gr\nd *emical ( simil> action to "o only co>sely gr\nd a bett] result 0 obta9$4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! reason1 !re c be no d\bt t1 except = second>y %ades1 ! few] ! *emicals us$ ! m brilliant w be ! result+ fire4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,milit>y ,,pyrote*ny ,! use ( pyrote*nic mixtures = milit>y purposes is ! basis ( artill]y1 & "o might almo/ say ! f\ndation ( *emi/ry4 ,be=e ! age ( ! al*emi/ m5 7 at "w endeav\r+ to produce "s weapon :i* w\ld give !m an advantage ov] _! enemies4 ,( ! natural ph5om5a none made s /rong an appeal z fire1 :i* f e>lie/ times _h be5 a my/]i\s & !re=e t]rible elem5t4 ,! e>ly use ( fire or pyrote*nic mixtures gave ! us]s s decid$ an advantage ov] _! enemies t _! use 0 *ronicl$ by hi/orians ( ! day ei!r on ! side ( ! victors z a pan ( praise = _! inv9cible weapon1 or z an excuse = defeat on ! side ( ! vanqui%$4 ,su* reports are necess>ily vague & exagg]at$1 vague because ! writ] _h no te*nical k ( ! subject1 & ! us]s naturally wi%$ = secrecy & exagg]at$ because exagg]ation increas$ ! value ( ! weapon4 ,x is f su* reports t we obta9 our in=mation ab\t ,greek fire & simil> compositions1 & :5 "o consid]s t ! translations 7 g5]ally bias$1 9 mo/ cases un9t5tionally b /ill bias$1 9 fav\r ( read+ into passages ref]r+ to fire or projectiles an e>ly ref]5ce to gunp[d]1 guns or "s unkn[n pyrote*nic effect1 x is obvi\s t all in=mation s ga9$ mu/ be accept$ ) a consid]able am\nt ( res]ve4 ,! translators1 too1 9 _m cases 7 m5 ( no te*nical k1 :i* made !m ev5 m prone to fall into errors :i* w\ld be avoid$ by ! exp]t4 ,( ! mass ( writ+ deal+ ) ! subject1 ! "w ( two writ]s /&s out prom95tly--! late ,mr4 ,osc> ,guttman 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,explosives10 & ,col4 ,h4 ,w4 ,l4 ,hime 9 8 8,orig9 ( ,artill]y10 ^: obs]vations cov] ! field ( in=mation on ! subject1 al?\gh approa*+ f slightly diff]5t angles4 ,nei!r1 h[ev]1 gives an exact explanation satisfactorily cov]+ ! projection ( ,greek or sea fire4 ,col4 ,hime1 reject+ e>li] !ories1 goes some:at to ! o!r extreme3 he d5ies ! k ( saltpetre be=e ! twelf? c5tury1 b attempts to expla9 ! ph5om5on by ! use ( phosphide ( calcium4 ,he premises f\r conditions to be fill$ by ! weapon or app>atus4 ,^! conditions are fulfill$ by ! explanation already briefly t\*$ ^u on page #ae1 & ! writ] is conv9c$ t ?is simple al?\gh app>5tly little kn[n ph5om5on is ! true explanation ( ! t]rible1 my/]i\s ,greek or sea fire4 ,if a mixture ( saltpetre1 pit*1 & sulphur is *>g$ into a long tube suffici5tly /rong & ignit$ x w burn1 giv+ (f d5se smoke1 = a %ort "t1 :5 x appe>s to *oke mom5t>ily4 ,?is *ok+ is foll[$ by a m or less viol5t outbur/1 :i* may be lik5$ to a 8c\gh10 project+ a burn+ mass ( composition to a consid]able di/ance2 ! action is repeat$ ) surpris+ regul>ity dur+ ! burn+ ( ! :ole ( ! composition ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! tube1 & w1 ! writ] is confid5t1 satisfy any unbias$ obs]v] t "h is ! true explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,let u see h[ ! requirem5ts m5tion$ by ,col4 ,hime are fulfill$4 ,! fir/1 8,x 0 a wet fire10 i4e41 its action necess>ily connect$ 9 "s way ) wat] or ! sea1 & z a matt] ( fact x 0 us$ at sea ) great success on _m occasions4 ,may n a 8wet fire0 be a way ( say+ 8a molt51 visc\s mass ( fire08 ,! masses w\ld float & al?\gh "s might become ext+ui%$1 "s w\ld probably burn on ! surface ( ! wat]2 also its use at sea w\ld1 ) a range up to a hundr$ y>ds1 be q z easy z on l&4 ,secondly1 8,its composition 0 su* z c\ld be kept secret at ,con/ant9ople40 ,if1 z ,col4 ,hime says1 saltpetre z su* 0 unkn[n at ! "t1 x 0 only z a sep>ate k9d ( salt4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly kn[n1 b n di/+ui%$ f sea salt or nitrate ( soda4 ,w\ld n ?is fact r5d] ! concealm5t ( ! +r$i5ts us$ m easy8 ,?irdly1 8,x burn$ ) mu* noise & smoke40 ,all[+ = "s slight exagg]ation ! fir/ condition is fulfill$1 z und\bt$ly is ! latt]4 ,f\r?ly1 8,x 0 necess>ily connect$ 9 "s way ) syphons40 ,z ,col4 ,hime po9ts out1 !re is ambiguity betwe5 ! ^w syphon & tube1 & if ! latt] ^w meets ! facts x seems ! m likely r5d]+4 ,! writ] saw ?is effect produc$ dur+ exp]im5ts ) smoke-produc+ compositions1 & x is probable t ! mixture 9 "q 0 n 9 ! mo/ effective proportions1 b s /rik+ 0 ! result t !re is little d\bt t exp]im5ts on su* l9es w\ld produce a t]rible & effective weapon "u ! conditions ( w>f>e !n 9 exi/5ce4 ,! 8,dictionnaire ,mobili] ,franais0 gives a diagram ( a weapon ( a some:at simil> nature /at$ to h be5 us$ by ! ,arabs 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! illu/ration %[s :at is virtually a ,roman c&le1 & appe>s plausible until "o consid]s ! facts4 ,:at is mo/ probable is t ! weapon1 :i* 0 ( an inc5di>y nature1 0 simil> to t describ$ above1 :i* fulfils ! requirem5ts ( ! description )\t assum+ a k ( compositions :i* at ! "t did n exi/4 ,f ! p]iod ( ,greek fire onw>d milit>y & recreative pyrote*ny appe> to h m>*$ side by side4 ,z we h se51 ! progress 9 ! latt] bran* 0 extremely sl[1 s ) ! =m]1 & x 0 n until ! introduction ( mod]n or comp>atively mod]n me?ods t real progress comm5c$4 ,) ! progress came div]g5ce1 ! introduction ( ! rifl$ bore 9 artill]y1 & ( nitro comp\nds & high explosives ^: dynamic =ce exce$s _m times t ( gunp[d]1 :i* h[ev] useful !y might be to ! artill]i/1 7 ( little value to ! recreative pyrote*ni/4 ,x 0 n until ! great w> t ! res\rces ( pyrote*ny 7 fully realis$ & utilis$ by ! milit>y4 ,x is curi\s to note t j z ! tactics & me?ods ( w>f>e ev5tually adopt$--al?\gh on an unprec$5t$ly l>ge scale--7 9 a great measure ^? ( c5turies be=e1 s milit>y pyrote*ny return$ to ideas j z antiquat$4 ,) ! advantages ( mod]n sci5ce1 & by ! assi/ance ( k ga9$ 9 ! developm5t ( recreative pyrote*ny1 ! progress made 9 a mon? or s 9 milit>y pyrote*ny dur+ ! w> may1 )\t exagg]at+1 be said to h exce$$ t ( previ\s c5turies4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! use ( pyrote*ny 9 w>f>e1 or inde$ any sci5ce1 has two objectives1 ! fir/ to de/roy or emb>rass ! troops ( ! enemy1 & secondly1 to assi/ "o's own4 ,until ! late w> x 0 ! fir/ ( ^! :i* receiv$ by f> ! great] att5tion1 & x is b natural t ! introduction ( ! mod]n me?ods m5tion$ above %\ld h provid$ means :i* left pyrote*nics f> beh9d4 ,9 ! second division1 h[ev]1 pyrote*ny triumph$4 ,( ! (f5sive type ! e>lie/ use ( pyrote*ny 0 ! inc5di>y4 ,greek fire1 wild fire1 & simil> compositions h be5 us$ f "t immemorial to set fire to enemies' works or %ips or to injure 8 p]sonnel4 ,& j z inc5di>y compositions ant$at$ ! propellant1 s ! inc5di>y %ell appe>s to h prec$$ ! explosive4 ,inc5di>y projectiles ( ! pa/ 7 kn[n z c>casses2 ! e>lie/ =m appe>s to h be5 a canvas bag or conta9] pit*$ ov] on ! outside & b\nd ) iron hoops1 :i*1 f _! lik5ess to ! ribs ( a corpse--accord+ to 8,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia0 7#agda7--sugge/$ ! "n4 ,! fireball 0 simil>ly con/ruct$ & design$ = h& projection1 be>+ ! same relation to ! c>cass z does ! gr5ade to ! bomb4 ,! composition 9 mo/ inc5di>y missiles consi/$ ( a mixture ( saltpetre1 sulphur1 & pit*1 ) or )\t ! addition ( meal$ gunp[d]4 ,! mo/ rec5t =m ( c>cass 0 a sph]ical %ell ( iron1 hav+ ?ree v5ts1 & fill$ ) inc5di>y composition4 ,?is projectile became obsolete 9 ! ,s]vice at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,ano!r =m ( pyrote*nic projectile 0 t design$ to give out smoke1 ei!r ) ! idea ( r5d]+ ! atmosph]e ( works or casemates unbe>able to ! def5d]s 7a pr9ciple reviv$ 9 ! late w> by ! use ( poison gas71 or to h9d] !m by obscur+ _! vision ei!r by fir+ a smoke cl\d 9 _! 7! enemy's7 works1 or s plac$ z to hide "o's own troops4 ,x is op5 to discussion if ! use ( smoke is n inde$ ( great] antiquity ?an t ( inc5di>y missiles1 b x is probable t its orig9 0 its production by ! combu/ion ( grass or simil> mat]ial1 & n ) pyrote*nic composition4 ,read's 8,weekly ,j\rnal0 ( ,octob] #be?1 #agfj1 9 an acc\nt ( a review 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 m5tions z ! conclud+ item ( ! manuvres1 t 8pieces ( a new con/ruction1 ( a globul> =m1 7 set on fire1 :i* occasion$ su* a smoke z to r5d] all p]sons )9 a consid]able di/ance entirely invisible1 & !reby ! bett] 9 "t ( action to secure a retreat40 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is is "o ( ! fir/ demon/rations1 at any rate 9 ?is c\ntry1 ( ! use ( smoke balls4 ,! ,*9ese made use ( bo? projectiles _m c5turies ago1 & ! smoke--or /9k-pot--0 9 use by !m until comp>atively rec5tly4 ,smoke balls f #d? in*es up to #ac in*es calibre 7 includ$ 9 ! (ficial li/ ( projectiles = smoo?-bore guns until ab\t #ahgc1 :5 ) gr\nd light balls !y became obsolete4 ,! latt]1 z _! "n sugge/s1 7 int5d$ to be burnt on ! gr\nd & light up enemy work+ p>ties1 etc4 ,?is also 0 ! object ( ! p>a*ute light-ball1 :i* 0 fitt$ ) a "t fuse & an op5+ *>ge2 ^u op5+1 a light 0 ignit$ susp5d$ f a p>a*ute4 ,?is me?od appe>s to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,d5m>k 9 #ahbj1 & !y 7 us$ 9 ,au/ria ! foll[+ ye>4 ,ano!r class ( w> /ore :i* naturally sugge/s itself is t us$ to give light = ! purpose ( signall+4 ,! light is ei!r burnt on ! gr\nd z a h& light or fitt$ to a rocket4 ,fireworks = ?is purpose h be5 9 use f e>lie/ times1 be+ ! logical developm5t ( ! signal beacon1 b x 0 n until ! introduction ( g5u9e col\r--t is to say1 col\r di/+ui%able at a long di/ance--t !y rea*$ _! full /&>d ( utility4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! rocket :i* has receiv$ mo/ att5tion = milit>y purposes1 & c]ta9ly ) good reason4 ,"h 0 a projectile :i*1 9 ! days ( smoo?-bore ordnance _h a good range & requir$ no heavy gun or transport4 ,moreov]1 x =m$ its own "t fuse4 ,congreve wrote3 8,rockets are ammunition )\t ordnance1 ! s\l ( artill]y )\t ! body40 ,_m me?ods ( fitt+ up rockets = w>like purposes h be5 evolv$1 inv5t$ & re-inv5t$1 mo/ ( :i* = practical purposes 7 useless4 ,x is ! milit>y use ( ! rocket1 h[ev]1 :i* pres5ts ! mo/ int]e/+ /udy 9 milit>y pyrote*ny4 ,!re are sev]al e>ly ref]5ces to :at is suppos$ to be ! use ( rockets 9 w>f>e4 ,! ,paduans are /at$ to h burn$ ! t[n ( ,me/re ) ^! projectiles4 ,orleans us$ rockets 9 its def5ce 9 #adbi1 & ,dunois fir$ !m 9 #addi1 :5 besieg+ ! t[n ( ,pont-,&em]4 ,9 #adeb !y 7 us$ aga9/ ,bordeaux1 & ! foll[+ ye> at ,g&4 ,rockets 7 employ$ 9 #aehf = light+ purposes & z projectiles aga9/ cavalry4 ,! description seems to indicate a me?od ( fitt+ up to produce a simil> effect to a %rapnel %ell4 ,hanselet1 writ+ 9 #afcj1 ref]s to rockets ) gr5ades atta*$4 ,casimir ,siemi5[itz1 ,lieut4-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance to ! ,k+ ( ,pol&1 publi%$ 9 #afej 8 8,great ,art ( ,artill]y10 :i* conta9s a treatise on fireworks bo? = civil & milit>y purposes4 ,he ref]s to a "w on ! milit>y use ( fireworks writt5 n9ety ye>s be=e1 & speaks ( rockets up to #ajj lbs4 & describes _! con/ruction4 ,a ,fr5* "w publi%$ 9 #aefa1 entitl$ 8,treatise ^u sev]al k9ds ( ,w>-,fireworks10 sugge/s a rocket case ( v>ni%$ lea!r4 ,x is on record t 9 #afhh trials 7 made 9 ,b]l9 ) rockets ( #ej lbs4 & #abj lbs41 :i* c>ri$ a bomb weigh+ #af lbs4 ,! composition 0 n9e p>ts saltpetre1 f\r p>ts sulphur1 & ?ree p>ts *>coal4 ,! case is /at$ to h be5 ( wood cov]$ ) l954 ,hyd] ,ali is cr$it$ ) mak+ consid]able use ( rockets aga9/ our troops 9 ,india2 he is said to h _h a corps ( #a1bjj 8rocket]s0 9 #aghh1 :il/ lat] on1 8 son1 ,tippoo ,sahib1 employ$ z _m z #e1jjj1 & ,capta9 ,moritz ,my]1 writ+ 9 #ahcf1 ascribes to exp]i5ce ( ^! weapons s ga9$ ! ef=ts made 9 ,engl& to br+ !m to p]fection4 ,he also describes ! ,indian rocket z 8an iron envelope ab\t #h in*es long & #a in*es 9 diamet]1 ) %>p po9ts at ! top4 ,! /ick ( bamboo #h or #aj feet long1 b sometimes consi/+ ( an iron rod4 ,!y 7 h&-?r[n by ! rocket]s1 & did mu* damage to ! cavalry40 ,?is description1 :i*1 to say ! lea/1 is unconv9c+1 w\ld seem r to ref] to "s o!r pyrote*nic missile4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! cause1 !re 0 und\bt$ly great int]e/ 9 ! subject ( rockets dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,sir ,william ,congreve is p]haps be/ kn[n 9 connection ) ! "w ( ?is p]iod4 ,8 ef=ts1 h[ev]1 7 r direct$ to ! developm5t ( exi/+ ideas ?an to inv5tion4 ,9 #ahjd1 aft] exp]im5ts at ! ,royal ,laboratory1 ,woolwi*1 a flotilla ( boats 0 fitt$ out "u 8 direction = ! purpose ( bomb>d+ ,b\logne ,h>b\r ) inc5di>y rockets f frames fix$ on ! decks4 ,! fir/ attempt end$ 9 a fiasco ow+ to heavy wea!r1 b ! foll[+ ye> bett] results 7 obta9$1 al?\gh ! rockets 7 deflect$ by ! w9d & did m damage 9 ! t[n ?an 9 ! h>b\r4 ,9 #ahjg ,congreve p]sonally sup]9t5d$ _! use at ,cop5hag5 ) ev5 bett] effect1 & !y 7 aga9 us$ 9 ! ,wal*]5 ,exp$ition & 9 an attack on ! isl& ( ,aix4 ,^! rockets 7 all ( an inc5di>y nature1 ) pap] cases1 & fir$ at an elevation ( #ee degrees4 ,my] gives ! proportion ( ! composition z #fb4dd saltpetre1 #bc4ah *>coal1 #ad4ch sulphur4 ,?is writ] gives ,congreve's rockets little cr$it = effici5cy1 b admits t !y 8attract$ great att5tion & 7 reg>d$ z =midable40 ,he rem>ks t at ! siege ( ,fless+5 8! rockets act$ s badly t ! ,engli% !mselves said t !y did m h>m to ! batt]y ?an ! besieg$ t[n40 ,he also /ates t z a result ( f9d+ an 8unburnt specim50 9 ! t[n aft] ! bomb>dm5t ( ,cop5hag5 trials 7 conduct$ by ,capta9 ,s*uhma*]1 al?\gh h[ an unburnt rocket c\ld rea* ! t[n is n cle>2 possibly he means f a recon/ruction ( ! rema9s collect$4 ,^! trials seem to h be5 successful1 & 9 #ahjh a rocket brigade 0 =m$4 ,9 #ahji ,admiral ,co*rane us$ rockets ^u ! t[n ( ,callao1 9 #ahaj !y 7 us$ aga9/ ,cadiz1 & 9 #ahac 9 ! battle ( ,leipsic1 :]e ! comm&+ (fic]1 ,capta9 ,bogeu1 0 kill$1 & at ! siege ( ,dantzic4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t dur+ t ye> !y 7 us$ = propag&a purposes4 ,at ! siege ( ,glogau proclamations1 etc41 7 pr9t$ on ?9 pap] & fa/5$ to ! /icks ) light ?read4 ,rockets 7 us$ ) effect at ,wat]loo1 ! rocket deta*m5t be+ direct$ by ,s]geant ,dunnet4 ,9 #ahac ,colonel ,augu/91 ( ! ,au/rian army1 saw ! ,engli% rocket batt]ies 9 action & trials ( ,congreve rockets 9 ,london1 & ! foll[+ ye> visit$ ,cop5hag51 :]e by arrangem5t betwe5 ! two ,p[]s he 0 in/ruct$ by ,s*uhma*] 9 8 me?od ( rocket con/ruction4 ,! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t z a result e/abli%$ %ortly aft]w>ds an ext5sive factory at ,we9]is*-,neu/adt = ! manufacture ( w> rockets4 ,mu* "w & +5uity 0 exp5d$ ab\t ?is "t 9 seek+ to elim9ate ! necessity ( ! rocket /ick4 ,congreve is cr$it$ ) introduc+ f9s simil> 9 action to ! fea!rs on an arr[2 ?is1 h[ev]1 _h be5 done ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s previ\sly1 & ,frzi] illu/rates ! me?od 9 8 treatise4 ,a ,mr4 ,hea?1 ( ,bo/on1 is cr$it$ ) hav+ rea*$ a range ( two & a half-miles ) a five-p\nd rocket ( ?is type4 ,g>ni] 9 #ahac propos$ to avoid ! alt]ation 9 position ( ! c5tre ( gravity by us+ a wire or *a9 ) a weight at ! end fa/5$ to ! c5tre ( ! rocket & hang+ v]tically4 ,f ,ruggi]i's book x w\ld appe> t ?is idea _h (t5 be5 tri$ previ\sly4 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ successful s]ies ( inv5tions 7 ^? bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! rifle1 t to give ! rocket a rot>y motion 9 its passage ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 #ahae successful trials 7 made 9 ,am]ica ) rockets ( ! rot>y type1 rotation be+ imp>t$ by means ( holes bor$ ?r\gh ! case into ! composition 9 an oblique direction4 ,congreve e/abli%$ a factory at ,b[ = ! manufacture ( rockets = ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & ,capta9 ,p>lby1 ( ! ,b5gal ,artill]y1 manufactur$ simil> rockets1 bo? be+ made to rotate1 probably on simil> l9es to ! ,am]ican model4 ,! 8,calcutta ,j\rnal0 ( ! p]iod conta9s a discussion ( ! rival m]its ( ,congreve's & ,p>lby's rockets4 ,hale pat5t$ a rocket con/ruct$ on simil> l9es z late z #ahdd1 ! holes at ! side ( ! case be+ ne>ly tang5tial4 ,he also gave 8 "n to a s]vice rocket--,hale's #bd pr4 & #i pr4 ,^! 7 con/ruct$ ( iron ) a wood5 head1 fitt$ metal plug at ! base ) ?ree v5ts1 a tail piece or flange cont9u+ f ! base s z to enclose half ! p]iph]y ( ea* jet4 ,?is arrangem5t imp>ts a rot>y motion to ! rocket4 ,9 #ahec ,mac9to% pat5t$ a me?od ( rotat+ ! tube f :i* ! rocket 0 fir$ s z to give an initial rot>y movem5t be=e ! flight comm5ces4 ,! foll[+ ye> ,fitzmaurice pat5t$ ! idea ( caus+ rotation by a screw-%ap$ head1 & ,c\rt a me?od by :i* ! fire imp+$ on surfaces incl9$ to ! axis ( ! rocket4 ,9 #ahbf ,congreve pat5t$ a me?od ( fix+ two or m rockets toge!r s t ! head+ ( "o ignit$ ! next & s obta9$ a long] "t ( burn+2 ?is me?od is1 h[ev]1 aga9 anticipat$ 9 ,frzi]'s book4 ,ab\t ?is "t all ! lead+ ,p[]s 9 ,europe 7 manufactur+ rockets = w> purposes1 factories = _! manufacture be+ e/abli%$ at ,w>saw1 ,tur91 ,t\lon1 & ,metz4 ,! ,russians us$ !m at ?is p]iod 9 _! w> ) ,turkey1 fir+ !m 9 salvoes ( n9e4 ,9 #ahca a s]ies ( trials 7 made by ! ,swiss milit>y au?orities ( #f lb4 rockets fir$ f a #f ft4 tube1 :5 a range ( f #ah-aijj y>ds 0 obta9$1 & ?ree hits regi/]$ out ( five 7 made at #a1ajj y>ds4 ,al?\gh great int]e/ 0 ar\s$ by ! rocket = w> purposes1 x quickly subsid$1 & x is n[ practically only us$ = signall+ & l9e-c>ry+ purposes4 ,william ,b\rne1 :o describes himself z a 8poor gunn]10 ! fir/ to produce an orig9al book on artill]y 9 ?is c\ntry1 z di/9ct f translation ( cont95tal works1 makes ! foll[+ obs]vations on milit>y pyrote*nics3 8,div]s gunn]s & o!r m5 h devis$ sundry sorts ( fireworks = ! annoyance ( _! enemies1 yet z f> z ,i h ev] se5 or he>d1 ,i nev] knew any good s]vice done by x1 ei!r by sea or l&1 b only by p[d]1 & t has done great s]vice = t ! =ce ( x is s mighty & come? ) su* a t]ror4 ,b = _! o!r fireworks x is r meet to be us$ 9 ! "t ( pleasure 9 ! night r ?an = any s]vice40 ,,*apt] ,x ,,milit>y ,,pyrote*ny ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,w> ,! outbreak ( ! great w>1 :atev] may h be5 ! case z reg>ds o!r bran*es1 f\nd ! ,s]vice badly equipp$ pyrote*nically4 ,! great & almo/ frantic int]e/ tak5 9 milit>y pyrote*ny dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _h di$ away4 ,gradually ! pyrote*nic /ores includ$ 9 ! (ficial s*$ule _h be5 r$uc$ until 9 #aiad a few rockets--mo/ly signal--lights = signall+ & illum9ation1 ,v pi/ol c>tridges = signall+ purposes1 ) s+le />s ( v>i\s col\rs1 & inc5di>y & light />s = %ells con/itut$ ! entire li/4 ,! cause ( ?is neglect ( ! art ( pyrote*ny = w>like purposes 0 n difficult to und]/&4 ,rifl$ b>rels1 bree*-load+1 & quick-fir+ ordnance _h entirely de/roy$ int]e/ 9 ! rocket z a projectile4 ,! telephone & telegraph _h almo/ entirely sup]s$$ old] me?ods ( signall+1 & s ) mo/ ( ! pyrote*nic contrivances :i*1 less ?an a c5tury be=e1 _h be5 ?\ght to be indisp5sable4 ,z ev5ts prov$1 ?is ab&onm5t ( old ideas 0 premature4 ,al?\gh e ?9k+ man 9 ! c\ntry realis$ t w> 0 "s day inevitable1 no "o1 or at lea/ v few1 realis$ ! nature ( ! /ruggle4 ,! developm5t ( l& w> into :at 7 practically siege op]ations on a gigantic scale2 ! nature ( sea w>f>e ) ! new factors1 ! subm>9e1 seaplane & wireless2 ! ext5t & f]ocity ( a]ial w>f>e--all 7 un=ese54 ,yet ea* ( ^! call$ = new inv5tions1 new me?ods ( de/ruction1 new me?ods ( protection & communication1 & 9 _m cases ! resuscitation ( old ideas long s9ce ab&on$4 ,& z fire has = all "t be5 associat$ ) ! sword1 x is small wond] t pyrote*ny play$ no inconspicu\s "p 9 ! /ruggle4 ,z has always be5 ! case1 & no d\bt always w be1 ! outbreak ( ho/ilities 0 ! signal = an epidemic ( inv5tions4 ,m5 :o _h nev] be=e int]e/$ !mselves ei!r 9 w>1 or 9 t p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( sci5ce to :i* _! ideas belong1 & 9 spite ( or p]haps because ( an entire ignorance ( ! subject1 inundat$ ! au?orities ) s-call$ inv5tions :i* 7 s mu* wa/e ( "t to all conc]n$4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to turn to a volume ( 8,abridgem5ts ( ,specifications relat+ to ,fire-arms & ,o!r ,weapons10 publi%$ by ! ,pat5t ,(fice 9 #ahei4 ,! preface conta9s ! foll[+ rem>ks3 8,x is wor?y ( notice t a v l>ge proportion ( ! s-call$ inv5tions ( ! pres5t day are1 9 fact1 old contrivances1 sometimes modifi$ & adapt$ to mod]n requirem5ts1 b v (t5 id5tical ) :at has be5 tri$ & ab&on$ z useless long ago4 ,f ! ye> #afag d[n to ! end ( ! ye> #aheb1 n m ?an ab\t #cjj pat5ts 7 grant$ = inv5tions relat+ to fire-arms4 ,:5 ! w> ) ,russia broke out ! ,pat5t ,(fice 0 inundat$ ) applications = ,lett]s ,pat5t = simil> inv5tions1 & ab\t #fjj h s9ce be5 actually grant$4 ,( ^! x may be safely said t five-six?s ( ! applications relat$ to old contrivances :i* h be5 pat5t$ ov] & ov] aga940 ,_m ( ^! inv5tions recall a /ory ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 :o 0 exam9+ a /eam rocket inv5t$ & pat5t$ by a ,jacob ,p]k9s 9 #ahbd4 ,?is device consi/$ ( an iron case ) a /ick l t ( a rocket4 ,! case 0 fill$ ) wat] & _h a fusible metal plug at ! base4 ,! case 0 heat$1 & :5 ! plug melt$ ! g5]at$ /eam escap$ & imp++ on ! air drove =w>d ! projectile4 ,! absurdity ( ! idea is too obvi\s to ne$ discussion4 ,! ,duke c>efully exam9$ x1 & aft] ask+ _m que/ions1 rem>k$3 8,if ?is _h be5 inv5t$ fir/ & gunp[d] aft]w>ds1 :at a capital improvem5t gunp[d] w\ld h be540 ,! great w> saw ^! 8inv5tions0 multipli$ a ?\s&-fold4 ,! spread ( education1 ! availability ( books f :i* at lea/ a smatt]+ ( any subject c\ld be obta9$1 & f ! increase bo? 9 quality & quantity ( newspap] news a consequ5t clos] k ( :at 0 happ5+--all ^! factors help$ to add to ! crop ( ideas4 ,9 _m cases und\bt$ly ^! ideas 7 elaborat$ & work$ out by ! inv5tor1 adopt$ by ! au?orities1 & prov$ ( ! highe/ value4 ,^! cases 71 h[ev]1 greatly 9 ! m9ority1 & 7 g5]ally ! "w ( "o :o _h at lea/ "s pre-k ( 8 subject4 ,su* a man 0 ! late ,w+-,comm&] ,f4 ,a4 ,brock1 ,r4,n4,a4,s41 ( :om x c be said )\t fe> ( contradiction no "o man did m = milit>y pyrote*ny dur+ ! great w>1 & possibly 9 no o!r s+le subject dur+ ! w> 0 "o man s invaluable4 ,born 9 #ahhd1 educat$ at ,dulwi*1 he ent]$ ! firm ( ,c4 ,t4 ,brock & ,co4 9 #aija1 :]e he rema9$ until ! outbreak ( w>4 ,end[$ ) a m>k$ inv5tive ability & a ph5om5al memory1 & br\ght up z x 7 9 an atmosph]e ( pyrote*ny1 he develop$ a k ( pyrote*nic *emi/ry :i* 0 extraord9>y & appe>$ almo/ in/9ctive4 ,a naval correspond5t1 writ+ 9 8,! ,navy10 speaks ( him z foll[s3 8,f ,h#b,o to ,,wo#b !y knew all ab\t x1 or ?\ght !y did until ! wayw>d g5ius ( ! ,comm&]1 :o nev] pret5d$ to be a *emi/1 taught !m t !re 7 p]mutations & comb9ations to ! n? degree t !y _h nev] d>$ to ?9k (4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w+-,,comm&] ,,frank ,,ar?ur ,,brock1 ,r4,n4,a4,s4 ,kill$ at ,zeebrugge1 ,april #bcrd1 #aiah4 8,w+-,comm&] ,brock's great secret 0 orig9ality4 ,to ! accept$ =mula he w\ld add j a t\* ( ! unexpect$4 ,! *emi/s w\ld say x c't be done1 or x w\ldn't "w4 ,sometimes x did n1 b (t5 x did1 v ne>ly4 ,& ,brock's pione] bra9 t\*$ x a bit m--& lo6 ! impossible & ! unexpect$ _h arriv$40 ,dur+ 8 connection ) ! firm he _h travell$ ov] a l>ge portion ( ! _w on its behalf4 ,8 exp]i5ce at a comp>atively e>ly age 9 organis+ & c>ry+ out l>ge displays--:]e ! safety ( ?\s&s ( spectators is 9 ! h&s ( ! direct+ m9d--no d\bt did mu* to develop ^? qualities ( self-reliance & self-confid5ce :i* 7 s m>k$ a *>act]i/ic ( 8 ,s]vice c>e]4 ,w+-,comm&] ,brock 0 responsible = _m pyrote*nic inv5tions1 & = ! practical developm5t ( _m ideas & inv5tions n 8 own1 b :i* requir$ te*nical k & exp]i5ce to ensure success4 ,x is p]haps z ! 8inv5tor ( ! smoke scre50 t he is be/ kn[n1 a q mi/ak5 idea1 ! fallacy ( :i* a mom5t's consid]ation w %[4 ,!re are _m ref]5ces to ! use ( smoke z a scre5 9 classic times & ev5 9 my?ology4 ,! smoke ball1 z we h se51 0 a recognis$ milit>y /ore up to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x is j z absurd to cr$it ,comm&] ,brock1 or = t matt] any liv+ man1 ) ! inv5tion ( ! use ( ! smoke scre5 9 w>f>e z to cr$it ! inv5tor ( a pat5t fire ext+ui%] ) ! idea ( putt+ out fires4 ,:at ,comm&] ,brock did d 0 to provide ! means :5 ! dem& arose ( produc+ smoke suit$ to ! p>ticul> purpose = :i* x 0 to be us$1 :e!r = scre5s1 signall+1 or o!r purposes4 ,z an example ! 8,e0 float may be cit$4 ,a dem& _h aris5 = a smoke-produc+ device = use on bo>d m]*ant %ips to assi/ escape f enemy subm>9e attack4 ,comm&] ,brock1 ) *>act]i/ic en]gy1 9 a v %ort space ( "t produc$ ! 8,e0 float1 :i* = ease 9 manipulation by untra9$ op]ators & volume ( smoke produc$ 0 probably unsurpass$ by any subsequ5t device1 & on ! score ( *eapness x und\bt$ly held ! field4 ,?is /ore1 :i* 0 9 reality a triumph ( pyrote*nic design1 0 9 appe>ance s simple z to mislead "s at lea/ to :om great] insight might h be5 cr$it$ z to ! +5uity ( its design4 ,c\nsel at a sitt+ ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,aw>ds to ,inv5tors1 describ$ ! float z 8half-a-doz5 or s dra9 rockets 9 a box40 ,a rem>k :i* might be consid]$ z accurate z to describe a clock z "s pieces ( metal 9 a box1 7 x n = ! fact t ! box 9 "q conta9$ no dra9 rockets1 or any?+ resembl+ !m m closely ?an "o firework resembles ano!r design$ = q a diff]5t purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,smoke ,float 9 ,action4 ,! requirem5ts to be met 7 z foll[s3 ,! app>atus 0 to be us$ by m5 :om by nature ( _! employm5t x 0 impossible to tra9 individually1 !re=e its ignition mu/ be simple & at ! same "t c]ta9 & quick 9 action1 & c>ri$ on ! float itself2 a *amb] _h to be provid$ 9 :i* to z x 7 accumulate ! smoke g5]at$1 :i* *amb] _h ( necessity to h holes ?r\gh :i* ! smoke c\ld issue4 ,z ! float _h to be dropp$ aft] ignition f ! deck ( ! vessel into ! sea1 & w\ld consequ5tly be subm]g$ = a %ort "t1 ^! holes mu/ be 9 "s way seal$ until ! float rose to ! surface4 ,! pyrote*nic compositions :i* produce ! greate/ volume ( smoke 7 f\nd to take "s consid]able "t to atta9 _! maximum ( production1 & sep>ate units _h to be includ$ :i* w\ld develop almo/ in/antane\sly a big mass ( smoke1 p5d+ ! g5]ation ( ! ma9 supply4 ,9 addition1 ! float mu/ be s con/ruct$ z to rema9 effici5t :5 /or$ on ! deck ( a m]*ant vessel 9 all wea!rs & conditions4 ,two hundr$ ?\s& ( ^! floats 7 issu$ dur+ ! w>4 ,! subject ( smoke is "o :i* naturally attracts ! att5tion ( ! pyrote*ni/1 al?\gh 9 :at might be call$ a negative direction4 ,= display "w ! elim9ation ( smoke is obvi\sly ( great] importance ?an its production1 b inquiry into ! "o ( necessity leads to a k ( ! o!r4 ,9 "s few cases ! smoke g5]at$ is ( value 9 add+ to ! effect ( ! burn+ composition2 ! mo/ noticeable case ( ?is is ! use ( col\r$ fire z fl>es1 t is to say1 burnt 9 masses = ! illum9ation ( trees & o!r natural features4 ,"s ye>s ago ,messrs4 ,c4 ,t4 ,brock ,co4 sp5t consid]able "t 9 elim9at+ z f> z possible ! smoke f col\r$ fire1 :5 x 0 f\nd t )\t ! smoke ! result 0 v poor4 ,x 0 ! reflection ( ! col\r on ! smoke ^u :i* ! illum9ation dep5d$ = its effect4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is h>dly g]mane to our subject1 b is m5tion$ to indicate h[ l>gely ! "q ( smoke ent]s into ! "w ( ! mod]n pyrote*ni/4 ,comm&] ,brock _h1 ap>t f 8 ord9>y "w1 be5 engag$ = "s mon?s prior to ! outbreak ( w> on ! "q ( ! production ( smoke = ! ,admiralty1 & _h also int]e/$ himself 9 ! subject = comm]cial purposes1 su* z insecticide & o!r uses4 ,he 0 !re=e 9 a position1 :5 ! dem& arose = smoke bo? = naval & milit>y use1 to />t rese>* 9 ! matt] consid]ably ahead ( o!r inquir]s1 & to produce imm$iately a smoke t w\ld supply ! ne$s = ! "t be+ until m satisfactory means c\ld be evolv$4 ,! ,royal ,naval ,exp]im5tal ,/ation at ,/rat=d1 ( :i* he 0 9 comm& & :i* he organis$ & br\ght into be+1 _h _m activities besides smoke4 ,b ev5 ! exact+ "w ( controll+ its _m activities 0 n suffici5t = ! ,comm&]'s untir+ en]gy2 ! few mom5ts he c\ld snat* f 8 duties & ! _m he /ole f sleep 7 devot$ to ! inv5tion & elaboration ( w> devices4 ,8 greate/ a*ievem5t 0 ! ,brock anti-,zeppel9 bullet1 = :i* he & he alone is responsible1 & :i* beyond any %ad[ ( d\bt deliv]$ ?is c\ntry f ! t]ror ( ! ,zeppel9 raids4 ,8 o!r inv5tions include _m purely pyrote*nic smoke devices & inv5tions connect$ ) ! production ( smoke1 su* z ignit]s :i* 7 us$ to />t ! action ( smoke production1 ! ,dov] fl>es ( "o million c&le p[] ea*1 us$ by ! anti-subm>9e patrol 9 ! ,/raits ( ,dov]1 & burn$ to ! ext5t ( sev]al hundr$s e night4 ,he 0 also responsible = sev]al =ms ( />s = use 9 ,v pi/ol c>tridges4 ,capta9 ,c>p5t]1 ,v4,c41 9 8 spl5did book1 8,! ,block+ ( ,zeebrugge10 writes z foll[s ( 8 "w 9 connection ) t op]ation3 8,x w\ld be difficult = anybody to speak too highly ( ,w+-,comm&] ,frank ,a4 ,brock4 ,he 0 a r>e p]sonality4 ,an inv5tive g5ius1 ?an :om ! c\ntry _h no bett]1 x 0 8 bra9 t diff]5tiat$ ?is block+ ent]prise f all previ\s attempts 9 hi/ory 9 "o mo/ important p>ticul>4 ,! difficulty ( rea*+ ! de/9ation 9 ! face ( a /r5u\s opposition _h hi!rto br\ght failure1 b he provid$ an antidote 9 ! =m ( a satisfactory artificial fog design$ to protect ! block%ips f ! enemy's guns dur+ ! critical p]iod ( approa*4 ,t 9 itself 0 a wond]ful a*ievem5t1 b 8 inv5tive m9d 0 n satisfi$ !re)4 ,to him we ow$ ! special fl>es int5d$ = turn+ d>kness into light4 8,a special buoy 0 want$--"o t w\ld automatically provide its own light on be+ ?r[n into ! wat]4 ,brock made s little ( ! problem t he produc$ su* a buoy1 design$1 con/ruct$ & ready = use 9 less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,special signal lights 7 requir$3 ,brock produc$ !m4 ,flame projectors1 f> exce$+ any?+ hi!rto kn[n1 7 moot$3 ,brock produc$ !m also4 ,no matt] :at our requirem5ts 7 ,brock 0 undefeat$4 ,) a highly sci5tific bra9 he possess$ extraord9>y k ( almo/ any subject4 ,he _h travell$ mu* & c\ld tell y all t 0 wor? kn[+ ( any c\ntry f ,patagonia to ,spitzb]g54 ,he 0 no mean au?ority on old pr9ts & books1 0 also a ke5 philateli/1 & 0 bless$ ) a rem>kable memory4 ,:]ev] he w5t he c>ri$ ) him a pocket edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* 0 8 fav\rite possession2 8 k ( ! cont5ts 0 q unique4 ,& ) x all he 0 a great %ot & an all-r\nd sportsman4 ,8 f9e physique 0 well rememb]$ by _m a ,rugby football] f ! days :5 he play$ 9 ! pack ( "o ( ! lead+ club fifte5s4 ,8 g5iality & hum\r 7 h>d to beat4 ,b ( all 8 qualities1 optimism p]haps held fir/ place4 ,at times we1 :o 7 f> f be+ pessimi/ic1 ?\ght 8 optimism excessive1 b x 0 ju/ifi$ absolutely ) reg>d to ! success ( ! ent]prise40 ,! 8,v0 0 a pre-w> inv5tion1 pat5t$ 9 #ahgh2 x 0 n adopt$ into ! ,s]vice until ab\t t5 ye>s lat]4 ,x consi/s ( a %ort-b>rell$ pi/ol ( #a in* calibre--or r t 0 ! orig9al size1 a #a in* patt]n 0 introduc$ dur+ ! w>1 & subsequ5tly a #a in* patt]n ) a long] b>rel & %\ld] piece4 ,! orig9al c>tridge 0 9 effect a s+le /> ,roman c&le1 fir$ by p]cussion4 ,a small propell+ *>ge drove out a s+le col\r$ />1 ei!r r$1 :ite1 gre5 or blue4 ,! /> rose to a height ( ab\t #cjj feet4 ,^! 7 us$ purely = signall+ purposes4 ,! w> sugge/$ ano!r use ( ! 8,v0 pi/ol1 t is = illum9at+ purposes1 & v>i\s illum9at+ />s 7 introduc$1 bo? to light up ^u rea*+ _! objective ) a range ( two to ?ree hundr$ y>ds1 & to hang susp5d$ f a p>a*ute1 simil> to ! old p>a*ute light ball1 b ) _m times ! brilliance1 al?\gh consid]ably less 9 size4 ,! difficulty ( id5tify+ col\r$ />s 9 daylight sugge/$ ! use ( col\r$ smokes4 ,^! 7 successfully evolv$ by ,major ,wicks & ,capta9 ,gray1 an a*ievem5t ( f> great] difficulty ?an ! casual obs]v] might ?9k4 ,ap>t f ^! syn!tically prep>$ col\rs1 ! yell[ smoke natural to orpim5t 0 mu* us$ 9 signal />s4 ,lat] />s 7 sugge/$ by ,comm&] ,brock1 :i* asc5d$ burn+ :ite & at _! height broke into two1 & 9 a subsequ5t patt]n into ?ree1 />s ( v>y+ col\rs4 ,! rifle gr5ade1 :i* 0 fir$ by a rod fix$ to ! base ( ! gr5ade & runn+ d[n ! b>rel ( a rifle1 be+ bl[n out by a c>tridge )\t a bullet1 0 also fitt$ up = signall+ purposes4 ,^u op5+1 a s]ies ( lights1 arrang$ to code1 7 susp5d$ f a p>a*ute4 ,recognition & illum9at+ lights 7 con/ruct$ = use f a]oplanes1 & 7 ignit$ by dropp+ ?r\gh a laun*+ tube fix$ to ! ma*9e1 :i* made contact & fir$ !m electrically z !y pass$ ?r\gh4 ,l&+ lights & w+-tip lights1 electrically ignit$1 7 o!r /ores us$ 9 connection ) a]ial w>f>e4 ,ano!r 0 ! inc5di>y bomb4 ,until ! outbreak ( w> ! inc5di>y composition = use z />s 9 inc5di>y %ells 0 ( a mo/ primitive nature1 & ev5 dur+ ! w> inc5di>y compositions 7 us$ :i* 7 ridicul\s 9 comp>ison ) ^? produc$ lat]4 ,! con/ruction also ( "s ( ! e>li] ef=ts 0 q z absurd4 ,projectiles 7 devis$ 9 a ?9 pap] case1 int5d$ to be dropp$ f heights ( _m ?\s& feet1 & ignite on impact1 :]eas ! impact produc$ by ! velocity ( a projectile aft] su* a fall 0 suffici5t to scatt] ! case & its +r$i5ts 9 all directions4 ,x 0 ! use ( alum9ium 9 pyrote*ny :i* po9t$ ! way to real inc5di>y composition1 composition :i* exce$s ! temp]ature ( ^! primitive pit* & o!r elem5t>y compositions by _m times m ?an ! flame ( a c&le exce$s ! temp]ature ( ice4 ,bombs conta9+ !rmit1 & lat] on !rmalloy 7a composition :i* set h>d1 & did away ) ! necessity ( a case71 7 t]rible weapons1 giv+ a temp]ature :i* has h>dly be5 exce$$ by o!r means4 ,^! compositions 7 almo/ id5tical ) "s ( ^? conta9+ alum9ium us$ 9 pyrote*ny = a consid]able "t be=e ! w>1 b ( c\rse n = inc5di>y purposes4 ,! int5se heat is naturally accompani$ by brilliant light1 :i* 0 ( great value to ! pyrote*ni/s1 ! m s z alum9ium compositions d n det]iorate on be+ kept z d ^? conta9+ magnesium1 & al?\gh ! light is n q s brilliant1 & has less act9ic value1 ! fact t x is consid]ably *eap]1 comb9$ ) its keep+ qualities1 r5d]s x a v satisfactory sub/itute = t r exp5sive metal1 9 v _m cases at lea/4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,civil ,,use ,,( ,,fireworks ,! utility ( fireworks & ! numb] ( purposes to :i* !y h be5 appli$ are f> great] ?an mo/ p imag9e1 bo? at sea1 :]e possibly _! usefulness is mo/ fully exploit$1 on l&1 & s9ce ! w> & its consequ5t developm5ts ( a]onautics1 9 ! air4 ,firework signals at sea are us$ 9 almo/ endless v>iety = ! purpose ( id5tify+ vessels at night4 ,ea* %ipp+ l9e has its own signal or signals1 :i* are fir$ on su* occasions z :5 pass+ ,lloyd's signal /ations4 ,^! signals consi/ ( h& lights1 ,roman c&les1 rockets1 or ,co/on lights4 ,! la/-m5tion$ is a small h& light :i* is arrang$ to burn ) ei!r "o col\r or two or m col\rs 9 succession4 ,?is signal is us$ by ! majority ( =eign vessels4 ,! signal us$ may be ei!r lights burnt s+ly or toge!r1 or a light or lights burnt 9 comb9ation ) ,roman c&les or rockets4 ,by mak+ use ( ! v>i\s comb9ations a great numb] & v>iety ( signals h be5 arriv$ at3 a few typical examples w illu/rate ! k9d ( signals us$4 ,! ,zud-,am]ika ,lyn ( ,am/]dam burns a :ite light at /]n1 gre5 at bridge & blue at b[4 ,! ,:ite ,/> h a gre5 light at b[ & gre5 at /]n4 ,w4 ,john/on & ,co41 a gre5 light foll[$ by a ,roman c&le1 ?r[+ ?ree r$ & ?ree blue />s1 foll[$ by a :ite light4 ,! ,ab]de5 h a r$ light foll[$ by a ,roman c&le1 ?r[+ r$1 :ite & blue />s ?ree times successively1 %[n f aft4 ,j4 ,l4 ,burnham & ,co41 a blue light *ang+ to :ite1 !n to r$1 foll[$ by a r$ />4 ,! ,cun>d ,l9e1 (f ! coa/ ( ,irel&1 fire a blue light foll[$ by two gold5 /> rockets4 ,! ,ul/] ,/eam%ip ,co4 fire ?ree v]tical lights1 yell[1 blue & r$1 foll[$ by two ,roman c&les fir$ toge!r1 ea* ?r[+ two yell[1 two blue & two r$ />s4 ,^! examples w give "s idea ( ! v>iety ( signals us$2 !y are (t5 foll[$ by ano!r signal1 or r h a suffix :i* if fir$ has a p>ticul> mean+4 ,= in/ance1 a r$ light aft] ! signal may mean 8,all's well10 or a gre5 may signify a wi% to communicate4 ,"s l9es br+ ! :i/le into ! signal & comb9e long & %ort bla/s ) pyrote*nic signals4 ,besides ! h\se signals !re are "s g5]ally accept$ signals us$ by all vessels4 ,a blue light is ! signal = a pilot 9 all wat]s1 except ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is curi\s1 h[ev]1 t no univ]sal pyrote*nic signal ( di/ress has yet be5 arrang$1 al?\gh 9 #ahhi ,mr4 ,f4 ,crundall endeav\r$ to get a /&>d di/ress signal recognis$ by %ipp+ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,?is signal1 :i* consi/$ ( a ,roman c&le surr\nd$ at ! m\? by f\r lights :i* burnt simultane\sly ) x1 0 demon/rat$ be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & 0 di/+ui%able across ! ,*annel at ,dov]1 b 01 h[ev]1 n univ]sally adopt$4 ,ano!r ext5sive field use ( pyrote*nic signals at sea is 9 ! fi%+ indu/ry4 ,lights & rockets are us$ to communicate betwe5 vessels ( ! fi%+ fleets & ) ! c>ri]s4 ,! use ( su* signals by ! coa/gu>d & ! ,lifeboat ,in/itution & at h>b\rs & ports ?r\gh\t ! _w is also v great4 ,ano!r pyrote*nic /ore ( ! greate/ utility is ! l9e-c>ry+ rocket1 a device :i* has be5 responsible = ! sav+ ( ?\s&s ( lives4 ,! cr$it = sugge/+ ?is use ( ! rocket appe>s to belong to a ,mr4 ,tr5g\se1 ( ,cornwall4 ,?is 0 9 #ahjg4 ,! proposal did n1 h[ev]1 make z mu* headway z x %\ld h done1 ow+ to ! fact t ,capt4 ,manley _h t ye> introduc$ a device ) a simil> purpose1 ! l9e be+ c>ri$ by a %ot fir$ f a mort>4 ,?is idea _h be5 previ\sly work$ out by a ,s]gt4 ,bell ( ! ,royal ,artill]y & by ,la ,fre1 a ,fr5*man1 ! two work+ indep5d5tly4 ,! ,manley app>atus 0 (ficially adopt$1 & /ations e/abli%$ at =ty-five positions r\nd ! coa/4 ,! rocket me?od 01 h[ev]1 reviv$ 9 #ahbf by a ,mr4 ,d5nett1 ( ,newport1 ,isle ( ,wight1 & f\r /ations 7 e/abli%$ on ! isl& = ! use ( rockets ( 8 patt]n4 ,! advantages ( ! rocket ov] ! %ot app>atus are obvi\s--! lightness & mobility ( ! rocket tr\gh z comp>$ ) a mort>1 ! fact t ! rocket traces its own flight1 :i* c be se5 & foll[$ ev5 at night1 n to m5tion great] simplicity 9 work+4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 n until #ahee1 :5 a rocket ( great] range 0 inv5t$ by ,col4 ,box]1 ( ! ,royal ,laboratory1 t ! rocket z a l9e c>ri] came into its own4 ,! ,box] rocket consi/$ actually ( two rocket cases jo9$ head to tail1 & s arrang$ t :5 ! fir/ case _h burnt out x 0 bl[n (f1 & ! second gave r5ew$ impetus4 ,?is rocket is /ill 9 use at ! ,bo>d ( ,trade rocket /ations4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ! l9e-c>ry+ rocket :i* is mak+ rapid headway is a compact app>atus design$ = use on ! wreck$ vessel to c>ry a l9e to ! %ore4 ,?is sy/em has two great advantages1 namely1 ! t>get is s mu* great] :5 fir+ f ! %ip1 consi/+ z x does ( ! :ole coa/ l9e1 :]eas ! %ip =ms 9 comp>ison an insignificant m>k f ! %ore4 ,aga91 a vessel is g5]ally wreck$ on a lee %ore1 s t 9 fir+ f ! %ip ! rocket travels ) ! w9d4 ,bo? ! ,brock & ,s*]muley sy/ems are design$ = ?is purpose1 & !re is little d\bt t 9 a few ye>s all vessels w c>ry _! own means ( e/abli%+ communication ) ! %ore4 ,z a fur!r developm5t ( ! l9e-c>ry+ rocket1 x is int]e/+ to note t ,congreve1 9 association ) ,lieut4 ,j4 ,m4 ,colquh\n1 took out a pat5t = ! use ( ! rocket z a h>poon 9 :ale fi%+1 :i*1 if x prov$ satisfactory 9 use1 mu/ h be5 a m>k$ advance1 especially z ?is 0 be=e ! adv5t ( ! n[ univ]sally us$ h>poon gun4 ,ano!r pyrote*nic inv5tion responsible = ! sav+ ( _m lives is ! ,hale's ,light app>atus4 ,?is app>atus is fitt$ to a lifebuoy1 :i* is arrang$ = laun*+ f a vessel's bridge2 ! act ( laun*+ ignites a fl>e1 enabl+ ! p]son 9 ! wat] to see ! buoy & ! rescu+ boat to pick !m up4 ,! practical use to :i* fireworks h be5 put on l& are _m4 ,probably t :i* comes mo/ readily to ! m9d is ! s\nd signal or al>m4 ,_m fire brigades ^: memb]s are volunte]s & !re=e scatt]$ use a]ial m>oons to w>n & call !m = duty4 ,^! m>oons became famili> to ,london]s dur+ ! air raid p]iod 9 ! late w>4 ,! m>oon has also be5 adopt$ = fir+ ) a trip l9e z a burgl> al>m1 or = protect+ game pres]ves or simil> purposes4 ,ano!r well-kn[n pyrote*nic s\nd signal is ! fog signal us$ on ! railways1 :i* consi/s ( a t9n$ iron envelope conta9+ a mixture ( *lorate ( pota% & r$ phosphorus4 ,x is secur$ 9 position on ! rail by two lead clips provid$ = ! purpose1 & is fir$ by p]cussion on ! impact ( ! eng9e :eel4 ,bird sc>]s1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( s+le crack]s connect$ by a "t fuse1 & s arrang$ z to fire at regul> int]vals1 h be5 mu* us$ = ! protection ( se$ & crops4 ,! m9]'s squib & *ieza /ick or fuse light] are to all int5ts port-fires = light+ ! fuse 9 bla/+ op]ations 9 m9es1 _! =m & composition be+ adapt$ to ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( _! use4 ,illu/ration3 ,cry/al ,palace4 ,f a photograph tak5 by ! light ( a magnesium %ell4 ,! cr[d at 8,brock's ,b5efit0 7#fd1jjj p]sons pres5t74 ,! use ( pyrote*nic compositions = photographic purposes is well kn[n2 ^? 9 use at ! pres5t g5]ally conta9 magnesium1 :i* has great] act9ic value ?an any o!r firework composition4 ,magnesium lights fitt$ up to fire ) a trip l9e h be5 successfully us$ = obta9+ photographs ( big game 9 _! native surr\nd+s at night4 ,smoke pyrote*nically produc$ has = sev]al ye>s be5 us$ = ! te/+ ( dra9s1 & rec5tly successful exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out e/abli%+ ! value ( smoke z a protection = fruit blossom aga9/ fro/4 ,x has also be5 us$ z an insecticide = use aga9/ v>i\s k9ds ( p>asites2 a poison\s smoke has be5 f\nd ( great use 9 ! dislodg+ & ext]m9at+ ( rats4 ,ano!r agricultural use ( pyrote*nic1 or 9 ?is case p]haps m correctly explosive composition1 is ! use ( explosive c>tridges = pl\gh+2 t is1 c>tridges are explod$ at a c]ta9 dep? 9 ! gr\nd1 ! effect be+ to break up ! subsoil4 ,! explosive us$ is a mild & *eap =m ( dynamite4 ,! use ( rockets & o!r explosive fireworks = produc+ ra9 has be5 mu* discuss$ rec5tly4 ,_m writ]s d5y ! possibility ( success by su* means4 ,!re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt1 h[ev]1 t giv5 cl\ds 9 ! "r condition & altitude x is q possible to cause ra94 ,! writ] has se5 x done1 n once b _m times2 g5]ally x mu/ be admitt$ :5 ! ra9 0 n want$4 ,m>oons fir$ 9 wide-m\!d mort>s h be5 us$ on ! ,cont95t = "s ye>s to break up hail cl\ds & br+ !m d[n 9 ! =m ( ra9 ov] ! v9ey>ds1 :]e a hail /orm is a s]i\s calamity to ! w9e gr[]4 ,! use ( pyrote*nic signals 9 connection ) a]ial travel is gradually increas+4 ,! /ores us$ are practically ^? evolv$ & adopt$ dur+ ! great w>1 modifi$ 9 "s cases to suit peace "t requirem5ts1 b sub/antially !y are ^? describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,milit>y ,pyrote*ny4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,+r$i5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,pyrote*ny ,,at ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t4 ,=ce & ,sp>ks ,compositions4 ,saltpetre ,sulphur ,*>coal ,meal$ ,gunp[d] ,iron ,bor+s ,/eel ,fil+s ,z9c ,fil+s ,alum9ium & ,alloys ,magnesium & ,alloys ,lampblack ,orpim5t 7,sulphide ( ,ars5ic7 ,black ,antimony 7,sulphide ( ,antimony7 ,*lorate ,col\r ,compositions4 ,*lorate ( ,pota% or ,p]*lorate ( ,pota%4 ,nitrate ( ,/rontia ,r$ ,c>bonate ,sulphate ,nitrate ( ,b>yta ,gre5 ,*lorate ,c>bonate ,c>bonate ( ,copp] ,blue ,sulphide ,ars5ite ,calomel ,yell[ ,oxalate ( ,soda ,c>bonate ,= extra brightness ,magnesium add$4 ,second>y t9ts obta9$ by mixtures ( ! above4 ,non-,*lorate ,col\r ,compositions4 ,saltpetre ,sulphur ,*>coal ,black ,antimony ,:ite ,ars5ic ,orpim5t ,alum9ium ,magnesium ,sulphate ( ,copp] ,borax ,burnables4 ,%ellac ,pit* ,/]9e ,p>aff9 ,sug> ( ,milk ,l9se$ ,oil ,agglut9ants4 ,%ellac & ,_s ,/>* ,pa/e ,gum ,wat] ,l9se$ ,oil ,dextr9e ,s\nd ,produc+4 ,gunp[d] ,gun-cotton ,picrate ( ,pota% ,*lorate ( ,pota% ,alum9ium ,,pyrote*nic ,,bibliography ,manuscripts #abbe4 ,treatise ( ! ,ruses ( ,w>1 ! captur+ ( ,t[ns & ! ,def5ce ( ,passes1 accord+ to ! in/ructions ( ,alex&] son ( ,philip 79 ! ,leyd5 ,libr>y74 #adcb4 ,feu]w]ksbu* 7,,ms4 #cfb 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y ( ,freiburg i4 ,b474 #adch4 7ab\t74 ,lat9 ,manuscript1 ) enum]ation ( mat]ials = all fires 7,no4 #aig 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,muni*74 ,pr9t$ ,books #aebi4 ,/rassburg4 ,anonym\s3 ,bu*s5mei/]ei von ,ges*oss1 ,bu*s5pulv]1 ,salpet] und ,feu]w]k4 #aedj4 ,v5ice4 ,vanuccio ,bir+uccio3 ,de la pirote*nia4 #aegc4 ,london4 ,pet] ,:itehorne3 ,h[ to make ,saltpetre1 ,gunp[d]1 etc4 #aegh4 ,william ,b\rne3 ,inv5tions & ,devices4 #aegi4 ,leon>d ,diggs3 ,/rati/ico4 #aehh4 ,london4 ,cyprian ,luc>3 ,luc> ,app5dix1 collect$ to %ew ! ,prop]ties1 ,(fice & ,dutie ( a ,gunn]1 & to tea* him to make & ref9e artificial ,saltpeet] to sublime = ,gunp[d]1 etc4 7annex$ to a translation ( ,t>tagalia's book74 #aeia4 ,london4 ,anonym\s3 ,a pr(itable & ,necess>y ,book ( ,obs]vations = all ^? t are burn$ ) ! flame ( ,gunp[d]1 etc4 #afjg4 ,arg5torati 7,/rassburg7 ,alb]tus ,magnus3 ,de mirabilibus mundi4 #afad4 ,diego ,ufano3 ,artill]y4 c4 #afbj4 ,w4 ,eldr$3 ,! ,gunn]s ,glasse4 #afbh4 ,rob]t ,norton3 ,! ,gunn]4 #afbi4 ,f4 ,mal?us 7,francois de ,mal!73 ,treatise ( ,artificial ,fireworks4 #afcj4 ,pont--,m\sson4 ,jean ,appi]1 alias ,hanzelet3 ,la ,pyrote*nie4 #afce4 ,london4 ,john ,bate3 ,my/]ies ( ,nature & ,art4 ,! ,second ,book tea*+ mo/ pla9ly & )all mo/ exactly ! compos+ ( all mann] ( ,fireworks = ,tryumph & ,recreation4 #afce4 ,london4 ,john ,bab+ton3 ,pyrote*nia4 #afdc4 ,rob]t ,norton3 ,! ,gunn]s ,dialogue4 #afdh4 ,worce/]1 ,na?anael ,nye3 ,! ,art ( ,gunn]y4 #afej4 ,casimir ,siemi5[itz3 ,great ,art ( ,artill]y4 7,translat$ into ,engli% by ,george ,%elvocke 9 #agbi47 #afih4 ,hafniae 7,cop5hag574 787 ,w9t]3 ,de pulv]e ,pyrio4 ,recreation4 #agjg #agdg4 ,p>is4 ,frzi]3 ,trait des ,feux d',artifice4 #agaj4 ,frank=t4 787 ,s9c]i3 ,salpet]si$] und ,feu]w]k]4 #agce4 ,p>is4 ,jean ,bapti/e ,du-,halde3 ,description gographique hi/orique1 ,*ronologique et physique de l'empire de la ,*9e et de la ,t>t>ie *9oise4 #agdj4 ,p>is4 ,p]9et-d',orval3 ,essay sur les ,feux d',artifice4 #agee4 ,frank=t4 ,anonym\s3 ,d] ,wohl]fahrne ,salpet]si$] und ,feu]w]k]4 #agfe #aggf4 ,london4 ,lieut4 ,rob]t ,jones3 ,a new ,treatise on ,artificial ,fireworks4 #ahja #ahba4 ,p>is4 ,claude-,=tun ,ruggi]i3 ,elm5s de ,pyrote*nie4 #ahjg4 ,leipsig4 ,die ,pyrote*nie na* d] ,vors*rift5 von ,claude ,ruggi]i und ,?omas ,morel4 #ahab4 ,p>is4 ,claude-,=tun ,ruggi]i3 ,pyrote*nie ,militaire4 #ahbd4 ,london4 ,g4 ,w4 ,mortim]3 ,a ,manual ( ,pyrote*ny4 #ahbd4 ,/rassburg4 ,j4 ,ravi*io de ,p]etsdorf3 ,trait de pyrote*nie militaire1 cont5ant t\s les artifices de gu]re en usage en ,autri*e4 #ahcf4 ,bruxelles4 ,capt4 ,moritz ,mey] 7translat$ into ,fr5* by ,lieut4 ,hipp]t73 ,pyrote*nie ,raisonne4 #ahde4 ,madrid4 ,d',antonio ,b]mejo3 ,manual de pirote*nica milit>4 #ahde4 ,p>is4 ,joseph ,t\ssa9t ,re9aud & ,g5]al ,ildephonse ,fav3 ,hi/oire de l'artill]ie4 #are p>tie4 ,du feu grgois des feu de gu]re et des orig9es de la p\dre canon4 #ahdg4 ,p>is4 ,joseph ,t\ssa9t ,re9aud & ,g5]al ,ildephonse ,fav3 ,controv]se propose de feu grgois4 ,rponse aux objections de ,l4 ,lalanne4 #ahej4 ,breslau4 ,m>t9 ,websky3 ,s*ule d] ,lu/feu]w]k]ei4 #ahed4 ,p>is4 ,f4 ,m4 ,*]ti]3 ,n\velles re*]*es sur les feux d'artifice4 #ahei4 ,london4 ,abridgm5ts ( ! ,specifications relat+ to ,fire-,arms1 etc4 #ahfd4 ,philadelphia4 ,g4 ,dussauce3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,fabrication ( ,mat*es1 ,gun-,cotton1 ,col\r$ ,fires & ,fulm9at+ ,p[d]s4 #ahfe4 ,london4 8,practicus03 ,pyrote*ny1 or ,! ,art ( ,mak+ ,fireworks4 #ahfe4 ,p>is4 ,a4 ,d4 ,p4 ,v]gnaud3 #are ,p>tie1 ,pyrote*nie militaire4 #b;ime ,p>tie1 ,pyrote*nie ,civile4 #ahfe4 ,london4 ,ri*>dson ,watts3 ,*emical ,te*nology4 c4 #ahgj4 ,london4 8,practicus03 ,manual ( ,pyrote*ny4 #ahgf4 ,p>is4 ,e4 ,dsortiaux3 ,la p\dre1 les corps explosifs et la pyrote*nie4 ,traduction des ouvrages des docteurs ,upmann et ,mey]4 #ahgh4 ,p>is4 ,a4 ,lam>re3 ,n\veau manuel de l'artifici]1 ou trait pratique p\r la fabrication des feux de c\leurs1 etc4 #ahgh4 ,wa%+ton4 ,major ,james ,m4 ,:ittemore & ,lieut4 ,f4 ,hea?3 ,ammunition1 ,fuses1 ,prim]s1 ,milit>y ,pyrote*ny1 etc4 #ahgh4 ,london4 ,?omas ,k5ti%3 ,! ,pyrote*ni/s' ,treasury4 #ahhj4 ,london4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,br[ne3 ,practical ,firework-,mak+ = ,amateurs4 #ahhb4 ,p>is4 ,amde ,d5isse3 ,trait pratique complet des feux d'artifice4 #ahhc4 ,p>is4 ,paul ,tessi]3 ,*imie pyrote*nique1 ou trait pratique des feux colors4 #ahhd4 ,hull4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,br[ne3 ,firework ,accid5ts4 #ahhe4 ,erfurt4 ,osc> ,frey3 ,die ,feu]w]kskun/4 #ahia4 ,p>is4 ,m>cel9 ,b]!lot3 ,les compositions inc5di>es dans l'antiquit et au moy5 age4 ,le feu grgois et les orig9es de la p\dre canon4 7,revue des ,deux ,mondes47 #ahic4 ,trie/e4 ,dom5ico ,antoni3 ,trattato ,teorico--,practico de ,pirotecnia ,civile4 #ahie4 ,london4 ,osc> ,guttman3 ,! ,manufacture ( ,explosives4 #ahif4 ,london4 ,w>wick ,wro?1 ,f4,s4,a43 ,! ,london ,pleasure ,g>d5s ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 #aijf4 ,woolwi*4 ,col4 ,j4 ,r4 ,j4 ,jocelyn3 ,! connection ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t ) ,national & ,royal ,fireworks4 #aiji4 ,london4 ,! ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,briti% ,explosives ,indu/ry4 #aiae4 ,london4 ,lieut4-,col4 ,h4 ,w4 ,l4 ,hime3 ,! ,orig9 ( ,artill]y4 ,encyclopdias1 ,p]iodicals1 etc4 #agec4 ,*amb]s' ,cyclopdia4 #ahjb4 ,engli% ,encyclopdia4 #ahcj4 ,brew/]'s ,cyclopdia--,mac,cullock4 #ahfe4 ,boys' ,own ,volume3 ,pap]s on ,pyrote*ny1 8,practicus40 ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 #ahhf4 ,! ,te*no-,*emical ,receipt ,book4 ,brannt ,wahl4 #aiba4 ,h>mswor? ,univ]sal ,encyclopdia4 ,a4 ,/4 ,h4 ,brock4 ,,index ,abdulla1 #ae ,ab]de5 ,l9e1 #agd ,abridgm5ts1 ,pat5t ,(fice1 #afe ,abs5t-m9d$ ,begg>1 #ec ,abusavanani1 #aa ,accid5ts1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg ,acetate ( copp]1 #ade ,adirv$is1 #aj ,admiralty1 #afi ,a]ial m>oons1 #aji ,a]oplane signal lights1 #agb ,aix1 ,isl& (1 #afj ,aix-la-,*apelle1 #bh1 #de1 #abc ,alb]tus ,magnus1 #ad1 #ia ,alcohol1 #acj1 #adg ,alex&] ! ,great1 #f ,alex&] ,,ii1 #df ,alex&ra ,palace1 #ch ,alex&ria1 #dh ,alphonso1 ,duke1 #ae ,alum1 #adf ,alum9ium1 #aej1 #agc ,amb]1 #adj1 #adf ,am]ica1 #afa ,ammonium *loride1 #abi1 #adb ,angelo1 ,mr41 #cc ,antimony1 #aci ,antimony sulphide1 #adf ,anto9e de ,lala+1 #ae ,antoni1 #adi ,aqua ard5s1 #ada vit1 #abe1 #adj ,arabic gum1 #aej ,arc de ,triomphe1 #ej ,arctic regions1 #eb ,ars5al1 ,woolwi*1 #dc ,ars5ic sulphide1 #aj1 #adf ,ar?ur's ,seat1 #de ,arti*auts1 #aah ,artifices portatifs1 #aab ,artill]i/s' ,manual1 #adi ,artill]y bomb1 #aje ,a/ley1 s5ior1 #cf1 #cg ,avalan*e1 #ej ,augu/91 ,col41 #afj ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t1 #afa ,army1 #afa ,bab+ton1 ,john1 #bf1 #ib1 #if1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aba1 #adj ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #ad1 #ia ,bagdad1 #g ,bags1 #aaj ,bailey1 ,bill1 #ec ,balloon1 ,air1 #ajc ,fire1 #fj ,gas1 #ajc ,coehorne1 #ajg d\ble & triple1 #ajg ,balloone1 #ajd ,balon1 #aje ,bate1 ,john1 #ag1 #bg1 #ia1 #if1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aab1 #abb1 #abc1 #adj1 #ada ,baton feu1 #aag ,battle1 ,bantry ,bay1 #di ,jutl&1 #di ,nile1 #dj1 #di ,trafalg>1 #dh1 #di ,tsu-,%ima1 #di ,beacon1 signal1 #aeg ,beaconsfield1 #ea ,beckman1 ,sir ,m>t91 #bg ,bell1 ,s]geant1 #agg ,bell's ,weekly ,mess5g]1 #fc ,belvue ,g>d5s1 #ch ,b5$ict1 ,oil (1 #adj ,b5gal lights1 #abj saltpetre1 #abj1 #acf ,b]gh]i1 ,victory (1 #bb ,b]l91 #aei ,b]mondsey ,spa1 #cf ,b]?ollet1 #add ,bird sc>]s1 #agh ,bismu?1 #adf ,black antimony1 #aci ,black ,jack1 #ig ,blackmore1 #cc ,blaney1 ,"l1 #db ,blantyre1 ,africa1 #ee ,blond91 #eb ,bl[+ *>ge1 #aad ,blue devil1 #ig ,blue vitriol1 #abi ,bobb's ,hall ,tav]n1 #cf ,boil$ oil1 #adj ,boleyn1 ,anne1 #af ,bomb1 ,artill]y1 #aje ,firework1 #aje ,rocket1 #aei ,!rmit1 #agb ,w>1 #aje ,bomb>dm5t1 ,alex&ria1 #dh ,canton1 #di ,seba/opol1 #di ,bombay1 #ci1 #ee ,bomb%ell1 #ae1 #ajc ,bone a%1 #adf ,bonfire1 #bd1 #eh ,bordeaux1 #aeh ,bor+s1 ,iron1 #ih ,b\logne ,h>b\r1 #aei ,b\nc$ lances1 #abh ,b\nces1 #ig1 #ii ,b\quets1 #abg ,b\rne1 ,william1 #afb ,b[1 #afa ,box]1 ,r4,a41 ,lt4-,col41 #fg1 #agg ,box+ kang>oo1 #eb ,box+ mat*1 #ea ,boy]s1 ,capta91 #afj ,br&1 ,pet]1 #ae ,bridge ( ,l\is ,,xvi1 #db ,bright composition1 #abj ,brilliant fire1 #acc1 #ach ,brittany1 ,duke (1 #ba ,brock1 #cd1 #cf ,ar?ur1 #dh1 #gh ,*>les ,?omas1 #df1 #ed1 #fh ,c4 ,t41 ,co41 #aff1 #agh ,f4 ,a41 ,w+ ,comdr41 #aff 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