,,:at ,,is ,,art8                       
,,:at ,,is ,,art8                       
,,by                                    
,,leo ,,tol/oy                          
,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,ms41    
,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by            
,,aylm] ,,maude                         
,,new ,,york                            
,,funk  ,,wagnalls ,,company            
#aijd                                   
,introduction      ,:at ?\ghtful man has
 n be5 p]plex$ by problems relat+ to    
art8    ,an e/imable & *>m+ ,russian    
lady ,i knew1 felt ! *>m ( !  music &   
ritual ( ! s]vices ( ! ,russo-,greek    
,*ur* s /rongly  t %e wi%$ ! peasants1 9
 :om %e 0 int]e/$1 to reta9  _! bl9d    
fai?1 ?\gh %e h]self disbeliev$ ! *ur*  
doctr9es4  8,_! lives are s poor &      
b>e--!y h s little art1 s little  poetry
 & col\r 9 _! lives--let !m at lea/     
enjoy :at !y h2  x w\ld be cruel to     
undeceive !m10 said %e4    ,a false &   
antiquat$ view ( life is support$ by    
means ( art1 & is  insep>ably l9k$ to "s

 manife/ations ( art :i* we enjoy &     
prize4 ,if ! false view ( life be       
de/roy$ ?is art w cease to  appe>       
valuable4 ,is x be/ to scre5 ! error = !
 sake (  pres]v+ ! art8 ,or %\ld ! art  
be sacrific$ = ! sake (  tru?fulness8   
,aga9 & aga9 9 hi/ory a dom9ant *ur* has
 utilis$ art to  ma9ta9 its sway ov] m54
 ,re=m]s 7e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ,mohamm$ans1  
,puritans1 & o!rs7 h p]ceiv$ t art b\nd 
p to ! old  fai?1 & !y 7 angry ) art4   
,!y dilig5tly *ipp$ ! noses  f /atues & 
images1 & 7 wro? ) c]emonies1           
decorations1  /a9$-glass w9d[s1 &       
processions4 ,!y 7 ev5 ready to bani%   
art altoge!r1 =1 besides ! sup]/itions x
 upheld1 !y saw t  x deprav$ & p]v]t$ m5
 by dramas1 dr9k+-songs1 novels1        
pictures1 & dances1 ( a k9d t awak5$    
man's l[] nature4 ,yet  art always      
reass]t$ h] sway1 & to-day we are told  
by _m t art  has no?+ to d ) morality--t
 8art %\ld be foll[$ = art's  sake40    
,i w5t "o day1 ) a lady arti/1 to !     
,bodk9 ,art ,gall]y 9 ,mosc[4  ,9 "o ( !

 rooms1 on a table1 lay a book ( col\r$ 
pictures1 issu$  9 ,p>is & suppli$1 ,i  
believe1 to private subscrib]s only4 ,! 
pictures 7 admirably execut$1 b         
repres5t$ sc5es 9 ! private  cab9ets ( a
 re/aurant4 ,sexual indulg5ce 0 ! *ief  
subject (  ea* picture4 ,wom5           
extravagantly dress$ & p>tly undress$1  
wom5  expos+ _! legs & brea/s to m5 9   
ev5+ dress2 m5 & wom5  tak+ lib]ties )  
ea* o!r1 or danc+ ! 8c-c10 etc41 etc4   
,my companion ! arti/1 a maid5 lady (   
irreproa*able conduct &  reputation1    
began delib]ately to look at ^!         
pictures4 ,i c\ld n  let my att5tion    
dwell on !m )\t ill effects4 ,su* ?+s _h
 a  c]ta9 attraction = me1 & t5d$ to    
make me re/less & n]v\s4 ,i  v5tur$ to  
sugge/ t ! subject-matt] ( ! pictures 0 
objectionable4 ,b my companion 7:o prid$
 h]self on be+ an arti/7  rem>k$ )      
consci\s sup]iority1 t f an arti/'s po9t
 ( view  ! subject 0 ( no consequ5ce4 ,!
 pictures be+ v well  execut$ 7 arti/ic1
 & !re=e wor?y ( att5tion & /udy4       

,morality _h no?+ to d ) art4    ,"h    
aga9 is a problem4 ,"o rememb]s ,plato's
 advice n to let our  ?\ghts run ^u     
wom51 = if we d we %all ?9k cle>ly ab\t 
no?+ else1 & "o kn[s t to neglect ?is   
advice is to lose  tranquillity ( m9d2 b
 !n "o does n wi% to be consid]$  n>r[1 
ascetic1 or in>ti/ic1 nor to lose       
arti/ic pleasures :i*  ^? ar\nd u e/eem 
s highly4    ,aga91 ! newspap]s la/ ye> 
pr9t$ proposals to con/ruct a ,wagn]    
,op]a ,h\se1 to co/1 if ,i recollect    
rightly1 #ajj1jjj--;ab\t z mu* z  a     
hundr$ lab\r]s may e>n by fifte5 or     
tw5ty ye>s' h>d "w4 ,!  writ]s ?\ght x  
w\ld be a good ?+ if su* an ,op]a ,h\se 
7  erect$ & end[$4 ,b ,i _h a talk      
lately ) a man :o1 till 8  heal? fail$  
him1 _h work$ z a build] 9 ,london4 ,he 
told me t  :5 he 0 y\ng] he _h be5 v    
fond ( !atre-go+1 b1 lat]1  :5 he ?\ght 
?+s ov] & consid]$ t 9 almo/ e numb]  ( 
8 weekly pap] he read ( cases ( p ^:    
dea? 0 ha/5$  by lack ( good food1 he   
felt x 0 n "r t s mu* lab\r  %\ld be    

sp5t on !atres4    ,9 reply to ?is view 
x is urg$ t food = ! m9d is z important 
z food = ! body4 ,! lab\r+ classes "w to
 produce food &  necess>ies = !mselves &
 = ! cultur$1 :ile "s ( !  cultur$ class
 produce plays & op]as4 ,x is a division
 ( lab\r4 ,b  ?is aga9 invites ! rejo9d]
 t1 sure en\gh1 ! lab\r]s  produce food 
= !mselves & also food t ! cultur$ class
 accept  & consume1 b t ! arti/s seem   
too (t5 to produce _!  spiritual food = 
! cultur$ only--at any rate t a s+ul>ly 
small  %>e seems to rea* ! c\ntry       
lab\r]s :o "w to supply ! bodily  food6 
,ev5 7 ! 8division ( lab\r0 %[n to be a 
fair "o1 !  8division ( products0 seems 
rem>kably "o-sid$4    ,once aga93 h[ is 
x t (t5 :5 a new "w is produc$1 nei!r  !
 critics1 ! arti/s1 ! publi%]s1 nor !   
public1 seem to "k  :e!r x is valuable  
or wor?less8 ,"s ( ! mo/ fam\s books 9  
,engli% lit]ature c\ld h>dly f9d a      
publi%]1 or 7 savagely  d]id$ by lead+  
critics2 :ile o!r works once acclaim$ z 
ma/]pieces are n[ laugh$ at or utt]ly   

=gott54 ,a play :i*  nobody n[ reads 0  
once pass$ (f z a newly-discov]$        
ma/]piece  ( ,%akespe>'s1 & 0 produc$ at
 a lead+ ,london !atre4 ,are !  critics 
play+ bl9d-man's buff8 ,are !y rely+ on 
ea* o!r8 ,is  ea* foll[+ 8 own :im &    
fancy8 ,or d !y possess a crit]ion  :i* 
!y nev] reveal to ^? outside !          
pr(ession8    ,su* are a few ( ! _m     
problems relat+ to art :i* pres5t       
!mselves to u all1 & x is ! purpose (   
?is book to enable u to  rea* su* a     
compreh5sion ( art1 & ( ! position art  
%\ld occupy  9 our lives1 z w enable u  
to answ] su* que/ions4    ,! task is "o 
( enorm\s difficulty4 ,"u ! cloak (     
8art10 s  mu* selfi% amusem5t &         
self-indulg5ce tries to ju/ify itself1 &
  s _m m]c5>y int]e/s are conc]n$ 9     
prev5t+ ! light f  %9+ 9 ^u ! subject1 t
 ! clam\r rais$ by ?is book c  only be  
comp>$ to t rais$ by ! silv]smi?s (     
,ephesus :5 !y  %\t$1 8,great is ,diana 
( ! ,ephesians60 = ab\t ! space ( two   
h\rs4    ,elaborate !ories block$ ! pa? 

) subtle sophi/ries or pond]\s          
pseudo-erudition4 ,m]ely to ma/] ^!1 &  
expose !m1 0 by itself  a colossal      
lab\r1 b necess>y 9 ord] to cle> ! road 
= a  /atem5t ( any fre% view4 ,to h     
accompli%$ ?is "w ( exposure  9 a few   
*apt]s is a wond]ful a*ievem5t4 ,to h   
done x )\t  mak+ ! book intol]ably dry  
is m wond]ful /ill4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iii4    
7:]e a rapid summ>y ( "s sixty /hetic   
writ]s is giv57 ev5  ,tol/oy's p[]s fail
 to make ! subject int]e/+1 except to ! 
speciali/1 & he has to plead ) 8 read]s 
8n to be ov]come by  dulness1 b to read 
^! extracts ?r\gh40    ,among ! writ]s  
m5tion$1 ,engli% read]s miss ! names (  
,john  ,rusk9 & ,william ,morris1       
especially z s mu* t ,tol/oy says1 is  9
 accord ) _! views4    ,( ,rusk91       
,tol/oy has a v high op9ion4 ,i h he>d  
him say1 8,i  don't "k :y y ,engli% make
 su* a fuss ab\t ,glad/one--y h a  mu*  
great] man 9 ,rusk940 ,z a /yli/1 too1  
,tol/oy speaks ( him  ) high            
comm5dation4 ,rusk91 h[ev]1 ?\gh he has 

writt5 on art  ) pr(\nd insight1 & has  
said _m ?+s ) :i* ,tol/oy fully  agrees1
 has1 ,i ?9k1 n[h]e s sy/ematis$ &      
summ>is$ 8 view  t x c be readily quot$ 
9 ! concise way :i* has enabl$  ,tol/oy 
to indicate 8 po9ts ( ess5tial agreem5t 
) ,home1 ,vron1  & ,kant4 ,ev5 ! attempt
 to summ>ise ,kant's /hetic philosophy 9
 a  doz5 l9es w h>dly be ( mu* s]vice   
except to read]s :o h  already "s       
acqua9tance ) ! subject4 ,= ^? to :om ! 
diff]5ce betwe5 8subjective0 &          
8objective0 p]ceptions is fre%1 a  doz5 
pages w\ld be none too mu*4 ,& to       
summ>ise ,rusk9 w\ld be  p]haps m       
difficult ?an to cond5se ,kant4    ,z to
 ,william ,morris1 we are rem9d$ ( 8    
dictum t art is !  workman's expression 
( joy 9 8 "w1 by ,tol/oy's 8,z soon z ! 
au?or is n produc+ art = 8 own          
satisfaction1--does n himself  feel :at 
he wi%es to express1--a resi/ance       
imm$iately spr+s up0 7p4  #aed72 & aga91
 8,9 su* transmission to o!rs ( ! feel+s
 t  h aris5 9 him1 he 7! arti/7 w f9d 8 

happ9ess0 7p4 #aie74  ,tol/oy sweeps ov]
 a f> wid] range ( ?\ght1 b he & ,morris
 are  n oppos$4 ,morris 0 emphasis+ "p (
 :at ,tol/oy is imply+4    ,b to return 
to ! difficulties ( ,tol/oy's task4 ,!re
 is "o1 n  yet m5tion$1 lurk+ 9 ! he>ts 
( mo/ ( u4 ,we h enjoy$  works ( 8art40 
,we h be5 int]e/$ by ! in=mation convey$
 9 a  novel1 or we h be5 ?rill$ by an   
unexpect$ 8effect02 h admir$  !         
exactitude ) :i* real life has be5      
reproduc$1 or h _h our  feel+s t\*$ by  
allusions to1 or reproductions (1       
works--old ,g]man  leg5ds1 ,greek my?s1 
or ,hebrew poetry--:i* mov$ u long ago1 
z !y  mov$ g5]ations be=e u4 ,& we ?\ght
 all ?is 0 8art40 ,n  cle>ly und]/&+ :at
 art is1 & :]e9 its importance lies1 we 
7 n only atta*$ to ^! ?+s1 b attribut$  
importance to  !m1 call+ !m 8arti/ic0 & 
8beautiful10 )\t well kn[+ :at  we meant
 by ^? words4    ,b "h is a book t      
obliges u to cle> our m9ds4 ,x *all5ges 
u  to def9e 8art0 & 8beauty10 & to say  
:y we consid] ^! ?+s1  t pleas$ u1 to be

 specially important4 ,& z to beauty1 we
 f9d  t ! def9ition giv5 by /hetic      
writ]s am\nts m]ely to ?is1  t 8,beauty 
is a k9d ( pleasure receiv$ by u1 n hav+
 p]sonal  advantage = its object40 ,b x 
foll[s f ?is1 t 8beauty0 is a  matt] (  
ta/e1 diff]+ among diff]5t p1 & to atta*
 special  importance to :at pleases me  
7& o!rs :o h _h ! same sort  ( tra9+ t  
,i h _h7 is m]ely to repeat ! old1 old  
mi/ake  :i* s divides human society2 x  
is l decl>+ t my race is !  be/ race1 my
 nation ! be/ nation1 my *ur* ! be/     
*ur*1 & my  family ! 8be/0 family4 ,x   
indicates ignorance & selfi%ness4    ,b 
8tru? ang]s ^? :om x does n conv9ce20--p
 d n wi%  to und]/& ^! ?+s4 ,x seems1 at
 fir/1 z ?\gh ,tol/oy 7  oblig+ u to    
sacrifice some?+ valuable4 ,we d n      
realise t we  are be+ help$ to select ! 
be/ art1 b we d feel t we are  be+      
depriv$ ( our s5se ( satisfaction 9     
,rudy>d ,kipl+4    ,bo? ! magnitude & ! 
difficulty ( ! task 7 !re=e v  great1 b 
!y h be5 surm\nt$ 9 a m>vell\s mann]4 ,(

 !  effect ?is book has _h on me        
p]sonally1 ,i c only say t 8:]eas  ,i 0 
bl9d1 n[ ,i see40 ,?\gh s5sitive to "s  
=ms ( art1 ,i 01  :5 ,i took x up1 mu* 9
 ! d>k on que/ions ( /hetic philosophy2 
:5 ,i _h done ) x1 ,i _h grasp$ ! ma9   
solution ( ! problem  s cle>ly t--?\gh  
,i wad$ ?r\gh ne>ly all t ! critics &   
review]s _h to say ab\t ! book--,i nev] 
aga9 became p]plex$ ^u  ! c5tral issues4
    ,tol/oy 0 inde$ peculi>ly qualifi$ =
 ! task he has  accompli%$4 ,x 0 aft] _m
 ye>s ( "w z a writ] ( fiction1  & :5 he
 0 already /&+ 9 ! v =emo/ rank (       
,european  noveli/s1 t he f\nd himself  
compell$ to face1 9 deadly e>ne/1  !    
deepe/ problems ( human life4 ,he n only
 c\ld n g on writ+  books1 b he felt he 
c\ld n live1 unless he f\nd cle>        
guidance1 s  t he might walk            
sure-foot$ly & "k ! purpose & mean+ ( 8 
life4 ,n z a m]e "q ( speculative       
curiosity1 b z a matt]  ( vital         
necessity1 he devot$ ye>s to r$iscov] ! 
tru?s :i*  und]lie all religion4    ,to 

fit him = ?is task he possess$ great k (
 m5 & books1  a wide exp]i5ce ( life1 a 
k ( languages1 & a fre$om f  bondage to 
any au?ority b t ( reason & consci5ce4  
,he 0  p9n$ to no ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 
& 0 9 receipt ( no reta9+  fee :i* he 0 
n prep>$ to sacrifice4 ,ano!r gift1 r>e 
among m5  ( 8 position1 0 8 wond]ful    
s9c]ity & 7due1 ,i ?9k1 to t  s9c]ity7  
an amaz+ p[] ( look+ at ! ph5om5a ( our 
complex  & artificial life ) ! eyes ( a 
little *ild2 go+ /raight to  ! real1    
obvi\s facts ( ! case1 & bru%+ aside !  
sophi/ries1  ! conv5tionalities1 & !    
8au?orities0 by :i* !y are obscur$4     
,he comm5c$ ! task :5 he 0 ab\t fifty   
ye>s ( age1 & s9ce  !n 7i4e41 dur+ ! la/
 tw5ty ye>s7 he has produc$ n9e         
philosophical or sci5tific works (      
fir/-rate importance1 besides a  great  
_m /ories & %ort articles4 ,^! works1 9 
*ronological  ord]1 are--        ,my    
,confession4        ,a ,criticism (     
,dogmatic ,!ology1 :i* has nev] be5     
translat$4        ,! ,f\r ,gospels      

,h>monis$ & ,translat$1 ( :i* only two  
p>ts1 out ( ?ree1 h z yet appe>$ 9      
,engli%4        ,:at ,i ,believe1       
sometimes call$ ,my ,religion4        ,!
 ,gospel 9 ,brief4        ,:at are we to
 d !n8 sometimes call$ 9 ,engli% ,:at to
 d8        ,on ,life1 :i* is n an easy  
"w 9 ! orig9al1 & has n      be5        
satisfactorily translat$4#a        ,!   
,k+dom ( ,god is )9 y2 &        ,!      
,*ri/ian ,tea*+1 :i* appe>$ aft] ,:at is
 ,art8 ?\gh      x 0 writt5 be=e x4     
,to ^! sci5tific works ,i am incl9$ to  
add ,! ,kreutz] ,sonata1  ) ! ,sequel or
 ,po/script expla9+ its purpose2 = ?\gh 
,! ,kreutz] ,sonata is a /ory1 ! und]/&+
 ( sexual problems1  dealt ) explicitly 
9 ! ,sequel1 is an integral "p ( t      
compreh5sion ( life :i* causes ,tol/oy  
to admire ,*ri/1 ,buddha1 or  ,francis (
 ,assisi4    ,^! t5 works treat ( !     
mean+ ( our life2 ( ! problems rais$  by
 ! fact t we approve ( "s ?+s &         
disapprove ( o!rs1 &  f9d ourselves     
decid+ :i* ( two c\rses to pursue4      

,religion1 ,gov]nm5t1 ,prop]ty1 ,sex1   
,w>1 & all ! relations 9 :i*  man /&s to
 man1 to 8 own consci\sness1 & to !     
ultimate s\rce  7:i* we call ,god7 f    
:5ce t consci\sness proce$s--are exam9$ 
) ! utmo/ frankness4    ,& all ?is "t ! 
problems ( ,art3 ,:at is ,art8 ,:at     
importance is  due to x8 ,h[ is x relat$
 to ! re/ ( life8--7 work+ 9 8  m9d4 ,he
 0 a great arti/1 (t5 upbraid$ = hav+   
ab&on$ 8  art4 ,he1 ( all m51 0 b\nd to 
cle> 8 ?\ghts on ?is p]plex+  subject1 &
 to express !m4 ,8 :ole philosophy (    
life--!  8religi\s p]ception0 to :i*1 ) 
su* trem5d\s lab\r & ef=t1  he _h       
atta9$1 =bade him to deta* art f life1 &
 place x 9 a  wat]-tight comp>tm5t :]e x
 %\ld n act on life or be re-act$  ^u by
 life4    ,life to him is rational4 ,x  
has a cle> aim & purpose1 disc]nible by 
! aid ( reason & consci5ce4 ,& no human 
activity c be fully  und]/ood or rightly
 appreciat$ until ! c5tral purpose (    
life is  p]ceiv$4    ,y _c piece toge!r 
a puzzle-map z long z y keep "o bit 9 a 

wrong place1 b :5 ! pieces all fit      
toge!r1 !n y h a  demon/ration t !y are 
all 9 _! "r places4 ,tol/oy us$ t       
simile ye>s ago :5 expla9+ h[ !         
compreh5sion ( ! text1  8resi/ n him t  
is evil10 enabl$ him to p]ceive !       
reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 :i* _h   
long baffl$ him4 ,s x  is ) ! problem ( 
,art4 ,wrongly und]/ood1 x w t5d to     
confuse  & p]plex y\r :ole compreh5sion 
( life4 ,b giv5 ! clue  suppli$ by true 
8religi\s p]ception10 & y c place art s 
t  x %all fit 9 ) a "r und]/&+ (        
politics1 economics1  sex-relation%ips1 
sci5ce1 & all o!r phases ( human        
activity4    ,! basis on :i* ?is "w     
re/s1 is a p]ception ( ! mean+ (  human 
life4 ,?is has be5 q lo/ sight ( by "s (
 ! review]s1  :o h m]ely misrepres5t$   
:at ,tol/oy says1 & !n demon/rat$  h[ v 
/upid he w\ld h be5 _h he said :at !y   
attribut$ to  him4 ,leav+ 8 premises &  
argum5ts unt\*$1 !y diss5t f  v>i\s     
conclusions--z ?\gh x 7 all a m]e "q (  
ta/e4 ,!y  say t !y are v fond ( ?+s :i*

 ,tol/oy ridicules1 & t  !y c't und]/&  
:y he does n l :at !y l--:i* is q       
possible1 especially if !y h n und]/ood 
! position f :i*  he />ts4 ,b su*       
criticism c lead to no?+4 ,discussions z
 to :y  "o man likes pe>s & ano!r pref]s
 meat1 d n help t[>ds  f9d+ a def9ition 
( :at is ess5tial 9 n\ri%m5t2 & j s1  8!
 solution ( que/ions ( ta/e 9 art does n
 help to make cle>  :at ?is p>ticul>    
human activity :i* we call art really   
consi/s  940    ,! object ( ! foll[+    
brief summ>y ( a few ma9 po9ts is to    
help ! read] to avoid pitfalls into :i* 
_m review]s h fall54  ,x aims at be+ no 
m ?an a b>e /atem5t ( ! positions--= m  
?an t1 ! read] mu/ turn to ! book       
itself4    ,let x be grant$ at ! outset1
 t ,tol/oy writes = ^? :o h  8e>s to    
he>40 ,he seldom pauses to safegu>d     
himself aga9/ !  capti\s critic1 & c>es 
little = m9ute v]bal accuracy4 ,=       
in/ance1 on page #add1 he m5tions       
8,p>is10 :]e an ,engli% writ]  7ev5 "o  
:o knew to :at an ext5t ,p>is is ! art  

c5tre ( ,france1  & h[ _m arti/s flock  
?i!r f ,russia1 ,am]ica1 & all ends (  !
 e>?7 w\ld h be5 almo/ sure to h said   
8,france10 = fe>  ( be+ ?\ght to        
exagg]ate4 ,"o ne$s "s al]tness ( m9d to
  foll[ ,tol/oy 9 8 task ( compress+ s  
l>ge a subject into s  small a space4   
,moreov]1 he is an emphatic writ] :o    
says :at he  means1 & ev51 ,i ?9k1      
sometimes r ov]emphasizes x4 ,) ?is  mu*
 w>n+ let u proce$ to a brief summ>y (  
,tol/oy's view ( art4    8,art is a     
human activity10 & consequ5tly does n   
exi/ = its own  sake1 b is valuable or  
objectionable 9 proportion z x is       
s]viceable or h>mful to mank9d4 ,!      
object ( ?is activity is to  transmit to
 o!rs feel+ ! arti/ has exp]i5c$4 ,su*  
feel+s--int5tionally re-evok$ &         
successfully transmitt$ to  o!rs--are ! 
subject-matt] ( all art4 ,by c]ta9      
ext]nal  signs--movem5ts1 l9es1 col\rs1 
s\nds1 or arrangem5ts ( words--an  arti/
 infects o!r p s t !y %>e 8 feel+s4 ,?us
 8art  is a means ( union among m51 jo9+

 !m toge!r 9 ! same  feel+s40    ,*apt]s
 ,,ii4 to ,v4 conta9 an exam9ation (    
v>i\s !ories :i* h  tak5 art to be      
some?+ o!r ?an ?is1 & /ep by /ep we are 
br\ght to ! conclusion t art is ?is1 &  
no?+ b ?is4    ,hav+ got our def9ition (
 art1 let u fir/ consid] art            
indep5d5tly ( its subject-matt]1 i4e41  
)\t ask+ :e!r !  feel+s transmitt$ are  
good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,)\t adequate  
expression !re is no art1 = !re is no   
infection1 no transf]5ce  to o!rs ( !   
au?or's feel+4 ,! te/ ( art is          
infection4 ,if an  au?or has mov$ y s t 
y feel z he felt1 if y are s unit$  to  
him 9 feel+ t x seems to y t he has     
express$ j :at  y h long wi%$ to        
express1 ! "w t has s infect$ y is a  "w
 ( art4    ,9 ?is s5se1 x is true t art 
has no?+ to d ) morality2 =  ! te/ lies 
9 ! 8infection10 & n 9 any consid]ation 
( !  goodness or badness ( ! emotions   
convey$4 ,?us ! te/ ( art is an  int]nal
 "o4 ,! activity ( art is bas$ on ! fact
 t a man1  receiv+1 ?r\gh 8 s5se ( he>+ 

or sight1 ano!r man's  expression (     
feel+1 is capable ( exp]i5c+ ! emotion t
 mov$  ! man :o express$ x4 ,we all %>e 
! same common human nature1 &  9 ?is    
s5se1 at lea/1 are sons ( "o ,fa!r4 ,to 
take ! simple/  example3 a man laughs1 &
 ano!r1 :o he>s1 becomes m]ry2 or a man 
weeps1 & ano!r1 :o he>s1 feels sorr[4   
,note 9 pass+ t x  does n am\nt to art  
8if a man infects o!rs directly1        
imm$iately1  at ! v "t he exp]i5ces !   
feel+2 if he causes ano!r man to  yawn  
:5 he himself _c help yawn+10 etc4 ,art 
beg9s :5 "s  "o1 ) ! object ( mak+ o!rs 
%>e 8 feel+1 expresses 8  feel+ by c]ta9
 ext]nal indications4    ,normal human  
be+s possess ?is faculty to be infect$  
by !  expression ( ano!r man's emotions4
 ,= a pla9 man ( unp]v]t$  ta/e1 liv+ 9 
contact ) nature1 ) animals1 & ) 8      
fell[-m5--say1 = 8a c\ntry peasant (    
unp]v]t$ ta/e1 ?is is  z easy z x is =  
an animal ( unspoilt sc5t to foll[ !    
trace  he ne$s40 ,& he w "k indubitably 
:e!r a "w pres5t$ to  him does1 or does 

n1 unite him 9 feel+ ) ! au?or4 ,b  v _m
 p 8( our circle0 7upp] & middle class  
society7  live su* unnatural lives1 9   
su* conv5tional relations to !  p ar\nd 
!m1 & 9 su* artificial surr\nd+s1 t !y  
h lo/ 8t simple feel+1 t s5se (         
infection )  ano!r's feel+--compell+ u  
to joy 9 ano!r's gladness1 to  sorr[ 9  
ano!r's grief1 & to m+le s\ls )         
ano!r--:i* is  ! ess5ce ( art40 ,su* p1 
!re=e1 h no inn] te/ by  :i* to         
recognise a "w ( art2 & !y w always be  
mi/ak+  o!r ?+s = art1 & seek+ = ext]nal
 guides1 su* z !  op9ions ( 8recognis$  
au?orities40 ,or !y w mi/ake = art      
some?+ t produces a m]ely physiological 
effect--lull+ or  excit+ !m2 or "s      
intellectual puzzle t gives !m some?+   
to ?9k ab\t4    ,b if mo/ p ( ! 8cultur$
 cr[d0 are imp]vi\s to true art1  is x  
really possible t a common ,russian     
c\ntry peasant1 =  in/ance1 ^: "w-days  
are fill$ ) agricultural lab\r1 & ^:    
brief leisure is l>gely tak5 up by 8    
family life & by 8  p>ticipation 9 !    

affairs ( ! village commune--is x       
possible t  he c recognise & be t\*$ by 
works ( art8 ,c]ta9ly x is6 ,j  z 9     
anci5t ,greece cr[ds assembl$ to he> !  
poems ( ,hom]1 s  to-day 9 ,russia1 z 9 
_m c\ntries & _m ages1 ! ,gospel        
p>ables1 & mu* else ( ! highe/ art1 are 
gladly he>d by !  common p4 ,& ?is does 
n ref] to any sup]/iti\s use ( !        
,bible1 b to its use z lit]ature4    ,n 
only d normal1 lab\r+ c\ntry p possess !
 capacity to be  infect$ by good art--8!
 epic ( ,g5esis1 folk-leg5ds1           
fairy-tales1  folk-songs1 etc410 b !y   
!mselves produce songs1 /ories1 dances1 
decorations1 etc41 :i* are works ( true 
art4 ,take z examples !  works ( ,burns 
or ,bunyan1 & ! peasant wom5's song     
m5tion$ by  ,tol/oy 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv41 or 
"s ( ^? melodies produc$ by ! negro     
slaves on ! s\!rn plantations1 :i* h    
t\*$1 & /ill t\*1  _m ( u ) ! emotions  
felt by _! unkn[n & unpaid compos]s4    
,! "o great quality :i* makes a "w ( art
 truly contagi\s is its  s9c]ity4 ,if an

 arti/ is really actuat$ by a feel+1 &  
is  /rongly impell$ to communicate t    
feel+ to o!r p--n =  money or fame1 or  
any?+ else1 b because he feels he mu/   
%>e  x--!n he w n be satisfi$ till he   
has f\nd a cle> way (  express+ x4 ,& ! 
man :o is n borr[+ 8 feel+s1 b has      
drawn :at he expresses f ! dep?s ( 8    
nature1 is sure to be  orig9al1 = 9 !   
same way t no two p h exactly simil>    
faces or =ms1 no two p h exactly simil> 
m9ds or s\ls4    ,t 9 briefe/ outl9e is 
:at ,tol/oy says ab\t art1 consid]$     
ap>t f its subject-matt]4 ,& ?is is h[  
c]ta9 critics h met  x4 ,!y say t :5    
,tol/oy says ! te/ ( art is int]nal1 he 
mu/ mean t x is ext]nal4 ,:5 he says t  
c\ntry peasants h  9 ! pa/ appreciat$1 &
 d /ill appreciate1 works ( ! highe/    
art1 he means t ! way to detect a "w (  
art is to see :at is  app>5tly mo/      
popul> among ! masses4 ,g into ! /reets 
or  music-halls ( ! cities 9 any        
p>ticul> c\ntry & ye>1 &  obs]ve :at is 
mo/ frequ5tly sung1 %\t$1 or play$ on ! 

b>rel-organs4 ,x may happ5 to be        
8,t>>a-boom-deay10    or1               
8,we don't want to fight1               
,b1 by ,j+o1 if we d40    ,b :atev] x   
is1 y may at once decl>e ^! songs to be 
!  highe/ musical art1 )\t ev5 paus+ to 
ask to :at !y owe _!  vogue--:at        
actress1 or s+]1 or politician1 or wave 
( patriotic  passion has conduc$ to _!  
popul>ity4 ,nor ne$ y consid] :e!r  t   
popul>ity is n m]ely tempor>y & local4  
,tol/oy has said t  works ( ! highe/ art
 are und]/ood by unp]v]t$ c\ntry        
peasants--& "h are ?+s :i* are popul> ) 
! mob1 ergo1  ^! ?+s mu/ be ! highe/    
art4    ,! critics !n proce$ to say t   
su* a te/ is utt]ly absurd4 ,&  on ?is  
po9t ,i am able to agree ) ! critics4   
,"s ( ^! writ]s comm5ce _! articles by  
say+ t ,tol/oy is  a mo/ pr(\nd ?9k]1 a 
great prophet1 an intellectual =ce1 etc4
  ,yet :5 ,tol/oy1 9 8 emphatic way1    
makes ! sweep+ rem>k t  8good art always
 pleases e "o10 ! critics d n read on to
 f9d  out :at he means1 b reply3 8,no6  

good art does n please e "o2  "s p are  
col\r-bl9d1 & "s are deaf1 or h no e> = 
music40    ,x is z ?\gh a man /r5u\sly  
argu+ a po9t 7 to say1 8,e  "o kn[s t   
two & two make f\r10 & a boy :o did n at
 all see  :at ! speak] 0 driv+ at1 7 to 
reply3 8,no1 our new-born baby  doesn't 
"k x60 ,x w\ld di/ract att5tion f !     
subject 9 h&1  b x w\ld n elucidate     
matt]s4    ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a v]bal    
contradiction betwe5 ! /atem5ts t  8good
 art always pleases e "o0 7p4 #ajj71 & !
 rem>k conc]n+  8p ( our circle10 :o1 8)
 v few exceptions1 arti/s &  public &   
critics1 444 _c di/+ui% true works ( art
 f  c\nt]feits1 b cont9ually mi/ake =   
real art ! wor/ & mo/  artificial0 7p4  
#aea74 ,b ,i v5ture to ?9k t any "o (   
intellig5ce1 & free f prejudice1 read+  
?is book c>efully1 ne$  n fail to rea* !
 au?or's mean+4    ,a po9t to be        
c>efully not$ is ! di/9ction betwe5     
sci5ce &  art4 8,sci5ce inve/igates &   
br+s to human p]ception su* tru?s  & su*
 k z ! p ( a giv5 "t & society consid]  

mo/ important4 ,art transmits ^! tru?s f
 ! region ( p]ception  to ! region (    
emotion0 7p4 #ajb74 ,sci5ce is an       
8activity ( !  und]/&+ :i* dem&s        
prep>ation & a c]ta9 sequ5ce (  k1 s t  
"o _c le>n trigonometry be=e kn[+       
geometry40 8,! bus9ess ( art10 on ! o!r 
h&1 8lies j 9  ?is--to make t und]/ood &
 felt :i*1 9 ! =m ( an argum5t1  might  
be incompreh5sible & inaccessible0 7p4  
#ajb74 ,x 8infects any  man :atev] 8    
plane ( developm5t10 & 8! h9drance to   
und]/&+ ! be/ & highe/ feel+s 7z is said
 9 ! gospel7  does n at all lie 9       
defici5cy ( developm5t or le>n+1 b1 on  
! contr>y1 9 false developm5t & false   
le>n+0 7pp4 #ajb1 #ajc74  ,sci5ce & art 
are frequ5tly bl5d$ 9 "o "w--e4g41 9 !  
gospel  elucidation ( ,*ri/'s           
compreh5sion ( life1 or1 to take a mod]n
  in/ance1 9 ,h5ry ,george's elucidation
 ( ! l& "q 9  ,progress & ,pov]ty4    ,!
 class di/9ction to :i* ,tol/oy         
repeat$ly alludes ne$s "s  explanation4 
,! position ( ! l[] classes 9 ,engl& & 9

 ,russia  is diff]5t4 ,9 ,russia a mu*  
l>g] numb] ( p live on ! v]ge  (        
/>vation2 ! condition ( ! factory-h&s is
 mu* worse ?an 9  ,engl&1 & !re are _m  
gl>+ cases ( brutal cruelty inflict$ on 
! peasants by ! (ficials1 ! police1 or !
 milit>y1--b 9  ,russia a f> great]     
proportion ( ! population live 9 !      
c\ntry1  & a peasant usually has 8 own  
h\se1 & tills 8 %>e ( !  communal l&s4  
,! 8unp]v]t$ c\ntry peasant0 ( :om      
,tol/oy speaks  is a man :o p]haps      
suff]s griev\s want :5 !re is a bad     
h>ve/  9 8 prov9ce1 b he is a man       
accu/om$ to ! exp]i5ces ( a  natural    
life1 to ! managem5t ( 8 own affairs1 & 
to a real voice  9 ! arrangem5ts ( !    
village commune4 ,! ,gov]nm5t int]f]es1 
f "t to "t1 to collect its taxes by =ce1
 to take ! "y m5  = soldi]s1 or to      
ma9ta9 ! 8rights0 ( ! upp] classes2 b   
o!rwise ! peasant is free to d :at he   
sees to be necess>y &  reasonable4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 ,engli% lab\r]s are1 = ! mo/   
"p1  n s poor1 !y h m legal rights1 & !y

 h votes2 b a f>  l>g] numb] ( !m live 9
 t[ns & are engag$ 9 unnatural          
occupations1 :ile ev5 ^? t d live 9 t\* 
) nature are  usually m]e wage-e>n]s1   
till+ o!r m5's l&1 & liv+ (t5 9  abject 
submission to ! f>m]1 ! p>son1 or !     
lady-b\ntiful4 ,!y  are dep5d5t on an   
employ] = daily bread1 & ! condition ( a
  wage-lab\r] is z unnatural z t ( a    
l&lord4    ,! tyranny ( ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg
 bureaucracy is m dramatic1 b less      
omnipres5t--& probably f> less fatal to 
! capacity to enjoy  art--?an ! tyranny 
( our respectable1 self-satisfi$1 &     
prop]ty-lov+ middle-class4 ,i am !re=e  
afraid t we h no  great numb] (         
8unp]v]t$0 c\ntry lab\r]s to comp>e ) ^?
 (  :om ,tol/oy speaks--& "s ( :om ,i h 
kn[n p]sonally4 ,b !  tru? ,tol/oy      
elucidates lies f> too deep 9 human     
nature to be  infr+$ by su* diff]5ces ( 
local circum/ance4 ,:atev] ^?           
circum/ances may be1 ! fact rema9s t 9  
proportion z a man  approa*es t[>ds !   
condition n only ( 8e>n+ 8 subsi/5ce by 

"s k9d ( lab\r10 b ( 8liv+ on all its   
sides ! life natural  & prop] to        
mank9d10 8 capacity to appreciate true  
art t5ds to  increase4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 
a class settles d[n into an  artificial 
way ( life1--loses t\* ) nature1 becomes
 confus$ 9 its  p]ceptions ( :at is good
 & :at is bad1 & pref]s ! condition  ( a
 p>asite to t ( a produc]1--its capacity
 to appreciate true art  mu/ dim9i%4    
,hav+ lo/ all cle> p]ception ( ! mean+ (
 life1  su* p are necess>ily left )\t   
any crit]ion :i* w enable  !m to di/+ui%
 good f bad art1 & !y are sure to foll[ 
eag]ly aft] beauty1 or 8t :i* pleases   
!m40    ,! arti/s ( our society c       
usually only rea* p ( ! upp]  & middle  
classes4 ,b :o is ! great arti/8--he :o 
delights a  select audi5ce ( 8 own day &
 class1 or he ^: works l9k  g5]ation to 
g5]ation & race to race 9 a common bond 
( feel+8  ,surely art %\ld fulfil its   
purpose z completely z possible4 ,a "w  
( art t unit$ e "o ) ! au?or1 & ) "o    
ano!r1  w\ld be p]fect art4 ,tol/oy1 9 8

 emphatic way1 speaks ( works (         
8univ]sal0 art1 & 7?\gh ! pr(\nd critics
 ha/5 to in=m u  t no "w ( art ev] rea*$
 ev]ybody7 c]ta9ly ! m ne>ly a  "w ( art
 approa*es to su* expression ( feel+ t e
 "o may  be infect$ by x--! ne>] 7ap>t f
 all "q ( subject-matt]7  x approa*es   
p]fection4    ,b n[ z to subject-matt]4 
,! subject-matt] ( art consi/s (  feel+s
 :i* c be spread f man to man1 feel+s   
:i* are  8contagi\s0 or 8infecti\s40 ,is
 x ( no importance :at feel+s  increase 
& multiply among m58    ,"o man feels t 
submission to ! au?ority ( 8 *ur*1 &    
belief 9 all t x tea*es him1 is good2   
ano!r is embu$ by a s5se  ( ea* man's   
duty to ?9k ) 8 own head--to use = 8    
guidance 9  life ! reason & consci5ce   
giv5 to him4 ,"o man feels t 8  nation  
ought to wipe out 9 blood ! %ame ( a    
defeat inflict$ on  h]2 ano!r feels t we
 are bro!rs1 sons ( "o _s1 & t  !       
slaught] ( man by man is always wrong4  
,"o man feels t ! mo/  desirable ?+ 9   
life is ! satisfaction obta9able by !   

love (  wom52 ano!r man feels t sex-love
 is an entanglem5t & a sn>e1  h9d]+ 8   
real "w 9 life4 ,& ea* ( ^!1 if he      
possess an  arti/'s gift ( expression1 &
 if ! feel+ be really 8 own &  s9c]e1   
may infect o!r m54 ,b "s ( ^! feel+s w  
b5efit  & "s w h>m mank9d1 & ! m widely 
!y are spread !  great] w be _! effect4 
,art unites m54 ,surely x is desirable t
 ! feel+s 9 :i* x  unites !m %\ld be 8! 
be/ & highe/ to :i* m5 h ris510 or  at  
lea/ %\ld n run contr>y to our p]ception
 ( :at makes = !  well-be+ ( ourselves &
 ( o!rs4 ,& our p]ception ( :at makes  =
 ! well-be+ ( ourselves & ( o!rs is :at 
,tol/oy calls our  8religi\s p]ception40
    ,!re=e ! subject-matt] ( :at we1 9  
our day1 c e/eem z be+  ! be/ art1 c be 
( two k9ds only--    7#a7 ,feel+s fl[+ f
 ! highe/ p]ception n[ atta9able by man 
( our "r relation to our neighb\r & to !
 ,s\rce f :i* we  come4 ,dick5s'        
8,*ri/mas ,c>ol10 unit+ u 9 a m vivid   
s5se (  compassion & love1 is a ready   
example ( su* art4    7#b7 ,! simple    

feel+s ( common life1 accessible to e   
"o--provid$  t !y are su* z d n h9d]    
progress t[>ds well-be+4 ,art (  ?is k9d
 makes u realise to h[ great an ext5t we
 already are memb]s  "o ( ano!r--%>+ !  
feel+s ( "o common human nature4    ,!  
success ( a v primitive novel--! /ory ( 
,joseph1 :i* made  its way into ! sacr$ 
books ( ! ,jews1 spread f l& to l& &  f 
age to age1 & cont9ues to be read to-day
 among p q free  f bibliolatry--%[s h[  
ne>ly 8univ]sal0 may be ! appeal ( ?is  
k9d ( art4 ,?is bran* includes all      
h>mless jokes1 folk-/ories1  nurs]y     
rhymes1 & ev5 dolls1 if only ! au?or or 
design] has  express$ a feel+ 7t5d]ness1
 pleasure1 hum\r1 or :at n7 s z to      
infect o!rs4    ,b h[ are we to "k :at  
are ! 8be/0 feel+s8 ,:at is good8 &  :at
 is evil8 ,?is is decid$ by 8religi\s   
p]ception40 ,"s su*  p]ception exi/s 9 e
 human be+2 !re is always some?+ he     
approves (1 & some?+ he disapproves (4  
,reason & consci5ce are  always pres5t1 
active or lat5t1 z long z man lives4    

,miss ,flora ,%aw  tells t ! mo/ degrad$
 cannibal %e ev] met1 drew ! l9e at     
eat+ 8 own "m--no?+ w\ld induce him to  
ent]ta9 ! ?\ght1  8 moral s5se 0 revolt$
 by ! sugge/ion4 ,9 mo/ societies !     
8religi\s p]ception10 to :i* !y h       
advanc$1--! =emo/ /age  9 mank9d's long 
m>* t[>ds p]fection1 :i* has be5        
disc]n$1--has be5 cle>ly express$ by "s 
"o1 & m or less  consci\sly accept$ z an
 ideal by ! _m4 ,b !re are transition   
p]iods 9 hi/ory :5 ! worn-out =mul>ies (
 a pa/ age h  ceas$ to satisfy m51 or h 
become s incru/$ ) sup]/itions  t _!    
orig9al brightness is lo/4 ,! 8religi\s 
p]ception0 t  is dawn+ may n yet h f\nd 
su* expression z to be g5]ally          
und]/ood1 b = all t x exi/s1 & %[s      
itself by compell+  m5 to repudiate     
beliefs t satisfi$ _! =efa!rs1 ! outw>d 
& visible signs ( :i* are /ill end[$ &  
dom9ant long aft]  _! _s has tak5 refuge
 9 temples n made ) h&s4    ,at su*     
times x is difficult = m5 to und]/& ea* 
o!r1 = !  v words ne$$ to express !     

deepe/ exp]i5ces ( m5's  consci\sness   
mean diff]5t ?+s to diff]5t m54 ,s among
 u  to-day1 to _m m9ds fai? means       
cr$ulity1 & ,god sugge/s a  p]son ( !   
male sex1 fa!r ( "o only-begott5 son1 & 
creator (  ! univ]se4    ,?is is :y     
,tol/oy's cle> & rational 8religi\s     
p]ception10  express$ 9 ! books nam$ on 
a previ\s page1 is frequ5tly spok5 (  by
 p :o h n grasp$ x1 z 8my/icism40    ,! 
n>r[ mat]iali/ is %ock$ to f9d t ,tol/oy
 w n conf9e  himself to ! 8objective0   
view ( life4 ,enc\nt]+ 9 himself t      
8inn] voice0 :i* compels u all to *oose 
betwe5 good & evil1  ,tol/oy refuses to 
be div]t$ f a matt] :i* is ( imm$iate & 
vital importance to him1 by discussions 
z to ! d]ivation ( !  ext]nal           
manife/ations ( consci5ce :i* biologi/s 
are able to  detect 9 remote =ms ( life4
 ,! real my/ic1 on ! o!r h&1  %r9ks f   
,tol/oy's desire to try all ?+s by !    
light ( reason1  to dep5d on no?+ vague1
 & to accept no?+ on au?ority4 ,! man   
:o does n tru/ 8 own reason1 fe>s t life

 ?us squ>ely fac$  w prove less wor?    
hav+ ?an x is :5 clo!d 9 mi/4    ,9 ?is 
"w1 h[ev]1 ,tol/oy does n recapitulate  
at l5g? :at he  has said be=e4 ,he does 
n pause to re-expla9 :y he condemns     
,patriotism--i4e41 ea* man's pref]5ce = 
! pr$om9ance ( 8  own c\ntry1 :i* leads 
to ! murd] ( man by man 9 w>2 or        
,*ur*es1 :i* are sect>ian--i4e41 :i*    
/riv+ to ass]t t y\r  doxy is het]odoxy1
 b t our doxy is or?odoxy1 make ext]nal 
au?orities 7,popes1 ,bibles1 ,c\ncils7  
supreme1 & cl+ to  sup]/itions 7_! own  
miracles1 leg5ds1 & my?s71 ?us  sep>at+ 
!mselves f communion ) ! re/ ( mank9d4  
,nor does  he re-expla9 :y he 7l ,*ri/7 
says 8pitiable is y\r plight--ye  ri*10 
:o live artificial lives1 ma9ta9able    
only by ! unbro!rly  use ( =ce 7police &
 soldi]s71 b bless$ are ye poor--:o1 by 
y\r  way ( life1 are )9 easi] rea* (    
bro!rly conditions1 if y  w b tru/ to   
reason & consci5ce1 & *ange ! direction 
(  y\r he>ts & ( y\r lab\r1--work+ no m 
prim>ily f fe> or  gre$1 b seek+ fir/ ! 

k+dom ( righte\sness1 9 :i* all  good   
?+s w be add$ unto y4 ,he m]ely         
summ>ises x all 9 a few  s5t5ces1 def9+ 
! 8religi\s p]ception0 ( to-day1 :i*    
alone  c decide = u 8! degree (         
importance bo? ( ! feel+s  transmitt$ by
 art & ( ! in=mation transmitt$ by      
sci5ce40    8,! religi\s p]ception ( our
 "t1 9 its wide/ & mo/ practical        
application1 is ! consci\sness t our    
well-be+1 bo? mat]ial &  spiritual1     
individual & collective1 temporal &     
et]nal1 lies 9 !  gr[? ( bro!rhood among
 m5--9 _! lov+ h>mony ) "o  ano!r0 7p4  
#aei74    ,& aga93    8,h[ev] diff]5tly 
9 =m p belong+ to our ,*ri/ian _w may   
def9e ! de/9y ( man2 :e!r !y see x 9    
human progress 9  :atev] s5se ( ! words1
 9 ! union ( all m5 9 a sociali/ic      
realm1 or 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a commune2   
:e!r !y look =w>d  to ! union ( mank9d  
"u ! guidance ( "o univ]sal ,*ur*1 or   
to ! f$]ation ( ! _w1--h[ev] v>i\s 9 =m 
_!  def9itions ( ! de/9ation ( human    
life may be1 all m5 9 our  times already

 admit t ! highe/ well-be+ atta9able by 
m5 is to  be rea*$ by _! union ) "o     
ano!r0 7p4 #ahh74    ,?is is ! f\ndation
 on :i* ! :ole "w is bas$4 ,x foll[s    
necess>ily f ?is p]ception t we %\ld    
consid] z mo/  important 9 sci5ce       
8inve/igations into ! results ( good &  
bad  actions1 consid]ations ( !         
reasonabl5ess or unreasonabl5ess (      
human in/itutions & beliefs1            
consid]ations ( h[ human life %\ld  be  
liv$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ well-be+ 
= ea*2 z to :at  "o may & ought1 & :at  
"o _c & %\ld n believe2 h[ to  subdue   
"o's passions1 & h[ to acquire ! habit (
 virtue40 ,?is is  ! sci5ce t 8occupi$  
,moses1 ,solon1 ,socrates1 ,epictetus1  
,confucius1  ,m5cius1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 
,sp9oza1 & all ^? :o h taught m5 to     
live a moral life10 & x is precisely !  
k9d ( sci5tific  inve/igation to :i*    
,tol/oy has devot$ mo/ ( ! la/ tw5ty    
ye>s1 & = ! sake ( :i* he is (t5 said to
 h 8ab&on$  art40    ,s9ce sci5ce1 l    
art1 is a 8human activity10 t sci5ce be/

  des]ves our e/eem1 be/ des]ves to be  
8*os51 tol]at$1 approv$1  & diffus$10   
:i* treats ( :at is supremely important 
to man2 :i*  deals ) urg5t1 vital1      
inevitable problems ( actual life4 ,su* 
sci5ce z ?is br+s 8to ! consci\sness (  
m5 ! tru?s t fl[  f ! religi\s p]ception
 ( our times10 & 8indicates ! v>i\s     
me?ods ( apply+ ?is consci\sness to     
life40 8,art %\ld trans=m  ?is p]ception
 into feel+40    ,! 8sci5ce0 :i* is     
occupi$ 9 8p\r+ liquids f "o j> into    
ano!r1 or analys+ ! spectrum1 or cutt+  
up frogs & porpoises10  is no use =     
r5d]+ su* guidance to art1 ?\gh capable 
(  practical applications :i*1 "u a m   
righte\s sy/em ( society1  might greatly
 h light5$ ! suff]+s ( mank9d4          
,naturally en\gh1 ! la/ *apt] ( ! book  
deals ) ! relation  betwe5 sci5ce & art4
 ,& ! conclusion is t3    8,! de/9y (   
art 9 our "t is to transmit f ! realm ( 
reason  to ! realm ( feel+ ! tru? t     
well-be+ = m5 consi/s 9  be+ unit$      
toge!r1 & to set up1 9 place ( ! exi/+  

reign (  =ce1 t k+dom ( ,god1 i4e4 (    
love1 :i* we all recognise to be  !     
highe/ aim ( human life40    ,& ?is art 
( ! future w n be poor]1 b f> ri*]1 9   
subject-matt] ?an ! art ( to-day4 ,f !  
lullaby--t w  delight millions ( p1     
g5]ation aft] g5]ation--to ! highe/     
religi\s art1 deal+ ) /rong1 ri*1 & v>i$
 emotions fl[+  f a fre% outlook ^u life
 & all its problems--! field op5 =  good
 art is enorm\s4 ,) s mu* to say t is   
urg5tly important to  all1 ! art ( !    
future w1 9 matt] ( =m also1 be f>      
sup]ior  to our art 9 8cle>ness1 beauty1
 simplicity1 & compression0 7p4 #aid74  
,= beauty 7i4e41 8t :i* pleases07--?\gh 
x dep5ds on ta/e1  & c furni% no        
crit]ion = art--w be a natural          
*>act]i/ic  ( "w done1 n = hire1 nor ev5
 = fame1 b because m51 liv+ a  natural &
 heal?y life1 wi% to %>e ! 8highe/      
spiritual /r5g?  :i* passes ?r\gh !m0 ) 
! greate/ possible numb] ( o!rs4  ,!    
feel+s su* an arti/ wi%es to %>e1 he w  
transmit 9 a way  t w please him1 & w   

please o!r m5 :o %>e 8 nature4          
,morality is 9 ! nature ( ?+s--we _c    
escape x4    ,9 a society :]e ea* man   
sets himself to obta9 weal?1 !          
difficulty ( obta9+ an hone/ liv+ t5ds  
to become great] &  great]4 ,! m ke5ly a
 society pants to obta9 8t :i* pleases10
  & puts ?is =w>d z ! fir/ & great      
consid]ation1 ! m  pu]ile & wor?less w  
_! art become4 ,b 9 a society :i*       
s\ght1 prim>ily1 = "r relations betwe5  
its memb]s1 an abundance  w\ld easily be
 obta9able = all2 & :5 8religi\s        
p]ception0  guides a p's art--beauty    
inevitably results1 z has always be5 !  
case :5 m5 h seiz$ a fre% p]ception (   
life & ( its purpose4                   
99       99       99       99       99  
,an illu/ration :i* ,tol/oy /ruck out ( 
! "w :ile x 0 be+  pr9t$1 may s]ve to   
illu/rate h[1 ) ! aid ( ! pr9ciples     
expla9$ above1 we may judge ( ! m]its ( 
any "w pr(ess+ to be  art4    ,take     
,romeo & ,juliet4 ,! conv5tional view is
 t ,%akespe> is !  greate/ ( arti/s1 & t

 ,romeo & ,juliet is "o ( 8 good  plays4
 ,:y ?is is s nobody c tell y4 ,x is s3 
t is ! way  c]ta9 p feel ab\t x4 ,!y are
 8! au?orities10 & to d\bt  _! dictum is
 to %[ t y "k no?+ ab\t art4 ,tol/oy    
does  n agree ) !m 9 _! e/imate (       
,%akespe>1 !re=e ,tol/oy  is wrong6     
,b n[ let u apply ,tol/oy's view ( art  
to ,romeo & ,juliet4 ,he  does n d5y t x
 infects4 8,let u admit t x is a "w (   
art1  t x infects 7?\gh x is s          
artificial t x c infect only  ^? :o h   
be5 c>efully educat$ !reunto72 b :at are
 !  feel+s x transmits80    ,t is to    
say1 judg+ by ! int]nal te/1 ,tol/oy    
admits t  ,romeo & ,juliet unites him to
 its au?or & to o!r p 9  feel+4 ,b ! "w 
is v f> f be+ "o ( 8univ]sal0 art--only 
a small m9ority ( p ev] h c>$1 or ev] w 
c>e1 = x4  ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 or ev5 9 !    
lay] ( ,european society x is be/       
adapt$ to rea*1 x only t\*es a m9ority1 
& does n approa* !  univ]sality atta9$  
by ! /ory ( ,joseph & _m pieces (       
folk-lore4    ,b p]haps ! subject-matt]1

 ! feel+ ) :i* ,romeo &  ,juliet infects
 ^? :om x does rea*1 lifts x into !     
class ( !  highe/ religi\s art8 ,n s4 ,!
 feel+ is "o ( ! attractiv5ess  ( 8love 
at fir/ sight40 ,a girl f\rte5 ye>s old 
& a "y man meet  at an ari/ocratic p>ty1
 :]e !re is fea/+ & pleasure &  idl5ess1
 &1 )\t kn[+ ea* o!r's m9ds1 !y fall 9  
love z  ! birds & bea/s d4 ,if any feel+
 is transmitt$ to u1 x is !  feel+ t !re
 is a pleasure 9 ^! ?+s4 ,some:]e1 9 mo/
  natures1 !re dwells1 dom9ant or       
dormant1 an incl9ation to let su*       
physical sexual attraction guide our    
c\rse 9 life4 ,to give x a pla9  "n1 x  
is 8s5suality40 8,h[ c ,i1 fa!r or "m ( 
a daught] (  ,juliet's age1 wi% t ^? f\l
 feel+s :i* ! play transmits  %\ld be   
communicat$ to my daught]8 ,& if !      
feel+s transmitt$  by ! play are bad1 h[
 c ,i call x good 9 subject-matt]80     
,b1 objects a fri5d1 ! moral ( ,romeo & 
,juliet is excell5t4  ,see :at disa/]s  
foll[$ f ! physical 8love at fir/       
sight40 ,b  t is q ano!r matt]4 ,x is ! 

feel+s ) :i* y are  infect$ :5 read+1 & 
n any moral y c d$uce1 t is             
subject-matt] ( art4 ,pond]+ ^u !       
consequ5ces t fl[ f  ,romeo & ,juliet's 
behavi\r may belong to ! doma9 ( moral  
sci5ce1  b n to t ( art4    ,i h        
hesitat$ to use an illu/ration ,tol/oy  
_h /ruck out1 b ,i  ?9k x s]ves its     
purpose4 ,no d\bt !re are o!r1          
subord9ate1  feel+s 7e4g4 hum\r7 to be  
f\nd 9 ,romeo & ,juliet2 b _m  qua9t    
conceits t are +5i\s1 & h be5 mu*       
admir$1 are n1  ,i ?9k1 infecti\s4      
,tri$ by su* te/s1 ! enorm\s majority ( 
! ?+s we h be5  taught to consid] great 
works ( art are f\nd want+4 ,ei!r !y    
fail to infect 7& attract m]ely by be+  
int]e/+1 reali/ic1  effectful1 or by    
borr[+ f o!rs71 & are !re=e n works (   
art at all2 or !y are works ( 8exclusive
 art10 bad 9 =m &  capable ( infect+    
only a select audi5ce tra9$ & habituat$ 
to  su* inf]ior art2 or !y are bad 9    
subject-matt]1 transmitt+  feel+s h>mful
 to mank9d4    ,tol/oy does n %r9k f    

condemn+ 8 own arti/ic productions2  ) !
 exception ( two %ort /ories1 he tells u
 !y are works (  bad art4 ,take1 =      
in/ance1 ! novel ,resurrection1 :i* is  
n[  appe>+1 & ( :i* he has1 some:]e1    
spok5 disp>ag+ly1 z  be+ 8writt5 9 my   
=m] /yle10 & be+ !re=e bad art4 ,:at    
does ?is mean8 ,! book is a ma/]piece 9 
its own l9e2 x is eag]ly  read 9 _m     
languages2 x und\bt$ly infects its      
read]s1 & !  feel+s transmitt$ are1 9 ! 
ma91 su* z ,tol/oy approves (--9  fact1 
!y are ! feel+s to :i* 8 religi\s       
p]ception has  br\ght him4 ,if lu/ is   
felt 9 "o *apt]1 ! reaction foll[s z    
inevitably z 9 real life1 & is          
transmitt$ ) great arti/ic  p[]4 ,:y a  
"w ( su* r>e m]it does n satisfy        
,tol/oy1 is  because x is a "w (        
8exclusive art10 lad5 ) details ( "t &  
place4 ,x has n ! 8simplicity &         
compression0 necess>y 9 works (         
8univ]sal0 art4 ,?+s are m5tion$ :i*    
might app>5tly be q  well omitt$4 ,!    
/yle1 also1 is n "o ( great simplicity2 

!  s5t5ces are (t5 long & involv$1 z is 
commonly ! case 9  ,tol/oy's writ+s4 ,x 
is a novel appeal+ ma9ly to ! class t   
has  leisure = novel read+ because x    
neglects to produce its own food1  make 
its own clo!s1 or build its own h\ses4  
,if ,tol/oy is /r+5t  9 8 judgm5t ( o!r 
arti/s1 he is m /r+5t /ill 9 8  judgm5t 
( 8 own arti/ic works4 ,_h ,resurrection
 be5 writt5 by  ,dick5s1 or by ,hugo1   
,tol/oy w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 h f\nd a place = x
  7) :atev] res]vations7 among !        
examples ( religi\s art4 ,=  inde$1     
/rive z we may to be cle> & explicit1   
our approval &  disapproval is a matt] (
 degree4 ,! ?\ght :i* und]lay !  rem>k3 
8,:y calle/ ?\ me good8 none is good1   
save "o1 ev5 ,god10  applies n to man   
only1 b to all ?+s human4    ,:at is    
,art8 itself is a "w ( sci5ce--?\gh _m  
passages1 &  ev5 "s :ole *apt]s1 appeal 
to u z works ( art1 & we feel !         
contagion ( ! au?or's hope1 8 anxiety to
 s]ve ! cause ( tru?  & love1 8         
indignation 7sometimes r %>ply express$7

 ) :at  blocks ! pa? ( advance1 & 8     
contempt = mu* t ! 8cultur$  cr[d10 9   
our erudite1 p]v]t$ society1 h p]suad$  
!mselves1  & w\ld fa9 p]suade o!rs1 is !
 highe/ art4    ,"o result :i* foll[s   
inevitably f ,tol/oy's view 7& :i*      
illu/rates h[ widely 8 views diff] f !  
fa%ionable /hetic  my/icism71 is t art  
is n /ation>y b progressive4 ,x is true 
t our highe/ religi\s p]ception f\nd    
expression eighte5 hundr$  ye>s ago1 &  
!n s]v$ z ! basis ( an art :i* is /ill  
unmat*$2 & simil> cases c be in/anc$ f !
 ,ea/4 ,b  all[+ = su* great            
exceptions1--to :i*1 n inaptly1 ! t]m ( 
8inspiration0 has be5 specially         
appli$1--! subject-matt] ( art          
improves1 ?\gh long p]iods ( "t may h to
 be consid]$ 9 ord]  to make ?is obvi\s4
 ,our p[] ( v]bal expression1 = in/ance1
 may  n[ be no bett] ?an x 0 9 ! days ( 
,david1 b we mu/ no long]  e/eem z good 
9 subject-matt] poems :i* appeal to !   
,et]nal to  de/roy a man's private or   
national foes2 = we h rea*$ a  8religi\s

 p]ception0 :i* bids u h no foes1 & !   
ultimate  s\rce 7undef9able by u7 f :i* 
?is consci\sness has come1 is  :at we   
mean :5 we speak ( ,god4    ,,aylm]     
,,maude4    ,wickham's ,f>m1  ,ne>      
,danbury1 ,essex1  #bcrd ,m>* #ahii4    
,footnote #a3      ,bolton ,hall has    
rec5tly publi%$ a little "w1 ,life1 &   
,love1 &    ,dea?1 ) ! object ( mak+ !  
philosophy conta9$ 9 ,on    ,life m     
easily accessible 9 ,engli%4            
,! ,au?or's ,preface      ,?is book (   
m9e1 8,:at is ,art80 appe>s n[ = ! fir/ 
"t 9 its  true =m4 ,m ?an "o edition has
 already be5 issu$ 9 ,russia1 b  9 ea*  
case x has be5 s mutilat$ by ! 8,c5sor10
 t ,i reque/  all :o are int]e/$ 9 my   
views on art only to judge ( !m by !  "w
 9 its pres5t %ape4 ,! causes :i* l$ to 
! publication (  ! book--) my "n atta*$ 
to x--9 a mutilat$ =m1 7 !  foll[+3--,9 
accordance ) a decision ,i arriv$ at    
long ago1--n to  submit my writ+s to !  
8,c5sor%ip0 7:i* ,i consid] to be an    
immoral & irrational in/itution71 b to  

pr9t !m only 9 ! %ape  9 :i* !y 7       
writt51--,i int5d$ n to attempt to pr9t 
?is "w  9 ,russia4 ,h[ev]1 my good      
acqua9tance ,pr(essor ,grote1 editor ( a
  ,mosc[ psy*ological magaz9e1 hav+ he>d
 ( ! cont5ts ( my "w1  ask$ me to pr9t x
 9 8 magaz9e1 & promis$ me t he w\ld get
  ! book ?r\gh ! 8,c5sor's0 (fice       
unmutilat$ if ,i w\ld b agree  to a few 
v unimportant alt]ations1 m]ely ton+ d[n
 c]ta9  expressions4 ,i 0 weak en\gh to 
agree to ?is1 & x has result$ 9  a book 
appe>+1 "u my "n1 f :i* n only h "s     
ess5tial  ?\ghts be5 exclud$1 b into :i*
 ! ?\ghts ( o!r m5--ev5  ?\ghts utt]ly  
oppos$ to my own convictions--h be5     
introduc$4    ,! ?+ occurr$ 9 ?is way4  
,fir/1 ,grote s(t5$ my expressions1  & 9
 "s cases weak5$ !m4 ,= in/ance1 he     
replac$ ! words3  always by sometimes1  
all by "s1 ,*ur* religion by ,roman     
,ca?olic religion1 8,"m ( ,god0 by      
,madonna1 patriotism by                 
pseudo-patriotism1 palaces by palatii1#b
 etc41 & ,i did n  consid] x necess>y to

 prote/4 ,b :5 ! book 0 already 9 type1 
! ,c5sor requir$ t :ole s5t5ces %\ld be 
alt]$1 & t  in/ead ( :at ,i said ab\t ! 
evil ( l&$ prop]ty1 a rem>k  %\ld be    
sub/itut$ on ! evils ( a l&less         
prolet>iat4#c ,i  agre$ to ?is also & to
 "s fur!r alt]ations4 ,x seem$ n wor?   
:ile to upset ! :ole affair = ! sake (  
"o s5t5ce1 & :5  "o alt]ation _h be5    
agre$ to x seem$ n wor? :ile to prote/  
aga9/ a second & a ?ird4 ,s1 little by  
little1 expressions crept  into ! book  
:i* alt]$ ! s5se & attribut$ ?+s to me t
 ,i  c\ld n h wi%$ to say4 ,s t by ! "t 
! book 0 pr9t$  x _h be5 depriv$ ( "s "p
 ( its integrity & s9c]ity4 ,b  !re 0   
consolation 9 ! ?\ght t ! book1 ev5 9   
?is =m1  if x conta9s some?+ t is good1 
w\ld be ( use to ,russian  read]s :om x 
w\ld o!rwise n h rea*$4 ,?+s1 h[ev]1    
turn$ out o!rwise4 ,n\s comptions sans  
notre hte4 ,aft] ! legal  t]m ( f\r days
 _h already elaps$1 ! book 0 seiz$1 &1  
on  in/ructions receiv$ f ,pet]sburg1 x 
0 h&$ ov] to !  8,spiritual ,c5sor40 ,!n

 ,grote decl9$ all fur!r p>ticipation 9 
!  affair1 & ! 8,spiritual ,c5sor0      
proce$$ to d :at he w\ld )  ! book4 ,!  
8,spiritual ,c5sor%ip0 is "o ( ! mo/    
ignorant1 v5al1  /upid1 & despotic      
in/itutions 9 ,russia4 ,books :i*       
disagree 9 any  way ) ! recognis$ /ate  
religion ( ,russia1 if once x gets hold 
( !m1 are almo/ always totally suppress$
 & burnt2 :i* is :at  happ5$ to all my  
religi\s works :5 attempts 7 made to    
pr9t !m  9 ,russia4 ,probably a simil>  
fate w\ld h ov]tak5 ?is "w also1  _h n !
 editors ( ! magaz9e employ$ all means  
to save x4 ,!  result ( _! ef=ts 0 t !  
8,spiritual ,c5sor10 a prie/ :o         
probably und]/&s art & is int]e/$ 9 art 
z mu* z ,i  und]/& or am int]e/$ 9 *ur* 
s]vices1 b :o gets a good  sal>y =      
de/roy+ :atev] is likely to displease 8 
sup]iors1  /ruck out all t seem$ to him 
to endang] 8 position1 &  sub/itut$ 8   
?\ghts = m9e :]ev] he consid]$ x        
necess>y to  d s4 ,= in/ance1 :]e ,i    
speak ( ,*ri/ go+ to ! ,cross = !  sake 

( ! tru? ,he pr(ess$1 ! 8,c5sor0        
sub/itut$ a /atem5t  t ,*ri/ di$ =      
mank9d1 i4e4 he attribut$ to me an      
ass]tion (  ! dogma ( ! ,r$emption1 :i* 
,i consid] to be "o ( ! mo/  untrue &   
h>mful ( ,*ur* dogmas4 ,aft] correct+ ! 
book 9 ?is  way1 ! 8,spiritual ,c5sor0  
all[$ x to be pr9t$4    ,to prote/ 9    
,russia is impossible1 no newspap] w\ld 
publi% su* a  prote/1 & to )draw my book
 f ! magaz9e & place ! editor  9 an     
awkw>d position ) ! public 0 also n     
possible4    ,s ! matt] has rema9$4 ,a  
book has appe>$ "u my "n conta9+  ?\ghts
 attribut$ to me :i* are n m9e4    ,i 0 
p]suad$ to give my article to a ,russian
 magaz9e1 9 ord] t  my ?\ghts1 :i* may  
be useful1 %\ld become ! possession (   
,russian read]s2 & ! result has be5 t my
 "n is affix$ to a  "w f :i* x might be 
assum$ t ,i q arbitr>ily ass]t  ?+s     
contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion1 )\t adduc+ my
 reasons2  t ,i only consid] false      
patriotism bad1 b patriotism 9 g5]al a  
v good feel+2 t ,i m]ely d5y !          

absurdities ( ! ,roman  ,ca?olic ,*ur* &
 disbelieve 9 ! ,madonna1 b t ,i believe
 9 !  ,or?odox ,ea/]n fai? & 9 ! 8,"m ( 
,god02 t ,i consid] all  ! writ+s       
collect$ 9 ! ,bible to be holy books1 & 
see ! *ief  importance ( ,*ri/'s life 9 
! ,r$emption ( mank9d by 8 dea?4    ,i h
 n>rat$ all ?is 9 su* detail because x  
/rik+ly  illu/rates ! indubitable tru?1 
t all compromise ) in/itutions  ( :i*   
y\r consci5ce disapproves1--compromises 
:i* are usually made  = ! sake ( ! g5]al
 good1--in/ead ( produc+ ! good y       
expect$1 inevitably lead y n only to    
ackn[l$ge ! in/itution  y disapprove (1 
b also to p>ticipate 9 ! evil t         
in/itution  produces4    ,i am glad to  
be able by ?is /atem5t at lea/ to d     
some?+ to  correct ! error into :i* ,i 0
 l$ by my compromise4    ,i h also to   
m5tion t besides re9/at+ ! p>ts exclud$ 
by  ! ,c5sor f ! ,russian editions1 o!r 
corrections & additions (  importance h 
be5 made 9 ?is edition4    ,,leo        
,,tol/oy4    #bi? ,m>* #ahih4           

,footnote #b3      ,tol/oy's rem>ks on  
,*ur* religion 7 re-word$ s z to seem to
    relate only to ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 & 8  
disapproval ( luxuri\s    life 0 made to
 apply n1 say1 to ,que5 ,victoria or    
,ni*olas ,,ii41    b to ! ,cs>s or !    
,ph>aohs4--,trans4    ,footnote #c3     
,! ,russian peasant is usually a memb] (
 a village commune1 & has    !re=e a "r 
to a %>e 9 ! l& belong+ to ! village4   
,tol/oy disapproves ( ! ord] ( society  
:i* all[s less l& =    ! support ( a    
:ole village full ( p ?an is sometimes  
own$    by a s+le l&$ proprietor4 ,!    
8,c5sor0 w n all[ disapproval    ( ?is  
/ate ( ?+s to be express$1 b is prep>$  
to admit t    ! laws & cu/oms1 say1 (   
,engl&--:]e a yet m extreme =m (    l&$ 
prop]ty exi/s1 & ! m5 :o actually lab\r 
on ! l&    usually possess none (       
x--des]ve criticism4--,trans4           
,cont5ts      ,,introduction v          
,,au?or',s ,,preface xxxiii    ,,*apt]  
,i    ,"t & lab\r sp5t on art--,lives   
/unt$ 9 its s]vice--,morality  sacrific$

 to & ang] ju/ifi$ by art--,! rehe>sal (
 an op]a  describ$ #a    ,,*apt] ,,ii   
,does art comp5sate = s mu* evil8--,:at 
is art8--,confusion (  op9ions--,is x 8t
 :i* produces beauty08--,! ^w 8beauty0 9
  ,russian--,*aos 9 /hetics #i          
,,*apt] ,,iii    ,summ>y ( v>i\s /hetic 
!ories & def9itions1 f ,baumg>t5 to     
to-day #bj    ,,*apt] ,,iv              
,def9itions ( art f\nd$ on beauty--,ta/e
 n def9able--,a cle>  def9ition ne$$ to 
enable u to recognise works ( art #ch   
,,*apt] ,v    ,def9itions n f\nd$ on    
beauty--,tol/oy's def9ition--,! ext5t & 
necessity ( art--,h[ p 9 ! pa/ h        
di/+ui%$ good f bad  9 art #df          
,,*apt] ,,vi    ,h[ art = pleasure has  
come into e/eem--,religions indicate :at
 is  consid]$ good & bad--,*ur*         
,*ri/ianity--,! ,r5aissance--,scepticism
  ( ! upp] classes--,!y conf\nd beauty )
 goodness #ec    ,,*apt] ,,vii    ,an   
/hetic !ory fram$ to suit ?is view (    
life #fa    ,,*apt] ,,viii    ,:o h     
adopt$ x8--,real art ne$ful = all       

m5--,our art too exp5sive1  too         
un9telligible1 & too h>mful = !         
masses--,! !ory ( 8!  elect0 9 art #fg  
,,*apt] ,,ix    ,p]v]sion ( our art--,x 
has lo/ its natural subject-matt]--,has 
no fl[  ( fre% feel+--,transmits *iefly 
?ree base emotions #gc    ,,*apt] ,x    
,loss ( compreh5sibility--,decad5t      
art--,rec5t ,fr5* art--,h we a "r  to   
say x is bad & t :at we l is good       
art8--,! highe/ art has  always be5     
compreh5sible to normal p--,:at fails to
 infect normal  p is n art #gi          
,,*apt] ,,xi    ,c\nt]feits ( art       
produc$ by3 ,borr[+2 ,imitat+2 ,/rik+2  
,int]e/+--,qualifications ne$ful =      
production ( real works ( art1  & ^?    
suffici5t = production ( c\nt]feits #ajf
    ,,*apt] ,,xii    ,causes (          
production (                            
c\nt]feits--,pr(essionalism--,criticism-
-,s*ools  ( art #aah    ,,*apt] ,,xiii  
,wagn]'s 8,nibelung's ,r+0 a type (     
c\nt]feit art--,its success1 &  !       
reasons !re( #abh    ,,*apt] ,,xiv      

,tru?s fatal to preconceiv$ views are n 
readily recognis$--,proportion  ( works 
( art to c\nt]feits--,p]v]sion ( ta/e & 
incapacity to  recognise art--,examples 
#adc    ,,*apt] ,,xv    ,! quality (    
art1 consid]$ ap>t f its                
subject-matt]--,! sign  ( art3          
infecti\sness--,incompreh5sible to ^? ^:
 ta/e is  p]v]t$--,conditions (         
infection3 ,individuality2 ,cle>ness2   
,s9c]ity  #aeb    ,,*apt] ,,xvi    ,!   
quality ( art1 consid]$ accord+ to its  
subject-matt]--,!  bett] ! feel+ ! bett]
 ! art--,! cultur$ cr[d--,! religi\s    
p]ception ( our age--,! new ideals put  
fre% dem&s to art--,art                 
unites--,religi\s art--,univ]sal        
art--,bo? co-op]ate to "o result--,! new
  appraisem5t ( art--,bad art--,examples
 ( art--,h[ to te/ a "w claim+  to be   
art #aef    ,,*apt] ,,xvii    ,results (
 abs5ce ( true art--,results ( p]v]sion 
( art3 ,lab\r &  lives sp5t on :at is   
useless & h>mful--,! abnormal life ( !  
ri*--,p]plexity ( *ildr5 & pla9         

folk--,confusion ( "r &                 
wrong--,nietzs*e & ,r$be>d--,sup]/ition1
 ,patriotism1 & ,s5suality  #age        
,,*apt] ,,xviii    ,! purpose ( human   
life is ! bro!rly union ( man--,art mu/ 
be  guid$ by ?is p]ception #ahg         
,,*apt] ,,xix    ,! art ( ! future n a  
possession ( a select m9ority1 b a means
  t[>ds p]fection & unity #aib          
,,*apt] ,,xx    ,! connection betwe5    
sci5ce & art--,! m5daci\s sci5ces2 !    
trivial sci5ces--,sci5ce %\ld deal ) !  
great problems ( human  life1 & s]ve z a
 basis = art #bjj                       
,,app5dices    ,app5dix ,i #bae         
,app5dix ,,ii #bah    ,app5dix ,,iii    
#bbf    ,app5dix ,,iv #bcb              
,:at is ,art8      ,take up any "o ( our
 ord9>y newspap]s1 & y w f9d a "p       
devot$ to ! !atre & music4 ,9 almo/ e   
numb] y w f9d a  description ( "s art   
exhibition1 or ( "s p>ticul> picture1 & 
y w always f9d reviews ( new works ( art
 t h appe>$1 (  volumes ( poems1 ( %ort 
/ories1 or ( novels4    ,promptly1 & 9  

detail1 z soon z x has occurr$1 an      
acc\nt is  publi%$ ( h[ su* & su* an    
actress or actor play$ ?is or t  rle 9  
su* & su* a drama1 com$y1 or op]a2 & ( !
 m]its (  ! p]=mance1 z well z ( !      
cont5ts ( ! new drama1 com$y1 or  op]a1 
) its defects & m]its4 ,) z mu* c>e &   
detail1 or  ev5 m1 we are told h[ su* & 
su* an arti/ has sung a c]ta9  piece1 or
 has play$ x on ! piano or viol91 & :at 
7 ! m]its  & defects ( ! piece & ( !    
p]=mance4 ,9 e l>ge t[n  !re is sure to 
be at lea/ "o1 if n m ?an "o1 exhibition
 (  new pictures1 ! m]its & defects (   
:i* are discuss$ 9 !  utmo/ detail by   
critics & connoisseurs4    ,new novels &
 poems1 9 sep>ate volumes or 9 !        
magaz9es1 appe>  almo/ e day1 & !       
newspap]s consid] x _! duty to give  _! 
read]s detail$ acc\nts ( ^! arti/ic     
productions4    ,= ! support ( art 9    
,russia 7:]e = ! education ( ! p  only a
 hundr$? "p is sp5t ( :at w\ld be       
requir$ to give  ev]yone ! opportunity (
 in/ruction7 ! ,gov]nm5t grants millions

  ( r\bles 9 subsidies to academies1    
cons]vatoires & !atres4 ,9  ,france     
tw5ty million francs are assign$ = art1 
& simil> grants  are made 9 ,g]many &   
,engl&4    ,9 e l>ge t[n enorm\s build+s
 are erect$ = museums1  academies1      
cons]vatoires1 dramatic s*ools1 & =     
p]=mances &  conc]ts4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s (
 workm51--c>p5t]s1 masons1  pa9t]s1     
jo9]s1 pap]hang]s1 tailors1 hairdress]s1
 jewell]s1  m\ld]s1 type-sett]s1--sp5d  
_! :ole lives 9 h>d lab\r to  satisfy ! 
dem&s ( art1 s t h>dly any o!r dep>tm5t 
( human  activity1 except ! milit>y1    
consumes s mu* en]gy z ?is4    ,n only  
is enorm\s lab\r sp5t on ?is activity1 b
 9 x1 z 9  w>1 ! v lives ( m5 are       
sacrific$4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s (  p devote 
_! lives f *ildhood to le>n+ to twirl _!
 legs  rapidly 7danc]s71 or to t\* notes
 & /r+s v rapidly  7musicians71 or to   
draw ) pa9t & repres5t :at !y see       
7arti/s71 or to turn e phrase inside out
 & f9d a rhyme to e  ^w4 ,& ^! p1 (t5 v 
k9d & clev]1 & capable ( all  sorts (   

useful lab\r1 gr[ savage ov] _!         
specialis$ &  /upefy+ occupations1 &    
become "o-sid$ & self-complac5t         
speciali/s1 dull to all ! s]i\s ph5om5a 
( life1 & skilful only  at rapidly twi/+
 _! legs1 _! tongues1 or _! f+]s4    ,b 
ev5 ?is /unt+ ( human life is n ! wor/4 
,i rememb] be+  once at ! rehe>sal ( "o 
( ! mo/ ord9>y ( ! new op]as  :i* are   
produc$ at all ! op]a h\ses ( ,europe & 
,am]ica4    ,i arriv$ :5 ! fir/ act _h  
already comm5c$4 ,to rea* !  auditorium 
,i _h to pass ?r\gh ! /age entrance4 ,by
 d>k entrances  & passages1 ,i 0 l$     
?r\gh ! vaults ( an enorm\s build+ pa/  
imm5se ma*9es = *ang+ ! sc5]y & =       
illum9at+2 &  !re 9 ! gloom & du/ ,i saw
 workm5 busily engag$4 ,"o ( ^!  m51    
pale1 hagg>d1 9 a dirty bl\se1 ) dirty1 
"w-worn h&s &  cramp$ f+]s1 evid5tly    
tir$ & out ( hum\r1 w5t pa/ me1  angrily
 scold+ ano!r man4 ,asc5d+ by a d>k     
/air1 ,i came out on  ! bo>ds beh9d !   
sc5es4 ,amid v>i\s poles & r+s & scatt]$
  sc5]y1 decorations & curta9s1 /ood &  

mov$ doz5s1 if n  hundr$s1 ( pa9t$ &    
dress$-up m51 9 co/umes fitt+ tight to  
_! ?ighs & calves1 & also wom51 z usual1
 z ne>ly nude z  might be4 ,^! 7 all    
s+]s1 or memb]s ( ! *orus1 or           
ballet-danc]s1 await+ _! turns4 ,my     
guide l$ me across ! /age  &1 by means (
 a bridge ( bo>ds1 across ! or*e/ra 79  
:i*  p]haps a hundr$ musicians ( all    
k9ds1 f kettle-drum to flute &  h>p1 7  
seat$71 to ! d>k pit-/alls4    ,on an   
elevation1 betwe5 two lamps )           
reflectors1 & 9 an arm-*air  plac$ be=e 
a music-/&1 sat ! director ( ! musical  
"p1  bton 9 h&1 manag+ ! or*e/ra & s+]s1
 &1 9 g5]al1  ! production ( ! :ole     
op]a4    ,! p]=mance _h already comm5c$1
 & on ! /age a procession (  ,indians :o
 _h br\ght home a bride 0 be+ repres5t$4
 ,besides m5  & wom5 9 co/ume1 two o!r  
m5 9 ord9>y clo!s bu/l$ & ran  ab\t on !
 /age2 "o 0 ! director ( ! dramatic "p1 
& !  o!r1 :o /epp$ ab\t 9 s(t %oes & ran
 f place to place )  unusual agility1 0 
! danc+-ma/]1 ^: sal>y p] mon? exce$$   

:at t5 lab\r]s e>n 9 a ye>4    ,^! ?ree 
directors arrang$ ! s++1 ! or*e/ra1 & ! 
procession4 ,! procession1 z usual1 0   
enact$ by c\ples1 )  t9foil halb]ds on  
_! %\ld]s4 ,!y all came f "o place1 &   
walk$ r\nd & r\nd aga91 & !n /opp$4 ,!  
procession took a  long "t to arrange3  
fir/ ! ,indians ) halb]ds came on too   
late2  !n too soon2 !n at ! "r "t1 b    
cr[d$ toge!r at ! exit2  !n !y did n    
cr[d1 b arrang$ !mselves badly at !     
sides (  ! /age2 & ea* "t ! :ole        
p]=mance 0 /opp$ &  recomm5c$ f !       
beg9n+4 ,! procession 0 introduc$ by a  
recitative1 deliv]$ by a man dress$ up l
 "s v>iety ( ,turk1  :o1 op5+ 8 m\? 9 a 
curi\s way1 sang1 8,home ,i br+ !       
bri-i-ide40 ,he s+s & waves 8 arm 7:i*  
is ( c\rse b>e7 f  "u 8 mantle4 ,!      
procession comm5ces1 b "h ! ,fr5* horn1 
9  ! accompanim5t ( ! recitative1 does  
some?+ wrong2 & !  director1 ) a %udd] z
 if "s cata/rophe _h occurr$1 raps )  8 
/ick on ! /&4 ,all is /opp$1 & !        
director1 turn+ to !  or*e/ra1 attacks !

 ,fr5* horn1 scold+ him 9 ! rude/ t]ms1 
z  cabm5 abuse ea* o!r1 = tak+ ! wrong  
note4 ,& aga9 ! :ole  ?+ recomm5ces4 ,! 
,indians ) _! halb]ds aga9 come on1     
tread+ s(tly 9 _! extraord9>y boots2    
aga9 ! s+] s+s1  8,home ,i br+ !        
bri-i-ide40 ,b "h ! pairs get too close 
toge!r4  ,m raps ) ! /ick1 m scold+1 & a
 recomm5cem5t4 ,aga91  8,home ,i br+ !  
bri-i-ide10 aga9 ! same ge/iculation ) !
 b>e  arm f "u ! mantle1 & aga9 !       
c\ples1 tread+ s(tly )  halb]ds on _!   
%\ld]s1 "s ) sad & s]i\s faces1 "s      
talk+ & smil+1 arrange !mselves 9 a     
circle & beg9 to s+4  ,all seems to be  
go+ well1 b aga9 ! /ick raps1 & !       
director1  9 a di/ress$ & angry voice1  
beg9s to scold ! m5 & wom5 (  ! *orus4  
,x appe>s t :5 s++ !y _h omitt$ to raise
 _!  h&s f "t to "t 9 sign ( animation4 
8,are y all dead1 or  :at8 ,c[s t y are6
 ,are y corpses1 t y c't move80 ,aga9   
!y re-comm5ce1 8,home ,i br+ !          
bri-i-ide10 & aga91 )  sorr[ful faces1 !
 *orus wom5 s+1 fir/ "o & !n ano!r (  !m

 rais+ _! h&s4 ,b two *orus-girls speak 
to ea*  o!r1--aga9 a m vehem5t rapp+ ) !
 /ick4 8,h y come "h  to talk8 ,c't y   
gossip at home8 ,y !re 9 r$ bree*es1    
come  ne>]4 ,look t[>ds me6 ,recomm5ce60
 ,aga91 8,home ,i br+ !  bri-i-ide40 ,& 
s x goes on = "o1 two1 ?ree h\rs4 ,!    
:ole (  su* a rehe>sal la/s six h\rs on 
end4 ,raps ) ! /ick1  repetitions1      
plac+s1 corrections ( ! s+]s1 ( !       
or*e/ra1 (  ! procession1 ( !           
danc]s1--all season$ ) angry scold+4 ,i 
he>d ! words1 8asses10 8fools10         
8idiots10 8sw9e10 address$ to !         
musicians & s+]s at lea/ =ty times 9 !  
c\rse ( "o h\r4  ,& ! unhappy individual
 to :om ! abuse is address$1--flauti/1  
horn-bl[]1 or s+]1--physically & m5tally
 demoralis$1 does n  reply1 & does :at  
is dem&$ ( him4 ,tw5ty times is repeat$ 
!  "o phrase1 8,home ,i br+ !           
bri-i-ide10 & tw5ty times ! /rid+  ab\t 
9 yell[ %oes ) a halb]d ov] ! %\ld]4 ,! 
conductor  kn[s t ^! p are s demoralis$ 
t !y are no long] fit  = any?+ b to bl[ 

trumpets & walk ab\t ) halb]ds & 9      
yell[ %oes1 & t !y are also accu/om$ to 
da9ty1 easy liv+1  s t !y w put up )    
any?+ r ?an lose _! luxuri\s  life4 ,he 
!re=e gives free v5t to 8 *urli%ness1   
especially z he  has se5 ! same ?+ done 
9 ,p>is & ,vi5na1 & kn[s t ?is is  ! way
 ! be/ conductors behave1 & t x is a    
musical tradition  ( great arti/s to be 
s c>ri$ away by ! great bus9ess ( _!    
art t !y _c pause to consid] ! feel+s ( 
o!r arti/s4    ,x w\ld be difficult to  
f9d a m repulsive sight4 ,i h se5 "o    
workman abuse ano!r = n support+ !      
weight pil$ ^u him :5  goods 7 be+      
unload$1 or1 at hay-/ack+1 ! village    
eld] scold  a peasant = n mak+ ! rick   
"r1 & ! man submitt$ 9  sil5ce4 ,&1     
h[ev] unpleasant x 0 to witness ! sc5e1 
!  unpleasantness 0 less5$ by !         
consci\sness t ! bus9ess 9  h& 0 ne$ful 
& important1 & t ! fault = :i* !        
head-man scold$ ! lab\r] 0 "o :i* might 
spoil a ne$ful  und]tak+4    ,b :at 0   
be+ done "h8 ,= :at1 & = :om8 ,v likely 

!  conductor 0 tir$ out1 l ! workman ,i 
pass$ 9 ! vaults2 x 0  ev5 evid5t t he  
02 b :o made him tire himself8 ,& = :at 
0 he tir+ himself8 ,! op]a he 0 rehe>s+ 
0 "o ( ! mo/  ord9>y ( op]as = p :o are 
accu/om$ to !m1 b also "o  ( ! mo/      
gigantic absurdities t c\ld possibly be 
devis$4 ,an  ,indian k+ wants to m>ry2  
!y br+ him a bride2 he disguises himself
  z a m9/rel2 ! bride falls 9 love ) !  
m9/rel & is 9  despair1 b aft]w>ds      
discov]s t ! m9/rel is ! k+1 &  ev]yone 
is highly delight$4    ,t !re nev] 71 or
 c\ld be1 su* ,indians1 & t !y 7 n  only
 unlike ,indians1 b t :at !y 7 do+ 0    
unlike any?+  on e>? except o!r op]as1 0
 beyond all mann] ( d\bt2 t  p d n      
conv]se 9 su* a way z recitative1 & d n 
place  !mselves at fix$ di/ances1 9 a   
qu>tet1 wav+ _! arms to  express _!     
emotions2 t n[h]e1 except 9 !atres1 d p 
walk  ab\t 9 su* a mann]1 9 pairs1 )    
t9foil halb]ds & 9 slipp]s2  t no "o ev]
 gets angry 9 su* a way1 or is affect$ 9
 su* a way1  or laughs 9 su* a way1 or  

cries 9 su* a way2 & t no "o on  e>? c  
be mov$ by su* p]=mances2 all ?is is    
beyond !  possibility ( d\bt4           
,in/9ctively ! "q pres5ts itself--,= :om
 is ?is be+ done8  ,:om c x please8 ,if 
!re are1 occasionally1 good melodies 9 !
  op]a1 to :i* x is pleasant to li/51 !y
 c\ld h be5 sung  simply1 )\t ^! /upid  
co/umes & all ! processions &           
recitatives & h&-wav+s4    ,! ballet1 9 
:i* half-nak$ wom5 make voluptu\s       
movem5ts1  twi/+ !mselves into v>i\s    
s5sual wrea?+s1 is simply a lewd        
p]=mance4    ,s "o is q at a loss z to  
:om ^! ?+s are done =4 ,! man  ( culture
 is he>tily sick ( !m1 :ile to a real   
work+ man !y  are utt]ly                
incompreh5sible4 ,if anyone c be pleas$ 
by ^! ?+s  7:i* is d\btful71 x c only be
 "s "y footman or deprav$  artisan1 :o  
has contract$ ! _s ( ! upp] classes b is
 n  yet satiat$ ) _! amusem5ts1 & wi%es 
to %[ 8 bre$+4    ,& all ?is na/y folly 
is prep>$1 n simply1 nor ) k9dly        
m]rim5t1 b ) ang] & brutal cruelty4     

,x is said t x is all done = ! sake (   
art1 & t art is a  v important ?+4 ,b is
 x true t art is s important t su*      
sacrifices %\ld be made = its sake8 ,?is
 "q is especially  urg5t1 because art1 =
 ! sake ( :i* ! lab\r ( millions1 !     
lives ( m51 & above all1 love betwe5 man
 & man1 are be+  sacrific$1--?is v art  
is becom+ some?+ m & m vague &  unc]ta9 
to human p]ception4    ,criticism1 9 :i*
 ! lov]s ( art us$ to f9d support = _!  
op9ions1 has latt]ly become s           
self-contradictory1 t1 if we exclude  f 
! doma9 ( art all t to :i* ! critics (  
v>i\s s*ools  !mselves d5y ! title1 !re 
is sc>cely any art left4    ,! arti/s ( 
v>i\s sects1 l ! !ologians ( ! v>i\s    
sects1  mutually exclude & de/roy       
!mselves4 ,li/5 to ! arti/s ( !  s*ools 
( our times1 & y w f9d1 9 all bran*es1  
ea* set (  arti/s dis[n+ o!rs4 ,9 poetry
 ! old romantici/s d5y !  p>nassians & !
 decad5ts2 ! p>nassians dis[n !         
romantici/s  & ! decad5ts2 ! decad5ts   
dis[n all _! pr$ecessors & !  symboli/s2

 ! symboli/s dis[n all _! pr$ecessors & 
les  mages2 & les mages dis[n all1 all  
_! pr$ecessors4 ,among  noveli/s we h   
naturali/s1 psy*ologi/s1 & 8nature-i/s10
 all  reject+ ea* o!r4 ,& x is ! same 9 
dramatic art1 9 pa9t+  & 9 music4 ,s t  
art1 :i* dem&s su* trem5d\s             
lab\r-sacrifices f ! p1 :i* /unts human 
lives &  transgresses aga9/ human love1 
is n only n a ?+ cle>ly &  firmly def9$1
 b is und]/ood 9 su* contradictory ways 
by its own  devotees t x is difficult to
 say :at is meant by art1 &  especially 
:at is good1 useful art1--art = ! sake (
 :i* we might  condone su* sacrifices z 
are be+ (f]$ at its %r9e4               
,,*apt] ,,ii      ,= ! production ( e   
ballet1 circus1 op]a1 op]etta1          
exhibition1  picture1 conc]t1 or pr9t$  
book1 ! int5se & unwill+ lab\r (  ?\s&s 
& ?\s&s ( p is ne$$ at :at is (t5 h>mful
 &  humiliat+ "w4 ,x 7 well if arti/s   
made all !y require =  !mselves1 b1 z x 
is1 !y all ne$ ! help ( workm51 n only  
to produce art1 b also = _! own usually 

luxuri\s ma9t5ance4  ,&1 "o way or o!r1 
!y get x2 ei!r ?r\gh paym5ts f ri*  p1  
or ?r\gh subsidies giv5 by ,gov]nm5t 79 
,russia1 =  in/ance1 9 grants ( millions
 ( r\bles to !atres1 cons]vatoires  &   
academies74 ,?is money is collect$ f !  
p1 "s ( :om  h to sell _! only c[ to pay
 ! tax1 & :o nev] get ^?  /hetic        
pleasures :i* art gives4    ,x 0 all v  
well = a ,greek or ,roman arti/1 or ev5 
= a ,russian  arti/ ( ! fir/ half ( our 
c5tury 7:5 !re 7 /ill slaves1  & x 0    
consid]$ "r t !re %\ld be71 ) a quiet   
m9d to  make p s]ve him & 8 art2 b 9 our
 day1 :5 9 all m5 !re  is at lea/ "s dim
 p]ception ( ! equal rights ( all1 x is 
impossible to con/ra9 p to lab\r        
unwill+ly = art1 )\t  fir/ decid+ ! "q  
:e!r x is true t art is s good &  s     
important an affair z to r$eem ?is evil4
    ,if n1 we h ! t]rible probability to
 consid]1 t :ile fe>ful  sacrifices ( ! 
lab\r & lives ( m51 & ( morality itself1
 are  be+ made to art1 t same art may be
 n only useless b ev5  h>mful4    ,&    

!re=e x is necess>y = a society 9 :i*   
works ( art arise  & are support$1 to   
f9d out :e!r all t pr(esses to be art is
  really art2 :e!r 7z is presuppos$ 9   
our society7 all t :i* is  art is good2 
& :e!r x is important & wor? ^?         
sacrifices  :i* x necessitates4 ,x is   
/ill m necess>y = e  consci5ti\s arti/  
to "k ?is1 t he may be sure t all he    
does  has a valid mean+2 t x is n m]ely 
an infatuation ( ! small  circle ( p    
among :om he lives :i* excites 9 him !  
false  assurance t he is do+ a good "w2 
& t :at he takes f  o!rs = ! support ( 8
 (t5 v luxuri\s life1 w be  comp5sat$ = 
by ^? productions at :i* he works4 ,& t 
is :y  answ]s to ! above que/ions are   
especially important 9 our "t4    ,:at  
is ?is art1 :i* is consid]$ s important 
& necess>y =  humanity t = its sake ^!  
sacrifices ( lab\r1 ( human life1  & ev5
 ( goodness may be made8    8,:at is    
art8 ,:at a "q6 ,art is ar*itecture1    
sculpture1 pa9t+1  music1 & poetry 9 all
 its =ms10 usually replies ! ord9>y man1

  ! art amateur1 or ev5 ! arti/ himself1
 imag9+ ! matt] ab\t  :i* he is talk+ to
 be p]fectly cle>1 & uni=mly und]/ood by
  ev]ybody4 ,b 9 ar*itecture1 "o        
inquires fur!r1 are !re n  simple       
build+s :i* are n objects ( art1 &      
build+s )  arti/ic pret5sions :i* are   
unsuccessful & ugly & !re=e  _c be      
consid]$ z works ( art8 :]e9 lies !     
*>act]i/ic  sign ( a "w ( art8    ,x is 
! same 9 sculpture1 9 music1 & 9 poetry4
 ,art1 9 all its  =ms1 is b\nd$ on "o   
side by ! practically useful & on ! o!r 
by unsuccessful attempts at art4 ,h[ is 
art to be m>k$ (f f ea*  ( ^!8 ,! ord9>y
 educat$ man ( our circle1 & ev5 ! arti/
  :o has n occupi$ himself especially ) 
/hetics1 w n  hesitate at ?is "q ei!r4  
,he ?9ks ! solution has be5 f\nd  long  
ago1 & is well kn[n to ev]yone4    8,art
 is su* activity z produces beauty10    
says su* a man4    ,if art consi/s 9 t1 
!n is a ballet or an op]etta art8 y     
inquire4    8,yes10 says ! ord9>y man1  
?\gh ) "s hesitation1 8a good  ballet or

 a graceful op]etta is also art1 9 s f> 
z x manife/s  beauty40    ,b )\t ev5    
ask+ ! ord9>y man :at diff]5tiates !    
8good0  ballet & ! 8graceful0 op]etta f 
_! opposites 7a "q he  w\ld h mu*       
difficulty 9 answ]+71 if y ask him :e!r 
!  activity ( co/umi]s & hairdress]s1 :o
 ornam5t ! figures &  faces ( ! wom5 = !
 ballet & ! op]etta1 is art2 or !       
activity ( ,wor?1 ! dressmak]2 (        
sc5t-mak]s & m5-cooks1 !n  he w1 9 mo/  
cases1 d5y t _! activity belongs to !   
sph]e  ( art4 ,b 9 ?is ! ord9>y man     
makes a mi/ake1 j because he is  an     
ord9>y man & n a speciali/1 & because he
 has n occupi$  himself ) /hetic        
que/ions4 ,_h he look$ into ^! matt]s1  
he  w\ld h se5 9 ! great ,r5an's book1  
,m>c ,aurele1 a diss]tation  %[+ t !    
tailor's "w is art1 & t ^? :o d n see 9 
! adornm5t ( woman an affair ( ! highe/ 
art are v  small-m9d$ & dull4 8,c'e/ le 
gr& art0 says ,r5an4 ,moreov]1 he  w\ld 
h kn[n t 9 _m /hetic sy/ems--= in/ance1 
9 !  /hetics ( ! le>n$ ,pr(essor        

,kralik1 ,welts*nheit1 ,v]su*  e9]      
allgeme95 /hetik1 von ,ri*>d ,kralik1 & 
9 ,les problmes  de l',e/htique         
,contempora9e1 by ,guyau--! arts (      
co/ume1 ( ta/e1  & ( t\* are includ$4   
8,es ,folgt nun e9 ,fnfblatt von ,kn/51 
die d] subjectiv5  ,s9nli*keit entkeim50
 7,!re results !n a p5tafoliate ( arts1 
gr[+ out ( ! subjective p]ceptions71    
says ,kralik 7p4 #age74 8,sie  s9d die  
/hetis*e ,beh&lung d] fnf ,s9ne40 7,!y  
are ! /hetic  treatm5t ( ! five s5ses47 
,^! five arts are ! foll[+3--    ,die   
,kun/ des ,ges*macks9ns--,! art ( ! s5se
 ( ta/e 7p4 #age74    ,die ,kun/ des    
,g]u*s9ns--,! art ( ! s5se ( smell 7p4  
#agg74    ,die ,kun/ des ,ta/s9ns--,!   
art ( ! s5se ( t\* 7p4 #ahj74    ,die   
,kun/ des ,gehrs9ns--,! art ( ! s5se (  
he>+ 7p4 #ahb74    ,die ,kun/ des       
,gesi*ts9ns--,! art ( ! s5se ( sight 7p4
 #ahd74    ,( ! fir/ ( ^!--die ,kun/ des
 ,ges*macks9ns--he says3 8,man hlt  zw> 
gewhnli* nur zwei od] h*/5s drei ,s9ne  
fr wrdig1 d5 ,/(f  kn/l]is*] ,beh&lung  

abzugeb51 ab] i* glaube nur mit b$+tem  
,re*t4 ,i* w ke9 allzugrosses ,gewi*t   
d>auf leg51 dass d] geme9e              
,spra*gebrau* man* &]e ,kn/e1 wie zum   
,beispiel die ,ko*kun/  k5nt40#d    ,&  
fur!r3 8,und es i/ do* gewiss e9e       
/hetis*e ,lei/ung1 w5n es  d] ,ko*kun/  
gel+t aus e9em ?i]is*5 ,kadav] e95      
,geg5/& des  ,ges*macks 9 j$em ,s9ne zu 
ma*54 ,d] ,grundsatz d] ,kun/ des       
,ges*macks9ns 7die weit] i/ als die     
sog5annte ,ko*kun/7 i/ also  dies]3 ,es 
soll alles ,g5iessb>e als ,s9nbild e9]  
,idee beh&elt  w]d5 und 9 j$esmaligem   
,e9klang zur auszudrck5d5 ,idee40#e     
,?is au?or1 l ,r5an1 ackn[l$ges a       
,ko/mkun/ 7,art ( ,co/ume7  7p4 #bjj71  
etc4    ,su* is also ! op9ion ( ! ,fr5* 
writ]1 ,guyau1 :o is highly  e/eem$ by  
"s au?ors ( our day4 ,9 8 book1 ,les    
problmes de  l'e/htique contempora9e1 he
 speaks s]i\sly ( t\*1 ta/e1 &  smell z 
giv+1 or be+ capable ( giv+1 ae/hetic   
impressions3 8,si  la c\leur manque au  
t\*]1 il n\s f\rnit en revan*e une      

notion que  l'il seul ne peut n\s donn]1
 et qui a une valeur e/htique           
considrable1 celle du d\x1 du soyeux du 
poli4 ,ce qui c>actrise la  beaut du    
vel\rs1 c'e/ sa d\ceur au t\*] non mo9s 
que son  brillant4 ,dans l'ide que n\s  
n\s faisons de la beaut d'une femme1 le 
vel\t de sa peau entre comme lm5t       
ess5tiel40    8,*acun de n\s probablem5t
 avec un peu d'att5tion se rappell]a des
  j\issances du gt1 qui out t de        
vritables j\issances  e/htiques40#f ,&  
he rec\nts h[ a glass ( milk drunk by   
him 9  ! m\nta9s gave him /hetic        
enjoym5t4    ,s x turns out t !         
conception ( art z consi/+ 9 mak+       
beauty manife/ is n at all s simple z x 
seem$1 especially n[1  :5 9 ?is         
conception ( beauty are includ$ our     
s5sations ( t\*  & ta/e & smell1 z !y   
are by ! late/ /hetic writ]s4    ,b !   
ord9>y man ei!r does n "k1 or does n wi%
 to "k1 all  ?is1 & is firmly conv9c$ t 
all que/ions ab\t art may be simply  &  
cle>ly solv$ by ackn[l$g+ beauty to be !

 subject-matt] (  art4 ,to him x seems  
cle> & compreh5sible t art consi/s 9    
manife/+ beauty1 & t a ref]5ce to beauty
 w s]ve to expla9  all que/ions ab\t    
art4    ,b :at is ?is beauty :i* =ms !  
subject-matt] ( art8 ,h[ is x  def9$8   
,:at is x8    ,z is always ! case1 ! m  
cl\dy & confus$ ! conception  convey$ by
 a ^w1 ) ! m aplomb & self-assurance d p
  use t ^w1 pret5d+ t :at is und]/ood by
 x is s simple &  cle> t x is n wor?    
:ile ev5 to discuss :at x actually      
means4    ,?is is h[ matt]s ( or?odox   
religion are usually dealt )1 &  ?is is 
h[ p n[ deal ) ! conception ( beauty4 ,x
 is tak5  = grant$ t :at is meant by !  
^w beauty is kn[n &  und]/ood by        
ev]yone4 ,& yet n only is ?is n kn[n1 b1
 aft]  :ole m\nta9s ( books h be5 writt5
 on ! subject by ! mo/  le>n$ & pr(\nd  
?9k]s dur+ "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s 7ev]  
s9ce ,baumg>t5 f\nd$ /hetics 9 ! ye>    
#agej71 ! "q1 ,:at  is beauty8 rema9s to
 ?is day q unsolv$1 & 9 ea* new "w on   
/hetics x is answ]$ 9 a new way4 ,"o ( !

 la/ books ,i read on  /hetics is a n   
ill-writt5 booklet by ,julius ,mi?alt]1 
call$  ,rtsel des ,s*n5 7,! ,enigma ( ! 
,beautiful74 ,& t title  precisely      
expresses ! position ( ! "q1 ,:at is    
beauty8 ,aft]  ?\s&s ( le>n$ m5 h       
discuss$ x dur+ "o hundr$ & fifty  ye>s1
 ! mean+ ( ! ^w beauty rema9s an enigma 
/ill4 ,!  ,g]mans answ] ! "q 9 _! mann]1
 ?\gh 9 a hundr$  diff]5t ways4 ,!      
physiologi/-/heticians1 especially !    
,engli%m53 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,grant ,all5 &
 8 s*ool1 answ] x1 ea*  9 8 own way2 !  
,fr5* eclectics1 & ! foll[]s ( ,guyau & 
,ta9e1 also ea* 9 8 own way2 & all ^! p 
"k all !  prec$+ solutions giv5 by      
,baumg>t51 & ,kant1 & ,s*ell+1 &        
,s*ill]1 & ,fi*te1 & ,w9ckelmann1 &     
,less+1 & ,hegel1 &  ,s*op5hau]1 &      
,h>tmann1 & ,s*asl]1 & ,c\s91 & ,lvque &
  o!rs4    ,:at is ?is /range conception
 8beauty10 :i* seems s simple to ^?  :o 
talk )\t ?9k+1 b 9 def9+ :i* all !      
philosoph]s (  v>i\s t5d5cies & diff]5t 
nationalities c come to no agreem5t     

dur+ a c5tury & a half8 ,:at is ?is     
conception ( beauty1 on :i*  ! dom9ant  
doctr9e ( art re/s8    ,9 ,russian1 by !
 ^w krasota 7beauty7 we mean only t :i* 
pleases ! sight4 ,& ?\gh latt]ly p h    
begun to speak ( 8an  ugly de$10 or (   
8beautiful music10 x is n good ,russian4
    ,a ,russian ( ! common folk1 n kn[+ 
=eign languages1 w n  und]/& y if y tell
 him t a man :o has giv5 8 la/ coat to  
ano!r1 or done any?+ simil>1 has act$   
8beautifully10 t a man  :o has *eat$    
ano!r has done an 8ugly0 action1 or t a 
song is  8beautiful40    ,9 ,russian a  
de$ may be k9d & good1 or unk9d & bad4  
,music may be  pleasant & good1 or      
unpleasant & bad2 b !re c be no su* ?+  
z 8beautiful0 or 8ugly0 music4          
,beautiful may relate to a man1 a horse1
 a h\se1 a view1 or a movem5t4  ,(      
actions1 ?\ghts1 "*1 or music1 if !y    
please u1 we may say  t !y are good1 or1
 if !y d n please u1 t !y are n  good4  
,b beautiful c be us$ only conc]n+ t :i*
 pleases !  sight4 ,s t ! ^w &          

conception 8good0 includes ! conception 
(  8beautiful10 b ! rev]se is n ! case2 
! conception 8beauty0  does n include ! 
conception 8good40 ,if we say 8good0 (  
an article  :i* we value = its          
appe>ance1 we !reby say t ! article is  
beautiful2 b if we say x is 8beautiful10
 x does n at all mean t  ! article is a 
good "o4    ,su* is ! mean+ ascrib$ by !
 ,russian language1 & !re=e by  ! s5se (
 ! p1 to ! words & conceptions 8good0 & 
8beautiful40    ,9 all ! ,european      
languages1 i4e4 ! languages ( ^? nations
  among :om ! doctr9e has spread t      
beauty is ! ess5tial ?+ 9  art1 ! words 
8beau10 8s*n10 8beautiful10 8bello10    
etc41 :ile  keep+ _! mean+ ( beautiful 9
 =m1 h come to also express  8goodness10
 8k9dness10 i4e4 h come to act z        
sub/itutes = !  ^w 8good40    ,s t x has
 become q natural 9 ^? languages to use 
su*  expressions z 8belle ame10 8s*ne   
,g$ank510 ( 8beautiful de$40  ,^?       
languages no long] h a suitable ^w :]e) 
expressly to  indicate beauty ( =m1 & h 

to use a comb9ation ( words su* z  8beau
 p> la =me10 8beautiful to look at10    
etc41 to convey t idea4    ,obs]vation (
 ! div]g5t mean+s :i* ! words 8beauty0 &
  8beautiful0 h 9 ,russian on ! "o h&1 &
 9 ^? ,european  languages n[ p]meat$ by
 ?is /hetic !ory on ! o!r h&1 %[s  u t !
 ^w 8beauty0 has1 among ! latt]1 acquir$
 a special  mean+1 namely1 t ( 8good40  
,:at is rem>kable1 moreov]1 is t s9ce we
 ,russians h begun m  & m to adopt !    
,european view ( art1 ! same evolution  
has begun  to %[ itself 9 our language  
also1 & "s p speak & write  q           
confid5tly1 & )\t caus+ surprise1 (     
beautiful music &  ugly actions1 or ev5 
?\ghts2 :]eas =ty ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0  "y1
 ! expressions 8beautiful music0 & 8ugly
 actions0 7 n  only unusual b           
incompreh5sible4 ,evid5tly ?is new mean+
 giv5 to  beauty by ,european ?\ght     
beg9s to be assimilat$ by ,russian      
society4    ,& :at really is ?is mean+8 
,:at is ?is 8beauty0 z x is  und]/ood by
 ! ,european peoples8    ,9 ord] to     

answ] ?is "q1 ,i mu/ "h quote at lea/ a 
small  selection ( ^? def9itions (      
beauty mo/ g5]ally adopt$ 9  exi/+      
/hetic sy/ems4 ,i especially beg ! read]
 n to be  ov]come by dulness1 b to read 
^! extracts ?r\gh1 or1 /ill  bett]1 to  
read "s "o ( ! erudite /hetic au?ors4 ,n
 to m5tion  ! volum9\s ,g]man           
/heticians1 a v good book = ?is purpose 
w\ld be ei!r ! ,g]man book by ,kralik1 !
 ,engli% "w by ,knight1  or ! ,fr5* "o  
by ,lvque4 ,x is necess>y to read "o ( !
 le>n$  /hetic writ]s 9 ord] to =m at   
fir/-h& a conception ( !  v>iety 9      
op9ion & ! frightful obscurity :i*      
reigns 9 ?is  region ( speculation2 n1 9
 ?is important matt]1 tru/+ to  ano!r's 
report4    ,?is1 = in/ance1 is :at !    
,g]man /hetician ,s*asl] says 9 !       
preface to 8 fam\s1 volum9\s1 & detail$ 
"w on /hetics3--    8,h>dly 9 any sph]e 
( philosophic sci5ce c we f9d su*       
div]g5t  me?ods ( inve/igation &        
exposition1 am\nt+ ev5 to               
self-contradiction1 z 9 ! sph]e (       

/hetics4 ,on ! "o h& we  h elegant      
phraseology )\t any sub/ance1 *>act]is$ 
9 great  "p by mo/ "o-sid$              
sup]ficiality2 & on ! o!r h&1           
accompany+ und5iable pr(undity (        
inve/igation & ri*ness (  subject-matt]1
 we get a revolt+ awkw>dness (          
philosophic  t]m9ology1 enfold+ !       
simple/ ?\ghts 9 an app>el ( ab/ract    
sci5ce z ?\gh to r5d] !m wor?y to ent] !
 consecrat$ palace  ( ! sy/em2 & f9ally1
 betwe5 ^! two me?ods ( inve/igation  & 
exposition1 !re is a ?ird1 =m+1 z x 71 !
 transition  f "o to ! o!r1 a me?od     
consi/+ ( eclecticism1 n[ flaunt+  an   
elegant phraseology & n[ a p$antic      
erudition4444 ,a /yle (  exposition t   
falls into none ( ^! ?ree defects b x is
 truly  concrete1 &1 hav+ important     
matt]1 expresses x 9 cle> &  popul>     
philosophic language1 c n[h]e be f\nd   
less frequ5tly ?an  9 ! doma9 (         
/hetics40#g    ,x is only necess>y1 =   
in/ance1 to read ,s*asl]'s own book to  
conv9ce oneself ( ! ju/ice ( ?is        

obs]vation ( 84    ,on ! same subject ! 
,fr5* writ] ,vron1 9 ! preface to 8 v   
good "w on /hetics1 says1 8,il n'y a pas
 de sci5ce1 qui ait t  plus que         
l'e/htique livre aux rv]ies des         
mtaphysici5s4 ,depuis  ,platon jusqu'   
aux doctr9es (ficielles de nos j\rs1 on 
a fait de l'art  je ne sais quel        
amalgame de fantaisies qu9tess5cies1 et 
de my/res  transc5dantaux qui tr\v5t    
leur expression suprme dans la          
conception  absolue du ,beau idal1      
prototype immuable et div9 des *oses    
relles0  7,l'e/htique1 #ahgh1 p4 #e74h  
,if ! read] w only be at ! pa9s to p]use
 ! foll[+  extracts1 def9+ beauty1 tak5 
f ! *ief writ]s on /hetics1 he  may     
conv9ce himself t ?is c5sure is ?or\ghly
 des]v$4    ,i %all n quote ! def9itions
 ( beauty attribut$ to !                
anci5ts1--,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 
etc41 d[n to ,plot9us1--because1  9     
reality1 ! anci5ts _h n t conception (  
beauty sep>at$  f goodness :i* =ms !    
basis & aim ( /hetics 9 our "t4 ,by     

ref]r+ ! judgm5ts ( ! anci5ts on beauty 
to our conception (  x1 z is usually    
done 9 /hetics1 we give ! words ( !     
anci5ts a  mean+ :i* is n !irs4#i       
,footnote #d3      ,only two1 or at mo/ 
?ree1 s5ses are g5]ally held wor?y to   
supply    matt] = arti/ic treatm5t1 b ,i
 ?9k ?is op9ion is only    conditionally
 correct4 ,i w n lay too mu* /ress on ! 
fact t    our common spee* recognises _m
 o!r arts1 z1 = in/ance1 !    art (     
cook]y4    ,footnote #e3      ,& yet x  
is c]ta9ly an /hetic a*ievem5t :5 ! art 
(    cook+ succe$s 9 mak+ ( an animal's 
corpse an object 9 all    respects      
ta/eful4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,art ( ,ta/e   
7:i* goes    beyond ! s-call$ ,art (    
,cook]y7 is !re=e ?is3 ,all t is        
eatable %\ld be treat$ z ! symbol ( "s  
,idea1 & always 9    h>mony ) ! ,idea to
 be express$4    ,footnote #f3      ,if 
! s5se ( t\* lacks col\r1 x gives u1 on 
! o!r h&1 a    notion :i* ! eye alone _c
 af=d1 & "o ( consid]able    /hetic     
value1 namely1 t ( s(tness1 silk9ess1   

poli%4 ,!    beauty ( velvet is         
*>act]is$ n less by its s(tness to !    
t\* ?an by its lu/re4 ,9 ! idea we =m ( 
a woman's beauty1 !    s(tness ( h] sk9 
ent]s z an ess5tial elem5t4      ,ea* ( 
u probably1 ) a little att5tion1 c      
recall pleasures (    ta/e :i* h be5    
real /hetic pleasures4    ,footnote #g3 
,m4 ,s*asl]1 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d]     
,ae/hetik1 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 p4    #ac4    
,footnote #h3      ,!re is no sci5ce :i*
 m ?an /hetics has be5 h&$ ov] to    !  
rev]ies ( ! metaphysicians4 ,f ,plato   
d[n to ! receiv$    doctr9es ( our day1 
p h made ( art a /range amalgam (       
qu9tess5tial fancies & transc5d5tal     
my/]ies1 :i* f9d _!    supreme          
expression 9 ! conception ( an absolute 
ideal ,beauty1    immutable & div9e     
prototype ( actual ?+s4    ,footnote #i3
      ,see on ?is matt] ,b5>d's         
admirable book1 ,l'e/htique d',ari/ote1 
also ,walt]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,ae/hetik im 
,alt]tum4                               
,,*apt] ,,iii      ,i beg9 ) ! f\nd] (  

/hetics1 ,baumg>t5 7#agad-agfb74        
,accord+ to ,baumg>t51#aj ! object (    
logical k is ,tru?1  ! object ( /hetic  
7i4e4 s5su\s7 k is ,beauty4 ,beauty is  
! ,p]fect 7! ,absolute71 recognis$ ?r\gh
 ! s5ses2 ,tru? is !  ,p]fect p]ceiv$   
?r\gh reason2 ,goodness is ! ,p]fect    
rea*$ by  moral w4    ,beauty is def9$  
by ,baumg>t5 z a correspond5ce1 i4e4 an 
ord] (  ! p>ts 9 _! mutual relations to 
ea* o!r & 9 _! relation  to ! :ole4 ,!  
aim ( beauty itself is to please &      
excite a desire1  8,wohlgefall5 und     
,erregung e9es ,v]lang5s40 7,a position 
precisely  ! opposite ( ,kant's         
def9ition ( ! nature & sign ( beauty47  
,) ref]5ce to ! manife/ations ( beauty1 
,baumg>t5 consid]s  t ! highe/ embodim5t
 ( beauty is se5 by u 9 nature1 & he    
!re=e ?9ks t ! highe/ aim ( art is to   
copy nature4 7,?is  position also is    
directly contradict$ by ! conclusions ( 
! late/  /heticians47    ,pass+ ov] !   
unimportant foll[]s ( ,baumg>t51--,mai]1
 ,es*5burg1  & ,eb]h>d1--:o only        

slightly modifi$ ! doctr9e ( _! tea*]   
by divid+ ! pleasant f ! beautiful1 ,i w
 quote !  def9itions giv5 by writ]s :o  
came imm$iately aft] ,baumg>t51 &  def9$
 beauty q 9 ano!r way4 ,^! writ]s 7     
,sulz]1  ,m5delssohn1 & ,moritz4 ,!y1 9 
contradiction to ,baumg>t5's ma9        
position1 recognise z ! aim ( art1 n    
beauty1 b goodness4 ,?us  ,sulz]        
7#agbj-aggg7 says t only t c be consid]$
 beautiful :i*  conta9s goodness4       
,accord+ to 8 !ory1 ! aim ( ! :ole life 
(  humanity is welf>e 9 social life4    
,?is is atta9$ by ! education (  ! moral
 feel+s1 to :i* end art %\ld be         
subs]vi5t4 ,beauty is  t :i* evokes &   
educates ?is feel+4    ,beauty is       
und]/ood almo/ 9 ! same way by          
,m5delssohn 7#agbi-aghf74  ,accord+ to  
him1 art is ! c>ry+ =w>d ( ! beautiful1 
obscurely recognis$ by feel+1 till x    
becomes ! true & good4 ,!  aim ( art is 
moral p]fection4#aa    ,= ! /heticians (
 ?is s*ool1 ! ideal ( beauty is a       
beautiful  s\l 9 a beautiful body4 ,s t 

^! /heticians completely wipe out       
,baumg>t5's division ( ! ,p]fect 7!     
,absolute71 into ! ?ree  =ms ( ,tru?1   
,goodness1 & ,beauty2 & ,beauty is aga9 
unit$ )  ! ,good & ! ,true4    ,b ?is   
conception is n only n ma9ta9$ by ! lat]
  /heticians1 b ! /hetic doctr9e (      
,w9ckelmann arises1 aga9 9  complete    
opposition4 ,?is divides ! mission ( art
 f ! aim (  goodness 9 ! %>pe/ & mo/    
positive mann]1 makes ext]nal beauty  ! 
aim ( art1 & ev5 limits x to visible    
beauty4    ,accord+ to ! celebrat$ "w ( 
,w9ckelmann 7#agag-agfg71 ! law &  aim (
 all art is beauty only1 beauty q       
sep>at$ f &  indep5d5t ( goodness4 ,!re 
are ?ree k9ds ( beauty3--7#a7 beauty (  
=m1 7#b7 beauty ( idea1 express+ itself 
9 ! position ( !  figure 79 pla/ic art71
 7#c7 beauty ( expression1 atta9able    
only :5  ! two fir/ conditions are      
pres5t4 ,?is beauty ( expression is !   
highe/ aim ( art1 & is atta9$ 9 antique 
art2 mod]n art %\ld  !re=e aim at       
imitat+ anci5t art4#ab    ,art is       

simil>ly und]/ood by ,less+1 ,h]d]1 &   
aft]w>ds by ,goe!  & by all ! di/+ui%$  
/heticians ( ,g]many till ,kant1 f  ^:  
day1 aga91 a diff]5t conception ( art   
comm5ces4    ,native /hetic !ories arose
 dur+ ?is p]iod 9 ,engl&1 ,france1      
,italy1 & ,holl&1 & !y1 ?\gh n tak5 f ! 
,g]man1 7  equally cl\dy &              
contradictory4 ,& all ^! writ]s1 j l !  
,g]man /heticians1 f\nd$ _! !ories on a 
conception ( !  ,beautiful1 und]/&+     
beauty 9 ! s5se ( a some?+ exi/+        
absolutely1 & m or less int]m+l$ )      
,goodness or hav+ "o  & ! same root4 ,9 
,engl&1 almo/ simultane\sly ) ,baumg>t51
  ev5 a little e>li]1 ,%aftesbury1      
,hut*eson1 ,home1 ,burke1 ,hog>?1 &     
o!rs1 wrote on art4    ,accord+ to      
,%aftesbury 7#afgj-agac71 8,t :i* is    
beautiful is  h>moni\s & proportionable1
 :at is h>moni\s & proportionable is    
true1 & :at is at once bo? beautiful &  
true is ( consequ5ce  agreeable &       
good40#ac ,beauty1 he taught1 is        
recognis$ by ! m9d  only4 ,god is       

fundam5tal beauty2 beauty & goodness    
proce$ f !  same f\nt4    ,s t1 al?\gh  
,%aftesbury reg>ds beauty z be+ some?+  
sep>ate  f goodness1 !y aga9 m]ge into  
some?+ insep>able4    ,accord+ to       
,hut*eson 7#afid-agdg--8;,inquiry into !
 ,orig9al ( our  ,ideas ( ,beauty &     
,virtue071 ! aim ( art is beauty1 !     
ess5ce (  :i* consi/s 9 evok+ 9 u !     
p]ception ( uni=mity amid  v>iety4 ,9 ! 
recognition ( :at is art we are guid$ by
 8an int]nal  s5se40 ,?is int]nal s5se  
may be 9 contradiction to ! e?ical "o4  
,s t1 accord+ to ,hut*eson1 beauty does 
n always correspond )  goodness1 b      
sep>ates f x & is sometimes contr>y to  
x4#ad    ,accord+ to ,home1 ,"l ,kames  
7#afif-aghb71 beauty is t :i* is        
pleasant4 ,!re=e beauty is def9$ by ta/e
 alone4 ,! /&>d (  true ta/e is t !     
maximum ( ri*ness1 fulness1 /r5g?1 &    
v>iety ( impression %\ld be conta9$ 9 ! 
n>r[e/ limits4 ,t  is ! ideal ( a p]fect
 "w ( art4    ,accord+ to ,burke        
7#agbi-agig--8,philosophical ,inquiry   

into ! ,orig9 (  our ,ideas ( ! ,sublime
 & ,beautiful071 ! sublime & beautiful1 
:i* are ! aim ( art1 h _! orig9 9 !     
prompt+s (  self-pres]vation & (        
society4 ,^! feel+s1 exam9$ 9 _!  s\rce1
 are means = ! ma9t5ance ( ! race ?r\gh 
!  individual4 ,! fir/                  
7self-pres]vation7 is atta9$ by         
n\ri%m5t1  def5ce1 & w>2 ! second       
7society7 by int]c\rse & propagation4   
,!re=e self-def5ce1 & w>1 :i* is b\nd up
 ) x1 is !  s\rce ( ! sublime2          
sociability1 & ! sex-in/9ct1 :i* is b\nd
  up ) x1 is ! s\rce ( beauty4#ae       
,su* 7 ! *ief ,engli% def9itions ( art &
 beauty 9 !  eighte5? c5tury4    ,dur+ t
 p]iod1 9 ,france1 ! writ]s on art 7    
,pre ,&r &  ,batteux1 ) ,did]ot1        
,d',alemb]t1 &1 to "s ext5t1 ,voltaire1 
foll[+ lat]4    ,accord+ to ,pre ,&r    
78,essai sur le ,beau10 #agda71 !re are 
?ree  k9ds ( beauty--div9e beauty1      
natural beauty1 & artificial  beauty4#af
    ,accord+ to ,batteux 7#agac-aghj71  
art consi/s 9 imitat+ ! beauty  (       

nature1 its aim be+ enjoym5t4#ag ,su* is
 also ,did]ot's  def9ition ( art4    ,! 
,fr5* writ]s1 l ! ,engli%1 consid] t x  
is ta/e t  decides :at is beautiful4 ,& 
! laws ( ta/e are n only n laid  d[n1 b 
x is grant$ t !y _c be settl$4 ,! same  
view 0  held by ,d',alemb]t &           
,voltaire4#ah    ,accord+ to ! ,italian 
/hetician ( t p]iod1 ,pagano1 art       
consi/s 9 unit+ ! beauties' disp]s$ 9   
nature4 ,! capacity to  p]ceive ^!      
beauties is ta/e1 ! capacity to br+ !m  
into "o  :ole is arti/ic g5ius4 ,beauty 
comm+les ) goodness1 s t  beauty is     
goodness made visible1 & goodness is    
inn] beauty4#ai    ,accord+ to ! op9ion 
( o!r ,italians3 ,muratori              
7#afgb-agej71--8,riflessioni sopra il   
buon gu/o intorno le sci5ce e le        
arti10--& especially                    
,spaletti1#bj--8,saggio sopra la        
bellezza0  7#agfe71--;art am\nts to an  
egoti/ical s5sation1 f\nd$ 7z ) ,burke7 
on ! desire = self-pres]vation &        
society4    ,among ,dut* writ]s1        

,hem/]huis 7#agbj-agij71 :o _h an       
influ5ce on  ! ,g]man /heticians & on   
,goe!1 is rem>kable4 ,accord+ to him1   
beauty is t :i* gives mo/ pleasure1 & t 
gives mo/ pleasure  :i* gives u !       
greate/ numb] ( ideas 9 ! %orte/ "t4    
,enjoym5t ( ! beautiful1 because x gives
 ! greate/ quantity (  p]ceptions 9 !   
%orte/ "t1 is ! highe/ notion to :i* man
 c  atta94#ba    ,su* 7 ! /hetic !ories 
outside ,g]many dur+ ! la/ c5tury4  ,9  
,g]many1 aft] ,w9ckelmann1 !re aga9     
arose a completely new  /hetic !ory1 t (
 ,kant 7#agbd-ahjd71 :i* m ?an all o!rs 
cle>s up :at ?is conception ( beauty1 & 
consequ5tly ( art1  really am\nts to4   
,! /hetic tea*+ ( ,kant is f\nd$ z      
foll[s3--,man has a k  ( nature outside 
him & ( himself 9 nature4 ,9 nature1    
outside  himself1 he seeks = tru?2 9    
himself he seeks = goodness4 ,! fir/  is
 an affair ( pure reason1 ! o!r (       
practical reason 7free-w74  ,besides ^! 
two means ( p]ception1 !re is yet !     
judg+ capacity  7,urteilskraft71 :i* =ms

 judgm5ts )\t reason+s & produces       
pleasure )\t desire 7,ur!il ohne        
,begriff und ,v]gng5 ohne  ,begehr574   
,?is capacity is ! basis ( /hetic feel+4
 ,beauty1  accord+ to ,kant1 9 its      
subjective mean+ is t :i*1 9 g5]al  &   
necess>ily1 )\t reason+s & )\t practical
 advantage1  pleases4 ,9 its objective  
mean+ x is ! =m ( a suitable object 9  s
 f> z t object is p]ceiv$ )\t any       
conception ( its  utility4#bb    ,beauty
 is def9$ 9 ! same way by ! foll[]s (   
,kant1 among :om  0 ,s*ill]             
7#agei-ahje74 ,accord+ to ,s*ill]1 :o   
wrote mu* on  /hetics1 ! aim ( art is1 z
 ) ,kant1 beauty1 ! s\rce ( :i*  is     
pleasure )\t practical advantage4 ,s t  
art may be call$ a  game1 n 9 ! s5se (  
an unimportant occupation1 b 9 ! s5se ( 
a manife/ation ( ! beauties ( life      
itself )\t o!r aim ?an  t ( beauty4#bc  
,besides ,s*ill]1 ! mo/ rem>kable (     
,kant's foll[]s 9 ! sph]e  ( /hetics 0  
,wilhelm ,humboldt1 :o1 ?\gh he add$    
no?+ to !  def9ition ( beauty1 expla9$  

v>i\s =ms ( x1--! drama1 music1  !      
comic1 etc4#bd    ,aft] ,kant1 besides !
 second-rate philosoph]s1 ! writ]s on   
/hetics 7 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 & _! 
foll[]s4 ,fi*te  7#agfb-ahad7 says t    
p]ception ( ! beautiful proce$s f ?is3  
! _w--i4e4 nature--has two sides3 x is !
 sum ( our limitations1  & x is ! sum ( 
our free ideali/ic activity4 ,9 ! fir/  
aspect  ! _w is limit$1 9 ! second      
aspect x is free4 ,9 ! fir/  aspect e   
object is limit$1 di/ort$1 compress$1   
conf9$--& we  see de=mity2 9 ! second we
 p]ceive its inn] complet5ess1          
vitality1 reg5]ation--& we see beauty4  
,s t ! de=mity or  beauty ( an object1  
accord+ to ,fi*te1 dep5ds on ! po9t (   
view  ( ! obs]v]4 ,beauty !re=e exi/s1 n
 9 ! _w1 b 9 !  beautiful s\l 7s*n]     
,gei/74 ,art is ! manife/ation ( ?is    
beautiful s\l1 & its aim is ! education1
 n only ( ! m9d--t  is ! bus9ess ( !    
savant2 n only ( ! he>t--t is !  affair 
( ! moral prea*]2 b ( ! :ole man4 ,& s !
  *>act]i/ic ( beauty lies1 n 9 any?+   

ext]nal1 b 9 !  pres5ce ( a beautiful   
s\l 9 ! arti/4#be    ,foll[+ ,fi*te1 & 9
 ! same direction1 ,fri$ri* ,s*legel &  
,adam  ,mll] also def9$ beauty4 ,accord+
 to ,s*legel 7#aggb--ahbi71 beauty 9    
art is und]/ood too incompletely1       
"o-sid$ly1 & disconnect$ly4  ,beauty    
exi/s n only 9 art1 b also 9 nature & 9 
love2 s t  ! truly beautiful is express$
 by ! union ( art1 nature1 & love4      
,!re=e1 z insep>ably "o ) ae/hetic art1 
,s*legel ackn[l$ges  moral & philosophic
 art4#bf    ,accord+ to ,adam ,mull]    
7#aggi-ahbi71 !re are two k9ds ( beauty2
 !  "o1 g5]al beauty1 :i* attracts p z !
 sun attracts !  planet--?is is f\nd    
*iefly 9 antique art--& ! o!r1          
individual  beauty1 :i* results f !     
obs]v] himself becom+ a sun  attract+   
beauty1--?is is ! beauty ( mod]n art4 ,a
 _w 9 :i*  all contradictions are       
h>monis$ is ! highe/ beauty4 ,e "w (    
art is a reproduction ( ?is univ]sal    
h>mony4#bg ,! highe/ art is  ! art (    
life4#bh    ,next aft] ,fi*te & 8       

foll[]s came a contempor>y ( 81 !       
philosoph] ,s*ell+ 7#agge-ahed71 :o has 
_h a great influ5ce on !  /hetic        
conceptions ( our times4 ,accord+ to    
,s*ell+'s philosophy1  art is !         
production or result ( t conception (   
?+s by :i*  ! subject becomes its own   
object1 or ! object its own subject4    
,beauty is ! p]ception ( ! inf9ite 9 !  
f9ite4 ,& ! *ief  *>act]i/ic ( works (  
art is unconsci\s inf9ity4 ,art is !    
unit+ ( ! subjective ) ! objective1 (   
nature ) reason1 (  ! unconsci\s ) !    
consci\s1 & !re=e art is ! highe/  means
 ( k4 ,beauty is ! contemplation ( ?+s 9
 !mselves  z !y exi/ 9 ! prototype 7,9  
d5 ,urbild]n74 ,x is n !  arti/ :o by 8 
k or skill produces ! beautiful1 b !    
idea ( beauty 9 him itself produces     
x4#bi    ,( ,s*ell+'s foll[]s ! mo/     
noticeable 0 ,solg]                     
7#aghj-ahai--,vorlesung5 b] ,ae/hetik74 
,accord+ to him1 ! idea (  beauty is !  
fundam5tal idea ( ev]y?+4 ,9 ! _w we see
 only  di/ortions ( ! fundam5tal idea1 b

 art1 by imag9ation1 may lift  itself to
 ! height ( ?is idea4 ,art is !re=e ak9 
to  creation4#cj    ,accord+ to ano!r   
foll[] ( ,s*ell+1 ,krause 7#agha-ahcb71 
true1  positive beauty is ! manife/ation
 ( ! ,idea 9 an individual =m2  art is !
 actualisation ( ! beauty exi/+ 9 !     
sph]e ( man's  free _s4 ,! highe/ /age (
 art is ! art ( life1 :i* directs  its  
activity t[>ds ! adornm5t ( life s t x  
may be a beautiful  abode = a beautiful 
man4#ca    ,aft] ,s*ell+ & 8 foll[]s    
came ! new /hetic doctr9e (  ,hegel1 :i*
 is held to ?is day1 consci\sly by _m1 b
 by !  majority unconsci\sly4 ,?is tea*+
 is n only no cle>] or bett]  def9$ ?an 
! prec$+ ones1 b is1 if possible1 ev5 m 
cl\dy  & my/ical4    ,accord+ to ,hegel 
7#aggj-ahca71 ,god manife/s himself 9   
nature & 9  art 9 ! =m ( beauty4 ,god   
expresses himself 9 two ways3 9 !       
object & 9 ! subject1 9 nature & 9 _s4  
,beauty is !  %9+ ( ! ,idea ?r\gh matt]4
 ,only ! s\l1 & :at p]ta9s to  x1 is    
truly beautiful2 & !re=e ! beauty (     

nature is only !  reflection ( ! natural
 beauty ( ! _s--! beautiful has only a  
spiritual cont5t4 ,b ! spiritual mu/    
appe> 9 s5su\s =m4 ,!  s5su\s           
manife/ation ( _s is only appe>ance     
7s*e971 & ?is  appe>ance is ! only      
reality ( ! beautiful4 ,art is ?us !    
production ( ?is appe>ance ( ! ,idea1 & 
is a means1 toge!r )  religion &        
philosophy1 ( br++ to consci\sness & (  
express+  ! deepe/ problems ( humanity &
 ! highe/ tru?s ( ! _s4    ,tru? &      
beauty1 accord+ to ,hegel1 are "o & !   
same ?+2 !  diff]5ce be+ only t tru? is 
! ,idea itself z x exi/s 9  itself1 & is
 ?9kable4 ,! ,idea1 manife/$ ext]nally1 
becomes to  ! appreh5sion n only true b 
beautiful4 ,! beautiful is !            
manife/ation ( ! ,idea4#cb    ,foll[+   
,hegel came 8 _m adh]5ts1 ,weisse1      
,arnold ,ruge1  ,ros5krantz1 ,!odor     
,vis*] & o!rs4    ,accord+ to ,weisse   
7#ahja-ahfg71 art is ! introduction     
7,e9bildung7  ( ! absolute spiritual    
reality ( beauty into ext]nal1 dead1    

indiff]5t matt]1 ! p]ception ( :i* latt]
 ap>t f ! beauty  br\ght into x pres5ts 
! negation ( all exi/5ce 9 itself       
7,negation alles ,frsi*se9s74    ,9 !   
idea ( tru?1 ,weisse expla9s1 lies a    
contradiction betwe5 !  subjective & !  
objective sides ( k1 9 t an individual  
,i disc]ns ! ,univ]sal4 ,?is            
contradiction c be remov$ by a          
conception t %\ld unite into "o !       
univ]sal & ! individual1  :i* fall      
asund] 9 our conceptions ( tru?4 ,su* a 
conception w\ld  be reconcil$           
7aufgehob57 tru?4 ,beauty is su* a      
reconcil$  tru?4#cc    ,accord+ to ,ruge
 7#ahjb-ahhj71 a /rict foll[] ( ,hegel1 
beauty is !  ,idea express+ itself4 ,!  
_s1 contemplat+ itself1 ei!r f9ds       
itself express$ completely1 & !n t full 
expression ( itself is  beauty2 or      
incompletely1 & !n x feels ! ne$ to alt]
 ?is  imp]fect expression ( itself1 &   
becomes creative art4#cd    ,accord+ to 
,vis*] 7#ahjg-ahhg71 beauty is ! ,idea 9
 ! =m ( a  f9ite ph5om5on4 ,! ,idea     

itself is n indivisible1 b =ms a  sy/em 
( ideas1 :i* may be repres5t$ by asc5d+ 
& desc5d+  l9es4 ,! high] ! idea ! m    
beauty x conta9s2 b ev5 !  l[e/ conta9s 
beauty1 because x =ms an ess5tial l9k ( 
!  sy/em4 ,! highe/ =m ( ! ,idea is     
p]sonality1 & !re=e !  highe/ art is t  
:i* has = its subject-matt] ! highe/    
p]sonality4#ce    ,su* 7 ! !ories ( !   
,g]man /heticians 9 ! ,hegelian         
direction1 b !y did n monopolise /hetic 
diss]tations4 ,9  ,g]many1 side by side 
& simultane\sly ) ! ,hegelian !ories1   
!re appe>$ !ories ( beauty n only       
indep5d5t ( ,hegel's  position 7t beauty
 is ! manife/ation ( ! ,idea71 b        
directly  contr>y to ?is view1 d5y+ &   
ridicul+ x4 ,su* 0 ! l9e  tak5 by ,h]b>t
 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 by ,s*op5hau]4        
,accord+ to ,h]b>t 7#aggf-ahda71 !re is 
n1 & _c be1 any su*  ?+ z beauty exi/+ 9
 itself4 ,:at does exi/ is only our     
op9ion1  & x is necess>y to f9d ! base (
 ?is op9ion 7/hetis*es  ,elem5t>ur!il74 
,su* bases are connect$ ) our           

impressions4 ,!re  are c]ta9 relations  
:i* we t]m beautiful2 & art consi/s 9   
f9d+ ^! relations1 :i* are simultane\s 9
 pa9t+1 ! pla/ic  art1 & ar*itecture1   
successive & simultane\s 9 music1 &     
purely  successive 9 poetry4 ,9         
contradiction to ! =m] /heticians1      
,h]b>t holds t objects are (t5 beautiful
 :i* express no?+ at  all1 z1 = in/ance1
 ! ra9b[1 :i* is beautiful = its l9es & 
col\rs1 & n = its my?ological connection
 ) ,iris or ,noah's  ra9b[4#cf    ,ano!r
 oppon5t ( ,hegel 0 ,s*op5hau]1 :o d5i$ 
,hegel's :ole  sy/em1 8 /hetics includ$4
    ,accord+ to ,s*op5hau] 7#aghh-ahfj71
 ,w objectivizes itself 9 !  _w on v>i\s
 planes2 & al?\gh ! high] ! plane on :i*
 x  is objectiviz$ ! m beautiful x is1  
yet ea* plane has its own  beauty4      
,r5unciation ( "o's individuality &     
contemplation ( "o (  ^! planes (       
manife/ation ( ,w gives u a p]ception ( 
beauty4  ,all m51 says ,s*op5hau]1      
possess ! capacity to objectivize !     
,idea  on diff]5t planes4 ,! g5ius ( !  

arti/ has ?is capacity 9 a  high]       
degree1 & !re=e makes a high] beauty    
manife/4#cg    ,aft] ^! m em95t writ]s  
!re foll[$1 9 ,g]many1 less  orig9al &  
less influ5tial ones1 su* z ,h>tmann1   
,kirkmann1  ,s*nasse1 &1 to "s ext5t1   
,helmholtz 7z an /hetician71 ,b]gmann1  
,jungmann1 & an innum]able ho/ ( o!rs4  
,accord+ to ,h>tmann 7#ahdb71 beauty    
lies1 n 9 ! ext]nal _w1  nor 9 8! ?+ 9  
itself10 nei!r does x reside 9 ! s\l (  
man1  b x lies 9 ! 8seem+0 7,s*e97      
produc$ by ! arti/4 ,!  ?+ 9 itself is n
 beautiful1 b is trans=m$ into beauty by
 !  arti/4#ch    ,accord+ to ,s*nasse   
7#agih-ahge71 !re is no p]fect beauty 9 
!  _w4 ,9 nature !re is only an approa* 
t[>ds x4 ,art gives :at  nature _c give4
 ,9 ! en]gy ( ! free ego1 consci\s (    
h>mony n f\nd 9 nature1 beauty is       
disclos$4#ci    ,kirkmann wrote on      
exp]im5tal ae/hetics4 ,all aspects (    
hi/ory 9 8  sy/em are jo9$ by pure      
*ance4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,kirkmann       
7#ahjb-ahhd71 !re are six realms (      

hi/ory3--,! realm ( ,k1 (  ,weal?1 (    
,morality1 ( ,fai?1 ( ,politics1 & (    
,beauty2 & activity  9 ! la/-nam$ realm 
is art4#dj    ,accord+ to ,helmholtz    
7#ahba71 :o wrote on beauty z x relates 
to  music1 beauty 9 musical productions 
is atta9$ only by foll[+  unalt]able    
laws4 ,^! laws are n kn[n to ! arti/2 s 
t beauty  is manife/$ by ! arti/        
unconsci\sly1 & _c be subject$ to       
analysis4#da    ,accord+ to ,b]gmann    
7#ahdj7 7,ueb] das ,s*ne1 #ahhg71 to    
def9e  beauty objectively is impossible4
 ,beauty is only p]ceiv$ subjectively1  
& !re=e ! problem ( /hetics is to def9e 
:at pleases  :om4#db    ,accord+ to     
,jungmann 7d4 #ahhe71 fir/ly1 beauty is 
a supras5sible  quality ( ?+s2 secondly1
 beauty produces 9 u pleasure by m]ely  
be+ contemplat$2 &1 ?irdly1 beauty is ! 
f\ndation ( love4#dc    ,! /hetic !ories
 ( ! *ief repres5tatives ( ,france1     
,engl&1  & o!r nations 9 rec5t times h  
be5 ! foll[+3--    ,9 ,france1 dur+ ?is 
p]iod1 ! prom95t writ]s on /hetics 7    

,c\s91 ,j\ffroy1 ,pictet1 ,ravaisson1   
,lvque4    ,c\s9 7#agib-ahfg7 0 an      
eclectic1 & a foll[] ( ! ,g]man         
ideali/s4 ,accord+ to 8 !ory1 beauty    
always has a moral  f\ndation4 ,he      
disputes ! doctr9e t art is imitation & 
t !  beautiful is :at pleases4 ,he      
affirms t beauty may be def9$           
objectively1 & t x ess5tially consi/s 9 
v>iety 9 unity4#dd    ,aft] ,c\s9 came  
,j\ffroy 7#agif-ahdb71 :o 0 a pupil (   
,c\s9's &  also a foll[] ( ! ,g]man     
/heticians4 ,accord+ to 8 def9ition1    
beauty is ! expression ( ! invisible by 
^? natural signs :i*  manife/ x4 ,!     
visible _w is ! g>m5t by means ( :i* we 
see  beauty4#de    ,! ,swiss writ]      
,pictet repeat$ ,hegel & ,plato1 suppos+
 beauty to  exi/ 9 ! direct & free      
manife/ation ( ! div9e ,idea reveal+    
itself 9 s5se =ms4#df    ,lvque 0 a     
foll[] ( ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,he holds t  
beauty is  some?+ invisible beh9d       
nature--a =ce or _s reveal+ itself 9    
ord]$ en]gy4#dg    ,simil> vague op9ions

 ab\t ! nature ( beauty 7 express$ by ! 
,fr5* metaphysician ,ravaisson1 :o      
consid]$ beauty to be ! ultimate  aim & 
purpose ( ! _w4 8,la beaut la plus div9e
 et  pr9cipalem5t la plus p>faite       
conti5t le secret du monde40#dh ,&      
aga93--8,le monde enti] e/ l'uvre d'une 
beaut absolue1 qui n'e/ la  cause des   
*oses que p> l'am\r qu'elle met en      
elles40    ,i purposely ab/a9 f         
translat+ ^! metaphysical expressions1  
because1 h[ev] cl\dy ! ,g]mans may be1 !
 ,fr5*1 once !y absorb  ! !ories ( !    
,g]mans & take to imitat+ !m1 f> surpass
 !m  9 unit+ het]og5e\s conceptions into
 "o expression1 & putt+  =w>d "o mean+  
or ano!r indiscrim9ately4 ,= in/ance1 ! 
,fr5* philosoph] ,r5\vi]1 :5 discuss+   
beauty1 says3--8,ne  craignons pas de   
dire qu'une vrit qui ne s]ait pas belle1
 ne s]ait  qu'un jeu logique de notre   
esprit et que la seule vrit solide et   
digne  de ce nom c'e/ la beaut40#di     
,besides ! /hetic ideali/s :o wrote &   
/ill write "u !  influ5ce ( ,g]man      

philosophy1 ! foll[+ rec5t writ]s h also
  influ5c$ ! compreh5sion ( art & beauty
 9 ,france3 ,ta9e1 ,guyau1  ,*]buliez1  
,co/]1 & ,vron4    ,accord+ to ,ta9e    
7#ahbh-ahic71 beauty is ! manife/ation (
 !  ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( any important 
idea m completely ?an x  is express$ 9  
reality4#ej    ,guyau 7#ahed-ahhh7      
taught t beauty is n some?+ ext]ior to !
  object itself1--is n1 z x 71 a        
p>asitic gr[? on x1--b is  itself ! v   
blossom+ =? ( t on :i* x appe>s4 ,art is
 !  expression ( reasonable & consci\s  
life1 evok+ 9 u bo? !  deepe/           
consci\sness ( exi/5ce & ! highe/ feel+s
 & l(tie/  ?\ghts4 ,art lifts man f 8   
p]sonal life into ! univ]sal life1  by  
means1 n only ( p>ticipation 9 ! same   
ideas & beliefs1 b  also by means (     
simil>ity 9 feel+4#ea    ,accord+ to    
,*]buliez1 art is an activity1 7#a7     
satisfy+ our innate  love ( =ms         
7app>5ces71 7#b7 end[+ ^! =ms ) ideas1  
7#c7  af=d+ pleasure alike to our s5ses1
 he>t1 & reason4 ,beauty is n  inh]5t 9 

objects1 b is an act ( our s\ls4 ,beauty
 is an illusion2  !re is no absolute    
beauty4 ,b :at we consid] *>act]i/ic &  
h>moni\s appe>s beautiful to u4    ,co/]
 held t ! ideas ( ! beautiful1 ! good1 &
 ! true are  innate4 ,^! ideas illum9ate
 our m9ds & are id5tical ) ,god1 :o  is 
,goodness1 ,tru?1 & ,beauty4 ,! idea (  
,beauty includes unity (  ess5ce1 v>iety
 ( con/itutive elem5ts1 & ord]1 :i* br+s
 unity  into ! v>i\s manife/ations (    
life4#eb    ,= ! sake ( complet5ess1 ,i 
w fur!r cite "s ( ! v  late/ writ+s ^u  
art4    ,la psy*ologie du ,beau et de   
l',art1 p> ,m>io ,pilo 7#ahie71 says t  
beauty is a product ( our physical      
feel+s4 ,! aim ( art is  pleasure1 b ?is
 pleasure 7= "s reason7 he consid]s to  
be  necess>ily highly moral4    ,!      
,essai sur l'art contempora91 p> ,fi]5s 
,geva]t 7#ahig71 says  t art re/s on its
 connection ) ! pa/1 & on ! religi\s    
ideal ( ! pres5t :i* ! arti/ holds :5   
giv+ to 8 "w !  =m ( 8 individuality4   
,!n aga91 ,s> ,peladan's ,l'art idali/e 

et my/ique 7#ahid7 says t  beauty is "o 
( ! manife/ations ( ,god4 8,il n'y a pas
 d'autre  ,ralit que ,dieu1 n'y a pas   
d'autre ,vrit que ,dieu1 il n'y a pas   
d'autre ,beaut1 que ,dieu0 7p4 #cc74    
,?is book is v fanta/ic & v  illit]ate1 
b is *>act]i/ic 9 ! positions x takes   
up1 &  noticeable on acc\nt ( a c]ta9   
success x is hav+ ) ! y\ng]  g5]ation 9 
,france4    ,all ! /hetics diffus$ 9    
,france up to ! pres5t "t are simil>  9 
k9d1 b among !m ,vron's ,l'e/htique     
7#ahgh7 =ms an  exception1 be+          
reasonable & cle>4 ,t "w1 ?\gh x does n 
give an exact def9ition ( art1 at lea/  
rids /hetics ( ! cl\dy  conception ( an 
absolute beauty4    ,accord+ to ,vron   
7#ahbe-ahhi71 art is ! manife/ation (   
emotion  transmitt$ ext]nally by a      
comb9ation ( l9es1 =ms1 col\rs1 or by  a
 succession ( movem5ts1 s\nds1 or words 
subject$ to c]ta9  rhy?ms4#ec    ,9     
,engl&1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! writ]s on     
/hetics def9e beauty  m & m frequ5tly1 n
 by its own qualities1 b by ta/e1 &  !  

discussion ab\t beauty is sup]s$$ by a  
discussion on ta/e4    ,aft] ,reid      
7#agjd-agif71 :o ackn[l$g$ beauty z be+ 
entirely  dep5d5t on ! spectator1       
,alison1 9 8 ,essay on ! ,nature &      
,pr9ciples ( ,ta/e 7#agij71 prov$ ! same
 ?+4 ,f ano!r side  ?is 0 also ass]t$ by
 ,erasmus ,d>w9 7#agca-ahjb71 ! gr&fa!r 
(  ! celebrat$ ,*>les ,d>w94    ,he says
 t we consid] beautiful t :i* is        
connect$ 9 our  conception ) :at we     
love4 ,ri*>d ,knight's "w1 ,an          
,analytical  ,inquiry into ! ,pr9ciples 
( ,ta/e1 also t5ds 9 ! same direction4  
,mo/ ( ! ,engli% !ories ( /hetics are on
 ! same l9es4 ,!  prom95t writ]s on     
/hetics 9 ,engl& dur+ ! pres5t c5tury  h
 be5 ,*>les ,d>w91 7to "s ext5t71 ,h]b]t
 ,sp5c]1 ,grant  ,all51 ,k]1 & ,knight4 
,accord+ to ,*>les ,d>w9                
7#ahji-ahhb--;,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahga71   
beauty  is a feel+ natural n only to man
 b also to animals1 &  consequ5tly to ! 
ance/ors ( man4 ,birds adorn _! ne/s &  
e/eem  beauty 9 _! mates4 ,beauty has an

 influ5ce on m>riages4 ,beauty  includes
 a v>iety ( div]se conceptions4 ,! orig9
 ( ! art (  music is ! call ( ! males to
 ! females4#ed    ,accord+ to ,h]b]t    
,sp5c] 7b4 #ahbj71 ! orig9 ( art is     
play1 a  ?\ght previ\sly express$ by    
,s*ill]4 ,9 ! l[] animals all !  en]gy (
 life is exp5d$ 9 life-ma9t5ance &      
race-ma9t5ance2 9  man1 h[ev]1 !re      
rema9s1 aft] ^! ne$s are satisfi$1 "s   
sup]flu\s /r5g?4 ,?is excess is us$ 9   
play1 :i* passes ov]  into art4 ,play is
 an imitation ( real activity1 s is art4
 ,! s\rces  ( /hetic pleasure are       
?reefold3--7#a7 ,t 8:i* ex]cises !      
faculties affect$ 9 ! mo/ complete ways1
 ) ! fewe/ drawbacks  f excess (        
ex]cise10 7#b7 8! diff]5ce ( a /imulus 9
 l>ge  am\nt1 :i* awak5s a gl[ (        
agreeable feel+10 7#c7 ! p>tial  revival
 ( ! same1 ) special comb9ations4#ee    
,9 ,todhunt]'s ,!ory ( ! ,beautiful     
7#ahgb71 beauty is inf9ite  lovel9ess1  
:i* we appreh5d bo? by reason & by !    
en?usiasm (  love4 ,! recognition (     

beauty z be+ su* dep5ds on ta/e2 !re  c 
be no crit]ion = x4 ,! only approa* to a
 def9ition is f\nd  9 culture4 7,:at    
culture is1 is n def9$47 ,intr9sically1 
art--t  :i* affects u ?r\gh l9es1       
col\rs1 s\nds1 or words--is n !  product
 ( bl9d =ces1 b ( reasonable ones1      
work+1 ) mutual  helpfulness1 t[>ds a   
reasonable aim4 ,beauty is !            
reconciliation (  contradictions4#ef    
,grant ,all5 is a foll[] ( ,sp5c]1 & 9 8
 ,physiological  /hetics 7#ahgg7 he says
 t beauty has a physical orig94 /hetic  
pleasures come f ! contemplation ( !    
beautiful1 b !  conception ( beauty is  
obta9$ by a physiological process4 ,!   
orig9  ( art is play2 :5 !re is a       
sup]fluity ( physical /r5g? man  gives  
himself to play2 :5 !re is a sup]fluity 
( receptive p[]  man gives himself to   
art4 ,! beautiful is t :i* af=ds !      
maximum ( /imulation ) ! m9imum ( wa/e4 
,diff]5ces 9 !  e/imation ( beauty      
proce$ f ta/e4 ,ta/e c be educat$4 ,we  
mu/  h fai? 9 ! judgm5ts 8( !           

f9e/-nurtur$ & mo/  discrim9ative0 m54  
,^! p =m ! ta/e ( ! next  g5]ation4#eg  
,accord+ to ,k]'s ,essay on !           
,philosophy ( ,art 7#ahhc71 beauty      
enables u to make "p ( ! objective _w   
intelligible to ourselves  )\t be+      
tr\bl$ by ref]5ce to o!r p>ts ( x1 z is 
inevitable = sci5ce4 ,s t art de/roys ! 
opposition betwe5 !  "o & ! _m1 betwe5 !
 law & its manife/ation1 betwe5 !       
subject & its object1 by unit+ !m4 ,art 
is ! revelation &  v9dication ( fre$om1 
because x is free f ! d>kness &         
incompreh5sibility ( f9ite ?+s4#eh      
,accord+ to ,knight's ,philosophy ( !   
,beautiful1 ,"p ,,ii4 7#ahic71  beauty  
is 7z ) ,s*ell+7 ! union ( object &     
subject1 !  draw+ =? f nature ( t :i* is
 cognate to man1 & !  recognition 9     
oneself ( t :i* is common to all nature4
    ,! op9ions on beauty & on ,art "h   
m5tion$ are f> f exhau/+  :at has be5   
writt5 on ! subject4 ,& e day fre%      
writ]s on  /hetics arise1 9 ^:          
disquisitions appe> ! same en*ant$      

confusion & contradictor9ess 9 def9+    
beauty4 ,"s1 by in]tia1  cont9ue !      
my/ical /hetics ( ,baumg>t5 & ,hegel )  
sundry  v>iations2 o!rs transf] ! "q to 
! region ( subjectivity1  & seek = !    
f\ndation ( ! beautiful 9 que/ions (    
ta/e2  o!rs--! /heticians ( ! v late/   
=mation--seek ! orig9 (  beauty 9 ! laws
 ( physiology2 & f9ally1 o!rs aga9      
inve/igate  ! "q q indep5d5tly ( !      
conception ( beauty4 ,?us1  ,sully 9 8  
,s5sation & ,intuition3 ,/udies 9       
,psy*ology &  /hetics 7#ahgd71 dismisses
 ! conception ( beauty altoge!r1 art1   
by 8 def9ition1 be+ ! production ( "s   
p]man5t object or  pass+ action fitt$ to
 supply active enjoym5t to ! produc]1 & 
a  pleasurable impression to a numb] (  
spectators or li/5]s1 q  ap>t f any     
p]sonal advantage d]iv$ f x4#ei         
,footnote #aj3      ,s*asl]1 p4 #cfa4   
,footnote #aa3      ,s*asl]1 p4 #cfi4   
,footnote #ab3      ,s*asl]1 pp4        
#chh-cij4    ,footnote #ac3             
,knight1 ,philosophy ( ! ,beautiful1 i4 

pp4 #afe1 #aff4    ,footnote #ad3       
,s*asl]1 p4 #bhi4 ,knight1 pp4 #afh1    
#afi4    ,footnote #ae3      ,r4        
,kralik1 ,welts*nheit1 ,v]su* e9]       
allgeme95 ,ae/hetik1 pp4    #cjd-cjf4   
,footnote #af3      ,knight1 p4 #aja4   
,footnote #ag3      ,s*asl]1 p4 #caf4   
,footnote #ah3      ,knight1 pp4        
#ajb-ajd4    ,footnote #ai3      ,r4    
,kralik1 p4 #abd4    ,footnote #bj3     
,spaletti1 ,s*asl]1 p4 #cbh4            
,footnote #ba3      ,s*asl]1 pp4        
#cca-ccc4    ,footnote #bb3             
,s*asl]1 pp4 #ebe-ebh4    ,footnote #bc3
      ,knight1 pp4 #fa-fc4    ,footnote 
#bd3      ,s*asl]1 pp4 #gdj-gdc4        
,footnote #be3      ,s*asl]1 pp4        
#gfi-gga4    ,footnote #bf3             
,s*asl]1 pp4 #ghf1 #ghg4    ,footnote   
#bg3      ,kralik1 p4 #adh4    ,footnote
 #bh3      ,kralik1 p4 #hbj4            
,footnote #bi3      ,s*asl]1 pp4 #hbh1  
#hbi1 #hcd-hda4    ,footnote #cj3       
,s*asl]1 p4 #hia4    ,footnote #ca3     
,s*asl]1 p4 #iag4    ,footnote #cb3     

,s*asl]1 pp4 #idf1 #ajhe1 #ihd1 #ihe1   
#iij4    ,footnote #cc3      ,s*asl]1   
pp4 #iff1 #fee1 #ief4    ,footnote #cd3 
,s*asl]1 p4 #ajag4    ,footnote #ce3    
,s*asl]1 pp4 #ajfe1 #ajff4    ,footnote 
#cf3      ,s*asl]1 pp4 #ajig-aajj4      
,footnote #cg3      ,s*asl]1 pp4 #aabd1 
#aajg4    ,footnote #ch3      ,knight1  
pp4 #ha1 #hb4    ,footnote #ci3         
,knight1 p4 #hc4    ,footnote #dj3      
,s*asl]1 p4 #aaba4    ,footnote #da3    
,knight1 pp4 #he1 #hf4    ,footnote #db3
      ,knight1 p4 #hh4    ,footnote #dc3
      ,knight1 p4 #hh4    ,footnote #dd3
      ,knight1 p4 #aab4    ,footnote    
#de3      ,knight1 p4 #aaf4    ,footnote
 #df3      ,knight1 pp4 #aah1 #aai4     
,footnote #dg3      ,knight1 pp4 #abc1  
#abd4    ,footnote #dh3      ,la        
philosophie en ,france1 p4 #bcb4        
,footnote #di3      ,du fondem5t de     
l'induction4    ,footnote #ej3          
,philosophie de l'art1 vol4 i4 #ahic1 p4
 #dg4    ,footnote #ea3      ,knight1 p4
 #aci-ada4    ,footnote #eb3            

,knight1 pp4 #acd4    ,footnote #ec3    
,l'e/htique1 p4 #ajf4    ,footnote #ed3 
,knight1 p4 #bch4    ,footnote #ee3     
,knight1 pp4 #bci1 #bdj4    ,footnote   
#ef3      ,knight1 pp4 #bdj-bdc4        
,footnote #eg3      ,knight1 pp4        
#bej-beb4    ,footnote #eh3             
,knight1 pp4 #beh1 #bei4    ,footnote   
#ei3      ,knight1 p4 #bdc4             
,,*apt] ,,iv      ,to :at d ^!          
def9itions ( beauty am\nt8 ,n reckon+ ! 
?or\ghly inaccurate def9itions ( beauty 
:i* fail to cov] !  conception ( art1 & 
:i* suppose beauty to consi/ ei!r 9     
utility1 or 9 adju/m5t to a purpose1 or 
9 symmetry1 or 9 ord]1 or  9 proportion1
 or 9 smoo?ness1 or 9 h>mony ( ! p>ts1  
or 9 unity  amid v>iety1 or 9 v>i\s     
comb9ations ( ^!1--n reckon+ ^!         
unsatisfactory attempts at objective    
def9ition1 all ! /hetic  def9itions (   
beauty lead to two fundam5tal           
conceptions4 ,! fir/ is  t beauty is    
some?+ hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce 7exi/+ 
9  itself71 t x is "o ( ! manife/ations 

( ! absolutely ,p]fect1  ( ! ,idea1 ( ! 
,_s1 ( ,w1 or ( ,god2 ! o!r is t beauty 
is a k9d ( pleasure receiv$ by u1 n hav+
 p]sonal advantage =  its object4    ,! 
fir/ ( ^! def9itions 0 accept$ by       
,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1  ,s*op5hau]1 & 
! philosophis+ ,fr5*m51 ,c\s91 ,j\ffroy1
  ,ravaisson1 & o!rs1 n to enum]ate !   
second-rate /hetic  philosoph]s4 ,& ?is 
same objective-my/ical def9ition (      
beauty is  held by a majority ( !       
educat$ p ( our day4 ,x is a conception 
v widely spread1 especially among ! eld]
 g5]ation4    ,! second view1 t beauty  
is a c]ta9 k9d ( pleasure receiv$ by  u1
 n hav+ p]sonal advantage = its aim1    
f9ds fav\r *iefly  among ! ,engli%      
/hetic writ]s1 & is %>$ by ! o!r "p (   
our society1 pr9cipally by ! y\ng]      
g5]ation4    ,s !re are 7& x c\ld n be  
o!rwise7 only two def9itions (  beauty3 
! "o objective1 my/ical1 m]g+ ?is       
conception into t  ( ! highe/ p]fection1
 ,god--a fanta/ic def9ition1 f\nd$ on   
no?+2 ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 a v simple & 

intelligible  subjective "o1 :i*        
consid]s beauty to be t :i* pleases 7,i 
d  n add to ! ^w 8pleases0 ! words 8)\t 
! aim ( advantage10  because 8pleases0  
naturally presupposes ! abs5ce ( ! idea 
(  pr(it74    ,on ! "o h&1 beauty is    
view$ z some?+ my/ical & v  elevat$1 b  
un=tunately at ! same "t v indef9ite1 & 
consequ5tly embrac+ philosophy1         
religion1 & life itself 7z 9 !  !ories (
 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 & _! ,g]man & ,fr5*  
foll[]s72  or1 on ! o!r h& 7z necess>ily
 foll[s f ! def9ition (  ,kant & 8      
adh]5ts71 beauty is simply a c]ta9 k9d (
  dis9t]e/$ pleasure receiv$ by u4 ,&   
?is conception ( beauty1  al?\gh x seems
 v cle>1 is1 un=tunately1 aga9 inexact2 
= x  wid5s out on ! o!r side1 i4e4 x    
includes ! pleasure d]iv$  f dr9k1 f    
food1 f t\*+ a delicate sk91 etc41 z is 
ackn[l$g$ by ,guyau1 ,kralik1 & o!rs4   
,x is true t1 foll[+ ! developm5t ( !   
/hetic doctr9es on  beauty1 we may      
notice t1 ?\gh at fir/ 79 ! times :5 !  
f\ndations ( ! sci5ce ( /hetics 7 be+   

laid7 !  metaphysical def9ition ( beauty
 prevail$1 yet ! ne>] we get to  our own
 times ! m does an exp]im5tal def9ition 
7rec5tly  assum+ a physiological =m7    
come to ! front1 s t at la/ we  ev5 meet
 ) su* /heticians z ,vron & ,sully1 :o  
try to escape  entirely f ! conception (
 beauty4 ,b su* /heticians h v  little  
success1 & ) ! majority ( ! public1 z   
well z (  arti/s & ! le>n$1 a conception
 ( beauty is firmly held :i*  agrees ) !
 def9itions conta9$ 9 mo/ ( ! /hetic    
treatises1  i4e4 :i* reg>ds beauty ei!r 
z some?+ my/ical or  metaphysical1 or z 
a special k9d ( enjoym5t4    ,:at !n is 
?is conception ( beauty1 s /ubbornly    
held to by p  ( our circle & day z      
furni%+ a def9ition ( art8    ,9 !      
subjective aspect1 we call beauty t :i* 
supplies u ) a  p>ticul> k9d ( pleasure4
    ,9 ! objective aspect1 we call      
beauty some?+ absolutely p]fect1  & we  
ackn[l$ge x to be s only because we     
receive1 f !  manife/ation ( ?is        
absolute p]fection1 a c]ta9 k9d (       

pleasure2  s t ?is objective def9ition  
is no?+ b ! subjective  conception      
diff]5tly express$4 ,9 reality bo?      
conceptions ( beauty  am\nt to "o & !   
same ?+1 namely1 ! reception by u ( a   
c]ta9 k9d ( pleasure1 i4e4 we call      
8beauty0 t :i* pleases u  )\t evok+ 9 u 
desire4    ,su* be+ ! position (        
affairs1 x w\ld seem only natural t !   
sci5ce ( art %\ld decl9e to cont5t      
itself ) a def9ition ( art  bas$ on     
beauty 7i4e4 on t :i* pleases71 & seek a
 g5]al  def9ition1 :i* %\ld apply to all
 arti/ic productions1 & by  ref]5ce to  
:i* we might decide :e!r a c]ta9 article
 belong$ to  ! realm ( art or n4 ,b no  
su* def9ition is suppli$1 z !  read] may
 see f ^? summ>ies ( ! /hetic !ories :i*
 ,i  h giv51 & z he may discov] ev5 m   
cle>ly f ! orig9al  /hetic works1 if he 
w be at ! pa9s to read !m4 ,all attempts
 to  def9e absolute beauty 9            
itself--:e!r z an imitation ( nature1 or
  z suitability to its object1 or z a   
correspond5ce ( p>ts1 or z  symmetry1 or

 z h>mony1 or z unity 9 v>iety1         
etc4--ei!r def9e  no?+ at all1 or def9e 
only "s traits ( "s arti/ic productions1
  & are f> f includ+ all t ev]ybody has 
always held1 & /ill  holds1 to be art4  
,!re is no objective def9ition ( beauty4
 ,! exi/+ def9itions1  7bo? !           
metaphysical & ! exp]im5tal71 am\nt only
 to "o & !  same subjective def9ition   
:i* 7/range z x seems to say s7 is1  t  
art is t :i* makes beauty manife/1 &    
beauty is t :i*  pleases 7)\t excit+    
desire74 ,_m /heticians h felt !        
insuffici5cy & in/ability ( su* a       
def9ition1 &1 9 ord] to  give x a firm  
basis1 h ask$ !mselves :y a ?+ pleases4 
,&  !y h conv]t$ ! discussion on beauty 
into a "q conc]n+  ta/e1 z did          
,hut*eson1 ,voltaire1 ,did]ot1 & o!rs4  
,b all attempts  to def9e :at ta/e is   
mu/ lead to no?+1 z ! read] may see bo? 
f ! hi/ory ( /hetics & exp]im5tally4    
,!re is & c be no  explanation ( :y "o  
?+ pleases "o man & displeases ano!r1 or
  vice v]s4 ,s t ! :ole exi/+ sci5ce (  

/hetics fails to  d :at we might expect 
f x1 be+ a m5tal activity call+ itself  
a sci5ce1 namely1 x does n def9e !      
qualities & laws ( art1 or  ( !         
beautiful 7if t be ! cont5t ( art71 or !
 nature ( ta/e  7if ta/e decides ! "q ( 
art & its m]it71 & !n1 on !  basis ( su*
 def9itions1 ackn[l$ge z art ^?         
productions :i*  correspond to ^! laws1 
& reject ^? :i* d n come "u !m4  ,b ?is 
sci5ce ( /hetics consi/s 9 fir/         
ackn[l$g+ a c]ta9  set ( productions to 
be art 7because !y please u71 & !n fram+
  su* a !ory ( art t all ^? productions 
:i* please a c]ta9  circle ( p %\ld fit 
into x4 ,!re exi/s an art canon1        
accord+ to :i* c]ta9 productions fav\r$ 
by our circle are  ackn[l$g$ z be+      
art1--,phidias1 ,sophocles1 ,hom]1      
,titian1 ,raphael1  ,ba*1 ,bee?ov51     
,dante1 ,%akespe>1 ,goe!1 & o!rs1--& !  
/hetic  laws mu/ be su* z to embrace all
 ^! productions4 ,9 /hetic  lit]ature y 
w incessantly meet ) op9ions on ! m]it &
  importance ( art1 f\nd$ n on any c]ta9

 laws by :i* ?is or t  is held to be    
good or bad1 b m]ely on ! consid]ation  
:e!r ?is  art tallies ) ! art canon we h
 drawn up4    ,! o!r day ,i 0 read+ a f>
 f ill-writt5 book by ,folgeldt4        
,discuss+ ! dem& = morality 9 works (   
art1 ! au?or pla9ly  says t we mu/ n    
dem& morality 9 art4 ,& 9 pro( ( ?is he 
advances ! fact t if we admit su* a     
dem&1 ,%akespe>'s ,romeo  & ,juliet &   
,goe!'s ,wilhelm ,mei/] w\ld n fit into 
!  def9ition ( good art2 b s9ce bo? ^!  
books are includ$ 9 our  canon ( art1 he
 concludes t ! dem& is unju/4 ,& !re=e x
  is necess>y to f9d a def9ition ( art  
:i* %all fit ! works2 &  in/ead ( a dem&
 = morality1 ,folgeldt po/ulates z !    
basis (  art a dem& = ! important       
7,b$eutungsvolles74    ,all ! exi/+     
/hetic /&>ds are built on ?is plan4     
,in/ead (  giv+ a def9ition ( true art1 
& !n decid+ :at is & :at is  n good art 
by judg+ :e!r a "w con=ms or does n     
con=m to  ! def9ition1 a c]ta9 class (  
works1 :i* = "s reason please a  c]ta9  

circle ( p1 is accept$ z be+ art1 & a   
def9ition (  art is !n devis$ to cov]   
all ^! productions4 ,i rec5tly came ^u  
a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is me?od 9 a v   
good ,g]man "w1 ,!  ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 !  
,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 by ,mu!r4 ,describ+ ! 
pre-,raphaelites1 ! ,decad5ts & !       
,symboli/s 7:o are already  includ$ 9 ! 
canon ( art71 he n only does n v5ture to
 blame  _! t5d5cy1 b e>ne/ly endeav\rs  
to wid5 8 /&>d s t  x may include !m    
all1 !y appe>+ to him to repres5t a     
legitimate  reaction f ! excesses (     
realism4 ,no matt] :at insanities appe> 
9 art1 :5 once !y f9d acceptance among !
 upp] classes ( our  society a !ory is  
quickly inv5t$ to expla9 & sanction !m2 
j  z if !re _h nev] be5 p]iods 9 hi/ory 
:5 c]ta9 special  circles ( p recognis$ 
& approv$ false1 de=m$1 & ins5sate  art 
:i* subsequ5tly left no trace & has be5 
utt]ly =gott54 ,&  to :at l5g?s !       
insanity & de=mity ( art may g1         
especially  :51 z 9 our days1 x kn[s t x
 is consid]$ infallible1 may be  se5 by 

:at is be+ done 9 ! art ( our circle    
to-day4    ,s t ! !ory ( art1 f\nd$ on  
beauty1 exp\nd$ by /hetics1  &1 9 dim   
outl9e1 pr(ess$ by ! public1 is no?+ b !
 sett+  up z good1 ( t :i* has pleas$ & 
pleases u1 i4e4 pleases a  c]ta9 class (
 p4    ,9 ord] to def9e any human       
activity1 x is necess>y to und]/& its   
s5se & importance4 ,&1 9 ord] to d t1 x 
is prim>ily  necess>y to exam9e t       
activity 9 itself1 9 its dep5d5ce on its
  causes1 & 9 connection ) its effects1 
& n m]ely 9 relation  to ! pleasure we c
 get f x4    ,if we say t ! aim ( any   
activity is m]ely our pleasure1 &  def9e
 x solely by t pleasure1 our def9ition w
 evid5tly be a  false "o4 ,b ?is is     
precisely :at has occurr$ 9 ! ef=ts to  
def9e art4 ,n[1 if we consid] ! food "q1
 x w n occur to  anyone to affirm t !   
importance ( food consi/s 9 ! pleasure  
we  receive :5 eat+ x4 ,ev]yone und]/&s 
t ! satisfaction (  our ta/e _c s]ve z a
 basis = our def9ition ( ! m]its (      
food1 & t we h !re=e no "r to presuppose

 t ! d9n]s  ) cay5ne pepp]1 ,limburg    
*eese1 alcohol1 etc41 to :i* we are     
accu/om$ & :i* please u1 =m ! v be/     
human food4    ,& 9 ! same way1 beauty1 
or t :i* pleases u1 c 9 no s5se  s]ve z 
! basis = ! def9ition ( art2 nor c a    
s]ies (  objects :i* af=d u pleasure    
s]ve z ! model ( :at art %\ld  be4      
,to see ! aim & purpose ( art 9 !       
pleasure we get f x1 is  l assum+ 7z is 
done by p ( ! l[e/ moral developm5t1    
e4g4 by savages7 t ! purpose & aim (    
food is ! pleasure  d]iv$ :5 consum+ x4 
,j z p :o conceive ! aim & purpose (    
food to be pleasure  _c recognise ! real
 mean+ ( eat+1 s p :o consid] !  aim (  
art to be pleasure _c realise its true  
mean+ & purpose1  because !y attribute  
to an activity1 ! mean+ ( :i* lies 9 its
  connection ) o!r ph5om5a ( life1 !    
false & exceptional aim  ( pleasure4 ,p 
come to und]/& t ! mean+ ( eat+ lies  9 
! n\ri%m5t ( ! body only :5 !y cease to 
consid] t !  object ( t activity is     
pleasure4 ,& x is ! same ) reg>d to     

art4 ,p w come to und]/& ! mean+ ( art  
only :5 !y  cease to consid] t ! aim ( t
 activity is beauty1 i4e4  pleasure4 ,! 
ackn[l$gm5t ( beauty 7i4e4 ( a c]ta9 k9d
 (  pleasure receiv$ f art7 z be+ ! aim 
( art1 n only fails to  assi/ u 9 f9d+ a
 def9ition ( :at art is1 b1 on !        
contr>y1  by transf]r+ ! "q into a      
region q =eign to art 7into             
metaphysical1 psy*ological1             
physiological1 & ev5 hi/orical          
discussions z to :y su* a production    
pleases "o p]son1 & su*  ano!r          
displeases or pleases someone else71 x  
r5d]s su* def9ition  impossible4 ,& s9ce
 discussions z to :y "o man likes pe>s &
  ano!r pref]s meat d n help t[>ds f9d+ 
a def9ition ( :at is  ess5tial 9        
n\ri%m5t1 s ! solution ( que/ions ( ta/e
 9 art  7to :i* ! discussions on art    
involunt>ily come7 n only does n  help  
to make cle> :at ?is p>ticul> human     
activity :i* we call art  really consi/s
 91 b r5d]s su* elucidation q           
impossible1 until  we rid ourselves ( a 

conception :i* ju/ifies e k9d ( art1 at 
! co/ ( confus+ ! :ole matt]4    ,to !  
"q1 ,:at is ?is art1 to :i* is (f]$ up !
 lab\r (  millions1 ! v lives ( m51 &   
ev5 morality itself8 we h  extract$     
replies f ! exi/+ /hetics1 :i* all am\nt
 to ?is3  t ! aim ( art is beauty1 t    
beauty is recognis$ by !  enjoym5t x    
gives1 & t arti/ic enjoym5t is a good & 
important  ?+1 because x is enjoym5t4 ,9
 a ^w1 t enjoym5t is good  because x is 
enjoym5t4 ,?us1 :at is consid]$ !       
def9ition ( art  is no def9ition at all1
 b only a %uffle to ju/ify exi/+ art4   
,!re=e1 h[ev] /range x may seem to say  
s1 9 spite ( !  m\nta9s ( books writt5  
ab\t art1 no exact def9ition ( art has  
be5 con/ruct$4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t ! 
conception ( art  has be5 bas$ on !     
conception ( beauty4                    
,,*apt] ,v      ,:at is art1 if we put  
aside ! conception ( beauty1 :i*        
confuses  ! :ole matt]8 ,! late/ & mo/  
compreh5sible def9itions ( art1  ap>t f 
! conception ( beauty1 are !            

foll[+3--7#a a7 ,art is  an activity    
aris+ ev5 9 ! animal k+dom1 & spr++ f   
sexual desire & ! prop5sity to play     
7,s*ill]1 ,d>w91 ,sp5c]71  & 7#a b7     
accompani$ by a pleasurable excitem5t ( 
! n]v\s  sy/em 7,grant ,all574 ,?is is !
 physiological-evolution>y def9ition4   
7#b7 ,art is ! ext]nal manife/ation1 by 
means ( l9es1 col\rs1  movem5ts1 s\nds1 
or words1 ( emotions felt by man        
7,vron74 ,?is is  ! exp]im5tal          
def9ition4 ,accord+ to ! v late/        
def9ition  7,sully71 7#c7 ,art is 8!    
production ( "s p]man5t object1 or pass+
  action1 :i* is fitt$ n only to supply 
an active enjoym5t to !  produc]1 b to  
convey a pleasurable impression to a    
numb] (  spectators or li/5]s1 q ap>t f 
any p]sonal advantage to be  d]iv$ f x40
    ,not)/&+ ! sup]iority ( ^!          
def9itions to ! metaphysical  def9itions
 :i* dep5d$ on ! conception ( beauty1 !y
 are yet f>  f exact4 7#a a7 ,! fir/1 ! 
physiological-evolution>y  def9ition1 is
 inexact1 because1 in/ead ( speak+ ab\t 

! arti/ic  activity itself1 :i* is !    
real matt] 9 h&1 x treats ( !  d]ivation
 ( art4 ,! modification ( x 7#a b71 bas$
 on !  physiological effects on ! human 
organism1 is inexact1 because )9  !     
limits ( su* def9ition _m o!r human     
activities c be  includ$1 z has occurr$ 
9 ! neo-/hetic !ories1 :i* reckon z  art
 ! prep>ation ( h&some clo!s1 pleasant  
sc5ts1 & ev5 (  victuals4    ,!         
exp]im5tal def9ition 7#b71 :i* makes art
 consi/ 9 !  expression ( emotions1 is  
inexact1 because a man may express 8    
emotions by means ( l9es1 col\rs1 s\nds1
 or words1 & yet may n  act on o!rs by  
su* expression2 & !n ! manife/ation ( 8 
emotions is n art4    ,! ?ird def9ition 
7t ( ,sully7 is inexact1 because 9 !    
production ( objects or actions af=d+   
pleasure to ! produc] &  a pleasant     
emotion to ! spectators or he>]s ap>t f 
p]sonal  advantage1 may be includ$ ! %[+
 ( conjur+ tricks or gymna/ic  ex]cises1
 & o!r activities :i* are n art4 ,&1    
fur!r1 _m  ?+s1 ! production ( :i* does 

n af=d pleasure to !  produc]1 & !      
s5sation receiv$ f :i* is unpleasant1   
su* z  gloomy1 he>t-r5d+ sc5es 9 a      
poetic description or a play1 may       
nev]!less be und\bt$ works ( art4    ,! 
inaccuracy ( all ^! def9itions arises f 
! fact t 9  !m all 7z also 9 !          
metaphysical def9itions7 ! object       
consid]$  is ! pleasure art may give1 & 
n ! purpose x may s]ve 9 !  life ( man &
 ( humanity4    ,9 ord] correctly to    
def9e art1 x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to
  cease to consid] x z a means to       
pleasure1 & to consid] x z "o  ( !      
conditions ( human life4 ,view+ x 9 ?is 
way1 we _c fail  to obs]ve t art is "o (
 ! means ( int]c\rse betwe5 man &  man4 
,e "w ( art causes ! receiv] to ent]    
into a c]ta9 k9d (  relation%ip bo? )   
him :o produc$1 or is produc+1 ! art1 & 
) all ^? :o1 simultane\sly1 previ\sly or
 subsequ5tly1 receive  ! same arti/ic   
impression4    ,spee*1 transmitt+ !     
?\ghts & exp]i5ces ( m51 s]ves z a      
means ( union among !m1 & art acts 9 a  

simil> mann]4 ,!  peculi>ity ( ?is latt]
 means ( int]c\rse1 di/+ui%+ x f        
int]c\rse by means ( words1 consi/s 9   
?is1 t :]eas by words a  man transmits 8
 ?\ghts to ano!r1 by means ( art he     
transmits 8  feel+s4    ,! activity (   
art is bas$ on ! fact t a man1 receiv+  
?r\gh  8 s5se ( he>+ or sight ano!r     
man's expression ( feel+1 is  capable ( 
exp]i5c+ ! emotion :i* mov$ ! man :o    
express$  x4 ,to take ! simple/ example3
 "o man laughs1 & ano!r1 :o  he>s1      
becomes m]ry2 or a man weeps1 & ano!r1  
:o he>s1 feels  sorr[4 ,a man is excit$ 
or irritat$1 & ano!r man1 see+ him1     
comes to a simil> /ate ( m9d4 ,by 8     
movem5ts1 or by ! s\nds (  8 voice1 a   
man expresses c\rage & det]m9ation1 or  
sadness &  calmness1 & ?is /ate ( m9d   
passes on to o!rs4 ,a man suff]s1       
express+ 8 suff]+s by groans & spasms1 &
 ?is suff]+  transmits itself to o!r p2 
a man expresses 8 feel+ (  admiration1  
devotion1 fe>1 respect1 or love to c]ta9
 objects1  p]sons1 or ph5om5a1 & o!rs   

are infect$ by ! same feel+s (          
admiration1 devotion1 fe>1 respect1 or  
love to ! same objects1  p]sons1 &      
ph5om5a4    ,& x is on ?is capacity (   
man to receive ano!r man's expression ( 
feel+1 & exp]i5ce ^? feel+s himself1 t !
 activity ( art  is bas$4    ,if a man  
infects ano!r or o!rs1 directly1        
imm$iately1 by 8  appe>ance1 or by !    
s\nds he gives v5t to at ! v "t he      
exp]i5ces ! feel+2 if he causes ano!r   
man to yawn :5 he  himself _c help      
yawn+1 or to laugh or cry :5 he himself 
is  oblig$ to laugh or cry1 or to suff] 
:5 he himself is suff]+--t  does n am\nt
 to art4    ,art beg9s :5 "o p]son1 ) ! 
object ( jo9+ ano!r or o!rs  to himself 
9 "o & ! same feel+1 expresses t feel+  
by  c]ta9 ext]nal indications4 ,to take 
! simple/ example3 a boy1  hav+         
exp]i5c$1 let u say1 fe> on enc\nt]+ a  
wolf1 relates  t enc\nt]2 &1 9 ord] to  
evoke 9 o!rs ! feel+ he has  exp]i5c$1  
describes himself1 8 condition be=e !   
enc\nt]1 !  surr\nd+s1 ! wood1 8 own    

ligh!>t$ness1 & !n ! wolf's  appe>ance1 
its movem5ts1 ! di/ance betwe5 himself &
 ! wolf1  etc4 ,all ?is1 if only ! boy  
:5 tell+ ! /ory1 aga9 exp]i5ces  !      
feel+s he _h liv$ ?r\gh & infects !     
he>]s & compels  !m to feel :at !       
n>rator _h exp]i5c$1 is art4 ,if ev5 !  
boy  _h n se5 a wolf b _h frequ5tly be5 
afraid ( "o1 & if1  wi%+ to evoke 9 o!rs
 ! fe> he _h felt1 he inv5t$ an  enc\nt]
 ) a wolf1 & rec\nt$ x s z to make 8    
he>]s %>e  ! feel+s he exp]i5c$ :5 he   
fe>$ ! wolf1 t also w\ld be  art4 ,& j 9
 ! same way x is art if a man1 hav+     
exp]i5c$  ei!r ! fe> ( suff]+ or !      
attraction ( enjoym5t 7:e!r 9  reality  
or 9 imag9ation71 expresses ^! feel+s on
 canvas or 9  m>ble s t o!rs are infect$
 by !m4 ,& x is also art if a man  feels
 or imag9es to himself feel+s ( delight1
 gladness1 sorr[1  despair1 c\rage1 or  
despond5cy1 & ! transition f "o to ano!r
  ( ^! feel+s1 & expresses ^! feel+s by 
s\nds1 s t !  he>]s are infect$ by !m1 &
 exp]i5ce !m z !y 7  exp]i5c$ by !      

compos]4    ,! feel+s ) :i* ! arti/     
infects o!rs may be mo/  v>i\s--v /rong 
or v weak1 v important or v             
insignificant1  v bad or v good3 feel+s 
( love = native l&1 self-devotion  &    
submission to fate or to ,god express$ 9
 a drama1 raptures (  lov]s describ$ 9 a
 novel1 feel+s ( voluptu\sness express$ 
9 a  picture1 c\rage express$ 9 a       
triumphal m>*1 m]rim5t evok$ by a       
dance1 hum\r evok$ by a funny /ory1 !   
feel+ ( quietness  transmitt$ by an ev5+
 l&scape or by a lullaby1 or ! feel+ (  
admiration evok$ by a beautiful         
arabesque--x is all art4    ,if only !  
spectators or auditors are infect$ by ! 
feel+s :i*  ! au?or has felt1 x is art4 
,to evoke 9 oneself a feel+ "o has once 
exp]i5c$1 & hav+  evok$ x 9 oneself !n1 
by means ( movem5ts1 l9es1 col\rs1      
s\nds1 or =ms express$ 9 words1 s to    
transmit t feel+ t  o!rs may exp]i5ce ! 
same feel+--?is is ! activity ( art4    
,art is a human activity1 consi/+ 9 ?is1
 t "o man consci\sly1  by means ( c]ta9 

ext]nal signs1 h&s on to o!rs feel+s he 
has  liv$ ?r\gh1 & t o!r p are infect$  
by ^! feel+s1 &  also exp]i5ce !m4      
,art is n1 z ! metaphysicians say1 !    
manife/ation ( "s  my/]i\s ,idea (      
beauty1 or ,god2 x is n1 z ! /hetical   
physiologi/s say1 a game 9 :i* man lets 
(f 8 excess ( /or$-up  en]gy2 x is n !  
expression ( man's emotions by ext]nal  
signs2 x  is n ! production ( pleas+    
objects2 &1 above all1 x is n  pleasure2
 b x is a means ( union among m51 jo9+  
!m toge!r 9  ! same feel+s1 &           
indisp5sable = ! life & progress t[>ds  
well-be+ ( individuals & ( humanity4    
,z1 ?anks to man's capacity to express  
?\ghts by words1 e man may  "k all t has
 be5 done = him 9 ! realms ( ?\ght by   
all  humanity be=e 8 day1 & c1 9 !      
pres5t1 ?anks to ?is  capacity to und]/&
 ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 become a %>] 9 _!     
activity1 & c himself h& on to 8        
contempor>ies & desc5dants  ! ?\ghts he 
has assimilat$ f o!rs1 z well z ^? :i* h
  aris5 )9 himself2 s1 ?anks to man's   

capacity to be infect$ )  ! feel+s (    
o!rs by means ( art1 all t is be+ liv$  
?r\gh  by 8 contempor>ies is accessible 
to him1 z well z ! feel+s  exp]i5c$ by  
m5 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & he has also !    
possibility ( transmitt+ 8 own feel+s to
 o!rs4    ,if p lack$ ?is capacity to   
receive ! ?\ghts conceiv$ by !  m5 :o   
prec$$ !m1 & to pass on to o!rs _! own  
?\ghts1 m5  w\ld be l wild bea/s1 or l  
,kasp> ,haus]4#fj    ,& if m5 lack$ ?is 
o!r capacity ( be+ infect$ by art1 p    
might be almo/ m savage /ill1 &1 above  
all1 m sep>at$ f1  & m ho/ile to1 "o    
ano!r4    ,& !re=e ! activity ( art is a
 mo/ important "o1 z important  z !     
activity ( spee* itself1 & z g5]ally    
diffus$4    ,we are accu/om$ to und]/&  
art to be only :at we he> & see 9       
!atres1 conc]ts1 & exhibitions2 toge!r )
 build+s1 /atues1  poems1 novels4444 ,b 
all ?is is b ! smalle/ "p ( ! art by    
:i* we communicate ) ea* o!r 9 life4    
,all human life is fill$  ) works ( art 
( e k9d--f cradle-song1 je/1 mimicry1 ! 

ornam5tation ( h\ses1 dress & ut5sils1  
up to *ur* s]vices1  build+s1 monum5ts1 
& triumphal processions4 ,x is all      
arti/ic  activity4 ,s t by art1 9 !     
limit$ s5se ( ! ^w1 we d n  mean all    
human activity transmitt+ feel+s1 b only
 t "p :i*  we = "s reason select f x &  
to :i* we atta* special  importance4    
,?is special importance has always be5  
giv5 by all m5 to t "p (  ?is activity  
:i* transmits feel+s fl[+ f _! religi\s 
p]ception1 & ?is small "p ( art !y h    
specifically call$  art1 atta*+ to x !  
full mean+ ( ! ^w4    ,t 0 h[ m5 (      
old--,socrates1 ,plato1 &               
,ari/otle--look$ on art4  ,?us did !    
,hebrew prophets & ! anci5t ,*ri/ians   
reg>d art2 ?us  x 01 & /ill is1 und]/ood
 by ! ,mahomm$ans1 & ?us is x  /ill     
und]/ood by religi\s folk among our own 
peasantry4    ,"s tea*]s ( mank9d--z    
,plato 9 8 ,republic1 & p su* z  !      
primitive ,*ri/ians1 ! /rict            
,mahomm$ans1 & ! ,buddhi/s--h  gone s f>
 z to repudiate all art4    ,p view+ art

 9 ?is way 79 contradiction to !        
preval5t view  ( to-day1 :i* reg>ds any 
art z good if only x af=ds pleasure7    
consid]$1 & consid]1 t art 7z contra/$ )
 spee*1 :i*  ne$ n be li/5$ to7 is s    
highly dang]\s 9 its p[] to infect  p   
aga9/ _! wills1 t mank9d w lose f> less 
by bani%+  all art ?an by tol]at+ ea* & 
e art4    ,evid5tly su* p 7 wrong 9     
repudiat+ all art1 = !y d5i$  t :i* _c  
be d5i$--"o ( ! indisp5sable means (    
communication1 )\t :i* mank9d c\ld n    
exi/4 ,b n less wrong  are ! p (        
civilis$ ,european society ( our class &
 day1 9  fav\r+ any art if x b s]ves    
beauty1 i4e4 gives p pleasure4          
,=m]ly1 p fe>$ le/ among ! works ( art  
!re might *ance  to be "s caus+         
corruption1 & !y prohibit$ art altoge!r4
 ,n[1  !y only fe> le/ !y %\ld be       
depriv$ ( any enjoym5t art c  af=d1 &   
patronise any art4 ,& ,i ?9k ! la/ error
 is mu*  gross] ?an ! fir/1 & t its     
consequ5ces are f> m h>mful4            
,footnote #fj3      8,! f\ndl+ (        

,nuremb]g10 f\nd 9 ! m>ket-place ( t t[n
    on #bf? ,may #ahbh1 app>5tly "s     
sixte5 ye>s old4 ,he spoke little1    & 
0 almo/ totally ignorant ev5 ( common   
objects4 ,he    subsequ5tly expla9$ t he
 _h be5 br\ght up 9 conf9em5t           
und]gr\nd1 & visit$ by only "o man1 :om 
he saw b    seldom4--,trans4            
,,*apt] ,,vi      ,b h[ c\ld x happ5 t t
 v art1 :i* 9 anci5t times 0  m]ely     
tol]at$ 7if tol]at$ at all71 %\ld h     
come1 9 our times1  to be inv>iably     
consid]$ a good ?+ if only x af=ds      
pleasure8    ,x has result$ f ! foll[+  
causes4 ,! e/imation ( ! value  ( art   
7i4e4 ( ! feel+s x transmits7 dep5ds on 
m5's p]ception  ( ! mean+ ( life2 dep5ds
 on :at !y consid] to be ! good &  !    
evil ( life4 ,& :at is good & :at is    
evil is def9$ by :at  are t]m$          
religions4    ,humanity unceas+ly moves 
=w>d f a l[]1 m p>tial1 &  obscure      
und]/&+ ( life1 to "o m g5]al & m lucid4
 ,&  9 ?is1 z 9 e movem5t1 !re are      
lead]s1--^? :o h  und]/ood ! mean+ (    

life m cle>ly ?an o!rs1--& ( ^!  advanc$
 m5 !re is always "o :o has1 9 8 words &
 by 8 life1  express$ ?is mean+ m       
cle>ly1 accessibly1 & /rongly ?an  o!rs4
 ,?is man's expression ( ! mean+ ( life1
 toge!r )  ^? sup]/itions1 traditions1 &
 c]emonies :i* usually =m  !mselves r\nd
 ! memory ( su* a man1 is :at is call$ a
 religion4  ,religions are ! expon5ts ( 
! highe/ compreh5sion ( life  accessible
 to ! be/ & =emo/ m5 at a giv5 "t 9 a   
giv5  society2 a compreh5sion t[>ds :i*1
 inevitably & irresi/ibly1 all  ! re/ ( 
t society mu/ advance4 ,& !re=e only    
religions h  always s]v$1 & /ill s]ve1 z
 bases = ! valuation ( human  s5tim5ts4 
,if feel+s br+ m5 ne>] ! ideal _!       
religion  indicates1 if !y are 9 h>mony 
) x & d n contradict x1 !y  are good2 if
 !y e/range m5 f x & oppose x1 !y are   
bad4    ,if ! religion places ! mean+ ( 
life 9 wor%ipp+ "o ,god &  fulfill+ :at 
is reg>d$ z ,8 w1 z 0 ! case among !    
,jews1  !n ! feel+s fl[+ f love to t    
,god1 & to ,8 law1  successfully        

transmitt$ ?r\gh ! art ( poetry by !    
prophets1 by  ! psalms1 or by ! epic ( !
 book ( ,g5esis1 is good1 high art4     
,all oppos+ t1 z = in/ance !            
transmission ( feel+s (  devotion to    
/range gods1 or ( feel+s incompatible ) 
! law (  ,god1 w\ld be consid]$ bad art4
 ,or if1 z 0 ! case among !  ,greeks1 ! 
religion places ! mean+ ( life 9 e>?ly  
happ9ess1 9  beauty & 9 /r5g?1 !n art   
successfully transmitt+ ! joy &  en]gy (
 life w\ld be consid]$ good art1 b art  
:i* transmitt$  feel+s ( effem9acy or   
despond5cy w\ld be bad art4 ,if ! mean+ 
( life is se5 9 ! well-be+ ( "o's       
nation1 or 9 hon\r+ "o's  ance/ors &    
cont9u+ ! mode ( life l$ by !m1 z 0 !   
case  among ! ,romans & ! ,*9ese        
respectively1 !n art transmitt+  feel+s 
( joy at sacrific+ "o's p]sonal well-be+
 = ! common  weal1 or at exalt+ "o's    
ance/ors & ma9ta9+ _! traditions1  w\ld 
be consid]$ good art2 b art express+    
feel+s contr>y to  ?is w\ld be reg>d$ z 
bad4 ,if ! mean+ ( life is se5 9 free+  

oneself f ! yoke ( animalism1 z is !    
case among ! ,buddhi/s1  !n art         
successfully transmitt+ feel+s t elevate
 ! s\l &  humble ! fle% w be good art1 &
 all t transmits feel+s  /r5g!n+ !      
bodily passions w be bad art4    ,9 e   
age1 & 9 e human society1 !re exi/s a   
religi\s  s5se1 common to t :ole        
society1 ( :at is good & :at is bad1  & 
x is ?is religi\s conception t decides !
 value ( !  feel+s transmitt$ by art4 ,&
 !re=e1 among all nations1 art :i*      
transmitt$ feel+s consid]$ to be good by
 ?is g5]al religi\s  s5se 0 recognis$ z 
be+ good & 0 enc\rag$2 b art :i*        
transmitt$ feel+s consid]$ to be bad by 
?is g5]al religi\s  conception1 0       
recognis$ z be+ bad1 & 0 reject$4 ,all !
 re/  ( ! imm5se field ( art by means ( 
:i* p communicate "o  ) ano!r1 0 n      
e/eem$ at all1 & 0 only notic$ :5 x ran 
c\nt] to ! religi\s conception ( its    
age1 & !n m]ely to be  repudiat$4 ,?us x
 0 among all nations1--,greeks1 ,jews1  
,indians1  ,egyptians1 & ,*9ese1--& s x 

0 :5 ,*ri/ianity appe>$4    ,!          
,*ri/ianity ( ! fir/ c5turies recognis$ 
z productions (  good art1 only leg5ds1 
lives ( sa9ts1 s]mons1 pray]s &         
hymn-s++1 evok+ love ( ,*ri/1 emotion at
 8 life1 desire to  foll[ 8 example1    
r5unciation ( worldly life1 humility1 & 
! love  ( o!rs2 all productions         
transmitt+ feel+s ( p]sonal enjoym5t  !y
 consid]$ to be bad1 & !re=e reject$3 = 
in/ance1  tol]at+ pla/ic repres5tations 
only :5 !y 7 symbolical1 !y  reject$ all
 ! pagan sculptures4    ,?is 0 s among !
 ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5turies1 :o accept$
  ,*ri/'s tea*+1 if n q 9 its true =m1  
at lea/ n 9 !  p]v]t$1 paganis$ =m 9 :i*
 x 0 accept$ subsequ5tly4    ,b besides 
?is ,*ri/ianity1 f ! "t ( ! :olesale    
conv]sion  ( nations by ord] ( !        
au?orities1 z 9 ! days ( ,con/ant9e1    
,*>lemagne1 & ,vladimir1 !re appe>$     
ano!r1 a ,*ur*  ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 ne>] 
to paganism ?an to ,*ri/'s tea*+4  ,&   
?is ,*ur* ,*ri/ianity1 9 accordance )   
its own tea*+1  e/imat$ q o!rwise !     

feel+s ( p & ! productions (  art :i*   
transmitt$ ^? feel+s4    ,?is ,*ur*     
,*ri/ianity n only did n ackn[l$ge !    
fundam5tal  & ess5tial positions ( true 
,*ri/ianity1--! imm$iate relation%ip  ( 
ea* man to ! ,fa!r1 ! consequ5t         
bro!rhood & equality (  all m51 & !     
sub/itution ( humility & love 9 place ( 
e  k9d ( viol5ce--b1 on ! contr>y1 hav+ 
set up a heav5ly  hi]>*y simil> to !    
pagan my?ology1 & hav+ introduc$ !      
wor%ip ( ,*ri/1 ( ! ,virg91 ( angels1 ( 
apo/les1 ( sa9ts1 &  ( m>tyrs1 & n only 
( ^! div9ities !mselves1 b also (  _!   
images1 x made bl9d fai? 9 ! ,*ur* & its
 ord9ances !  ess5tial po9t ( its tea*+4
    ,h[ev] =eign ?is tea*+ may h be5 to 
true ,*ri/ianity1  h[ev] degrad$1 n only
 9 comp>ison ) true ,*ri/ianity1 b  ev5 
) ! life-conception ( ,romans su* z     
,julian & o!rs2 x  01 = all t1 to !     
b>b>ians :o accept$ x1 a high] doctr9e  
?an _! =m] adoration ( gods1 h]oes1 &   
good & bad spirits4  ,& !re=e ?is tea*+ 
0 a religion to !m1 & on ! basis (  t   

religion ! art ( ! "t 0 assess$4 ,& art 
transmitt+  pi\s adoration ( ! ,virg91  
,jesus1 ! sa9ts & ! angels1 a bl9d  fai?
 9 & submission to ! ,*ur*1 fe> (       
torm5ts & hope (  bless$ness 9 a life   
beyond ! grave1 0 consid]$ good2 all art
  oppos$ to ?is 0 consid]$ bad4    ,!   
tea*+ on ! basis ( :i* ?is art arose 0 a
 p]v]sion (  ,*ri/'s tea*+1 b ! art :i* 
sprang up on ?is p]v]t$  tea*+ 0        
nev]!less a true art1 because x         
correspond$ to !  religi\s view ( life  
held by ! p among :om x arose4    ,!    
arti/s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 vitalis$ by ! 
same s\rce (  feel+--religion--z ! mass 
( ! p1 & transmitt+1 9  ar*itecture1    
sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 poetry or      
drama1 ! feel+s  & /ates ( m9d !y       
exp]i5c$1 7 true arti/s2 & _!  activity1
 f\nd$ on ! highe/ conceptions          
accessible to _! age &  common to !     
entire p1 ?\gh1 = our times a mean art1 
01  nev]!less a true "o1 %>$ by ! :ole  
community4    ,& ?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s     
until1 9 ! upp]1 ri*1 m  educat$ classes

 ( ,european society1 d\bt arose z to ! 
tru? (  t und]/&+ ( life :i* 0 express$ 
by ,*ur* ,*ri/ianity4  ,:51 aft] !      
,crusades & ! maximum developm5t ( papal
 p[] &  its abuses1 p ( ! ri* classes   
became acqua9t$ ) ! wisdom  ( !         
classics1 & saw1 on ! "o h&1 !          
reasonable lucidity (  ! tea*+ ( !      
anci5t sages1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !         
incompatibility ( ! ,*ur* doctr9e ) !   
tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 !y  lo/ all possibility (
 cont9u+ to believe ! ,*ur* tea*+4      
,if1 9 ext]nals1 !y /ill kept to ! =ms (
 ,*ur* tea*+1 !y  c\ld no long] believe 
9 x1 & held to x only by in]tia & =  !  
sake ( influ5c+ ! masses1 :o cont9u$ to 
believe bl9dly 9  ,*ur* doctr9e1 & :om !
 upp] classes1 = _! own advantage1      
consid]$ x necess>y to support 9 ^?     
beliefs4    ,s t a "t came :5 ,*ur*     
,*ri/ianity ceas$ to be ! g5]al         
religi\s doctr9e ( all ,*ri/ian p2 "s--!
 masses--cont9u$  bl9dly to believe 9 x1
 b ! upp] classes--^? 9 ^: h&s lay  !   
p[] & weal?1 & !re=e ! leisure to       

produce art & !  means to /imulate      
x--ceas$ to believe 9 t tea*+4    ,9    
respect to religion1 ! upp] circles ( ! 
,middle ,ages f\nd  !mselves 9 ! same   
position 9 :i* ! educat$ ,romans 7 be=e 
,*ri/ianity arose1 i4e4 !y no long]     
believ$ 9 ! religion (  ! masses1 b _h  
no beliefs to put 9 place ( ! worn-out  
,*ur*  doctr9e :i* = !m _h lo/ its      
mean+4    ,!re 0 only ?is diff]5ce1 t   
:]eas = ! ,romans :o lo/  fai? 9 _!     
emp]or-gods & h\sehold-gods x 0         
impossible to  extract any?+ fur!r f all
 ! complex my?ology !y _h  borr[$ f all 
! conqu]$ nations1 & x 0 consequ5tly    
necess>y to f9d a completely new        
conception ( life1 ! p ( !  ,middle     
,ages1 :5 !y d\bt$ ! tru? ( ! ,*ur*     
tea*+1 _h no  ne$ to seek a fre% "o4 ,t 
,*ri/ian tea*+ :i* !y pr(ess$  9 a      
p]v]t$ =m z ,*ur* doctr9e1 _h mapp$ out 
! pa? ( human  progress s f> ahead1 t !y
 _h b to rid !mselves ( ^?  p]v]sions   
:i* hid ! tea*+ ann\nc$ by ,*ri/1 & to  
adopt its  real mean+--if n completely1 

!n at lea/ 9 "s great] degree  ?an t 9  
:i* ! ,*ur* _h held x4    ,& ?is 0      
p>tially done1 n only 9 ! re=mations (  
,wyclif1  ,huss1 ,lu!r1 & ,calv91 b by  
all t curr5t ( non-,*ur*  ,*ri/ianity1  
repres5t$ 9 e>li] times by !            
,paulicians1 !  ,bogomili1#fa &1        
aft]w>ds1 by ! ,wald5ses & ! o!r        
non-,*ur*  ,*ri/ians :o 7 call$ h]etics4
 ,b ?is c\ld be1 & 01 done  *iefly by   
poor p--:o did n rule4 ,a few ( ! ri* & 
/rong1  l ,francis ( ,assisi & o!rs1    
accept$ ! ,*ri/ian tea*+ 9  its full    
significance1 ev5 ?\gh x und]m9$ _!     
privileg$  positions4 ,b mo/ p ( ! upp] 
classes 7?\gh 9 ! dep? (  _! s\ls !y _h 
lo/ fai? 9 ! ,*ur* tea*+7 c\ld n or     
w\ld n act ?us1 because ! ess5ce ( t    
,*ri/ian view ( life1  :i* /ood ready to
 be adopt$ :5 once !y reject$ ! ,*ur*   
fai?1 0 a tea*+ ( ! bro!rhood 7& !re=e !
 equality7 (  man1 & ?is negativ$ ^?    
privileges on :i* !y liv$1 9 :i*  !y _h 
gr[n up & be5 educat$1 & to :i* !y 7    
accu/om$4  ,n1 9 ! dep? ( _! he>ts1     

believ+ 9 ! ,*ur*  tea*+1--:i* _h       
outliv$ its age & _h no long] any true  
mean+  = !m1--& n be+ /rong en\gh to    
accept true ,*ri/ianity1 m5  ( ^! ri*1  
gov]n+ classes--popes1 k+s1 dukes1 & all
 ! great  ones ( ! e>?--7 left )\t any  
religion1 ) b ! ext]nal  =ms ( "o1 :i*  
!y support$ z be+ pr(itable & ev5       
necess>y = !mselves1 s9ce ^! =ms scre5$ 
a tea*+ :i*  ju/ifi$ ^? privileges :i*  
!y made use (4 ,9 reality1 ^!  p believ$
 9 no?+1 j z ! ,romans ( ! fir/ c5turies
 (  our era believ$ 9 no?+4 ,b at ! same
 "t ^! 7 ! p  :o _h ! p[] & ! weal?1 &  
^! 7 ! p :o rew>d$  art & direct$ x4    
,&1 let x be notic$1 x 0 j among ^! p t 
!re grew  up an art e/eem$ n accord+ to 
its success 9 express+ m5's  religi\s   
feel+s1 b 9 proportion to its beauty1--9
 o!r words1  accord+ to ! enjoym5t x    
gave4    ,no long] able to believe 9 !  
,*ur* religion ^: falsehood !y  _h      
detect$1 & incapable ( accept+ true     
,*ri/ian tea*+1 :i*  d5\nc$ _! :ole     
mann] ( life1 ^! ri* & p[]ful p1  /r&$  

)\t any religi\s conception ( life1     
involunt>ily  return$ to t pagan view ( 
?+s :i* places life's mean+ 9  p]sonal  
enjoym5t4 ,& !n took place among ! upp] 
classes :at is  call$ ! 8,r5aissance (  
sci5ce & art10 & :i* 0 really n  only a 
d5ial ( e religion b also an ass]tion t 
religion is  unnecess>y4    ,! ,*ur*    
doctr9e is s coh]5t a sy/em t x _c be   
alt]$ or  correct$ )\t de/roy+ x        
altoge!r4 ,z soon z d\bt arose )  reg>d 
to ! infallibility ( ! pope 7& ?is d\bt 
0 !n 9 !  m9ds ( all educat$ p71 d\bt   
inevitably foll[$ z to ! tru?  (        
tradition4 ,b d\bt z to ! tru? (        
tradition is fatal n only  to pop]y &   
,ca?olicism1 b also to ! :ole ,*ur* cre$
 ) all  its dogmas3 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 !
 resurrection1 & ! ,tr9ity2  & x de/roys
 ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures1 s9ce !y 7  
consid]$ to be inspir$ only because !   
tradition ( ! ,*ur*  decid$ x s4    ,s t
 ! majority ( ! highe/ classes ( t age1 
ev5 ! popes  & ! ecclesia/ics1 really   
believ$ 9 no?+ at all4 ,9 ! ,*ur*       

doctr9e ^! p did n believe1 = !y saw its
 insolv5cy2 b  nei!r c\ld !y foll[      
,francis ( ,assisi1 ,kelt*itsky1#fb &   
mo/  ( ! h]etics1 9 ackn[l$g+ ! moral1  
social tea*+ ( ,*ri/1  = t tea*+ und]m9$
 _! social position4 ,& s ^! p  rema9$  
)\t any religi\s view ( life4 ,&1 hav+  
none1 !y  c\ld h no /&>d :]e) to e/imate
 :at 0 good & :at 0  bad art b t (      
p]sonal enjoym5t4 ,&1 hav+ ackn[l$g$ _! 
crit]ion ( :at 0 good to be pleasure1   
i4e41 beauty1 ^! p  ( ! upp] classes (  
,european society w5t back 9 _!         
compreh5sion ( art to ! gross conception
 ( ! primitive ,greeks  :i* ,plato _h   
already condemn$4 ,& con=mably to ?is   
und]/&+  ( life a !ory ( art 0 =mulat$4 
,footnote #fa3      ,ea/]n sects well   
kn[n 9 e>ly ,*ur* hi/ory1 :o reject$ !  
,*ur*'s r5d]+ ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ & 7       
cruelly    p]secut$4--,trans4           
,footnote #fb3      ,kelt*itsky1 a      
,bohemian ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 ! au?or 
( a    rem>kable book1 ,! ,net ( ,fai?1 
direct$ aga9/ ,*ur* &    ,/ate4 ,x is   

m5tion$ 9 ,tol/oy's ,! ,k+dom ( ,god is 
,)9    ,y4--,trans4                     
,,*apt] ,,vii      ,f ! "t t p ( ! upp] 
classes lo/ fai? 9 ,*ur*  ,*ri/ianity1  
beauty 7i4e4 ! pleasure receiv$ f art7  
became  _! /&>d ( good & bad art4 ,&1 9 
accordance ) t view1  an /hetic !ory    
naturally sprang up among ^? upp]       
classes  ju/ify+ su* a conception1--a   
!ory accord+ to :i* ! aim ( art  is to  
exhibit beauty4 ,! p>tisans ( ?is /hetic
 !ory1 9  confirmation ( its tru?1      
affirm$ t x 0 no inv5tion ( _!  own1 b t
 x exi/$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & 0 recognis$
  ev5 by ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,b ?is       
ass]tion 0 q arbitr>y1 &  has no        
f\ndation o!r ?an ! fact t among !      
anci5t ,greeks1 9  consequ5ce ( ! l[    
grade ( _! moral ideal 7z comp>$ ) !    
,*ri/ian71 _! conception ( ! good1  1 0 
n yet %>ply  divid$ f _! conception ( ! 
beautiful1  4    ,t highe/ p]fection (  
goodness 7n only n id5tical ) beauty1   
b1 = ! mo/ "p1 contra/+ ) x7 :i* 0      
disc]n$ by !  ,jews ev5 9 ! times (     

,isaiah1 & fully express$ by            
,*ri/ianity1  0 q unkn[n to ! ,greeks4  
,!y suppos$ t ! beautiful mu/           
necess>ily also be ! good4 ,x is true t 
_! =emo/  ?9k]s--,socrates1 ,plato1     
,ari/otle--felt t goodness may happ5 n  
to  co9cide ) beauty4 ,socrates         
expressly subord9at$ beauty to          
goodness2 ,plato1 to unite ! two        
conceptions1 spoke ( spiritual  beauty2 
:ile ,ari/otle dem&$ f art t x %\ld h a 
moral  influ5ce on p 774 ,b1 not)/&+ all
 ?is1 !y  c\ld n q dismiss ! notion t   
beauty & goodness co9cide4    ,&        
consequ5tly1 9 ! language ( t p]iod1 a  
comp\nd ^w  7-1 beauty-goodness71 came  
into use to express t notion4           
,evid5tly ! ,greek sages began to draw  
ne> to t p]ception (  goodness :i* is   
express$ 9 ,buddhism & 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & 
!y  got entangl$ 9 def9+ ! relation     
betwe5 goodness & beauty4  ,plato's     
reason+s ab\t beauty & goodness are full
 ( contradictions4  ,& x 0 j ?is        
confusion ( ideas t ^? ,europeans ( a   

lat]  age1 :o _h lo/ all fai?1 tri$ to  
elevate into a law4 ,!y tri$ to  prove t
 ?is union ( beauty & goodness is inh]5t
 9 ! v  ess5ce ( ?+s2 t beauty &        
goodness mu/ co9cide2 & t !  ^w &       
conception - 7:i* _h a mean+ = ,greeks b
 has  none at all = ,*ri/ians7 repres5ts
 ! highe/ ideal ( humanity4 ,on  ?is    
misund]/&+ ! new sci5ce ( /hetics 0     
built up4 ,&1 to  ju/ify its exi/5ce1 ! 
tea*+s ( ! anci5ts on art 7 s  twi/$ z  
to make x appe> t ?is inv5t$ sci5ce (   
/hetics _h  exi/$ among ! ,greeks4    ,9
 reality1 ! reason+ ( ! anci5ts on art 0
 q unlike ours4  ,z ,b5>d1 9 8 book on !
 /hetics ( ,ari/otle1 q ju/ly  rem>ks3  
8,p\r qui veut y reg>d] de prs1 la ?orie
 du beau et celle  de l'art sont t\t    
fait sp>es dans ,ari/ote1 comme elles le
 sont  dans ,platon et *ez t\s leurs    
successeurs0 7,l'e/htique d',ari/ote  et
 de ses successeurs1 ,p>is1 #ahhi1 p4   
#bh74fc ,& inde$ !  reason+ ( ! anci5ts 
on art n only does n confirm our sci5ce 
( /hetics1 b r contradicts its doctr9e (

 beauty4 ,b  nev]!less all ! /hetic     
guides1 f ,s*asl] to ,knight1 decl>e  t 
! sci5ce ( ! beautiful--/hetic sci5ce--0
 comm5c$ by !  anci5ts1 by ,socrates1   
,plato1 ,ari/otle2 & 0 cont9u$1 !y say1 
p>tially by ! ,epicureans & ,/oics3 by  
,s5eca & ,plut>*1 d[n to  ,plot9us4 ,b x
 is suppos$ t ?is sci5ce1 by "s         
un=tunate  accid5t1 sudd5ly vani%$ 9 !  
f\r? c5tury1 & /ay$ away =  ab\t #aejj  
ye>s1 & only aft] ^! #aejj ye>s _h pass$
 did x  revive 9 ,g]many1 ,a4,d4 #agej1 
9 ,baumg>t5's doctr9e4    ,aft]         
,plot9us1 says ,s*asl]1 fifte5 c5turies 
pass$ away dur+  :i* !re 0 n ! slighte/ 
sci5tific int]e/ felt = ! _w  ( beauty &
 art4 ,^! "o & a half ?\s& ye>s1 says   
he1 h  be5 lo/ to /hetics & h contribut$
 no?+ t[>ds ! erection  ( ! le>n$       
edifice ( ?is sci5ce4#fd    ,9 reality  
no?+ ( ! k9d happ5$4 ,! sci5ce (        
/hetics1 !  sci5ce ( ! beautiful1 nei!r 
did nor c\ld vani% because x nev]       
exi/$4 ,simply1 ! ,greeks 7j l ev]ybody 
else1 always &  ev]y:]e7 consid]$ art 7l

 ev]y?+ else7 good only :5 x  s]v$      
goodness 7z !y und]/ood goodness71 & bad
 :5 x 0 9  opposition to t goodness4 ,& 
! ,greeks !mselves 7 s little  develop$ 
morally1 t goodness & beauty seem$ to !m
 to co9cide4  ,on t obsolete ,greek view
 ( life 0 erect$ ! sci5ce (  /hetics1   
inv5t$ by m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 &     
especially  %ap$ & m\nt$ 9 ,baumg>t5's  
!ory4 ,! ,greeks 7z anyone may see  :o w
 read ,b5>d's admirable book on         
,ari/otle & 8 successors1  & ,walt]'s "w
 on ,plato7 nev] _h a sci5ce ( /hetics4 
/hetic !ories arose ab\t "o hundr$ &    
fifty ye>s ago among !  weal?y classes (
 ! ,*ri/ian ,european _w1 & arose       
simultane\sly among diff]5t             
nations1--,g]man1 ,italian1 ,dut*1      
,fr5*1  & ,engli%4 ,! f\nd] & organis] (
 x1 :o gave x a sci5tific1  !oretic =m1 
0 ,baumg>t54    ,) a *>act]i/ically     
,g]man1 ext]nal exactitude1 p$antry &   
symmetry1 he devis$ & exp\nd$ ?is       
extraord9>y !ory4 ,&1  not)/&+ its      
obvi\s insolidity1 nobody else's !ory s 

pleas$  ! cultur$ cr[d1 or 0 accept$ s  
readily & ) su* an abs5ce  ( criticism4 
,x s suit$ ! p ( ! upp] classes1 t to   
?is  day1 not)/&+ its entirely fanta/ic 
"* & ! arbitr>y  nature ( its ass]tions1
 x is repeat$ by le>n$ & unle>n$ z  ?\gh
 x 7 some?+ indubitable & self-evid5t4  
,hab5t sua fata libelli pro capite      
lectoris1 & s1 or ev5 m s1  !ories hab5t
 sua fata accord+ to ! condition ( error
 9 :i*  t society is liv+1 among :om & =
 :om ! !ories are  inv5t$4 ,if a !ory   
ju/ifies ! false position 9 :i* a c]ta9 
"p ( a society is liv+1 !n1 h[ev]       
unf\nd$ or ev5 obvi\sly  false ! !ory   
may be1 x is accept$1 & becomes an      
article ( fai?  to t section ( society4 
,su*1 = in/ance1 0 ! celebrat$ &        
unf\nd$ !ory exp\nd$ by ,mal?us1 ( !    
t5d5cy ( ! population  ( ! _w to        
increase 9 geometrical progression1 b ( 
! means (  su/5ance to increase only 9  
ari?metical progression1 & ( !          
consequ5t ov]population ( ! _w2 su*1    
also1 0 ! !ory 7an  outgr[? ( !         

,mal?usian7 ( selection & /ruggle =     
exi/5ce z  ! basis ( human progress4    
,su*1 aga91 is ,m>x's !ory1 :i*  reg>ds 
! gradual de/ruction ( small private    
production by l>ge  capitali/ic         
production n[ go+ on ar\nd u1 z an      
inevitable decree  ( fate4 ,h[ev]       
unf\nd$ su* !ories are1 h[ev] contr>y to
 all  t is kn[n & confess$ by humanity1 
& h[ev] obvi\sly immoral  !y may be1 !y 
are accept$ ) cr$ulity1 pass            
uncriticis$1 &  are prea*$1 p]*ance =   
c5turies1 until ! conditions are        
de/roy$ :i* !y s]v$ to ju/ify1 or until 
_! absurdity has  become too evid5t4 ,to
 ?is class belongs ?is a/oni%+ !ory ( ! 
,baumg>t5ian ,tr9ity--,goodness1        
,beauty1 & ,tru?1 accord+ to :i* x      
appe>s t ! v be/ t c be done by ! art ( 
nations aft]  #aijj ye>s ( ,*ri/ian     
tea*+1 is to *oose z ! ideal ( _!  life 
! ideal t 0 held by a small1            
semi-savage1 slave-hold+  p :o liv$     
#bjjj ye>s ago1 :o imitat$ ! nude human 
body  extremely well1 & erect$ build+s  

pleasant to look at4 ,all ^!            
incompatibilities pass completely       
unnotic$4 ,le>n$ p write long1  cl\dy   
treatises on beauty z a memb] ( ! /hetic
 tr9ity (  ,beauty1 ,tru?1 & ,goodness2 
das ,s*ne1 das ,wahre1 das ,gute2 le    
,beau1 le ,vrai1 le ,bon1 are repeat$1 )
 capital lett]s1 by  philosoph]s1       
/heticians & arti/s1 by private         
individuals1 by  noveli/s & by          
feuilletoni/es1 & !y all ?9k1 :5        
pron\nc+  ^! sacrosanct words1 t !y     
speak ( some?+ q def9ite &              
solid--some?+ on :i* !y c base _!       
op9ions4 ,9 reality1 ^!  words n only h 
no def9ite mean+1 b !y h9d] u 9 atta*+  
any def9ite mean+ to exi/+ art2 !y are  
want$ only = !  purpose ( ju/ify+ !     
false importance we attribute to an art 
t  transmits e k9d ( feel+ if only ^?   
feel+s af=d u  pleasure4    ,footnote   
#fc3      ,any "o exam9+ closely may see
 t ! !ory ( beauty & t    ( art are q   
sep>at$ 9 ,ari/otle z !y are 9 ,plato & 
9    all _! successors4    ,footnote    

#fd3      ,die ,lcke von fnf            
,jahrhund]t51 wel*e zwis*5 d5           
,kun/philosophis*5 ,betra*tung5 des     
,plato und ,ari/oteles und die    des   
,plot9s fllt1 kann zw> auffllig ers*e952
 d5no* kann man    eig5tli* ni*t sag51  
dass 9 dies] ,zwis*5zeit b]haupt von    
/hetis*5 ,d+5 ni*t die ,r$e gewes52 od] 
dass g> e9 vllig]    ,mangel an         
,zusamm5hang zwis*5 d5                  
,kun/-anscliauung5 des    letztg5annt5  
,philosoph5 und d55 d] er/]5 exi/ire4   
,freili*    wurde die von ,ari/oteles   
begrndete ,wiss5s*aft 9 ,ni*ts dadur*   
gefrd]t2 imm]h9 ab] zeigt si* 9 j5]     
,zwis*5zeit no* e9    gewisses ,int]esse
 fr /hetis*e ,frag54 ,na* ,plot9 ab]1   
die    w5ig51 ihm 9 d] ,zeit nahe/eh5d5 
,philosoph51 wie ,long91    ,augu/91 u4 
s4 f4 komm51 wie wir geseh51 kaum 9     
,betra*t und    s*liess5 si* brig5s 9   
ihr] ,ans*auungsweise an ihn an1--v]geh5
    ni*t fnf1 sond]n fnfzehn            
,jahrhund]te1 9 d55 von irg5d e9]       
wiss5s*aftli*5 ,int]esse fr die ,welt   

des ,s*n5 und d] ,kun/    ni*ts zu spr5 
i/4      ,diese &]?albtaus5d ,jahre1    
inn]halb d]5 d] ,weltgei/ dur* die      
mannigfa*/5 ,kmpfe h9dur* zu e9] vllig  
neu5 ,ge/altung des    ,leb5s si*       
dur*>beitete1 s9d fr die ,ae/hetik1     
h9si*tli* des    weit]5 ,ausbaus dies]  
,wiss5s*aft v]lor54--,max ,s*asl]4      
,,*apt] ,,viii      ,b if art is a human
 activity hav+ = its purpose !          
transmission  to o!rs ( ! highe/ & be/  
feel+s to :i* m5 h ris51 h[  c\ld x be t
 humanity = a c]ta9 r consid]able p]iod 
(  its exi/5ce 7f ! "t p ceas$ to       
believe 9 ,*ur* doctr9e  d[n to ! pres5t
 day7 %\ld exi/ )\t ?is important       
activity1  &1 in/ead ( x1 %\ld put up ) 
an insignificant arti/ic  activity only 
af=d+ pleasure8    ,9 ord] to answ] ?is 
"q1 x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to       
correct ! curr5t error p make 9         
attribut+ to our art !  significance (  
true1 univ]sal art4 ,we are s accu/om$1 
n only  navely to consid] ! ,circassian 
family ! be/ /ock ( p1 b  also !        

,anglo-,saxon race ! be/ race if we are 
,engli%m5 or  ,am]icans1 or ! ,teutonic 
if we are ,g]mans1 or ! ,gallo-,lat9 if 
we  are ,fr5*1 or ! ,slavonic if we are 
,russians1 t :5 speak+ (  our own art we
 feel fully conv9c$1 n only t our art is
 true art1  b ev5 t x is ! be/ & only   
true art4 ,b 9 reality our art  is n    
only n ! only art 7z ! ,bible once 0    
held to be ! only  book71 b x is n ev5 !
 art ( ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom1--only ( a    
small section ( t "p ( humanity4 ,x 0   
correct to speak ( a  national ,jewi%1  
,grecian1 or ,egyptian art1 & "o may    
speak ( a  n[-exi/+ ,*9ese1 ,japanese1  
or ,indian art %>$ 9 by a :ole  p4 ,su* 
art1 common to a :ole nation1 exi/$ 9   
,russia till ,pet]  ! ,fir/'s "t1 &     
exi/$ 9 ! re/ ( ,europe until ! ?irte5? 
or f\rte5? c5tury2 b s9ce ! upp] classes
 ( ,european society1  hav+ lo/ fai? 9 !
 ,*ur* tea*+1 did n accept real         
,*ri/ianity b rema9$ )\t any fai?1 "o c 
no long] speak (  an art ( ! ,*ri/ian   
nations 9 ! s5se ( ! :ole ( art4 ,s9ce  

! upp] classes ( ! ,*ri/ian nations lo/ 
fai? 9 ,*ur*  ,*ri/ianity1 ! art ( ^?   
upp] classes has sep>at$ itself f  ! art
 ( ! re/ ( ! p1 & !re h be5 two arts--! 
art  ( ! p & g5teel art4 ,& !re=e !     
answ] to ! "q  h[ x c\ld occur t        
humanity liv$ = a c]ta9 p]iod )\t real  
art1 replac+ x by art :i* s]v$ enjoym5t 
only1 is1 t n all  humanity1 nor ev5 any
 consid]able portion ( x1 liv$ )\t real 
art1 b only ! highe/ classes ( ,european
 ,*ri/ian society1 &  ev5 !y only = a   
comp>atively %ort "t--f ! comm5cem5t (  
! ,r5aissance d[n to our own day4    ,& 
! consequ5ce ( ?is abs5ce ( true art %[$
 itself1  inevitably1 9 ! corruption ( t
 class :i* n\ri%$ itself on  ! false    
art4 ,all ! confus$1 un9telligible      
!ories ( art1 all !  false &            
contradictory judgm5ts on art1 &        
p>ticul>ly !  self-confid5t /agnation ( 
our art 9 its false pa?1 all arise f  ! 
ass]tion1 :i* has come into common use &
 is accept$ z an  unque/ion$ tru?1 b is 
yet amaz+ly & palpably false1 !         

ass]tion1 namely1 t ! art ( our upp]    
classes#fe is ! :ole (  art1 ! true1 !  
only1 ! univ]sal art4 ,& al?\gh ?is     
ass]tion  7:i* is precisely simil> to ! 
ass]tion made by religi\s p (  ! v>i\s  
,*ur*es :o consid] t !irs is ! only true
 religion7  is q arbitr>y & obvi\sly    
unju/1 yet x is calmly repeat$ by  all !
 p ( our circle ) full fai? 9 its       
infallibility4    ,! art we h is ! :ole 
( art1 ! real1 ! only art1 & yet        
two-?irds ( ! human race 7all ! peoples 
( ,asia & ,africa7 live  & die kn[+ no?+
 ( ?is sole & supreme art4 ,& ev5 9 our 
,*ri/ian society h>dly "o p] c5t4 ( ! p 
make use ( ?is  art :i* we speak ( z be+
 ! :ole ( art2 ! rema9+  n9ety-n9e p]   
c5t4 live & die1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1
 cru%$  by toil & nev] ta/+ ?is art1 :i*
 moreov] is ( su* a nature  t1 if !y    
c\ld get x1 !y w\ld n und]/& any?+ ( x4 
,we1 accord+ to ! curr5t /hetic !ory1   
ackn[l$ge art ei!r z  "o ( ! highe/     
manife/ations ( ! ,idea1 ,god1 ,beauty1 
or z !  highe/ spiritual enjoym5t2      

fur!rmore1 we hold t all p h  equal     
rights1 if n to mat]ial1 at any rate to 
spiritual well-be+2  & yet n9ety-n9e p] 
c5t4 ( our ,european population live &  
die1  g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 cru%$ by  
toil1 mu* ( :i* toil is  necess>y = !   
production ( our art :i* !y nev] use1 & 
we1  nev]!less1 calmly ass]t t ! art :i*
 we produce is ! real1  true1 only      
art--all ( art6    ,to ! rem>k t if our 
art is ! true art ev]yone %\ld h !      
b5efit ( x1 ! usual reply is t if n     
ev]ybody at pres5t makes  use ( exi/+   
art1 ! fault lies1 n 9 ! art1 b 9 !     
false  organisation ( society2 t "o c   
imag9e to oneself1 9 ! future1  a /ate (
 ?+s 9 :i* physical lab\r w be p>tly    
sup]s$$ by  ma*9]y1 p>tly light5$ by its
 j di/ribution1 & t lab\r  = !          
production ( art w be tak5 9 turns2 t   
!re is no ne$  = "s p always to sit bel[
 ! /age mov+ ! decorations1  w9d+ up !  
ma*9]y1 work+ at ! piano or ,fr5* horn1 
&  sett+ type & pr9t+ books1 b t ! p :o 
d all ?is  "w might be engag$ only a few

 h\rs p] day1 & 9 _! leisure  "t might  
enjoy all ! bless+s ( art4    ,t is :at 
! def5d]s ( our exclusive art say4 ,b ,i
 ?9k !y d  n !mselves believe x4 ,!y _c 
help kn[+ t f9e art c  arise only on !  
slav]y ( ! masses ( ! p1 & c cont9ue    
only z long z t slav]y la/s1 & !y _c    
help kn[+ t  only "u conditions ( int5se
 lab\r = ! work]s1 c                    
speciali/s--writ]s1 musicians1 danc]s1 &
 actors--arrive at t f9e  degree (      
p]fection to :i* !y d atta91 or produce 
_! ref9$  works ( art2 & only "u ! same 
conditions c !re be a f9e  public to    
e/eem su* productions4 ,free ! slaves ( 
capital1 & x  w be impossible to produce
 su* ref9$ art4    ,b ev5 7 we to admit 
! inadmissible1 & say t means may be    
f\nd by :i* art 7t art :i* among u is   
consid]$ to be art7 may  be accessible  
to ! :ole p1 ano!r consid]ation pres5ts 
itself  %[+ t fa%ionable art _c be !    
:ole ( art1 viz4 ! fact  t x is         
completely un9telligible to ! p4 ,=m]ly 
m5 wrote  poems 9 ,lat91 b n[ _! arti/ic

 productions are z un9telligible  to !  
common folk z if !y 7 writt5 9          
,sanskrit4 ,! usual reply  to ?is is1 t 
if ! p d n n[ und]/& ?is art ( ours1  x 
only proves t !y are undevelop$1 & t ?is
 has be5 s at  ea* fre% /ep =w>d made by
 art4 ,fir/ x 0 n und]/ood1 b  aft]w>ds 
p got accu/om$ to x4    8,x w be ! same 
) our pres5t art2 x w be und]/ood :5    
ev]ybody is z well educat$ z are we--! p
 ( ! upp]  classes--:o produce ?is art10
 say ! def5d]s ( our art4 ,b ?is        
ass]tion is evid5tly ev5 m unju/ ?an !  
=m]2 = we "k  t ! majority ( !          
productions ( ! art ( ! upp] classes1   
su* z v>i\s odes1 poems1 dramas1        
cantatas1 pa/orals1 pictures1  etc41 :i*
 delight$ ! p ( ! upp] classes :5 !y 7  
produc$1 nev] 7 aft]w>ds ei!r und]/ood  
or valu$ by ! great  masses ( mank9d1 b 
h rema9$1 :at !y 7 at fir/1 a m]e       
pa/ime = ri* p ( _! "t1 = :om alone !y  
ev] 7 (  any importance4 ,x is also (t5 
urg$ 9 pro( ( ! ass]tion t  ! p w "s day
 und]/& our art1 t "s productions (     

s-call$ 8classical0 poetry1 music1 or   
pa9t+1 :i* =m]ly did n  please ! masses1
 d--n[ t !y h be5 (f]$ to !m f all      
sides--beg9 to please ^! same masses2 b 
?is only %[s t !  cr[d1 especially !    
half-spoilt t[n cr[d1 c easily 7its ta/e
  hav+ be5 p]v]t$7 be accu/om$ to any   
sort ( art4 ,moreov]1 ?is  art is n     
produc$ by ^! masses1 nor ev5 *os5 by   
!m1 b is  en]getically ?ru/ ^u !m 9 ^?  
public places 9 :i* art is  accessible  
to ! p4 ,= ! great majority ( work+ p1  
our  art1 besides be+ inaccessible on   
acc\nt ( its co/l9ess1 is /range  9 its 
v nature1 transmitt+ z x does ! feel+s (
 p f>  remov$ f ^? conditions ( labori\s
 life :i* are natural to !  great body (
 humanity4 ,t :i* is enjoym5t to a man (
 ! ri*  classes1 is incompreh5sible1 z a
 pleasure1 to a work+ man1 &  evokes 9  
him ei!r no feel+ at all1 or only a     
feel+ q contr>y  to t :i* x evokes 9 an 
idle & satiat$ man4 ,su* feel+s z  =m ! 
*ief subjects ( pres5t-day art--say1 =  
in/ance1  hon\r1#ff patriotism &        

amor\sness1 evoke 9 a work+ man only    
bewild]m5t & contempt1 or indignation4  
,s t ev5 if a possibility  7 giv5 to !  
lab\r+ classes1 9 _! free "t1 to see1 to
  read1 & to he> all t =ms ! fl[] (     
contempor>y art 7z is  done to "s ext5t 
9 t[ns1 by means ( picture gall]ies1    
popul>  conc]ts1 & libr>ies71 ! work+   
man 7to ! ext5t to :i* he is  a lab\r]1 
& has n begun to pass into ! ranks ( ^? 
p]v]t$  by idl5ess7 w\ld be able to make
 no?+ ( our f9e art1 & if he  did und]/&
 x1 t :i* he und]/ood w\ld n elevate 8  
s\l1  b w\ld c]ta9ly1 9 mo/ cases1 p]v]t
 x4 ,to ?\ghtful &  s9c]e p !re c !re=e 
be no d\bt t ! art ( our upp]  classes  
nev] c be ! art ( ! :ole p4 ,b if art is
 an  important matt]1 a spiritual       
bless+1 ess5tial = all m5 78l           
religion10 z ! devotees ( art are fond (
 say+71 !n x %\ld be  accessible to     
ev]yone4 ,& if1 z 9 our day1 x is n     
accessible to  all m51 !n "o ( two ?+s3 
ei!r art is n ! vital matt] x  is       
repres5t$ to be1 or t art :i* we call   

art is n ! real  ?+4    ,! dilemma is   
inevitable1 & !re=e clev] & immoral p   
avoid  x by d5y+ "o side ( x1 viz4 d5y+ 
t ! common p h a  "r to art4 ,^! p      
simply & boldly speak out 7:at lies at !
  he>t ( ! matt]71 & say t !            
p>ticipators 9 & utilis]s (  :at 9 _!   
e/eem is highly beautiful art1 i4e4 art 
furni%+ !  greate/ enjoym5t1 c only be  
8s*ne ,gei/]10 8! elect10 z !           
romantici/s call$ !m1 ! 8,ueb]m5s*510 z 
!y are call$ by !  foll[]s ( ,nietzs*e2 
! rema9+ vulg> h]d1 incapable (         
exp]i5c+ ^! pleasures1 mu/ s]ve ! exalt$
 pleasures ( ?is  sup]ior bre$ ( p4 ,! p
 :o express ^! views at lea/ d  n pret5d
 & d n try to comb9e ! incomb9able1 b   
frankly  admit1 :at is ! case1 t our art
 is an art ( ! upp] classes  only4 ,s1  
ess5tially1 art has be51 & is1 und]/ood 
by ev]yone  engag$ on x 9 our society4  
,footnote #fe3      ,! contra/ made is  
betwe5 ! classes & ! masses3 betwe5 ^?  
:o d n & ^? :o d e>n _! bread by        
productive manual    lab\r2 ! middle    

classes be+ tak5 z an (f%oot ( ! upp]   
classes4--,trans4    ,footnote #ff3     
,duell+ is /ill cu/om>y among ! high]   
circles 9 ,russia1 z 9    o!r ,cont95tal
 c\ntries4--,trans4                     
,,*apt] ,,ix      ,! unbelief ( ! upp]  
classes ( ! ,european _w _h ?is effect1 
t in/ead ( an arti/ic activity aim+ at  
transmitt+ ! highe/  feel+s to :i*      
humanity has atta9$1--^? fl[+ f religi\s
  p]ception1--we h an activity :i* aims 
at af=d+ ! greate/  enjoym5t to a c]ta9 
class ( society4 ,& ( all ! imm5se doma9
  ( art1 t "p has be5 f5c$ (f1 & is     
alone call$ art1 :i*  af=ds enjoym5t to 
! p ( ?is p>ticul> circle4    ,ap>t f ! 
moral effects on ,european society ( su*
 a selection  f ! :ole sph]e ( art ( :at
 did n des]ve su* a valuation1  & !     
ackn[l$gm5t ( x z important art1 ?is    
p]v]sion ( art  has weak5$ art itself1 &
 well-nigh de/roy$ x4 ,! fir/ great     
result 0 t art 0 depriv$ ( ! inf9ite1   
v>i$1 & pr(\nd  religi\s subject-matt]  
prop] to x4 ,! second result 0 t hav+   

only a small circle ( p 9 view1 x lo/   
its beauty ( =m &  became affect$ &     
obscure2 & ! ?ird & *ief result 0 t x   
ceas$ to be ei!r natural or ev5 s9c]e1 &
 became ?or\ghly  artificial &          
bra9-spun4    ,! fir/ result--!         
impov]i%m5t ( subject-matt]--foll[$     
because  only t is a true "w ( art :i*  
transmits fre% feel+s n  be=e exp]i5c$  
by man4 ,z ?\ght-product is only !n real
  ?\ght-product :5 x transmits new      
conceptions & ?\ghts1 & does  n m]ely   
repeat :at 0 kn[n be=e1 s also an       
art-product is only  !n a g5u9e         
art-product :5 x br+s a new feel+ 7h[ev]
  insignificant7 into ! curr5t ( human  
life4 ,?is expla9s :y  *ildr5 & y\?s are
 s /rongly impress$ by ^? works ( art   
:i* fir/ transmit to !m feel+s !y _h n  
be=e exp]i5c$4    ,! same p[]ful        
impression is made on p by feel+s :i*   
are  q new1 & h nev] be=e be5 express$  
by man4 ,& x is !  s\rce f :i* su*      
feel+s fl[ ( :i* ! art ( ! upp]  classes
 has depriv$ itself by e/imat+ feel+s1 n

 9 con=mity  ) religi\s p]ception1 b    
accord+ to ! degree ( enjoym5t !y  af=d4
 ,!re is no?+ old] & m hackney$ ?an     
enjoym5t1 &  !re is no?+ fre%] ?an !    
feel+s spr++ f ! religi\s  consci\sness 
( ea* age4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise3 man's  
enjoym5t  has limits e/abli%$ by 8      
nature1 b ! movem5t =w>d (  humanity1 t 
:i* is voic$ by religi\s p]ception1 has 
no limits4  ,at e =w>d /ep tak5 by      
humanity--& su* /eps are tak5 9         
consequ5ce ( ! great] & great]          
elucidation ( religi\s  p]ception--m5   
exp]i5ce new & fre% feel+s4 ,& !re=e    
only on  ! basis ( religi\s p]ception   
7:i* %[s ! highe/ level (               
life-compreh5sion rea*$ by ! m5 ( a     
c]ta9 p]iod7 c fre%  emotion1 nev] be=e 
felt by man1 arise4 ,f ! religi\s       
p]ception  ( ! anci5t ,greeks fl[$ !    
really new1 important1 & endlessly  v>i$
 feel+s express$ by ,hom] & ! tragic    
writ]s4 ,x 0 !  same among ! ,jews1 :o  
atta9$ ! religi\s conception ( a s+le   
,god1--f t p]ception fl[$ all ^? new &  

important emotions  express$ by !       
prophets4 ,x 0 ! same = ! poets ( !     
,middle  ,ages1 :o1 if !y believ$ 9 a   
heav5ly hi]>*y1 believ$ also 9  !       
,ca?olic commune2 & x is ! same = a man 
( to-day :o has  grasp$ ! religi\s      
conception ( true ,*ri/ianity--!        
bro!rhood (  man4    ,! v>iety ( fre%   
feel+s fl[+ f religi\s p]ception is     
endless1 & !y are all new1 = religi\s   
p]ception is no?+ else  ?an ! fir/      
indication ( t :i* is com+ into exi/5ce1
 viz4  ! new relation ( man to ! _w     
ar\nd him4 ,b ! feel+s  fl[+ f ! desire 
= enjoym5t are1 on ! contr>y1 n only    
limit$1 b 7 long ago exp]i5c$ &         
express$4 ,& !re=e !  lack ( belief ( ! 
upp] classes ( ,europe has left !m ) an 
art  f$ on ! poore/ subject-matt]4    ,!
 impov]i%m5t ( ! subject-matt] (        
upp]-class art 0 fur!r  increas$ by !   
fact t1 ceas+ to be religi\s1 x ceas$   
also to  be popul>1 & ?is aga9 dim9i%$ !
 range ( feel+s :i* x  transmitt$4 ,= ! 
range ( feel+s exp]i5c$ by ! p[]ful &  !

 ri*1 :o h no exp]i5ce ( lab\r = !      
support ( life1 is  f> poor]1 m limit$1 
& m insignificant ?an ! range (  feel+s 
natural to work+ p4    ,p ( our circle1 
/heticians1 usually ?9k & say j !       
contr>y ( ?is4 ,i rememb] h[ ,gont*>eff1
 ! au?or1 a v clev]  & educat$ man b a  
?or\gh t[nsman & an /hetician1 said to  
me  t aft] ,t\rg5ieff's ,memoirs ( a    
,sportsman !re 0 no?+ left  to write    
ab\t 9 peasant life4 ,x 0 all us$ up4 ,!
 life ( work+  p seem$ to him s simple t
 ,t\rg5ieff's peasant /ories _h  us$ up 
all !re 0 to describe4 ,! life ( our    
weal?y p1 )  _! love affairs &          
dissatisfaction ) !mselves1 seem$ to him
  full ( inexhau/ible subject-matt]4 ,"o
 h]o kiss$ 8 lady on h]  palm1 ano!r on 
h] elb[1 & a ?ird some:]e else4 ,"o man 
is  discont5t$ ?r\gh idl5ess1 & ano!r   
because p don't love  him4 ,& ,gont*>eff
 ?\ght t 9 ?is sph]e !re is no end (    
v>iety4 ,& ?is op9ion--t ! life ( work+ 
p is poor 9  subject-matt]1 b t our     
life1 ! life ( ! idle1 is full (        

int]e/--is %>$ by v _m p 9 our society4 
,! life ( a  lab\r+ man1 ) its endlessly
 v>i$ =ms ( lab\r1 & !  dang]s connect$ 
) ?is lab\r on sea & und]gr\nd2 8       
migrations1 ! int]c\rse ) 8 employ]s1   
ov]se]s1 &  companions & ) m5 ( o!r     
religions & o!r nationalities2 8        
/ruggles ) nature & ) wild bea/s1 !     
associations )  dome/ic animals1 ! "w 9 
! =e/1 on ! /eppe1 9 ! field1  ! g>d51 !
 or*>d2 8 int]c\rse ) wife & *ildr51 n  
only z ) p ne> & de> to him1 b z )      
co-work]s &  help]s 9 lab\r1 replac+ him
 9 "t ( ne$2 8 conc]n 9 all  economic   
que/ions1 n z matt]s ( display or       
discussion1 b z  problems ( life =      
himself & 8 family2 8 pride 9           
self-suppression & s]vice to o!rs1 8    
pleasures ( refre%m5t2  & ) all ^!      
int]e/s p]meat$ by a religi\s attitude  
t[>ds  ^! occurr5ces--all ?is to u1 :o h
 n ^! int]e/s &  possess no religi\s    
p]ception1 seems monoton\s 9 comp>ison )
  ^? small enjoym5ts & insignificant    
c>es ( our life1--a life1 n  ( lab\r nor

 ( production1 b ( consumption &        
de/ruction ( t  :i* o!rs h produc$ = u4 
,we ?9k ! feel+s exp]i5c$ by  p ( our   
day & our class are v important & v>i$2 
b 9  reality almo/ all ! feel+s ( p (   
our class am\nt to b  ?ree v            
insignificant & simple feel+s--! feel+ (
 pride1 !  feel+ ( sexual desire1 & !   
feel+ ( we>9ess ( life4 ,^!  ?ree       
feel+s1 ) _! outgr[?s1 =m almo/ ! only  
subject-matt] ( ! art ( ! ri* classes4  
,at fir/1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! sep>ation ( 
! exclusive art  ( ! upp] classes f     
univ]sal art1 its *ief subject-matt] 0  
! feel+ ( pride4 ,x 0 s at ! "t ( !     
,r5aissance & aft]  x1 :5 ! *ief subject
 ( works ( art 0 ! laudation ( !        
/rong--popes1 k+s1 & dukes3 odes &      
madrigals 7 writt5 9 _!  hon\r1 & !y 7  
extoll$ 9 cantatas & hymns2 _! portraits
  7 pa9t$1 & _! /atues c>v$1 9 v>i\s    
adulatory ways4 ,next1  ! elem5t (      
sexual desire began m & m to ent] into  
art1 &  7) v few exceptions1 & 9 novels 
& dramas almo/ )\t  exception7 x has n[ 

become an ess5tial feature ( e art      
product  ( ! ri* classes4    ,! ?ird    
feel+ transmitt$ by ! art ( ! ri*--t (  
discont5t  ) life--appe>$ yet lat] 9    
mod]n art4 ,?is feel+1 :i*1 at !        
comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 0 express$
 only by exceptional  m52 by ,byron1 by 
,leop>di1 & aft]w>ds by ,he9e1 has      
latt]ly become  fa%ionable & is express$
 by mo/ ord9>y & empty p4 ,mo/  ju/ly   
does ! ,fr5* critic ,d\mic *>act]ise !  
works ( ! new  writ]s--8c'e/ la         
lassitude de vivre1 le mpris de l'poque 
prs5te1  le regret d'un autre temps ap]u
  trav]s l'illusion de l'art1 le gt  du 
p>adoxe1 le beso9 de se s+ul>is]1 une   
aspiration de raff9s  v]s la simplicit1 
l'adoration enfant9e du m]veilleux1 la  
sduction  maladive de la rv]ie1         
l'branlem5t des n]fs1--surt\t l'appel   
exaspr de la s5sualit0 7,les ,jeunes1   
,r5 ,d\mic74#fg ,&1 z a  matt] ( fact1 (
 ^! ?ree feel+s x is s5suality1 ! l[e/  
7accessible n only to all m5 b ev5 to   
all animals7 :i* =ms !  *ief            

subject-matt] ( works ( art ( rec5t     
times4    ,f ,boccaccio to ,m>cel       
,prvo/1 all ! novels1 poems1 & v]ses    
inv>iably transmit ! feel+ ( sexual love
 9 its diff]5t =ms4  ,adult]y is n only 
! fav\rite1 b almo/ ! only !me ( all !  
novels4 ,a p]=mance is n a p]=mance     
unless1 "u "s pret5ce1  wom5 appe> )    
nak$ bu/s & limbs4 ,songs &             
romances--all are  expressions ( lu/1   
idealis$ 9 v>i\s degrees4    ,a majority
 ( ! pictures by ,fr5* arti/s repres5t  
female nak$ness  9 v>i\s =ms4 ,9 rec5t  
,fr5* lit]ature !re is h>dly a page or  
a poem 9 :i* nak$ness is n describ$1 & 9
 :i*1 relevantly or  irrelevantly1 _!   
fav\rite ?\ght & ^w nu is n repeat$ a   
c\ple ( times4 ,!re is a c]ta9 writ]1   
,r5 de ,g\rmond1 :o gets  pr9t$1 & is   
consid]$ tal5t$4 ,to get an idea ( ! new
 writ]s1  ,i read 8 novel1 ,les ,*evaux 
de ,diomde4 ,x is a consecutive &       
detail$ acc\nt ( ! sexual connections "s
 g5tleman _h )  v>i\s wom54 ,e page     
conta9s lu/-k9dl+ descriptions4 ,x is ! 

same 9 ,pi]re ,l\s' book1 ,aphrodite1   
:i* met ) success2 x is  ! same 9 a book
 ,i lately *anc$ ^u--,huysmans' ,c]ta9s1
 &1 )  b few exceptions1 x is ! same 9  
all ! ,fr5* novels4 ,!y are  all !      
productions ( p suff]+ f erotic mania4  
,& ^!  p are evid5tly conv9c$ t z _!    
:ole life1 9 consequ5ce  ( _! diseas$   
condition1 is conc5trat$ on amplify+    
v>i\s  sexual abom9ations1 !re=e ! life 
( all ! _w is simil>ly  conc5trat$4 ,&  
^! p1 suff]+ f erotic mania1 are        
imitat$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole arti/ic _w (     
,europe & ,am]ica4    ,?us 9 consequ5ce 
( ! lack ( belief & ! exceptional mann] 
(  life ( ! weal?y classes1 ! art ( ^?  
classes became  impov]i%$ 9 its         
subject-matt]1 & has sunk to !          
transmission (  ! feel+s ( pride1       
discont5t ) life1 &1 above all1 ( sexual
  desire4    ,footnote #fg3      ,x is !
 we>9ess ( life1 contempt = ! pres5t    
epo*1 regret    = ano!r age se5 ?r\gh ! 
illusion ( art1 a ta/e = p>adox1    a   
desire to be s+ul>1 a s5tim5tal         

aspiration aft] simplicity1 an          
infant9e adoration ( ! m>vell\s1 a      
sickly t5d5cy t[>ds    rev]ie1 a %att]$ 
condition ( n]ves1 &1 above all1 !      
exasp]at$ dem& ( s5suality4             
,,*apt] ,x      ,9 consequ5ce ( _!      
unbelief ! art ( ! upp] classes became  
poor 9 subject-matt]4 ,b besides t1     
becom+ cont9ually m &  m exclusive1 x   
became at ! same "t cont9ually m & m    
involv$1 affect$1 & obscure4    ,:5 a   
univ]sal arti/ 7su* z 7 "s ( ! ,grecian 
arti/s or !  ,jewi% prophets7 compos$ 8 
"w1 he naturally /rove to say :at he  _h
 to say 9 su* a mann] t 8 production    
%\ld be intelligible  to all m54 ,b :5  
an arti/ compos$ = a small circle ( p   
plac$ 9 exceptional conditions1 or ev5 =
 a s+le individual &  8 c\rti]s1--=     
popes1 c>d9als1 k+s1 dukes1 que5s1 or = 
a  k+'s mi/ress1--he naturally only aim$
 at influ5c+ ^! p1  :o 7 well kn[n to   
him1 & liv$ 9 exceptional conditions    
famili>  to him4 ,& ?is 0 an easi] task1
 & ! arti/ 0 involunt>ily  drawn to     

express himself by allusions            
compreh5sible only to !  initiat$1 &    
obscure to ev]yone else4 ,9 ! fir/      
place1 m c\ld  be said 9 ?is way2 &     
secondly1 !re is 7= ! initiat$7 ev5 a   
c]ta9 *>m 9 ! cl\d9ess ( su* a mann] (  
expression4 ,?is  me?od1 :i* %[$ itself 
bo? 9 euphemism & 9 my?ological &       
hi/orical allusions1 came m & m into    
use1 until x has1  app>5tly1 at la/     
rea*$ its utmo/ limits 9 ! s-call$ art (
  ! ,decad5ts4 ,x has come1 f9ally1 to  
?is3 t n only is haz9ess1  my/]i\sness1 
obscurity1 & exclusiv5ess 7%utt+ out !  
masses7  elevat$ to ! rank ( a m]it & a 
condition ( poetic art1 b ev5           
incorrectness1 indef9it5ess1 & lack (   
eloqu5ce are held 9 e/eem4    ,?ophile  
,gauti]1 9 8 preface to ! celebrat$     
,fleurs du ,mal1  says t ,baudelaire1 z 
f> z possible1 bani%$ f poetry          
eloqu5ce1 passion1 & tru? too /rictly   
copi$ 78l'loqu5ce1 la  passion1 et la   
vrit calque trop exactem5t074    ,&     
,baudelaire n only express$ ?is1 b      

ma9ta9$ 8 !sis 9 8  v]ses1 & yet m      
/rik+ly 9 ! prose ( 8 ,petits ,pomes en 
,prose1 ! mean+s ( :i* h to be guess$ l 
a rebus1 &  rema9 = ! mo/ "p undiscov]$4
    ,! poet ,v]la9e 7:o foll[$ next aft]
 ,baudelaire1 & 0 also  e/eem$ great7   
ev5 wrote an 8,art potique10 9 :i* he   
advises ?is  /yle ( composition3--      
,de la musique avant t\te *ose1         
,et p\r cela prfre l',impair            
,plus vague et plus soluble dans l'air1 
,sans ri5 en lui qui pse ou qui pose4   
,il faut aussi que tu n'ailles po9t     
,*oisir tes mots sans quelque mprise3   
,ri5 de plus *] que la *anson grise     
,o l',indcis au ,prcis se jo9t4    ,&   
aga93--                      ,de la     
musique encore et t\j\rs6               
,que ton v]s soit la *ose envole        
,qu'on s5t qui fuit d'une me en alle    
,v]s d'autres cieux  d'autres am\rs4    
,que ton v]s soit la bonne av5ture      
p>se au v5t crisp du mat91              
,qui va fleurant la m5! et le ?ym 444   
,et t\t le re/e e/ littrature4#fh       

,aft] ^! two comes ,mall>m1 consid]$ !  
mo/ important ( !  "y poets1 & he pla9ly
 says t ! *>m ( poetry lies 9 our  hav+ 
to guess its mean+--t 9 poetry !re %\ld 
always be a  puzzle3--    ,je p5se qu'il
 faut qu'il n'y ait qu'allusion1 says   
he4 ,la  contemplation des objets1      
l'image s'envolant des rv]ies suscites  
p>  eux1 sont le *ant3 les ,p>nassi5s1  
eux1 pr5n5t la *ose entirem5t  et la    
montr5t2 p> l ils manqu5t de my/re2 ils 
retir5t aux esprits  cette joie         
dlicieuse de croire qu'ils crent4 ,nomm]
 un objet1 c'e/  supprim] les trois     
qu>ts de la j\issance du pome1 qui e/   
faite du  bonheur de dev9] peu  peu3 le 
suggr]1 voil le rve4 ,c'e/ le  p>fait   
usage de ce my/re qui con/itue le       
symbole3 voqu] petit   petit un objet   
p\r montr] un tat d'me1 ou1 inv]sem5t1  
*oisir un  objet et en dgag] un tat     
d'me1 p> une srie de d*iffrem5ts4    444
 ,si un tre d'une intellig5ce moy5ne1 et
 d'une prp>ation  littraire             
insuffisante1 ouvre p> has>d un livre   

a9si fait et prt5d  en j\ir1 il y a     
mal5t5du1 il faut remettre les *oses    
leur place4  ,il doit y avoir t\j\rs    
nigme en posie1 et c'e/ le b de la      
littrature1 il n'y en a pas             
d'autre1--d'voqu] les objets4--8,enqute 
sur l'volution littraire10 ,jules       
,huret1 pp4 #fj1 #fa4fi    ,?us is      
obscurity elevat$ into a dogma among !  
new poets4 ,z !  ,fr5* critic ,d\mic 7:o
 has n yet accept$ ! dogma7 q  correctly
 says3--    8,il s]ait temps aussi d'en 
f9ir avec cette fameuse #8?orie de      
l'obscurit' que la n\velle cole a leve1 
en effet1  la hauteur d'un              
dogme40--,les ,jeunes1 p> ,r5 ,d\mic4#gj
    ,b x is n ,fr5* writ]s only :o ?9k  
?us4 ,! poets ( all o!r  c\ntries ?9k & 
act 9 ! same way3 ,g]man1 & ,sc&9avian1 
&  ,italian1 & ,russian1 & ,engli%4 ,s  
also d ! arti/s ( ! new  p]iod 9 all    
bran*es ( art3 9 pa9t+1 9 sculpture1 & 9
 music4  ,rely+ on ,nietzs*e & ,wagn]1 !
 arti/s ( ! new age conclude  t x is    
unnecess>y = !m to be intelligible to ! 

vulg> cr[d2  x is en\gh = !m to evoke   
poetic emotion 9 8! f9e/ nurtur$10  to  
borr[ a phrase f an ,engli% /hetician4  
,9 ord] t :at ,i am say+ may n seem to  
be m]e ass]tion1 ,i w  quote at lea/ a  
few examples f ! ,fr5* poets :o h l$ ?is
  movem5t4 ,! "n ( ^! poets is legion4  
,i h tak5 ,fr5*  writ]s1 because !y1 m  
decid$ly ?an any o!rs1 indicate ! new   
direction ( art1 & are imitat$ by mo/   
,european writ]s4    ,besides ^? ^:     
names are already consid]$ fam\s1 su* z 
,baudelaire & ,v]la9e1 "h are ! names ( 
a few ( !m3 ,jean  ,morz1 ,*>les        
,morice1 ,h5ri de ,rgni]1 ,*>les        
,vigni]1 ,adri5  ,remacle1 ,r5 ,ghil1   
,maurice ,maet]l9ck1 ,g4 ,alb]t ,auri]1 
,rmy de  ,g\rmont1                      
,sa9t-,pol-,r\x-le-,magnifique1 ,georges
 ,rod5ba*1 le comte  ,rob]t de          
,montesqui\-,fez5sac4 ,^! are ,symboli/s
 & ,decad5ts4 ,next  we h ! 8,magi03    
,josph9 ,pladan1 ,paul ,adam1 ,jules    
,bois1 ,m4 ,papus1  & o!rs4    ,besides 
^!1 !re are yet "o hundr$ & =ty-"o o!rs1

 :om  ,d\mic m5tions 9 ! book ref]r$ to 
above4    ,"h are "s examples f ! "w (  
^? ( !m :o are consid]$  to be ! be/1   
beg9n+ ) t mo/ celebrat$ man1 ackn[l$g$ 
to  be a great arti/ wor?y ( a          
monum5t--,baudelaire4 ,?is is a poem f  
8 celebrat$ ,fleurs du ,mal3--          
,no4 ,,xxiv4               ,je t'adore  
l'gal de la vote nocturne1              
,o vase de tri/esse1  gr&e taciturne1   
,et t'aime d'autant plus1 belle1 que tu 
me fuis1             ,et que tu me      
p>ais1 ornem5t de mes nuits1            
,plus ironiquem5t accumul] les lieues   
,qui sp>5t mes bras des imm5sits bleues4
               ,je m'avance  l'attaque1 
et je grimpe aux assauts1               
,comme aprs un cadavre un *ur de        
v]misseaux1             ,et je *ris1    
bte implacable et cruelle1              
,jusqu' cette froideur p> o tu m'es plus
 belle6#ga    ,& ?is is ano!r by ! same 
writ]3--              ,no4 ,,xxxvi4     
,,duellum4              ,deux gu]ri]s   
ont c\ru l'un sur l'autre2 leurs armes  

,ont clab\ss l'air de lueurs et de sang4
            ,ces jeux1 ces cliquetis du 
f] sont les vac>mes            ,d'une   
jeunesse en proie  l'am\r vagissant4    
,les glaives sont briss6 comme notre    
jeunesse1            ,ma *re6 ,mais les 
d5ts1 les ongles acrs1            ,v5g5t
 bi5tt l'pe et la dague tratresse4      
,o fureur des curs mrs p> l'am\r ulcrs6 
,dans le rav9 hant des *ats-p>ds et des 
onces            ,nos hros1 s'treignant 
m*amm5t1 ont r\l1            ,et leur   
peau fleurira l'aridit des ronces4      
,ce g\ffre1 c'e/ l'enf]1 de nos amis    
peupl6            ,r\lons-y sans        
remords1 amazone inhuma9e1              
,af9 d't]nis] l'ardeur de notre ha9e6#gb
    ,to be exact1 ,i %\ld m5tion t !    
collection conta9s v]ses less           
compreh5sible ?an ^!1 b n "o poem :i* is
 pla9 & c be  und]/ood )\t a c]ta9      
ef=t--an ef=t seldom rew>d$1 = !  feel+s
 :i* ! poet transmits are evil & v l[   
ones4 ,& ^!  feel+s are always1 &       
purposely1 express$ by him ) ecc5tricity

  & lack ( cle>ness4 ,?is prem$itat$    
obscurity is especially  noticeable 9 8 
prose1 :]e ! au?or c\ld1 if he lik$1    
speak  pla9ly4    ,take1 = in/ance1 !   
fir/ piece f 8 ,petits ,pomes3--        
,l',,trang]4        ,qui aimes-tu le    
mieux1 homme nigmatique1 dis8 ton pre1  
ta mre1      ta sur1 ou ton frre8       
,je n'ai ni pre1 ni mre1 ni sur1 ni     
frre4        ,tes amis8        ,v\s v\s 
s]vez l d'une p>ole dont le s5s m'e/ re/
 jusqu'       ce j\r inconnu4        ,ta
 patrie8        ,j'ignore s\s quelle    
latitude elle e/ situe4        ,la      
beaut8        ,je l'aim]ais volonti]s1  
desse et immortelle4        ,l'or8      
,je le hais comme v\s hassez ,dieu4     
,et qu 'aimes-tu donc1 extraord9aire    
trang]8        ,j'aime les nuages 444   
les nuages qui pass5t 444 l bas1 444 les
      m]veilleux nuages6    ,! piece    
call$ ,la ,s\pe et les ,nuages is       
probably int5d$ to  express !           
un9telligibility ( ! poet ev5 to h] :om 
he loves4  ,?is is ! piece 9 "q3--      

,ma petite folle bi5-aime me donnait    
dn]1 et p> la f5tre      ouv]te de la   
salle  mang] je contemplais les m\vantes
      ar*itectures que ,dieu fait avec  
les vapeurs1 les m]veilleuses           
con/ructions de l'impalpable4 ,et je me 
disais1  trav]s ma      contemplation3  
8,t\tes ces fantasmagories sont presque 
aussi belles      que les yeux de ma    
belle bi5-aime1 la petite folle         
mon/rueuse aux      yeux v]ts40         
,et t\t  c\p je reu un viol5t c\p de po+
 dans le dos1 et      j'ent5dis une voix
 rauque et *>mante1 une voix hy/rique et
      comme enr\e p> l'eau-de-vie1 la   
voix de ma *re petite      bi5-aime1 qui
 me disait1 8,allez-v\s bi5tt mang]     
votre s\pe1 s      444 b 444 de m>*& de 
nuages80#gc    ,h[ev] artificial ^! two 
pieces may be1 x is /ill possible1 )  "s
 ef=t1 to guess at :at ! au?or meant !m 
to express1 b "s  ( ! pieces are        
absolutely incompreh5sible--at lea/ to  
me4 ,le ,galant  ,tireur is a piece ,i 0
 q unable to und]/&4        ,,le        

,,galant ,,tireur4        ,comme la     
voiture trav]sait le bois1 il la fit    
arrt] dans le      vois9age d'un tir1   
disant qu'il lui s]ait agrable de tir]  
quelques balles p\r tu] le ,temps4 ,tu] 
ce mon/re-l1 n'e/-ce pas                
l'occupation la plus ord9aire et la plus
 lgitime de *acun8--,et il      (frit   
galamm5t la ma9  sa *re1 dlicieuse et   
excrable femme1       cette my/rieuse   
femme  laquelle il doit tant de         
plaisirs1 tant      de d\leurs1 et      
peut-tre aussi une gr&e p>tie de son    
gnie4        ,plusieurs balles frappr5t 
lo9 du b propos1 l'une d'elles          
s'enfona mme dans le plafond2 et comme  
la *>mante crature riait      follem5t1 
se moquant de la maladresse de son p\x1 
celui-ci se      t\rna brusquem5t v]s   
elle1 et lui dit3 8,obs]vez cette p\pe1 
l-bas1  droite1 qui porte le nez en     
l'air et qui a la m9e si      hauta9e4  
,eh bi56 *] ange1 je me figure que c'e/ 
v\s40 ,et il      f]ma les yeux et il   
l*a la dt5te4 ,la p\pe fut nettem5t     

dcapite4        ,alors s' incl9ant v]s  
sa *re1 sa dlicieuse1 son excrable      
femme1 son 9vitable et impitoyable      
,muse1 et lui baisant                   
respectueusem5t la ma91 il aj\ta3 8,ah6 
mon *] ange1 combi5 je      v\s rem]cie 
de mon adresse60#gd    ,! productions ( 
ano!r celebrity1 ,v]la9e1 are n less    
affect$  & un9telligible4 ,?is1 =       
in/ance1 is ! fir/ poem 9 ! section     
call$ ,ariettes ,oublies4               
8,le v5t dans la pla9e                  
,susp5d son hale9e40--,,fav>t4          
,c'e/ l'extase lang\reuse1              
,c'e/ la fatigue am\reuse1              
,c'e/ t\s les frissons des bois         
,p>mi l'tre9te des brises1              
,c'e/1 v]s les ramures grises1          
,le *ur des petites voix4               
,o le frle et frais murmure6            
,cela gaz\ille et susurre1              
,cela ressemble au cri d\x              
,que l'h]be agite expire 444            
,tu dirais1 s\s l'eau qui vire1         
,le r\lis s\rd des caill\x4             

,cette me qui se lam5te                 
,en cette pla9te dormante               
,c'e/ la ntre1 n'e/-ce pas8             
,la mi5ne1 dis1 et la ti5ne1            
,dont s'exhale l'humble anti5ne         
,p> ce tide soir1 t\t has8#ge    ,:at   
8*ur des petites voix08 & :at 8cri d\x  
que l'h]be agite  expire08 & :at x all  
means1 rema9s altoge!r un9telligible to 
me4    ,& "h is ano!r ,ariette3--       
,,viii4                            ,dans
 l'int]m9able                           
,ennui de la pla9e1                     
,la neige inc]ta9e                      
,luit comme du sable4                   
,le ciel e/ de cuivre1                  
,sans lueur aucune4                     
,on croirait voir vivre                 
,et m\rir la lune4                      
,comme des nues                         
,flott5t gris les *nes                  
,des =ts pro*a9es                       
,p>mi les bues4                         
,le ciel e/ de cuivre1                  
,sans lueur aucune4                     

,on croirait voir vivre                 
,et m\rir la lune4                      
,corneille p\ssive                      
,et v\s1 les l\ps maigres1              
,p> ces bises aigres                    
,quoi donc v\s arrive8                  
,dans l'int]m9able                      
,ennui de la pla9e1                     
,la neige inc]ta9e                      
,luit comme du sable4#gf    ,h[ does !  
moon seem to live & die 9 a copp] heav58
 ,& h[ c  sn[ %9e l s&8 ,! :ole ?+ is n 
m]ely un9telligible1 b1  "u pret5ce (   
convey+ an impression1 x passes (f a /r+
 (  incorrect comp>isons & words4       
,besides ^! artificial & obscure poems1 
!re are o!rs :i* are  intelligible1 b   
:i* make up = x by be+ altoge!r bad1 bo?
 9  =m & 9 subject4 ,su* are all ! poems
 "u ! head+ ,la  ,sagesse4 ,! *ief place
 9 ^! v]ses is occupi$ by a v poor      
expression ( ! mo/ commonplace ,roman   
,ca?olic & patriotic  s5tim5ts4 ,=      
in/ance1 "o meets ) v]ses su* z ?is3--  
,je ne veux plus p5s] qu'  ma mre ,m>ie1

                 ,sige de la sagesse et 
s\rce de p>dons1                 ,mre de
 ,france aussi de qui n\s att5dons      
,9branlablem5t l'honneur de la          
patrie4#gg    ,be=e cit+ examples f o!r 
poets1 ,i mu/ pause to note !  amaz+    
celebrity ( ^! two v]sifi]s1 ,baudelaire
 & ,v]la9e1 :o  are n[ accept$ z be+    
great poets4 ,h[ ! ,fr5*1 :o _h ,*ni]1  
,musset1 ,lam>t9e1 &1 above all1        
,hugo1--& among :om q rec5tly  fl\ri%$ !
 s-call$ ,p>nassi5s3 ,leconte de ,lisle1
 ,sully-,prudhomme1  etc41--c\ld        
attribute su* importance to ^! two      
v]sifi]s1 :o 7  f> f skilful 9 =m & mo/ 
contemptible & commonplace 9            
subject-matt]1 is to me incompreh5sible4
 ,! conception-(-life ( "o  ( !m1       
,baudelaire1 consi/$ 9 elevat+ gross    
egotism into a !ory1  & replac+ morality
 by a cl\dy conception ( beauty1 &      
especially  artificial beauty4          
,baudelaire _h a pref]5ce1 :i* he       
express$1 =  a woman's face pa9t$ r ?an 
%[+ its natural col\r1 & =  metal trees 

& a !atrical imitation ( wat] r ?an real
 trees  & real wat]4    ,!              
life-conception ( ! o!r1 ,v]la9e1       
consi/$ 9 weak  pr(ligacy1 confession ( 
8 moral impot5ce1 &1 z an antidote to  t
 impot5ce1 9 ! grosse/ ,roman ,ca?olic  
idolatry4 ,bo?1 moreov]1  7 q lack+ 9   
navet1 s9c]ity1 & simplicity1 & bo?     
ov]fl[$ ) artificiality1 =c$ orig9ality1
 & self-assurance4  ,s t 9 _! lea/ bad  
productions "o sees m ( ,m4 ,baudelaire 
or  ,m4 ,v]la9e ?an ( :at !y 7 describ+4
 ,b ^! two indiff]5t  v]sifi]s =m a     
s*ool1 & lead hundr$s ( foll[]s aft] !m4
    ,!re is only "o explanation ( ?is   
fact3 x is t ! art ( !  society 9 :i* ^!
 v]sifi]s liv$ is n a s]i\s1 important  
matt] ( life1 b is a m]e amusem5t4 ,&   
all amusem5ts gr[  we>isome by          
repetition4 ,&1 9 ord] to make we>isome 
amusem5t aga9  tol]able1 x is necess>y  
to f9d "s means to fre%5 x up4 ,:51 at  
c>ds1 ombre gr[s /ale1 :i/ is introduc$2
 :5 :i/ gr[s /ale1  c>t is sub/itut$2 :5
 c>t gr[s /ale1 "s o!r novelty is       

inv5t$1 & s on4 ,! sub/ance ( ! matt]   
rema9s ! same1 only  its =m is *ang$4 ,&
 s x is ) ?is k9d ( art4 ,!             
subject-matt] ( ! art ( ! upp] classes  
gr[+ cont9ually m  & m limit$1 x has    
come at la/ to ?is1 t to ! arti/s (  ^! 
exclusive classes x seems z if ev]y?+   
has already be5 said1  & t to f9d any?+ 
new to say is impossible4 ,& !re=e1 to  
fre%5 up ?is art1 !y look out = fre%    
=ms4    ,baudelaire & ,v]la9e inv5t su* 
a new =m1 furbi% x up1 moreov]1  )      
hi!rto unus$ pornographic details1 &--! 
critics & !  public ( ! upp] classes    
hail !m z great writ]s4    ,?is is !    
only explanation ( ! success1 n (       
,baudelaire &  ,v]la9e only1 b ( all !  
,decad5ts4    ,= in/ance1 !re are poems 
by ,mall>m & ,maet]l9ck :i* h no  mean+1
 & yet = all t1 or p]haps on t v acc\nt1
 are  pr9t$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 n only 9    
v>i\s publications1 b ev5  9 collections
 ( ! be/ works ( ! y\ng] poets4    ,?is1
 = example1 is a sonnet by ,mall>m3--   
,a la nue accablante tu                 

,basse de basalte et de laves           
,a mme les *os esclaves                 
,p> une trompe sans v]tu4               
,quel spulcral naufrage 7tu             
,le soir1 cume1 mais y baves7           
,suprme une entre les paves             
,abolit le mt dvtu4                     
,ou cela que furibond faute             
,de quelque p]dition haute              
,t\t l'abme va9 ploy                    
,dans le si blanc *eveu qui trane       
,av>em5t aura noy                       
,le flanc enfant d'une sirne4#gh        
78,pan10 #ahie1 ,no4 #a47    ,?is poem  
is n exceptional 9 its                  
incompreh5sibility4 ,i h read  sev]al   
poems by ,mall>m1 & !y also _h no mean+ 
:atev]4 ,i give  a sample ( 8 prose 9   
,app5dix ,i4 ,!re is a :ole volume ( ?is
  prose1 call$ 8,divagations40 ,x is    
impossible to und]/& any ( x4  ,& t is  
evid5tly :at ! au?or int5d$4    ,& "h is
 a song by ,maet]l9ck1 ano!r celebrat$  
au?or ( to-day3--                       
,qu& il e/ sorti1                       

7,j'ent5dis la porte7                   
,qu& il e/ sorti                        
,elle avait s\ri 444                    
,mais qu& il entra                      
7,j'ent5dis la lampe7                   
,mais qu& il entra                      
,une autre tait l 444                   
,et j'ai vu la mort1                    
7,j'ent5dis son me7                     
,et j'ai vu la mort                     
,qui l'att5d encore 444                 
,on e/ v5u dire1                        
7,mon enfant j'ai peur7                 
,on e/ v5u dire                         
,qu'il allait p>tir 444                 
,ma lampe allume1                       
7,mon enfant j'ai peur7                 
,ma lampe allume                        
,me suis appro*e 444                    
,a la premire porte1                    
7,mon enfant j'ai peur7                 
,a la premire porte1                    
,la flamme a trembl 444                 
,a la seconde porte1                    
7,mon enfant j'ai peur7                 

,a la seconde porte1                    
,la flamme a p>l 444                    
,a la troisime porte1                   
7,mon enfant j'ai peur7                 
,a la troisime porte1                   
,la lumire e/ morte 444                 
,et s'il rev5ait un j\r                 
,que faut-il lui dire8                  
,dites-lui qu'on l'att5dit              
,jusqu' s'en m\rir 444                  
,et s'il dem&e o v\s tes                
,que faut-il rpondre8                   
,donnez-lui mon anneau d'or             
,sans ri5 lui rpondre 444               
,et s'il m'int]roge alors               
,sur la d]nire heure8                   
,dites lui que fai s\ri                 
,de peur qu'il ne pleure 444            
,et s'il m'int]roge encore              
,sans me reconnatre8                    
,p>lez-lui comme une sur1               
,il s\ffre peut-tre 444                 
,et s'il veut savoir p\rquoi            
,la salle e/ ds]te8                     
,montrez lui la lampe te9te             

,et la porte ouv]te 444#gi              
78,pan10 #ahie1 ,no4 #b47    ,:o w5t    
out8 ,:o came 98 ,:o is speak+8 ,:o di$8
    ,i beg ! read] to be at ! pa9s (    
read+ ?r\gh ! samples ,i  cite 9        
,app5dix ,,ii4 ( ! celebrat$ & e/eem$ "y
 poets--,griff91  ,v]ha]51 ,morz1 &     
,montesqui\4 ,x is important to d s 9   
ord] to  =m a cle> conception ( ! pres5t
 position ( art1 & n to  suppose1 z _m  
d1 t ,decad5tism is an accid5tal &      
transitory  ph5om5on4 ,to avoid !       
reproa* ( hav+ select$ ! wor/ v]ses1 ,i 
h copi$ out ( ea* volume ! poem :i*     
happ5$ to /& on page  #bh4    ,all ! o!r
 productions ( ^! poets are equally     
un9telligible1 or  c only be und]/ood ) 
great difficulty1 & !n n fully4 ,all  ! 
productions ( ^? hundr$s ( poets1 ( :om 
,i h nam$ a few1  are ! same 9 k9d4 ,&  
among ! ,g]mans1 ,sw$es1 ,norwegians1   
,italians1 & u ,russians1 simil> v]ses  
are pr9t$4 ,& su*  productions are pr9t$
 & made up into book =m1 if n by !      
million1 !n by ! hundr$ ?\s& 7"s ( ^!   

works sell 9 t5s  ( ?\s&s74 ,=          
type-sett+1 pag+1 pr9t+1 & b9d+ ^!      
books1 millions & millions ( work+ days 
are sp5t--n less1 ,i  ?9k1 ?an w5t to   
build ! great pyramid4 ,& ?is is n all4 
,!  same is go+ on 9 all ! o!r arts3    
millions & millions ( work+  days are   
be+ sp5t on ! production ( equally      
incompreh5sible works  9 pa9t+1 9 music1
 & 9 ! drama4    ,pa9t+ n only does n   
lag beh9d poetry 9 ?is matt]1 b r       
out/rips x4 ,"h is an extract f ! di>y (
 an amateur ( art1  writt5 :5 visit+ !  
,p>is exhibitions 9 #ahid3--    8,i 0   
to-day at ?ree exhibitions3 !           
,symboli/s'1 !  ,impressioni/s'1 & !    
,neo-,impressioni/s'4 ,i look$ at !     
pictures  consci5ti\sly & c>efully1 b   
aga9 felt ! same /upefaction &  ultimate
 indignation4 ,! fir/ exhibition1 t (   
,camille ,piss>ro1  0 comp>atively ! mo/
 compreh5sible1 ?\gh ! pictures 7 out  (
 draw+1 _h no subject1 & ! col\r+s 7 mo/
 improbable4 ,!  draw+ 0 s indef9ite t y
 7 sometimes unable to make out  :i* way

 an arm or a head 0 turn$4 ,! subject 0 
g5]ally1  #8effets'--,effet de br\ill>d1
 ,effet du soir1 ,soleil c\*ant4  ,!re 7
 "s pictures ) figures1 b )\t subjects4 
8,9 ! col\r+1 bright blue & bright gre5 
pr$om9at$4 ,& ea*  picture _h its       
special col\r1 ) :i* ! :ole picture 01 z
 x  71 spla%$4 ,= in/ance 9 #8,a ,girl  
gu>d+ ,geese' ! special  col\r is v]t de
 gris1 & dots ( x 7 spla%$ ab\t ev]y:]e3
  on ! face1 ! hair1 ! h&s1 & ! clo!s4  
,9 ! same  gall]y--#8,dur& ,ruel'--7 o!r
 pictures1 by ,puvis de ,*avannes1      
,manet1  ,monet1 ,r5oir1 ,sisley--:o are
 all ,impressioni/s4 ,"o ( !m1 ^:  "n ,i
 c\ld n make out1--x 0 some?+ l         
,r$on1--_h pa9t$ a  blue face 9 pr(ile4 
,on ! :ole face !re is only ?is blue    
tone1  ) :ite-(-lead4 ,piss>ro has a    
wat]-col\r all done 9 dots4 ,9 !        
=egr\nd is a c[ entirely pa9t$ )        
v>i\s-col\r$ dots4 ,!  g5]al col\r _c be
 di/+ui%$1 h[ev] mu* "o /&s back  f1 or 
draws ne> to1 ! picture4 ,f !re ,i w5t  
to see !  ,symboli/s4 ,i look$ at !m    

long )\t ask+ anyone = an  explanation1 
try+ to guess ! mean+2 b x is beyond    
human  compreh5sion4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s to
 cat* my eye 0 a wood5  haut-relief1    
wret*$ly execut$1 repres5t+ a woman     
7nak$7 :o  ) bo? h&s is squeez+ f h] two
 brea/s /reams ( blood4 ,!  blood fl[s  
d[n1 becom+ lilac 9 col\r4 ,h] hair fir/
 desc5ds &  !n rises aga9 & turns into  
trees4 ,! figure is all col\r$  yell[1 &
 ! hair is br[n4    8,next--a picture3 a
 yell[ sea1 on :i* swims some?+ :i* is  
nei!r  a %ip nor a he>t2 on ! horizon is
 a pr(ile ) a halo & yell[  hair1 :i*   
*anges into a sea1 9 :i* x is lo/4 ,"s (
 !  pa9t]s lay on _! col\rs s ?ickly t !
 effect is some?+  betwe5 pa9t+ &       
sculpture4 ,a ?ird exhibit 0 ev5 less   
compreh5sible3 a man's pr(ile2 be=e him 
a flame & black  /ripes--lee*es1 z ,i 0 
aft]w>ds told4 ,at la/ ,i ask$ a        
g5tleman  :o 0 !re :at x meant1 & he    
expla9$ to me t !  haut-relief 0 a      
symbol1 & t x repres5t$ #8,la ,t]re4' ,!
  he>t swimm+ 9 a yell[ sea 0           

#8,illusion p]due1' & !  g5tleman ) !   
lee*es 0 #8,le ,mal4' ,!re 7 also "s    
,impressioni/ pictures3 elem5t>y        
pr(iles1 hold+ "s sort (  fl[]s 9 _!    
h&s3 9 monotone1 out ( draw+1 & ei!r q  
blurr$ or else m>k$ out ) wide black    
outl9es40    ,?is 0 9 #ahid2 ! same     
t5d5cy is n[ ev5 m /rongly def9$1  & we 
h ,bckl91 ,/uck1 ,kl+]1 ,sa%a ,s*neid]1 
& o!rs4    ,! same ?+ is tak+ place 9 ! 
drama4 ,! play-writ]s give u an         
ar*itect :o1 = "s reason1 has n fulfill$
 8 =m] high  int5tions1 & :o consequ5tly
 climbs on to ! ro( ( a h\se he has     
erect$ & tumbles d[n head =emo/2 or an  
incompreh5sible old woman  7:o          
ext]m9ates rats71 & :o1 = an            
un9telligible reason1 takes a  poetic   
*ild to ! sea & !re dr[ns him2 or "s    
bl9d m51 :o1  sitt+ on ! sea%ore1 = "s  
reason always repeat "o & ! same  ?+2 or
 a bell ( "s k9d1 :i* flies into a lake 
& !re r+s4    ,& ! same is happ5+ 9     
music--9 t art :i*1 m ?an any  o!r1 "o  
w\ld h ?\ght1 %\ld be intelligible to   

ev]ybody4    ,an acqua9tance ( y\rs1 a  
musician ( repute1 sits d[n to ! piano  
& plays y :at he says is a new          
composition ( 8 own1 or ( "o (  ! new   
compos]s4 ,y he> ! /range1 l\d s\nds1 & 
admire !  gymna/ic ex]cises p]=m$ by 8  
f+]s2 & y see t !  p]=m] wi%es to       
impress ^u y t ! s\nds he is produc+    
express v>i\s poetic /riv+s ( ! s\l4 ,y 
see 8 int5tion1 b  no feel+ :atev] is   
transmitt$ to y except we>9ess4 ,!      
execution la/s long1 or at lea/ x seems 
v long to y1 because y  d n receive any 
cle> impression1 & involunt>ily y       
rememb] !  words ( ,alphonse ,k>r1      
8,plus a va vite1 plus a dure           
longtemps40#hj  ,& x occurs to y t      
p]haps x is all a my/ification2 p]haps !
  p]=m] is try+ y--j ?r[+ 8 h&s & f+]s  
wildly ab\t  ! key-bo>d 9 ! hope t y w  
fall into ! trap & praise  him1 & !n he 
w laugh & confess t he only want$ to see
 if he  c\ld hoax y4 ,b :5 at la/ !     
piece does f9i%1 & !  p]spir+ & agitat$ 
musician rises f ! piano evid5tly       

anticipat+ praise1 y see t x 0 all done 
9 e>ne/4    ,! same ?+ takes place at   
all ! conc]ts ) pieces by ,liszt1       
,wagn]1 ,b]lioz1 ,brahms1 & 7newe/ (    
all7 ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 & !  numb]less o!r 
compos]s ( ! new s*ool1 :o unceas+ly    
produce  op]a aft] op]a1 symphony aft]  
symphony1 piece aft] piece4    ,! same  
is occurr+ 9 a doma9 9 :i* x seem$ h>d  
to be  un9telligible--9 ! sph]e ( novels
 & %ort /ories4    ,read ,l-,bas by     
,huysmans1 or "s ( ,kipl+'s %ort /ories1
 or  ,l'annonciateur by ,villi]s de     
l',isle ,adam 9 8 ,contes ,cruels1      
etc41 & y w f9d !m n only 8abscons0 7to 
use a ^w adopt$  by ! new writ]s71 b    
absolutely un9telligible bo? 9 =m & 9   
sub/ance4 ,su*1 aga91 is ! "w by ,e4    
,morel1 ,t]re ,promise1 n[  appe>+ 9 !  
,revue ,blan*e1 & su* are mo/ ( ! new   
novels4  ,! /yle is v high-fl[n1 !      
feel+s seem to be mo/ elevat$1 b  y c't 
make out :at is happ5+1 to :om x is     
happ5+1 & :]e  x is happ5+4 ,& su* is ! 
bulk ( ! "y art ( our "t4    ,p :o grew 

up 9 ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury1 admir+   
,goe!1  ,s*ill]1 ,musset1 ,hugo1        
,dick5s1 ,bee?ov51 ,*op91 ,raphael1 da  
,v9ci1  ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,del>o*e1 be+  
unable to make head or tail ( ?is new   
art1 simply attribute its productions to
 ta/eless insanity & wi% to  ignore !m4 
,b su* an attitude t[>ds ?is new art is 
q  unju/ifiable1 because1 9 ! fir/      
place1 t art is spread+ m  & m1 & has   
already conqu]$ = itself a firm position
 9  society1 simil> to ! "o occupi$ by !
 ,romantici/s 9 ! ?ird  decade ( ?is    
c5tury2 & secondly & *iefly1 because1 if
 x is  p]missible to judge 9 ?is way ( !
 productions ( ! late/ =m  ( art1 call$ 
by u ,decad5t art1 m]ely because we d n 
und]/&  x1 !n rememb]1 !re are an       
enorm\s numb] ( p1--all !  lab\r]s & _m 
( ! non-lab\r+ folk1--:o1 9 j ! same    
way1  d n compreh5d ^? productions ( art
 :i* we consid] admirable3  ! v]ses (   
our fav\rite arti/s--,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 &  
,hugo2 !  novels ( ,dick5s1 ! music (   
,bee?ov5 & ,*op91 ! pictures (          

,raphael1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 da ,v9ci1    
etc4    ,if ,i h a "r to ?9k t great    
masses ( p d n und]/&  & d n l :at ,i   
consid] und\bt$ly good because !y are n 
suffici5tly develop$1 !n ,i h no "r to  
d5y t p]haps !  reason :y ,i _c und]/& &
 _c l ! new productions (  art1 is m]ely
 t ,i am /ill insuffici5tly develop$ to 
und]/&  !m4 ,if ,i h a "r to say t ,i1 &
 ! majority ( p :o  are 9 sympa?y1 ) me1
 d n und]/& ! productions ( ! new  art  
simply because !re is no?+ 9 x to und]/&
 & because x  is bad art1 !n1 ) j ! same
 "r1 ! /ill l>g] majority1  ! :ole      
lab\r+ mass1 :o d n und]/& :at ,i       
consid]  admirable art1 c say t :at ,i  
reckon z good art is bad art1 &  !re is 
no?+ 9 x to und]/&4    ,i once saw !    
inju/ice ( su* condemnation ( ! new art 
)  especial cle>ness1 :51 9 my pres5ce1 
a c]ta9 poet1 :o writes  incompreh5sible
 v]ses1 ridicul$ incompreh5sible music )
 gay  self-assurance2 &1 %ortly         
aft]w>ds1 a c]ta9 musician1 :o  composes
 incompreh5sible symphonies1 laugh$ at  

incompreh5sible poetry  ) equal         
self-confid5ce4 ,i h no "r1 & no        
au?ority1 to  condemn ! new art on !    
gr\nd t ,i 7a man educat$ 9 ! fir/  half
 ( ! c5tury7 d n und]/& x2 ,i c only say
 t x is  incompreh5sible to me4 ,! only 
advantage ! art ,i ackn[l$ge has  ov] ! 
,decad5t art1 lies 9 ! fact t ! art ,i  
recognise is  compreh5sible to a some:at
 l>g] numb] ( p ?an !  pres5t-day art4  
,! fact t ,i am accu/om$ to a c]ta9     
exclusive art1 & c  und]/& x1 b am      
unable to und]/& ano!r /ill m exclusive 
art1 does n give me a "r to conclude t  
my art is ! real true  art1 & t ! o!r   
"o1 :i* ,i d n und]/&1 is an unreal1 a  
bad art4 ,i c only conclude t art1      
becom+ ev] m & m  exclusive1 has become 
m & m incompreh5sible to an             
ev]-increas+ numb] ( p1 & t1 9 ?is its  
progress t[>ds  great] & great]         
incompreh5sibility 7on "o level ( :i* ,i
 am  /&+1 ) ! art famili> to me71 x has 
rea*$ a po9t :]e x  is und]/ood by a v  
small numb] ( ! elect1 & ! numb] (  ^!  

*os5 p is ev] becom+ small] & small]4   
,z soon z ev] ! art ( ! upp] classes    
sep>at$ itself f  univ]sal art1 a       
conviction arose t art may be art & yet 
be  incompreh5sible to ! masses4 ,& z   
soon z ?is position 0  admitt$1 x _h    
inevitably to be admitt$ also t art may 
be  intelligible only to ! v smalle/    
numb] ( ! elect1 &1  ev5tually1 to two1 
or to "o1 ( our ne>e/ fri5ds1 or to     
oneself  alone4 ,:i* is practically :at 
is be+ said by mod]n arti/s3--8,i       
create & und]/& myself1 & if anyone does
 n und]/& me1 s  mu* ! worse = him40    
,! ass]tion t art may be good art1 & at 
! same "t  incompreh5sible to a great   
numb] ( p1 is extremely unju/1 &  its   
consequ5ces are ru9\s to art itself2 b  
at ! same "t x is  s common & has s eat5
 into our conceptions1 t x is impossible
  suffici5tly to elucidate all !        
absurdity ( x4    ,no?+ is m common ?an 
to he> x said ( reput$ works ( art1  t  
!y are v good b v difficult to und]/&4  
,we are q  us$ to su* ass]tions1 & yet  

to say t a "w ( art is good1 b          
incompreh5sible to ! majority ( m51 is !
 same z say+ ( "s  k9d ( food t x is v  
good b t mo/ p c't eat x4 ,!  majority (
 m5 may n l rott5 *eese or putrefy+     
gr\se--di%es  e/eem$ by p ) p]v]t$      
ta/es2 b bread & fruit are only  good :5
 !y please ! majority ( m54 ,& x is !   
same ) art4  ,p]v]t$ art may n please ! 
majority ( m51 b good art always        
pleases ev]yone4    ,x is said t ! v be/
 works ( art are su* t !y _c be         
und]/ood by ! mass1 b are accessible    
only to ! elect :o are  prep>$ to und]/&
 ^! great works4 ,b if ! majority ( m5 d
  n und]/&1 ! k necess>y to enable !m to
 und]/&  %\ld be taught & expla9$ to !m4
 ,b x turns out t !re is  no su* k1 t ! 
works _c be expla9$1 & t ^?  :o say !   
majority d n und]/& good works ( art1   
/ill d n  expla9 ^? works1 b only tell u
 t1 9 ord] to und]/& !m1  "o mu/ read1 &
 see1 & he> ^! same works ov] & ov]     
aga94  ,b ?is is n to expla91 x is only 
to habituate6 ,& p may  habituate       

!mselves to any?+1 ev5 to ! v wor/ ?+s4 
,z  p may habituate !mselves to bad     
food1 to spirits1 tobacco1 &  opium1 j 9
 ! same way !y may habituate !mselves to
 bad art--&  t is exactly :at is be+    
done4    ,moreov]1 x _c be said t !     
majority ( p lack ! ta/e  to e/eem !    
highe/ works ( art4 ,! majority always h
 und]/ood1  & /ill und]/&1 :at we also  
recognise z be+ ! v be/ art3  ! epic (  
,g5esis1 ! ,gospel p>ables1 folk-leg5ds1
 fairy-tales1 &  folk-songs are und]/ood
 by all4 ,h[ c x be t ! majority has    
sudd5ly lo/ its capacity to und]/& :at  
is high 9 our art8    ,( a spee* x may  
be said t x is admirable1 b             
incompreh5sible to  ^? :o d n "k !      
language 9 :i* x is deliv]$4 ,a spee*   
deliv]$ 9 ,*9ese may be excell5t1 & may 
yet rema9  incompreh5sible to me if ,i d
 n "k ,*9ese2 b :at di/+ui%es  a "w (   
art f all o!r m5tal activity is j ! fact
 t its  language is und]/ood by all1 & t
 x infects all )\t  di/9ction4 ,! te>s &
 laught] ( a ,*9ese infect me j z !     

laught] & te>s ( a ,russian2 & x is !   
same ) pa9t+ &  music & poetry1 :5 x is 
translat$ into a language ,i und]/&4  ,!
 songs ( a ,kirghiz or ( a ,japanese t\*
 me1 ?\gh 9 a less]  degree ?an !y t\* a
 ,kirghiz or a ,japanese4 ,i am also    
t\*$ by  ,japanese pa9t+1 ,indian       
ar*itecture1 & ,arabian /ories4 ,if ,i  
am b  little t\*$ by a ,japanese song & 
a ,*9ese novel1 x is n t ,i  d n und]/& 
^! productions1 b t ,i "k & am accu/om$ 
to high] works ( art4 ,x is n because _!
 art is above me4 ,great  works ( art   
are only great because !y are accessible
 &  compreh5sible to ev]yone4 ,! /ory ( 
,joseph1 translat$ into !  ,*9ese       
language1 t\*es a ,*9ese4 ,! /ory (     
,sakya ,muni t\*es u4  ,& !re are1 & mu/
 be1 build+s1 pictures1 /atues1 & music 
(  simil> p[]4 ,s t1 if art fails to    
move m51 x _c be said t  ?is is due to !
 spectators' or he>]s' lack ( und]/&+2 b
  ! conclusion to be drawn may1 & %\ld  
be1 t su* art is ei!r  bad art1 or is n 
art at all4    ,art is diff]5tiat$ f    

activity ( ! und]/&+1 :i* dem&s         
prep>ation & a c]ta9 sequ5ce ( k 7s t "o
 _c  le>n trigonometry be=e kn[+        
geometry71 by ! fact t x acts on  p     
indep5d5tly ( _! /ate ( developm5t &    
education1 t  ! *>m ( a picture1 (      
s\nds1 or ( =ms1 infects any man :atev] 
8 plane ( developm5t4    ,! bus9ess (   
art lies j 9 ?is--to make t und]/ood &  
felt  :i*1 9 ! =m ( an argum5t1 might be
 incompreh5sible &  inaccessible4       
,usually x seems to ! recipi5t ( a truly
 arti/ic  impression t he knew ! ?+ be=e
 b _h be5 unable to express  x4    ,&   
su* has always be5 ! nature ( good1     
supreme art2 ! ,iliad1  ! ,odyssey1 !   
/ories ( ,isaac1 ,jacob1 & ,joseph1 !   
,hebrew  prophets1 ! psalms1 ! ,gospel  
p>ables1 ! /ory ( ,sakya ,muni1 &  !    
hymns ( ! ,v$as3 all transmit v elevat$ 
feel+s1 & are  nev]!less q compreh5sible
 n[ to u1 educat$ or un$ucat$1 z  !y 7  
compreh5sible to ! m5 ( ^? times1 long  
ago1 :o 7  ev5 less educat$ ?an our     
lab\r]s4 ,p talk ab\t                   

incompreh5sibility2 b if art is !       
transmission ( feel+s fl[+  f man's     
religi\s p]ception1 h[ c a feel+ be     
incompreh5sible  :i* is f\nd$ on        
religion1 i4e4 on man's relation to     
,god8 ,su* art  %\ld be1 & has actually1
 always be51 compreh5sible to ev]ybody1 
because e man's relation to ,god is "o &
 ! same4 ,& !re=e  ! *ur*es & ! images 9
 !m 7 always compreh5sible to  ev]yone4 
,! h9drance to und]/&+ ! be/ & highe/   
feel+s  7z is said 9 ! gospel7 does n at
 all lie 9 defici5cy (  developm5t or   
le>n+1 b1 on ! contr>y1 9 false         
developm5t &  false le>n+4 ,a good &    
l(ty "w ( art may be incompreh5sible1  b
 n to simple1 unp]v]t$ peasant lab\r]s  
7all t is highe/ is  und]/ood by !m7--x 
may be1 & (t5 is1 un9telligible to      
erudite1  p]v]t$ p de/itute ( religion4 
,& ?is cont9ually occurs 9  our society1
 9 :i* ! highe/ feel+s are simply n     
und]/ood4  ,= in/ance1 ,i "k p :o       
consid] !mselves mo/ ref9$1 &  :o say t 
!y d n und]/& ! poetry ( love to "o's   

neighb\r1 ( self-sacrifice1 or ( *a/ity4
    ,s t good1 great1 univ]sal1 religi\s
 art may be incompreh5sible to  a small 
circle ( spoilt p1 b c]ta9ly n to any   
l>ge numb]  ( pla9 m54    ,art _c be    
incompreh5sible to ! great masses only  
because x is  v good1--z arti/s ( our   
day are fond ( tell+ u4 ,r we are  b\nd 
to conclude t ?is art is un9telligible  
to ! great masses  only because x is v  
bad art1 or ev5 is n art at all4 ,s t ! 
fav\rite argum5t 7navely accept$ by !   
cultur$ cr[d71 t 9  ord] to feel art "o 
has fir/ to und]/& x 7:i* really only   
means habituate oneself to x71 is !     
true/ indication t :at we  are ask$ to  
und]/& by su* a me?od is ei!r v bad1    
exclusive  art1 or is n art at all4     
,p say t works ( art d n please ! p     
because !y are  incapable ( und]/&+ !m4 
,b if ! aim ( works ( art is to  infect 
p ) ! emotion ! arti/ has exp]i5c$1 h[ c
 "o  talk ab\t n und]/&+8    ,a man ( ! 
p reads a book1 sees a picture1 he>s a  
play or a  symphony1 & is t\*$ by no    

feel+4 ,he is told t ?is is because  he 
_c und]/&4 ,p promise to let a man see a
 c]ta9 %[2 he  ent]s & sees no?+4 ,he is
 told t ?is is because 8 sight is  n    
prep>$ = ?is %[4 ,b ! man well kn[s t he
 sees q  well1 & if he does n see :at p 
promis$ to %[ him1 he only  concludes 7z
 is q j7 t ^? :o und]took to %[ him !   
spectacle h n fulfill$ _! engagem5t4 ,& 
x is p]fectly j  = a man :o does feel ! 
influ5ce ( "s works ( art to come to    
?is conclusion conc]n+ arti/s :o d n1 by
 _! works1 evoke  feel+ 9 him4 ,to say t
 ! reason a man is n t\*$ by my art is  
because he is /ill too /upid1 besides   
be+ v self-conceit$ &  also rude1 is to 
rev]se ! rles1 & = ! sick to s5d ! hale 
to  b$4    ,voltaire said t 8,t\s les   
g5res sont bons1 hors le g5re           
ennuyeux02#ha b ) ev5 m "r "o may say ( 
art t ,t\s  les g5res sons bons1 hors   
celui qu'on ne compr5d pas1 or qui ne   
produit pas son effet1#hb = ( :at value 
is an article :i* fails  to d t = :i* x 
0 int5d$8    ,m>k ?is above all3 if only

 x be admitt$ t art may be art & yet  be
 un9telligible to anyone ( s\nd m9d1 !re
 is no reason :y any  circle ( p]v]t$ p 
%\ld n compose works tickl+ _! own      
p]v]t$ feel+s & compreh5sible to no "o b
 !mselves1 & call  x 8art10 z is        
actually be+ done by ! s-call$          
,decad5ts4    ,! direction art has tak5 
may be comp>$ to plac+ on a l>ge circle 
o!r circles1 small] & small]1 until a   
cone is =m$1 ! apex (  :i* is no long] a
 circle at all4 ,t is :at has happ5$ to 
! art  ( our times4    ,footnote #fh3   
,music1 music be=e all ?+s              
,! ecc5tric /ill pref]1                 
,vague 9 air1 & no?+ weighty1           
,soluble4 ,yet d n err1                 
,*oos+ words2 /ill d x lightly1         
,d x too ) "s contempt2                 
,de>e/ is ! song t's tipsy1             
,cle>ness1 dimness n exempt4            
,music always1 n[ & ev]                 
,be ?y v]se ! ?+ t flies                
,f a s\l t's gone1 escap+1              
,gone to o!r loves & skies4             

,gone to o!r loves & regions1           
,foll[+ =tunes t allure1                
,m9t & ?yme & morn+ crispness 444       
,all ! re/'s m]e lit]ature4    ,footnote
 #fi3      ,i ?9k !re %\ld be no?+ b    
allusions4 ,! contemplation (           
objects1 ! fly+ image ( rev]ies evok$ by
 !m1 are ! song4    ,! ,p>nassi5s /ate !
 ?+ completely1 & %[ x1 & !reby    lack 
my/]y2 !y deprive ! m9d ( t delici\s joy
 ( imag9+    t x creates4 ,to "n an     
object is to take ?ree-qu>t]s f !       
enjoym5t ( ! poem1 :i* consi/s 9 !      
happ9ess ( guess+    little by little3  
to sugge/1 t is ! dream4 ,x is ! p]fect 
use ( ?is my/]y t con/itutes ! symbol3  
little by little1 to    evoke an object 
9 ord] to %[ a /ate ( ! s\l2 or         
inv]sely1 to    *oose an object1 & f x  
to dis5gage a /ate ( ! s\l by a    s]ies
 ( deciph]+s4      444 ,if a be+ (      
m$iocre intellig5ce & insuffici5t lit]>y
    prep>ation *ance to op5 a book made 
9 ?is way & pret5ds to    enjoy x1 !re  
is a misund]/&+--?+s mu/ be return$ to  

_!    places4 ,!re %\ld always be an    
enigma 9 poetry1 & ! aim (              
lit]ature--x has no o!r--is to evoke    
objects4    ,footnote #gj3      ,x 7 "t 
also to h done ) ?is fam\s 8!ory (      
obscurity10    :i* ! new s*ool h        
practically rais$ to ! height ( a dogma4
    ,footnote #ga3      ,= translation1 
see ,app5dix ,,iv4    ,footnote #gb3    
,= translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4      
,footnote #gc3      ,= translation1 see 
,app5dix ,,iv4    ,footnote #gd3      ,=
 translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4        
,footnote #ge3      ,= translation1 see 
,app5dix ,,iv4    ,footnote #gf3      ,=
 translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4        
,footnote #gg3            ,i d n wi% to 
?9k any m1 except ab\t my "m ,m>y1      
,seat ( wisdom & s\rce ( p>don1         
,also ,"m ( ,france1 f :om we           
,/eadfa/ly expect ! hon\r ( our c\ntry4 
,footnote #gh3      ,?is sonnet seems   
too un9telligible =                     
translation4--,trans4    ,footnote #gi3 
,= translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4      

,footnote #hj3      ,! quick] x goes !  
long] x la/s4    ,footnote #ha3         
,all /yles are good except ! we>isome   
/yle4    ,footnote #hb3      ,all /yles 
are good except t :i* is n und]/ood1 or 
:i*    fails to produce its effect4     
,,*apt] ,,xi      ,becom+ ev] poor] &   
poor] 9 subject-matt] & m & m           
un9telligible 9 =m1 ! art ( ! upp]      
classes1 9 its late/  productions1 has  
ev5 lo/ all ! *>act]i/ics ( art1 & has  
be5  replac$ by imitations ( art4 ,n    
only has upp]-class art1 9  consequ5ce (
 its sep>ation f univ]sal art1 become   
poor 9  subject-matt] & bad 9 =m1 i4e4  
ev] m & m  un9telligible1 x has1 9 c\rse
 ( "t1 ceas$ ev5 to be art at all1  &   
has be5 replac$ by c\nt]feits4    ,?is  
has result$ f ! foll[+ causes4 ,univ]sal
 art arises only  :5 "s "o ( ! p1 hav+  
exp]i5c$ a /rong emotion1 feels  !      
necessity ( transmitt+ x to o!rs4 ,! art
 ( ! ri* classes1  on ! o!r h&1 arises n
 f ! arti/'s inn] impulse1 b  *iefly    
because p ( ! upp] classes dem& amusem5t

 & pay  well = x4 ,!y dem& f art !      
transmission ( feel+s t  please !m1 &   
?is dem& arti/s try to meet4 ,b x is a v
  difficult task1 = p ( ! weal?y        
classes1 sp5d+ _! lives  9 idl5ess &    
luxury1 desire to be cont9ually div]t$  
by art2 &  art1 ev5 ! l[e/1 _c be       
produc$ at w1 b has to g5]ate           
spontane\sly 9 ! arti/'s inn] self4 ,&  
!re=e1 to satisfy !  dem&s ( p ( ! upp] 
classes1 arti/s h _h to devise  me?ods (
 produc+ imitations ( art4 ,& su* me?ods
 h be5  devis$4    ,^! me?ods are ^? (  
7#a7 borr[+1 7#b7 imitat+1 7#c7 /rik+   
7effects71 & 7#d7 int]e/+4    ,! fir/   
me?od consi/s 9 borr[+ :ole subjects1 or
 m]ely  sep>ate features1 f =m] works   
recognis$ by ev]yone z be+  poetical1 & 
9 s re-%ap+ !m1 ) sundry additions1 t !y
  %\ld h an appe>ance ( novelty4    ,su*
 works1 evok+ 9 p ( a c]ta9 class       
memories ( arti/ic  feel+s =m]ly        
exp]i5c$1 produce an impression simil>  
to art1  &1 provid$ only t !y con=m to  
o!r ne$ful conditions1 !y  pass = art   

among ^? :o seek = pleasure f art4      
,subjects  borr[$ f previ\s works ( art 
are usually call$ poetical  subjects4   
,objects & p ?us borr[$ are call$       
poetical objects  & p4 ,?us1 9 our      
circle1 all sorts ( leg5ds1 sagas1 &    
anci5t traditions are consid]$ poetical 
subjects4 ,among poetical  p & objects  
we reckon maid5s1 w>riors1 %eph]ds1     
h]mits1  angels1 devils ( all sorts1    
moonlight1 ?und]1 m\nta9s1 ! sea1       
precipices1 fl[]s1 long hair1 lions1    
lambs1 doves1 & night+ales4  ,9 g5]al1  
all ^? objects are consid]$ poetical :i*
 h be5  mo/ frequ5tly us$ by =m] arti/s 
9 _! productions4    ,"s =ty ye>s ago a 
/upid b highly cultur$--ayant beauc\p   
d'acquis--lady 7s9ce deceas$7 ask$ me to
 li/5 to a novel writt5 by  h]self4 ,x  
began ) a h]o9e :o1 9 a poetic :ite     
dress1 & )  poetically fl[+ hair1 0     
read+ poetry ne> "s wat] 9 a poetic     
wood4 ,! sc5e 0 9 ,russia1 b sudd5ly f  
beh9d ! bu%es !  h]o appe>s1 we>+ a hat 
) a fea!r  la ,guillaume ,tell 7!  book 

specially m5tion$ ?is7 & accompani$ by  
two poetical :ite  dogs4 ,! au?oress    
deem$ all ?is highly poetical1 & x might
 h  pass$ mu/] if only x _h n be5       
necess>y = ! h]o to speak4  ,b z soon z 
! g5tleman 9 ! hat  la ,guillaume ,tell 
began to  conv]se ) ! maid5 9 ! :ite    
dress1 x became obvi\s t !  au?oress _h 
no?+ to say1 b _h m]ely be5 mov$ by     
poetic  memories ( o!r works1 & imag9$ t
 by r++ ! *anges on  ^? memories %e c\ld
 produce an arti/ic impression4 ,b an   
arti/ic  impression1 i4e4 infection1 is 
only receiv$ :5 an au?or has1 9  ! mann]
 peculi> to himself1 exp]i5c$ ! feel+   
:i* he  transmits1 & n :5 he passes on  
ano!r man's feel+ previ\sly  transmitt$ 
to him4 ,su* poetry f poetry _c infect  
p1 x c  only simulate a "w ( art1 & ev5 
t only to p ( p]v]t$  /hetic ta/e4 ,!   
lady 9 "q be+ v /upid & devoid (  tal5t1
 x 0 at once app>5t h[ ! case /ood2 b :5
 su*  borr[+ is resort$ to by p :o are  
erudite & tal5t$ & h  cultivat$ !       
te*nique ( _! art1 we get ^? borr[+s f !

  ,greek1 ! antique1 ! ,*ri/ian or      
my?ological _w :i* h  become s num]\s1 &
 :i*1 p>ticul>ly 9 our day1 cont9ue to  
increase & multiply1 & are accept$ by ! 
public z works ( art1  if only ! borr[+s
 are well m\nt$ by means ( ! te*nique ( 
!  p>ticul> art to :i* !y belong4    ,z 
a *>act]i/ic example ( su* c\nt]feits ( 
art 9 ! realm (  poetry1 take ,ro/&'s   
,pr9cesse ,lo9ta9e1 9 :i* !re is n a    
sp>k ( art1 b :i* seems v poetical to _m
 p1 & probably  also to its au?or4    ,!
 second me?od ( imp>t+ a semblance ( art
 is t :i* ,i h  call$ imitat+4 ,! ess5ce
 ( ?is me?od consi/s 9 supply+  details 
accompany+ ! ?+ describ$ or depict$4 ,9 
lit]>y art  ?is me?od consi/s 9         
describ+1 9 ! m9ute/ details1 !  ext]nal
 appe>ance1 ! faces1 ! clo!s1 ! ge/ures1
 ! tones1  & ! habitations ( ! *>act]s  
repres5t$1 ) all !  occurr5ces met ) 9  
life4 ,= in/ance1 9 novels & /ories1 :5 
"o ( ! *>act]s speaks we are told 9 :at 
voice he spoke1 &  :at he 0 do+ at ! "t4
 ,& ! ?+s said are n giv5 s t  !y %\ld h

 z mu* s5se z possible1 b1 z !y are 9   
life1  disconnect$ly1 & ) int]ruptions &
 omissions4 ,9 dramatic art1  besides   
su* imitation ( real spee*1 ?is me?od   
consi/s 9 hav+  all ! accessories & all 
! p j l ^? 9 real life4 ,9  pa9t+ ?is   
me?od assimilates pa9t+ to photography &
 de/roys  ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,&1     
/range to say1 ?is me?od is us$  also 9 
music3 music tries to imitate n only by 
its rhy?m b also by  its v s\nds1 !     
s\nds :i* 9 real life accompany ! ?+ x  
wi%es to repres5t4    ,! ?ird me?od is  
by action1 (t5 purely physical1 on !    
out]  s5ses4 ,"w ( ?is k9d is said to be
 8/rik+10 8effectful40 ,9 all  arts ^!  
effects consi/ *iefly 9 contra/s2 9 br++
 toge!r  ! t]rible & ! t5d]1 ! beautiful
 & ! hide\s1 ! l\d &  ! s(t1 d>kness &  
light1 ! mo/ ord9>y & ! mo/             
extraord9>y4 ,9 v]bal art1 besides      
effects ( contra/1 !re are  also effects
 consi/+ 9 ! description ( ?+s t h nev] 
be=e be5 describ$4 ,^! are usually      
pornographic details evok+  sexual      

desire1 or details ( suff]+ & dea? evok+
 feel+s (  horror1 z1 = in/ance1 :5     
describ+ a murd]1 to give a detail$     
m$ical acc\nt ( ! lac]at$ tissues1 ( !  
swell+s1 ( !  smell1 quantity &         
appe>ance ( ! blood4 ,x is ! same 9     
pa9t+3  besides all k9ds ( o!r contra/s1
 "o is com+ into vogue :i*  consi/s 9   
giv+ c>eful f9i% to "o object & be+     
c>eless ab\t  all ! re/4 ,! *ief & usual
 effects 9 pa9t+ are effects (  light & 
! depiction ( ! horrible4 ,9 ! drama1 ! 
mo/ common  effects1 besides contra/s1  
are tempe/s1 ?und]1 moonlight1 sc5es at 
sea or by ! sea-%ore1 *anges ( co/ume1  
exposure ( ! female  body1 madness1     
murd]s1 & dea? g5]ally3 ! dy+ p]son     
exhibit+  9 detail all ! phases ( agony4
 ,9 music ! mo/ usual effects are a     
cresc5do1 pass+ f ! s(te/ & simple/     
s\nds to ! l\de/  & mo/ complex cra% ( !
 full or*e/ra2 a repetition ( ! same    
s\nds arpeggio 9 all ! octaves & on     
v>i\s in/rum5ts2 or t  ! h>mony1 tone1 &
 rhy?m be n at all ^? naturally fl[+ f  

! c\rse ( ! musical ?\ght1 b su* z /rike
 "o by _!  unexpect$ness4 ,besides ^!1 !
 commone/ effects 9 music are  produc$ 9
 a purely physical mann] by /r5g? (     
s\nd1 especially 9  an or*e/ra4    ,su* 
are "s ( ! mo/ usual effects 9 ! v>i\s  
arts1 b !re  yet rema9s "o common to !m 
all1 namely1 to convey by means ( "o    
art :at x w\ld be natural to convey by  
ano!r3 = in/ance1 to make  music        
describe 7z is done by ! programme music
 ( ,wagn] & 8  foll[]s71 or to make     
pa9t+1 ! drama1 or poetry1 induce a     
frame (  m9d 7z is aim$ at by all !     
,decad5t art74    ,! f\r? me?od is t (  
int]e/+ 7t is1 absorb+ ! m9d7  9        
connection ) works ( art4 ,! int]e/ may 
lie 9 an intricate  plot--a me?od till q
 rec5tly mu* employ$ 9 ,engli% novels & 
,fr5* plays1 b n[ go+ out ( fa%ion & be+
 replac$ by  au!nticity1 i4e4 by detail$
 description ( "s hi/orical p]iod  or "s
 bran* ( contempor>y life4 ,= example1 9
 a novel1  int]e/+ness may consi/ 9 a   
description ( ,egyptian or ,roman life1 

! life ( m9]s1 or t ( ! cl]ks 9 a l>ge  
%op4 ,! read]  becomes int]e/$ & mi/akes
 ?is int]e/ = an arti/ic  impression4 ,!
 int]e/ may also dep5d on ! v me?od (   
expression2 a k9d ( int]e/ t has n[ come
 mu* into use4 ,bo?  v]se & prose1 z    
well z pictures1 plays1 & music1 are    
con/ruct$  s t !y mu/ be guess$ l       
riddles1 & ?is process ( guess+  aga9   
af=ds pleasure & gives a semblance ( !  
feel+ receiv$  f art4    ,x is v (t5    
said t a "w ( art is v good because x is
  poetic1 or reali/ic1 or /rik+1 or     
int]e/+2 :]eas n only c  nei!r ! fir/1  
nor ! second1 nor ! ?ird1 nor ! f\r? (  
^! attributes supply a /&>d ( excell5ce 
9 art1 b !y h  n ev5 any?+ 9 common )   
art4    ,poetic--means borr[$4 ,all     
borr[+ m]ely recalls to ! read]1        
spectator1 or li/5] "s dim recollection 
( arti/ic impressions  !y h receiv$ f   
previ\s works ( art1 & does n infect !m 
) feel+ :i* ! arti/ has himself         
exp]i5c$4 ,a "w f\nd$ on  some?+ borr[$1
 l ,goe!'s ,fau/ = in/ance1 may be v    

well  execut$ & be full ( m9d & e       
beauty1 b because x lacks !  *ief       
*>act]i/ic ( a "w ( art--complet5ess1   
on5ess1 !  insep>able unity ( =m &      
cont5ts express+ ! feel+ ! arti/  has   
exp]i5c$--x _c produce a really arti/ic 
impression4 ,9  avail+ himself ( ?is    
me?od1 ! arti/ only transmits ! feel+   
receiv$ by him f a previ\s "w ( art2    
!re=e e borr[+1  :e!r x be ( :ole       
subjects1 or ( v>i\s sc5es1 situations1 
or  descriptions1 is b a reflection (   
art1 a simulation ( x1 b n  art itself4 
,& !re=e1 to say t a c]ta9 production is
 good  because x is poetic1--i4e4       
resembles a "w ( art1--is l say+ (  a   
co9 t x is good because x resembles real
 money4    ,equally little c imitation1 
realism1 s]ve1 z _m p ?9k1 z a  measure 
( ! quality ( art4 ,imitation _c be su* 
a measure1 =  ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( art is
 ! infection ( o!rs ) !  feel+s ! arti/ 
has exp]i5c$1 & infection ) a feel+ is n
  only n id5tical ) description ( !     
accessories ( :at is  transmitt$1 b is  

usually h9d]$ by sup]flu\s details4 ,!  
att5tion ( ! receiv] ( ! arti/ic        
impression is div]t$ by all  ^!         
well-obs]v$ details1 & !y h9d] !        
transmission ( feel+  ev5 :5 x exi/s4   
,to value a "w ( art by ! degree ( its  
realism1 by ! accuracy (  ! details     
reproduc$1 is z /range z to judge ( !   
nutritive  quality ( food by its ext]nal
 appe>ance4 ,:5 we appraise a "w        
accord+ to its realism1 we only %[ t we 
are talk+1 n ( a  "w ( art1 b ( its     
c\nt]feit4    ,nei!r does ! ?ird me?od (
 imitat+ art--by ! use ( :at is  /rik+  
or effectful--co9cide ) real art any    
bett] ?an ! two  =m] me?ods1 = 9        
effectfulness--! effects ( novelty1 ( ! 
unexpect$1 ( contra/s1 ( ! horrible--!re
 is no transmission (  feel+1 b only an 
action on ! n]ves4 ,if an arti/ 7 to    
pa9t a  bloody w\nd admirably1 ! sight (
 ! w\nd w\ld /rike me1 b x  w\ld n be   
art4 ,"o prolong$ note on a p[]ful organ
 w produce a  /rik+ impression1 w (t5   
ev5 cause te>s1 b !re is no music  9 x1 

because no feel+ is transmitt$4 ,yet su*
 physiological effects  are con/antly   
mi/ak5 = art by p ( our circle1 & ?is n 
only 9 music1 b also 9 poetry1 pa9t+1 & 
! drama4 ,x is said  t art has become   
ref9$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?anks to ! pursuit
 (  effectfulness1 x has become v co>se4
 ,a new piece is br\ght out &  accept$  
all ov] ,europe1 su*1 = in/ance1 z      
,hannele1 9 :i*  play ! au?or wi%es to  
transmit to ! spectators pity = a       
p]secut$ girl4 ,to evoke ?is feel+ 9 !  
audi5ce by means ( art1  ! au?or %\ld   
ei!r make "o ( ! *>act]s express ?is    
pity 9  su* a way z to infect ev]yone1  
or he %\ld describe ! girl's  feel+s    
correctly4 ,b he _c1 or w n1 d ?is1 &   
*ooses  ano!r way1 m complicat$ 9 /age  
managem5t b easi] = !  au?or4 ,he makes 
! girl die on ! /age2 &1 /ill fur!r to  
increase ! physiological effect on !    
spectators1 he ext+ui%es !  lights 9 !  
!atre1 leav+ ! audi5ce 9 ! d>k1 & to !  
s\nd ( dismal music he %[s h[ ! girl is 
pursu$ & beat5 by h]  drunk5 fa!r4 ,!   

girl %r9ks--screams--groans--& falls4   
,angels appe>  & c>ry h] away4 ,& !     
audi5ce1 exp]i5c+ "s excitem5t :ile  ?is
 is go+ on1 are fully conv9c$ t ?is is  
true /hetic  feel+4 ,b !re is no?+      
/hetic 9 su* excitem5t1 = !re is  no    
infect+ ( man by man1 b only a m+l$     
feel+ ( pity =  ano!r1 & (              
self-congratulation t x is n ,i :o am   
suff]+3  x is l :at we feel at ! sight (
 an execution1 or :at ! ,romans  felt 9 
_! circuses4    ,! sub/itution (        
effectfulness = /hetic feel+ is         
p>ticul>ly  noticeable 9 musical art--t 
art :i* by its nature has an imm$iate   
physiological action on ! n]ves4 ,in/ead
 ( transmitt+ by means (  a melody !    
feel+s he has exp]i5c$1 a compos] ( !   
new s*ool  accumulates & complicates    
s\nds1 & by n[ /r5g!n+1 n[  weak5+ !m1  
he produces on ! audi5ce a physiological
 effect ( a  k9d t c be measur$ by an   
app>atus inv5t$ = ! purpose4#hc  ,& !   
public mi/ake ?is physiological effect =
 ! effect ( art4    ,z to ! f\r?        

me?od--t ( int]e/+--x also is frequ5tly 
conf\nd$ ) art4 ,"o (t5 he>s x said1 n  
only ( a poem1 a  novel1 or a picture1 b
 ev5 ( a musical "w1 t x is int]e/+4    
,:at does ?is mean8 ,to speak ( an      
int]e/+ "w ( art means ei!r  t we       
receive f a "w ( art in=mation new to u1
 or t !  "w is n fully intelligible1 & t
 little by little1 & )  ef=t1 we arrive 
at its mean+1 & exp]i5ce a c]ta9        
pleasure 9  ?is process ( guess+ x4 ,9  
nei!r case has ! int]e/ any?+  9 common 
) arti/ic impression4 ,art aims at      
infect+ p )  feel+ exp]i5c$ by ! arti/4 
,b ! m5tal ef=t necess>y to  enable !   
spectator1 li/5]1 or read] to assimilate
 ! new  in=mation conta9$ 9 ! "w1 or to 
guess ! puzzles prop\nd$1  by di/ract+  
him1 h9d]s ! infection4 ,& !re=e !      
int]e/+ness ( a "w n only has no?+ to d 
) its excell5ce  z a "w ( art1 b r h9d]s
 ?an assi/s arti/ic impression4    ,we  
may1 9 a "w ( art1 meet ) :at is poetic1
 & reali/ic1 &  /rik+1 & int]e/+1 b ^!  
?+s _c replace ! ess5tial  ( art--feel+ 

exp]i5c$ by ! arti/4 ,latt]ly1 9        
upp]-class art1  mo/ ( ! objects giv5   
out z be+ works ( art are ( ! k9d  :i*  
only resemble art1 & are devoid ( its   
ess5tial quality--feel+  exp]i5c$ by !  
arti/4 ,&1 = ! div]sion ( ! ri*1 su*    
objects are cont9ually be+ produc$ 9    
enorm\s quantities by !  artisans ( art4
    ,_m conditions mu/ be fulfill$ to   
enable a man to produce a real "w  (    
art4 ,x is necess>y t he %\ld /& on !   
level ( ! highe/  life-conception ( 8   
"t1 t he %\ld exp]i5ce feel+ & h  !     
desire & capacity to transmit x1 & t he 
%\ld1 moreov]1  h a tal5t = "s "o ( !   
=ms ( art4 ,x is v seldom t  all ^!     
conditions necess>y to ! production (   
true art are  comb9$4 ,b 9 ord]--aid$ by
 ! cu/om>y me?ods ( borr[+1  imitat+1   
introduc+ effects1 & int]e/+--unceas+ly 
to produce  c\nt]feits ( art :i* pass = 
art 9 our society & are well paid  =1 x 
is only necess>y to h a tal5t = "s bran*
 ( art2 &  ?is is v (t5 to be met )4 ,by
 tal5t ,i mean ability3 9 lit]>y  art1 !

 ability to express "o's ?\ghts &       
impressions easily & to  notice &       
rememb] *>act]i/ic details2 9 !         
depictive arts1 to  di/+ui% & rememb]   
l9es1 =ms1 & col\rs2 9 music1 to        
di/+ui% ! int]vals1 & to rememb] &      
transmit ! sequ5ce (  s\nds4 ,& a man1 9
 our times1 if only he possesses su* a  
tal5t &  selects "s specialty1 may1 aft]
 le>n+ ! me?ods (  c\nt]feit+ us$ 9 8   
bran* ( art1--if he has pati5ce & if 8  
/hetic feel+ 7:i* w\ld r5d] su*         
productions revolt+ to him7  be         
atrophi$1--unceas+ly1 till ! end ( 8    
life1 turn out works  :i* w pass = art 9
 our society4    ,to produce su*        
c\nt]feits1 def9ite rules or recipes    
exi/ 9 ea*  bran* ( art4 ,s t ! tal5t$  
man1 hav+ assimilat$ !m1 may  produce   
su* works  froid1 cold drawn1 )\t any   
feel+4    ,9 ord] to write poems a man (
 lit]>y tal5t ne$s only ^!              
qualifications3 to acquire ! knack1     
con=mably ) ! requirem5ts  ( rhyme &    
rhy?m1 ( us+1 in/ead ( ! "o really      

suitable ^w1  t5 o!rs mean+             
approximately ! same2 to le>n h[ to take
 any  phrase :i*1 to be cle>1 has b "o  
natural ord] ( words1 &  despite all    
possible dislocations /ill to reta9 "s  
s5se 9 x2 &  la/ly1 to be able1 guid$ by
 ! words requir$ = ! rhymes1 to  devise 
"s semblance ( ?\ghts1 feel+s1 or       
descriptions to suit  ^! words4 ,hav+   
acquir$ ^! qualifications1 he may       
unceas+ly  produce poems--%ort or long1 
religi\s1 amatory or patriotic1 accord+ 
to ! dem&4    ,if a man ( lit]>y tal5t  
wi%es to write a /ory or novel1 he ne$  
only =m 8 /yle--i4e4 le>n h[ to describe
 all t he sees--&  accu/om himself to   
rememb] or note d[n details4 ,:5 he has 
accu/om$ himself to ?is1 he c1 accord+  
to 8 incl9ation or !  dem&1 unceas+ly   
produce novels or /ories--hi/orical1    
naturali/ic1  social1 erotic1           
psy*ological1 or ev5 religi\s1 = :i*    
latt] k9d  a dem& & fa%ion beg9s to %[  
itself4 ,he c take subjects f  books or 
f ! ev5ts ( life1 & c copy ! *>act]s ( !

  p 9 8 book f 8 acqua9tances4    ,& su*
 novels & /ories1 if only !y are deck$  
out ) well  obs]v$ & c>efully not$      
details1 pref]ably erotic ones1 w be    
consid]$ works ( art1 ev5 ?\gh !y may n 
conta9 a sp>k (  feel+ exp]i5c$4    ,to 
produce art 9 dramatic =m1 a tal5t$ man1
 9 addition to all t  is requir$ =      
novels & /ories1 mu/ also le>n to furni%
 8  *>act]s ) z _m sm>t & witty s5t5ces 
z possible1 mu/ "k  h[ to utilise       
!atrical effects1 & h[ to entw9e !      
action ( 8  *>act]s s t !re %\ld n be   
any long conv]sations1 b z  mu* bu/le & 
movem5t on ! /age z possible4 ,if !     
writ] is able  to d ?is1 he may produce 
dramatic works "o aft] ano!r )\t  /opp+1
 select+ 8 subjects f ! reports ( ! law 
c\rts1 or  f ! late/ society topic1 su* 
z hypnotism1 h]$ity1 etc41 or  f deep   
antiquity1 or ev5 f ! realms ( fancy4   
,9 ! sph]e ( pa9t+ & sculpture x is /ill
 easi] = !  tal5t$ man to produce       
imitations ( art4 ,he ne$ only le>n to  
draw1  pa9t1 & model--especially nak$   

bodies4 ,?us equipp$ he c cont9ue  to   
pa9t pictures1 or model /atues1 "o aft] 
ano!r1 *oos+  subjects accord+ to 8     
b5t--my?ological1 or religi\s1 or       
fanta/ic1  or symbolical2 or he may     
depict :at is writt5 ab\t 9 ! pap]s--a  
coronation1 a /rike1 ! ,turko-,grecian  
w>1 fam9e sc5es2 or1  commone/ ( all1 he
 may j copy any?+ he ?9ks beautiful--f  
nak$ wom5 to copp] bas9s4    ,= !       
production ( musical art ! tal5t$ man   
ne$s /ill less (  :at con/itutes !      
ess5ce ( art1 i4e4 feel+ :]e) to infect 
o!rs2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he requires m     
physical1 gymna/ic  lab\r ?an = any o!r 
art1 unless x be danc+4 ,to produce     
works (  musical art1 he mu/ fir/ le>n  
to move 8 f+]s on "s in/rum5t  z rapidly
 z ^? :o h rea*$ ! highe/ p]fection2    
next he  mu/ "k h[ 9 =m] times          
polyphonic music 0 writt51 mu/ /udy  :at
 are call$ c\nt]po9t & fugue2 &         
fur!rmore1 he mu/ le>n  or*e/ration1    
i4e4 h[ to utilise ! effects ( !        
in/rum5ts4 ,b  once he has le>n$ all    

?is1 ! compos] may unceas+ly produce "o 
"w aft] ano!r2 :e!r programme-music1    
op]a1 or song 7devis+  s\nds m or less  
correspond+ to ! words71 or *amb] music1
  i4e4 he may take ano!r man's !mes & "w
 !m up into def9ite  =ms by means (     
c\nt]po9t & fugue2 or1 :at is commone/ (
 all1  he may compose fanta/ic music1   
i4e4 he may take a conjunction (  s\nds 
:i* happ5s to come to h&1 & pile e sort 
(  complication & ornam5tation on to ?is
 *ance comb9ation4    ,?us1 9 all realms
 ( art1 c\nt]feits ( art are manufactur$
 to a  ready-made1 pre>rang$ recipe1 &  
^! c\nt]feits ! public ( our  upp]      
classes accept = real art4    ,& ?is    
sub/itution ( c\nt]feits = real works ( 
art 0 !  ?ird & mo/ important consequ5ce
 ( ! sep>ation ( ! art ( !  upp] classes
 f univ]sal art4    ,footnote #hc3      
,an app>atus exi/s by means ( :i* a v   
s5sitive arr[1 9    dep5d5ce on ! t5sion
 ( a muscle ( ! arm1 w indicate !       
physiological action ( music on ! n]ves 
& muscles4                              

,,*apt] ,,xii      ,9 our society ?ree  
conditions co-op]ate to cause !         
production (  objects ( c\nt]feit art4  
,!y are--7#a7 ! consid]able remun]ation 
( arti/s = _! productions & !           
pr(essionalisation ( arti/s  :i* ?is has
 produc$1 7#b7 art criticism1 & 7#c7    
s*ools ( art4    ,:ile art 0 z yet      
undivid$1 & only religi\s art 0 valu$ & 
rew>d$ :ile indiscrim9ate art 0 left    
unrew>d$1 !re 7 no  c\nt]feits ( art1   
or1 if any exi/$1 be+ expos$ to !       
criticism  ( ! :ole p1 !y quickly       
disappe>$4 ,b z soon z t  division      
occurr$1 & ! upp] classes acclaim$ e k9d
 ( art z  good if only x af=d$ !m       
pleasure1 & began to rew>d su* art  m   
highly ?an any o!r social activity1     
imm$iately a l>ge numb]  ( p devot$     
!mselves to ?is activity1 & art assum$ q
 a  diff]5t "* & became a pr(ession4    
,& z soon z ?is occurr$1 ! *ief & mo/   
preci\s quality (  art--its s9c]ity--0  
at once greatly weak5$ & ev5tually q    
de/roy$4    ,! pr(essional arti/ lives  

by 8 art1 & has cont9ually to inv5t     
subjects = 8 works1 & does inv5t !m4 ,& 
x is obvi\s h[  great a diff]5ce mu/    
exi/ betwe5 works ( art produc$ on ! "o 
h& by m5 su* z ! ,jewi% prophets1 !     
au?ors ( ! ,psalms1  ,francis ( ,assisi1
 ! au?ors ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 (      
folk-/ories1 leg5ds1 & folk-songs1 _m ( 
:om n only receiv$ no  remun]ation = _! 
"w1 b did n ev5 atta* _! names to x2  &1
 on ! o!r h&1 works produc$ by c\rt     
poets1 dramati/s &  musicians receiv+   
hon\rs & remun]ation2 & lat] on by      
pr(essional arti/s1 :o liv$ by ! trade1 
receiv+ remun]ation  f newspap] editors1
 publi%]s1 impres>ios1 & 9 g5]al f  ^?  
ag5ts :o come betwe5 ! arti/s & ! t[n   
public--!  consum]s ( art4              
,pr(essionalism is ! fir/ condition ( ! 
diffusion ( false1  c\nt]feit art4    ,!
 second condition is ! gr[?1 9 rec5t    
times1 ( arti/ic  criticism1 i4e4 !     
valuation ( art n by ev]ybody1 &1 above 
all1  n by pla9 m51 b by erudite1 t is1 
by p]v]t$ & at ! same  "t self-confid5t 

individuals4    ,a fri5d ( m9e1 speak+ (
 ! relation ( critics to arti/s1        
half-jok+ly def9$ x ?us3 8,critics are !
 /upid :o discuss !  wise40 ,h[ev]      
p>tial1 inexact1 & rude ?is def9ition   
may be1 x is  yet p>tly true1 & is      
incomp>ably ju/] ?an ! def9ition :i*    
consid]s critics to be m5 :o c expla9   
works ( art4    8,critics expla960 ,:at 
d !y expla98    ,! arti/1 if a real     
arti/1 has by 8 "w transmitt$ to o!rs ! 
feel+ he exp]i5c$4 ,:at is !re1 !n1 to  
expla98    ,if a "w be good z art1 !n ! 
feel+ express$ by ! arti/--be x  moral  
or immoral--transmits itself to o!r p4  
,if transmitt$ to  o!rs1 !n !y feel x1 &
 all int]pretations are sup]flu\s4 ,if  
! "w does n infect p1 no explanation c  
make x contagi\s4  ,an arti/'s "w _c be 
int]pret$4 ,_h x be5 possible to expla9 
9 words :at he wi%$ to convey1 ! arti/  
w\ld h express$  himself 9 words4 ,he   
express$ x by 8 art1 only because !     
feel+  he exp]i5c$ c\ld n be o!rwise    
transmitt$4 ,! int]pretation (  works ( 

art by words only indicates t !         
int]pret] is himself  incapable ( feel+ 
! infection ( art4 ,& ?is is actually ! 
case1 =1 h[ev] /range x may seem to say 
s1 critics h always  be5 p less         
susceptible ?an o!r m5 to ! contagion ( 
art4 ,=  ! mo/ "p !y are able writ]s1   
educat$ & clev]1 b ) _!  capacity ( be+ 
infect$ by art q p]v]t$ or atrophi$4 ,& 
!re=e _! writ+s h always l>gely         
contribut$1 & /ill  contribute1 to !    
p]v]sion ( ! ta/e ( t public :i* reads  
!m & tru/s !m4    ,arti/ic criticism did
 n exi/--c\ld n & _c exi/--9 societies  
:]e art is undivid$1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1
 x is apprais$ by !  religi\s           
und]/&+-(-life common to ! :ole p4 ,art 
criticism grew1 & c\ld gr[1 only on !   
art ( ! upp] classes1  :o did n         
ackn[l$ge ! religi\s p]ception ( _! "t4 
,univ]sal art has a def9ite &           
indubitable int]nal  crit]ion--religi\s 
p]ception2 upp]-class art lacks ?is1 &  
!re=e ! appreciators ( t art are oblig$ 
to cl+ to "s  ext]nal crit]ion4 ,& !y   

f9d x 9 8! judgm5ts ( !  f9e/-nurtur$10 
z an ,engli% /hetician has phras$ x1 t  
is1 9  ! au?ority ( ! p :o are consid]$ 
educat$1 nor 9 ?is  alone1 b also 9 a   
tradition ( su* au?orities4 ,?is        
tradition is  extremely mislead+1 bo?   
because ! op9ions ( 8! f9e/-nurtur$0    
are (t5 mi/ak51 & also because judgm5ts 
:i* 7 valid once  cease to be s ) !     
lapse ( "t4 ,b ! critics1 hav+ no basis 
= _! judgm5ts1 nev] cease to repeat _!  
traditions4 ,!  classical trag$ians 7   
once consid]$ good1 & !re=e criticism   
consid]s !m to be s /ill4 ,dante 0      
e/eem$ a great poet1 ,raphael  a great  
pa9t]1 ,ba* a great musician--& !       
critics1 lack+ a  /&>d by :i* to sep>ate
 good art f bad1 n only consid] ^!      
arti/s great1 b reg>d all _! productions
 z admirable & wor?y  ( imitation4 ,no?+
 has contribut$1 & /ill contributes1 s  
mu* to  ! p]v]sion ( art z ^! au?orities
 set up by criticism4 ,a man  produces a
 "w ( art1 l e true arti/ express+ 9 8  
own  peculi> mann] a feel+ he has       

exp]i5c$4 ,mo/ p are infect$  by !      
arti/'s feel+2 & 8 "w becomes kn[n4 ,!n 
criticism1  discuss+ ! arti/1 says t !  
"w is n bad1 b all ! same  ! arti/ is n 
a ,dante1 nor a ,%akespe>1 nor a ,goe!1 
nor a  ,raphael1 nor :at ,bee?ov5 0 9 8 
la/ p]iod4 ,& ! "y arti/  sets to "w to 
copy ^? :o are held up = 8 imitation1 & 
he  produces n only feeble works1 b     
false works1 c\nt]feits ( art4    ,?us1 
= in/ance1 our ,pu%k9 writes 8 %ort     
poems1 ,evg5iy  ,oneg91 ,! ,gipsies1 & 8
 /ories--works all v>y+ 9 quality1  b   
all true art4 ,b !n1 "u ! influ5ce (    
false criticism  extoll+ ,%akespe>1 he  
writes ,boris ,godun(f1 a cold1         
bra9-spun  "w1 & ?is production is laud$
 by ! critics1 set up z a model1  &     
imitations ( x appe>3 ,m99 by ,o/rovsky1
 & ,ts> ,boris by  ,alexe ,tol/oy1 & su*
 imitations ( imitations z cr[d all     
lit]atures ) insignificant productions4 
,! *ief h>m done by !  critics is ?is1 t
 !mselves lack+ ! capacity to be infect$
 by  art 7& t is ! *>act]i/ic ( all     

critics2 = did !y n  lack ?is !y c\ld n 
attempt ! impossible--! int]pretation ( 
works ( art71 !y pay mo/ att5tion to1 & 
eulogise1 bra9-spun1  inv5t$ works1 &   
set ^! up z models wor?y ( imitation4 ,t
 is  ! reason !y s confid5tly extol1 9  
lit]ature1 ! ,greek  trag$ians1 ,dante1 
,tasso1 ,milton1 ,%akespe>1 ,goe! 7almo/
 all he  wrote71 &1 among rec5t writ]s1 
,zola & ,ibs52 9 music1 ,bee?ov5's  la/ 
p]iod1 & ,wagn]4 ,to ju/ify _! praise ( 
^! bra9-spun1  inv5t$ works1 !y devise  
entire !ories 7( :i* ! fam\s !ory  (    
beauty is "o72 & n only dull b also     
tal5t$ p compose  works 9 /rict def]5ce 
to ^! !ories2 & (t5 ev5 real  arti/s1   
do+ viol5ce to _! g5ius1 submit to !m4  
,e false "w extoll$ by ! critics s]ves z
 a door ?r\gh :i*  ! hypocrites ( art at
 once cr[d 94    ,x is solely due to !  
critics1 :o 9 our times /ill praise     
rude1  savage1 &1 = u1 (t5 mean+less    
works ( ! anci5t ,greeks3  ,sophocles1  
,euripides1 s*ylus1 & especially        
,ari/ophanes2 or1 (  mod]n writ]s1      

,dante1 ,tasso1 ,milton1 ,%akespe>2 9   
pa9t+1 all (  ,raphael1 all ( ,mi*ael   
,angelo1 includ+ 8 absurd 8,la/         
,judgm5t02 9  music1 ! :ole ( ,ba*1 & ! 
:ole ( ,bee?ov51 includ+ 8 la/          
p]iod1--?anks only to !m1 h ! ,ibs5s1   
,maet]l9cks1 ,v]la9es1  ,mall>ms1 ,puvis
 de ,*avannes1 ,kl+]s1 ,bckl9s1 ,/ucks1 
,s*neid]s2  9 music1 ! ,wagn]s1 ,liszts1
 ,b]liozes1 ,brahmses1 & ,ri*>d         
,/rausses1 etc41 & all t imm5se mass (  
good-=-no?+ imitators  ( ^! imitators1  
become possible 9 our day4    ,z a good 
illu/ration ( ! h>mful influ5ce (       
criticism1 take its  relation to        
,bee?ov54 ,among 8 innum]able ha/y      
productions writt5  to ord]1 !re are1   
not)/&+ _! artificiality ( =m1 works  ( 
true art4 ,b he gr[s deaf1 _c he>1 &    
beg9s to write  inv5t$1 unf9i%$ works1  
:i* are consequ5tly (t5 mean+less &     
musically un9telligible4 ,i "k t        
musicians c imag9e s\nds  vividly en\gh1
 & c almo/ he> :at !y read1 b imag9>y   
s\nds  c nev] replace real ones1 & e    

compos] mu/ he> 8 production  9 ord] to 
p]fect x4 ,bee?ov51 h[ev]1 c\ld n he>1  
c\ld n  p]fect 8 "w1 & consequ5tly      
publi%$ productions :i* are  arti/ic    
rav+s4 ,b criticism1 hav+ once ackn[l$g$
 him to be a  great compos]1 seizes on j
 ^! abnormal works ) special gu/o1  &   
se>*es = extraord9>y beauties 9 !m4 ,&1 
to ju/ify its  laudations 7p]v]t+ ! v   
mean+ ( musical art71 x attribut$  to   
music ! prop]ty ( describ+ :at x _c     
describe4 ,&  imitators appe>--an       
innum]able ho/ ( imitators ( ^! abnormal
  attempts at arti/ic productions :i*   
,bee?ov5 wrote :5 he 0 deaf4    ,!n     
,wagn] appe>s1 :o at fir/ 9 critical    
articles praises j  ,bee?ov5's la/      
p]iod1 & connects ?is music )           
,s*op5hau]'s  my/ical !ory t music is ! 
expression ( ,w--n ( sep>ate            
manife/ations ( w objectivis$ on v>i\s  
planes1 b ( its v  ess5ce--:i* is 9     
itself z absurd z ?is music ( ,bee?ov54 
,&  aft]w>ds he composes music ( 8 own  
on ?is !ory1 9 conjunction  ) ano!r /ill

 m errone\s sy/em ( ! union ( all !     
arts4  ,aft] ,wagn] yet new imitators   
appe>1 div]g+ yet fur!r f art3  ,brahms1
 ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 & o!rs4    ,su* are !  
results ( criticism4 ,b ! ?ird condition
 ( !  p]v]sion ( art1 namely1 art       
s*ools1 is almo/ m h>mful /ill4    ,z   
soon z art became1 n art = ! :ole p b = 
a ri*  class1 x became a pr(ession2 z   
soon z x became a pr(ession1  me?ods 7  
devis$ to tea* x2 p :o *ose ?is         
pr(ession (  art began to le>n ^!       
me?ods1 & ?us pr(essional s*ools sprang 
up3 classes ( rhetoric or lit]ature 9 ! 
public s*ools1 academies  = pa9t+1      
cons]vatoires = music1 s*ools = dramatic
 art4    ,9 ^! s*ools art is taught6 ,b 
art is ! transmission to o!rs (  a      
special feel+ exp]i5c$ by ! arti/4 ,h[ c
 ?is be taught 9  s*ools8    ,no s*ool c
 evoke feel+ 9 a man1 & /ill less c x   
tea* him  h[ to manife/ x 9 ! "o        
p>ticul> mann] natural to him alone4  ,b
 ! ess5ce ( art lies 9 ^! ?+s4    ,! "o 
?+ ^! s*ools c tea* is h[ to transmit   

feel+s  exp]i5c$ by o!r arti/s 9 ! way  
^? o!r arti/s transmitt$  !m4 ,& ?is is 
j :at ! pr(essional s*ools d tea*2 & su*
  in/ruction n only does n assi/ !      
spread ( true art1 b1 on !  contr>y1 by 
diffus+ c\nt]feits ( art1 does m ?an    
any?+ else  to deprive p ( ! capacity to
 und]/& true art4    ,9 lit]>y art p are
 taught h[1 )\t hav+ any?+ !y wi%  to   
say1 to write a _m-pag$ composition on a
 !me ab\t :i* !y  h nev] ?\ght1 &1      
moreov]1 to write x s t x %\ld  resemble
 ! "w ( an au?or admitt$ to be          
celebrat$4 ,?is is taught  9 s*ools4    
,9 pa9t+ ! *ief tra9+ consi/s 9 le>n+ to
 draw & pa9t  f copies & models1 ! nak$ 
body *iefly 7! v ?+ t is  nev] se51 &   
:i* a man occupi$ ) real art h>dly ev]  
has to  depict71 & to draw & pa9t z =m] 
ma/]s drew & pa9t$4 ,!  composition (   
pictures is taught by giv+ out !mes     
simil> to ^?  :i* h be5 treat$ by =m]   
ackn[l$g$ celebrities4    ,s also 9     
dramatic s*ools1 ! pupils are taught to 
recite monologues  j z trag$ians1       

consid]$ celebrat$1 declaim$ !m4    ,x  
is ! same 9 music4 ,! :ole !ory ( music 
is no?+ b a  disconnect$ repetition ( ^?
 me?ods :i* ! ackn[l$g$8 ma/]s  (       
composition made use (4    ,i h else:]e 
quot$ ! pr(\nd rem>k ( ! ,russian arti/ 
,brul(f on art1 b ,i _c "h refra9 f     
repeat+ x1 because  no?+ bett]          
illu/rates :at c & :at c n be taught 9 !
  s*ools4 ,once :5 correct+ a pupil's   
/udy1 ,brul(f j t\*$ x  9 a few places1 
& ! poor dead /udy imm$iately became    
animat$4  8,:y1 y only t\*$ x a wee bit1
 & x is q ano!r ?+60  said "o ( !       
pupils4 8,art beg9s :]e ! wee bit       
beg9s10 repli$  ,brul(f1 indicat+ by ^! 
words j :at is mo/ *>act]i/ic (  art4 ,!
 rem>k is true ( all ! arts1 b its      
ju/ice is p>ticul>ly  noticeable 9 !    
p]=mance ( music4 ,t musical execution  
%\ld be  arti/ic1 %\ld be art1 i4e4 %\ld
 infect1 ?ree *ief conditions  mu/ be   
obs]v$1--!re are _m o!rs ne$$ = musical 
p]fection2  ! transition f "o s\nd to   
ano!r mu/ be int]rupt$ or  cont9u\s2 !  

s\nd mu/ increase or dim9i% /eadily2 x  
mu/ be  bl5d$ ) "o & n ) ano!r s\nd2 !  
s\nd mu/ h ?is or  t timbre1 & mu*      
besides1--b take ! ?ree *ief conditions3
 !  pit*1 ! "t1 & ! /r5g? ( ! s\nd4     
,musical execution is  only !n art1 only
 !n infects1 :5 ! s\nd is nei!r high]   
nor  l[] ?an x %\ld be1 t is1 :5 exactly
 ! inf9itely small  c5tre ( ! requir$   
note is tak52 :5 t note is cont9u$      
exactly z long z is ne$$2 & :5 ! /r5g? (
 ! s\nd is  nei!r m nor less ?an is     
requir$4 ,! slighte/ deviation ( pit*  9
 ei!r direction1 ! slighte/ increase or 
decrease 9 "t1 or !  slighte/ /r5g!n+ or
 weak5+ ( ! s\nd beyond :at is ne$$1    
de/roys ! p]fection &1 consequ5tly1 !   
infecti\sness ( !  "w4 ,s t ! feel+ (   
infection by ! art ( music1 :i* seems  s
 simple & s easily obta9$1 is a ?+ we   
receive only :5 !  p]=m] f9ds ^?        
inf9itely m9ute degrees :i* are necess>y
 to  p]fection 9 music4 ,x is ! same 9  
all arts3 a wee bit light]1 a  wee bit  
d>k]1 a wee bit high]1 l[]1 to ! "r or !

 left--9  pa9t+2 a wee bit weak] or     
/rong] 9 intonation1 or a wee bit  soon]
 or lat]--9 dramatic art2 a wee bit     
omitt$1 ov]-emphasis$1 or  exagg]at$--9 
poetry1 & !re is no contagion4          
,infection is only  obta9$ :5 an arti/  
f9ds ^? inf9itely m9ute degrees ( :i* a 
"w ( art consi/s1 & only to ! ext5t to  
:i* he f9ds !m4 ,&  x is q impossible to
 tea* p by ext]nal means to f9d ^!      
m9ute degrees3 !y c only be f\nd :5 a   
man yields to 8 feel+4  ,no in/ruction c
 make a danc] cat* j ! tact ( ! music1  
or a  s+] or a fiddl] take exactly !    
inf9itely m9ute c5tre ( 8  note1 or a   
sket*] draw ( all possible l9es ! only  
"r "o1 or a  poet f9d ! only meet       
arrangem5t ( ! only suitable words4 ,all
 ?is  is f\nd only by feel+4 ,& !re=e   
s*ools may tea* :at is  necess>y 9 ord] 
to produce some?+ resembl+ art1 b n art 
itself4    ,! tea*+ ( ! s*ools /ops !re 
:]e ! wee bit  beg9s--consequ5tly :]e   
art beg9s4    ,accu/om+ p to some?+     
resembl+ art1 disaccu/oms !m to !       

compreh5sion ( real art4 ,& t is h[ x   
comes ab\t t none are  m dull to art ?an
 ^? :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! pr(essional      
s*ools & be5 mo/ successful 9 !m4       
,pr(essional s*ools produce  an         
hypocrisy ( art precisely ak9 to t      
hypocrisy ( religion :i*  is produc$ by 
!ological colleges = tra9+ prie/s1      
pa/ors1 &  religi\s tea*]s g5]ally4 ,z x
 is impossible 9 a s*ool to tra9 a  man 
s z to make a religi\s tea*] ( him1 s x 
is impossible to  tea* a man h[ to      
become an arti/4    ,art s*ools are ?us 
d\bly de/ructive ( art3 fir/1 9 t !y    
de/roy ! capacity to produce real art 9 
^? :o h !  mis=tune to ent] !m & g ?r\gh
 a #g or #h ye>s' c\rse2  secondly1 9 t 
!y g5]ate enorm\s quantities ( t        
c\nt]feit  art :i* p]v]ts ! ta/e ( !    
masses & ov]fl[s our _w4 ,9  ord] t born
 arti/s may "k ! me?ods ( ! v>i\s arts  
elaborat$ by =m] arti/s1 !re %\ld exi/ 9
 all elem5t>y  s*ools su* classes =     
draw+ & music 7s++7 t1 aft] pass+  ?r\gh
 !m1 e tal5t$ s*ol> may1 by us+ exi/+   

models  accessible to all1 be able to   
p]fect himself 9 8 art indep5d5tly4     
,^! ?ree conditions--!                  
pr(essionalisation ( arti/s1 art        
criticism1 & art s*ools--h _h ?is effect
 t mo/ p 9 our  times are q unable ev5  
to und]/& :at art is1 & accept z art  ! 
grosse/ c\nt]feits ( x4                 
,,*apt] ,,xiii      ,to :at an ext5t p (
 our circle & "t h lo/ ! capacity  to   
receive real art1 & h become accu/om$ to
 accept z art ?+s  t h no?+ 9 common )  
x1 is be/ se5 f ! works (  ,ri*>d       
,wagn]1 :i* h latt]ly come to be m & m  
e/eem$1  n only by ! ,g]mans b also by !
 ,fr5* & ! ,engli%1 z !  v highe/ art1  
reveal+ new horizons to u4    ,!        
peculi>ity ( ,wagn]'s music1 z is kn[n1 
consi/s 9 ?is1 t  he consid]$ t music   
%\ld s]ve poetry1 express+ all ! %ades  
( a poetical "w4    ,! union ( ! drama )
 music1 devis$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 9     
,italy = ! revival ( :at !y imag9$ to h 
be5 ! anci5t  ,greek drama ) music1 is  
an artificial =m :i* _h1 & has1  success

 only among ! upp] classes1 & t only :5 
gift$  compos]s1 su* z ,moz>t1 ,web]1   
,ross9i1 & o!rs1 draw+  inspiration f a 
dramatic subject1 yield$ freely to !    
inspiration  & subord9at$ ! text to !   
music1 s t 9 _! op]as !  important ?+ to
 ! audi5ce 0 m]ely ! music on a c]ta9   
text1  & n ! text at all1 :i* latt]1 ev5
 :5 x 0 utt]ly absurd1  z1 = in/ance1 9 
! ,magic ,flute1 /ill did n prev5t !    
music  f produc+ an arti/ic impression4 
,wagn] wi%es to correct ! op]a by lett+ 
music submit to !  dem&s ( poetry &     
unite ) x4 ,b ea* art has its own       
def9ite  realm1 :i* is n id5tical ) !   
realm ( o!r arts1 b m]ely  comes 9      
contact ) !m2 & !re=e1 if ! manife/ation
 (1 ,i  w n say sev]al1 b ev5 ( two     
arts--! dramatic & !  musical--be unit$ 
9 "o complete production1 !n ! dem&s ( !
  "o art w make x impossible to fulfil !
 dem&s ( ! o!r1 z  has always occurr$ 9 
! ord9>y op]as1 :]e ! dramatic art has  
submitt$ to1 or r yield$ place to1 !    
musical4 ,wagn] wi%es  t musical art    

%\ld submit to dramatic art1 & t bo?    
%\ld  appe> 9 full /r5g?4 ,b ?is is     
impossible1 = e "w ( art1  if x be a    
true "o1 is an expression ( intimate    
feel+s ( !  arti/1 :i* are q            
exceptional1 & n l any?+ else4 ,su* is  
a musical production1 & su* is a        
dramatic "w1 if !y be true art4  ,&     
!re=e1 9 ord] t a production 9 ! "o     
bran* ( art  %\ld co9cide ) a production
 9 ! o!r bran*1 x is necess>y  t !      
impossible %\ld happ53 t two works f    
diff]5t realms  ( art %\ld be absolutely
 exceptional1 unlike any?+ t exi/$      
be=e1 & yet %\ld co9cide1 & be exactly  
alike4    ,& ?is _c be1 j z !re _c be   
two m51 or ev5 two leaves  on a tree1   
exactly alike4 ,/ill less c two works f 
diff]5t realms  ( art1 ! musical & !    
lit]>y1 be absolutely alike4 ,if !y     
co9cide1 !n ei!r "o is a "w ( art & !   
o!r a c\nt]feit1  or bo? are c\nt]feits4
 ,two live leaves _c be exactly alike1 b
  two artificial leaves may be4 ,& s x  
is ) works ( art4 ,!y c  only co9cide   

completely :5 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is   
art1 b  only cunn+ly devis$ semblances (
 x4    ,if poetry & music may be jo9$1 z
 occurs 9 hymns1 songs1 &               
romances--7?\gh ev5 9 ^! ! music does n 
foll[ ! *anges  ( ea* v]se ( ! text1 z  
,wagn] wants to1 b ! song & !  music    
m]ely produce a co9cid5t effect on !    
m9d7--?is occurs only  because lyrical  
poetry & music h1 to "s ext5t1 "o & !   
same  aim3 to produce a m5tal condition1
 & ! conditions produc$ by  lyrical     
poetry & by music c1 m or less1 co9cide4
 ,b ev5 9  ^! conjunctions ! c5tre (    
gravity always lies 9 "o ( ! two        
productions1 s t x is "o ( !m t produces
 ! arti/ic  impression :ile ! o!r rema9s
 unreg>d$4 ,& /ill less is x  possible =
 su* union to exi/ betwe5 epic or       
dramatic poetry &  music4    ,moreov]1  
"o ( ! *ief conditions ( arti/ic        
creation is !  complete fre$om ( ! arti/
 f e k9d ( preconceiv$ dem&4  ,& !      
necessity ( adju/+ 8 musical "w to a "w 
f ano!r  realm ( art is a preconceiv$   

dem& ( su* a k9d z to de/roy all        
possibility ( creative p[]2 & !re=e     
works ( ?is k9d1  adju/$ to "o ano!r1   
are1 & mu/ be1 z has always happ5$1 n   
works ( art b only imitations ( art1 l !
 music ( a melodrama1  signatures to    
pictures1 illu/rations1 & librettos to  
op]as4    ,& su* are ,wagn]'s           
productions4 ,& a confirmation ( ?is is 
to be  se5 9 ! fact t ,wagn]'s new music
 lacks ! *ief *>act]i/ic  ( e true "w ( 
art1 namely1 su* entirety & complet5ess 
t  ! smalle/ alt]ation 9 its =m w\ld    
di/urb ! mean+ ( !  :ole "w4 ,9 a true  
"w ( art--poem1 drama1 picture1 song1 or
  symphony--x is impossible to extract  
"o l9e1 "o sc5e1 "o figure1 or  "o b> f 
its place & put x 9 ano!r1 )\t infr++ ! 
significance ( ! :ole "w2 j z x is      
impossible1 )\t  infr++ ! life ( an     
organic be+1 to extract an organ f "o   
place & ins]t x 9 ano!r4 ,b 9 ! music ( 
,wagn]'s la/  p]iod1 ) ! exception (    
c]ta9 p>ts ( little importance :i*  h an
 indep5d5t musical mean+1 x is possible 

to make all k9ds (  transpositions1     
putt+ :at 0 9 front beh9d1 & vice1 v]s1 
)\t alt]+ ! musical s5se4 ,& ! reason :y
 ^!  transpositions d n alt] ! s5se (   
,wagn]'s music is because !  s5se lies 9
 ! words & n 9 ! music4    ,! musical   
score ( ,wagn]'s lat] op]as is l :at !  
result w\ld  be %\ld "o ( ^? v]sifi]s--(
 :om !re are n[ _m1 )  tongues s brok5 t
 !y c write v]ses on any !me to any     
rhymes  9 any rhy?m1 :i* s\nd z if !y _h
 a mean+--conceive ! idea (  illu/rat+  
by 8 v]ses "s symphony or sonata (      
,bee?ov51 or "s  ballade ( ,*op91 9 !   
foll[+ mann]4 ,to ! fir/ b>s1 ( "o  "*1 
he writes v]ses correspond+ 9 8 op9ion  
to ^? fir/  b>s4 ,next come "s b>s ( a  
diff]5t "*1 & he also writes  v]ses     
correspond+ 9 8 op9ion to !m1 b ) no    
int]nal  connection ) ! fir/ v]ses1 &1  
moreov]1 )\t rhymes &  )\t rhy?m4 ,su* a
 production1 )\t ! music1 w\ld be       
exactly  p>allel 9 poetry to :at        
,wagn]'s op]as are 9 music1 if he>d  )\t
 ! words4    ,b ,wagn] is n only a      

musician1 he is also a poet1 or bo?     
toge!r2  & !re=e1 to judge ( ,wagn]1 "o 
mu/ "k 8 poetry also--t  same poetry :i*
 ! music has to subs]ve4 ,! *ief        
poetical  production ( ,wagn] is ,!     
,nibelung's ,r+4 ,?is "w has atta9$  su*
 enorm\s importance 9 our "t1 & has su* 
influ5ce on all t  n[ pr(esses to be    
art1 t x is necess>y = ev]yone to-day to
  h "s idea ( x4 ,i h c>efully read     
?r\gh ! f\r booklets  :i* conta9 ?is "w1
 & h drawn up a brief summ>y ( x1 :i*   
,i give 9 ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,i w\ld       
/rongly advise ! read] 7if he has  n    
p]us$ ! poem itself1 :i* w\ld be ! be/  
?+ to d7 at  lea/ to read my acc\nt ( x1
 s z to h an idea ( ?is  extraord9>y "w4
 ,x is a model "w ( c\nt]feit art1 s    
gross z  to be ev5 ridicul\s4    ,b we  
are told t x is impossible to judge (   
,wagn]'s works )\t  see+ !m on ! /age4  
,! ,second ,day ( ?is drama1 :i*1 z ,i 0
  told1 is ! be/ "p ( ! :ole "w1 0 giv5 
9 ,mosc[ la/  w9t]1 & ,i w5t to see !   
p]=mance4    ,:5 ,i arriv$ ! enorm\s    

!atre 0 already fill$ f top to  bottom4 
,!re 7 ,gr&-,dukes1 & ! fl[] ( !        
ari/ocracy1 (  ! m]*ant class1 ( !      
le>n$1 & ( ! middle-class (ficial       
public4 ,mo/ ( !m held ! libretto1      
fa?om+ its mean+4  ,musicians--"s ( !m  
eld]ly1 grey-hair$ m5--foll[$ ! music1  
score 9 h&4 ,evid5tly ! p]=mance ( ?is  
"w 0 an ev5t (  importance4    ,i 0 r   
late1 b ,i 0 told t ! %ort prelude1 )   
:i* !  act beg9s1 0 ( little importance1
 & t x did n matt] hav+  miss$ x4 ,:5 ,i
 arriv$1 an actor sat on ! /age amid    
decorations  int5d$ to repres5t a cave1 
& be=e some?+ :i* 0 meant to  repres5t a
 smi?'s =ge4 ,he 0 dress$ 9             
trico-tights1 ) a cloak  ( sk9s1 wore a 
wig & an artificial be>d1 & ) :ite1     
weak1  g5teel h&s 78 easy movem5ts1 &   
especially ! %ape ( 8  /oma* & 8 lack ( 
muscle reveal$ ! actor7 beat an         
impossible  sword ) an unnatural hamm] 9
 a way 9 :i* no "o ev] uses a  hamm]2 & 
at ! same "t1 op5+ 8 m\? 9 a /range way1
 he  sang some?+ incompreh5sible4 ,!    

music ( v>i\s in/rum5ts  accompani$ !   
/range s\nds :i* he emitt$4 ,f !        
libretto "o  0 able to ga!r t ! actor _h
 to repres5t a p[]ful gnome1 :o  liv$ 9 
! cave1 & :o 0 =g+ a sword = ,siegfri$1 
:om he  _h re>$4 ,"o c\ld tell he 0 a   
gnome by ! fact t ! actor  walk$ all !  
"t b5d+ ! knees ( 8 trico-cov]$ legs4   
,?is  gnome1 /ill op5+ 8 m\? 9 ! same   
/range way1 long cont9u$  to s+ or %\t4 
,! music mean:ile runs ov] some?+       
/range1 l  beg9n+s :i* are n cont9u$ & d
 n get f9i%$4 ,f !  libretto "o c\ld    
le>n t ! gnome is tell+ himself ab\t a  
r+  :i* a giant _h obta9$1 & :i* ! gnome
 wi%es to procure  ?r\gh ,siegfri$'s    
aid1 :ile ,siegfri$ wants a good sword1 
on !  =g+ ( :i* ! gnome is occupi$4     
,aft] ?is conv]sation or  s++ to himself
 has gone on r a long "t1 o!r s\nds are 
he>d 9 ! or*e/ra1 also l some?+ beg9n+ &
 n f9i%+1  & ano!r actor appe>s1 ) a    
horn slung ov] 8 %\ld]1 &  accompani$ by
 a man runn+ on all f\rs dress$ up z a  
be>1 :om he  sets at ! smi?-gnome4 ,!   

latt] runs away )\t unb5d+ !  knees ( 8 
trico-cov]$ legs4 ,?is actor ) ! horn   
repres5t$  ! h]o1 ,siegfri$4 ,! s\nds   
:i* 7 emitt$ 9 ! or*e/ra on  ! entrance 
( ?is actor 7 int5d$ to repres5t        
,siegfri$'s  "* & are call$ ,siegfri$'s 
leit-motiv4 ,& ^! s\nds are  repeat$ ea*
 "t ,siegfri$ appe>s4 ,!re is "o fix$   
comb9ation (  s\nds1 or leit-motiv1 =   
ea* "*1 & ?is leit-motiv is  repeat$ e  
"t ! p]son :om x repres5ts appe>s2 & :5 
anyone is m5tion$ ! motiv is he>d :i*   
relates to t p]son4  ,moreov]1 ea*      
article also has its own leit-motiv or  
*ord4 ,!re is  a motiv ( ! r+1 a motiv (
 ! helmet1 a motiv ( ! apple1  a motiv (
 fire1 spe>1 sword1 wat]1 etc42 & z soon
 z ! r+1  helmet1 or apple is m5tion$1 !
 motiv or *ord ( ! r+1 helmet1  or apple
 is he>d4 ,! actor ) ! horn op5s 8 m\? z
  unnaturally z ! gnome1 & long cont9ues
 9 a *ant+ voice to  %\t "s words1 & 9 a
 simil> *ant ,mime 7t is ! gnome's "n7  
answ]s some?+ or o!r to him4 ,! mean+ ( 
?is conv]sation c  only be discov]$ f ! 

libretto2 & x is t ,siegfri$ 0  br\ght  
up by ! gnome1 & !re=e1 = "s reason1    
hates him &  always wi%es to kill him4  
,! gnome has =g$ a sword = ,siegfri$1  b
 ,siegfri$ is dissatisfi$ ) x4 ,f a     
t5-page conv]sation 7by  ! libretto71   
la/+ half an h\r & conduct$ ) ! same    
/range  op5+s ( ! m\? & *ant+s1 x appe>s
 t ,siegfri$'s "m  gave bir? to him 9 ! 
wood1 & t conc]n+ 8 fa!r all t  is kn[n 
is t he _h a sword :i* 0 brok51 ! pieces
 ( :i*  are 9 ,mime's possession1 & t   
,siegfri$ does n "k fe> &  wi%es to g   
out ( ! wood4 ,mime1 h[ev]1 does n want 
to let him  g4 ,dur+ ! conv]sation !    
music nev] omits1 at ! m5tion (  fa!r1  
sword1 etc41 to s\nd ! motive ( ^! p &  
?+s4  ,aft] ^! conv]sations fre% s\nds  
are he>d--^? ( ! god  ,wotan--& a w&]]  
appe>s4 ,?is w&]] is ! god ,wotan4 ,also
  dress$ up 9 a wig1 & also 9 tights1   
?is god ,wotan1 /&+ 9 a  /upid pose ) a 
spe>1 ?9ks prop] to rec\nt :at ,mime mu/
 h  kn[n be=e1 b :at x is necess>y to   
tell ! audi5ce4 ,he does n  tell x      

simply1 b 9 ! =m ( riddles :i* he ord]s 
himself to  guess1 /ak+ 8 head 7"o does 
n "k :y7 t he w guess  "r4 ,moreov]1    
:5ev] ! w&]] /rikes 8 spe> on ! gr\nd1  
fire comes out ( ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! or*e/ra 
! s\nds ( spe>  & ( fire are he>d4 ,!   
or*e/ra accompanies ! conv]sation1 &  ! 
motive ( ! p & ?+s spok5 ( are always   
artfully  int]m+l$4 ,besides ?is ! music
 expresses feel+s 9 ! mo/  nave mann]3 !
 t]rible by s\nds 9 ! bass1 ! frivol\s  
by rapid  t\*es 9 ! treble1 etc4    ,!  
riddles h no mean+ except to tell !     
audi5ce :at !  nibelungs are1 :at !     
giants are1 :at ! gods are1 & :at has   
happ5$ be=e4 ,?is conv]sation also is   
*ant$ ) /rangely op5$  m\?s & cont9ues =
 eight libretto pages1 & correspond+ly  
long  on ! /age4 ,aft] ?is ! w&]]       
dep>ts1 & ,siegfri$ returns &  talks )  
,mime = ?irte5 pages m4 ,!re is n a s+le
 melody  ! :ole ( ?is "t1 b m]ely       
int]tw9+s ( ! leit-motive (  ! p & ?+s  
m5tion$4 ,! conv]sation tells t ,mime   
wi%es  to tea* ,siegfri$ fe>1 & t       

,siegfri$ does n "k :at fe> is4  ,hav+  
f9i%$ ?is conv]sation1 ,siegfri$ seizes 
"o ( ! pieces (  :at is meant to        
repres5t ! brok5 sword1 saws x up1 puts 
x on :at  is meant to repres5t ! =ge1   
melts x1 & !n =ges x & s+s3  ,heiho6    
heiho6 heiho6 ,ho6 ho6 ,aha6 oho6 aha6  
,heiaho6 heiaho6 heiaho6 ,ho6  ho6      
,hahei6 hoho6 hahei6 & ,act ,i4 f9i%es4 
,z f> z ! "q ,i _h come to ! !atre to   
decide 0  conc]n$1 my m9d 0 fully made  
up1 z surely z on ! "q (  ! m]its ( my  
lady acqua9tance's novel :5 %e read me !
 sc5e  betwe5 ! loose-hair$ maid5 9 !   
:ite dress & ! h]o ) two  :ite dogs & a 
hat ) a fea!r  la ,guillaume ,tell4     
,f an au?or :o c\ld compose su* spuri\s 
sc5es1 outrag+ all  /hetic feel+1 z ^?  
:i* ,i _h witness$1 !re 0 no?+ to  be   
hop$2 x may safely be decid$ t all t su*
 an au?or c  write w be bad1 because he 
evid5tly does n "k :at a true "w  ( art 
is4 ,i wi%$ to leave1 b ! fri5ds ,i 0 ) 
ask$ me to  rema91 decl>+ t "o c\ld n =m
 an op9ion by t "o act1  & t ! second   

w\ld be bett]4 ,s ,i /opp$ = ! second   
act4    ,act ,,ii41 night4 ,aft]w>ds    
dawn4 ,9 g5]al ! :ole piece is cramm$  )
 lights1 cl\ds1 moonlight1 d>kness1     
magic fires1 ?und]1 etc4    ,! sc5e     
repres5ts a wood1 & 9 ! wood !re is a   
cave4 ,at !  entrance ( ! cave sits a   
?ird actor 9 tights1 repres5t+ ano!r    
gnome4 ,x dawns4 ,ent] ! god ,wotan1    
aga9 ) a spe>1 & aga9 9  ! guise ( a    
w&]]4 ,aga9 8 s\nds1 toge!r ) fre% s\nds
 (  ! deepe/ bass t c be produc$4 ,^!   
latt] indicate t !  dragon is speak+4   
,wotan awak5s ! dragon4 ,! same bass    
s\nds are  repeat$1 gr[+ yet deep] &    
deep]4 ,fir/ ! dragon says1 8,i want  to
 sleep10 b aft]w>ds he crawls out ( !   
cave4 ,! dragon is  repres5t$ by two m52
 x is dress$ 9 a gre51 scaly sk91 waves 
a  tail at "o end1 :ile at ! o!r x op5s 
a k9d ( crocodile's jaw  t is fa/5$ on1 
& f :i* flames appe>4 ,! dragon 7:o is  
meant to be dreadful1 & may appe> s to  
five-ye>-old *ildr57  speaks "s words 9 
a t]ribly bass voice4 ,?is is all s     

/upid1 s  l :at is done 9 a boo? at a   
fair1 t x is surpris+ t  p ov] sev5 ye>s
 ( age c witness x s]i\sly2 yet ?\s&s  (
 quasi-cultur$ p sit & att5tively he> & 
see x1 & are  delight$4    ,siegfri$1 ) 
8 horn1 reappe>s1 z does ,mime also4 ,9 
! or*e/ra  ! s\nds d5ot+ !m are emitt$1 
& !y talk ab\t :e!r  ,siegfri$ does or  
does n "k :at fe> is4 ,mime goes away1 &
 a  sc5e comm5ces :i* is int5d$ to be   
mo/ poetical4 ,siegfri$1 9 8  tights1   
lies d[n 9 a w\ld-be beautiful pose1 &  
alt]nately keeps  sil5t & talks to      
himself4 ,he pond]s1 li/5s to ! song (  
birds1  & wi%es to imitate !m4 ,= ?is   
purpose he cuts a re$ ) 8  sword & makes
 a pipe4 ,! dawn gr[s bright] & bright]2
 ! birds  s+4 ,siegfri$ tries to imitate
 ! birds4 ,9 ! or*e/ra is he>d  !       
imitation ( birds1 alt]nat+ ) s\nds     
correspond+ to !  words he speaks4 ,b   
,siegfri$ does n succe$ ) 8 pipe-play+1 
s he plays on 8 horn in/ead4 ,?is sc5e  
is un5durable4 ,( music1  i4e4 ( art    
s]v+ z a means to transmit a /ate ( m9d 

exp]i5c$  by ! au?or1 !re is n ev5 a    
sugge/ion4 ,!re is some?+ t  is         
absolutely un9telligible musically4 ,9 a
 musical s5se a hope is  cont9ually     
exp]i5c$1 foll[$ by disappo9tm5t1 z if a
 musical  ?\ght 7 comm5c$ only to be    
brok5 (f4 ,if !re are some?+  l musical 
comm5cem5ts1 ^! comm5cem5ts are s %ort1 
s  encumb]$ ) complications ( h>mony &  
or*e/ration & )  effects ( contra/1 are 
s obscure & unf9i%$1 & :at is  happ5+ on
 ! /age mean:ile is s abom9ably false1 t
 x is  difficult ev5 to p]ceive ^!      
musical snat*es1 let alone to be        
infect$ by !m4 ,above all1 f ! v beg9n+ 
to ! v end1  & 9 ea* note1 ! au?or's    
purpose is s audible & visible1 t  "o   
sees & he>s nei!r ,siegfri$ nor ! birds1
 b only a limit$1  self-op9ionat$ ,g]man
 ( bad ta/e & bad /yle1 :o has a mo/    
false  conception ( poetry1 & :o1 9 !   
rude/ & mo/ primitive mann]1  wi%es to  
transmit to me ^! false & mi/ak5        
conceptions ( 84    ,ev]yone kn[s !     
feel+ ( di/ru/ & resi/ance :i* is always

  evok$ by an au?or's evid5t            
pr$et]m9ation4 ,a n>rator ne$ only say  
9 advance1 ,prep>e to cry or to laugh1 &
 y are sure nei!r to cry  nor to laugh4 
,b :5 y see t an au?or prescribes       
emotion at :at  is n t\*+ b only        
laughable or disgu/+1 & :5 y see1       
moreov]1 t ! au?or is fully assur$ t he 
has captivat$ y1 a  pa9fully torm5t+    
feel+ results1 simil> to :at "o w\ld    
feel if  an old1 de=m$ woman put on a   
ball-dress & smil+ly coquett$  be=e y1  
confid5t ( y\r approbation4 ,?is        
impression 0  /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ar\nd 
me ,i saw a cr[d ( ?ree ?\s&  p1 :o n   
only pati5tly witness$ all ?is absurd   
nons5se1 b  ev5 consid]$ x _! duty to be
 delight$ ) x4    ,i someh[ manag$ to   
sit out ! next sc5e also1 9 :i* ! mon/] 
appe>s1 to ! accompanim5t ( 8 bass notes
 int]m+l$ ) !  motiv ( ,siegfri$2 b aft]
 ! fight ) ! mon/]1 & all !  ro>s1      
fires1 & sword-wav+s1 ,i c\ld /& no m ( 
x1 &  escap$ f ! !atre ) a feel+ (      
repulsion :i*1 ev5 n[1 ,i  _c =get4     

,li/5+ to ?is op]a1 ,i involunt>ily     
?\ght ( a respect$1 wise1  educat$      
c\ntry lab\r]1--"o1 = in/ance1 ( ^? wise
 & truly  religi\s m5 :om ,i "k among ! 
peasants1--& ,i pictur$ to myself  !    
t]rible p]plexity su* a man w\ld be 9 7 
he to witness :at ,i  0 see+ t ev5+4    
,:at w\ld he ?9k if he knew ( all !     
lab\r sp5t on su* a  p]=mance1 & saw t  
audi5ce1 ^? great ones ( ! e>?1--old1   
bald-head$1 grey-be>d$ m51 :om he _h be5
 accu/om$ to  respect1--sit sil5t &     
att5tive1 li/5+ to & look+ at all ^!    
/upidities = five h\rs on end8 ,n to    
speak ( an adult lab\r]1  "o c h>dly    
imag9e ev5 a *ild ( ov] sev5 occupy+    
himself )  su* a /upid1 incoh]5t fairy  
tale4    ,& yet an enorm\s audi5ce1 !   
cream ( ! cultur$ upp] classes1  sits   
out five h\rs ( ?is insane p]=mance1 &  
goes away imag9+  t by pay+ tribute to  
?is nons5se x has acquir$ a fre% "r to  
e/eem itself advanc$ & enlight5$4    ,i 
speak ( ! ,mosc[ public4 ,b :at is !    
,mosc[ public8 ,x is b a  hundr$? "p ( t

 public :i*1 :ile consid]+ itself mo/   
highly enlight5$1 e/eems x a m]it to h s
 lo/ ! capacity (  be+ infect$ by art1 t
 n only c x witness ?is /upid %am  )\t  
be+ revolt$1 b c ev5 take delight 9 x4  
,9 ,bayreu?1 :]e ^! p]=mances 7 fir/    
giv51 p :o  consid] !mselves f9ely      
cultur$ assembl$ f ! ends ( !  e>?1     
sp5t1 say #ajj ea*1 to see ?is p]=mance1
 & = f\r days  runn+ !y w5t to see & he>
 ?is nons5sical rubbi%1 sitt+ x  out =  
six h\rs ea* day4    ,b :y did p g1 & :y
 d !y /ill g to ^! p]=mances1  & :y d !y
 admire !m8 ,! "q naturally pres5ts     
itself3 ,h[  is ! success ( ,wagn]'s    
works to be expla9$8    ,t success ,i   
expla9 to myself 9 ?is way3 ?anks to 8  
exceptional  position 9 hav+ at 8       
disposal ! res\rces ( a k+1 ,wagn] 0    
able to comm& all ! me?ods = c\nt]feit+ 
art :i* h be5  develop$ by long usage1  
&1 employ+ ^! me?ods ) great  ability1  
he produc$ a model "w ( c\nt]feit art4  
,! reason :y ,i  h select$ 8 "w = my    
illu/ration is1 t 9 no o!r  c\nt]feit ( 

art kn[n to me are all ! me?ods by :i*  
art is  c\nt]feit$--namely1 borr[+s1    
imitation1 effects1 &  int]e/+ness--s   
ably & p[]fully unit$4    ,f ! subject1 
borr[$ f antiquity1 to ! cl\ds & ! ris+s
  ( ! sun & moon1 ,wagn]1 9 ?is "w1 has 
made use ( all t is  consid]$ poetical4 
,we h "h ! sleep+ beauty1 & nymphs1 &   
subt]ranean fires1 & gnomes1 & battles1 
& swords1 & love1 &  ince/1 & a mon/]1 &
 s++-birds3 ! :ole ars5al ( !  poetical 
is br\ght into action4    ,moreov]1     
ev]y?+ is imitative3 ! decorations are  
imitat$ & !  co/umes are imitat$4 ,all  
is j z1 accord+ to ! data suppli$ by    
ar*ology1 !y w\ld h be5 9 antiquity4 ,! 
v s\nds are  imitative1 = ,wagn]1 :o 0 n
 de/itute ( musical tal5t1 inv5t$  j su*
 s\nds z imitate ! /rokes ( a hamm]1 !  
hiss+ (  molt5 iron1 ! s++ ( birds1 etc4
    ,fur!rmore1 9 ?is "w ev]y?+ is 9 !  
highe/ degree /rik+  9 its effects & 9  
its peculi>ities3 its mon/]s1 its magic 
fires1  & its sc5es "u wat]2 ! d>kness 9
 :i* ! audi5ce sit1 !  invisibility ( ! 

or*e/ra1 & ! hi!rto unemploy$           
comb9ations  ( h>mony4    ,& besides1 x 
is all int]e/+4 ,! int]e/ lies n only 9 
!  "q :o w kill :om1 & :o w m>ry :om1 & 
:o is ^:  son1 & :at w happ5 next8--!   
int]e/ lies also 9 ! relation  ( ! music
 to ! text4 ,! roll+ waves ( ! ,rh9e--n[
 h[ is t  to be express$ 9 music8 ,an   
evil gnome appe>s--h[ is ! music to     
express an evil gnome8--& h[ is x to    
express ! s5suality ( ?is  gnome8 ,h[ w 
brav]y1 fire1 or apples be express$ 9   
music8 ,h[ are  ! leit-motive ( ! p     
speak+ to be int]wov5 ) !  leit-motive (
 ! p & objects ab\t :om !y speak8       
,besides1  ! music has a fur!r int]e/4  
,x div]ges f all =m]ly accept$  laws1 & 
mo/ unexpect$ & totally new modulations 
crop up 7z is n  only possible b ev5    
easy 9 music hav+ no inn] law ( its     
be+72  ! dissonances are new1 & are     
all[$ 9 a new way--& ?is1 too1 is       
int]e/+4    ,& x is ?is poeticality1    
imitativ5ess1 effectfulness1 &          
int]e/+ness :i*1 ?anks to ! peculi>ities

 ( ,wagn]'s tal5t  & to ! advantage\s   
position 9 :i* he 0 plac$1 are 9 ^!     
productions c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit* (    
p]fection1 t s act on  ! spectator1     
hypnotis+ him z "o w\ld be hypnotis$ :o 
%\ld  li/5 = sev]al consecutive h\rs to 
! rav+s ( a maniac  pron\nc$ ) great    
oratorical p[]4    ,p say1 8,y _c judge 
)\t hav+ se5 ,wagn] p]=m$ at  ,bayreu?3 
9 ! d>k1 :]e ! or*e/ra is out ( sight   
conceal$  "u ! /age1 & :]e ! p]=mance is
 br\ght to ! highe/  p]fection40 ,& ?is 
j proves t we h "h no "q ( art1  b "o ( 
hypnotism4 ,x is j :at ! spirituali/s   
say4 ,to conv9ce  y ( ! reality ( _!    
app>itions1 !y usually say1 8,y _c      
judge2 y mu/ try x1 be pres5t at sev]al 
sances10 i4e4 come &  sit sil5t 9 ! d>k 
= h\rs toge!r 9 ! same room )  semi-sane
 p1 & repeat ?is "s t5 times ov]1 & y   
%all see  all t we see4    ,yes1        
naturally6 ,only place y\rself 9 su*    
conditions1 & y may see  :at y w4 ,b ?is
 c be /ill m quickly atta9$ by gett+    
drunk or smok+ opium4 ,x is ! same :5   

li/5+ to an op]a (  ,wagn]'s4 ,sit 9 !  
d>k = f\r days 9 company ) p :o are  n q
 normal1 &1 ?r\gh ! auditory n]ves1     
subject y\r bra9  to ! /ronge/ action ( 
! s\nds be/ adapt$ to excite x1 & y  w  
no d\bt be r$uc$ to an abnormal         
condition & be en*ant$ by  absurdities4 
,b to atta9 ?is end y d n ev5 ne$ f\r   
days2 !  five h\rs dur+ :i* "o 8day0 is 
enact$1 z 9 ,mosc[1 are q  en\gh4 ,nor  
are five h\rs ne$$2 ev5 "o h\r is en\gh 
= p  :o h no cle> conception ( :at art  
%\ld be1 & :o h come to  ! conclusion 9 
advance t :at !y are go+ to see is      
excell5t1  & t indiff]5ce or            
dissatisfaction ) ?is "w w s]ve z a     
pro( ( _! inf]iority & lack ( culture4  
,i obs]v$ ! audi5ce pres5t at ?is       
repres5tation4 ,! p :o  l$ ! :ole       
audi5ce & gave ! tone to x 7 ^? :o _h   
previ\sly be5 hypnotis$1 & :o aga9      
succumb$ to ! hypnotic  influ5ce to :i* 
!y 7 accu/om$4 ,^! hypnotis$ p1 be+  9  
an abnormal condition1 7 p]fectly       
enraptur$4 ,moreov]1 all !  art critics1

 :o lack ! capacity to be infect$ by art
 & !re=e  always especially prize works 
l ,wagn]'s op]a :]e x is all an  affair 
( ! intellect1 also1 ) mu* pr(undity1   
express$ _!  approval ( a "w af=d+ su*  
ample mat]ial = ratioc9ation4 ,&  foll[+
 ^! two gr\ps w5t t l>ge city cr[d      
7indiff]5t to  art1 ) _! capacity to be 
infect$ by x p]v]t$ & p>tly  atrophi$71 
head$ by ! pr9ces1 millionaires1 & art  
patrons1 :o1  l sorry h>ri]s1 keep close
 to ^? :o mo/ l\dly & decid$ly  express 
_! op9ion4    8,oh yes1 c]ta9ly6 ,:at   
poetry6 ,m>vell\s6 ,especially ! birds60
  8,yes1 yes6 ,i am q vanqui%$60 exclaim
 ^! p1 repeat+ 9  v>i\s tones :at !y h j
 he>d f m5 ^: op9ion appe>s  to !m      
au?oritative4    ,if "s p d feel insult$
 by ! absurdity & spuri\sness ( !  :ole 
?+1 !y are timidly sil5t1 z sob] m5 are 
timid & sil5t  :5 surr\nd$ by tipsy     
ones4    ,& ?us1 ?anks to ! ma/]ly skill
 ) :i* x c\nt]feits art  :ile hav+ no?+ 
9 common ) x1 a mean+less1 co>se1       
spuri\s  production f9ds acceptance all 

ov] ! _w1 co/s millions (  r\bles to    
produce1 & assi/s m & m to p]v]t ! ta/e 
(  p ( ! upp] classes & _! conception ( 
:at is art4                             
,,*apt] ,,xiv      ,i "k t mo/ m5--n    
only ^? consid]$ clev]1 b ev5 ^?  :o are
 v clev] & capable ( und]/&+ mo/        
difficult  sci5tific1 ma!matical or     
philosophic problems--c v seldom disc]n 
ev5 ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s tru? if x be 
su* z to oblige !m  to admit ! falsity (
 conclusions !y h =m$1 p]haps ) mu*     
difficulty--conclusions ( :i* !y are    
pr\d1 :i* !y h taught  to o!rs1 & on :i*
 !y h built _! lives4 ,& !re=e ,i  h    
little hope t :at ,i adduce z to !      
p]v]sion ( art &  ta/e 9 our society w  
be accept$ or ev5 s]i\sly consid]$4     
,nev]!less1 ,i mu/ /ate fully !         
inevitable conclusion to :i* my         
inve/igation into ! "q ( art has br\ght 
me4 ,?is  inve/igation has br\ght me to 
! conviction t almo/ all t our  society 
consid]s to be art1 good art1 & ! :ole (
 art1 f> f  be+ real & good art1 & !    

:ole ( art1 is n ev5 art at all1  b only
 a c\nt]feit ( x4 ,?is position1 ,i "k1 
w seem v  /range & p>adoxical2 b if we  
once ackn[l$ge art to be a human        
activity by means ( :i* "s p transmit _!
 feel+s to o!rs  7& n a s]vice (        
,beauty1 nor a manife/ation ( ! ,idea1 &
 s  =?71 we %all inevitably h to admit  
?is fur!r conclusion also4  ,if x is    
true t art is an activity by means ( :i*
 "o man hav+  exp]i5c$ a feel+          
int5tionally transmits x to o!rs1 !n we 
h  inevitably to admit fur!r1 t ( all t 
among u is t]m$ ! art  ( ! upp]         
classes--( all ^? novels1 /ories1       
dramas1 com$ies1  pictures1 sculptures1 
symphonies1 op]as1 op]ettas1 ballets1   
etc41  :i* pr(ess to be works (         
art--sc>cely "o 9 a hundr$ ?\s&  proce$s
 f an emotion felt by its au?or1 all !  
re/ be+ b  manufactur$ c\nt]feits ( art 
9 :i* borr[+1 imitat+1 effects1  &      
int]e/+ness replace ! contagion ( feel+4
 ,t !  proportion ( real productions (  
art is to ! c\nt]feits z "o to  "s      

hundr$s ( ?\s&s or ev5 m1 may be se5 by 
! foll[+  calculation4 ,i h read some:]e
 t ! arti/ pa9t]s 9 ,p>is  alone numb]  
#cj1jjj2 !re w probably be z _m 9       
,engl&1 z _m  9 ,g]many1 & z _m 9       
,russia1 ,italy1 & ! small] /ates       
comb9$4 ,s t 9 all !re w be 9 ,europe1  
say1 #abj1jjj pa9t]s2  & !re are        
probably z _m musicians & z _m lit]>y   
arti/s4  ,if ^! #cfj1jjj individuals    
produce ?ree works a ye> ea* 7& _m  ( !m
 produce t5 or m71 !n ea* ye> yields ov]
 a million  s-call$ works ( art4 ,h[ _m1
 !n1 mu/ h be5 produc$ 9 !  la/ t5 ye>s1
 & h[ _m 9 ! :ole "t s9ce upp]-class art
  broke (f f ! art ( ! :ole p8 ,evid5tly
 millions4 ,yet :o  ( all ! connoisseurs
 ( art has receiv$ impressions f all ^! 
pseudo works ( art8 ,n to m5tion all !  
lab\r+ classes :o h  no conception ( ^! 
productions1 ev5 p ( ! upp] classes  _c 
"k "o 9 a ?\s& ( !m all1 & _c rememb] ^?
  !y h kn[n4 ,^! works all appe> "u !   
guise ( art1 produce  no impression on  
anyone 7except :5 !y s]ve z pa/imes = ! 

idle  cr[d ( ri* p71 & vani% utt]ly4    
,9 reply to ?is x is usually said t )\t 
?is enorm\s numb] (  unsuccessful       
attempts we %\ld n h ! real works ( art4
 ,b su*  reason+ is z ?\gh a bak]1 9    
reply to a reproa* t 8 bread  0 bad1 7  
to say t if x 7 n = ! hundr$s ( spoil$  
loaves !re w\ld n be any well-bak$ ones4
 ,x is true t :]e  !re is gold !re is   
also mu* s&2 b t c n s]ve z a  reason = 
talk+ a lot ( nons5se 9 ord] to say     
some?+ wise4    ,we are surr\nd$ by     
productions consid]$ arti/ic4 ,?\s&s (  
v]ses1 ?\s&s ( poems1 ?\s&s ( novels1   
?\s&s ( dramas1  ?\s&s ( pictures1 ?\s&s
 ( musical pieces1 foll[ "o aft]  ano!r4
 ,all ! v]ses describe love1 or nature1 
or ! au?or's /ate  ( m9d1 & 9 all ( !m  
rhyme & rhy?m are obs]v$4 ,all !  dramas
 & com$ies are spl5didly m\nt$ & are    
p]=m$ by  admirably tra9$ actors4 ,all !
 novels are divid$ into *apt]s2 all  (  
!m describe love1 conta9 effective      
situations1 & correctly  describe !     
details ( life4 ,all ! symphonies conta9

 allegro1  &ante1 s*]zo1 & f9ale2 all   
consi/ ( modulations &  *ords1 & are    
play$ by highly-tra9$ musicians4 ,all ! 
pictures1 9  gold frames1 sali5tly      
depict faces & sundry accessories4 ,b   
among  ^! productions 9 ! v>i\s bran*es 
( art !re is 9 ea* bran*  "o among      
hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 n only some:at bett]   
?an ! re/1  b diff]+ f !m z a diamond   
diff]s f pa/e4 ,! "o is  priceless1 !   
o!rs n only h no value b are worse ?an  
valueless1 = !y deceive & p]v]t ta/e4 ,&
 yet1 ext]nally1 !y  are1 to a man (    
p]v]t$ or atrophi$ arti/ic p]ception1   
precisely  alike4    ,9 our society !   
difficulty ( recognis+ real works ( art 
is  fur!r increas$ by ! fact t ! ext]nal
 quality ( ! "w 9  false productions is 
n only no worse1 b (t5 bett]1 ?an 9 real
  ones2 ! c\nt]feit is (t5 m effective  
?an ! real1 & its  subject m int]e/+4   
,h[ is "o to discrim9ate8 ,h[ is "o to  
f9d  a production 9 no way di/+ui%$ 9   
ext]nals f hundr$s (  ?\s&s ( o!rs      
int5tionally made to imitate x          

precisely8    ,= a c\ntry peasant (     
unp]v]t$ ta/e ?is is z easy z x is =  an
 animal ( unspoilt sc5t to foll[ ! trace
 he ne$s among a  ?\s& o!rs 9 wood or   
=e/4 ,! animal un]r+ly f9ds :at he      
ne$s4 ,s also ! man1 if only 8 natural  
qualities h n be5  p]v]t$1 w1 )\t fail1 
select f among ?\s&s ( objects  ! real  
"w ( art he requires--t infect+ him ) ! 
feel+  exp]i5c$ by ! arti/4 ,b x is n s 
) ^? ^: ta/e has  be5 p]v]t$ by _!      
education & life4 ,! receptive feel+ =  
art ( ^! p is atrophi$1 & 9 valu+       
arti/ic productions  !y mu/ be guid$ by 
discussion & /udy1 :i* discussion & /udy
  completely confuse !m4 ,s t mo/ p 9   
our society are q  unable to di/+ui% a  
"w ( art f ! grosse/ c\nt]feit4  ,p sit 
= :ole h\rs 9 conc]t-rooms & !atres     
li/5+ to  ! new compos]s1 consid] x a   
duty to read ! novels ( ! fam\s  mod]n  
noveli/s & to look at pictures repres5t+
 ei!r some?+  incompreh5sible or j ! v  
?+s !y see mu* bett] 9 real  life2 &1   
above all1 !y consid] x incumb5t on !m  

to be  enraptur$ by all ?is1 imag9+ x   
all to be art1 :ile at ! same  "t !y w  
pass real works ( art by1 n only )\t    
att5tion1  b ev5 ) contempt1 m]ely      
because1 9 _! circle1 ^! works are  n   
includ$ 9 ! li/ ( works ( art4    ,a few
 days ago ,i 0 return+ home f a walk    
feel+ depress$1 z  occurs sometimes4 ,on
 ne>+ ! h\se ,i he>d ! l\d s++ ( a  l>ge
 *oir ( peasant wom54 ,!y 7 welcom+ my  
daught]1  celebrat+ h] return home aft] 
h] m>riage4 ,9 ?is s++1 )  its cries &  
clang+ ( scy!s1 su* a def9ite feel+ (   
joy1  *e]fulness1 & en]gy 0 express$1 t1
 )\t notic+ h[ x  infect$ me1 ,i cont9u$
 my way t[>ds ! h\se 9 a bett] mood1 &  
rea*$ home smil+ & q 9 good spirits4 ,t 
same ev5+1 a  visitor1 an admirable     
musician1 fam$ = 8 execution ( classical
  music1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,bee?ov51 play$ 
u ,bee?ov5's sonata1 ,opus  #aja4 ,= !  
b5efit ( ^? :o might o!rwise attribute  
my judgm5t  ( t sonata ( ,bee?ov5 to    
non-compreh5sion ( x1 ,i %\ld m5tion  t 
:atev] o!r p und]/& ( t sonata & ( o!r  

productions ( ,bee?ov5's lat] p]iod1 ,i1
 be+ v susceptible to  music1 equally   
und]/ood4 ,= a long "t ,i us$ to atune  
myself s z  to delight 9 ^? %apeless    
improvisations :i* =m !  subject-matt] (
 ! works ( ,bee?ov5's lat] p]iod1 b ,i  
_h only  to consid] ! "q ( art s]i\sly1 
& to comp>e ! impression  ,i receiv$ f  
,bee?ov5's lat] works ) ^? pleasant1    
cle>1 &  /rong musical impressions :i*  
are transmitt$1 = in/ance1 by !         
melodies ( ,ba* 78 arias71 ,haydn1      
,moz>t1 ,*op9 7:5 8 melodies  are n     
ov]load$ ) complications & ornam5tion71 
& ( ,bee?ov5  himself 9 8 e>li] p]iod1 &
 above all1 ) ! impressions  produc$ by 
folk-songs1--,italian1 ,norwegian1 or   
,russian1--by ! ,hung>ian  tz>das1 & o!r
 su* simple1 cle>1 & p[]ful music1 & !  
obscure1 almo/ unheal?y excitem5t f     
,bee?ov5's lat] pieces t  ,i _h         
artificially evok$ 9 myself 0 imm$iately
 de/roy$4    ,on ! completion ( !       
p]=mance 7?\gh x 0 noticeable t  ev]yone
 _h become dull7 ^? pres5t1 9 ! accept$ 

mann]1 w>mly  prais$ ,bee?ov5's pr(\nd  
production1 & did n =get to add t  =m]ly
 !y _h n be5 able to und]/& t la/ p]iod 
( 81  b t !y n[ saw t he 0 really !n at 
8 v be/4 ,& :5  ,i v5tur$ to comp>e !   
impression made on me by ! s++ ( !      
peasant wom5--an impression :i* _h be5  
%>$ by all :o he>d  x--) ! effect ( ?is 
sonata1 ! admir]s ( ,bee?ov5 only smil$ 
contemptu\sly1 n consid]+ x necess>y to 
reply to su* /range  rem>ks4    ,b1 =   
all t1 ! song ( ! peasant wom5 0 real   
art1  transmitt+ a def9ite & /rong      
feel+2 :ile ! #aja/ sonata (  ,bee?ov5 0
 only an unsuccessful attempt at art1   
conta9+ no  def9ite feel+ & !re=e n     
infecti\s4    ,= my "w on art ,i h ?is  
w9t] read dilig5tly1 ?\gh ) great  ef=t1
 ! celebrat$ novels & /ories1 prais$ by 
all ,europe1  writt5 by ,zola1 ,b\rget1 
,huysmans1 & ,kipl+4 ,at ! same "t ,i   
*anc$ on a /ory 9 a *ild's magaz9e1 & by
 a q unkn[n writ]1  :i* told ( ! ,ea/]  
prep>ations 9 a poor wid['s family4 ,!  
/ory tells h[ ! "m manag$ ) difficulty  

to obta9 "s  :eat-fl\r1 :i* %e p\r$ on !
 table ready to knead4 ,%e !n w5t  out  
to procure "s yea/1 tell+ ! *ildr5 n to 
leave ! hut1  & to take c>e ( ! fl\r4   
,:5 ! "m _h gone1 "s o!r  *ildr5 ran    
%\t+ ne> ! w9d[1 call+ ^? 9 ! hut to    
come  to play4 ,! *ildr5 =got _! "m's   
w>n+1 ran into !  /reet1 & 7 soon       
engross$ 9 ! game4 ,! "m1 on h] return  
) ! yea/1 f9ds a h5 on ! table ?r[+ !   
la/ ( ! fl\r  to h] *ick5s1 :o 7 busily 
pick+ x out ( ! du/ ( !  e>!n floor4 ,! 
"m1 9 despair1 scolds ! *ildr51 :o cry  
bitt]ly4 ,& ! "m beg9s to feel pity =   
!m--b ! :ite  fl\r has all gone4 ,s to  
m5d matt]s %e decides to make ! ,ea/]   
cake ) sift$ rye-fl\r1 bru%+ x ov] )    
:ite ( egg &  surr\nd+ x ) eggs4        
8,rye-bread :i* we bake is ak9 to any   
cake10  says ! "m1 us+ a rhym+ prov]b to
 console ! *ildr5 = n  hav+ an ,ea/]    
cake made ) :ite fl\r4 ,& ! *ildr51     
quickly  pass+ f despair to rapture1    
repeat ! prov]b & await ! ,ea/]  cake m 
m]rily ev5 ?an be=e4    ,well6 ! read+ (

 ! novels & /ories by ,zola1 ,b\rget1   
,huysmans1  ,kipl+1 & o!rs1 h&l+ ! mo/  
h>r[+ subjects1 did n t\*  me = "o      
mom5t1 & ,i 0 provok$ ) ! au?ors all !  
:ile1 z  "o is provok$ ) a man :o       
consid]s y s nave t he does n  ev5      
conceal ! trick by :i* he int5ds to take
 y 94 ,f !  fir/ l9es y see ! int5tion )
 :i* ! book is writt51 &  ! details all 
become sup]flu\s1 & "o feels dull4      
,above all1 "o  kn[s t ! au?or _h no o!r
 feel+ all ! "t ?an a desire to  write a
 /ory or a novel1 & s "o receives no    
arti/ic impression4 ,on  ! o!r h&1 ,i   
c\ld n te> myself away f ! unkn[n       
au?or's  tale ( ! *ildr5 & ! *ick5s1    
because ,i 0 at once infect$ by  ! feel+
 :i* ! au?or _h evid5tly exp]i5c$1      
re-evok$ 9  himself1 & transmitt$4      
,vasnets(f is "o ( our ,russian pa9t]s4 
,he has pa9t$ ecclesia/ical  pictures 9 
,kieff ,ca!dral1 & ev]yone praises him z
 ! f\nd] (  "s new1 elevat$ k9d (       
,*ri/ian art4 ,he work$ at ^? pictures  
= t5 ye>s1 0 paid t5s ( ?\s&s ( r\bles =

 !m1 & !y  are all simply bad imitations
 ( imitations ( imitations1 de/itute (  
any sp>k ( feel+4 ,& ?is same ,vasnets(f
 drew a picture =  ,t\rg5ieff's /ory 8,!
 ,quail0 79 :i* x is told h[1 9 8 son's 
pres5ce1 a fa!r kill$ a quail & felt    
pity = x71 %[+ ! boy  asleep ) p\t+ upp]
 lip1 & above him1 z a dream1 ! quail4  
,&  ?is picture is a true "w ( art4     
,9 ! ,engli% ,academy ( #ahig two       
pictures 7 exhibit$ toge!r2 "o  ( :i*1  
by ,j4 ,c4 ,dolman1 0 ! temptation ( ,/4
 ,an?ony4 ,! ,sa9t  is on 8 knees pray+4
 ,beh9d him /&s a nak$ woman & animals (
  "s k9d4 ,x is app>5t t ! nak$ woman   
pleas$ ! arti/ v  mu*1 b t ,an?ony did n
 conc]n him at all2 & t1 s f> f  !      
temptation be+ t]rible to him 7! arti/7 
x is highly  agreeable4 ,& !re=e if !re 
be any art 9 ?is picture1 x is v  na/y &
 false4 ,next 9 ! same book ( academy   
pictures comes a  picture by ,langley1  
%[+ a /ray begg> boy1 :o has evid5tly   
be5  call$ 9 by a woman :o has tak5 pity
 on him4 ,! boy1 pitifully  draw+ 8 b>e 

feet "u ! b5*1 is eat+2 ! woman is look+
  on1 probably consid]+ :e!r he w n want
 "s m2 & a girl  ( ab\t sev51 lean+ on  
h] arm1 is c>efully & s]i\sly look+  on1
 n tak+ h] eyes f ! hungry boy1 &       
evid5tly und]/&+  = ! fir/ "t :at pov]ty
 is1 & :at inequality among p is1  &    
ask+ h]self :y %e has ev]y?+ provid$ =  
h] :ile ?is  boy goes b>e-foot & hungry8
 ,%e feels sorry & yet pleas$4 ,& %e    
loves bo? ! boy & goodness4444 ,& "o    
feels t ! arti/ lov$  ?is girl1 & t %e  
too loves4 ,& ?is picture1 by an arti/  
:o1 ,i  ?9k1 is n v widely kn[n1 is an  
admirable & true "w ( art4    ,i rememb]
 see+ a p]=mance ( ,hamlet by ,rossi4   
,bo? ! trag$y  itself & ! p]=m] :o took 
! *ief "p are consid]$ by our  critics  
to repres5t ! climax ( supreme dramatic 
art4 ,& yet1 bo?  f ! subject-matt] ( ! 
drama & f ! p]=mance1 ,i  exp]i5c$ all !
 "t t peculi> suff]+ :i* is caus$ by    
false imitations ( works ( art4 ,& ,i   
lately read ( a !atrical  p]=mance among
 ! savage tribe ! ,voguls4 ,a spectator 

describes !  play4 ,a big ,vogul & a    
little "o1 bo? dress$ 9 re9de] sk9s1    
repres5t a re9de]-doe & its "y4 ,a ?ird 
,vogul1 ) a b[1  repres5ts a huntsman on
 sn[-%oes1 & a f\r? imitates ) 8  voice 
a bird t w>ns ! re9de] ( _! dang]4 ,!   
play is t  ! huntsman foll[s ! track t !
 doe ) its "y "o has  travell$4 ,! de]  
run (f ! sc5e & aga9 reappe>4 7,su*     
p]=mances take place 9 a small          
t5t-h\se47 ,! huntsman ga9s m  & m on ! 
pursu$4 ,! little de] is tir$1 & presses
 aga9/  its "m4 ,! doe /ops to draw     
brea?4 ,! hunt] comes up ) !m  & draws 8
 b[4 ,b j !n ! bird s\nds its note1 w>n+
 !  de] ( _! dang]4 ,!y escape4 ,aga9   
!re is a *ase1 & aga9 !  hunt] ga9s on  
!m1 cat*es !m & lets fly 8 arr[4 ,! arr[
  /rikes ! "y de]4 ,unable to run1 !    
little "o presses aga9/  its "m4 ,! "m  
licks its w\nd4 ,! hunt] draws ano!r    
arr[4  ,! audi5ce1 z ! eye-witness      
describes !m1 are p>alys$ )  susp5se2   
deep groans & ev5 weep+ is he>d among   
!m4 ,&1 f  ! m]e description1 ,i felt t 

?is 0 a true "w ( art4    ,:at ,i am    
say+ w be consid]$ irrational p>adox1 at
 :i* "o c  only be amaz$2 b = all t ,i  
mu/ say :at ,i ?9k1 namely1 t  p ( our  
circle1 ( :om "s compose v]ses1 /ories1 
novels1  op]as1 symphonies1 & sonatas1  
pa9t all k9ds ( pictures & make  /atues1
 :ile o!rs he> & look at ^! ?+s1 & aga9 
o!rs  appraise & criticise x all1       
discuss1 condemn1 triumph1 & raise      
monum5ts to "o ano!r g5]ation aft]      
g5]ation1--t all ^!  p1 ) v few         
exceptions1 arti/s1 & public1 & critics1
 h  nev] 7except 9 *ildhood & e>lie/    
y\?1 be=e he>+ any  discussions on art71
 exp]i5c$ t simple feel+ famili> to !   
pla9e/ man & ev5 to a *ild1 t s5se (    
infection ) ano!r's  feel+1--compell+ u 
to joy 9 ano!r's gladness1 to sorr[ at  
ano!r's grief1 & to m+le s\ls )         
ano!r1--:i* is ! v  ess5ce ( art4 ,&    
!re=e ^! p n only _c di/+ui%  true works
 ( art f c\nt]feits1 b cont9ually mi/ake
 = real  art ! wor/ & mo/ artificial1   
:ile !y d n ev5 p]ceive works  ( real   

art1 because ! c\nt]feits are always m  
ornate1 :ile true  art is mode/4        
,,*apt] ,,xv      ,art1 9 our society1  
has be5 s p]v]t$ t n only has bad art   
come to be consid]$ good1 b ev5 ! v     
p]ception ( :at art  really is has be5  
lo/4 ,9 ord] to be able to speak ab\t ! 
art (  our society1 x is1 !re=e1 fir/ ( 
all necess>y to di/+ui% art  f c\nt]feit
 art4    ,!re is "o indubitable         
indication di/+ui%+ real art f its      
c\nt]feit1 namely1 ! infecti\sness (    
art4 ,if a man1 )\t  ex]cis+ ef=t & )\t 
alt]+ 8 /&po9t1 on read+1  he>+1 or see+
 ano!r man's "w1 exp]i5ces a m5tal      
condition  :i* unites him ) t man & )   
o!r p :o also p>take (  t "w ( art1 !n !
 object evok+ t condition is a "w (     
art4 ,& h[ev] poetical1 reali/ic1       
effectful1 or int]e/+ a "w  may be1 x is
 n a "w ( art if x does n evoke t feel+ 
7q  di/9ct f all o!r feel+s7 ( joy1 & ( 
spiritual union )  ano!r 7! au?or7 & )  
o!rs 7^? :o are also infect$ by  x74    
,x is true t ?is indication is an       

int]nal "o1 & t !re are  p :o h =gott5  
:at ! action ( real art is1 :o expect   
some?+ else f art 79 our society ! great
 majority are 9 ?is  /ate71 & t !re=e   
su* p may mi/ake = ?is /hetic  feel+ !  
feel+ ( div]tisem5t & a c]ta9 excitem5t 
:i* !y  receive f c\nt]feits ( art4 ,b  
?\gh x is impossible to  undeceive ^! p1
 j z x is impossible to conv9ce a man   
suff]+ f 8,daltonism0 t gre5 is n r$1   
yet1 = all t1  ?is indication rema9s    
p]fectly def9ite to ^? ^: feel+ =  art  
is nei!r p]v]t$ nor atrophi$1 & x cle>ly
 di/+ui%es !  feel+ produc$ by art f all
 o!r feel+s4    ,! *ief peculi>ity ( ?is
 feel+ is t ! receiv] ( a true  arti/ic 
impression is s unit$ to ! arti/ t he   
feels z if !  "w 7 8 own & n someone    
else's1--z if :at x expresses 7  j :at  
he _h long be5 wi%+ to express4 ,a real 
"w ( art  de/roys1 9 ! consci\sness ( ! 
receiv]1 ! sep>ation betwe5  himself & !
 arti/1 nor t alone1 b also betwe5      
himself & all  ^: m9ds receive ?is "w ( 
art4 ,9 ?is free+ ( our p]sonality  f   

its sep>ation & isolation1 9 ?is unit+ (
 x ) o!rs1  lies ! *ief *>act]i/ic & !  
great attractive =ce ( art4    ,if a man
 is infect$ by ! au?or's condition (    
s\l1 if he feels ?is  emotion & ?is     
union ) o!rs1 !n ! object :i* has       
effect$  ?is is art2 b if !re be no su* 
infection1 if !re be n ?is  union ) !   
au?or & ) o!rs :o are mov$ by ! same    
"w--!n x is n art4 ,& n only is         
infection a sure sign ( art1  b ! degree
 ( infecti\sness is also ! sole measure 
( excell5ce  9 art4    ,! /rong] !      
infection ! bett] is ! art1 z art1      
speak+ n[  ap>t f its subject-matt]1    
i4e4 n consid]+ ! quality ( !  feel+s x 
transmits4    ,& ! degree ( !           
infecti\sness ( art dep5ds on ?ree      
conditions3--    7#a7 ,on ! great] or   
less] individuality ( ! feel+           
transmitt$2  7#b7 on ! great] or less]  
cle>ness ) :i* ! feel+ is  transmitt$2  
7#c7 on ! s9c]ity ( ! arti/1 i4e4 on !  
great]  or less] =ce ) :i* ! arti/      
himself feels ! emotion he  transmits4  

,! m individual ! feel+ transmitt$ ! m  
/rongly does x  act on ! receiv]2 ! m   
individual ! /ate ( s\l into :i* he  is 
transf]r$ ! m pleasure does ! receiv]   
obta91 & !re=e  ! m readily & /rongly   
does he jo9 9 x4    ,! cle>ness (       
expression assi/s infection1 because !  
receiv]1 :o  m+les 9 consci\sness ) !   
au?or1 is ! bett] satisfi$ !  m cle>ly !
 feel+ is transmitt$1 :i*1 z x seems to 
him1 he  has long kn[n & felt1 & = :i*  
he has only n[ f\nd expression4    ,b   
mo/ ( all is ! degree ( infecti\sness ( 
art increas$ by  ! degree ( s9c]ity 9 ! 
arti/4 ,z soon z ! spectator1  he>]1 or 
read] feels t ! arti/ is infect$ by 8   
own  production1 & writes1 s+s1 or plays
 = himself & n m]ely to  act on o!rs1   
?is m5tal condition ( ! arti/ infects ! 
receiv]2 &1 contr>iwise1 z soon z !     
spectator1 read]1 or  he>] feels t !    
au?or is n writ+1 s++1 or play+ =  8 own
 satisfaction1--does n himself feel :at 
he wi%es to  express1--b is do+ x = him1
 ! receiv]1 a resi/ance  imm$iately     

spr+s up1 & ! mo/ individual & ! newe/  
feel+s & ! clev]e/ te*nique n only fail 
to produce any  infection b actually    
repel4    ,i h m5tion$ ?ree conditions (
 contagi\sness 9 art1 b !y may  all be  
summ$ up into "o1 ! la/1 s9c]ity1 i4e4 t
 ! arti/  %\ld be impell$ by an inn] ne$
 to express 8 feel+4 ,t  condition      
includes ! fir/2 = if ! arti/ is s9c]e  
he w  express ! feel+ z he exp]i5c$ x4  
,& z ea* man is diff]5t  f ev]yone else1
 8 feel+ w be individual = ev]yone else2
  & ! m individual x is1--! m ! arti/   
has drawn x f !  dep?s ( 8 nature1--! m 
sympa!tic & s9c]e w x be4 ,&  ?is same  
s9c]ity w impel ! arti/ to f9d a cle>   
expression (  ! feel+ :i* he wi%es to   
transmit4    ,!re=e ?is ?ird            
condition--s9c]ity--is ! mo/ important (
 !  ?ree4 ,x is always compli$ ) 9      
peasant art1 & ?is expla9s :y  su* art  
always acts s p[]fully2 b x is a        
condition almo/  entirely abs5t f our   
upp]-class art1 :i* is cont9ually       
produc$  by arti/s actuat$ by p]sonal   

aims ( covet\sness or vanity4    ,su*   
are ! ?ree conditions :i* divide art f  
its c\nt]feits1  & :i* also decide !    
quality ( e "w ( art ap>t f its         
subject-matt]4    ,! abs5ce ( any "o (  
^! conditions excludes a "w f !         
category ( art & relegates x to t (     
art's c\nt]feits4 ,if !  "w does n      
transmit ! arti/'s peculi>ity ( feel+1 &
 is  !re=e n individual1 if x is        
un9telligibly express$1 or if x  has n  
proce$$ f ! au?or's inn] ne$ =          
expression--x is n  a "w ( art4 ,if all 
^! conditions are pres5t1 ev5 9 !       
smalle/  degree1 !n ! "w1 ev5 if a weak 
"o1 is yet a "w ( art4    ,! pres5ce 9  
v>i\s degrees ( ^! ?ree conditions3     
individuality1 cle>ness1 & s9c]ity1     
decides ! m]it ( a "w (  art1 z art1    
ap>t f subject-matt]4 ,all works ( art  
take rank (  m]it accord+ to ! degree 9 
:i* !y fulfil ! fir/1 !  second1 & !    
?ird ( ^! conditions4 ,9 "o !           
individuality (  ! feel+ transmitt$ may 
pr$om9ate2 9 ano!r1 cle>ness (          

expression2 9 a ?ird1 s9c]ity2 :ile a   
f\r? may h s9c]ity &  individuality b be
 defici5t 9 cle>ness2 a fif?1           
individuality &  cle>ness1 b less       
s9c]ity2 & s =?1 9 all possible degrees 
&  comb9ations4    ,?us is art divid$ f 
n art1 & ?us is ! quality ( art1 z  art1
 decid$1 indep5d5tly ( its              
subject-matt]1 i4e4 ap>t f  :e!r !      
feel+s x transmits are good or bad4     
,b h[ are we to def9e good & bad art )  
ref]5ce to its  subject-matt]8          
,,*apt] ,,xvi      ,h[ 9 art are we to  
decide :at is good & :at is bad 9       
subject-matt]8    ,art1 l spee*1 is a   
means ( communication1 & !re=e (        
progress1 i4e4 ( ! movem5t ( humanity   
=w>d t[>ds p]fection4  ,spee* r5d]s     
accessible to m5 ( ! late/ g5]ations all
 !  k discov]$ by ! exp]i5ce &          
reflection1 bo? ( prec$+  g5]ations & ( 
! be/ & =emo/ m5 ( _! own times2 art    
r5d]s accessible to m5 ( ! late/        
g5]ations all ! feel+s  exp]i5c$ by _!  
pr$ecessors1 & ^? also :i* are be+ felt 

by _! be/ & =emo/ contempor>ies4 ,& z ! 
evolution (  k proce$s by tru] & m      
necess>y k dislodg+ &  replac+ :at is   
mi/ak5 & unnecess>y1 s ! evolution (    
feel+  proce$s ?r\gh art1--feel+s less  
k9d & less ne$ful = !  well-be+ ( mank9d
 are replac$ by o!rs k9d] & m ne$ful =  
t end4 ,t is ! purpose ( art4 ,&1 speak+
 n[ ( its  subject-matt]1 ! m art       
fulfils t purpose ! bett] ! art1  & !   
less x fulfils x ! worse ! art4    ,& ! 
appraisem5t ( feel+s 7i4e4 ! ackn[l$gm5t
 ( ^! or  ^? feel+s z be+ m or less     
good1 m or less necess>y =  ! well-be+ (
 mank9d7 is made by ! religi\s p]ception
 ( !  age4    ,9 e p]iod ( hi/ory1 & 9 e
 human society1 !re exi/s an  und]/&+ ( 
! mean+ ( life :i* repres5ts ! highe/   
level  to :i* m5 ( t society h          
atta9$1--an und]/&+ def9+  ! highe/ good
 at :i* t society aims4 ,& ?is und]/&+  
is  ! religi\s p]ception ( ! giv5 "t &  
society4 ,& ?is  religi\s p]ception is  
always cle>ly express$ by "s advanc$ m51
  & m or less vividly p]ceiv$ by all !  

memb]s ( ! society4  ,su* a religi\s    
p]ception & its correspond+ expression  
exi/s  always 9 e society4 ,if x appe>s 
to u t 9 our society !re  is no religi\s
 p]ception1 ?is is n because !re really 
is none1  b only because we d n want to 
see x4 ,& we (t5 wi% n to see  x because
 x exposes ! fact t our life is         
inconsi/5t ) t  religi\s p]ception4     
,religi\s p]ception 9 a society is l !  
direction ( a fl[+  riv]4 ,if ! riv]    
fl[s at all1 x mu/ h a direction4 ,if a 
society  lives1 !re mu/ be a religi\s   
p]ception indicat+ ! direction 9  :i*1 m
 or less consci\sly1 all its memb]s t5d4
    ,& s !re always has be51 & !re is1 a
 religi\s p]ception 9  e society4 ,& x  
is by ! /&>d ( ?is religi\s p]ception  t
 ! feel+s transmitt$ by art h always be5
 e/imat$4 ,only on  ! basis ( ?is       
religi\s p]ception ( _! age h m5 always 
*os5 f ! endlessly v>i$ sph]es ( art t  
art :i*  transmitt$ feel+s mak+ religi\s
 p]ception op]ative 9 actual  life4 ,&  
su* art has always be5 highly valu$ &   

enc\rag$2 :ile  art transmitt+ feel+s   
already outliv$1 fl[+ f ! antiquat$     
religi\s p]ceptions ( a =m] age1 has    
always be5 condemn$ &  despis$4 ,all !  
re/ ( art1 transmitt+ ^? mo/ div]se     
feel+s  by means ( :i* p commune toge!r1
 0 n condemn$1 & 0  tol]at$1 if only x  
did n transmit feel+s contr>y to        
religi\s  p]ception4 ,?us1 = in/ance1   
among ! ,greeks1 art transmitt+ !  feel+
 ( beauty1 /r5g?1 & c\rage 7,hesiod1    
,hom]1 ,phidias7 0  *os51 approv$1 &    
enc\rag$2 :ile art transmitt+ feel+s (  
rude s5suality1 despond5cy1 & effem9acy 
0 condemn$ & despis$4  ,among ! ,jews1  
art transmitt+ feel+s ( devotion &      
submission to  ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews & to 
,8 w 7! epic ( ,g5esis1 !  prophets1 !  
,psalms7 0 *os5 & enc\rag$1 :ile art    
transmitt+  feel+s ( idolatry 7! gold5  
calf7 0 condemn$ & despis$4 ,all  ! re/ 
( art--/ories1 songs1 dances1           
ornam5tation ( h\ses1 (  ut5sils1 & (   
clo!s--:i* 0 n contr>y to religi\s      
p]ception1  0 nei!r di/+ui%$ nor        

discuss$4 ,?us1 9 reg>d to its          
subject-matt]1 has art be5 apprais$     
always & ev]y:]e1 & ?us  x %\ld be      
apprais$1 = ?is attitude t[>ds art      
proce$s f !  fundam5tal *>act]i/ics (   
human nature1 & ^? *>act]i/ics  d n     
*ange4    ,i "k t accord+ to an op9ion  
curr5t 9 our times1 religion is a       
sup]/ition1 :i* humanity has outgr[n1 & 
t x is !re=e  assum$ t no su* ?+ exi/s z
 a religi\s p]ception common to u  all  
by :i* art1 9 our "t1 c be e/imat$4 ,i  
"k t ?is is !  op9ion curr5t 9 !        
pseudo-cultur$ circles ( to-day4 ,p :o d
  n ackn[l$ge ,*ri/ianity 9 its true    
mean+ because x und]m9es  all _! social 
privileges1 & :o1 !re=e1 inv5t all k9ds 
(  philosophic & /hetic !ories to hide f
 !mselves !  mean+lessness & wrongness (
 _! lives1 _c ?9k o!rwise4  ,^! p       
int5tionally1 or sometimes              
un9t5tionally1 confus+ !  conception ( a
 religi\s cult ) ! conception ( religi\s
  p]ception1 ?9k t by d5y+ ! cult !y get
 rid ( religi\s  p]ception4 ,b ev5 ! v  

attacks on religion1 & ! attempts to    
e/abli% a life-conception contr>y to !  
religi\s p]ception ( our  times1 mo/    
cle>ly demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a religi\s
 p]ception  condemn+ ! lives t are n 9  
h>mony ) x4    ,if humanity progresses1 
i4e4 moves =w>d1 !re mu/ inevitably be a
  guide to ! direction ( t movem5t4 ,&  
religions h always  furni%$ t guide4    
,all hi/ory %[s t ! progress ( humanity 
is  accompli%$ n o!rwise ?an "u !       
guidance ( religion4 ,b if  ! race _c   
progress )\t ! guidance ( religion1--&  
progress  is always go+ on1 &           
consequ5tly also 9 our own times1--!n   
!re  mu/ be a religion ( our times4 ,s  
t1 :e!r x pleases or  displeases !      
s-call$ cultur$ p ( to-day1 !y mu/ admit
 !  exi/5ce ( religion--n ( a religi\s  
cult1 ,ca?olic1 ,prote/ant1 or  ano!r1 b
 ( religi\s p]ception--:i*1 ev5 9 our   
times1 is !  guide always pres5t :]e !re
 is any progress4 ,& if a religi\s      
p]ception exi/s among/ u1 !n our art    
%\ld be apprais$ on !  basis ( t        

religi\s p]ception2 &1 z has always &   
ev]y:]e  be5 ! case1 art transmitt+     
feel+s fl[+ f ! religi\s  p]ception (   
our "t %\ld be *os5 f all ! indiff]5t   
art1  %\ld be ackn[l$g$1 highly e/eem$1 
& enc\rag$2 :ile art  runn+ c\nt] to t  
p]ception %\ld be condemn$ & despis$1 & 
all ! rema9+ indiff]5t art %\ld nei!r be
 di/+ui%$ nor  enc\rag$4    ,! religi\s 
p]ception ( our "t1 9 its wide/ & mo/   
practical  application1 is !            
consci\sness t our well-be+1 bo? mat]ial
 &  spiritual1 individual & collective1 
temporal & et]nal1 lies 9 !  gr[? (     
bro!rhood among all m5--9 _! lov+ h>mony
 ) "o  ano!r4 ,?is p]ception is n only  
express$ by ,*ri/ & all !  be/ m5 ( pa/ 
ages1 x is n only repeat$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$  
=ms  & f mo/ div]se sides by ! be/ m5 ( 
our own times1 b x  already s]ves z a   
clue to all ! complex lab\r ( humanity1 
consi/+ z ?is lab\r does1 on ! "o h&1 9 
! de/ruction (  physical & moral        
ob/acles to ! union ( m51 &1 on ! o!r   
h&1 9 e/abli%+ ! pr9ciples common to all

 m5 :i* c &  %\ld unite !m into "o      
univ]sal bro!rhood4 ,& x is on ! basis  
( ?is p]ception t we %\ld appraise all !
 ph5om5a ( our  life1 &1 among ! re/1   
our art also2 *oos+ f all its realms    
:atev] transmits feel+s fl[+ f ?is      
religi\s p]ception1  highly priz+ &     
enc\rag+ su* art1 reject+ :atev] is     
contr>y  to ?is p]ception1 & n attribut+
 to ! re/ ( art an importance  n prop]ly
 p]ta9+ to x4    ,! *ief mi/ake made by 
p ( ! upp] classes ( ! "t ( !  s-call$  
,r5aissance1--a mi/ake :i* we /ill      
p]petuate1--0 n t  !y ceas$ to value &  
to atta* importance to religi\s art 7p  
( t p]iod c\ld n atta* importance to x1 
because1 l our own  upp] classes1 !y    
c\ld n believe 9 :at ! majority consid]$
 to  be religion71 b _! mi/ake 0 t !y   
set up 9 place (  religi\s art :i* 0    
lack+1 an insignificant art :i* aim$    
only  at giv+ pleasure1 i4e4 !y began to
 *oose1 to value1 & to  enc\rage1 9     
place ( religi\s art1 some?+ :i*1 9 any 
case1 did  n des]ve su* e/eem &         

enc\ragem5t4    ,"o ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*
 said t ! great evil is n t  m5 d n "k  
,god1 b t !y h set up1 in/ead ( ,god1 t 
:i* is n ,god4 ,s also ) art4 ,! great  
mis=tune ( ! p  ( ! upp] classes ( our  
"t is n s mu* t !y are )\t a  religi\s  
art1 z t1 in/ead ( a supreme religi\s   
art1 *os5 f  all ! re/ z be+ specially  
important & valuable1 !y h *os5  a mo/  
insignificant &1 usually1 h>mful art1   
:i* aims at pleas+  c]ta9 p1 & :i*1     
!re=e1 if only by its exclusive nature1 
/&s 9 contradiction to t ,*ri/ian       
pr9ciple ( univ]sal union  :i* =ms !    
religi\s p]ception ( our "t4 ,in/ead (  
religi\s  art1 an empty & (t5 vici\s art
 is set up1 & ?is hides f m5's  notice !
 ne$ ( t true religi\s art :i* %\ld be  
pres5t 9  life 9 ord] to improve x4     
,x is true t art :i* satisfies ! dem&s (
 ! religi\s  p]ception ( our "t is q    
unlike =m] art1 b1 not)/&+  ?is         
dissimil>ity1 to a man :o does n        
int5tionally hide ! tru?  f himself1 x  
is v cle> & def9ite :at does =m !       

religi\s  art ( our age4 ,9 =m] times1  
:5 ! highe/ religi\s p]ception  unit$   
only "s p 7:o1 ev5 if !y =m$ a l>ge     
society1 7  yet b "o society surr\nd$ by
 o!rs--,jews1 or ,a!nian or ,roman      
citiz5s71 ! feel+s transmitt$ by ! art (
 t "t fl[$ f  a desire = ! might1       
greatness1 glory1 & prosp]ity ( t       
society1 & ! h]oes ( art might be p :o  
contribut$ to t  prosp]ity by /r5g?1 by 
craft1 by fraud1 or by cruelty          
7,ulysses1  ,jacob1 ,david1 ,samson1    
,h]cules1 & all ! h]oes74 ,b ! religi\s 
p]ception ( our times does n select any 
"o society ( m52 on !  contr>y1 x dem&s 
! union ( all--absolutely ( all p )\t   
exception--& above e o!r virtue x sets  
bro!rly love to all  m54 ,&1 !re=e1 !   
feel+s transmitt$ by ! art ( our "t n   
only _c co9cide ) ! feel+s transmitt$ by
 =m] art1 b  mu/ run c\nt] to !m4       
,*ri/ian1 truly ,*ri/ian1 art has be5 s 
long 9 e/abli%+ itself1  & has n yet    
e/abli%$ itself1 j because ! ,*ri/ian   
religi\s  p]ception 0 n "o ( ^? small   

/eps by :i* humanity advances  regul>ly2
 b 0 an enorm\s revolution1 :i*1 if x   
has n already  alt]$1 mu/ inevitably    
alt] ! entire life-conception ( mank9d1 
&1 consequ5tly1 ! :ole int]nal          
organisation ( _! life4 ,x is  true t ! 
life ( humanity1 l t ( an individual1   
moves  regul>ly2 b 9 t regul> movem5t   
come1 z x 71  turn+-po9ts1 :i* %>ply    
divide ! prec$+ f ! subsequ5t  life4    
,*ri/ianity 0 su* a turn+-po9t2 su*1 at 
lea/1 x mu/  appe> to u :o live by !    
,*ri/ian p]ception ( life4 ,*ri/ian     
p]ception gave ano!r1 a new direction to
 all human feel+s1 &  !re=e completely  
alt]$ bo? ! cont5ts & ! significance (  
art4 ,! ,greeks c\ld make use ( ,p]sian 
art & ! ,romans c\ld use  ,greek art1   
or1 simil>ly1 ! ,jews c\ld use ,egyptian
 art1--!  fundam5tal ideals 7 "o & !    
same4 ,n[ ! ideal 0 !  greatness &      
prosp]ity ( ! ,p]sians1 n[ ! greatness &
  prosp]ity ( ! ,greeks1 n[ t ( !       
,romans4 ,! same art 0  transf]r$ into  
o!r conditions1 & s]v$ new nations4 ,b !

  ,*ri/ian ideal *ang$ & rev]s$ ev]y?+1 
s t1 z ! ,gospel  puts x1 8,t :i* 0     
exalt$ among m5 has become an abom9ation
 9  ! sight ( ,god40 ,! ideal is no     
long] ! greatness ( ,ph>aoh or (  a     
,roman emp]or1 n ! beauty ( a ,greek nor
 ! weal? ( ,phnicia1  b humility1       
purity1 compassion1 love4 ,! h]o is no  
long] ,dives1 b  ,laz>us ! begg>2 n ,m>y
 ,magdal5e 9 ! day ( h] beauty1 b 9  !  
day ( h] rep5tance2 n ^? :o acquire     
weal?1 b ^? :o  h ab&on$ x2 n ^? :o     
dwell 9 palaces1 b ^? :o dwell  9       
catacombs & huts2 n ^? :o rule ov] o!rs1
 b ^? :o  ackn[l$ge no au?ority b       
,god's4 ,& ! greate/ "w ( art is no     
long] a ca!dral ( victory#hd ) /atues ( 
conqu]ors1 b !  repres5tation ( a human 
s\l s trans=m$ by love t a man :o is    
torm5t$ & murd]$ yet pities & loves 8   
p]secutors4    ,& ! *ange is s great t  
m5 ( ! ,*ri/ian _w f9d x  difficult to  
resi/ ! in]tia ( ! hea!n art to :i* !y h
  be5 accu/om$ all _! lives4 ,!         
subject-matt] ( ,*ri/ian  religi\s art  

is s new to !m1 s unlike ! subject-matt]
 ( =m]  art1 t x seems to !m z ?\gh     
,*ri/ian art 7 a d5ial ( art1  & !y cl+ 
desp]ately to ! old art4 ,b ?is old art1
 hav+ no  long]1 9 our day1 any s\rce 9 
religi\s p]ception1 has lo/ its  mean+1 
& we %all h to ab&on x :e!r we wi% to or
 n4    ,! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian p]ception 
consi/s 9 ! recognition by  e man ( 8   
son%ip to ,god1 & ( ! consequ5t union ( 
m5 )  ,god & ) "o ano!r1 z is said 9 !  
,gospel 7,john xvii4 #bahe74  ,!re=e !  
subject-matt] ( ,*ri/ian art is su*     
feel+ z c  unite m5 ) ,god & ) "o ano!r4
    ,! expression unite m5 ) ,god & ) "o
 ano!r may seem  obscure to p accu/om$  
to ! misuse ( ^! words :i* is s         
cu/om>y1 b ! words h a p]fectly cle>    
mean+ nev]!less4  ,!y indicate t !      
,*ri/ian union ( man 79 contradiction to
 !  p>tial1 exclusive union ( only "s   
m57 is t :i* unites all  )\t exception4 
,art1 all art1 has ?is *>act]i/ic1 t x  
unites p4 ,e art  causes ^? to :om !    
arti/'s feel+ is transmitt$ to unite 9  

s\l ) ! arti/1 & also ) all :o receive !
 same impression4  ,b non-,*ri/ian art1 
:ile unit+ "s p toge!r1 makes t  v union
 a cause ( sep>ation betwe5 ^! unit$ p &
 o!rs2  s t union ( ?is k9d is (t5 a    
s\rce1 n only ( division1 b  ev5 (      
enmity t[>ds o!rs4 ,su* is all patriotic
 art1 ) its  an!ms1 poems1 & monum5ts2  
su* is all ,*ur* art1 i4e4 ! art (      
c]ta9 cults1 ) _! images1 /atues1       
processions1 & o!r local  c]emonies4    
,su* art is belat$ & non-,*ri/ian art1  
unit+ !  p ( "o cult only to sep>ate !m 
yet m %>ply f !  memb]s ( o!r cults1 &  
ev5 to place !m 9 relations ( ho/ility  
to ea* o!r4 ,*ri/ian art is only su* z  
t5ds to unite all )\t  exception1 ei!r  
by evok+ 9 !m ! p]ception t ea* man &   
all m5 /& 9 l relation t[>ds ,god &     
t[>ds _! neighb\r1  or by evok+ 9 !m    
id5tical feel+s1 :i* may ev5 be ! v     
simple/ provid$ only t !y are n         
repugnant to ,*ri/ianity &  are natural 
to ev]yone )\t exception4    ,good      
,*ri/ian art ( our "t may be            

un9telligible to p because  (           
imp]fections 9 its =m1 or because m5 are
 inatt5tive to x1 b  x mu/ be su* t all 
m5 c exp]i5ce ! feel+s x transmits4  ,x 
mu/ be ! art1 n ( "s "o gr\p ( p1 nor ( 
"o class1  nor ( "o nationality1 nor (  
"o religi\s cult2 t is1 x mu/ n         
transmit feel+s :i* are accessible only 
to a man educat$ 9 a  c]ta9 way1 or only
 to an ari/ocrat1 or a m]*ant1 or only  
to a  ,russian1 or a native ( ,japan1 or
 a ,roman ,ca?olic1 or a ,buddhi/1 etc41
  b x mu/ transmit feel+s accessible to 
ev]yone4 ,only art ( ?is  k9d c be      
ackn[l$g$ 9 our "t to be good art1 wor?y
 ( be+  *os5 out f all ! re/ ( art &    
enc\rag$4    ,*ri/ian art1 i4e4 ! art ( 
our "t1 %\ld be ca?olic 9 !  orig9al    
mean+ ( ! ^w1 i4e4 univ]sal1 & !re=e x  
%\ld  unite all m54 ,& only two k9ds (  
feel+ d unite all m53 fir/1  feel+s fl[+
 f ! p]ception ( our son%ip to ,god & ( 
!  bro!rhood ( man2 & next1 ! simple    
feel+s ( common life1  accessible to    
ev]yone )\t exception--su* z ! feel+ (  

m]rim5t1 ( pity1 ( *e]fulness1 (        
tranquillity1 etc4 ,only ^!  two k9ds ( 
feel+s c n[ supply mat]ial = art good 9 
its  subject-matt]4    ,& ! action ( ^! 
two k9ds ( art1 app>5tly s dissimil>1 is
  "o & ! same4 ,! feel+s fl[+ f         
p]ception ( our son%ip to  ,god & ( !   
bro!rhood ( man--su* z a feel+ ( sur5ess
 9  tru?1 devotion to ! w ( ,god1       
self-sacrifice1 respect = & love  (     
man--evok$ by ,*ri/ian religi\s         
p]ception2 & ! simple/  feel+s--su* z a 
s(t5$ or a m]ry mood caus$ by a song or 
an  amus+ je/ intelligible to ev]yone1  
or by a t\*+ /ory1 or a  draw+1 or a    
little doll3 bo? alike produce "o & !   
same  effect--! lov+ union ( man ) man4 
,sometimes p :o are  toge!r are1 if n   
ho/ile to "o ano!r1 at lea/ e/rang$ 9   
mood  & feel+1 till p]*ance a /ory1 a   
p]=mance1 a picture1 or ev5 a  build+1 b
 (t5e/ ( all music1 unites !m all z by  
an electric  fla%1 &1 9 place ( _! =m]  
isolation or ev5 enmity1 !y are  all    
consci\s ( union & mutual love4 ,ea* is 

glad t ano!r feels  :at he feels2 glad (
 ! communion e/abli%$1 n only betwe5 him
  & all pres5t1 b also ) all n[ liv+ :o 
w yet %>e !  same impression2 & m ?an t1
 he feels ! my/]i\s gladness (  a       
communion :i*1 rea*+ beyond ! grave1    
unites u ) all m5 (  ! pa/ :o h be5 mov$
 by ! same feel+s1 & ) all m5 (  !      
future :o w yet be t\*$ by !m4 ,& ?is   
effect is produc$  bo? by ! religi\s art
 :i* transmits feel+s ( love to ,god &  
"o's neighb\r1 & by univ]sal art        
transmitt+ ! v simple/  feel+s common to
 all m54    ,! art ( our "t %\ld be     
apprais$ diff]5tly f =m] art  *iefly 9  
?is1 t ! art ( our "t1 i4e4 ,*ri/ian art
 7bas+  itself on a religi\s p]ception  
:i* dem&s ! union ( man71  excludes f ! 
doma9 ( art good 9 subject-matt] ev]y?+ 
transmitt+ exclusive feel+s1 :i* d n    
unite b divide m54 ,x  relegates su* "w 
to ! category ( art bad 9 its           
subject-matt]1  :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x    
includes 9 ! category ( art good 9      
subject-matt] a section n =m]ly admitt$ 

to des]ve to be *os5  out & respect$1   
namely1 univ]sal art transmitt+ ev5 !   
mo/  trifl+ & simple feel+s if only !y  
are accessible to all m5  )\t exception1
 & !re=e unite !m4 ,su* art _c1 9 our   
"t1 b be e/eem$ good1 = x atta9s ! end  
:i* ! religi\s  p]ception ( our "t1 i4e4
 ,*ri/ianity1 sets be=e humanity4       
,*ri/ian art ei!r evokes 9 m5 ^? feel+s 
:i*1 ?r\gh love (  ,god & ( "o's        
neighb\r1 draw !m to great] & ev] great]
 union1  & make !m ready = & capable (  
su* union2 or evokes 9 !m  ^? feel+s :i*
 %[ !m t !y are already unit$ 9 ! joys  
& sorr[s ( life4 ,& !re=e ! ,*ri/ian art
 ( our "t c be  & is ( two k9ds3 7#a7   
art transmitt+ feel+s fl[+ f a  religi\s
 p]ception ( man's position 9 ! _w 9    
relation to ,god  & to 8                
neighb\r--religi\s art 9 ! limit$ mean+ 
( ! t]m2  & 7#b7 art transmitt+ !       
simple/ feel+s ( common life1 b su*1    
always1 z are accessible to all m5 9 !  
:ole _w--! art (  common life--! art ( a
 p--univ]sal art4 ,only ^! two k9ds (   

art c be consid]$ good art 9 our "t4    
,! fir/1 religi\s art1--transmitt+ bo?  
positive feel+s ( love to  ,god & "o's  
neighb\r1 & negative feel+s (           
indignation & horror  at ! violation (  
love1--manife/s itself *iefly 9 ! =m (  
words1  & to "s ext5t also 9 pa9t+ &    
sculpture3 ! second k9d  7univ]sal art7 
transmitt+ feel+s accessible to all1    
manife/s  itself 9 words1 9 pa9t+1 9    
sculpture1 9 dances1 9 ar*itecture1  &1 
mo/ ( all1 9 music4    ,if ,i 7 ask$ to 
give mod]n examples ( ea* ( ^! k9ds (   
art1  !n1 z examples ( ! highe/ art1    
fl[+ f love ( ,god & man  7bo? ( !      
high]1 positive1 & ( ! l[]1 negative    
k9d71 9  lit]ature ,i %\ld "n ,! ,robb]s
 by ,s*ill]3 ,victor ,hugo's ,les       
,pauvres ,g5s & ,les ,misrables3 !      
novels & /ories (  ,dick5s--,! ,tale (  
,two ,cities1 ,! ,*ri/mas ,c>ol1 ,!     
,*imes1  & o!rs3 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab93   
,do/oievsky's works--especially 8       
,memoirs f ! ,h\se ( ,dea?3 & ,adam ,b$e
 by ,george ,eliot4    ,9 mod]n pa9t+1  

/range to say1 works ( ?is k9d1 directly
  transmitt+ ! ,*ri/ian feel+ ( love (  
,god & ( "o's  neighb\r1 are h>dly to be
 f\nd1 especially among ! works ( !     
celebrat$ pa9t]s4 ,!re are pl5ty (      
pictures treat+ ( ! ,gospel  /ories2 !y1
 h[ev]1 depict hi/orical ev5ts ) great  
weal? (  detail1 b d n1 & _c1 transmit  
religi\s feel+ n possess$  by _! pa9t]s4
 ,!re are _m pictures treat+ ( ! p]sonal
  feel+s ( v>i\s p1 b ( pictures        
repres5t+ great de$s (  self-sacrifice &
 ( ,*ri/ian love !re are v few1 & :at   
!re  are are pr9cipally by arti/s :o are
 n celebrat$1 & are1 = !  mo/ "p1 n     
pictures b m]ely sket*es4 ,su*1 =       
in/ance1 is !  draw+ by ,kramskoy 7wor? 
_m ( 8 f9i%$ pictures71 %[+ a           
draw+-room ) a balcony1 pa/ :i* troops  
are m>*+ 9 triumph  on _! return f ! w>4
 ,on ! balcony /&s a wet-nurse hold+  a 
baby & a boy4 ,!y are admir+ !          
procession ( ! troops1 b  ! "m1 cov]+ h]
 face ) a h&k]*ief1 has fall5 back on  !
 s(a1 sobb+4 ,su* also is ! picture by  

,walt] ,langley1 to :i*  ,i h already   
ref]r$1 & su* aga9 is a picture by !    
,fr5*  arti/ ,morion1 depict+ a lifeboat
 ha/5+1 9 a heavy /orm1 to !  relief ( a
 /eam] t is be+ wreck$4 ,approa*+ ^! 9  
k9d are  pictures :i* repres5t !        
h>d-work+ peasant ) respect & love4     
,su* are ! pictures by ,millet1 &1      
p>ticul>ly1 8 draw+1 8,!  ,man ) !      
,hoe10 also pictures 9 ?is /yle by      
,jules ,breton1  ,l',h]mitte1 ,defregg]1
 & o!rs4 ,z examples ( pictures evok+   
indignation & horror at ! violation (   
love to ,god & man1 ,gay's  picture1    
8,judgm5t10 may s]ve1 & also            
,leiz5-,may]'s1 8,sign+ !  ,dea?        
,w>rant40 ,b !re are also v few ( ?is   
k9d4 ,anxiety ab\t  ! te*nique & !      
beauty ( ! picture = ! mo/ "p obscures  
! feel+4 ,= in/ance1 ,grme's 8,pollice  
,v]so0 expresses1 n s  mu* horror at :at
 is be+ p]petrat$ z attraction by !     
beauty (  ! spectacle4#hf    ,to give   
examples1 f ! mod]n art ( our upp]      
classes1 ( art (  ! second k9d1 good    

univ]sal art or ev5 ( ! art ( a :ole  p1
 is yet m difficult1 especially 9 lit]>y
 art & music4 ,if  !re are "s works :i* 
by _! inn] cont5ts might be assign$ to  
?is class 7su* z ,don ,quixote1         
,molire's com$ies1 ,david  ,copp]field &
 ,! ,pickwick ,pap]s by ,dick5s1        
,gogol's & ,pu%k9's  tales1 & "s ?+s (  
,maupassant's71 ^! works are = ! mo/    
"p--f ! exceptional nature ( ! feel+s !y
 transmit1 & !  sup]fluity ( special    
details ( "t & locality1 &1 above all1  
on  acc\nt ( ! pov]ty ( _! subject-matt]
 9 comp>ison )  examples ( univ]sal     
anci5t art 7su*1 = in/ance1 z ! /ory (  
,joseph7--compreh5sible only to p ( _!  
own circle4 ,t ,joseph's  bre?r51 be+   
jeal\s ( 8 fa!r's affection1 sell him to
 !  m]*ants2 t ,potiph>'s wife wi%es to 
tempt ! y\?2 t hav+  atta9$ ! highe/    
/ation1 he takes pity on 8 bro!rs1      
includ+  ,b5jam9 ! fav\rite1--^! & all !
 re/ are feel+s accessible  alike to a  
,russian peasant1 a ,*9ese1 an ,african1
 a *ild1 or an old  man1 educat$ or     

un$ucat$2 & x is all writt5 ) su*       
re/ra9t1  is s free f any sup]flu\s     
detail1 t ! /ory may be told to  any    
circle & w be equally compreh5sible &   
t\*+ to ev]yone4  ,b n su* are ! feel+s 
( ,don ,quixote or ( ,molire's h]oes    
7?\gh ,molire is p]haps ! mo/ univ]sal1 
& !re=e ! mo/  excell5t1 arti/ ( mod]n  
times71 nor ( ,pickwick & 8 fri5ds4  ,^!
 feel+s are n common to all m5 b v      
exceptional1 &  !re=e1 to make !m       
infecti\s1 ! au?ors h surr\nd$ !m  )    
abundant details ( "t & place4 ,& ?is   
abundance ( detail  makes ! /ories      
difficult ( compreh5sion to all p n liv+
  )9 rea* ( ! conditions describ$ by !  
au?or4    ,! au?or ( ! novel ( ,joseph  
did n ne$ to describe 9 detail1 z  w\ld 
be done n[adays1 ! blood/a9$ coat (     
,joseph1 ! dwell+  & dress ( ,jacob1 !  
pose & attire ( ,potiph>'s wife1 & h[1  
adju/+ ! bracelet on h] left arm1 %e    
said1 8,come to me10 & s  on1 because ! 
subject-matt] ( feel+s 9 ?is novel is s 
/rong  t all details1 except ! mo/      

ess5tial1--su* z t ,joseph w5t  out into
 ano!r room to weep1--are sup]flu\s1 &  
w\ld only h9d]  ! transmission ( feel+s4
 ,& !re=e ?is novel is accessible to    
all m51 t\*es p ( all nations & classes1
 "y & old1 &  has la/$ to our times1 & w
 yet la/ = ?\s&s ( ye>s to  come4 ,b    
/rip ! be/ novels ( our times ( _!      
details1 & :at  w rema98    ,x is !re=e 
impossible 9 mod]n lit]ature to indicate
 works fully  satisfy+ ! dem&s (        
univ]sality4 ,su* works z exi/ are1 to a
  great ext5t1 spoilt by :at is usually 
call$ 8realism10 b w\ld be  bett] t]m$  
8prov9cialism10 9 art4    ,9 music !    
same occurs z 9 v]bal art1 & = simil>   
reasons4 ,9  consequ5ce ( ! poorness ( !
 feel+ !y conta91 ! melodies (  ! mod]n 
compos]s are amaz+ly empty &            
insignificant4 ,& to  /r5g!n !          
impression produc$ by ^! empty melodies1
 ! new  musicians pile complex          
modulations on to ea* trivial melody1 n 
only  9 _! own national mann]1 b also 9 
! way *>act]i/ic (  _! own exclusive    

circle & p>ticul> musical s*ool4        
,melody--e  melody--is free1 & may be   
und]/ood ( all m52 b z soon z x is  b\nd
 up ) a p>ticul> h>mony1 x ceases to be 
accessible except to  p tra9$ to su*    
h>mony1 & x becomes /range1 n only to   
common m5 ( ano!r nationality1 b to all 
:o d n belong to !  circle ^: memb]s h  
accu/om$ !mselves to c]ta9 =ms (        
h>monisation4 ,s t music1 l poetry1     
travels 9 a vici\s circle4  ,trivial &  
exclusive melodies1 9 ord] to make !m   
attractive1 are  lad5 ) h>monic1        
rhy?mic1 & or*e/ral complications1 & ?us
  become yet m exclusive1 & f> f be+    
univ]sal are n ev5  national1 i4e4 !y   
are n compreh5sible to ! :ole p b  only 
to "s p4    ,9 music1 besides m>*es &   
dances by v>i\s compos]s1 :i* satisfy  !
 dem&s ( univ]sal art1 "o c indicate v  
few works ( ?is  class3 ,ba*'s fam\s    
viol9 aria1 ,*op9's nocturne 9 ,e flat  
major1  & p]haps a doz5 bits 7n :ole    
pieces1 b p>ts7 select$ f !  works (    
,haydn1 ,moz>t1 ,s*ub]t1 ,bee?ov51 &    

,*op94#hg    ,al?\gh 9 pa9t+ ! same ?+  
is repeat$ z 9 poetry & 9               
music1--namely1 t 9 ord] to make !m m   
int]e/+1 works weak  9 conception are   
surr\nd$ by m9utely /udi$ accessories ( 
"t &  place1 :i* give !m a tempor>y &   
local int]e/ b make !m less             
univ]sal1--/ill1 9 pa9t+1 m ?an 9 ! o!r 
sph]es ( art1  may be f\nd works        
satisfy+ ! dem&s ( univ]sal ,*ri/ian    
art2  t is to say1 !re are m works      
express+ feel+s 9 :i* all  m5 may       
p>ticipate4    ,9 ! arts ( pa9t+ &      
sculpture1 all pictures & /atues 9      
s-call$ g5re /yle1 depictions ( animals1
 l&scapes & c>icatures  ) subjects      
compreh5sible to ev]yone1 & also all    
k9ds (  ornam5ts1 are univ]sal 9        
subject-matt]4 ,su* productions 9 pa9t+ 
& sculpture are v num]\s 7e4g4 *9a      
dolls71 b = ! mo/  "p su* objects 7=    
in/ance1 ornam5ts ( all k9ds7 are ei!r n
  consid]$ to be art or are consid]$ to 
be art ( a l[ quality4 ,9  reality all  
su* objects1 if only !y transmit a true 

feel+  exp]i5c$ by ! arti/ &            
compreh5sible to ev]yone 7h[ev]         
insignificant x may seem to u to be7 are
 works ( real1 good1  ,*ri/ian art4     
,i fe> x w "h be urg$ aga9/ me t hav+   
d5i$ t !  conception ( beauty c supply a
 /&>d = works ( art1 ,i  contradict     
myself by ackn[l$g+ ornam5ts to be works
 ( good art4  ,! reproa* is unju/1 = !  
subject-matt] ( all k9ds (  ornam5tation
 consi/s n 9 ! beauty1 b 9 ! feel+ 7(   
admiration (1 & delight 91 ! comb9ation 
( l9es & col\rs7  :i* ! arti/ has       
exp]i5c$ & ) :i* he infects !           
spectator4 ,art rema9s :at x 0 & :at x  
mu/ be3 no?+ b !  infection by "o man ( 
ano!r1 or ( o!rs1 ) ! feel+s  exp]i5c$  
by ! infector4 ,among ^? feel+s is !    
feel+ (  delight at :at pleases ! sight4
 ,objects pleas+ ! sight may be  su* z  
please a small or a l>ge numb] ( p1 or  
su* z please  all m54 ,& ornam5ts = !   
mo/ "p are ( ! latt] k9d4 ,a  l&scape   
repres5t+ a v unusual view1 or a g5re   
picture ( a  special subject1 may n     

please ev]yone1 b ornam5ts1 f ,yakutsk  
ornam5ts to ,greek ones1 are            
intelligible to ev]yone & evoke a       
simil> feel+ ( admiration 9 all1 & !re=e
 ?is despis$ k9d  ( art %\ld1 9 ,*ri/ian
 society1 be e/eem$ f> above            
exceptional1  pret5ti\s pictures &      
sculptures4    ,s t !re are only two    
k9ds ( good ,*ri/ian art3 all ! re/ (   
art n compris$ 9 ^! two divisions %\ld  
be ackn[l$g$ to be  bad art1 des]v+ n to
 be enc\rag$ b to be driv5 out1 d5i$ &  
despis$1 z be+ art n unit+ b divid+ p4  
,su*1 9  lit]>y art1 are all novels &   
poems :i* transmit ,*ur* or  patriotic  
feel+s1 & also exclusive feel+s p]ta9+  
only to !  class ( ! idle ri*2 su* z    
ari/ocratic hon\r1 satiety1 sple51      
pessimism1 & ref9$ & vici\s feel+s fl[+ 
f sex-love--q  incompreh5sible to !     
great majority ( mank9d4    ,9 pa9t+ we 
mu/ simil>ly place 9 ! class ( bad art  
all !  ,*ur*1 patriotic1 & exclusive    
pictures2 all ! pictures repres5t+  !   
amusem5ts & allurem5ts ( a ri* & idle   

life2 all !  s-call$ symbolic pictures1 
9 :i* ! v mean+ ( ! symbol is           
compreh5sible only to ! p ( a c]ta9     
circle2 &1 above all1  pictures )       
voluptu\s subjects--all t odi\s female  
nudity :i*  fills all ! exhibitions &   
gall]ies4 ,& to ?is class belongs  almo/
 all ! *amb] & op]a music ( our         
times1--beg9n+  especially f ,bee?ov5   
7,s*umann1 ,b]lioz1 ,liszt1 ,wagn]71--by
 its  subject-matt] devot$ to !         
expression ( feel+s accessible only to  
p :o h develop$ 9 !mselves an unheal?y1 
n]v\s irritation  evok$ by ?is          
exclusive1 artificial1 & complex music4 
8,:at6 ! ,n9? ,symphony n a good "w (   
art60 ,i he> exclaim$ by  indignant     
voices4    ,& ,i reply3 ,mo/ c]ta9ly x  
is n4 ,all t ,i h writt5 ,i h  writt5 ) 
! sole purpose ( f9d+ a cle> &          
reasonable  crit]ion by :i* to judge !  
m]its ( works ( art4 ,& ?is  crit]ion1  
co9cid+ ) ! indications ( pla9 & sane   
s5se1  indubitably %[s me t t symphony  
by ,bee?ov5 is n a good "w  ( art4 ,(   

c\rse1 to p educat$ 9 ! adoration (     
c]ta9  productions & ( _! au?ors1 to p  
^: ta/e has be5  p]v]t$ j by be+ educat$
 9 su* adoration1 ! ackn[l$gm5t  t su* a
 celebrat$ "w is bad is amaz+ & /range4 
,b h[ are  we to escape ! indications ( 
reason & ( common s5se8    ,bee?ov5's   
,n9? ,symphony is consid]$ a great "w ( 
art4 ,to  v]ify its claim to be su*1 ,i 
mu/ fir/ ask myself :e!r ?is "w         
transmits ! highe/ religi\s feel+8 ,i   
reply 9 ! negative1 =  music 9 itself _c
 transmit ^? feel+s2 & !re=e ,i ask     
myself next1 ,s9ce ?is "w does n belong 
to ! highe/ k9d (  religi\s art1 has x !
 o!r *>act]i/ic ( ! good art ( our      
"t1--! quality ( unit+ all m5 9 "o      
common feel+3 does x rank  z ,*ri/ian   
univ]sal art8 ,& aga9 ,i h no option b  
to reply 9  ! negative2 = n only d ,i n 
see h[ ! feel+s transmitt$ by  ?is "w   
c\ld unite p n specially tra9$ to submit
 !mselves  to its complex hypnotism1 b  
,i am unable to imag9e to myself a cr[d 
( normal p :o c\ld und]/& any?+ ( ?is   

long1 confus$1  & artificial production1
 except %ort snat*es :i* are lo/ 9 a sea
  ( :at is incompreh5sible4 ,& !re=e1   
:e!r ,i l x or n1 ,i  am compell$ to    
conclude t ?is "w belongs to ! rank (   
bad art4  ,x is curi\s to note 9 ?is    
connection1 t atta*$ to ! end (  ?is v  
symphony is a poem ( ,s*ill]'s :i* 7?\gh
 some:at  obscurely7 expresses ?is v    
?\ght1 namely1 t feel+ 7,s*ill]  speaks 
only ( ! feel+ ( gladness7 unites p &   
evokes love 9  !m4 ,b ?\gh ?is poem is  
sung at ! end ( ! symphony1 ! music     
does n accord ) ! ?\ght express$ 9 !    
v]ses2 = ! music  is exclusive & does n 
unite all m51 b unites only a few1      
divid+  !m (f f ! re/ ( mank9d4    ,&1 j
 9 ?is same way1 9 all bran*es ( art1 _m
 & _m works  consid]$ great by ! upp]   
classes ( our society w h to be  judg$4 
,by ?is "o sure crit]ion we %all h to   
judge ! celebrat$  ,div9e ,com$y &      
,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 & a great "p (      
,%akespe>e's & ,goe!'s works1 & 9 pa9t+ 
e repres5tation  ( miracles1 includ+    

,raphael's 8,transfiguration10 etc4     
,:atev] ! "w may be & h[ev] x may h be5 
extoll$1 we h  fir/ to ask :e!r ?is "w  
is "o ( real art or a c\nt]feit4  ,hav+ 
ackn[l$g$1 on ! basis ( ! indication (  
its  infecti\sness ev5 to a small class 
( p1 t a c]ta9  production belongs to ! 
realm ( art1 x is necess>y1 on ! basis (
  ! indication ( its accessibility1 to  
decide ! next "q1 ,does  ?is "w belong  
to ! category ( bad1 exclusive art1     
oppos$ to  religi\s p]ception1 or to    
,*ri/ian art1 unit+ p8 ,& hav+          
ackn[l$g$ an article to belong to real  
,*ri/ian art1 we mu/ !n1  accord+ to    
:e!r x transmits ! feel+s fl[+ f love to
 ,god  & man1 or m]ely ! simple feel+s  
unit+ all m51 assign x a  place 9 !     
ranks ( religi\s art or 9 ^? ( univ]sal 
art4    ,only on ! basis ( su*          
v]ification %all we f9d x possible to   
select f ! :ole mass ( :at1 9 our       
society1 claims to be art1  ^? works :i*
 =m real1 important1 necess>y spiritual 
food1 & to  sep>ate !m f all ! h>mful & 

useless art1 & f !  c\nt]feits ( art :i*
 surr\nd u4 ,only on ! basis ( su*      
v]ification %all we be able to rid      
ourselves ( ! p]nici\s results  ( h>mful
 art1 & to avail ourselves ( t b5efic5t 
action :i*  is ! purpose ( true & good  
art1 & :i* is indisp5sable = !          
spiritual life ( man & ( humanity4      
,footnote #hd3      ,!re is 9 ,mosc[ a  
magnific5t 8,ca!dral ( our ,savi\r10    
erect$    to commemorate ! defeat ( !   
,fr5* 9 ! w> ( #ahab4--,trans4          
,footnote #he3      8,t !y may be "o2   
ev5 z ?\1 ,fa!r1 art 9 me1 & ,i 9 !e1   
t !y also may be 9 u40    ,footnote #hf3
      ,9 ?is picture ! spectators 9 !   
,roman ,amphi!atre are turn+    d[n _!  
?umbs to %[ t !y wi% ! vanqui%$         
gladiator to    be kill$4--,trans4      
,footnote #hg3      ,:ile (f]+ z        
examples ( art ^? t seem to me ! be/1 ,i
    atta* no special importance to my   
selection2 =1 besides be+               
insuffici5tly in=m$ 9 all bran*es ( art1
 ,i belong to ! class    ( p ^: ta/e    

has1 by false tra9+1 be5 p]v]t$4 ,&     
!re=e my old1 inur$ habits may cause me 
to err1 & ,i may mi/ake    = absolute   
m]it ! impression a "w produc$ on me 9  
my y\?4    ,my only purpose 9 m5tion+   
examples ( works ( ?is or t class    is 
to make my mean+ cle>]1 & to %[ h[1 ) my
 pres5t views1    ,i und]/& excell5ce 9 
art 9 relation to its subject-matt]4 ,i 
mu/1 moreov]1 m5tion t ,i consign my own
 arti/ic productions to    ! category ( 
bad art1 except+ ! /ory ,god sees !     
,tru?1    :i* seeks a place 9 ! fir/    
class1 & ,! ,prison] ( !    ,caucasus1  
:i* belongs to ! second4                
,,*apt] ,,xvii      ,art is "o ( two    
organs ( human progress4 ,by words man  
int]*anges  ?\ghts1 by ! =ms ( art he   
int]*anges feel+s1 & ?is )  all m51 n   
only ( ! pres5t "t1 b also ( ! pa/ & !  
future4 ,x is natural to human be+s to  
employ bo? ^! organs (                  
int]communication1 & !re=e ! p]v]sion ( 
ei!r ( !m mu/  cause evil results to !  
society 9 :i* x occurs4 ,& ^! results  w

 be ( two k9ds3 fir/1 ! abs5ce1 9 t     
society1 ( ! "w  :i* %\ld be p]=m$ by ! 
organ2 & secondly1 ! h>mful  activity ( 
! p]v]t$ organ4 ,& j ^! results h %[n   
!mselves 9 our society4 ,! organ ( art  
has be5 p]v]t$1 &  !re=e ! upp] classes 
( society h1 to a great ext5t1 be5      
depriv$ ( ! "w t x %\ld h p]=m$4 ,!     
diffusion 9 our  society ( enorm\s      
quantities (1 on ! "o h&1 ^? c\nt]feits 
( art :i* only s]ve to amuse & corrupt  
p1 &1 on ! o!r  h&1 ( works (           
insignificant1 exclusive art1 mi/ak5 = !
 highe/  art1 h p]v]t$ mo/ m5's capacity
 to be infect$ by true works (  art1 & h
 ?us depriv$ !m ( ! possibility (       
exp]i5c+ !  highe/ feel+s to :i* mank9d 
has atta9$1 & :i* c only be  transmitt$ 
f man to man by art4    ,all ! be/ t has
 be5 done 9 art by man rema9s /range to 
p  :o lack ! capacity to be infect$ by  
art1 & is replac$ ei!r by  spuri\s      
c\nt]feits ( art or by insignificant    
art1 :i* !y mi/ake  = real art4 ,p ( our
 "t & ( our society are delight$ )      

,baudelaires1 ,v]la9es1 ,morases1       
,ibs5s1 & ,maet]l9cks 9 poetry2  )      
,monets1 ,manets1 ,puvis de ,*avannes1  
,burne-,joneses1 ,/ucks1 &  ,bckl9s 9   
pa9t+2 ) ,wagn]s1 ,li/zs1 ,ri*>d        
,/rausses1 9 music2  & !y are no long]  
capable ( compreh5d+ ei!r ! highe/ or  !
 simple/ art4    ,9 ! upp] classes1 9   
consequ5ce ( ?is loss ( capacity to be  
infect$ by works ( art1 p gr[ up1 are   
educat$1 & live1  lack+ ! f]tilis+1     
improv+ influ5ce ( art1 & !re=e n  only 
d n advance t[>ds p]fection1 d n become 
k9d]1 b1 on  ! contr>y1 possess+        
highly-develop$ ext]nal means (         
civilisation1 !y yet t5d to become      
cont9ually m savage1 m  co>se1 & m      
cruel4    ,su* is ! result ( ! abs5ce f 
our society ( ! activity (  t ess5tial  
organ--art4 ,b ! consequ5ces ( ! p]v]t$ 
activity  ( t organ are yet m h>mful4 ,&
 !y are num]\s4    ,! fir/ consequ5ce1  
pla9 = all to see1 is ! enorm\s         
exp5diture  ( ! lab\r ( work+ p on ?+s  
:i* are n only useless1  b :i*1 = ! mo/ 

"p1 are h>mful2 & m ?an t1 ! wa/e  (    
priceless human lives on ?is unnecess>y 
& h>mful bus9ess4 ,x is  t]rible to     
consid] ) :at int5sity1 & amid :at      
privations1  millions ( p--:o lack "t & 
opportunity to att5d to :at !y  & _!    
families urg5tly require--lab\r = #aj1  
#ab1 or #ad h\rs on  end1 & ev5 at      
night1 sett+ ! type = pseudo-arti/ic    
books :i*  spread vice among mank9d1 or 
work+ = !atres1 conc]ts1  exhibitions1 &
 picture gall]ies1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 also
 s]ve  vice2 b x is yet m t]rible to    
reflect t lively1 k9dly  *ildr51 capable
 ( all t is good1 are devot$ f _! e>ly  
ye>s to su* tasks z ^!3 t = #f1 #h1 or  
#aj h\rs a day1 & =  #aj or #ae ye>s1 "s
 ( !m %\ld play scales & ex]cises2 o!rs 
%\ld twi/ _! limbs1 walk on _! toes1 &  
lift _! legs above  _! heads2 a ?ird set
 %\ld s+ solfeggios2 a f\r? set1 %[+    
!mselves (f 9 all mann] ( ways1 %\ld    
pron\nce v]ses2 a fif?  set %\ld draw f 
bu/s or f nude models & pa9t /udies2 a  
six? set %\ld write compositions accord+

 to ! rules ( c]ta9  p]iods2 & t 9 ^!   
occupations1 unwor?y ( a human be+1 :i* 
are (t5 cont9u$ long aft] full maturity1
 !y %\ld wa/e _!  physical & m5tal /r5g?
 & lose all p]ception ( ! mean+ (  life4
 ,x is (t5 said t x is horrible &       
pitiful to see little  acrobats putt+ _!
 legs ov] _! necks1 b x is n less       
pitiful  to see *ildr5 ( #aj giv+       
conc]ts1 & x is /ill worse to see       
s*oolboys ( #aj :o1 z a prep>ation =    
lit]>y "w1 h le>nt by  he>t ! exceptions
 to ! ,lat9 gramm>4 ,^! p n only gr[    
physically & m5tally de=m$1 b also      
morally de=m$1 & become  incapable ( do+
 any?+ really ne$$ by man4 ,occupy+ 9   
society  ! rle ( amus]s ( ! ri*1 !y lose
 _! s5se ( human dignity1  & develop 9  
!mselves su* a passion = public applause
 t !y  are always a prey to an inflat$ &
 unsatisfi$ vanity :i* gr[s 9  !m to    
diseas$ dim5sions1 & !y exp5d _! m5tal  
/r5g? 9  ef=ts to obta9 satisfaction =  
?is passion4 ,& :at is mo/ tragic  ( all
 is t ^! p1 :o = ! sake ( art are spoilt

 =  life1 n only d n r5d] s]vice to ?is 
art1 b1 on ! contr>y1  inflict ! greate/
 h>m on x4 ,!y are taught 9 academies1  
s*ools1  & cons]vatoires h[ to c\nt]feit
 art1 & by le>n+ ?is !y s  p]v]t        
!mselves t !y q lose ! capacity to      
produce works (  real art1 & become     
purveyors ( t c\nt]feit1 or trivial1 or 
deprav$ art :i* floods our society4 ,?is
 is ! fir/ obvi\s  consequ5ce ( !       
p]v]sion ( ! organ ( art4    ,! second  
consequ5ce is t ! productions (         
amusem5t-art1 :i*  are prep>$ 9 su*     
t]rific quantities by ! armies (        
pr(essional  arti/s1 enable ! ri* p (   
our times to live ! lives !y d1  lives n
 only unnatural b 9 contradiction to !  
humane pr9ciples  ^! p !mselves pr(ess4 
,to live z d ! ri*1 idle p1  especially 
! wom51 f> f nature & f animals1 9      
artificial  conditions1 ) muscles       
atrophi$ or misdevelop$ by gymna/ics1 & 
) enfeebl$ vital en]gy w\ld be          
impossible 7 x n = :at is  call$ art--= 
?is occupation & amusem5t :i* hides f !m

 !  mean+lessness ( _! lives1 & saves !m
 f ! dulness t  oppresses !m4 ,take f   
all ^! p ! !atres1 conc]ts1             
exhibitions1 piano-play+1 songs1 &      
novels1 ) :i* !y n[ fill  _! "t 9 full  
confid5ce t occupation ) ^! ?+s is a  v 
ref9$1 /hetical1 & !re=e good           
occupation2 take f !  patrons ( art :o  
buy pictures1 assi/ musicians1 & are    
acqua9t$  ) writ]s1 _! rle ( protectors 
( t important matt] art1 &  !y w n be   
able to cont9ue su* a life1 b w all be  
eat5 up  by ennui & sple51 & w become   
consci\s ( ! mean+lessness  & wrongness 
( _! pres5t mode ( life4 ,only          
occupation ) :at1  among !m1 is consid]$
 art1 r5d]s x possible = !m to cont9ue  
to live on1 infr++ all natural          
conditions1 )\t p]ceiv+ !  empt9ess &   
cruelty ( _! lives4 ,& ?is support af=d$
 to !  false mann] ( life pursu$ by !   
ri* is ! second consequ5ce1 &  a s]i\s  
"o1 ( ! p]v]sion ( art4    ,! ?ird      
consequ5ce ( ! p]v]sion ( art is !      
p]plexity  produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( *ildr5 & (

 pla9 folk4 ,among p n  p]v]t$ by !     
false !ories ( our society1 among work]s
 &  *ildr51 !re exi/s a v def9ite       
conception ( :at p may be  respect$ &   
prais$ =4 ,9 ! m9ds ( peasants & *ildr5 
!  gr\nd = praise or eulogy c only be   
ei!r physical /r5g?3  ,h]cules1 ! h]oes 
& conqu]ors2 or moral1 spiritual1 /r5g?3
  ,sakya ,muni giv+ up a beautiful wife 
& a k+dom to save mank9d1  ,*ri/ go+ to 
! cross = ! tru? he pr(ess$1 & all !    
m>tyrs & ! sa9ts4 ,bo? are und]/ood by  
peasants & *ildr54  ,!y und]/& t        
physical /r5g? mu/ be respect$1 = x     
compels  respect2 & ! moral /r5g? (     
goodness an unp]v]t$ man _c  fail to    
respect1 because all 8 spiritual be+    
draws him t[>ds x4  ,b ^! p1 *ildr5 &   
peasants1 sudd5ly p]ceive t besides  ^? 
prais$1 respect$1 & rew>d$ = physical or
 moral /r5g?1  !re are o!rs :o are      
prais$1 extoll$1 & rew>d$ mu* m ?an  !  
h]oes ( /r5g? & virtue1 m]ely because !y
 s+ well1  compose v]ses1 or dance4 ,!y 
see t s+]s1 compos]s1 pa9t]s1           

ballet-danc]s1 e>n millions ( r\bles &  
receive m hon\r ?an  ! sa9ts d3 &       
peasants & *ildr5 are p]plex$4    ,:5   
#ej ye>s _h elaps$ aft] ,pu%k9's dea?1  
&1 simultane\sly1  ! *eap edition ( 8   
works began to circulate among ! p & a  
monum5t 0 erect$ to him 9 ,mosc[1 ,i    
receiv$ m ?an a doz5  lett]s f diff]5t  
peasants ask+ :y ,pu%k9 0 rais$ to su*  
dignity8 ,& only ! o!r day a lit]ate#hh 
man f ,s>at(f call$  on me :o _h        
evid5tly gone out ( 8 m9d ov] ?is v "q4 
,he  0 on 8 way to ,mosc[ to expose !   
cl]gy = hav+ tak5 "p 9  rais+ a         
8monam5t0 to ,mr4 ,pu%k94    ,inde$ "o  
ne$ only imag9e to oneself :at ! /ate ( 
m9d ( su* a  man ( ! p mu/ be :5 he     
le>ns1 f su* rum\rs &  newspap]s z rea* 
him1 t ! cl]gy1 ! ,gov]nm5t (ficials1 & 
all ! be/ p 9 ,russia are triumphantly  
unveil+ a /atue to a  great man1 !      
b5efactor1 ! pride ( ,russia--,pu%k91 ( 
:om till  !n he _h nev] he>d4 ,f all    
sides he reads or he>s ab\t ?is1  & he  
naturally supposes t if su* hon\rs are  

r5d]$ to anyone1  !n )\t d\bt he mu/ h  
done some?+ extraord9>y--ei!r "s  feat (
 /r5g? or ( goodness4 ,he tries to le>n 
:o ,pu%k9 01 &  hav+ discov]$ t ,pu%k9 0
 nei!r a h]o nor a g5]al1 b 0  a private
 p]son & a writ]1 he comes to !         
conclusion t ,pu%k9  mu/ h be5 a holy   
man & a tea*] ( goodness1 & he ha/5s to 
read or to he> 8 life & works4 ,b :at   
mu/ be 8 p]plexity :5  he le>ns t ,pu%k9
 0 a man ( m ?an easy morals1 :o 0      
kill$ 9 a duel1 i4e4 :5 attempt+ to     
murd] ano!r man1 & t  all 8 s]vice      
consi/$ 9 writ+ v]ses ab\t love1 :i* 7  
(t5  v indec5t4    ,t a h]o1 or ,alex&] 
! ,great1 or ,g5ghis ,khan1 or ,napoleon
 7  great1 he und]/&s1 because any "o ( 
!m c\ld h cru%$ him  & a ?\s& l him2 t  
,buddha1 ,socrates1 & ,*ri/ 7 great he  
also und]/&s1 = he kn[s & feels t he &  
all m5 %\ld be  su* z !y 72 b :y a man  
%\ld be great because he wrote v]ses    
ab\t ! love ( wom5 he _c make out4    ,a
 simil> p]plexity mu/ tr\ble ! bra9 ( a 
,breton or ,norman  peasant :o he>s t a 

monum5t1 8une /atue0 7z to ! ,madonna71 
is be+ erect$ to ,baudelaire1 & reads1  
or is told1 :at ! cont5ts  ( 8 ,fleurs  
du ,mal are2 or1 m amaz+ /ill1 to       
,v]la9e1 :5 he  le>ns ! /ory ( t man's  
wret*$1 vici\s life1 & reads 8  v]ses4  
,& :at confusion x mu/ cause 9 ! bra9s (
 peasants :5  !y le>n t "s ,patti or    
,taglioni is paid #aj1jjj = a season1 or
  t a pa9t] gets z mu* = a picture1 or t
 au?ors ( novels  describ+ love-sc5es h 
receiv$ ev5 m ?an t4    ,& x is ! same )
 *ildr54 ,i rememb] h[ ,i pass$ ?r\gh   
?is  /age ( amazem5t & /upefaction1 &   
only reconcil$ myself to ?is  exaltation
 ( arti/s to ! level ( h]oes & sa9ts by 
l[]+ 9  my own e/imation ! importance ( 
moral excell5ce1 & by attribut+  a      
false1 unnatural mean+ to works ( art4  
,& a simil> confusion mu/  occur 9 ! s\l
 ( ea* *ild & ea* man ( ! p :5 he  le>ns
 ( ! /range hon\rs & rew>ds t are lavi%$
 on arti/s4  ,?is is ! ?ird consequ5ce (
 ! false relation 9 :i* our society  /&s
 t[>ds art4    ,! f\r? consequ5ce is t p

 ( ! upp] classes1 m &  m frequ5tly     
enc\nt]+ ! contradictions betwe5 beauty 
&  goodness1 put ! ideal ( beauty fir/1 
?us free+ !mselves f  ! dem&s (         
morality4 ,^! p1 rev]s+ ! rles1 in/ead (
  admitt+1 z is really ! case1 t ! art  
!y s]ve is an  antiquat$ affair1 allege 
t morality is an antiquat$ affair1 :i*  
c h no importance = p situat$ on t high 
plane (  developm5t on :i* !y op9e t !y 
are situat$4    ,?is result ( ! false   
relation to art %[$ itself 9 our society
  long ago2 b rec5tly1 ) its prophet    
,nietzs*e & 8 adh]5ts1  & ) ! decad5ts &
 c]ta9 ,engli% /hetes :o co9cide )  him1
 x is be+ express$ ) especial impud5ce4 
,! decad5ts1 &  /hetes ( ! type at "o "t
 repres5t$ by ,osc> ,wilde1 select z a  
!me = _! productions ! d5ial ( morality 
& ! laudation (  vice4    ,?is art has  
p>tly g5]at$1 & p>tly co9cides )1 a     
simil>  philosophic !ory4 ,i rec5tly    
receiv$ f ,am]ica a book entitl$  8,!   
,survival ( ! ,fitte/3 ,philosophy (    
,p[]1 #ahif1 by ,ragn>  ,r$be>d1        

,*icago40 ,! sub/ance ( ?is book1 z x is
 express$ 9  ! editor's preface1 is t to
 measure 8"r0 by ! false philosophy  ( !
 ,hebrew prophets & 8weepful0 ,messiahs 
is madness4 ,"r is n  ! (fspr+ ( doctr9e
 b ( p[]4 ,all laws1 comm&m5ts1 or      
doctr9es z to n do+ to ano!r :at y d n  
wi% done to y1  h no inh]5t au?ority    
:atev]1 b receive x only f ! club1  !   
gall[s1 & ! sword4 ,a man truly free is 
"u no obligation to  obey any           
injunction1 human or div9e4 ,ob$i5ce is 
! sign ( !  deg5]ate4 ,disob$i5ce is !  
/amp ( ! h]o4 ,m5 %\ld n be  b\nd by    
moral rules inv5t$ by _! foes4 ,! :ole  
_w is a  slipp]y battlefield4 ,ideal    
ju/ice dem&s t ! vanqui%$ %\ld  be      
exploit$1 emasculat$1 & scorn$4 ,! free 
& brave may seize !  _w4 ,&1 !re=e1 !re 
%\ld be et]nal w> = life1 = l&1  = love1
 = wom51 = p[]1 & = gold4 7,some?+      
simil> 0  said a few ye>s ago by !      
celebrat$ & ref9$ academician1 ,vog47   
,! e>? & its treasures is 8booty = !    
bold40    ,! au?or has evid5tly by      

himself1 indep5d5tly ( ,nietzs*e1 come  
to  ! same conclusions :i* are pr(ess$  
by ! new arti/s4    ,express$ 9 ! =m ( a
 doctr9e ^! positions />tle u4 ,9       
reality !y are impli$ 9 ! ideal ( art   
s]v+ beauty4 ,! art (  our upp] classes 
has educat$ p 9 ?is ideal ( !           
ov]-man1#hi--:i* is1 9 reality1 ! old   
ideal ( ,n]o1 ,/5ka  ,raz91#ij ,g5ghis  
,khan1 ,rob]t ,macaire1#ia or ,napoleon1
 & all _!  accomplices1 assi/ants1 &    
adulators--& x supports ?is ideal )  all
 its might4    ,x is ?is supplant+ ( !  
ideal ( :at is "r by ! ideal (  :at is  
beautiful1 i4e4 ( :at is pleasant1 t is 
! f\r?  consequ5ce1 & a t]rible "o1 ( ! 
p]v]sion ( art 9 our  society4 ,x is    
fe>ful to ?9k ( :at w\ld befall humanity
 7 su*  art to spread among ! masses ( !
 p4 ,& x already beg9s to  spread4      
,f9ally1 ! fif? & *ief result is1 t !   
art :i* fl\ri%es 9  ! upp] classes (    
,european society has a directly vitiat+
  influ5ce1 infect+ p ) ! wor/ feel+s & 
) ^? mo/  h>mful to                     

humanity--sup]/ition1 patriotism1 &1    
above all1  s5suality4    ,look c>efully
 into ! causes ( ! ignorance ( ! masses1
 & y  may see t ! *ief cause does n at  
all lie 9 ! lack ( s*ools  & libr>ies1 z
 we are accu/om$ to suppose1 b 9 ^?     
sup]/itions1 bo? ecclesia/ical &        
patriotic1 ) :i* ! p  are saturat$1 &   
:i* are unceas+ly g5]at$ by all ! me?ods
 (  art4 ,*ur* sup]/itions are support$ 
& produc$ by ! poetry (  pray]s1 hymns1 
pa9t+1 by ! sculpture ( images & (      
/atues1 by  s++1 by organs1 by music1 by
 ar*itecture1 & ev5 by dramatic art  9  
religi\s c]emonies4 ,patriotic          
sup]/itions are support$ &  produc$ by  
v]ses & /ories1 :i* are suppli$ ev5 9   
s*ools1 by  music1 by songs1 by         
triumphal processions1 by royal meet+s1 
by m>tial  pictures1 & by monum5ts4     
,7 x n = ?is cont9ual activity 9 all    
dep>tm5ts ( art1  p]petuat+ !           
ecclesia/ical & patriotic intoxication &
  embitt]m5t ( ! p1 ! masses w\ld long  
ere ?is h atta9$  to true enlight5m5t4  

,b x is n only 9 ,*ur* matt]s &         
patriotic matt]s t art  depraves2 x is  
art 9 our "t t s]ves z ! *ief cause ( ! 
p]v]sion ( p 9 ! mo/ important "q (     
social life--9  _! sexual relations4 ,we
 ne>ly all "k by our own exp]i5ce1 &  ^?
 :o are fa!rs & mo!rs "k 9 ! case ( _!  
gr[n-up  *ildr5 also1 :at fe>ful m5tal &
 physical suff]+1 :at useless  wa/e (   
/r5g?1 p suff] m]ely z a consequ5ce (   
dissolut5ess 9 sexual desire4    ,s9ce !
 _w began1 s9ce ! ,trojan w>1 :i* sprang
 f t same  sexual dissolut5ess1 d[n to &
 includ+ ! suicides & murd]s (  lov]s   
describ$ 9 almo/ e newspap]1 a great    
proportion ( !  suff]+s ( ! human race h
 come f ?is s\rce4    ,& :at is art do+8
 ,all art1 real & c\nt]feit1 ) v few    
exceptions1 is devot$ to describ+1      
depict+1 & inflam+ sexual  love 9 e %ape
 & =m4 ,:5 "o rememb]s all ^? novels &  
_! lu/-k9dl+ descriptions ( love1 f !   
mo/ ref9$ to !  grosse/1 ) :i* !        
lit]ature ( our society ov]fl[s2 if "o  
only rememb]s all ^? pictures & /atues  

repres5t+ wom5's nak$  bodies1 & all    
sorts ( abom9ations :i* are reproduc$ 9 
illu/rations & adv]tisem5ts2 if "o only 
rememb]s all ! fil?y  op]as & op]ettas1 
songs & romances ) :i* our _w teems1    
involunt>ily x seems z if exi/+ art _h b
 "o def9ite aim--to  dissem9ate vice z  
widely z possible4    ,su*1 ?\gh n all1 
are ! mo/ direct consequ5ces ( t        
p]v]sion ( art :i* has occurr$ 9 our    
society4 ,s t1 :at 9  our society is    
call$ art n only does n conduce to !    
progress (  mank9d1 b1 m ?an almo/ any?+
 else1 h9d]s ! atta9m5t (  goodness 9   
our lives4    ,& !re=e ! "q :i*         
involunt>ily pres5ts itself to e  man   
free f arti/ic activity & !re=e n b\nd  
to exi/+ art  by self-int]e/1 ! "q ask$ 
by me at ! beg9n+ ( ?is  "w3 ,is x j t  
to :at we call art1 to a some?+ belong+ 
to  b a small section ( society1 %\ld be
 (f]$ up su* sacrifices (  human lab\r1 
( human lives1 & ( goodness z are n[ be+
 (f]$  up8 receives ! natural reply3    
,no2 x is unju/1 & ^! ?+s  %\ld n be6 ,s

 also replies s\nd s5se & unp]v]t$ moral
  feel+4 ,n only %\ld ^! ?+s n be1 n    
only %\ld no  sacrifices be (f]$ up to  
:at among u is call$ art1 b1 on !       
contr>y1 ! ef=ts ( ^? :o wi% to live    
rightly %\ld be  direct$ t[>ds !        
de/ruction ( ?is art1 = x is "o ( ! mo/ 
cruel ( ! evils t h>ass our section (   
humanity4 ,s t1 7  ! "q put3 ,w\ld x be 
pref]able = our ,*ri/ian _w to be       
depriv$ ( all t is n[ e/eem$ to be art1 
&1 toge!r ) !  false1 to lose all t is  
good 9 x8 ,i ?9k t e reasonable  & moral
 man w\ld aga9 decide ! "q z ,plato     
decid$ x =  8 ,republic1 & z all ! ,*ur*
 ,*ri/ian & ,mahomm$an tea*]s  ( mank9d 
decid$ x1 i4e4 w\ld say1 8,r let !re be 
no art at  all ?an cont9ue ! deprav+    
art1 or simulation ( art1 :i* n[        
exi/s40 ,happily1 no "o has to face ?is 
"q1 & no "o ne$  adopt ei!r solution4   
,all t man c d1 & t we--! s-call$       
educat$ p1 :o are s plac$ t we h !      
possibility (  und]/&+ ! mean+ ( !      
ph5om5a ( our life--c & %\ld  d1 is to  

und]/& ! error we are involv$ 91 & n    
h>d5 our  he>ts 9 x b seek = a way (    
escape4    ,footnote #hh3      ,9       
,russian x is cu/om>y to make a         
di/9ction betwe5 lit]ate &    illit]ate 
p1 i4e4 betwe5 ^? :o c & ^? :o _c       
read4 ,lit]ate 9 ?is s5se does n imply t
 ! man w\ld speak    or write           
correctly4--,trans4    ,footnote #hi3   
,! ov]-man 7,ueb]m5s*71 9 ! ,nietzs*ean 
philosophy1 is t    sup]ior type ( man  
:om ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is to evolve1 & 
:o w seek only 8 own p[] & pleasure1 w  
"k no?+ (    pity1 & w h ! "r1 because  
he w possess ! p[]1 to    make ord9>y p 
s]ve him4--,trans4    ,footnote #ij3    
,/5ka ,raz9 0 by orig9 a common         
,cossack4 ,8 bro!r 0 hung =    a brea* (
 milit>y discipl9e1 & to ?is ev5t ,/5ka 
,raz9's    hatr$ ( ! gov]n+ classes has 
be5 attribut$4 ,he =m$ a    robb] b&1 & 
subsequ5tly head$ a =midable rebellion1 
decl>+    himself 9 fav\r ( fre$om = !  
s]fs1 religi\s tol]ation1 &    !        
abolition ( taxes4 ,l ! ,gov]nm5t he    

oppos$1 he reli$ on    =ce1 &1 ?\gh he  
us$ x l>gely 9 def5ce ( ! poor aga9/    
! ri*1 he /ill held to                  
8,! good old rule1 ! simple plan1       
,t !y %\ld take :o h ! p[]1             
,& !y %\ld keep :o c40      ,l ,rob9    
,hood he is fav\rably treat$ 9 popul>   
leg5ds4--,trans4    ,footnote #ia3      
,rob]t ,macaire is a mod]n type ( adroit
 & audaci\s rascality4 ,he    0 ! h]o ( 
a popul> play produc$ 9 ,p>is 9         
#ahcd4--,trans4                         
,,*apt] ,,xviii      ,! cause ( ! lie   
into :i* ! art ( our society has fall5 0
  t p ( ! upp] classes1 hav+ ceas$ to   
believe 9 ! ,*ur*  tea*+ 7call$         
,*ri/ian71 did n resolve to accept true 
,*ri/ian  tea*+ 9 its real & fundam5tal 
pr9ciples ( son%ip to ,god &  bro!rhood 
to man1 b cont9u$ to live on )\t any    
belief1  endeav\r+ to make up = ! abs5ce
 ( belief--"s by hypocrisy1  pret5d+    
/ill to believe 9 ! nons5se ( ! ,*ur*   
cre$s2 o!rs  by boldly ass]t+ _!        
disbelief2 o!rs by ref9$ agno/icism2 &  

o!rs1 aga91 by return+ to ! ,greek      
wor%ip ( beauty1 proclaim+  egotism to  
be "r1 & elevat+ x to ! rank ( a        
religi\s  doctr9e4    ,! cause ( !      
malady 0 ! non-acceptance ( ,*ri/'s     
tea*+ 9  its real1 i4e4 its full1 mean+4
 ,& ! only cure = ! illness  lies 9     
ackn[l$g+ t tea*+ 9 its full mean+4 ,&  
su*  ackn[l$gm5t 9 our "t is n only     
possible b inevitable4 ,already  to-day 
a man1 /&+ on ! height ( ! k ( our age1 
:e!r he be nom9ally a ,ca?olic or a     
,prote/ant1 _c say t he  really believes
 9 ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*3 9 ,god be+ a     
,tr9ity1 9  ,*ri/ be+ ,god1 9 ! s*eme ( 
r$emption1 & s =?2 nor c he  satisfy    
himself by proclaim+ 8 unbelief or      
scepticism1 nor by  relaps+ into !      
wor%ip ( beauty & egotism4 ,above all1  
he c no  long] say t we d n "k ! real   
mean+ ( ,*ri/'s tea*+4  ,t mean+ has n  
only become accessible to all m5 ( our  
times1 b  ! :ole life ( man to-day is   
p]meat$ by ! _s ( t  tea*+1 &1          
consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 is guid$ by 

x4    ,h[ev] diff]5tly 9 =m p belong+ to
 our ,*ri/ian _w may  def9e ! de/9y (   
man2 :e!r !y see x 9 human progress 9   
:atev] s5se ( ! words1 9 ! union ( all  
m5 9 a sociali/ic  realm1 or 9 !        
e/abli%m5t ( a commune2 :e!r !y look    
=w>d  to ! union ( mank9d "u ! guidance 
( "o univ]sal ,*ur*1 or  to ! f$]ation (
 ! _w1--h[ev] v>i\s 9 =m _!  def9itions 
( ! de/9ation ( human life may be1 all  
m5 9 our  times already admit t ! highe/
 well-be+ atta9able by m5 is to  be     
rea*$ by _! union ) "o ano!r4    ,h[ev] 
p ( our upp] classes 7feel+ t _!        
asc5d5cy c  only be ma9ta9$ z long z !y 
sep>ate !mselves--! ri* &  le>n$--f !   
lab\r]s1 ! poor1 & ! unle>n$7 may seek  
to  devise new conceptions ( life by :i*
 _! privileges may be  p]petuat$1--n[ ! 
ideal ( return+ to antiquity1 n[        
my/icism1 n[  ,hell5ism1 n[ ! cult ( !  
sup]ior p]son 7ov]man-ism71--!y h1      
will+ly or unwill+ly1 to admit ! tru?   
:i* is elucidat+ itself  f all sides1   
volunt>ily & involunt>ily1 namely1 t our

 welf>e  lies only 9 ! unification & !  
bro!rhood ( man4    ,unconsci\sly ?is   
tru? is confirm$ by ! con/ruction (     
means (  communication1--telegraphs1    
telephones1 ! press1 & !  ev]-increas+  
atta9ability ( mat]ial well-be+ =       
ev]yone1--&  consci\sly x is affirm$ by 
! de/ruction ( sup]/itions :i*  divide  
m51 by ! diffusion ( ! tru?s ( k1 & by !
  expression ( ! ideal ( ! bro!rhood (  
man 9 ! be/ works (  art ( our "t4      
,art is a spiritual organ ( human life  
:i* _c be de/roy$1 &  !re=e1 not)/&+ all
 ! ef=ts made by p ( ! upp]  classes to 
conceal ! religi\s ideal by :i* humanity
 lives1 t  ideal is m & m cle>ly        
recognis$ by man1 & ev5 9 our  p]v]t$   
society is m & m (t5 p>tially express$  
by sci5ce  & by art4 ,dur+ ! pres5t     
c5tury works ( ! high] k9d (  religi\s  
art h appe>$ m & m frequ5tly1 bo? 9     
lit]ature  & 9 pa9t+1 p]meat$ by a truly
 ,*ri/ian _s1 z also works (  ! univ]sal
 art ( common life1 accessible to all4  
,s t ev5 art  kn[s ! true ideal ( our   

times1 & t5ds t[>ds x4 ,on ! "o  h&1 !  
be/ works ( art ( our times transmit    
religi\s feel+s  urg+ t[>ds ! union & ! 
bro!rhood ( man 7su* are ! works  (     
,dick5s1 ,hugo1 ,do/oievsky2 & 9 pa9t+1 
( ,millet1 ,ba/i5  ,lepage1 ,jules      
,breton1 ,l',h]mitte1 & o!rs72 on ! o!r 
h&1 !y  /rive t[>ds ! transmission1 n ( 
feel+s :i* are natural to  p ( ! upp]   
classes only1 b ( su* feel+s z may unite
  ev]yone )\t exception4 ,!re are z yet 
few su* works1 b !  ne$ ( !m is already 
ackn[l$g$4 ,9 rec5t times we also meet m
  & m frequ5tly ) attempts at           
publications1 pictures1 conc]ts1  &     
!atres = ! p4 ,all ?is is /ill v f> f   
accompli%+ :at %\ld be done1 b already !
 direction 9 :i*  good art in/9ctively  
presses =w>d to rega9 ! pa? natural to x
  c be disc]n$4    ,! religi\s p]ception
 ( our "t--:i* consi/s 9 ackn[l$g+  t ! 
aim ( life 7bo? collective & individual7
 is ! union (  mank9d--is already s     
suffici5tly di/9ct t p h n[ only to     
reject ! false !ory ( beauty1 accord+ to

 :i* enjoym5t is  consid]$ to be !      
purpose ( art1 & religi\s p]ception w   
naturally takes its place z ! guide ( ! 
art ( our "t4    ,& z soon z ! religi\s 
p]ception1 :i* already unconsci\sly     
directs ! life ( man1 is consci\sly     
ackn[l$g$1 !n imm$iately  & naturally ! 
division ( art1 into art = ! l[] & art =
  ! upp] classes1 w disappe>4 ,!re w be 
"o common1 bro!rly1  univ]sal art2 &    
fir/1 t art w naturally be reject$ :i*  
transmits feel+s incompatible ) !       
religi\s p]ception ( our  "t1--feel+s   
:i* d n unite1 b divide m51--& !n t     
insignificant1 exclusive art w be       
reject$ to :i* an importance is  n[     
atta*$ to :i* x has no "r4    ,& z soon 
z ?is occurs1 art w imm$iately cease to 
be1 :at x  has be5 9 rec5t times3 a     
means ( mak+ p co>s] & m  vici\s1 & x w 
become1 :at x always us$ to be & %\ld   
be1 a  means by :i* humanity progresses 
t[>ds unity & bless$ness2    ,/range z !
 comp>ison may s\nd1 :at has happ5$ to !
 art ( our  circle & "t is :at happ5s to

 a woman :o sells h] womanly            
attractiv5ess1 int5d$ = mat]nity1 = !   
pleasure ( ^? :o  desire su* pleasures4 
,! art ( our "t & ( our circle has      
become a pro/itute4 ,& ?is  comp>ison   
holds good ev5 9 m9ute details4 ,l h] x 
is n limit$  to c]ta9 times1 l h] x is  
always adorn$1 l h] x is always         
saleable1 & l h] x is entic+ & ru9\s4   
,a real "w ( art c only arise 9 ! s\l ( 
an arti/ occasionally1  z ! fruit ( !   
life he has liv$1 j z a *ild is conceiv$
 by  its "m4 ,b c\nt]feit art is produc$
 by artisans &  h&icraftsm5 cont9ually1 
if only consum]s c be f\nd4    ,real    
art1 l ! wife ( an affectionate husb&1  
ne$s no ornam5ts4  ,b c\nt]feit art1 l a
 pro/itute1 mu/ always be deck$ out4    
,! cause ( ! production ( real art is ! 
arti/'s inn] ne$ to  express a feel+ t  
has accumulat$1 j z = a "m ! cause  (   
sexual conception is love4 ,! cause (   
c\nt]feit art1 z (  pro/itution1 is ga94
    ,! consequ5ce ( true art is !       
introduction ( a new feel+ into  !      

int]c\rse ( life1 z ! consequ5ce ( a    
wife's love is !  bir? ( a new man into 
life4    ,! consequ5ces ( c\nt]feit art 
are ! p]v]sion ( man1 pleasure  :i* nev]
 satisfies1 & ! weak5+ ( man's spiritual
 /r5g?4    ,& ?is is :at p ( our day & (
 our circle %\ld und]/&1  9 ord] to     
avoid ! fil?y torr5t ( deprav$ &        
pro/itut$ art  ) :i* we are delug$4     
,,*apt] ,,xix      ,p talk ( ! art ( !  
future1 mean+ by 8art ( ! future0  "s   
especially ref9$1 new art1 :i*1 z !y    
imag9e1 w be  develop$ out ( t exclusive
 art ( "o class :i* is n[ consid]$  !   
highe/ art4 ,b no su* new art ( ! future
 c or w be f\nd4  ,our exclusive art1 t 
( ! upp] classes ( ,*ri/5dom1 has f\nd  
its way into a bl9d alley4 ,! direction 
9 :i* x has be5 go+  leads n[h]e4 ,hav+ 
once let g ( t :i* is mo/ ess5tial =    
art 7namely1 ! guidance giv5 by religi\s
 p]ception71 t art has  become ev] m & m
 exclusive1 & !re=e ev] m & m  p]v]t$1  
until1 f9ally1 x has come to no?+4 ,!   
art ( !  future1 t :i* is really com+1 w

 n be a developm5t (  pres5t-day art1 b 
w arise on completely o!r & new         
f\ndations1  hav+ no?+ 9 common ) ^? by 
:i* our pres5t art ( !  upp] classes is 
guid$4    ,art ( ! future1 t is to say1 
su* "p ( art z w be *os5  f among all ! 
art diffus$ among mank9d1 w consi/1 n 9 
transmitt+ feel+s accessible only to    
memb]s ( ! ri* classes1 z  is ! case    
to-day1 b 9 transmitt+ su* feel+s z     
embody !  highe/ religi\s p]ception (   
our times4 ,only ^? productions w  be   
consid]$ art :i* transmit feel+s draw+  
m5 toge!r 9  bro!rly union1 or su*      
univ]sal feel+s z c unite all m54 ,only 
su* art w be *os51 tol]at$1 approv$1 &  
diffus$4 ,b art  transmitt+ feel+s fl[+ 
f antiquat$1 worn-out religi\s          
tea*+1--,*ur* art1 patriotic art1       
voluptu\s art1 transmitt+  feel+s (     
sup]/iti\s fe>1 ( pride1 ( vanity1 (    
ec/atic  admiration ( national          
h]oes1--art excit+ exclusive love ( "o's
 own  p1 or s5suality1 w be consid]$    
bad1 h>mful art1 & w be  c5sur$ &       

despis$ by public op9ion4 ,all ! re/ (  
art1  transmitt+ feel+s accessible only 
to a section ( p1 w be  consid]$        
unimportant1 & w be nei!r blam$ nor     
prais$4 ,& !  appraisem5t ( art 9 g5]al 
w devolve1 n1 z is n[ ! case1 on  a     
sep>ate class ( ri* p1 b on ! :ole p2 s 
t = a  "w to be e/eem$ good1 & to be    
approv$ ( & diffus$1 x w  h to satisfy !
 dem&s1 n ( a few p liv+ 9 id5tical &   
(t5 unnatural conditions1 b x w h to    
satisfy ! dem&s (  all ^? great masses (
 p :o are situat$ 9 ! natural           
conditions ( labori\s life4    ,& !     
arti/s produc+ art w also n be1 z n[1   
m]ely a few  p select$ f a small section
 ( ! nation1 memb]s ( ! upp]  classes or
 _! hang]s-on1 b w consi/ ( all ^? gift$
  memb]s ( ! :ole p :o prove capable (1 
& are incl9$  t[>ds1 arti/ic activity4  
,arti/ic activity w !n be accessible to 
all m54 ,x w become  accessible to !    
:ole p1 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! art
  ( ! future1 n only w t complex        
te*nique1 :i* de=ms !  productions ( !  

art ( to-day & requires s great an ef=t 
&  exp5diture ( "t1 n be dem&$1 b1 on ! 
contr>y1 ! dem&  w be = cle>ness1       
simplicity1 & brevity--conditions ma/]$ 
n  by me*anical ex]cises b by !         
education ( ta/e4 ,& secondly1  arti/ic 
activity w become accessible to all m5 (
 ! p  because1 in/ead ( ! pres5t        
pr(essional s*ools :i* only "s c  ent]1 
all w le>n music & depictive art 7s++ & 
draw+7  equally ) lett]s 9 ! elem5t>y   
s*ools1 & 9 su* a way t  e man1 hav+    
receiv$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( draw+ &      
music1  & feel+ a capacity =1 & a call  
to1 "o or o!r ( ! arts1  w be able to   
p]fect himself 9 x4    ,p ?9k t if !re  
are no special art-s*ools ! te*nique (  
art w det]iorate4 ,und\bt$ly1 if by     
te*nique we und]/& ^?  complications (  
art :i* are n[ consid]$ an excell5ce1 x 
w  det]iorate2 b if by te*nique is      
und]/ood cle>ness1 beauty1  simplicity1 
& compression 9 works ( art1 !n1 ev5 if 
! elem5ts  ( draw+ & music 7 n to be    
taught 9 ! national s*ools1 !  te*nique 

w n only n det]iorate1 b1 z is %[n by   
all peasant  art1 w be a hundr$ times   
bett]4 ,x w be improv$1 because all  !  
arti/s ( g5ius n[ hidd5 among ! masses w
 become produc]s  ( art & w give models 
( excell5ce1 :i* 7z has always be5 !    
case7 w be ! be/ s*ools ( te*nique = _! 
successors4 ,=  e true arti/1 ev5 n[1   
le>ns 8 te*nique1 *iefly1 n 9 !  s*ools 
b 9 life1 f ! examples ( ! great ma/]s2 
!n--:5  ! produc]s ( art w be ! be/     
arti/s ( ! :ole nation1 &  !re w be m   
su* examples1 & !y w be m               
accessible--su*  "p ( ! s*ool tra9+ z ! 
future arti/ w lose w be a  hundr$fold  
comp5sat$ = by ! tra9+ he w receive f ! 
num]\s examples ( good art diffus$ 9    
society4    ,su* w be "o diff]5ce betwe5
 pres5t & future art4 ,ano!r  diff]5ce w
 be t art w n be produc$ by pr(essional 
arti/s  receiv+ paym5t = _! "w & engag$ 
on no?+ else besides  _! art4 ,! art ( !
 future w be produc$ by all ! memb]s (  
! community :o feel ! ne$ ( su*         
activity1 b !y w occupy  !mselves ) art 

only :5 !y feel su* ne$4    ,9 our      
society p ?9k t an arti/ w "w bett]1 &  
produce  m1 if he has a secur$          
ma9t5ance4 ,& ?is op9ion w\ld s]ve once 
m to %[ cle>ly1 7 su* demon/ration /ill 
ne$$1 t :at  among u is consid]$ art is 
n art1 b only its c\nt]feit4 ,x is  q   
true t = ! production ( boots or loaves 
division ( lab\r  is v advantage\s1 & t 
! bootmak] or bak] :o ne$ n  prep>e 8   
own d9n] or fet* 8 own fuel w make m    
boots or  loaves ?an if he _h to busy   
himself ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,b art is  n a  
h&icraft2 x is ! transmission ( feel+ ! 
arti/ has  exp]i5c$4 ,& s\nd feel+ c    
only be eng5d]$ 9 a man :5 he  is liv+  
on all its sides ! life natural & prop] 
to mank9d4 ,&  !re=e security (         
ma9t5ance is a condition mo/ h>mful to  
an  arti/'s true productiv5ess1 s9ce x  
removes him f ! condition  natural to   
all m51--t ( /ruggle ) nature = !       
ma9t5ance (  bo? 8 own life & t (       
o!rs1--& ?us deprives him (  opportunity
 & possibility to exp]i5ce ! mo/        

important & natural  feel+s ( man4 ,!re 
is no position m injuri\s to an arti/'s 
productiv5ess ?an t position ( complete 
security & luxury 9  :i* arti/s usually 
live 9 our society4    ,! arti/ ( !     
future w live ! common life ( man1 e>n+ 
8  subsi/5ce by "s k9d ( lab\r4 ,!      
fruits ( t highe/ spiritual  /r5g? :i*  
passes ?r\gh him he w try to %>e ) !    
greate/  possible numb] ( p1 = 9 su*    
transmission to o!rs ( !  feel+s t h    
aris5 9 him he w f9d 8 happ9ess & 8     
rew>d4 ,! arti/ ( ! future w be unable  
to und]/& h[ an  arti/1 ^: *ief delight 
is 9 ! wide diffusion ( 8 works1 c\ld   
give !m only 9 ex*ange = a c]ta9 paym5t4
    ,until ! deal]s are driv5 out1 !    
temple ( art w n be a  temple4 ,b ! art 
( ! future w drive !m out4    ,& !re=e !
 subject-matt] ( ! art ( ! future1 z ,i 
imag9e  x to myself1 w be totally unlike
 t ( to-day4 ,x w consi/1  n 9 !        
expression ( exclusive feel+s3 pride1   
sple51 satiety1 &  all possible =ms (   
voluptu\sness1 available & int]e/+ only 

to  p :o1 by =ce1 h fre$ !mselves f !   
lab\r natural to  human be+s2 b x w     
consi/ 9 ! expression ( feel+s  exp]i5c$
 by a man liv+ ! life natural to all m5 
& fl[+ f  ! religi\s p]ception ( our    
times1 or ( su* feel+s z are op5  to all
 m5 )\t exception4    ,to p ( our circle
 :o d n "k1 & _c or w n  und]/& ! feel+s
 :i* w =m ! subject-matt] ( ! art (  !  
future1 su* subject-matt] appe>s v poor 
9 comp>ison )  ^? subtleties ( exclusive
 art ) :i* !y are n[ occupi$4  8,:at is 
!re fre% to be said 9 ! sph]e ( !       
,*ri/ian feel+  ( love ( "o's fell[-man8
 ,! feel+s common to ev]yone are s      
insignificant & monoton\s10 ?9k !y4 ,&  
yet1 9 our "t1 !  really fre% feel+s c  
only be religi\s1 ,*ri/ian feel+s1 &    
su* z are op51 accessible1 to all4 ,!   
feel+s fl[+ f !  religi\s p]ception (   
our times1 ,*ri/ian feel+s1 are         
inf9itely  new & v>i$1 only n 9 ! s5se  
"s p imag9e1--n t !y  c be evok$ by !   
depiction ( ,*ri/ & ( ,gospel episodes1 
or by  repeat+ 9 new =ms ! ,*ri/ian     

tru?s ( unity1 bro!rhood1  equality1 &  
love1--b 9 t all ! olde/1 commone/1 &   
mo/  hackney$ ph5om5a ( life evoke !    
newe/1 mo/ unexpect$ &  t\*+ emotions z 
soon z a man reg>ds !m f ! ,*ri/ian po9t
  ( view4    ,:at c be old] ?an !       
relations betwe5 m>ri$ c\ples1 ( p>5ts  
to *ildr51 ( *ildr5 to p>5ts2 !         
relations ( m5 to _!  fell[-c\ntrym5 &  
to =eign]s1 to an invasion1 to def5ce1  
to  prop]ty1 to ! l&1 or to animals8 ,b 
z soon z a man reg>ds ^!  matt]s f !    
,*ri/ian po9t ( view1 endlessly v>i$1   
fre%1  complex1 & /rong emotions        
imm$iately arise4    ,&1 9 ! same way1 t
 realm ( subject-matt] = ! art ( !      
future :i* relates to ! simple/ feel+s (
 common life op5 to all  w n be n>r[$ b 
wid5$4 ,9 our =m] art only ! expression 
( feel+s natural to p ( a c]ta9         
exceptional position 0  consid]$ wor?y (
 be+ transmitt$ by art1 & ev5 !n only on
  condition t ^! feel+s 7 transmitt$ 9 a
 mo/ ref9$ mann]1  incompreh5sible to ! 
majority ( m52 all ! imm5se realm (     

folk-art1 & *ildr5's art--je/s1 prov]bs1
 riddles1 songs1 dances1  *ildr5's      
games1 & mimicry--0 n e/eem$ a doma9    
wor?y ( art4    ,! arti/ ( ! future w   
und]/& t to compose a fairy-tale1 a     
little song :i* w t\*1 a lullaby or a   
riddle :i* w  ent]ta91 a je/ :i* w      
amuse1 or to draw a sket* :i* w  delight
 doz5s ( g5]ations or millions ( *ildr5 
& adults1 is  incomp>ably m important & 
m fruitful ?an to compose a novel or  a 
symphony1 or pa9t a picture :i* w div]t 
"s memb]s ( !  weal?y classes = a %ort  
"t1 & !n be = ev] =gott54 ,!  region (  
?is art ( ! simple feel+s accessible to 
all is enorm\s1  & x is z yet almo/     
unt\*$4    ,! art ( ! future1 !re=e1 w n
 be poor]1 b inf9itely  ri*] 9          
subject-matt]4 ,& ! =m ( ! art ( !      
future w  also n be inf]ior to ! pres5t 
=ms ( art1 b inf9itely  sup]ior to !m4  
,sup]ior1 n 9 ! s5se ( hav+ a ref9$ &   
complex te*nique1 b 9 ! s5se ( !        
capacity briefly1 simply1 &  cle>ly to  
transmit1 )\t any sup]fluities1 ! feel+ 

:i* !  arti/ has exp]i5c$ & wi%es to    
transmit4    ,i rememb] once speak+ to a
 fam\s a/ronom] :o _h giv5 public       
lectures on ! spectrum analysis ( ! />s 
( ! ,milky ,way1 &  say+ x w\ld be a    
good ?+ if1 ) 8 k & ma/]ly  deliv]y1 he 
w\ld give a lecture m]ely on ! =mation &
 movem5ts  ( ! e>?1 = c]ta9ly !re 7 _m p
 at 8 lecture on !  spectrum analysis ( 
! />s ( ! ,milky ,way1 especially among 
!  wom51 :o did n well "k :y night      
foll[s day & summ] foll[s  w9t]4 ,! wise
 a/ronom] smil$ z he answ]$1 8,yes1 x   
w\ld be a  good ?+1 b x w\ld be v       
difficult4 ,to lecture on ! spectrum    
analysis ( ! ,milky ,way is f> easi]40  
,& s x is 9 art4 ,to write a rhym$ poem 
deal+ ) ! times (  ,cleopatra1 or pa9t a
 picture ( ,n]o burn+ ,rome1 or compose 
a  symphony 9 ! mann] ( ,brahms or      
,ri*>d ,/rauss1 or an op]a l  ,wagn]'s1 
is f> easi] ?an to tell a simple /ory   
)\t any  unnecess>y details1 yet s t x  
%\ld transmit ! feel+s ( !  n>rator1 or 
to draw a p5cil-sket* :i* %\ld t\* or   

amuse !  behold]1 or to compose f\r b>s 
( cle> & simple melody1 )\t  any        
accompanim5t1 :i* %\ld convey an        
impression & be rememb]$  by ^? :o he>  
x4    8,x is impossible = u1 ) our      
culture1 to return to a primitive       
/ate10 say ! arti/s ( our "t4 8,x is    
impossible = u n[ to  write su* /ories z
 t ( ,joseph or ! ,odyssey1 to produce  
su*  /atues z ! ,v5us ( ,milo1 or to    
compose su* music z !  folk-songs40     
,& inde$1 = ! arti/s ( our society &    
day1 x is impossible1  b n = ! future   
arti/1 :o w be free f all ! p]v]sion  ( 
te*nical improvem5ts hid+ ! abs5ce (    
subject-matt]1 & :o1  n be+ a           
pr(essional arti/ & receiv+ no paym5t = 
8  activity1 w only produce art :5 he   
feels impell$ to d s by an  irresi/ible 
inn] impulse4    ,! art ( ! future w ?us
 be completely di/9ct1 bo? 9            
subject-matt] & 9 =m1 f :at is n[ call$ 
art4 ,! only  subject-matt] ( ! art ( ! 
future w be ei!r feel+s draw+  m5 t[>ds 
union1 or su* z already unite !m2 & !   

=ms ( art  w be su* z w be op5 to       
ev]yone4 ,& !re=e1 ! ideal (  excell5ce 
9 ! future w n be ! exclusiv5ess (      
feel+1  accessible only to "s1 b1 on !  
contr>y1 its univ]sality4 ,& n          
bulk9ess1 obscurity1 & complexity ( =m1 
z is n[ e/eem$1 b1  on ! contr>y1       
brevity1 cle>ness1 & simplicity (       
expression4 ,only  :5 art has atta9$ to 
t1 w art nei!r div]t nor deprave m5  z x
 does n[1 call+ on !m to exp5d _! be/   
/r5g? on x1 b  be :at x %\ld be--a      
vehicle :]e) to transmit religi\s1      
,*ri/ian p]ception f ! realm ( reason & 
intellect into t (  feel+1 & really     
draw+ p 9 actual life ne>] to t         
p]fection & unity indicat$ to !m by _!  
religi\s p]ception4                     
,,*apt] ,,xx                            
,,! ,,conclusion      ,i h accompli%$1  
to ! be/ ( my ability1 ?is "w :i* has   
occupi$ me = #ae ye>s1 on a subject ne> 
to me--t ( art4 ,by say+  t ?is subject 
has occupi$ me = #ae ye>s1 ,i d n mean t
 ,i  h be5 writ+ ?is book #ae ye>s1 b   

only t ,i began to write on  art #ae    
ye>s ago1 ?9k+ t :5 once ,i und]took !  
task ,i %\ld  be able to accompli% x )\t
 a break4 ,x prov$1 h[ev]1 t my  views  
on ! matt] !n 7 s f> f cle> t ,i c\ld n 
arrange  !m 9 a way t satisfi$ me4 ,f t 
"t ,i h nev] ceas$ to  ?9k on ! subject1
 & ,i h recomm5c$ to write on x #f or #g
  times2 b ea* "t1 aft] writ+ a         
consid]able "p ( x1 ,i h  f\nd myself   
unable to br+ ! "w to a satisfactory    
conclusion1 &  h _h to put x aside4 ,n[ 
,i h f9i%$ x2 & h[ev] badly ,i  may h   
p]=m$ ! task1 my hope is t my fundam5tal
 ?\ght z  to ! false direction ! art (  
our society has tak5 & is  foll[+1 z to 
! reasons ( ?is1 & z to ! real de/9ation
 (  art1 is correct1 & t !re=e my "w w n
 be )\t avail4  ,b t ?is %\ld come to   
pass1 & t art %\ld really ab&on  its    
false pa? & take ! new direction1 x is  
necess>y t ano!r  equally important     
human spiritual activity1--sci5ce1--9   
intimate  dep5d5ce on :i* art always    
re/s1 %\ld ab&on ! false pa?  :i* x too1

 l art1 is foll[+4    ,sci5ce & art are 
z closely b\nd toge!r z ! lungs & !     
he>t1 s t if "o organ is vitiat$ ! o!r  
_c act rightly4    ,true sci5ce         
inve/igates & br+s to human p]ception   
su* tru?s &  su* k z ! p ( a giv5 "t &  
society consid] mo/  important4 ,art    
transmits ^! tru?s f ! region (         
p]ception to  ! region ( emotion4       
,!re=e1 if ! pa? *os5 by sci5ce be false
  s also w be ! pa? tak5 by art4 ,sci5ce
 & art are l a  c]ta9 k9d ( b>ge )      
k$ge-an*ors :i* us$ to ply on our       
riv]s4 ,sci5ce1 l ! boats :i* took !    
an*ors up-/ream &  made !m secure1 gives
 direction to ! =w>d movem5t2 :ile art1 
l ! w9dlass work$ on ! b>ge to draw x   
t[>ds ! an*or1  causes ! actual         
progression4 ,& ?us a false activity (  
sci5ce  inevitably causes a             
correspond+ly false activity ( art4     
,z art 9 g5]al is ! transmission ( e k9d
 ( feel+1 b 9  ! limit$ s5se ( ! ^w we  
only call t art :i* transmits  feel+s   
ackn[l$g$ by u to be important1 s also  

sci5ce 9 g5]al  is ! transmission ( all 
possible k2 b 9 ! limit$ s5se  ( ! ^w we
 call sci5ce t :i* transmits k ackn[l$g$
  by u to be important4    ,& ! degree (
 importance1 bo? ( ! feel+s transmitt$  
by art  & ( ! in=mation transmitt$ by   
sci5ce1 is decid$ by !  religi\s        
p]ception ( ! giv5 "t & society1 i4e4 by
 ! common  und]/&+ ( ! purpose ( _!     
lives possess$ by ! p (  t "t or        
society4    ,t :i* mo/ ( all contributes
 to ! fulfilm5t ( t purpose  w be /udi$ 
mo/2 t :i* contributes less w be /udi$  
less2  t :i* does n contribute at all to
 ! fulfilm5t ( ! purpose  ( human life w
 be entirely neglect$1 or1 if /udi$1 su*
 /udy  w n be acc\nt$ sci5ce4 ,s x      
always has be51 & s x %\ld  be n[2 = su*
 is ! nature ( human k & ( human life4  
,b  ! sci5ce ( ! upp] classes ( our "t1 
:i* n only does n  ackn[l$ge any        
religion1 b consid]s e religion to be   
m]e  sup]/ition1 c\ld n & _c make su*   
di/9ctions4    ,sci5ti/s ( our day      
affirm t !y /udy ev]y?+ imp>tially2  b z

 ev]y?+ is too mu* 7is 9 fact an inf9ite
 numb] (  objects71 & z x is impossible 
to /udy all alike1 ?is is only said  9 !
 !ory1 :ile 9 practice n ev]y?+ is      
/udi$1 & /udy is  appli$ f> f           
imp>tially1 only t be+ /udi$ :i*1 on !  
"o  h&1 is mo/ want$ by1 & on ! o!r h&1 
is pleasante/ to ^?  p :o occupy        
!mselves ) sci5ce4 ,& :at ! p1  belong+ 
to ! upp] classes1 :o are occupy+       
!mselves )  sci5ce mo/ want is !        
ma9t5ance ( ! sy/em "u :i* ^?  classes  
reta9 _! privileges2 & :at is pleasante/
 are su* ?+s  z satisfy idle curiosity1 
d n dem& great m5tal ef=ts1 & c  be     
practically appli$4    ,& !re=e "o side 
( sci5ce1 includ+ !ology & philosophy   
adapt$ to ! exi/+ ord]1 z also hi/ory & 
political economy (  ! same sort1 are   
*iefly occupi$ 9 prov+ t ! exi/+ ord]   
is ! v "o :i* ought to exi/2 t x has    
come into exi/5ce  & cont9ues to exi/ by
 ! op]ation ( immutable laws n am5able  
to human w1 & t all ef=ts to *ange x are
 !re=e h>mful  & wrong4 ,! o!r "p1      

exp]im5tal sci5ce1--includ+ ma!matics1  
a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 physics1 botany1 &   
all ! natural sci5ces1--is  exclusively 
occupi$ ) ?+s t h no direct relation to 
human  life3 ) :at is curi\s1 & ) ?+s ( 
:i* practical  application advantage\s  
to p ( ! upp] classes c be made4 ,&  to 
ju/ify t selection ( objects ( /udy :i* 
79 con=mity to  _! own position7 ! m5 ( 
sci5ce ( our times h made1 !y h  devis$ 
a !ory ( sci5ce = sci5ce's sake1 q      
simil> to !  !ory ( art = art's sake4   
,z by ! !ory ( art = art's sake x appe>s
 t occupation )  all ^? ?+s t please    
u--is art1 s1 by ! !ory ( sci5ce =      
sci5ce's sake1 ! /udy ( t :i* int]e/s   
u--is sci5ce4    ,s t "o side ( sci5ce1 
in/ead ( /udy+ h[ p %\ld live  9 ord] to
 fulfil _! mission 9 life1 demon/rates !
 righte\sness  & immutability ( ! bad & 
false arrangem5ts ( life :i* exi/  ar\nd
 u2 :ile ! o!r "p1 exp]im5tal sci5ce1   
occupies itself  ) que/ions ( simple    
curiosity or ) te*nical improvem5ts4    
,! fir/ ( ^! divisions ( sci5ce is      

h>mful1 n only because x  confuses p's  
p]ceptions & gives false decisions1 b   
also  because x exi/s1 & occupies !     
gr\nd :i* %\ld belong to true  sci5ce4  
,x does ?is h>m1 t ea* man1 9 ord] to   
approa* !  /udy ( ! mo/ important       
que/ions ( life1 mu/ fir/ refute ^!     
erections ( lies :i* h dur+ ages be5    
pil$ ar\nd ea* ( !  mo/ ess5tial        
que/ions ( human life1 & :i* are propp$ 
up by all  ! /r5g? ( human +5uity4    ,!
 second division--! "o ( :i* mod]n      
sci5ce is s p>ticul>ly  pr\d1 & :i* is  
consid]$ by _m p to be ! only real      
sci5ce--is h>mful 9 t x div]ts att5tion 
f ! really  important subjects to       
insignificant subjects1 & is also       
directly  h>mful 9 t1 "u ! evil sy/em ( 
society :i* ! fir/  division ( sci5ce   
ju/ifies & supports1 a great "p ( !     
te*nical ga9s ( sci5ce are turn$ n to ! 
advantage b to !  injury ( mank9d4      
,inde$ x is only to ^? :o are devot+ _! 
lives to su* /udy  t x seems z if all ! 
inv5tions :i* are made 9 ! sph]e (      

natural sci5ce 7 v important & useful   
?+s4 ,& to ^!  p x seems s only :5 !y d 
n look ar\nd !m & d n see  :at is really
 important4 ,!y only ne$ te> !mselves   
away f !  psy*ological microscope "u :i*
 !y exam9e ! objects ( _!  /udy1 & look 
ab\t !m1 9 ord] to see h[ insignificant 
is all  t has af=d$ !m su* nave pride1  
all t k n only (  geometry (            
n-dim5sions1 spectrum analysis ( !      
,milky ,way1 ! =m  ( atoms1 dim5sions ( 
human skulls ( ! ,/one ,age1 & simil>   
trifles1 b ev5 our k ( micro-organisms1 
,x-rays1 etc41 9  comp>ison ) su* k z we
 h ?r[n aside & h&$ ov]  to ! p]v]sions 
( ! pr(essors ( !ology1 jurisprud5ce1   
political economy1 f9ancial sci5ce1 etc4
 ,we ne$ only look ar\nd u  to p]ceive t
 ! activity prop] to real sci5ce is n ! 
/udy (  :atev] happ5s to int]e/ u1 b !  
/udy ( h[ man's life %\ld  be           
e/abli%$1--! /udy ( ^? que/ions (       
religion1 morality1 &  social life1 )\t 
! solution ( :i* all our k ( nature  w  
be h>mful or insignificant4    ,we are  

highly delight$ & v pr\d t our sci5ce   
r5d]s x  possible to utilise ! en]gy ( a
 wat]fall & make x "w 9  factories1 or t
 we h pi]c$ tunnels ?r\gh m\nta9s1 & s  
=?4 ,b ! pity ( x is t we make ! =ce ( !
 wat]fall  lab\r1 n = ! b5efit ( !      
workm51 b to enri* capitali/s  :o       
produce articles ( luxury or weapons (  
man-de/roy+ w>4 ,!  same dynamite ) :i* 
we bla/ ! m\nta9s to pi]ce tunnels1 we  
use = w>s1 f :i* latt] we n only d n    
int5d to ab/a91  b :i* we consid]       
inevitable1 & = :i* we unceas+ly prep>e4
    ,if we are n[ able to inoculate     
prev5tatively ) diph!ritic  microbes1 to
 f9d a ne$le 9 a body by means (        
,x-rays1 to /raight5 a  hun*$-back1 cure
 syphilis1 & p]=m wond]ful op]ations1 we
 %\ld  n be pr\d ( ^! acquisitions ei!r 
7ev5 7 !y all  e/abli%$ beyond dispute7 
if we fully und]/ood ! true purpose (   
real sci5ce4 ,if b "o-t5? ( ! ef=ts n[  
sp5t on objects (  pure curiosity or (  
m]ely practical application 7 exp5d$ on 
real  sci5ce organis+ ! life ( man1 m   

?an half ! p n[ sick  w\ld n h !        
illnesses f :i* a small m9ority ( !m n[ 
get  cur$ 9 hospitals4 ,!re w\ld be no  
poor-blood$ & de=m$ *ildr5  gr[+ up 9   
factories1 no dea?-rates1 z n[1 ( #ej p]
 c5t4 among  *ildr51 no det]ioration (  
:ole g5]ations1 no pro/itution1 no      
syphilis1 & no murd]+ ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s 
9 w>s1 nor ^?  horrors ( folly & ( mis]y
 :i* our pres5t sci5ce consid]s a       
necess>y condition ( human life4    ,we 
h s p]v]t$ ! conception ( sci5ce t x    
seems /range to  m5 ( our day to allude 
to sci5ces :i* %\ld prev5t ! mortality  
( *ildr51 pro/itution1 syphilis1 !      
det]ioration ( :ole  g5]ations1 & !     
:olesale murd] ( m54 ,x seems to u t    
sci5ce is only !n real sci5ce :5 a man 9
 a laboratory p\rs  liquids f "o j> into
 ano!r1 or analyses ! spectrum1 or cuts 
up  frogs & porpoises1 or weaves 9 a    
specialis$1 sci5tific j>gon an  obscure 
network ( conv5tional                   
phrases--!ological1 philosophical1      
hi/orical1 juridical1 or                

politico-economical--semi-intelligible  
to !  man himself1 & int5d$ to          
demon/rate t :at n[ is1 is :at  %\ld be4
    ,b sci5ce1 true sci5ce1--su* sci5ce 
z w\ld really des]ve !  respect :i* is  
n[ claim$ by ! foll[]s ( "o 7! lea/     
important7 "p ( sci5ce1--is n at all su*
 z ?is3 real sci5ce  lies 9 kn[+ :at we 
%\ld & :at we %\ld n believe1 9  kn[+ h[
 ! associat$ life ( man %\ld & %\ld n be
  con/itut$2 h[ to treat sexual         
relations1 h[ to educate *ildr51 h[  to 
use ! l&1 h[ to cultivate x oneself )\t 
oppress+ o!r  p1 h[ to treat =eign]s1 h[
 to treat animals1 & mu* m  t is        
important = ! life ( man4    ,su* has   
true sci5ce ev] be5 & su* x %\ld be4 ,& 
su* sci5ce  is spr++ up 9 our times2 b1 
on ! "o h&1 su* true sci5ce is  d5i$ &  
refut$ by all ^? sci5tific p :o def5d ! 
exi/+ ord] ( society1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x 
is consid]$  empty1 unnecess>y1         
unsci5tific sci5ce by ^? :o are engross$
 9  exp]im5tal sci5ce4    ,= in/ance1   
books & s]mons appe>1 demon/rat+ !      

antiquat$ness  & absurdity ( ,*ur*      
dogmas1 z well z ! necessity ( e/abli%+ 
a reasonable religi\s p]ception suitable
 to our times1 & all !  !ology t is     
consid]$ to be real sci5ce is only      
engag$ 9  refut+ ^! works & 9 ex]cis+   
human intellig5ce aga9 &  aga9 to f9d   
support & ju/ification = sup]/itions    
long s9ce  out-liv$1 & :i* h n[ become q
 mean+less4 ,or a s]mon  appe>s %[+ t l&
 %\ld n be an object ( private          
possession1  & t ! in/itution ( private 
prop]ty 9 l& is a *ief cause (  ! pov]ty
 ( ! masses4 ,app>5tly sci5ce1 real     
sci5ce1 %\ld  welcome su* a s]mon & draw
 fur!r d$uctions f ?is position4  ,b !  
sci5ce ( our times does no?+ ( ! k9d3 on
 ! contr>y1  political economy          
demon/rates ! opposite position1 namely1
 t  l&$ prop]ty1 l e o!r =m ( prop]ty1  
mu/ be m &  m conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( a    
small numb] ( own]s4 ,aga91 9  ! same   
way1 "o w\ld suppose x to be ! bus9ess (
 real sci5ce to  demon/rate !           
irrationality1 unpr(itabl5ess1 &        

immorality ( w>  & ( executions2 or !   
inhumanity & h>mfulness ( pro/itution2  
or  ! absurdity1 h>mfulness1 &          
immorality ( us+ n>cotics or (  eat+    
animals2 or ! irrationality1 h>mfulness1
 & antiquat$ness (  patriotism4 ,& su*  
works exi/1 b are all consid]$          
unsci5tific2  :ile works to prove t all 
^! ?+s ought to cont9ue1 & works  int5d$
 to satisfy an idle ?ir/ = k lack+ any  
relation to  human life1 are consid]$ to
 be sci5tific4    ,! deviation ( !      
sci5ce ( our "t f its true purpose is   
/rik+ly illu/rat$ by ^? ideals :i* are  
put =w>d by "s  sci5ti/s1 & are n d5i$1 
b admitt$1 by ! majority (  sci5tific   
m54    ,^! ideals are express$ n only 9 
/upid1 fa%ionable books1  describ+ ! _w 
z x w be 9 #ajjj or #cjjj ye>s' "t1 b   
also  by sociologi/s :o consid] !mselves
 s]i\s m5 ( sci5ce4 ,^!  ideals are t   
food in/ead ( be+ obta9$ f ! l& by      
agriculture1 w be prep>$ 9 laboratories 
by *emical means1 &  t human lab\r w be 
almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by ! utilisation 

( natural =ces4    ,man w n1 z n[1 eat  
an egg laid by a h5 he has kept1 or     
bread  gr[n on 8 field1 or an apple f a 
tree he has re>$ & :i* has  blossom$ &  
matur$ 9 8 sight2 b he w eat ta/y1      
nutriti\s1  food :i* w be prep>$ 9      
laboratories by ! conjo9t lab\r (  _m p 
9 :i* he w take a small "p4 ,man w h>dly
 ne$ to  lab\r1 s t all m5 w be able to 
yield to idl5ess z ! upp]1  rul+ classes
 n[ yield to x4    ,no?+ %[s m pla9ly   
?an ^! ideals to :at a degree !  sci5ce 
( our times has deviat$ f ! true pa?4   
,! great majority ( m5 9 our times lack 
good & suffici5t food 7z  well z dwell+s
 & clo!s & all ! fir/ necess>ies (      
life74  ,& ?is great majority ( m5 is   
compell$1 to ! injury ( its  well-be+1  
to lab\r cont9ually beyond its /r5g?4   
,bo? ^! evils  c easily be remov$ by    
aboli%+ mutual /rife1 luxury1 & !       
unrighte\s di/ribution ( weal?1 9 a ^w  
by ! abolition ( a  false & h>mful ord] 
& ! e/abli%m5t ( a reasonable1 human    
mann] ( life4 ,b sci5ce consid]s ! exi/+

 ord] ( ?+s to be  z immutable z !      
movem5ts ( ! planets1 & !re=e assumes t 
! purpose ( sci5ce is--n to elucidate ! 
fals5ess ( ?is ord]  & to arrange a new1
 reasonable way ( life--b1 "u ! exi/+   
ord] ( ?+s1 to fe$ ev]ybody & enable all
 to be z idle z !  rul+ classes1 :o live
 a deprav$ life1 n[ are4    ,&1         
mean:ile1 x is =gott5 t n\ri%m5t ) corn1
 vegetables1  & fruit rais$ f ! soil by 
"o's own lab\r is ! pleasante/1         
heal?ie/1 easie/1 & mo/ natural         
n\ri%m5t1 & t ! "w (  us+ "o's muscles  
is z necess>y a condition ( life z is ! 
oxidation ( ! blood by brea?+4    ,to   
inv5t means :]eby p might1 :ile cont9u+ 
our false  division ( prop]ty & lab\r1  
be well n\ri%$ by means (               
*emically-prep>$ food1 & might make !   
=ces ( nature "w =  !m1 is l inv5t+     
means to pump oxyg5 into ! lungs ( a man
  kept 9 a clos$ *amb] ! air ( :i* is   
bad1 :5 all t is  ne$$ is to cease to   
conf9e ! man 9 ! clos$ *amb]4    ,9 !   
vegetable & animal k+doms a laboratory =

 ! production (  food has be5 arrang$1  
su* z c be surpass$ by no pr(essors1 &  
to enjoy ! fruits ( ?is laboratory1 & to
 p>ticipate 9 x1 man  has only to yield 
to t ev] joyful impulse to lab\r1 )\t   
:i*  man's life is a torm5t4 ,& lo &    
behold1 ! sci5ti/s ( our times1  in/ead 
( employ+ all _! /r5g? to aboli% :atev] 
h9d]s man  f utilis+ ! good ?+s prep>$ =
 him1 ackn[l$ge !  conditions "u :i* man
 is depriv$ ( ^! bless+s to be          
unalt]able1 & in/ead ( arrang+ ! life ( 
man s t he might  "w joyfully & be f$ f 
! soil1 !y devise me?ods :i* w  cause   
him to become an artificial abortion4 ,x
 is l n help+ a man  out ( conf9em5t    
into ! fre% air1 b devis+ means1 in/ead1
 to  pump into him ! necess>y quantity (
 oxyg5 & arrang+ s t he  may live 9 a   
/ifl+ cell> in/ead ( liv+ at home4      
,su* false ideals c\ld n exi/ if sci5ce 
7 n on a false pa?4    ,& yet ! feel+s  
transmitt$ by art gr[ up on ! bases     
suppli$ by  sci5ce4    ,b :at feel+s c  
su* misdirect$ sci5ce evoke8 ,"o side ( 

?is  sci5ce evokes antiquat$ feel+s1 :i*
 humanity has us$ up1 &  :i*1 9 our     
times1 are bad & exclusive4 ,! o!r side1
 occupi$  ) ! /udy ( subjects unrelat$  
to ! conduct ( human life1 by  its v    
nature _c s]ve z a basis = art4    ,s t 
art 9 our times1 to be art1 mu/ ei!r op5
 up its own road  indep5d5tly ( sci5ce1 
or mu/ take direction f ! unrecognis$   
sci5ce :i* is d5\nc$ by ! or?odox       
section ( sci5ce4 ,& ?is  is :at art1 :5
 x ev5 p>tially fulfils its mission1 is 
do+4    ,x is to be hop$ t ! "w ,i h    
tri$ to p]=m conc]n+ art  w be p]=m$    
also = sci5ce--t ! fals5ess ( ! !ory (  
sci5ce = sci5ce's sake w be demon/rat$2 
t ! necessity (  ackn[l$g+ ,*ri/ian     
tea*+ 9 its true mean+ w be cle>ly  %[n1
 t on ! basis ( t tea*+ a reappraisem5t 
w be made  ( ! k we possess1 & ( :i* we 
are s pr\d2 t !  second>9ess &          
insignificance ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & ! 
primacy & importance ( religi\s1 moral1 
& social k w be  e/abli%$2 & t su* k w  
n1 z n[1 be left to !  guidance ( ! upp]

 classes only1 b w =m a *ief int]e/ (   
all free1 tru?-lov+ m51 su* z ^? :o1 n 9
 agreem5t ) !  upp] classes b 9 _!      
despite1 h always =w>d$ ! real  sci5ce (
 life4    ,a/ronomical1 physical1       
*emical1 & biological sci5ce1 z also    
te*nical & m$ical sci5ce1 w be /udi$    
only 9 s f> z !y  c help to free mank9d 
f religi\s1 juridical1 or social        
deceptions1 or c s]ve to promote !      
well-be+ ( all m51 & n  ( any s+le      
class4    ,only !n w sci5ce cease to be 
:at x is n[--on ! "o h& a  sy/em (      
sophi/ries1 ne$$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+
  worn-out ord] ( society1 &1 on ! o!r  
h&1 a %apeless mass (  miscellane\s k1 =
 ! mo/ "p good = little or  no?+--&     
become a %apely & organic :ole1 hav+ a  
def9ite &  reasonable purpose           
compreh5sible to all m51 namely1 !      
purpose (  br++ to ! consci\sness ( m5 !
 tru?s t fl[ f !  religi\s p]ception (  
our times4    ,& only !n w art1 :i* is  
always dep5d5t on sci5ce1 be :at x      
might & %\ld be1 an organ coequally     

important ) sci5ce = !  life & progress 
( mank9d4    ,art is n a pleasure1 a    
solace1 or an amusem5t2 art is a great  
matt]4  ,art is an organ ( human life1  
transmitt+ man's reasonable p]ception   
into feel+4 ,9 our age ! common religi\s
 p]ception ( m5 is !  consci\sness ( !  
bro!rhood ( man--we "k t ! well-be+ (   
man lies 9 union ) 8 fell[-m54 ,true    
sci5ce %\ld indicate !  v>i\s me?ods (  
apply+ ?is consci\sness to life4 ,art   
%\ld  trans=m ?is p]ception into feel+4 
,! task ( art is enorm\s4 ,?r\gh !      
influ5ce ( real art1 aid$ by  sci5ce    
guid$ by religion1 t peaceful           
co-op]ation ( man :i* is  n[ obta9$ by  
ext]nal means--by our law-c\rts1 police1
 *>itable  in/itutions1 factory         
inspection1 etc4--%\ld be obta9$ by     
man's free  & joy\s activity4 ,art %\ld 
cause viol5ce to be set aside4    ,& x  
is only art t c accompli% ?is4    ,all t
 n[1 indep5d5tly ( ! fe> ( viol5ce &    
puni%m5t1  makes ! social life ( man    
possible 7& already n[ ?is is an        

enorm\s "p ( ! ord] ( our lives7--all   
?is has be5 br\ght ab\t  by art4 ,if by 
art x has be5 inculcat$ h[ p %\ld treat 
religi\s objects1 _! p>5ts1 _! *ildr51  
_! wives1 _!  relations1 /rang]s1       
=eign]s2 h[ to conduct !mselves to _!   
eld]s1 _! sup]iors1 to ^? :o suff]1 to  
_! enemies1 & to  animals2 & if ?is has 
be5 obey$ ?r\gh g5]ations by millions ( 
p1 n only un5=c$ by any viol5ce1 b s t !
 =ce (  su* cu/oms c be %ak5 9 no way b 
by means ( art3 !n1 by !  same art1 o!r 
cu/oms1 m 9 accord ) ! religi\s         
p]ception (  our "t1 may be evok$4 ,if  
art has be5 able to convey ! s5tim5t (  
rev]5ce = images1 = ! eu*>i/1 & = ! k+'s
 p]son2 (  %ame at betray+ a comrade1   
devotion to a flag1 ! necessity (       
rev5ge = an insult1 ! ne$ to sacrifice  
"o's lab\r = !  erection & adornm5t (   
*ur*es1 ! duty ( def5d+ "o's hon\r  or !
 glory ( "o's native l&--!n t same art c
 also evoke  rev]5ce = ! dignity ( e man
 & = ! life ( e animal2  c make m5 a%am$
 ( luxury1 ( viol5ce1 ( rev5ge1 or ( us+

 =  _! pleasure t ( :i* o!rs are 9 ne$2 
c compel p  freely1 gladly1 & )\t notic+
 x1 to sacrifice !mselves 9 !  s]vice ( 
man4    ,! task = art to accompli% is to
 make t feel+ ( bro!rhood  & love ( "o's
 neighb\r1 n[ atta9$ only by ! be/      
memb]s (  ! society1 ! cu/om>y feel+ & !
 in/9ct ( all m54 ,by  evok+1 "u imag9>y
 conditions1 ! feel+ ( bro!rhood &      
love1 religi\s art w tra9 m5 to exp]i5ce
 ^? same feel+s  "u simil> circum/ances 
9 actual life2 x w lay 9 ! s\ls (  m5 ! 
rails along :i* ! actions ( ^? :om art  
?us educates  w naturally pass4 ,&      
univ]sal art1 by unit+ ! mo/ diff]5t  p 
9 "o common feel+1 by de/roy+ sep>ation1
 w educate  p to union1 w %[ !m1 n by   
reason b by life itself1 !  joy (       
univ]sal union rea*+ beyond ! b\nds set 
by life4    ,! de/9y ( art 9 our "t is  
to transmit f ! realm ( reason  to !    
realm ( feel+ ! tru? t well-be+ = m5    
consi/s 9  be+ unit$ toge!r1 & to set   
up1 9 place ( ! exi/+ reign (  =ce1 t   
k+dom ( ,god1 i4e4 ( love1 :i* we all   

recognise to be  ! highe/ aim ( human   
life4    ,possibly1 9 ! future1 sci5ce  
may reveal to art yet new] & high]      
ideals1 :i* art may realise2 b1 9 our   
"t1 ! de/9y ( art is  cle> & def9ite4 ,!
 task = ,*ri/ian art is to e/abli%      
bro!rly  union among m54                
,,app5dices                             
,,app5dix ,i4      ,?is is ! fir/ page (
 ,mall>m's book ,divagations3--         
,,le ,,ph,,nom,,ne ,,futur4      ,un    
ciel ple1 sur le monde qui f9it de      
dcrpitude1 va peut-tre p>tir  avec les  
nuages3 les lambeaux de la p\rpre ue des
 c\*ants  dteign5t dans une rivire      
dormant  l'horizon subm]g de rayons et  
d'eau4 ,les arbres s'ennui5t1 et1 s\s   
leur feuillage blan*i 7de la  p\ssire du
 temps plutt que celle des *em9s7 monte 
la maison en  toile de ,montreur de     
*oses ,passes3 ma9t rv]bre att5d le     
crpuscule et ravive les visages d'une   
malheureuse f\le1 va9cue p> la  maladie 
immortelle et le p* des sicles1 d'hommes
 prs de leurs  *tives complices ence9tes

 des fruits misrables avec lesquels     
prira  la t]re4 ,dans le sil5ce inquiet 
de t\s les yeux suppliant l-bas le      
soleil qui1 s\s l'eau1 s'enfonce avec le
 dsespoir d'un cri1 voici le  simple    
bonim5t3 8,nulle enseigne ne v\s rgale  
du spectacle intrieur1  c> il n'e/ pas  
ma9t5ant un pe9tre capable d'en donn]   
une ombre  tri/e4 ,j'apporte1 vivante   
7et prs]ve  trav]s les ans p> la  sci5ce
 s\v]a9e7 une ,femme d'autrefois4       
,quelque folie1 orig9elle et  nave1 une 
extase d'or1 je ne sais quoi6 p> elle   
nomm sa *evelure1 se  ploie avec la grce
 des t(fes aut\r d'un visage qu' claire 
la nudit  sanglante de ses lvres4 ,a la 
place du vtem5t va91 elle a un corps2   
et les yeux1 semblables aux pi]res r>es6
 ne val5t pas ce reg>d qui  sort de sa  
*air heureuse3 des se9s levs comme s'ils
 tai5t ple9s  d'un lait t]nel1 la po9te 
v]s le ciel1 les jambes lisses qui g>d5t
  le sel de la m] premire40 ,se         
rappelant leurs pauvres p\ses1 *auves1  
morbides et ple9es d'horreur1 les m>is  

se press5t3 elles aussi p>  curiosit1   
mlancoliques1 veul5t voir4    ,qu& t\s  
auront contempl la noble crature1 ve/ige
 de quelque poque  dj maudite1 les uns  
indiffr5ts1 c> ils n'auront pas eu la   
=ce de  compr5dre1 mais d'autres navrs  
et la paupire humide de l>mes  rsignes1 
se reg>d]ont2 t&is que les potes de ces 
temps1 s5tant  se rallum] leur yeux     
te9ts1 s'a*em9]ont v]s leur lampe1 le   
c]veau ivre un in/ant d'une gloire      
confuse1 hants du ,ry?me et dans        
l'oubli d'exi/]  une poque qui survit   
la beaut4                         ,,!   
,,future ,,ph5om5on--by ,mall>m         
,a pale sky1 above ! _w t is end+ ?r\gh 
decrepitude1      go+ p]haps to pass    
away ) ! cl\ds3 %r$s ( worn-out         
purple ( ! sunsets wa% (f _! col\r 9 a  
riv] sleep+ on      ! horizon1 subm]g$ )
 rays & wat]4 ,! trees are we>y &1      
b5ea? _! foliage1 :it5$ 7by ! du/ ( "t r
 ?an      t ( ! roads71 rises ! canvas  
h\se ( 8,%[man ( ?+s      ,pa/40 ,_m a  
lamp awaits ! gloam+ & bright5s ! faces 

( a      mis]able cr[d vanqui%$ by !    
immortal illness & ! s9 (      ages1 (  
m5 by ! sides ( _! puny accomplices     
pregnant )      ! mis]able fruit ) :i* !
 _w w p]i%4 ,9 ! anxi\s      sil5ce (   
all ! eyes supplicat+ ! sun !re1 :i*    
s9ks      "u ! wat] ) ! desp]ation ( a  
cry1 ?is is ! pla9      ann\ncem5t3 8,no
 sign-bo>d n[ regales y ) ! spectacle t 
is inside1 = !re is no pa9t] n[ capable 
( giv+ ev5 a sad      %ad[ ( x4 ,i br+  
liv+ 7& pres]v$ by sov]eign sci5ce      
?r\gh ! ye>s7 a ,woman ( o!r days4 ,"s  
k9d ( folly1 nave      & orig9al1 an    
ec/asy ( gold1 ,i "k n :at1 by h] call$ 
h]      hair1 cl+s ) ! grace ( "s       
mat]ial r\nd a face bright5$      by !  
blood-r$ nudity ( h] lips4 ,9 place (   
va9 clo?+1 %e      has a body2 & h]     
eyes1 resembl+ preci\s /ones6 are n wor?
      t look1 :i* comes f h] happy fle%3
 brea/s rais$ z if      full ( et]nal   
milk1 ! po9ts t[>ds ! sky2 ! smoo? legs1
      t keep ! salt ( ! fir/ sea40      
,rememb]+ _! poor      sp\ses1 bald1    

morbid1 & full ( horrors1 ! husb&s press
      =w>d3 ! wom5 too1 f curiosity1    
gloomily wi% to see4        ,:5 all %all
 h contemplat$ ! noble creature1 ve/ige 
( "s      epo* already damn$1 "s        
indiff]5tly1 = !y w n h _h      /r5g? to
 und]/&1 b o!rs brok5-he>t$ & ) eyelids 
wet ) te>s ( resignation1 w look at ea* 
o!r2 :ile !      poets ( ^? times1 feel+
 _! dim eyes rek9dl$1 w make      _! way
 t[>ds _! lamp1 _! bra9 = an in/ant     
drunk )      confus$ glory1 haunt$ by   
,rhy?m & =getful t !y exi/ at      an   
epo* :i* has surviv$ beauty4            
,,app5dix ,,ii4#ib                      
,no4 #a4      ,! foll[+ v]ses are by    
,viel-,griff91 f page #bh ( a volume (  
8 ,poems3--                             
,,oiseau ,,bleu ,,c\leur ,,du ,,temps4  
#a4                                     
,sait-tu l'oubli                        
,d'un va9 d\x rve1                      
,oiseau moqueur                         
,de la =t8                              
,le j\r plit1                           

,la nuit se lve1                        
,et dans mon cur                        
,l'ombre a pleur2                       
#b4                               ,o    
*ante-moi                               
,ta folle gamme1                        
,c> j'ai dormi                          
,ce j\r durant2                         
,le l*e emoi                            
,o fut mon me                           
,sanglote ennui                         
,le j\r m\rant444                       
#c4                                     
,sais-tu le *ant                        
,de sa p>ole                            
,et de sa voix1                         
,toi qui r$is                           
,dans le c\*ant                         
,ton air frivole                        
,comme autrefois                        
,s\s les midis8                         
#d4                               ,o    
*ante alors                             
,la mlodie                              
,de son am\r1                           

,mon fol espoir1                        
,p>mi les ors                           
,et l'inc5die                           
,du va9 d\x j\r                         
,qui meurt ce soir4                     
,,francis ,,viel-,,griff94              
,,blue ,,bird4                          
#a4                              ,can/  
?\ =get1                            ,9  
dreams s va91                           
,oh1 mock+ bird                         
,( =e/ deep8                            
,! day do? set1                         
,night comes aga91                      
,my he>t has he>d                       
,! %ad[s weep2                          
#b4                              ,?y    
tones let fl[                           
,9 madd5+ scale1                        
,= ,i h slept                           
,! livelong day2                        
,emotions l[                            
,9 me n[ wail1                          
,my s\l !y've kept3                     
,light dies away 444                    

#c4                              ,t     
music sweet1                            
,ah1 d y "k                             
,h] voice & spee*8                      
,y\r airs s light                       
,y :o repeat                            
,9 sunset's gl[1                        
,z y sang1 ea*1                         
,at noonday's height4                   
#d4                              ,( my  
desire1                            ,my  
hope s bold1                            
,h] love--up1 s+1                       
,s+ 'nea? ?is light1                    
,?is flam+ fire1                        
,& all ! gold                           
,! eve do? br+                          
,ere comes ! night4                     
,no4 #b4      ,& "h are "s v]ses by !   
e/eem$ "y poet ,v]ha]51 :i* ,i  also    
take f page #bh ( 8 ,works3--           
,,attirances4                           
,lo9ta9em5t1 et si trangem5t p>eils1    
,de gr&s masques d'arg5t que la brume   
recule1             ,vagu5t1 au j\r     

tombant1 aut\r des vieux soleils4       
,les d\x lo9ta9es6--et comme1 au fond du
 crpuscule1             ,ils n\s fix5t  
le cur1 imm5sm5t le cur1                
,avec les yeux dfunts de leur visage    
d'me4               ,c'e/ t\j\rs du     
sil5ce1  mo9s1 dans la pleur            
,du soir1 un jet de feu s\da91 un cri de
 flamme1             ,un d"p de lumire  
inatt5du v]s ,dieu4               ,on se
 laisse *>m] et tr\bl] de my/re1        
,et l'on dirait des morts qui tais5t un 
adieu             ,trop my/ique1 p\r tre
 c\t p> la t]re6               ,sont-ils
 le s\v5ir matriel et clair             
,des phbes *rti5s c\*s aux catacombes   
,p>mi les lys8 ,sont-ils leur reg>d et  
leur *air8               ,ou seul1 ce   
qui survit de m]veilleux aux tombes     
,de ceux qui sont p>tis1 v]s leurs rves1
 un soir1             ,conqurir la folie
  l'assaut des nues8                    
,lo9ta9em5t1 combi5 n\s les s5tons      
v\loir             ,un peu d'am\r p\r   
leurs uvres de/itues1             ,p\r  

leur errance et leur tri/esse aux       
horizons4               ,t\j\rs6 aux    
horizons du cur et des p5ses1           
,alors que les vieux soirs clat5t en    
blasons             ,s\da9s1 p\r les    
gloires noires et angoisses4            
,,mile ,,v]ha]51             ,pomes4    
,,attractions4                 ,l>ge    
masks ( silv]1 by mi/s drawn away1      
,s /rangely alike1 yet s f> ap>t1       
,float r\nd ! old suns :5 faile? ! day4 
,!y transfix our he>t1 s imm5sely our   
he>t1             ,^? di/ances mild1 9 !
 twilight deep1             ,look+ out (
 dead faces ) _! _s eyes4               
,all ar\nd is n[ sil5ce1 except :5 !re  
leap             ,9 ! pallor ( ev5+1 )  
fi]y cries1             ,"s f\nta9s (   
flame t ,god-w>d d fly4                 
,my/]i\s tr\ble & *>ms u enfold4        
,y might ?9k t ! dead spoke a sil5t     
good-bye1             ,oh6 too my/ical  
f> on e>? to be told6               ,are
 !y ! memories1 mat]ial & bright1       
,( ! ,*ri/ian y\?s t 9 catacombs sleep  

',mid ! lilies8 ,are !y _! fle% or _!   
sight8               ,or ! m>vel alone t
 survives1 9 ! deep1             ,( ^?  
t1 "o night1 return$ to _! dream        
,( conqu]+ folly by assault+ ! skies8   
,= _! de/itute works--we feel x seems1  
,= a little love _! long+ cries         
,f horizons f>--= _! err+s & pa94       
,9 horizons ev] ( he>t & ?\ght1         
,:ile ! ev5+s old 9 bright blaze wane   
,sudd5ly1 = black glories angui%        
fraught4                                
,no4 #c4      ,& ! foll[+ is a poem by  
,morz1 evid5tly an admir] ( ,greek      
beauty4 ,x is f page #bh ( a volume ( 8 
,poems3--                               
,,enone ,,au ,,clair ,,visage4          
,enone1 j'avais cru qu'en aimant ta     
beaut              ,o l'me avec le corps
 tr\v5t leur unit1                      
,j'allais1 m'aff]missant et le cur et   
l'esprit1              ,mont] jusqu'    
cela qui jamais ne prit1                
,n'ayant t cre1 qui n'e/ froideur ou    
feu1              ,qui n'e/ beau quelque

 "p et laid en autre lieu2              
,et me flattais encor' d'une belle      
h>monie              ,que j'eusse compos
 du meilleur et du pire1                
,a9si que le *anteur qui *rit ,polimnie1
              ,en accordant le grave    
avec l'aigu1 retire              ,un son
 bi5 lev sur les n]fs de sa lyre4       
,mais mon c\rage1 hlas6 se pmant comme  
mort1              ,m'enseigna que le   
trait qui m'avait fait amant            
,ne fut pas de cet arc que c\rbe sans   
ef=t              ,la ,vnus qui naquit  
du mle seulem5t1              ,mais que 
j'avais s\ff]t cette ,vnus d]nire1      
,qui a le cur c\>d1 n d'une faible mre4 
,et p\rtant1 ce mauvais g>on1 *asseur   
habile1              ,qui *>ge son      
c>quois de sagette subtile1             
,qui sec\e en riant sa tor*e1 p\r un    
j\r1              ,qui ne pose jamais   
que sur de t5dres fleurs1               
,c'e/ sur un te9t *>mant qu'il essuie   
les pleurs1              ,et c'e/ encore
 un ,dieu1 ,enone1 cet ,am\r4           

,mais1 laisse1 les oiseaux du pr9temps  
sont p>tis1              ,et je vois les
 rayons du soleil amortis4              
,enone1 ma d\leur1 h>monieux visage1    
,sup]be humilit1 d\x honnte langage1    
,hi] me remirant dans cet tang glac     
,qui au b\t du j>d9 se c\vre de         
feuillage1              ,sur ma face je 
vis que les j\rs ont pass4              
,,jean ,,mor,,z4                        
,,enone4               ,enone1 9 lov+ ?y
 beauty1 ,i ?\ght1           ,:]e ! s\l 
& ! body to union are br\ght1           
,t m\nt+ by /eady+ my he>t & my m9d1    
,9 t :i* c't p]i%1 myself ,i %\ld f9d4  
,= x ne'er 0 creat$1 is n ugly & fair2  
,is n coldness 9 "o "p1 :ile on fire x  
is !re4           ,yes1 ,i flatt]$      
myself t a h>mony f9e           ,i'd    
succe$ to compose ( ! wor/ & ! be/1     
,l ! b>d :o adores ,polyhymnia div9e1   
,& m+l+ s\nds diff]5t f ! n]ves ( 8     
lyre1           ,f ! grave & ! sm>t     
draws melodies high]4           ,b1     
alas6 my c\rage1 s fa9t & nigh sp5t1    

,! d>t t has /ruck me proves )\t fail   
,n to be f t b[ :i* is easily b5t       
,by ! ,v5us t's born alone ( ! male4    
,no1 'twas t o!r ,v5us t caus$ me to    
sm>t1           ,born ( frail "m )      
c[>dly he>t4           ,& yet t naughty 
lad1 t little hunt] bold1           ,:o 
laughs & %akes 8 fl[]y tor* j = a day1  
,:o nev] re/s b ^u t5d] fl[]s & gay1    
,on sweete/ sk9 :o dries ! te>s 8 eyes t
 fill1           ,yet oh1 ,enone m9e1 a 
,god's t ,cupid /ill4           ,let x  
pass2 = ! birds ( ! ,spr+ are away1     
,& dy+ ,i see ! sun's l+]+ ray4         
,enone1 my sorr[1 oh1 h>moni\s face1    
,humility gr&1 words ( virtue & grace1  
,i look$ ye/]e'en 9 ! pond froz5 fa/1   
,/rewn ) leaves at ! end ( ! g>d5's fair
 space1           ,& ,i read 9 my face t
 ^? days are n[ pa/4                    
,no4 #d4      ,& ?is is also f page #bh 
( a ?ick book1 full ( simil> ,poems1 by 
,m4 ,montesqui\4                        
,,b]ceuse ,d',,ombre4                   
,des =mes1 des =mes1 des =mes           

,blan*e1 bleue1 et rose1 et d'or        
,desc5dront du haut des ormes           
,sur l'enfant qui se r5dort4            
,des =mes6                      ,des    
plumes1 des plumes1 des plumes          
,p\r compos] un d\x nid4                
,midi sonne3 les enclumes               
,cess5t2 la rumeur f9it 444             
,des plumes6                      ,des  
roses1 des roses1 des roses             
,p\r embaum] son sommeil1               
,vos ptales sont moroses                
,prs du s\rire v]meil4                  
,o roses6                      ,des     
ailes1 des ailes1 des ailes             
,p\r b\rdonn]  son front4               
,abeilles et demoiselles1               
,des ry?mes qui b]c]ont4                
,des ailes6                      ,des   
bran*es1 des bran*es1 des bran*es       
,p\r tress] un pavillon1                
,p> o des cl>ts mo9s fran*es            
,desc5dront sur l'oisillon4             
,des bran*es6                      ,des 
songes1 des songes1 des songes          

,dans ses p5s]s entr' ouv]ts            
,glissez un peu de m5songes             
,a voir le vie au trav]s                
,des songes6                      ,des  
fes1 des fes1 des fes1                  
,p\r fil] leurs *eveaux                 
,des mirages1 de b\ffes                 
,dans t\s ces petits c]veaux4           
,des fes4                      ,des     
anges1 des anges1 des anges             
,p\r emport] dans l'!r                  
,les petits enfants tranges             
,qui ne veul5t pas re/] 444             
,nos anges6                      ,,comte
 ,,rob]t ,,de ,,montesqui\-,,fez5sac1   
,les ,hort5sias ,bleus4                 
,,! ,,%ad[ ,,lullaby4                   
,oh =ms1 oh =ms1 oh =ms                 
,:ite1 blue1 & gold1 & r$               
,desc5d+ f ! elm trees1                 
,on sleep+ baby's head4                 
,oh =ms6                        ,oh     
fea!rs1 fea!rs1 fea!rs                  
,to make a cosy ne/4                    
,twelve /rik+3 /ops ! clam\r2           

,! anvils are at re/ 444                
,oh fea!rs6                        ,oh  
roses1 roses1 roses                     
,to sc5t 8 sleep a:ile1                 
,pale are y\r fragrant petals           
,beside 8 ruby smile4                   
,oh roses6                        ,oh   
w+s1 oh w+s1 oh w+s                     
,( bees & dragon-flies1                 
,to hum ar\nd 8 =ehead1                 
,& lull him ) y\r sighs4                
,oh w+s6                                
,bran*es1 bran*es1 bran*es              
,a %ady b[] to tw9e1                    
,?r\gh :i*1 oh daylight1 family         
,desc5d on birdie m9e4                  
,bran*es6                        ,oh    
dreams1 oh dreams1 oh dreams            
,into 8 op5+ m9d1                       
,let 9 a little falsehood               
,) sights ( life beh9d4                 
,dreams6                        ,oh     
fairies1 fairies1 fairies1              
,to tw9e & twi/ _! ?reads               
,) puffs ( phantom visions              

,into ^! little heads4                  
,fairies6                               
,angels1 angels1 angels                 
,to ! e!r f> away1                      
,^? *ildr5 /range to c>ry               
,t "h don't wi% to /ay 444              
,our angels6    ,footnote #ib3      ,!  
translations 9 ,app5dices ,i41 ,,ii41 & 
,,iv41 are by ,l\ise ,maude4    ,! aim (
 ^! r5d]+s has be5 to keep z close to ! 
orig9als    z ! obscurity ( mean+ all[$4
 ,! s5se 7or abs5ce ( s5se7    has !re=e
 be5 m consid]$ ?an ! =m ( ! v]ses4     
,,app5dix ,,iii4      ,^! are ! cont5ts 
( ,! ,nibelung's ,r+3--    ,! fir/ "p   
tells t ! nymphs1 ! daught]s ( ! ,rh9e1 
=  "s reason gu>d gold 9 ! ,rh9e1 & s+3 
,weia1 ,waga1 ,woge du  ,welle1 ,walle  
zur ,wiege1 ,wagalaweia1 ,wallala1      
,weiala1 ,weia1 & s =?4    ,^! s++      
nymphs are pursu$ by a gnome 7a         
nibelung7 :o desires to  seize !m4 ,!   
gnome _c cat* any ( !m4 ,!n ! nymphs    
gu>d+  ! gold tell ! gnome j :at !y     
ought to keep secret1 namely1  t :oev]  

r5\nces love w be able to /eal ! gold !y
 are  gu>d+4 ,& ! gnome r5\nces love1 & 
/eals ! gold4 ,?is ends  ! fir/ sc5e4   
,9 ! second sc5e a god & a goddess lie 9
 a field 9 sight ( a  ca/le :i* giants h
 built = !m4 ,pres5tly !y wake up & are 
pleas$ ) ! ca/le1 & !y relate t 9 paym5t
 = ?is "w  !y mu/ give ! goddess ,freia 
to ! giants4 ,! giants come =  _! pay4  
,b ! god ,wotan objects to p>t+ )       
,freia4 ,! giants  get angry4 ,! gods   
he> t ! gnome has /ol5 ! gold1 promise  
to  confiscate x & to pay ! giants ) x4 
,b ! giants won't tru/  !m1 & seize !   
goddess ,freia 9 pl$ge4    ,! ?ird sc5e 
takes place "u gr\nd4 ,! gnome ,alb]i*1 
:o /ole  ! gold1 = "s reason beats a    
gnome1 ,mime1 & takes f him a  helmet   
:i* has ! p[] bo? ( mak+ p invisible & (
  turn+ !m into o!r animals4 ,! gods1   
,wotan & o!rs1 appe> &  qu>rel ) "o     
ano!r & ) ! gnomes1 & wi% to take !     
gold1  b ,alb]i* won't give x up1 & 7l  
ev]ybody all ?r\gh !  piece7 behaves 9 a
 way to ensure 8 own ru94 ,he puts on ! 

helmet1  & becomes fir/ a dragon & !n a 
toad4 ,! gods cat* ! toad1  take !      
helmet (f x1 & c>ry ,alb]i* away ) !m4  
,sc5e ,,iv4 ,! gods br+ ,alb]i* to _!   
home1 & ord] him to  comm& 8 gnomes to  
br+ !m all ! gold4 ,! gnomes br+ x4     
,alb]i* gives up ! gold1 b keeps a magic
 r+4 ,! gods take !  r+4 ,s ,alb]i*     
curses ! r+1 & says x is to br+ mis=tune
 on  anyone :o has x4 ,! giants appe>2  
!y br+ ! goddess ,freia1 &  dem& h]     
ransom4 ,!y /ick up /aves ( ,freia's    
height1 & gold is  p\r$ 9 betwe5 ^!     
/aves3 ?is is to be ! ransom4 ,!re is n 
en\gh gold1 s ! helmet is ?r[n 91 & !y  
also dem& ! r+4  ,wotan refuses to give 
x up1 b ! goddess ,erda appe>s & comm&s 
him to d s1 because x br+s mis=tune4    
,wotan gives x up4 ,freia is  releas$4  
,! giants1 hav+ receiv$ ! r+1 fight1 &  
"o ( !m  kills ! o!r4 ,?is ends !       
,prelude1 & we come to ! ,fir/ ,day4    
,! sc5e %[s a h\se 9 a tree4 ,siegmund  
runs 9 tir$1 & lies  d[n4 ,siegl9da1 !  
mi/ress ( ! h\se 7& wife ( ,hund+71     

gives  him a drugg$ draught1 & !y fall 9
 love ) ea* o!r4  ,siegl9da's husb&     
comes home1 le>ns t ,siegmund belongs to
 a  ho/ile race1 & wi%es to fight him   
next day2 b ,siegl9da drugs h]  husb&1 &
 comes to ,siegmund4 ,siegmund discov]s 
t ,siegl9da is 8  si/]1 & t 8 fa!r drove
 a sword into ! tree s t no "o  c get x 
out4 ,siegmund pulls ! sword out1 &     
commits ince/ )  8 si/]4    ,act ,,ii4  
,siegmund is to fight ) ,hund+4 ,! gods 
discuss ! "q  to :om !y %all aw>d !     
victory4 ,wotan1 approv+ ( ,siegmund's  
ince/ ) 8 si/]1 wi%es to sp>e him1 b1 "u
 pressure f  8 wife1 ,fricka1 he ord]s !
 ,valkyrie ,brnnhilda to kill ,siegmund4
  ,siegmund goes to fight2 ,siegl9da    
fa9ts4 ,brnnhilda appe>s & wi%es  to    
slay ,siegmund4 ,siegmund wi%es to kill 
,siegl9da also1 b ,brnnhilda  does n    
all[ x2 s he fights ) ,hund+4 ,brnnhilda
 def5ds  ,siegmund1 b ,wotan def5ds     
,hund+4 ,siegmund's sword breaks1 & he  
is  kill$4 ,siegl9da runs away4    ,act 
,,iii4 ,! ,valkyries 7div9e ,amazons7   

are on ! /age4 ,! ,valkyrie  ,brnnhilda 
arrives on horseback1 br++ ,siegmund's  
body4 ,%e is fly+  f ,wotan1 :o is *as+ 
h] = h] disob$i5ce4 ,wotan cat*es h]1  &
 z a puni%m5t dismisses h] f h] po/ z a 
,valkyrie4 ,he ca/s  a spell on h]1 s t 
%e has to g to sleep & to cont9ue asleep
  until a man wakes h]4 ,:5 someone     
wakes h] %e w fall 9 love )  him4 ,wotan
 kisses h]2 %e falls asleep4 ,he lets (f
 fire1 :i*  surr\nds h]4    ,we n[ come 
to ! ,second ,day4 ,! gnome ,mime =ges a
 sword 9 a wood4  ,siegfri$ appe>s4 ,he 
is a son born f ! ince/ ( bro!r )  si/] 
7,siegmund ) ,siegl9da71 & has be5      
br\ght up 9 ?is wood  by ! gnome4 ,9    
g5]al ! motives ( ! actions ( ev]ybody 9
 ?is  production are q un9telligible4   
,siegfri$ le>ns 8 own orig91  & t !     
brok5 sword 0 8 fa!r's4 ,he ord]s ,mime 
to re=ge  x1 & !n goes (f4 ,wotan comes 
9 ! guise ( a w&]]1 &  relates :at w    
happ53 t he :o has n le>nt to fe> w =ge 
! sword1 & w defeat ev]ybody4 ,! gnome  
conjectures t ?is is  ,siegfri$1 & wants

 to poison him4 ,siegfri$ returns1 =ges 
8  fa!r's sword1 & runs (f1 %\t+1       
,heiho6 heiho6 heiho6 ,ho6 ho6  ,aha6   
oho6 aha6 ,heiaho6 heiaho6 heiaho6 ,ho6 
ho6 ,hahei6 hoho6 hahei6    ,& we get to
 ,act ,,ii4 ,alb]i* sits gu>d+ a giant1 
:o1 9 =m ( a  dragon1 gu>ds ! gold he   
has receiv$4 ,wotan appe>s1 & = "s      
unkn[n reason =etells t ,siegfri$ w come
 & kill ! dragon4  ,alb]i* wakes !      
dragon1 & asks him = ! r+1 promis+ to   
def5d him f ,siegfri$4 ,! dragon won't  
give up ! r+4 ,exit  ,alb]i*4 ,mime &   
,siegfri$ appe>4 ,mime hopes ! dragon w 
tea*  ,siegfri$ to fe>4 ,b ,siegfri$    
does n fe>4 ,he drives ,mime away &     
kills ! dragon1 aft] :i* he puts 8 f+]1 
sme>$ ) !  dragon's blood1 to 8 lips4   
,?is enables him to "k m5's secret      
?\ghts1 z well z ! language ( birds4 ,! 
birds tell him :]e !  treasure & ! r+   
are1 & also t ,mime wi%es to poison him4
 ,mime  returns1 & says out l\d t he    
wi%es to poison ,siegfri$4 ,?is is      
meant to signify t ,siegfri$1 hav+ ta/$ 

dragon's blood1  und]/&s p's secret     
?\ghts4 ,siegfri$1 hav+ le>nt ,mime's   
int5tions1 kills him4 ,! birds tell     
,siegfri$ :]e ,brnnhilda is1 &  he goes 
to f9d h]4    ,act ,,iii4 ,wotan calls  
up ,erda4 ,erda prophesies to ,wotan1 & 
gives him  advice4 ,siegfri$ appe>s1    
qu>rels ) ,wotan1 & !y fight4 ,sudd5ly  
,siegfri$'s sword breaks ,wotan's spe>1 
:i* _h be5 m p[]ful  ?an any?+ else4    
,siegfri$ goes into ! fire to           
,brnnhilda2 kisses  h]2 %e wakes up1    
ab&ons h] div9ity1 & ?r[s h]self into   
,siegfri$'s arms4    ,?ird ,day4        
,prelude4 ,?ree ,norns plait a gold5    
rope1 & talk ab\t !  future4 ,!y g away4
 ,siegfri$ & ,brnnhilda appe>4 ,siegfri$
 takes  leave ( h]1 gives h] ! r+1 &    
goes away4    ,act ,i4 ,by ! ,rh9e4 ,a  
k+ wants to get m>ri$1 & also to give 8 
si/] 9 m>riage4 ,hag51 ! k+'s wick$     
bro!r1 advises him to  m>ry ,brnnhilda1 
& to give 8 si/] to ,siegfri$4 ,siegfri$
  appe>s2 !y give him a drugg$ draught1 
:i* makes him =get all !  pa/ & fall 9  

love ) ! k+'s si/]1 ,gutrune4 ,s he     
rides (f  ) ,gun!r1 ! k+1 to get        
,brnnhilda to be ! k+'s bride4 ,!  sc5e 
*anges4 ,brnnhilda sits ) ! r+4 ,a      
,valkyrie comes to h]  & tells h] t     
,wotan's spe> is brok51 & advises h] to 
give !  r+ to ! ,rh9e nymphs4 ,siegfri$ 
comes1 & by means ( ! magic  helmet     
turns himself into ,gun!r1 dem&s ! r+ f 
,brnnhilda1  seizes x1 & drags h] (f to 
sleep ) him4    ,act ,,ii4 ,by ! ,rh9e4 
,alb]i* & ,hag5 discuss h[ to get ! r+4 
,siegfri$ comes1 tells h[ he has obta9$ 
a bride = ,gun!r & sp5t  ! night ) h]1 b
 put a sword betwe5 himself & h]4       
,brnnhilda  rides up1 recognises ! r+ on
 ,siegfri$'s h&1 & decl>es t x  0 he1 & 
n ,gun!r1 :o 0 ) h]4 ,hag5 /irs ev]ybody
 up  aga9/ ,siegfri$1 & decides to kill 
him next day :5 hunt+4    ,act ,,iii4   
,aga9 ! nymphs 9 ! ,rh9e relate :at has 
happ5$4  ,siegfri$1 :o has lo/ 8 way1   
appe>s4 ,! nymphs ask him = !  r+1 b he 
won't give x up4 ,hunt]s appe>4         
,siegfri$ tells ! /ory  ( 8 life4 ,hag5 

!n gives him a draught1 :i* causes 8    
memory to  return to him4 ,siegfri$     
relates h[ he ar\s$ & obta9$ ,brnnhilda1
  & ev]yone is a/oni%$4 ,hag5 /abs him 9
 ! back1 & ! sc5e  is *ang$4 ,gutrune   
meets ! corpse ( ,siegfri$4 ,gun!r &    
,hag5  qu>rel ab\t ! r+1 & ,hag5 kills  
,gun!r4 ,brnnhilda cries4 ,hag5  wi%es  
to take ! r+ f ,siegfri$'s h&1 b ! h& ( 
!  corpse raises itself ?reat5+ly4      
,brnnhilda takes ! r+ f  ,siegfri$'s h&1
 & :5 ,siegfri$'s corpse is c>ri$ to !  
pyre %e  gets on to a horse & leaps into
 ! fire4 ,! ,rh9e rises1 & !  waves rea*
 ! pyre4 ,9 ! riv] are ?ree nymphs4     
,hag5 ?r[s  himself into ! fire to get !
 r+1 b ! nymphs seize him &  c>ry him   
(f4 ,"o ( !m holds ! r+2 & t is ! end ( 
!  matt]4    ,! impression obta9able f  
my recapitulation is1 ( c\rse1          
incomplete4 ,b h[ev] incomplete x may   
be1 x is c]ta9ly inf9itely  m fav\rable 
?an ! impression :i* results f read+ !  
f\r  booklets 9 :i* ! "w is pr9t$4      
,,app5dix ,,iv4        ,translations (  

,fr5* poems & prose quot$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4  
,,baudelaire',s 8,,fl[]s ,,( ,,evil40   
,no4 ,,xxiv4                 ,i adore !e
 z mu* z ! vaults ( night1              
,o vase full ( grief1 taciturnity great1
             ,& ,i love !e ! m because (
 ?y flight4             ,x seeme?1 my   
night's beautifi]1 t y             ,/ill
 heap up ^? leagues--yes6 ironically    
heap6--             ,t divide f my arms 
! imm5sity blue4               ,i       
advance to attack1 ,i climb to assault1 
,l a *oir ( "y worms at a corpse 9 !    
vault2             ,?y coldness1 oh     
cruel1 implacable bea/6             ,yet
 height5s ?y beauty1 on :i* my eyes     
fea/6                                   
,,baudelaire',s 8,,fl[]s ,,( ,,evil40   
,no4 ,,xxxvi4                           
,,duellum4               ,two w>riors   
come runn+1 to fight !y beg91           
,) gleam+ & blood !y bespatt] ! air2    
,^! games1 & ?is clatt] ( arms1 is ! d9 
,( y\? t's a prey to ! surg+s ( love4   
,! rapi]s are brok56 & s is our y\?1    

,b ! dagg]'s av5g$1 de>6 & s is ! sword1
           ,by ! nail t is /eel$ & !    
h>d5$ too?4         ,oh1 ! fury ( he>ts 
ag$ & ulc]$ by love6             ,9 !   
dit*1 :]e ! ounce & ! p>d h _! lair1    
,our h]oes h roll$ 9 an angry embrace2  
,_! sk9 blooms on brambles t ere:ile 7  
b>e4         ,t rav9e is a              
fri5d-inhabit$ hell6           ,!n let u
 roll 91 oh woman inhuman1           ,to
 immortalise hatr$ t no?+ c quell6      
,,f ,,baudelaire',s ,,prose ,,"w        
,,entitl$ 8,,little ,,poems40           
,,! ,,/rang]4      ,:om do/ ?\ love be/8
 say1 enigmatical man--?y fa!r1 ?y "m1  
?y bro!r1 or ?y si/]8    8,i h nei!r    
fa!r1 nor "m1 nor si/]1 nor bro!r40     
,?y fri5ds8    8,y !re use an expression
 ! mean+ ( :i* till n[ rema9s  unkn[n to
 me40    ,?y c\ntry8    8,i ignore 9 :at
 latitude x is situat$40    ,beauty8    
8,i w\ld gladly love h]1 goddess &      
immortal40    ,gold8    8,i hate x z y  
hate ,god40    ,!n :at d y love1        
extraord9>y /rang]8    8,i love ! cl\ds 

444 ! cl\ds t pass 444 !re 444 !        
m>vell\s  cl\ds60                       
,,baudelaire',s ,,prose ,,poem1         
,,! ,,s\p ,,& ,,! ,,cl\ds4      ,my     
belov$ little silly 0 giv+ me my d9n]1 &
 ,i 0  contemplat+1 ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[ ( !
 d9+-room1 ^? mov+  ar*itectures :i*    
,god makes out ( vap\rs1 ! m>vell\s     
con/ructions ( ! impalpable4 ,& ,i said 
to myself1 amid my  contemplations1     
8,all ^! phantasmagoria are almo/ z     
beautiful z !  eyes ( my beautiful      
belov$1 ! mon/r\s little silly ) ! gre5 
eyes40    ,sudd5ly ,i felt ! viol5t bl[ 
( a fi/ on my back1 & ,i he>d a  h>%1   
*>m+ voice1 an hy/]ical voice1 z x 7    
ho>se )  br&y1 ! voice ( my de> little  
well-belov$1 say+1 8,are y go+  to eat  
y\r s\p soon1 y d---- b---- ( a deal] 9 
cl\ds80                                 
,,baudelaire',s ,,prose ,,poem1         
,,! ,,gallant ,,m>ksman4      ,z !      
c>riage 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! =e/1 he ord]$ x 
to be  /opp$ ne> a %oot+-gall]y1 say+ t 
he wi%$ to %oot (f a  few bullets to    

kill ,"t4 ,to kill ?is mon/]1 is x n !  
mo/  ord9>y & ! mo/ legitimate          
occupation ( ev]yone8 ,& he  gallantly  
(f]$ 8 arm to 8 de>1 delici\s1 &        
execrable  wife--t my/]i\s woman to :om 
he ow$ s mu* pleasure1 s mu*  pa91 &    
p]haps also a l>ge "p ( 8 g5ius4        
,sev]al bullets /ruck f> f ! int5d$     
m>k--"o ev5 p5etrat$  ! ceil+2 & z !    
*>m+ creature laugh$ madly1 mock+ h]    
husb&'s awkw>dness1 he turn$ abruptly   
t[>ds h] & said1 8,look at  t doll !re  
on ! "r ) ! haughty mi5 & h] nose 9 !   
air2 well1 de> angel1 ,i imag9e to      
myself t x is y60 ,& he  clos$ 8 eyes & 
pull$ ! trigg]4 ,! doll 0 neatly        
decapitat$4    ,!n1 b[+ t[>ds 8 de> "o1 
8 delightful1 execrable wife1 8         
inevitable1 pitiless muse1 & kiss+ h] h&
 respectfully1 he add$1  8,ah6 my de>   
angel1 h[ ,i ?ank y = my skill60        
,,v]la9e',s 8,,=gott5 ,,airs40          
,no4 ,i4                           8,!  
w9d 9 ! pla9                            
,susp5ds its brea?40--,,fav>t4          

',tis ec/asy langui%+1                  
,amor\s fatigue1                        
,( woods all ! %udd]+s                  
,embrac$ by ! breeze1                   
',tis ! *oir ( small voices             
,t[>ds ! grey trees4                    
,oh ! frail & fre% murmur+6             
,! twitt] & buzz1                       
,! s(t cry resembl+                     
,t's expir$ by ! grass 444              
,oh1 ! roll ( ! pebbles                 
',nea? wat]s t pass6                    
,oh1 ?is s\l t is groan+                
,9 sleepy compla9t6                     
,9 u is x moan+8                        
,9 me & 9 y8                       ,l[  
an!m exhal+                       ,:ile 
s(t falls ! dew4                        
,,v]la9e',s 8,,=gott5 ,,airs40          
,no4 ,,viii4                            
,9 ! un5d+                              
,dulness ( ?is l&1                      
,unc]ta9 ! sn[                          
,is gleam+ l s&4                        
,no k9d ( brightness                    

,9 copp]-hu$ sky1                       
,! moon y might see                     
,n[ live & n[ die4                      
,grey float ! oak trees--               
,cl\dlike !y seem--                     
,( neighb\r+ =e/s1                      
,! mi/s 9 betwe54                       
,wolves hungry & lean1                  
,& fami%+ cr[1                          
,:at happ5s to y                        
,:5 acid w9ds bl[8                      
,9 ! un5d+                              
,dulness ( ?is l&1                      
,unc]ta9 ! sn[                          
,is gleam+ l s&4                        
,,song ,,by ,,maet]l9ck4                
,:5 he w5t away1                        
7,!n ,i he>d ! door7                    
,:5 he w5t away1                        
,on h] lips a smile !re lay 444         
,back he came to h]1                    
7,!n ,i he>d ! lamp7                    
,back he came to h]1                    
,someone else 0 !re 444                 
,x 0 dea? ,i met1                       

7,& ,i he>d h] s\l7                     
,x 0 dea? ,i met1                       
,= h] he's wait+ yet 444                
,someone came to say1                   
7,*ild1 ,i am afraid7                   
,someone came to say                    
,t he w\ld g away 444                   
,) my lamp alight1                      
7,*ild1 ,i am afraid7                   
,) my lamp alight1                      
,approa*$ ,i 9 affright 444             
,to "o door ,i came1                    
7,*ild1 ,i am afraid7                   
,to "o door ,i came1                    
,a %udd] %ook ! flame 444               
,at ! second door1                      
7,*ild1 ,i am afraid7                   
,at ! second door                       
,=? words ! flame did p\r 444           
,to ! ?ird ,i came1                     
7,*ild1 ,i am afraid7                   
,to ! ?ird ,i came1                     
,!n di$ ! little flame 444              
,%\ld he "o day return                  
,!n :at %all we say8                    

,wait+1 tell him1 "o                    
,& dy+ = him lay 444                    
,if he asks = y1                        
,say :at answ] !n8                      
,give him my gold r+                    
,& answ] n a ?+ 444                     
,%\ld he "q me                          
,conc]n+ ! la/ h\r8                     
,say ,i smil$ = fe>                     
,t he %\ld %$ a te> 444                 
,%\ld he "q m                           
,)\t kn[+ me8                      ,l a 
si/] speak2                             
,suff]+ he may be 444                   
,%\ld he "q :y                          
,empty is ! hall8                       
,%[ ! gap+ door1                        
,! lamp alight no m 444      ,,pr9t$    
,,by ,,morrison ,,& ,,gibb ,,limit$1    
,,ed9burgh            ,transcrib]'s     
,notes3       ,text t 0 9 italics is    
enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74        
,text t 0 9 bold face is enclos$ by     
equals signs 7bold74       ,footnotes h 
be5 mov$ to foll[ ! *apt]s 9 :i* !y are 

ref]5c$4