,! ,s]vile ,/ate ,by ,hilaire ,belloc 444 ,if we d n re/ore ! ,in/itution ( ,prop]ty we _c escape re/or+ ! ,in/itution ( ,slav]y2 !re is no ?ird c\rse4 ,t4,n4 ,f\lis ,london ,ed9burgh #aiab ,,to ,e4,s4,p4 ,haynes 99 99 99 ,synopsis ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate ,introduction ,! ,subject ( ?is ,book3--,x is writt5 to ma9ta9 ! !sis t indu/rial society z we "k x w t5d t[>ds ! re-e/abli%m5t ( slav]y4 --,! sections into :i* ! book w be divid$ ,section ,i ,def9itions3--,:at weal? is & :y necess>y to man--,h[ produc$--,! mean+ ( ! words ,capital1 ,prolet>iat1 ,prop]ty1 ,means ( ,production--,! def9ition ( ! ,capitali/ ,/ate--,! def9ition ( ! _/,s]vile ,/ate_/--,:at x is & :at x is n--,! re-e/abli%m5t ( /atus 9 ! place ( contract--,t s]vitude is n a "q ( degree b ( k9d--,summ>y ( ^! def9itions4 ,section ,,ii ,our ,civilisation 0 orig9ally ,s]vile3--,! ,s]vile in/itution 9 ,pagan antiquity--,its fundam5tal "*--,a ,pagan society took x = grant$--,! in/itution di/urb$ by ! adv5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,section ,,iii ,h[ ! ,s]vile ,in/itution 0 = a ,"t ,dissolv$3--,! subconsci\s effect ( ! ,fai? 9 ?is matt]--,! ma9 elem5ts ( ,pagan economic society--,! ,villa--,! trans=mation ( ! agricultural slave into ! ,*ri/ian s]f--,next into ! ,*ri/ian peasant--,! correspond+ erection ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom ( ! _/,di/ributive ,/ate_/--,x is ne>ly complete at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages--,x 0 n ma*9]y t lo/ u our fre$om1 x 0 ! loss ( a free m9d4 ,section ,,iv ,h[ ! ,di/ributive ,/ate ,fail$3--,?is failure orig9al 9 ,engl&--,! /ory ( ! decl9e f ,di/ributive prop]ty to ,capitalism--,! economic revolution ( ! sixte5? c5tury--,! confiscation ( mona/ic l&--,:at might h happ5$ _h ! ,/ate reta9$ x--,z a fact t l& is captur$ by an olig>*y--,engl& is ,capitali/ be=e ! adv5t ( ! indu/rial revolution--,!re=e mod]n indu/ry1 proce$+ f ,engl&1 has gr[n 9 a ,capitali/ m\ld4 ,section ,v ,! ,capitali/ ,/ate 9 ,proportion z ,x ,gr[s ,p]fect ,gr[s ,un/able3--,x c ( its nature be b a transitory phase ly+ betwe5 an e>li] & a lat] /able /ate ( society--,! two int]nal /ra9s :i* r5d] x un/able--7a7 ,! conflict betwe5 its social realities & its moral & legal basis--7b7 ,! insecurity & insuffici5cy to :i* x condemns free citiz5s--,! few possessors c grant or )hold livelihood f ! _m non-possessors--,capitalism is s un/able t x d>es n proce$ to its own logical conclusion1 b t5ds to re/rict competition among own]s1 & insecurity & insuffici5cy among non-own]s4 ,section ,,vi ,! ,/able ,solutions ( ?is ,in/ability3--,! ?ree /able social arrangem5ts :i* alone c take ! place ( un/able ,capitalism--,! ,di/ributive solution1 ! ,collectivi/ solution1 ! ,s]vile solution--,! re=m] w n op5ly advocate ! ,s]vile solution--,!re rema9 only ! ,di/ributive & ! ,collectivi/ solution4 ,section ,,vii ,socialism is ! ,easie/ ,app>5t ,solution ( ! ,capitali/ ,crux3--,a contra/ betwe5 ! re=m] mak+ = ,di/ribution & ! re=m] mak+ = ,socialism 7or ,collectivism7--,! difficulties met by ! fir/ type--,he is work+ aga9/ ! gra9--,! second is work+ ) ! gra9--,collectivism a natural developm5t ( ,capitalism--,x appeals bo? to ,capitali/ & ,prolet>ian--,none ! less we %all see t ! ,collectivi/ attempt is doom$ to fail & to produce a ?+ v diff]5t f its object--to wit1 ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,section ,,viii ,! ,re=m]s & ,re=m$ ,are ,alike ,mak+ = ! ,s]vile ,/ate3--,!re are two types ( re=m]s work+ along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance--,^! are ! ,sociali/ & ! ,practical ,man--,! ,sociali/ aga9 is ( two k9ds1 ,! ,humani/ & ! ,/ati/ician--,! ,humani/ w\ld l bo? to confiscate f ! own]s & to e/abli% security & suffici5cy = ! non-own]s--,he is all[$ to d ! second ?+ by e/abli%+ s]vile conditions--,he is =bidd5 to d ! fir/--,! ,/ati/ician is q cont5t s long z he c run & organise ! poor--,bo? are canalis$ t[>ds ! ,s]vile ,/ate & bo? are %eph]d$ (f _! ideal ,collectivi/ ,/ate--,mean:ile ! great mass1 ! prolet>iat1 ^u :om ! re=m]s are at "w1 ?\gh reta9+ ! in/9ct ( own]%ip1 has lo/ any exp]i5ce ( x & is subject to private law mu* m ?an to ! law ( ! ,c\rts--,?is is exactly :at happ5$ 9 ! pa/ dur+ ! conv]se *ange f ,slav]y to ,fre$om--,private ,law became /rong] ?an ,public at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,d>k ,ages--,! own]s welcom$ ! *anges :i* ma9ta9$ !m 9 own]%ip & yet increas$ ! security ( _! rev5ue--to-day ! non-own]s w welcome :atev] keeps !m a wage-e>n+ class b increases _! wages & _! security )\t insi/+ on ! expropriation ( ! own]s4 ,app5dix on ,buy+-,out ,an ,app5dix %[+ t ! ,collectivi/ proposal to ,buy-,out ! ,capitali/ 9 lieu ( expropriat+ him is va94 ,section ,,ix ,! ,s]vile ,/ate ,has ,begun3--,! manife/ation ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate 9 law or proposals ( law w fall into two sorts--7a7 ,laws or proposals ( law compell+ ! prolet>iat to "w--7b7 ,f9ancial op]ations rivet+ ! grip ( capitali/s m /rongly ^u society--,z to 7a71 we f9d x _/already_/ at "w 9 measures su* z ! ,insurance ,act & proposals su* z ,compulsory ,arbitration1 ! en=cem5t ( ,trades ,union b>ga9s & ! erection ( ,lab\r ,colonies1 etc41 = ! unemployable--,z to ! second1 we f9d t s-call$ ,municipal or ,sociali/ exp]im5ts 9 acquir+ ! means ( production h _/already_/ increas$ & are cont9ually increas+ ! dep5d5ce ( society ^u ! ,capitali/4 ,conclusion 99 99 99 ,! ,s]vile ,/ate 99 99 99 ,introduction ,! ,subject ( ,?is ,book ,?is book is writt5 to ma9ta9 & prove ! foll[+ tru?3-- ,t our free mod]n society 9 :i* ! means ( production are own$ by a few be+ necess>ily 9 un/able equilibrium1 x is t5d+ to rea* a condition ( /able equilibrium _/by ! e/abli%m5t ( compulsory lab\r legally en=cible ^u ^? :o d n own ! means ( production = ! advantage ( ^? :o d_/4 ,) ?is pr9ciple ( compulsion appli$ aga9/ ! non-own]s !re mu/ also come a diff]5ce 9 _! /atus2 & 9 ! eyes ( society & ( its positive law m5 w be divid$ into two sets3 ! fir/ economically free & politically free1 possess$ ( ! means ( production1 & securely confirm$ 9 t possession2 ! second economically unfree & politically unfree1 b at fir/ secur$ by _! v lack ( fre$om 9 c]ta9 necess>ies ( life & 9 a m9imum ( well-be+ b5ea? :i* !y %all n fall4 ,society hav+ rea*$ su* a condition w\ld be releas$ f its pres5t int]nal /ra9s & w\ld h tak5 on a =m :i* w\ld be /able3 t is1 capable ( be+ indef9itely prolong$ )\t *ange4 ,9 x w\ld be resolv$ ! v>i\s factors ( in/ability :i* increas+ly di/urb t =m ( society call$ ,capitali/1 & m5 w\ld be satisfi$ to accept1 & to cont9ue 91 su* a settlem5t4 ,to su* a /able society ,i %all give1 = reasons :i* w be describ$ 9 ! next section1 ! title ( ,,! ,,s]vile ,,/ate4 ,i %all n und]take to judge :e!r ?is approa*+ organisation ( our mod]n society be good or evil4 ,i %all conc]n myself only ) %[+ ! necess>y t5d5cy t[>ds x :i* has long exi/$ & ! rec5t social provisions :i* %[ t x has actually begun4 ,?is new /ate w be acceptable to ^? :o desire consci\sly or by implication ! re-e/abli%m5t among u ( a diff]5ce ( /atus betwe5 possessor & non-possessor3 x w be di/a/eful to ^? :o reg>d su* a di/9ction ) ill fav\r or ) dread4 ,my bus9ess w n be to ent] into ! discussion betwe5 ^! two types ( mod]n ?9k]s1 b to po9t out to ea* & to bo? t t :i* ! "o fav\rs & ! o!r w\ld fly is ^u !m4 ,i %all prove my !sis 9 p>ticul> f ! case ( ! indu/rial society ( ,great ,brita91 includ+ t small1 ali51 & exceptional corn] ( ,irel&1 :i* suff]s or enjoys indu/rial conditions to-day4 ,i %all divide ! matt] ?us3-- 7#a7 ,i %all lay d[n c]ta9 def9itions4 7#b7 ,next1 ,i %all describe ! in/itution ( slav]y & _/,! ,s]vile ,/ate_/ ( :i* x is ! basis1 z ^! 7 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,i %all !n3 7#c7 ,sket* v briefly ! process :]eby t age-long in/itution ( slav]y 0 sl[ly dissolv$ dur+ ! ,*ri/ian c5turies1 & :]eby ! result+ m$ieval sy/em1 bas$ ^u highly divid$ prop]ty 9 ! means ( production1 0 7#d7 wreck$ 9 c]ta9 areas ( ,europe z x approa*$ completion1 & _h sub/itut$ = x1 9 practice ?\gh n 9 legal !ory1 a society bas$ ^u _/,capitalism_/4 7#e7 ,next1 ,i %all %[ h[ ,capitalism 0 ( its nature un/able1 because its social realities 7 9 conflict ) all exi/+ or possible sy/ems ( law1 & because its effects 9 d5y+ suffici5cy & security 7 intol]able to m52 h[ be+ ?us un/able1 x consequ5tly pres5t$ a problem :i* dem&$ a solution3 to wit1 ! e/abli%m5t ( "s /able =m ( society ^: law & social practice %\ld correspond1 & ^: economic results1 by provid+ suffici5cy & security1 %\ld be tol]able to human nature4 7#f7 ,i %all next pres5t ! only ?ree possible solutions3-- 7a7 ,collectivism1 or ! plac+ ( ! means ( production 9 ! h&s ( ! political (fic]s ( ! community4 7b7 ,prop]ty1 or ! re-e/abli%m5t ( a ,di/ributive ,/ate 9 :i* ! mass ( citiz5s %\ld sev]ally own ! means ( production4 7c7 ,slav]y1 or a ,s]vile ,/ate 9 :i* ^? :o d n own ! means ( production %all be legally compell$ to "w = ^? :o d1 & %all receive 9 ex*ange a security ( livelihood4 ,n[1 see+ ! di/a/e :i* ! rema9s ( our long ,*ri/ian tradition has br$ 9 u = directly advocat+ ! ?ird solution & boldly support+ ! re-e/abli%m5t ( slav]y1 ! fir/ two alone are op5 to re=m]s3 7#a7 a reaction t[>ds a condition ( well-divid$ prop]ty or ! ,di/ributive ,/ate2 7#b7 an attempt to a*ieve ! ideal ,collectivi/ ,/ate4 ,x c easily be %[n t ?is second solution appeals mo/ naturally & easily to a society already ,capitali/ on acc\nt ( ! difficulty :i* su* a society has to discov] ! en]gy1 ! w1 & ! vision requisite = ! fir/ solution4 7#g7 ,i %all next proce$ to %[ h[ ! pursuit ( ?is ideal ,collectivi/ ,/ate :i* is br$ ( ,capitalism leads m5 act+ ^u a ,capitali/ society n t[>ds ! ,collectivi/ ,/ate nor any?+ l x1 b to t ?ird utt]ly diff]5t ?+--! ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,to ?is eigh? section ,i %all add an app5dix %[+ h[ ! attempt to a*ieve ,collectivism gradually by public pur*ase is bas$ ^u an illusion4 7#h7 ,recognis+ t !oretical argum5t ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh intellectually conv9c+1 is n suffici5t to ! e/abli%m5t ( my !sis1 ,i %all conclude by giv+ examples f mod]n ,engli% legislation1 :i* examples prove t ! ,s]vile ,/ate is actually ^u u4 ,su* is ! s*eme ,i design = ?is book4 ,section ,"o ,def9itions ,man1 l e o!r organism1 c only live by ! trans=mation ( 8 environm5t to 8 own use4 ,he mu/ trans=m 8 environm5t f a condition :]e x is less to a condition :]e x is m subs]vi5t to 8 ne$s4 ,t special1 consci\s1 & intellig5t trans=mation ( 8 environm5t :i* is peculi> to ! peculi> intellig5ce & creative faculty ( man we call ! ,production ( ,weal?4 ,weal? is matt] :i* has be5 consci\sly & intellig5tly trans=m$ f a condition 9 :i* x is less to a condition 9 :i* x is m s]viceable to a human ne$4 ,)\t ,weal? man _c exi/4 ,! production ( x is a necessity to him1 & ?\gh x proce$s f ! m to ! less necess>y1 & ev5 to ^? =ms ( production :i* we call luxuries1 yet 9 any giv5 human society !re is a c]ta9 k9d & a c]ta9 am\nt ( weal? )\t :i* human life _c be liv$3 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,engl& to-day1 c]ta9 =ms ( cook$ & elaborately prep>$ food1 clo?+1 w>m?1 & habitation4 ,!re=e1 to control ! production ( weal? is to control human life itself4 ,to refuse man ! opportunity = ! production ( weal? is to refuse him ! opportunity = life2 &1 9 g5]al1 ! way 9 :i* ! production ( weal? is by law p]mitt$ is ! only way 9 :i* ! citiz5s c legally exi/4 ,weal? c only be produc$ by ! application ( human en]gy1 m5tal & physical1 to ! =ces ( nature ar\nd u1 & to ! mat]ial :i* ^? =ces in=m4 ,?is human en]gy s applicable to ! mat]ial _w & its =ces we w call ,lab\r4 ,z = t mat]ial & ^? natural =ces1 we w call !m1 = ! sake ( %ortness1 by ! n>r[1 b conv5tionally accept$1 t]m ,l&4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t all problems connect$ ) ! production ( weal?1 & all discussion !reupon1 involve b two pr9cipal orig9al factors1 to wit1 ,lab\r & ,l&1 ,b x s happ5s t ! consci\s1 artificial1 & intellig5t action ( man ^u nature1 correspond+ to 8 peculi> "* comp>$ ) o!r creat$ be+s1 introduces a ?ird factor ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,man proce$s to create weal? by +5i\s me?ods ( v>y+ & (t5 increas+ complexity1 & aids himself by ! con/ruction ( implem5ts4 ,^! soon become 9 ea* new dep>tm5t ( ! production z truly necess>y to t production z lab\r & l&4 ,fur!r1 any process ( production takes a c]ta9 "t2 dur+ t "t ! produc] mu/ be f$1 & clo!d1 & h\s$1 & ! re/ ( x4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be an accumulation ( weal? creat$ 9 ! pa/1 & res]v$ ) ! object ( ma9ta9+ lab\r dur+ its ef=t to produce = ! future4 ,:e!r x be ! mak+ ( an in/rum5t or tool1 or ! sett+ aside ( a /ore ( provisions1 lab\r appli$ to l& = ei!r purpose is n produc+ weal? = imm$iate consumption4 ,x is sett+ aside & res]v+ some:at1 & t some:at is always necess>y 9 v>y+ proportions accord+ to ! simplicity or complexity ( ! economic society to ! production ( weal?4 ,to su* weal? res]v$ & set aside = ! purposes ( future production1 & n = imm$iate consumption1 :e!r x be 9 ! =m ( in/rum5ts & tools1 or 9 ! =m ( /ores = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r dur+ ! process ( production1 we give ! "n ( ,capital4 ,!re are ?us ?ree factors 9 ! production ( all human weal?1 :i* we may conv5tionally t]m ,l&1 ,capital1 & ,lab\r4 ,:5 we talk ( ! ,means ( ,production we signify l& & capital comb9$4 ,?us1 :5 we say t a man is dispossess$ ( ! means ( production1 or _c produce weal? save by ! leave ( ano!r :o possesses ! means ( production1 we mean t he is ! ma/] only ( 8 lab\r & has no control1 9 any useful am\nt1 ov] ei!r capital1 or l&1 or bo? comb9$4 ,a man politically free1 t is1 "o :o enjoys ! "r be=e ! law to ex]cise 8 en]gies :5 he pleases 7or n at all if he does n s please71 b n possess$ by legal "r ( control ov] any useful am\nt ( ! means ( production1 we call prolet>ian1 & any consid]able class compos$ ( su* m5 we call a prolet>iat4 ,prop]ty is a t]m us$ = t arrangem5t 9 society :]eby ! control ( l& & ( weal? made f l&1 includ+ !re=e all ! means ( production1 is ve/$ 9 "s p]son or corporation4 ,?us we may say ( a build+1 includ+ ! l& ^u :i* x /&s1 t x is ! prop]ty ( su* & su* a citiz51 or family1 or college1 or ( ! ,/ate1 mean+ t ^? :o own su* prop]ty are gu>ante$ by ! laws 9 ! "r to use x or )hold x f use4 ,private prop]ty signifies su* weal? 7includ+ ! means ( production7 z may1 by ! arrangem5ts ( society1 be 9 ! control ( p]sons or corporations o!r ?an ! political bodies ( :i* ^! p]sons or corporations are 9 ano!r aspect memb]s4 ,:at di/+ui%es private prop]ty is n t ! possessor !re( is less ?an ! ,/ate1 or is only a "p ( ! ,/ate 7= 7 t s we %\ld talk ( municipal prop]ty z private prop]ty71 b r t ! own] may ex]cise 8 control ov] x to 8 own advantage1 & n z a tru/ee = society1 nor 9 ! hi]>*y ( political in/itutions4 ,?us ,mr ,jones is a citiz5 ( ,man*e/]1 b he does n own 8 private prop]ty z a citiz5 ( ,man*e/]1 he owns x z ,mr ,jones1 :]eas1 if ! h\se next to 8 own be own$ by ! ,man*e/] municipality1 !y own x only because !y are a political body /&+ = ! :ole community ( ! t[n4 ,mr ,jones might move to ,glasg[ & /ill own 8 prop]ty 9 ,man*e/]1 b ! municipality ( ,man*e/] c only own its prop]ty 9 connection ) ! corporate political life ( ! t[n4 ,an ideal society 9 :i* ! means ( production %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ! political (fic]s ( ! community we call ,collectivi/1 or m g5]ally ,sociali/4#a ,a society 9 :i* private prop]ty 9 l& & capital1 t is1 ! own]%ip & !re=e ! control ( ! means ( production1 is conf9$ to "s numb] ( free citiz5s n l>ge en\gh to det]m9e ! social mass ( ! ,/ate1 :ile ! re/ h n su* prop]ty & are !re=e prolet>ian1 we call ,capitali/2 & ! me?od by :i* weal? is produc$ 9 su* a society c only be ! application ( lab\r1 ! det]m9+ mass ( :i* mu/ necess>ily be prolet>ian1 to l& & capital1 9 su* fa%ion t1 ( ! total weal? produc$1 ! ,prolet>iat :i* lab\rs %all only receive a portion4 ,! two m>ks1 !n1 def9+ ! ,capitali/ ,/ate are3 7#a7 ,t ! citiz5s !re( are politically free3 i4e4 c use or )hold at w _! possessions or _! lab\r1 b are also 7#b7 divid$ into capitali/ & prolet>ian 9 su* proportions t ! ,/ate z a :ole is n *>act]is$ by ! in/itution ( own]%ip among free citiz5s1 b by ! re/riction ( own]%ip to a section m>k$ly less ?an ! :ole1 or ev5 to a small m9ority4 ,su* a ,capitali/ ,/ate is ess5tially divid$ into two classes ( free citiz5s1 ! "o capitali/ or own+1 ! o!r prop]tyless or prolet>ian4 ,my la/ def9ition conc]ns ! ,s]vile ,/ate itself1 & s9ce ! idea is bo? some:at novel & also ! subject ( ?is book1 ,i w n only e/abli% b exp& its def9ition4 ,! def9ition ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate is z foll[s3-- ,t arrangem5t ( society 9 :i* s consid]able a numb] ( ! families & individuals are con/ra9$ by positive law to lab\r = ! advantage ( o!r families & individuals z to /amp ! :ole community ) ! m>k ( su* lab\r we call _/,! ,s]vile ,/ate_/4 ,note fir/ c]ta9 negative limitations 9 ! above :i* mu/ be cle>ly seiz$ if we are n to lose cle> ?9k+ 9 a fog ( metaphor & rhetoric4 ,t society is n s]vile 9 :i* m5 are intellig5tly con/ra9$ to lab\r by en?usiasm1 by a religi\s t5et1 or indirectly f fe> ( de/itution1 or directly f love ( ga91 or f ! common s5se :i* tea*es !m t by _! lab\r !y may increase _! well-be+4 ,a cle> b\nd>y exi/s betwe5 ! s]vile & ! non-s]vile condition ( lab\r1 & ! conditions ^u ei!r side ( t b\nd>y utt]ly diff] "o f ano!r1 ,:]e !re is compulsion applicable by positive law to m5 ( a c]ta9 /atus1 & su* compulsion en=c$ 9 ! la/ resort by ! p[]s at ! disposal ( ! ,/ate1 !re is ! in/itution ( ,slav]y2 & if t in/itution be suffici5tly exp&$ ! :ole ,/ate may be said to repose ^u a s]vile basis1 & is a ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,:]e su* =mal1 legal /atus is abs5t ! conditions are n s]vile2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 s]vitude & fre$om1 appreciable 9 a ?\s& details ( actual life1 is mo/ gl>+ 9 ?is3 t ! free man c refuse 8 lab\r & use t refusal z an in/rum5t :]e) to b>ga92 :ile ! slave has no su* in/rum5t or p[] to b>ga9 at all1 b is dep5d5t = 8 well-be+ ^u ! cu/om ( society1 back$ by ! regulation ( su* ( its laws z may protect & gu>antee ! slave4 ,next1 let x be obs]v$ t ! ,/ate is n s]vile because ! m]e in/itution ( slav]y is to be discov]$ some:]e )9 its conf9es4 ,! ,/ate is only s]vile :5 s consid]able a body ( =c$ lab\r is affect$ by ! compulsion ( positive law z to give a "* to ! :ole community4 ,simil>ly1 t ,/ate is n s]vile 9 :i* all citiz5s are liable to submit _! en]gies to ! compulsion ( positive law1 & mu/ lab\r at ! discretion ( ,/ate (ficials4 ,by loose metaphor & = rhetorical purposes m5 :o dislike ,collectivism 7= in/ance7 or ! discipl9e ( a regim5t w talk ( ! s]vile conditions ( su* organisations4 ,b = ! purposes ( /rict def9ition & cle> ?9k+ x is ess5tial to rememb] t a s]vile condition only exi/s by contra/ ) a free condition4 ,! s]vile condition is pres5t 9 society only :5 !re is also pres5t ! free citiz5 = ^: b5efit ! slave works "u ! compulsion ( positive law4 ,aga91 x %\ld be not$ t ?is ^w s]vile 9 no way connotes ! wor/1 nor ev5 necess>ily a bad1 arrangem5t ( society1 ,?is po9t is s cle> t x %\ld h>dly delay u2 b a confusion betwe5 ! rhetorical & ! precise use ( ! ^w s]vile ,i h discov]$ to emb>rass public discussion ( ! matt] s mu* t ,i mu/ once m emphasise :at %\ld be self-evid5t4 ,! discussion z to :e!r ! in/itution ( slav]y be a good or a bad "o1 or be relatively bett] or worse ?an o!r alt]native in/itutions1 has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! exact def9ition ( t in/itution4 ,?us ,mon>*y consi/s 9 ?r[+ ! responsibility = ! direction ( society ^u an individual4 ,"o c imag9e "s ,roman ( ! fir/ c5tury prais+ ! new ,imp]ial p[]1 b ?r\gh a muddle-head$ tradition aga9/ k+s swe>+ t he w\ld nev] tol]ate a mon>*y4 ,su* a fell[ w\ld h be5 a v futile critic ( public affairs "u ,trajan1 b no m futile ?an a man :o swe>s t no?+ %all make him a slave1 ?\gh well prep>$ to accept laws t compel him to lab\r )\t 8 cons5t1 "u ! =ce ( public law1 & ^u t]ms dictat$ by o!rs4 ,_m w\ld argue t a man s compell$ to lab\r1 gu>ante$ aga9/ insecurity & aga9/ insuffici5cy ( food1 h\s+ & clo?+1 promis$ subsi/5ce = 8 old age1 & a simil> set ( advantages = 8 po/]ity1 w\ld be a great deal bett] (f ?an a free man lack+ all ^! ?+s4 ,b ! argum5t does n affect ! def9ition atta*+ to ! ^w s]vile4 ,a dev\t ,*ri/ian ( blameless life drift+ ^u an ice-fl[ 9 ! ,arctic night1 )\t food or any prospect ( succ\r1 is n s com=tably circum/anc$ z ! ,kh$ive ( ,egypt2 b x w\ld be folly 9 e/abli%+ ! def9ition ( ! words ,*ri/ian & ,mahomm$an to br+ ?is contra/ into acc\nt4 ,we mu/ !n1 ?r\gh\t ?is inquiry1 keep /rictly to ! economic aspect ( ! case4 ,only :5 t is e/abli%$ & :5 ! mod]n t5d5cy to ! re-e/abli%m5t ( slav]y is cle>1 are we free to discuss ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! revolution ?r\gh :i* we are pass+4 ,x mu/ fur!r be grasp$ t ! ess5tial m>k ( ! ,s]vile ,in/itution does n dep5d ^u ! own]%ip ( ! slave by a p>ticul> ma/]4 ,t ! in/itution ( slav]y t5ds to t =m "u ! v>i\s =ces compos+ human nature & human society is probable en\gh4 ,t if or :5 slav]y 7 re-e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& a p>ticul> man w\ld 9 "t be f\nd ! slave n ( ,capitalism 9 g5]al b (1 say1 ! ,%ell ,oil ,tru/ 9 p>ticul>1 is a v likely developm5t2 & we "k t 9 societies :]e ! in/itution 0 ( immemorial antiquity su* direct possession ( ! slave by ! free man or corporation ( free m5 _h come to be ! rule4 ,b my po9t is t su* a m>k is n ess5tial to ! "* ( slav]y4 ,z an initial phase 9 ! in/itution ( slav]y1 or ev5 z a p]man5t phase m>k+ society = an indef9ite "t1 x is p]fectly easy to conceive ( a :ole class r5d]$ s]vile by positive law1 & compell$ by su* law to lab\r = ! advantage ( ano!r non-s]vile free class1 )\t any direct act ( possession p]mitt$ to "o man ov] ! p]son ( ano!r4 ,! f9al contra/ ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 slave & free might be ma9ta9$ by ! ,/ate gu>antee+ to ! un-free1 security 9 _! subsi/5ce1 to ! free1 security 9 _! prop]ty & pr(its1 r5t & int]e/4 ,:at w\ld m>k ! slave 9 su* a society w\ld be 8 belong+ to t set or /atus :i* 0 compell$ by no matt] :at def9ition to lab\r1 & 0 ?us cut (f f ! o!r set or /atus n compell$ to lab\r1 b free to lab\r or n z x will$4 ,aga91 ! ,s]vile ,/ate w\ld c]ta9ly exi/ ev5 ?\gh a man1 be+ only compell$ to lab\r dur+ a portion ( 8 "t1 7 free to b>ga9 & ev5 to accumulate 9 8 free "t4 ,! old lawy]s us$ to di/+ui% betwe5 a s]f 9 gross & a s]f reg>dant4 ,a s]f 9 gross 0 "o :o 0 a s]f at all times & places1 & n 9 respect to a p>ticul> "l4 ,a s]f reg>dant 0 a s]f only 9 8 bondage to s]ve a p>ticul> "l4 ,he 0 free z aga9/ o!r m54 ,& "o might p]fectly well h slaves :o 7 only slaves reg>dant to a p>ticul> type ( employm5t dur+ p>ticul> h\rs4 ,b !y w\ld be slaves none ! less1 & if _! h\rs 7 _m & _! class num]\s1 ! ,/ate :i* !y support$ w\ld be a ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,la/ly1 let x be rememb]$ t ! s]vile condition rema9s z truly an in/itution ( ! ,/ate :5 x atta*es p]man5tly & irrevocably at any "o "t to a p>ticul> set ( human be+s z :5 x atta*es to a p>ticul> class ?r\gh\t _! lives4 ,?us ! laws ( ,paganism p]mitt$ ! slave to be enfran*is$ by 8 ma/]3 x fur!r p]mitt$ *ildr5 or prison]s to be sold into slav]y4 ,! ,s]vile ,in/itution1 ?\gh p]petually *ang+ 9 ! elem5ts ( its composition1 0 /ill an un*ang+ factor 9 ! ,/ate4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh ! ,/ate %\ld only subject to slav]y ^? :o _h less ?an a c]ta9 income1 :ile leav+ m5 free by inh]itance or o!rwise to pass out (1 & by loss to pass into1 ! slave class1 t slave class1 ?\gh fluctuat+ z to its composition1 w\ld /ill p]man5tly exi/4 ,?us1 if ! mod]n indu/rial ,/ate %all make a law by :i* s]vile conditions %all n atta* to ^? capable ( e>n+ m ?an a c]ta9 sum by _! own lab\r1 b %all atta* to ^? :o e>n less ?an ?is sum2 or if ! mod]n indu/rial ,/ate def9es manual lab\r 9 a p>ticul> fa%ion1 r5d]s x compulsory dur+ a fix$ "t = ^? :o und]take x1 b leaves !m free to turn lat] to o!r occupations if !y *oose1 und\bt$ly su* di/9ctions1 ?\gh !y atta* to conditions & n to individuals1 e/abli% ! ,s]vile ,in/itution4 ,"s consid]able numb] mu/ be manual work]s by def9ition1 & :ile !y 7 s def9$ w\ld be slaves4 ,"h aga9 ! composition ( ! ,s]vile class w\ld fluctuate1 b ! class w\ld be p]man5t & l>ge en\gh to /amp all society4 ,i ne$ n insi/ ^u ! practical effect3 t su* a class1 once e/abli%$1 t5ds to be fix$ 9 ! great majority ( ^? :i* make x up1 & t ! individuals ent]+ or leav+ x t5d to become few comp>$ to ! :ole mass4 ,!re is "o la/ po9t to be consid]$ 9 ?is def9ition4 ,x is ?is3-- ,s9ce1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 a free society mu/ en=ce a contract 7a free society consi/+ 9 no?+ else b ! en=cem5t ( free contracts71 h[ f> c t be call$ a ,s]vile condition :i* is ! result ( contract nom9ally or really free8 ,9 o!r words1 is n a contract to lab\r1 h[ev] freely ent]$ into1 s]vile ( its nature :5 en=c$ by ! ,/ate8 ,= in/ance1 ,i h no food or clo?+1 nor d ,i possess ! means ( production :]eby ,i c produce any weal? 9 ex*ange = su*4 ,i am s circum/anc$ t an own] ( ! ,means ( ,production w n all[ me access to ^? ,means unless ,i sign a contract to s]ve him = a week at a wage ( b>e subsi/5ce4 ,does ! ,/ate 9 en=c+ t contract make me = t week a slave8 ,obvi\sly n4 ,= ! in/itution ( ,slav]y presupposes a c]ta9 attitude ( m9d 9 ! free man & 9 ! slave1 a habit ( liv+ 9 ei!r1 & ! /amp ( bo? ^? habits ^u society4 ,no su* effects are produc$ by a contract en=ceable by ! l5g? ( "o week4 ,! duration ( human life is su*1 & ! prospect ( po/]ity1 t ! fulfill+ ( su* a contract 9 no way w\nds ! s5ses ( lib]ty & ( *oice4 ,:at ( a mon?1 a ye>1 t5 ye>s1 a lifetime8 ,suppose an extreme case1 & a de/itute man to sign a contract b9d+ him & all 8 *ildr5 :o 7 m9ors to "w = a b>e subsi/5ce until 8 own dea?1 or ! atta9m5t ( majority ( ! *ildr51 :i*ev] ev5t might happ5 late/2 w\ld ! ,/ate 9 =c+ t contract be mak+ ! man a slave8 ,z und\bt$ly z x w\ld n be mak+ him a slave 9 ! fir/ case1 x w\ld be mak+ him a slave 9 ! second4 ,"o c only say to anci5t sophi/ical difficulties ( ?is k9d1 t ! s5se ( m5 e/abli%es = itself ! true limits ( any object1 z ( fre$om4 ,:at fre$om is1 or is n1 9 s f> z m]e measure ( "t is conc]n$ 7?\gh ( c\rse mu* else ?an "t ent]s 971 human habit det]m9es2 b ! en=c+ ( a contract ( s]vice c]ta9ly or probably leav+ a *oice aft] its expiration is consonant ) fre$om4 ,! en=cem5t ( a contract probably b9d+ "o's :ole life is n consonant ) fre$om4 ,"o b9d+ to s]vice a man's natural heirs is intol]able to fre$om4 ,consid] ano!r conv]se po9t4 ,a man b9ds himself to "w = life & 8 *ildr5 aft] him s f> z ! law may p]mit him to b9d !m 9 a p>ticul> society1 b t n = a b>e subsi/5ce1 b = s l>ge a wage t he w be weal?y 9 a few ye>s1 & 8 po/]ity1 :5 ! contract is complet$1 weal?i] /ill4 ,does ! ,/ate 9 =c+ su* a contract make ! =tunate employee a slave8 ,no4 ,= x is 9 ! ess5ce ( slav]y t subsi/5ce or little m ?an subsi/5ce %\ld be gu>ante$ to ! slave4 ,slav]y exi/s 9 ord] t ! ,free %\ld b5efit by its exi/5ce1 & connotes a condition 9 :i* ! m5 subject$ to x may dem& secure exi/5ce1 b little m4 ,if anyone 7 to draw an exact l9e1 & to say t a life-contract en=ceable by law 0 slav]y at s _m %ill+s a week1 b ceas$ to be slav]y aft] t m>g91 8 ef=t w\ld be folly4 ,none ! less1 !re is a /&>d ( subsi/5ce 9 any "o society1 ! gu>antee ( :i* 7or little m7 "u an obligation to lab\r by compulsion is slav]y1 :ile ! gu>antee ( v mu* m is n slav]y4 ,?is v]bal juggl]y might be cont9u$4 ,x is a type ( v]bal difficulty app>5t 9 e inquiry op5 to ! pr(essional disputant1 b ( no effect ^u ! m9d ( ! hone/ inquir] ^: bus9ess is n dialectic b tru?4 ,x is always possible by e/abli%+ a cross-section 9 a set ( def9itions to pose ! unansw]able difficulty ( degree1 b t w nev] affect ! realities ( discussion4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 :at is meant by torture :5 x exi/s 9 a code ( laws1 & :5 x is =bidd54 ,no imag9>y difficulties ( degree betwe5 pull+ a man's hair & scalp+ him1 betwe5 w>m+ him & burn+ him alive1 w di/urb a re=m] ^: bus9ess x is to expunge torture f "s p5al code4 ,9 ! same way we "k :at is & :at is n compulsory lab\r1 :at is & :at is n ! ,s]vile ,condition4 ,its te/ is1 ,i repeat1 ! )drawal f a man ( 8 free *oice to lab\r or n to lab\r1 "h or !re1 = su* & su* an object2 & ! compell+ ( him by positive law to lab\r = ! advantage ( o!rs :o d n fall "u ! same compulsion4 ,:]e y h t1 y h slav]y3 ) all ! manifold1 spiritual1 & political results ( t anci5t in/itution4 ,:]e y h slav]y affect+ a class ( su* consid]able size z to m>k & det]m9e ! "* ( ! ,/ate1 !re y h ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to sum up1 !n3--,! _/,s]vile ,/ate_/ is t 9 :i* we f9d s consid]able a body ( families & individuals di/+ui%$ f free citiz5s by ! m>k ( compulsory lab\r z to /amp a g5]al "* ^u society1 & all ! *ief *>act]s1 good or evil1 atta*+ to ! in/itution ( slav]y w be f\nd p]meat+ su* a ,/ate1 :e!r ! slaves be directly & p]sonally atta*$ to _! ma/]s1 only indirectly atta*$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,/ate1 or atta*$ 9 a ?ird mann] ?r\gh _! subs]vi5ce to corporations or to p>ticul> indu/ries4 ,! slave s compell$ to lab\r w be "o dispossess$ ( ! means ( production1 & compell$ by law to lab\r = ! advantage ( all or any :o are possess$ !re(4 ,& ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! slave proce$s f ! special action ^u him ( a positive law :i* fir/ sep>ates "o body ( m51 ! less-free1 f ano!r1 ! m free1 9 ! function ( contract )9 ! g5]al body ( ! community4 ,n[1 f a purely ,s]vile conception ( production & ( ! arrangem5t ( society we ,europeans sprang4 ,! ,immemorial pa/ ( ,europe is a ,s]vile pa/4 ,dur+ "s c5turies :i* ! ,*ur* rais$1 p]meat$1 & con/ruct$1 ,europe 0 gradually releas$ or divorc$ f ?is immemorial & fundam5tal conception ( slav]y2 to t conception1 to t in/itution1 our ,indu/rial or ,capitali/ society is n[ ^u its return4 ,we are re-e/abli%+ ! slave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e proce$+ to ! pro( ( ?is1 ,i %all1 9 ! next few pages1 digress to sket* v briefly ! process :]eby ! old ,pagan slav]y 0 trans=m$ into a free society "s c5turies ago4 ,i %all !n outl9e ! fur!r process :]eby ! new non-s]vile society 0 wreck$ at ! ,re=mation 9 c]ta9 areas ( ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&4 ,!re 0 gradually produc$ 9 its /ead ! transitory phase ( society 7n[ ne>+ its end7 call$ g5]ally ,capitalism or ! ,capitali/ ,/ate4 ,su* a digression1 be+ purely hi/orical1 is n logically necess>y to a consid]ation ( our subject1 b x is ( great value to ! read]1 because ! k ( h[1 9 reality & 9 ! concrete1 ?+s h mov$ bett] enables u to und]/& ! logical process :]eby !y t5d t[>ds a p>ticul> goal 9 ! future4 ,"o c\ld prove ! t5d5cy t[>ds ! ,s]vile ,/ate 9 ,engl& to-day to a man :o knew no?+ ( ! pa/ ( ,europe2 b t t5d5cy w seem to him f> m reasonably probable1 f> m a matt] ( exp]i5ce & less a matt] ( m]e d$uction1 :5 he kn[s :at our society once 01 & h[ x *ang$ into :at we "k to-day4 ,section ,two ,our ,civilisation ,0 ,orig9ally ,s]vile ,9 no matt] :at field ( ! ,european pa/ we make our rese>*1 we f9d1 f two ?\s& ye>s ago upw>ds1 "o fundam5tal in/itution :]eupon ! :ole ( society reposes2 t fundam5tal in/itution is ,slav]y4 ,!re is "h no di/9ction betwe5 ! highly civilis$ ,city-,/ate ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ) its lett]s1 its pla/ic art1 & its code ( laws1 ) all t makes a civilisation--& ?is /ret*+ back f> beyond any surviv+ record1--!re is "h no di/9ction betwe5 t civilis$ body & ! ,nor!rn & ,we/]n societies ( ! ,celtic tribes1 or ( ! little kn[n hordes t w&]$ 9 ! ,g]manies4 ,all indiff]5tly repos$ ^u slav]y4 ,x 0 a fundam5tal conception ( society4 ,x 0 ev]y:]e pres5t1 n[h]e disput$4 ,!re is a di/9ction 7or w\ld appe> to be7 betwe5 ,europeans & ,asiatics 9 ?is matt]4 ,! religion & morals ( ! "o s diff]$ 9 _! v orig9 f ^? ( ! o!r t e social in/itution 0 t\*$ by ! contra/--& ,slav]y among ! re/4 ,b ) t we ne$ n conc]n ourselves4 ,my po9t is t our ,european ance/ry1 ^? m5 f :om we are desc5d$ & ^: blood runs ) little admixture 9 our ve9s1 took slav]y = grant$1 made ( x ! economic pivot ^u :i* ! production ( weal? %\ld turn1 & nev] d\bt$ b t x 0 normal to all human society4 ,x is a matt] ( capital importance to seize ?is4 ,an arrangem5t ( su* a sort w\ld n h endur$ )\t int]mission 7& inde$ )\t "q7 = _m c5turies1 nor h be5 f\nd em]g+ fully gr[n f t va/ space ( unrecord$ "t dur+ :i* b>b>ism & civilisation fl\ri%$ side by side 9 ,europe1 _h !re n be5 some?+ 9 x1 good or evil1 native to our blood4 ,!re 0 no "q 9 ^? anci5t societies f :i* we spr+ ( mak+ subject races into slaves by ! might ( conqu]+ races4 ,all t is ! guess-"w ( ! univ]sities4 ,n only is !re no pro( ( x1 r all ! exi/+ pro( is ! o!r way4 ,! ,greek _h a ,greek slave1 ! ,lat9 a ,lat9 slave1 ! ,g]man a ,g]man slave1 ! ,celt a ,celtic slave4 ,! !ory t sup]ior races invad$ a l&1 ei!r drove out ! orig9al inhabitants or r$uc$ !m to slav]y1 is "o :i* has no argum5t ei!r f our pres5t k ( man's m9d or f record$ evid5ce4 ,inde$1 ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( t ,s]vile ,basis ^u :i* ,paganism repos$ 0 ! human equality recognis$ betwe5 ma/] & slave4 ,! ma/] might kill ! slave1 b bo? 7 ( "o race & ea* 0 human to ! o!r4 ,?is spiritual value 0 n1 z a fur!r p]nici\s piece ( guess-"w w\ld dream1 a gr[? or a progress4 ,! doctr9e ( human equality 0 inh]5t 9 ! v /uff ( antiquity1 z x is inh]5t 9 ^? societies :i* h n lo/ tradition4 ,we may presume t ! b>b>ian ( ! ,nor? w\ld grasp ! great tru? ) less facility ?an ! civilis$ man ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 because b>b>ism ev]y:]e %[s a retrogression 9 intellectual p[]2 b ! pro( t ! ,s]vile ,in/itution 0 a social arrangem5t r ?an a di/9ction ( type is pat5t f ! co9cid5ce ev]y:]e ( ,emancipation ) ,slav]y4 ,pagan ,europe n only ?\ght ! exi/5ce ( ,slaves a natural necessity to society1 b equally ?\ght t ^u giv+ a ,slave 8 fre$om ! enfran*is$ man w\ld naturally /ep1 ?\gh p]haps aft] ! int]val ( "s l9eage1 into ! ranks ( free society4 ,great poets & great arti/s1 /atesm5 & soldi]s 7 little tr\bl$ by ! memory ( a s]vile ance/ry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a p]petual recruitm5t ( ! ,s]vile ,in/itution1 j z !re 0 a p]petual emancipation f x1 proce$+ ye> aft] ye>2 & ! natural or normal me?od ( recruitm5t is mo/ cle>ly app>5t to u 9 ! simple & b>b>ic societies :i* ! obs]vation ( contempor>y civilis$ ,pagans enables u to judge4 ,x 0 pov]ty t made ! slave4 ,prison]s ( w> tak5 9 set combat af=d$ "o mode ( recruitm5t1 & !re 0 also ! raid+ ( m5 by pirates 9 ! out] l&s & ! sell+ ( !m 9 ! slave m>kets ( ! ,s\?4 ,b at once ! cause ( ! recruitm5t & ! p]man5t support ( ! in/itution ( slav]y 0 ! indig5ce ( ! man :o sold himself into slav]y1 or 0 born into x2 = x 0 a rule ( ,pagan ,slav]y t ! slave br$ ! slave1 & t ev5 if "o ( ! p>5ts 7 free ! (fspr+ 0 a slave4 ,! society ( antiquity1 !re=e1 0 normally divid$ 7z mu/ at la/ be ! society ( any s]vile /ate7 into cle>ly m>k$ sections3 !re 0 ^u ! "o h& ! citiz5 :o _h a voice 9 ! conduct ( ! ,/ate1 :o w\ld (t5 lab\r--b lab\r ( 8 own free w--& :o 0 normally possess$ ( prop]ty2 ^u ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a mass dispossess$ ( ! means ( production & compell$ by positive law to lab\r at comm&4 ,x is true t 9 ! fur!r developm5ts ( society ! accumulation ( private sav+s by a slave 0 tol]at$ & t slaves s fav\r$ did sometimes pur*ase _! fre$om4 ,x is fur!r true t 9 ! confusion ( ! la/ g5]ations ( ,paganism !re arose 9 "s ( ! great cities a consid]able class ( m5 :o1 ?\gh free1 7 dispossess$ ( ! means ( production4 ,b ^! la/ nev] exi/$ 9 a suffici5t proportion to /amp ! :ole ,/ate ( society ) a "* drawn f _! prolet>ian circum/ance4 ,to ! end ! ,pagan _w rema9$ a _w ( free proprietors possess$1 9 v>i\s degrees1 ( ! l& & ( ! capital :]eby weal? may be produc$1 & apply+ to t l& & capital = ! purpose ( produc+ weal?1 compulsory lab\r4 ,c]ta9 features 9 t orig9al ,s]vile ,/ate f :i* we all spr+ %\ld be c>efully not$ by way ( conclusion4 ,fir/1 ?\gh all n[adays contra/ slav]y ) fre$om to ! advantage ( ! latt]1 yet m5 !n accept$ slav]y freely z an alt]native to indig5ce4 ,secondly 7& ?is is mo/ important = our judgm5t ( ! ,s]vile ,in/itution z a :ole1 & ( ! *ances ( its return71 9 all ^? c5turies we f9d no organis$ ef=t1 nor 7:at is /ill m significant7 d we f9d any compla9t ( consci5ce aga9/ ! in/itution :i* condemn$ ! bulk ( human be+s to =c$ lab\r4 ,slaves may be f\nd 9 ! lit]>y ex]cises ( ! "t bewail+ _! lot & jok+ ab\t x2 "s philosoph]s w compla9 t an ideal society %\ld conta9 no slaves2 o!rs w excuse ! e/abli%m5t ( slav]y ^u ?is plea or t1 :ile grant+ t x (f5ds ! dignity ( man4 ,! great] "p w argue ( ! ,/ate t x is necess>ily ,s]vile4 ,b no "o1 slave or free1 dreams ( aboli%+ or ev5 ( *ang+ ! ?+4 ,y h no m>tyrs = ! case ( fre$om z aga9/ slav]y4 ,! s-call$ ,s]vile w>s are ! resi/ance on ! "p ( escap$ slaves to any attempt at recapture1 b !y are n accompani$ by an accept$ affirmation t s]vitude is an intol]able ?+2 nor is t note /ruck at all f ! unkn[n beg9n+s to ! ,ca?olic end+s ( ! ,pagan _w4 ,slav]y is irksome1 undignifi$1 woeful2 b x is1 to !m1 ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,y may say1 to be brief1 t ?is arrangem5t ( society 0 ! v air :i* ,pagan ,antiquity brea!d4 ,its great works1 its leisure & its dome/ic life1 its hum\r1 its res]ves ( p[]1 all dep5d ^u ! fact t its society 0 t ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,m5 7 happy 9 t arrangem5t1 or1 at lea/1 z happy z m5 ev] are4 ,! attempt to escape by a p]sonal ef=t1 :e!r ( ?rift1 ( adv5ture1 or ( flatt]y to a ma/]1 f ! ,s]vile condition _h nev] ev5 s mu* ( driv+ p[] beh9d x z ! attempt _m %[ to-day to escape f ! rank ( wage-e>n]s to ^? ( employ]s4 ,s]vitude did n seem a hell into :i* a man w\ld r die ?an s9k1 or out ( :i* at any sacrifice :atsoev] a man w\ld raise himself4 ,x 0 a condition accept$ by ^? :o suff]$ x z mu* z by ^? :o enjoy$ x1 & a p]fectly necess>y "p ( all t m5 did & ?\ght4 ,y f9d no b>b>ian f "s free place a/oni%$ at ! in/itution ( ,slav]y2 y f9d no ,slave po9t+ to a society 9 :i* ,slav]y 0 unkn[n z t[>ds a happi] l&4 ,to our ance/ors n only = ^? few c5turies dur+ :i* we h record ( _! actions1 b app>5tly dur+ an illimitable pa/1 ! division ( society into ^? :o mu/ "w "u compulsion & ^? :o w\ld b5efit by _! lab\r 0 ! v plan ( ! ,/ate ap>t f :i* !y c\ld h>dly ?9k ( society z exi/+ at all4 ,let all ?is be cle>ly grasp$4 ,x is fundam5tal to an und]/&+ ( ! problem be=e u4 ,slav]y is no novel exp]i5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe2 nor is "o suff]+ an odd dream :5 "o talks ( ,slav]y z acceptable to ,european m54 ,slav]y 0 ( ! v /uff ( ,europe = ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( ye>s1 until ,europe engag$ ^u t consid]able moral exp]im5t call$ ,! ,fai?1 :i* _m believe to be n[ accompli%$ & disc>d$1 & 9 ! failure ( :i* x w\ld seem t ! old & prim>y in/itution ( ,slav]y mu/ return4 ,= !re came ^u u ,europeans aft] all ^? c5turies1 & c5turies ( a settl$ social ord] :i* 0 erect$ ^u ,slav]y z ^u a sure f\ndation1 ! exp]im5t call$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,among ! by-products ( ?is exp]im5t1 v sl[ly em]g+ f ! old ,pagan _w1 & n long complet$ be=e ,*ri/5dom itself suff]$ a %ipwreck1 0 ! exce$+ly gradual trans=mation ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate into some?+ o!r3 a society ( own]s4 ,& h[ t some?+ o!r did proce$ f ! ,pagan ,s]vile ,/ate ,i w next expla94 ,section ,?ree ,h[ ! ,s]vile ,in/itution ,0 = a ,"t ,dissolv$ ,! process by :i* slav]y disappe>$ among ,*ri/ian m51 ?\gh v l5g?y 9 its developm5t 7x cov]$ close ^u a ?\s& ye>s71 & ?\gh exce$+ly complicat$ 9 its detail1 may be easily & briefly grasp$ 9 its ma9 l9es4 ,let x fir/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ! va/ revolution ?r\gh :i* ! ,european m9d pass$ bet we5 ! fir/ & ! f\r? c5turies 7t revolution :i* is (t5 t]m$ ! ,conv]sion ( ! ,_w to ,*ri/ianity1 b :i* %\ld = purposes ( hi/orical accuracy be call$ ! ,gr[? ( ! ,*ur*7 includ$ no attack ^u ! ,s]vile ,in/itution4 ,no dogma ( ! ,*ur* pron\nc$ ,slav]y to be immoral1 or ! sale & pur*ase ( m5 to be a s91 or ! imposition ( compulsory lab\r ^u a ,*ri/ian to be a contrav5tion ( any human "r4 ,! emancipation ( ,slaves 0 inde$ reg>d$ z a good "w by ! ,fai?ful3 b s 0 x reg>d$ by ! ,pagan4 ,x 01 on ! face ( x1 a s]vice r5d]$ to "o's fell[m54 ,! sale ( ,*ri/ians to ,pagan ma/]s 0 abhorr5t to ! lat] empire ( ! ,b>b>ian ,invasions1 n because slav]y 9 itself 0 condemn$1 b because x 0 a sort ( treason to civilisation to =ce m5 away f ,civilisation to ,b>b>ism4 ,9 g5]al y w discov] no pron\ncem5t aga9/ slav]y z an in/itution1 nor any moral def9ition attack+ x1 ?r\gh\t all ^? e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies dur+ :i* x none ! less effectively disappe>s4 ,! =m ( its disappe>ance is well wor? not+4 ,x beg9s ) ! e/abli%m5t z ! fundam5tal unit ( production 9 ,we/]n ,europe ( ^? great l&$ e/ates1 commonly ly+ 9 ! h&s ( a s+le proprietor1 & g5]ally kn[n z _/,villae_/4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 _m o!r =ms ( human agglom]ation3 small peasant f>ms own$ 9 absolute proprietor%ip by _! petty ma/]s2 gr\ps ( free m5 associat$ 9 :at 0 call$ a ,vicus2 manufactories 9 :i* gr\ps ( slaves 7 indu/rially organis$ to ! pr(it ( _! ma/]2 &1 gov]n+ ! regions ar\nd !m1 ! s*eme ( ,roman t[ns4 ,b ( all ^! ! ,villa ! dom9at+ type2 & z society pass$ f ! high civilisation ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies into ! simplicity ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 ! ,villa1 ! unit ( agricultural production1 became m & m ! model ( all society4 ,n[ ! ,villa began z a consid]able ext5t ( l&1 conta9+1 l a mod]n ,engli% e/ate1 pa/ure1 arable1 wat]1 wood & hea?1 or wa/e l&4 ,x 0 own$ by a dom9us or "l 9 absolute proprietor%ip1 to sell1 or leave by w1 to d ) x :atsoev] he *ose4 ,x 0 cultivat$ = him by ,slaves to :om he ow$ no?+ 9 return1 & :om x 0 simply 8 int]e/ to keep alive & to cont9ue bre$+ 9 ord] t !y might p]petuate 8 weal?4 ,i conc5trate p>ticul>ly ^u ^! ,slaves1 ! great majority ( ! human be+s inhabit+ ! l&1 because1 al?\gh !re arose 9 ! ,d>k ,ages1 :5 ! ,roman ,empire 0 pass+ into ! society ( ! ,middle ,ages1 o!r social elem5ts )9 ! ,villae--! ,fre$ m5 :o ow$ ! "l a modifi$ s]vice1 & ev5 occasionally indep5d5t citiz5s pres5t ?r\gh a contract t]m9able & freely ent]$ into yet x is ! ,slave :o is ! m>k ( all t society4 ,at its orig91 !n1 ! ,roman ,villa 0 a piece ( absolute prop]ty1 ! production ( weal? ^u :i* 0 due to ! application ( slave lab\r to ! natural res\rces ( ! place2 & t slave lab\r 0 z mu* ! prop]ty ( ! "l z 0 ! l& itself4 ,! fir/ modification :i* ?is arrangem5t %[$ 9 ! new society :i* accompani$ ! gr[? & e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,roman _w1 0 a sort ( cu/om>y rule :i* modifi$ ! old arbitr>y position ( ! ,slave4 ,! ,slave 0 /ill a ,slave1 b x 0 bo? m conv5i5t 9 ! decay ( communications & public p[]1 & m consonant ) ! social _s ( ! "t to make sure ( t ,slave's produce by ask+ him = no m ?an c]ta9 cu/om>y dues4 ,! ,slave & 8 desc5dants became m or less root$ to "o spot4 ,"s 7 /ill b\ght & sold1 b 9 decreas+ numb]s4 ,z ! g5]ations pass$ a l>g] & a l>g] proportion liv$ :]e & z _! fa!rs _h liv$1 & ! produce :i* !y rais$ 0 fix$ m & m at a c]ta9 am\nt1 :i* ! "l 0 cont5t to receive & ask no m4 ,! arrangem5t 0 made workable by leav+ to ! ,slave all ! rema9+ produce ( 8 own lab\r4 ,!re 0 a sort ( impli$ b>ga9 "h1 9 ! abs5ce ( public p[]s & 9 ! decl9e ( ! old highly c5tralis$ & vigor\s sy/em :i* c\ld always gu>antee to ! ma/] ! full product ( ! ,slave's ef=t4 ,! b>ga9 impli$ 01 t if ! ,slave ,community ( ! ,villa w\ld produce = ! b5efit ( its ,"l n less ?an a c]ta9 cu/om>y am\nt ( goods f ! soil ( ! ,villa1 ! ,"l c\ld c\nt on _! always ex]cis+ t ef=t by leav+ to !m all ! surplus1 :i* !y c\ld increase1 if !y will$1 indef9itely4 ,by ! n9? c5tury1 :5 ?is process _h be5 gradually at "w = a matt] ( "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 "o fix$ =m ( productive unit began to be app>5t ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,! old absolutely own$ e/ate _h come to be divid$ into ?ree portions4 ,"o ( ^! 0 pa/ure & arable l&1 res]v$ privately to ! "l1 & call$ doma93 t is1 "l's l&4 ,ano!r 0 9 ! occupation1 & already almo/ 9 ! possession 7practically1 ?\gh n legally71 ( ^? :o _h once be5 ,slaves4 ,a ?ird 0 common l& ov] :i* bo? ! ,"l & ! ,slave ex]cis$ ea* _! v>i\s rights1 :i* rights 7 m9utely rememb]$ & held sacr$ by cu/om4 ,= in/ance1 9 a c]ta9 village1 if !re 0 bee* pa/ure = ?ree hundr$ sw9e1 ! "l might put 9 b fifty3 two hundr$ & fifty 7 ! rights ( ! village4 ,^u ! fir/ ( ^! portions1 ,doma91 weal? 0 produc$ by ! ob$i5ce ( ! ,slave = c]ta9 fix$ h\rs ( lab\r4 ,he mu/ come s _m days a week1 or ^u su* & su* occasions 7all fix$ & cu/om>y71 to till ! l& ( ! ,doma9 = 8 ,"l1 & all ! produce ( ?is mu/ be h&$ ov] to ! ,"l ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 a daily wage 9 k9d 0 all[$1 = ! lab\r] mu/ live4 ,^u ! second portion1 ,l& 9 ,vill5age1 :i* 0 ne>ly always ! mo/ ( ! arable & pa/ure l& ( ! ,villae1 ! ,slaves work$ by rules & cu/oms :i* !y gradually came to elaborate = !mselves4 ,!y work$ "u an (fic] ( _! own1 sometimes nom9at$1 sometimes elect$3 ne>ly always1 9 practice1 a man suitable to !m & m or less ( _! *oice2 ?\gh ?is co-op]ative "w ^u ! old ,slave-gr\nd 0 controll$ by ! g5]al cu/oms ( ! village1 common to "l & slave alike1 & ! pr9cipal (fic] ov] bo? k9ds ( l& 0 ! ,"l's ,/ew>d4 ,( ! weal? s produc$ by ! ,slaves1 a c]ta9 fix$ portion 7e/imat$ orig9ally 9 k9d7 0 payable to ! ,"l's ,bailiff1 & became ! prop]ty ( ! ,"l4 ,f9ally1 on ! ?ird division ( ! l&1 ! ,wa/e1 ! ,wood1 ! ,hea?1 & c]ta9 common pa/ures1 weal? 0 produc$ z else:]e by ! lab\r ( ^? :o _h once be5 ! ,slaves1 b divid$ 9 cu/om>y proportions betwe5 !m & _! ma/]4 ,?us1 su* & su* a wat] mead[ w\ld h graz+ = s _m ox52 ! numb] 0 rigidly def9$1 & ( t numb] s _m w\ld be ! ,"l's & s _m ! ,villag]s'4 ,dur+ ! eigh?1 n9? & t5? c5turies ?is sy/em cry/allis$ & became s natural 9 m5's eyes t ! orig9al s]vile "* ( ! work+ folk ^u ! ,villa 0 =gott54 ,! docum5ts ( ! "t are r>e4 ,^! ?ree c5turies are ! crucible ( ,europe1 & record is dr[n$ & burnt 9 !m4 ,our /udy ( _! social conditions1 especially 9 ! latt] "p1 are matt] r ( inf]5ce ?an ( direct evid5ce4 ,b ! sale & pur*ase ( m51 already exceptional at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod1 is almo/ unkn[n be=e ! end ( x4 ,ap>t f dome/ic slaves )9 ! h\sehold1 slav]y 9 ! old s5se :i* ,pagan antiquity gave t in/itution _h be5 trans=m$ out ( all k1 & :51 ) ! elev5? c5tury1 ! true ,middle ,ages beg9 to spr+ f ! soil ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 & a new civilisation to arise1 ?\gh ! old ^w s]vus 7! ,lat9 = a slave7 is /ill us$ = ! man :o works ! soil1 8 /atus 9 ! n[ increas+ numb] ( docum5ts :i* we c consult is :olly *ang$2 we c c]ta9ly no long] translate ! ^w by ! ,engli% ^w slave2 we are compell$ to translate x by a new ^w ) v diff]5t connotations3 ! ^w s]f4 ,! ,s]f ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 ( ! elev5? & e>ly twelf? c5turies1 ( ! ,crusades & ! ,norman ,conque/1 is already ne>ly a peasant4 ,he is inde$ b\nd 9 legal !ory to ! soil ^u :i* he 0 born4 ,9 social practice1 all t is requir$ ( him is t 8 family %\ld till its quota ( s]vile l&1 & t ! dues to ! "l %all n fail f abs5ce ( lab\r4 ,t duty fulfill$1 x is easy & common = memb]s ( ! s]f-class to ent] ! pr(essions & ! ,*ur*1 or to g wild2 to become m5 practically free 9 ! gr[+ indu/ries ( ! t[ns4 ,) e pass+ g5]ation ! anci5t s]vile conception ( ! lab\r]'s /atus gr[s m & m dim1 & ! ,c\rts & ! practice ( society treat him m & m z a man /rictly b\nd to c]ta9 dues & to c]ta9 p]iodical lab\r )9 8 indu/rial unit1 b 9 all o!r respects free4 ,z ! civilisation ( ! ,middle ,ages develops1 z weal? increases & ! arts progressively fl\ri%1 ?is "* ( fre$om becomes m m>k$4 ,9 spite ( attempts 9 "t ( sc>city 7z aft] a plague7 to insi/ ^u ! old rights to compulsory lab\r1 ! habit ( commut+ ^! rights = money-paym5ts & dues has gr[n too /rong to be resi/$4 ,if at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 let u say1 or at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5?1 y _h visit$ "s ,squire ^u 8 e/ate 9 ,france or 9 ,engl&1 he w\ld h told y ( ! :ole ( x1 ,^! are my l&s4 ,b ! peasant 7z he n[ 07 w\ld h said also ( 8 hold+1 ,?is is my l&4 ,he c\ld n be evict$ f x4 ,! dues :i* he 0 cu/om>ily b\nd to pay 7 b a fraction ( its total produce4 ,he c\ld n always sell x1 b x 0 always inh]itable f fa!r to son2 &1 9 g5]al1 at ! close ( ?is long process ( a ?\s& ye>s ! ,slave _h become a free man = all ! ord9>y purposes ( society4 ,he b\ght & sold4 ,he sav$ z he will$1 he inve/$1 he built1 he dra9$ at 8 discretion1 & if he improv$ ! l& x 0 to 8 own pr(it4 ,mean:ile1 side by side ) ?is emancipation ( mank9d 9 ! direct l9e ( desc5t f ! old *attel slaves ( ! ,roman villa w5t1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 a cr[d ( in/itutions :i* all simil>ly made = a di/ribution ( prop]ty1 & = ! de/ruction ( ev5 ! fossil remnants ( a !n =gott5 ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,?us indu/ry ( e k9d 9 ! t[ns1 9 transport1 9 crafts1 & 9 comm]ce1 0 organis$ 9 ! =m ( ,guilds4 ,& a ,guild 0 a society p>tly co-op]ative1 b 9 ! ma9 compos$ ( private own]s ( capital ^: corporation 0 self-gov]n+1 & 0 design$ to *eck competition betwe5 its memb]s3 to prev5t ! gr[? ( "o at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,above all1 mo/ jeal\sly did ! ,guild safegu>d ! division ( prop]ty1 s t !re %\ld be =m$ )9 its ranks no prolet>iat ^u ! "o side1 & no monopolis+ capitali/ ^u ! o!r4 ,!re 0 a p]iod ( appr5tice%ip at a man's entry into a ,guild1 dur+ :i* he work$ = a ma/]2 b 9 "t he became a ma/] 9 8 turn4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* corporations z ! normal units ( indu/rial production1 ( comm]cial ef=t1 & ( ! means ( transport1 is pro( en\gh ( :at ! social _s 0 :i* _h also enfran*is$ ! lab\r] ^u ! l&4 ,& :ile su* in/itutions fl\ri%$ side by side ) ! no long] s]vile village communities1 freehold or absolute possession ( ! soil1 z di/+ui%$ f ! t5ure ( ! s]f "u ! "l1 also increas$4 ,^! ?ree =ms "u :i* lab\r 0 ex]cis$ ! s]f1 secure 9 8 position1 & burd5$ only ) regul> dues1 :i* 7 b a fraction ( 8 produce2 ! freehold]1 a man indep5d5t save = money dues1 :i* 7 m ( a tax ?an a r5t2 ! ,guild1 9 :i* well-divid$ capital work$ co-op]atively = craft production1 = transport & = comm]ce--all ?ree betwe5 !m 7 mak+ = a society :i* %\ld be bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( prop]ty4 ,all1 or mo/1--! normal family--%\ld own4 ,& on own]%ip ! fre$om ( ! ,/ate %\ld repose4 ,! ,/ate1 z ! m9ds ( m5 envisag$ x at ! close ( ?is process1 0 an agglom]ation ( families ( v>y+ weal?1 b by f> ! great] numb] own]s ( ! means ( production4 ,x 0 an agglom]ation 9 :i* ! /ability ( ?is di/ributive sy/em 7z ,i h call$ x7 0 gu>ante$ by ! exi/5ce ( co-op]ative bodies1 b9d+ m5 ( ! same craft or ( ! same village toge!r2 gu>antee+ ! small proprietor aga9/ loss ( 8 economic indep5d5ce1 :ile at ! same "t x gu>ante$ society aga9/ ! gr[? ( a prolet>iat4 ,if lib]ty ( pur*ase & ( sale1 ( mortgage & ( inh]itance 0 re/rict$1 x 0 re/rict$ ) ! social object ( prev5t+ ! gr[? ( an economic olig>*y :i* c\ld exploit ! re/ ( ! community4 ,! re/ra9ts ^u lib]ty 7 re/ra9ts design$ = ! pres]vation ( lib]ty2 & e action ( ,m$iaeval ,society1 f ! fl[] ( ! ,middle ,ages to ! approa* ( _! cata/rophe1 0 direct$ t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,/ate 9 :i* m5 %\ld be economically free ?r\gh ! possession ( capital & ( l&4 ,save "h & !re 9 legal =mulae1 or 9 r>e pat*es isolat$ & ecc5tric1 ! ,s]vile ,in/itution _h totally disappe>$2 nor mu/ x be imag9$ t any?+ 9 ! nature ( ,collectivism _h replac$ x4 ,!re 0 common l&1 b x 0 common l& jeal\sly gu>d$ by m5 :o 7 also p]sonal proprietors ( o!r l&4 ,common prop]ty 9 ! village 0 b "o ( ! =ms ( prop]ty1 & 0 us$ r z ! fly-:eel to pres]ve ! regul>ity ( ! co-op]ative ma*9e ?an z a type ( hold+ 9 any way peculi>ly sacr$4 ,! ,guilds _h prop]ty 9 common1 b t prop]ty 0 ! prop]ty necess>y to _! co-op]ative life1 _! ,halls1 _! ,funds = ,relief1 _! ,religi\s ,end[m5ts4 ,z = ! in/rum5ts ( _! trades1 ^? in/rum5ts 7 own$ by ! individual memb]s1 n by ! guild1 save :]e !y 7 ( s exp5sive a k9d z to necessitate a corporate control4 ,su* 0 ! trans=mation :i* _h come ov] ,european society 9 ! c\rse ( t5 ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,slav]y _h gone1 & 9 its place _h come t e/abli%m5t ( free possession :i* seem$ s normal to m51 & s consonant to a happy human life4 ,no p>ticul> "n 0 !n f\nd = x4 ,to-day1 & n[ t x has disappe>$1 we mu/ con/ruct an awkw>d "o1 & say t ! ,middle ,ages _h in/9ctively conceiv$ & br\ght into exi/5ce ! _/,di/ributive ,/ate_/4 ,t excell5t consummation ( human society pass$1 z we "k1 & 0 9 c]ta9 ,prov9ces ( ,europe1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ,brita91 de/roy$4 ,= a society 9 :i* ! det]m9ant mass ( families 7 own]s ( capital & ( l&2 = "o 9 :i* production 0 regulat$ by self-gov]n+ corporations ( small own]s2 & = "o 9 :i* ! mis]y & insecurity ( a prolet>iat 0 unkn[n1 !re came to be sub/itut$ ! dreadful moral an>*y aga9/ :i* all moral ef=t is n[ turn$1 & :i* goes by ! "n ( ,capitalism4 ,h[ did su* a cata/rophe come ab\t8 ,:y 0 x p]mitt$1 & ^u :at hi/orical process did ! evil batt58 ,:at turn$ an ,engl& economically free into ! ,engl& :i* we "k to-day1 ( :i* at lea/ "o-?ird is indig5t1 ( :i* n9ete5-tw5tie?s are dispossess$ ( capital & ( l&1 & ( :i* ! :ole indu/ry & national life is controll$ ^u its economic side by a few *ance directors ( millions1 a few ma/]s ( unsocial & irresponsible monopolies8 ,! answ] mo/ usually giv5 to ?is fundam5tal "q 9 our hi/ory1 & ! "o mo/ readily accept$1 is t ?is mis=tune came ab\t ?r\gh a mat]ial process kn[n z ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4 ,! use ( exp5sive ma*9]y1 ! conc5tration ( indu/ry & ( its implem5ts are imag9$ to h enslav$1 9 "s bl9d way1 ap>t f ! human w1 ! action ( ,engli% mank9d4 ,! explanation is :olly false4 ,no su* mat]ial cause det]m9$ ! degradation f :i* we suff]4 ,x 0 ! delib]ate action ( m51 evil w 9 a few & apa?y ( w among ! _m1 :i* produc$ a cata/rophe z human 9 its causes & inception z 9 its vile effect4 ,capitalism 0 n ! gr[? ( ! indu/rial movem5t1 nor ( *ance mat]ial discov]ies4 ,a little acqua9tance ) hi/ory & a little /raight=w>dness 9 ! tea*+ ( x w\ld be en\gh to prove t4 ,! ,indu/rial ,sy/em 0 a gr[? proce$+ f ,capitalism1 n its cause4 ,capitalism 0 "h 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,indu/rial ,sy/em came into be+2--be=e ! use ( coal & ( ! new exp5sive ma*9]y1 & ( ! conc5tration ( ! implem5ts ( production 9 ! great t[ns4 ,_h ,capitalism n be5 pres5t be=e ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 t revolution might h prov$ z b5efic5t to ,engli%m5 z x has prov$ malefic5t4 ,b ,capitalism--t is1 ! own]%ip by a few ( ! spr+s ( life--0 pres5t long be=e ! great discov]ies came4 ,x w>p$ ! effect ( ^! discov]ies & new inv5tions1 & x turn$ !m f a good into an evil ?+4 ,x 0 n ma*9]y t lo/ u our fre$om2 x 0 ! loss ( a free m9d4 ,section ,f\r ,h[ ! ,di/ributive ,/ate ,fail$ ,) ! close ( ! middle ages ! societies ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom & ,engl& among ! re/ 7 economically free4 ,prop]ty 0 an in/itution native to ! ,/ate & enjoy$ by ! great mass ( its citiz5s4 ,co-op]ative in/itutions1 volunt>y regulations ( lab\r1 re/rict$ ! completely indep5d5t use ( prop]ty by its own]s only 9 ord] to keep t in/itution intact & to prev5t ! absorption ( small prop]ty by great4 ,?is excell5t /ate ( affairs :i* we _h rea*$ aft] _m c5turies ( ,*ri/ian developm5t1 & 9 :i* ! old in/itution ( slav]y _h be5 f9ally elim9at$ f ,*ri/5dom1 did n ev]y:]e survive4 ,9 ,engl& 9 p>ticul> x 0 ru9$4 ,! se$s ( ! disa/] 7 s[n 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,its fir/ app>5t effects came to light 9 ! sev5te5?4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ,engl& came to be f9ally1 ?\gh insecurely1 e/abli%$ ^u a prolet>ian basis1 t is1 x _h already become a society ( ri* m5 possess$ ( ! means ( production on ! "o h&1 & a majority dispossess$ ( ^? means ^u ! o!r4 ,) ! n9ete5? c5tury ! evil plant _h come to its maturity1 & ,engl& _h become be=e ! close ( t p]iod a purely ,capitali/ ,/ate1 ! type & model ( ,capitalism = ! :ole _w3 ) ! means ( production tightly held by a v small gr\p ( citiz5s1 & ! :ole det]m9+ mass ( ! nation dispossess$ ( capital & l&1 & dispossess$1 !re=e1 9 all cases ( security1 & 9 _m ( suffici5cy z well4 ,! mass ( ,engli%m51 /ill possess$ ( political1 lack$ m & m ! elem5ts ( economic1 fre$om1 & 7 9 a worse po/ure ?an free citiz5s h ev] f\nd !mselves be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,by :at /eps did s enorm\s a cata/rophe fall ^u u8 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process consi/$ 9 ! mi%&l+ ( a great economic revolution :i* m>k$ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! l&s & ! accumulat$ weal? ( ! mona/]ies 7 tak5 out (1 ! h&s ( _! old possessors ) ! int5tion ( ve/+ !m 9 ! ,cr[n--b !y pass$1 z a fact1 n into ! h&s ( ! ,cr[n1 b into ! h&s ( an already weal?y section ( ! community :o1 aft] ! *ange 0 complete1 became 9 ! succe$+ hundr$ ye>s ! gov]n+ p[] ( ,engl&4 ,?is is :at happ5$3-- ,! ,engl& ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,engl& ov] :i* ,h5ry ,,viii inh]it$ 8 p[]ful ,cr[n 9 y\?1 ?\gh x 0 an ,engl& 9 :i* ! great mass ( m5 own$ ! l& !y till$ & ! h\ses 9 :i* !y dwelt1 & ! implem5ts ) :i* !y work$1 0 yet an ,engl& 9 :i* ^! goods1 ?\gh widely di/ribut$1 7 di/ribut$ unequally4 ,!n1 z n[1 ! soil & its fixtures 7 ! basis ( all weal?1 b ! proportion betwe5 ! value ( ! soil & its fixtures & ! value ( o!r means ( production 7implem5ts1 /ores ( clo?+ & ( subsi/5ce1 etc47 0 diff]5t f :at x is n[4 ,! l& & ! fixtures ^u x =m$ a v mu* l>g] fraction ( ! totality ( ! means ( production ?an !y d to-day4 ,!y repres5t to-day n "o-half ! total means ( production ( ?is c\ntry1 & ?\gh !y are ! necess>y f\ndation = all weal? production1 yet our great ma*9es1 our /ores ( food & clo?+1 our coal & oil1 our %ips & ! re/ ( x1 come to m ?an ! true value ( ! l& & ( ! fixtures ^u ! l&3 !y come to m ?an ! arable soil & ! pa/ure1 ! con/ructional value ( ! h\ses1 :>ves & docks1 & s =?4 ,9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury ! l& & ! fixtures ^u x came1 ^u ! contr>y1 to v mu* m ?an all o!r =ms ( weal? comb9$4 ,n[ ?is =m ( weal? 0 "h1 m ?an 9 any o!r ,we/]n ,european c\ntry1 already 9 ! h&s ( a weal?y l&-own+ class at ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is impossible to give exact /ati/ics1 because none 7 ga!r$1 & we c only make g5]al /atem5ts bas$ ^u inf]5ce & rese>*4 ,b1 r\ghly speak+1 we may say t ( ! total value ( ! l& & its fixtures1 probably r m ?an a qu>t]1 ?\gh less ?an a ?ird1 0 9 ! h&s ( ?is weal?y class4 ,! ,engl& ( t day 0 ma9ly agricultural1 & consi/$ ( m ?an f\r1 b less ?an six million p1 & 9 e agricultural community y w\ld h ! ,"l1 z he 0 legally call$ 7! squire1 z he 0 already conv]sationally t]m$71 9 possession ( m demesne l& ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,on ! av]age y f\nd him1 ,i say1 own+ 9 ?is absolute fa%ion r m ?an a qu>t]1 p]haps a ?ird ( ! l& ( ! village3 9 ! t[ns ! di/ribution 0 m ev54 ,sometimes x 0 a private individual :o 0 9 ?is position1 sometimes a corporation1 b 9 e village y w\ld h f\nd ?is demesne l& absolutely own$ by ! political head ( ! village1 occupy+ a consid]able proportion ( its acreage4 ,! re/1 ?\gh di/ribut$ z prop]ty among ! less =tunate ( ! population1 & c>ry+ ) x h\ses & implem5ts f :i* !y c\ld n be dispossess$1 paid c]ta9 dues to ! ,"l1 &1 :at 0 m1 ! ,"l ex]cis$ local ju/ice4 ,?is class ( weal?y l&[n]s _h be5 also = n[ "o hundr$ ye>s ! ,ju/ices ^u :om local adm9i/ration dep5d$4 ,!re 0 no reason :y ?is /ate ( affairs %\ld n gradually h l$ to ! rise ( ! ,peasant & ! decay ( ! ,"l4 ,t is :at happ5$ 9 ,france1 & x might p]fectly well h happ5$ "h4 ,a peasantry eag] to pur*ase might h gradually ext5d$ _! hold+s at ! exp5se ( ! demesne l&1 & to ! di/ribution ( prop]ty1 :i* 0 already fairly complete1 !re might h be5 add$ ano!r excell5t elem5t1 namely1 ! m equal possession ( t prop]ty4 ,b any su* process ( gradual buy+ by ! small man f ! great1 su* z w\ld seem natural to ! temp] ( u ,european p1 & su* z has s9ce tak5 place ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 c\ntries :i* 7 left free to act ^u _! popul> in/9cts1 0 int]rupt$ 9 ?is c\ntry by an artificial revolution ( ! mo/ viol5t k9d4 ,?is artificial revolution consi/$ 9 ! seiz+ ( ! mona/ic l&s by ! ,cr[n4 ,x is important to grasp cle>ly ! nature ( ?is op]ation1 = ! :ole economic future ( ,engl& 0 to fl[ f x4 ,( ! demesne l&s1 & ! p[] ( local adm9i/ration :i* !y c>ri$ ) !m 7a v important feature1 z we %all see lat]71 r m ?an a qu>t] 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ur*2 ! ,*ur* 0 !re=e ! ,"l ( some?+ ov] #be p] c5t4 say #bh p] c5t4 or p]haps ne>ly #cj p] c5t4 ( ,engli% agricultural communities1 & ! ov]se]s ( a l proportion ( all ,engli% agricultural produce4 ,! ,*ur* 0 fur!r ! absolute own] 9 practice ( some?+ l #cj p] c5t4 ( ! demesne l& 9 ! villages1 & ! receiv] ( some?+ l #cj p] c5t4 ( ! cu/om>y dues1 etc41 paid by ! small] own]s to ! great]4 ,all ?is economic p[] lay until #aece 9 ! h&s ( ,ca!dral ,*apt]s1 communities ( monks & nuns1 educational e/abli%m5ts conduct$ by ! cl]gy1 & s =?4 ,:5 ! ,mona/ic l&s 7 confiscat$ by ,h5ry ,,viii1 n ! :ole ( ?is va/ economic influ5ce 0 sudd5ly ext+ui%$4 ,! secul> cl]gy rema9$ end[$1 & mo/ ( ! educational e/abli%m5ts1 ?\gh loot$1 reta9$ "s rev5ue2 b ?\gh ! :ole #cj p] c5t4 did n suff] confiscation1 some?+ well ov] #bj p] c5t4 did1 & ! revolution effect$ by ?is va/ op]ation 0 by f> ! mo/ complete1 ! mo/ sudd51 & ! mo/ mom5t\s ( any t has tak5 place 9 ! economic hi/ory ( any ,european p4 ,x 0 at fir/ int5d$ to reta9 ?is great mass ( ! means ( production 9 ! h&s ( ! ,cr[n3 t mu/ be cle>ly rememb]$ by any /ud5t ( ! =tunes ( ,engl&1 & by all :o m>vel at ! contra/ betwe5 ! old ,engl& & ! new4 ,_h t int5tion be5 firmly ma9ta9$1 ! ,engli% ,/ate & its gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 ! mo/ p[]ful 9 ,europe4 ,! ,executive 7:i* 9 ^? days meant ! ,k+7 w\ld h _h a great] opportunity = cru%+ ! resi/ance ( ! weal?y1 = back+ its political p[] ) economic p[]1 & = ord]+ ! social life ( its subjects ?an any o!r executive 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,_h ,h5ry ,,viii & 8 successors kept ! l& ?us confiscat$1 ! p[] ( ! ,fr5* ,mon>*y1 at :i* we are a/oni%$1 w\ld h be5 no?+ to ! p[] ( ! ,engli%4 ,! ,k+ ( ,engl& w\ld h _h 9 8 own h&s an in/rum5t ( control ( ! mo/ absolute sort4 ,he w\ld presumably h us$ x1 z a /rong c5tral gov]nm5t always does1 = ! weak5+ ( ! weal?i] classes1 & to ! indirect advantage ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,at any rate1 x w\ld h be5 a v diff]5t ,engl& inde$ f ! ,engl& we "k1 if ! ,k+ _h held fa/ to 8 own aft] ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies4 ,n[ x is precisely "h t ! capital po9t 9 ?is great revolution appe>s4 ,! ,k+ fail$ to keep ! l&s he _h seiz$4 ,t class ( l>ge l&[n]s :i* already exi/$ & controll$1 z ,i h said1 any?+ f a qu>t] to a ?ird ( ! agricultural values ( ,engl&1 7 too /rong = ! mon>*y4 ,!y insi/$ ^u l& be+ grant$ to !mselves1 sometimes freely1 sometimes = ridicul\sly small sums1 & !y 7 /rong en\gh 9 ,p>liam5t1 & ?r\gh ! local adm9i/rative p[] !y _h1 to see t _! dem&s 7 satisfi$4 ,no?+ t ! ,cr[n let g ev] w5t back to ! ,cr[n1 & ye> aft] ye> m & m ( :at _h once be5 ! mona/ic l& became ! absolute possession ( ! l>ge l&[n]s4 ,obs]ve ! effect ( ?is4 ,all ov] ,engl& m5 :o already held 9 virtually absolute prop]ty f "o-qu>t] to "o-?ird ( ! soil & ! pl\ghs & ! b>ns ( a village1 became possess$ 9 a v few ye>s ( a fur!r great section ( ! means ( production1 :i* turn$ ! scale :olly 9 _! fav\r4 ,!y add$ to t ?ird a new & extra fif?4 ,!y became at a bl[ ! own]s ( half ! l&6 ,9 _m c5tres ( capital importance !y _h come to own m ?an half ! l&4 ,!y 7 9 _m di/ricts n only ! unque/ion$ sup]iors1 b ! economic ma/]s ( ! re/ ( ! community4 ,!y c\ld buy to ! greate/ advantage4 ,!y 7 /rictly competitive1 gett+ e %ill+ ( due & ( r5t :]e ! old cl]ical l&lords _h be5 cu/om>y--leav+ mu* to ! t5ant4 ,!y began to fill ! univ]sities1 ! judici>y4 ,! ,cr[n less & less decid$ betwe5 great & small4 ,m & m ! great c\ld decide 9 _! own fav\r4 ,!y soon possess$ by ^! op]ations ! bulk ( ! means ( production1 & !y imm$iately began ! process ( eat+ up ! small indep5d5t m5 & gradually =m+ ^? great e/ates :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations1 became id5tical ) ! village itself4 ,all ov] ,engl& y may notice t ! great squires' h\ses date f ?is revolution or aft] x4 ,! manorial h\se1 ! h\se ( ! local great man z x 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 survives "h & !re to %[ ( :at imm5se effect ?is revolution 04 ,! l[-timb]$ place ) its /ead+s & outbuild+s1 only a l>g] f>mh\se among ! o!r f>mh\ses1 is turn$ aft] ! ,re=mation & !nce=w>d into a palace4 ,save :]e great ca/les 7:i* 7 only held ( ! ,cr[n & n own$7 made an exception1 ! pre-,re=mation g5try liv$ z m5 ri*] ?an1 b n ! ma/]s (1 o!r f>m]s ar\nd !m4 ,aft] ! ,re=mation !re began to arise all ov] ,engl& ^? great c\ntry h\ses :i* rapidly became ! typical c5tres ( ,engli% agricultural life4 ,! process 0 9 full sw+ be=e ,h5ry di$4 ,un=tunately = ,engl&1 he left z 8 heir a sickly *ild1 dur+ ! six ye>s ( ^: reign1 f #aedg to #aeec1 ! loot w5t on at an appall+ rate4 ,:5 he di$ & ,m>y came to ! ?rone x 0 ne>ly complet$4 ,a mass ( new families _h aris51 weal?y out ( all proportion to any?+ :i* ! old] ,engl& _h kn[n1 & b\nd by a common int]e/ to ! old] families :i* _h jo9$ 9 ! grab4 ,e s+le man :o sat 9 ,p>liam5t = a c\ntry requir$ 8 price = vot+ ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies2 e s+le man receiv$ x4 ,a li/ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,dissolution ,p>liam5t is en\gh to prove ?is1 &1 ap>t f _! p[] 9 ,p>liam5t1 ?is class _h a hundr$ o!r ways ( insi/+ on _! w4 ,! ,h[>ds 7already ( "s l9eage71 ! ,cav5di%es1 ! ,cecils1 ! ,russels1 & fifty o!r new families ?us rose ^u ! ru9s ( religion2 & ! process w5t /eadily on until1 ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] its inception1 ! :ole face ( ,engl& 0 *ang$4 ,9 ! place ( a p[]ful ,cr[n dispos+ ( rev5ues f> great] ?an t ( any subject1 y _h a ,cr[n at its wit's end = money1 & dom9at$ by subjects "s ( :om 7 its equals 9 weal?1 & :o c\ld1 especially ?r\gh ! action ( ,p>liam5t 7:i* !y n[ controll$71 d mu* :at !y will$ ) ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 by ! fir/ ?ird ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 by #afcj--dj1 ! economic revolution 0 f9ally accompli%$1 & ! new economic reality ?ru/+ itself ^u ! old traditions ( ,engl& 0 a p[]ful olig>*y ( l>ge own]s ov]%ad[+ an impov]i%$ & dw9dl$ mon>*y4 ,o!r causes _h contribut$ to ?is deplorable result4 ,! *ange 9 ! value ( money _h hit ! ,cr[n v h>d2#b ! peculi> hi/ory ( ! ,tudor family1 _! viol5t passions1 _! lack ( resolution & ( any cont9u\s policy1 to "s ext5t ! "* ( ,*>les ,i himself1 & _m ano!r subsidi>y cause may be quot$4 ,b ! great ma9 fact ^u :i* ! :ole ?+ is dep5d5t is ! fact t ! ,mona/ic ,l&s1 at lea/ a fif? ( ! weal? ( ! c\ntry1 _h be5 transf]r$ to ! great l&[n]s1 & t ?is transf]5ce _h tipp$ ! scale ov] entirely 9 _! fav\r z aga9/ ! peasantry4 ,! dim9i%$ & impov]i%$ ,cr[n c\ld no long] /&4 ,x f\ght aga9/ ! new weal?1 ! /ruggle ( ! ,civil ,w>s2 x 0 utt]ly defeat$2 & :5 a f9al settlem5t 0 arriv$ at 9 #affj1 y h all ! realities ( p[] 9 ! h&s ( a small p[]ful class ( weal?y m51 ! ,k+ /ill surr\nd$ by ! =ms & traditions ( 8 old p[]1 b 9 practice a sal>i$ puppet4 ,& 9 t economic _w :i* und]lies all political appe>ances1 ! great dom9at+ note 0 t a few weal?y families _h got hold ( ! bulk ( ! means ( production 9 ,engl&1 :ile ! same families ex]cis$ all local adm9i/rative p[] & 7 moreov] ! ,judges1 ! ,high] ,education1 ! ,*ur*1 & ! g5]als4 ,!y q ov]%ad[$ :at 0 left ( c5tral gov]nm5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,take1 z a />t+-po9t = :at foll[$1 ! date #agjj4 ,by t "t m ?an half ( ! ,engli% 7 dispossess$ ( capital & ( l&4 ,n "o man 9 two1 ev5 if y reckon ! v small own]s1 inhabit$ a h\se ( :i* he 0 ! secure possessor1 or till$ l& f :i* he c\ld n be turn$ (f4 ,su* a proportion may seem to u to-day a wond]fully free arrangem5t1 & c]ta9ly if ne>ly "o-half ( our population 7 possess$ ( ! means ( production1 we %\ld be 9 a v diff]5t situation f t 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,b ! po9t to seize is t1 ?\gh ! bad bus9ess 0 v f> f completion 9 or ab\t ! ye> #agjj1 yet by t date ,engl& _h already become _/,capitali/_/4 ,%e _h already p]mitt$ a va/ section ( h] population to become prolet>ian1 & x is ?is & n ! s-call$ ,indu/rial ,revolution1 a lat] ?+1 :i* acc\nts = ! t]rible social condition 9 :i* we f9d ourselves to-day4 ,h[ true ?is is :at ,i /ill h to say 9 ?is section w prove4 ,9 an ,engl& ?us already curs$ ) a v l>ge prolet>iat class1 & 9 an ,engl& already direct$ by a dom9at+ ,capitali/ class1 possess+ ! means ( production1 !re came a great indu/rial developm5t4 ,_h t indu/rial developm5t come ^u a p economically free1 x w\ld h tak5 a co-op]ative =m4 ,com+ z x did ^u a p :i* _h already l>gely lo/ its economic fre$om1 x took at its v orig9 a ,capitali/ =m1 & ?is =m x has reta9$1 exp&$1 & p]fect$ ?r\gh\t two hundr$ ye>s4 ,x 0 9 ,engl& t ! ,indu/rial ,sy/em arose4 ,x 0 9 ,engl& t all its traditions & habits 7 =m$2 & because ! ,engl& 9 :i* x arose 0 already a ,capitali/ ,engl&1 mod]n ,indu/rialism1 :]ev] y see x at "w to-day1 hav+ spread f ,engl&1 has proce$$ ^u ! ,capitali/ model4 ,x 0 9 #agje t ! fir/ practical /eam-eng9e1 ,newcom5's1 0 set to "w4 ,! life ( a man elaps$ be=e ?is inv5tion 0 made1 by ,watt's introduction ( ! cond5s]1 into ! great in/rum5t ( production :i* has trans=m$ our indu/ry--b 9 ^? sixty ye>s all ! orig9s ( ! ,indu/rial ,sy/em are to be discov]$4 ,x 0 j be=e ,watt's pat5t t ,h>greaves' sp9n+-j5ny appe>$4 ,?irty ye>s e>li]1 ,abraham ,d>by ( ,colebrook ,dale1 at ! end ( a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* _h cov]$ m ?an a c5tury1 smelt$ iron-ore successfully ) coke4 ,n tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ,k+ introduc$ ! fly+ %uttle1 ! fir/ great improvem5t 9 ! h&-loom2 & 9 g5]al ! p]iod cov]$ by su* a life z t ( ,dr ,johnson1 born j aft] ,newcom5's eng9e 0 fir/ set work+1 & dy+ sev5ty-f\r ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ! ,indu/rial ,sy/em 0 9 full bla/1 cov]s t great trans=mation ( ,engl&4 ,a man :o1 z a *ild1 c\ld rememb] ! la/ ye>s ( ,que5 ,anne1 & :o liv$ to ! eve ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 saw pass+ be=e 8 eyes ! *ange :i* trans=m$ ,engli% society & has l$ x to ! expansion & p]il 9 :i* we see x to-day4 ,:at 0 ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( t half-c5tury & m8 ,:y did ! new inv5tions give u ! =m ( society n[ kn[n & hat$ "u ! "n ( ,indu/rial8 ,:y did ! va/ increase 9 ! p[]s ( production1 9 population & 9 accumulation ( weal?1 turn ! mass ( ,engli%m5 into a pov]ty-/rick5 prolet>iat1 cut (f ! ri* f ! re/ ( ! nation1 & develop to ! full all ! evils :i* we associate ) ! ,capitali/ ,/ate8 ,to t "q an answ] almo/ z univ]sal z x is un9tellig5t has be5 giv54 ,t answ] is n only un9tellig5t b false1 & x w be my bus9ess "h to %[ h[ false x is4 ,! answ] s provid$ 9 innum]able textbooks1 & tak5 almo/ z commonplace 9 our univ]sities1 is t ! new me?ods ( production--! new ma*9]y1 ! new implem5ts--fatally & ( !mselves develop$ a ,capitali/ ,/ate 9 :i* a few %\ld own ! means ( production & ! mass %\ld be prolet>iat4 ,! new in/rum5ts1 x is po9t$ out1 7 on s va/ly great] a scale ?an ! old1 & 7 s mu* m exp5sive1 t ! small man c\ld n af=d !m2 :ile ! ri* man1 :o c\ld af=d !m1 ate up by 8 competition1 & r$uc$ f ! position ( a small own] to t ( a wage-e>n]1 8 insuffici5tly equipp$ competitor :o /ill attempt$ to /ruggle on ) ! old] & *eap] tools4 ,to ?is 7we are told7 ! advantages ( conc5tration 7 add$ 9 fav\r ( ! l>ge own] aga9/ ! small4 ,n only 7 ! new in/rum5ts exp5sive almo/ 9 proportion to _! effici5cy1 b1 especially aft] ! introduction ( /eam1 !y 7 effici5t 9 proportion to _! conc5tration 9 few places & "u ! direction ( a few m54 ,"u ! effect ( su* false argum5ts z ^! we h be5 taught to believe t ! horrors ( ! ,indu/rial ,sy/em 7 a bl9d & necess>y product ( mat]ial & imp]sonal =ces1 & t :]ev] ! /eam eng9e1 ! p[] loom1 ! bla/ furnace & ! re/ 7 introduc$1 !re fatally w\ld soon appe> a little gr\p ( own]s exploit+ a va/ majority ( ! dispossess$4 ,x is a/oni%+ t a /atem5t s unhi/orical %\ld h ga9$ s g5]al a cr$5ce4 ,inde$1 7 ! ma9 tru?s ( ,engli% hi/ory taught 9 our s*ools & univ]sities to-day1 7 educat$ m5 famili> ) ! det]m9+ & major facts ( ! national pa/1 su* follies c\ld nev] h tak5 root4 ,! va/ gr[? ( ! prolet>iat1 ! conc5tration ( own]%ip into ! h&s ( a few own]s1 & ! exploitation by ^? own]s ( ! mass ( ! community1 _h no fatal or necess>y connection ) ! discov]y ( new & p]petually improv+ me?ods ( production4 ,! evil proce$$ indirect hi/orical sequ5ce1 proce$$ pat5tly & demon/rably1 f ! fact t ,engl&1 ! se$-plot ( ! ,indu/rial ,sy/em1 0 already captur$ by a weal?y olig>*y be=e ! s]ies ( great discov]ies began4 ,consid] 9 :at way ! ,indu/rial ,sy/em develop$ ^u ,capitali/ l9es4 ,:y 7 a few ri* m5 put ) su* ease into possession ( ! new me?ods8 ,:y 0 x normal & natural 9 _! eyes & 9 t ( contempor>y society t ^? :o produc$ ! new weal? ) ! new ma*9]y %\ld be prolet>ian & dispossess$8 ,simply because ! ,engl& ^u :i* ! new discov]ies _h come 0 already an ,engl& own$ z to its soil & accumulations ( weal? by a small m9ority3 x 0 already an ,engl& 9 :i* p]haps half ( ! :ole population 0 prolet>ian1 & a m$ium = exploitation ready to h&4 ,:5 any "o ( ! new indu/ries 0 laun*$ x _h to be capitalis$2 t is1 accumulat$ weal? f "s s\rce or o!r _h to be f\nd :i* w\ld support lab\r 9 ! process ( production until t process %\ld be complete4 ,someone mu/ f9d ! corn & ! meat & ! h\s+ & ! clo?+ by :i* %\ld be support$1 betwe5 ! extraction ( ! raw mat]ial & ! mom5t :5 ! consumption ( ! f9i%$ article c\ld beg91 ! human ag5ts :i* dealt ) t raw mat]ial & turn$ x into ! f9i%$ product4 ,_h prop]ty be5 well di/ribut$1 protect$ by co-op]ative guilds f5c$ r\nd & support$ by cu/om & by ! autonomy ( great artisan corporations1 ^? accumulations ( weal?1 necess>y = ! laun*+ ( ea* new me?od ( production & = ea* new p]fection ( x1 w\ld h be5 discov]$ 9 ! mass ( small own]s4 ,_! corporations1 _! little p>cels ( weal? comb9$ w\ld h furni%$ ! capitalisation requir$ = ! new processes1 & m5 already own]s w\ld1 z "o inv5tion succe$$ ano!r1 h increas$ ! total weal? ( ! community )\t di/urb+ ! balance ( di/ribution4 ,!re is no conceivable l9k 9 reason or 9 exp]i5ce :i* b9ds ! capitalisation ( a new process ) ! idea ( a few employ+ own]s & a mass ( employ$ non-own]s work+ at a wage4 ,su* great discov]ies com+ 9 a society l t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury w\ld h ble/ & enri*$ mank9d4 ,com+ ^u ! diseas$ moral conditions ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ?is c\ntry1 !y prov$ a curse4 ,to :om c\ld ! new indu/ry turn = capitalisation8 ,! small own] _h already l>gely disappe>$4 ,! corporate life & mutual obligations :i* _h support$ him & confirm$ him 9 8 prop]ty _h be5 brok5 to pieces by no economic developm5t1 b by ! delib]ate action ( ! ri*4 ,he 0 ignorant because 8 s*ools _h be5 tak5 f him & ! univ]sities clos$ to him4 ,he 0 ! m ignorant because ! common life :i* once n\ri%$ 8 social s5se & ! co-op]ative arrangem5ts :i* _h once be5 8 def5ce _h disappe>$4 ,:5 y s\ght an accumulation ( corn1 ( clo?+1 ( h\s+1 ( fuel z ! indisp5sable prelim9>y to ! laun*+ ( y\r new indu/ry2 :5 y look$ r\nd = someone :o c\ld f9d ! accumulat$ weal? necess>y = ^! consid]able exp]im5ts1 y _h to turn to ! class :i* _h already monopolis$ ! bulk ( ! means ( production 9 ,engl&4 ,! ri* m5 alone c\ld furni% y ) ^? supplies4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,! supplies once f\nd & ! adv5ture capitalis$1 t =m ( human en]gy :i* lay be/ to h&1 :i* 0 indef9itely exploitable1 weak1 ignorant1 & desp]ately necessit\s1 ready to produce = y ^u almo/ any t]ms1 & glad en\gh if y w\ld only keep x alive1 0 ! exi/+ prolet>iat :i* ! new plutocracy _h creat$ :51 9 corn]+ ! weal? ( ! c\ntry aft] ! ,re=mation1 !y _h ?ru/ out ! mass ( ,engli%m5 f ! possession ( implem5ts1 ( h\ses1 & ( l&4 ,! ri* class1 adopt+ "s new process ( production = its private ga91 work$ x ^u ^? l9es ( m]e competition :i* its av>ice _h already e/abli%$4 ,co-op]ative tradition 0 dead4 ,:]e w\ld x f9d its *eape/ lab\r8 ,obvi\sly among ! prolet>iat--n among ! rema9+ small own]s4 ,:at class w\ld increase "u ! new weal?8 ,obvi\sly ! prolet>iat aga91 )\t responsibilities1 ) no?+ to leave to its prog5y2 & z !y swell$ ! capitali/'s ga91 !y enabl$ him ) increas+ p[] to buy out ! small own] & s5d him to swell by ano!r tribut>y ! prolet>ian mass4 ,x 0 ^u ?is acc\nt t ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 z x is call$1 took 9 its v orig9s ! =m :i* has made x an almo/ unmix$ curse = ! unhappy society 9 :i* x has fl\ri%$4 ,! ri*1 already possess$ ( ! accumulations by :i* t indu/rial *ange c\ld alone be n\ri%$1 inh]it$ all its succe$+ accumulations ( implem5ts & all its increas+ accumulations ( subsi/5ce4 ,! factory sy/em1 />t+ ^u a basis ( capitali/ & prolet>iat1 grew 9 ! m\ld :i* _h det]m9$ its orig9s4 ,) e new advance ! capitali/ look$ = prolet>iat gri/ to fe$ ! productive mill4 ,e circum/ance ( t society1 ! =m 9 :i* ! laws t gov]n$ own]%ip & pr(it 7 ca/1 ! obligations ( p>tn]s1 ! relations bet we5 ma/] & man1 directly made = ! indef9ite expansion ( a subject1 =mless1 wage-e>n+ class controll$ by a small body ( own]s1 :i* body w\ld t5d to become small] & ri*] /ill1 & to be possess$ ( p[] ev] great] & great] z ! bad bus9ess unfold$4 ,! spread ( economic olig>*y 0 ev]y:]e1 & n 9 indu/ry alone4 ,! great l&lords de/roy$ delib]ately & ( set purpose & to _! own ad vantage ! common rights ov] common l&4 ,! small plutocracy ) :i* !y 7 knit up1 & ) ^: m]cantile elem5ts !y 7 n[ fus$1 direct$ ev]y?+ to its own ends4 ,t /rong c5tral gov]nm5t :i* %\ld protect ! community aga9/ ! rapacity ( a few _h gone g5]ations be=e4 ,capitalism triumphant wield$ all ! me*anism ( legislation & ( in=mation too4 ,x /ill holds !m2 & !re is n an example ( s-call$ ,social ,re=m to-day :i* is n demon/rably 7?\gh (t5 subconsci\sly7 direct$ to ! fur!r entr5*m5t & confirmation ( an indu/rial society 9 :i* x is tak5 = grant$ t a few %all own1 t ! va/ majority %all live at a wage "u !m1 & t all ! bulk ( ,engli%m5 may hope = is ! amelioration ( _! lot by regulations & by control f above--b n by prop]ty2 n by fre$om4 ,we all feel--& ^? few ( u :o h analys$ ! matt] n only feel b "k--t ! ,capitali/ society ?us gradually develop$ f its orig9s 9 ! capture ( ! l& f\r hundr$ ye>s ago has rea*$ its t]m4 ,x is almo/ self-evid5t t x _c cont9ue 9 ! =m :i* n[ ?ree g5]ations h kn[n1 & x is equally self-evid5t t "s solution mu/ be f\nd = ! intol]able & increas+ in/ability ) :i* x has poison$ our lives4 ,b be=e consid]+ ! solutions v>i\sly pres5t$ by v>i\s s*ools ( ?\ght1 ,i %all 9 my next section %[ h[ & :y ! ,engli% ,capitali/ ,indu/rial ,sy/em is ?us intol]ably un/able & consequ5tly pres5ts an acute problem :i* mu/ be solv$ "u pa9 ( social dea?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x mu/ be not$ t mod]n ,indu/rialism has spread to _m o!r c5tres f ,engl&4 ,x be>s ev]y:]e ! features /amp$ ^u x by its orig9 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,section ,five ,! ,capitali/ ,/ate 9 ,proportion z ,x ,gr[s ,p]fect ,gr[s ,un/able ,f ! hi/orical digression :i* ,i h introduc$ by way ( illu/rat+ my subject 9 ! la/ two sections ,i n[ return to ! g5]al discussion ( my !sis & to ! logical process by :i* x may be e/abli%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,capitali/ ,/ate is un/able1 & inde$ m prop]ly a transitory phase ly+ betwe5 two p]man5t & /able /ates ( society4 ,9 ord] to appreciate :y ?is is s1 let u recall ! def9ition ( ! ,capitali/ ,/ate3-- ,a society 9 :i* ! own]%ip ( ! means ( production is conf9$ to a body ( free citiz5s1 n l>ge en\gh to make up prop]ly a g5]al "* ( t society1 :ile ! re/ are dispossess$ ( ! means ( production1 & are !re=e prolet>ian1 we call ,capitali/4 ,note ! sev]al po9ts ( su* a /ate ( affairs4 ,y h private own]%ip2 b x is n private own]%ip di/ribut$ 9 _m h&s & ?us famili> z an in/itution to society z a :ole4 ,aga91 y h ! great majority dispossess$ b at ! same "t citiz5s1 t is1 m5 politically free to act1 ?\gh economically impot5t2 aga91 ?\gh x is b an inf]5ce f our def9ition1 x is a necess>y inf]5ce t !re w be "u ,capitalism a consci\s1 direct1 & plann$ exploitation ( ! majority1 ! free citiz5s :o d n own by ! m9ority :o are own]s4 ,= weal? mu/ be produc$3 ! :ole ( t community mu/ live3 & ! possessors c make su* t]ms ) ! non-possessors z %all make x c]ta9 t a portion ( :at ! non-possessors h produc$ %all g to ! possessors4 ,a society ?us con/itut$ _c endure4 ,x _c endure because x is subject to two v sev]e /ra9s3 /ra9s :i* increase 9 sev]ity 9 proportion z t society becomes m ?or\ghly ,capitali/4 ,! fir/ ( ^! /ra9s arises f ! div]g5ce betwe5 ! moral !ories ^u :i* ! ,/ate reposes & ! social facts :i* ^? moral !ories attempt to gov]n4 ,! second /ra9 arises f ! insecurity to :i* ,capitalism condemns ! great mass ( society1 & ! g5]al "* ( anxiety & p]il :i* x imposes ^u all citiz5s1 b 9 p>ticul> ^u ! majority1 :i* consi/s1 "u ,capitalism1 ( dispossess$ free m54 ,( ^! two /ra9s x is impossible to say :i* is ! grave/4 ,ei!r w\ld be en\gh to de/roy a social arrangem5t 9 :i* x 0 long pres5t4 ,! two comb9$ make t de/ruction c]ta92 & !re is no long] any d\bt t ,capitali/ society mu/ trans=m itself into "s o!r & m /able arrangem5t4 ,x is ! object ( ^! pages to discov] :at t /able arrangem5t w probably be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we say t !re is a moral /ra9 already intol]ably sev]e & gr[+ m sev]e ) e p]fection ( ,capitalism4 ,?is moral /ra9 comes f a contradiction betwe5 ! realities ( ,capitali/ & ! moral base ( our laws & traditions4 ,! moral base ^u :i* our laws are /ill adm9i/]$ & our conv5tions rais$ presupposes a /ate compos$ ( free citiz5s4 ,our laws def5d prop]ty z a normal in/itution ) :i* all citiz5s are acqua9t$1 & :i* all citiz5s respect4 ,x puni%es !ft z an abnormal incid5t only occurr+ :51 ?r\gh evil motives1 "o free citiz5 acquires ! prop]ty ( ano!r )\t 8 k & aga9/ 8 w4 ,x puni%es fraud z ano!r abnormal incid5t 9 :i*1 f evil motives1 "o free citiz5 induces ano!r to "p ) 8 prop]ty ^u false repres5tations4 ,x en=ces contract1 ! sole moral base ( :i* is ! fre$om ( ! two contract+ p>ties1 & ! p[] ( ei!r1 if x s please him1 n to ent] into a contract :i*1 once ent]$ into1 mu/ be en=c$4 ,x gives to an own] ! p[] to leave 8 prop]ty by w1 "u ! conception t su* own]%ip & su* passage ( prop]ty 7to natural heirs z a rule1 b exceptionally to any o!r :om ! te/ator may po9t out7 is ! normal op]ation ( a society g5]ally famili> ) su* ?+s1 & f9d+ !m "p ( ! dome/ic life liv$ by ! mass ( its citiz5s4 ,x ca/s "o citiz5 9 damages if by any wilful action he has caus$ loss to ano!r--= x presupposes him able to pay4 ,! sanction ^u :i* social life reposes is1 9 our moral !ory1 ! legal puni%m5t en=ceable 9 our ,c\rts1 & ! basis presuppos$ = ! security & mat]ial happ9ess ( our citiz5s is ! possession ( goods :i* %all gu>antee u f anxiety & p]mit u an indep5d5ce ( action 9 ! mid/ ( our fell[m54 ,n[ contra/ all ?is1 ! moral !ory ^u :i* society is /ill p]il\sly conduct$1 ! moral !ory to :i* ,capitalism itself turns = succ\r :5 x is attack$1 contra/1 ,i say1 its =mulae & its presuppositions ) ! social reality ( a ,capitali/ ,/ate su* z is ,engl& to-day4 ,prop]ty rema9s z an in/9ct p]haps ) mo/ ( ! citiz5s2 z an exp]i5ce & a reality x is unkn[n to n9ete5 out ( tw5ty4 ,"o hundr$ =ms ( fraud1 ! necess>y coroll>y ( unre/ra9$ competition betwe5 a few & ( unre/ra9$ av>ice z ! motive controll+ production1 are n or _c be puni%$3 petty =ms ( viol5ce 9 !ft & ( cunn+ 9 fraud ! laws c deal )1 b !y _c deal ) ^! alone4 ,our legal ma*9]y has become little m ?an an eng9e = protect+ ! few own]s aga9/ ! necessities1 ! dem&s1 or ! hatr$ ( ! mass ( _! dispossess$ fell[-citiz5s4 ,! va/ bulk ( s-call$ free contracts are to-day leon9e contracts3 arrangem5ts :i* "o man 0 free to take or to leave1 b :i* ! o!r man 0 n free to take or to leave1 because ! second _h = 8 alt]native />vation4 ,mo/ important ( all1 ! fundam5tal social fact ( our movem5t1 f> m important ?an any security af=d$ by law1 or ?an any ma*9]y :i* ! ,/ate c put into action1 is ! fact t livelihood is at ! w ( ! possessors4 ,x c be grant$ by ! possessors to ! non-possessors1 or x c be )held4 ,! real sanction 9 our society = ! arrangem5ts by :i* x is conduct$ is n puni%m5t en=ceable by ! ,c\rts1 b ! )hold+ ( livelihood f ! dispossess$ by ! possessors4 ,mo/ m5 n[ fe> ! loss ( employm5t m ?an !y fe> legal puni%m5t1 & ! discipl9e "u :i* m5 are co]c$ 9 _! mod]n =ms ( activity 9 ,engl& is ! fe> ( dismissal4 ,! true ma/] ( ! ,engli%man to-day is n ! ,sov]eign nor ! (fic]s ( ,/ate1 nor1 save indirectly1 ! laws2 8 true ma/] is ! ,capitali/4 ,( ^! ma9 tru?s ev]yone is aw>e2 & anyone :o sets out to d5y !m does s to-day at ! p]il ( 8 reputation ei!r = hone/y or = intellig5ce4 ,if x be ask$ :y ?+s h come to a head s late 7,capitalism hav+ be5 9 gr[? = s long71 ! answ] is t ,engl&1 ev5 n[ ! mo/ completely ,capitali/ ,/ate ( ! mod]n _w1 did n itself become a completely ,capitali/ ,/ate until ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,)9 ! memory ( m5 n[ liv+ half ,engl& 0 agricultural1 ) relations dome/ic r ?an competitive betwe5 ! v>i\s human factors to production4 ,?is moral /ra91 !re=e1 aris+ f ! div]g5ce betwe5 :at our laws & moral phrases pret5d1 & :at our society actually is1 makes ( t society an utt]ly un/able ?+4 ,?is spiritual !sis is ( f> great] gravity ?an ! n>r[ mat]ialism ( a g5]ation n[ pass+ might imag9e4 ,spiritual conflict is m fruitful ( in/ability 9 ! ,/ate ?an conflict ( any o!r k9d1 & !re is acute spiritual conflict1 conflict 9 e man's consci5ce & ill-ease ?r\gh\t ! commonweal? :5 ! realities ( society are divorc$ f ! moral base ( its in/itution4 ,! second /ra9 :i* we h not$ 9 ,capitalism1 its second elem5t ( in/ability1 consi/s 9 ! fact t ,capitalism de/roys security4 99 99 99 99 99 ,exp]i5ce is en\gh to save u any delay ^u ?is ma9 po9t ( our matt]4 ,b ev5 )\t exp]i5ce we c\ld reason ) absolute c]titude f ! v nature ( ,capitalism t its *ief effect w\ld be ! de/ruction ( security 9 human life4 ,comb9e ^! two elem5ts3 ! own]%ip ( ! means ( production by a v few2 ! political fre$om ( own]s & non-own]s alike4 ,!re foll[s imm$iately f t comb9ation a competitive m>ket :]e9 ! lab\r ( ! non-own] fet*es j :at x is wor?1 n z full productive p[]1 b z productive p[] :i* w leave a surplus to ! ,capitali/4 ,x fet*es no?+ :5 ! lab\r] _c "w1 m 9 proportion to ! pace at :i* he is driv52 less 9 middle age ?an 9 y\?2 less 9 old age ?an 9 middle age2 no?+ 9 sickness2 no?+ 9 despair4 ,a man 9 a position to accumulate 7! normal result ( human lab\r71 a man f\nd$ ^u prop]ty 9 suffici5t am\nt & 9 e/abli%$ =m is no m productive 9 8 non-productive mom5ts ?an is a prolet>ian2 b 8 life is balanc$ & regulat$ by 8 reception ( r5t & int]e/ z well z wages4 ,surplus values come to him1 & are ! fly-:eel balanc+ ! extremes ( 8 life & c>ry+ him ov] 8 bad times4 ,) a prolet>ian x _c be s4 ,! aspect f ,capital looks at a human be+ ^: lab\r x proposes to pur*ase cuts "r across t normal aspect ( human life f :i* we all reg>d our own affections1 duties1 & "*4 ,a man ?9ks ( himself1 ( 8 *ances & ( 8 security along ! l9e ( 8 own individual exi/5ce f bir? to dea?4 ,capital pur*as+ 8 lab\r 7& n ! man himself7 pur*ases b a cross-section ( 8 life1 8 mom5ts ( activity4 ,= ! re/1 he mu/ f5d = himself2 b to f5d = y\rself :5 y h no?+ is to />ve4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :]e a few possess ! means ( production p]fectly free political conditions are impossible4 ,a p]fect ,capitali/ ,/ate _c exi/1 ?\gh we h come ne>] to x 9 mod]n ,engl& ?an o!r & m =tunate nations _h ?\ght possible4 ,9 ! p]fect ,capitali/ ,/ate !re w\ld be no food available = ! non-own] save :5 he 0 actually engag$ 9 ,production1 & t absurdity w\ld1 by quickly end+ all human lives save ^? ( ! own]s1 put a t]m to ! arrangem5t4 ,if y left m5 completely free "u a ,capitali/ sy/em1 !re w\ld be s heavy a mortality f />vation z w\ld dry up ! s\rces ( lab\r 9 a v %ort "t4 ,imag9e ! dispossess$ to be ideally p]fect c[>ds1 ! possessors to consid] no?+ :atsoev] except ! buy+ ( _! lab\r 9 ! *eape/ m>ket--& ! sy/em w\ld break d[n f ! dea? ( *ildr5 & ( out-o'-works & ( wom54 ,y w\ld n h a ,/ate 9 m]e decl9e su* z ours is4 ,y w\ld h a ,/ate manife/ly & pat5tly p]i%+4 ,z a fact1 ( c\rse1 ,capitalism _c proce$ to its own logical extreme4 ,s long z ! political fre$om ( all citiz5s is grant$ ! fre$om ( ! few possessors ( food to grant or )hold x1 ( ! _m non-possessors to /rike any b>ga9 at all1 le/ !y lack x3 to ex]cise su* fre$om fully is to />ve ! v "y1 ! old1 ! impot5t1 & ! despair+ to dea?4 ,capitalism mu/ keep alive1 by non ,capitali/ me?ods1 great masses ( ! population :o w\ld o!rwise />ve to dea?2 & t is :at ,capitalism 0 c>eful to d to an increas+ ext5t z x got a /rong] & a /rong] grip ^u ! ,engli% p4 ,elizabe?'s ,poor ,law at ! beg9n+ ( ! bus9ess1 ! ,poor ,law ( #ahcd1 com+ at a mom5t :5 ne>ly half ,engl& _h pass$ into ! grip ( ,capitalism1 are orig9al & primitive in/ances3 !re are to-day a hundr$ o!rs4 ,?\gh ?is cause ( insecurity--! fact t ! possessors h no direct inc5tive to keep m5 alive--is logically ! mo/ obvi\s1 & always ! mo/ endur+ "u a ,capitali/ sy/em1 !re is ano!r cause m poignant 9 its effect ^u human life4 ,t o!r cause is ! competitive an>*y 9 production :i* re/rict$ own]%ip c\pl$ ) fre$om involves4 ,consid] :at is involv$ by ! v process ( production :]e ! implem5ts & ! soil are 9 ! h&s ( a few ^: motive = caus+ ! prolet>iat to produce is n ! use ( ! weal? creat$ b ! enjoym5t by ^? possessors ( surplus value or pr(it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if full political fre$om be all[$ to any two su* possessors ( implem5ts & /ores1 ea* w actively wat* 8 m>ket1 attempt to und]sell ! o!r1 t5d to ov]produce at ! end ( "s season ( extra dem& = 8 article1 ?us glut ! m>ket only to suff] a p]iod ( depression aft]w>ds--& s =?4 ,aga91 ! ,capitali/1 free1 individual director ( production1 w miscalculate2 sometimes he w fail1 & 8 works w be %ut d[n4 ,aga91 a mass ( isolat$1 imp]fectly in/ruct$ compet+ units _c b direct _! cla%+ ef=ts at an enorm\s wa/e1 & t wa/e w fluctuate4 ,mo/ commissions1 mo/ adv]tisem5ts1 mo/ p>ades1 are examples ( ?is wa/e4 ,if ?is wa/e ( ef=t c\ld be made a con/ant1 ! p>asitical employm5t x af=d$ w\ld be a con/ant too4 ,b ( its nature x is a mo/ incon/ant ?+1 & ! employm5t x af=ds is !re=e necess>ily prec>i\s4 ,! concrete translation ( ?is is ! insecurity ( ! comm]cial travell]1 ! adv]tis+ ag5t1 ! insurance ag5t1 & e =m ( t\t+ & coz5+ :i* competitive ,capitalism c>ries ) x4 ,n[ "h aga91 z 9 ! case ( ! insecurity produc$ by age & sickness1 ,capitalism _c be pursu$ to its logical conclusion1 & x is ! elem5t ( fre$om :i* suff]s4 ,competition is1 z a fact1 re/rict$ to an increas+ ext5t by an und]/&+ betwe5 ! competitors1 accompani$1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 by ! ru9 ( ! small] competitor ?r\gh secret conspiracies ent]$ into by ! l>g] m51 & support$ by ! secret political =ces ( ! ,/ate4#c ,9 a ^w1 ,capitalism1 prov+ almo/ z un/able to ! own]s z to ! non-own]s1 is t5d+ t[>ds /ability by los+ its ess5tial "* ( political fre$om4 ,no bett] pro( ( ! in/ability ( ,capitalism z a sy/em c\ld be desir$4 ,take any "o ( ! num]\s ,tru/s :i* n[ control ,engli% indu/ry1 & h made ( mod]n ,engl& ! type1 quot$ ?r\gh\t ! ,cont95t1 ( artificial monopolies4 ,if ! full =mula ( ,capitalism 7 accept$ by our ,c\rts & our executive /atesm51 anyone c\ld />t a rival bus9ess1 und]sell ^? ,tru/s & %att] ! comp>ative security !y af=d to indu/ry )9 _! field4 ,! reason t no "o does ?is is t political fre$om is n1 z a fact1 protect$ "h by ! ,c\rts 9 comm]cial affairs4 ,a man attempt+ to compete ) "o ( our great ,engli% ,tru/s w\ld f9d himself at once und]sold4 ,he might1 by all ! _s ( ,european law = c5turies1 indict ^? :o w\ld ru9 him1 cit+ !m = a conspiracy 9 re/ra9t ( trade2 ( ?is conspiracy he w\ld f9d ! judge & ! politicians mo/ he>tily 9 support4 ,b x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ^! conspiracies 9 re/ra9t ( trade :i* are ! m>k ( mod]n ,engl& are 9 !mselves a m>k ( ! transition f ! true ,capitali/ phase to ano!r4 ,"u ! ess5tial conditions ( ,capitalism--"u a p]fect political fre$om--su* conspiracies w\ld be puni%$ by ! ,c\rts = :at !y are3 to wit1 a contrav5tion ( ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( political lib]ty4 ,= ?is doctr9e1 :ile x gives any man ! "r to make any contract he *ooses ) any lab\r] & (f] ! produce at su* prices z he sees fit1 also involves ! protection ( t lib]ty by ! puni%m5t ( any conspiracy t may h monopoly = its object4 ,if su* p]fect fre$om is no long] attempt$1 if monopolies are p]mitt$ & fo/]$1 x is because ! unnatural /ra9 to :i* fre$om1 c\pl$ ) re/rict$ own]%ip1 gives rise1 ! insecurity ( its m]e competition1 ! an>*y ( its productive me?ods h at la/ prov$ intol]able4 ,i h already delay$ m ?an 0 necess>y 9 ?is section ^u ! causes :i* r5d] a ,capitali/ ,/ate ess5tially un/able4 ,i might h treat$ ! matt] empirically1 tak+ = grant$ ! obs]vation :i* all my read]s mu/ h made1 t ,capitalism is z a fact doom$1 & t ! ,capitali/ ,/ate has already pass$ into its fir/ phase ( transition4 ,we are cle>ly no long] possess$ ( t absolutely political fre$om :i* true ,capitalism ess5tially dem&s4 ,! insecurity involv$1 c\pl$ ) ! divorce betwe5 our traditional morals & ! facts ( society1 h already introduc$ su* novel features z ! p]mission ( conspiracy among bo? possessors & non-possessors1 ! compulsory provision ( security ?r\gh ,/ate action1 & all ^! re=ms1 implicit or explicit1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* ,i am ab\t to exam9e4 ,section ,six ,! ,/able ,solutions ( ,?is ,in/ability ,giv5 a capitali/ /ate1 ( its nature un/able1 x w t5d to rea* /ability by "s me?od or ano!r4 ,x is ! def9ition ( un/able equilibrium t a body 9 un/able equilibrium is seek+ a /able equilibrium4 ,= in/ance1 a pyramid balanc$ ^u its apex is 9 un/able equilibrium2 :i* simply means t a slight =ce "o way or ! o!r w make x fall into a position :]e x w repose4 ,simil>ly1 c]ta9 *emical mixtures are said to be 9 un/able equilibrium :5 _! con/itu5t p>ts h su* aff9ity "o = ano!r t a slight %ock may make !m comb9e & trans=m ! *emical arrangem5t ( ! :ole4 ,( ?is sort are explosives4 ,if ! ,capitali/ ,/ate is 9 un/able equilibrium1 ?is only means t x is seek+ a /able equilibrium1 & t ,capitalism _c b be trans=m$ into "s o!r arrangem5t :]e9 ,society may repose4 ,!re are b ?ree social arrangem5ts :i* c replace ,capitalism3 ,slav]y1 ,socialism1 & ,prop]ty4 ,i may imag9e a mixture ( any two ( ^! ?ree or ( all ! ?ree1 b ea* is a dom9ant type1 & f ! v nature ( ! problem no f\r? arrangem5t c be devis$4 ,! problem turns1 rememb]1 ^u ! control ( ! means ( production4 ,capitalism means t ?is control is ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( few1 :ile political fre$om is ! appanage ( all4 ,if ?is anomaly _c endure1 f its insecurity & f its own contradiction ) its presum$ moral basis1 y mu/ ei!r h a trans=mation ( ! "o or ( ! o!r ( ! two elem5ts :i* comb9$ h be5 f\nd unworkable4 ,^! two factors are 7#a7 ,! own]%ip ( ! means ( ,production by a few2 7#b7 ,! ,fre$om ( all4 ,to solve ,capitalism y mu/ get rid ( re/rict$ own]%ip1 or ( fre$om1 or ( bo?4 ,n[ !re is only "o alt]native to fre$om1 :i* is ! negation ( x4 ,ei!r a man is free to "w & n to "w z he pleases1 or he may be liable to a legal compulsion to "w1 back$ by ! =ces ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! fir/ he is a free man2 9 ! second he is by def9ition a slave4 ,we h1 !re=e1 s f> z ?is factor ( fre$om is conc]n$1 no *oice betwe5 a numb] ( *anges1 b only ! opportunity ( "o1 to wit1 ! e/abli%m5t ( slav]y 9 place ( fre$om4 ,su* a solution1 ! direct1 imm$iate1 & consci\s re-e/abli%m5t ( slav]y1 w\ld provide a true solution ( ! problems :i* ,capitalism (f]s4 ,x w\ld gu>antee1 "u workable regulations1 suffici5cy & security = ! dispossess$4 ,su* a solution1 z ,i %all %[1 is ! probable goal :i* our society w 9 fact approa*4 ,to its imm$iate & consci\s acceptance1 h[ev]1 !re is an ob/acle4 ,a direct & consci\s e/abli%m5t ( slav]y z a solution to ! problem ( ,capitalism1 ! surviv+ ,*ri/ian tradition ( our civilisation compels m5 to reject4 ,no re=m] w advocate x2 no prophet d>es take x z yet = grant$4 ,all !ories ( a re=m$ society w !re=e attempt1 at fir/1 to leave unt\*$ ! factor ( ,fre$om among ! elem5ts :i* make up ,capitalism1 & w conc]n !mselves ) "s *ange 9 ! factor ( ,prop]ty4#d ,n[1 9 attempt+ to rem$y ! evils ( ,capitalism by rem$y+ t "o ( its two factors :i* consi/s 9 an ill di/ribution ( prop]ty1 y h two1 & only two1 c\rses op5 to y4 ,if y are suff]+ because prop]ty is re/rict$ to a few1 y c alt] t factor 9 ! problem ei!r by putt+ prop]ty into ! h&s ( _m1 or by putt+ x into ! h&s ( none4 ,!re is no ?ird c\rse4 ,9 ! concrete1 to put prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( none means to ve/ x z a tru/ 9 ! h&s ( political (fic]s4 ,if y say t ! evils proce$+ f ,capitalism are due to ! in/itution ( prop]ty itself1 & n to ! dispossession ( ! _m by ! few1 !n y mu/ =bid ! private possession ( ! means ( production by any p>ticul> & private "p ( ! community3 b someone mu/ control ! means ( production1 or we %\ld h no?+ to eat4 ,s 9 practice ?is doctr9e means ! managem5t ( ! means ( production by ^? :o are ! public (fic]s ( ! community4 ,:e!r ^! public (fic]s are !mselves controll$ by ! community or no has no?+ to d ) ?is solution on its economic side4 ,! ess5tial po9t to grasp is t ! only alt]native to private prop]ty is public prop]ty4 ,somebody mu/ see to ! pl\gh+ & mu/ control ! pl\ghs2 o!rwise no pl\gh+ w be done4 ,x is equally obvi\s t if y conclude prop]ty 9 itself to be no evil b only ! small numb] ( its own]s1 !n y\r rem$y is to increase ! numb] ( ^? own]s4 ,s mu* be+ grasp$1 we may recapitulate & say t a society l ours1 dislik+ ! "n ( slav]y1 & avoid+ a direct & consci\s re-e/abli%m5t ( ! slave /atus1 w necess>ily contemplate ! re=m ( its ill-di/ribut$ own]%ip on "o ( two models4 ,! fir/ is ! negation ( private prop]ty & ! e/abli%m5t ( :at is call$ ,collectivism3 t is1 ! managem5t ( ! means ( production by ! political (fic]s ( ! community4 ,! second is ! wid] di/ribution ( prop]ty until t in/itution %all become ! m>k ( ! :ole ,/ate1 & until free citiz5s are normally f\nd to be possessors ( capital or l&1 or bo?4 ,! fir/ model we call ,socialism or ! ,collectivi/ ,/ate2 ! second we call ! ,propriet>y or ,di/ributive ,/ate4 ,) s mu* elucidat$1 ,i w proce$ to %[ 9 my next section :y ! second model1 involv+ ! r$i/ribution ( prop]ty1 is reject$ z impracticable by our exi/+ ,capitali/ ,society1 & :y1 !re=e1 ! model *os5 by re=m]s is ! fir/ model1 t ( a ,collectivi/ ,/ate4 ,i %all !n proce$ to %[ t at its fir/ inception all ,collectivi/ ,re=m is necess>ily deflect$ & evolves1 9 ! place ( :at x _h int5d$1 a new ?+3 a society :]e9 ! own]s rema9 few & :]e9 ! prolet>ian mass accepts security at ! exp5se ( s]vitude4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h ,i made myself cle>8 ,if n1 ,i w repeat = ! ?ird "t1 & 9 its briefe/ t]ms1 ! =mula :i* is ! k]nel ( my :ole !sis4 ,! ,capitali/ ,/ate bre$s a ,collectivi/ ,!ory :i* 9 action produces some?+ utt]ly diff]5t f ,collectivism3 to wit1 ! _/,s]vile ,/ate_/4 ,section ,sev5 ,socialism ,is ! ,easie/ ,app>5t ,solution ( ! ,capitali/ ,crux ,i say t ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 if x be foll[$1 leads a ,capitali/ ,/ate to trans=m itself into a ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,i propose to %[ t ?is comes ab\t f ! fact t n a ,di/ributive b a ,collectivi/ solution is ! easie/ = a ,capitali/ ,/ate to aim at1 & t yet1 9 ! v act ( attempt+ ,collectivism1 :at results is n ,collectivism at all1 b ! s]vitude ( ! _m1 & ! confirmation 9 _! pres5t privilege ( ! few2 t is1 ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m5 to :om ! in/itution ( slav]y is abhorr5t propose = ! rem$y ( ,capitalism "o ( two re=ms4 ,ei!r !y w\ld put prop]ty into ! h&s ( mo/ citiz5s1 s divid+ l& & capital t a det]m9+ numb] ( families 9 ! ,/ate 7 possess$ ( ! means ( production2 or !y w\ld put ^? means ( production into ! h&s ( ! political (fic]s ( ! community1 to be held 9 tru/ = ! advantage ( all4 ,! fir/ solution may be call$ ! attempt$ e/abli%m5t ( ! _/,di/ributive ,/ate_/4 ,! second may be call$ ! attempt$ e/abli%m5t ( ! _/,collectivi/ ,/ate_/4 ,^? :o fav\r ! fir/ c\rse are ! ,cons]vatives or ,traditionali/s4 ,!y are m5 :o respect & w\ld1 if possible1 pres]ve ! old =ms ( ,*ri/ian ,european life4 ,!y "k t prop]ty 0 ?us di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate dur+ ! happie/ p]iods ( our pa/ hi/ory2 !y also "k t :]e x is prop]ly di/ribut$ to-day1 y h great] social sanity & ease ?an else:]e4 ,9 g5]al1 ^? :o w\ld re-e/abli%1 if possible1 ! ,di/ributive ,/ate 9 ! place (1 & z a rem$y =1 ! vices & unre/ ( ,capitalism1 are m5 conc]n$ ) kn[n realities1 & hav+ = _! ideal a condition ( society :i* exp]i5ce has te/$ & prov$ bo? /able & good4 ,!y are !n1 ( ! two s*ools ( re=m]s1 ! m practical 9 ! s5se t !y deal m ?an d ! ,collectivi/s 7call$ also ,sociali/s7 ) ?+s :i* ei!r are or h be5 9 actual exi/5ce4 ,b !y are less practical 9 ano!r s5se 7z we %all see 9 a mom5t7 f ! fact t ! /age ( ! disease ) :i* !y are deal+ does n readily l5d itself to su* a reaction z !y propose4 ,! ,collectivi/1 on ! o!r h&1 proposes to put l& & capital into ! h&s ( ! political (fic]s ( ! community1 & ?is on ! und]/&+ t !y %all hold su* l& & capital 9 tru/ = ! advantage ( ! community4 ,9 mak+ ?is proposal he is evid5tly deal+ ) a /ate ( ?+s hi!rto imag9>y1 & 8 ideal is n "o t has be5 te/$ by exp]i5ce1 nor "o ( :i* our race & hi/ory c furni% in/ances4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !re=e1 he is ! less practical ( ! two re=m]s4 ,8 ideal _c be discov]$ 9 any pa/1 kn[n1 & record$ phase ( our society4 ,we _c exam9e ,socialism 9 actual work+1 nor c we say 7z we c say ( well-divid$ prop]ty73 ,on su* & su* an occasion1 9 su* & su* a p]iod ( ,european hi/ory1 ,collectivism 0 e/abli%$ & produc$ bo? /ability & happ9ess 9 society4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !re=e1 ! ,collectivi/ is f> less practical ?an ! re=m] :o desires well-di/ribut$ prop]ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a s5se 9 :i* ?is ,sociali/ is m practical ?an t o!r type ( re=m]1 f ! fact t ! /age ( ! disease into :i* we h fall5 app>5tly admits ( 8 rem$y ) less %ock ?an x admits ( a reaction t[>ds well-divid$ prop]ty4 ,= example3 ! op]ation ( buy+ out "s great tract ( private own]%ip to-day 7z a railway or a h>b\r company7 ) public funds1 cont9u+ its adm9i/ration by publicly paid (ficials & conv]t+ its rev5ue to public use1 is a ?+ ) :i* we are famili> & :i* seem+ly might be indef9itely multipli$4 ,individual examples ( su* trans=mation ( wat]works1 gas1 tramways1 f a ,capitali/ to a ,collectivi/ basis are common1 & ! *ange does n di/urb any fundam5tal ?+ 9 our society4 ,:5 a private ,wat] company or ,tramway l9e is b\ght by "s t[n & work$ !reaft] 9 ! int]e/s ( ! public1 ! transaction is effect$ )\t any p]ceptible friction1 di/urbs ! life ( no private citiz51 & seems 9 e way normal to ! society 9 :i* x takes place4 ,^u ! contr>y1 ! attempt to create a l>ge numb] ( %>ehold]s 9 su* ent]prises & artificially to sub/itute _m p>tn]s1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t a great numb] ( ! population1 9 ! place ( ! orig9al few capitali/ own]s1 w\ld prove l5g?y & at e /ep w\ld ar\se opposition1 w\ld create di/urbance1 w\ld "w at an exp5se ( great friction1 & w\ld be imp]ill$ by ! p[] ( ! new & _m own]s to sell aga9 to a few4 ,9 a ^w1 ! man :o desires to re-e/abli% prop]ty z an in/itution normal to mo/ citiz5s 9 ! ,/ate is work+ aga9/ ! gra9 ( our exi/+ ,capitali/ society1 :ile a man :o desires to e/abli% ,socialism--t is ,collectivism--is work+ ) ! gra9 ( t society4 ,! fir/ is l a physician :o %\ld say to a man ^: limbs 7 p>tially atrophi$ f disuse3 ,d ?is & t1 take su* & su* ex]cise1 & y w recov] ! use ( y\r limbs4 ,! second is l a physician :o %\ld say3 ,y _c g on z y are4 ,y\r limbs are atrophi$ f lack ( use4 ,y\r attempt to conduct y\rself z ?\gh !y 7 n is useless & pa9ful2 y _h bett] make up y\r m9d to be :eel$ ab\t 9 a fa%ion consonant to y\r disease4 ,! ,physician is ! ,re=m]1 8 ,pati5t ! ,prolet>iat4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is book to %[ h[ & "u :at difficulties a condition ( well-divid$ prop]ty might be re/or$ & might take ! place 7ev5 9 ,engl&7 ( t ,capitalism :i* is n[ no long] ei!r /able or tol]able2 b = ! purposes ( contra/ & to emphasise my argum5t ,i w proce$1 be=e %[+ h[ ! ,collectivi/ unconsci\sly makes = ! ,s]vile ,/ate1 to %[ :at difficulties surr\nd ! ,di/ributive solution & :y1 !re=e1 ! ,collectivi/ solution appeals s mu* m readily to m5 liv+ "u ,capitalism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ,i desire to sub/itute a numb] ( small own]s = a few l>ge ones 9 "s p>ticul> ent]prise1 h[ %all ,i set to "w8 ,i might boldly confiscate & r$i/ribute at a bl[4 ,b by :at process %\ld ,i *oose ! new own]s8 ,ev5 suppos+ t !re 0 "s ma*9]y :]eby ! ju/ice ( ! new di/ribution c\ld be assur$1 h[ c\ld ,i avoid ! enorm\s & innum]able sep>ate acts ( inju/ice t w\ld atta* to g5]al r$i/ributions8 ,to say none %all own & to confiscate is "o ?+2 to say all %\ld own & apportion own]%ip is ano!r4 ,action ( ?is k9d w\ld s di/urb ! :ole network ( economic relations z to br+ ru9 at once to ! :ole body politic1 & p>ticul>ly to ! small] int]e/s indirectly affect$4 ,9 a society su* z ours a cata/rophe fall+ ^u ! ,/ate f outside might indirectly d good by mak+ su* a r$i/ribution possible4 ,b no "o work+ f )9 ! ,/ate c\ld provoke t cata/rophe )\t ru9+ 8 own cause4 ,if1 !n1 ,i proce$ m sl[ly & m rationally & canalise ! economic life ( society s t small prop]ty %all gradually be built up )9 x1 see aga9/ :at =ces ( in]tia & cu/om ,i h to "w to-day 9 a ,capitali/ society6 ,if ,i desire to b5efit small sav+s at ! exp5se ( l>ge1 ,i mu/ rev]se ! :ole economy "u :i* int]e/ is paid ^u deposits to-day4 ,x is f> easi] to save #ajj out ( a rev5ue ( #a1jjj ?an to save #aj out ( a rev5ue ( #ajj4 ,x is inf9itely easi] to save #aj out ( a rev5ue ( #ajj ?an #e out ( a rev5ue ( #ej4 ,to build up small prop]ty ?r\gh ?rift :5 once ! ,mass h fall5 into ! prolet>ian tr\gh is impossible unless y delib]ately subsidise small sav+s1 (f]+ !m a rew>d :i*1 9 competition1 !y c\ld nev] obta92 & to d ?is ! :ole va/ arrangem5t ( cr$it mu/ be work$ backw>ds4 ,or1 let ! policy be pursu$ ( p5alis+ und]tak+s ) few own]s1 ( heavily tax+ l>ge blocks ( %>es & ( subsidis+ ) ! produce small hold]s 9 proportion to ! smallness ( _! hold+4 ,"h aga9 y are met ) ! difficulty ( a va/ majority :o _c ev5 bid = ! smalle/ %>e4 ,"o might multiply in/ances ( ! sort indef9itely1 b ! /ronge/ =ce aga9/ ! di/ribution ( own]%ip 9 a society already p]meat$ ) ,capitali/ modes ( ?\ght is /ill ! moral "o3 ,w m5 want to own8 ,w (ficials1 adm9i/rators1 & lawmak]s be able to %ake (f ! p[] :i* "u ,capitalism seems normal to ! ri*8 ,if ,i approa*1 = in/ance1 ! works ( "o ( our great ,tru/s1 pur*ase x ) public money1 be/[1 ev5 z a gift1 ! %>es !re( to its workm51 c ,i c\nt ^u any tradition ( prop]ty 9 _! mid/ :i* w prev5t _! squ&]+ ! new weal?8 ,c ,i discov] any relics ( ! co-op]ative in/9ct among su* m58 ,c\ld ,i get manag]s & organis]s to take a gr\p ( poor m5 s]i\sly or to s]ve !m z !y w\ld s]ve ri* m58 ,is n ! :ole psy*ology ( a ,capitali/ society divid$ betwe5 ! prolet>ian mass :i* ?9ks 9 t]ms n ( prop]ty b ( employm5t1 & ! few own]s :o are alone famili> ) ! ma*9]y ( adm9i/ration8 ,i h t\*$ b v briefly & sup]ficially ^u ?is matt]1 because x ne$s no elaboration4 ,?\gh x is evid5t t ) a suffici5t w & a suffici5t social vitality prop]ty c\ld be re/or$1 x is evid5t t all ef=ts to re/ore x h 9 a ,capitali/ society su* z our own a note ( oddity1 ( d\btful exp]im5t1 ( be+ uncoord9at$ ) o!r social ?+s ar\nd !m1 :i* m>ks ! heavy h&icap "u :i* any su* attempt mu/ proce$4 ,x is l recomm5d+ ela/icity to ! ag$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,collectivi/ exp]im5t is ?or\ghly suit$ 79 appe>ance at lea/7 to ! ,capitali/ society :i* x proposes to replace4 ,x works ) ! exi/+ ma*9]y ( ,capitalism1 talks & ?9ks 9 ! exi/+ t]ms ( ,capitalism1 appeals to j ^? appetites :i* ,capitalism has ar\s$1 & ridicules z fanta/ic & unhe>d-( j ^? ?+s 9 society ! memory ( :i* ,capitalism has kill$ among m5 :]ev] ! blight ( x has spread4 ,s true is all ?is t ! /upid] k9d ( ,collectivi/ w (t5 talk ( a ,capitali/ phase ( society z ! necess>y prec$5t to a ,collectivi/ phase4 ,a tru/ or monopoly is welcom$ because x furni%es a mode ( transition f private to public own]%ip4 ,collectivism promises employm5t to ! great mass :o ?9k ( production only 9 t]ms ( employm5t4 ,x promises to its workm5 ! security :i* a great & well-organis$ indu/rial ,capitali/ unit 7l "o ( our railways7 c give ?r\gh a sy/em ( p5sions1 regul> promotion1 etc41 b t security va/ly increas$ ?r\gh ! fact t x is ! ,/ate & n a m]e unit ( ! ,/ate :i* gu>antees x4 ,collectivism w\ld adm9i/]1 w\ld pay wages1 w\ld promote1 w\ld p5sion (f1 w\ld f9e--& all ! re/ ( x--exactly z ! ,capitali/ ,/ate does to-day4 ,! prolet>ian1 :5 ! ,collectivi/ 7or ,sociali/7 ,/ate is put be=e him1 p]ceives no?+ 9 ! picture save c]ta9 ameliorations ( 8 pres5t position4 ,:o c imag9e t if1 say1 two ( our great indu/ries1 ,coal & ,railways1 7 h&$ ov] to ! ,/ate tomorr[1 ! armies ( m5 organis$ !re9 w\ld f9d any *ange 9 ! "* ( _! lives1 save 9 "s increase ( security & possibly 9 a v slight increase ( e>n+s8 ,! :ole s*eme ( ,collectivism pres5ts1 s f> z ! prolet>ian mass ( a ,capitali/ ,/ate is conc]n$1 no?+ unkn[n at all1 b a promise ( "s increm5t 9 wages & a c]ta9ty ( f> great] ease ( m9d4 ,to t small m9ority ( a ,capitali/ society :i* owns ! means ( production1 ,collectivism w ( c\rse appe> z an enemy1 b1 ev5 s1 x is an enemy :i* !y und]/& & an enemy ) :om !y c treat 9 t]ms common bo? to t enemy & to !mselves4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! ,/ate proposes to take ov] su* & su* a tru/ n[ pay+ #d p] c5t4 & believes t "u ,/ate managem5t x w make ! tru/ pay #e p] c5t4 !n ! transf]5ce takes ! =m ( a bus9ess proposition3 ! ,/ate is no h>d] to ! ,capitali/s tak5 ov] ?an 0 ,mr ,y]kes to ! ,und]gr\nd4 ,aga91 ! ,/ate1 hav+ great] cr$it & longevity1 c 7x w\ld seem7#e buy out any exi/+ ,capitali/ body ^u fav\rable t]ms4 ,aga91 ! discipl9e by :i* ! ,/ate w\ld en=ce its rules ^u ! prolet>iat x employ$ w\ld be ! same rules z ^? by :i* ! ,capitali/ imposes discipl9e 9 8 own int]e/s to-day4 ,!re is 9 ! :ole s*eme :i* proposes to trans=m ! ,capitali/ into ! ,collectivi/ ,/ate no elem5t ( reaction1 ! use ( no t]m ) :i* a ,capitali/ society is n famili>1 ! appeal to no in/9ct1 :e!r ( c[>dice1 gre$1 apa?y1 or me*anical regulation1 ) :i* a ,capitali/ community is n amply famili>4 ,9 g5]al1 if mod]n ,capitali/ ,engl& 7 made by magic a ,/ate ( small own]s1 we %\ld all suff] an enorm\s revolution4 ,we %\ld m>vel at ! insol5ce ( ! poor1 at ! laz9ess ( ! cont5t$1 at ! /range div]sities ( task1 at ! rebelli\s1 vigor\s p]sonalities disc]nible ^u e side4 ,b if ?is mod]n ,capitali/ ,engl& c\ld1 by a process suffici5tly sl[ to all[ = ! readju/m5t ( individual int]e/s1 be trans=m$ into a ,collectivi/ ,/ate1 ! app>5t *ange at ! end ( t transition w\ld n be conspicu\s to ! mo/ ( u1 & ! transition itself %\ld h met ) no %ocks t !ory c discov]4 ,! insecure & hopeless m>g9 bel[ ! regul>ly paid ranks ( lab\r w\ld h disappe>$ into isolat$ workplaces ( a p5al k9d3 we %\ld h>dly miss !m4 ,_m incomes n[ involv+ consid]able duties to ! ,/ate w\ld h be5 replac$ by incomes z l>ge or l>g]1 involv+ mu* ! same duties & be>+ only ! new] "n ( sal>ies4 ,! small %op-keep+ class w\ld f9d itself 9 "p absorb$ "u public s*emes at a sal>y1 9 "p engag$ 9 ! old "w ( di/ribution at secure incomes2 & su* small own]s z are left1 ( boats1 ( f>ms1 ev5 ( ma*9]y1 w\ld p]haps "k ! new /ate ( ?+s into :i* !y _h surviv$ ?r\gh no?+ m novel ?an "s increase 9 ! irritat+ sy/em ( inspection & ( on]\s petty taxation3 !y are already fairly us$ to bo?4 ,?is picture ( ! natural transition f ,capitalism to ,collectivism seems s obvi\s t _m ,collectivi/s 9 a g5]ation imm$iately pa/ believ$ t no?+ /ood betwe5 !m & ! realisation ( _! ideal save ! un9tellig5ce ( mank9d4 ,!y _h only to argue & exp\nd pati5tly & sy/ematically = ! great trans=mation to become possible4 ,!y _h only to cont9ue argu+ & exp\nd+ = x at la/ to be realis$4 ,i say1 ( ! la/ g5]ation4 ,to-day t simple & sup]ficial judgm5t is gett+ woefully di/urb$4 ,! mo/ s9c]e & s+le-m9d$ ( ,collectivi/s _c b note t ! practical effect ( _! propag&a is n an approa* t[>ds ! ,collectivi/ ,/ate at all1 b t[>ds some?+ v diff]5t4 ,x is becom+ m & m evid5t t ) e new re=m--& ^? re=ms commonly promot$ by p>ticul> ,sociali/s1 & 9 a puzzl$ way bless$ by ,sociali/s 9 g5]al--ano!r /ate em]ges m & m cle>ly4 ,x is becom+ increas+ly c]ta9 t ! attempt$ trans=mation ( ,capitalism into ,collectivism is result+ n 9 ,collectivism at all1 b 9 "s ?ird ?+ :i* ! ,collectivi/ nev] dreamt (1 or ! ,capitali/ ei!r2 & t ?ird ?+ is ! _/,s]vile_/ ,/ate3 a ,/ate1 t is1 9 :i* ! mass ( m5 %all be con/ra9$ by law to lab\r to ! pr(it ( a m9ority1 b1 z ! price ( su* con/ra9t1 %all enjoy a security :i* ! old ,capitalism did n give !m4 ,:y is ! app>5tly simple & direct action ( ,collectivi/ re=m div]t$ into s unexpect$ a *annel8 ,& 9 :at new laws & in/itutions does mod]n ,engl& 9 p>ticul> & indu/rial society 9 g5]al %[ t ?is new =m ( ! ,/ate is ^u u8 ,to ^! two que/ions ,i w attempt an answ] 9 ! two conclud+ divisions ( ?is book4 ,section ,eight ,! ,re=m]s & ,re=m$ ,are ,alike ,mak+ = ! ,s]vile ,/ate ,i propose 9 ?is section to %[ h[ ! ?ree int]e/s :i* betwe5 !m acc\nt = ne>ly ! :ole ( ! =ces mak+ = social *ange 9 mod]n ,engl& are all necess>ily drift+ t[>ds ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,( ^! ?ree int]e/s ! fir/ two repres5t ! ,re=m]s--! ?ird ! p to be ,re=m$4 ,^! ?ree int]e/s are1 fir/1 ! ,sociali/1 :o is ! !oretical re=m] work+ along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance2 secondly1 ! ,practical ,man :o z a practical re=m] dep5ds on 8 %ortness ( sight1 & is !re=e to-day a p[]ful factor2 :ile ! ?ird is t great prolet>ian mass = :om ! *ange is be+ effect$1 & on :om x is be+ impos$4 ,:at !y are mo/ likely to accept1 ! way 9 :i* !y w react ^u new in/itutions is ! mo/ important factor ( all1 = !y are ! mat]ial ) & ^u :i* ! "w is be+ done4 99 99 99 99 99 7#a7 ,( ! ,sociali/ ,re=m]3 ,i say t m5 attempt+ to a*ieve ,collectivism or ,socialism z ! rem$y = ! evils ( ! ,capitali/ ,/ate f9d !mselves drift+ n t[>ds a ,collectivi/ ,/ate at all1 b t[>ds a ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,! ,sociali/ movem5t1 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree factors 9 ?is drift1 is itself made up ( two k9ds ( m53 !re is 7a7 ! man :o reg>ds ! public own]%ip ( ! means ( production 7& ! consequ5t compulsion ( all citiz5s to "w "u ! direction ( ! ,/ate7 z ! only feasible solution ( our mod]n social ills4 ,!re is also 7b7 ! man :o loves ! ,collectivi/ ideal 9 itself1 :o does n pursue x s mu* because x is a solution ( mod]n ,capitalism1 z because x is an ord]$ & regul> =m ( society :i* appeals to him 9 itself4 ,he loves to consid] ! ideal ( a ,/ate 9 :i* l& & capital %all be held by public (ficials :o %all ord] o!r m5 ab\t & s pres]ve !m f ! consequ5ces ( _! vice1 ignorance1 & folly4 ,^! types are p]fectly di/9ct1 9 _m respects antagoni/ic1 & betwe5 !m !y cov] ! :ole ,sociali/ movem5t4 ,n[ imag9e ei!r ( ^! m5 at issue ) ! exi/+ /ate ( ,capitali/ society & attempt+ to trans=m x4 ,along :at l9e ( lea/ resi/ance w ei!r be l$8 99 99 99 99 99 7a7 ,! fir/ type w beg9 by dem&+ ! confiscation ( ! means ( production f ! h&s ( _! pres5t own]s1 & ! ve/+ ( !m 9 ! ,/ate4 ,b wait a mom5t4 ,t dem& is an exce$+ly h>d ?+ to accompli%4 ,! pres5t own]s h betwe5 !m & confiscation a /ony moral b>ri]4 ,x is :at mo/ m5 w\ld call ! moral basis ( prop]ty 7! in/9ct t prop]ty is a "r71 & :at all m5 w\ld admit to be at lea/ a deeply root$ tradition4 ,aga91 !y h beh9d !m ! innum]able complexities ( mod]n own]%ip4 ,to take a v simple case4 ,decree t all common l&s enclos$ s9ce s late a date z #agfj %all rev]t to ! public4 ,!re y h a v mod]ate case & a v def5sible "o4 ,b conceive = a mom5t h[ _m small freeholds1 :at a nexus ( obligation & b5efit spread ov] millions1 :at ?\s&s ( ex*anges1 :at pur*ases made ^u ! difficult sav+s ( small m5 su* a measure w\ld wreck6 ,x is conceivable1 =1 9 ! moral sph]e1 society c d any?+ to society2 b x w\ld br+ cra%+ d[n ) x tw5ty times ! weal? involv$ & all ! secure cr$it ( our community4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ?+ is1 9 ! conv]sational use ( t t]m1 impossible4 ,s y\r be/ type ( ,sociali/ re=m] is l$ to an exp$i5t :i* ,i w "h only m5tion--z x mu/ be sep>ately consid]$ at l5g? lat] on acc\nt ( its fundam5tal importance--! exp$i5t ( buy+ out ! pres5t own]4 ,x is en\gh to say 9 ?is place t ! attempt to buy out )\t confiscation is bas$ ^u an economic error4 ,?is ,i %all prove 9 its prop] place4 ,= ! mom5t ,i assume x & pass on to ! re/ ( my re=m]'s action4 ,he does n confiscate1 !n2 at ! mo/ he buys out 7or attempts to buy out7 c]ta9 sections ( ! means ( production4 ,b ?is action by no means cov]s ! :ole ( 8 motive4 ,by def9ition ! man is out to cure :at he sees to be ! great imm$iate evils ( ,capitali/ society4 ,he is out to cure ! de/itution :i* x causes 9 great multitudes & ! h>r[+ insecurity :i* x imposes ^u all4 ,he is out to sub/itute = ,capitali/ society a society 9 :i* m5 %all all be f$1 clo!d1 h\s$1 & 9 :i* m5 %all n live 9 a p]petual jeop>dy ( _! h\s+1 clo?+1 & food4 ,well1 !re is a way ( a*iev+ t )\t confiscation4 ,?is re=m] rightly ?9ks t ! own]%ip ( ! means ( production by a few has caus$ ! evils :i* ar\se 8 indignation & pity4 ,b !y h only be5 s caus$ on acc\nt ( a comb9ation ( su* limit$ own]%ip ) univ]sal fre$om4 ,! comb9ation ( ! two is ! v def9ition ( ! ,capitali/ ,/ate4 ,x is difficult inde$ to dispossess ! possessors4 ,x is by no means s difficult 7z we %all see aga9 :5 we are deal+ ) ! mass :om ^! *anges w pr9cipally affect7 to modify ! factor ( fre$om4 ,y c say to ! ,capitali/3 ,i desire to dispossess y1 & mean:ile ,i am det]m9$ t y\r employees %all live tol]able lives4 ,! ,capitali/ replies3 ,i refuse to be dispossess$1 & x is1 %ort ( cata/rophe1 impossible to dispossess me4 ,b if y w def9e ! relation betwe5 my employees & myself1 ,i w und]take p>ticul> responsibilities due to my position4 ,subject ! prolet>ian1 z a prolet>ian1 & because he is a prolet>ian1 to special laws4 ,clo! me1 ! ,capitali/1 z a ,capitali/1 & because ,i am a ,capitali/1 ) special conv]se duties "u ^? laws4 ,i w fai?fully see t !y are obey$2 ,i w compel my employees to obey !m1 & ,i w und]take ! new role impos$ ^u me by ! ,/ate4 ,nay1 ,i w g fur!r1 & ,i w say t su* a novel arrangem5t w make my own pr(its p]haps l>g] & c]ta9ly m secure4 ,?is ideali/ social re=m]1 !re=e1 f9ds ! curr5t ( 8 dem& canalis$4 ,z to "o "p ( x1 confiscation1 x is *eck$ & b>r$2 z to ! o!r1 secur+ human conditions = ! prolet>iat1 ! gates are op54 ,half ! riv] is damm$ by a /rong weir1 b !re is a sluice1 & t sluice c be lift$4 ,once lift$1 ! :ole =ce ( ! curr5t w run ?r\gh ! opportunity s af=d$ x2 !re w x sc\r & deep5 its *annel2 !re w ! ma9 /ream le>n to run4 ,to drop ! metaphor1 all ^? ?+s 9 ! true ,sociali/'s dem& :i* are compatible ) ! ,s]vile ,/ate c c]ta9ly be a*iev$4 ,! fir/ /eps t[>ds !m are already a*iev$4 ,!y are ( su* a nature t ^u !m c be bas$ a fur!r advance 9 ! same direction1 & ! :ole ,capitali/ ,/ate c be rapidly & easily trans=m$ into ! ,s]vile ,/ate1 satisfy+ 9 its trans=mation ! m imm$iate claims & ! m urg5t dem&s ( ! social re=m] ^: ultimate objective inde$ may be ! public own]%ip ( capital & l&1 b ^: driv+ p[] is a burn+ pity = ! pov]ty & p]il ( ! masses4 ,:5 ! trans=mation is complete !re w be no gr\nd left1 nor any dem& or necessity1 = public own]%ip4 ,! re=m] only ask$ = x 9 ord] to secure security & suffici5cy3 he has obta9$ 8 dem&4 ,"h are security & suffici5cy a*iev$ by ano!r & mu* easi] me?od1 consonant ) & proce$+ f ! ,capitali/ phase imm$iately prec$+ x3 !re is no ne$ to g fur!r4 ,9 ?is way ! ,sociali/ ^: motive is human good & n m]e organisation is be+ %eph]d$ 9 spite ( himself away f 8 ,collectivi/ ideal & t[>ds a society 9 :i* ! possessors %all rema9 possess$1 ! dispossess$ %all rema9 dispossess$1 9 :i* ! mass ( m5 %all /ill "w = ! advantage ( a few1 & 9 :i* ^? few %all /ill enjoy ! surplus values produc$ by lab\r1 b 9 :i* ! special evils ( insecurity & insuffici5cy1 9 ! ma9 ! product ( fre$om1 h be5 elim9at$ by ! de/ruction ( fre$om4 ,at ! end ( ! process y w h two k9ds ( m51 ! own]s economically free1 & controll+ to _! peace & to ! gu>antee ( _! livelihood ! economically unfree non-own]s4 ,b t is ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 99 99 99 99 99 7b7 ,! second type ( sociali/ re=m] may be dealt ) m briefly4 ,9 him ! exploitation ( man by man excites no indignation4 ,inde$1 he is n ( a type to :i* indignation or any o!r lively passion is famili>4 ,tables1 /ati/ics1 an exact framework = life--^! af=d him ! food t satisfies 8 moral appetite2 ! occupation mo/ cong5ial to him is ! runn+ ( m53 z a ma*9e is run4 ,to su* a man ! ,collectivi/ ideal p>ticul>ly appeals4 ,x is ord]ly 9 ! extreme4 ,all t human & organic complexity :i* is ! col\r ( any vital society (f5ds him by its inf9ite diff]5tiation4 ,he is di/urb$ by multitud9\s ?+s2 & ! prospect ( a va/ bureaucracy :]e9 ! :ole ( life %all be s*$ul$ & appo9t$ to c]ta9 simple s*emes d]iv+ f ! coord9ate "w ( public cl]ks & m>%all$ by p[]ful heads ( dep>tm5ts gives 8 small /oma* a f9al satisfaction4 ,n[ ?is man1 l ! o!r1 w\ld pref] to beg9 ) public prop]ty 9 capital & l&1 & ^u t basis to erect ! =mal s*eme :i* s suits 8 peculi> temp]am5t4 7,x ne$ h>dly be said t 9 8 vision ( a future society he conceives ( himself z ! head ( at lea/ a dep>tm5t & possibly ( ! :ole ,/ate--b t is by ! way47 ,b :ile he w\ld pref] to beg9 ) a ,collectivi/ s*eme ready-made1 he f9ds 9 practice t he _c d s4 ,he w\ld h to confiscate j z ! m he>ty ,sociali/ w\ld2 & if t act is v difficult to ! man burn+ at ! sight ( human wrongs1 h[ mu* m difficult is x to a man impell$ by no su* motive =ce & direct$ by no?+ m int5se ?an a me*anical appetite = regulation8 ,he _c confiscate or beg9 to confiscate4 ,at ! be/ he w buy out ! ,capitali/4 ,n[1 9 8 case1 z 9 ! case ( ! m human ,sociali/1 buy+ out is1 z ,i %all %[ 9 its prop] place1 a sy/em impossible ( g5]al application4 ,b all ^? o!r ?+s = :i* su* a man c>es mu* m ?an he does = ! socialisation ( ! means ( production--tabulation1 detail$ adm9i/ration ( m51 ! co-ord9ation ( _m ef=ts "u "o s*$ule1 ! elim9ation ( all private p[] to react aga9/ 8 ,dep>tm5t1 all ^! are imm$iately obta9able )\t di/urb+ ! exi/+ arrangem5t ( society4 ,) him1 precisely z ) ! o!r sociali/1 :at he desires c be rea*$ )\t any dispossession ( ! few exi/+ possessors4 ,he has b to secure ! regi/ration ( ! prolet>iat2 next to ensure t nei!r !y 9 ! ex]cise ( _! fre$om1 nor ! employ] 9 ! ex]cise ( 81 c produce insuffici5cy or insecurity--& he is cont5t4 ,let laws exi/ :i* make ! prop] h\s+1 fe$+1 clo?+1 & recreation ( ! prolet>ian mass be incumb5t ^u ! possess+ class1 & ! obs]vance ( su* rules be impos$1 by inspection & puni%m5t1 ^u ^? :om he pret5ds to b5efit1 & all t he really c>es = w be a*iev$4 ,to su* a man ! ,s]vile ,/ate is h>dly a ?+ t[>ds :i* he drifts1 x is r a tol]able alt]native to 8 ideal ,collectivi/ ,/ate1 :i* alt]native he is q prep>$ to accept & reg>ds fav\rably4 ,already ! great] "p ( su* re=m]s :o1 a g5]ation ago1 w\ld h call$ !mselves ,sociali/s are n[ less conc]n$ ) any s*eme = socialis+ ,capital & ,l& ?an ) innum]able s*emes actually exi/+1 "s ( !m possess+ already ! =ce ( laws1 = regulat+1 runn+1 & drill+ ! prolet>iat )\t tr5*+ by an in* ^u ! privilege 9 implem5ts1 /ores1 & l& enjoy$ by ! small ,capitali/ class4 ,! s-call$ ,sociali/ ( ?is type has n fall5 into ! ,s]vile ,/ate by a miscalculation4 ,he has fa!r$ x2 he welcomes its bir?1 he =esees 8 p[] ov] its future4 ,s mu* = ! ,sociali/ movem5t1 :i* a g5]ation ago propos$ to trans=m our ,capitali/ society into "o :]e ! community %\ld be ! univ]sal own] & all m5 equally economically free or unfree "u its tutelage4 ,to-day _! ideal has fail$1 & ( ! two s\rces :5ce _! en]gy proce$$1 ! "o is reluctantly1 ! o!r gladly1 acquiesc5t 9 ! adv5t ( a society :i* is n ,sociali/ at all b ,s]vile4 99 99 99 99 99 7#b7 ,( ! ,practical ,re=m]3 ,!re is ano!r type ( ,re=m]1 "o :o prides himself on n be+ a sociali/1 & "o ( ! greate/ weight to-day4 ,he also is mak+ = ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,?is second factor 9 ! *ange is ! ,practical ,man2 & ?is fool1 on acc\nt ( 8 great numb]s & det]m9+ influ5ce 9 ! details ( legislation1 mu/ be c>efully exam9$4 ,x is y\r ,practical ,man :o says3 ,:atev] y !ori/s & doctr9aires may hold ) reg>d to ?is proposal 7:i* ,i support71 ?\gh x may (f5d "s ab/ract dogma ( y\rs1 yet 9 practice y mu/ admit t x does good4 ,if y _h practical exp]i5ce ( ! mis]y ( ! ,jones' family1 or _h done practical "w y\rself 9 ,pudsey1 y w\ld h se5 t a practical man1 etc4 ,x is n difficult to disc]n t ! ,practical ,man 9 social re=m is exactly ! same animal z ! ,practical ,man 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( human en]gy1 & may be discov]$ suff]+ f ! same tw9 disabilities :i* /amp ! ,practical ,man :]e-ev] f\nd3 ^! tw9 disabilities are an inability to def9e 8 own fir/ pr9ciples & an inability to foll[ ! consequ5ces proce$+ f 8 own action4 ,bo? ^! disabilities proce$ f "o simple & deplorable =m ( impot5ce1 ! inability to ?9k4 ,let u help ! ,practical ,man 9 8 weakness & d a little ?9k+ = him4 ,z a social re=m] he has ( c\rse 7?\gh he does n "k x7 fir/ pr9ciples & dogmas l all ! re/ ( u1 & 8 fir/ pr9ciples & dogmas are exactly ! same z ^? :i* 8 intellectual sup]iors hold 9 ! matt] ( social re=m4 ,! two ?+s intol]able to him z a dec5t citiz5 7?\gh a v /upid human be+7 are insuffici5cy & insecurity4 ,:5 he 0 work+ 9 ! slums ( ,pudsey or raid+ ! prolet>ian ,jones's f ! secure base ( ,toynbee ,hall1 :at %ock$ ! wor?y man mo/ 0 unemploym5t & de/itution3 t is1 insecurity & insuffici5cy 9 fle% & blood4 ,n[1 if ! ,sociali/ :o has ?\ght out 8 case1 :e!r z a m]e organis] or z a man hung]+ & ?ir/+ aft] ju/ice1 is l$ away f ,socialism & t[>ds ! ,s]vile ,/ate by ! =ce ( mod]n ?+s 9 ,engl&1 h[ mu* m easily d y n ?9k ! ,practical ,man w be conduct$ t[>ds t same ,s]vile ,/ate1 l any donkey to 8 graz+ gr\nd8 ,to ^? dull & %ortsight$ eyes ! imm$iate solution :i* ev5 ! beg9n+s ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate propose are :at a declivity is to a piece ( bra9less matt]4 ,! piece ( bra9less matt] rolls d[n ! declivity1 & ! ,practical ,man lollops f ,capitalism to ! ,s]vile ,/ate ) ! same inevitable ease4 ,jones has n got en\gh4 ,if y give him some?+ 9 *>ity1 t some?+ w be soon consum$1 & !n ,jones w aga9 n h en\gh4 ,jones has be5 sev5 weeks out ( "w4 ,if y get him "w "u our unorganis$ & wa/eful sy/em1 etc41 he may lose x j z he lo/ 8 fir/ jobs4 ,! slums ( ,pudsey1 z ! ,practical ,man kn[s by ,practical exp]i5ce1 are (t5 unemployable4 ,!n !re are ! ravages ( dr9k3 m fatal /ill ! dreadful habit mank9d has ( =m+ families & bre$+ *ildr54 ,! wor?y fell[ notes t z a practical matt] ( fact su* m5 d n "w unless y make !m4 ,he does n1 because he _c1 coord9ate all ^! ?+s4 ,he kn[s no?+ ( a society 9 :i* free m5 7 once own]s1 nor ( ! co-op]ative & in/9ctive in/itutions = ! protection ( own]%ip :i* su* a society spontane\sly bre$s4 ,he takes ! _w z he f9ds x--& ! consequ5ce is t :]eas m5 ( great] capacity may admit ) diff]5t degrees ( reluctance ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate1 he1 ! ,practical ,man1 positively gloats on e new detail 9 ! build+ up ( t =m ( society4 ,& ! de/ruction ( fre$om by in*es 7?\gh he does n see x to be ! de/ruction ( fre$om7 is ! "o panacea s obvi\s t he m>vels at ! doctr9aires :o resi/ or suspect ! process4 ,x has be5 necess>y to wa/e s mu* "t on ?is deplorable individual because ! circum/ances ( our g5]ation give him a peculi> p[]4 ,"u ! conditions ( mod]n ex*ange a man ( t sort enjoys great advantages4 ,he is to be f\nd z he nev] 0 9 any o!r society be=e our own1 possess$ ( weal?1 & political z nev] 0 any su* citiz5 until our "t4 ,( hi/ory ) all its lessons2 ( ! great s*emes ( philosophy & religion1 ( human nature itself he is blank4 ,! ,practical ,man left to himself w\ld n produce ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,he w\ld n produce any?+ b a welt] ( an>*ic re/rictions :i* w\ld lead at la/ to "s k9d ( revolt4 ,un=tunately1 he is n left to himself4 ,he is b ! ally or flank+ p>ty ( great =ces :i* he does no?+ to oppose1 & ( p>ticul> m51 able & prep>$ = ! "w ( g5]al *ange1 :o use him ) gratitude & contempt4 ,7 he n s num]\s 9 mod]n ,engl&1 &1 "u ! extraord9>y conditions ( a ,capitali/ ,/ate1 s economically p[]ful1 ,i w\ld h neglect$ him 9 ?is analysis4 ,z x is1 we may console ourselves by rememb]+ t ! adv5t ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate1 ) its p[]ful organisation & necessity = lucid ?\ght 9 ^? :o gov]n1 w c]ta9ly elim9ate him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our re=m]s1 !n1 bo? ^? :o ?9k & ^? :o d n1 bo? ^? :o are consci\s ( ! process & ^? :o are unconsci\s ( x1 are mak+ directly = ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 99 99 99 99 99 7#c7 ,:at ( ! ?ird factor8 ,:at ( ! p ab\t to be re=m$8 ,:at ( ! millions ^u ^: c>casses ! re=m]s are at "w1 & :o are ! subject ( ! great exp]im5t8 ,d !y t5d1 z mat]ial1 to accept or to reject t trans=mation f free prolet>ianism to s]vitude :i* is ! argum5t ( ?is book8 ,! "q is an important "o to decide1 = ^u :e!r ! mat]ial is suitable or unsuitable = ! "w to :i* x is subject$1 dep5ds ! success ( e exp]im5t mak+ = ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,! mass ( m5 9 ! ,capitali/ ,/ate is prolet>ian4 ,z a matt] ( def9ition1 ! actual numb] ( ! prolet>iat & ! proportion t numb] be>s to ! total numb] ( families 9 ! ,/ate may v>y1 b mu/ be suffici5t to det]m9e ! g5]al "* ( ! ,/ate be=e we c call t ,/ate ,capitali/4 ,b1 z we h se51 ! ,capitali/ ,/ate is n a /able1 & !re=e n a p]man5t1 condition ( society4 ,x has prov$ ephem]al2 & ^u t v acc\nt ! prolet>iat 9 any ,capitali/ ,/ate reta9s to a great] or less degree "s memories ( a /ate ( society 9 :i* its ance/ors 7 possessors ( prop]ty & economically free4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is memory or tradition is ! fir/ elem5t we h to be> 9 m9d 9 our problem1 :5 we exam9e h[ f> a p>ticul> prolet>iat1 su* z ! ,engli% prolet>iat to-day1 is ready to accept ! ,s]vile ,/ate1 :i* w\ld condemn x to a p]petual loss ( prop]ty & ( all ! free habit :i* prop]ty eng5d]s4 ,next be x not$ t "u conditions ( fre$om ! ,capitali/ class may be ent]$ by ! m cunn+ or ! m =tunate ( ! prolet>iat class4 ,recruitm5t ( ! k9d 0 orig9ally suffici5tly common 9 ! fir/ developm5t ( ,capitalism to be a /&+ feature 9 society & to impress ! imag9ation ( ! g5]al4 ,su* recruitm5t is /ill possible4 ,! proportion :i* x be>s to ! :ole prolet>iat1 ! *ance :i* ea* memb] ( ! prolet>iat may ?9k he has ( escap+ f 8 prolet>ian condition 9 a p>ticul> phase ( ,capitalism su* z is ours to-day1 is ! second factor 9 ! problem4 ,! ?ird factor1 & by f> ! greate/ ( all1 is ! appetite ( ! dispossess$ = t security & suffici5cy ( :i* ,capitalism1 ) its ess5tial condition ( fre$om1 has depriv$ !m4 ,n[ let u consid] ! int]play ( ^! ?ree factors 9 ! ,engli% prolet>iat z we actually "k x at ?is mom5t4 ,t prolet>iat is c]ta9ly ! great mass ( ! ,/ate3 x cov]s ab\t n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( ! population--if we exclude ,irel&1 :]e1 z ,i %all po9t out 9 my conclud+ pages1 ! reaction aga9/ ,capitalism1 & !re=e aga9/ its developm5t t[>ds a ,s]vile ,/ate1 is already successful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z to ! fir/ factor1 x has *ang$ v rapidly )9 ! memory ( m5 n[ liv+4 ,! traditional rights ( prop]ty are /ill /rong 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,engli% poor4 ,all ! moral connotations ( t "r are famili> to !m4 ,!y are famili> ) ! conception ( !ft z a wrong2 !y are t5aci\s ( any scraps ( prop]ty :i* !y may acquire4 ,!y c\ld all expla9 :at is meant by own]%ip1 by legacy1 by ex*ange1 & by gift1 & ev5 by contract4 ,!re is n "o b c\ld put himself 9 ! position1 m5tally1 ( an own]4 ,b ! actual exp]i5ce ( own]%ip1 & ! effect :i* t exp]i5ce has ^u "* & ^u "o's view ( ! ,/ate is a v diff]5t matt]4 ,)9 ! memory ( p /ill liv+ a suffici5t numb] ( ,engli%m5 7 own+ 7z small freehold]s1 small ma/]s1 etc47 to give to ! in/itution ( prop]ty c\pl$ ) fre$om a v vivid effect ^u ! popul> m9d4 ,m ?an ?is1 !re 0 a liv+ tradition proce$+ f ! lips ( m5 :o c\ld /ill be> liv+ te/imony to ! relics ( a bett] /ate ( ?+s4 ,i h myself spok51 :5 ,i 0 a boy1 to old lab\r]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ox=d :o _h risk$ _! sk9s 9 arm$ prote/ aga9/ ! enclosure ( c]ta9 commons1 & :o _h ( c\rse suff]$ imprisonm5t by a weal?y judge z ! rew>d ( _! c\rage2 & ,i h myself spok5 9 ,lanca%ire to old m5 :o c\ld retrace = me1 ei!r f _! p]sonal exp]i5ce ! la/ phases ( small own]%ip 9 ! textile trade1 or1 f :at _! fa!rs _h told !m1 ! conditions ( a "t :5 small & well-divid$ own]%ip 9 cottage looms 0 actually common4 ,all t has pass$4 ,! la/ *apt] ( its passage has be5 s+ul>ly rapid4 ,r\ghly speak+1 x is ! g5]ation br\ght up "u ! ,education ,acts ( ! la/ =ty ye>s :i* has gr[n up def9itely & hopelessly prolet>ian4 ,! pres5t in/9ct1 use1 & mean+ ( prop]ty is lo/ to x3 & ?is has _h two v p[]ful effects1 ea* /rongly incl9+ our mod]n wage-e>n]s to ignore ! old b>ri]s :i* lay betwe5 a condition ( s]vitude & a condition ( fre$om4 ,! fir/ effect is ?is3 t prop]ty is no long] :at !y seek1 nor :at !y ?9k obta9able = !mselves4 ,! second effect is t !y reg>d ! possessors ( prop]ty z a class ap>t1 :om !y always mu/ ultimately obey1 (t5 envy1 & sometimes hate2 ^: moral "r to s s+ul> a position mo/ ( !m w\ld hesitate to conc$e1 & _m ( !m w\ld n[ /rongly d5y1 b ^: position !y1 at any rate1 accept z a kn[n & p]man5t social fact1 ! orig9s ( :i* !y h =gott51 & ! f\ndations ( :i* !y believe to be immemorial4 ,to sum up3 ,! attitude ( ! prolet>iat 9 ,engl& to-day 7! attitude ( ! ov]:elm+ majority1 t is1 ( ,engli% families7 t[>ds prop]ty & t[>ds t fre$om :i* is alone obta9able ?r\gh prop]ty is no long] an attitude ( exp]i5ce or ( expectation4 ,!y ?9k ( !mselves z wage-e>n]s4 ,to increase ! weekly /ip5d ( ! wage-e>n] is an object :i* !y vividly appreciate & pursue4 ,to make him cease to be a wage e>n] is an object t w\ld seem to !m entirely outside ! realities ( life4 ,:at ( ! second factor1 ! gambl+ *ance :i* ! ,capitali/ sy/em1 ) its necess>y condition ( fre$om1 ( ! legal p[] to b>ga9 fully1 & s =?1 p]mits to ! prolet>ian ( escap+ f 8 prolet>iat surr\nd+s8 ,( ?is gambl+ *ance & ! effect x has ^u m5's m9ds we may say t1 :ile x has n disappe>$1 x has v greatly lo/ 9 =ce dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,"o (t5 meets m5 :o tell "o1 :e!r !y are speak+ 9 def5ce ( or aga9/ ! ,capitali/ sy/em1 t x /ill bl9ds ! prolet>ian to any common consci\sness ( class1 because ! prolet>ian /ill has ! example be=e him ( memb]s ( 8 class1 :om he has kn[n1 ris+ 7usually by v>i\s =ms ( villa9y7 to ! position ( capitali/4 ,b :5 "o goes d[n among ! work+ m5 !mselves1 "o discov]s t ! hope ( su* a *ange 9 ! m9d ( any individual work] is n[ exce$+ly remote4 ,millions ( m5 9 great gr\ps ( indu/ry1 notably 9 ! transport indu/ry & 9 ! m9es1 h q giv5 up su* an expectation4 ,t9y z ! *ance ev] 01 exagg]at$ z ! hopes 9 a lott]y always are1 t t9y *ance has fall5 9 ! g5]al op9ion ( ! work]s to be negligible1 & t hope :i* a lott]y bre$s is ext+ui%$4 ,! prolet>ian n[ reg>ds himself z def9itely prolet>ian1 nor de/9$ )9 human likelihood to be any?+ b prolet>ian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! two factors1 !n1 ! memory ( an old] condition ( economic fre$om1 & ! effect ( a hope individuals might ent]ta9 ( escap+ f ! wage-e>n+ class1 ! two factors :i* might act mo/ /rongly aga9/ ! acceptation ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate by t class1 h s fall5 9 value t !y (f] b little opposition to ! ?ird factor 9 ! situation :i* is mak+ s /rongly = ! ,s]vile ,/ate1 & :i* consi/s 9 ! necessity all m5 acutely feel = suffici5cy & = security4 ,x is ?is ?ird factor alone :i* ne$ be s]i\sly consid]$ to-day1 :5 we ask ourselves h[ f> ! mat]ial ^u :i* social re=m is work+1 t is1 ! masses ( ! p1 may be ready to accept ! *ange4 ,! ?+ may be put 9 _m ways4 ,i w put x 9 :at ,i believe to be ! mo/ conclusive ( all4 ,if y 7 to approa* ^? millions ( families n[ liv+ at a wage1 ) ! proposal = a contract ( s]vice = life1 gu>antee+ !m employm5t at :at ea* reg>d$ z 8 usual full wage1 h[ _m w\ld refuse8 ,su* a contract w\ld1 ( c\rse1 involve a loss ( fre$om3 a life-contract ( ! k9d is1 to be accurate1 no contract at all4 ,x is ! negation ( contract & ! acceptation ( /atus4 ,x w\ld lay ! man t und]took x "u an obligation ( =c$ lab\r1 cot]m9\s & co9cid5t ) 8 p[] to lab\r4 ,x w\ld be a p]man5t r5unciation ( 8 "r 7if su* a "r exi/s7 to ! surplus values creat$ by 8 lab\r4 ,if we ask ourselves h[ _m m51 or r h[ _m families1 w\ld pref] fre$om 7) its accompanim5ts ( c]ta9 insecurity & possible insuffici5cy7 to su* a life-contract1 no "o c d5y t ! answ] is3 ,v few w\ld refuse x4 ,t is ! key to ! :ole matt]4 ,:at proportion w\ld refuse x no "o c det]m9e2 b ,i say t ev5 z a volunt>y (f]1 & n z a compulsory obligation1 a contract ( ?is sort :i* w\ld = ! future de/roy contract & re-erect /atus ( a s]vile sort w\ld be ?\ght a boon by ! mass ( ! prolet>iat to-day4 ,n[ take ! tru? f ano!r aspect--by consid]+ x ?us f "o po9t ( view & f ano!r we c appreciate x be/--,( :at are ! mass ( m5 n[ mo/ afraid 9 a ,capitali/ ,/ate8 ,n ( ! puni%m5ts t c be inflict$ by a ,c\rt ( ,law1 b ( ! sack4 ,y may ask a man :y he does n resi/ su* & su* a legal infamy2 :y he p]mits himself to be ! victim ( f9es & d$uctions f :i* ! ,truck ,acts specifically protect him2 :y he _c ass]t 8 op9ion 9 ?is or t matt]2 :y he has accept$1 )\t a bl[1 su* & su* an insult4 ,"s g5]ations ago a man *all5g$ to tell y :y he =swore 8 manhood 9 any p>ticul> reg>d w\ld h answ]$ y t x 0 because he fe>$ puni%m5t at ! h&s ( ! law2 to-day he w tell y t x is because he fe>s unemploym5t4 ,private law has = ! second "t 9 our long ,european /ory ov]come public law1 & ! sanctions :i* ! ,capitali/ c call to ! aid ( 8 private rule1 by ! action ( 8 private w1 are /rong] ?an ^? :i* ! public ,c\rts c impose4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a man fe>$ to g to ,mass le/ ! judges %\ld puni% him4 ,to-day a man fe>s to speak 9 fav\r ( "s social !ory :i* he holds to be j & true le/ 8 ma/] %\ld puni% him4 ,to d5y ! rule ( public p[]s once involv$ public puni%m5ts :i* mo/ m5 dread$1 ?\gh "s /ood out4 ,to d5y ! rule ( private p[]s involves to-day a private puni%m5t aga9/ ! ?reat ( :i* v few inde$ d>e to /& out4 ,look at ! matt] f yet ano!r aspect4 ,a law is pass$ 7let u suppose7 :i* increases ! total rev5ue ( a wage-e>n]1 or gu>antees him aga9/ ! insecurity ( 8 position 9 "s small degree4 ,! adm9i/ration ( t law requires1 ^u ! "o h&1 a close inquisition into ! man's circum/ances by public (ficials1 &1 ^u ! o!r h&1 ! adm9i/ration ( its b5efits by t p>ticul> ,capitali/ or gr\p ( ,capitali/s :om ! wage-e>n] s]ves to enri*4 ,d ! ,s]vile conditions atta*+ to ?is mat]ial b5efit prev5t a prolet>ian 9 ,engl& to-day f pref]r+ ! b5efit to fre$om8 ,x is notori\s t !y d n4 ,no matt] f :at angle y approa* ! bus9ess1 ! tru? is always ! same4 ,t great mass ( wage-e>n]s ^u :i* our society n[ reposes und]/&s z a pres5t good all t w increase ev5 to "s small am\nt _! pres5t rev5ue & all t may gu>antee !m aga9/ ^? p]ils ( insecurity to :i* !y are p]petually subject4 ,!y und]/& & welcome a good ( ?is k9d1 & !y are p]fectly will+ to pay = t good ! correspond+ price ( control & enregim5tation1 ex]cis$ 9 gradually increas+ degree by ^? :o are _! payma/]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w\ld be easy by sub/itut+ sup]ficial = fundam5tal ?+s1 or ev5 by propos+ c]ta9 t]ms & phrases to be us$ 9 ! place ( t]ms & phrases n[ curr5t x w\ld be easy1 ,i say1 by su* me?ods to ridicule or to oppose ! prime tru?s :i* ,i am "h submitt+4 ,!y none ! less rema9 tru?s4 ,sub/itute = ! t]m employee 9 "o ( our new laws ! t]m s]f1 ev5 d s mild a ?+ z to sub/itute ! traditional t]m ma/] = ! ^w employ]1 & ! blunt words might bre$ revolt4 ,impose ( a sudd5 ! full conditions ( a ,s]vile ,/ate ^u mod]n ,engl&1 & x w\ld c]ta9ly bre$ revolt4 ,b my po9t is t :5 ! f\ndations ( ! ?+ h to be laid & ! fir/ great /eps tak51 !re is no revolt2 on ! contr>y1 !re is acquiesc5ce & = ! mo/ "p gratitude ^u ! "p ( ! poor4 ,aft] ! long t]rors impos$ ^u !m ?r\gh a fre$om unaccompani$ by prop]ty1 !y see1 at ! exp5se ( los+ a m]e legal fre$om1 ! v real prospect ( hav+ en\gh & n los+ x4 ,all =ces1 !n1 are mak+ = ! ,s]vile ,/ate 9 ?is ! f9al phase ( our evil ,capitali/ society 9 ,engl&4 ,! g5]\s re=m] is canalis$ t[>ds x2 ! ung5]\s "o f9ds x a v mirror ( 8 ideal2 ! h]d ( practical m5 meet at e /age 9 its inception ! practical /eps :i* !y expect$ & dem&$2 :ile t prolet>ian mass ^u :om ! exp]im5t is be+ tri$ h lo/ ! tradition ( prop]ty & ( fre$om :i* might resi/ ! *ange1 & are mo/ p[]fully incl9$ to its acceptance by ! positive b5efits :i* x conf]s4 ,x may be object$ t h[ev] true all ?is may be1 no "o c1 ^u su* !oretical gr\nds1 reg>d ! ,s]vile ,/ate z some?+ really approa*+ u4 ,we ne$ n believe 9 its adv5t 7we %all be told7 until we see ! fir/ effects ( its action4 ,to ?is ,i answ] t ! fir/ effects ( its action are already app>5t4 ,! ,s]vile ,/ate is1 9 indu/rial ,engl& to-day1 no long] a m5ace b some?+ 9 actual exi/5ce4 ,x is 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,! fir/ ma9 l9es ( x are already plott$ out2 ! corn]/one ( x is already laid4 ,to see ! tru? ( ?is x is en\gh to consid] laws & projects ( law1 ! fir/ ( :i* we already enjoy1 :ile ! la/ w pass f project to positive /atute 9 due process ( "t4 ,app5dix on ,buy+-,out ,!re is an impression abroad among ^? :o propose to expropriate ! ,capitali/ class = ! b5efit ( ! ,/ate1 b :o appreciate ! difficulties 9 ! way ( direct confiscation1 t by spread+ ! process ov] a suffici5t numb] ( ye>s & pursu+ x aft] a c]ta9 fa%ion be>+ all ! outw>d appe>ances ( a pur*ase1 ! expropriation c\ld be effect$ )\t ! consequ5ces & att5dant difficulties ( direct confiscation4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is an impression t ! ,/ate c\ld buy\t ! ,capitali/ class )\t _! kn[+ x1 & t 9 a sort ( pa9less way ?is class c be sl[ly conjur$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,! impression is held 9 a confus$ fa%ion by mo/ ( ^? :o *]i% x1 & w n be> a cle> analysis4 ,x is impossible by any juggl]y to buy\t ! univ]sality ( ! means ( production )\t confiscation4 ,to prove ?is1 consid] a concrete case :i* puts ! problem 9 ! simple/ t]ms3-- ,a community ( tw5ty-two families lives ^u ! produce ( two f>ms1 ! prop]ty ( only two families out ( t tw5ty-two4 ,! rema9+ tw5ty families are ,prolet>ian4 ,! two families1 ) _! pl\ghs1 /ores1 l&1 etc41 are ,capitali/4 ,! lab\r ( ! tw5ty prolet>ian families appli$ to ! l& & capital ( ^! two capitali/ families produces #cjj measures ( :eat1 ( :i* #bjj measures1 or #aj measures ea*1 =m ! annual support ( ! tw5ty prolet>ian families2 ! rema9+ #ajj measures are ! surplus value reta9$ z r5t1 int]e/1 & pr(it by ! two ,capitali/ families1 ea* ( :i* has ?us a ye>ly income ( #ej measures4 ,! ,/ate proposes to produce1 aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 a condition ( affairs su* t ! surplus values %all no long] g to ! two ,capitali/ families1 b %all be di/ribut$ to ! advantage ( ! :ole community1 :ile x1 ! ,/ate1 %all itself become ! unemb>rass$ own] ( bo? f>ms4 ,n[ capital is accumulat$ ) ! object ( a c]ta9 return z ! rew>d ( accumulation4 ,in/ead ( sp5d+ 8 money1 a man saves x ) ! object ( reta9+ z ! result ( t sav+ a c]ta9 ye>ly rev5ue4 ,! measure ( ?is does n fall 9 a p>ticul> society at a p>ticul> "t bel[ a c]ta9 level4 ,9 o!r words1 if a man _c get a c]ta9 m9imum rew>d = 8 accumulation1 he w n accumulate b sp5d4 ,:at is call$ 9 economics ,! ,law ( ,dim9i%+ ,returns acts s t cont9ual additions to capital1 o!r ?+s be+ equal 7t is1 ! me?ods ( production rema9+ ! same71 d n provide a correspond+ increase ( rev5ue4 ,a ?\s& measures ( capital appli$ to a p>ticul> area ( natural =ces w produce1 = in/ance1 #dj measures ye>ly1 or #d p] c5t42 b #bjjj measures appli$ 9 ! same fa%ion w n produce #hj measures4 ,!y w produce m ?an ! ?\s& measures did1 b n m 9 proportion2 n d\ble4 ,!y w produce1 say1 #fj measures1 or #c p] c5t41 ^u ! capital4 ,! action ( ?is univ]sal pr9ciple automatically *ecks ! accumulation ( capital :5 x has rea*$ su* a po9t t ! proportionate return is ! lea/ :i* a man w accept4 ,if x falls bel[ t he w sp5d r ?an accumulate4 ,! limit ( ?is m9imum 9 any p>ticul> society at any p>ticul> "t gives ! measure to :at we call ! ,effective ,desire ( ,accumulation4 ,?us 9 ,engl& to-day x is a little ov] #c p] c5t4 ,! m9imum :i* limits ! accumulation ( capital is a m9imum return ( ab\t "o-?irtie? ye>ly ^u su* capital1 & ?is we may call = %ortness ! ,e4,d4,a4 ( our society at ! pres5t "t4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,capitali/ e/imates ! full value ( 8 possessions1 he c\nts !m 9 s _m ye>s' pur*ase4#f ,& t means t he is will+ to take 9 a lump sum d[n = 8 possessions s _m times ! ye>ly rev5ue :i* he at pres5t enjoys4 ,if 8 ,e4,d4,a4 is "o-?irtie?1 he w take a lump sum repres5t+ ?irty times 8 annual rev5ue4 ,s f> s good4 ,let u suppose ! two ,capitali/s 9 our example to h an ,e4,d4,a4 ( "o-?irtie?4 ,!y w sell to ! ,/ate if ! ,/ate c put up #cjjj measures ( :eat4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! ,/ate c d no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! accumulations ( :eat be+ already 9 ! h&s ( ! ,capitali/s1 & ^? accumulations am\nt+ to mu* less ?an #cjjj measures ( :eat1 ! ?+ appe>s to be a deadlock4 ,b x is n a deadlock if ! ,capitali/ is a fool4 ,! ,/ate c g to ! ,capitali/s & say3 ,h& me ov] y\r f>ms1 & aga9/ !m ,i w give y gu>antee t y %all be paid r m ?an #ajj measures ( :eat a ye> = ! ?irty ye>s4 ,9 fact1 ,i w pay y half z mu* aga9 until ^! extra paym5ts am\nt to a pur*ase ( y\r orig9al /ock4 ,out ( :at does ?is extra am\nt come8 ,out ( ! ,/ate's p[] to tax4 ,! ,/ate c levy a tax ^u ! pr(its ( bo? ,capitali/s ,a & ,b1 & pay !m ! extra ) _! own money4 ,9 s simple an example x is evid5t t ?is r++ ( ! *anges w\ld be spott$ by ! victims1 & t !y w\ld br+ aga9/ x precisely ! same =ces :i* !y w\ld br+ aga9/ ! mu* simpl] & m /raight=w>d process ( imm$iate confiscation4 ,b x is argu$ t 9 a complex ,/ate1 :]e y are deal+ ) myriads ( individual ,capitali/s & ?\s&s ( p>ticul> =ms ( pr(it1 ! process c be mask$4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ! ,/ate c mask its action 7accord+ to ?is policy74 ,x c buy out fir/ "o small area ( l& & capital out ( ! g5]al taxation & !n ano!r1 & !n ano!r1 until ! :ole has be5 transf]r$2 or x c tax ) peculi> sev]ity c]ta9 trades :i* ! re/ :o are left immune w ab&on to _! ru91 & ) ! g5]al taxation plus ?is special taxation buy out ^? un=tunate trades :i* w1 ( c\rse1 h sunk heavily 9 value "u ! attack4 ,! second ( ^! tricks w soon be app>5t 9 any society1 h[ev] complex2 = aft] "o unpopul> trade _h be5 select$ = attack ! try+ on ( ! same me?ods 9 ano!r less unpopul> field w at once r\se suspicion4#g ,! fir/ me?od1 h[ev]1 might h "s *ance ( success1 at lea/ = a long "t aft] x 0 begun1 9 a highly complex & num]\s society 7 x n = a c]ta9 *eck :i* comes 9 ( itself4 ,t *eck is ! fact t ! ,capitali/ only takes m ?an 8 old ye>ly rev5ue ) ! object ( re9ve/+ ! surplus4 ,i h a ?\s& p\nds 9 ,brighton railway /ock1 yield+ me #c p] c5t43 #cj a ye>4 ,! ,gov]nm5t asks me to ex*ange my bit ( pap] aga9/ ano!r bit ( pap] gu>antee+ ! paym5t ( #ej a ye>1 t is1 an extra rate a ye>1 = s _m ye>s z w repres5t ov] & above ! regul> int]e/ paid a pur*ase ( my /ock4 ,! ,gov]nm5t's bit ( pap] promises to pay to ! hold] #ej a ye> =1 say1 ?irty-eight ye>s4 ,i am delight$ to make ! ex*ange1 n because ,i am su* a fool z to enjoy ! prospect ( my prop]ty be+ ext+ui%$ at ! end ( ?irty-eight ye>s1 b because ,i hope to be able to re9ve/ ! extra #bj e ye> 9 some?+ else t w br+ me 9 #c p] c5t4 ,?us1 at ! end ( ! ?irty-eight ye>s ,i %all 7or my heirs7 be bett] (f ?an ,i 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! transaction1 & ,i %all h enjoy$ dur+ its matur+ my old #cj a ye> all ! same4 ,! ,/ate c pur*ase ?us on a small scale by subsidis+ pur*ase out ( ! g5]al taxation4 ,x c1 !re=e1 play ?is trick ov] a small area & = a %ort "t ) success4 ,b ! mom5t ?is area passes a v n>r[ limit ! m>ket = inve/m5t is f\nd to be re/rict$1 ,capital automatically takes al>m1 ! ,/ate c no long] (f] its pap] gu>antees save at an enhanc$ price4 ,if x tries to turn ! position by fur!r rais+ taxation to :at ,capital reg>ds z confiscatory rates1 !re w be oppos$ to its action j ! same =ces z w\ld be oppos$ to frank & op5 expropriation4 ,! matt] is "o ( pla9 ari?metic1 & all ! confusion introduc$ by ! complex me*anism ( f9ance c no m *ange ! fundam5tal & ari?metical pr9ciples involv$ ?an c ! accumulation ( triangles 9 an ordnance survey r$uce ! int]nal angles ( ! l>ge/ triangle to less ?an #ahj degrees4#h ,9 f9e3 if y desire to confiscate1 y mu/ confiscate4 ,y _c outflank ! enemy1 z ,f9anci]s 9 ! city & %>p]s on ! racec\rse outflank ! simpl] ( mank9d1 nor c y conduct ! g5]al process ( expropriation ^u a muddle-head$ hope t someh[ or o!r some?+ w come out ( no?+ 9 ! end4 ,!re are1 inde$1 two ways 9 :i* ! ,/ate c\ld expropriate )\t meet+ ! resi/ance t mu/ be pres5t aga9/ any attempt at confiscation4 ,b ! fir/ ( ^! ways is prec>i\s1 ! second insuffici5t4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,! ,/ate c promise ! ,capitali/ a l>g] ye>ly rev5ue ?an he is gett+ 9 ! expectation t x1 ! ,/ate1 c manage ! bus9ess bett] ?an ! ,capitali/1 or t "s future expansion w come to its aid4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! ,/ate makes a bigg] pr(it out ( ! ?+ ?an ! ,capitali/1 x c buy out ! ,capitali/ j z a private individual ) a simil> bus9ess proposition c buy him out4 ,b ! conv]se ( ?is is t if ! ,/ate has calculat$ badly1 or has bad luck1 x w\ld f9d itself end[+ ! ,capitali/s ( ! future in/ead ( gradually ext+ui%+ !m4 ,9 ?is fa%ion ! ,/ate c\ld h socialis$ )\t confiscation ! railways ( ?is c\ntry if x _h tak5 !m ov] fifty ye>s ago1 promis+ ! !n own]s m ?an !y 7 !n obta9+4 ,b if x _h socialis$ ! hansom cab 9 ! n9eties1 x w\ld n[ be support+ 9 p]petuity t wor?y b ext9ct type ! cab-own] 7& 8 *ildr5 = ev]7 at ! exp5se ( ! community4 7#b7 ,! second way 9 :i* ! ,/ate c expropriate )\t confiscation is by annuity4 ,x c say to su* ,capitali/s z h no heirs or c>e little = _! fate if !y h3 ,y h only got s mu* "t to live & to enjoy y\r #cj1 w y take #ej until y die8 ,^u ! b>ga9 be+ accept$ ! ,/ate w1 9 process ( "t1 ?\gh n imm$iately ^u ! dea? ( ! annuitant1 become an unemb>rass$ own] ( :at _h be5 ! annuitant's %>e 9 ! means ( production4 ,b ! area ov] :i* ?is me?od c be ex]cis$ is a v small "o4 ,x is n ( itself a suffici5t in/rum5t = ! expropriation ( any consid]able field4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t z a matt] ( fact ! s-call$ ,sociali/ & confiscatory measures ( our "t h no?+ to d ) ! problem "h discuss$4 ,! ,/ate is inde$ confiscat+1 t is1 x is tax+ 9 _m cases 9 su* a fa%ion z to impov]i% ! taxpay] & is less5+ 8 capital r ?an %e>+ 8 income4 ,b x is n putt+ ! proce$s into ! means ( production4 ,x is ei!r us+ !m = imm$iate consumption 9 ! %ape ( new (ficial sal>ies or h&+ !m ov] to ano!r set ( ,capitali/s4#i ,b ^! practical consid]ations ( ! way 9 :i* %am ,sociali/ exp]im5ts are work+ belong r to my next section1 9 :i* ,i %all deal ) ! actual beg9n+s ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate 9 our mid/4 ,section ,n9e ,! ,s]vile ,/ate ,has ,begun ,9 ?is la/ division ( my book ,i deal ) ! actual appe>ance ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate 9 c]ta9 laws & proposals n[ famili> to ! ,indu/rial ,society ( mod]n ,engl&4 ,^! are ! pat5t objects1 laws & projects ( laws1 :i* l5d /uff to my argum5t1 & %[ t x is bas$ n ^u a m]e d$uction1 b ^u an obs]vation ( ?+s4 ,two =ms ( ?is pro( are evid5t3 fir/1 ! laws & proposals :i* subject ! ,prolet>iat to ,s]vile conditions2 next1 ! fact t ! ,capitali/1 s f> f be+ expropriat$ by mod]n ,sociali/ exp]im5ts1 is be+ confirm$ 9 8 p[]4 ,i take ^! 9 _! ord]1 & ,i beg9 by ask+ 9 :at /atutes or proposals ! ,s]vile ,/ate fir/ appe>$ among u4 ,a false conception ( our subject might lead "o to f9d ! orig9s ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate 9 ! re/rictions impos$ ^u c]ta9 =ms ( manufacture1 & ! correspond+ duties laid ^u ! ,capitali/ 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 workm54 ,! ,factory ,laws1 z !y are 9 ?is c\ntry1 w\ld seem to (f] ^u ?is sup]ficial & errone\s view a />t+ po9t4 ,!y d no?+ ( ! k9d2 & ! view is sup]ficial & errone\s because x neglects ! fundam5tals ( ! case4 ,:at di/+ui%es ! ,s]vile ,/ate is n ! int]f]5ce ( law ) ! action ( any citiz5 ev5 9 connection ) indu/rial matt]s4 ,su* int]f]5ce may or may n indicate ! pres5ce ( a ,s]vile /atus4 ,x 9 no way indicates ! pres5ce ( t /atus :5 x =bids a p>ticul> k9d ( human action to be und]tak5 by ! citiz5 z a citiz54 ,! legislator says1 = in/ance1 ,y may pluck roses2 b z ,i notice t y sometimes scrat* y\rself1 ,i w put y 9 prison unless y cut !m ) scissors at lea/ #abb millimetres long1 & ,i w appo9t "o ?\s& inspectors to g r\nd ! c\ntry see+ :e!r ! law is obs]v$4 ,my bro!r-9-law %all be at ! head ( ! ,dep>tm5t at #b1jjj a ye>4 ,we are all famili> ) t type ( legislation4 ,we are all famili> ) ! argum5ts = & aga9/ x 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,we may reg>d x z on]\s1 futile1 or b5efic5t1 or 9 any o!r light1 accord+ to our v>i\s temp]am5ts4 ,b x does n fall )9 ! category ( s]vile legislation1 because x e/abli%es no di/9ction betwe5 two classes ( citiz5s1 m>k+ (f ! "o z legally di/9ct f ! o!r by a crit]ion ( manual lab\r or ( income4 ,?is is ev5 true ( su* regulations z ^? :i* compel a ,cotton ,mill1 = in/ance1 to h no less ?an su* & su* an am\nt ( cubic space = ea* op]ative1 & su* & su* protection = dang]\s ma*9]y4 ,^! laws d n conc]n !mselves ) ! nature1 ! am\nt1 or ev5 ! exi/5ce ( a contract = s]vice4 ,! object1 = example1 ( ! law :i* compels "o to f5ce (f c]ta9 types ( ma*9]y is simply to protect human life1 reg>dless ( :e!r ! human be+ s protect$ is ri* or poor1 ,capitali/ or ,prolet>ian4 ,^! laws may 9 effect "w 9 our society s t ! ,capitali/ is made responsible = ! ,prolet>ian1 b he is n responsible qua ,capitali/1 nor is ! ,prolet>ian protect$ qua ,prolet>ian4 ,9 ! same way ! law may compel me1 if ,i am a ,rip>ian own]1 to put up a f5ce ( /atutory /r5g? :]ev] ! wat] ( my riv] is ( m ?an a /atutory dep?4 ,n[ x _c compel me to d ?is unless ,i am ! own] ( ! l&4 ,9 a s5se1 !re=e1 ?is might be call$ ! recognition ( my ,/atus1 because1 by ! nature ( ! case1 only l&[n]s c be affect$ by ! law1 & l&[n]s w\ld be compell$ by x to safegu>d ! lives ( all1 :e!r !y 7 or 7 n own]s ( l&4 ,b ! category s e/abli%$ w\ld be purely accid5tal4 ,! object & me?od ( ! law d n conc]n !mselves ) a di/9ction betwe5 citiz5s4 ,a close obs]v] might inde$ discov] c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! ,factory laws1 details & phrases1 :i* did di/9ctly connote ! exi/5ce ( a ,capitali/ & ( a ,prolet>ian class4 ,b we mu/ take ! /atutes z a :ole & ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 produc$1 above all1 ! g5]al motive & expressions gov]n+ ea* ma9 /atute1 9 ord] to judge :e!r su* examples ( int]f]5ce give u an orig9 or n4 ,! v]dict w be t !y d n4 ,su* legislation may be oppressive 9 any degree or necess>y 9 any degree1 b x does n e/abli% /atus 9 ! place ( contract1 & x is n1 !re=e1 s]vile4 ,nei!r are ^? laws s]vile :i* 9 practice atta* to ! poor & n to ! ri*4 ,compulsory education is 9 legal !ory requir$ ( e citiz5 = 8 *ildr54 ,! /ate ( m9d :i* goes ) plutocracy exempts ( c\rse all above a c]ta9 /&>d ( weal? f ?is law4 ,b ! law does apply to ! univ]sality ( ! commonweal?1 & all families resid5t 9 ,great ,brita9 7n 9 ,irel&7 are subject to its provisions4 ,^! are n orig9s4 ,a true orig9 to ! legislation ,i approa* comes lat]4 ,! fir/ example ( s]vile legislation to be discov]$ ^u ! ,/atute ,book is t :i* e/abli%es ! pres5t =m ( ,employ]'s ,liability4 ,i am f> f say+ t t law 0 pass$1 z mod]n laws are beg9n+ to be pass$1 ) ! direct object ( e/abli%+ a new /atus2 ?\gh x 0 pass$ ) "s consci\sness on ! "p ( ! legislator t su* a new /atus 0 9 exi/5ce z a social fact4 ,its motive 0 m]ely humane1 & ! relief :i* x af=d$ seem$ m]ely necess>y at ! "t2 b x is an in/ructive example ( ! way 9 :i* a small neglect ( /rict doctr9e & a slight tol]ation ( anomaly admit great *anges into ! ,/ate4 ,!re _h exi/$ f all "t 9 e community1 & !re 0 f\nd$ ^u common s5se1 ! legal doctr9e t if "o citiz5 0 s plac$ ) reg>d to ano!r by contract t he mu/ 9 ! fulfilm5t ( t contract p]=m c]ta9 s]vices1 & if ^? s]vices accid5tally involv$ damages to a ?ird p>ty1 n ! actual p]petrator ( ! damage1 b he :o design$ ! p>ticul> op]ation lead+ to x 0 responsible4 ,! po9t is subtle1 b1 z ,i say1 fundam5tal4 ,x involv$ no di/9ction ( /atus betwe5 employ] & employ$4 ,citiz5 ,a (f]$ citiz5 ,b a sack ( :eat d[n if citiz5 ,b w\ld pl\gh = him a piece ( l& :i* might or might n produce m ?an a sack ( :eat4 ,( c\rse citiz5 ,a expect$ x w\ld produce m1 & 0 await+ a surplus value1 or he w\ld n h made ! contract ) citiz5 ,b4 ,b1 at any rate1 citiz5 ,b put 8 "n to ! agreem5t1 & z a free man1 capable ( contract+1 0 correspond+ly b\nd to fulfil x4 ,9 fulfill+ ?is contract ! pl\gh%>e ,b is driv+ de/roys a pipe convey+ wat] by agreem5t ?r\gh ,a's l& to ,c4 ,c suff]s damage1 & to recov] ! equival5t ( t damage 8 action 9 ju/ice & common s5se c only be aga9/ ,a1 = ,b 0 c>ry+ out a plan & in/ruction ( :i* ,a 0 ! au?or4 ,c is a ?ird p>ty :o _h no?+ to d ) su* a contract & c\ld n possibly h ju/ice save by 8 *ances ( gett+ x f ,a1 :o 0 ! true au?or ( ! un9t5tional loss inflict$1 s9ce he design$ ! c\rse ( "w4 ,b :5 ! damage is n done to ,c at all1 b to ,b1 :o is conc]n$ ) a "w ! risks ( :i* are kn[n & will+ly und]tak51 x is q ano!r matt]4 ,citiz5 ,a contracts ) citiz5 ,b t citiz5 ,b1 9 consid]ation ( a sack ( :eat1 %all pl\gh a bit ( l&4 ,c]ta9 kn[n risks mu/ atta* to t op]ation4 ,citiz5 ,b1 if he is a free man1 und]takes ^? risks ) 8 eyes op54 ,= in/ance1 he may spra9 8 wri/ 9 turn+ ! pl\gh1 or "o ( ! horses may kick him :ile he is hav+ 8 bread-&-*eese4 ,if ^u su* an accid5t ,a is compell$ to pay damages to ,b1 a diff]5ce ( /atus is at once recognis$4 ,b und]took to d "w :i*1 by all ! !ory ( free contract1 01 ) its risks & its exp5se ( en]gy1 ! equival5t 9 ,b's own eyes ( a sack ( :eat2 yet a law is pass$ to say t ,b c h m ?an t sack ( :eat if he is hurt4 ,!re is no conv]se "r ( ,a aga9/ ,b4 ,if ! employ] suff]s by su* an accid5t to ! employee1 he is n all[$ to dock t sack ( :eat1 ?\gh x 0 reg>d$ 9 ! contract z ! equival5t to a c]ta9 am\nt ( lab\r to be p]=m$ :i*1 z a fact1 has n be5 p]=m$4 ,a has no action unless ,b has be5 culpably neglig5t or remiss4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m]e fact t "o man is work+ & ! o!r n is ! fundam5tal consid]ation on :i* ! law is built1 & ! law says3 ,y are n a free man mak+ a free contract ) all its consequ5ces4 ,y are a work]1 & !re=e an inf]ior3 y are an employee2 & t /atus gives y a special position :i* w\ld n be recognis$ 9 ! o!r p>ty to ! contract4 ,! pr9ciple is pu%$ /ill fur!r :5 an employ] is made liable = an accid5t happ5+ to "o ( 8 employees at ! h&s ( ano!r employee4 ,a gives a sack ( :eat to ,b & ,d ea* if !y w dig a well = him4 ,all ?ree p>ties are cognisant ( ! risks & accept !m 9 ! contract4 ,b1 hold+ ! rope on :i* ,d is l[]$1 lets x slip4 ,if !y 7 all ?ree m5 ( exactly equal /atus1 obvi\sly ,d's action w\ld be aga9/ ,b4 ,b !y are n ( equal /atus 9 ,engl& to-day4 ,b & ,d are employees1 & are !re=e 9 a special & inf]ior position be=e ! law comp>$ ) _! employ] ,a4 ,d's action is1 by ?is novel pr9ciple1 no long] aga9/ ,b1 :o accid5tally injur$ him by a p]sonal act1 h[ev] involunt>y1 = :i* a free man w\ld be responsible1 b aga9/ ,a1 :o 0 innoc5t ( ! :ole bus9ess4 ,n[ 9 all ?is x is q cle> t ,a has peculi> duties n because he is a citiz51 b because he is some?+ m3 an employ]2 & ,b & ,d h special claims on ,a1 n because !y are citiz5s1 b because !y are some?+ less3 viz4 employees4 ,!y c claim protection f ,a1 z inf]iors ( a sup]ior 9 a ,/ate admitt+ su* di/9ctions & patronage4 ,x w occur at once to ! read] t 9 our exi/+ social /ate ! employee w be v grateful = su* legislation4 ,"o workman _c recov] f ano!r simply because ! o!r w h no goods out ( :i* to pay damages4 ,let ! burd51 !re=e1 fall ^u ! ri* man6 ,excell5t4 ,b t is n ! po9t4 ,to argue ?us is to say t ,s]vile legislation is necess>y if we are to solve ! problems rais$ by ,capitalism4 ,x rema9s s]vile legislation none ! less4 ,x is legislation t w\ld n exi/ 9 a society :]e prop]ty 0 well divid$ & :]e a citiz5 c\ld normally pay damages = ! h>m he _h himself caus$4#aj ,?is fir/ trickle ( ! /ream1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x is ( consid]able hi/orical int]e/ z a po9t ( dep>ture1 is n ( v def9ite mom5t to our subject comp>$ ) ! great bulk ( lat] proposals1 "s ( :i* are already law1 o!rs ^u ! po9t ( becom+ law1 & :i* def9itely recognise ! ,s]vile ,/ate1 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( /atus 9 ! place ( contract1 & ! univ]sal division ( citiz5s into two categories ( employ]s & employ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! la/ m]it a v diff]5t consid]ation1 = !y w repres5t to hi/ory ! consci\s & design$ entry ( ,s]vile ,in/itutions into ! old ,*ri/ian ,/ate4 ,!y are n orig9s1 small indications ( com+ *ange :i* ! hi/orian w pa9fully discov] z a curiosity4 ,!y are ! admitt$ f\ndations ( a new ord]1 delib]ately plann$ by a few1 confus$ly accept$ by ! _m1 z ! basis ^u :i* a novel & /able society %all arise to replace ! un/able & pass+ phase ( ,capitalism4 ,!y fall r\ghly into ?ree categories3-- 7#a7 ,measures by :i* ! insecurity ( ! prolet>iat %all be reliev$ ?r\gh ! action ( ! employ+ class1 or ( ! prolet>iat itself act+ "u compulsion4 7#b7 ,measures by :i* ! employ] %all be compell$ to give n less ?an a c]ta9 m9imum = any lab\r he may pur*ase1 & 7#c7 ,measures :i* compel a man lack+ ! means ( production to lab\r1 ?\gh he may h made no contract to t effect4 ,! la/ two1 z w be se5 9 a mom5t1 are complem5t>y "o ( ano!r4 ,z to ! fir/3 ,measures to palliate ! insecurity ( ! prolet>iat4 ,we h ( ?is an example 9 actual law at ?is mom5t4 ,& t law ! ,insurance ,act 7^: political s\rce & motive ,i am n "h discuss+7 foll[s 9 e p>ticul> ! l9es ( a ,s]vile ,/ate4 7a7 ,its fundam5tal crit]ion is employm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i am compell$ to ent] a s*eme provid+ me aga9/ ! mis*ances ( illness & unemploym5t n because ,i am a citiz51 b only if ,i am3 7#a7 ,ex*ang+ s]vices = goods2 & ei!r 7#b7 ,obta9+ less ?an a c]ta9 am\nt ( goods = ^? s]vices1 or 7#c7 ,a vulg> fell[ work+ ) 8 h&s4 ,! law c>efully excludes f its provisions ^? =ms ( lab\r to :i* ! educat$ & !re=e p[]ful classes are subject1 & fur!r excludes f compulsion ! mass ( ^? :o are = ! mom5t e>n+ en\gh to make !m a class to be reckon$ ) z economically free4 ,i may be a writ] ( books :o1 %\ld he fall ill1 w leave 9 ! greate/ di/ress ! family :i* he supports4 ,if ! legislator 7 conc]n$ = ! morals ( citiz5s1 ,i %\ld mo/ und\bt$ly come "u ?is law1 "u ! =m ( a compulsory insurance add$ to my income tax4 ,b ! legislator is n conc]n$ ) p ( my sort4 ,he is conc]n$ ) a new /atus :i* he recognises 9 ! ,/ate1 to wit1 ! prolet>iat4 ,he envisages ! prolet>iat n q accurately z m5 ei!r poor1 or1 if !y are n poor1 at any rate vulg> p work+ ) _! h&s1 & he legislates accord+ly4 7b7 ,/ill m /rik+1 z an example ( /atus tak+ ! place ( contract1 is ! fact t ?is law puts ! duty ( controll+ ! prolet>iat & ( see+ t ! law is obey$ n ^u ! prolet>iat itself1 b ^u ! ,capitali/ class4 ,n[ ?is po9t is ( an importance t _c be exagg]at$4 ,! future hi/orian1 :atev] 8 int]e/ 9 ! fir/ indications ( t pr(\nd revolution ?r\gh :i* we are s rapidly pass+1 w mo/ c]ta9ly fix ^u t "o po9t z ! c>d9al l&m>k ( our times4 ,! legislator survey+ ! ,capitali/ ,/ate proposes z a rem$y = c]ta9 ( its evils ! e/abli%m5t ( two categories 9 ! ,/ate1 compels ! l[] man to regi/ration1 to a tax1 & ! re/ ( x1 & fur!r compels ! upp] man to be ! in/rum5t 9 en=c+ t regi/ration & 9 collect+ t tax4 ,no "o acqua9t$ ) ! way 9 :i* any "o ( ! great *anges ( ! pa/ has tak5 place1 ! sub/itution ( t5ure = ! ,roman propriet>y "r 9 l&1 or ! sub/itution ( ! m$iaeval peasant = ! s]f ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 c possibly misund]/& ! significance ( su* a turn+ po9t 9 our hi/ory4 ,:e!r x w be complet$ or :e!r a reaction w de/roy x is ano!r matt]4 ,its m]e proposal is ( ! greate/ possible mom5t 9 ! inquiry we are "h pursu+4 ,( ! next two gr\ps1 ! fix+ ( a ,m9imum ,wage & ! ,compulsion to ,lab\r 7:i*1 z ,i h said1 & w %ortly %[1 are complem5t>y "o to ! o!r71 nei!r has yet appe>$ 9 actual legislation1 b bo? are plann$1 bo? ?\ght out1 bo? possess$ ( p[]ful advocates1 & bo? ^u ! ?re%old ( positive law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fix+ ( a ,m9imum ,wage1 ) a def9ite sum fix$ by /atute1 has n yet ent]$ our laws1 b ! fir/ /ep t[>ds su* a consummation has be5 tak5 9 ! %ape ( giv+ legal sanction to "s hypo!tical ,m9imum ,wage :i* %all be arriv$ at aft] discussion )9 a p>ticul> trade4 ,t trade is1 ( c\rse1 ! m9+ indu/ry4 ,! law does n say3 ,no ,capitali/ %all pay a m9] less ?an s _m %ill+s = s _m h\rs' "w4 ,b x does say3 ,figures hav+ be5 arriv$ at by local bo>ds1 any m9] work+ )9 ! area ( ea* bo>d c claim by =ce ( law ! m9imum sum e/abli%$ by su* bo>ds4 ,x is evid5t t f ?is /ep to ! next1 :i* %all def9e "s slid+ scale ( remun]ation = lab\r accord+ to prices & ! pr(its ( capital1 is an easy & natural transition4 ,x w\ld give bo? p>ties :at ea* imm$iately requires3 to capital a gu>antee aga9/ di/urbance2 to lab\r suffici5cy & security4 ,! :ole ?+ is an excell5t object lesson 9 little ( t g5]al movem5t f free contract to /atus1 & f ! ,capitali/ to ! ,s]vile ,/ate1 :i* is ! tide ( our "t4 ,! neglect ( old] pr9ciples z ab/ract & doctr9aire2 ! imm$iate ne$ ( bo? p>ties imm$iately satisfi$2 ! un=ese5 b necess>y consequ5ce ( satisfy+ su* ne$s 9 su* a fa%ion--all ^!1 :i* are app>5t 9 ! settlem5t ! m9+ indu/ry has begun1 are ! typical =ces produc+ ! ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,consid] 9 its l>ge/ aspect ! nature ( su* a settlem5t4 ,! ,prolet>ian accepts a position 9 :i* he produces = ! ,capitali/ a c]ta9 total ( economic values1 & reta9s out ( t total a portion only1 leav+ to ! ,capitali/ all surplus value4 ,! ,capitali/1 on 8 side1 is gu>ante$ 9 ! secure & p]man5t expectation ( t surplus value ?r\gh all ! p]ils ( social envy2 ! ,prolet>ian is gu>ante$ 9 a suffici5cy & a security = t suffici5cy2 b by ! v action ( su* a gu>antee !re is )drawn f him ! p[] to refuse 8 lab\r & ?us to aim at putt+ himself 9 possession ( ! means ( production4 ,su* s*emes def9itely divide citiz5s into two classes1 ! ,capitali/ & ! ,prolet>ian4 ,!y make x impossible = ! second to combat ! privileg$ position ( ! fir/4 ,!y introduce into ! positive laws ( ! community a recognition ( social facts :i* already divide ,engli%m5 into two gr\ps ( economically m free & economically less free1 & !y /amp ) ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate a new con/itution ( society4 ,society is recognis$ z no long] consi/+ ( free m5 b>ga9+ freely = _! lab\r or any o!r commodity 9 _! possession1 b ( two contra/+ /atus1 own]s & non-own]s4 ,! fir/ mu/ n be all[$ to leave ! second )\t subsi/5ce2 ! second mu/ n be all[$ to obta9 t grip ^u ! means ( production :i* is ! privilege ( ! fir/4 ,x is true t ?is fir/ exp]im5t is small 9 degree & t5tative 9 quality2 b to judge ! movem5t z a g5]al :ole we mu/ n only consid] ! expression x has actually receiv$ s f> 9 positive law1 b ! mood ( our "t4 ,:5 ?is fir/ exp]im5t 9 a m9imum wage 0 be+ debat$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 :at 0 ! great issue ( debate8 ,^u :at did ^? :o 7 ! mo/ ard5t re=m]s p>ticul>ly insi/8 ,n t ! m9]s %\ld h an av5ue op5 to !m = obta9+ possession ( ! m9es2 n ev5 t ! ,/ate %\ld h an av5ue op5 to x = obta9+ su* possession2 b t ! m9imum wage %\ld be fix$ at a c]ta9 satisfactory level6 ,t1 z our rec5t exp]i5ce te/ifies = all ( u1 0 ! crux ( ! qu>rel4 ,& t su* a po9t %\ld be ! crux1 n ! socialisation ( ! m9es1 nor ! admission ( ! prolet>iat to ! means ( production1 b only a suffici5cy & a security ( wage1 is amply significant ( ! p]haps irresi/ible =ces :i* are mak+ 9 ! direction = :i* ,i argue 9 ?is book4 ,!re 0 "h no attempt ( ! ,capitali/ to impose ,s]vile conditions nor ( ! ,prolet>ian to resi/ !m4 ,bo? p>ties 7 agre$ ^u t fundam5tal *ange4 ,! discussion turn$ ^u ! m9imum limit ( subsi/5ce to be securely provid$1 a po9t :i* left aside1 because x took = grant$1 ! e/abli%m5t ( "s m9imum 9 any case4 ,next1 let x be not$ 7= x is ( mom5t to a lat] "p ( my argum5t7 t exp]im5ts ( ?is sort promise to ext5d piecemeal4 ,!re is no likelihood1 judg+ by m5's actions & spee*1 ( "s gr& g5]al s*eme = ! e/abli%m5t ( a m9imum wage ?r\gh\t ! community4 ,su* a s*eme w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be z truly an e/abli%m5t ( ! ,s]vile ,/ate z piecemeal s*emes4 ,b1 z we %all see 9 a mom5t1 ! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple piecemeal has a consid]able effect ^u ! =ms :i* compulsion may take4 ,! m9]s' refusal to "w1 ) ! exagg]at$ panic x caus$1 br$ ?is fir/ t5tative appe>ance ( ! m9imum wage 9 our laws4 ,normally1 capital pref]s free lab\r ) its m>g9 ( de/itution2 = su* an an>*y1 ephem]al ?\gh x is ( its nature1 :ile x la/s provides *eap lab\r2 f ! n>r[e/ po9t ( view x provides 9 ! /ill competitive areas ( ,capitalism a bett] *ance = pr(its4 ,b z "o gr\p ( workm5 aft] ano!r1 conc]n$ ) trades imm$iately necess>y to ! life ( ! nation1 & !re=e tol]at+ b little int]ruption1 le>n ! p[] :i* comb9ation gives !m1 x is inevitable t ! legislator 7conc5trat$ z he is ^u mom5t>y rem$ies = difficulties z !y arise7 %\ld propose = "o su* trade aft] ano!r ! rem$y ( a m9imum wage4 ,!re c be little d\bt t1 trade by trade1 ! pr9ciple w ext5d4 ,= in/ance1 ! two & a half millions n[ gu>ante$ aga9/ unemploym5t are gu>ante$ aga9/ x = a c]ta9 weekly sum4 ,t weekly sum mu/ be> "s relation to _! e/imat$ e>n+s :5 !y are 9 employm5t4 ,x is a %ort /ep f ! calculation ( unemploym5t b5efit 7its be+ fix$ by /atute at a c]ta9 level1 & t level det]m9$ by some?+ :i* is reg>d$ z ! j remun]ation ( lab\r 9 t trade72 x is a %ort /ep1 ,i say1 f t to a /atutory fix+ ( ! sums paid dur+ employm5t4 ,! ,/ate says to ! ,s]f3 ,i saw to x t y %\ld h s mu* :5 y 7 unemploy$4 ,i f9d t 9 "s r>e cases my arrangem5t leads to y\r gett+ m :5 y are unemploy$ ?an :5 y are employ$4 ,i fur!r f9d t 9 _m cases1 ?\gh y get m :5 y are employ$1 yet ! diff]5ce is n suffici5t to tempt a lazy man to "w1 or to make him take any p>ticul> tr\ble to get "w4 ,i mu/ see to ?is4 ,! provision ( a fix$ s*$ule dur+ unemploym5t ?us inevitably leads to ! exam9ation1 ! def9+1 & at la/ ! imposition ( a m9imum wage dur+ employm5t2 & e compulsory provision = unemploy$ b5efits is ! se$ ( a m9imum wage4 ,( /ill great] effect is ! m]e pres5ce ( ,/ate regulation 9 su* a matt]4 ,! fact t ! ,/ate has begun to ga!r /ati/ics ( wages ov] ^! l>ge areas ( indu/ry1 & to d s n = a m]e /ati/ical object1 b a practical "o1 & ! fact t ! ,/ate has begun to immix ! action ( positive law & con/ra9t ) ! old] sy/em ( free b>ga9+1 mean t ! :ole weight ( its influ5ce is n[ 9 fav\r ( regulation4 ,x is no ra% prophecy to ass]t t 9 ! ne> future our indu/rial society w see a gradually ext5d+ area ( indu/ry 9 :i* f two sides ! fix+ ( wages by /atute %all appe>4 ,f ! "o side x w come 9 ! =m ( ! ,/ate exam9+ ! conditions ( lab\r 9 connection ) its own s*emes = e/abli%+ suffici5cy & security by insurance4 ,f ! o!r side x w come ?r\gh ! reasonable proposals to make contracts betwe5 gr\ps ( lab\r & gr\ps ( capital en=ceable 9 ! ,c\rts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! ,pr9ciple ( a ,m9imum ,wage4 ,x has already appe>$ 9 our laws4 ,x is c]ta9 to spread4 ,b h[ does ! pres5ce ( ?is introduction ( a ,m9imum =m "p ( ! advance t[>ds ! ,s]vile ,/ate8 ,i h said t ! pr9ciple ( a m9imum wage involves z its conv]se ! pr9ciple ( compulsory lab\r4 ,inde$1 mo/ ( ! importance :i* ! pr9ciple ( a m9imum wage has = ?is inquiry lies 9 t conv]se necessity ( compulsory lab\r :i* x involves4 ,b z ! connection betwe5 ! two may n be cle> at fir/ sight1 we mu/ d m ?an take x = grant$4 ,we mu/ e/abli% x by process ( reason4 ,!re are two di/9ct =ms 9 :i* ! :ole policy ( en=c+ security & suffici5cy by law = ! prolet>iat produce a correspond+ policy ( compulsory lab\r4 ,! fir/ ( ^! =ms is ! compulsion :i* ! ,c\rts w ex]cise ^u ei!r ( ! p>ties conc]n$ 9 ! giv+ & 9 ! receiv+ ( ! m9imum wage4 ,! second =m is ! necessity "u :i* society w f9d itself1 :5 once ! pr9ciple ( ! m9imum wage is conc$$1 c\pl$ ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5cy & security1 to ma9ta9 ^? :om ! m9imum wage excludes f ! area ( normal employm5t4 ,z to ! fir/ =m3-- ,a ,prolet>ian gr\p has /ruck a b>ga9 ) a gr\p ( ,capitali/s to ! effect t x w produce = t capital t5 measures ( value 9 a ye>1 w be cont5t to receive six measures ( value = itself1 & w leave f\r measures z surplus value = ! ,capitali/s4 ,! b>ga9 is ratifi$2 ! ,c\rts h ! p[] to en=ce x4 ,if ! ,capitali/s by "s trick ( f9es or by bluntly break+ _! ^w pay out 9 wages less ?an ! six measures1 ! ,c\rts mu/ h "s p[] ( con/ra9+ !m4 ,9 o!r words1 !re mu/ be "s sanction to ! action ( ! law4 ,!re mu/ be "s p[] ( puni%m5t1 &1 ?r\gh puni%m5t1 ( compulsion4 ,conv]sely1 if ! m51 hav+ /ruck ?is b>ga91 g back ^u _! ^w2 if individuals among !m or sections among !m cease "w ) a new dem& = sev5 measures in/ead ( six1 ! ,c\rts mu/ h ! p[] ( con/ra9+ & ( puni%+ !m4 ,:]e ! b>ga9 is ephem]al or at any rate ext5d$ ov] only reasonable limits ( "t1 x w\ld be /ra9+ language p]haps to say t ea* individual case ( con/ra9t ex]cis$ aga9/ ! workm5 w\ld be a case ( compulsory lab\r4 ,b ext5d ! sy/em ov] a long p]iod ( ye>s1 make x normal to indu/ry & accept$ z a habit 9 m5's daily conception ( ! way 9 :i* _! lives %\ld be conduct$1 & ! me?od is necess>ily trans=m$ into a sy/em ( compulsory lab\r4 ,9 trades :]e wages fluctuate little ?is w obvi\sly be ! case4 ,y1 ! agricultural lab\r]s ( ?is di/rict1 h tak5 fifte5 %ill+s a week = a v long "t4 ,x has work$ p]fectly well4 ,!re seems no reason :y y %\ld h m4 ,nay1 y put y\r h&s to x ?r\gh y\r (ficials 9 ! ye> s & s t y reg>d$ t sum z suffici5t4 ,su* & su* ( y\r memb]s are n[ refus+ to p]=m :at ?is ,c\rt reg>ds z a contract4 ,!y mu/ return )9 ! limits ( t contract or suff] ! consequ5ces4 ,rememb] :at p[] analogy ex]cises ov] m5's m9ds1 & h[1 :5 sy/ems ( ! sort are common to _m trades1 !y w t5d to create a g5]al po9t ( view = all trades4 ,rememb] also h[ comp>atively slight a ?reat is already suffici5t to control m5 9 our indu/rial society1 ! prolet>ian mass ( :i* is accu/om$ to live f week to week "u p]il ( dis*>ge1 & has gr[n readily am5able to ! ?reat ( any r$uction 9 ^? wages ^u :i* x c b j subsi/4 ,nor are ! ,c\rts en=c+ su* contracts or quasi-contracts 7z !y w come to be reg>d$7 ! only inducem5t4 ,a man has be5 compell$ by law to put aside sums f 8 wages z insurance aga9/ unemploym5t4 ,b he is no long] ! judge ( h[ su* sums %all be us$4 ,!y are n 9 8 possession2 !y are n ev5 9 ! h&s ( "s society :i* he c really control4 ,!y are 9 ! h&s ( a ,gov]nm5t (ficial4 ,"h is "w (f]$ y at tw5ty-five %ill+s a week4 ,if y d n take x y c]ta9ly %all n h a "r to ! money y h be5 compell$ to put aside4 ,if y w take x ! sum %all /ill /& to y\r cr$it1 & :5 next 9 my judgm5t y\r unemploym5t is n due to y\r recalcitrance & refusal to lab\r1 ,i w p]mit y to h "s ( y\r money3 n o!rwise4 ,dovetail+ 9 ) ?is ma*9]y ( compulsion is all t mass ( regi/ration & docket+ :i* is accumulat+ ?r\gh ! use ( ,lab\r ,ex*anges4 ,n only w ! ,(ficial h ! p[] to en=ce special contracts1 or ! p[] to co]ce individual m5 to lab\r "u ! ?reat ( a f9e1 b he w also h a s]ies ( dossi]s by :i* ! record ( ea* workman c be e/abli%$4 ,no man1 once s regi/]$ & kn[n1 c escape2 &1 ( ! nature ( ! sy/em1 ! numb]s caught 9 ! net mu/ /eadily increase until ! :ole mass ( lab\r is mapp$ out & controll$4 ,^! are v p[]ful in/rum5ts ( compulsion inde$4 ,!y already exi/4 ,!y are already a "p ( our laws4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! obvi\s bludgeon ( compulsory arbitration3 a bludgeon s obvi\s t x is revolt+ ev5 to our prolet>iat4 ,inde$1 ,i "k ( no civilis$ ,european /ate :i* has succumb$ to s gross a sugge/ion4 ,= x is a frank admission ( s]vitude at "o /ep1 & = good & all1 su* z m5 ( our culture are n yet prep>$ to swall[4#aa ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! fir/ argum5t & ! fir/ =m 9 :i* compulsory lab\r is se5 to be a direct & necess>y consequ5ce ( e/abli%+ a m9imum wage & ( s*$ul+ employm5t to a scale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! second is equally cle>4 ,9 ! production ( :eat ! heal?y & skill$ man :o c produce t5 measures ( :eat is compell$ to "w = six measures1 & ! ,capitali/ is compell$ to rema9 cont5t ) f\r measures = 8 %>e4 ,! law w puni% him if he tries to get out ( 8 legal obligation & to pay 8 workm5 less ?an six measures ( :eat dur+ ! ye>4 ,:at ( ! man :o is n suffici5tly /rong or skill$ to produce ev5 six measures8 ,w ! ,capitali/ be con/ra9$ to pay him m ?an ! values he c produce8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly n4 ,! :ole /ructure ( production z x 0 erect$ dur+ ! ,capitali/ phase ( our indu/ry has be5 left intact by ! new laws & cu/oms4 ,pr(it is /ill left a necessity4 ,if x 7 de/roy$1 /ill m if a loss 7 impos$ by law1 t w\ld be a contradiction ( ! :ole _s 9 :i* all ^! re=ms are be+ und]tak54 ,!y are be+ und]tak5 ) ! object ( e/abli%+ /ability :]e !re is n[ in/ability1 & ( reconcil+1 z ! ironic phrase goes1 ! int]e/s ( capital & lab\r4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 )\t a g5]al ru91 to compel capital to lose ^u ! man :o is n wor? ev5 ! m9imum wage4 ,h[ %all t elem5t ( insecurity & in/ability be elim9at$8 ,to support ! man gratuit\sly because he _c e>n a m9imum wage1 :5 all ! re/ ( ! commonweal? is work+ = its gu>ante$ wages1 is to put a premium ^u incapacity & slo?4 ,! man mu/ be made to "w4 ,he mu/ be taught1 if possible1 to produce ^? economic values1 :i* are reg>d$ z ! m9imum ( suffici5cy4 ,he mu/ be kept at t "w ev5 if he _c produce ! m9imum1 le/ 8 pres5ce z a free lab\r] %\ld imp]il ! :ole s*eme ( ! m9imum wage1 & introduce at ! same "t a cont9u\s elem5t ( in/ability4 ,h5ce he is necess>ily a subject = =c$ lab\r4 ,we h n yet 9 ?is c\ntry1 e/abli%$ by =ce ( law1 ! "r to ?is =m ( compulsion1 b x is an inevitable consequ5ce ( ^? o!r re=ms :i* h j be5 review$4 ,! ,lab\r ,colony 7a prison s call$ because euphemism is necess>y to e transition7 w be erect$ to absorb ?is surplus1 & t la/ =m ( compulsion w cr[n ! edifice ( ^! re=ms4 ,!y w !n be complete s f> z ! subject classes are conc]n$1 & ev5 ?\gh ?is p>ticul> in/itution ( ! ,lab\r ,colony 7logically ! la/ ( all7 prec$e 9 "t o!r =ms ( compulsion1 x w make ! adv5t ( ^? o!r =ms ( compulsion m c]ta91 facile1 & rapid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re rema9s "o la/ rem>k to be made ^u ! concrete side ( my subject4 ,i h 9 ?is la/ section illu/rat$ ! t5d5cy t[>ds ! ,s]vile ,/ate f actual laws & actual projects ) :i* all are to-day famili> 9 ,engli% indu/rial society1 & ,i h %[n h[ ^! are c]ta9ly e/abli%+ ! prolet>iat 9 a novel1 b to !m satisfactory1 ,s]vile ,/atus4 ,x rema9s to po9t out 9 a v few l9es ! complem5t>y tru? t :at %\ld be ! v ess5ce ( ,collectivi/ ,re=m1 to wit1 ! translation ( ! means ( production f ! h&s ( private own]s to ! h&s ( public (ficials1 is n[h]e be+ attempt$4 ,s f> f its be+ attempt$1 all s-call$ ,sociali/ic exp]im5ts 9 municipalisation & nationalisation are m]ely increas+ ! dep5d5ce ( ! community ^u ! ,capitali/ class4 ,to prove ?is1 we ne$ only obs]ve t e s+le "o ( ^! exp]im5ts is effect$ by a loan4 ,n[ :at is meant 9 economic reality by ^! municipal loans & national loans rais$ = ! purpose ( pur*as+ c]ta9 small sections ( ! means ( production8 ,c]ta9 ,capitali/s own a numb] ( rails1 c>s1 etc4 ,!y put to "w ^u ^! c]ta9 ,prolet>ians1 & ! result is a c]ta9 total ( economic values4 ,let ! surplus values obta9able by ! ,capitali/s aft] ! subsi/5ce ( ! prolet>ians is provid$ = am\nt to #aj1jjj a ye>4 ,we all "k h[ a sy/em ( ?is sort is ,municipalis$4 ,a loan is rais$4 ,x be>s int]e/4 ,x is saddl$ ) a s9k+ fund4 ,n[ ?is loan is n really made 9 money1 ?\gh ! t]ms ( x are 9 money4 ,x is1 at ! end ( a long /r+ ( ex*anges1 no?+ m nor less ?an ! loan ( ! c>s1 ! rails1 etc41 by ! ,capitali/s to ! ,municipality4 ,& ! ,capitali/s require1 be=e !y w /rike ! b>ga91 a gu>antee t ! :ole ( _! old pr(it %all be paid to !m1 toge!r ) a fur!r ye>ly sum1 :i* aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s %all repres5t ! orig9al value ( ! conc]n :5 !y h&$ x ov]4 ,^! la/ additional sums are call$ ! s9k+ fund2 ! cont9u$ paym5t ( ! old surplus values is call$ ! int]e/4 ,9 !ory c]ta9 small sections ( ! means ( production might be acquir$ 9 ?is way4 ,t p>ticul> section w\ld h be5 socialis$4 ,! ,s9k+ ,fund 7t is1 ! pay+ ( ! ,capitali/s = _! plant by in/alm5ts7 might be met out ( ! g5]al taxation impos$ on ! community1 consid]+ h[ l>ge t is comp>$ ) any "o exp]im5t ( ! k9d4 ,! int]e/ may by good managem5t be met out ( ! true pr(its ( ! tramways4 ,at ! end ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s ! community w be 9 possession ( ! tramways1 w no long] be exploit$ 9 ?is p>ticul> by ,capitalism1 w h b\ght out ,capitalism f ! g5]al taxes1 &1 9 s f> z ! pur*ase money paid has be5 consum$ & n sav$ or inve/$ by ! ,capitali/s1 a small measure ( socialisation w h be5 a*iev$4 ,z a fact ?+s are nev] s fav\rable4 ,9 practice ?ree conditions militate aga9/ ev5 ^! t9y exp]im5ts 9 expropriation3 ! fact t ! implem5ts are always sold at mu* m ?an _! true value2 ! fact t ! pur*ase includes non-productive ?+s2 & ! fact t ! rate ( borr[+ is mu* fa/] ?an ! rate ( repaym5t4 ,^! ?ree adv]se conditions lead 9 practice to no?+ b ! rivet+ ( ,capitalism m securely r\nd ! body ( ! ,/ate4 ,= :at is x t is paid = :5 a tramway1 = in/ance1 is tak5 ov]8 ,is x ! true capital alone1 ! actual plant1 :i* is paid =1 ev5 at an exagg]at$ price8 ,f> f x6 ,ov] & above ! rails & ! c>s1 !re are all ! commissions t h be5 made1 all ! *ampagne lun*eons1 all ! lawy]s' fees1 all ! comp5sations to ?is man & to t man1 all ! bribes4 ,nor does ?is exhau/ ! argum5t4 ,tramways repres5t a productive inve/m5t4 ,:at ab\t pleasure g>d5s1 wa%-h\ses1 ba?s1 libr>ies1 monum5ts1 & ! re/8 ,! great] "p ( ^! ?+s are ! product ( loans4 ,:5 y put up a public in/itution y borr[ ! bricks & ! mort> & ! iron & ! wood & ! tiles f ,capitali/s1 & y pl$ge y\rself to pay int]e/1 & to produce a s9k+ fund precisely z ?\gh a t[n hall or a ba? 7 a piece ( reproductive ma*9]y4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! fact t a consid]able proportion ( ! pur*ases are failures3 pur*ases ( ?+s j be=e !y are driv5 out by "s new inv5tion2 :ile on ! top ( ! :ole bus9ess y h ! fact t ! borr[+ goes on at a f> great] rate ?an ! repaym5t4 ,9 a ^w1 all ^! exp]im5ts up & d[n ,europe dur+ our g5]ation1 municipal & national1 h result$ 9 an indebt$ness to capital increas+ r m ?an twice1 b n ?ree times1 z fa/ z ! rate ( repaym5t4 ,! int]e/ :i* capital dem&s ) a complete indiff]5ce z to :e!r ! loan is productive or non-productive am\nts to r m ?an #a #a_/b p] c5t4 excess ov] ! produce ( ! v>i\s exp]im5ts1 ev5 ?\gh we c\nt 9 ! mo/ lucrative & successful ( ^!1 su* z ! /ate railways ( _m c\ntries1 & ! ?or\ghly successful municipal ent]prises ( _m mod]n t[ns4 ,capitalism has se5 to x t x %all be a w9n] & n a los] by ?is =m ( %am ,socialism1 z by e o!r4 ,& ! same =ces :i* 9 practice =bid confiscation see to x t ! attempt to mask confiscation by pur*ase %all n only fail1 b %all turn aga9/ ^? :o h n _h ! c\rage to make a frontal attack ^u privilege4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ^! concrete examples %[+ h[ ,collectivism1 9 attempt+ its practice1 does b confirm ! ,capitali/ position1 & %[+ h[ our laws h already begun to impose a ,s]vile ,/atus ^u ! ,prolet>iat1 ,i end ! argum5tative !sis ( ?is book4 ,i believe ,i h prov$ my case4 ,! future ( indu/rial society1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ,engli% society1 left to its own direction1 is a future 9 :i* subsi/5ce & security %all be gu>ante$ = ! ,prolet>iat1 b %all be gu>ante$ at ! exp5se ( ! old political fre$om & by ! e/abli%m5t ( t ,prolet>iat 9 a /atus really1 ?\gh n nom9ally1 s]vile4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,own]s w be gu>ante$ 9 _! pr(its1 ! :ole ma*9]y ( production 9 ! smoo?ness ( its work+1 & t /ability :i* has be5 lo/ "u ! ,capitali/ phase ( society w be f\nd once m4 ,! int]nal /ra9s :i* h ?reat5$ society dur+ its ,capitali/ phase w be relax$ & elim9at$1 & ! community w settle d[n ^u t ,s]vile basis :i* 0 its f\ndation be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 f :i* t fai? sl[ly wean$ x1 & to :i* 9 ! decay ( t fai? x naturally returns4 ,conclusion ,x is possible to portray a great social movem5t ( ! pa/ ) accuracy & 9 detail if "o c sp>e to ! task ! "t necess>y = rese>* & fur!r br+ to x a c]ta9 p[] ( co-ord9ation by :i* a great mass ( detail c be integrat$ & made "o :ole4 ,su* a task is r>ely accompli%$1 b x does n exce$ ! p[]s ( hi/ory4 ,) reg>d to ! future x is o!rwise4 ,no "o c say ev5 9 its l>ge/ aspect or ^u its *ief /ructural l9e :at t future w be4 ,he c only pres5t ! ma9 t5d5cies ( 8 "t3 he c only det]m9e ! equation ( ! curve & presume t t equation w apply m or less to its next developm5ts4 ,s f> z ,i c judge1 ^? societies :i* broke ) ! cont9uity ( ,*ri/ian civilisation 9 ! sixte5? c5tury--:i* means1 r\ghly1 ,nor? ,g]many & ,great ,brita9--t5d at pres5t to ! re-e/abli%m5t ( a ,s]vile ,/atus4 ,x w be div]sifi$ by local accid5t1 modifi$ by local "*1 hidd5 "u _m =ms4 ,b x w come4 ,t ! m]e ,capitali/ an>*y _c endure is pat5t to all m54 ,t only a v few possible solutions to x exi/ %\ld be equally pat5t to all4 ,= my "p1 z ,i h said 9 ^! pages1 ,i d n believe !re are m ?an two3 a reaction t[>ds well-divid$ prop]ty1 or ! re-e/abli%m5t ( s]vitude4 ,i _c believe t !oretical ,collectivism1 n[ s pla9ly fail+1 w ev] in=m a real & liv+ society4 ,b my conviction t ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,s]vile ,/atus 9 indu/rial society is actually ^u u does n lead me to any meagre & me*anical prophecy ( :at ! future ( ,europe %all be4 ,! =ce ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+ is n ! only =ce 9 ! field4 ,!re is a complex knot ( =ces und]ly+ any nation once ,*ri/ian2 a sm\ld]+ ( ! old fires4 ,moreov]1 "o c po9t to ,european societies :i* w mo/ c]ta9ly reject any su* solution ( our ,capitali/ problem1 j z ! same societies h ei!r reject$1 or liv$ suspici\s (1 ,capitalism itself1 & h reject$ or liv$ suspici\s ( t indu/rial organisation :i* till lately id5tifi$ itself ) progress & national well-be+4 ,^! societies are 9 ! ma9 ! same z ^? :i*1 9 t great /orm ( ! sixte5? c5tury1--! capital episode 9 ! /ory ( ,*ri/5dom--held fa/ to tradition & sav$ ! cont9uity ( morals4 ,*ief among !m %\ld be not$ to-day ! ,fr5* & ! ,iri%4 ,i w\ld record x z an impression & no m t ! ,s]vile ,/ate1 /rong z ! tide is mak+ = x 9 ,prussia & 9 ,engl& to-day1 w be modifi$1 *eck$1 p]haps defeat$ 9 w>1 c]ta9ly halt$ 9 its attempt to e/abli% itself completely1 by ! /rong reaction :i* ^! fre] societies ^u its flank w p]petually ex]cise4 ,irel& has decid$ = a free peasantry1 & our g5]ation has se5 ! solid f\ndation ( t in/itution laid4 ,9 ,france ! _m exp]im5ts :i* else:]e h successfully introduc$ ! ,s]vile ,/ate h be5 contemptu\sly reject$ by ! populace1 & 7mo/ significant67 a rec5t attempt to regi/] & to insure ! artisans z a sep>ate category ( citiz5s has brok5 d[n 9 ! face ( an univ]sal & a virile contempt4 ,t ?is second factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! future1 ! pres5ce ( free societies1 w de/roy ! t5d5cy to ! ,s]vile ,/ate else:]e ,i d n affirm1 b ,i believe t x w modify t t5d5cy1 c]ta9ly by example & p]haps by direct attack4 ,& z ,i am ^u ! :ole hopeful t ! ,fai? w recov] its intimate & guid+ place 9 ! he>t ( ,europe1 s ,i believe t ?is s9k+ back into our orig9al ,paganism 7= ! t5d5cy to ! ,s]vile ,/ate is no?+ less7 w 9 due "t be halt$ & rev]s$4 ,videat ,deus4 ,endnotes #a ,save 9 ?is special s5se ( ,collectivi/1 ! ^w ,sociali/ has ei!r no cle> mean+1 or is us$ synonym\sly ) o!r old] & bett]-kn[n words4 #b ,! pur*as+ p[] ( money fell dur+ ?is c5tury to ab\t a ?ird ( its orig9al /&>d4 #c 7say7 w\ld pur*ase "u ,*>les ,i ! necessities :i* #a w\ld h pur*as$ "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,ne>ly all ! receipts ( ! ,cr[n 7 cu/om>y4 ,mo/ ( its exp5ses 7 competitive4 ,x cont9u$ to get b #a :]e x 0 gradually compell$ to pay out #c4 #c ,be=e any tru/ is e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! fir/ /ep is to int]e/ "o ( our politicians4 ,! ,telephones1 ! ,s\? ,wales ,coal ,tru/1 ! happily defeat$ ,soap ,tru/1 ! ,soda1 ,fi%1 & ,fruit ,tru/s1 are examples 9 po9t4 #d ,by :i* ^w prop]ty is meant1 ( c\rse1 prop]ty 9 ! means ( ,production4 #e ,t ?is is an illusion ,i %all attempt to %[ on a lat] page4 #f ,by an illusion :i* clev] /atesman%ip c\ld use to ! advantage ( ! community1 he ev5 e/imates ! natural =ces he controls 7:i* ne$ no accumulation1 b are always pres5t7 on ! analogy ( 8 capital1 & w "p ) !m at s _m ye>s' pur*ase4 ,x is by tak+ advantage ( ?is illusion t l& pur*ase s*emes 7z 9 ,irel&7 happily "w to ! advantage ( ! dispossess$4 #g ,?us y c raid ! brew]s 9 a society half-,puritan :]e brew+ is ?\ght immoral by _m1 b proce$ to railway /ock & x w be a v diff]5t matt]4 #h ,9 us+ ?is metaphor ,i at once record my apologies to ^? :o believe 9 elliptical & hyp]bolic univ]ses1 & confess myself an old-fa%ion$ p>aboli/4 ,fur!r1 ,i admit t ! triangles 9 "q are sph]ical4 #i ,?us ! money levi$ ^u ! dea? ( "s n v weal?y squire & repres5t$ by1 say1 locomotives 9 ! ,arg5t9e1 turns into two miles ( pal+s = ! pleasant back g>d5s ( a ?\s& new (ficials "u ! ,inebriates ,bill1 or is simply h&$ ov] to ! %>ehold]s ( ! ,prud5tial "u ! ,insurance ,act4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! locomotives h be5 giv5 back to ! ,arg5t9e1 & aft] a long s]ies ( ex*anges h be5 b>t]$ aga9/ a great numb] ( wood-pal+s f ! ,baltic n exactly reproductive weal?4 ,9 ! second case ! locomotives :i* us$ to be ! squire's h&s become1 or _! equival5t becomes1 means ( production 9 ! h&s ( ! ,sassoons4 #aj ,h[ true x is t ! idea ( /atus und]lies ?is legislation c easily be te/$ by tak+ p>allel cases1 9 "o ( :i* work+ m5 are conc]n$1 9 ! o!r ! pr(essional class4 ,if ,i contract to write = a publi%] a complete ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nty ( ,rutl&1 & 9 ! pursuit ( t task1 :ile exam9+ "s object ( hi/orical int]e/1 fall d[n a pit1 ,i %\ld n be able to recov] aga9/ ! publi%]4 ,b if ,i dress 9 mean clo!s1 & ! same publi%]1 deceiv$1 gives me a mon?'s "w at clean+ out 8 ornam5tal wat] & ,i am w\nd$ 9 t occupation by a fi]ce fi%1 he w be mulct$ to my advantage1 & t r\ndly4 #aa ,b x has twice be5 br\ght =w>d 9 due process z a ,bill 9 ,p>liam5t6