,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,sev]al tables h be5 re>rang$ to improve cl>ity & con/ra9 wid?4 ,9 p>ticul> ! table ( /> signs on p #dja 0 pr9t$ horizontally ) v]tical names & has be5 rotat$4 ,! ref]5ce to '! upp] li/' has be5 *ang$ to '! left h& li/'4 ,! names ,%esu-,hor & ,hor-%esu are us$1 app>5tly1 int]*angeably & h n be5 rationalis$4 ,! fir/ two errata h be5 implem5t$1 ! ?ird is errone\s4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic1 bold ?us bold & sup]scripts ?us yen4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,am5-,r1 ,,look+ ,,f ,,! ,,sanctu>y ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,sunset ,,at ,,! ,,summ] ,,sol/ice4 7,f a ,photograph by ! ,au?or47 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,temple-,,wor%ip ,,& ,,my?ology ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,egyptians4 ,,by ,j4 ,,norman ,,locky] ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society2 ,correspond5t ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,national ,indu/ry ( ,france1 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,gtt+51 ,la ,societ degli ,spettroscopi/i ,italiani1 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,pal]mo1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,g5]a1 ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia1 & ! ,royal ,m$ical ,society ( ,brussels2 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,l9cei1 ,rome1 & ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,philadelphia2 ,honor>y ,memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ce ( ,catania1 ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,man*e/]1 ,philosophical ,society ( ,york1 & ,lehigh ,univ]sity2 ,memb] ( ! ,committee on ,sol> ,physics1 & ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomical ,physics 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce ,,cassell ,,& ,,company ,,limit$ ,,london ,,p>is ,,melb\rne #ahid ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,decorative figure1 ,la belle sauvage ,,preface4 ,! enorm\s advance :i* has be5 rec5tly made 9 our a/ronomical k1 & 9 our p[] ( inve/igat+ ! v>i\s bodies :i* p space1 is to a v great ext5t due to ! introduction ( me?ods ( "w & ideas f o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,mu* ( ! rec5t progress has be51 we may inde$ say1 entirely dep5d5t ^u ! introduction ( ! me?ods ( inquiry to :i* ,i ref]4 ,:ile ?is is g5]ally recognis$1 x is (t5 =gott5 t a k ( ev5 elem5t>y a/ronomy may be ( v great assi/ance to /ud5ts ( o!r bran*es ( sci5ce2 9 o!r words1 t a/ronomy is well able to pay h] debt4 ,among/ ^? bran*es is obvi\sly t :i* deals ) man's fir/ attempts to grasp ! mean+ & ph5om5a ( ! univ]se 9 :i* he f\nd himself be=e any sci5tific me?ods 7 available to him2 be=e he _h any idea ( ! orig9s or ! condition+s ( ! ?+s ar\nd him4 ,9 ! pres5t volume ,i propose to give an acc\nt ( "s attempts ,i h be5 mak+ 9 my leisure mom5ts dur+ ! pa/ ?ree ye>s to see :e!r any ideas c\ld be obta9$ z to ! e>ly a/ronomical views ( ! ,egyptians1 f a /udy ( _! temples & ! my?ology connect$ ) ! v>i\s cults4 ,h[ ,i came to take up ?is inquiry may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ /atem5t3-- ,x *anc$ t 9 ,m>*1 #ahij1 dur+ a brief holiday1 ,i w5t to ! ,levant4 ,i w5t ) a good fri5d1 :o1 "o day :5 we 7 visit+ ! ru9s ( ! ,p>!non1 & aga9 :5 we f\nd ourselves at ! temple at ,eleusis1 l5t me 8 pocket-compass4 ,! curi\s direction 9 :i* ! ,p>!non 0 built1 & ! _m *anges ( direction 9 ! f\ndations at ,eleusis reveal$ by ! ,fr5* excavations1 7 s v /rik+ & sugge/ive t ,i ?\ght x wor? :ile to note ! be>+s s z to see :e!r !re 0 any possible a/ronomical orig9 = ! direction ( ! temple & ! v>i\s *anges 9 direction to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,:at ,i _h 9 my m9d 0 ! famili> /atem5t t 9 ,engl& ! ea/]n w9d[s ( *ur*es face g5]ally--if !y are prop]ly con/ruct$--to ! place ( sun-ris+ on ! fe/ival ( ! patron sa9t2 ?is is :y1 = in/ance1 ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ face v ne>ly nor?-ea/4 ,?is direction t[>ds ! sun-ris+ is ! orig9 ( ! g5]al use ( ! t]m ori5tation1 :i* is appli$ j z frequ5tly to o!r build+s ! direction ( :i* is t[>ds ! we/ or nor? or s\?4 ,n[1 if ?is %\ld *ance to be m]ely a survival f anci5t times1 x became ( importance to f9d out ! cele/ial bodies to :i* ! anci5t temples 7 direct$4 ,:5 ,i came home ,i endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ?is subject _h be5 work$ out3 ,i am afraid ,i 0 a nuisance to _m ( my ar*ological fri5ds1 & ,i made z mu* inquiry z ,i c\ld by look+ into books4 ,i f\nd1 bo? f my fri5ds & f ! books1 t ?is "q _h n be5 discuss$ 9 relation to anci5t temples1 sc>cely ev5 ) reg>d to *ur*es outside ,engl& or ,g]many4 ,x /ruck me t1 s9ce no?+ 0 kn[n1 an inquiry into ! subject--provid$ an inquiry 0 possible = a /ay-at-home--might help ! matt] =w>d to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,s1 z x 0 well kn[n t ! temples 9 ,egypt _h be5 mo/ c>efully exam9$ & ori5t$ bo? by ! ,fr5* 9 #agih & by ! ,prussians 9 #ahdd1 ,i det]m9$ to see :e!r x 0 possible to get any in=mation on ! g5]al "q f !m1 z x 0 extremely likely t su* temples z t at ,eleusis 7 m or less connect$ ) ,egyptian ideas4 ,i soon f\nd t1 al?\gh nei!r ! ,fr5* nor ! ,g]mans app>5tly paid any he$ to ! possible a/ronomical ideas ( ! temple-build]s1 !re 0 little d\bt t a/ronomical consid]ations _h a great deal to d ) ! direction t[>ds :i* ^! temples fac$4 ,9 a s]ies ( lectures giv5 at ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es 9 ,novemb]1 #ahij1 ,i took ! opportunity ( po9t+ out t 9 ?is way ar*ologi/s & o!rs might ultimately be enabl$ to arrive at dates 9 reg>d to ! f\ndation ( temples1 & possibly to advance k 9 sev]al o!r directions4 ,aft] my lectures 7 ov]1 ,i receiv$ a v k9d lett] f "o ( my audi5ce1 po9t+ out to me t a fri5d _h in=m$ him t ,pr(essor ,niss51 9 ,g]many1 _h publi%$ "s pap]s on ! ori5tation ( anci5t temples4 ,i at once ord]$ !m4 ,be=e ,i receiv$ !m ,i w5t to ,egypt to make "s inquiries on ! spot ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 po9ts :i* x 0 necess>y to inve/igate1 = ! reason t :5 ! ori5tations 7 obs]v$ & record$1 x 0 n kn[n :at use w\ld be made ( !m1 & c]ta9 data requir$ = my special inquiry 7 want+4 ,9 ,cairo also ,i worri$ my ar*ological fri5ds4 ,i 0 told t ! "q _h n be5 discuss$2 t1 s f> z !y knew1 ! idea 0 new2 & ,i also ga!r$ a suspicion t !y did n ?9k mu* ( x4 ,h[ev]1 "o ( !m1 ,brugs* ,bey1 took mu* int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 & 0 good en\gh to look up "s ( ! old inscriptions1 & "o day he told me he _h f\nd a v int]e/+ "o conc]n+ ! f\ndation ( ! temple at ,edf4 ,f ?is inscription x 0 cle> t ! idea 0 n new2 x 0 possibly six ?\s& ye>s old4 ,aft]w>ds ,i w5t up ! riv]1 & made "s obs]vations :i* c>ri$ conviction ) !m & /r5g!n$ ! idea 9 my m9d t = ! ori5tation n only ( ,edf1 b ( all ! l>g] temples :i* ,i exam9$1 !re 0 an a/ronomical basis4 ,i return$ to ,engl& at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 #ahia1 & )9 a few days ( l&+ receiv$ ,pr(essor ,niss5's pap]s4 ,i h ?\ght x "r to give ?is p]sonal n>rative1 because1 :ile x indicates ! relation ( my "w to ,pr(essor ,niss5's1 x enables me to make ! ackn[l$gm5t t ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ made ! sugge/ion belongs1 s f> z ,i "k1 solely to him4#a ,! det]m9ation ( ! />s to :i* "s ( ! ,egyptian temples1 sacr$ to a kn[n div9ity1 7 direct$1 op5$ a way1 z ,i anticipat$1 to a /udy ( ! a/ronomical basis ( p>ts ( ! my?ology4 ,?is inquiry ,i h c>ri$ on to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b x requires an ,egyptologi/ to face x1 & ?is ,i h no pret5sions to be4 ,x soon became obvi\s1 ev5 to an outsid] l myself1 t ! my?ology 0 int5sely a/ronomical1 & cry/allis$ e>ly ideas sugge/$ by actual obs]vations ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,next1 !re 7 app>5tly two my?ologies1 repres5t+ two s*ools ( a/ronomical ?\ght4 ,f9ally1 to endeav\r to obta9 a complete picture1 x became necess>y to br+ toge!r ! in=mation to be obta9$ f all ^! & o!r s\rces1 includ+ ! old ,egyptian cal5d>s1 & to comp>e ! e>ly ,babylonian results ) ^? :i* are to be ga!r$ f ! ,egyptian my?s & temple-ori5tations4 ,x w1 ,i ?9k1 be cle> to anyone :o reads ?is volume t its limits & ! pres5t /ate ( our k h only all[$ me really to make a few sugge/ions4 ,i h n ev5 attempt$ to exhau/ any "o ( ! small numb] ( subjects :i* ,i h br\ght =w>d2 b if ,i h succe$$ s f> z ,i h gone1 x w be abundantly evid5t t1 if ^! inquiries are wor? cont9u+1 a v consid]able am\nt ( "w has to be done4 ,( ?is future "w1 ! mo/ important1 und\bt$ly1 is a re-survey ( ! temple sites1 ) mod]n in/rum5ts & me?ods4 ,next1 a/ronom]s mu/ produce tables ( ! ris+ & sett+ conditions ( ! />s = p]iods f> beyond ^? :i* h already be5 consid]$4 ,! ,g]man ,a/ronomical ,society has publi%$ a table ( ! places ( a great _m />s up to #bjjj ,b4,c41 b to c>ry on ?is inve/igation we mu/ c]ta9ly g back to #gjjj ,b4,c41 & include s\!rn />s4 ,:ile ! a/ronom] is do+ ?is1 ! ,egyptologi/1 on 8 "p1 mu/ look ?r\gh ! inscriptions ) ref]5ce to ! sugge/ions :i* lie on ! surface ( ! inquiry4 ,! a/ronomical & associat$ my?ological data want br++ toge!r4 ,"o "p ( t "w w consi/ 9 arrang+ tables ( synonyms l ^? to :i* ,i pres5tly ref] 9 ! case ( ! goddesses4 ,my own impression is t ?is "w w n really be s labori\s z ! /atem5t ( x might seem to imply4 ,i h attempt$ to g ov] ! gr\nd dur+ ! la/ two ye>s z well z my ignorance w\ld all[ me1 & ,i h arriv$ at ! impression t ! numb] bo? ( gods & goddesses w be f\nd to be extremely small2 t ! app>5t weal? ( ! my?ology dep5ds ^u ! totemism ( ! inhabitants 9 ! ,nile valley--by :i* ,i mean t ea* di/rict _h its own special animal z ! emblem ( ! tribe dwell+ 9 x1 & t e my?ological p]sonage _h to be connect$ 9 "s way ) ^! local cults4 ,aft] ?is "w is done1 x w be possible to beg9 to answ] "s ( ! que/ions :i* ,i h only v5tur$ to raise4 ,i am glad to take ?is opportunity ( express+ my obligations to ! au?orities 9 ,egypt = ! v great help !y gave t[>ds ! fur!r+ ( ! inquiries :i* 7 set on foot !re4 ,_m ( my own local obs]vations w\ld1 9 all probability1 nev] h be5 made if my fri5d ,major ,a4 ,davis1 ( ,syracuse 7,new ,york7 _h n invit$ me to jo9 him 9 a cruise up ! riv] 9 ! s4s4 ,mohamet ,aly & practically giv5 me full comm& ( h] movem5ts4 ,my be/ ?anks are due to him n only = 8 hospitality1 b = sympa!tic aid 9 my inquiries4 ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge & ,capta9 ,lyons1 ,r4,e41 h r5d]$ cont9ual help :ile ?is book has be5 9 progress1 & ,i _c suffici5tly ?ank !m2 to ! fir/-nam$ ,i am especially indebt$ = look+ ov] ! pro( %eets4 ,i am also "u obligations to ,pr(essors ,masp]o1 ,krall1 & ,max ,mll] = in=mation on c]ta9 po9ts1 & to ,pr(essors ,sayce & ,j5s5 = _m valuable sugge/ions 9 ! *apt]s deal+ ) ,babylonian a/ronomy4 ,j4 ,,norman ,,locky]4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,,preface vii ,i4 ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,! ,,dawn #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,glimpses ,,( ,,egyptian ,,a/ronomy #i ,,iii4 ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,egyptian ,,pan!on #bj ,,iv4 ,,! ,,two ,,horizons #dj ,v4 ,,! ,,ye>ly ,,pa? ,,( ,,! ,,sun-,,god #ea ,,vi4 ,,! ,,probable ,,hor-,,%esu ,,wor%ip #eh ,,vii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,ori5tation ,,( ,,temples #fg ,,viii4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,sol> ,,%r9es ,,9 ,,egypt #gc ,,ix4 ,,o!r ,,simil> ,,%r9es ,,else:]e #hf ,x4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,temple ,,( ,,am5-,r ,,at ,,k>nak #ii ,,xi4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,am5-,r ,,at ,,k>nak #aac ,,xii4 ,,! ,,/>s--,,_! ,,ris+s ,,& ,,sett+s #abj ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,egyptian ,,heav5s4--,,! ,,zodiacs ,,( ,,d5d]ah #acb ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,circumpol> ,,con/ellations3 ,,! ,,my? ,,( ,,horus #add ,,xv4 ,,temples ,,direct$ ,,to ,,! ,,/>s #aee ,,xvi4 ,,fur!r ,,inquiries ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,/ell> ,,temples #afg ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,build+ ,,inscriptions #agc ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,/> ,,temples ,,at ,,k>nak #ahb ,,xix4 ,,! ,,p]sonification ,,( ,,/>s--,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,isis ,,at ,,d5d]ah #aib ,,xx4 ,,! ,,p]sonification ,,( ,,/>s 7,cont9u$7--,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,ha?or ,,at ,,d5d]ah #bja ,,xxi4 ,,/>-,,cults #baj ,,xxii4 ,,/>-,,cults 7,cont9u$7--,,am5-,t ,,& ,,khons #bbj ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,egyptian ,,ye> ,,& ,,! ,,nile #bbf ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,ye>s ,,( #cfj ,,& #cfe ,,days #bdc ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,vague ,,& ,,! ,,sirian ,,ye>s #bdi ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,so?ic ,,cycle ,,& ,,! ,,use ,,made ,,( ,,x #beg ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,cal5d> ,,& ,,its ,,revision #bff ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,fix$ ,,ye> ,,& ,,fe/ival ,,cal5d>s #bgd ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,my?ology ,,( ,,isis ,,& ,,osiris #bhg ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,temple-,,/>s #cjd ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sun-,,wor%ip ,,at ,,annu ,,& ,,!bes #cae ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,temple ,,& ,,great ,,pyramid ,,build]s #cbe ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,z ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,s\!rn ,,/>s #cda ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,egyptian ,,a/ronomy--,,! ,,nor!rn ,,s*ools #cei ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,egyptian ,,a/ronomy 7,cont9u$7--,,! ,,!bes ,,s*ool #cga ,,xxxvi4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusions ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,races #chg ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,egyptian ,,& ,,babylonian ,,ecliptic ,,con/ellations #cif ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,egypt ,,^u ,,temple-,,ori5tation ,,9 ,,greece #dab ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,! ,temple ( ,am5-,r look+ f ! ,sanctu>y t[>ds ! ,place ( ,sunset at ! ,summ] ,sol/ice ,frontispiece ,! ,rosetta ,/one #i ,temple ( ,edf1 look+ ,ea/2 %[+ ,pylon & ,out] ,c\rt #ac ,great ,c\rt ( ,heav51 at ! ,entrance to ! ,ha?or ,temple at ,d5d]ah #ae ,temple ,gate ) ,propylon & ,obelisks #af ,ha?or ,temple ( ,dr el-,bah>i #ag ,! ,c5tral ,portion ( ! ,circul> ,zodiac ( ,d5d]ah #ah ,tablet ( ,k+s at ,abydos #ba ,h>pocrates #bc ,r1 ,m9-,r2 ,am5-,r #bd ,sebak-,r1 ,*nemu-,r #be ,anubis1 or ,set1 ,anubis-,osiris1 ,osiris 7z a ,mummy7 #bf ,osiris seat$ #bg ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,bes--z ,w>rior1 ,musician1 & ,buffoon #bh ,khons-,lunus1 ,?o?-,lunus1 ! ,goddess ,se%eta #bi ,! ,weigh+ ( ! ,s\l by ,horus & ,anubis1 9 ,pres5ce ( ,osiris #cj ,?o? & ,se%eta ,writ+ ! ,"n ( ,rameses ,,ii4 on ! ,fruit ( ! ,p]sea #ca ,cleopatra z ! ,goddess ,isis #cb ,isis 7seat$7 #cc ,! ,ris+ ,sun ,horus betwe5 ,isis & ,neph?ys #cd ,! ,goddess ,nu-t #ce ,! ,goddess ,nu-t repres5t$ ,d\ble #cf ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,%u #cg ,=ms ( ,ptah1 ! ,god ( ,memphis #ch ,app>5t ,movem5t ( ! ,/>s to an ,obs]v] at ! ,nor? ,pole #dj ,app>5t ,movem5t ( ! ,/>s to an ,obs]v] at ! ,equator #da ,! ,cele/ial ,sph]e ,view$ f a ,middle ,latitude #db ,a ,t]re/rial ,globe ) ,waf] atta*$ to ,%[ ! ,v>y+ ,conditions ( ,obs]vation 9 a ,middle ,latitude #dc ,%[+ ,amplitudes reckon$ f ! ,ea/ or ,we/ ,po9ts to ,n4,p41 ,nor? ,po9t ( ,horizon1 & ,s4,p41 ,s\? ,po9t ( ,horizon #df ,diagram ,%[+ ! ,v>i\s ,amplitudes at :i* ,/>s ( ,diff]5t ,decl9ations ,rise & ,set 9 ,diff]5t ,latitudes #di ,e>? & ,sun at ! ,equ9oxes #ed ,e>? & ,sun at ! ,sol/ices #ee ,diagrams ,%[+ ,position ( ! ,sun 9 ,relation to ! ,z5i? ( ,london at ! ,nor!rn ,w9t] ,sol/ice & at ! ,nor!rn ,summ] ,sol/ice #ef ,azimu? ,compass #fg ,!odolite = ,det]m9+ ,azimu? & ,altitudes #fh ,magnetic ,map ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,%[+ ! ,v>iation at ,diff]5t ,po9ts #ga ,plan ( ! ,m\nds at ,abydos4 ,f ,m>iette #gd ,! ,m\nds & ,obelisk at ,annu #gf ,! ,colossi ( ! ,pla9 at ,!bes at ,high ,nile1 ,ori5t$ to ! ,sunrise at ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice #gi ,plan ( ,memphis #hj ,ea/ & ,we/ ,pyramids & ,temples at ,gzeh #ha ,temple & ,tem5os ,walls ( ,tanis #hb ,temple & ,tem5os ,walls ( ,sas 7,sa-el-,hag>7 #hc ,! ,temple ne> ! ,sph9x1 look+ ,we/ 7,true71 ,%[+ its relation to ! ,s\? ,face ( ! ,second ,pyramid #hd ,/oneh5ge1 f ! ,nor? #ij ,/oneh5ge ,re/or$ #ia ,plan ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 ,%[+ ! ,door ,fac+ ! ,sunrise #if ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome2 ,faade ,fac+ ! ,ea/ 7true7 #ig ,axis ( ! ,temple ( ,am5-,r f ! ,we/]n ,pylon1 ,look+ ,s\?-,ea/ #ajj ,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,am5-,r & "s ( its ,surr\nd+s1 ,includ+ ! ,sacr$ ,lake #aja ,view to ! ,s\?-,we/ f ! ,sacr$ ,lake ( ,am5-,r #ajc ,ru9s ( ,door at ,entrance ( ! ,sanctu>y #ajd ,! ,obelisks ne> ! ,olde/ ,"p ( ! ,temple ( ,am5-,r #aje ,inn] ,c\rt & ,sanctu>y at ,edf #ajf ,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,am5-,r #aah ,model ,illu/rat+ ! ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes #abe ,/>-map ,repres5t+ ! ,precessional ,movem5t ( ! ,cele/ial ,pole f ! ,ye> #djjj ,b4,c4 to ! ye> #bjjj ,a4,d4 #abg ,nor!rn ,half ( ! ,s-call$ ,squ>e ,zodiac ( ,d5d]ah #acf ,sirius & ,orion 7#ah? ,dyna/y7 #aci ,a/ronomical ,draw+'s f ,bibn el-,mulk 7#ah? ,dyna/y7 #adj ,ru9s ( ! ,ramesseum1 :]e ! ,mon?-,tables 7 f\nd #adb ,! ,god ( ,d>kness--,set #add ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,anubis #ade ,=ms ( ,typhon #adf ,me/ha4 ,hpi1 ,tuamutef1 ,qebhs5nuf #adg ,set-,horus #adi ,illu/ration f a ,!ban ,tomb #aea ,horus & ,crocodiles #aeb ,horus & ,crocodiles1 ,ptah & ,crocodiles #aec ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,edf #aeg ,gr\nd ,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah2 ,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,seti at ,abydos #aeh ,plan ( ! ,temple ( ,rameses ,,ii4 9 ! ,memnonia at ,!bes #aei ,plan ( ,temples at ,m$net-,hab #afd ,! ,b5t ,axis ( ! ,temple ( ,luxor #afe ,! ,lay+ ( ! ,f\ndation ,/one ,c]emonial #agd ,plan ( ! ,temples at ,k>nak ,%[+ _! ,ori5tations ,to face p4 #ahc ,plan ( ,d5d]ah #aib ,ru9s ( ! ,mamisi 7,place ( ,bir?7 or ,temple ( ,isis at ,d5d]ah #aie ,c]emonial ,procession 9 an ,egyptian ,temple #aii ,ori5tation ( ! ,temple ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah #bjb ,capital1 ) ,masks ( ,ha?or ) ,c['s ,e>s #baf ,! ,c[ ( ,isis #bag ,ha?or z a ,c[ #bah ,ha?or1 ,! ,c[ ( ! ,we/]n ,hills #bai ,! ,annual ,rise & ,fall ( ! ,nile #bbh ,hpi1 ! ,god ( ! ,nile #bbi ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,?o? #bcb ,scale ( ! ,nilomet] at ,rda #bce ,! ,isl& ( ,rda #bcf ,conditions ( ! ,heliacal ,ris+ ( ,sirius f #djjj ,b4,c4 to #fjj ,a4,d4 #bee ,! ,di/ribution ( ! #a/ ( ,?o? 7repres5t+ ! ,rise ( ,sirius7 among ! ,egyptian ,mon?s 9 ! #adfj-ye> ,so?ic ,cycle #beh ,julian ,dates ( ! #a/ ( ,?o? 7,vague7 f #bc ,a4,d4 & #bdj ,a4,d4 #bfg ,! ,mon?-,table at ! ,ramesseum #bgf ,black ,granite ,/atue ( ,sekhet f ! ,temple ( ,mut at ,!bes #bhh ,! ,goddess ,taurt2 ! ,goddess ,s]k-t or ,selk-t 7bo? ) ,horns & ,disk7 #bhi ,nit 7two =ms (72 ,ba/ #bij ,anuqa2 ,sati #bia ,isis ,nurs+ ,horus #bib ,isis1 ,osiris & ,horus #big ,a ,*ange ( ,cult at ,luxor #bih ,curves %[+ ! ,decl9ations ( ,"s ( ! ,/>s us$ by ! ,egyptian ,a/ronom]s at ,diff]5t ,epo*s #cjg ,! ,temples at ,tell el-,am>na #cbb ,apis 7two =ms (7 #ccj ,mnevis #cca ,! ,two ,great ,pyramids at ! ,"t ( ! ,inundation #ccb ,! ,/ep-,pyramid ( ,sakk>ah #ccd ,! ,pyramid ( ,mdm #cce ,! ,blunt$ ,pyramid ( ,da%r #ccf ,%ip ( ,ht-,%epset ,lad5 ) ,produce f ,pun-t #cdf ,huts ,built on ,piles 9 ,pun-t #cdg ,cynocephalus ,ape ) ,moon ,emblem #cdi ,plan ( ! ,pyramids at ,nuri #cee ,plan ( ! ,temples & ,pyramids at ,gebel ,b>kal #ceh ,/atue ( ,*ephr51 ,f\nd 9 ,temple ne> ! ,sph9x #cfh ,! ,temples at ,phil #chb ,! ,temple at ,amada #chc ,*nemu #che ,! ,w+$ ,sol> ,disk #cia ,a ,greek ,temple ,re/or$--! ,temple ( ,poseidon at ,p/um #dac ,! ,temple ( ,!seus at ,a!ns3 ! ,acropolis1 ) ! ,p>!non1 9 ! ,backgr\nd #dad ,! ,ea/ ,front ( ! ,p>!non1 ,fac+ ! ,ris+ ( ! ,pleiades #dae ,! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,olympius ,bel[ ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns4 ,ori5t$ to ,arietis #dbj ,,errata4 ,page #cd1 inscription to illu/ration3 = ,iris read ,isis4 ,page #hc1 inscription to illu/ration3 = ,s-el-lag] read ,sa-el-,hag>4 ,page #cbg1 l9e #h f top3 = ,dies read ,?is4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,! ,,dawn4 ,:5 we inquire among :i* e>ly peoples we are likely to f9d ! fir/ cultivation ( a/ronomy1 :atev] ! =m x may h tak51 we le>n t x is g5]ally agre$ by ar*ologi/s t ! fir/ civilisations :i* h s f> be5 trac$ 7 ^? 9 ! ,nile ,valley & 9 ! adjac5t c\ntries 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! in=mation :i* we possess conc]n+ ^! c\ntries has be5 obta9$ f ! rema9s ( _! cities1 ( _! temples--ev51 9 ! case ( ,babylonia1 ( _! obs]vatories & ( ! records ( _! obs]vations4 ,( hi/ory on papyrus we h relatively little4 ,n s e>ly z ^!1 b ( an antiquity :i* is /ill undef9$1 are two o!r civilisations ) :i* we became famili> be=e ! treasure-h\ses ( ,egypt & ,babylonia 7 op5 to our inquiries4 ,^! civilisations occupi$ ! regions n[ call$ ,india & ,*9a4 ,! circum/ances ( ^! two gr\ps are va/ly dissimil> s f> z ! actual s\rces ( in=mation are conc]n$2 = 9 relation to ,*9a & ,india we h pap] records1 b1 alas6 no monum5ts ( und\bt$ly high antiquity4 ,x is true t !re are _m temples 9 ,india 9 ! pres5t day1 b1 on ! au?ority ( ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 !y are relatively mod]n4 ,! contr>y happ5s 9 ,egypt1 = !re monum5ts exi/ m anci5t ?an any ( ! inscrib$ records2 monum5ts indicat+ a m or less settl$ civilisation2 a k ( a/ronomy1 & temples erect$ on a/ronomical pr9ciples = ! purposes ( wor%ip1 ! a/ronom]s be+ call$ ! my/]y tea*]s ( ,heav54 ,we g back 9 ,egypt = a p]iod1 z e/imat$ by v>i\s au?ors1 ( some?+ l #f1jjj or #g1jjj ye>s4 ,9 ,babylonia inscrib$ tablets c>ry u into ! dim pa/ = a p]iod ( c]ta9ly #e1jjj ye>s2 b ! s-call$ om5 tablets indicate t obs]vations ( eclipses & o!r a/ronomical ph5om5a _h be5 made = "s ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ?is p]iod4 ,9 ,*9a & 9 ,india we g back z c]ta9ly to m ?an #d1jjj ye>s ago4 ,:5 "o comes to exam9e ! texts1 :e!r writt5 on pap] or papyrus1 burnt 9 brick1 or cut on /one1 :i* ar*ologi/s h obta9$ f all ^! s\rces1 we at once realise t man's e>lie/ obs]vations ( ! heav5ly bodies 9 all ! regions we h nam$ may v fairly be divid$ into ?ree p]fectly di/9ct /ages4 ,i d n mean to say t ^! /ages foll[ ea* o!r exactly1 b t at "o p]iod "o /age 0 m develop$ ?an ano!r1 & s on4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! fir/ /age1 wond] & wor%ip 7 ! preval5t features2 9 ! second1 !re 0 ! ne$ ( apply+ ! obs]vation ( cele/ial ph5om5a 9 two directions1 "o ! direction ( utility--su* z ! =mation ( a cal5d> & ! f\ndation ( ye>s & mon?s2 & ! o!r ! a/rological direction4 ,suppli$ z we mod]ns are ) ! results ( a/ronomical obs]vation 9 ! %ape ( almanacs1 pocket-books1 & ! l1 x is always difficult1 & = mo/ p q impossible1 to put ourselves 9 ! place & realise ! conditions ( a race em]g+ into civilisation1 & hav+ to face ! ne$s ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 a community :i*1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 mu/ h be5 agricultural4 ,^? w\ld be/ succe$ :o be/ knew :5 to pl[ & s[1 & reap & m[2 & ! only means ( k 0 at fir/ ! obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x 0 ?is1 & n ! accid5t ( ! possession ( an ext5d$ pla91 :i* drove e>ly man to be a/ronomically m9d$4 ,! wor%ip /age w\ld1 ( c\rse1 cont9ue1 & ! prie/s w\ld see to its be+ prop]ly develop$2 & ! a/rological direction ( ?\ght1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 w\ld gradually be connect$ ) x1 probably 9 ! int]e/ ( a class nei!r prie/ly nor agricultural4 ,only m rec5tly--n at all1 app>5tly1 9 ! e>ly /age--7 any obs]vations made ( any cele/ial object = ! m]e purpose ( gett+ k4 ,we "k f ! rec5t discov]ies ( ,/rassmai] & ,epp+ t ?is /age 0 rea*$ at ,babylon at lea/ #cjj ye>s ,b4,c41 at :i* "t regul> calculations 7 made ( ! future positions ( moon & planets1 & ( su* extreme accuracy t !y c\ld h be5 at once utilis$ = practical purposes4 ,x looks z if r\gh det]m9ations ( /> places 7 made at ab\t ! same "t 9 ,egypt & ,babylonia4 ,?is ab/ract inquiry is n[ practically ! only s\rce ( int]e/ 9 a/ronomy to u2 we no long] wor%ip ! sun2 we no long] believe 9 a/rology2 we h our cal5d>2 b we mu/ h a ,nautical ,almanac calculat$ ye>s be=eh&1 & "s ( u l to "k a little ab\t ! univ]se :i* surr\nds u4 ,x is v curi\s & int]e/+ to "k t ! fir/ /age1 ! /age ( wor%ip1 is practically miss+ 9 ! ,*9ese annals2 ! v e>lie/ ,*9ese obs]vations %[ u ! ,*9ese1 a ?or\ghly practical p1 try+ to get z mu* out ( ! />s z !y c\ld = _! t]re/rial purposes4 ,9 ,babylonia x is a v rem>kable ?+ t f ! beg9n+ ( ?+s--s f> z we c judge f ! records--! sign = ,god 0 a />4 ,we f9d ! same idea 9 ,egypt3 9 "s ( ! hi]oglyphic texts ?ree />s repres5t$ ! plural gods4 ,i h already rem>k$ t ! ideas ( ! e>ly ,indian civilisation1 cry/allis$ 9 _! sacr$ books call$ ,v$as1 7 kn[n to u long be=e ei!r ! ,egyptian or ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian records _h be5 deciph]$4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 is n[ kn[n to %[ t we may take ! ,v$as to br+ be=e u ! remnants ( ! fir/ ideas :i* dawn$ ^u ! m9ds ( ! e>lie/ dwell]s 9 ,we/]n ,asia--t is1 ! t]ritory compris$ betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,caucasus1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 ! ,indus1 & ! wat]s :i* b\nd ! s\!rn coa/s--say1 z f> z ,cape ,comor94 ,( ^! populations1 ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians may be reckon$ z ! fir/4 ,accord+ to ,l5ormant--& he is foll[$ by all ! be/ s*ol>s--?is region 0 invad$ 9 ! e>lie/ times by peoples com+ f ! /eppes ( ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,bit by bit !y spread to ! we/ & ea/4 ,!re are /range v>iants 9 ! ideas ( ! ,*aldans already recov]$ f ! inscriptions & ^? pres]v$ 9 ! ,v$as4 ,nev]!less1 we f9d a sun-god#b & ! foll[+ hymn3-- ,oh ,sun1 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd heav5 ?\ %9e/4 ,?\ op5e/ ! locks :i* close ! high heav5s4 ,?\ op5e/ ! door ( heav54 ,oh ,sun1 t[>ds ! surface ( ! e>? ?\ turne/ ?y face4 ,oh ,sun1 ?\ spreade/ above ! surface1 l a mantle1 ! spl5d\r ( heav54 ,let u consid] = a mom5t :at 7 ! fir/ conditions "u :i* ! />s & ! sun w\ld be obs]v$4 ,!re 0 no k1 b we c v well und]/& t !re 0 mu* awe1 & fe>1 & wond]4 ,man !n possess$ no in/rum5ts1 & ! eyes & ! m9ds ( ! e>ly obs]v]s 7 absolutely untra9$4 ,fur!r1 night to !m seem$ almo/ dea?--no man c\ld "w2 = !m !re 0 no electric light1 to say no?+ ( c&les2 s t 9 ! abs5ce ( ! moon ! night reign$ l dea? ov] e l&4 ,!re is no necessity = u to g f> into ?is matt] by try+ to put ourselves into ! places ( ^! e>ly peoples2 we h only to look at ! records3 !y speak v cle>ly = !mselves4 ,b ! ,v$as speak fully1 :ile z yet in=mation on ?is special po9t is relatively sp>se f ! o!r regions4 ,x is wise1 !re=e1 to beg9 ) ,india1 :5ce ! fir/ complete revelations ( ?is k9d came4 ,max ,mll] & o!rs dur+ rec5t ye>s h br\ght be=e u an imm5se am\nt ( mo/ int]e/+ in=mation1 ( ! highe/ importance = our pres5t subject4 ,!y tell u t #a1ejj ye>s ,b4,c4 !re 0 a ritual1 a set ( hymns call$ ! ,v$a 7,v$a mean+ k74 ,^! hymns 7 writt5 9 ,sanskrit1 :i* a few ye>s ago 0 almo/ an unkn[n language3 we "k n[ t x turns out to be ! ne>e/ relation to our ,engli% tongue4 ,! ?\ghts & feel+s express$ 9 ^! e>ly hymns conta9 ! fir/ roots & g]ms ( t intellectual gr[? :i* connects our own g5]ation ) ! ance/ors ( ! ,aryan races--^? v p :o1 z we n[ le>n f ! ,v$as1 at ! ris+ & ! sett+ ( ! sun1 li/5$ ) trembl+ he>ts to ! sacr$ songs *ant$ by _! prie/s4 ,! ,v$a1 9 fact1 is ! olde/ book 9 :i* we c /udy ! fir/ beg9n+s ( our language & ( ev]y?+ :i* is embodi$ 9 all ! languages "u ! sun4 ,! olde/1 mo/ primitive1 mo/ simple =m ( ,aryan ,nature-wor%ip f9ds expression 9 ?is wond]ful hymnal1 :i* d\btless br+s be=e u ! rituals ( ! anci5t ,aryan populations1 repres5t$ also by ! ,m$es & ,p]sians4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r bran*1 repres5t$ by ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 z oppos$ to ! ,v$as1 among :i* !re 0 a m or less consci\s opposition to ! gods ( ,nature1 to :i* we are ab\t to ref]1 & a /riv+ aft] a m spiritual deity1 proclaim$ by ,zoroa/] "u ! "n ( ,ahura-,mazda1 or ,ormuzd4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! rituals side by side 9 "t t5ds to ?r[ back ! orig9 ( ! ,nature-wor%ip ( bo?4 ,n[1 :at d we f9d8 ,9 ! ,v$a ! gods are call$ ,devas1 a ^w :i* means bright2 brightness or light be+ "o ( ! mo/ g5]al attributes %>$ by ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ! deity4 ,:at 7 ! deities8 ,! sun1 ! sky1 ! dawn1 fire1 & /orm4 ,x is cle>1 9 fact1 f ! ,v$as t sunrise 01 to ^? f :om ! ritual _h be5 d]iv$1 ! great revelation ( ,nature1 & 9 "t1 9 ! m9ds ( ! poets ( ! ,v$a1 deva1 f mean+ bright1 gradually came to mean div9e4 ,sunrise x 0 t inspir$ ! fir/ pray]s ( our race1 & call$ =? ! fir/ sacrificial flames4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is an extract f "o ( ! ,v$as4 ,w ! sun rise aga98 ,w our old fri5d ! ,dawn come back aga98 ,w ! p[] ( ,d>kness be conqu]$ by ! ,god ( ,light8 ,^! ?ree que/ions 9 "o hymn w %[ :at a que/ionable /age 9 man's hi/ory is ?us br\ght be=e u1 & h[ ! anti!sis betwe5 night & day 0 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to /rike mank9d4 ,we f9d v _m names = ,sun-gods-- ,mitra1 ,indra 7! day br\ght by ! sun71 ,srya1 ,vasi%?a1 ,aru%a 7bright or r$72 & = ! ,dawn-gods-- ,u%as1 ,dyaus1 ,dyotan1 ,ahan1 ,urvas4 ,we h only to consid] h[ trem5d\sly important mu/ h be5 ! com+ ( ! sun 9 ! morn+1 br++ ev]y?+ ) x2 & ! dy+ away ( ! sun 9 ! ev5+1 foll[$ at once by semi-tropical quick d>kness1 to cease to wond] at su* wor%ip z ?is4 ,"h is an extract f "o hymn to ! ,dawn 7,u%as73-- 7#a7 ,%e %9es ^u u l a "y wife1 r\s+ e liv+ be+ to g to 8 "w2 :5 ! fire _h to be k9dl$ by m5 %e made ! light by /rik+ d[n d>kness4 7#b7 ,%e rose up spread+ f> & wide1 & mov+ ev]y:]e1 %e grew 9 brightness1 we>+ h] brilliant g>m5t ! "m ( ! c[s 7! morn+s71 ! lead] ( ! days1 %e %one gold-col\r$1 lovely to behold4 7#c7 ,%e1 ! =tunate1 :o br+s ! eye ( ! gods1 :o leads ! :ite & lovely /e$ 7( ! sun71 ! ,dawn1 0 se5 reveal$ by h] rays1 ) brilliant treasures1 foll[+ ev]yone4 7#d7 ,?\ art a bless+ :5 ?\ art ne>4444 ,raise up weal? to ! wor%ipp]1 ?\ mighty ,dawn4 7#e7 ,%9e = u ) ?y be/ rays1 ?\ bright ,dawn4444 7#f7 ,?\ daught] ( ! sky1 ?\ high-born ,dawn4444 ,9 addition to ! ,sun & ! ,dawn1 :i* turn out to be ! two great deities 9 ! e>ly ,indian ,pan!on1 o!r gods are to be met )1 su* z ,pri?iv1 ! ,e>? on :i* we dwell2 ,v>una1 ! ,sky2 ,ap1 ! ,wat]s2 ,agni1 ! ,fire2 & ,m>uts1 ! ,/orm-gods4 ,( ^!1 ,v>una is especially int]e/+ to u4 ,we read3-- ,v>una /emm$ asund] ! wide firmam5t2 he lift$ up on high ! bright & glori\s heav52 he /ret*$ ap>t ! />ry sky & ! e>?4 ,aga9-- ,?is e>?1 too1 belongs to ,v>una1 ! k+1 & ?is wide sky ) its ends f> ap>t4 ,! two seas 7! sky & ! ocean7 are ,v>una's lo9s4 ,f9ally1 ! result ( all ?is a/ral wor%ip 0 to give an idea ( ! connection betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun & ! heav5s1 :i* are illu/rat$ 9 lat] ,indian pictures1 br++ be=e u mod]nis$ & mu* m concrete views ( ^! e>ly notions1 ultimately trans=m$ into ?is piece ( poetic ?\ght1 t ! e>? 0 a %ell support$ by elephants 7:i* repres5t /r5g?71 ! elephants be+ support$ on a tortoise 7:i* repres5ts inf9ite sl[ness74 ,?is poetical view subsequ5tly gave way to "o less poetical--namely1 t ! e>? 0 support$ by pill>s2 on :at ! pill>s re/$ is n /at$1 & x does n matt]4 ,we mu/ n consid] ?is z ridicul\s1 & p>donable m]ely because x is s e>ly 9 po9t ( "t2 because1 com+ to ! "t ( ,greek civilisation1 ,anaxim&] told u t ! e>? 0 cyl9drical 9 %ape1 & e place t 0 !n kn[n 0 situat$ on ! flat end ( ! cyl9d]2 & ,plato1 on ! gr\nd t ! cube 0 ! mo/ p]fect geometrical figure1 imag9$ ! e>? to be a cube1 ! "p ( ! e>? kn[n to ! ,greeks be+ on ! upp] surface4 ,9 ^! matt]s1 inde$1 ! vaunt$ ,greek m9d 0 little 9 advance ( ! pr$ecessors ( ! ,v$ic prie/s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,glimpses ,,( ,,egyptian ,,a/ronomy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rosetta ,,/one4 7,9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,9 ! g5]al survey1 :i* occupi$ ! prec$+ *apt]1 ( ! records left by ! mo/ anci5t peoples1 x 0 %[n t ,egypt1 if we consid] h] monum5ts1 came fir/ 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,i h next to %[ t 9 ! e>lie/ monum5ts we h evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce & utilisation ( a/ronomical k4 ,x is impossible to approa* su* a subject z ! a/ronomy ( ! anci5t ,egyptians )\t be+ /ruck ) surprise t any k is available to help u 9 our inquiries4 ,a c5tury ago1 ! man to :om we owe m ?an to all o!rs 9 ?is matt]2 ! man :o read ! riddle ( ^? /range hi]oglyphs1 :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 buri$ 9 oblivion = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s1 7 !n aga9 occupy+ ! le>n$1 0 n yet born4 ,i ref] to ,*ampollion1 :o 0 born 9 #agij & di$ 9 ! prime ( 8 manhood & 9 ! mid/ ( 8 "w1 9 #ahcb4 ,aga91 a c5tury ago ! ,fr5* sci5tific exp$ition1 plann$ by ! great ,napoleon1 :i* collect$ = ! use ( all ! _w facts ( importance connect$ ) ! sites1 ! build+s1 ! inscriptions1 & ev]y?+ :i* c\ld be got at relat+ to ! life & language ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 _h n ev5 be5 ?\ght (2 inde$1 x only comm5c$ its lab\rs 9 #agih1 & ! intellectual _w w = ev] be a debtor to ! man :o plann$ x4 ,i "k ( no m /rik+ pro( ( ! wit ( man ?an ! gradual unravell+ ( ! /range hi]oglyphic signs 9 :i* ! le>n+ ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 0 en%r9$2 & !re are few ?+s m rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific inve/igation ?an ! way 9 :i* a lit]ature has be5 already br\ght toge!r :i* is appall+ 9 its ext5t2 & yet x may well be t1 va/ z ?is lit]ature is at pres5t1 x is b ! vangu>d ( a mu* m /up5d\s "o to foll[2 = we are deal+ ) a nation :i* we n[ "k exi/$ completely equipp$ 9 _m ways at lea/ sev5 ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x =ms no "p ( ! pres5t "w to give an acc\nt ( ! unravell+ to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 "o :i* f9ds a c\nt]p>t 9 ! results a*iev$ by ! spectroscope 9 ano!r sci5tific field4 ,b a brief ref]5ce to "o ( ! mo/ brilliant a*ievem5ts ( ! c5tury may be p]mitt$1 & ! m z x w indicate ! importance ( "o ( ! mo/ valu$ treasures 9 our national collections4 ,i ref] to ! ,rosetta ,/one 9 ! ,egyptian ,gall]y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x 0 ! f9d+ ( ?is /one 9 #agii by ,b\ss>d1 a capta9 ( ,fr5* artill]y at ,rosetta1 :i* n only %[$ ! baselessness ( ! sy/ems ( sugge/$ int]pretations ( ! hi]oglyphics :i* _h be5 9 vogue f ! "t ( ,kir*] d[nw>ds1 b by its bil+ual record 9 hi]oglyphic1 demotic & ,greek *>act]s1 pav$ ! way = m5 ( g5ius l ,?omas ,"y 7#ahad7 & ,*ampollion 7#ahbb74 ,! latt] mu/ be ackn[l$g$ z ! real f\nd] ( ! sy/em ( int]pretation :i* has held its own aga9/ all opposition1 & has op5$ ! way to inquiries into ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ undreamt ( :5 ! c5tury 0 "y4 ,*ateaubri& nobly said ( him1 ,ses admirables travaux auront la dure des monum5ts qu'il n\s a fait connatre4 ,! g]m ( ,*ampollion's discov]y consi/$ 9 ! br++ toge!r ( two sets ( *>act]s enclos$ 9 c>t\*es4 ,"o ( !m is 9 ! ,rosetta inscription itself2 ! o!r1 on ! pl9? ( an obelisk 9 ! isl& ( ,phil4 ,! "n ( ,cleopatra 0 associat$ ) ! "o inscription1 & t ( ,ptolemy ) ! o!r4 ,x 0 cle> t if ! two names1 writt5 ,hi]oglyphs & ,hi]oglyphs1 7 really ,ptolemaios & ,cleopatra1 !y mu/ include sev]al id5tical signs or lett]s2 9 ,ptolemaios ! quadrangul> figure ,hi]oglyphs1 be+ ! fir/1 mu/ /& = ,p1 & ?is 9 ,cleopatra 0 f\nd to occur 9 ! "r place1 /&+ fif? 9 ord]4 ,! ?ird sign ,hi]oglyphs 9 ,ptolemaios mu/ be an o1 & ! f\r? ,hi]oglyphs an l4 ,n[ ! lion = l occurs second 9 ,cleopatra1 & ! knott$ cord = o f\r?4 ,9 ?is way1 proce$+ by comp>ison ) o!r names1 t ( ,alex&]1 or ,alksantrs1 0 next discov]$1 ,hi]oglyphs & by degrees ! :ole ,egyptian alphabet 0 recov]$4 ,:at _h come d[n ! /ream ( ages & 7 univ]sally recognis$ z unsurpass$ memorials ( a my/]i\s pa/ 7 ! fam\s pyramids1 successively describ$ by ,h]odotus1 ,diodorus & ,pl9y among classical1 & ,abd el-,latf among ,arabian1 *ronicl]s4 ,al?\gh ! rifl+ ( ! mo/ important ( ^! /ructures = ! purpose ( f9d+ treasure dates at lea/ z f> back z #hbj ,a4,d41 ! ,khalf ,el-,mamun be+ ! de/roy]1 ! sci5tific /udy ( _! mode & objects ( con/ruction is a "w ( q mod]n times1 & may be said to h be5 inaugurat$ by ,colonel ,h[>d ,vyse 9 #ahci4 ,mu* t has be5 writt5 has be5 wild & nons5sical1 b f ! exact descriptions & measures n[ available1 x is impossible to d\bt t ^! /ructures 7 erect$ by a p possess+ mu* a/ronomical k4 ,! exact ori5tation ( ! l>g] pyramids 9 ! pyramid-field ( ,gzeh has be5 completely e/abli%$1 & x is n impossible t "s ( ! my/]i\s passages to be f\nd 9 ! pyramid ( ,*eops may h _h an a/ronomical use4 ,let u1 to cont9ue ! subject-matt] ( ! pres5t *apt]1 come to ! ye> #ahbj4 ,x 0 ab\t !n t 7 ga!r$ "s ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! inve/igations c>ri$ on by ! ,commission to :i* ,i h ref]r$2 t "s translations ( ! inscriptions _h be5 attempt$1 & t1 "s ( ! new results 7 discuss$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 :ile at ! same "t !y a/\nd$ & delight$ ! outside _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,temple ,,( ,,edf1 ,,look+ ,,ea/3 ,,%[+ ,,pylon ,,& ,,out] ,,c\rt4 ,f ! po9t ( view :i* n[ conc]ns u1 x may be said t ! new discov]ies might be arrang$ into ?ree diff]5t gr\ps4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! l& _h be5 f\nd full ( temples1 va/ & maje/ic beyond imag9ation2 among ^! ! temples at ,k>nak 7 supreme1 b !re 7 o!rs on a p> ) !m 9 po9ts ( ar*itectural detail4 ,b besides ^!1 !n z n[1 above gr\nd & invit+ inspection1 !re 7 _m o!rs :i* 7 !n--z und\bt$ly _m are /ill--m or less buri$ 9 ! s&2 "s ( ^! h s9ce be5 une>!d to reveal ! /rik+ features ( _! /ructure4 ,i %all %[ subsequ5tly t1 on ! evid5ce ( ! anci5t ,egyptians !mselves1 ^! temples 7 con/ruct$ 9 /rict relation to />s2 !y1 !n1 l ! pyramids1 mu/ be tak5 z indicat+ a/ronomical k4 ,if we deal ) ! g5]al ext]nal appe>ance ( ! temples1 !y may be arrang$ ar*itecturally into two ma9 gr\ps4 ,edf is ! mo/ p]fect example ( ! fir/ gr\p1 *>act]is$ by hav+ a pylon consi/+ ( two massive /ructures "r & left ( ! entrance1 :i* are some:at l ! two t[]s t "o sometimes sees on ! we/ front ( our ,engli% ca!drals4 ,9 ,d5d]ah we h an example ( ! second gr\p1 9 :i* ! massive pylon is omitt$4 ,9 ^! ! front is entirely *ang$2 in/ead ( ! pylon we h n[ an op5 front to ! temple ) columns--! ,greek =m ( temple is approa*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,c\rt ,,( ,,heav51 ,,at ,,! ,,entrance ,,to ,,! ,,ha?or ,,temple ,,at ,,d5d]ah4 ,associat$ ) _m ( ! temples1 frequ5tly b n univ]sally 9 close proximity to ! propylon1 7 obelisks1 (t5 ( gigantic proportions1 exce$+ "o hundr$ feet 9 height & _m hundr$s ( tons 9 weight1 :i* x has s9ce be5 discov]$ 7 hewn out ( ! sy5ite qu>ry at ,aswn1 & float$ d[n ! riv] to ! v>i\s places :]e !y 7 to be erect$4 ,x is n necess>y to g to ,egypt to see ^! wond]ful monoli?s1 = !y h be5 c>ri$ away f _! orig9al temple sites at ,!bes & ,heliopolis to adorn m mod]n cities 9 ! ,we/]n _w4 ,london1 ,p>is1 ,rome1 & ,con/ant9ople are ?us embelli%$4 ,x is obvi\s to anyone acqua9t$ ) a/ronomical hi/ory & me?ods1 t "s ( ^! /ructures1 at all ev5ts1 may h s]v$ z gnomons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,temple ,,gate ,,) ,,propylon ,,& ,,obelisks4 ,sometimes ^! temples1 in/ead ( be+ entirely con/ruct$ ( /one on a level surface1 7 ei!r entirely or p>tly rock-hewn4 ,( ! =m] class1 ! temple ( ,abu ,simbel is ! mo/ /rik+ example2 ( ! latt]1 ! temple ( ,dr el-,bah>i at ,!bes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ha?or ,,temple ,,( ,d,r ,,el-,,bah>i4 7,z re/or$ by ,m4 ,brune47 ,! second revelation 0 t ! walls ( ^! temples1 & ( _m fun]eal build+s1 71 = ! mo/ "p1 cov]$ ) inscriptions 9 ! language :i* 0 !n b gradually em]g+ f ! unkn[n1 its v alphabet & syllab>y be+ /ill incomplete4 ,h5ce !re 0 n only a great weal? ( temple build+s1 b a /ill m wond]ful weal? ( temple inscriptions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c5tral ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,circul> ,,zodiac ,,( ,,d5d]ah4 ,!re 0 ev5 m ?an ?is1 & some?+ m g]mane to our pres5t purpose4 ,9 sev]al temples :i* 7 exam9$1 zodiacs--und\bt$ zodiacs1 repres5t+ a ?ird gr\p ( f9ds--7 discov]$2 ^!1 also1 7 accompani$ by inscriptions ( an obvi\sly a/ronomical nature4 ,at ! fir/ blu%1 !n1 x seem$ to be p]fectly c]ta9 t we _h to deal ) a p ( an a/ronomical turn ( m9d2 & "h 0 ! opportunity = ! a/ronom]1 :i* inde$ ! ,fr5* a/ronom]s did n fail to make use (4 ,:]e ! philologi/ 0 = ! mom5t dumb1 x seem$ z if ! a/ronom] c\ld be ( use1 giv+ explanations1 fix+ probable dates on ! "o h&2 :ile1 on ! o!r1 he w\ld c]ta9ly be ga9+ a fre% insight into1 & possibly fill+ a trem5d\s gap 91 ! hi/ory ( 8 sci5ce4 ,! figure on ! prec$+ page gives an idea ( ! me?od ( pres5tation g5]ally employ$ 9 ^! zodiacs4 ,i %all %[ 9 ! sequel--= ,i %all h to deal ) ?is "p ( my subject at full l5g? 9 a subsequ5t *apt]--t _m ( ! animal =ms repres5t at once my?ological p]sonages & actual con/ellations4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,egyptian ,,pan!on4 ,x w be abundantly cle> f ! /atem5ts made 9 ! =ego+ *apt] t1 z ,i h said1 ! ma9 s\rce ( in=mation t\*+ ?+s ,egyptian consi/s no long] 9 writ+s l ! ,v$as1 b 9 ! inscriptions on ! monum5ts1 & ! monum5ts !mselves4 ,x is true t1 9 addition to ! monum5ts1 we h ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 & c]ta9 records f\nd 9 tombs2 b1 9 ! ma91 ! s\rce ( in=mation :i* has be5 mo/ l>gely drawn ^u consi/s 9 ! monum5ts !mselves--! zodiacs be+ includ$ 9 t t]m4 ,x has be5 impossible1 up to ! pres5t "t1 to fix ) great accuracy ! exact date ( ! e>lie/ monum5ts4 ,?is %\ld n surprise u4 ,we mu/ all feel t x is n a "q ( kn[+ s little--x is a "q ( kn[+ any?+ at all4 ,:5 "o consid]s t at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury n a sign on any ( ^! monum5ts 0 und]/ood1 & t n[ ! wond]ful g5ius ( a small numb] ( /ud5ts has enabl$ ,egyptologi/s to read ! inscriptions ) almo/ z mu* ease & c]ta9ty z we read our morn+ pap]s3 ?is is :at is surpris+1 & n ! fact t we z yet "k s little1 & 9 _m cases lack c]ta9ty4 ,b we already "k t probably "s ( ^! monum5ts are ne>ly #f1jjj ye>s old4 ,?is has be5 det]m9$ by ! conv]g5ce ( _m l9es ( evid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tablet ,,( ,,k+s ,,at ,,abydos4 ,"o ( ! _m po9ts already pr(\ndly inve/igat$ by ,egyptologi/s has be5 ! *ronology ( ! k+s ( ,egypt f _! fir/ mon>*1 :om all /ud5ts recognise z ,m5a or ,m5es4 ,all ^! inquir]s h come to ! def9ite conclusion t !re 0 a ,k+ ,m5a1 & t he reign$ a long "t ago2 b ) all _! skill ! f9al result is t !y _c agree to ! date ( ?is k+ )9 a ?\s& ye>s2 "o reason among _m o!rs be+ t 9 ^! e>ly days a/ronomy 0 a sci5ce /ill to be cultivat$1 & !re=e ! e>ly ,egyptians _h n a p]fect mode ( record+2 p]haps ev5 !y _h no idea ( a hundr$ ye>s z we h4 ,we are told t all _! reckon+s 7 ! reckon+s ( ! reigns ( k+s4 ,?is is difficult to believe1 & ! /atem5t may be a measure ( our ignorance ( _! me?od ( record4 ,we n[1 =tunately = u1 h a cal5d> :i* enables u to deal ) l>ge int]vals ( "t1 b /ill we sometimes reckon1 9 ,egyptian fa%ion1 by ! reigns ( k+s 9 our ,acts ( ,p>liam5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ,egypt be+ !n a c\ntry liable to deva/at+ w>s1 & to ! tempor>y supremacy ( diff]5t k+ly tribes1 x has be5 v difficult to dis5tangle ! v>i\s li/s ( k+s s z to obta9 "o *ronological l9e1 = ! reasons t sometimes !re 7 diff]5t k+s reign+ at ! same "t 9 diff]5t regions4 ,! late/ date = ,k+ ,m5a is1 accord+ to ,buns51 #cfjj ye>s ,b4,c42 ! e>lie/ date1 assign$ by ,boeckh1 #egjb ye>s ,b4,c42 ,ung]1 ,brugs*1 & ,lepsius give1 respectively1 #efac1 #ddee1 #chib4 ,= our purpose we w call ! date #djjj ,b4,c4--t is #f1jjj ye>s ago--& = ! pres5t consid] ?is z ! />t-po9t = ! long s]ies ( rema9s ( v>i\s ord]s to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 & f :i* alone in=mation c be obta9$4 ,we come n[ to deal ) ! ideas ( ! e>ly inhabitants ( ! ,nile valley4 ,we f9d t 9 ,egypt we are 9 pres5ce absolutely ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun & ( ! accompany+ ,dawn4 ,:atev] be ! date ( ! ,indian ideas to :i* we h ref]r$1 we f9d !m 9 ,egypt 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians1 :e!r !y 7 sep>ate f1 or m or less alli$ 9 _! orig9 to1 ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,india1 _h exactly ! same view ( ,nature-wor%ip1 & we f9d 9 _! hymns & ! li/s ( _! gods t ! ,dawn & ! ,sunrise 7 ! great revelations ( ,nature1 & ! ?+s :i* 7 mo/ important to man2 & !re=e ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! ,sunrise & ! ,dawn 0 wor%ipp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>pocrates4 ,r5\f1 "o ( ! late/ writ]s on ^! subjects1 says3#c ,i fe> ,egyptologi/s w soon be accus$1 l o!r p]sons1 ( see+ ! dawn ev]y:]e1 & he quotes ) approbation ?is passage f ,max ,mll] relat+ to ! ,v$a3-- ,i look ^u ! sunrise & sunset1 on ! daily return ( day & night1 on ! battle betwe5 light & d>kness1 on ! :ole sol> drama 9 all its details1 t is act$ e day1 e mon?1 e ye>1 9 heav5 & 9 e>?1 z ! pr9cipal subject4 ,b we mu/ n[ g some:at fur!r into detail4 ,! v>i\s app>5t movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* are produc$ by ! rotation & ! revolution ( ! e>?1 & ! effects ( precession1 7 famili> to ! ,egyptians1 h[ev] ignorant !y may h be5 ( _! causes2 !y c>efully /udi$ :at !y saw1 & attempt$ to put _! k toge!r 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t fa%ion1 associat+ x ) _! /range imag9+s & _! sy/em ( wor%ip4 ,deal+ ) ! e>?'s rotation1 h[ did ! ,egyptians picture x8 ,h[ 0 ?is int]action1 s to speak1 betwe5 ! e>? & ! sky my?ologically repres5t$8 ,!y naturally w\ld be famili> ) ! ph5om5a ( dawn & sunset1 m famili> c]ta9ly ) ! ph5om5on ( dawn ?an we are1 because !y _h a climate mu* bett] suit$ = its /udy ?an ours4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! wond]ful sc5es :i* !y saw e morn+ & ev5+ 7 ! fir/ ?+s :i* impress$ !m1 & !y came to consid] ! e>? z a god1 surr\nd$ by ! sky--ano!r god4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ra4 ,,m9-,r4 ,,am5-,r4 ,i h next to po9t out t1 ! sun be+ v g5]ally wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt1 !re 7 v>i\s =ms ( ! sun-god1 dep5d+ ^u ! positions occupi$ 9 its daily c\rse4 ,we h ! =m ( ,h>pocrates at its ris+1 ! *ild sun-god be+ g5]ally repres5t$ by ! figure ( a hawk4 ,:5 9 human =m1 we notice ! pres5ce ( a side lock ( hair4 ,! god ,r symbolises1 x is said1 ! sun 9 8 noontide /r5g?2 :ile = ! "t ( sunset we h v>i\s names1 *iefly ,osiris1 ,tum1 or ,atmu1 ! dy+ sun repres5t$ by a mummy & typify+ old age4 ,! h\rs ( ! day 7 also p]sonifi$1 ! twelve *anges dur+ ! twelve h\rs be+ my?ically connect$ ) ! sun's daily movem5t across ! sky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sebak-,r4 ,,*nemu-,r4 ,we (t5 f9d ,r comp\nd$ ) o!r names1 & 9 ^! =ms ( ! god we possibly get ref]5ces to ! sun at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,am5-,r1 ,sebak-,r1 & ,*nemu-,r are cases 9 po9t4 ,! =m] und\bt$ly ref]s to ! sun at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,m9-,r is an i?yphallic =m4 ,! names giv5 by ! ,egyptians to ! sun !n may be summ>is$ z foll[s3-- ,hor1 or ,horus1 or ,h>pocrates1 & ,*ep]a 7morn+ sun74 ,r 7noon74 ,tum or ,atmu 7ev5+ sun74 ,osiris 7sun :5 set74 ,illu/ration3 ,,anubis1 ,,or ,,set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anubis-,,osiris4 ,i h n space to quote ! _m hymns to ! ,sun-gods :i* h be5 recov]$ f ! inscriptions1 b ! foll[+ extracts w %[ t ! wor%ip 0 9 ! ma9 at sunrise or sunset--9 o!r words1 t ! horizon 0 9 "q3-- ,?\ disk ( ! ,sun1 ?\ liv+ ,god6 ,!re is none o!r beside !e4 ,?\ give/ heal? to ! eyes ?r\gh ?y beams1 ,creator ( all be+s4 ,?\ goe/ up on ! ea/]n horizon ( ! heav5 to disp5se life to all :i* ?\ ha/ creat$--to man1 f\r-foot$ bea/s1 birds1 & all mann] ( creep+ ?+s on ! e>? :]e !y live4 ,?us !y behold !e1 & !y g to sleep :5 ?\ sette/4 ,hymn to ,tmu-- ,come to me1 ,o ?\ ,sun1 ,horus ( ! horizon1 give me help4 ,hymn to ,horus-- ,o ,horus ( ! horizon1 !re is none o!r beside !e1 ,protector ( millions1 deliv]] ( t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,hymn to ,r-,tmu-,horus-- ,hail to !e ( ! d\ble horizon1 ! "o god liv+ by ,mat4444 ,i am ! mak] ( heav5 & ( ! my/]ies ( ! tw(old horizon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,osiris 7,,z ,a ,,mummy74 ,hymn to ,osiris-- ,o ,osiris6 ,?\ art ! y\? at ! horizon ( heav5 daily1 & ?9e old age at ! beg9n+ ( all seasons4444 ,! ev]-mov+ />s are "u ob$i5ce to him1 & s are ! />s :i* set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,osiris ,,seat$4 ,hymn to ,r-- ,o ,r6 9 ?9e egg1 radiant 9 ?y disk1 %9+ =? f ! horizon1 swimm+ ov] ! /eel 787 firmam5t4 ,tmu & ,horus ( ! horizon pay homage to !e 7,am5-,r7 9 all _! words4 ,s f> we h dealt ) ! p[]s ( sunlight2 b ! anci5t ,egyptians1 l ourselves1 7 famili> ) ! p[]s ( d>kness or ( ! und]world4 ,! *ief god anti!tical to ! sun 0 v>i\sly nam$--,sit1 ,set1 ,sut1 ,anubis1 ,typhon1 ,bes2 & a ho/ ( o!r names 0 giv5 to him4 ,z ,i %all %[1 ! idea ( d>kness 0 associat$ ) ! exi/5ce ( ^? />s :i* nev] set1 s t ev5 "h ! symbolism 0 a/ronomical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,bes--,,z ,,w>rior1 ,,musician1 ,,& ,,buffoon4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! repres5tations ( ,bes & ( ! o!r =ms sugge/s t ! =m] 0 import$4 ,9 ! =m ( ,typhon ! goddess ,taurt is repres5t$ z a hippopotamus1 :ile = ,anubis ! emblem is a jackal4 ,9 all illu/rations ( fun]al c]emonies ! above-m5tion$ figure l>gely4 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead we f9d t 9 ! repres5tations ( ! judgm5t ( ! dead1 besides ,osiris we h ,anubis1 bo? responsible = ! weigh+ ( ! s\l4 ,) ! moon we f9d two gods connect$--,?o?lunus & ,khons-lunus--?\gh ! connection is n a v obvi\s "o4 ,?o? is also associat$ ) ! ,egyptian ye>1 & is v>i\sly repres5t$2 all =ms1 h[ev]1 are bas$ ^u ! ibis4 ,= ! />s g5]ally we f9d a special goddess1 ,se%eta4 ,illu/ration3 ,,khons-,,lunus4 ,,?o?-,,lunus4 ,,! ,,goddess ,,se%eta4 ,?o? z ! sacr$ scribe & ,se%eta z ! />-goddess are (t5 repres5t$ toge!r engag$ 9 writ+4 ,associat$ ) ! ph5om5a ( morn+ & ev5+ we f9d ! foll[+ div9ities4 ,! attributes /at$ are ^? n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,?is is a subject :i* w occupy u 9 ! sequel4 ,isis repres5ts ! ,dawn & ! ,twilight2 %e prep>es ! way = ! ,sun-god4 ,! ris+ sun betwe5 ,isis & ,neph?ys morn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,weigh+ ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,by ,,horus ,,& ,,anubis ,,9 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,osiris4 ,neph?ys is ! ,dawn & ! ,twilight1 sometimes ,sunset4 ,%u is also ! ,dawn1 or sunlight1 ,tefnut repres5ts ! col\r$ rays at dawn4 ,%u & ,tefnut are ! eyes ( ,horus4 ,%u 0 also call$ ,ne%em1 :i* means gre5 felsp>1 9 consequ5ce ( ! gre5 col\r obs]v$ at dawn4 ,! gre5 t9t at dawn & sunset are repres5t$ fur!r by ! sycamore ( em]ald4 ,se*et is ano!r goddess ( ! ,dawn1 ! fi]y ,dawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?o? ,,& ,,se%eta ,,writ+ ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,rameses ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,fruit ,,( ,,! ,,p]sea4 7,relief f ! ,ramesseum at ,!bes47 ,! r$ col\rs at sunset 7 said to be caus$ by ! blood fl[+ f ! ,sun-god :5 he ha/5s to 8 suicide4 ,a leg5d describes ,isis z /an*+ ! blood fl[+ f ! w\nd inflict$ on ,horus by ,set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cleopatra ,,z ,,! ,,goddess ,,isis4 ,ha?or is1 accord+ to ,budge1 id5tifi$ ) ,nu or ,nu-t1 ! sky1 or place 9 :i* %e br\ght =? & suckl$ ,horus4 ,%e is ! female p[] ( ,nature1 & has "s ( ! attributes ( ,isis1 ,nu-t1 & ,mat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,isis 7,,seat$74 ,we next h to ga9 "s g5]al idea ( ! ,egyptian cosmogony--! relation ( ! sun & dawn to ! sky2 ?is is v diff]5t f ! ,indian view4 ,! ,sky is ,nu or ,nu-t1 repres5t$ z a female figure b5d+ ov] ,seb1 ! ,e>?1 ) h] feet on "o horizon & h] f+]-tips on ! o!r4 ,seb is repres5t$ by a recumb5t figure1 :ile ! sky1 repres5t$ by ! goddess ,nu-t1 is sep>at$ f ! e>? by ,%u1 ! god ( air or sunlight4 ,! daily j\rney ( ! sun is repres5t$ by a god 9 a boat trav]s+ ! sky f ea/ to we/4 ,! goddess ,nu-t is v>i\sly symbolis$4 ,sometimes !re is a l9e ( />s along h] back1 :i* cle>ly def9es h] nature1 b sometimes %e is repres5t$ by a figure 9 :i* ! b& ( />s is accompani$ by a b& ( wat]4 ,?is sugge/s ! ,jewi% idea ( ! firmam5t4 ,we read ( ! firmam5t 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s1 :i* divid$ ! wat]s f ! wat]s1 ! wat]s above be+ sep>at$ f ! wat]s bel[ ! firmam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ris+ ,,sun ,,horus ,,betwe5 ,,isis ,,& ,,neph?ys4 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 n v long be=e ! ,egyptians saw t ! pa?s ( ! sun & />s above ! horizon 7 extremely unequal3 9 ! case ( ! sun1 at diff]5t times ( ! ye>2 9 ! case ( ! />s1 dep5d+ ^u _! position ne> ! equator or ei!r pole4 ,9 ?is way1 p]haps1 we may expla9 a curi\s v>iant ( ! draw+ ( ! goddess ,nu-t1 9 :i* %e is repres5t$ d\ble1 a l>g] "o /ret*+ ov] a small] "o4 ,n only ! ,sun-gods1 b ! />s1 7 suppos$ to travel 9 boats across ! firmam5t f "o horizon to ! o!r4 ,! und]world 0 ! abode ( ! dead2 & daily ! sun1 & ! />s :i* set1 di$ on pass+ to ! regions ( ! we/1 or ,am5ti1 bel[ ! we/]n horizon1 to be born aga9 on ! ea/]n horizon on ! morr[4 ,9 ?is we h ! g]m ( ! ,egyptian idea ( immortality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,goddess ,,nu-,t4 ,among o!r gods :i* may be m5tion$ are ,*nemu1 ! ,m\ld]1 :o 0 ?\ght to possess "s ( ! attributes ( ,r2 & ,ptah1 ! ,op5]1 :o is at times repres5t$ ) ,isis & ,neph?ys1 & !n appe>s z a =m ( ,osiris4 ,we c n[ beg9 to glimpse ! ,egyptian my?ology4 ,seb1 ! ,e>?1 0 ! husb& ( ,nu-t1 ! ,sky2 & ! ,sun-& ,dawn-gods &-goddesses 7 _! *ildr51 z also 7 ,%u repres5t+ sunlight1 & ,tefnut repres5t+ ! flames ( dawn4 ,mat1 ! goddess ( law1 0 ! daught] ( ,r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,goddess ,,nu-,t ,,repres5t$ ,,d\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,%u4 ,we "k sev]al po9ts reg>d+ ,egyptian cu/oms indep5d5tly ( ! a/ronomical inscriptions1 prop]ly s-call$1 to :i* ,i h call$ att5tion4 ,we "k t !re 7 sacrifices at daybreak2 we "k t />s 7 wat*$ be=e sunrise1 & h]ald$ ! dawn2 we "k t ^! obs]vations 7 among ! *ief duties ( ! sacrificial prie/s1 & x is obvi\s t a k ( />-places1 z well z />-names1 mu/ h be5 imp]ative to ^! morn+ wat*]s1 :o ev5tually compil$ li/s ( decans--t is1 li/s ( belts ( />s ext5d+ r\nd ! heav5s1 ! ris+s ( :i* foll[$ ea* o!r by t5 days or s4 ,^! are ! exact equival5ts ( ! moon-/ations :i* ! ,indians1 ,arabians1 & o!r peoples inv5t$ = ! same purpose4 ,we also f9d1 m or less indet]m9ately f inscriptions 9 "s graves at ,!bes1 t ! daily ris+s ( ! *ief />s 7 obs]v$ v c>efully ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,un=tunately ! inscriptions 9 "q are v difficult inde$ to co-ord9ate4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s ef=ts made to connect !m ) c]ta9 />s1 b1 s f>1 ,i am afraid !y h resi/$ all ef=ts to get a complete /ory out ( !m1 ?\gh c]ta9 v important po9ts h be5 made out4 ,^! po9ts ,i %all consid] lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=ms ,,( ,,ptah1 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,memphis4 ,x is n too e>ly to po9t out "h t !re is evid5ce t ! ,egyptian pan!on1 z ,i h /at$ x1 _h n a simple orig94 ,!re are traditions t _m ( ! gods came f a region indet]m9ately describ$ z ! l& ( ,pun-t4 ,among ^! gods are ,*nemu1 ,am5-,r1 ,ha?or1 & ,bes4 ,on page #bh ,i h associat$ ,bes ) ,typhon1 foll[+ sev]al au?orities1 b if !y are "r x is v difficult to und]/& 8 rle4 ,x may also be add$ t ! temple-evid5ce supports ! view ( 8 =eign orig94#d ,:5 "o comes to consid] ! ,rig-,v$a & ! ,egyptian monum5ts f an a/ronomical po9t ( view1 "o is /ruck by ! fact t1 9 bo?1 ! e>ly wor%ip & all ! e>ly obs]vations relat$ to ! horizon4 ,?is 0 true n only ( ! sun1 ) :i* s f> we h exclusively dealt1 b x 0 equally true ( ! />s :i* /udd$ ! g5]al expanse ( sky4 ,9 ,egypt1 !n1 z 9 ,india1 ! pan!on 0 a/ronomical &1 to a v l>ge ext5t1 sol> 9 orig94 ,i %all h to %[ t ! rema9d]--ne>ly ! :ole ( x--_h its orig9 9 /ell> relations4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,two ,,horizons4 ,x is n only ( ! fir/ importance = our subject1 b ( great int]e/ 9 itself1 to /udy "s ( ! a/ronomical problems connect$ ) ?is horizon wor%ip1 :i* 9 ! previ\s *apt] we h f\nd to be common to ! e>ly peoples ( ,india & ,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>5t ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,,to ,,an ,,obs]v] ,,at ,,! ,,nor? ,,pole4 ,we mu/ be p]fectly cle> be=e we g fur!r :at ?is horizon really is1 & = ?is "s diagrams are necess>y4 ,! horizon ( any place is ! circle :i* b\nds our view ( ! e>?'s surface1 along :i* ! l& 7or sea7 & sky appe> to meet4 ,we h to consid] ! relation ( ! horizon ( any place to ! app>5t movem5ts ( cele/ial bodies at t place4 ,we "k1 by means ( ! demon/ration af=d$ by ,f\cault's p5dulum1 t ! e>? rotates on its axis1 b ?is idea 01 ( c\rse1 q =eign to ^! e>ly peoples4 ,s9ce ! e>? rotates ) />s1 inf9itely remov$1 surr\nd+ x on all sides1 ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! />s w dep5d v mu* ^u ! position we happ5 to occupy on ! e>?3 ?is c be made q cle> by a few diagrams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>5t ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,,to ,,an ,,obs]v] ,,at ,,! ,,equator4 ,an obs]v] at ! ,nor? ,pole ( ! e>?1 = in/ance1 w\ld see ! />s mov+ r\nd 9 circles p>allel to ! horizon4 ,no /> w\ld ei!r rise or set--"o half ( ! heav5s w\ld be always visible above 8 horizon1 & ! o!r half invisible2 :]eas an obs]v] at ! ,s\? ,pole w\ld see t half ( ! />s invisible to ! obs]v] at ! nor!rn "o1 because x 0 ! half bel[ ! ,n4 horizon4 ,if ! obs]v] be on ! equator1 ! movem5ts ( ! />s all appe> z indicat$ 9 ! above diagram--t is1 all ! />s w rise & set1 & ea* /> 9 turn w be half its "t above ! horizon1 & half its "t bel[ x4 ,b if we consid] ! position ( an obs]v] 9 middle latitude1 say 9 ,london1 we f9d t "s />s w always be above ! horizon1 "s always bel[--t is1 !y w nei!r rise nor set4 ,all o!r />s w bo? rise & set1 b "s ( !m w be above ! horizon = a long "t & bel[ = a %ort "t1 :]eas o!rs w be a v %ort "t above ! horizon & a long "t bel[ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,sph]e ,,view$ ,,f ,a ,,middle ,,latitude4 ,,an ,,oblique ,,sph]e4 ,at ,o we imag9e an obs]v] to be 9 latitude #de 7t is1 half-way betwe5 ! equator 9 latitude #j1 & ! ,nor? ,pole 9 latitude #ij71 h5ce ! ,nor? ,cele/ial ,pole w be half-way betwe5 ! z5i? & ! horizon2 & close to ! pole he w see ! />s describ+ circles1 incl9$1 h[ev]1 & n reta9+ ! same di/ance f ! horizon4 ,z ! eye leaves ! pole1 ! />s rise & set obliquely1 describe l>g] circles1 gradually dipp+ m & m "u ! horizon1 until1 :5 ! cele/ial equator is rea*$1 half _! j\rney is p]=m$ bel[ x4 ,/ill go+ s\?1 we f9d ! />s ris+ less & less above ! horizon1 until1 z !re 7 nor!rn />s t nev] dip bel[ ! horizon1 s !re are s\!rn />s :i* nev] appe> above x4 ,d ,d' %[s ! app>5t pa? ( a circumpol> />2 ,b ,b ,b ! pa? & ris+ & sett+ po9ts ( an equatorial />2 ,c ,c,c & ,a ,a ,a ^? ( />s ( mid-decl9ation1 "o nor? & ! o!r s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,t]re/rial ,,globe ,,) ,,waf] ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,v>y+ ,,conditions ,,( ,,obs]vation ,,9 ,a ,,middle ,,latitude4 ,:]ev] we are ^u ! e>? we always imag9e t we are on ! top ( x4 ,! idea held by all ! e>ly peoples 0 t ! e>? 0 an ext5d$ pla93 !y imag9$ t ! l& t !y knew & j ! surr\nd+ l&s 7 really 9 ! c5tre ( ! ext5d$ pla94 ,plato1 = in/ance1 z we h se51 0 cont5t to put ! ,m$it]ranean & ,greece ^u ! top ( 8 cube1 & ,anaxim&] plac$ ! same region at ! top ( 8 cyl9d]4 ,we c v conv5i5tly /udy ! conditions ( obs]vation at ! poles ( ! e>?1 ! equator1 & "s place 9 middle latitude1 by us+ an ord9>y t]re/rial globe4 ,! wood5 horizon ( ! globe is p>allel to ! horizon ( a place at ! top ( ! globe1 :i* horizon we c repres5t by a waf]4 ,9 ?is way we c get a v concrete idea ( ! diff]5t relations ( ! obs]v]'s horizon 9 diff]5t latitudes to ! app>5t pa?s ( ! />s4 ,we h next to deal ) ! a/ronomical relations ( ! horizon ( any place 9 connection ) ! wor%ip ( ! sun & />s at ! times ( ris+ or sett+1 :51 ( c\rse1 !y are on or ne> ! horizon2 & 9 ord] to br+ ?is matt] ne>] to ! anci5t monum5ts1 x w be conv5i5t to /udy ?is "q = ,!bes1 :]e !y exi/ 9 greate/ numb] & h be5 mo/ accurately describ$4 ,to adju/ ?+s prop]ly we mu/ rectify ! globe to ! latitude ( #be #dj ,n41 or1 9 o!r words1 incl9e ! axis ( ! globe at t angle to ! wood5 horizon4 ,x w be at once se5 t ! incl9ation ( ! axis to ! horizon is v mu* less ?an 9 ! case ( ,london4 ,s9ce all ! />s :i* pass betwe5 ! ,nor? ,pole & ! horizon _c set1 all _! app>5t movem5t w take place above ! horizon4 ,all ! />s betwe5 ! horizon & ! ,s\? ,pole w nev] rise4 ,h5ce1 />s )9 ! di/ance ( #be f ! ,nor? ,pole w nev] set at ,!bes1 & ^? />s )9 #be ( ! ,s\? ,pole w nev] be visible !re4 ,at any place ! latitude & ! elevation ( ! pole are ! same4 ,x s happ5s t all ^! places ) :i* ar*ologi/s h to d 9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( e>ly peoples1 ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 ,*9a1 ,greece1 c41 are 9 middle latitudes1 !re=e we h to deal ) bodies 9 ! skies1 :i* d set1 & bodies :i* d n2 & ! elevation ( ! pole is nei!r v great nor v small4 ,9 ea* diff]5t latitude ! incl9ation ( ! equator to ! horizon1 z well z ! elevation ( ! pole1 w v>y1 b !re w be a /rict relation%ip betwe5 ! incl9ation ( ! equator at ea* place & ! elevation ( ! pole4 ,except at ! poles !mselves ! equator w cut ! horizon due ea/ & due we/4 ,!re=e e cele/ial body :i* rises or sets to ! nor? ( ! equator w cut ! horizon betwe5 ! ea/ or we/ po9t & ! nor? po9t2 ^? bodies :i* d n set w1 ( c\rse1 n cut ! horizon at all4 ,! sun1 & />s ne> ! equator1 9 su* a latitude z t ( ,!bes1 w appe> to rise or set at no v consid]able angle to ! v]tical2 b :5 we deal ) />s ris+ or sett+ ne> to ! nor? or s\? po9ts ( ! horizon !y w seem to skim along ! horizon in/ead ( ris+ or sett+ v]tically4 ,n[ x w at once be obvi\s t !re mu/ be a /rict law connect+ ! position ( ! sun 7or a />7 ) its place ( ris+ or sett+4 ,/>s at ! same di/ance f ei!r ( ! cele/ial poles w rise or set at ! same po9t ( ! horizon1 & if a /> does n *ange its place 9 ! heav5s x w always rise or set 9 ! same place4 ,"h x w be conv5i5t to introduce "o or two te*nical t]ms4 ,e cele/ial body1 :e!r we deal ) ! sun1 moon1 planet1 or />1 occupies at any mom5t a c]ta9 place 9 ! sky1 p>tly1 ?\gh n :olly1 def9$ by :at we t]m its decl9ation1 i4e41 its di/ance f ! cele/ial equator4 ,?is decl9ation is "o ( ! two co-ord9ates :i* are ess5tial = enabl+ u to /ate accurately ! position ( any body on ! cele/ial vault2 & we mu/ q und]/& t if all ^! bodies rise & set1 & rise & set visibly1 ! place ( _! ris+ or sett+ mu/ be v closely connect$ ) _! decl9ation4 ,bodies ) ! same decl9ation w rise at ! same po9ts ( ! horizon4 ,:5 ! decl9ation *anges1 ( c\rse ! body w rise & set 9 diff]5t po9ts ( ! horizon4 ,next we def9e po9ts on ! horizon by divid+ ! :ole circumf]5ce into f\r quadrants ( #ij ea* #cfj1 s t we c h azimu?s ( #ij f ! nor? or s\? po9ts to ! ea/ & we/ po9ts4 ,azimu?s are n always reckon$ 9 ?is way1 navigators pref]r+ "o me?od1 :ile a/ronom]s pref] ano!r4 ,?us azimu? may also be tak5 z ! di/ance measur$ 9 degrees f ! s\? po9t 9 a direction pass+ ?r\gh ! we/1 nor?1 & ea/ po9ts4 ,on ?is sy/em1 a po9t c h an azimu? v>y+ f #j to #cfj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%[+ ,,amplitudes ,,reckon$ ,,f ,,! ,,ea/ ,,or ,,we/ ,,po9ts ,,to ,n4,p41 ,,nor? ,,po9t ,,( ,,horizon1 ,,& ,s4,p41 ,,s\? ,,po9t ,,( ,,horizon4 ,x is next important to def9e ! t]m amplitude4 ,! amplitude ( a body on ! horizon is its di/ance nor? & s\? ( ! ea/ & we/ po9ts2 x is always measur$ to ! ne>e/ ( ^! two latt] po9ts1 s t its greate/ value c nev] exce$ #ij4 ,= in/ance1 ! s\? po9t itself w\ld h an amplitude ( #ij s\? ( we/ 7g5]ally writt5 ,w4 #ij ,s471 or #ij s\? ( ea/ 7,e4 #ij ,s471 :ile a po9t #b to ! we/w>d ( s\? w\ld h an amplitude ( ,w4 #hh ,s41 & n ,e4 #ib ,s4 ,we c say !n t a /> ( a c]ta9 decl9ation w rise or set at su* an azimu?1 if we reckon f ! ,n4 po9t ( ! horizon1 or at su* an amplitude if we reckon f ! equator4 ,?is w apply to bo? nor? & s\? decl9ations4 ,! foll[+ table gives = ,!bes ! amplitudes ( ris+ or sett+ 7nor? or s\?7 ( cele/ial bodies hav+ decl9ations f #j to #fd2 bodies ) high] decl9ations ?an #fd nev] set at ,!bes if !y are nor?1 or nev] rise if !y are s\?1 z ! latitude 7& !re=e ! elevation ( ! pole7 !re is ne>ly #bf4 ,,amplitudes ,,at ,,!bes4 ,decl9 ,ampli ,decl9 ,ampli ,decl9 ,ampli -ation4 -tude4 -ation4 -tude4 -ation4 -tude4 #j #j #j #bb #bd #cc #dd #ej #be #a #a #g #bc #be #da #de #ea #da #b #b #ac #bd #bf #di #df #eb #eg #c #c #bj #be #bg #eh #dg #ed #ad #d #d #bf #bf #bi #f #dh #ee #cb #e #e #cc #bg #cj #ae #di #ef #ea #f #f #dj #bh #ca #bc #ej #eh #ab #g #g #dg #bi #cb #cb #ea #ei #cd #h #h #ec #cj #cc #da #eb #fj #eh #i #i #ei #ca #cd #ea #ec #fb #bc #aj #aa #f #cb #cf #a #ed #fc #ea #aa #ab #ac #cc #cg #aa #ee #fe #ba #ab #ac #bj #cd #ch #ba #ef #ff #ed #ac #ad #bg #ce #ci #ca #eg #fh #ca #ad #ae #cd #cf #dj #db #eh #gj #ab #ae #af #da #cg #da #ec #ei #ga #ei #af #ag #di #ch #dc #e #fj #gc #ee #ag #ah #ef #ci #dd #ag #fa #gf #a #ah #bj #c #dj #de #cj #fb #gh #be #ai #ba #aj #da #df #dc #fc #ha #ai #bj #bb #ag #db #dg #ef #fd #he #db #ba #bc #be #dc #di #aj ,! absolute connection1 !n1 betwe5 ! decl9ation ( a heav5ly body & ! amplitude at :i* x rises & sets is obvi\s f ! above table3 giv5 ! decl9ation we "k ! amplitude2 giv5 ! amplitude we "k ! decl9ation4 ,suppose we 7 deal+ ) a sea horizon3 all ! bodies ris+ or sett+ at ! same in/ant ( "t w\ld be 9 a great circle r\nd ! heav5s1 = ! plane ( ! s5sible horizon is p>allel to ! geoc5tric "o4 ,b !re are "s additional po9ts to be borne 9 m9d4 ,ord9>ily we %\ld det]m9e t ! amplitude be+ s & s1 ! decl9ation ( ! body :i* rose or set ) t amplitude w\ld be s & s1 tak+ ! horizon to be an all-r\nd horizon l a sea "o4 ,b t w\ld n be q true1 because we g5]ally see ! sun1 to take an in/ance1 "s little "t be=e x really rises & aft] x has set1 ow+ to refraction4 ,s t if we see ! sun sett+1 say1 nor? ( we/1 we "k t :5 we see x sett+ x appe>s really a little fur!r to ! nor? ?an x actually 0 at ! mom5t ( true sunset1 because refraction gives u ! position ( ! sun j bel[ ! true horizon4 ,t is "o po9t t we h to consid]4 ,ano!r is t1 ( c\rse1 we z a rule d n deal ) sea horizons4 ,"h we f9d a hill1 !re "s o!r ob/acle2 s t x is necess>y to make a correction dep5d+ on ! height ( ! hill or o!r ob/acle above ! sea-or true-horizon at ! place4 ,only :5 we take ^! ?+s completely into consid]ation1 c we det]m9e absolutely ! decl9ation1 or di/ance f ! cele/ial equator1 ( ! body at ! mom5t ( ris+ or sett+4 ,/ill1 x is wor? :ile not+ t :5 only approximations are requir$1 ! refraction-& hill-corrections h a t5d5cy to neutralise ea* o!r 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,refraction w t5d to c>ry ! sunrise or sunset place m to ! nor?1 hills w cause ! body to appe> to rise or set m to ! s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,amplitudes ,,at ,,:i* ,,/>s ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,decl9ations ,,rise ,,& ,,set ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,latitudes4 ,x is important to po9t out t ^! corrections v>y v consid]ably 9 importance accord+ to ! decl9ation ( ! /> ) :i* we h to deal4 ,) a high nor? or s\? decl9ation ! amplitude increases v rapidly1 & ! m x increases ! m ! corrections = refraction & elevation above ! true horizon to :i* ,i h ref]r$ become ( importance4 ,9 all cases ! correction has to be made s t ! amplitude w be increas$ or decreas$ f ! true amplitude by ?is effect ( refraction1 accord+ z ! body--:e!r sun or />--is se5 to ! nor? or s\? ( ! equator4 ,9 ! diagram giv5 on page #di1 ! v>i\s amplitudes are %[n at :i* bodies ( diff]5t decl9ations appe> to rise & set 9 places ) latitudes rang+ f #ai to #ea ,n4 ,x is a diagram to :i* frequ5t ref]5ce w be made 9 ! sequel4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,ye>ly ,,pa? ,,( ,,! ,,sun-,,god4 ,let u1 !n1 imag9e ! anci5t ,egyptians1 furni%$ ) ! natural a/ronomical circle :i* is provid$ :5ev] !re is an ext5d$ pla91 engag$ 9 _! wor%ip at sunrise1 pray+ to ! ,"l ( ! two ,horizons4 ,! ris+ 7& sett+7 ( />s we w consid] lat]2 x is be/ to beg9 ) ^? obs]vations ab\t :i* !re is ! lea/ "q4 ,9 ! v e>ly obs]vations t 7 made 9 ,egypt & ,babylonia1 :5 ! sun 0 consid]$ to be a god :o e morn+ got into 8 boat & float$ across space1 !re 0 no p>ticul> reason = consid]+ ! amplitude at :i* ! suppos$ boat left or approa*$ ! horizon4 ,b a few c5turies %[$ t ?is ris+ or sett+ ( ! sun 9 widely v>y+ amplitudes at diff]5t p>ts ( ! ye> dep5d$ ^u a v def9ite law4 ,we n[1 m =tunate ?an ! e>ly ,egyptians1 ( c\rse "k exactly :at ?is law is1 & ) a view ( foll[+ _! e>ly attempts to grapple ) ! difficulties pres5t$ to !m we mu/ pass to ! ye>ly pa? ( ! sun1 9 ord] to /udy ! relation ( ! v>i\s po9ts ( ! horizon occupi$ by ! sun at diff]5t times 9 ! ye>4 ,n _m ye>s ago ,f\cault gave u a means ( demon/rat+ ! fact t ! e>? rotates on its axis4 ,we h also a p]fect me?od ( demon/rat+ t ! e>? n only rotates on its axis once a day1 b t x moves r\nd ! sun once a ye>1 an idea :i* 0 undreamt ( by ! anci5ts4 ,z a p5dulum %[s u ! rotation1 s ! det]m9ation ( ! ab]ration ( light demon/rates = u ! revolution ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun4 ,we h1 !n1 ! e>? end[$ ) ^! two movem5ts--a rotation on its axis 9 a day1 & a revolution r\nd ! sun 9 a ye>4 ,to see ! full be>+ ( ?is on our pres5t inquiry1 we mu/ = a "t return to ! globe or model ( ! e>?4 ,to det]m9e ! position ( any place on ! e>?'s surface we say t x is s _m degrees di/ant f ! equator1 & also s _m degrees di/ant f ! longitude ( ,gre5wi*3 we h two rectangul> co-ord9ates1 latitude & longitude4 ,:5 we conceive ! e>?'s equator ext5d$ to ! heav5s1 we h a means ( det]m9+ ! positions ( />s 9 ! heav5s exactly simil> to ! means we h ( det]m9+ ! position ( any place on ! e>?4 ,we h already def9$ di/ance f ! equator z nor? or s\? decl9ation 9 ! case ( a />1 z we h nor? latitude or s\? latitude 9 case ( a place on ! e>?4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r co-ord9ate1 we c also say t ! heav5ly body ^: place we are anxi\s to det]m9e is at a c]ta9 di/ance f our fir/ po9t ( measurem5t1 :atev] t may be1 along ! cele/ial equator4 ,speak+ ( heav5ly bodies1 we call ?is di/ance "r asc5sion2 deal+ ) matt]s e>?y1 we measure f ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* & call ! di/ance longitude4 ,! movem5t ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun is 9 a plane :i* is call$ ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 & ! axis ( rotation ( ! e>? is incl9$ to t plane at an angle ( some?+ l #bc4 ,we c if we *oose use ! plane ( ! ecliptic to def9e ! positions ( ! />s z we use ! plane ( ! e>?'s equator4 ,9 t case we talk ( di/ance f ! ecliptic z cele/ial latitude1 & along ! ecliptic f "o ( ! po9ts :]e x cuts ! cele/ial equator z cele/ial longitude4 ,! equator1 !n1 cuts ! ecliptic at two po9ts3 "o ( ^! is *os5 = ! />t-po9t ( measurem5t along bo? ! equator & ! ecliptic1 & is call$ ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries4 ,we h1 !n1 two sy/ems ( co-ord9ates1 by ea* ( :i* we c def9e ! position ( ! sun or a /> 9 ! heav5s3 equatorial co-ord9ates deal+ ) ! e>?'s equator1 ecliptic co-ord9ates deal+ ) ! e>?'s orbit4 ,kn[+ t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun once a ye>1 ! ye> to u mod]ns is def9$ ) ! mo/ absolute accuracy4 ,9 fact1 we h ?ree ye>s3 we h a sid]eal ye>--t is1 ! "t tak5 by ! e>? to g ?r\gh exactly #cfj ( longitude2 we h :at is call$ ! tropical ye>1 :i* indicates ! "t tak5 by ! e>? to g ?r\gh n q #cfj1 to g f ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries till %e meets x aga92 & s9ce ! equ9octial po9t advances to meet ! e>?1 we talk ab\t ! precession ( ! equ9oxes2 ?is ye> is ! sid]eal ye> m9us tw5ty m9utes4 ,!n !re is also ano!r ye> call$ ! anomali/ic ye>1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! movem5t ( ! po9t 9 ! e>?'s orbit :]e ! e>? is ne>e/ to ! sun2 ?is is runn+ away1 s to speak1 f ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries1 in/ead ( advanc+ to meet x1 s t 9 ?is case we get ! sid]eal ye> plus ne>ly five m9utes4 ,! angle ( ! incl9ation ( ! e>?'s plane ( rotation to ! plane ( its revolution r\nd ! sun1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 is at ! pres5t "t some?+ l #bc1 is call$ ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic4 ,?is obliquity is subject to a slight *ange1 to :i* ,i %all ref] 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,9 ord] to give a concrete idea ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 ! ye>ly pa? ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun1 let u imag9e f\r globes arrang$ on a circle repres5t+ ! e>? at diff]5t po9ts ( its orbit1 ) ano!r globe 9 ! c5tre repres5t+ ! sun1 m>k+ ! two practically opposite po9ts ( ! e>?'s orbit1 9 :i* ! axis is n incl9$ to or f ! sun b is at "r angles to ! l9e jo9+ ! e>? 9 ^! two positions1 & ! two opposite & int]m$iate po9ts at :i* ! nor? pole ( ! axis is mo/ incl9$ t[>ds & away f ! sun4 ,a diagram w %[ :at w happ5 "u ^! conditions4 ,if we take fir/ ! po9ts at :i* ! axis1 in/ead ( be+ incl9$ t[>ds ! sun1 is incl9$ at "r angles to x1 x is p]fectly obvi\s t we %all get a condition ( ?+s 9 :i* ! movem5t ( ! e>? on its axis w cause ! d>k side ( ! e>? & also ! light side repres5t$ by ! side ne>e/ to ! sun1 bo? be+ ( equal areas1 to ext5d f pole to pole2 s t any place on ! e>? rotat+ "u ^? conditions w be br\ght = half a p]iod ( rotation into ! sunlight1 & be c>ri$ = half a p]iod ( ! rotation out ( ! sunlight2 ! day1 !re=e1 w be ( ! same l5g? z ! night1 & ! days & nights w !re=e be equal all ov] ! _w4 ,we call ?is ! "t ( ! equ9oxes2 ! nights are ( ! same l5g? z ! day 9 bo? ^! positions ( ! e>? ) reg>d to ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>? ,,& ,,sun ,,at ,,! ,,equ9oxes4 ,9 ! next figure we h ! o!r condition4 ,"h ! e>?'s axis is incl9$ at ! greate/ angle ( #bc1 t[>ds1 & away f1 ! sun4 ,if ,i take a po9t v ne> ! nor? pole1 t po9t w n1 9 summ]1 be c>ri$ by ! e>?'s rotation out ( ! light1 & a "p equally ne> ! s\? pole w n be able to get into x4 ,^! are ! conditions at & ne> two o!r po9ts call$ ! sol/ices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>? ,,& ,,sun ,,at ,,! ,,sol/ices4 ,on ea* ( ^! globes ,i h drawn a l9e repres5t+ ! ov]head direction f ,london4 ,if we obs]ve ! angle betwe5 ! direction ( ! z5i? & t to ! sun 9 w9t] we f9d x consid]able2 b if we take ! opposite six-mon?ly condition we get a small angle4 ,9 o!r words1 "u ! fir/ condition ! sun at noon w be f> f ! z5i? ( ,london1 we %all h w9t]2 & 9 ! o!r condition ! sun w be z ne> z x c be to ! z5i? at noon1 we %all h summ]4 ,^! two cases repres5t ! two po9ts 9 ! e>?'s orbit at :i* ! sun has ! greate/ decl9ation s\? & nor?4 ,) ! greate/ nor? decl9ation ! sun w come up high1 appe> to rema9 at ! same height above ! horizon at noon = a day or two1 z x does at our summ] sol/ice1 & !n g d[n aga92 at ! o!r po9t1 :5 x has ! greate/ s\!rn decl9ation1 x w g d[n to ! l[e/ po9t1 z x does 9 our w9t]1 /op1 & come up aga9--t is1 ! sun w /& /ill1 s f> z its height above ! horizon at noon is conc]n$1 & ! ,lat9 ^w sol/ice exactly expresses t idea4 ,we h1 !n1 two opposite po9ts 9 ! revolution ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun at :i* we h equal altitudes ( ! sun at noon1 two o!rs :5 ! altitude is greate/ & lea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,z5i? ,,( ,,london ,,at ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,w9t] ,,sol/ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,z5i? ,,( ,,london ,,at ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,summ] ,,sol/ice4 ,we get ! equal altitudes at ! equ9oxes1 & ! greate/ & ! lea/ at ! sol/ices4 ,^! altitudes dep5d ^u ! *ange ( ! sun's decl9ation4 ,! *ange ( decl9ation w affect ! azimu? & amplitude ( ! sun's ris+ & sett+2 ?is is :y1 9 our nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! sun rises & sets mo/ to ! nor? 9 summ] & mo/ to ! s\? 9 w9t]4 ,at ! equ9oxes ! sun has always #j ,decl41 s x rises & sets due ea/ & we/ all ov] ! _w4 ,b at ! sol/ices x has its greate/ decl9ation ( #bc ,n4 or ,s42 x w rise & set1 !re=e1 f> f ! ea/ & we/ po9ts2 h[ f>1 w dep5d on ! latitude ( ! place we consid]4 ,! foll[+ are approximate values3 ,latitude ( ,amplitude ( ,sun ,place4 at ,sol/ice4 #be #bf #e #cj #bg #bd #ce #bi #h #dj #ca #ba #de #cd #dj #ej #ch #bj #ee #dd #j ,at ,!bes1 ,lat4 #be #dj ,n41 repres5t+ ,egypt1 we f9d t ! amplitude ( ! sun at ris+ or sett+ at ! summ] sol/ice w be approximately #bf ,n4 ( ,e4 at ris+1 & #bf ,n4 ( ,w4 at sett+4 ,^! sol/ices & _! accompanim5ts are among ! /rik+ ?+s 9 ! natural _w4 ,at ! w9t] sol/ice we h ! dep? ( w9t]1 at ! summ] sol/ice we h ! height ( summ]2 :ile at ! equ9oxes we h b transitional *anges2 9 o!r words1 :ile ! sol/ices po9t1 out = u ! conditions ( greate/ heat & greate/ cold1 ! equ9oxes po9t out = u ^? two times ( ! ye> at :i* ! temp]ature conditions are v ne>ly equal1 al?\gh ( c\rse 9 ! "o case we are say+ good-bye to summ] & 9 ! o!r to w9t]4 ,9 ,egypt ! summ] sol/ice 0 p>am\nt1 = x occurr$ at ! "t ( ! rise ( ! ,nile1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,egyptian ye>4 ,did ! anci5ts "k any?+ ab\t ^! sol/ices & ^! equ9oxes8 ,7 ! almo/ my?ical ,hor-%esu or sun-wor%ipp]s famili> ) ! annual c\rse ( ! sun8 ,t is "o ( ! que/ions :i* we h to discuss4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,probable ,,hor-,,%esu ,,wor%ip4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ *apt] ,i ref]r$ to ! ,hor-%esu or foll[]s1 t is wor%ipp]s1 ( ! ,sun-god ,horus4 ,i %all h to ref] to ! traditions relat+ to !m at a lat] /age1 b x is well t ,i %\ld /ate "h t ^? p]sonages :o prec$$ ! true hi/oric p]iod are consid]$ by ,de ,r\g & o!rs to repres5t le type de l'antiquit la plus recule4 ,let u = ! mom5t accept ! tru? ( ! v>i\s traditions relat+ to !m1 & suppose t !y left traces ( _! wor%ip2 :at1 9 ! light ( ! la/ *apt]1 %\ld we expect to f9d8 ,! ?+ mo/ likely to rema9 w\ld be anci5t %r9es 9 all probability s]v+ = ! f\ndation ( nobl] /ructures built 9 lat] times4 ,?is br+s u to ! "q z to ! probabilities ( temple-build+ g5]ally 9 relation to ! heav5ly bodies2 b be=e ,i deal ) x1 x is important to consid] a view fir/ put =w>d1 ,i believe1 by ,vitruvius1 & repeat$ by all s9ce 8 "t :o h dealt ) ! "q1 t ! temples 7 built purely & simply to face ! ,nile4#e ,! /atem5t is s f> f ! tru? t x is cle> t ^? :o h made x _h n /udi$ ! l>g] temple-fields4 ,inde$1 we h only to note ! conditions at ,k>nak alone to det]m9e :e!r !re is any tru? 9 ! view t ! temples face ! riv]4 ,we see at once t ?is idea _c be true1 because we h ! *ief temples fac+ 9 f\r directions1 :ile ! ,nile fl[s only on "o side4 ,o!r ar*ologi/s :o h endeav\r$ to inve/igate ! ori5tations ( ^! build+s h f\nd t !y practically face 9 all directions2 ! /atem5t is t _! arrangem5t is pr9cipally *>act]is$ by ! want ( x2 !y h be5 put d[n higgl$y-piggl$y2 !re has be5 a symmetrophobia1 mitigat$ p]haps by a g5]al desire t ! temple %\ld face ! ,nile4 ,?is view might be ! true "o1 if />s 7 n obs]v$ z well z ! sun4 ,) reg>d to all ! temples ( ! anci5t _w1 :e!r !y are locat$ 9 ,egypt or else:]e1 we mu/ nev] =get t if a/ronomy is conc]n$ 9 !m at all1 we h to deal ) ! obs]vations ( ! ris+ or sett+ ( ! heav5ly bodies2 :]eas ! mod]n a/ronom] c>es little = ^! ris+s or sett+s1 b deals only ) !m on ! m]idian4 ,! place ( ris+ or sett+ w\ld be connect$ ) ! temple by ! direction ( ! temple's axis4 ,n[1 ! directions t[>ds :i* ! temples po9t are a/ronomically express$ by _! amplitudes--t is1 ! di/ance 9 degrees f ! ea/ or we/ po9t ( ! horizon4 ,= in/ance1 a temple fac+ ea/ w\ld h an amplitude ( z]o f ! ea/ po9t4 ,if we suppose a temple ori5t$ to ! nor?1 x w\ld h an amplitude ( #ij2 if half-way betwe5 ! ea/ & nor?1 ! amplitude w\ld be #de nor? ( ea/1 & s on4 ,s t x is possible to express ! amplitude ( a temple 9 su* a way t ! temples 9 ! same or diff]5t c\ntries or localities1 ) ! same or equival5t amplitudes1 may be classifi$2 & ! m temples :i* c be ?us br\ght toge!r1 ! m likely is any law relat+ to _! /ructure to come out4 ,let u take ?is1 !n1 z a g5]al pr9ciple4 ,n[ h[ w\ld x be c>ri$ out8 ,x becomes pretty obvi\s1 :5 we consid] ! conditions ( ?+s 9 ^! e>ly times1 t ! />s w\ld be ! objects :i* w\ld fir/ comm5d !mselves to ! att5tion ( temple build]s1 = ! reason t ! movem5ts & ris+-& sett+-places ( ! v>i\s planets by night1 & ( ! sun by day1 w\ld appe> to be s erratic1 s long z ! ord] ( _! movem5ts 0 n kn[n4 ,to g a /ep fur!r4 ,x is cle> 9 ! fir/ place t no "o w\ld ?9k ( ori5t+ a temple to ! moon1 z !re is s little con/ancy ab\t its pa? 9 ! sky1 &1 !re=e1 9 its place ( ris+ or sett+4 ,if ! temple caught x ea* mon?1 ! int]vals betwe5 :i* ?is occurr5ce takes place w\ld v>y v consid]ably1 & 9 e>ly times w\ld h be5 impossible to pr$ict4 ,simil>ly x w\ld n be wor? :ile to ori5t temples to ! planets4 ,b :5 we come to ! />s1 ! ?+ is diff]5t4 ,a few ye>s' obs]vations w\ld h appe>$ to demon/rate ! absolute *angelessness ( ! places ( ris+ & sett+ ( ! same />s4 ,x is true t ?is result w\ld h be5 f\nd to be errone\s :5 a long p]iod ( "t _h elaps$ & :5 obs]vation became m accurate2 b = hundr$s ( ye>s ! />s w\ld c]ta9ly appe> to repres5t fixity1 :ile ! movem5ts ( sun1 moon & planets w\ld seem to be b\nd by no law4 ,be=e1 !n1 ! ye>ly app>5t movem5ts ( ! sun _h be5 fully made out1 obs]vations ( a /> ris+ or sett+ ) ! sun at "s critical "t ( ! agricultural cycle1 say s[+-"t or h>ve/1 w\ld be ( ! highe/ importance1 & w\ld secure ! "w be+ done at ! "r "t ( !--to ! e>ly peoples--/ill un=mulat$ ye>4 ,if a /> 0 *os5 9 or ne> ! ecliptic1 soon] or lat] ! sunlight z well z ! />light w\ld ent] ! temple1 & ! use ( a sol> temple might h ?us be5 sugge/$ ev5 be=e ! sol/ices or equ9oxes _h be5 ?or\ghly grasp$4 ,!re is no d\bt t if we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! />s 7 fir/ obs]v$1 ! next ?+ t w\ld /rike ! e>ly a/ronom]s w\ld be ! regul>ity ( ! annual movem5t ( ! sun2 ! critical times ( ! sun's movem5ts z relat$ ei!r to _! agriculture1 or _! fe/ivals1 or to ! ye>2 ! equ9oxes & ! sol/ices1 w\ld soon h reveal$ !mselves to ^! e>ly obs]v]s1 if = no o!r reason ?an t !y 7 connect$ 9 "s way or o!r ) "s ( ! important conditions ( _! environm5t4 ,aft] a c]ta9 "t1 sol> temples1 if built at all1 w\ld be ori5t$ ei!r to ! sun at "s critical "t ( ! agricultural--or religi\s--ye>1 or to ! sol/ices & equ9oxes4 ,b at fir/1 until ! fixity ( ! sun's ye>ly movem5ts & especially ! sol/ices & equ9oxes _h be5 recognis$1 x w\ld h seem$ z useless to direct a temple to ! sun z to ! moon4 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! sol/ices & equ9oxes _h be5 made out1 x w\ld soon h be5 f\nd t a temple once direct$ to ! sun's ris+ place at h>ve/ or s[+ "t1 or at a sol/ice or an equ9ox1 w\ld cont9ue = a long p]iod to m>k ^? critical po9ts 9 ! sun's ye>ly c\rse2 & :5 ?is ye>ly c\rse _h be5 f9ally made out x w\ld soon be obs]v$ t ! sun at any "p ( ! agricultural ye> 0 z con/ant 7inde$1 z we n[ "k1 m con/ant7 9 its ris+-& sett+-place z a />4 ,b deal+ ) sun-wor%ipp]s1 & endeav\r+ to ?9k out :at ! e>lie/ obs]v]s probably w\ld try to d 9 ! case ( a sol> temple1 we see t1 9 all likelihood1 !y w\ld ori5t x to obs]ve ! sun at "o ( ! *ief po9ts 9 ! ye> :i* c\ld be be/ m>k$4 ,i h said :i* c\ld be be/ m>k$1 b h[ 0 ?is to be done8 ,evid5tly1 if t]re/rial ?+s 7 to be assi/$1 ! m>k+ mu/ h be5 by some?+ ext]re/rial1 o!rwise !y w\ld h be5 reason+ 9 a circle2 & moreov] we mu/ take = grant$ t :at 0 want$ 0 a w>n+ ( :at 0 to be done4 ,n[1 9 ! e>lie/ times1 z ,i h said1 ! con/ant movem5ts ( ! />s w\ld h /ood out 9 /rong contra/ to ! incon/ant movem5ts ( ! sun1 & ,i ?9k t !re c be little d\bt t ! fir/ fix+ ( any po9t 9 ! ye> 0 by ! ris+ or sett+ ( "s /> at sunrise--or possibly sunset4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is might h gone on ev5 be=e ! sol/ices & equ9oxes 7 recognis$4 ,:5 ?is came ab\t1 !n temples might h be5 direct$ to ! sun at a sol/ice or an equ9ox4 ,0 x difficult to d ?is8 ,did x indicate t ! p :o built su* temples 7 great a/ronom]s8 ,no?+ ( ! k9d2 no?+ is m easy to det]m9e ?an a sol/ice or an equ9ox4 ,let u take ! sol/ice fir/4 ,we "k t at ! summ] sol/ice ! sun rises & sets fur!/ to ! nor?1 at ! w9t] sol/ice fur!/ to ! s\?4 ,we h only f any po9t to set up a l9e ( /akes be=e ! "t ( ! sol/ice1 & !n alt] ! l9e ( !m day by day z ! sun gets fur!r to ! nor? or s\?1 until no alt]ation is want$4 ,! sol/ice has be5 f\nd4 ,!re is ano!r way ( do+ x4 ,take a v]tical rod4 ,su* a rod1 :i* ,i may /ate is sometimes call$ a gnomon & us$ to measure "t1 may be us$ ) ano!r object3 we may obs]ve ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ca/ by ! sun :5 x is l[e/ at ! w9t] sol/ice1 & :5 x is highe/2 at ^! two positions ( ! sun obvi\sly ! l5g?s ( ! %ad[s ?r[n w be diff]5t4 ,:5 ! noon-sun is ne>e/ ov]head 9 ! summ] ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ w be lea/1 :5 ! sun is mo/ remov$ f ! z5i? ! %ad[ w be longe/4 ,! day on :i* ! %orte/ %ad[ is ?r[n at noon w def9e ! summ] sol/ice2 :5 ! %ad[ is longe/ we %all h ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,?is1 9 fact1 0 ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,*9ese to det]m9e ! sol/ices1 & f x v e>ly !y f\nd a value ( ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic4 ,x may be said t ?is is only a /atem5t1 & t ! record has be5 falsifi$2 "s ye>s ago anyone :o 0 driv5 by facts to come to ! conclusion t any v consid]able antiquity 0 possible 9 ^! obs]vations met ) v great difficulty4 ,b ! %orte/ & ! longe/ %ad[s record$ 7#aajj ye>s ,b4,c47 d n really repres5t ! true l5g?s at pres5t4 ,if anyone _h =g$ ^! obs]vations he w\ld /ate su* l5g?s z p w\ld f9d to-day or to-morr[1 b ! l5g?s giv5 7 diff]5t f ^? :i* w\ld be f\nd to-day4 ,laplace1 :o gave consid]able att5tion to ?is matt]1 det]m9$ :at ! real obliquity 0 at t "t1 & prov$ t ! record does repres5t an actual obs]vation1 & n "o :i* _h be5 made 9 lat] ye>s4#f ,next suppose an anci5t ,egyptian wi%$ to det]m9e ! "t ( an equ9ox4 ,we "k f ! ,egyptian tombs t _! /ock-9-trade1 s f> z build+ w5t1 0 v consid]able2 !y _h squ>es1 !y _h plumb-l9es1 !y _h scales1 & all t sort ( ?+1 j z we h4 ,he w\ld fir/ ( all make a plat=m q flat2 he c\ld d t by means ( ! squ>e or plumb-l9e2 !n he w\ld get a rul] ) pretty %>p edges 7& su* rul]s are f\nd 9 _! tombs71 & 9 ! morn+ ( any day he w\ld direct ?is rul] to ! position ( ! sun :5 x 0 ris+1 & he w\ld f a giv5 po9t draw a l9e t[>ds ! sun2 he w\ld d ! same ?+ 9 ! ev5+ :5 ! sun set2 he w\ld bisect ! angle made by ^! two l9es1 & x w\ld give him naturally a nor? & s\? l9e1 & a "r angle to ?is w\ld give him ea/ & we/4 ,s t f obs]vations ( ! sun on any "o day 9 ! ye> he w\ld practically be 9 a position to det]m9e ! po9ts at :i* ! sun w\ld rise & set at ! equ9ox--t is1 ! true ea/ & we/ po9ts4 ,suppose t ! sun is ris+1 let a rod ?r[ a %ad[2 m>k ! position ( ! %ad[2 at sunset we aga9 note :]e ! %ad[ falls4 ,if ! sun rises exactly 9 ! ea/ & sets exactly 9 ! we/1 ^? two %ad[s w be cont9u\s1 & we %all h made an obs]vation at ! absolute equ9ox4 ,b suppose ! sun n at ! equ9ox1 a l9e jo9+ ! ends ( ! %ad[s equally long be=e & aft] noon w be an ea/ & we/ l9e4 ,x is true t !re may be a slight error unless we are v c>eful ab\t ! "t ( ! ye> at :i* we make ! obs]vations1 because :5 ! sun is exactly ea/ or we/ at ! "t ( ris+ or sett+ x *anges its decl9ation mo/ quickly4 ,s x is bett] to make ! above obs]vations ( ! sun ne>] ! sol/ices ?an ! equ9oxes1 = ! reason /at$4#g ,we h n[ got s f>4 ,if ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ ! sun & built temples to x1 !y w\ld be m likely to *oose ! times ( ! sol/ices & ! equ9oxes ?an any o!r aft] its annual movem5t _h be5 made out4 ,is x possible to br+ any te/s to be> to see :e!r !y did ?is or n8 ,c]ta9ly3 exam9e ! temples :i* /ill rema91 & :]e !y h disappe>$ exam9e ! tem5os walls :i* /ill exi/ z m\nds 9 _m cases4 ,suppose we take1 to beg9 )1 z be=e1 t region ( ! e>?'s surface 9 ! ,nile valley ) a latitude ( ab\t #bf ,n4 ,! temples w h an amplitude ( ab\t #bf ,n4 or ,s4 if !y h any?+ to d ) ! sun at ! sol/ices4 ,any /ructures built to obs]ve ! sun w h an ea/ & we/ aspect true if !y h any?+ to d ) ! sun at ! equ9oxes4 ,deal+ ) a sol/itial temple1 ! fir/ ?+ to obs]ve is ! amplitude ( ! temple1 :i* mu/ dep5d ^u ! latitude 9 :i* x 0 wi%$ to note ! ris+ or sett+ ( ! sun at ei!r ( ! sol/ices4 ,if we take ! latitude #bf ,n41 :i* is v ne>ly ! latitude ( ,!bes1 ! amplitude has to be #bf z /at$ above2 s t a temple at ,!bes hav+ an amplitude ( #bf w\ld be v likely to h be5 ori5t$ to ! sun at ! mom5t t x 0 z f> f ! equator z x c\ld be--i4e41 at ! "t ( ! longe/ day ( ! ye>--9 :i* case we %\ld be deal+ ) ! summ] or nor!rn sol/ice2 or ( ! %orte/ day ( ! ye>1 if deal+ ) ! w9t] or s\!rn sol/ice4 ,z we deal ) high] latitudes1 we gradually increase ! amplitude1 until1 if we g z f> z ! latitude ( ! ,nor? ,cape1 ! sun at ! summ] sol/ice1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 has no amplitude ei!r at ris+ or sett+1 because x passes cle> above ! horizon altoge!r1 & is se5 at midnight4 ,^! are ! conditions :i* w def9e = u a sol/itial sol> temple4 ,we see ! amplitude ( ! temple mu/ v>y ) ! latitude ( ! place :]e x is erect$4 ,b ! temples direct$ to ! sun at an equ9ox w be direct$ to an amplitude ( #j3 t is1 !y w po9t ,e4 or ,w41 & ?is w be ! case 9 all latitudes4 ,! ori5tation ( a temple direct$ to ! sun at nei!r ! sol/ices nor ! equ9oxes w h an amplitude less ?an ! sol/itial amplitude at ! place4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 z ,i %all %[ 9 ! sequel1 "s ( ! temples recognis$ z temples ( ! sun 9 ! inscriptions are ( ?is latt] class4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,ori5tation ,,( ,,temples4 ,?is br+s u at once to a practical po9t4 ,x w be ask$1 ,h[ c su* an inquiry be prosecut$8 ,h[ c ! amplitudes ( ! temples be det]m9$8 ,illu/ration3 ,,azimu? ,,compass4 ,no?+ is easi]4 ,an azimu? compass is all t is necess>y = all b ! mo/ accurate inquiries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,azimu? ,,compass4 ,a1 ne$le & c>d2 ,p1 prism2 ,,sv1 directrix or frame c>ry+ a wire direct$ to ! object & se5 ov] ! prism :ile ! prism reflects to ! eye ! division ( ! scale und]nea? x4 ,! azimu? compass is an in/rum5t famili> to _m2 x consi/s ( a magnetic ne$le fa/5$ to a c>d c>ry+ a circle divid$ into #cfj1 :i* c be conv5i5tly read by a prism :5 ! in/rum5t is turn$ t[>d any def9ite direction m>k$ by a v]tical wire4 ,its use dep5ds ^u ! fact t at ! same place & at ! same "t all magnetic ne$les po9t 9 ! same direction1 & ! v>iation = ! true nor? & s\? direction is ei!r suppos$ to be kn[n or c be f\nd by obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,!odolite ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,azimu? ,,& ,,altitudes4 ,a !odolite arm$ ) a delicately hung magnetic ne$le1 :i* c be rotat$ on a v]tical axis1 w d /ill bett]2 x has fir/ ( all to be levell$4 ,!re is a little telescope ) :i* we c see along ! l9e4 ,:5 we wi%1 = in/ance1 to obs]ve ! amplitude ( a temple1 ! !odolite is set up on its tripod 9 su* a position t we c look along a temple wall or l9e ( columns1 etc41 by means ( ! telescope4 ,we !n get a magnetic read+ ( ! direction aft] hav+ unclamp$ ! compass2 ?is gives ! angle made betwe5 ! l9e & ! magnetic nor? 7or s\?71 z 9 ! azimu? compass4 ,:at we really d by means ( su* an in/rum5t is to det]m9e ! a/ronomical m]idian by means ( a magnetic m]idian4 ,"h "s def9itions w n be out ( place4 ,! m]idian 7m]idies midday7 ( any place is ! great circle ( ! heav5s :i* passes ?r\gh ! z5i? 7! po9t ov]head7 at t place & ! poles ( ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,! m]idian l9e at any place is ! int]section ( ! plane ( ! m]idian ) ! plane ( ! horizon at t place1 or1 9 o!r words1 x is ! l9e jo9+ ! nor? & s\? po9ts4 ,if we h ! prop] in/rum5ts1 we c det]m9e ! m]idian l9e a/ronomically at any place by "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods3-- 7#a7 ,if only an approximate position is requir$1 ! be/ means ( det]m9+ x is by fix+ ! direction ( ! sun or a /> :5 x has ! greate/ altitude4 ,! in/rum5t to be us$ = ?is purpose w\ld be a small !odolite ) bo? a v]tical & horizontal circle1 & provid$ also ) tang5t screws to give sl[ motion to ea* ( ! circles z requir$4 ,by us+ />s ( bo? high & l[ altitudes1 a great] exactness c be obta9$1 b1 aft] all1 ! me?od only gives a fir/ approximation1 z its weakness lies 9 ! v sl[ *ange ( altitude z ! m]idian is approa*$4 7#b7 ,a mu* m accurate me?od is t ( obs]v+ ) an altitude & azimu? in/rum5t ! azimu? 7i4e41 its angul> di/ance ea/ or we/ ( ! nor? or s\?7 ( a /> :5 at ! same altitude ea/ & we/ ( ! m]idian4 ,if ! mean ( ! two read+s giv5 by ! azimu? circle be tak51 ! result+ read+ indicates ! direction ( ! m]idian4 ,if we employ ! sun 9 place ( a />1 its *ange ( decl9ation dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! obs]vations mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 7#c7 ,to f9d ! m]idian l9e by means ( ! pole /> is a simple & accurate me?od1 z a value c be obta9$ at any "t at night by a simple altitude1 provid$ ! "t ( obs]vation is kn[n4#h ,if ^! means ( directly det]m9+ ! a/ronomical m]idian l9e are n available1 !n we h to d x indirectly by us+ ! magnetic m]idian 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,if we take a magnetic ne$le & balance x horizontally on a v]tical pivot1 its ends w be direct$ to two po9ts on ! horizon4 ,by draw+ a great circle ?r\gh ^! two po9ts & ! z5i? po9t ( ! place1 we obta9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,! magnetic m]idian l9e is ! int]section ( ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian ) ! plane ( ! horizon4 ,! angle betwe5 ! a/ronomical & magnetic m]idian l9es is call$ ! v>iation1 ,e4 or ,w4 accord+ z ! ne$le po9ts to ! ,w4 or ,e4 ( true--t is1 a/ronomical--nor? at any p>ticul> place at any p>ticul> "t4 ,! v>iation may v>y f place to place1 & always v>ies f "t to "t4 ,! be>+ requir$ has1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to be det]m9$ by ! in/rum5ts already ref]r$ to 9 relation to ! magnetic m]idian4 ,hav+ made su* an obs]vation1 ! next ?+ we h to d is to det]m9e ! a/ronomical or true nor?1 :i* is ! only ?+ ( value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magnetic ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,v>iation ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,po9ts4 ,if ! magnetic v>iation has be5 det]m9$ = ! region1 we may use a map4 ,su* a map z t %[n bel[ gives u ! l9es along :i* 9 ! ,briti% ,isles ! compass v>iation we/ ( nor? rea*es c]ta9 values4 ,f su* a map = ,egypt we le>n t 9 #agih a magnet swung along a l9e ext5d+ f a little to ! we/ ( ,cairo to ! second cat>act w\ld h _h a v>iation ( #aa to ! we/2 9 #ahdd ( #h to ! we/2 & at ! pres5t "t ! v>iation is su* t obs]vations made along ! same "p ( ! ,nile valley w h a v>iation closely approximat+ #d to ! we/4 ,by means ( su* a map x is q possible to get approximately ! a/ronomical be>+s ( all temples :i* 7 obs]v$ by ! ,fr5* 9 #agih or by ! ,g]mans 9 #ahdd1 or :i* c be obs]v$ 9 ! pres5t day1 provid$ always t !re is no local magnetic attraction4 ,if we are n =tunate en\gh to possess su* a map1 ! me?ods previ\sly ref]r$ to = obta9+ ! a/ronomical nor? mu/ be employ$2 obs]v+ ! direction 9 :i* ! sun culm9ates at noon w give u ! s\? po9t a/ronomically2 f obs]vations ( ! pole /> at night ! a/ronomical nor? c also be det]m9$4 ,f ! =m] ( ^! obs]vations ! magnetic v>iation is obta9$ )\t any difficulty1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( accurate local "t4 ,:5 ?is is available o!r me?ods are applicable4 ,x is sad to ?9k h[ mu* "t is lo/ 9 ! inve/igation ( a great _m ( ^! que/ions = ! reason t ! publi%$ obs]vations 7 made only ) ref]5ce to ! magnetic nor?1 :i* is va/ly diff]5t at diff]5t places1 & is always v>y+4 ,few inde$ h tri$ to get at ! a/ronomical conditions ( ! problem4 ,_h ?is be5 done ) m9ute accuracy 9 all cases1 ei!r by ! ,fr5* or ,prussian ,commissions to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 x is p]fectly c]ta9 t ! sol/itial ori5tation ( ,k>nak & o!r temples1 :i* ,i %all h to m5tion1 w\ld h be5 long ago kn[n to all s*ol>s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,sol> ,,%r9es ,,9 ,,egypt4 ,n only c an inquiry l t ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s *apt] be prosecut$--x has be5 prosecut$4 ,! ,fr5* & ,prussian ,gov]nm5ts h vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! hon\rable rivalry ( mapp+ & describ+ ! monum5ts4 ,! ,fr5* w5t to ,egypt at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 :ile ! ,sci5tific ,commission :i* accompani$ ! army1 a ,commission appo9t$ by ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 publi%$ a s]ies ( volumes conta9+ plans ( all ! *ief temples 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile z f> s\? z ,phil4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdd1 "s "t aft] ,*ampollion _h l$ ! way 9 deciph]+ ! hi]oglyphics1 we became almo/ equally indebt$ to ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t1 :o also s5t out a ,commission to ,egypt1 "u ,lepsius1 :i* equall$ ! ,fr5* "o 9 ! importance ( ! results ( ! explorations2 9 ! c>e ) :i* ! obs]vations 7 made1 & 9 ! p]fection ) :i* !y 7 record$4 ,9 attempt+ to get in=mation f anci5t temples on ! po9ts to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 !re is1 !re=e1 a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation available2 & x is wise to /udy ! region r\nd & bel[ ,!bes :]e ! in=mation is s abundant & is ready to our h&4 ,fir/1 !n1 ) reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( sol> temples4 ,deal+ ) ! monum5tal evid5ce1 ! answ] is absolutely ov]:elm+4 ,! evid5ce ,i br+ =w>d consi/s ( t af=d$ by "s ( ! v olde/ temples t we "k ( 9 ,egypt4 ,among ! mo/ anci5t & sacr$ fanes 0 "o at ,annu1 ,on1 or ,heliopolis1 :i*1 ! tradition runs1 0 f\nd$ by ! ,%esu-,hor be=e ! "t ( ,m5a2 ,m5a1 z we h se51 hav+ reign$ at a date c]ta9ly n less ?an #djjj1 & possibly #ejjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,m\nds ,,at ,,abydos4 7,f ,m>iette47 ,! ,nile valley holds o!r sol> temples besides t we h nam$ at ,heliopolis4 ,abydos 0 ano!r ( ! holie/ places 9 ,egypt 9 ! v e>lie/ times4 ,s9ce ! temples & temple m\nds at ,abydos c be bett] made out ?an ^? at ,heliopolis1 ,i w take !m fir/4 ,! ori5tations giv5 by diff]5t au?ors are s conflict+ t no c]ta9ty c be claim$1 b x is possible t at ,abydos "o ( ! m\nds is n f> f ! amplitude %[n 9 ! tables = ! sun 9 ! ,nile valley at sunset at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! ,egyptians :o 7 employ$ 9 build+ ! temple mu/ h kn[n exactly :at !y 7 go+ to d4 ,at ,heliopolis1 z ,i h h9t$1 ! matt] is /ill less c]ta94 ,almo/ e trace ( ! temple has disappe>$1 b ( rema9s ( tem5os walls 9 #ahdd1 :5 ! site 0 /udi$ by ,lepsius1 !re 7 pl5ty4 ,at ,k>nak1 :]e bo? temples & tem5os walls rema91 we c see h[ closely ! walls reflect ! ori5tation ( ! includ$ temples1 ev5 :5 !y seem mo/ liable to ! sugge/ion ( symmetrophobia4 ,i h be=e /at$ t ! ,egyptians h be5 accus$ ( hat+ e regul> figure1 & ! irregul> figures at ,k>nak are v rem>kable2 9 ! b\nd>y walls ( ! temple ( ,am5-,r !re are two obtuse angles2 r\nd ! ,mut temple we also h walls1 & !re aga9 ?is hatr$ ( simil>ity seems to come out1 = we h "o obtuse & "o acute angle4 ,b if we exam9e ! ?+ a little c>efully1 we f9d t !re is a good deal ( me?od 9 ?is app>5t irregul>ity4 ,! wall ( ! temple ( ,am5-,r is p>allel to ! face ( ! temple or at "r angles to its l5g?4 ,"o wall ( ,mut is p]fectly p>allel to ! face ( ! temple or at "r angles to ! sph9xes4 ,& ! reason t we d n get "r angles at "o end ( ! wall is t ! walls ( ! temple at ,mut are p>allel to ! *ief wall ( ! temple ( ,am5-,r4 ,surely x mu/ be t1 be=e ^! walls 7 built1 x 0 und]/ood t !re 0 a comb9$ wor%ip2 t !y /ood or fell toge!r4 ,"o ?+ 0 n attempt$ 9 "o temple & ano!r ?+ 9 ano!r1 b ! wor%ip ( ea* 0 reflect$ 9 ! o!r4 ,if ?is be true1 !re 0 no hatr$ ( symmetry1 b a def9ite & admirable reason :y ^! walls %\ld be built z !y 74 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m\nds ,,& ,,obelisk ,,at ,,annu4 ,) ! k we possess ( bo? tem5os walls & temples at ,k>nak1 & ( !1 ,i may almo/ say1 symbolism ( ! =m]1 x is fair to conclude t :5 temples h gone we may yet get help f ! walls4 ,! walls at ,heliopolis are ! mo/ extraord9>y ,i h met ) 9 ,egypt1 z may be ga!r$ f ! accompany+ r$uction ( ,lepsius' map4 ,! arr[ 9 ,lepsius' plan is s wrongly plac$ t ! plan is v mislead+4 ,x foll[s f ,capta9 ,lyons' obs]vations & my own t ! longe/ m\nd heads #ad ,n4 ( ,w4 to #ad ,s4 ( ,e4 )9 a degree2 ! condition ( ! m\nds r5d]s m accurate measures impossible4#i ,x is to be ga!r$ f ! inscriptions t ! temple )9 ^! m\nds1 n[ only repres5t$ by its solit>y obelisk1 0 /yl$ a sanctu>y or temple ( ! sun4#aj ,z ! ori5tation ( ! ,n4 & ,s4 faces ( ! obelisk is #ac ,n4 ( ,w41 ! sun's decl9ation mu/ h be5 #aa ,n4 ,! times ( our ye> m>k$ by x1 !re=e1 7 #ah? ,april & #bd? ,augu/4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! temple may h be5 built orig9ally to wat* ! ris+ or sett+ ( a /> :i* occupi$ ! decl9ation nam$1 & possibly1 ?\gh n necess>ily1 at "s o!r "t ( ! ye>4 ,i %all return to ?is subject4 ,if ,masp]o & ! great au?orities 9 ,egyptology are "r--namely1 t ! ,annu temple 0 f\nd$ be=e #djjj ,b4,c4--! above figures drive u to ! conclusion t we h 9 ?is temple a build+ :i* 0 ori5tat$ to ! sun1 n at a sol/ice1 "s #fjjj ye>s ago4 ,s mu* = two ( ! places kn[n to be ( ! highe/ antiquity 9 ,egypt4 ,!re rema9s ano!r locality suppos$ to date f m mod]n times--,i ref] to ,!bes4 ,x is "h t evid5ce ( ! mo/ c]ta9 k9d ) reg>d to ! sol/itial temples is to be f\nd4 ,at ,k>nak itself !re are sev]al temples s ori5t$1 *ief among !m ! magnific5t ,temple ( ,am5-,r1 "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w1 to :i* a special *apt] mu/ be devot$4 ,suffice x to say "h t ! amplitude ( ! po9t to :i* ! axis ( ! great temple ( ,am5-,r po9ts is #bf ,n4 ( ,w41 :i* we le>n f ! table already giv5 is ! amplitude ( ! place ( sunset at ! summ] sol/ice 9 ! latitude ( ,!bes4 ,! amplitude ( ! po9t to :i* ! axis ( an atta*$ small temple po9ts is #bf ,s4 ( ,e41 exactly ! position ( sunrise at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 9 ?is connection t ! ,colossi ( ! pla9 on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 & ! associat$ temple1 also face ! place ( sunrise at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! li/ ( sol> sol/itial temples1 s f> probably trac$1 is z foll[s3-- ,place & ,temple4 ,amplitude4 ,decl9ation4 ,date4 ,kasr ,k]un #bg ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #bc ,s4,e4 ,k>nak 7,o7 #bf ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #bc ,temples4 ,memnonia 7,av5ue ( ,sph9xes7 #bg ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #bd 7ori5tation n to 7 ,s4,w4 ,erm5t #bg ,s4 ( ,w4 ,s4 #bd ,temples4 ,n4,w4 ,k>nak 7,q4 ,k7 #bf ,n4 ( ,w4 ,n4 #bc ,temples4 ,k>nak 7,u7 #bg ,n4 ( ,w4 ,n4 #bd ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,colossi ,,( ,,! ,,pla9 ,,at ,,!bes ,,at ,,high ,,nile ,,ori5t$ ,,to ,,! ,,sunrise ,,at ,,! ,,w9t] ,,sol/ice4 7,^! are /atues ( ,am5-hotep ,,iii41 & are monoli?s #fj feet high47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,memphis4 7,f ,lepsius47 ,we h se5 t x did n require any great am\nt ( a/ronomical k to det]m9e ei!r ! mom5t ( ! sol/ice or ! mom5t ( ! equ9ox4 ,! mo/ natural ?+ to beg9 ) 0 ! obs]vation ( ! sol/ice1 = ! reason t at ! sol/ice ! sun c be wat*$ day aft] day gett+ m & m nor? or m & m s\? until x comes to a /&/ill4 ,b = ! obs]vation ( ! equ9ox1 ( c\rse1 ! sun is mov+-mo/ rapidly ei!r nor? or s\?1 & !re=e x w\ld be m difficult to det]m9e 9 ^? days ! exact mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ea/ ,,& ,,we/ ,,pyramids ,,& ,,temples ,,at ,g,,zeh4 7,f ,lepsius47 ,we next come to ! "q z to :e!r any build+s 7 erect$ f an equ9octial po9t ( view--t is1 build+s ori5t$ ea/ & we/4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable ?an to g f ! description & ! plans ( su* temples z we h se5 at ,abydos1 ,annu1 & ,k>nak1 to regions :]e1 app>5tly1 ! ?\ght is totally & completely diff]5t1 su* z we f9d on ! ,pyramid ,pla9s at ,gzeh1 at ,memphis1 ,tunis1 ,sas1 & ,buba/is4 ,! ori5tation l9es ( ! ,g]man surveyors %[ beyond all "q t ! pyramids & "s ( ! tem5os walls at ! places nam$ are j z true to ! sun-ris+ at ! equ9oxes z ! temples ref]r$ to at ,k>nak 7 to ! sun-ris+ & sett+ at ! sol/ices1 & ! ,sph9x 0 m]ely a my/]i\s nondescript sort ( ?+ :i* 0 !re wat*+ = ! ris+ ( ! sun at an equ9ox1 z ! ,colossi ( ! pla9 at ,!bes 7 wat*+ = ! ris+ ( ! sun at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,temple ,,& ,,tem5os ,,walls ,,( ,,tanis4 7,f ,lepsius47 ,illu/ration3 ,,temple ,,& ,,tem5os ,,walls ,,( ,,sa,s 7,s-,,el-,,lag]74 7,f ,lepsius47 ,fur!r1 ! temples at ,gzeh1 in/ead ( be+ ori5t$ to ! nor?-we/1 & to ! s\?-ea/1 are j z truly ori5t$ to ! ea/ & we/ z ! ,pyramids !mselves4 ,we h ei!r ,temples ( ,osiris po9t+ to ! sunset at ! equ9ox1 or temples ( ,isis po9t+ to ! sunrise at ! equ9ox1 b 9 ei!r case built 9 relation to ! ,pyramids4 ,z an indication ( ! importance ( ! consid]ations ) :i* we are n[ deal+1 ,i may m5tion t x is sugge/$ by !m t ! build+ ne> ! ,sph9x is really a crypt ( a temple ( ,isis or ,osiris4 ,?is is a view :i* may *ange ! ideas g5]ally held ) reg>d to its age to ! ext5t ( some?+ l a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x has be5 imag9$ t x 0 at lea/ "o ?\s& ye>s old] ?an ! second ,pyramid2 b if x be ultimately prov$ t ?is is really a temple ( ,isis or ,osiris1 !n s9ce x 0 built 9 j z /rict relation to ! side ( ! ,pyramid z ! temple ne> ! ,pyramid 0 to its c5tre1 bo? temples 7 mo/ probably built at ! same "t z ! ,pyramid itself4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! important ?+ is t :5 we pass f ,!bes1 & possibly ,abydos1 to ! ,pyramids at ,memphis1 to ,sas & ,tanis1 we f9d a sol/itial ori5tation *ang$ to an equ9octial "o4 ,!re is a fundam5tal *ange ( a/ronomical ?\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temple ,,ne> ,,! ,,sph9x1 ,,look+ ,,we/ 7,,true71 ,,%[+ ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,s\? ,,face ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,pyramid4 7,f a photograph by ,mr4 ,fe>+47 ,i confess ,i am impress$ by ?is di/9ction2 f ! a/ronomical po9t ( view x is s fundam5tal t almo/ a diff]5ce ( race is requir$ to expla9 x4 ,i say ?is advis$ly1 al?\gh ,i "k cre$ c g a great way1 because among ^! e>ly peoples _! a/ronomy 0 *iefly a means to an end4 ,x 0 n a /ory ( ab/ract conceptions1 or ! m]e expression ( int]e/+ facts :e!r us$ = religi\s purposes or n4 ,! end 0 a cal5d>1 ( fe/ivals & holydays if y w1 b a cal5d> :i* w\ld all[ _! tillage & h>ve/ to prosp]4 ,n[1 x is almo/ impossible to suppose t ^? :o wor%ipp$ ! sun at ! sol/ice did n beg9 ! ye> at ! sol/ice4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 equally difficult to believe t ^? :o pref]r$ to range !mselves z equ9octials did n beg9 ! ye> at an equ9ox4 ,bo? ^! practices c\ld h>dly g on 9 ! case ( ! same race 9 ! same c\ntry1 lea/ ( all 9 ! valley :]e an annual inundation m>k$ ! sol/ice4 ,i %all %[ subsequ5tly h[ ! rise ( ! ,nile1 :i* took place at ! summ] sol/ice1 n only dom9at$ ! indu/ry1 b ! a/ronomy & religion ( ,egypt2 & ,i 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 he>+ f my fri5d ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge t ! rise ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates takes place n f> f ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,?is may h dom9at$ ! ,babylonian cal5d> z effectually z ! date ( ! ,nile-rise dom9at$ ! ,egyptian4 ,if s1 we h a valuable h9t z to ! orig9 ( ! equ9octial cult at ,gzeh & else:]e1 :i* 9 all probability 0 int]polat$ aft] ! non-equ9octial wor%ip _h be5 fir/ f\nd$ at ,annu1 ,abydos1 & possibly ,!bes4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,o!r ,,simil> ,,%r9es ,,else:]e4 ,! obs]vations :i* h be5 made 9 ,babylonia are v discordant among !mselves1 & at pres5t x is impossible to say1 f ! monum5ts 9 any "p ( ! region along ! ,tigris valley1 :e!r ! temples indicate t ! sol/ices 7 famili> to ! ,babylonians4 ,! anci5t cities :i* h s f> be5 excavat$ & ! mod]n names ( ! sites are z foll[s3 ,n9eveh ,k\yunjik4 ,babylon ,birs ,nimrd4 ,calah ,nimrd4 ,ere* ,w>ka4 ,ur ( ! ,*aldees ,mukeyy]4 ,a%ur ,kalat ,%]kt4 ,dur ,s>g9u ,khorsabad4 ,let u take1 = in/ance1 ! region 9 ! valley ne> :]e ! ,upp] ,zab jo9s ! ma9 /ream4 ,we ga!r f ! map publi%$ 9 #ahfg by ,place1#aa t ,nimrd1 ! mod]n ,calah1 is ne> ! junction1 :ile ! m\nds ( ,k\yunjik1 ,mosul1 & ,khorsabad1 repres5t+ ! anci5t ,dur ,s>g9u1 are to ! nor? 7#cf ,n4 latitude74 ,!re are two o!r m\nds %[n on ! map at ,djigan & ,tel ,hakoab4 ,n[1 by inspection x is q cle> t none ( ! m\nds except t ( ,nimrd lie ea/ & we/4 ,x becomes important1 !re=e1 to det]m9e _! ori5tation2 b1 alas6 ?is is ne>ly impossible ) ! sole exception ( ,khorsabad1 = no measures appe> to h be5 made4 ,at fir/ sight ! matt] seems m hopeful 9 ! case ( ,khorsabad1 = we h n only ! plans ( ,place1 b ^? ( ,botta & ,fl&94#ab ,! plans seem ori5t$ ) c>e1 s f> z ! exi/5ce ( a compass direction is conc]n$--= t is pres5t :ile x too (t5 is lack+ 9 su* productions--b 9 nei!r s]ies is x /at$ :e!r ,n4 means true or magnetic nor?4 ,bo? obs]v]s not$ a well-m>k$ temple fac+ ,n4,e41 & also an obs]vatory4 ,ab\t ! temple !re c be no mi/ake1 = ! fair-way ( ! light to x is c>efully pres]v$1 & !re is a flight ( wide /eps on ! nor?-ea/ side ( x4 ,place gives ! ori5tation #cg ,n4 ( ,e4 9 "o plan & #ci 9 ano!r4 ,botta & ,fl&9 give #ca 9 "o plan & #cb 9 ano!r6 ,n[1 ! *ange 9 ! magnetic v>iation betwe5 #ahdi & #ahfg w n expla9 ?is diff]5ce1 nor inde$ c x be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t ! magnetic nor? is 9 "q 9 "o set ( plans & ! true nor? 9 ! o!r2#ac & x is cle> t no p]fectly c]ta9 conclusion c be arriv$ at till ?is "w has be5 done ov] aga94 ,b x is kn[n t ,m4 ,fl&9 0 a skill$ surveyor1 & we h ! rem>kable fact1 t if we take 8 value1 we h ! amplitude ( ! sun at ! summ] sol/ice 9 ! latitude ( ,n9eveh6 ,i c]ta9ly ?9k ! temple may be accept$ z a sol/itial sol> temple provisionally2 & if s1 ! "q is rais$ :e!r ! /ructures 9 ,assyria1 suppos$ to be ori5t$ s t ! angles face ! c>d9al po9ts1 are n all ( !m ori5t$ to ! sun at a sol/ice or to "s o!r heav5ly body4 ,c]ta9ly we mu/ h m def9ite measures be=e ! /atem5t g5]ally made c be accept$ z f9al4 ,:5 we leave ,assyria we f9d o!r c\ntries1 x is true /ill f>!r afield1 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( sol/itial temples ( a great antiquity ( f\ndation is fully recognis$4 ,! great temple ( ! sun at ,pek9 is ori5t$ to ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! c]emonials :i* take place !re are ?us describ$ by ,edk9s3-- ,! mo/ important ( all ! ,/ate obs]vances ( ,*9a is ! sacrifice at ! w9t] sol/ice1 p]=m$ 9 ! op5 air at ! s\? alt> ( ! ,temple ( ,heav51 ,decemb] #ba/4 ,! alt> is call$ ,nan-,tan1 's\? m\nd1' or ,yu5kieu1 'r\nd hillock'--bo? names ( ! greate/ antiquity4 ,"h also are (f]$ pray]s = ra9 9 ! e>ly summ]4 ,! alt> is a beautiful m>ble /ructure1 asc5d$ by tw5ty-sev5 /eps1 & ornam5t$ by circul> balu/rades on ea* ( its ?ree t]races4 ,!re is ano!r on ! nor? side ( some:at small] dim5sions1 call$ ! ,*'i-ku-t'an1 or alt> = pray] on behalf ( gra94 ,on x is rais$ a magnific5t triple-ro($ circul> /ructure #ii feet 9 height1 :i* con/itutes ! mo/ conspicu\s object 9 ! t\t ensemble1 & is t :i* is call$ by =eign]s ! ,temple ( ,heav54 ,x is ! hall ( pray] = a propiti\s ye>1 & "h1 e>ly 9 ! spr+1 ! pray] & sacrifice = t object are prosecut$4 ,^! /ructures are deeply en%r9$ 9 a ?ick cypress grove1 rem9d+ ! visitor ( ! cu/om :i* =m]ly prevail$ among ! hea!n nations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ( ! solemn %ade :i* surr\nd$ "s celebrat$ temples ( anci5t ,greece4 ,! ,temple ( ,heav5 is ?us describ$3-- ,! s\? alt>1 ! mo/ important ( all ,*9ese religi\s /ructures1 has ! foll[+ dim5sions3 ,x consi/s ( a triple circul> t]race1 #baj feet wide at ! base1 #aej 9 ! middle1 & #ij at ! top4 ,9 ^!1 notice ! multiples ( ?ree3 #c #c #i1 #c #e #ae1 #c #g #ba4 ,! heights ( ! ?ree t]races1 upp]1 middle1 & l[]1 are #egb feet1 #fbc feet1 & #e feet respectively4 ,at ! times ( sacrific+1 ! tablets to heav5 & to ! ,emp]or's ance/ors are plac$ on ! top2 !y are #b feet #e in*es long1 & #e in*es wide4 ,! title is 9 gilt lett]s2 t ( heav5 faces ! s\?1 & ^? ( ! ance/ors ea/ & we/4 ,! ,emp]or1 ) 8 imm$iate suite1 kneels 9 front ( ! tablet ( ,%ang-,ti & faces ! nor?4 ,! plat=m is laid ) m>ble /ones1 =m+ n9e conc5tric circles2 ! inn] circle consi/s ( n9e /ones1 cut s z to fit ) close edges r\nd ! c5tral /one1 :i* is a p]fect circle4 ,"h ! ,emp]or kneels1 & is surr\nd$ fir/ by ! circles ( ! t]races & _! enclos+ walls1 & !n by ! circle ( ! horizon4 ,he ?us seems to himself & 8 c\rt to be 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & turn+ to ! nor?1 assum+ ! attitude ( a subject1 he ackn[l$ges 9 pray] & by 8 position t he is inf]ior to heav51 & to heav5 alone4 ,r\nd him on ! pavem5t are ! n9e circles ( z _m heav5s1 consi/+ ( n9e /ones1 !n eighte51 !n tw5ty-sev51 & s on 9 successive multiples ( n9e till ! squ>e ( n9e1 ! fav\rite numb] ( ,*9ese philosophy1 is rea*$ 9 ! out]mo/ circle ( eighty-"o /ones4 ,! same symbolism is c>ri$ ?r\gh\t ! balu/rades1 ! /eps1 & ! two l[] t]races ( ! alt>4 ,f\r flights ( /eps ( n9e ea* lead d[n to ! middle t]race1 :]e are plac$ ! tablets to ! spirits ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s & ! ye> god1 ,tai-sui4 ,! sun & />s take ! ea/1 & ! moon & ,tai-sui ! we/3 ! />s are ! tw5ty-eight con/ellations ( ! ,*9ese zodiac1 borr[$ by ! ,h9doos soon aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 & call$ by !m ! ,nak%a-tras2 ! ,tai-sui is a deification ( ! sixty-ye> cycle4#ad ,we f9d1 !n1 t1 ! mo/ important temple 9 ,*9a is ori5t$ to ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,to m5tion ano!r in/ance4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ,/oneh5ge is ori5t$ to ! ris+ ( ! sun at1 ! summ] sol/ice4 ,its amplitude in/ead ( be+ #bf is #dj ,n4 ( ,e42 ) a latitude ( #ea1 ! #bf azimu? ( ,!bes is repres5t$ by an amplitude ( #dj at ,/oneh5ge4 ,! /ructure consi/s ( a d\ble circle ( /ones1 ) a sort ( naos compos$ ( l>ge /ones fac+ a s-call$ av5ue1 :i* is a sunk5 way betwe5 two p>allel banks4 ,?is av5ue /ret*es away f ! naos 9 ! direction ( ! sol/itial sunrise4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,9 ! av5ue1 b n 9 ! c5tre ( its wid?1 !re is a /one call$ ! ,fri>'s ,heel1 s locat$ 9 relation to ! horizon t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1#ae :o has made c>eful measurem5ts ( ! :ole /ructure1 x align$ ! com+ sunrise f a po9t beh9d ! naos or trili?on4 ,! horizon is invisible at ! entrance ( ! circle1 ! peak ( ! heel ris+ f> above x2 f beh9d ! circles ! peak is bel[ ! horizon4 ,n[1 f consid]ations :i* ,i %all /ate at l5g? fur!r on1 ,mr4 ,petrie concludes t ,/oneh5ge exi/$ #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t /ructures m or less simil> to ,/oneh5ge are f\nd along a l9e f ! ea/ on bo? sides ( ! ,m$it]ranean4#af ,illu/ration3 ,,/oneh5ge1 ,,f ,,! ,,nor?4 ,x w be se5 t ! use ( ! m>k+ /one to indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! sun w rise answ]s exactly ! same purpose z ! long av5ue ( maje/ic columns & pylons 9 ! ,egyptian temples4 ,9 bo? cases we _h a means ( det]m9+ ! comm5cem5t & ! succession ( ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/oneh5ge ,,re/or$4 ,h5ce1 j z surely z ! temple ( ,k>nak once po9t$ to ! sun sett+ at ! summ] sol/ice1 ! temple at ,/oneh5ge po9t$ ne>ly to ! sun ris+ at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,/oneh5ge1 !re is little d\bt1 0 s con/ruct$ t at sunrise at ! same sol/ice ! %ad[ ( "o /one fell exactly on ! /one 9 ! c5tre2 t obs]vation indicat$ to ! prie/s t ! ,new ,ye> _h begun1 & possibly also fires 7 light$ to fla% ! news ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,& 9 ?is way x is possible t we h ! ultimate orig9 ( ! midsumm] fires1 :i* h be5 ref]r$ to by s _m au?ors4#ag ,we h ?us consid]$ sol/itial temples scatt]$ widely ov] ! e>?'s surface f> f ! ,nile ,valley4 ,we may n[ return to ! equ9octial temples :i* c /ill be trac$ to ! ,n4,e4 ( t valley--! *ief ones be+ ^?1 rema9s ( :i* /ill exi/ at ,j]usalem1 ,baalbek1 & ,palmyra1 :]e /one 0 available = ! temple build]s4 ,^! temples 7 app>5tly z p]fectly squ>$ to ! equ9ox z ! ,pyramids at ,gzeh4 ,i w take ! temple ( ,j]usalem fir/1 z its hi/ory is m complete ?an t ( ! o!rs4 ,we le>n f ! works ( ,josephus t z e>ly z ,solomon's "t ! temple at ,j]usalem 0 ori5t$ to ! ea/ ) c>e2#ah 9 o!r words1 ! temple at ,j]usalem 0 p>allel to ! temple ( ,isis at ! ,pyramids2 x 0 op5 to ! ea/1 clos$ absolutely to ! we/4 ,9 plan1 z we %all see1 x 0 v l an ,egyptian temple1 ! light f ! sun at ! equ9ox be+ free to come along an op5 passage1 & to get at la/ into ! ,holy ( ,holies4 ,we f9d t ! direction ( ! axis ( ! temple %[s ! exi/5ce ( a cult connect$ ) ! possibility ( see+ ! sun rise at ei!r ! spr+ or ! autumn equ9ox4 ,all ! doors be+ op5$1 ! sunlight w\ld p5etrate ov] ! high alt>1 :]e ! sacrifices 7 (f]$1 into ! v ,holy ( ,holies1 :i* we may rememb] 0 only ent]$ by ! high prie/ once a ye>2 x c\ld h done t twice a ye>1 b z a matt] ( fact x 0 only utilis$ once2 :]eas at ,k>nak ! prie/ w\ld only g into ! ,holy ( ,holies once a ye>1 because x 0 only once illum9at$ by ! sun 9 ea* ye>4 ,!re is evid5ce1 too1 t ! entrance ( ! sunlight on ! morn+ ( ! spr+ equ9ox =m$ "p ( ! c]emonial4 ,! prie/ be+ 9 ! naos1 ! wor%ipp]s outside1 ) _! backs to ! sun1 c\ld see ! high prie/ by means ( ! sunlight reflect$ f ! jewels#ai 9 8 g>m5ts1 ?us ref]r$ to by ,josephus3-- ,i w n[ treat ( :at ,i be=e omitt$--! g>m5t ( ! high prie/1 = he ,moses left no room = ! evil practices ( false prophets2 b if "s ( t sort %\ld attempt to abuse ! ,div9e au?ority1 he left x to ,god to be pres5t at ,8 sacrifices :5 ,he pleas$1 & :5 ,he pleas$ to be abs5t4 ,& he 0 will+ ?is %\ld be kn[n1 n to ! ,hebrews only1 b to ^? =eign]s also :o 7 !re4 ,= z to ^? /ones1 :i* we told y be=e1 ! high prie/ b>e on 8 %\ld]s1 :i* 7 s>donyxes 7& ,i ?9k x ne$less to describe _! feature1 !y be+ kn[n to ev]ybody71 ! "o ( !m %9$ out :5 ,god 0 pres5t at _! sacrifices4#bj ,i mean t :i* 0 ( ! nature ( a button on 8 "r %\ld]1 bright rays d>t+ out !nce1 & be+ se5 ev5 by ^? :o 7 mo/ remote2 :i* spl5d\r yet 0 n be=e natural to ! /one4 ,josephus#ba /ates t ! miracul\s %9+ ( ! jewels ceas$ two hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t1 ,god hav+ be5 displeas$ at ! transgression ( ,8 laws4 ,?is rem>k ( ,josephus q ju/ifies ! assumption t ! effect ( sunlight on ! prie/'s jewels =m$ "p ( ! c]emonial1 & 9 ?is way4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times !re is no d\bt t ! equ9octial temples 7 sol> temples pure & simple1 & ! ris+ sun w\ld always1 9 f9e wea!r1 %9e into !m at ! equ9ox1 :i*1 :ile !y 7 us$ z sol> temples1 m>k$ ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,! influ5ce ( ! lat] ,babylonian a/ronomy1 h[ev]1 at l5g? replac$ ! sun by ! moon1 & ! ye> w\ld comm5ce1 n at ! equ9ox1 b by a new or a full moon ne> ! equ9ox4 ,if ei!r ( ^! happ5$ at ! equ9ox1 well & good2 b if n1 !n ! sun's decl9ation might be widely diff]5t f #j--;x might am\nt r\ghly to #aj ei!r ,n4 or ,s4--& "u ^! circum/ances1 z ! amplitude w\ld be great]1 ! sun's light c\ld n ent] ! temple at all at ! date ( ! fea/4 ,m ?an ?is1 a mi/ake ( a mon? might be made1 or a "q ( old /yle & new /yle might come 91 & t ( c\rse w\ld make matt]s worse4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 ! )drawal ( ! sunlight f ! temple at ,j]usalem admits ( be+ a/ronomically expla9$4 ,x seems highly probable t ! temple 9 "q 0 built on a ,ph5ician f\ndation1 = "s ( ! /ones exce$ #ch feet 9 l5g? & weigh #ij tons4#bb ,?is rem>k is sugge/$ by ! fact t at ,baalbek or ,heliopolis1 to :i* ,i next direct att5tion1 ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ massive "p ( ! /ructure is1 9 all probability1 ( ,ph5ician orig94 ,to give an idea ( its massiv5ess1 :i* is almo/ m ?an ,egyptian1 x may be /at$ t !re are ?ree /ones ea* ab\t #fd feet long1 #ac feet high1 & #ac feet ?ick4 ,!re are small] /ones us$ 9 ! fill+ 91 ( ! same height & ?ickness1 & #cj feet long4#bc ,^! =m ! we/]n wall ( ! orig9al naos or ( its support4 ,"h ! ori5tation is due ,e4#bd ,:5 we come to ,palmyra1 we f9d also ano!r temple to ! equ9octial sun2 b "h ! sunset1 & n ! sunrise1 is 9 "q--! temple faces due we/4 ,9 ! :ole problem1 !n1 ( ori5tation z ,i h _h to pres5t x1 & z x n[ /&s1 we seem = ! mom5t to be face to face ) two v rem>kable & /range ?+s2 s /range t ! argum5t may appe> f>-fet*$ & wor?less1 s9ce we are l&$ 9 a region app>5tly v f> remov$ f our mod]n habits ( ?\ght4 ,b is ?is really s8 ,i assume ! p]sonification or ! deification ( ! sun3 ,i %all subsequ5tly h to include ! />s2 ,i indicate special ori5tations ( build+s devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ! sun at "o "t ( ! ye> or ano!r4 ,b really bo? ^! ?+s1 ?\gh !y seem improbable1 h be5 c>ri$ d[n to our own day1 q indep5d5tly ( any "q relat+ to ,egypt4 ,!re is no?+ new ab\t !m at all1 & !re is no?+ really /range4 ,:5 we g into an obs]vatory we ?9k no?+ ( turn+ our telescope t[>ds ,v5us1 or ,jupit]1 or ,m>s4 ,"h we h ! deification ( ! planets4 ,x is p]fectly true t ?is religi\s treatm5t ( ! planets is n ( our own day3 we h inh]it$ x f ! ,greeks ?r\gh ! ,lat9s2 b we d n ?9k x at all extraord9>y t a planet %\ld be call$ ,v5us or ,jupit]4 ,?us we ( to-day are completely 9 t\* ) ! old ,egyptians1 except t ! ,egyptians 7 wis] 9 _! g5]ation1 & look$ aft] ! sun at fix$ po9ts 9 ! ye> & ! con/ant />s in/ead ( ! v>iable planets4 ,!n1 aga91 take ! "q ( ori5tation4 ,?is is1 aft] all1 "o :i* survives among ourselves4 ,all our *ur*es are m or less ori5t$1 :i* is a remnant ( old sun-wor%ip4#be ,any *ur* t is prop]ly built to-day w h its axis po9t+ to ! ris+ ( ! sun on ! ,sa9t's ,day1 i4e41 a *ur* d$icat$ to ,/4 ,john ought n to be p>allel to a *ur* d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]4 ,x is true t !re are sometimes local conditions :i* prev5t ?is2 b if ! ar*itect kn[s 8 bus9ess prop]ly he is unhappy unless he c c>ry out ?is old-_w tradition4 ,b x may be sugge/$ t 9 our *ur*es ! door is always to ! we/ & ! alt> is always to ! ea/4 ,t is p]fectly true1 b x is a mod]n practice4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! e>ly c5turies ! *ur*es 7 all ori5t$ to ! sun1 s t ! light fell on ! alt> ?r\gh ! ea/]n doors at sunrise4 ,! late ,gilb]t ,scott1 9 8 ,essay on ,*ur* ,ar*itecture1 gives a v detail$ acc\nt ( ^! e>ly *ur*es1 :i* 9 ?is respect exactly resembl$ ! ,egyptian temples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]',s ,,at ,,rome1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,door ,,fac+ ,,! ,,sunrise4 ,9 reg>d to old ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1#bf we read t s exactly due ea/ & we/ 0 ! ,basilica t1 on ! v]nal equ9ox1 ! great doors ( ! por* ( ! quadriporticus 7 ?r[n op5 at sunrise1 & also ! ea/]n doors ( ! *ur* itself1 & z ! sun rose1 its rays pass$ ?r\gh ! out] doors1 !n ?r\gh ! inn] doors1 &1 p5etrat+ /raight ?r\gh ! nave1 illum9at$ ! ,high ,alt>4 ,! pres5t *ur* fulfils ! same conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,pet]',s ,,at ,,rome3 ,,fa,,ade ,,fac+ ,,! ,,ea/ 7,,true74 ,b we h betwe5 our own *ur*es & ! ,egyptian temples a l9k 9 ! *a9 :i* has j be5 magnific5tly complet$ by ,mr4 ,p5rose by 8 /udy ( ! ,greek temples4 ,^! int]e/+ results w occupy u 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,temple ,,( ,,am5-,r ,,at ,,k>nak4 ,s mu* hav+ be5 premis$ conc]n+ ! e>ly temple-wor%ip ( ! sun 9 ,egypt & ! adjac5t c\ntries1 & ! survival ( "s ( ! ideas connect$ ) x d[n to our own day1 ,i next propose to describe ! f9e/ ,egyptian sol> temple :i* rema9s op5 to our exam9ation--t ( ,am5-,r at ,k>nak4 ,( ! *ief sol> temples ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]1 two h pass$ away2 ev5 ! ori5tation ( ! "o at ,heliopolis ,i 0 only able to det]m9e by ! m\nds1 assum+ !m to be> ! same relation to ! temple z o!r m\nds d1 & ! rema9+ obelisk4 ,! temple at ,abydos is also a m\nd2 b 9 ! case ( ! temple ( ,am5-,r at ,!bes ! case is diff]5t3 in/ead ( be+ a m]e heap1 ! ori5tation ( :i* is obta9able only by ! g5]al lie ( ! rema9s1 ?is temple is /ill 9 su* pres]vation t ,lepsius 9 ! ye> #ahdd c\ld give u a l>ge numb] ( details ab\t x1 & locate ! position ( ! innum]able c\rts4 ,its ori5tation to ! sol/ice we c claim1 z ,i hope to be able to %[1 z an e>ly a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,s x is q fair to say t1 _m ?\s& ye>s ago at all ev5ts1 ! ,egyptians 7 p]fectly famili> ) ! sol/ices1 & !re=e m or less fully ) ! ye>ly pa? ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,axis ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,am5-,r ,,f ,,! ,,we/]n ,,pylon1 ,,look+ ,,s\?-,,ea/4 ,?is temple ( ,am5-,r is beyond all "q ! mo/ maje/ic ru9 9 ! _w4 ,!re is a sort ( /one av5ue 9 ! c5tre1 giv+ a view t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 & ?is axis is some?+ l five hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,! :ole object ( ! build] ( ! great temple at ,k>nak--"o ( ! mo/ s\l-/irr+ temples :i* h ev] be5 conceiv$ or built by man--0 to pres]ve t axis absolutely op52 & all ! wond]ful halls ( columns & ! l1 z se5 on "o side or o!r ( ! axis1 are m]ely details2 ! po9t be+ t ! axis %\ld be absolutely op51 /raight1 & true4 ,! axis 0 direct$ t[>ds ! hills on ! we/ side ( ! ,nile1 9 :i* are ! tombs ( ! k+s4 ,f ! ext]nal pylon ! ,s\?-ea/]n outlook ?r\gh ! ru9s %[s ! :ole l5g? ( ! temple1 & we see at ! v extremity ( ! c5tral l9e a gateway ne>ly six hundr$ y>ds away4 ,?is belong$ to a temple po9t+ t[>ds ! s\?-ea/4 ,!re 7 really two temples 9 ! same l9e back to back1 ! *ief "o fac+ ! sunset at ! summ] sol/ice1 ! o!r probably ! sunrise at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! di/ance :i* sep>ates ! outside entrances ( bo? ^! temples is great] ?an t f ,pall ,mall to ,piccadilly2 ! great temple cov]s ab\t twice ! area cov]$ by ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 s t ! :ole /ructure 0 ( a va/ness absolutely unapproa*$ 9 ! mod]n ecclesia/ical _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,am5-,r ,,& ,,"s ,,( ,,its ,,surr\nd+s1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,lake4 ,,ii4 ,orig9al ,sanctu>y4 ,,iii4 ,obelisks4 ,,iv4 ,hall ( ,columns4 ,v4 ,int]ior ,pylon4 ,,vi4 ,out] ,c\rt4 ,,vii4 ,ext]nal ,we/]n ,pylon4 ,,viii4 ,sph9xes4 #a ,temple ,m4 ( ,lepsius4 #b ,temple ( ,seti ,,ii4 #c ,side ,entrance4 #d ,s\? ,wall4 #e ,pylons ( ,s\? #f ,c\rts4 #g #h ,inn] ,c\rts ne> #i ! ,sanctu>y4 #aj a ,n4 ,wall4 b c ,columns 9 ,out] d ,c\rt1 ,n4 ,side4 e ,columns 9 ,out] f ,c\rt1 ,s4 ,side4 g ,tah>qa's ,columns4 ,"s ,egyptian temples took _m t5s ( ye>s to build2 ! obelisks1 all 9 s+le blocks1 7 br\ght = hundr$s ( miles d[n ! ,nile4 ,! build+ ( a sol> temple l t ( ,am5-,r meant to ! ,egyptians a v s]i\s und]tak+ inde$4 ,"s ( ! /ructural details are ( a v curi\s nature1 :ile ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! temple itself is no less extraord9>y4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! temple axis4 ,x seems to be a g5]al rule t f ! entrance-pylon ! temple /ret*es ?r\gh v>i\s halls ( diff]5t sizes & details1 until at la/1 at ! extreme end1 :at is call$ ! ,sanctu>y1 ,naos1 ,adytum1 or ,holy ( ,holies1 is rea*$4 ,! end ( ! temple at :i* ! pylons are situat$ is op51 ! o!r is clos$4 ,^! l(ty pylons1 & ev5 ! walls1 are sometimes cov]$ ) ! mo/ wond]ful draw+s & hi]oglyphic figures & records4 ,/ret*+ 9 front ( ! pylons1 ext5d+ sometimes v f> 9 front1 are r[s ( sph9xes4 ,?is pr9ciple is c>ri$ to su* an ext5t t 9 "s cases sep>ate isolat$ gates h be5 built "r 9 front & exactly 9 ! alignm5t ( ! temple4 ,f "o end ( ! temple to ! o!r we f9d ! axis m>k$ out by n>r[ ap]tures 9 ! v>i\s pylons1 & _m walls ) doors cross+ ! axis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,to ,,! ,,s\?-,,we/ ,,f ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,lake ,,( ,,am5-,r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,door ,,at ,,entrance ,,( ,,! ,,sanctu>y4 ,9 ! temple ( ,am5-,r !re are #ag or #ah ( ^! ap]tures1 limit+ ! light :i* falls into ! ,holy ( ,holies or ! ,sanctu>y4 ,?is con/ruction gives "o a v def9ite impression t e "p ( ! temple 0 built to subs]ve a special object1 viz41 to limit ! light :i* fell on its front into a n>r[ beam1 & to c>ry x to ! o!r extremity ( ! temple--into ! sanctu>y1 s t once a ye> :5 ! sun set at ! sol/ice ! light pass$ )\t int]ruption along ! :ole l5g? ( ! temple1 f9ally illum9at+ ! ,sanctu>y 9 mo/ respl5d5t fa%ion & /rik+ ! ,sanctu>y wall4 ,! wall ( ! ,sanctu>y opposite to ! entrance ( ! temple 0 always block$4 ,!re is no case 9 :i* ! beam ( light c pass absolutely ?r\gh ! temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,obelisks ,,ne> ,,! ,,olde/ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,am5-,r ,,at ,,k>nak4 ,! po9t 0 to provide an axis op5 at "o end & absolutely clos$ at ! o!r1 ! op5 c\rts be+ only f\nd t[>ds t end t[>ds :i* ! temple op5$1 ! o!r end be+ all b absolutely d>k & q block$ up at ! extremity4 ,^! sunlight effects 7 fully appreciat$4 ,ref]r+ to ! obelisks erect$ by ,que5 ,ht-%epset z a monum5t to h] fa!r ,am51 an inscription at ! base ( "o ( ^! says1 ,!y are se5 an endless numb] ( miles (f3 x is a flood ( %9+ spl5d\r :5 ! sun %9es betwe5 ! two2#bg & aga91 ,! sun's disc %9es betwe5 !m z :5 x rises f ! horizon ( heav54#bh ,pass+ f ! temple at ,k>nak to o!rs 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation1 we c ga!r t ! "p ( ! axis fur!/ f ! entrance 0 cov]$1 s t 9 ! p5etralia !re 0 only a dim religi\s light4 ,! entrance is also1 z x 71 gu>d$ by a massive ext]ior pylon1 z 9 ! m or less mod]n temple ( ,edf4 ,?is1 aga91 r$uces ! light 9 ! int]ior4 ,x is easy to recognise t ^! arrangem5ts be> out ! idea ( an a/ronomical use ( ! temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inn] ,,c\rt ,,& ,,sanctu>y ,,at ,,edf4 7,f a ,photograph by ! ,au?or47 ,fir/ ( all we "k t ! temple 0 direct$ to ! place ( ! sun's sett+2 & if ! ,egyptians wi%$ to lead ! n>r[ %aft ( light :i* 0 b\nd to ent] ! temple1 s9ce x 0 direct$ to ! sunset1 !y w\ld h contriv$ ! v sy/em ( gradually n>r[+ doors :i* we h f\nd to be "o ( ! special features ( ! temple4 ,! doors 7 consid]$ z v important--& no wond]4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4's re/oration ( ! temple ( ,am5-,r1 we read t aft] ! build+ _h be5 con/ruct$ 9 a position correspond+ to ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav5 ! great /one gateways 7 erect$4 ,! fir/ _h doors ( real acacia wood cov]$ ) plates ( gold1 fa/5$ ) black bronze & iron4 ,!n came a propylon 7,bekh57 ) ?ree o!r gates connect$ ) x cov]$ ) plates ( copp]1 & ! sacrifices 7 br\ght ?r\gh ^!4#bi ,?is idea is /r5g!n$ by consid]+ ! con/ruction ( ! a/ronomical telescope4 ,al?\gh ! ,egyptians knew no?+ ab\t telescopes1 x w\ld seem t !y _h ! same problem be=e !m :i* we solve by a special arrangem5t 9 ! mod]n telescope--!y want$ to keep ! light pure1 & to lead x into _! sanctu>y z we lead x to ! eyepiece4 ,to keep ! light t passes into ! eyepiece ( a mod]n telescope pure1 we h betwe5 ! object-glass & ! eyepiece a s]ies ( :at are call$ diaphragms2 t is1 a s]ies ( r+s "r along ! tube1 ! inn] diamet]s ( ! r+s be+ greate/ close to ! object-glass1 & smalle/ close to ! eyepiece2 ^! diaphragms mu/ s be made t all ! light f ! object-glass %all fall ^u ! eyepiece1 )\t loss or reflection by ! tube4 ,^! ap]tures 9 ! pylons & sep>at+ walls ( ,egyptian temples exactly repres5t ! diaphragms 9 ! mod]n telescope4 ,:at !n 0 ! real use ( ^! pylons & ^! diaphragms8 ,x 0 to keep all /ray light out ( ! c>efully ro($ & d>k5$ ,sanctu>y2 b :y 0 ! ,sanctu>y to be kept 9 d>kness8 ,! fir/ po9t t ,i wi% to make is t ^! temples--:atev] view may be ent]ta9$ ) reg>d to _! wor%ip or ! c]emonial 9 !m--7 und\bt$ly con/ruct$ among o!r reasons = ! purpose ( obta9+ an exact obs]vation ( ! precise "t ( ! sol/ice4 ,! prie/s hav+ ?is p[] at _! disposal1 w\ld n be likely to neglect x1 = !y rul$ by k4 ,! temples 71 !n1 a/ronomical obs]vatories1 & ! fir/ obs]vatories t we "k ( 9 ! _w4 ,if we consid] !m z horizontal telescopes us$ = ! purpose ,i h sugge/$1 we at once und]/& ! long axis1 & ! s]ies ( gradually n>r[+ diaphragms1 = ! long] ! beam ( light us$ ! great] is ! accuracy t c be obta9$4 ,indep5d5tly ( c]emonial reasons--!re is a good deal to be said "u t head--x is q cle> t ! d>k] ! sanctu>y ! m obvi\s w be ! pat* ( light on ! end wall1 & ! m easily c its position be locat$4 ,x 0 important to d ?is on ! two or ?ree days ne> ! sol/ice1 9 ord] to get an idea ( ! exact "t at :i* ! sol/ice took place4 ,we f9d t a n>r[ beam ( sunlight com+ ?r\gh a n>r[ entrance "s #ejj y>ds away f ! door ( ! ,holy ( ,holies w\ld1 provid$ ! temple 7 prop]ly ori5tat$ to ! sol/ice1 & provid$ ! sol/ice occurr$ at ! absolute mom5t ( sunrise or sunset accord+ to :i* ! temple 0 be+ utilis$1 practically fla% into ! sanctu>y & rema9 !re = ab\t a c\ple ( m9utes1 & !n pass away4 ,! fla% w\ld be a cresc5do & dim9u5do1 b ! :ole ?+ w\ld n la/ above two m9utes or !reab\ts1 & might be consid]ably r$uc$ by an arrangem5t ( curta9s4 ,suppos+ ! sol/ice did n occur at ! precise mom5t ( sunrise or sunset1 & provid$ ! ,egyptians by any means :atev] 7 able to divide ! days & ! nights into m or less equal int]vals ( "t1 two or ?ree obs]vations ( ! sun ris+ at ! sol/ice on ?ree diff]5t morn+s1 or ( ! sunset at ! sol/ice on ?ree diff]5t ev5+s1 w\ld enable a c>eful obs]v] to say :e!r ! sol/ice _h occurr$ at ! exact mom5t ( sunrise or sunset1 or at "s int]val betwe5 two successive sunrises or sunsets1 & :at t int]val 04 ,we may conclude t !re 0 "s purpose ( utility to be s]v$1 & ! sol> temples c\ld h be5 us$ und\bt$ly1 among o!r ?+s1 = det]m9+ ! exact l5g? ( ! sol> ye>4 ,i n[ come to my next po9t1 :i* is t "h we h ! true orig9 ( our pres5t means ( measur+ "t2 t our ye> z we "k x 0 fir/ det]m9$ 9 ^! ,egyptian temples & by ! ,egyptians4 ,! magnific5t bur/ ( ! light at sunset into ! sanctu>y w\ld %[ t a new true sol> ye> 0 beg9n+4 ,x s happ5s t ! summ] sol/ice 0 ! "t :5 ! ,nile began1 & /ill beg9s1 to rise2 s t 9 ,egypt ! prie/s 7 enabl$ to det]m9e1 ye> aft] ye>1 n only ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 b ! exact "t ( its comm5cem5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 !y app>5tly kept to !mselves1 = ! ye> 9 use1 call$ ! vague ye>1 began at diff]5t times ( ! true ye> ?r\gh a long cycle1 z ,i %all %[ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,if ! ,egyptians wi%$ to use ! temple = c]emonial purposes1 ! magnific5t beam ( light ?r[n into ! temple at ! sunset h\r w\ld give !m opportunities & ev5 sugge/ions = s do+2 = in/ance1 !y might place an image ( ! god 9 ! sanctu>y & all[ ! light to ,ha% ^u x4 ,we %\ld h a manife/ation ( ,r ) a v5geance dur+ ! brief "t ! :ite flood ( sunlight fell on x2 be x rememb]$ t 9 ! dry & cle> air ( ,egypt ! sun ca/s a %ad[ five seconds aft] ! fir/ little po9t ( x has be5 se5 above ! horizon4 ,s t at sunrise & sunset 9 ,egypt ! light is v /rong1 & n temp]$ z ) u4 ,!y did ?is3 we n only f9d ! exact allocation ( words ! manife/ation ( ,r1 b :at happ5$ is describ$4 ,"o ( ! inscriptions relat+ to ! manife/ation ( ,r has be5 translat$ by ,de ,r\g z foll[s3-- ,il v9t en passant v]s le temple de ,r2 il entra dans le temple en adorant 7deux fois74 ,le er-heb celebrant invoqua 7celui qui7 rep\sse les plaies du roi2 il remplit les rites de la porte2 il prit le seteb1 il se purifia p> l'enc5s2 il fit une libation2 il apporta les fleurs de ,hab5b5 a "p ( ! temple2 il apporta le p>fum 7874 ,il monta les degrs v]s l'adytum gr&1 p\r voir ,r dans ,hab5b52 lui-mme se t9t seul2 il p\ssa le v]r\2 il ouvrit les portes2 il vit son pre ,r dans ,hab5b52 il vnra la b>que de ,r et la b>que de ,tum4 ,il tira les portes1 et posa la t]re sigillaire 7qu'il7 scella avec le sceau du roi4 ,lui-mme ordonne aux prtres1 ',j'ai plac le sceau2 que n'entre pas quelqu'un d$ans de t\t roi qui se ti5dra 7l74'#cj ,9 ! quotation ! app>atus ( doors is ref]r$ to1 & x is n difficult to und]/& t by a p>ticul> arrangem5t ( !m x w\ld be easily possible to all[ ! ha% :i* light$ up ! image ( ! god to be ( v brief duration4 ,rememb] t ! sanctu>y 0 d>k1 t ! k+ /ood ) 8 back to ! pylon 7& !re=e to ! sun74 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 to an excit$ imag9ation x w\ld be ! god himself & n 8 image :i* appe>$4 ,masp]o#ca adduces mu* evid5ce to %[ t ! prie/s 7 n above pi\s frauds ev5 9 ! wor%ip connect$ ) ! ,holy ( ,holies3-- ,! %r9es 9 ! sanctu>y are little *apels ( wood or /one1 9 :i* ! _s ( ! deity 0 suppos$ at all times to dwell1 & :i* on c]emonial occasions conta9$ 8 image4 ,! sacr$ b>ks 7 built aft] ! model ( ! ,b>i1 or boat 9 :i* ! sun p]=m$ 8 daily c\rse4 ,! %r9e 0 plac$ amid%ips ( ! boat & cov]$ ) a veil or curta91 to conceal its cont5ts f all spectators4444 ,we h n z yet discov]$ any ( ! /atues employ$ 9 ! c]emonial1 b we "k :at !y 7 l1 :at "p !y play$1 & ( :at mat]ials !y 7 made4 ,!y 7 animat$4444 ,!y spoke1 mov$1 act$--n metaphorically1 b actually4444 ,int]m9able av5ues ( sph9xes1 gigantic obelisks1 massive pylons1 halls ( a hundr$ columns1 my/]i\s *amb]s ( p]petual night--9 a ^w1 ! :ole ,egyptian ,temple & its dep5d5cies 7 built by way ( a hid+-place = a p]=m+ puppet1 ( :i* ! wires 7 work$ by a prie/4 ,9 an inscription :i* cov]s1 accord+ to ,brugs*1 an entire wall ne> ! ,holy ( ,holies 9 ! temple ( ,am5-,r x is /at$ t a beautiful h>p1 inlaid ) silv] & gold & preci\s /ones1 on :i* to s+ ! praises ( ! god1 /atues ( ! god himself1 & num]\s gates 7,selkhet7 ) locks ( copp] & d>k bronze1 to protect ! ,holy ( ,holies f intrusion1 7 among ! gifts to ! prie/s4#cb ,?o?mes ,,iii41 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 embelli%m5ts at ,k>nak1 says ( ! /atues ( ! gods & ( _! secret place 7possibly ! ,adytum7 t !y 7 m glori\s ?an :at is creat$ 9 heav51 m secret ?an ! place ( ! abyss1 & m invisible ?an :at is 9 ! ocean4#cc ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,am5-,r ,,at ,,k>nak4 ,if x be accept$ t ! argum5ts already put =w>d ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ ! temple ( ,am5-,r z a sol/itial sol> temple1 we are br\ght face to face ) ! fact t if x be ( any great antiquity its ori5tation %\ld be su* t x w no long] receive ! light ( ! sett+ sun at ! summ] sol/ice along its axis4 ,?is results f ! fact t !re is a sl[ *ange 9 :at is call$ ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic--t is1 ! angle betwe5 ! plane ( ! e>?'s equator & ! plane ( ! ecliptic2 ?is *ange is br\ght ab\t by ! attraction ( ! o!r planet>y bodies affect+ ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,if ^! planes approa* ea* o!r1 ! obliquity w be r$uc$2 ! pres5t obliquity is some?+ l #bc #bg2 we "k t #e1jjj ,b4,c4 x 0 #bd #bb1 ne>ly a degree m4 ,a diff]5ce ( #a means1 !n1 a diff]5ce ( "t ( ab\t sev5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,x may g d[n to some?+ bel[ #ba4 ,s9ce ! obliquity has be5 decreas+ = _m ?\s& ye>s1 a temple direct$ to ! ris+ or sett+ sun at ! sol/ice "s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago _h a great] amplitude ?an x requires n[4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t if ! ori5tation ( ! temple & ! height ( ! hills t[>ds :i* x po9ts be accurately kn[n1 kn[+ also ! precise obliquity ( ! ecliptic at diff]5t epo*s1 we h an a/ronomical means ( det]m9+ ! date ( ! orig9al f\ndation ( ! temple1 suppos+1 ( c\rse1 t x 0 f\nd$ to obs]ve ! sol/ice4 ,b be=e ,i g into ^! matt]s x is ess5tial t ! evid5ce ( ,egyptologi/s %\ld be consid]$4 ,v =tunately = u 9 ^! inquiries ! temple ( ,am5-,r is "o ( ^? mo/ c>efully /udi$ by ,m>iette1 s t ! d]ni] mot ( ! ar*ologi/ is at our disposal4 ,m>iette1 9 8 magnific5t memoir on ,k>nak1#cd surpass$ himself 9 ! c>e & sagacity :i* he display$ 9 endeav\r+ to fix dates = ! v>i\s /ructures 9 t wond]ful temple-field1 & among !m ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! temple ( ,am5-,r4 ,9 8 maps1 to :i* ,i n[ ref]1 ea* "p ( ! temple is col\r$ accord+ to ! suppos$ date ( its build+4 ,he po9ts out fir/ ( all t ! inscriptions on ! walls mu/ be disreg>d$1 z !y c\ld h be5 put !re at any date aft] ! temples 7 built4 ,on ?is po9t ,i quote ,m>iette's own words3--#ce ,les c\leurs m>ques sur le plan s]v5t indiqu]1 au moy5 de la lg5de explicative place en m>ge1 les poques div]ses de la con/ruction des temples et de leurs p>ties4 ,quelques mots d'explication sont ici ncessaires4 ,un mur porte les c>t\*es de ,m5ephtah2 mais il peut avoir t con/ruit deux-c5t-c9quante ans plus tt p> ,?\tms ,,iii4 ,les poques de la dcoration ne sont a9si pas t\j\rs les poques de la con/ruction4 ,p\r avoir les poques de la dcoration1 il ne s'agit que de reg>d] les murs et les inscriptions dont ils sont c\v]ts4 ,p\r avoir les poques de la con/ruction1 t\t un travail de confrontation1 de comp>aison1 e/ ncessaire4 ,il faut s'assur] si les mmes ma9s qui ont con/ruit le mur l'ont dcor2 dans le cas contraire1 il faut faire int]v5ir l'ar*ologie dans t\tes les bran*es de cette sci5ce qui t\*5t l'obs]vation des lieux1 au mode de con/ruction1 l'ag5cem5t des pi]res1 au *oix et l'app>eillage des matriaux4 ,tak+ ! temple 9 its g5]ality1 he f9ds t1 s f> z 8 inquiries _h c>ri$ him1 p>ts 7 c]ta9ly built at a "t an anci5t z ! twelf? dyna/y--say #bdjj or #cjjj ,b4,c41 accord+ to ! au?ority 9 ^! matt]s t we may pref]4 ,!n aga9 we h dates giv5 & indications ( k+s ?r\gh ! eighte5? & n9ete5? dyna/ies1 & !n aga9 on to ! times ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,9 su* an inquiry we mu/ h ar*ological dates on :i* we c rely4 ,9 ! date assign$ to ! "t ( ,m5a by v>i\s ,egyptologi/s we f9d a diff]5ce ( ne>ly--9 fact1 r m ?an--a ?\s& ye>s 9 our au?orities4 ,9 ! twelf? dyna/y we f9d a diff]5ce ( five hundr$ ye>s2 b 9 ! lat] dyna/ies1 su* z ! eighte5?1 ! diff]5ce is r$uc$ 9 "s cases to t5 ye>s or s4 ,s t 9 ! lat] dyna/ies we "k pretty well :at "t is 9 "q4 ,we are !re=e on firm gr\nd4 ,! fir/ po9t to :i* ,i wi% to call att5tion is t accord+ to ,m>iette ! build+ dates *ange along ! op5 axis ( ! temple4 ,f photographs ,i took :5 9 ,egypt ,i f\nd reason to believe t ! direction ( ! axis has be5 slightly *ang$ at ! we/ end4 ,if we ref] to ! plan ( ! temple1 ! po9t ( importance to u 9 our pres5t inquiry has relation to ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! build+s ( ! temple itself4 ,we h 9 ! out] c\rt to ! nor?-we/ c]ta9 pill>s :i* 7 built by "o ( ! ,e?iopian k+s4 ,^! ,i m>k #a1 #a 7see page #aah74 ,!re is ! temple ,m1 built by ,rameses ,,iii1 accord+ to ,m>iette4 ,!re are walls ) columns1 m>k$ #b1 #b1 built by ! tw5ty-second dyna/y1 nor? & s\? ( ?is out] c\rt2 & !n !re is ! temple ,l 9 ! out] c\rt1 suppos$ to h be5 built by ,seti ,,ii4 ,! we/]n "p ( ! temple1 !re=e1 is ( no high antiquity4 ,to f9d ?is we h to g "s #bjj y>ds to ! s\?-ea/4 ,ne> ! c5tral portion ( ! temple 7m>k$ #d7 !re are traces ( ! twelf? or possibly ! elev5? dyna/y4 ,:at exi/$ !n might h be5 a %r9e ) no?+ to ! nor?-we/ or s\?-ea/ ( x4 ,?is seems almo/ to h be5 its condition at ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 ev54 ,accord+ to an inscription quot$ by ,brugs*1#cf ,! k+ 7,?o?mes ,,iii47 f\nd x 9 ! =m ( a brick build+1 9 a v dilapidat$ condition1 be+ a "w ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! k+ ) 8 own h& p]=m$ ! solemn lay+ ( ! f\ndation /one = ?is monum5t4 ,f ?is po9t1 inde$1 ! temple seems to h ext5d$ 9 bo? directions--t is1 nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/--! sanctu>y be+ ?r[n back to ! ea/w>d & pylons add$ to ! we/w>d4 ,x foll[s f ! above v brief sket* t ! orig9al ori5tation ( ! orig9al %r9e is to be ga!r$ f ! walls t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! pres5t ru9s4 ,let u agree to ?is4 ,! ,egyptologi/ already gives u elev5?-dyna/y "t1 say #bejj ,b4,c4 = a "p ( ! exi/+ temple4 ,let u n[ pass to ! a/ronomical problem4 ,lepsius & o!rs h measur$ ! amplitude ( ?is "p ( ! temple4 ,x is giv5 z #bj or #bj #cj ,n4 ( ,w4 ,:5 !re ,i measur$ ! height ( ! opposite hills 7ne> ! tombs ( ! k+s7 r\ghly at #b4 ,if we1 !re=e1 deal ) ! amplitude1 consid]+ ! height ( ! hills z #b1 we f9d t1 z ! horizon 0 above ! sea horizon & ! sun travels d[n an incl9$ pa? f s\? to nor?1 x w\ld meet ! hill soon] ?an ! sea horizon2 ! app>5t amplitude w\ld1 !re=e1 be less ?an ! true "o1 s t we get an amplitude ( #be in/ead ( #bf1 & if we correct t = refraction we get #be4 ,let u take ! l[] amplitudes4 ,we c con/ruct ! foll[+ table3-- ,) pres5t obliquity #bc #cj we h at ,!bes1 lat4 #be #dj amplitude on horizon 7sun's c5tre7 #bf ,correct$ = refraction #bf #cj ,! amplitude beh9d hill1 #b high1 w be #be ,mak+ correction = refraction #be #e ,s t1 tak+ ! l[e/ amplitude1 ! temple axis po9ts almo/ #a too mu* to ! nor?4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ! photographs ,i _h tak5 ( ! temple axis t[>ds1 & f ! outside (1 ! ,ptolemaic pylon indicat$ a twi/ 9 ! temple axis4 ,?is 0 a "q t 9 ! abs5ce ( accurate measurem5ts c\ld only be det]m9$ by an actual obs]vation ( ! sol/ice4 ,?is be+ s1 ,i begg$ ! int]v5tion ( ,col4 ,sir ,col9 ,scott-,moncrieff1 ! ,"u ,secret>y ( ,/ate ( ! ,public ,works ,dep>tm5t 9 ,egypt1 to detail "o ( 8 (fic]s to make obs]vations ( ! summ] sol/ice ( #ahia4 ,he 0 good en\gh to acc$e to my reque/1 & ,i proce$ to give extracts f ! report ( ! (fic] 9 "q1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wakefield1 to ,mr4 ,allan ,joseph1 ! ,director ( ,works & ,irrigation3-- ,9 accordance ) in/ructions receiv$1 ,i made ! foll[+ obs]vations at ,k>nak on ,june #ba/1 #ahia3-- ,i f\nd t ! po9ts :i* ,i h m>k$ ,a1 ,c1 ,d on ! photographic plan 7be+ ! c5tres ( ! ,pylon ( ,rameses ,i41 ! ,pylon ( ,?o?mes ,i41 & ! %r9e or sanctu>y ( ,philip ,,iii4 ( ,mac$on 787 respectively7 7 all 9 a /raight l9e4 ,b is a po9t midway betwe5 ! only two opposite pill>s ( :i* ! bases are intact 7"o set up by ,rameses ,i41 & ! o!r by ,seti ,i471 & 0 v ne>ly 9 l9e2 probably ! true c5tre betwe5 ! pill>s 7:i* is difficult to obta97 w\ld be exactly s4 ,! c5tre ( ! ,great ,pylon 7,ptolemaic7 is n 9 l9e at all ) ^! po9ts1 !re be+ #a diff]5ce betwe5 ,d ,a prolong$ & ,a ,e2 ,i !re=e accept$ ! l9e ,d ,c ,a z ! true axis4 ,f an inspection made on ,june #bj?1 x appe>$ to me t ! sett+ sun w\ld n be visible f any ( ! po9ts indicat$ by ,pr(essor ,norman ,locky]4 ,i !re=e plac$ ! !odolite at ,a4 ,i regret to say t my above supposition 0 correct1 z ev5 f ,a ,i 0 only able to see a portion ( ! sett+ sun1 ! rema9d] be+ hidd5 beh9d ! s\? wall ( ! ,great ,pylon4 ,i obta9$1 h[ev]1 "o read+1 ! "r limb at1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld judge1 ! mom5t ( impact ( ! sun's diamet] ) ! hill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,am5-,r1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,po9ts ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,*apt]4 ,( ! measures giv5 ! mo/ important are ! angle betwe5 ! axis ( ! temple look+ s\?-ea/ f ,a & ! nor? po9t #aaf #bc #dj 7amplitude #bf #bc7 & ! angle betwe5 ! top ( ! hills & ! horizontal #b #cf #bj 4#cg ,^! measures1 !re=e1 entirely ju/ifi$ ! result ( ! calculations ,i h be=e giv51 & prove t ! int]val ( ov] #ejjj ye>s is suffici5t to cause u to detect ! *ange 9 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic by ?is me?od ( obs]v+ ! sunset at a sol/ice ) an in/rum5t built on s l>ge a a scale4 ,tak+ ! ori5tation z #bf1 & tak+ hills & refraction into consid]ation1 we f9d t ! true horizon sunset amplitude w\ld be #bg #cj4 ,?is amplitude gives u = ,!bes a decl9ation ( #bd #ah4 ,?is 0 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic 9 ! ye> #cgjj ,b4,c41 & ?is is !re=e ! date ( ! f\ndation ( ! %r9e ( ,am5-,r at ,k>nak1 s f> z we c det]m9e x a/ronomically ) ! available data2 b ab\t ^! !re is /ill an elem5t ( d\bt1 =1 s f> z ,i le>n1 ! rec5t magnetic read+s h n be5 *eck$ by a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,/>s--,,_! ,,ris+s ,,& ,,sett+s4 ,f :at has be5 /at$ x is n too mu* to assume t ! ,egyptians obs]v$1 & taught p to obs]ve1 ! sun on ! horizon4 ,?is be+ s1 ! *ances are t at fir/ !y w\ld obs]ve ! />s on ! horizon too1 bo? />s ris+ & />s sett+2 ?is inde$ is r5d]$ m probable by ! v c>eful way 9 :i* e>ly a/ronom]s def9$ ! v>i\s conditions "u :i* a /> c rise or set1 always1 be x well rememb]$1 9 relation to ! sun4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! anci5ts _h no telescopes1 & _h to use _! horizon z ! only sci5tific in/rum5t :i* !y possess$4 ,!y spoke ( a /> z ris+ or sett+ cosmically1 a*ronically1 or heliacally4 ,! cosmic ris+ meant t ! /> rose1 & ! cosmic sett+ meant t ! /> set1 at ! same mom5t z ! sun--t is1 t along ! ea/]n horizon we %\ld see ! /> ris+ at ! mom5t ( sunrise1 or along ! we/]n horizon a /> sett+ at ! mom5t ( ! sun sett+2 b unless c]ta9 v obvi\s precautions 7 tak5 x is cle> t nei!r ! ris+ nor ! sett+ /> w\ld be se51 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( daylight4 ,! a*ronical ris+ or sett+ is diff]5t f ! cosmic 9 ?is respect--t we h ! /> ris+ :5 ! sun is sett+1 or sett+ :5 ! sun is ris+4 ,f9ally we h ! heliacal ris+ & sett+2 t is tak5 to be t ! /> appe>$ 9 ! morn+ a little 9 advance ( ! sunrise1 or set at twilight a little lat] ?an ! sun4 ,x is q cle> t if we obs]ve a /> ris+ 9 ! dawn1 x w get m & m difficult to obs]ve ! ne>] ! "t ( sunrise is approa*$4 ,!re=e1 :at ! anci5ts did 0 to det]m9e a "t be=e sunrise 9 ! e>ly dawn at :i* ! /> c\ld be v obvi\sly & cle>ly se5 to rise4 ,! t]m heliacal ris+ 0 co9$ to repres5t a /> ris+ visibly 9 ! dawn1 !re=e1 be=e ! sun4 ,g5]ally ?r\gh\t ,egypt ! sun 0 suppos$ to be some?+ l #aj bel[ ! horizon :5 a /> 0 /at$ to rise heliacally4 ,! foll[+ table f ,biot %\ld make matt]s q cle>3-- ,true or ,cosmic ,sun ris+4 ,sun n yet ris51 b ,morn+ ,app>5t or depress$ bel[ horizon ,heliacal suffici5tly to enable ! /> to be se54 ,/> at ,ea/]n ,true or ,a*ronic ,sun sett+4 ,horizon 7,ris+7 ,sun set1 & depress$ ,ev5+ ,app>5t or bel[ horizon suffici5tly ,heliacal to enable ! /> to be se54 ,true or ,cosmic ,sun sett+4 ,sun set & depress$ ,ev5+ ,app>5t or bel[ horizon suffici5tly ,/> at ,we/]n ,heliacal to enable ! ,horizon 7,sett+7 /> to be se54 ,true or ,a*ronic ,sun ris+4 ,sun n yet ris51 b ,morn+ ,app>5t or depress$ bel[ horizon ,heliacal suffici5tly to enable ! /> to be se54 ,x is ,idel]'s op9ion t1 9 ,ptolemy's "t1 9 ! case ( />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 = heliacal ris+s & sett+s1 if ! /> & sun 7 on ! same horizon1 a depression ( ! sun ( #aa 0 tak52 if on opposite horizons1 a depression ( #g4 ,= />s ( ! second magnitude ^! values 7 #ad & #h4 ,b if temples 7 employ$ z ,i h sugge/$1 ev5 cosmic & a*ronic ris+s & sett+s c\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! brighte/ />s4 ,b x mu/ n be imag9$ t1 ev5 9 ,egypt1 all />s c be obs]v$ ! mom5t !y are above ! horizon4 ,9 ! morn+1 especially1 !re are mi/s1 s t all b ! brighte/ />s are (t5 invisible till !y are #a or #b high4 ,on ?is po9t ,i quote ,biot3-- ,comme le rapporte ,n\et1 l'a/ronome de l'expdition franaise1 on n'y ap]oit jamais leur lev] les toiles de #b et de #c gr&eur mme dans les plus belles nuits1 cause d'une b&e con/ant de vapeurs qui borde l'horizon4#ch ,aussi en expliquant le calcul des lev]s hliaques dans l',almage/e1 ,ptolme a-t-il so9 de rem>qu]#ci que les annonces qu'on v\drait faire de ces phnomnes s]ont t\j\rs trs-inc]ta9es1 cause de l'tat des c\*es d'air dans lesquelles on les obs]ve1 et cause de la difficult optique qu'on pr\ve saisir la premire app>ition1 comme il dit lui-mme en avoir fait l'expri5ce4#dj ,be=e we beg9 to consid] ! "q ( />s at all1 we mu/ be able to describe !m--to speak ( !m 9 a way t %all def9e exactly :i* /> is meant4 ,we c 9 ^! days def9e a /> accord+ to its con/ellation1 or its equatorial or ecliptic co-ord9ates1 b all ^! means ( ref]5ce 7 unkn[n to ! e>lie/ obs]v]s4 ,/ill we may assume t ! ,egyptians c\ld def9e "s ( ! />s 9 "s fa%ion2 & x is evid5t t we "h approa* a matt] ( ! v highe/ importance = our subject1 to :i* ,i %all h to return 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,s f> z we h be5 deal+ ) ! sun & ! obs]vations ( ! sun at ris+ & sett+1 we h tak5 = grant$ t ! amplitude ( ! sun at ! sol/ices does n *ange2 ! amplitude ( #bf at ,!bes = ! sol/ices is practically1 ?\gh z we h se5 n absolutely1 inv>iable = a ?\s& ye>s2 b "o ( ! results ( a/ronomical "w is t ! />s are kn[n to behave q diff]5tly4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :at is call$ precession ! />s *ange _! place ) reg>d to ! pole ( ! equator2 & fur!r1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is movem5t1 ! position ( ! sun among ! />s at ! sol/ices & equ9oxes *anges also4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! sun's pa? we consid]$ :at are call$ ! ecliptic & ! equatorial co-ord9ates4 ,! ecliptic def9es ! plane 9 :i* ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun1 & #ij f t plane we h ! pole ( ! heav5s2 cele/ial latitude we f\nd reckon$ f ! plane ( ! ecliptic nor? & s\? up to ! pole ( ! heav5s1 & cele/ial longitude 0 reckon$ along ! plane ( ! ecliptic f ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries4 ,we _h also decl9ation reckon$ f ! equator ( ! e>? prolong$ to ! />s1 & "r asc5sion reckon$ along ! equator f ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries4 ,! pole ( ! heav5s or ( ! ecliptic1 !n1 we mu/ reg>d z practically1 b n absolutely1 fix$2 b ! pole ( ! e>?'s equator is n fix$1 x sl[ly moves r\nd ! pole ( ! heav5s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( t movem5t !re is a *ange ( decl9ation 9 a />'s place4 ,go+ back to ! diagram 7p4 #di71 we f9d t ! amplitude ( a body ris+ or sett+ at ,!bes or any:]e else dep5ds ^u its decl9ation2 s t if f any cause ! decl9ation ( a /> *anges1 its amplitude mu/ *ange4 ,t is ! fir/ po9t :]e we meet ) difficulty1 because if ! amplitude *anges x is ! same z say+ t ! place ( />-ris+ or />-sett+ *anges2 t is1 a /> :i* rises 9 ! ea/ 9 a c]ta9 amplitude ?is ye> w *ange its amplitude at "s future "t4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i ref]r$ to "o ( ! difficulties ( mod]n inquiries into ! ori5tation ( anci5t temples1 :i* arises f ! fact t ! sun has n always1 at ! sol/ices1 ris5 or set at exactly ! same po9ts ( ! horizon4 ,we n[ f9d ourselves face to face ) ! fact t ! />s d n rise or set at ! same po9ts c5tury aft] c5tury4 ,we saw t ! *ange 9 ! position ( ! sun on ! horizon at ! sol/ices is due to a v small *ange ( obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 s t 9 a matt] ( some?+ l #f1jjj ye>s ! position ( ! sun at sunrise & sunset on ! horizon may be v>i$ by1 r\ghly speak+1 #a degree4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! />s ! matt] is v mu* m s]i\s1 because 9 ! c\rse ( some?+ l #ac1jjj ye>s ! ris+-or sett+-places ( a /> may v>y by some?+ l #dg along ! horizon nor? or s\?4 ,s t 9 ! cases bo? ( sun & />s !re is no real fixity 9 ! places ( ris+ or sett+1 al?\gh ( c\rse ^? :o made ! fir/ obs]vations & built ! fir/ temples 7 n 9 a position to "k ?is4 ,! real cause ( ?is precessional movem5t :i* causes ! />s to *ange _! places lies 9 ! fact t ! e>? is n a sph]e1 its equatorial diamet] be+ long] ?an its pol> diamet]1 s t !re is a mass ( matt] r\nd ! equator 9 excess ( :at we %\ld get if ! e>? 7 sph]ical4 ,suppose t matt] to be repres5t$ by a r+4 ,! r+ is diff]5tly pres5t$ to ! sun1 "o "p be+ ne>] ?an ! o!r1 ! ne>] "p be+ attract$ m =cibly4 ,if we take ! po9t 9 ! r+ ne>e/ ! sun :]e !re is ! greate/ attraction1 & draw a l9e to ! opposite po9t :]e ! attraction is lea/1 we c %[ t ! case /&s 9 ?is way3 ! sun's pull may be analys$ into two =ces1 "o ( !m repres5t$ by ! l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( ! sun & ! c5tre ( ! r+1 & ano!r at "r angles to x let fall f ! po9t mo/ /rongly attract$ on to ! fir/ l9e4 ,! "q is1 :at w t =ce at "r angles d8 ,! figure bel[ repres5ts a model illu/rat+ ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis1 & ! concurr5t revolution ( ! sun r\nd ! e>? once a ye>4 ,to repres5t ! d[nw>d =ce x is p]fectly fair if ,i add a weight4 ,! mom5t ?is is done ! axis ( ! gyroscope repres5t+ ! e>?'s axis1 in/ead ( reta9+ its direction to ! same po9t z x did be=e1 n[ describes a circle r\nd ! pole ( ! heav5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,model ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,precession ,,( ,,! ,,equ9oxes4 ,x is n[ a recognis$ pr9ciple t !re is1 s to speak1 a wobble ( ! e>?'s axis r\nd ! pole ( ! heav5s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! attraction ( ! sun on ! ne>] po9t ( ?is equatorial r+ be+ great] ?an on ! "p ( ! r+ fur!r remov$ f x4 ,t precessional movem5t is n q s simple z x is %[n by ! model1 because :at ! sun does 9 ?is way is done to a v mu* l>g] ext5t by ! moon1 ! moon be+ s v mu* ne>] to u4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !n1 ( ?is luni-sol> precession we h a v>iation ( ! po9ts ( int]section ( ! planes ( ! e>?'s equator & ( ! ecliptic2 9 consequ5ce ( t we h a diff]5ce 9 ! con/ellations 9 :i* ! sun is at ! "t ( ! sol/ices & ! equ9oxes2 &1 /ill m important f our pres5t po9t ( view1 we h ano!r diff]5ce1 viz41 t ! decl9ations1 & !re=e ! amplitudes1 & !re=e ! places ( sett+ & ris+ ( ! />s1 *ange f c5tury to c5tury4 ,n[ t we h ?us become acqua9t$ ) ! physical cause ( t movem5t ( ! e>?'s axis :i* gives rise to :at is call$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 we h next to ent] ) some:at great] detail into "s ( ! results ( ! movem5t4 ,! *ange ( direction ( ! axis 9 space has a cycle ( some?+ betwe5 #be1jjj & #bf1jjj ye>s4 ,z x is a "q ( ! *ange ( ! position ( ! cele/ial equator1 or r ( ! pole ( ! cele/ial equator1 among/ ! />s 9 relation to ! pole ( ! heav5s1 ( c\rse ! decl9ations ( />s w be *ang$ to a v consid]able ext5t2 inde$1 we h se5 t ! decl9ation ( a /> c v>y by twice ! am\nt ( ! obliquity1 or say #dg1 s t a /> at "o "t may h z]o decl9ation--t is1 x may lie on ! equator--& at ano!r x may h a decl9ation #dg ,n4 or ,s4 ,or1 aga91 a /> may be ! pole /> at "o p>ticul> "t1 & at ano!r x w be di/ant f ! pole no less ?an #dg4 ,al?\gh we get ?is enorm\s *ange 9 "o equatorial co-ord9ate1 !re w\ld f ?is cause alone be practically no *ange ) reg>d to ! correspond+ ecliptic co-ord9ate--t is to say1 ! position ( ! /> ) ref]5ce to ! e>?'s movem5t r\nd ! sun4 ,?is movem5t takes place q indep5d5tly ( ! direction ( ! axis1 s t :ile we get ?is trem5d\s swirl 9 decl9ation1 ! latitudes ( ! />s or _! di/ances f ! ecliptic nor? or s\? w sc>cely *ange at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/>-,,map4 ,,repres5t+ ,,! ,,precessional ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,pole ,,f ,,! ,,ye> #djjj ,b4,c4 ,,to ,,! ,,ye> #bjjj ,a4,d4 7,f ,piazzi ,smy?47 ,symbols adapt$ to repres5t ! magnitudes or brightnesses ( ! />s1 #a/4 1 #bnd4 1 #crd4 1 #d?4 4 ,among o!r important results ( ^! movem5ts dep5d5t ^u precession we h ! v>i\s *anges 9 ! pole-/> f p]iod to p]iod1 due to ! v>i\s positions occupi$ by ! pole ( ! e>?'s equator4 ,we ?us see h[ 9 ?is p]iod ( #be1jjj ye>s or !reab\ts ! pole-/>s w *ange1 = a pole-/> is m]ely ! /> ne> ! pole ( ! equator = ! "t be+4 ,at pres5t1 z we all "k1 ! pole-/> is 9 ! con/ellation ,ursa ,m9or4 ,dur+ ! la/ #be1jjj ye>s ! pole-/>s h be5 ^? ly+ ne>e/ to a curv$ l9e /ruck f ! pole ( ! heav5s ) a radius equal to ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 :i*1 z we h se51 is liable to *ange )9 small limits2 s t ab\t #aj1jjj or #ab1jjj ye>s ago ! pole-/> 0 no long] ! little /> 9 ,ursa ,m9or t we all "k1 b ! bright /> ,vega1 9 ! con/ellation ,lyra4 ,( c\rse #be1jjj ye>s ago ! pole-/> 0 practically ! same z x is at pres5t4 ,associat$ ) ?is *ange 9 ! pole-/>1 ! po9t ( int]section ( ! two fundam5tal planes 7! plane ( ! e>?'s rotation & ! plane ( ! e>?'s revolution7 w be liable to *ange1 & ! p]iod w be ! same--ab\t #be1jjj ye>s4 ,:]e ^! two planes cut ea* o!r we h ! equ9oxes1 because ! int]section ( ! planes def9es = u ! v]nal & ! autumnal equ9oxes2 :5 ! sun is highe/ & l[e/ half-way betwe5 ^! po9ts we h ! sol/ices4 ,9 a p]iod ( #be1jjj ye>s ! /> :i* is ne>e/ to an equ9ox w return to x1 & t :i* is ne>e/ a sol/ice w return to x4 ,dur+ ! p]iod !re w be a con/ant *ange ( />s m>k+ ! equ9oxes & ! sol/ices4 ,! *ief po9ts 9 ! sun's ye>ly pa? !n w *ange among ! />s 9 consequ5ce ( ?is precession4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t if we h a means ( calculat+ back ! old positions ( />s1 & if we h any v old obs]vations1 we c help matt]s v mu*1 because ! old obs]vations--if !y 7 accurately made--w\ld tell u t su* & su* a /> rose ) ! sun at ! sol/ice or at ! equ9ox at "s special po9t ( anci5t "t4 ,if x be possible to calculate ! "t at :i* ! /> occupi$ t position ) reg>d to ! sun1 we h an a/ronomical means ( det]m9+ ! "t1 )9 a few ye>s1 at :i* t p>ticul> obs]vation 0 made4 ,=tunately1 we h su* a means ( calculation1 & x has be5 employ$ v ext5sively at diff]5t p]iods1 *iefly by ,m4 ,biot 9 ,france1 & q rec5tly by ,g]man a/ronom]s1 9 calculat+ ! positions ( ! />s f ! pres5t "t to a p]iod ( #bjjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,we c ?us det]m9e ) a v high degree ( accuracy ! latitude1 longitude1 "r asc5sion1 decl9ation1 & ! relation ( ! />s to an equ9ox1 a sol/ice1 or a pole1 z f> back z we *oose4 ,s9ce we h ! planes ( ! equator & ecliptic cutt+ ea* o!r at diff]5t po9ts 9 consequ5ce ( ! cause :i* ,i h po9t$ out--! attraction ( ! sun & moon--we h a fix$ equator & a v>iable equator dep5d+ ^u t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! attraction ( ! planets ^u ! e>?1 ! plane ( ! ecliptic itself is n fix$1 s t we h n only a v>iable equator1 b also a v>iable ecliptic4 ,:at has be5 done 9 ^! calculations is to det]m9e ! relations & ! results ( ^! v>iations4 ,! calculations und]tak5 = ! special purposes ( ?is book w be ref]r$ to lat]4 ,a simpl]1 ?\gh n s accurate a me?od consi/s 9 ! use ( a processional globe4 ,9 ?is we h two fix$ po9ts at ! "p ( ! globe repres5t+ ! poles ( ! heav5s1 on :i* ! globe may be rotat$2 :5 ?is is done ! />s move absolutely )\t any ref]5ce to ! e>? or to ! plane ( ! equator1 b purely ) ref]5ce to ! ecliptic4 ,we h1 !n1 ?is globe q indep5d5t ( ! e>?'s axis1 fl[ c we make x dep5d5t ^u ! e>?'s axis8 ,we h two brass circles at a di/ance ( #bc f ea* pole ( ! heav5s 7nor? & s\?72 ^! repres5t ! circle describ$ by ! pole ( ! e>? 9 ! p]iod ( #be1jjj ye>s4 ,9 ^! circles are =ty-eight holes 9 :i* ,i c fix two additional clamp+ screws1 & rotate ! globe ) respect to !m by ?r[+ out ( ge> ! two po9ts :i* produc$ ! ecliptic revolution4 ,if ,i use t "p ( ! brass circle :i* is occupi$ by our pres5t pole-/>1 we get ! app>5t revolution ( ! heav5s ) ! e>?'s axis po9t+ to ! pole-/> ( to-day4 ,if we wi% to inve/igate ! position ( ?+s1 say #h1jjj ye>s ago1 we br+ ! globe back aga9 to its be>+s1 & !n adju/ ! screws into ! holes 9 ! brass circles :i* are prop] = t p]iod4 ,:5 we h ! globe arrang$ to #fjjj ye>s ,b4,c4 7i4e41 #h1jjj ye>s ago71 9 ord] to det]m9e ! equator at t "t all we h to d is to pa9t a l9e on ! globe-9 "s wat]-col\r1 by hold+ a camel's-hair p5cil at ! ea/ or we/ po9t ( ! wood5 horizon4 ,t l9e repres5ts ! equator #h1jjj ye>s ago4 ,hav+ t l9e1 ( c\rse1 ! int]section ( ! equator ) ! ecliptic w give u ! equ9oxes1 s t we may affix a waf] to repres5t ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,or if we take t "p ( ! ecliptic :i* is ne>e/ to ! ,nor? ,pole1 &1 !re=e1 ! ,n4 decl9ation ( :i* is greate/1 viz41 #bc ,n41 we h !re ! position ( ! sun at ! summ] sol/ice1 & #bc ,s4 w give u ! position ( ! sun at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,s by means ( su* a globe z ?is x is possible to det]m9e r\ghly ! position ( ! equator among ! />s1 & note ^? f\r important po9ts 9 ! sol> ye>1 ! two equ9oxes & ! two sol/ices4 ,i h tak5 a p]iod ( #h1jjj ye>s1 b ,i might j z easily h tak5 a great] or a small] "o4 ,by means ( ?is arrangem5t1 !re=e1 we c det]m9e )9 a v small degree ( error1 )\t any labori\s calculations1 ! di/ance ( a /> nor? or s\? ( ! equator1 i4e41 its decl9ation1 at any po9t ( pa/ or future "t4 ,! positions ?us f\nd1 say1 = int]vals ( #ejj ye>s1 may be plott$ on a curve1 s t we c1 ) a consid]able am\nt ( accuracy1 obta9 ! />'s place = any ye>4 ,?us ! globe may be made to tell u t 9 ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d4 ! decl9ation ( ,fomalhaut 0 #ce ,s41 9 #ajjj ,b4,c4 x 0 #db1 9 #bjjj x 0 ab\t #dd1 9 #djjj x 0 a little ov] #db aga91 b 9 #fjjj ,b4,c4 x _h got up to ab\t #cc1 & 9 #hjjj ,b4,c4 to ab\t #bb4 ,! curve ( ,capella falls f #da ,n4 at #j ,a4,d4 to #aj at #eejj ,b4,c41 s we h 9 ^! #eejj ye>s 9 ! case ( ?is /> run ?r\gh a l>ge "p ( t v>iation to :i* ,i h drawn att5tion4 ,i h asc]ta9$ t ! globe is a v good guide inde$ )9 some?+ l #a ( decl9ation4 ,consid]+ ! difficulty ( ! det]m9ation ( amplitudes 9 ! case ( build+s1 x is cle> t ! globe may be utilis$ ) advantage1 at all ev5ts to obta9 a fir/ approximation4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,egyptian ,,heav5s--,,! ,,zodiacs ,,( ,,d5d]ah4 ,we c readily und]/& t 9 ! v beg9n+ ( obs]vations 9 all c\ntries1 ! mom5t man began to obs]ve any?+1 he took note ( ! />s1 & z soon z he began to talk ab\t !m he mu/ h />t$ by def9+1 9 "s way or o!r1 ! p>ticul> />s he meant4 ,obs]v]s w\ld fir/ consid] ! brighte/ />s1 & sep>ate !m f ! dimm] ones2 !y w\ld !n discuss ! />s :i* nev] set1 & sep>ate !m f ^? :i* did rise & set2 !n !y w\ld take ! mo/ /rik+ configurations1 :e!r l>ge or small4 ,!y w\ld naturally1 9 a ,nor!rn clime1 *oose out ! con/ellation ! ,great ,be>1 or ,orion1 & = small gr\ps ! ,pleiades4 ,^! w\ld attract att5tion1 & be nam$ be=e any?+ else4 ,!n1 lat] on1 x w\ld be imp]ative1 9 ord] to connect _! sol> ) _! /ell> obs]vations1 t !y %\ld "n ! />s :i* lay along ! sun's pa? 9 ! heav5s1 or ^? ! ris+ ( :i* h]ald$ ! sunrise at _! fe/ivals4 ,!y w\ld conf9e _! att5tion to a belt r\nd ! equator r ?an consid] ! configuration ( />s half-way betwe5 ! equator & ! nor? pole4 ,9 all c\ntries--,india1 ,*9a1 ,babylonia1 ,egypt--!y _h ev5tually su* a girdle r\nd ! heav5s1 call$ by diff]5t names 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & ! use ( ?is girdle ( />s1 :i* sometimes consi/$ ( tw5ty-eight /ations1 sometimes ( tw5ty-sev51 & sometimes ( less1 0 to enable !m to def9e ! place ( ! sun1 moon1 or ( any ( ! planets 9 relation to any ( ^! />s4 ,n v _m ye>s ago1 :5 ! lit]ature ( ,*9a & ,india 0 z a seal$ book1 & ! hi]oglyphics ( ,egypt & ! w$ges ( ,babylonia 7 /ill unread1 we _h to dep5d = ! e>lie/ traces ( a/ronomical obs]vation ^u ! lit]atures ( ,greece & ,syria1 & accord+ to ^! s\rces ! a/]isms fir/ specialis$ & nam$ 7 z foll[s3-- ,! ,great ,be> ,job 7xxxviii4 #ca71 ,hom]4 ,orion ,job 7ix4 #i71 ,hom]1 ,hesiod4 ,pleiades1 ,hyades ,job 7xxxviii4 #ca71 ,hom]1 ,hesiod4 ,sirius & ! ,great ,dog ,hesiod 7viii471 ! "n2 ,hom] call$ x ! ,/> ( ,autumn4 ,aldeb>an1 ! ,bull ,hom]1 ,hesiod4 ,arcturus ,job 7ix4 #i2 xxxviii4 #cb71 ,hom]1 ,hesiod4 ,! ,little ,be> ,?ales1 ,eudoxus1 ,aratus4 ,! ,dragon ,eudoxus1 ,aratus4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,job we read1 ,can/ ?\ b9d ! sweet influ5ces ( ,pleiades1 or loose ! b&s ( ,orion8 ,can/ ?\ br+ =? ,mazz>o? 9 8 season8 or can/ ?\ guide ,arcturus ) 8 sons8 ,"h we h ! difficulty :i* has met ev]ybody 9 go+ back into ^! old records1 because !re 0 no absolute necessity = a common language at ! "t2 x 0 op5 to ev]yone to call ! />s any "n !y *ose 9 any c\ntry1 !re=e x is difficult = s*ol>s to f9d out :at p>ticul> />s or con/ellations 7 meant by any p>ticul> words4 ,9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 ,arcturus has giv5 place to ! ,be> ) its tra91 & ev5 our mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s d n "k :at ,mazz>o? means4 ,i wrote to ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? to ask him to give me ! b5efit ( 8 great k1 & he tells me t ,mazz>o? is probably t b& ( />s r\nd ! ecliptic or r\nd ! equator to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 b he w only commit himself to ! /atem5t t x is a probable en\gh conjecture2 o!r p believe t x 0 a ref]5ce to ! ,milky ,way4 ,i m5tion ?is to %[ h[ v difficult ?is inquiry really is4 ,! sev5 />s are held by _m to mean ! ,pleiades1 & n ! ,great ,be>2 b ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is v improbable4 ,mu* is to be hop$ f ! /udy ( ! ,babylonian records 9 relation to ! ,egyptian ones4 ,?is is a po9t ,i %all return to 9 ! sequel4 ,9 obs]v+ />s n[adays1 we use a transit circle :i* is c>ri$ r\nd by ! e>? s z to pick up ! />s 9 diff]5t circles r\nd ! axis ( ! e>? prolong$1 & by alt]+ ! incl9ation ( ! telescope ( ?is in/rum5t we c fir/ get a circle ( "o decl9ation & !n a circle ( ano!r4 ,! ,egyptians did n usually employ m]idian obs]vations4 ,did ! ,egyptians make /> maps8 ,!y c]ta9ly did1 z we %all see4 ,! fir/ bit ( solid in=mation specially be>+ ^u anci5t ,egyptian con/ellations 0 ga9$ at ! temple ( ,d5d]ah1 a place :i* ! travell] up ! ,nile rea*es be=e he arrives s f> z ,!bes4 ,p]haps among ! reasons :y s great att5tion 0 giv5 to ! s-call$ zodiacs ( ,d5d]ah 0 ! fact t "o ( !m1 hav+ be5 rudely wr5*$ f its re/+-place 9 ! plat=m ( "o ( ! temples1 _h be5 c>ri$ to ! museum 9 ,p>is1 s t ! ?+ itself 0 en vid5ce & capable ( be+ exam9$ by exp]ts ^: op9ions 7 ( value1 & by all ! _w besides4 ,! *ief temple1 :5 explor$ by ! ,fr5* exp$ition1 0 deeply buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,9 ! front "p ( x1 cov]+ ! ceil+1 be=e "o ent]s ! temple itself1 !re is display$ ! squ>e zodiac1 s call$1 to :i* ,i %all h to ref] briefly4 ,! temple 0 po9t$ )9 a few degrees ( nor?2 at ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! zodiac is a device1 s9ce f\nd to repres5t ! sunlight fall+ ^u a /atue ( ! ,goddess ( ! ,%r9e4 ,inve/igations h %[n t ! zodiac includes a ref]5ce to a great _m cele/ial ph5om5a ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 recognis+ "s ( ! zodiacal signs1 b !re ! resemblance to ! mod]n zodiac ends1 = ! reason t ea* ( ! /range processions ( my?ological p]sonages repres5ts n only con/ellations1 ) "s ( :i* we may be famili>1 b a great deal m4 ,x is notewor?y t ! illu/ration ( ! v fir/ a/ronomical po9t :i* we h to consid] br+s out ! fact t x is impossible to disconnect ,egyptian my?ology f a/ronomy4 ,9 ! s\!rn half ( ! zodiac1 ! l[] "p is occupi$ by />s repres5t$ 9 ! guise ( diff]5t my?ological p]sonages1 sail+ along 9 boats2 & above !m we get half ( ! zodiac ) ! signs ( ! ,fi%1 ! ,ram1 ! ,bull & ! ,tw9s repres5t$4 ,9 ! middle section ! sun's c\rse 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! day1 & diff]5t p>ts ( ! ye>1 is giv53 :il/1 out]mo/ ( all1 we get ! twelve sol> positions1 occupi$ by ! sun ea* h\r f ris+ to sett+1 repres5t$ by twelve boats4 ,x may be "h m5tion$ t 9 anci5t ,egypt1 z 9 ! mod]n ,ea/]n _w1 bo? day & night always consi/$ ( twelve h\rs2 unequal1 ( c\rse1 ! l5g? ( ! h\rs v>y+ accord+ to ! "t ( ! ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,half ,,( ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,squ>e ,,zodiac ,,( ,,d5d]ah4 ,n[1 if we take ! opposite side1 t is ! nor?-we/ corn]1 we f9d t we h to d *iefly ) ! opposite "p ( ! sky1 includ+ ! signs ( ! ,lion1 ! ,scales1 & ,sagitt>ius1 & bel[ !m o!r />s are repres5t$ z my?ological p]sonages 9 boats4 ,! c\rses ( ! sun & moon are next giv51 & "s ( ! lun> my?ology is reveal$ to u4 ,we see ,osiris repres5t$ by ! moon1 & by an eye at ! top ( f\rte5 /eps1 :i* symbolise ! f\rte5 days ( ! wax+ moon4 ,9 ! squ>e zodiac1 !n1 !re is an imm5se am\nt ( a/ronomy4 ,9 ! r\nd zodiac1 f\nd 9 ano!r temple 7see p4 #ah71 !re are "s po9ts :i* at once claim our att5tion4 ,!re is1 fir/1 a my?ological figure ( a c[ 9 a boat1 &1 ne> x1 ano!r my?ological figure1 :i* ! subsequ5t read+ ( inscriptions has prov$ to repres5t ! con/ellation ,orion4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! zodiac we h a jackal1 & !re is v little d\bt t x repres5ts ! con/ellation :i* we n[ call ! ,little ,be>1 :i* !n1 z n[1 0 ne> ! pole4 ,n f> away1 we get ! leg ( an animal2 ?is1 we n[ "k1 0 a con/ellation call$ ! ,?igh1 & !re seems to be absolutely no "q t x repres5ts ! con/ellation :i* we n[ call ! ,great ,be>4 ,aga91 close by is ano!r my?ological =m1 :i* we "k repres5ts ! ,hippopotamus4 ,?is 0 made up out ( "s ( ! gr\p ( />s :i* =ms ! pres5t con/ellation ,draco4 ,!re are also two hi]oglyphs :i* subsequ5t rese>* has prov$ to repres5t sett+ />s & ris+ />s1 s t1 :atev] may h be5 ! date ( ?is r\nd zodiac ( ,d5d]ah1 x is cle> t we are deal+ ) a "t :5 ! />s _h be5 class$ 9 con/ellations1 "o ( :i*1 ! con/ellation ,orion1 ev5 survives to our own day4 ,x is little to be wond]$ at t1 :5 ^! revelations fir/ bur/ ^u ! sci5tific _w1 great excitem5t 0 produc$4 ,x 0 obvi\s t we _h to d ) a nation :i* _h v def9ite ideas ( a/ronomy1 & t ! a/ronomy 0 v closely connect$ ) wor%ip4 ,x 0 also c]ta9ly sugge/$ by s _m animal =ms1 t we _h to d ) a p ^: condition 0 n unlike t ( ! ,am]ican ,indians--to take a well-kn[n in/ance--at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 "o 9 :i* ea* tribe1 or clan1 _h *os5 a special animal totem4 ,x s happ5$ t1 :ile ^! ?+s 7 reveal+ !mselves1 ! discussions conc]n+ !m1 :i* took place among ! sci5tific _w ( ,france1 7 p>tly influ5c$ by ! writ+s ( a man ( v brilliant imag9ation & ( great erudition4 ,i ref] to ,dupuis1 accord+ to ^: views an almo/ fabul\s antiquity might be assign$ to anci5t traditions 9 g5]al & a/ronomical traditions 9 p>ticul>4 ,x is ne$less to say1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 o!rs to take ! extreme opposite view--:o held ! op9ion t 8 imag9ation _h run away ) 8 le>n+4 ,) all ?is new "w be=e !m1 & ) a g5ius l ,*ampollion's among !m1 x 0 n long be=e ! ,fr5* savans compell$ ! hi]oglyphs to give up "s ( _! secrets4 ,fir/ "o ^w gave two or ?ree lett]s1 !n ano!r two or ?ree m1 & f9ally an alphabet & syllab>y 7 con/ruct$4 ,s x 0 n long be=e "s ( ! inscriptions at ,d5d]ah 7 read4 ,!n x 0 f\nd t ! temple1 z x !n /ood1 _h c]ta9ly be51 p>tly at all ev5ts1 embelli%$ s late z ! "t ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors4 ,naturally !re 0 !n a trem5d\s reaction f ! idea ( fabul\s antiquity :i* _h be5 urg$ by ! s*ool ( ,dupuis4 ,!re 7 two radically oppos$ camps1 l$ by ,letronne1 a di/+ui%$ ar*ologi/1 & ,biot1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t a/ronom]s ( 8 day1 & bo? ( ^! savans br\ght pap]s be=e ! ,academy ( ,inscriptions4 ,biot's fir/ pap] 0 read 9 #ahbb1 & 0 repli$ to by ,letronne 9 #ahbd2 ,biot wrote 8 next pap] 9 #ahdd1 9 :i* he held to ev]y?+ t he _h /at$ 9 8 fir/ memoir2 & ?is 0 repli$ to1 ! next ye>1 by ,letronne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sirius ,,& ,,orion 7#ah,,? ,,dyna/y74 7,f ,brugs*47 ,biot _h no difficulty :atev] 9 arriv+ at ! conclusion t1 precisely z 9 ! case ( ! sph]e ( ,eudoxus1 a prior bone ( cont5tion1 h[ev] true x might be t1 ! circul> zodiac _h be5 sculptur$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 /ill x c]ta9ly ref]r$ to a "t f> ant]ior2 & he sugge/$ t we h 9 x sculptures reproduc+ v old draw+s1 :i* _h be5 made long be=e on p>*m5t or on /one4 ,he po9t$ out t 9 ! condition ( a/ronomy "o w\ld expect to be extant 9 anci5t times1 x 0 f> easi] to reproduce old draw+s ?an to calculate back :at ! positions ( ! />s _h be5 at "s prior date1 s t 9 8 magnific5t summ+-up ( ! case 9 8 la/ pap]1 he re/$ 8 sci5tific reputation on ! /atem5t t ! sculptures ( ,d5d]ah repres5t ! cele/ial sph]e on a plane r\nd ! nor? pole ( ! equator at a ye> n f> remov$ f #gjj ,b4,c4 ,m ?an ?is1 he /at$ t ! "t ( ! ye> 0 ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice1 & ! h\r 0 midnight4 ,he also %[$ t1 calculat+ back :at ! position ( ! />s w\ld h be5 at midnight on ! #bj? ( ,june 7,gregorian71 #gjj ,b4,c41 ! con/ellations1 & ev5 _m ( ! sep>ate />s %[n 9 ! m$allion1 w\ld occupy exactly ! places !y did occupy 9 ! projection employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a/ronomical ,,draw+s ,,f ,,bib,n ,,el-,,mul,k 7#ah,,? ,,dyna/y74 7,f ,description de l'gypte47 ,let u !n1 = ! mom5t1 assume ?is to be true4 ,:at does x tell u8 ,t #gjj ye>s ,b4,c4 9 ,egypt ! sol/ice 0 recognis$2 a means ( det]m9+ ! in/ant ( midnight ) m or less precision 0 kn[n2 obs]vations ( ! />s 7 regul>ly made2 ! ris+s ( "s ( !m 7 associat$ ) ! ris+ ( ! sun1 & _m ( !m _h be5 collect$ into gr\ps or con/ellations4 ,?is is a wond]ful result4 ,i suppose t ,biot is univ]sally held to h prov$ 8 case2 9 fact1 ,brugs*1 :o is n[ reg>d$ z "o ( ! highe/ au?orities 9 ,egyptian hi/ory1 has %[n t almo/ e detail se5 9 ! zodiac ( ,d5d]ah reproduces inscriptions or a/ronomical figures1 une>!d s9ce ! date ( ,biot's memoir1 :i*1 )\t d\bt1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! "t ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y--t is1 #agjj ,b4,c4 or !reab\ts2 s t practically ! ,egyptologi/ has n[ *apt] & v]se = _m ?+s 9 ! zodiac ( ,d5d]ah dat+ #a1jjj ye>s be=e ! p]iod assign$ to x by ,biot4 ,! next po9t to notice is connect$ ) ! a/ronomical draw+s :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ramesseum at ,!bes--draw+s :i* also h v obvi\s connections ) ! zodiac ( ,d5d]ah4 ,on ^! we f9d ! hi]oglyphics = ! diff]5t mon?s--! con/ellations ,orion1 ,hippopotamus1 & ,jackal1 z we saw !m at ,d5d]ah1 & ano!r =m ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,?igh4 ,!re is c]ta9ly ! close/ connection betwe5 ! two sets ( del9eations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,ramesseum1 ,,:]e ,,! ,,mon?-,,tables ,,7 ,,f\nd4 ,biot set himself to inve/igate :at 0 ! probable date to :i* ! inscriptions 9 ! ,ramesseum ref]r$4 ,:5 we h ! mon?s arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 relation%ip to c]ta9 con/ellations we h an op5+ = ! discussion ( ! precessional movem5ts2 9 o!r words1 = ! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s *anges br\ght ab\t by ! sw++ ( ! pole ( ! equator r\nd ! pole ( ! ecliptic4 ,"h1 aga91 !re 0 no unc]ta9 s\nd giv5 out by ! rese>*4 ,biot po9t$ out t we are "h 9 pres5ce ( records1 no long] ( a summ] sol/ice1 z 9 ! case ( ,d5d]ah1 b ( a spr+ equ9ox1 ! date be+ #cbhe ,b4,c4 ,he fur!r sugge/$ t1 9 all probability1 "o ( ! my?ological figures might be a repres5tation ( ! int]section ( ! ecliptic & ! equator 9 ! con/ellation ,taurus at ! date m5tion$4 ,?is und\bt$ly1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ju/ifies :at ,dupuis _h long be=e po9t$ out--t ! p]petual ref]5ce to ! ,bull f\nd 9 anci5t records & my?ologies arose f ! fact t ?is con/ellation occupi$ an important position at a critical "t 9 ! ye>1 :i* w\ld indicate a v consid]able lapse ( "t4 ,?is idea 0 ju/ifi$ by ! rese>*es ( ,biot1 because we are driv5 back by !m to a date prec$+ #cjjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,we f9d 9 ! table at ! ,ramesseum di/9ct ref]5ces to ! ,bull1 ! ,lion & ! ,scorpion1 & x is also cle>ly indicat$ t at t "t ! /> ,sirius rose heliacally at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nile-rise4 ,! mon?-table at ,!bes tells u t ! sun's j\rney 9 relation to "s ( ! zodiacal con/ellations 0 p]fectly famili> #ejjj ye>s ago4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,circumpol> ,,con/ellations3 ,,! ,,my? ,,( ,,horus4 ,!re 0 to all e>ly peoples all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w1 ( c\rse1 betwe5 day & night1 :ile we1 ) our firm k1 closely associate !m4 ,!re 0 no artificial illum9ation su* z we h1 & ! d>k night did n s mu* typify re/ z dea?2 s t ! com+ ( ! glori\s morn+ ( tropical or sub-tropical climates seem$ to be a re-awak5+ to all ! joys & delights & activities ( life2 ?us ! diff]5ce betwe5 night & day 0 to ! anci5t ,egyptians almo/ ! diff]5ce betwe5 dea? & life4 ,we c imag9e t d>kness ?us consid]$ by a my?ologically-?9k+ p 0 reg>d$ z ! "w ( an enemy1 & h5ce1 9 "t1 _! natural enemies 7 repres5t$ z be+ ! fri5ds ( d>kness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,d>kness--,,set4 ,"h a v int]e/+ a/ronomical po9t comes 94 ,) ^! views1 !re mu/ h be5 a v consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! way ! ,egyptians reg>d$ ^? />s :i* 7 always visible & ^? :i* rose & set4 ,! region occupi$ by ! />s always visible dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! latitude ( ! place4 ,tak+ ,!bes1 ) its latitude ( #bf1 z repres5t+ ,egypt1 ! area ( />s always visible 0 ab\t "o-f\r? ( t visible to u1 s t !re w\ld be a v %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! />s con/antly se5 at night1 & ^? :i* rose & set1 ! ris+ />s be+ reg>d$ z h]alds ( ! sunrise4 ,x seems v probable t ! circumpol> />s 7 q e>ly reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! p[]s ( d>kness1 because !y 7 !re1 visible 9 ! d>k1 always disappe>+ & nev] appe>+ at sunrise4 ,if t 7 s1 no d\bt pray]s w\ld be z necess>y to propitiate !m z ^? p[]s or gods :i* 7 m b5efic5t2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 "o f9ds t ! god ,set--id5tifi$ sometimes ) ,typhon1 ,anubis1 & ,tebha--0 among/ ! greate/ gods ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,anubis4 ,! female =m ( ,typhon--8 wife--0 call$ ,taurt or ,?\]is1 repres5t$ g5]ally z a hippopotamus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=ms ,,( ,,typhon4 ,x is probable t ! crocodile 0 a v>iant ( ! hippopotamus 9 "s nomes1 bo? hav+ ref]5ce to our mod]n con/ellation ,draco4 ,if we return = a mom5t to ! zodiac ( ,d5d]ah1 we f9d t ! con/ellations :i* ,i indicat$--! ,?igh1 ! ,hippopotamus & ! ,jackal--repres5t our pres5t con/ellations ( ! ,great ,be>1 ,draco1 & ! ,little ,be>1 :i* 7 all ( !m circumpol>2 t is1 !y nei!r rose nor set at ! "t ( ! inscription ( ! zodiac ( ,d5d]ah4 ,x !re=e w n surprise u1 ) ! above sugge/$ explanation 9 m9d1 to he> t ! ,hippopotamus 0 call$ ! ,wife ( ,set1 ! ,?igh ! ,?igh ( ,set1 & ! ,jackal ! ,jackal ( ,set4 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 ,*apt] ,,xvii41 we read ! foll[+ ref]5ce to "s ( ! nor!rn />s & con/ellations3 ,! gods ,me/ha1 ,hpi1 ,tuamutef1 & ,qebhs5nuf are ^?1 namely1 :i* f9d !mselves beh9d ! con/ellation ( ! ,?igh 9 ! nor!rn heav5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me/ha4 ,h,,pi4 ,,tuam,,utef4 ,,qebhs5nuf4 ,aga91 inscrib$ 9 ! k+s' graves at ,!bes we read3 ,! f\r ,nor!rn ,g5ii are ! f\r gods ( ! foll[] "s con/ellation4 ,!y keep back ! conflict ( ! t]rible "o ,typhon4 ,he is a great qu>rell]4 ,!y trim ! =esail & look aft] ! miz5 9 ! b>k ( ,r1 9 company ) ! sailors1 :o are ! f\r con/ellations#da aemu-sek1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! nor!rn heav5s4 ,! con/ellation ( ! ,?igh appe>s at ! late ris+4 ,:5 ?is con/ellation is 9 ! middle ( ! heav5s1 hav+ come to ! s\?1 :]e ,orion lies ,orion typify+ ! s\!rn "p ( ! skies1 ! o!r />s are w5d+ _! way to ! we/]n horizon4 ,reg>d+ ! ,?igh2 x is ! ,?igh ( ,set1 s long z x is se5 9 ! nor!rn heav5s !re is a b& ( />s8 to ! two sword h&les8 9 ! %ape ( a great bronze *a94 ,x is ! place ( ,isis 9 ! %ape ( a ,hippopotamus to gu>d4 ,9 ! squ>e zodiac at ,d5d]ah we f9d an illu/ration ( ! ,hippopotamus & ! ,?igh1 & ! *a9 ref]r$ to 9 ! inscription is !re also4 ,x w be q wor? :ile to see :e!r ?is *a9 is n ju/ifi$ by "s l9e ( />s betwe5 ! *ief />s 9 ,draco & ^? 9 ! ,great ,be>4 ,let u n[ turn to ! associat$ my?ology4 ,we see t ! a/ronomical ideas h a mo/ def9ite "*2 we le>n also f ! inscriptions dat+ f ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 t ! ,egyptians at t "t recognis$ ?ree diff]5t ris+s4 ,!re 0 ! ris+ at sunset1 ! ris+ at midnight1 & ! ris+ at dawn4 ,plut>* says t ! ,hippopotamus 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ! =ms ( ,typhon1 & a ref]5ce to ! my? ( ,horus1 s beautifully told tw5ty ye>s ago & illu/rat$ by ,naville by ! help ( inscriptions at ,edf1 w %[ h[ important ?is id5tification is4 ,naville rightly po9t$ out h[ vital ! /udy ( my?ology becomes ) reg>d to ! advancem5t ( any k9d ( k ( ! ?\ghts & actions ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,my?ology1 z ,buns5 said1 is "o ( ! poles ( ! exi/5ce ( e nation2 h5ce x w be well n to neglect ! opportunity ?us af=d$ ( /udy+ ! a/ronomical basis ( "o ( ! be/-kn[n my?s4 ,fir/ a ^w ab\t ! my?ology ( ,horus4 ,g5]ally we beg9 ) ! /atem5t usually made t ,horus meant ! "y 7or ris+7 sun4 ,b inquiry %[s t ,horus 0 some?+ m ?an ?is2 ! ,egyptians 7 great g5]alis]s4 ,if we put ! facts already kn[n into diagrammatic =m1 we f9d t ! condition ( ?+s is some?+ l ! foll[+3-- ,,horus ,,sun1 ,,planet1 ,,or ,,con/ellation ,,ris+4 ,,sun4 ,,planets4 ,,con/ellations4 ,horus ,m>s z ,orion ,nor!rn con/ellations ,hor-uti ,sah-,horus ,set-,horus4 7,laugh+ ,horus7 7,r$ ,horus7 ,! table %[s t1 al?\gh ! ,egyptians und\bt$ly call$ ! ris+ sun ,horus1 ! planets & con/ellations :5 ris+ 7 9 c]ta9 cases call$ ,horus too4 ,we d n get any individual /> ris+ ref]r$ to z ,horus2 !y 7 always consid]$ z goddesses4 ,h5ce1 ,horus seems to include con/ellations--t is1 gr\ps ( />s ris+--b n s+le />s4 ,s9ce ! nor!rn con/ellations 7 symbolis$ by ! "n ( ,set1 ! god ( d>kness1 we %\ld take ,set-,horus to mean t ! />s 9 ! ,dragon 7 ris+ at sunrise4 ,?is may expla9 ! mean+ ( a rem>kable figure :i* has set ,egyptologi/s ?9k+ a great deal4 ,x is ! comb9ation ( ,horus & ,set--a body ( ,horus ) two heads1 ^? ( ! hawk & jackal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,set-,,horus4 ,n[ !n = ! my?4 ,! reason :y ,naville w5t to ! temple ( ,edf = 8 facts is t 9 ! lat]-"t temples--& ?is is "o ( !m--! inscriptions on ! walls h *iefly to d ) my? & ritual1 :]eas 9 ! p]iod cov]$ by ! e>li] dyna/ies ! temple inscriptions relat$ *iefly to ! do+s ( ! k+s4 ,:5 we come to read ! /ory :i* ,naville br+s be=e u1 x looks z ?\gh ! greate/ antiquity mu/ be conc$$ to x f ! fact t ! god ,horus--! ris+ sun--is accompani$ by ! ,hor-%esu1 ! foll[]s or wor%ipp]s ( ,horus4 ,^! p are almo/ prehi/oric1 ev5 9 ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,de ,r\g says ( !m1 z ,i h previ\sly po9t$ out1 ,c'e/ le type de l'antiquit la plus recule4 ,!y repres5t1 possibly1 ! old sun-wor%ipp]s at a "t :5 z yet !re 0 no temple ( ! sun4 ,n[1 9 ?is fam\s my? ( ,horus1 ,horus1 accompani$ & aid$ by ! ,hor-%esu1 does battle ) ,typhon1 ! god ( d>kness1 :o _h kill$ 8 fa!r ,osiris1 & ,horus av5ges 8 fa!r 9 ! mann] indicat$ 9 ! v>i\s inscriptions & illu/rative draw+s giv5 9 ! temple ( ,edf4 ,h[ does he d x8 ,we f9d t 9 ?is conflict to rev5ge 8 fa!r ,osiris1 he is repres5t$ 9 a boat kill+ a hippopotamus ) t5 d>ts1 ! bea/ be+ ultimately cut up into eight pieces4 ,9 "s draw+s x is a hippopotamus t he is slay+2 9 o!rs1 possibly = "s totemic reason1 a crocodile has be5 select$1 b we c only see t x has be5 a crocodile by ! fact t a little piece ( ! tail rema9s4 ,d\btless ! ref]5ce _h be5 f\nd objectionable by "s crocodile-wor%ipp+ p4 ,9 v _m inscriptions ! con/ellation :i*1 z ,i h /at$1 repres5ts ! hippopotamus1 is really repres5t$ z a crocodile1 or z a crocodile re/+ on ! %\ld]s ( a hippopotamus1 s t !re is no d\bt t ! crocodile & ! hippopotamus 7 v>iants2 & we c q und]/&1 fur!r1 t ! hippopotamus mu/ h be5 br\ght into ,egypt by a tribe ) t totem1 :o mu/ h come f a v long way up ! ,nile1 s9ce ! hippopotamus 0 nev] indig5\s 9 ! l[] rea*es ( ! riv]2 s t we h 9 ! my? to d ) a hippopotamus-wor%ipp+ tribe1 :i*1 = t reason1 probably came f a region v f> to ! s\?4 ,!re is evid5ce ( local tribes 9 ,egypt among :i* ! crocodile 0 sacr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/ration ,,f ,a ,,!ban ,,tomb1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,association ,,( ,,! ,,crocodile ,,& ,,hippopotamus1 ,,& ,,horus ,,slay+ ,,! ,,crocodile1 ,,& ,,! ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,! ,,?igh4 ,! a/ronomical explanation ( ?is my? is1 ,i ?9k1 v cle>4 ,! inscriptions relat+ to "o ( ! v e>lie/ ( ! illu/rations ref]s to ,horus1 ! great god1 ! light ( ! heav5s1 ! "l ( ,edf1 ! bright ray :i* appe>s on ! horizon4 ,! my?1 !re=e1 ,i take x1 simply means t ! ris+ sun de/roys ! circumpol> />s4 ,^! />s are repres5t$ 9 ! e>lie/ =ms ( ! my? ei!r by ! crocodile or ! hippopotamus2 ( c\rse !y disappe>$ 7or 7 kill$7 at sunrise4 ,horus1 ! bright ray on ! horizon1 is victori\s by de/roy+ ! crocodile & ! hippopotamus1 :i* repres5t ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horus ,,& ,,crocodiles4 ,?is is a g5]al /atem5t4 ,i %\ld n make x if ,i c\ld n g a little fur!r4 ,!re is an a/ronomical te/ ( its validity1 to :i* ,i mu/ call att5tion4 ,! effect ( precession is extremely /rik+ on ! con/ellations ne> ! pole1 = ! reason t ! pole is con/antly *ang+1 & ! *anges 9 ! app>5t position ( ! />s !re soon become v obvi\s4 ,! />s 9 ,draco 7 circumpol>1 & c\ld1 !re=e1 h be5 de/roy$ 7or r5d]$ invisible71 z ! hippopotami 7 de/roy$ 9 ! my? by ! ris+ sun1 ab\t #ejjj ye>s ,b4,c42 & be x not$ t at t "t !re 0 only "o /> 9 ! ,great ,be> 7or ! ,?igh7 :i* 0 circumpol>4 ,b at #bjjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ! />s 9 ,ursa ,major 7 ! circumpol> ones1 & ! *ief />s 9 ! con/ellation ,draco1 :i* =m$ ! anci5t con/ellation ( ! ,hippopotamus1 rose & set2 s t1 if !re is any?+ at all 9 ! explanation ( ! my? :i* ,i h giv51 & if !re is any?+ at all 9 ! idea t ! my? is v anci5t & ref]s to ! "t :5 ! con/ellation ( ! ,hippopotamus 0 really circumpol>--a "t #gjjj ye>s ago--we ought to f9d t z ! my? exi/$ 9 m rec5t times1 we %\ld no long] be deal+ ) ,draco or ! ,hippopotamus1 because ,draco 0 no long] circumpol>4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 lat] times we get ,horus de/roy+ no long] ! ,hippopotamus or ! ,crocodile1 b ! ,?igh ( ,set2 &1 z ,i h said1 #bjjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ! ,?igh occupi$ exactly ! same position 9 ! heav5s ) reg>d to ! pole z ! ,hippopotamus or ! ,crocodile did #cjjj ye>s be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horus ,,& ,,crocodiles4 ,?us1 ,i ?9k1 we may claim t ?is my? is a/ronomical f top to bottom2 x is z old z1 & probably r old] ?an1 ,naville ?\ght1 because x mu/ c]ta9ly h orig9at$ 9 a p]iod some:]e ab\t #ejjj ye>s ,b4 ,c41 o!rwise ! con/ellation ( ! ,hippopotamus w\ld n h figur$ 9 x4 ,! v>i\s illu/rations ( ,horus on ! crocodiles are a ref]5ce to ! my? we h j discuss$4 ,x is easy to und]/& t if ! my? 7 a/ronomical 9 orig9 !re 0 no reason :y x %\ld be limit$ to ,horus repres5t+ ! ris+ sun2 we accord+ly f9d x ext5d$ to ! god ,ptah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ptah ,,& ,,crocodiles4 ,b al?\gh ,i hold t ! a/ronomical mean+ ( ! my? is t ! ris+ sun kills ! circumpol> />s1 ,i d n ?9k t is ! la/ ^w4 ,a conflict is sugge/$ betwe5 a p :o wor%ip ! ris+ sun & ano!r :o wor%ip ! circumpol> />s4 ,i %all %[ 9 ! sequel t !re is an a/ronomical sugge/ion ( ! exi/5ce ( two su* di/9ct races1 & t ! companions ( ! sun-god ( ,edf mu/ probably be di/+ui%$ f ! nor!rn ,hor-%esu4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h we may conclude our ref]5ce to ! />s :i*1 9 ! latitude ( ,egypt1 d n rise & set--or1 r1 did n rise & set at ! epo*s ( "t we h be5 consid]+4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,temples ,,direct$ ,,to ,,! ,,/>s4 ,i h n[ to pass f ! circumpol> />s to ^? :i* bo? rise & set4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two gr\ps--^? t d n rise & set & ^? :i* d--0 fully recognis$ by ! ,egyptians1 & _m ref]5ces are made to ! fact 9 ! inscriptions4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i h giv5 reasons to %[ t "s ( ! e>lie/ sol> temples 9 ,egypt 7 n ori5t$ to ! sol/ice4 ,! temple ( ,am5-,r at ,k>nak1 h[ev]1 & o!rs else:]e 7 built 9 su* a mann] t at sunset at ! summ] sol/ice--t is1 on ! longe/ day 9 ! ye>--! sunlight ent]$ ! temple & p5etrat$ along ! axis to ! sanctu>y4 ,i also po9t$ out t a temple ori5t$ 9 ?is mann] truly to a sol/ice 0 a sci5tific in/rum5t ( v high precision1 z by x ! l5g? ( ! ye> c\ld be det]m9$ ) ! greate/ possible accuracy1 provid$ only t ! obs]vations 7 cont9u$ ?r\gh a suffici5t p]iod ( "t4 ,all ! temples 9 ,egypt1 h[ev]1 are n ori5t$ 9 su* a way t ! sunlight c ent] !m at ?is or any o!r "t ( ! ye>4 ,!y are n !re=e sol> temples1 & !y _c h _h ?is use4 ,! critical amplitude = a temple built at ,!bes s t sunlight c ent] x at sunrise or sunset is ab\t #bf nor? & s\? ( ea/ & we/1 s t any temples fac+ m nor!rly or s\!rly are preclud$ f hav+ ! sunlight ent] !m at any "t 9 ! ye>4 ,x is imp]ative to be p]fectly def9ite & cle> on ! "q ( ! amplitudes above #bf at ,!bes4 ,i repeat1 !re=e1 t any amplitude )9 #bf means t up to t po9t ! sun at sunrise or sunset c\ld be obs]v$ "s day or days ( ! ye>--once only 9 ! ye> if ! amplitude is exactly at ! maximum1 twice if ! maximum is n rea*$4 ,b 9 ! case ( ^! temples ) great] amplitudes ?an #bf1 x is q cle> t !y c h _h no?+ to d ) ! sun4 ,?is be+ s1 we h ! problem pres5t$ to u :e!r or n temples 7 built s t />light might fall along _! axes 9 exactly ! same way t ! sunlight c\ld fall along ! axes ( ! sol> temples :5 ! sun 0 ris+ 9 ! morn+ or sett+ 9 ! ev5+4 ,x is abundantly cle> t temples ) a great] amplitude ?an #bf 7 ori5t$ to />s if !y 7 ori5t$ at all by a/ronomical consid]ations4 ,h[ c ?is "q be /udi$8 ,:at means ( inve/igation are at our disposal8 ,suppose t ! movem5ts ( ! />s are absolutely regul>2 t !re is no *ange f ye> to ye>1 f c5tury to c5tury1 f on to on2 !n1 ( c\rse1 ! "q z to :e!r or n ^! temples 7 po9t$ to a />1 at ris+ or sett+1 w\ld be easily & suffici5tly settl$ by go+ to see2 because if ! />s did n *ange _! app>5t places 9 ! heav5s--accurately speak+1 _! decl9ations--&1 !re=e1 ! amplitudes at :i* !y appe> to rise & set1 !n1 ( c\rse1 a temple consecrat$ to ,sirius t5 ?\s& ye>s ago w\ld view ! ris+ or sett+ ( ,sirius n[ z x did !n4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 a/ronomy tells u1 z we h se51 t ! app>5t positions ( ! />s are liable to *ange4 ,! *ange is mu* great] 9 ! case ( ! />s ?an x is 9 ! case ( ! sun1 ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi4 & ,,xi42 b /ill we h se5 t ! latt] is "o :i* has to be reckon$ ) ! mom5t x becomes a "q ( inquiry into any "t f> remov$ f ! pres5t4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh 9 ! case ( ! sun1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no processional movem5t1 & al?\gh a temple once ori5t$ to ! sun w\ld rema9 s = a long "t2 /ill1 aft] "s ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! *ange 9 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic w\ld produce a small *ange 9 ! amplitude at :i* a sol/ice is obs]v$4 ,b :ile1 9 ! case ( ! sun1 we h to deal ) a *ange ( some?+ l #a 9 sev5 ?\s& ye>s2 we h to face 9 ! case ( ! />s a maximum *ange ( some?+ l #dg 9 a p]iod ( ?irte5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,! *ange ( decl9ation mu/ be accompani$ by a *ange ( amplitude1 & !re=e by a *ange 9 ! direction ( ! temples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,( ,,edf4 ,h5ce1 :5 we get a temple ( kn[n date1 ) an amplitude :i* has be5 accurately measur$1 we c det]m9e f t amplitude ! exact decl9ation ( ! body ! temple 0 int5d$ to obs]ve1 suppos+1 ( c\rse1 t ! temple 0 ori5t$ ^u any a/ronomical consid]ations at all4 ,if ! decl9ation ( ! body turns out to be #bc #cj or less1 ! temple may h be51 9 all probability 01 a sol> "o2 if ! decl9ation is great] x _c h _h any?+ to d ) ! sun directly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,ha?or ,,at ,,d5d]ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,seti ,,at ,,abydos4 ,?is be+ s1 x w be und]/ood :y 9 an inquiry ( ?is k9d x is obvi\sly desirable to beg9 ) a region 9 :i* ! numb] ( temples is consid]able4 ,su* a condition we h 9 ! region ne> ,!bes2 & ! directions ( ! axes ( ! diff]5t temples--t is1 ! ori5tation ( ea* ( !m1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! amplitude ( ! direction 9 :i* ea* temple po9ts--h all be5 tabulat$4 ,*ief among ^! we h ! l>ge temple ( ,k>nak1 %[+ t ! amplitude ( its ori5tation is #bf nor? ( we/1 & ! temple ( ,mut1 %[+ t its ori5tation is #gb nor? ( ea/4 ,!re is a temple at "r angles to ! temple at ,k>nak1 & aga9 ano!r ) an amplitude ( #fc s\? ( we/1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,ramses ,,ii4 ,,9 ,,! ,,memnonia ,,at ,,!bes 7,,f ,,lepsius7 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pylon ,,at ,,! ,,op5 ,,end ,,& ,,! ,,sanctu>y ,,at ,,! ,,clos$ ,,"o4 ,x may be /at$ g5]ally t at ,k>nak itself1 n to g f>!r afield1 !re are two well-m>k$ s]ies ( temples :i* _c1 = ! reason giv51 be sol>1 s9ce "o s]ies faces a few degrees f ! nor?1 & ! o!r a few degrees f ! s\?4 ,!re are simil> temples scatt]$ all along ! ,nile valley4 ,:5 we come to exam9e ^! non-sol> temples1 ! fir/ "q is1 ,d !y resemble ! sol> ones 9 con/ruction8 ,are ! horizontal telescope conditions reta9$8 ,! evid5ce on ?is po9t is ov]:elm+4 ,take ! ,temple ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah4 ,x po9ts v f> away f ! sun2 ! sun's light c\ld nev] h enfilad$ x2 9 _m o!rs po9t+ well to ! nor? or s\? ! axis ext5ds f ! ext]ior pylon to ! ,sanctu>y or ,naos1 :i* is f\nd always at ! clos$ end ( ! temple2 we h ! same numb] ( pylons1 gradually gett+ n>r[] & n>r[] z we get to ! ,naos1 & 9 "s !re is a gradual rise f ! fir/ ext]ior pylon to ! "p :i* repres5ts ! section ( ! ,naos1 s t a beam ( horizontal light com+ ?r\gh ! c5tral door might ent] x ov] ! heads ( ! p flock+ into ! out] c\rts ( ! temple1 & pass un9t]rupt$ly into ! ,sanctu>y4 ,9 ?is way ! ,egyptians _h1 if !y *ose to use x1 a mo/ admirable arrangem5t = obs]v+1 ) consid]able accuracy1 ei!r ! ris+ or ! sett+ ( any cele/ial body1 :e!r x 7 sun or />1 & especially ! possibility ( obs]v+ a cosmical ris+1 z ! eye 0 %ield$ f ! sunrise light1 & ! place ( ris+ 0 completely indicat$4 ,9 ^!1 z at ,k>nak1 we h a collimat+ axis4 ,we h ! o!r end ( ! temple block$2 we h ^! v>i\s diaphragms or pylons1 s t1 practically1 !re is absolutely no "q ( pr9ciple ( con/ruction involv$ 9 ?is temple t 0 n involv$ 9 ! great sol> temple ( ,am5-,r itself4 ,we made out t 9 ! case ( ! temples devot$ to sun-wor%ip & to ! det]m9ation ( ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 !re 0 v good reason :y all ^! attempts %\ld be made to cut (f ! light1 by diaphragms & /one ceil+s1 because1 among o!r ?+s1 "o want$ to f9d ! precise po9t occupi$ by ! sunbeam on ! two or ?ree days ne> ! w9t] or summ] sol/ice 9 ord] to det]m9e ! exact mom5t ( ! sol/ice4 ,b if a temple is n int5d$ to obs]ve ! sun1 :y ^! diaphragms8 ,:y keep ! a/ronom]1 or ! prie/1 s mu* 9 ! d>k8 ,!re is a v good reason inde$4 ,f ! acc\nt giv5 by ,h]odotus#db ( ! c]emonials & my/]ies connect$ ) ! temple ( ,tyre1 x is sugge/$ t ! prie/s us$ />light at night = "s ( _! op]ations1 v mu* 9 ! same way z !y might h us$ sunlight dur+ ! day4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 9 ! temple 9 "q !re 7 two pill>s--! "o ( pure gold1 & ! o!r ( an em]ald /one ( su* size z to %9e by night4#db ,n[1 !re c be little d\bt t 9 ! d>k5$ sanctu>y ( an ,egyptian temple ! light ( ,lyr1 "o ( ! brighte/ />s 9 ! nor!rn heav5s1 ris+ 9 ! cle> air ( ,egypt1 w\ld be q /rong en\gh to ?r[ into an app>5t gl[ su* highly-reflect+ surfaces z ^? to :i* ,h]odotus ref]s4 ,suppos+ su* a c]emonial z ?is1 ! less ! wor%ipp]s--:o1 reason+ f ! analogy ( ! c]emonial t]m$ ! manife/ation ( ,r1#dc w\ld /& fac+ ! sanctu>y1 ) _! backs to ! *ief door ( ! temple--knew ab\t ! "q ( a bright /> :i* might probably produce ! my/]y1 ! bett]4 ,aga91 ! tru] ! ori5tation ( ! temple to ! />1 & ! great] ! d>kness ! prie/ 0 kept 91 ! soon] w\ld he cat* ! /> quiv]+ 9 ! light ( ei!r e>ly or late dawn4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! diaphragms w\ld indicate ! true l9e t he _h to wat*2 he w\ld n h to se>* = ! /> :i* he expect$2 & obvi\sly ! m he 0 kept 9 ! d>k ! soon] c\ld he see ! />4 ,is !re any additional l9e ( evid5ce beyond ! /ructural conditions ( ! temples t ! ,egyptians us$ ^! temples to obs]ve ! />s8 ,"h a v int]e/+ "q comes 93 a temple built at "o p]iod to obs]ve a /> c\ld n g on = ev] s]v+ its purpose1 = ! reason t ! decl9ation ( ! /> mu/ *ange1 z we h se51 by precession4 ,!re=e a temple built ) a p>ticul> amplitude to obs]ve a p>ticul> /> at "o p]iod w\ld be useless lat] on4 ,we h "h possibly a means ( te/+ :e!r or n any ( ^! temples 7 us$ to obs]ve ! />s4 ,9 ^? v e>ly days1 #cjjj or #djjj ye>s ,b4,c41 we mu/ assume t ! p :o obs]v$ ! />s _h n ! slighte/ idea ( ^! possible precessional *anges2 !y imag9$ t !y 7 j z safe 9 direct+ a temple to a /> z !y 7 9 direct+ a temple to ! sun4 ,b ) a /> *ang+ its decl9ation 9 an av]age way1 ! same temple c\ld n be us$ to obs]ve ! same /> = m ?an #bjj or #cjj ye>s2 s t at ! end ( t "t1 if !y /ill wi%$ to obs]ve t p>ticul> />1 !y mu/ ei!r *ange ! axis ( ! old temple1 or build a new "o4 ,i h m5tion$ an av]age "t z ! *ange ( ! />'s decl9ation is involv$4 ,n[ ?is *ange ( direction is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ?+s :i* h be5 obs]v$ = ye>s pa/ 9 ,egyptian temples4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we f9d t ! axes ( ! temples h be5 *ang$1 & h be5 freely *ang$2 t !re has be5 a great deal ( "w done on _m ( ! temples :i* are n ori5t$ to ! sun1 9 ord] to give !m a twi/4 ,once a sol> temple1 a sol> temple = ?\s&s ( ye>s2 once a /> temple1 only t /> temple = some?+ l #cjj ye>s1 s t ! conditions 7 entirely *ang$4 ,we get cases 9 :i* ! axis ( a temple has _h its direction *ang$1 & o!rs 9 :i*1 :]e x has be5 difficult or impossible to make ! *ange 9 a temple1 ! *ange ( amplitude has be5 met by putt+ up a new temple altoge!r4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ su* temples z a s]ies 9 :i*1 in/ead ( *ang+ ! ori5tation ( a pre-exi/+ temple1 a new temple has be5 built to meet ! new condition ( ?+s4 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 is a sugge/ion :i* we are ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ to ,egyptologi/s on a/ronomical gr\nds4 ,= an in/ance1 ,i may ref] to ! well-kn[n temple at ,m$net-,hab4 ,we h !re two temples side by side--a l>ge temple1 :i* 0 built lat]1 ) its sy/ems ( pylons & sanctu>ies2 a small] temple1 ) outside c\rts1 &1 aga91 a sanctu>y built mu* e>li]4 ,! direction ( ^! two temples is v diff]5t2 !re is a diff]5ce ( sev]al degrees4 ,x is v difficult inde$ to und]/& :y ^! two /ructures %\ld h be5 built 9 t way if !re 7 n "s good reason = x4 ,! be/ hi!rto f\nd is ! suppos$ symmetrophobia ( ! ,egyptians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,two ,,temples ,,at ,,m$,,net-,,hab4 ,we f9d ! same ?+ 9 ,greece4 ,!re is ! old ,p>!non1 a build+ :i* may h be5 /&+ at ! "t ( ! ,trojan w>1 & ! new ,p>!non1 ) an out] c\rt v l ! ,egyptian temples1 b ) its sanctu>y m ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! build+4 ,x 0 by ! diff]5ce ( direction ( ^! two temples at ,a!ns t my att5tion 0 call$ to ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,b5t ,,axis ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,luxor1 ,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,sanctu>y4 ,if we /udy ! ori5tation ( ^!1 we f9d t1 l ^? at ,m$net-,hab1 !y are n p>allel2 !re is a diff]5ce ( ori5tation4 ,?is me?od ( cop+ ) ! *anges ( amplitude ( ! /> app>5tly repres5ts t adopt$ :]e !re has be5 ample space to build ano!r temple by ! side ( ! old "o :5 ! /> c\ld no long] be se5 f end to end ( ! old "o4 ,b ano!r way 0 f\nd :]e ! space 0 m circumscrib$1 & t is well repres5t$ by ! temple at ,luxor1 9 :i* ! addition is made end on4 ,! sugge/ion is t1 aft] ! temple at ,luxor _h be5 built a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 ! amplitude ( ! /> _h got a little out ( ! initial l9e1 & ! direction 0 *ang$ at ! "t :5 x 0 det]m9$ to make ! temple m beautiful & to amplify x by add+ an out] c\rt4 ,!re is ano!r out] c\rt & ano!r v consid]able *ange4 ,!re are f\r well-m>k$ deviations4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,fur!r ,,inquiries ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,/ell> ,,temples4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i discuss$ ! sugge/ion1 q indep5d5tly ( any records ! ,egyptians may h left on ! subject1 t c]ta9 ( ! temples 7 ori5t$ to />s2 & ,i appli$ "o te/1 t1 namely1 ( ! *ange ( direction :i* 0 imp]ative if />s 7 obs]v$ = any l5g!n$ p]iod4 ,9 su* an inquiry we mu/ proce$ ) great caution4 ,we _c make a /atem5t reg>d+ e p>ticul> temple ) absolute c]ta9ty1 = ! reason t 9 ! case ( mo/ ( ! temples ! be/ ,egyptologi/s _c give u ! mo/ preci\s piece ( in=mation :i* we require f ! a/ronomical po9t ( view--t is1 ! date ( ! f\ndation ( ! temple4 ,if 9 ! case ( ^! temples x 7 absolutely c]ta9 t ea* temple 0 built at a c]ta9 "t ) a c]ta9 ori5tation1 we c\ld tell at once :e!r or n t temple 0 po9t$ to any p>ticul> />4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is precise in=mation a g5]al attack on ! "q has be5 necess>y4 ,! me?od adopt$ 9 ! se>* has be5 z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,to tabulate ! ori5tations ( "s ( ! *ief temples describ$ by ! ,fr5* ,commission1 by ,lepsius & o!rs4 ,sev]al int]e/+ facts 7 soon reveal$ by ?is tabulation4 ,! fir/ po9t t ,i h to note is t1 9 ! case ( "s ( ^! temples1 we get ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 amplitudes 9 diff]5t localities4 ,to %[ ?is cle>ly x w be conv5i5t to comp>e toge!r ! *ief temples ne> ,k>nak & ^? hav+ ! same amplitudes else:]e4 ,we c d ?is by lay+ d[n along a circle ! diff]5t amplitudes to :i* ^! v>i\s temples po9t4 ,to beg9 ) & to make ! /ory complete1 ,i draw att5tion to ! temples :i* we h already discuss$ ) an amplitude ( #bg1 or #bf1 at ,!bes1 ,k>nak1 & else:]e4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are sol> temples4 ,next we h non-sol> amplitudes at ,k>nak & ,!bes1 associat$ ) temples hav+ ! same amplitude at ,d5d]ah1 ,annu1 & o!r places4 ,ano!r po9t is t we h ! majority ( ! non-sol> temples remov$ j z f> z !y c be 9 amplitude f ! sol> ones1 = ! reason t !y are z ne>ly z possible at "r angles to !m1 s t if ! sun 7 obs]v$ 9 "o temple & a /> 9 ! o!r1 !re w\ld be a diff]5ce ( #ij betwe5 ! position ( ! sun & ! position ( ! /> at t mom5t4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 apply also to two />s4 ,sometimes ?is rectangul> arrangem5t is 9 ! same temple1 z at ,k>nak1 sometimes 9 an adjac5t "o1 z at ,d5d]ah4 ,if we /udy ,d5d]ah we f9d t we h !re a l>ge temple enclos$ 9 a squ>e tem5os wall1 ! sides ( :i* are p>allel to ! sides ( ! temple2 & also a little temple at "r angles to ! pr9cipal "o4 ,x is h>dly fair to say t a rectangul> arrangem5t1 repeat$ 9 diff]5t localities1 is accid5tal2 x is "o :i* is us$ to "s ext5t 9 our mod]n obs]vatories4 ,! p]petual recurr5ce ( ^! rectangul> temples %[s1 ,i ?9k1 t !re 0 "s def9ite view 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o built all ! pairs ( temples :i* are ?us relat$ to ea* o!r2 :at t view 0 ,i %all endeav\r to discuss 9 ! sequel4 ,a ?ird circum/ance is t1 :5 we get "s temples po9t+ a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees s\? ( ea/1 we get o!r temples po9t+ ! same numb] ( degrees s\? ( we/1 s t "s temples may h be5 us$ to obs]ve ris+s & o!rs sett+s ( />s 9 ! same decl9ation4 ,x is !n natural1 ( c\rse1 to sugge/ t ^! temples 7 arrang$ to obs]ve ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! same />s2 b fur!r inquiry has %[n t !re are my?ological objections to ?is explanation4 ,f9ally1 we h temples ) ! same amplitudes high nor? & high s\?1 9 diff]5t places--temples :i* c\ld n h be5 built ) ref]5ce to ! sun2 j z we h at diff]5t places temples ) ! same amplitudes :i* c\ld h be5 us$ = sol> purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 7#b7 ,to ext5d & *eck "s ( ^! obs]vations ) special ref]5ce to my new po9t ( view 9 ,egypt itself4 ,9 connection ) ! possible a/ronomical uses ( ^! temples1 ,i f9d t :5 "o ( ! temples has be5 built1 ! horizon has always be5 v c>efully left op52 !re has always be5 a possibility ( vision along ! collimat+ axis prolong$4 ,l9es ( sph9xes h be5 brok5 to ensure ?is2#dd at ,m$net-,hab1 on ! opposite side ( ! riv] to ,k>nak1 we h outside ?is great temple a model ( a ,syrian =t4 ,if we prolong ! l9e ( ! temple f ! middle ( ! ,naos ?r\gh ! sy/ems ( pylons1 we f9d t 9 ! model ( ! =t an op5+ 0 left1 s t ! vision f ! sanctu>y ( ! temple 0 left absolutely free to comm& ! horizon4 ,x may be said t t _c be true ( ,k>nak1 because we see on ! g5]al plan t "o ( ! temples1 ) an azimu? ( #gb,n41 _h its collimat+ axis block$ by num]\s build+s4 ,t is true2 b :5 "o comes to exam9e into ! date ( ^! build+s1 z ,i propose to d 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 x is f\nd t !y are all v late2 :]eas !re is evid5ce t ! temple 9 "q 0 "o ( ! fir/1 if n ! v fir/1 ( ! temples built at ,!bes4 99 99 99 99 99 7#c7 ,to det]m9e ! decl9ations to :i* ! v>i\s amplitudes correspond4 ,9 ?is direction ,i h made use ( ! ,g]man ,catalogue ( /> places f #ahjj ,a4,d4 to #bjjj ,b4,c41 ! places = dates beyond ?is1 & = s\!rn />s1 hav+ be5 calculat$ *iefly by my son1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,s4 ,locky]1 ,b4,a4 ,"s places = ,sirius & ,canopus h be5 oblig+ly plac$ at my disposal by ,mr4 ,h9d1 & approximate values obta9$ by ! use ( a precessional globe con/ruct$ = me by ,mr4 ,newton4 ,?is globe diff]s consid]ably f t previ\sly contriv$ by ,m4 ,biot1 ab\t :i* ,i 0 ignorant :5 ,i began ! "w1 & enables "r asc5sions & decl9ations1 b especially ! latt]1 to be det]m9$ ) a fair am\nt ( accuracy = =ty-eight equidi/ant po9ts occupi$ by ! pole ( ! equator r\nd ! pole ( ! ecliptic 7assum$ to be fix$7 9 ! precessional revolution4 ,"s simple a/ronomical consid]ations may "h come to our help4 ,if ! nor? pol> di/ance ( a /> is increas+--t is1 if a /> is increas+ its di/ance f ! nor? pole--its decl9ation if nor? or s\? w be decreas$ or increas$ respectively1 & ! ori5tation ( ! temple w\ld be gradually becom+ m & m p>allel to an ,e4 & ,w4 l9e2 if ! decl9ation nor? or s\? ( ! /> be increas+1 !n ! ori5tation ( ! temple w\ld h to be likewise increas$4 ,! *ange 9 ! ori5tation1 !re=e1 gives u in=mation t[>ds det]m9+ 9 :i* qu>t] ( ! heav5s ea* p>ticul> /> might h be54 99 99 99 99 99 7#d7 ,9 cases :]e ! date ( ! f\ndation ( a temple d$icat$ to a p>ticul> div9ity has be5 ?or\ghly kn[n1 !re 0 no difficulty 9 f9d+ ! /> ! decl9ation ( :i* at ! "t w\ld give ! amplitude2 &1 9 ! case ( s]ies ( temples d$icat$ to ! same div9ity1 an additional *eck 0 af=d$ if ! *anges ( amplitude f ! late/ to ! newe/ temple agre$ ) ! *anges ( ! decl9ations ( ! same />4 99 99 99 99 99 7#e7 ,hav+ ! decl9ations ( ! />s ?us det]m9$ = c]ta9 epo*s1 ,i h next plott$ !m on curves1 %[+ ! amplitude = any ye> up to #ejjj ,b4,c4 at ,!bes = a true horizon & :5 ! horizon is rais$ #a or #b by hills or mi/2 &1 f9ally1 a table has be5 prep>$ %[+ ! decl9ation prop] to ! amplitude ( ea* ( ! *ief temples :5 ! ne$ful in=mation 0 available4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ^! matt]s c be discuss$ 9 a way t w indicate t ! inquiry is rais$1 ,i d n wi% = "o mom5t to speak ( x z be+ settl$1 because ! obs]vations :i* h be5 made already 9 ,egypt ) reg>d to ! ori5tation ( ^! temples h n be5 made f su* a v special po9t ( view2 &1 fur!r1 consid]able alt]ation 9 ! amplitude w\ld be made by ! pres5ce ( ev5 a l[ range ( hills miles away 9 ! case ( />s ris+ or sett+ n _m degrees f ! nor? or s\?4 ,no "o w\ld c>e to make ! ass]tion ) absolute def9it5ess until x 0 kn[n :e!r or n ! horizon 9 ea* case 0 int]f]$ ) by hills or any int]v5+ objects--0 or 0 n "o1 9 fact1 :i* might be reg>d$ z a sea horizon f ! po9t ( obs]vation2 if !re 7 imp$im5ts1 ! angul> height ( !m mu/1 ( c\rse1 be exactly kn[n2 b ?is in=mation is almo/ entirely lack+4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t ! "q has be5 rais$ by obs]vations ( ! temples !mselves1 x becomes int]e/+ to ask ( ! inscriptions if !re are records t ^! temples 7 direct$ to />s8 ,x w be se5 9 ! next *apt] t ! inscriptions give out no unc]ta9 s\nd on ?is po9t4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,build+ ,,inscriptions4 ,num]\s ref]5ces to ! c]emonial ( lay+ ! f\ndation-/ones ( temples exi/1 & we le>n f ! works ( ,*abas1 ,brugs*1 ,dmi*51#de & o!rs1 t ! f\ndation ( an ,egyptian temple 0 associat$ ) a s]ies ( c]emonies :i* are repeat$ly describ$ ) a m9ut5ess :i*1 z ,niss5 has po9t$ out1#df is pa9fully want+ 9 ! case ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,among/ ^! c]emonies1 "o especially ref]s to ! fix+ ( ! temple-axis2 x is call$1 te*nically1 ! /ret*+ ( ! cord1 & is n only illu/rat$ by inscriptions on ! walls ( ! temples ( ,k>nak1 ,d5d]ah1 & ,edf--to m5tion ! be/-kn[n cases--b is ref]r$ to else:]e4 ,ano!r "p ( ! c]emony consi/$ 9 ! k+ proce$+ to ! site :]e ! temple 0 to be built1 accompani$ my?ically by ! goddess ,se%eta1 :o is /yl$ ! mi/ress ( ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/one4 ,ea* 0 arm$ ) a /ake4 ,! two /akes 7 connect$ by a cord4 ,next ! cord 0 align$ t[>ds ! sun or />1 z ! case might be2 :5 ! alignm5t 0 p]fect ! two /akes 7 driv5 into ! gr\nd by means ( a wood5 mallet2 !re 0 no diff]5ce ( proc$ure 9 ! case ( temples direct$ to ! sun4 ,"o b\nd>y wall p>allel to ! ma9 axis ( ! temple 0 built along ! l9e m>k$ out by ?is /ret*$ cord4 ,if ! mom5t ( sun--or />-rise or--set 7 *os51 z we h e reason to believe 0 ! case see+ t all ! e>ly obs]vations 7 made on ! horizon1 x is obvi\s t ! light f ! body t[>ds :i* ! temple 0 align$ w\ld p5etrate ! axis ( ! temple ?us built f "o end to ! o!r 9 ! orig9al direction ( ! cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lay+ ,,( ,,! ,,f\ndation-,,/one ,,c]emonial4 ,we le>n f ,*abas t ! ,egyptian ^w :i* expresses ! idea ( f\nd+ or lay+ ! f\ndation-/one ( a temple is ,s5ti--a ^w :i* /ill exi/s 9 ,coptic4 ,b 9 ! old language ano!r ^w1 ,put-s]1 :i* no long] rema9s 9 ,coptic1 has be5 trac$4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ t put means to /ret*1 & s] means cord2 s t t "p ( ! c]emonial :i* consi/$ 9 /ret*+ a cord 9 ! direction ( a /> 0 consid]$ ( s great an importance t x gave its "n to ! :ole c]emonial4 ,i w next ref] to "s ( ! inscriptions2 "o1 dat+ f ! la/ half ( ! ?ird ?\s& ,b4,c41 occurs 9 ! docum5t describ+ ! build+ ( ! temple ( ,annu 7,heliopolis74 ,we read3--,arose ! k+1 attir$ 9 8 necklace & ! fea!r cr[n2 all ! _w foll[$ him1 & ! maje/y ( ,am5emht fir/ k+ ( ! ,twelf? dyna/y4 ,! ,kh]-heb read ! sacr$ text dur+ ! /ret*+ ( ! measur+-cord & ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/one on ! piece ( gr\nd select$ = ?is temple4 ,!n )drew ,8 ,maje/y ,am5emht2 & ,k+ ,us]ts5 son & co-reg5t wrote x d[n be=e ! p4 ,niss51 f :om 7loc4 cit47 ,i quote ! above1 adds3--,on acc\nt ( ! /ret*+ ( ! measur+-cord1 ! ,egyptian eng9e]s 7 call$ by ! ,greeks ^: art ,democritus boa/s ( hav+ acquir$4 ,we next turn to ,abydos1 possibly "o ( ! olde/ temple-fields 9 ,egypt4 ,!re is an inscription relat+ to ! rebuild+ ( "o ( !m 9 ! "t ( ,seti ,i4 7ab\t #achj ,b4,c474 ,9 ?is ! goddess ,se%eta addresses ! k+ z foll[s3--,! hamm] 9 my h& 0 ( gold1 z ,i /ruck ! peg ) x1 & ?\ wa/ ) me 9 ?y capacity ( ,h>p$onapt4 ,?y h& held ! spade dur+ ! fix+ ( its ! temple's f\r corn]s ) accuracy by ! f\r supports ( heav54 ,on ! pictures ! k+ appe>s ) ! ,osiris cr[n1 opposite ! goddess4 ,bo? hold 9 _! "r h& a club1 & ) x !y ea* hamm] a long peg into ! gr\nd4 ,r\nd ! two pegs runs a rope1 :i* is /ret*$ tight1 ! ends be+ ti$ toge!r4 ,9 two cases ! /> us$ = ! alignm5t is actually nam$4 ,( ^! ,i w take1 fir/1 ! record ( ! c]emony us$ 9 ! build+ ( ! temple ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah4 ,,! ,,alignm5t ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,ha?or ,,at ,,d5d]ah4 ,! inscriptions /ate t ! k+ :ile /ret*+ ! cord _h 8 glance direct$ to ! k ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,?igh--! old "n ( ! con/ellation :i* we n[ recognise z ! ,great ,be>--& on ?is l9e 0 built ! new temple1 z _h be5 done !re be=e4 ,! actual inscription has be5 translat$ z foll[s3--,! liv+ ,god1 ! magnific5t son ( ,a/i a "n ( ,?o?1 n\ri%$ by ! sublime goddess 9 ! temple1 ! sov]eign ( ! c\ntry1 /ret*es ! rope 9 joy4 ,) 8 glance t[>ds ! k ! middle8 ( ! ,bull's ,?igh con/ellation1 he e/abli%es ! temple-h\se ( ! mi/ress ( ,d5d]ah1 z took place !re be=e4 ,at ano!r place ! k+ says3 ,look+ to ! sky at ! c\rse ( ! ris+ />s & recognis+ ! k ( ! ,bull's ,?igh con/ellation1 ,i e/abli% ! corn]s ( ! temple ( ,h] ,maje/y4 ,"h1 !n1 we h m ?an evid5ce ( ! /ret*+ ( a cord t[>ds a />2 an actual con/ellation is nam$1 & x may be easily imag9$ t 9 connection ) ?is _m int]e/+ que/ions arise ( ! utmo/ importance to ! subject we are consid]+4 ,dmi*51 9 8 ref]5ces to ?is passage1 discusses ! mean+ ( ! ^w k 9 relation to "s ,!ban grave-inscriptions1 9 :i* x is sugge/$ t k is us$ to repres5t ! middle c\rse ( a />1 or1 a/ronomically speak+1 its culm9at+ po9t z x passes ! m]idian4 ,b su* a mean+ z ?is w nev] d 9 ?is connection2 = if a cord 0 /ret*$ t[>ds a /> on ! m]idian x w\ld lie nor? & s\?1 & !re=e ! temple w\ld be built nor? & s\?4 ,b ?is is by no means ! ori5tation ( ! temple--a po9t to :i* ,i %all return pres5tly4 ,b x may be sugge/$ t ! ^w k1 us$ 9 relation to ! k+'s obs]vation1 m probably ref]r$ to ! brighte/ />1 ,dubhe 7 ,urs ,majoris7 9 ! a/]ism1 or ! middle po9t ( ! con/ellation1 :i* w\ld be ab\t repres5t$ by ! /> 1 :i* lies ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! mod]n con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>1 suppos+1 inde$1 t ! same />s 7 includ$ 9 ! old con/ellation4 ,on ?is po9t we un=tunately h no def9ite k1 z ! ,?igh is s v>i\sly repres5t$2 sometimes !re is a h9d-qu>t]1 repres5t$ evid5tly by ! well-kn[n sev5 />s2 at o!rs ! body ( a c[ 7) horns & disk7 is atta*$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 )\t su* a ref]5ce to "s p>ticul> "p ( ! con/ellation x is obvi\s t ! /ret*$ cord may h _h a mo/ indet]m9ate direction4 ,9 ord] to leave no /one unturn$ 9 attempt+ to expla9 ?is description--suppos+ x to repres5t an und\bt$ fact ( obs]vation--we may consid] ano!r possible int]pretation ( ! ^w k4 ,! amplitude ( ! temple be+ #ga ,n4 ( ,e41 %[s conclusively t we _c be deal+ ) ! m]idian1 b may we be deal+ ) ! mo/ ea/]n elongation ( ! /> 9 its j\rney r\nd ! ,pole8 ,i h inquir$ into ?is matt] = ! "t ( ! la/ build+ ( ! temple 9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies1 & f9d t ! amplitude ( ! temple1 in/ead ( be+ #ga1 w\ld h be5 ab\t #gj4 ,x seems probable1 !n1 t ?is int]pretation w n hold1 & x may be fur!r /at$ t1 9 ! case ( a /> at a consid]able angle above ! horizon1 ! /ret*+ ( a cord 9 ! build+ c]emonial--! ,ausspannung d] ,/rickes1 z ! words put-s] are translat$ by ,dmi*5--w\ld really h be5 no /ret*+ ( ! cord at all2 = ! /> be+ _m degrees above ! horizon1 ano!r me?od mu/ h be5 employ$1 & 9 all probability w\ld h be5 di/9ctly ref]r$ to 9 ! c>eful /atem5ts ( ! c]emonies :i* exi/1 ,i ?9k1 !n1 t we are p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 dismiss+ ?is possible explanation1 especially z ris+ />s are ref]r$ to4 ,we n[ come to consid]ations ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,! inscription :i* we h quot$ is put into ! m\? ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 ?\gh he nev] 0 at ,d5d]ah4 ,?is sugge/s t ! temple built 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us c>ri$ =w>d ! acc\nt ( ! old f\ndation4 ,!re is evid5ce ( ?is4 ,! con/ellation ( ! ,?igh nei!r rose nor set 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us--x 0 circumpol>4 ,! same /atem5t may be made reg>d+ ! re/oration 9 ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 ,s we are driv5 to ! conclusion t if we reg>d ! inscription z true1 x mu/ ref] to a "t prec$+ ! reign ( ,?o?mes4 ,i %all return to ?is subject 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,,! ,,alignm5t ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,edf4 ,a ref]5ce to ! same con/ellation 7! ,?igh7 is also made 9 ! acc\nt ( ! c]emonial us$ at ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/one ( ! temple at ,edf4 ,! k+'s glance 0 direct$--9 ! case ( ! build+ ( t temple--to ! ,?igh1 b no precise ref]5ce to any /> or to any po9t k is giv54 ,z be=e1 ,i give ! full translation ( ! inscription1#dg rem>k+ t ! la/ re/oration 0 made ,b4,c4 #bcg-eg4 ,! k+ is repres5t$ z speak+ ?us3--,i h grasp$ ! wood5 peg & ! h&le ( ! club2 ,i hold ! rope ) ,se%eta2 my glance foll[s ! c\rse ( ! />s2 my eye is on ,meset t is1 ! ',bull's ,?igh con/ellation1' or ,great ,be>2 7m9e ! "p ( "t ( ! numb] ( ! h\r-clock72 ,i e/abli% ! corn]s ( ?y h\se ( ,god4 ,& 9 ano!r place3--,i h grasp$ ! wood5 peg2 ,i hold ! h&le ( ! club2 ,i grasp ! cord ) ,se%eta2 ,i ca/ my face t[>ds ! c\rse ( ! ris+ con/ellations2 ,i let my glance ent] ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be> 7! "p ( my "t /&s 9 ! place ( 8 h\r-clock72 ,i e/abli% ! f\r corn]s ( ?y temple4 ,! translation is ,brugs*'s4 ,! phrases 9 p>5!ses are int]pret$ diff]5tly by ,dmi*51 :o translates !m3--,/&+ z divid] ( "t by 8 measur+ in/rum5t1 or repres5t+ ! divid] ( "t 7i4e4 ! god ,?o?7 at 8 measur+ in/rum5t4 ,! ^w m]e* or m]*et1 9 :i* ,brugs* suspects h\r-or wat]-clock1 does n occur else:]e4 ,9 ?is case1 see+ t ! temple lies ) its axis v ne>ly nor? & s\?1 z ,i det]m9$ by my own 7magnetic7 obs]vations1 ! /ret*+ ( ! cord 0 c]ta9ly 9 or v ne> ! m]idian2 & x may be rem>k$ t 9 ! ,naos !re is an op5+ 9 ! ro(1 ov] ! side ( ! second or ?ird door f ! sanctu>y1 & incl9$ at an angle ( #dj 7unlike any o!r op5+ t ,i h se5 9 ! ro( ( any ,egyptian temple71 :i* may h be5 us$ to obs]ve ! transit ( "s p>ticul> />4 ,! angle ,i 0 n able to det]m9e ) absolute accuracy1 z ! v]tical circle ( ! !odolite ,i _h ) me 0 out ( adju/m5t4 ,tak+ ! latitude ( ,edf z #be1 & assum+ ! angle ( #dj to be n f> f ! tru?1 ! ,nor? ,pol> di/ance ( ! /> obs]v$ w\ld be #ae4 ,)9 a degree or s--& ?is is z ne> z we c get till m accurate obs]vations h be5 made on ! spot--?is satisfies ,dubhe1 ! *ief /> 9 ! ,great ,be> 9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,suppos+ ! temple 0 orig9ally ori5t$ to ,dubhe1 its amplitude1 #hf ,s4 ( ,w41 gives u ! date #cijj ,b4,c4 ,i %all %[1 h[ev]1 t x is m probable t ! temple 0 ori5t$ on "s s\!rn />4 ,i may "h rem>k t1 s f> z ,i "k1 ,edf is ! temple 9 ,egypt ne>e/ ! m]idian4 ,if1 !re=e1 x 7 us$ z1 on my !ory1 all o!r temples 71 x c\ld only h pick$ up ! light f ea* ( ! s\!rly />s1 z by ! precessional movem5ts !y 7 br\ght into visibility v ne> ! s\!rn horizon4 ,9 ?is respect1 !n1 x is truly a temple ( ,horns1 9 relation to ! s\!rn />s--! s\!rn eyes ( ,horus4 ,b x 0 n a sun-temple 9 ! s5se t ,k>nak 0 "o2 & if c]emonies 7 p]=m$ = :i* light 0 requir$1 p]haps ! app>atus ref]r$ to by ! writ] ,dupuis#dh 0 utilis$4 ,he m5tions t 9 a temple at ,heliopolis--:e!r a sol> temple or n is n /at$--! temple 0 flood$ all day long ) sunlight by means ( a mirror4 ,i d n "k ! au?orities on :i* ,dupuis f\nds 8 /atem5t1 b ,i h no d\bt t x is amply ju/ifi$1 = ! reason t d\btless all ! inscriptions 9 ! deepe/ tombs 7 made by means ( reflect$ sunlight1 = 9 all fre%ly-op5$ tombs !re are no traces :atev] ( any k9d ( combu/ion hav+ tak5 place1 ev5 9 ! inn]-mo/ recesses4 ,s /rik+ly evid5t is ?is t my fri5d ,m4 ,b\riant1 :ile we 7 discuss+ ?is matt] at ,!bes1 laugh+ly sugge/$ ! possibility t ! electric light 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,) a sy/em ( fix$ mirrors inside ! gall]ies1 :atev] _! l5g?1 & a movable mirror outside to foll[ ! c\rse ( an ,egyptian sun & reflect its beams inside1 x w\ld be possible to keep up a con/ant illum9ation 9 any "p ( ! gall]ies1 h[ev] remote4 ,dupuis quotes ano!r /atem5t t ! greate/ precautions 7 tak5 t ! fir/ rays ( sunlight %\ld ent] a temple 7( c\rse1 he means a sol> temple74 ,b x is possible t !re might h be5 ano!r temple at "r angles1 fac+ ne>ly due ea/4 ,9 ?is case1 ! l>g] temple w\ld h be5 nam$ aft] ! wor%ip to :i* ! small] "o 0 d$icat$4 ,if s1 unlike ! sol> temples at ,heliopolis1 ,abydos1 & ,!bes1 ! ,edf temple 0 sacr$ to ! ,equ9octial ,sun1 or1 at all ev5ts1 to ! ,sun v ne> an equ9ox4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,/>-,,temples ,,at ,,k>nak4 ,:5 ,i began my /udies ( ! ,egyptian temples ! build+ inscriptions ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ *apt] lay =gott5 9 ! ,egyptologi/'s ar*ives4 ,i purpose n[ to give "s acc\nt ( my "w at ,!bes1 :]e ,i made a special /udy ( ! temples1 because !re is a v great numb] !re1 & _m are 9 a fair /ate ( pres]vation4 ,^! inve/igations conv9c$ me t temples 7 ori5t$ to />s be=e ! inscriptions 9 "q 7 kn[n to me1 al?\gh ! :ole temple field is s cr[d$ ) temples1 ea* app>5tly block+ up ! fair-way ( ! o!r1 t x seems well-nigh impossible t any su* process z t describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt] c\ld h be5 appli$4 ,?is difficulty w be ga!r$ f ! accompany+ fold+ plate giv+ a reproduction ( ,lepsius's g5]al maps ( ! temple region ( ,k>nak1 %[+ 8 ref]5ce lett]s & also ! true nor? & ! ori5tation ( ! *ief temples4 ,we h already dealt ) ! sol> temple ( ,am5-,r4 ,we f9d1 beg9n+ at ! s\?1 a l>ge temple ) a long l9e ( sph9xes1 ! temple ( ,mut 7,x7 fac+ ! l>ge temple ( ,am5-,r 7,k74 ,to ! nor? ( ! latt] is ano!r temple sy/em 7,a & ,b & ,c71 also ) an av5ue ( sph9xes4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ,k ano!r temple 7,o7 is only slightly indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temples ,,at ,,k>nak 7,,f ,,lepsius71 ,,foll[+ ,,_! ,,ori5tations4 ,to face p4 #ahc4 ,to ! s\? ( ! l>ge temple ,k is ano!r "o--t ( ,khons 7,t71 also ) its sph9xes4 ,connect$ ) ,k are two o!r temples1 ,l1 ne>ly1 & ,m1 exactly1 at "r angles to x4 ,!re is also su* a rectangul> temple 7,y7 add$ to ! temple ( ,mut4 ,i also call att5tion to ! temples ,v & ,w1 *iefly to po9t out t :5 ,i w5t ov] ! gr\nd ) ,m4 ,b\riant x seem$ to u z if ! temple ,v fac$ ,s4,e4 & n ,n4,w4 z indicat$ by ,lepsius4 ,v few traces ( ! temple are left4 ,s9ce ! lab\rs ( ! ,fr5* & ,prussian ,gov]nm5ts gave full records ( ,k>nak a memoir on ! temples has be5 publi%$ by ,m>iette1 :i* gives u n only plans1 b preci\s in=mation relat+ to ! p]iods at :i*1 & ! k+s by :om1 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! temples 7 con/ruct$ or modifi$4 ,no d\bt ^? :i* are /ill traceable =m only a v small portion ( ^? :i* once exi/$2 b h[ev] t may be1 ,i h n[ only to call att5tion to "s among !m4 ,i h previ\sly %[n t ! magnific5t "w ( ,m>iette has suppli$ u ) build+ dates = ! sol> temple to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made2 s t we h1 ) m or less accuracy1 ! sequ5ce ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! complet$ build+4 ,if we consid] ! plan )\t any ref]5ce to ! build+ dates at all1 ! idea t ! small] temples 7 built = obs]vations ( />s seems to be entirely disc\nt5anc$4 ,! temple ,l1 = in/ance1 in/ead ( hav+ a cle> horizon1 is block$ by ! v solid wall 7#b7 & its accompany+ columns2 ! temple ,m1 in/ead ( hav+ a cle> horizon1 is absolutely block$ by two ( ! l9e ( pill>s 7#a7 v c>efully built 9 front ( x4 ,b if we consult ,m>iette1 we f9d 9 bo? cases t ! wall 0 built long aft] "o temple1 & ! pill>s 7 built long aft] ! o!r4 ,?is result is satisfactory1 inasmu* z x indicates t a natural objection to ! ori5tation hypo!sis is invalid4 ,b c we /r5g!n x by support+ ,m>iette's /atem5t z to ! dates8 ,m>iette /ates t ! temple ,m 0 built by ,rameses ,,iii41 a k+ ( ! tw5tie? dyna/y4 ,) ?is datum1 we consid] ! ori5tation ( ! temple4 ,! problem is "o ( ?is k9d3--,tak+ ! ,egyptologi/'s date = ,rameses ,,iii4 at #abjj ,b4,c41 & tak+ ! amplitude ( ! temple z #fc ,n4 ( ,e41 0 !re1 :5 t temple 0 built1 any /> opposite to x1 any /> to :i* x accurately po9t$8 ,we c translate ! amplitude ( t temple into ! decl9ation ( a />1 mak+ a slight correction = ! /at$ conditions ( obs]vation 9 ,egypt1 :i* w\ld make ! app>5t amplitude less ?an ! true "o1 because ! /> w\ld appe> to rise m to ! s\?4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( precise in=mation1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ! mean ( ! values ref]r$ to by ,biot--t is1 an app>5t amplitude due to a /ratum ( haze #a high1 especially z ! temple look$ away f ! ,nile4 ,se>*+ ! a/ronomical tables1 we f9d t !re 0 a /> visible along ! temple axis4 ,! /> 0 ,draconis4 ,s mu* = ! temple ,m4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! o!r "o lett]$ ,l1 ! temple ( ,seti ,,ii4 ,! amplitude ( temple ,l is #fc ,s4 ( ,w41 & ! date1 accord+ to ,m>iette1 #acjj ,b4,c4 ,we f9d ! decl9ation1 proce$+ z be=e1 & assum+ hills #a high1 to be #ec ,s41 & ab\t t date ! bright /> ,canopus set on ! alignm5t ( ! temple4 ,x w h5ce be ga!r$ t j z truly z ! temple ,m seems to h be5 po9t$ to ! nor!rn /> ,draconis ris+1 ! temple ,l 0 po9t$ to ! s\!rn /> ,canopus1 sett+4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,!re is ano!r temple to :i* ,i h already direct$ att5tion--! temple ( ,khons 7,t ( ,lepsius71 f\nd$ by ,rameses ,,iii41 ?\gh z x comes to u x is a ,ptolemaic /ructure1 x hav+ be5 enl>g$ & re/or$ by ! ,ptolemies4 ,x is v ne>ly1 b n q1 p>allel to ! temple ( ,seti ,,ii4 ,my measures & ^? ( ,lepsius give1 approximately1 amplitudes z "u-- ,temple ( ,seti 7,t7 #fc ,s4 ( ,w4 ,temple ( ,khons 7,l7 #fb ,cont9u+1 !re=e1 ! same l9e ( inquiry1 & assum+ t ,m>iette 0 "r1 & t ! temple 0 really f9ally complet$ 7& no d\bt its axis revis$7 by ! ,ptolemies1 & t !y fl\ri%$ ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 we h ! same problem4 ,0 !re a /> t[>ds :i* t temple c\ld h be5 direct$1 & :i* c\ld h be5 se5 9 t temple ) its actual ori5tation8 ,calculation %[s t ! *ange ( amplitude ( ,canopus due to ! precessional movem5t betwe5 #acjj ,b4,c4 & #bjj ,b4,c4 is almo/ exactly #a1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! amplitude ( ! temples4 ,we seem1 !n1 to h 9 ! temples ,l & ,t two temples direct$ to ! same /> at diff]5t times4 ,^! /atem5ts mu/ be tak5 z provisional only4 ,to r5d] !m absolute1 c>eful measurem5ts mu/ be made1 on ! spot1 ( ! heights ( ! hills t[>ds :i* ! temples po9t4 ,leav+ ?is = ! mom5t on "o side1 we get 9 ?is mann] a/ronomical dates ( ! reigns ( ,seti ,,ii4 & ,rameses ,,iii4 )9 a v few ye>s ( ^? giv5 by ! ,egyptologi/s4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! application ( ?is me?od entirely ju/ifies ,m>iette's view ) reg>d to ^! m mod]n temples at ,!bes1 & %[s t :5 !y 7 built ! outlook 0 cle>1 s t ! build+ c]emonials ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ *apt] might h be5 p]=m$4 ,i am next anxi\s to po9t out t n only is ?is s1 b1 accept+ x1 we c expla9 exactly :y ! walls & temples & columns 7 erect$ 9 ! sequ5ce :i* ,m>iette indicates4 ,we n only "k :5 !y 7 built1 b we c pres5tly und]/& :y !y 7 built4 ,! fir/ po9t to :i* ,i draw att5tion 9 ?is matt] is ! foll[+3--,ref]r+ to ! plan1 we f9d t be=e ! "t ( ,rameses ,,iii4 ! temple ( ,seti ,,ii4 0 "r out 9 ! op54 ,x ?us repres5t$ j "o ( ^? ext]nal rectangul> temples :i* h be5 f\nd at ,d5d]ah & at v _m o!r places 9 ,egypt4 ,x 0 "o ( ! ,egyptian ideas to h two temples at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,t temple1 !n1 /ood alone4 ,! next *ange seems to h be5 ?is3 ,! /> ,canopus1 ! sett+ ( :i* x 0 built to wat*1 01 ?r\gh ! processional movem5t to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 no long] conv5i5tly obs]v$ 9 t temple4 ,to obviate ?is ! temple ,t 0 built by ,rameses ,,iii4 ) a *ange ( amplitude equival5t to ! actual precessional *ange ( ! />'s decl9ation1 to c>ry on ! obs]vations4 ,fur!r1 at ! same "t ano!r temple 7,m7 0 built to obs]ve ,draconis4 ,x is n[ easy to und]/& :at ! #ba/--a ,!ban--dyna/y did4 ,seti's temple 7,l7 _h be5 sup]s$$2 ! temple ,m 0 a second rectangul> temple outside ! great temple ( ,k>nak 7,k74 ,!y said to !mselves3 ,we w make ,k>nak m beautiful1 & we w ext5d x4 ,we c n[ build walls 9 cont9uation ( ! old walls1 & we c build /ill ano!r pylon1 because ,seti's temple is no long] be+ us$1 ! wor%ip hav+ be5 transf]r$ to ! temple ( ,rameses ,,iii4 7,khons74 ,by build+ ! nor!rn wall we prev5t ! use ( temple ,m1 sacr$ to our enemy ,sute*4 ,i %\ld add t ! op5+ 9 ! wall1 9 prolongation ( ! axis ( temple ,m1 is n directly opposite ! temple ,m1 b a little to ! ea/2 x 0 probably made lat]1 possibly by ! tw5ty-second dyna/y1 :o 7 ,set wor%ipp]s4 ,aga91 com+ to ! "t ( ,tah>qa1 return+ at ! end ( ! exile ( ! prie/s ( ,am5 9 ,nubia1 ! temple1 ,m 0 aga9 ?r[n out ( use4 ,pill>s 7 built 9 front ( x1 "r 9 ! fair-way1 af=d+ an in/ance t :5 a temple 0 ?r[n out ( use1 n by ! precessional movem5t ( ! /> to :i* x _h be5 direct$1 b by ! p>tisans ( ano!r cre$1 ! fact ( its be+ no long] 9 op]ation 0 insur$ by some?+ be+ built 9 front ( x1 to prev5t obs]vation ( ! /ell> div9ity no long] 9 vogue4 ,x may be add$ t long aft] ! temple ( ,seti ,,ii4 fell out ( a/ronomical use1 & 0 on t acc\nt block$ by ! walls ( ! tw5ty-fir/ dyna/y1 ! ,ptolemies built a new temple ( ,osiris1 :i*1 if built be=e1 w\ld h be5 9 ! fair-way ( ! temple ( ,seti4 ,?us1 !re is a reason = all ! *anges made at all ! dates ref]r$ to by ,m>iette4 ,i ?9k we f9d 9 ?is result ( ! inquiry a valuable corroboration ( ,m>iette's conclusions1 & ano!r reason :y we %\ld n cease to admire 8 magnific5t works4 ,s f> ,i h only ref]r$ to ! relatively mod]n p>ts ( ,k>nak4 ,i n[ pass to ! m anci5t ones1 9 :i* we ought to note ! same laws hold+ good1 if !re be any value 9 ! view we are discuss+4 ,we f9d t "s ( ! mo/ important temples giv5 by ,lepsius & ,m>iette 7,b1 ,x1 & ,w7 are j z effectively block$ by ! mass ( ! temple ( ,am5-,r z ^? we h already consid]$ 7 by ! walls ( ! tw5ty-fir/ dyna/y & ,tah>qa's columns2 &1 look+ at ! plan1 x seems at fir/ p]fectly absurd to cont9ue to hold = "o mom5t ! idea t ^! temples 7 built = obs]vations ( />s on ! horizon4 ,! temple ,x 7,mut7 is block$ by ! pylon m>k$ #c1 ! temple ,b by ! ea/]n end ( ! great temple1 ! temple ,w by ! temple ,o4 ,m>iette "h aga9 comes to our rescue to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,he %[s1 z ,i h /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi41 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 c]ta9ly 9 ! twelf? dyna/y1 possibly 9 ! elev5? dyna/y1 & possibly ev5 be=e t1 only ! c5tral "p1 m>k$ #d1 ( ! sol> temple exi/$1 less z a temple ?an z a %r9e1 ) no?+ to ! we/ ( x & no?+ to ! ea/ ( x4 ,t be+ s1 ! temple ,b gets its fair-way to ! s\?1 & ! temple ( ,mut 7,x7 & ! small] temple 7,w7 to ! nor?4 ,m>iette 9 8 two plates %[s ! gr[? ( ! temple ( ,am5-,r 9 a mo/ admirable way1 f ! c5tral portion ( ! temple to :i* ,i h ref]r$--t1 is1 ! small c5tral c\rt1 :i*1 he is c>eful to note1 exi/$ be=e ,?o?mes ,i42 h[ mu* be=e1 he does n say4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! pylons are add$2 !n !y are elaborat$2 !n ! sanctu>y is ?r[n back to ! ea/w>d1 & ! temple ,o built1 & ,b !reby block$1 & !n ?r[n =w>d to ! we/w>d1 ?us block+ ,x & ,z4 ,if !re is any?+ 9 ^! consid]ations at all1 x is sugge/$ t all ! temples to :i* #a h ref]r$ 7 f\nd$ be=e ^! ea/]ly & we/]ly ext5sions1 ( :i* ,m>iette gives u su* ample evid5ce4 ,9 a subsequ5t *apt] x is sugge/$ t ?is great l5g!n+ ( ! orig9al %r9e ( ,am5-,r 0 und]tak5 = ! purpose ( block+ temples ,x1 ,z1 & ,w1 all d$icat$ to ,set4 ,?o?mes ,,iii4 & ,tah>qa _h precisely ! same objects 9 view1 app>5tly4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we meet a real difficulty4 ,m>iette /ates t1 s f> z he has be5 able to f9d1 ! temple ,b1 a temple ( :i* ! wor%ip is ,am51 & ! temple ,x1 9 :i* ! wor%ip is ,mut1 7 built by ,am5-hetep ,,iii4 ,if t 7 s1 !y w\ld h be5 built block$2 none ( ! usual c]emonials c\ld h be5 employ$ at _! f\ndation4 ,!y c\ld n h be5 us$ at all = a/ronomical purposes1 because _! horizons 7 block$ by ^! ext5sions ( ! temple ( ,am5-,r4 ,"h ,i mu/ ref] specially to temple ,b4 ,its amplitude is1 accord+ to ,lepsius1 #fc ,s4 ( ,w4 ,i h already %[n t ! amplitudes ( temples ,l 7,khons7 & ,t 7,seti ,,ii47 are #fb & #fc ,s4 ( ,w41 & t 9 ! times ( ! ,ptolemies & ,seti ,,ii41 ea* fac$ ! /> ,canopus 9 turn4 ,h5ce ! probability t we h ?ree temples ( ne>ly equal ori5tation sacr$ to ! same div9ity4 ,temple4 ,ori5tation4 ,decl9ation4 ,date4 ,khons #fb #eb #cjj ,b4,c4 ,seti ,,ii4 #fc #ec #acej ,b4,c4 ,b #fc #ed #ahjj ,b4,c4 ,! /atem5t is t ! "p ( ! temple ( ,am5-,r1 ! build+ ( :i* block$ ,b1 0 comm5c$ by ,?o?mes ,,iii41 ^: date1 accord+ to ,brugs*1 is #afjj ,b4,c41 & cont9u$ by ,am5-hetep ,,iii4 7#aejj ,b4,c474 ,unless1 !n1 "s o!r provision 0 made1 ! obs]vations ( ,canopus 7 n cont9u$ until ano!r %r9e 0 built4 ,we "k t ano!r %r9e 0 built1 t ( ,seti ,,ii41 & t its ori5tation gives a date ( #acej ,b4,c4 ,x might h be5 comm5c$ by ,seti ,i4 aft] ! ,khu-en-,at5 tr\bles1 & f9i%$ by ,seti ,,ii4 ,"o is !re=e tempt$ to ask :e!r we h n "h "o ( ^? crucial cases :i* ,m>iette himself contemplat$1 9 :i* ! true f\ndation is s f> ant]ior to ! la/ re/oration or ! la/ decoration1 f :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! ar*ologi/ gets 8 in=mation1 t "o is absolutely misl$ by ! re/orations or decorations z to ! true date ( ! orig9al f\ndation ( ! %r9e4#di ,if ! ar*ologi/s are "r 9 attribut+ ! granite temple ( ,osiris 7871 ne> ! sph9x1 to a date ant]ior to1 or ev5 contemporane\s )1 ! second pyramid1 we h evid5ce t 9 ! e>ly dyna/ies ! temple build+ 9 /one1 & ev5 9 granite br\ght f ,aswn1 0 z p]fect 9 ! matt] ( workman%ip z 9 ! eighte5? dyna/y2 & t x 0 n !n ! fa%ion to inscribe walls1 b only /atues & /elas4 ,may x possibly be t ! fa%ion 9 "q came 91 or rea*$ its greate/ developm5t1 dur+ ! eighte5? dyna/y1 & t on ?is acc\nt s _m temples are ascrib$ to t p]iod1 :]eas !y 7 actually 9 exi/5ce be=e8 ,if ! prior dyna/ies built no temples1 :y did !y n d s8 & if !y did1 :]e are !y1 if "s ( ^? inscrib$ by ! eighte5? dyna/y be n !y8 ,9 ! abs5ce ( f9al ar*ological evid5ce--t is1 admitt+ ,m>iette's own d\bt z to ! m]e exi/5ce ( inscriptions--are !re any a/ronomical consid]ations :i* may possibly help u8 ,assum+ t ! temples 7 a/ronomically ori5t$1 we h "o regi/]+ = u ! "t elaps$ s9ce ! orig9al direction ( ! axis 0 laid d[n1 9 t]ms ( ! *ange 9 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic4 ,we h o!rs regi/]+ "t 9 l mann] 9 t]ms ( ! *ange due to precession1 if we c get any light z to ! />s t[>ds :i* ! temples 7 ori5t$4 ,i h already dealt ) ! temple ( ,am5-,r 9 ,*apt] ,,xi41 & we f\nd a f\ndation date ( #cgjj ,b4,c4 = ! orig9al %r9e1 s f> z ! r\gh obs]vations already available c be tru/$4 ,assum+ ! accuracy ( ?is det]m9ation1 x is cle> t we mu/ look = />s ) appropriate amplitudes betwe5 t date & say #bejj ,b4,c4 ,let u take ! temple ( ,mut 7,x ( ,lepsius72 its amplitude is #gb ,n4 ( ,e4 ,?is 0 ! amplitude ( ,draconis ab\t #cejj ,b4,c4 ,?is temple1 !n1 bore ! same relation to ,m z ,t did to ,l6 ,we h two cases ( two temples erect$ at diff]5t dates to ! same />4 ,al?\gh x has be5 conv5i5t to beg9 ) ,!bes = ! reasons giv51 ! records conc]n+ any "o temple !re are f> m re/rict$ ?an ^? :i* relate to "s temples else:]e2 :ile ! cult c only be det]m9$ 9 few in/ances4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 = ! pres5t to cont5t myself ) ! above g5]al consid]ations %[+ ! fir/ application ( ! me?od ( inve/igation adopt$1 & to pass on to ,d5d]ah1 :]e we are sure ( ! cult & :]e _m p>ticul>s are giv54 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,p]sonification ,,( ,,/>s--,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,isis ,,at ,,d5d]ah4 ,we h n[ to pass f ! build+ c]emonials & a g5]al consid]ation ( ! temples at ,k>nak1 to ! wor%ips to :i* ! v>i\s temples 7 d$icat$4 ,& to d ?is we mu/ face ! problems ( ,egyptian my?ology1 s f> z ! names & orig9s ( ! v>i\s gods & goddesses are conc]n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,d5d]ah4 7,m>iette47 ,!re is ample evid5ce t ea* temple 0 sacr$ to "s god or goddess1 al?\gh 9 _m cases ! "n ( ! patron div9ity has be5 lo/4 ,=tunately1 at ,d5d]ah ! patron div9ities are well kn[n1 s x w be well to beg9 ) ! temples !re4 ,we f9d a g5]al plan ( ,d5d]ah among ! magnific5t draw+s :i* we owe to ! ,fr5* exp$ition ( #agih4 ,?is %[s ! wall r\nd ! temple-space conta9+ ! temple ( ,ha?or1 ! great temple2 & ! small] temple ( ,isis at "r angles to x4 ,we f9d1 r\ghly1 t ! great temple po9ts to ! nor?-ea/2 ! small] temple ( ,isis po9ts to ! s\?-ea/4 ,a lat] plan has be5 publi%$ by ,m>iette 9 8 "w on ,d5d]ah4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! ma9 conditions ( ! temples at ,d5d]ah4 ,b we c g a little m closely into !m by ref]r+ to ! map :i* accompanies ,biot's memoir1 to :i* ,i h previ\sly ref]r$4 ,he gives ! axis ( ! ,ha?or temple po9t+1 n m]ely to ! nor?-ea/1 b to #ah ,e4 ( ,n4 ,s9ce ! o!r temple lies at "r angles to ! great "o1 its direction1 accord+ to ,biot1 is #ah ,s4 ( ,e4 ,to %[ ! unc]ta9ty 9 ^! inquiries br\ght ab\t by ! abs5ce ( a prop] survey1 ,i may give ! foll[+ lat] values3-- #a4 ,,lepsius1 #ahdd-- ,magnetic azimu? ( ! axis ,n4 #be ,e4 amplitude #fe ,n4 ( ,e4 ,correction #h ,a/ronomical amplitude #gc ,n4 ( ,e4 #b4 ,,m>iette1 #ahgj-- ,a/ronomical azimu? ,n4 #ae ,e4 amplitude #ge ,n4 ( ,e4 #c4 ,,locky]1 #ahia-- ,magnetic azimu? ( axis ,n4 #bc ,e4 amplitude #fg ,n4 ( ,e4 ,assum$ correction #d ,a/ronomical amplitude #ga ,z my value agrees closely ) t ( ,biot1 ,i adh]e to x2 & x gives1 = ! amplitude ( ! temple ( ,isis at "r angles to ! ,ha?or temple1 #ah ,s4 ( ,e4 ,n[1 x is /at$ di/9ctly 9 ! inscriptions t ! place ( ! bir? ( ,isis is to ! nor?-we/ ( ! temple ( ,ha?or1 its portal is turn$ to ! ea/1 & ! sun %9es on its portal :5 x rises to illum9ate ! _w4#ej ,we le>n f ?is t ! small temple 0 locally celebrat$ z ! bir?place ( ,isis4 ,x is1 !n1 a temple ( ,isis4 ,:o 0 ,isis8 ,let u beg9 by consid]+ ! temple1 rem>k+ t ! inscriptions1 app>5tly relat+ to bo? temples1 are f\nd 9 "o only4 ,on ?is po9t1 ,i1 = ! pres5t1 cont5t myself ) quot+ ,plut>*'s /atem5t#ea t ,isis & ,ha?or 7 ! same div9ities--at all ev5ts1 9 lat] ,egyptian times4 ,if we /udy ! inscriptions--& ?is1 ?anks *iefly to ,m>iette's magnific5t book on ,d5d]ah1 we c d--we f9d t !y give out a v c]ta9 s\nd4 ,"h is "o ( !m3-- ,%e i4e4 h] ,maje/y ,isis %9es into h] temple on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 & %e m+les h] light ) t ( h] fa!r ,r on ! horizon4 ,"h we h no?+ m nor less ?an a di/9ct & p]fectly accurate /atem5t relat+ to ! cosmical ris+ ( a />1 i4e41 z ,i h be=e expla9$1 ( ! sun & ! /> bo? ris+ at ! same in/ant ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,mamisi 7,,place ,,( ,,bir?7 ,,or ,,temple ,,( ,,isis ,,at ,,d5d]ah4 ,fur!r1 9 ! inscriptions ! ris+ ( ,ha?or is m5tion$ di/9ctly4 ,la gr&e desse ,sefekh ,se%eta apport les crits qui se rapport5t ton lev]1 ,ha?or1 et au lev] de ,r4#eb ,ev]ybody kn[s t ,r means ! sun1 & !re=e ! ris+ ( ,r is at once accept$ by ev]ybody z obvi\sly mean+ sunrise4 ,b if we f9d ,ha?or treat$ 9 ! same way z ! sun1 !n ,ha?or mu/ be a cele/ial body ris+ l ! sun4 ,i consid] ?is a v important conclusion to arrive at1 = _m reasons4 ,b1 fur!r1 ,ha?or 0 also wor%ipp$1 accord+ to ! inscriptions1#ec "u ! "n ( ,so?is4 ,n[ we "k1 q indep5d5tly ( all my?ology1 t ,so?is is simply ! ,greek =m ( ! ,egyptian "n 7,sept7 ( ! /> ,sirius4 ,tak+1 !n1 all ^! inscriptions toge!r1 we h an absolute a/ronomical demon/ration ( ! fact t ! ris+ ( ,ha?or1 :i* is ref]r$ to my?ologically 9 ! inscriptions giv5 by ,m>iette1 0 ! ris+ ( ,sirius2 t ! /> :i* %one into ! temple1 & :i* m+l$ h] light ) ! light ( h] fa!r ,r1 0 really ! /> ,sirius4 ,we get ! demon/ration ( ! fact t my?ologically ! /> ,sirius 0 ,ha?or1 or o!rwise ,isis4 ,9 o!r words1 we f9d a /> p]sonifi$2 ,sirius be+ p]sonifi$ z ,ha?or or ,isis4 ,b we c g mu* fur!r ?an ?is4 ,x is possible1 z ,i h %[n1 to det]m9e ! position ( ,sirius 9 pa/ times1 & !re=e to det]m9e :e!r ! light ( t /> ev] did fall along ! axis ( ! temple4 ,we "k its ori5tation approximately--#ah ,s4 ( ,e4--s t any cele/ial body :i* rose at t amplitude w\ld %9e ^u any object en%r9$ 9 ! sanctu>y4 ,9 ! case ( ,sirius1 ! conditions are su* t1 ow+ to ! precessional movem5t1 ! di/ance ( ! /> f ! equator has be5 gradually less5+ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,its decl9ation 9 #hjjj ,b4,c4 0 #ej ,s42 x became some?+ m ?an #ag ,s4 9 ,a4,d4 #ajjj4 ,kn[+ ! decl9ation1 x is easy to det]m9e ! amplitude--& giv5 ! conditions at ! temple ( ,isis at ,d5d]ah1 viz41 t we are practically deal+ ) a sea horizon1 we f9d t ! temple really po9t$ to ,sirius ab\t #gjj ,b4,c41 :i* is ! date ,biot f\nd = ! con/ruction ( ! zodiac 9 ! temple ( ,osiris1 ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,fur!r1 x is easy to %[ t ,sirius at t date rose ) ! sun on ! ,egyptian ,new ,ye>'s ,day2#ed 9 my?ological language1 %e m+l$ h] light ) t ( h] fa!r ,r on ! great day ( ! ye>4 ,z ?is is ! fir/ in/ance ( su* p]sonification t we h come across1 x behoves u to /udy x v c>efully4 ,:y 0 ,sirius p]sonifi$ & wor%ipp$8 ,! summ] sol/ice--t is1 ! #bj? ( ,june1 ! longe/ day--0 ! mo/ important "t ( ! ,egyptian ye>1 z x m>k$ ! rise ( ! all-f]tilis+ ,nile4 ,x 0 really ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out1 times )\t numb]1 t ! inscriptions indicate t by f> ! mo/ important a/ronomical ev5t 9 ,egyptian hi/ory 0 ! ris+ ( ! /> ,sirius at ?is precise "t4 ,n[ x seems z if among all anci5t peoples ea* sunrise1 ea* return ( ! sun--or ( ! sun-god--0 hail$1 & mo/ naturally1 z a resurrection f ! sleep--! dea?--( night3 ) ! return+ sun1 man f\nd himself aga9 9 full possession ( 8 p[]s ( liv+1 ( do+1 ( enjoy+4 ,! sun-god _h conqu]$ dea?2 man 0 aga9 alive4 ,light & w>m? return$ ) ! dawn 9 ^? fav\r$ ,ea/]n climes :]e man !n 01 & ! dawn itself 0 a sight1 a s5sation1 9 :i* ev]y?+ conspir$ to sugge/ awe & gratitude1 & to ?rill ! emotions ( ev5 uncivilis$ man4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t sunrise 0 ! *ief "t ( pray] & ?ankfulness8 ,b pray] to ! sun-god meant1 !n1 sacrifice2 & "h a practical detail comes 91 app>5tly a note ( discord1 b really ! true g]m ( our pres5t k ( ! />ry heav5s :i* surr\nd u4 ,to make ! sacrifice at ! in/ant ( sunrise1 prep>ations _h to be made1 bea/s _h to be slaught]$1 & a ritual _h to be foll[$2 ?is requir$ "t1 & a c]ta9 def9ite quantity ( x4 ,to measure ?is1 ! only means available !n 0 to wat* ! ris+ ( a />1 ! fir/ glimm] ( :i* pa/ exp]i5ce _h %[n to prec$e sunrise by j t am\nt ( "t :i* ! ritual dem&$ = ! v>i\s functions connect$ ) ! sunrise sacrifice4 ,?is1 p]haps1 w5t on e morn+1 b beyond all "q ! mo/ solemn c]emonial ( ?is nature 9 ! :ole ye> 0 t :i* took place on ,new ,ye>'s morn+1 or ! great fe/ival ( ! ,nile-ris+ & summ] sol/ice1 ! #a/ ( ,?o?4 ,besides ! morn+ c]emonial !re 7 processions ( ! gods dur+ ! day4 ,h[ long ^! morn+ & special ye>ly c]emonials w5t on be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory we1 ( c\rse1 h no k4 ,nor are ! />s ?us us$ c]ta9ly kn[n to u4 ,( c\rse any /> w\ld d :i* rose at ! appropriate "t be=e ! sun itself1 :e!r ! /> 0 locat$ 9 ! nor!rn or 9 ! s\!rn heav5s4 ,b 9 hi/oric times !re is no d\bt :atev] ab\t ! /> s us$4 ,! w>n+-/> wat*$ by ! ,egyptians at ,!bes1 c]ta9ly #cjjj ,b4,c41 0 ,sirius1 ! brighte/ ( !m all1 & !re is complete evid5ce t ,sirius 0 n ! /> fir/ s us$4#ee ,illu/ration3 ,,c]emonial ,,procession ,,9 ,,an ,,egyptian ,,temple4 7,f a ,re/oration by ! ,fr5* ,commission47 ,! a/ronomical conditions ( ! ris+ ( ?is /> h1 =tunately = u1 be5 mo/ m9utely /udi$ bo? by ,biot &1 9 m rec5t times1 by ,oppolz]1 & f _! lab\rs x seems to be abundantly cle> t ! ris+ ( ,sirius at ! sol/ice 0 c>efully wat*$ c]ta9ly z e>ly z #cbhe ,b4,c41 accord+ to ,biot's calculations2 &1 fur!r1 t ! ris+ ( ! same /> 0 /ill /udi$ 9 a relatively mod]n "t4 ,at ! e>li] date its heliacal ris+ 0 obs]v$1 b 9 lat] times means _h be5 secur$ ( notic+ its cosmical ris+1 because al?\gh x rose long be=e ! sun on ! longe/ day #cjjj ,b4,c41 x rose ) ! sun on ! same day 9 ! lat] times ref]r$ to4 ,?is cosmical ris+ obs]vation 0 d\btless secur$ by ! con/ruction ( _! temples1 z ,i h %[n4 ,we are1 !n1 a/ronomically on v firm gr\nd inde$4 ,we h got "o /ep into ! doma9 ( my?ology4 ,i assume x is agre$ t we h arriv$ at ! c]ta9 conclusion t ! goddess ,ha?or or ,isis p]sonifi$ a />1 ,sirius1 ris+ at ! dawn2 & t ! temple ( ,isis at ,d5d]ah 0 built to wat* x4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,p]sonification ,,( ,,/>s 7,,cont9u$7--,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,ha?or ,,at ,,d5d]ah4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,i quot$ f ! inscriptions relat+ to ! alignm5t ( ! axis ( ! temple ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! k+1 :ile /ret*+ ! cord1 _h 8 glance direct$ to ! k ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,?igh4 ,fur!r1 we saw 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! amplitude ( ! temple axis is #ga ,n4 ( ,e4 ,a copy ( ,biot's plan giv+ 8 value ( ! ori5tation is giv5 on ! next page4 ,i h %[n h[ truly ! temple ( ,isis 0 po9t$ to ,sirius4 ,we h n[ to try to f9d a /> t[>ds :i* ! temple ( ,ha?or may h be5 po9t$ 9 l mann]4 ,x w be g5]ally und]/ood t 9 an inquiry ( ?is k9d !re are v _m difficulties1 *iefly dep5d+ ^u ! unc]ta9ty ( ! build+-date ( ! orig9al f\ndation1 & ^u ! indet]m9ate nature ( ! in=mation available4 ,b al?\gh we meet ) ^! difficulties 9 ! case ( ! temple ( ,ha?or1 !re are _m f :i* we are free4 ,9 ! case ( _m ( ! temples 9 ,egypt we h no k ( ! tutel>y div9ity4 ,= a great _m temples no obs]vational data exi/2 !y h n be5 prop]ly measur$--t is1 we d n "k exactly 9 :at direction !y po9t or :at _! amplitudes are2 &1 fur!r we d n "k any?+ ( ! horizon at ! temple build+1 s z to be able to make ! necess>y corrections due to heights ( hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ori5tation ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,ha?or ,,at ,,d5d]ah 7,,biot74 7,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,osiris ,,on ,,! ,,ro( ,,is ,,also ,,%[n ,,on ,a ,,l>g] ,,scale47 ,?is premis$1 ,i w n[ return to ! /atem5t reg>d+ ! temple ( ,ha?or1 to see :at c be made ( x on ! view t ei!r ! middle or ! *ief po9t1 t is1 ! brighte/ />1 ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be> z we n[ "k x1 0 ! "o ref]r$ to1 & t ! cord 0 /ret*$ to ! /> on ! horizon4 ,! fir/ "q :i* arises is1 ,0 !re any reason :y ,urs ,majoris at ! c5tre1 or ! brighte/1 %\ld h be5 us$ z ! ori5tation po9t at any "t8 ,0 !re any reason :y any special sanctity %\ld h be5 associat$ ) ei!r8 ,c]ta9ly n1 9 ! case ( 1 on acc\nt ( its magnitude1 because ,dubhe1 n f> f x1 is mu* bright]2 & possibly n1 9 ! case bo? ( & 1 on acc\nt ( ! "t ( _! heliacal ris+4 ,we seem !re=e 9 an impasse along ?is l9e ( inquiry2 b a fur!r consid]ation ( ! "q br+s out ! rem>kable fact t at ?ree widely-sund]$ po9ts ( "t ! />s ,lyr1 ,urs ,majoris1 & ,draconis h be5 ! brighte/ />s ne>e/ ! ,nor? ,pole1 & ) su* decl9ations t ,lyr w\ld be visible at "o ( ! dates1 ,urs ,majoris at ano!r1 & ,draconis at ano!r /ill--all ris+ 9 ne>ly ! same amplitude f> to ! nor?4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,i h %[n t "o ( ! temples1 & possibly a s]ies ( !m1 at ,!bes 7 direct$ to ,draconis4 ,x is int]e/+1 !n1 to c>ry ! inquiry fur!r4 ,x may possibly expla9 h[ x is t we get a def9ite /atem5t ab\t ! k ( ! ,great ,be> 9 "o case & a c]ta9 sure ori5tation to ,draconis 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x has to be borne 9 m9d t :5 a /> is circumpol>--t is1 nev] sets--no temple c be direct$ to its ris+4 ,n[1 accept+ ! k z ! brighte/ /> 7& z ,i /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii41 x might1 inde$1 h be5 ! c5tral "o z well 9 ! old con/ellation1 = we d n "k its limits71 we h to deal ) ! facts conc]n+ ,urs ,majoris1 call$ by ! ,arabians ,dubhe4 ,! latitude ( ,d5d]ah is a little ov] #bj ,n41 !re=e all />s ) a less pol> di/ance ?an t--or1 to put x ano!r way1 all />s ) a decl9ation great] ?an 7#ij-bf #fd4 ,n47--w be circumpol>4 ,n[1 ! decl9ation ( ,dubhe 0 great] ?an #fd betwe5 #djjj ,b4,c4 & #aejj ,a4,d4 7,i neglect refractions & hills72 h5ce1 if !re is any tru? 9 ! /atem5ts made 9 ! build+ c]emonials1 ! temple c\ld n h be5 f\nd$ betwe5 ^? dates4 ,b :at are ! records conc]n+ ?is temple8 ,we "k t ! /ructure z we see x 0 built 9 ! "t ( ! la/ ,ptolemies & ! fir/ ,roman emp]ors1 & ,i h already %[n t at ^? dates ! ,great ,be> 7! old ,?igh7 did n rise at all1 z x 0 circumpol>4 ,x is also kn[n t !re 0 a temple "h 9 ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 & ev5 e>li]1 go+ back to ! e>lie/ times ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,k+ ,pepi1 ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y 7circ4 #cbcc ,b4,c471 is portray$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! crypts4 ,ev5 ?is is n all ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a high antiquity4 ,9 "o ( ! crypts 7,no4 #i71 accord+ to ,eb]s & ,dmi*51 !re are two ref]5ces to ! e>lie/ plans ( ! temple4 ,"o inscription /ates t ! great gr\nd-plan 7,s5ti7 ( ,ant 7,d5d]ah7 0 f\nd 9 old writ+ on p>*m5ts ( ! "t ( ! foll[]s ( ,horus 7sun-wor%ipp]s7 pres]v$ 9 ! walls ( ! temple dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,pepi4 ,ano!r inscription goes fur!r1 ref]r+ to ! re/oration by ,?o?mes ,,iii4 7circ4 #afjj ,b4,c47 ( ! temple to ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 f\nd describ$ 9 old writ+s ( ! "t ( ! ,k+ ,*ufu 7,*eops7 ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y 7circ4 #cgcc ,b4,c474 ,if any fai? is to be plac$ 9 ?is inscription1 x seems to me to sugge/ a /ill high] antiquity4 ,!re w\ld h be5 m reason = describ+ an antique %r9e ?an a br& new "o4 ,/ill ano!r inscription runs3-- ,k+ ,tehuti-mes ,,iii4 has caus$ ?is build+ to be erect$ 9 memory ( 8 "m1 ! goddess ,ha?or1 ! ,lady ( ,an 7,d5d]ah71 ! eye ( ! ,sun1 ! heav5ly que5 ( ! gods4 ,! gr\nd plan 0 f\nd 9 ! city ( ,an1 9 ar*aic draw+ on a lea!r roll ( ! "t ( ! ,hor-,%esu3 x 0 f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( a brick wall 9 ! s\? side ( ! temple 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,pepi4#ef ,b let u see :at ! facts are reg>d+ ! date suppli$ by ! temple itself1 accept+ ! /atem5t made reg>d+ ! actual op]ations at ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation /one orig9ally4 ,to det]m9e ! dates approximately1 we f9d t an amplitude ( #ga ,n4 ( ,e4 9 ! latitude ( ,d5d]ah gives a decl9ation ( #eg ,n41 ) a sea horizon 7correct+ = refraction7 #eh ,n4 ) hills #a high1 & #ei ,n4 ) hills #b high1 :i* is n f> f ! exact conditions4 ,! /> ,dubhe _h ! decl9ation ( #fj ,n4 9 #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,if1 !n1 ,i am "r 9 my sugge/ion z to ! ^w k ref]r+ to ,urs ,majoris1 we f9d ! close/ agreem5t betwe5 ! a/ronomical ori5tation2 ! def9ite /atem5t z to a c]ta9 /> be+ us$ 9 ! build+ c]emonies2 ! inscriptions 9 ! crypts ref]r+ to ,*eops z ! e>lie/ hi/orical p]sonage :o describes ! build+1 & to ! ,%esu-,hor z ! orig9al design]s ( ! build+4 ,accord+ to mo/ au?orities1 #ejjj ,b4,c4 l&s u 9 ! times ( ! ,%esu-,hor be=e ,m5a4 ,i mu/ confess t ?is ju/ification ( ! d\ble record /rikes me z v rem>kable1 & ,i ?9k x w be g5]ally conc$$ t fur!r local obs]vations %\ld be made 9 ord] to attempt to c>ry ! matt] a /age beyond a fir/ approximation4 ,we h got s f>1 !n4 ,if we take ! hi/ory z we f9d x1 & fur!r take ! tr\ble to "w out ! v def9ite /atem5ts made1 we f9d t ! temple 0 f\nd$ po9t+ to ! ris+ ( ,dubhe be=e x became circumpol>1 & t 9 ^? times ?is /> 0 symbolis$ by ! "n ( ,ha?or4 ,we may accept1 !n1 ! possibility t z ! temple ( ,isis 0 ori5t$ to ,sirius1 t d$icat$ to ,ha?or 0 direct$ to ,dubhe4 ,x w h be5 obvi\s f :at has prec$$1 t if ! wor%ip ( ,ha?or 0 to g on at all1 & if x 7 9 any way connect$ ) ! obs]vations ( a /> ris+ ne> ! nor? po9t ( ! horizon1 a new /> mu/ be *os5 :5 ,urs ,majoris became circumpol>4 ,t is ! fir/ po9t4 ,i h already /at$ t ,urs ,majoris began to be circumpol> at ,d5d]ah #djjj ,b4,c4 ,i may n[ add t ,draconis ceas$ to be circumpol> ab\t #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,!y _h ! same decl9ation 7#fb ,n47 & ! same amplitude 7#gh ,n47 #ddjj ,b4,c4 ,m>iette's plan %[s a second temple ori5t$ to ,n4 #f ,e41 :i* we may p]haps be ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ z ,n4 #i ,e41 s9ce 8 azimu? ( ! great temple diff]s f ,biot's & my own by #c4 ,! correspond+ decl9ation w\ld be #fh ,n4 ( ,e41 ! decl9ation ( ,dubhe 9 #dbjj ,b4,c4 & ( ,draconis 9 #dcjj ,b4,c4 ,! temple may well1 !re=e1 h be5 erect$ :5 bo? />s _h ! same amplitude1 ! app>5t diff]5ce ( #ajj ye>s be+ due to ! unc]ta9ty ( ! measures available4 ,! second po9t1 !n1 is t :5 ,dubhe1 :i*1 :ile x rose & set1 0 ! brighte/ /> ne> ! pole :i* did s1 became circumpol>2 ,draconis1 :5 x ceas$ to be circumpol>1 fulfill$ ^! conditions2 a/ronomically1 !n1 x became ! natural successor ( ,urs ,majoris4 ,i h be=e po9t$ out t x is n impossible t a temple once ori5t$ to a c]ta9 />1 & long out ( use on acc\nt ( ! precessional movem5t1 may be utilis$ = ano!r1 & be rehabilitat$ 9 consequ5ce1 :5 t same movem5t br+s ano!r conspicu\s /> into ! prop] ris+ amplitude4 ,?is consid]ation at once leads to my ?ird po9t1 :i* is1 t aft] ,dubhe became circumpol> ! temple ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah w\ld become useless--!re w\ld be no /> to wat*--unless a new /> 0 *os54 ,n[1 let u suppose ?is to h be5 s1 & t ! natural successor ( ! /> 9 "q 7 *os54 ,/udy+ ! facts z be=e approximately1 z f9al data are n yet available1 we h ! decl9ation #ei ,n4 ,?is 0 ! decl9ation ( ,draconis ab\t #cejj ,b4,c41 assum+ hills #b high1 :i* ,i ?9k is too mu*2 #ccjj ,b4,c41 ) hills #a high4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! ori5tation fits ,draconis 9 ! hi/oric p]iod1 b x also fits ,dubhe 9 ! times ( ! ,hor-%esu1 ! dimly-se5 foll[]s ( ,horus1 or sun-wor%ipp]s1 be=e ! dawn ( ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,next let u g back to ! inscriptions4 ,we f\nd t ,k+ ,pepi is portray$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! crypts1 &1 :i* is m important1 t ! plan ( ! temple on p>*m5t1 dat+ f ! times ( ! ,%esu-,hor1 _h actually be5 wall$ up 9 ! temple dur+ ! reign ( ! same k+1 no d\bt at ! c]emony ( re/oration or lay+ a new f\ndation /one1 z is sometimes done to ?is day4 ,n[1 ,pepi's date1 accord+ to ! *ronologi/s1 is #cbjj ,b4,c41 a diff]5ce ( #ajj ye>s only f ! r\gh ori5tation date4 ,we see1 !re=e1 ! full importance ( ! "w done 9 ,pepi's reign4 ,! k ( ! ,?igh 0 no long] ( use2 b a new /> 0 n[ available4 ,ha?or 0 rehabilitat$4 ,p]haps ev5 ! prie/s alone knew t ! /> _h be5 *ang$4 ,by ! temple ( ,ha?or1 !n1 if we assume t ! record is absolutely true 7& ,i1 = "o1 believe 9 ^! old records m & m71 & t ,*eops only describ$ a %r9e f\nd$ by ! ,hor-%esu1 we are c>ri$ back to circ4 #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge = ! sugge/ion t ! position ( ,d5d]ah z ! t]m9us ( ! highway f ! ,r$ ,sea--:i* may soon aga9 be rea*$ by a railway f ,k5eh to ,kosseir6--w\ld h made x "o ( ! mo/ important places 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,x is important to note t at a v e>ly date ! traffic betwe5 ! ,nile ,valley & ! ,r$ ,sea1 & !nce probably ) ,arabia & ,s\? ,africa1 fl\ri%$1 & grew to be a by no means insignificant comm]ce4 ,accord+ to ,eb]s1#eg ! olde/ & mo/ fam\s ( all ^! highways is t :i* l$ f ,koptos 7,k5eh1 ,d5d]ah7 to ! ,r$ ,sea1 ?r\gh ! valley n[ kn[n z ! ,wady ,hammamt1 & call$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians ,rohanu4 ,x 0 a busy high-road1 n alone = trad+ c>avans1 b f "t to "t = /onemasons & soldi]s1 ^: task x 0 to hew ! co/ly build+ mat]ials f ! h>d rocks1 :i* "h ab\nd1 & to prep>e ! va/ monoli?s :i* 7 f9i%$ 9 situ1 & !n to convey !m all to ! resid5ce ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,a rem>kably beautiful k9d ( alaba/]1 ( a f9e honey yell[ or :ite z sn[1 is f\nd 9 ^! m\nta9s4 ,ano!r road l$ f ,esneh or ,edf to ! anci5t port ( ,b]5ice4 ,we %all see 9 ! sequel t ! temple ( ,r$isieh on ?is r\te 0 d$icat$ to ! same cult z t at ,d5d]ah4 ,if ! above results be confirm$1 we h a mo/ def9ite indication ( ! fact t 9 ! rebuild+ 9 ! times ( ,pepi1 ,?o?mes ,,iii41 & ! ,ptolemies1 ! orig9al ori5tation ( ! build+ 0 n di/urb$2 & t 9 ! acc\nt ( ! build+ c]emonies we are deal+ z surely ) ! lay+ ( ! fir/ f\ndation-/one z ) ! orig9al plan4 ,9 any case ! consid]ation has to be borne 9 m9d t ! s]ies ( temples ) high nor!rn 7& s\!rn7 amplitudes at ,d5d]ah1 ,!bes1 & possibly o!r places1 7 ne>ly c]ta9ly f\nd$ be=e ! "t at :i* ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 ne> ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice1 0 ! *ief ev5t ( ! ye>1 wat*$ by prie/s1 a/ronom]s--if ! a/ronom]s 7 n ! only prie/s--& agriculturi/s alike4 ,n[ we "k1 f ,biot's calculations1 t ?is became possible circ4 #cbhe ,b4,c41 & t ,sirius--?\gh1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,pr(4 ,masp]o1 n its heliacal ris+--is ref]r$ to 9 inscriptions 9 pyramid times4 ,subsequ5t rese>* may possibly %[ t ^! temples _h to d ) ! h]ald+ ( sunrise ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ! ,sirian temples be+ limit$ to ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,/>-,,cults4 ,! la/ two *apt]s1 !n1 h br\ght u s f>4 ,!re are two pr9cipal temples at ,d5d]ah4 ,! small] is call$ ! temple ( ,isis4 ,x is ori5t$ #ah ,s4 ( ,e4 ,! inscriptions tell u t ! light ( ,sirius %one into x1 & t ,sirius 0 p]sonifi$ z ,isis4 ,we c det]m9e a/ronomically t ! /atem5t is true = ! "t ab\t #gjj ,b4,c41 :i* 0 ! date det]m9$ indep5d5tly by ,biot = ! circul> zodiac ref]r$ to on page #ah4 ,! l>g] temple is call$ ! temple ( ,ha?or4 ,x is ori5t$ #ga ,n4 ( ,e4 ,! inscriptions v def9itely tell u :at /> ca/ its light along its axis1 & give also def9ite /atem5ts ab\t ! date ( its f\ndation1 :i* enable u to det]m9e a/ronomically t 9 all probability ! temple 0 ori5t$ to ,dubhe some:at lat] ?an #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,n[ we are c]ta9 t ,isis p]sonifi$ ,sirius4 ,t ,h] ,maje/y ( ,d5d]ah 0 ,sirius1 at all ev5ts 9 ! lat] times ref]r$ to 9 ! inscriptions1 is n only to be ga!r$ f ! inscriptions1 b has be5 det]m9$ a/ronomically4 ,x is also probable t ,ha?or p]sonifi$ ,dubhe4 ,n[ ?is looks v satisfactory1 & x seems only necess>y to te/ ! !ory by f9d+ temples ( ,isis & ,ha?or 9 o!r places1 & see+ :e!r or n !y 7 ori5t$ to ,sirius & ,dubhe respectively4 ,b1 un=tunately = u1 we h already le>n$ f ,plut>* t ,isis & ,ha?or are ! same goddesses1 al?\gh !y c]ta9ly p]sonify diff]5t />s1 if !y p]sonify />s at all4 ,we seem1 !n1 9 a difficulty1 & at fir/ sight matt]s d n appe> to be made any cle>] by ! fact t ,ha?or 7&1 !re=e1 ,isis7 0 wor%ipp$ "u diff]5t names 9 e nome4 ,lanzoni1 9 8 admirable volumes on ,egyptian my?ology1 gives u1 n deal+ ) ! matt] f ?is po9t ( view at all1 no less ?an tw5ty-f\r v>iants = ,ha?or6 ,9 ! temple at ,edf no less ?an #cjj names are giv5 ) ! v>i\s local relations & =ms us$ 9 ! mo/ celebrat$ %r9es4#eh ,9 ! inscriptions at ,d5d]ah itself a great numb] ( v>iants is giv54#ei ,x is important to give "s ( !m 9 ?is place2 ! full value ( ! in=mation ?us af=d$ w be se5 aft]w>ds4 ,ha?or ( ,d5d]ah ,sekhet ( ,memphis4 ,nei? ,sas4 ,saosis ,heliopolis4 ,nehem-an ,h]mopolis4 ,ba/ ,buba/is4 ,bes-t ,anub-et ,lycopolis4 ,am5-t ,!bes4 ,b\to ,unas4 ,so?is ,elephant9e4 ,apet ,m5a-t ,horus ,edf4 7female7 ,"o v>iant is ( especial importance 9 ! pres5t connection1 & is emphasis$ 9 a special inscription 9 "o ( ! *amb]s ( ! temple ( ,ha?or--n1 be x rem>k$1 9 ! temple ( ,isis4 ,elle e/ la ,so?is de ,d5d]ah1 qui remplit le ciel et la t]re de ses bi5faits4 ,elle e/ la rg5te et la re9e des villes4444 ,au ,sud elle e/ la re9e du matre div92 au nord elle e/ la re9e des div9s anctres4 ,ri5 n'e/ tabli sans elle4444 ,elle e/ la gr&e dans le ciel1 la re9e p>mi les toiles4#fj ,well may ,m>iette rem>k on ?is3 ,cette invocation ,so?is1 dans une *ambre consacre la conscration de c]ta9s produits de la t]re1 n'a ri5 qui doit surpr5dre4 ,so?is e/ le symbole du r5\vellem5t de l'anne et de la rsurrection de la nature4 ,au lev] hliaque de ,so?is1 le ,nil sort de son lit4 ,jusqu' ce mom5t la t]re de l'gypte e/ /rile et nue4 ,fconde p> la fleuve1 elle va se c\vrir d'une v]dure n\velle4 ,b ! ,so?is "h 9 "q is ,sirius1 ! /> to ! ris+ ( :i* ! temple ( ,isis1 & n ! temple ( ,ha?or1 0 direct$6 ,we h1 !n1 at ,d5d]ah a temple n po9t$ to ,sirius1 ! wor%ip 9 :i* is t ( ,ha?or1 & !re c be little d\bt t we h a/ronomically det]m9$ ! fact t ,h] ,maje/y ( ,d5d]ah 0 really ! /> ,sirius4 ,we c pass f ,d5d]ah to ! temple ( ,ha?or at ,!bes4 ,! g5]al plan ( ,!bes prep>$ by ,lepsius indicates ! ori5tation ( ! temple ( ,dr el-,bah>i1 to :i* ,i ref]1 ! temple 9 ! we/]n hills ( ,!bes1 embelli%$ by ,que5 ,hat%epset 7circ4 #afjj ,b4,c474 ,?is temple1 in/ead ( be+-ori5t$ #ga ,n4 ( ,e41 lies #bd ,s4 ( ,e42 x c nev]1 !re=e1 h fac$ ! /> obs]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah4 ,!re is also ano!r temple annex$ to ! temple ( ,am5-,r1 :i* receiv$ ! light ( ,sirius 9 =m] ye>s4 ,^! temples 71 9 all probability1 int5d$ to obs]ve ! same /> :i* 0 subsequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,isis at ,d5d]ah4 ,t is "o po9t2 "h is ano!r4 ,we h x f ,plut>*#fa t ,isis ,mut ,ha?or ,me?u]4 ,! amplitude ( ! temple at ,d5d]ah d$icat$ to ,ha?or is #ga ,n4 ( ,e4 7#ei ,n4 decl9ation74 ,t ( ! temple d$icat$ to ,mut at ,k>nak is #gb ,n4 ( ,e4 7#eh ,n4 decl9ation71 :i*1 assum+ = a mom5t ! same /> to h be5 us$1 corresponds to a date 7accord+ to ! height ( ! horizon7 ( circ4 #cjjj to #cejj ,b4,c4 ,?is is !re=e lat] ?an ! orig9al f\ndation ( ! ,ha?or temple ( ,d5d]ah1 b n f> f ! date ( its re/oration by ,pepi4 ,x is fundam5tal to ! ori5tation !ory t ! cult %all foll[ ! />4 ,b we h "h ! same cult1 accord+ to ,plut>*2 we are h5ce p]mitt$ to sugge/ t 9 deal+ ) ! temples ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah & ,mut at ,!bes we are deal+ ) local names ( ! same goddess p]sonify+ ! same />4 ,two l9es ( argum5t may be foll[$ to /r5g!n ?is conclusion4 ,! fir/ has to d ) ! ori5tation ( ! temple ( ,mut at ,!bes4 ,!re is no /atem5t ( its great antiquity1 z 9 ! case ( ! temple ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah4 ,"h we f9d aga9 "o ( ! great difficulties 9 our way1 ! impossibility ( runn+ back to ! orig9al f\ndation among ! _m re/orations effect$ ( ! mo/ important among ! ,egyptian temples4 ,! temple ( ,mut is ascrib$ to ,am5-hetep ,,iii41 b ,i _c hold ?is to be ! orig9al f\ndation1 = ! foll[+ reasons3-- #a4 ,) its ori5tation 9 ! "t ( ,am5-hetep ,,iii4 x po9t$ to no /> 9 p>ticul>4 #b4 ,!re is a s]ies ( f\r temples at ,!bes turn$ to ! same "p ( ! horizon ne>ly1 _! amplitudes rang+ f #fb to #gb ,n4 ( ,e4 ,( ^! temples t ( ,mut has ! highe/ amplitude2 ! "o ) ! l[e/ b "o is ! temple lett]$ ,m by ,lepsius4 ,!re is no "q ab\t ! real f\nd] ( ?is temple1 & !re is n mu* "q z to ! date ( ! f\nd]1 ,rameses ,,iii4 ,n[ 9 ! "t ( ?is k+ a temple erect$ ) ! ori5tation giv5 po9t$ precisely to ,draconis4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xviii47 ,! amplitude 0 #fb ,n4 ( ,e42 ! "t1 #abjj ,b4,c4 ,if we take ! simple/ case 9 ! ori5tation !ory--t ! amplitudes #fb ,n4 ( ,e4 #fc #fh #gb 7 giv5 to ! v>i\s temples to enable obs]vations to be made ( ! same />1 :i* 0 be+ c>ri$ ne>] ! equator by ! precessional movem5t1 we c n only date ! temple ( ,mut1 b f9d an explanation ( ,plut>*'s equation ,ha?or ,mut4 ,9 o!r words1 we wat* ! ,mut-,ha?or wor%ip provid$ = f #cjjj ,b4,c4 to ! times ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,s t "h we h a v concrete case ( ! cult foll[+ ! />1 n only 9 ! same place1 b at diff]5t places1 & we are driv5 to ! conclusion t ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah & ,mut at ,!bes1 exot]ically diff]5t goddesses1 7 esot]ically ! same />1 ,draconis4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 limit$ to a comp>ison betwe5 ,d5d]ah & ,!bes4 ,we h ,annu & ,abydos1 & o!r places1 to appeal to1 s9ce !re are temples rema9+ !re also fac+ ,n4,e4 ,^? at ,abydos1 h[ev]1 we mu/ leave out ( consid]ation "h1 z _! exact ori5tation is n det]m9$4 ,) reg>d to ,heliopolis1 & deal+ ) ! obelisk :i* tradition tells u 0 erect$ by ,us]ts5 ,i41 ! ori5tation ( its ,n4,e4 face1 accord+ to my own obs]vations1 tak+ ! pres5t v>iation at #d ,w41 is #gg ,n4 ( ,e4 ,?is corresponds approximately to a decl9ation ( #eg ,n41 :i* 0 ! decl9ation ( ,draconis 9 #bejj ,b4,c4 ,! date giv5 to ,us]ts5 ,i4 by ,brugs* is #bdcc ,b4,c4 ,?is is v satisfactory s f>1 b we c g fur!r4 ,"h we are l&$ evid5tly 9 ! wor%ip ( "o ( ! local div9e dyna/ies1 t ( ,set2 & we may ju/ly1 !re=e1 ask if ,us]ts5 did n d at ,heliopolis :at x is v probable ,pepi did at ,d5d]ah--namely1 embelli% an old temple :i* _h 9 ! fir/ in/ance be5 us$ = obs]vations ( ,dubhe & appropriate x to ! use ( ! new ,ha?or ,draconis4 ,if ?is 7 s1 !n ! orig9al f\ndation /one 0 laid ab\t #eajj ,b4,c4 ,! next l9e ( argum5t is furni%$ by ! emblems :i* are associat$ ) ! v>i\s goddesses4 ,^! obvi\sly indicate t !y arose 9 a "t ( totemism1 :5 ea* tribe or nome _h its special totem1 :i* w\ld be c]ta9 to be associat$ ) ! local goddesses or ! />s :i* !y p]sonifi$4 ,! local totem ( ! special w>n+-/> 9 use at any "t or place may be any?+3 hippopotamus1 crocodile1 hawk1 vulture1 lion1 or ev5 "s o!r common liv+ ?+ into :i* ! totem degrad$ :5 ! supply ( ! orig9al fell %ort4#fb ,h5ce1 z ! numb] ( w>n+-/>s 0 c]ta9ly v re/rict$1 !y--or1 r1 ! goddesses :i* typifi$ !m--_h diff]5t names 9 almo/ e nome4 ,h5ce ,egyptian my?ology %\ld be1 z x is 9 fact1 full ( synonyms2 ea* local "n be+ liable to be br\ght into prom95ce at "s "t or ano!r1 ow+ to adv5titi\s circum/ances relat+ ei!r to dyna/ies or ! popul>ity ( "s p>ticul> %r9e4 ,apply+ ?is te/ ( symbolism1 we f9d 9 ! case ( ,ha?or t ! symbolism 0 d\ble4 ,! ,d5d]ah ,ha?or 0 connect$ ) ! hippopotamus1 :ile at ,!bes ,mut 0 repres5t$ by a hippopotamus4 ,n[ ?is symbol ( ! hippopotamus helps u greatly1 because x all[s evid5ce to be ga!r$ f a consid]ation ( ! old con/ellations4 ,i d n ?9k x is say+ too mu* to rem>k t among ^! ! att5tion ( ! ,nor? ,egyptians 0 almo/ exclusively conf9$ to ! circumpol> ones4 ,fur!r1 ! mean latitude be+1 say1 #be1 ! circumpol> region 0 a re/rict$ "o2 #ej 9 diamet]1 in/ead ( ov] #ajj1 z ) u4 ,b n q exclusively1 = to !m 9 lat] times1 z to u n[1 ! ,great ,be> & ,orion 7 ! two mo/ prom95t con/ellations 9 ! heav5s2 = !m1 z = u1 !y typifi$ ! nor!rn & s\!rn regions ( ! sky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,capital1 ,,) ,,masks ,,( ,,ha?or ,,) ,,c[s' ,,e>s4 ,!re c be no "q t ! *ief anci5t con/ellation 9 ! nor? 0 ! ,great ,be>1 or1 z x 0 !n pictur$1 ! ,?igh 7,meset74 ,aft] ?is came ! ,hippopotamus4 ,i _h come to ! conclusion t ?is _h be5 replac$ on our maps by "p ( ,draco be=e ,i f\nd t ,brugs* & ,p>!y _h express$ ! same op9ion4 ,! female hippopotamus typifi$ ,taurt1 ! wife ( ,set 7repres5t$ by a jackal ) erect$ tail1 or hippopotamus71 & "o ( ! mo/ ord9>y =ms ( ,ha?or is a hippopotamus4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! /> we are consid]+1 ,draconis1 occupi$ ! place ( ! head or ! my?ical head-ge>4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ! actual symbolism ( ,ha?or we f9d ,draconis z di/9ctly po9t$ to z by ! ori5tation ( ! temples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c[ ,,( ,,isis4 ,! o!r symbolism is q diff]5t2 in/ead ( a hippopotamus we deal ) a c[4 ,9 ! inscriptions at ,d5d]ah we f9d ! /> ,sirius repres5t$ by a c[ 9 a boat4 ,9 ! circul> zodiac we h ! c[ 9 ! boat1 ! po9t ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 & ! con/ellation ,orion1 s locat$ z to indicate cle>ly t1 at t "t1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> fell betwe5 ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius & ( ! />s 9 ,orion4 ,sirius 0 ,isis-,so?is4 ,if we g to ,!bes1 we pass !re f ! c[ ,isis-,so?is to ,isis-,ha?or1 & !re we f9d ! my?ology reta9s ! idea ( ! c[1 ! c[ gradually appe>+ f beh9d ! we/]n hills4 ,!re is n a d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t ! basis ( ?is my?ological repres5tation 01 t ! temple :i* 0 built to obs]ve ! ris+ ( ! /> at a "t p]haps some:at lat] ?an t giv5 by ,biot 7#cbhe ,b4,c47 0 situat$ 9 ! we/]n hills ( ,!bes1 s t ,ha?or1 ! goddess on :i* ! light 0 to fall 9 ! sanctu>y1 0 imag$ z dwell+ 9 ! we/]n hills4 ,at ,phil we get no long] ei!r ,isis-,so?is or ,isis-,ha?or1 b ,isis-,sati4#fc ,illu/ration3 ,,ha?or ,,z ,a ,,c[4 ,n[ j z c]ta9ly z ! hippopotamus _h to d ) ! con/ellation ,draco1 ! c[ _h to d ) ,sirius1 = ,sirius 0 repres5t$ z a c[ 9 a boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ha?or1 ,,! ,,c[ ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,hills4 ,x may be ga!r$ f ?is h[ truly a/ronomical 9 basis 0 ! my?ologic symbolism to :i* we h be5 driv5 9 ! ef=t to obta9 m light2 &1 inde$1 x is necess>y = u to consid] x /ill m closely4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,/>-,,cults 7,,cont9u$7--,,am5-,t ,,& ,,khons4 ,:5 ,i _h ! privilege ( discuss+ at ,!bes ! ori5tation hypo!sis ) ,m4 ,b\riant1 ! di/+ui%$ head ( ! ,fr5* ,s*ool ( ,ar*ology 9 ,egypt1 he sugge/$ t ,i %\ld accompany him "o day to ,m$net-,hab1 at :i* place he 0 !n sup]9t5d+ excavations1 & :]e !re are ?ree temples d$icat$ to ,am54 ,m4 ,b\riant1 f ! fir/1 saw t if !re 7 any?+ 9 ! new views1 ! cult mu/ foll[ ! />2 & x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t ! ?ree temples d$icat$ to ! same div9ity at ! same place %\ld be direct$ to ! same />4 ,! ?ree temples to :i* ,i ref] are ! two well-kn[n temples ! lack ( p>allelism ( :i* has be5 s (t5 rem>k$1 & a ?ird mu* small] "o1 built m rec5tly1 ly+ to ! s\?-we/4 ,! amplitudes ,i f\nd to be z foll[s3-- ,amplitude ,s4 ( ,e4 ,e?iopian or ,ptolemaic ,temple #de ,great ,temple #df ,anci5t ,temple #ea ,on ! ori5tation hypo!sis we 7 deal+ ) a /> ! ,s4,e4 amplitude ( :i* 0 decreas+ l t ( ,sirius2 x 0 !re=e 9 ! same qu>t] ( ! heav5s4 ,b :i* />8 ,to inve/igate ?is x 0 be/ to deal 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) ! ori5tation ( ! great temple1 s9ce its build+ date 0 suppos$ to be t mo/ accurately kn[n2 & !re is n mu* dang] 9 do+ ?is 9 ! pres5t case1 because ! k+ obvi\sly _h n exp&$ an old temple1 = !re x /ill is alongside4 ,! k+ 0 ,rameses ,,iii41 ! date1 accord+ to ,brugs*1 #abjj ,b4,c41 & ! hills to :i* ! temples are direct$ may be tak5 z #a high4 ,) ^! data we get ! decl9ation appropriate to ! amplitude ( ! temple #dj ,s4 ,n[1 ?is 0 ne>ly ! decl9ation ( ! /> ,phact or ,columb 9 ! "t ( ,rameses ,,iii42 ! ori5tation date is #abej ,b4,c4 ,tak+ ?is />1 !n1 & correct+ = heights ( hills & refraction1 we get approximately ! foll[+ dates3-- ,b4,c4 ,mod]n ,temple #ijj ,great ,temple #abej ,anci5t ,temple #bebe ,if ! hills are tak5 z #a high1 ^! dates w /& #gej1 #aaej1 & #bdjj4 ,! date #gjj ,b4,c4 we h already f\nd z ! probable date ( ! und]tak+ ( ! re/oration at ,d5d]ah4 ,x is ! "t ( ! victori\s m>* ( ! ,!ban prie/s nor?w>ds f _! exile at ,gebel ,b>kal4 ,! date #bdjj ,b4,c4 l&s u 9 ! times ( ! great sol/itial k+1 ,us]ts5 ,i41 ab\t :om m 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,al?\gh ! m anci5t temple is g5]ally ascrib$ to ,?o?mes ,,iii41 traces ( ! "w ( ,am5-hetep ,i4 h be5 discov]$4 ,i ?9k we h a case "h :]e ! eighte5? dyna/y enl>g$ & embelli%$ a %r9e erect$ by ! twelf? dyna/y1 precisely z ! temple ( ,am5-,r at ,k>nak has be5 trac$ back to ! twelf? dyna/y4 ,if ,i am "r1 !n1 x foll[s t temples erect$ to />s associat$ 9 any way ) ! *ief cult1 su* z t ( ,am5-,r1 may ei!r be d$icat$ to ! god or goddess p]sonifi$ by ! /> or to ! associat$ sol> deity4 ,?us at ,!bes we h ! temple ( ,mut1 s-call$1 ?\gh ,mut 0 ! wife ( ,am5-,r2 & ! temples n[ "u consid]ation1 call$ temples ( ,am51 ?\gh !y are d$icat$ to ! goddess ,am5-t1 ! wife ( ,am54 ,?is may or may n be connect$ ) ! fact t ! fir/ ( !m 0 d$icat$ possibly be=e ! cult ( ,am5 alone _h be5 int5sifi$ & exp&$ by ! ,!ban prie/s--probably 9 ! eighte5? dyna/y--into ! cult ( ! sol/itial sun-god ,am5-,r4 ,!re is evid5ce1 inde$1 t ,am5-t replac$ ,mut 9 ! ,!ban triad4 ,) reg>d to ^! triads1 a few words may be said "h f ! a/ronomical po9t ( view1 ?\gh ! subject1 ,i am told1 is "o on :i* a great div]sity ( op9ion exi/s on ! "p ( ,egyptologi/s4 ,i h collect$ all ! mo/ def9ite /atem5ts ,i c f9d on ?is head1 & x is c]ta9ly int]e/+ to see t 9 _m cases1 ?\gh n 9 all1 ! triad seems to consi/ ( a =m ( ! sun-god1 toge!r ) two /ell> div9ities1 "o ( !m c]ta9ly associat$ ) ! heliacal ris+ ( ! sun at "s "t ( ! ye>1 & !re=e a recognis$ =m ( ,isis or ,ha?or4 ,?us we h3-- ,place4 ,triad4 ,!bes ,am5-,r 7,great] ,triad7 ,mut onsu 7,less] ,triad7 em-,r ,tam5 78 ,am5-t7 ,h>ka ,d5d]ah ,atmu ,isis ,ha?or ,memphis ,atmu ,sekhet ,ptah ,h]mon?is ,m5u-,r ,ra-,ta 7 ,ha?or7 ,hor-,p>a ,n only may ?is table enable u to see h[ ,am5-t 0 sunk at ,m$net-,hab 9 ! t]m ,am51 b x enables u to consid] a simil> case pres5t$ by ^? temples at ,!bes1 "s ( !m associat$ ) ,khons & ano!r ) ,am51 ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,! temple ( ,khons is among ! be/ kn[n at ,k>nak2 ! visitor passes x be=e ! great temple ( ,am5-,r is rea*$4 ,m4 ,b\riant 0 able to prove1 :ile we 7 toge!r at ,k>nak1 t ! temple ( ,seti ,,ii41 ne>ly p>allel to x1 0 also d$icat$ to ,khons2 b ! temple ,b ( ,lepsius1 ne>ly p>allel to bo?1 is sacr$ to ,am54 ,x is se5 at once t ! ma9 cult is ! same1 al?\gh ! am\nt ( detail %[n 9 ! ref]5ce is diff]5t--we h ! g5]ic "n ( ! triad 9 "o case1 ! specific "n ( ! memb] ( ! triad 9 ! o!r4 ,z ?is is ! fir/ "t a sett+ /> has be5 9 "q1 x is well to po9t out t 9 ?is case ! anci5t ,egyptians no long] typifi$ ! /> z a goddess b z a god--&1 m ?an ?is1 z a dy+ god2 = ,khons is always repres5t$ z a mummy--! ,osiris =m4 ,egyptologi/s /ate t bo? ,?o? & ,khons 7 moon-gods4 ,p]haps ! lun> attributes 7 assign$ prior to ! e/abli%m5t ( sun-wor%ip4 ,i %all %[1 subsequ5tly1 t ! temples n[ be+ consid]$ f9d _! place 9 cont9u\s s]ies /ret*+ back 9 ! case ( ,am5-t to #cgej ,b4,c41 & 9 ! case ( ,khons to possibly a long ant]ior date4 ,9 ! case ( ,am5-t & ,khons1 !re=e1 :]e we are free f ! difficulties connect$ ) ! int]*ange ( ! titles ( ,isis & ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah1 ! />-cults /& out mu* m cle>ly1 & we get a /ep fur!r into ! doma9 ( my?ology4 ,b :at did ! cults mean8 ,:at 0 ! utility ( !m8 ,:at _! probable orig98 ,! cult ( ,sirius we already und]/&4 ,i w deal ) ,am5-t fir/4 ,no d\bt x w h be5 already ask$ h[ x came t su* an unfamili> /> z ,phact _h be5 select$4 ,"h ! answ] is ov]:elm+4 ,?is />1 al?\gh s little famili> to u nor!rn]s1 is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! />s 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! heav5s1 & its heliacal ris+ h]ald$ ! sol/ice & ! rise ( ! ,nile be=e ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius 0 useful = t purpose6 ,9 ,phact we h ! /> symbolis$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians "u ! "n ( ! goddess ,am5-t or ,tei1 ^: figure 9 ! mon? table at ! ,ramesseum leads ! procession ( ! mon?s4 ,am5-t1 ! wife ( ! sol/itial sun-god ,r1 symbolis$ ! /> ! ris+ ( :i* h]ald$ ! sol/ice2 & ! complex title ,am5-,r signifi$ 9 anci5t times1 to ^? :o knew1 t ! sol/itial sun-god ,r1 s h]ald$1 0 meant4 ,! answ] is cle>1 ?\gh n s simple 9 ! case ( ,khons4 ,! sett+ ( ,canopus m>k$ ! autumnal equ9ox ab\t #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,we h f\nd t ! fir/ ,khons temple at ,k>nak 0 possibly built z late z #bjjj ,b4,c41 :5 ! utility ( ! obs]vations ( ,canopus f ?is po9t ( view _h !re=e ceas$2 b x is also kn[n t ,khons 0 a late addition to ! ,!ban triad1 & ,i %all subsequ5tly give evid5ce t ! wor%ip 0 introduc$ f ! s\?1 :]e x _h be5 conduct$ :5 ! condition ( utility held4 ,! "t ( introduction to ,!bes 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 :5 ! prie/s wi%$ to increase _! p[] by conciliat+ all wor%ips2 & we n[ see t ) _! local sun-god ,am5-,r & ! goddess ,am5-t1 ) ! ,nor!rn ,mut 7,isis7 & ! ,s\!rn ,khons1 ! ,!ban triad repres5t$ ! wor%ip ( ,c5tral1 ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,egypt4 ,x is an important fact to be> 9 m9d t 9 ! ,nor? ( ,egypt 9 e>ly times ! /ell> temples 7 m p>ticul>ly direct$ to ! nor?1 :ile s\? ( ,!bes1 s f> z ,i "k1 !re is only "o temple s direct$4 ,x is sugge/$1 !re=e1 t ! ,!ban prie/s amalgamat$ ! nor!rn & s\!rn cults1 probably = political purposes4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! prie/s 7 at he>t m sympa!tic ) ! s\!rn cults1 & a fur!r inve/igation ( ?is matt] may ev5tually help u 9 sev]al po9ts ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,x w h be5 notic$ also t s f> z we h gone1 :e!r discuss+ sol> or /ell> temples1 we h _h to associate ! cults c>ri$ on 9 mo/ ( !m ) "s p>ticul> season ( ! ye>4 ,if ,i am "r1 9 ! wor%ips at ,d5d]ah1 ,m$net-,hab1 & ,k>nak1 we h a /rict ref]5ce to ! ye>1 & 9 ,egypt ! ye> 0 always1 z x is n[1 associat$ ) ! rise ( ! riv]4 ,! sacr$ riv] mu/ n[ occupy our att5tion = a :ile2 we mu/ become famili> ) its ph5om5a1 & ! divisions ( "t & ! cal5d> sy/ems :i* 7 associat$ ) !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,egyptian ,,ye> ,,& ,,! ,,nile4 ,our rese>*es s f> leave no d\bt ^u ! "q t a l>ge "p ( ! a/ronomical activity ( ! e>lie/ ,egyptians _h ref]5ce to obs]vations connect$ especially ) ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,x has be5 made abundantly cle>1 too1 t 9 v e>ly times ! ,egyptians _h a sol> ye> comm5c+ at ! ,summ] ,sol/ice1 & t ?is sol/ice 0 !n1 & is n[1 co9cid5t ) ! arrival ( ! ,nile flood at ,heliopolis & ,memphis1 ! mo/ important c5tres ( nor!rn ,egyptian life dur+ ! e>ly dyna/ies4 ,9 ! dawn ( civilisation x 0 n at all a matt] ( c\rse t ! sun %\ld be tak5 z ! measur] ( "t1 z x is n[ ) u2 & 9 ?is connection x is wor? :ile to note h[ v div]se ! treatm5t ( ?is subject 0 among ! e>ly peoples4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x 0 diff]5t 9 ,egypt f :at x 0 9 ,*alda & ,babylonia1 & lat] among ! ,jews4 ,9 ! ,egyptian inscriptions we f9d ref]5ces to ! moon1 b !y prove t %e occupi$ q a subord9ate position to ! sun1 at lea/ 9 ! lat] times4 ,! week ( sev5 days 0 utt]ly unkn[n among/ ! ,egyptians4 ,ev]y?+ t c be br\ght =w>d 9 its fav\r belongs to ! late/ p]iods4 ,! passage quot$ by ,lepsius f ! ,book ( ! ,dead proves no?+1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,krall1 an error has crept into 8 translation4 ,9 ,babylonia x w\ld seem t ! moon 0 wor%ipp$ z well z ! sun2 & x 0 ?us naturally us$ = measur+ "t2 &1 s f> z mon?s 7 conc]n$1 ?is1 ( c\rse1 0 q "r4 ,9 ,babylonia1 too1 :]e mu* des]t travel _h to be und]tak5 at night1 ! movem5ts ( ! moon w\ld be naturally wat*$ ) great c>e4 ,an int]e/+ po9t connect$ ) ?is is t1 among ^! anci5t peoples1 ! cele/ial bodies :i* gave !m ! unit p]iod ( "t by :i* !y reckon$ 7 practically look$ ^u 9 ! same category4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ,egypt ! sun be+ us$1 ! unit ( "t 0 a ye>2 b 9 ,babylonia ! unit ( "t 0 a mon?1 = ! reason t ! /&>d ( "t 0 ! moon4 ,h5ce1 :5 p]iods ( "t 7 9 "q1 x 0 q easy = "o nation to conceive t ! p]iod ( "t us$ 9 ano!r 0 a ye> :5 really x 0 a mon?1 & vice v]s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ye>s ( ,me?uselah & o!r p]sons :o are /at$ to h liv$ a consid]able numb] ( ye>s 7 n sol> ye>s b lun> ye>s--t is1 prop]ly1 lun> mon?s ,?is is reasonable1 s9ce1 if we divide ! numb]s by twelve1 we f9d t !y come out v mu* ! same l5g? z lives are 9 ! pres5t day1 & !re is no reason :y ?is %\ld n be s4 ,!re seems little d\bt t ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! sun 0 def9itely accept$ z ! mo/ accurate measur] ( "t 0 ,egypt4 ,r1 ! sun1 0 ! *ief god ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,he 0 wor%ipp$ ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s nomes4 ,ev5 ! olde/ texts 7cf4 t ( ,m5kaur 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 tell ( ! brilliant c\rse ( ,r across ! cele/ial vault & 8 daily /ruggle ) d>kness4 ,! ,egyptians1 says ,ranke 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 :i* is devot$ to ,egypt1 h det]m9$ ! motion ( ! sun z se5 on e>?1 & accord+ to ?is ! ye> 0 divid$1 9 comp>ison ) ,babylon1 9 a sci5tific & practically useful way1 s t ,julius ,cs> adopt$ ! cal5d> f ! ,egyptians & introduc$ x into ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! o!r nations foll[$ suit1 & s9ce !n x has be5 9 g5]al use = sev5te5 c5turies4 ,! cal5d> may be consid]$ z ! noble/ relic ( ! mo/ anci5t times :i* has influ5c$ ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,annual ,,rise ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,nile4 7,f ,horn]47 ,:]ev] ! anci5t ,egyptians came f--:e!r f a region :]e ! moon 0 ! "t-measur] or n--s soon z !y settl$ 9 ! valley :]e ! ,nile !n1 z n[1 l a p5dulum sl[ly beat ! ye>s by its annual inundation at ! ,summ] ,sol/ice1 ! sol> basis ( _! cal5d> 0 settl$4 ,h5ce x 0 ,nature1 ! ,nile--on ! regulation ( :i* dep5d$ ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry--:i* facilitat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,egyptian ye>4 ,sol/ice & ,nile-flood are ! turn+-po9ts ( ! old ,egyptian ye>4 ,t ,egypt is ! gift ( ! ,nile is a rem>k we owe to ! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory1 :o ref]r$ n only to ! f]tilis+ influ5ce ( ! /ream1 b to ! fact t ! pres5ce ( ! ,nile1 & its ph5om5a1 are ! conditions ^u :i* ! habitability ( ,egypt altoge!r dep5ds4 ,t ! ,egyptian ye> & t "p ( ,egyptian ar*ology & my? :i* *iefly int]e/s a/ronom]s are also ! gift ( ! ,nile1 is equally true4 ,! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius & o!r />s at ! "t ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! inundation ea* ye>2 all ! my?s :i* grew out ( ! v>i\s symbols ( ! />s s us$2 are s _m evid5ces ( ! l>ge %>e ! riv]1 ) its v>i\s wat]-levels at diff]5t times1 _h 9 ! national life4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ! true & unique basis ( ! national life4 ,9 ?is ! ,nile _h a compe] or ev5 compe]s4 ,:at ! ,nile 0 to ,egypt ! ,euphrates & ,tigris 7 to a l>ge region ( ,we/]n ,asia1 :]e also we f9d ! annual flood a s\rce ( f]tility1 a spectacle :i* inspir$ poets1 & an ev5t ) :i* a/ronom]s l>gely occupi$ !mselves4 ,:at m natural ?an t ,euphrates1 ,tigris1 & ,nile 7 look$ ^u z deities2 t ! gods ( ! ,nile valley on ! "o h&1 & ( ! region wat]$ by ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 on ! o!r1 7 gods to swe> by2 t !y 7 wor%ipp$ 9 ord] t _! b5ign influ5ces might be secur$1 & t !y _h _! local %r9es & special cults8 ,! god sacr$ to ! ,euphrates & ,tigris 0 call$ ,ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,h,,pi1 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,! ,,nile4 ,! god sacr$ to ! ,nile 0 call$ ,hpi4 ,! "n is ! same z t ( ! bull ,apis1 ! wor%ip ( :i* 0 attribut$ to ,m5a4#fd ,c]ta9ly ,m5a1 ,m9i1 or ,m5es1 z he is v>i\sly call$1 0 fully ju/ifi$ 9 f\nd+ ! cult ( ! riv]-god1 = he fir/ among m5 appe>s to h _h j ideas ( irrigation1 & ,i h he>d ! di/+ui%$ (fic]s :o h lately be5 responsible = ! irrigation sy/em ( to-day speak+ ) admiration ( ! ideas & works ( ,m5a4 ,:e!r ! ,tigris _h a ,m5a 9 an equally e>ly "t is a po9t on :i* hi/ory is sil5t2 b1 accord+ to ! acc\nts ( travell]s1 ! ,tigris 9 flood is ev5 m maje/ic ?an ! ,nile1 & yet ! latt] riv] 9 flood is a sight to see--a :ole f]tile pla9 turn$1 z x 71 into an arm ( ! sea1 ) "h & !re an isl&1 :i*1 on inspection1 turns out to be a village1 ! mud h\ses ( :i* too (t5 are und]m9$ by ! lapp+ ( ! waves 9 ! /rong nor? w9d4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! dates ( ! rise ( ^! riv]s n only influ5c$ ! national life1 b ev5 ! religions ( ! dwell]s on _! banks4 ,! ,euphrates & ,tigris rise at ! ,spr+ ,equ9ox--! religion 0 equ9oxial1 ! temples 7 direct$ to ! ea/4 ,! ,nile rises at a sol/ice--! religion 0 sol/itial & ! sol> temples 7 direct$ no long] to ! ea/4 ,to ! ,egyptians ! com+ ( ! riv] to ! p>*$ l& 0 z ! sunrise *as+ ! d>kness ( ! night2 ! sun-god ( day conqu]+ ! />-gods ( night2 or aga9 ! victori\s k+ ( ! l& slaught]+ 8 enemies4 ,egypt1 9 ! words ( ,amru1 fir/ appe>s l a du/y pla91 !n z a fre% sea1 & f9ally z a b$ ( fl[]s4 ,x might be imag9$ at fir/ sight t z ! ye> 0 ?us det]m9$1 s to speak1 by natural local causes1 ! divisions or seasons w\ld be ! same z ^? :i* ,nature has giv5 u4 ,?is is n s4 ,! riv] & l& conditions are s widely diff]5t4 ,by no "o1 p]haps1 h ! actual facts be5 s truly & poetically describ$ z by ,osborn1 :o ?us pictures ! l[ ,nile#fe3-- ,! ,nile has %runk )9 its banks until its /ream is contract$ to half its ord9>y dim5sions1 & its turbid1 slimy1 /agnant wat]s sc>cely seem to fl[ 9 any direction4 ,broad flats or /eep banks ( black1 sun-bak$ ,nile mud1 =m bo? ! %ores ( ! riv]4 ,all beyond !m is s& & /]ility2 = ! hamse51 or s&-w9d ( fifty days' duration1 has sc>cely yet ceas$ to bl[4 ,! trunks & bran*es ( trees may be se5 "h & !re ?r\gh ! du/y1 hazy1 burn+ atmosph]e1 b s entirely are _! leaves coat$ ) du/ t at a di/ance !y are n di/+ui%able f ! des]t s& t surr\nds !m4 ,x is only by ! mo/ pa9ful & labori\s op]ation ( wat]+ t any t9t approximat+ to gre5ness c be pres]v$ at ?is season ev5 9 ! pleasure-g>d5s ( ! ,pa*a4 ,! fir/ symptom ( ! t]m9ation ( ?is mo/ t]rible season is ! ris+ ( ! nor? w9d 7! ,etesian w9d ( ! ,greeks71 bl[+ briskly1 (t5 fi]cely1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! day4 ,! foliage ( ! groves t cov] ,l[] ,egypt is soon dis5cumb]$ by x ( ! du/1 & resumes its v]dure4 ,! fi]ce f]v\rs ( ! sun1 !n at its highe/ asc5sion1 are also mo/ seasonably mitigat$ by ! same p[]ful ag5cy1 :i* prevails = ?is & ! ?ree foll[+ mon?s ?r\gh\t ! entire l& ( ,egypt4 ,!n comes ! inundation3-- ,p]haps !re is n 9 ,nature a m exhil>at+ sight1 or "o m /rongly excit+ to confid5ce 9 ,god1 ?an ! rise ( ! ,nile4 ,day by day & night by night1 its turbid tide sweeps onw>d maje/ically ov] ! p>*$ s&s ( ! wa/e1 h[l+ wild]ness4 ,almo/ h\rly1 z we sl[ly asc5d$ x be=e ! ,etesian w9d1 we he>d ! ?und]+ fall ( "s mud-bank1 & saw1 by ! ru% ( all animat$ ,nature to ! spot1 t ! ,nile _h ov]leapt ano!r ob/ruction1 & t its b\nd+ wat]s 7 diffus+ life & joy ?r\gh ano!r des]t4 ,!re are few impressions ,i ev] receiv$ ^u ! remembrance ( :i* ,i dwell ) m pleasure ?an t ( see+ ! fir/ bur/ ( ! ,nile into "o ( ! great *annels ( its annual ov]fl[4 ,all ,nature %\ts = joy4 ,! m51 ! *ildr51 ! buffaloes1 gambol 9 its refre%+ wat]s1 ! broad waves sp>kle ) %oals ( fi%1 & f[l ( e w+ flutt] ov] !m 9 cl\ds4 ,nor is ?is jubilee ( ,nature conf9$ to ! high] ord]s ( creation4 ,! mom5t ! s& becomes moi/5$ by ! approa* ( ! f]tilis+ wat]s1 x is lit]ally alive ) insects innum]able4 ,x is impossible to /& by ! side ( "o ( ^! noble /reams1 to see x e mom5t sweep+ away "s ob/ruction to its maje/ic c\rse1 & wid5+ z x fl[s1 )\t feel+ ! he>t to exp& ) love & joy & confid5ce 9 ! great ,au?or ( ?is annual miracle ( m]cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,?o?4 ,aft] ! flood comes ! s[+ "t4 ,! effects ( ! inundation1 z ,osborn %[s 9 ano!r place1 exhibit !mselves 9 a sc5e ( f]tility & beauty su* z w sc>cely be f\nd 9 ano!r c\ntry at any season ( ! ye>4 ,! vivid gre5 ( ! spr++ corn1 ! groves ( pomegranate-trees ablaze ) ! ri* sc>let ( _! blossoms1 ! fre% breeze lad5 ) ! p]fumes ( g>d5s ( roses & orange ?ickets1 e tree & e %rub cov]$ ) sweet-sc5t$ fl[]s4 ,^! are a few ( ! natural beauties t welcome ! /rang] to ! l& ( ,ham4 ,!re is consid]able sam5ess 9 !m1 x is true1 = he w\ld obs]ve little v>iety 9 ! trees & plants1 :e!r he fir/ ent]$ ,egypt by ! g>d5s ( ,alex&ria or ! pla9 ( ,ass\an4 ,yet is x ! same ev]y:]e1 only because x w\ld be impossible to make any addition to ! sweetness ( ! od\rs1 ! brilliancy ( ! col\rs1 or ! exquisite beauty ( ! _m =ms ( vegetable life1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* he w&]s4 ,x is monoton\s1 b x is ! monotony ( ,p>adise4 ,! flood rea*es ,cairo on a day closely approximat+ to t ( ! ,summ] ,sol/ice4 ,x atta9s its greate/ height1 & beg9s to decl9e ne> ! ,autumnal ,equ9ox4 ,by ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice ! ,nile has aga9 subsid$ )9 its banks & resum$ its blue col\r4 ,se$-"t has occurr$ 9 ?is int]val4 ,beg9n+ ) ! inundation 7,summ] ,sol/ice7 we h-- 7#a7 ,! season or tetram5e ( ! inundation1 ,july-,octob]4 7#b7 s[+1 ,novemb]-,febru>y4 7#c7 h>ve/1 ,m>*-,june4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ! ye> 0 divid$ into twelve mon?s1 z foll[s1 ! lead+ mon? be+ d$icat$ to ! ,god ( ,wisdom1 ,?o? 7,tehuti73-- ,?o? ,end ( ,june 7,gregorian74 ,inundation ,phaophi ,july4 ,a?yr ,augu/4 ,*oiak ,septemb]4 ,tybi ,octob]4 ,se$-"t ,m5*ir ,novemb]4 ,pham5o? ,decemb]4 ,ph>m\?i ,janu>y4 ,pa*ons ,febru>y4 ,h>ve/ ,payni ,m>*4 ,epiphi ,april4 ,mesori ,may4 ,! t]ms = ! seasons & mon?s are f\nd ev5 on ! build+ mat]ial ( ! l>ge/ pyramid ( ,da%r1 & 9 ! olde/ records we already f9d cal5d> indications4 ,on ! /eles ( ! ,ma/bas1 9 :i* ! deceas$ prays ,anubis = a good sepulture1 we f9d a li/ ( ! fe/al days on :i* sacrifices are to be (f]$ = ! dead4 ,a mod]n cal5d> 7giv5 bo? by ,brugs* & ,de ,r\g7 is1 d\btless1 a survival f old ,egyptian times4 ,x is good = ! neighb\rhood ( ,cairo1 & ! relation ( ! important days ( ! inundation to ! sol/ice1 9 t "p ( ! riv]1 is z foll[s3-- ,night ( ! drop #aa ,payni #ae ,summ] sol/ice4 ,beg9n+ ( ! inundation #ah #c days aft]4 ,assembly at ! nilomet] #be #aj ,proclamation ( ! inundation #bf #aa ,m>riage ( ! ,nile #ah ,mesori #fc ,! ,nile ceases to rise #af ,?o? #if ,op5+ ( ! dams #ag #ig ,end ( ! great] inundation #g ,phaophi #aag ,9 ord] to %[ h[ ! a/ronomy ( ! anci5t ,egyptians--to deal specially ) !m--0 to a l>ge ext5t conc]n$ ) ! annual flood & all t dep5d$ ^u t flood2 & h[ ! fir/ tropical ye> us$ on ?is planet1 s f> z we "k1 0 e/abli%$1 x is important to /udy ! actual facts ( ! rise some:at closely1 n only = ,egypt g5]ally1 b = sev]al po9ts 9 ! l9e1 "s ?\s& miles 9 ext5t1 along :i* 9 ! e>lie/ times cities & %r9es 7 dott$ "h & !re4 ,"t out ( m9d ! fluctuations 9 ! height ( ! riv] h be5 c>efully record$ at diff]5t po9ts along ! riv]4 ,9 ! ,description de l'gypte we f9d a full description ( ! s-call$ nilomet] at ,aswn 7,fir/ ,cat>act71 :i* dates f a remote p]iod1 p]haps z e>ly z ! fif? dyna/y4 ,9 ,eb]s' delightful book on ,egypt space is giv5 to ! description ( ! mu* m mod]n "o locat$ at ,rda4 ,! nilomet]1 or mikys1 on ! isl& ( ,rda1 n[ visible1 is /at$ to h replac$ "o :i* 0 br\ght ?i!r f ,memphis at "s unrecord$ date4 ,makrz 9 #adag1 accord+ to ,eb]s1 saw ! rema9s ( ! old] nilomet]4 ,! pres5t mikys is )9 a cov]$ vault or *amb]1 ! ro( be+ support$ on simple wood5 pill>s4 ,9 a quadrangul> tank 9 communication ) ! riv] by a canal is an octagon pill> on :i* ! ,arabic measurem5ts are inscrib$4 ,^! consi/ ( ! pic 7v>i\sly call$ ell or cubit7 #jed metre1 :i* is divid$ into tw5ty-f\r kirats4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! rise ( ! riv] b$ 9 relatively rec5t times1 ! nilomet] is subm]g$ at high ,nile to a dep? ( two cubits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scale ,,( ,,! ,,nilomet] ,,at ,r,,da4 ,! rise ( ! ,nile c n[ be c>efully /udi$1 z gauges are di/ribut$ along ! riv]4 ,we h ! ,aswn gauge f #ahfi1 ! ,armant gauge f #ahhg1 ! ,suhag gauge f #ahhi1 & ! ,asyt gauge f #ahib4 ,! di/ances ( ^! gauges f ,aswn are z foll[s3-- ,kilometres4 ,aswn #j ,armant #bjj ,suhag #ddg ,asyt #eej ,rda #ida ,! ,rda gauge is n to be dep5d$ on1 z ! movem5ts ( ! b>rage regulation de/roy its value z a record4 ,! heights ( ^! gauges above mean sea-level are z foll[s3-- ,metres4 ,aswn #hdaeh ,armant #fiece ,suhag #efjj ,asyt #ecaj ,rda #acad ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,r,,da4 ,great vagu5ess arises 9 !re be+ no v obvi\s di/9ction betwe5 ! gauge read+s rea*$ 9 summ] & t f :i* ! rise is cont9u\s4 ,!re are app>5tly ra9falls 9 ! end ( spr+ ( suffici5t p[] to raise ! ,nile visibly 9 summ]1 j z muddy rises h be5 se5 9 w9t] to pass d[n ! valley1 leav+ a muddy m>k on ! rocks at ,aswn & ,manfalt4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! actual gauge-read+ ( ! rise1 !re are facts ab\t x :i* /rike e behold]4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! rise we h ! gre5 wat]4 ,?is occurs 9 ,june1 b v>ies 9 date z mu* z ! top ( ! flood v>ies4 ,f ! fact t mod]n obs]vations %[ t ! v beg9n+ ( ! rise1 & ! fir/ flu%1 second flu% & f9al retirem5t v>y1 x seems evid5t t ! anci5t ,egyptians c\ld n h _h any fix$ z]o-gauge or "t = ! real physical fact ( ! rise1 b mu/ h d$uc$ f a s]ies ( obs]vations ei!r a mean p]iod ( comm5cem5t1 or a mean arrival ( ! r$ wat]1 or a mean ris+ up to a c]ta9 gauge4 ,fir/1 to deal ) ! gre5 wat]4 ,g5]ally :5 ! rise ( an in* or two is report$ f ! nilomet] at ,rda1 ! wat]s lose ! little ( cle>ness & fre%ness !y /ill possess$4 ,! gre5 col\r is ! slimy1 lu/reless hue ( bracki% wat] )9 ! tropics1 & no filt] t has yet be5 discov]$ c r5d] su* wat] cle>4 ,! col\r is really due to alg4 ,happily1 ! cont9uance ( ?is /ate ( ! wat] seldom exce$s ?ree or f\r days4 ,! suff]+s ( ^? :o are compell$ to dr9k x 9 ?is /ate1 f vesical disease1 ev5 9 ?is %ort int]val1 are v sev]e4 ,! inhabitants ( ! cities g5]ally provide aga9/ x by ,nile wat] /or$ 9 res]voirs & tanks4 ,colonel ,ross1 ,r4,e41 notic$ 9 #ahhg & 9 #ahij1 :51 ow+ to ! sl[ retreat ( ! ,nile1 ! irrigation (fic]s _h to hold back _m bas9s 9 ! ,gzeh prov9ce1 & also 9 #ahhh :5 ! wat] rema9$ long /agnant1 t ! bas9 wat] got gre5--%[$ ! alg & smelt m>%y--j z ! ,june gre5 wat] does4 ,h5ce x has be5 argu$ t1 z ! ,nile wat] 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream--ev5 9 v sl[-fl[+ back-wat]s--does n become gre51 ! gre5ness mu/ be produc$ by an almo/ absolute /agnation ( ! wat]4 ,we "k ( great m>%es up above ,gondokoro1 & h5ce x is ?\ght t ! gre5 wat] ( summ]1 :i* comes on sudd5ly1 is ?is m>%-wat] be+ pu%$ out by ! new wat] f beh9d1 & t is :y x h]alds ! rise4 ,no "o has s f> m9utely obs]v$ ! gradual intrusion ( ! gre5 wat]4 ,! rise ( ! riv] proce$s rapidly1 & ! wat] gradually becomes m turbid4 ,t5 or twelve days1 h[ev]1 elapse be=e ! developm5t ( ! la/ & mo/ extraord9>y ( all ! appe>ances ( ! ,nile1 ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,osborn#ff3-- ,x 0 at ! end (--to my own s5sations--a long & v sultry night1 t ,i rais$ myself f ! s(a ^u :i* ,i _h 9 va9 be5 endeav\r+ to sleep1 on ! deck ( a ,nile boat t lay becalm$ (f ,b5is\eff1 a t[n ( ,middle ,egypt4 ,! sun 0 j %[+ ! upp] limb ( 8 disc ov] ! ea/]n m\nta9s4 ,i 0 surpris$ to see t :5 8 rays fell ^u ! wat] a deep ruddy reflection 0 giv5 back4 ,! dep? ( ! t9t increas$ cont9ually z a l>g] portion ( 8 light fell ^u ! wat]1 & be=e he _h entirely cle>$ ! top ( ! hill x pres5t$ ! p]fect appe>ance ( a riv] ( blood4 ,suspect+ "s delusion1 ,i rose up ha/ily1 &1 look+ ov] ! side ( ! boat1 saw !re ! confirmation ( my fir/ impression4 ,! entire body ( ! wat] 0 opaque & ( a deep r$ col\r1 be>+ a clos] resemblance to blood ?an to any o!r natural production to :i* x c\ld be comp>$4 ,i n[ p]ceiv$ t dur+ ! night ! riv] _h visibly ris5 sev]al in*es4 ,:ile ,i 0 gaz+ at ?is great sight ! ,arabs came r\nd me to expla9 t x 0 ! ,r$ ,nile4 ,! r$ness & opacity ( ! wat]1 9 ?is extraord9>y condition ( ! riv]1 are subject to con/ant v>iations4 ,on "s days1 :5 ! rise ( ! riv] has n exce$$ an in* or two1 its wat]s return to a /ate ( semi-transp>5cy1 ?\gh dur+ ! entire p]iod ( ! high ,nile !y nev] lose ! deep r$ t+e :i* _c be sep>at$ f !m4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 l ! gre5 admixture1 at all delet]i\s2 ! ,nile wat] is nev] m :olesome or m delici\sly refre%+ ?an dur+ ! ov]fl[4 ,!re are o!r days :5 ! rise ( ! riv] is mu* m rapid1 & !n ! quantity ( mud t is susp5d$ 9 ! wat] exce$s1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 t :i* ,i h se5 9 any o!r riv]4 ,on m ?an "o occasion ,i c\ld p]ceive t x visibly int]f]$ ) ! fl[ ( ! /ream4 ,a glassful ( x 9 ?is /ate 0 all[$ to rema9 /ill = a %ort "t4 ,! upp] portion ( x 0 p]fectly opaque & ! col\r ( blood4 ,a s$im5t ( black mud occupi$ ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! glass4 ,a consid]able portion ( ?is is deposit$ be=e ! riv] rea*es ,middle & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,i nev] obs]v$ ! ,nile wat] 9 ?is condition !re1 & inde$ no consecutive obs]vations exi/ ( ! r$d5+ ( ! wat]4 ,x is q cle> t ! r$d5+ _c come f ! ,:ite ,nile1 b mu/ be ! fir/ floods ( ! ,blue ,nile & ,bahral ,azral com+ d[n4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important matt]s = ! purposes ( our pres5t inquiry is connect$ ) ! influ5ce ^u local cal5d>s1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,nile valley1 ( ! v>iations ( ! ph5om5a ^u :i* ! ,egyptians dep5d$ = ! m>k+ ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,if ! sol/ice _h be5 tak5 alone1 ! date ( x w\ld h be5 ! same = all p>ts ( ! valley2 b c]ta9ly ! sol/ice 0 n tak5 alone1 & = ! obvi\s reason1 t !y want$ some?+ to w>n !m ( ! ,nile rise1 & 9 ! l[] rea*es ( ! riv] ! rise prec$es ! sol/ice4 ,nor 0 ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 ( :i* m pres5tly1 tak5 alone4 ,b x 0 *iefly a "q ( ! arrival ( ! ,nile flood1 & ! date ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,nile flood 0 by no means common to all p>ts ( ,egypt4 ,n[ x is to be ga!r$ f ! mod]n gauges t x takes ! flood "s "t1 z we c easily imag9e1 to pass d[n ! #fjj miles betwe5 ,elephant9e & ,cairo4 ,9 ! e>ly flood1 ris+ f1 say1 "o cubit ,aswn to six cubits1 :]e !re are _m dry s&banks1 & ! spread+ out ( ! riv] is consid]able1 & !re is an abs5ce ( ov]lapp+ flu%es f beh9d1 ! rate goes up to fifte5 days1 & ! e>lie/ indication ( ! rise may take long] /ill1 b ?is is v difficult to obs]ve4 ,! rate 9 ,hood is #a days f ,wdy ,halfa to ,aswn1 & six days f ,aswn to ,rda 7#ida kilometres74 ,9 v high ,niles ?is is p]haps accel]at$ to five days4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a v great diff]5ce 9 "t & rate betwe5 ,gre5 & ,r$ ,nile4 ,! rise is #de ft4 at ,aswn1 #ch at ,!bes1 & #be at ,cairo4 ,f ! data obta9$ at ! gauges nam$1 :i* h be5 k9dly =w>d$ to me by ,mr4 ,g>/91 ! ,"u ,secret>y ( ,/ate ( ! ,public ,works ,dep>tm5t ( ,egypt1 ,i h asc]ta9$ t ! av]age "t tak5 by ! fir/ indication ( ! flood to travel betwe5 ,!bes & ,memphis is n[ ab\t n9e days4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! riv]-b$ is n[ high] ?an =m]ly2 ! l& ar\nd ,!bes1 accord+ to ,budge1 has be5 rais$ ab\t n9e feet 9 ! la/ #a1gjj ye>s4 ,if1 !re=e1 at ea* great city1 su* z ,!bes & ,heliopolis1 ,new ,ye>'s ,day dep5d$ absolutely on ! arrival ( ! inundation1 n only w\ld ! day h be5 unc]ta91 b ! diff]5ce ( "t 9 ! arrival ( ! ,hood at v>i\s places along ! riv] w\ld repres5t a diff]5ce 9 ! ,new ,ye>'s ,days ( ^? places1 comp>$ to :i* our mod]n diff]5ces ( local "t s9k into insignificance1 = !y only t\* h\rs ( ! day4 ,! great difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 und]/&+ ! /atem5ts g5]ally made conc]n+ ! ,nile-rise is due to ! fact t ! maximum flood is1 z a rule1 regi/]$ 9 ,cairo upw>ds ( =ty days aft] ! maximum at ,aswn4 ,= ! foll[+ acc\nt ( h[ ?is is br\ght ab\t ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,colonel ,ross1 ,r4,e43-- ,! behavi\r ( ! flood at ! ,aswn gauge is z foll[s3 ,betwe5 ,augu/ #bj & #cj a good av]age gauge ( #af cubits is (t5 rea*$1 & betwe5 ,augu/ #bg & ,septemb] #c !re is (t5 a drop ( ab\t #cj c5timetres4 ,! ,augu/ rise is suppos$ to be mo/ly due to ! ,blue ,nile & ,atb>a ,riv]4 ,betwe5 ,septemb] #a & #h ! irrigation (fic]s g5]ally look = a maximum flood-gauge ( ! ye> at ,aswn4 ,?is is suppos$ to be ! fir/ flu% ( ! ,:ite ,nile4 ,9 ! middle ( ,septemb] !re are g5]ally two small flu%es1 b ! la/ tw5ty days ( ,septemb] are g5]ally di/9ctly l[] ?an t ( ! fir/ week4 ,! f9al flu% ( ! ,nile is seldom lat] ?an ! #ba/ to #be? ,septemb]4 ,all ?is wat] does n m]ely g d[n ! ,nile2 x floods ! diff]5t bas9s4 ,! op5+ ( ^! bas9s beg9s f ! s\? to ! nor?4 ,?is op]ation is g5]ally p]=m$ betwe5 ! #bi? ,septemb] & ! #bbnd ,octob]4 ,! great ,c5tral ,egypt bas9s are n connect$ ) ! ,nile = purposes ( dis*>ge into ! riv] betwe5 ,asyt & ne> ,wa/a1 or a di/ance ( #cie-ij kilometres #cje kil4 ,! c\ntry 9 ! middle or ,c5tral ,egypt is broad1 & ?us !re is an enorm\s quantity ( wat] p\r$ out ( ^! bas9s into ! l[] rea*es ( ! riv] ab\t ! #bj? ,octob]1 :i* s]i\sly raises ! ,nile at ,cairo1 & 9 a good av]age ye> w br+ ! ,cairo gauge 7at ,rda7 up to ! maximum ( ! ye> on or ab\t ,octob] #bb1 & h5ce x is t ! guide-books say ! ,nile is at its highe/ 9 ! end ( ,octob]4 ,a gauge ( #af cubits at ,aswn :ile ! bas9s are be+ fill$ does n give m ?an #ba cubits at ,rda 7,cairo71 b1 z ! bas9s ) a #af gauge w fill by ! #aj? ,septemb]1 x foll[s t a #af to #af cubit gauge at ,aswn w n give a con/ant ,cairo gauge1 z ! great mass ( wat] passes by ! bas9s & rea*es ,cairo4 ,h5ce we h frequ5tly ! p>adox ( a /eady or fall+ gauge at ,aswn %[+ a /eady rise at ,cairo4 ,if ! gauge at ,aswn keeps above #af cubits to ne> ! end ( ,septemb]1 ! bas9-empty+ is mu* ret>d$1 z ! empty+ at ea* successive bas9 fills ! ,nile above ! #af cubit level2 h5ce ! l[] halves ( ! bas9s d n fl[ (f1 & ?us1 :5 ! great ,middle ,egypt bas9s are dis*>g$1 !y d n raise ! ,nile s mu* z !y d :5 ! la/ half ( ,septemb] ,nile is bel[ #af at ,aswn4 ,9 ye>s l #ahhg & #ahib1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r only 9 date ( maximum gauge at ,aswn1 ! riv]1 hav+ fill$ ! bas9s 9 fifte5 to tw5ty days in/ead ( 9 tw5ty-five to ?irty days1 comes d[n to ,cairo 9 s l>gely increas$ a volume t a really dang]\s gauge ( #be cubits at ,cairo is ma9ta9$ = ov] a =tnight 7! av]age ,octob] gauge 9 ,cairo is ab\t #bc cubits71 & f ,septemb] #aj to ,octob] #be ! riv] rema9s f #bd cubits to #be cubits1 & ! ,middle ,egypt bas9s dis*>ge s sl[ly t ! op5+ day is h>dly traceable on ! ,cairo gauge4 ,9 ! #ahgh flood1 :i* 0 ! mo/ disa/r\s flood possible1 ! riv] rose 9 ! mo/ abnormal fa%ion1 & on ,octob] #c atta9$ #ah cubits at ,aswn4 ,?is brea*$ ! ,delta1 & 9 addition s delay$ ! ,upp] ,egypt bas9s empty+1 f ! reason be=e giv51 t ! :eat 0 s[n too late1 & got badly scor*$ by ! hot w9ds ( ,m>* & ,april4#fg ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,ye>s ,,( #cfj ,,& #cfe ,,days4 ,:e!r ! ,egyptians br\ght _! ye> ) !m or inv5t$ x 9 ! ,nile valley1 !re is a belief t x at fir/ consi/$ ( #cfj days only1 t is1 #e days too little4 ,x is m likely t !y br\ght ! lun> mon? ) !m1 tak+ x r\ghly z #cj days 7#cj #ab #cfj71 ?an t !y began ) su* an errone\s notion ( ! true l5g? ( ! sol> ye>1 see+ t 9 ,egypt1 above all c\ntries 9 ! _w1 ow+ to ! regul>ity ( ! inundation1 ! true l5g? c\ld h be5 s easily det]m9$1 s soon z t regul>ity 0 recognis$4 ,we mu/ n 9 ^! que/ions =get to put ourselves 9 ! place ( ^! pione]s ( a/ronomy & civilisation2 if we d ?is1 we %all soon see h[ _m difficulties 7 involv$ 9 det]m9+ ! true l5g? ( su* a cycle z a ye>1 :5 n only mod]n appliances1 b all j ideas too1 7 ( necessity lack+4 ,s9ce #cfj days d n repres5t ! true l5g? ( ! ye>1 x is cle> t any nation :i* uses su* a ye> z t w f9d ! seasons & fe/ivals sweep+ ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,fur!r1 su* a ye> is absolutely useless = ! agriculturi/1 or ! g>d5]1 because aft] a "t ! same mon?1 to say no?+ ( ! same day ( ! mon?1 w n mean reap+-"t1 w n mean s[+-"t1 or any?+ else4 ,/ill1 x is "r t ,i %\ld /ate t all au?orities are n agre$ z to ! use ( ?is ye> ( #cfj days2 at all ev5ts1 dur+ ! times )9 our k54 ,masp]o#fh /ates3-- ,des obs]vations n\velles1 faites sur le c\rs du soleil1 dcidr5t les a/ronomes int]cal] *aque anne1 aprs le d\zime mois1 et avant le premi] j\r de l'anne suivante1 c9q j\rs complm5taires1 qu'on nomma les c9q j\rs en sus de l'anne ou j\rs epagomnes 7epacts74 ,l'poque de ce *angem5t tait si anci5ne que n\s ne saurions lui assign] aucune date1 et que les ,egypti5s eux-mmes l'avai5t reporte jusque dans les temps my?iques antrieurs l'avnem5t de ,m9i4 ,idel]#fi is ( ! same op9ion z ,masp]o3-- ,i d n hesitate 444 to decl>e t ! exi/5ce ( su* a "t cycle--us$ )\t ref]5ce to ! c\rse ( ! sun or moon simply = ! sake ( simple figures--is extremely d\btful to me4 ,krall rem>ks 7p4 #ag73-- ,x is probable t ! ye> ( #cfj days dates f ! "t be=e ! immigration into ! ,nile valley1 :5 ! ,egyptians 7 unguid$ by ! regul> recurr5ce ( ! ,nile flood4 ,9 any case1 ?is mu/ soon h conv9c$ ! prie/s t ! #cfj-;days ye> did n agree ) ! facts4 ,b x is well kn[n to ev]ybody famili> ) ^! ?+s h[ long a p]iod may be requir$ be=e su* det]m9ations are practically realis$1 especially ) a p s cons]vative ( anci5t usages z ! ,egyptians4 ,& on ?is gr\nd1 app>5tly1 he jo9s issue ) ! au?orities already quot$3-- ,! ,egyptian monum5ts h contradict$ ,idel] 9 ?is respect4 ,! tril+ual inscription ( ,tanis te/ifies expressly t x has only 'lat] become usual to add ! five epagom5es2' t1 !re=e1 ! ye> orig9ally _h #cfj days1 :i* 7 divid$ into twelve mon?s ( ?irty days ea*4 ,krall also argues t ! expressions great & little ye> & _! hi]oglyphics ref]r$ to ! re>s ( #cfe & #cfj days respectively1 & adds3-- ,if we inquire into ! "t at :i* ! epagom5es 7 introduc$1 we c only fix approximate dates4 ,if ! cal5d>s ( ! ,ma/abas1 complete z !y are1 d n m5tion ! epagom5es1 :]eas inscriptions ( ! p]iod ( ! ,am5amhts ref] to !m1 ?is c only be due to ! circum/ance t ! epagom5es 7 only introduc$ 9 ! meantime1 b probably ne>] ! upp] ?an ! l[] limit4444 ,= ! sake ( complet5ess1 we may m5tion t1 accord+ to ,c5sor9us1 ! five epagom5es 7 introduc$ by ! ,k+ ,arm9on4444 ,l\? conjectures t ,arm9on is id5tical ) ,am5amht ,i41 "u :om ! epagom5es are fir/ met )4 ,b s9ce1 betwe5 ,nitokris & ,am5amht ,i41 !re is a p]iod ( #ejj ye>s void ( records1 & ! "n ,arm9on has no?+ to d ) ,am5amht1 we c h>dly %>e ?is view4 ,h[ev] ?is knotty po9t may subsequ5tly be settl$ by ,egyptologi/s1 f ! a/ronom]s po9t ( view ! words ( ,idel]#gj--;,_h ignorance lead to ! e/abli%m5t ( a ye> ( #cfj days1 yet exp]i5ce w\ld h l$ to its rejection 9 a few ye>s--w c>ry conviction ) !m4 ,inde$1 "o may ask :e!r x is n possible t ! use ( ! #cfj-;day ye>1 & ! complications :i* x involv$1 may h _h some?+ to d ) ! f\ndation ( ! sol> temples4 ,let u attempt to put ourselves1 9 imag9ation1 9 ! place ( ! anci5t ,egyptians aft] ! use ( ?is #cfj-;day ye> _h be5 cont9u$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,x is p]fectly c]ta9 t n[ 9 ?is "p ( ! ,nile valley1 n[ 9 t1 ev]ybody1 f ,ph>aoh to fellah1 mu/ h got 8 cal5d> into ! mo/ hopeless confusion1 comp>$ ) :i* ! ye> ( confusion 0 m]e *ild's-play1 & t ! exact det]m9ation ( ! times1 ei!r ( /ate functions or s[+1 reap+1 or ! l1 by means ( su* a cal5d> w\ld h be5 next to impossible4 ,z ea* ye> dropp$ #e days1 x is evid5t t 9 ab\t sev5ty ye>s 7#cfebeebe7 a cycle 0 accompli%$1 9 :i* ,new ,ye>'s ,day swept ?r\gh all ! mon?s4 ,! same mon? 7s f> z its "n 0 conc]n$7 0 n[ 9 ! inundation "t1 n[ 9 ! s[+ "t1 & s on4 ,( fix$ agricultural "w = su* mon?s z ^! !re c\ld be none4 ,x mu/ h be51 !n1 t !re 7 local attempts to reta9 ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ! true & ! cal5d> ye>--int]calation ( days or ev5 ( mon?s be+ introduc$1 n[ 9 "o place1 n[ 9 ano!r2 & ^! attempts1 ( c\rse1 w\ld make confusion worse conf\nd$1 z ! mon?s might v>y ) ! di/rict1 & n ) ! "t ( ye>4 ,t ?is is :at really happ5$ is1 no d\bt1 ! orig9 ( ! /r+5t oa? requir$ ( ! ,ph>aohs 9 aft] times1 to :i* ,i %all subsequ5tly ref]4 ,to ackn[l$ge t ! cal5d> ye> 0 wrong impli$ t !y knew ! l5g? ( ! true "o4 ,h[ _h !y f\nd x out8 ,i ?9k !re c be no "q t ?is k _h come to !m by obs]vations ei!r ( ! sol/ices or ! equ9oxes4 ,x is true !y _h ! inundation2 b1 z we h se51 ! rise is n absolutely regul>1 & ! inundation takes _m days to travel f ,phil to ,cairo 7,memphis74 ,if1 !n1 ! inundation _h fix$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 ea* nome w\ld h its special ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 & ?is w\ld nev] h be5 tol]at$ by a settl$ gov]nm5t embrac+ ! :ole ,nile valley1 especially z ea* k+'s reign 0 suppos$ to comm5ce on ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,x seems1 !n1 t ! sol/itial temples & ! pyramids 71 if n actually requisite = settl+ ! matt]1 at all ev5ts all t 0 necess>y1 if !y exi/$4 ,b n[ comes 9 a mo/ int]e/+ & important po9t4 ,if obs]vations ( ! sun at sol/ice or equ9ox _h be5 alone made use (1 ! true l5g? ( ! ye> w\ld h be5 det]m9$ 9 a few ye>s4 ,b ! next sc5e 9 ,egyptian hi/ory %[s u t ! true l5g? ( ! ye> 0 n det]m9$1 b only an approximation to x4 ,h[ 0 ?is8 ,! a/ronomical answ] is v simple4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! common practice ( all anci5t peoples t we "k ( to make sacrifices at dawn1 & h %[n h[1 9 ord] to d ?is1 !y took _! "t f a /> ris+ be=e ! sun4 ,an obs]vation ( ! s-call$ heliacal ris+ ( a />--if ! /> 7 prop]ly *os5--w\ld give !m ! int]val necess>y = _! prep>ations be=e ! sun itself appe>$2 &1 z ! highe/ fe/ival ( all 0 t ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 x 0 especially important t ! "w %\ld be well done !n4 ,n[1 if ! />s _h no precessional movem5t1 ! sun & />s1 aft] ea* int]val ( a true ye>1 w\ld be 9 exactly ! same position2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! />s hav+ ! precessional movem5t to :i* ,i h be=e ref]r$1 ! /> s obs]v$ & ! sun w n be 9 exactly ! same position aft] ! int]val ( a true ye>4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !n1 ! diff]5ce ( "t betwe5 ! heliacal ris+s w n repres5t ! l5g? ( a true ye>4 ,b1 fur!r1 ! heliacal ris+ ( ! /> w n take place on ! same day = ! :ole ( ,egypt1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,!bes & ,memphis1 dep5d+ ^u _! latitudes1 am\nt+ to ab\t f\r days2 &1 fur!r /ill1 ! almo/ con/ant mi/s 9 ! morn+s 9 ! ,nile valley prev5t accurate obs]vations ( ! mom5t ( ris+4 ,/ill1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,egyptians def9$ _! new ye> by ! ris+ ( a />1 & ! l5g? ( x by ! int]val sep>at+ two heliacal ris+s4 ,su* a ye> c\ld n be accurate2 & aga91 z a matt] ( fact1 _! correction 0 n accurate1 = ! ye> 0 def9$ n[ z consi/+ ( #cfe days4 ,x seems cle> f ?is t ! correction 0 made be=e ! sol> temples 7 9 use4 ,9 any case ! ye> ( #cfj days _h naturally to give way1 & x ultimately did s1 9 fav\r ( "o ( #cfe4 ,! precise date ( ! *ange is1 z we h se51 n kn[n4#ga ,! five days 7 add$ z epacts or epagom5a2 ! orig9al mon?s 7 n alt]$1 b a little mon? ( five days 0 int]polat$ at ! end ( ! ye> betwe5 ,mesori ( "o ye> & ,?o? ( ! next1 z already /at$4 ,:5 ! ye> ( #cfe days 0 e/abli%$1 x 0 evid5tly imag9$ t f9ality _h be5 rea*$2 &1 m9dful ( ! confusion :i*1 z we h %[n1 mu/ h result$ f ! attempt to keep up a ye> ( #cjj days by int]calations1 ea* ,egyptian k+1 on 8 accession to ! ?rone1 b\nd himself by oa? be=e ! prie/ ( ,isis1 9 ! temple ( ,ptah at ,memphis1 n to int]calate ei!r days or mon?s1 b to reta9 ! ye> ( #cfe days z e/abli%$ by ! ,antiqui4#gb ,! text ( ! ,lat9 translation pres]v$ by ,nigidius ,figulus _c be accurately re/or$2 only ?us mu* c be se5 ) c]ta9ty4 ,to reta9 ?is ye> ( #cfe days1 !n1 became ! fir/ law = ! k+1 &1 inde$1 ! ,ph>aohs !nce=? ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ,egyptian hi/ory adh]$ to x1 9 spite ( _! be+ subsequ5tly conv9c$1 z we %all see1 ( its inadequacy4 ,x 0 a ,mac$onian k+ :o lat] made an attempt to replace x by a bett] "o4 ,we may reckon ^u ! cons]vatism ( ! prie/s ( ! temples reta9+ ! tradition ( ! old reject$ ye> 9 e case4 ,?us ev5 at ,phil 9 late times1 9 ! temple ( ,osiris1 !re 7 #cfj b[ls = sacrifice1 :i* 7 fill$ daily ) milk by a specifi$ rotation ( prie/s4 ,at ,acan?us !re 0 a p]=at$ cask into :i* "o ( ! #cfj prie/s p\r$ wat] f ! ,nile daily4 ,inde$1 ^! temple c]emonials are an evid5ce ( _! antiquity1 & ! fur!r we put back ! *ange f ! #cfj to #cfe days1 ! great] ! antiquity we mu/ assign to !m1 & !re=e to ! temples !mselves4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,vague ,,& ,,! ,,sirian ,,ye>s4 ,dur+ ?ree ?\s& ye>s ( ,egyptian hi/ory ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 0 m>k$ by ! ris+ ( ,sirius1 :i* ris+ took place ne>ly co9cid5tly ) ! rise ( ! ,nile & ! ,summ] ,sol/ice4 ,i h insi/$ ^u ! regul>ity ( ! rise ( ! ,nile af=d+ ! anci5t ,egyptians1 s soon z ?is regul>ity _h be5 e/abli%$1 a mod]ately good way ( det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 b we h se5 !y did n s employ x4 ,x is also cle> t s soon z ! greate/ nor?+ & s\?+ ( ! sun ris+ or sett+ at ! sol/ices _h be5 recognis$1 & ! int]vals betwe5 !m 9 days _h be5 c\nt$1 a /ill m accurate way w\ld be op5 to !m4 ,! sol/ice mu/ h occurr$ ) great] regul>ity ?an ! rise ( ! riv]1 s t z accuracy ( def9ition became m necess>y ! sol/ice w\ld be pref]r$4 ,! sol/ice 0 common to all ,egypt2 ! comm5cem5t ( ! inundation 0 lat] z ! place ( obs]vation 0 ne>] ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,?is means !y also did n employ1 at all ev5ts 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,( ! ?ree co9cid5t1 or ne>ly co9cid5t1 ph5om5a1 ! rise ( ! ,nile1 ! ,summ] ,sol/ice1 & ! ris+ ( ,sirius1 !y at fir/ *ose ! la/4 ,accord+ to ,biot ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius at ! sol/ice took place on ,july #bj 7,julian71 9 ! ye> #cbhe ,b4,c42 & accord+ to ,oppolz] x took place on ,july #ah 7,julian71 9 ! ye> #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,b ?is is too g5]al a /atem5t1 & x mu/ be modifi$ "h4 ,!re 0 a diff]5ce ( sev5 days 9 ! date ( ! heliacal ris+1 accord+ to ! latitude1 f s\!rn ,elephant9e & ,phil1 :]e ! heliacal ris+ at ! sol/ice 0 not$ fir/1 to nor!rn ,buba/is4 ,!re 0 a diff]5ce ( f\r days betwe5 ,memphis & ,!bes1 s t ! connection betwe5 ! heliacal ris+ & ! sol/ice dep5d$ simply ^u ! latitude ( ! place4 ,! fur!r s\?1 ! e>li] ! co9cid5ce occurr$4 ,"h we h an a/ronomical reason = ! v>iation 9 ! date ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,!re no d\bt 0 a "t :5 ! ,egyptian a/ronom]-prie/s imag9$ t1 by ! introduction ( ! #cfe-;days ye>1 m>k+ its comm5cem5t1 z ,i h said1 by ! ris+ ( "o ( ! ho/ ( heav51 !y _h a*iev$ f9ality4 ,b1 alas1 ! dream mu/ soon h vani%$4 ,ev5 ) ?is p]iod ( #cfe days1 ! true l5g? ( ! ye> _h n be5 rea*$2 & soon1 :e!r by obs]vations ( ! beg9n+ ( ! inundation1 or by obs]vations ( ! sol/ice 9 "s ( ! sol> temples :5 ^! _h be5 built1 x 0 f\nd t !re 0 a diff]5ce ( a day e f\r ye>s betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! natural & ( ! newly-e/abli%$ ye>1 aris+1 ( c\rse1 f ! fact t ! true ye> is #cfe days & a qu>t] ( a day 7r\ghly7 9 l5g?4 ,) p]fectly ori5tat$ temples !y mu/ h soon f\nd t _! fe/ival at ! ,summ] ,sol/ice--:i* fe/ival is kn[n all ov] ! _w to-day--did n fall precisely on ! day ( ! ,new ,ye>1 because1 if #cfe days _h exactly measur$ ! ye>1 t fla% ( bright sunlight w\ld h fall5 into ! sanctu>y j z x did #cfe days be=e4 ,b :at !y mu/ h f\nd 0 t1 aft] an int]val ( f\r ye>s1 x did n fall on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?1 b on ! day foll[+ x4 ,recurr5t sol/ices ,recurr5t #a/4 ( ,?o? ,! true ye> & ! newly-e/abli%$ ye> ( #cfe days1 !n1 behav$ to ea* o!r z %[n 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 :5 ! sol/ice1 repres5t+ ! beg9n+ ( ! cal5d> ye>1 occurr$ on ! #a/ ,?o? ( ! newly-e/abli%$ cal5d> ye>4 ,we %\ld h1 9 ! subsequ5t ye>s1 ! /ate ( ?+s %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,! sol/ice w\ld ye> by ye> occur lat] 9 relation to ! #a/ ( ,?o?4 ,! #a/ ( ,?o? w\ld occur e>li]1 9 relation to ! sol/ice2 s t 9 relation to ! e/abli%$ ye> ! sol/ice w\ld sweep =w>ds among ! days3 9 relation to ! true ye> ! #a/ ( ,?o? w\ld sweep backw>ds4 ,let u call ! true natural ye> a fix$ ye>3 x is obvi\s t ! mon?s ( ! #cfe-;day ye> w\ld be p]petually v>y+ _! place 9 relation to ^? ( ! fix$ ye>4 ,let u1 !re=e1 call ! #cfe-;day ye> a vague ye>4 ,n[ if ! fix$ ye> 7 exactly #cfe days long1 x is q cle> t1 /ill to consid] ! above diagram1 ! #a/ ( ,?o? 9 ! vague ye> w\ld aga9 co9cide ) ! sol/ice 9 #a1dfj ye>s1 s9ce 9 f\r ye>s ! sol/ice w\ld fall on ! #bnd ( ,?o?1 9 eight ye>s on ! #crd ( ,?o?1 & s on 7#cfe #d #adfj74 ,b ! fix$ ye> is n #cfe days long exactly4 ,9 ! "t ( ,hipp>*us #cfebe did n really repres5t ! true l5g? ( ! sol> ye>2 in/ead ( #cfebe we mu/ write #cfebdbcib--t is to say1 ! real l5g? ( ! ye> is a little less ?an #cfe days4 ,n[ ! l5g? ( ! ye> be+ a little less1 ( c\rse we %\ld only get a second co9cid5ce ( ! #a/ ( ,?o? vague ) ! sol/ice 9 a long] p]iod ?an ! #adfj-ye>s cycle2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 #aejf ye>s are requir$ to fit ! mon?s into ! ye>s ) ?is slightly %ort5$ l5g? ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! case ( ! sol/ice & ! vague ye>1 !n1 we h a cycle ( #a1ejf ye>s4 ,! v>iations betwe5 ! fix$ & ! vague ye>s 7 kn[n p]haps = _m c5turies to ! prie/s alone4 ,!y w\ld n all[ ! e/abli%$ ye> ( #cfe days1 s9ce call$ ! vague ye>1 to be alt]$1 & s /rongly did !y feel on ?is po9t t1 z already /at$1 e k+ _h to swe> :5 he 0 cr[n$ t he w\ld n alt] ! ye>4 ,we c surmise :y ?is 04 ,x gave great p[] to ! prie/s2 !y alone c\ld tell on :at p>ticul> day ( :at p>ticul> mon? ! ,nile w\ld rise 9 ea* ye>1 because !y alone knew 9 :at "p ( ! cycle !y 72 &1 9 ord] to get t k1 !y _h simply to cont9ue go+ e ye> into _! ,holy ( ,holies "o day 9 ! ye>1 z ! prie/s did aft]w>ds 9 ,j]usalem1 & wat* ! little pat* ( bright sunlight com+ into ! sanctu>y4 ,t w\ld tell !m exactly ! relation ( ! true sol> sol/ice to _! ye>2 & ! exact date ( ! inundation ( ! ,nile c\ld be pr$ict$ by ^? :o c\ld det]m9e obs]vationally ! sol/ice1 b by no o!rs4 ,b n[ suppose t1 in/ead ( ! sol/ice1 we take ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 & comp>e ! successive ris+s at ! sol/ice ) ! #a/ ( ,?o?4 ,b :y1 x w be ask$1 %\ld !re be any diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! cycles dep5d+ ^u successive co9cid5ces ( ! #a/ ( ,?o? ) ! sol/ice & ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius8 ,! reason is t />s *ange _! places1 & ! /> to :i* !y tru/$ to w>n !m ( ! beg9n+ ( a new ye> 01 l all />s1 subject to ! effects br\ght ab\t by ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,n = long c\ld x cont9ue to rise heliacally ei!r at a sol/ice or a ,nile flood4 ,among ! mo/ important contributors to ! a/ronomical side ( ?is subject are ,m4 ,biot & ,pr(essor ,oppolz]4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance to br+ toge!r ! fundam5tal po9ts :i* h be5 made out by _! calculations4 ,we h det]m9ate ref]5ces to ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 to ! #a/ ( ,?o?1 to ! sol/ice1 & to ! ris+ ( ! ,nile 9 connection ) ! ,egyptian ye>2 b1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to make out1 we f9d n[h]e at pres5t any %>p ref]5ce to ! importance ( _! correlation ) ! times ( ! tropical ye> at :i* ^! v>i\s ph5om5a took place4 ,! "q has be5 complicat$ by ! use by *ronologi/s ( ! ,julian ye> 9 su* calculations2 s ! ,julian ye> & ! use made ( x by *ronologi/s h to be borne 9 m9d4 ,un=tunately1 _m side-issues h 9 ?is way be5 rais$4 ,! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 ( c\rse--if 9 ^? days a true tropical ye> 0 be+ dealt )--w\ld h giv5 u a m or less con/ant v>iation 9 ! "t ( ! ris+ ov] a long p]iod1 on acc\nt ( its precessional movem5t2 & ,m4 ,biot & o!rs be=e him h po9t$ out t ! v>iation1 produc$ by t movem5t1 9 ! "t ( ! ye> at :i* ! heliacal ris+ took place 0 almo/ exactly equal to ! error ( ! ,julian ye> z comp>$ ) ! true tropical or ,gregorian "o4 ,! ,sirius ye>1 l ! ,julian1 0 ab\t elev5 m9utes long] ?an ! true ye>1 s t 9 #c1jjj ye>s we %\ld h a diff]5ce ( ab\t #bc days4 ,biot %[$ by 8 calculations1 us+ ! sol> tables extant be=e ^? ( ,lev]ri]1 t f #cbjj ,b4,c4 to #bjj ,b4,c4 9 ! ,julian ye> ( ! *ronologi/s1 ,sirius _h con/antly1 9 ea* ye>1 ris5 heliacally on ,july #bj ,julian ,june #bj ,gregorian4 ,oppolz]1 m rec5tly1 us+ ,lev]ri]'s tables1 has made a v slight correction to ?is1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is practically immat]ial = ! purposes ( a g5]al /atem5t4 ,he %[s t 9 ! latitude ( ,memphis1 9 #afjj ,b4,c41 ! heliacal ris+ took place on ,july #ahf1 :ile 9 ! ye> #j x took place on ,july #aig1 bo? ,julian dates4 ,! v>iation f ! true tropical ye> br\ght ab\t by ! processional movem5t ( ,sirius or any o!r />1 h[ev]1 c be wat*$ by not+ its heliacal ris+ 9 relation to any physical ph5om5on :i* m>ks ! true l5g? ( ! tropical ye>4 ,su* a ph5om5on we h 9 ! sol/ice & 9 ! ris+ ( ! ,nile1 :i*1 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( hi/orical "t1 has be5 f\nd to rise & fall ) con/ancy 9 ea* ye>1 ! initial rise ( ! wat]s1 "s little way above ,memphis1 tak+ place v ne>ly at ! ,summ] ,sol/ice4 ,aga91 ,m4 ,biot has made a s]ies ( calculations f :i* we le>n t ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius ,,at ,,! ,,sol/ice occurr$ on ,july #bj 7,julian7 9 ! ye> #cbhe ,b4,c41 & t 9 ! ye> #bge ,b4,c41 ! sol/ice occurr$ on ,june #bg 7,julian71 :ile ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius took place1 z be=e1 on ,july #bj 7,julian71 s t 9 ,ptolemaic times1 at ,memphis1 !re 0 a diff]5ce ( "t ( ab\t #bd days betwe5 ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius & ! sol/ice1 & !re=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nile flood 9 t "p ( ! riv]4 ,?is1 among o!r ?+s1 is %[n on ! next page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,conditions ,,( ,,! ,,heliacal ,,ris+ ,,( ,,sirius ,,f #djjj ,b4,c4 ,,to #fjj ,a4,d4 ,! diagram %[s 7#a7 by :ite horizontal l9es ! ,gregorian & ,julian dates = ! ris+ at ,!bes & at ,memphis2 7#b7 by ! full diagonal l9e ! ,julian date ( ! sol/ice or beg9n+ ( ! inundation 9 ea* c5tury1 at a po9t ( ! riv] ne> ,memphis4 ,! fa9t] l9es %[ ! ,julian dates = o!r places :]e ! "t ( ! beg9n+ ( ! flood diff]s by ?ree days f ! ,memphis dates4 ,! int]val betwe5 ea* l9e repres5ts a diff]5ce ( ?ree days 9 ! arrival ( ! flood2 7#c7 ! int]val 9 days betwe5 ! heliacal ris+ & ! inundation at diff]5t p]iods & at diff]5t po9ts ( ! riv]4 ,?is c be det]m9$ = ea* c5tury by notic+ ! int]val betwe5 ! prop] diagonal l9e & t indicat+ ! heliacal ris+2 7#d7 by dots at ! top ( ! diagram ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,so?ic p]iod z det]m9$ by ,oppolz]1 ,biot1 & ! au?or4 ,we le>n f ! "w ( ,biot & ,oppolz]1 !n1 t ! precessional movem5t ( ! /> caus$ successive heliacal ris+s ( ,sirius at ! sol/ice to be sep>at$ by almo/ exactly #cfe days--t is1 by a great] p]iod ?an ! l5g? ( ! true ye>4 ,s t1 9 relation to ?is />1 two successive heliacal ris+s at ! #a/ ( ,?o? vague are repres5t$ by a p]iod ( 7#cfe #d 7 #adfa ye>s1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! sol/ices we want #aejf4 ,n[ 9 books on ,egyptology ! p]iod ( #adfa ye>s is t]m$ ! ,so?ic p]iod1 & truly s1 z x v ne>ly correctly measures ! p]iod elaps+ betwe5 two heliacal ris+s at ! sol/ice 7or ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nile flood7 on ! #a/ ( ,?o? 9 ! vague ye>4 ,b x is m]ely ! result ( *ance t #cfe #d repres5ts x4 ,x 0 n !n kn[n t ! precessional movem5t ( ,sirius almo/ exactly made up ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true l5g? ( ! ye> & ! assum$ l5g? ( #cfe days4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ?is p]iod _h n any anci5t exi/5ce1 b 0 calculat$ back 9 lat] times4 ,?is seems to me v improbable4 ,i look ^u x r z a true result ( obs]vation1 ! m s z ! p]iod 0 %ort5$ 9 lat] times1 z ,oppolz] has %[n4 ,x w be se5 t our inve/igations l& u 9 sev]al a/ronomical que/ions ( ! greate/ int]e/1 & t ! /udy is "o 9 :i* mod]n computations1 ) ! great accuracy :i* ! "w ( ,lev]ri] & o!rs gives to !m1 c come to ! rescue1 & eke out ! scant9ess ( ! anci5t records4 ,to consid] ! subject fur!r1 we mu/ pass f ! m]e "q ( ! ye> to t ( *ronology g5]ally4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,so?ic ,,cycle ,,& ,,! ,,use ,,made ,,( ,,x4 ,al?\gh x is necess>y to ent] some:at into ! doma9 ( *ronology to really und]/& ! a/ronomical obs]vations on :i* ! ,egyptian ye> dep5d$ & ! uses made ( ! ye>1 ,i %all limit myself to ! m purely a/ronomical "p4 ,to g ov] ! already va/ lit]ature is f> f my int5tion1 nor is x necess>y to attempt to settle all ! diff]5ces ( op9ion :i* exi/1 & :i* are s ably ref]r$ to by ,krall 9 8 ma/]ly analysis1#gc to :i* ,i own myself deeply indebt$4 ,! trem5d\sly involv$ /ate ( ! problem may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! au?orities are n yet decid$ :e!r _m ( ! dates met ) 9 ! inscriptions really belong to a fix$ or a vague ye>6 ,let u1 r1 put ourselves 9 ! place ( ! old ,egyptians1 & inquire h[1 out ( ! mat]ials !y _h at h&1 a cal5d> c\ld be con/ruct$ 9 ! simple/ way4 ,!y _h ! vague ye> & ! ,sirius ye>1 s relat$1 z we h se51 t ! successive co9cid5ces ( ! #a/ ,?o? 9 bo? ye>s took place aft] an int]val ( #adfj ye>s4 ,n[1 = cal5d> purposes1 !y want$ n only to "k ! days ( ! ye>s1 b ! ye>s ( ! cycle4 ,?is latt] is ! only po9t we ne$ consid] "h4 ,h[ 7 !y to d ?is8 ,! easie/ way w\ld be to conceive a great ye> or annus magnus1 consi/+ ( #adfj ye>s1 ea* day ( :i* w\ld repres5t f\r ye>s 9 actual "t2 & fur!r1 to consid] ev]y?+ t happ5$1 :i* _h to be ?us *ronicl$1 to take place on ! #a/ ( ,?o? 9 ea* ye>4 ,h[ w\ld ?is sy/em "w8 ,dur+ ! fir/ f\r ye>s1 at ! beg9n+ ( a cycle1 ! #a/ ,?o? vague w\ld happ5 on ! #a/ ,?o? ( ! cycle4 ,dur+ ! next f\r ye>s ! #a/ ,?o? ( ! vague ye> w\ld fall on ! fif? epact1 & s on2 s1 z ! cycle swept onw>d1 ea* gr\p ( f\r ye>s w\ld be m>k$ by a date 9 ! cycle1 :i* w\ld all[ ! place ( ! gr\p ( ye>s 9 ! cycle to be exactly def9$4 ,b z ! cycle swept onw>d1 ! date w\ld sweep backw>d among ! mon?s ( ! great sacr$ ye> until its end4 ,to make ?is cle>1 x w be well to con/ruct ano!r diagram some:at l ! =m] "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! #a,,/ ,,( ,,?o? 7,,repres5t+ ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,sirius7 ,,among ,,! ,,egyptian ,,mon?s ,,9 ,,! #adfj-,,ye> ,,so?ic ,,cycle4 ,let u map out ! #adfj ye>s :i* elaps$ betwe5 two successive co9cid5ces betwe5 ! #a/ ( ,?o? 9 ! vague ye> & ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius at ! sol/ice1 s t we c see at a glance ! actual numb] ( ye>s f any />t-po9t 7 #j7 at :i* ! #a/ ( ,?o? 9 ! vague ye> occurr$ successively fur!r & fur!r f ! heliacal ris+1 until at l5g?1 aft] a p]iod ( #adfj ye>s1 x co9cid$ aga94 ,z ! ,sirius-ye> is long] ?an ! vague "o1 ! fir/ vague ye> w be complet$ be=e ! fir/ ,sirius-ye>1 h5ce ! second vague ye> w comm5ce j be=e ! end ( ! fix$ ye>1 & t is ! reason ,i h rev]s$ ! ord] ( mon?s 9 ! diagram4 ,n[ x is cle> t1 if ! ,egyptians really work$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 ! date ( ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 giv5 9 ?is way1 w\ld enable u to det]m9e ! numb] ( ye>s :i* _h elaps$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! cycle4 ,?is cal5d> sy/em1 x w be se51 is good only = gr\ps ( f\r ye>s4 ,n[1 a sy/em :i* w5t no fur!r ?an ?is w\ld be a v co>se "o4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t special precautions 7 tak5 to def9e :i* ye> ( ! f\r 0 9 "q1 & ! fact t ?is 0 done goes "s way to support ! sugge/ion ,i h made4 ,brugs*1#gd inde$1 %[s t a special sign 0 employ$ to m>k ! fir/ ye> ( ea* s]ies ( f\r4 ,next1 z a matt] ( fact x is kn[n 7,i h ! high au?ority ( ,dr4 ,krall = ! /atem5t7 t ea* k+ 0 suppos$ to beg9 8 reign on ! #a/ ,?o? 7or #a/ ,pa*ons7 ( ! p>ticul> ye> 9 :i* t ev5t took place1 & ! fact t ?is 0 s fur!r supports ! sugge/ion we are consid]+4 ,dur+ ! reign its l5g? & ! small] ev5ts might be record$ 9 vague ye>s & days s long z ! date ( its comm5cem5t _h be5 ref]r$ to a cycle4 ,! diagram w %[ h[ readily ! cycle ye> c be det]m9$ = any vague ye>4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! #a/ ,?o? 9 ! vague ye> falls on #a ,tybi ( ! cycle1 we see t #ihj ye>s mu/ h elaps$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! cycle1 & s on4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a true cal5d> sy/em4 ,if ! ,egyptians _h n ?is1 :at _h !y8 ,deal+1 !n1 ) ! matt] s f> z we h gone1 we f9d t ! sy/em sugge/$ enabl$ ! place ( ! beg9n+ ( ea* vague ye> & ( ea* k+'s reign to be dat$ 9 t]ms ( ! cycle ( #adfj ye>s2 & fur!r t1 if !y _h n su* a sy/em z ?is1 !y _h no means ( record+ any lapse ( "t :i* exce$$ a ye>4 ,x is n likely t any nation w\ld put itself 9 su* a position1 lea/ ( all ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,! exi/5ce ( p]iods ( #cfe ye>s & ( #abj ye>s among ! ,egyptians is easily expla9$ :5 ! exi/5ce ( ?is great ye> is recognis$2 ! #cfe ye>s' p]iod1 m>k+ approximately ! int]vals f sol/ice to equ9ox & equ9ox to sol/ice1 9 ! natural ye>4 ,let u next try to get a little fur!r by assum+ ! suppos$ me?od ( dat+ to h be5 actually employ$1 & f9d+ ! ye> ( ! beg9n+ ( "o or m ( ^! cycles ?us obta9$4 ,?is %\ld ev5tually help u to det]m9e :e!r or n ! ,egyptians act$ on ?is pr9ciple1 or us$ "o widely diff]5t4 ,9 su* an inve/igation z ?is1 h[ev]1 we are t]ribly hamp]$ by ! unc]ta9ty ( ,egyptian dates2 :ile1 z ,i h said be=e1 !re is great div]g5ce ( op9ion among ,egyptologi/s z to :e!r1 f v e>ly times1 !re 0 n a true fix$ ye>4 ,b let u suppose t ! vague ye> 0 9 common use z a civil ye>1 & t ! ris+ ( ,sirius />t$ ! ye>2 !n1 if we c get any accept$ date to "w )1 & use ! diagram to see h[ _m ye>s _h elaps$ betwe5 t date & ! />t-po9t ( ! cycle1 we %all see if !re be any cyclical relation2 & if we f9d x1 x w be evid5ce1 s f> z x goes1 ( ! exi/5ce n only ( a vague ye>1 b ( ! mode ( reckon+ we are discuss+4 ,n[ x s happ5s t !re are ?ree ref]5ces1 ) dates giv51 to ! ris+ ( ,sirius 9 widely diff]5t times2 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! mon? ref]5ces are ne>ly ! same4 ,i beg9 ) ! mo/ rec5t1 z 9 ?is case ! date c be fix$ ) ! great] c]ta9ty4 ,x is an inscription at ,phil1 describ$ by ,brugs* 7p4 #hg71 :o /ates t1 :5 x 0 writt51 ! #a/ ( ,?o? #bh? ( ,epiphi4 ,t is1 accord+ to ! view we are consid]+1 ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius--t is1 ! #a/ ,?o? ( ! vague ye> fell on ! #bh? ,epiphi ( our cycle4 ,he fixes ! date ( ! inscription betwe5 #abg & #aag ,b4,c4 ,let u take x z #abb4 ,next1 ref]r+ to our diagram to f9d h[ _m ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! cycle1 we h-- ,days4 #e ,epacts4 #cj ,mesori4 #b ,epiphi4 #cg #d #adh ye>s elaps$4 ,! cycle1 !n1 began 9 7#aah #abb 7 #bgj ,b4,c4 ,we next f9d a mu* m anci5t inscription record+ ! ris+ ( ,sirius on ! #bh? ( ,epiphi4 ,obvi\sly1 if ! ,so?ic cycle _h any?+ to d ) ! matt]1 ?is mu/ h happ5$ #adeh ye>s e>li]1 i4e41 ab\t 7#adeh #abb 7 #aehj ,b4,c4 ,"u :i* k+8 ,?o?mes ,,iii41 :o reign$1 accord+ to ,lepsius1 #afjc-aefe ,b4,c42 accord+ to ,brugs*1 #afbe-aegg4 ,n[1 ! inscription 9 "q is /at$ to h be5 inscrib$ by ,?o?mes ,,iii41 &1 x may be add$1 on ! temple 7n[ de/roy$7 at ,elephant9e4 ,!re is yet ano!r inscription1 also kn[n to be ( a /ill e>li] p]iod1 ref]r+ to ! ris+ ( ,sirius on ! #bg? ( ,epiphi4 ,we may neglect ! diff]5ce ( "o day 9 ! cycle 7repres5t+ f\r ye>s72 & aga91 if ! use ( ! ,so?ic cycle 7 ! orig9 ( ! id5tity ( dates1 we h ?is "t1 accord+ to ,oppolz]1 a p]iod ( #adfj ye>s to add3 ?is gives u 7#aehj #adfj 7 #cjdj ,b4,c4 ,aga9 "u :i* k+8 ,"h we are face to face ) "o ( ! difficulties ( ^! inquiries1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,x may be /at$1 h[ev]1 t ! inscription is ascrib$ to ,pepi1 & t1 accord+ to v>i\s au?orities1 t k+ reign$ "s "t betwe5 #cjjj & #cgjj ,b4,c4 ,we come1 !n1 to ?is3 t "o ( ! olde/ dat$ inscriptions kn[n seems to belong to a sy/em :i* cont9u$ 9 use at ,phil up to ab\t #ajj ,b4,c41 & x 0 ess5tially a sy/em ( a vague ye>1 ! #a/ ,?o?s ( :i* 7 repres5t$ z days on a #adfj-ye>s' cycle4 ,n[1 assum+ t ! approximate date ( ! e>lie/ inscription is #cjdd ,b4,c41 & t x repres5t$ ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius on ! #bg? ( ,epiphi1 ! ye> #cjdd mu/ h be5 ! 7#e #cj #c7 x #d #aebnd aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! cycle4 ,! cycle1 !n1 mu/ h comm5c$ 7#cjdd #aeb 7 #caif ,b4,c4 ,if we assume t ! real date ( ,pepi1 :o1 x is /at$1 reign$ #ajj ye>s1 includ$ ! ye> #cjdd ,b4,c41 x may be1 !n1 t ! inscriptions to :i* ,i h direct$ att5tion give u ?ree ,so?ic cycles beg9n+-- #abb #adh #bgj ,b4,c4 #aehj #adh #agbh ,b4,c4 #cjdd #adh #caib ,b4,c4 ,accord+ to ,biot's calculation1 ! fir/ heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius at ! sol/ice took place 9 ! ye> #cbhe ,b4,c42 x is possible1 !n1 t ! ,egyptians utilis$ ?is heliacal ris+ )9 a hundr$ ye>s ( ! date on :i* x w\ld h be5 fir/ possible = !m to d s4 ,?is %[s h[ ke5ly alive !y 7 9 ^! matt]s1 & also1 ,i ?9k1 t !y _h be5 tra9$ by wat*+ "s o!r /> previ\sly4 ,x w\ld also foll[ t ! vague ye> 0 9 common use4 ,!re is ample evid5ce to %[1 h[ev]1 t by ?is "t ! prie/s 7 fully acqua9t$ ) ! true ye>1 :i* 0 call$ ! sacr$ ye>1 & t e f\r ye>s an additional epact 0 int]polat$4 ,_! sol> temples1 !n1 at la/ _h be5 utilis$4 ,"o argum5t :i* has be5 us$ to %[ t a vague ye> 0 n 9 use dur+ ! "t ( ! ,ramessids has be5 d]iv$ f "s inscriptions at ,silsilis :i* ref] to ! dates on :i* sacr$ (f]+s 7 pres5t$ !re to ! ,nile-god4 ,z ! dates #ae? ( ,?o? & #ae? ( ,epiphi are ! same 9 all ?ree inscriptions1 al?\gh !y cov] ! p]iod f ,rameses ,,ii4 to ,rameses ,,iii4--#abj ye>s--x has be5 argu$ by ,brugs* t a fix$ ye> is 9 "q4 ,brugs* po9ts out t ! two dates are sep>at$ by #fe days2 t ?is is ! exact int]val betwe5 ! ,coptic fe/ivals ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! fl[ & ! m>riage ( ! ,nile--! "t ( highe/ wat]2 & t1 !re=e1 9 all probability ^! are ! two natural ph5om5a to commemorate :i* ! (f]+s on ! dates 9 "q 7 made4 ,b ,brugs* does n give ! :ole ( ! inscription4 ,a "p ( x1 translat$ by ,de ,r\g1#ge runs ?us3-- ,i 7! k+7 "k :at is said 9 ! dept ( ! writ+s :i* are 9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,books4 ,! ,nile em]ges f its f\nta9s to give ! fulness ( life-necess>ies to ! gods1 etc4 ,de ,r\g ju/ly rem>ks3 ,le langage s+uli] que ti5t le ,ph>aon ddicateur p\rrait mme faire s\ponn] qu'il ne s'agit pas de la v5ue effective de l'eau sa9te du ,nil l'une des deux dates prcites4 ,krall 7loc4 cit41 p4 #ea7 adds ! foll[+ int]e/+ rem>ks3-- ,consid]1 n[1 :at ^! ',scriptures ( ! ,h\se ( ,life' 7 l4 ,9 a catalogue ( books f ! temple ( ,edf we f9d1 besides a s]ies ( purely religi\s writ+s1 ',! k ( ! p]iodical recurr5ce ( ! d\ble />s 7sun & moon71' & ! ',law ( ! p]iodical recurr5ce ( ! />s4' 444 ,! k embodi$ 9 ^! writ+s dat$ f ! olde/ times ( ! ,egyptian empire1 9 :i* ! prie/s plac$1 rightly or wrongly1 ! orig9 ( all _! sacr$ rolls 7cf4 ,mane?o's ,hi/ory1 p4#acj74 ,n[1 to inve/igate ?is "q we h to approa* "s consid]ations :i* at fir/ sight may seem to be =eign to our subject4 ,i %all be able to %[1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n s4 ,imprimis we mu/ rememb] t x is a "q ( ,silsilis1 :]e we "k1 bo? f tradition & geological evid5ce1 9 anci5t times ! fir/ cat>act 0 enc\nt]$4 ,! phrase ! ,nile em]ges f its f\nta9s w\ld be mu* m applicable to ,silsilis1 ! seat ( a cat>act1 ?an z x is at pres5t4 ,we d n "k :5 ! riv] made its way ?r\gh ?is imp$im5t1 b we d "k t aft] x took place & ! ,nile /ream 0 cle>$ z f> z ! cat>act t /ill rema9s at ,elephant9e1 a nilomet] 0 erect$ !re1 & t dur+ ! :ole ( lat] ,egyptian hi/ory1 at all ev5ts1 ! "t ( ! rise ( ! riv] has be5 c>efully record$ bo? !re & at ,rda4 ,f ?is x is fair to inf] t 9 ^? m anci5t times ! same ?+ took place at ,silsilis2 if ?is 7 s1 ! reason ( ! record ( ! com+ ( ! inundation at ,silsilis is n f> to seek1 & h5ce ! sugge/ion lies on ! surface t ! records 9 "q may /ate ! date ( ! arrival 9 relation to ,memphis "t4 ,x has be5 r5d]$1 ,i hope1 q cle> 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 t !re is a diff]5ce ( fifte5 or sixte5 days betwe5 ! arrival ( ! inundation at ,elephant9e & at ,memphis4 ,h5ce1 if 9 ,pepi's "t a ,nile rise 7 obs]v$ at ,silsilis1 !re might easily be a diff]5ce ( fifte5 days betwe5 ! rise ( ! ,nile at ,silsilis & ! ,memphic #a/ ( ,?o?4 ,if bo? at ,silsilis & ,memphis ! ,nile rise m>k$ #a/ ,?o?1 ! day ( ! rise at ,memphis w\ld correspond to #ae? ,?o? at ,silsilis1 s t a k+ rea*+ ,silsilis ) ,memphis local "t w\ld be /ruck ) ?is diff]5ce1 & anxi\s to record x4 ,may n ?is1 !n1 h be5 ! important datum record$ 9 ! sacr$ books8 ,if s1 x w\ld n t\* ! "q ( ! fix$ or vague ye> at all4 ,let x1 !n1 be = ! pres5t conc$$ t !re 0 a vague ye>1 & t at lea/ "s ( ! inscriptions :i* sugge/ ! use ( only a fix$ ye> 9 ^! e>ly times may be expla9$ 9 ano!r way4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,cal5d> ,,& ,,its ,,revision4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ! s-call$ ,so?ic cycle 0 discuss$1 & dates ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! successive cycles 7 sugge/$4 ,^! dates 7 arriv$ at by tak+ ! v simple/ way ( writ+ a cal5d> 9 pre-temple times1 & us+ ! cal5d> inscriptions 9 ! mo/ natural way4 ,! dates = ! co9cid5ce ( ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius & ! #a/ ,?o? ( ! vague ye> at1 or ne>1 ! sol/ice1 7-- #bgj ,b4,c4 #agbh ,b4,c4 #caib ,b4,c4 ,"h1 9 lim9e1 we meet ) a difficulty :i*1 if x _c be expla9$1 evid5tly proves t ! ,egyptians did n con/ruct & use _! cal5d> 9 ! way we h suppos$4 ,we h x on ! au?ority ( ,c5sor9us t a ,so?ic p]iod 0 complet$ 9 #aci ,a4,d41 & t !re 0 !n a vague ye> 9 p>tial use4 ,x is "h t ! "w ( ,oppolz] is ( su* high value to u2 he discuss$ all ! /atem5ts made by ,c5sor9us1 & comes to ! conclusion t 8 acc\nt is to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,x has foll[$ f ! inquiries ( *ronologi/s t 9 ?is ye> ! #a/ ( ,?o? took place on ,july #bj 7,julian71 ! date orig9ally ( ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,?is be+ s1 !n1 9 ! ye> #bc ,a4,d4--9 :i* ! ,alex&r9e re=m ( ! cal5d>1 ( :i* m pres5tly1 0 introduc$--! #a/ ( ,?o? w\ld take place on ,augu/ #bi1 a v important date4 ,c5sor9us also said t 9 8 own "t 7,a4,d4 #bch7 ! #a/ ( ,?o? ( ! vague ye> fell on ,june #be4 ,! diagram w %[ ! connection ( ^! ?ree dates 9 ref]5ce to ! vague ye>4 ,! relations ( ! /atem5ts made z to ! ye>s #aci & #bch are v cle>ly discuss$ by ,pr(4 ,oppolz]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,julian ,,dates ,,( ,,! #a,,/ ,,( ,,?o? 7,,vague7 ,,f #bc ,a4,d4 ,,& #bdj ,a4,d4 ,oppolz]1 !n1 be+ satisfi$ z to ! ju/ice ( tak+ ! ye> #aci ,a4,d4 z a "t ( co9cid5ce ( ! fix$ & vague ye>s--! latt] be+ det]m9$ alone by ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 &1 be x rememb]$1 n by ! sol/ices--calculat$ ) great fulness1 us+ ,lev]ri]'s mod]n values1 ! ye>s 9 :i*1 9 ! v>i\s ,egyptian latitudes1 *iefly tak+ ,memphis 7lat4 #cj7 & ,!bes 7lat4 #be71 ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! two ,?o?s occurr$ 9 ! previ\s p]iods ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,he f9ds ^! dates = latitude #cj z foll[3-- ,julian ye>4 ,hi/orical ye>4#gf #j -#dbce -#dbcf #a -#bggd -#bgge #b -#acaf -#acag #c #aci #aci #d #aeia #aeia #e #cjci #cjci ,n[1 ! date :i* ,oppolz] gives = ! co9cid5ce :i* is ne>e/ ! date we _h previ\sly det]m9$ at #bgj ,b4,c4 is #aci ,a4,d4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( #dji ye>s4 ,! "q is1 ,c ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce be expla9$8 ,i ?9k x c4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is beyond d\bt t1 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,ramessids & ! ,ptolemies1 ! cal5d>1 ev5 suppos+ ! vague ye> to h be5 us$ & to h be5 reta9$1 _h be5 fundam5tally alt]$1 & ! mean+s ( ! hi]oglyphics ( ! tetram5es _h be5 *ang$--9 o!r words1 ! designations ( ! ?ree seasons _h be5 *ang$4 ,on ?is po9t ,i quote ,krall#gg3-- ,x is well kn[n t ! int]pretation ( ! seasons & ! mon?s giv5 by ,*ampollion 0 oppos$ by ,brugs*1 :o prop\nd$ ano!r1 :i* is n[ univ]sally adopt$ by exp]ts4 ,some?+ has happ5$ "h :i* is (t5 repeat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ,egyptian hi/ory--! signs h *ang$ _! mean+4 ,"u ! circum/ance t ! vague ye> dur+ #adfa ye>s w&]s ?r\gh ! seasons 9 a great cycle1 x is natural t ! signs = ! tetram5es %\ld h *ang$ _! significations 9 ! c\rse ( mill5niums4 ,:ile ,?o? 0 ! fir/ mon? ( ! inundation 9 ! docum5ts ( ! ,?utmosids & ,ramessids1 we h 9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies ! mon? ,pa*ons z ! fir/ mon? ( ! flood season4 ,:il/ ,brugs*'s explanation is valid = ! "t ( ! ,ramessids1 x is n s = t ( ! ,ptolemies1 to :i* ,*ampollion's view is applicable4 ,! signs us$ = ! tetram5es are suppos$ to repres5t wat]1 a field ) gr[+ plants1 & a b>n2 ! natural ord] w\ld be t ! fir/ %\ld repres5t ! inundation1 ! second ! s[+ :i* succe$s x1 & ! la/ h>ve/-"t4 ,if ?is be conc$$1 ! initial sy/em w\ld h _h ! mon? ,?o? connect$ ) ! wat] sign1 z ,?o? 9 e>ly ,egyptian times 0 ! fir/ inundation mon?4 ,b 9 ! times ( ! ,ramessids ev5 ?is is n s4 ,?o? has ! s[+ sign assign$ to x4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies ! ,hood is no long] 9 ,?o?1 b 9 ,pa*ons1 & ,pa*ons has ! b>n sign atta*$ to x1 :ile ! mon? ,?o? is m>k$ by ! wat] sign1 !reby br++ back ! hypo!tical relation betwe5 ! "n ( ! mon? & ! sign1 al?\gh1 z we h se51 ,?o? is no long] ! flood mon?4 ,egyptologi/s decl>e t all1 or at lea/ "p1 ( ?is *ange took place betwe5 ! p]iods nam$2 !y are und\bt$ly ju/ifi$ z reg>ds a "p4 ,at "o po9t 9 ?is int]val we are =tunately suppli$ ) "s precise in=mation4 ,9 ! ye> #bch ,b4,c4 a fam\s decree 0 publi%$1 v>i\sly call$ ! decree ( ,canopus & ! decree ( ,tanis1 s9ce x 0 inscrib$ on a /one f\nd !re4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t "o ( ! functions ( ?is decree 0 to *ange1 or to approve an already made *ange 91 ! designation ( ! season or tetram5e 9 :i* ! inundation comm5c$1 f ,?o? to ,pa*ons4 ,ano!r function 0 to e/abli% a fix$ ye>1 z we %all see pres5tly4 ,we mu/ assume1 !n1 t a vague ye> 0 9 vogue prior to ! decree4 ,n[ ! decree tells u t at its date ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius took place on #a ,payni4 ,assum+ t ?is date _h any relation to ! sy/em we h be5 consid]+1 ! cycle to :i* x belong$ mu/ h begun ,days4 #e ,epacts #cj ,mesori #cj ,epiphi #cj ,payni #ie #d #chj ye>s previ\sly--t is1 9 ! ye> #fah ,b4,c4 ,"h at fir/ sight x w\ld seem t ! ,so?ic cycles we h be5 consid]+ h no relation to ! "o n[ 9 "q2 =1 accord+ to my view1 ! la/ ,so?ic cycle began 9 #agbh ,b4,c4 ,a little consid]ation1 h[ev]1 w lead to ! contr>y view1 & %[ t ! "t ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 0 v conv5i5t = a revision ( ! cal5d>4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ne>ly a mon? n[ elaps$ betwe5 ! com+ ( ! flood & ! heliacal ris+2 & 9 ! second1 by mak+ ! ye> = ! future to beg9 ) ! flood1 a *ange might be made involv+ tetram5es only4 ,?us1 comm5cem5t ( cycle #agbh ,b4,c4 ,epacts #e ,two tetram5es #bdj ,mon? betwe5 flood & ris+ ( ,sirius #cjgh ------ #bge #d #aajj -------- #fbh ,b4,c4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,a v simple diagrammatic /atem5t w #agbh ,b4,c4 ,?o? ,phaophi ,hi]oglyph ,a?yr ,*oia* ,tybi ,m5*ir ,hi]oglyph ,pham5o? ,ph>muti ,pa*ons ,payni ,hi]oglyph ,epiphi ,mesori %[ :at might also h happ5$ ab\t #fah ,b4,c4 if a re=m] ( ! cal5d> 7& "o especially ( cons]vative t5d5cies7 appe>$ ^u ! sc5e1 :o believ$ t ! anci5t sign = ! inundation-tetram5e 0 ! wat] sign1 & t ! anci5t "n 0 ,?o?4 ,f9d+ ! cycle beg9n+ 9 #agbh ,b4,c4 ) ! signs z %[n above-- ,b4,c4 #fah ,?o? ,phaophi ,hi]oglyph ,a?yr ,*oia* ,tybi ,m5*ir ,hi]oglyph ,pham5o? ,ph>muti ,pa*ons ,payni ,hi]oglyph ,epiphi ,mesori :5 />t+ fre%1 he w\ld seize ! opportunity ( effect+ a *ange1 n only by deal+ ) a tetram5e1 b he w\ld *ange ! names ( ! tetram5es allocat$ to ! signs2 z ,krall rem>ks1 x 0 almo/ m]ely a "q ( a *ange ( ! sign6 ,x really 0 m1 because ! new tetram5e began ) ! flood4 ,assum+ ?is1 we c see exactly :at 0 done 9 #bch ,b4,c41 i4e41 ab\t #chj ye>s lat]4 ,we h se5 t ! #chj ye>s is made up ( #e ,epacts #cj ,mesori #cj ,epiphi #cj ,payni #ie #d #chj --! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius occurr+ on #a ,payni1 hav+ swept backw>ds along ! mon?s 9 ! mann] already expla9$4 ,we _h1 to cont9ue ! diagrammatic treatm5t-- ,b4,c4 #bch ,pa*ons ,payni ,hi]oglyph ,epiphi ,mesori ,?o? ,phaophi ,hi]oglyph ,a?yr ,*oia* c4 ,to sum up1 s f> z we h gone1 we h ! ?ree inscriptions at ,phil1 ,elephant9e & ! /ill m anci5t "o ( ,pepi 7871 indicat+ on ! simple sy/em we h sugge/$ beg9n+s ( ,so?ic cycles on ! #a/ ,?o? ab\t ! ye>s #bgj #agbh ,b4,c4 #caib ,on ! o!r h&1 we h ! decree ( ,canopus1 giv+ u by exactly ! same sy/em a local revision ( ! cal5d> ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 ,i say ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 because x mu/ be rememb]$ t a diff]5ce ( #b days 9 ! ph5om5a obs]v$ w make a diff]5ce ( #aj ye>s 9 ! date1 & we d n "k 9 :at "p ( ! valley ! revision took place1 & !re=e at :at precise "t 9 relation to ! heliacal ris+ ! ,nile-rise 0 obs]v$4 ,:5ev] presumably x took place1 ,new ,ye>'s ,day 0 reckon$ by ! ,flood1 & ! ris+ ( ,sirius foll[$ ne>ly1 if n q1 a mon? aft]w>ds4 ,! equival5t ( ! old #a/ ,?o? 0 !re=e #a ,payni4 ,9 mon?s1 !n1 ! old #a/ ,?o? 0 sep>at$ f ! new "o 7 #a ,payni7 by ?ree mon?s 7,payni1 ,mesori1 ,epiphi7 & ! ,epacts4 ,9 ?is way1 we c exactly acc\nt = ! diff]5ce ( #dji ye>s ref]r$ to above z ! dates assign$ by ,c5sor9us & myself = ! beg9n+ ( ! ,sirius cycle4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 #bgj & #bci #ca ye>s4 #c mon?s #ij days #d #cfj #e epacts #d #bj #daa ,! diff]5ce ( two ye>s is equal only to half a day6 ,x seems1 !n1 pretty cle> f ?is t ! sugge/ion ,i h v5tur$ to make on a/ronomical gr\nds may be wor? consid]ation on ! "p ( ,egyptologi/s4 ,if our inquiries h really l$ u to ! true beg9n+s ( ! ,so?ic p]iods1 x is obvi\s t ^? :o in=m$ ,c5sor9us t ! ye> #aci ,a4,d4 0 ! end ( a cycle omitt$ to tell him :at we n[ c le>n f ! decree ( ,tanis4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,fix$ ,,ye> ,,& ,,fe/ival ,,cal5d>s4 ,! re=mation ( ! ,egyptian cal5d>1 to be ga!r$1 z ,i sugge/$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 f ! decree ( ,tanis1 is n1 h[ev]1 ! po9t to :i* ref]5ce is g5]ally made 9 connection ) ! decree4 ,! attempt record$ by x to get rid ( ! vague ye> is g5]ally dwelt on4 ,al?\gh ! sy/em ( reckon+ :i* 0 bas$ on ! vague ye> _h advantages ) :i* x has n be5 suffici5tly cr$it$1 und\bt$ly x _h its drawbacks4 ,! tetram5es1 ) _! special symbolism ( flood-1 se$-1 & h>ve/-"t1 _h app>5tly all meant ea* 9 turn2 h[ev] ! mean+s ( ! signs 7 *ang$1 ! w9t] season occurr$ 9 ?is way 9 ! height ( summ]1 ! s[+-"t :5 ! :ole l& 0 inundat$ & !re 0 no l& to plant1 & s on4 ,ea* fe/ival1 too1 swept ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,/ill1 x is q c]ta9 t in=mation 0 giv5 by ! prie/s ea* ye> 9 advance1 s t agriculture did n suff]2 = if ?is _h n be5 done1 ! sy/em1 in/ead ( dy+ h>d1 z x did1 w\ld h be5 aboli%$ ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e4 ,be=e ,i proce$ to /ate %ortly :at happ5$ ) reg>d to ! fix+ ( ! ye>1 x w be conv5i5t "h to /ate a sugge/ion t has occurr$ to me1 on a/ronomical gr\nds1 ) reg>d to ! initial *ange ( sign4 ,x is to be not$ t 9 ! old tables ( ! mon?s1 in/ead ( ,sirius lead+ ! ye>1 we h ,tei ) ! two fea!rs ( ,am54 ,9 lat] times ?is is *ang$ to ,sirius4 ,i believe x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ! mon?-table at ! ,ramesseum is ! olde/ "o we h2 !re is a v>iant at ,edf4 ,!y bo? run z foll[s1 & no d\bt !y _h _! orig9 :5 a #a/ ,?o? co9cid$ ) an heliacal ris+ & ,nile flood4 ,egyptian mon?4,tropical mon?4 ,ramesseum4 ,edf4 #a4 ,?o? ,june-,july ,tei ,tei #b4 ,phaophi ,july-,aug4 ,ptah 7,ptah-res-aneb-f7,ptah ,m5 #c4 ,a?yr ,aug4-,sep4 ,ha?or 8 #d4 ,*oia* ,sep4-,oct4 ,pat ,kehek #e4 ,tybi ,oct4-,nov4 ,m9 ,set-b #f4 ,m5*ir ,nov4-,dec4 ,jackal 7rekh-ur7 ,hippopotamus 7rekh-ur7 #g4 ,pham5o? ,dec4-,jan4 7rekh-net*es7 ,hippopotamus 7rekh-net*es7 #h4 ,ph>mu?i ,jan4-,feb4 ,r5nuti ,r55 #i4 ,pa*ons ,feb4-,m>4 ensu ensu #aj4 ,payni ,m>4-,ap4 ,horus 7onti7 ,horus 7,hor-ent-ati7 #aa4 ,epiphi ,ap4-,may ,apet ,apet #ab4 ,mesori ,may-,june ,horus 7,hor-m-ut7 ,horus 7,hor-ra-m-ut7 ,i am in=m$ t ,tei1 9 ! above mon?-li/1 has "s relation to ,?o?4 ,9 ! e>ly mon?-li/ ! goddess is repres5t$ ) ! two fea!rs ( ,am51 & 9 ?is e>ly /age ,i fancy we c recognise h] z ,am5-t2 b 9 lat] copies ( ! table ! symbol is *ang$ to t ( ,sirius4 ,?is1 !n1 looks l a *ange ( cult dep5d+ ^u ! introduction ( a new />--t is1 a /> indicat+ by its heliacal ris+ ! ,nile-rise aft] ! "o fir/ us$ _h become useless = su* a purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mon?-,,table ,,at ,,! ,,ramesseum4 ,i h said t ! ,ramesseum mon?-li/ is probably ! olde/ "o we h4 ,x is consid]$ by "s to date only f ,rameses ,,ii41 & to indicate a fix$ ye>2 su*1 h[ev]1 is n ,krall's op9ion4#gi ,he writes3-- ,! late/ inve/igations ( ,dmi*5 %[ t ! cal5d> ( ,m$net-,hab is only a copy ( ! orig9al compos$ "u ,ramses ,,ii4 ab\t #abj ye>s be=e4444 ,b ! true orig9al ( ! cal5d> ( ,m$net-,hab does n ev5 date f ! "t ( ,ramses ,,ii4 ,x is kn[n to e ,egyptologi/ h[ little ! "t ( ! ,ramessids produc$ :at 0 truly orig9al1 h[ mu* j ?is "t re/rict$ itself to a reproduction ( ! traditions ( previ\s g5]ations4 ,9 ! cal5d> ( ,m$net-,hab we h 7p4 #dh7 n a fix$ ye> in/itut$ "u ,ramses ,,ii41 b ! normal ye> ( ! old "t1 ! vague ye>1 z x 01 to use ,ds*e:>i's words quot$ above 7p4 #heb7 9 ! fir/ ye> ( its in/itution1 ! ye> z x 0 be=e ! ,egyptians _h made two unwelcome obs]vations3 ,fir/1 t ! ye> ( #cfe days did n correspond to ! reality1 b %ift$ by "o day 9 f\r ye>s ) reg>d to ! seasons2 secondly--:i*1 ( c\rse1 took a mu* long] "t--t ! ris+ ( ,sirius ceas$ to co9cide ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nile flood4 ,we are l$ to ! same conclusion by a consid]ation ( ! fe/ivals giv5 9 ! cal5d> ( ,m$net-,hab4 ,!y are almo/ )\t exception ! fe/ivals :i* we h f\nd 9 our previ\s inve/igation ( ! cal5d>s ( ,esne & ,edf to be atta*$ to ! same days4 ,we "k already ! ,uaya fe/ival ( ! #ag? & #ah? ,?o?1 ! fe/ival ( ,h]mes ( ! #ai? ,?o?1 ! great fea/ ( ,am5 beg9n+ on ! #ai? ,paophi1 ! ,osiris fe/ivals ( ! la/ decade ( ,*oiak1 & t ( ! coronation ( ,horuz on ! #a/ ,tybi4 ,fe/ivals someh[ diff]+ f ! anci5t traditions & g5]al usage are unkn[n 9 ! cal5d> ( ,m$net-,hab1 & x is j su* fe/ivals :i* h enabl$ u to trace fix$ ye>s 9 ! cal5d>s ( ,edf & ,esne4 ,we are z little ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ ! my?ologico-a/ronomical repres5tations & inscriptions on ! graves ( ! "t ( ! ,ramessids z f\nd$ on a fix$ ye>1 z we c d ?is 9 ! case ( ! ,m$net-,hab cal5d>4 ,9 ?is ! a/ronomical elem5t ( ! cal5d> is q ov]gr[n by ! my?ological4 ,n only 0 ! daily & ye>ly c\rse ( ! sun a mo/ important ev5t = ! ,egyptian a/ronom]1 b ! prie/ also _h 9 8 sacr$ books _m my?ological records conc]n+ ! god ,r1 :i* _h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ^! repres5tations4 ,! my?ological ideas dat$ f ! olde/ p]iods ( ,egyptian hi/ory2 we %all !re=e be oblig$1 = _! explanation1 n to rema9 9 ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 b to asc5d into previ\s c5turies4 ,i %\ld ?9k ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? mill5nium be=e ,*ri/1 t is ! "t at :i* ! true orig9al ( ! ,m$net-,hab cal5d> 0 fram$4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ 9 ^! my?ological & a/ronomical repres5tations n ov]look ! fact t we _c expect !m to %[ ma!matical accuracy--t1 on ! contr>y1 if t is a consid]ation1 we mu/ proce$ ) ! greate/ caution4 ,we "k n[ h[ inexact 7 ! repres5tations & texts ( tombs1 especially :]e ! ,egyptian arti/ c\ld suppose t no human eye w\ld inspect 8 "w2 we also "k h[ (t5 repres5tations /op %ort = want ( room1 & h[ mu* ! cont5ts 7 mutilat$ = ! sake ( symmetry4 ,sirian1 ,pre-,sirian #caib ,b4,c4 ,tei ,?o? ,phaophi ,hi]oglyph ,a?yr ,*oia* ,?o? ,tybi ,phaophi ,m5*ir ,hi]oglyph ,a?yr ,pham5o? ,*oia* ,ph>mu?i ,tybi ,pa*ons ,m5*ir ,payni ,hi]oglyph ,pham5o? ,epiphi ,ph>mu?i ,mesori ,pa*ons ,payni ,epiphi ,mesori ,,syrian ,,& ,,pre-,,syrian ,,tetram5e-,,signs4 ,!re is also1 z ,i h indicat$1 temple evid5ce t ,sirius 0 n ! fir/ /> utilis$ z a h]ald ( sunrise4 ,we h1 !n1 ?is possibility to expla9 ! v>iation f ! true mean+ ( ! signs 9 ,ramessid times4 ,& x may be ga!r$ f ?is t ! cal5d> 0 reorganis$#hj :5 ! ,sirius wor%ip came 91 & t ! *ange effect$ 9 #fai ,b4,c4 br\ght ! hi]oglyphic signs back to _! natural mean+ & fir/ use4 ,! :ole /ory ( cal5d> revision may1 !re=e1 possibly h be5 z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,ea* gr\p ( f\r l9k$ to a ,hi]oglyph ,pre-,sirian ,tei ,?o? ,phaophi ,a?yr ,*oia* ,tybi ,m5*ir ,pham5o? ,ph>mu?i ,pa*ons ,payni ,epiphi ,mesori ,sirian1 #caib ,b4,c4 #a/4 ,cycle ,?o? ,phaophi ,a?yr ,*oia* ,tybi ,m5*ir ,pham5o? ,ph>mu?i ,pa*ons ,payni ,epiphi ,mesori #bnd4 ,cycle4 #agbh ,b4,c4 ,?o? ,phaophi ,a?yr ,*oia* ,tybi ,m5*ir ,pham5o? ,ph>mu?i ,pa*ons ,payni ,epiphi ,mesori ,b4,c4 #fah ,?o? ,phaophi ,a?yr ,*oia* ,tybi ,m5*ir ,pham5o? ,ph>mu?i ,pa*ons ,payni ,epiphi ,mesori ,b4,c4 #bch ,pa*ons ,payni ,epiphi ,mesori ,?o? ,phaophi ,a?yr ,*oia* c4 ,! revision ( #fah ,b4,c4 0 n univ]sally accept$1 s f t "t onw>d !re 0 an old & a new /yle 9 =ce4 ,be=e ,i pass on1 x may be conv5i5t1 9 connection ) ! above mon?-tables1 to ref] 9 ! briefe/ way to ! my?ology relat+ to ! ye>ly movem5t ( ! sun1 9 ord] to %[ t :5 ?is "q is consid]$ at all1 if x helps u ) reg>d to ! my?ology connect$ ) ! ris+ & sett+ ( />s1 x w z assur$ly help u ) reg>d to ! my?ology ( ! v>i\s *anges :i* occur ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,we h1 z we h se51 9 ! ,egyptian ye> really ! prototype ( our own4 ,! ,egyptians1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 _h an almo/ p]fect ye> conta9+ twelve mon?s2 b1 in/ead ( f\r seasons1 !y _h ?ree--! "t ( ! s[+1 ! "t ( ! h>ve/1 & ! "t ( ! inundation4 ,un=tunately1 at v>i\s times 9 ,egyptian hi/ory1 ! symbols = ! tetram5es seem to h got *ang$4 ,! above-giv5 inscriptions %[ t !y _h a di/9ct symbolism = ea* ( ! mon?s4 ,gods or goddesses are giv5 = t5 mon?s out ( ! twelve1 & :]e we h n ^! we h ! hippopotamus 7or ! pig7 & ! jackal1 two circumpol> con/ellations4 ,i ?9k !re is no "q t we are deal+ "h ) ^! con/ellations1 ?\gh ! figures h be5 suppos$ to repres5t some?+ q diff]5t4 ,!re are also my?s & symbols ( ! twelve *anges dur+ ! twelve h\rs ( ! day2 ! sun be+ figur$ z a *ild at ris+1 z an old man :5 sett+ 9 ! ev5+4 ,^! ideas 7 also transf]r$ to ! annual motion ( ! sun4 ,9 ,macrobius1 z quot$ by ,krall1 we f9d ! /atem5t t ! ,egyptians comp>$ ! ye>ly c\rse ( ! sun also ) ! phases ( human life4 ,little *ild ,w9t] ,sol/ice4 ,"y man ,spr+ ,equ9ox4 ,be>d$ man ,summ] ,sol/ice4 ,old man ,autumnal ,equ9ox4 ,) ! day ( ! ,summ] ,sol/ice ! sun rea*es ! greate/ nor!rn ris+ amplitude1 & at ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice its greate/ s\!rn amplitude4 ,by ! sol/ices ! ye> is divid$ into two approximately equal p>ts2 dur+ "o ! po9ts ( ris+ move s\?w>ds1 dur+ ! o!r nor?w>ds4 ,?is ph5om5on1 x is /at$1 0 symbolis$ by ! two eyes ( ,r1 ! s-call$ ,ut*ats1 :i* look 9 diff]5t directions4 ,!y appe> z repres5t+ ! sun 9 ! two halves ( ! ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h next to discuss ! fix$ ye>1 to :i* ! ,egyptian *ronologi/s 7 f9ally driv5 9 lat] ,egyptian times4 ,! decree ( ,tanis 0 ! true precursor ( ! ,julian correction ( ! cal5d>4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is correction we n[ add a day e f\r ye>s to ! end ( ,febru>y4 ,! decree regulat$ ! addition1 by ! ,egyptians1 ( a day e f\r ye>s by add+ a day to ! epacts1 :i* 7 ?us six e f\r ye>s in/ead ( be+ always five1 z !y _h be5 be=e4 ,9 fact1 x replac$ ! vague ye> by ! sacr$ ye> long kn[n to ! prie/s4 ,b if ev]y?+ _h gone on !n z ! prie/s ( ,tanis imag9$1 ! ,egyptian ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 if det]m9$ by ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 w\ld n always aft]w>ds h be5 ! #a/ ( ,payni1 al?\gh ! sol/ice & ,nile flood w\ld h be5 clue at ,memphis ab\t ! #a/ ( ,pa*ons2 & ?is is1 p]haps1 "o among ! reasons :y ! decree 0 to a l>ge ext5t ignor$4 ,h5ce1 = "s ye>s aft] ! date ( ! decree ( ,tanis1 !re 7 at lea/ ?ree ye>s 9 =ce--! new fix$ ye>1 ! new vague ye>1 reckon+ f ,pa*ons1 & ! old vague ye>1 reckon+ f ,?o?4 ,b aft] "s ye>s ano!r attempt 0 made to get rid ( all ?is confusion4 ,! "t 0 #bc ,b4,c41 #baf ye>s aft] ! decree ( ,tanis1 & ! place 0 ,alex&ria4 ,h5ce ! new fix$ ye> introduc$ is t]m$ ! ,alex&r9e ye>4 ,?is new attempt obvi\sly impli$ t ! fir/ "o _h fail$2 & ! fact t ! vague ye> 0 cont9u$ 9 ! int]val is suffici5tly demon/rat$ by ! fact t ! new ye> 0 #bafd #ed days en ret>d4 ,9 ! ye> ( ,tanis x is /at$ t ! #a/ ,pa*ons1 ! new ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 ! real beg9n+ ( ! ,hood1 fell on ! #ai? ( ,june 7,gregorian71 ! ,summ] ,sol/ice1 & h5ce ! #a/ ( ,?o? fell on ! #bbnd ( ,octob] 7,gregorian74 ,9 ! ,alex&r9e ye> ! #bbnd ( ,octob] is repres5t$ by ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 & ! #ai? ( ,june by ! #bj? ( ,april4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! ,alex&r9e ye> ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius on ! #bcrd ( ,july 7,julian7 falls on ! #bi? ( ,epiphi1 ne>ly ! same date z t to :i* ,i fir/ drew att5tion 9 ! inscriptions ( ! date ( ,?o?mes & ,pepi4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x is n[ cle>ly se51 is a pure accid5t1 due to ! break ( cont9uity be=e ! ,tanis ye>1 & ! slip betwe5 t & ! ,alex&r9e "o4 ,x is important to m5tion ?is1 because x has be5 ?\ght t someh[ ! ,alex&r9e ye> 0 9 use 9 ,pepi's "t4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,alex&r9e revision 0 f9al1 & t ! ye> 0 truly fix$1 & f t "t to ?is x has rema9$ s1 & mu/ 9 ! future = ev] rema9 s4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t we owe ?is p]fection to ! ,egyptian ,fe/ival ,cal5d>s4 ,"o ( ! *ief uses ( ! ,egyptian cal5d> t has come d[n to u 0 ! arrangem5t & dat+ ( ! *ief fea/s ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 ! diff]5t temples4 ,! fact t ! two great complete fea/-cal5d>s ( ,edf & ,esne ref] to ! only fix$ ye>s evid5c$ by records--^? ( ,tanis & ,alex&ria--"o ( :i* 0 e/abli%$ ov] #bjj ye>s aft] ! o!r1 is ( ine/imable value = ! inve/igation ( ! cal5d> & *ronology ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,9 an excell5t "w ( ,brugs*1 ,?ree ,fe/ival ,cal5d>s f ! ,temple ( ,apoll9opolis ,magna 7,edf7 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 we h two cal5d>s :i* we c ref] to fix$ ye>s1 & c date ) ! greate/ accuracy4 ,9 ! case ( "o ( ^!1 t ( ,esne1 ?is is univ]sally recognis$2 z to ! o!r1 t ( ,apoll9opolis ,magna1 we are indebt$ to ! rese>*es ( ,krall1 :o po9ts out1 h[ev]1 t x is only :5 ! prov9ce ( ,egyptian my?ology has be5 dealt ) 9 all directions t we c und]take a successful explanation ( ! fe/ival catalogues4 ,ev5 ext]nally !y %[ ! greate/ ecc5tricities1 :i* are n dim9i%$1 b increas$1 on a clos] inve/igation4 ,ab\t "s po9ts1 h[ev]1 !re is no "q4 ,! ,summ] ,sol/ice is atta*$ 9 ! ,edf cal5d> to ! #f? ,pa*ons1 accord+ to ,krall1 :ile ! beg9n+ ( ! flood is not$ on ! #a/ ( t mon?4 ,9 ! ,esne cal5d> ! #bf? ,payni is ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,we read3--#bf? ,payni1 ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 ,fea/ ( ! ,revelation ( ,kahi 9 ! ,temple4 ,to dress ! crocodiles1 z 9 ! mon? ( ,m5*ir1 day #h4 ,peculi> to ! ,esne cal5d>1 accord+ to ,krall1 is ! m5tion+ ( ! ,new ,ye>s ,fe/ival ( ! ,ance/ors on ! #i? ( ,?o?2 to ! ,edf cal5d>1 publication ,no4 #a ( ,brugs*1 ! fe/ival ( ! (f]+ ( ! fir/ ( ! h>ve/$ fruits1 aft] ! precept ( ,k+ ,am5emha ,i41 on ! #a/ ,epiphi1 & ! celebration ( ! fea/ ( ! ,great ,conflagration on ! #i? ( ,m5*ir4 ,9 fea/-cal5d> ,no4 #a1 ! ref]5ce to ! peculi> ,fea/ ( ,set is also rem>kable2 ?is 0 celebrat$ twice1 fir/ 9 ! fir/ days ( ,?o? 78 #i?71 !n1 z x appe>s1 9 ,pa*ons 7#aj?74 ,?is fea/ is well kn[n to h be5 fir/ m5tion$ "u ! old ,ph>aoh ,pepi ,m]9r4 ,x is a "q :e!r 9 ! new ye> ( ! ance/ors & ! fea/s ( ,set1 all occurr+ ab\t ! #i? ,?o? & ,pa*ons1 we h n ,memphis fe/ivals :i* gave way to ,!ban ones2 =1 s f> z ,i c make out1 ! flood takes ab\t n9e days to pass f ,!bes to ,memphis1 s t 9 ,!ban "t ! arrival ( ! flood at ,memphis w\ld occur on #i? or #aj? ,?o?4 ,!re is no difficulty ab\t ! second dat+ 9 ,pa*ons1 =1 z we h se51 ?is foll[$ on ! recon/ruction ( ! cal5d>4 ,x is also wor?y ( note t ! fea/ ( ! ,great ,conflagration took place v ne> ! ,spr+ ,equ9ox4 ,let u dwell = a mom5t on ! ,edf inscriptions to see if we c le>n f !m :e!r or n !y be> out ! views br\ght =w>d ) reg>d to ?is recon/ruction4 ,z we h se51 x is n[ ackn[l$g$ t ! temple inscriptions at ,edf 7:i* are /at$ to h be5 cut betwe5 #aag & #ha ,b4,c4#ha7 are bas$ ^u ! fix$ ye> ( ,tanis2 h5ce we %\ld expect t ! ris+ ( ,sirius w\ld be ref]r$ to on #a ,payni1 & ?is is s4 ,b "h1 z 9 ! o!r temples1 we get d\ble dates ref]r+ to ! old cal5d>s1 & we f9d ! w\nd+ ( ,set ref]r$ to on ! #a/ ,epiphi & ! ris+ ( ,sirius ref]r$ to "u #a ,mesori4 ,n[ ?is means1 if ! old vague ye> is ref]r$ to1 z x mo/ probably is1 t #e ,epacts #cj ,mesori #ce #d #adj ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( a ,so?ic cycle1 :5 ! cal5d> co9cid5ces 7 det]m9$1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds inscrib$ on ! temple walls4 ,we h1 !n1 #adj ye>s to subtract f ! beg9n+ ( ! cycle 9 #bgj ,b4,c4 ,?is gives u #acj ,b4,c41 & x w be se5 t ?is agrees z closely z c be expect$ ) my view1 :]eas ! inscription has no mean+ at all if we take ! date giv5 by ,c5sor9us4 ,i quote f ,krall#hb ano!r inscription common to ,edf & ,esne1 :i* seems to h a/ronomical significance4 #a4 ,pham5o?4 ,fe/ival ( ! susp5sion ( ! sky by ,ptah1 by ! side ( ! god ,h>s*af1 ! ma/] ( ,h]acleopolis ,magna 7,al74 ,fe/ival ( ,ptah4 ,fea/ ( ! susp5sion ( ! sky 7,es74 ,"u ! #a/ ,pham5o?1 ,plut>*1 de ,iside et ,osiride1 c4 #dc1 b1 notices ! 4 ,^! are fe/ivals connect$ ) ! celebration ( ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice1 & ! fill+ ( ! ,uza-eye on ! #cj? ,m5*ir4 ,p]haps ! old ye>1 :i* ! ,egyptians introduc$ into ! ,nile valley at ! "t ( _! immigration1 & :i* _h only #cfj days1 comm5c$ ) ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice4 ,?us we %\ld h 9 ! 'fe/ival ( ! susp5sion ( ! sky1' by ! anci5t god ,ptah--v5]at$ z creator ( ! _w--a remnant ( ! "t :5 ! ,w9t] ,sol/ice 444 m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 & also ! creation4 ,! recon/ruction ( ! cal5d> naturally enhanc$ ! importance ( ! mon? ,pa*ons2 ?is comes out v cle>ly f ! inscriptions translat$ by ,brugs*4 ,on ?is po9t ,krall rem>ks3-- ,x is1 !re=e1 q "r t ! mon? ,pa*ons1 :i* took ! place ( ! old ,?o? by ! decree ( ,tanis1 %\ld play a prom95t "p 9 ! fea/-cal5d>s ( ! days ( ! ,ptolemies1 & ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,empire 9 g5]al1 b especially 9 ! ,edf cal5d>1 :i* ref]s to ! ,tanitic ye>4 ,! fir/ five days ( ,pa*ons are d$icat$ 9 our cal5d> to ! celebration ( ! subjection ( ! enemies by ,horus2 we at once rememb] ! above-m5tion$ 7p4 #g7 record ( ,edf ( ! nature ( a my?ological cal5d>1 describ+ ! adv5t ( ! ,nile flood4 ,on ! #f? ( ,pa*ons--rememb] ! great importance ( ! sixes 9 ! ,ptoleman records--! sol/ice is !n celebrat$4 ,! ,uza-eye is !n fill$1 a my?ical act :i* we h 9 ano!r place ref]r$ to ! celebration ( ! sol/ice1 & 'ev]y?+ is p]=m$ :i* is orda9$' 9 ! book 'on ! ,div9e ,bir?4' ,next let u turn to ,esne4 ,! inscriptions "h are /at$ to be bas$ on ! ,alex&r9e ye>1 b we n only f9d #a/ ,?o? giv5 z ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 b #bf ,payni giv5 z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nile flood4 ,n[ ,i h1 already /at$ t ! ,alex&r9e ye> 0 practically a fix+ ( ! vague ,tunis ye>--t is1 a ye> beg9n+ on #a/ ,pa*ons 9 #bci ,b4,c4 ,if we assume ! date ( ! cal5d> co9cid5ces record$ at ,esne to h be5 #ae ,b4,c4 7we "k x 0 aft] #bc ,b4,c4 & at ! end ( ! ,roman dom9ion71 we h z be=e1 see+ t1 if ! vague ,tunis ye> _h really cont9u$1 x w\ld h swept =w>d ) reg>d to ! ,nile flood1 ,pa*ons #cj ,payni #bf #ef #d #bbd ye>s aft] #bci ,b4,c4 ,?is d\ble dat+1 !n1 proves ! cont9uation ( ! vague ye> ( ,tunis if ! date #ae ,b4,c4 ( ! inscription is ab\t "r4 ,c we g fur!r & f9d a trace ( ! old cycle beg9n+ #bgj ,b4,c48 ,9 ?is case we %\ld h ! ris+ ( ,sirius #bgj - #ae #d7bee ye>s #fd say1 five ,epacts & two mon?s4 ,?is w\ld give u #a ,epiphi4 ,is ?is m5tion$ 9 ! ,esne cal5d>8 ,yes1 x is1 #a ,epiphi4 ,to p]=m ! precepts ( ! book on ! second div9e bir? ( ! *ild ,kahi4 ,n[ ! #bf? ,payni1 ! new ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 is associat$ ) ! revelation ( ,kahi1 s x is n impossible t ! second div9e bir? may h "s dim ref]5ce to ! fea/4 ,x is n necess>y to pursue ?is intricate subject fur!r 9 ?is place2 s intricate is x t1 al?\gh ! sugge/ions ,i h v5tur$ to make on a/ronomical gr\nds seem consi/5t ) ! available facts1 !y are sugge/ions only1 & a long lab\r on ! "p ( ,egyptologi/s w be ne$$ be=e we c be said to be on firm gr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,my?ology ,,( ,,isis ,,& ,,osiris4 ,a long p>5!sis has be5 necess>y 9 ord] to inquire fully into ! ye>ly fe/ivals ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1 ! relation ( ! fea/s to ! ris+ ( />s1 & ! difficulties :i* arose f ! fact t a true ye> 0 n 9 use till q late4 ,x is n[ "t to return to ! subject-matt] ( ,*apt]s ,,xix4-,,xxii4 9 ord] to %[ t s9ce ! goddesses *iefly wor%ipp$ at ,d5d]ah & ,!bes 7 goddesses ^: cult 0 associat$ ) ! ye>1 x is op5 to u to inquire :e!r we may n use ! facts ) :i* we are n[ famili> to obta9 a g5]al idea ( t "p ( my?ology :i* ref]s to !m4 ,i w beg9 by tak+ a c]ta9 gr\p ( goddesses4 #a4 ,!re is evid5ce t _m ( ! goddesses "u discussion p]sonifi$ />s 9 exactly ! same way t ,isis p]sonifi$ ,sirius & ,mut ,draconis4--,if we leave ,d5d]ah & ,!bes = ! mom5t1 & consid] ! pyramid region ( ,gzeh1 we f9d t ! temples !re1 :i* are associat$ ) ea* ( ! pyramids1 are n ori5t$ to ,sirius2 b yet !y are temples ( ,isis1 po9t+ due ea/2 !re=e !y c\ld n h po9t$ to ! same ,isis wor%ipp$ at ,d5d]ah1 or ! same ,ha?or wor%ipp$ at ,!bes4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! temple ( ,mut at ,!bes1 ( ,isis at ,d5d]ah1 & ! temples ( ,isis at ! pyramids1 & 9 _m t[ns fac+ ,ea/1 obvi\sly diff]5t />s 7 9 "q1 :atev] ! my?ology might h be54 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,granite ,,/atue ,,( ,,sekhet ,,f ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,mut ,,at ,,!bes4 ,fur!r1 x seems q c]ta9 t ! /> symbolis$ z ,isis 9 ! pyramid wor%ip 0 ! /> ,ant>es 7,s]k-t7 h]ald+ ! autumnal equ9ox1 & x is probable t ! ,pleiades 7,nit7 7 s us$ at ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,goddess ,,taurt4 ,,! ,,goddess ,,s]k-,t ,,or ,,selk-,t4 7,bo? ) horns & disk47 #b4 ,!re is evid5ce t _m ( ! names ( ^! goddesses are pure synonyms4--,t is to say1 we h ! same goddess 7or ! same />7 call$ diff]5t names 9 diff]5t places1 & associat$ ) diff]5t animal emblems1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t totems 9 diff]5t nomes4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! symbolism ( ! goddess ,mut4 ,9 "o =m %e is a hippopotamus2 9 ano!r %e has a c['s horns & disk4 ,! temple ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah 0 probably associat$ ) ! crocodile or ! hippopotamus2 s t f ! symbolism ref]r$ to we get ! sugge/ion t ! goddess ,mut 0 really ! ,!ban =m ( ! goddess ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah4 ,!re is ano!r del9eation :i* %[s t ev5 m cle>ly3 x is a draw+ ( ! goddess ) bo? ! lion's & crocodile's head4 ,"o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s to be se5 at ,!bes is t m>vell\s collection ( ! /atues ( ,se*et 9 ! temple ( ,mut1 all ( !m lion-head$4 ,f evid5ce ( ?is k9d 9 addition to ! temple inscriptions already ref]r$ to1 we get a cle> indication ( ! fact t ,apet1 ,mut1 ,taurt1 ,se*et1 ,ba/1 7 ! same goddess "u diff]5t names1 & ,i may add t !y1 9 all probability1 symbolis$ ! /> ,draconis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nit4 ,,nit 7,,ano!r ,,=m74 ,,ba/4 #c4 ,all ^! goddesses h a special symbol4--,ha?or we>s ! c['s head & ! horns ) ! disk4 ,taurt1 ! hippopotamus-goddess1 is also repres5t$ ) horns & disk4 ,! horns & disk are also worn by ,s]k-t1 ,sati & ,r-t1 ! wife ( ! sun-god ,r2 _m o!r goddesses might be add$ to ?is li/4 ,inde$1 x looks z if all ! goddesses :o are /at$ to be v>iants ei!r ( ,isis or ,ha?or h ?is same symbol4 ,?is g5]ic symbolism sugge/s t ! names ,isis & ,ha?or are !mselves g5]alisations1 mean+ an accompanim5t ( sunrise1 :e!r t light be ! dawn1 or an heliacally-ris+ />1 or ev5 ! moon4 ,! g5]ic symbol is ! sun's disk & horns1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 may n impossibly be a poetic developm5t ( ! sign = sunrise4 ,isis & ,ha?or are two diff]5t ways ( def9+ or ?9k+ ab\t a ris+ />--t is1 a /> h]ald+ ! sunrise1 = su* 7 ! ris+ />s p> excell5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anuqa4 ,,sati4 ,all ! goddesses s symbolis$ are ei!r diff]5t =ms ( ,isis or ,ha?or1 or repres5t goddesses :o p]sonify or br+ be=e u my?ologically />s ! ris+ ( :i* 0 obs]v$ at ! dawn at "s "t ( ! ye> or ano!r4 ,b x mu/ be add$ t ^! goddesses are n always repres5t$ ) ?is head-ge>1 possibly because !y _h o!r functions besides _! a/ronomical "o4 ,! ext5t ( ?is v>iation may be ga!r$ f ! two =ms ( ,nei? or ,nit giv5 on page #bij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,isis ,,nurs+ ,,horus4 7,! la/ =m is ,s]k-t-,isis1 ! scorpion goddess47 #d4 ,_m ( ! goddesses are repres5t$ z ,isis nurs+ ,horus4--,x is v important n to =get t />s 7 *iefly obs]v$ ris+ 9 ! dawn1 & t my?ologically su* an ev5t 0 repres5t$ by ! ,egyptians z ,isis 7! ris+ />-goddess7 nurs+ ,horus 7! ris+ sun-god74 ,! sun 0 suppos$ to be a y\? 9 ! morn+1 to be v "y !re=e at ! mom5t ( ris+1 & ! goddess ,isis 0 suppos$ to be !n nurs+ him4 ,_m ( ! goddesses are ?us portray$4 ,i may m5tion ,r55-t1 ,s]k-t1 ,r-t1 ,am5-t1 z in/ances4 ,?us ,i hold t we get 9 ?is s]ies ( goddesses ! /atem5t1 put my?ologically1 t c]ta9 />s to :i* ! goddesses 7 sacr$ rose heliacally at "s "t ( ! ye> or ano!r4 ,( c\rse ! record is f> f complete1 & probably x w become m complete :5 inquiries are made f ?is po9t ( view4 ,! orig9al symbolism is t ,isis or ,ha?or is a /> ris+ 9 ! dawn1 wat*+ ov] ! sun or tak+ him f 8 cradle2 & ! "y ,horus1 ! ris+ sun1 is1 ( c\rse1 ! son ( ,isis4 ,! emblem ( ! "m & *ild is ?us %[n to h be5 9 e/abli%$ use = ! expression ( high religi\s ?\ght at lea/ #ejjj ye>s ago4 ,^! & o!r facts may be br\ght toge!r 9 a tabul> =m1 to %[ :at app>5tly ! complete my?ology ( ,isis meant4 ,,isis ,,any?+ ,,lum9\s ,,to ,,! ,,ea/w>d ,,h]ald+ ,,sunrise4 ,,dawn4 ,,moon4 ,,draconis4 ,,ant>es4 ,,columb4 7#cjjj ,b4,c47 7#cgjj ,b4,c47 7,be=e #cjjj ,b4,c47 ,isis ,isis ,isis ,s]k-t ,tei ,ha?or 7hawk & 7,n4 ,egypt7 ,am5-t hippopotamus7 ,mut 7vulture7 ,se*et ,lion or ,c5tauri ,ba/ cat #cgjj ,b4,c4 ,m5kh 7,s4 ,egypt7 ,tafnet ,apet ,nebun ,,sirius4 ,,d\btful4 7,aft] #cjjj ,b4,c47 7,probably late47 ,isis ,anuqa ,ha?or 7c[7 ,hak ,r-t ,haka ,hak-t ,hequet ,mal\l ,x w be se5 t 9 ! case ( ,isis we are n deal+ m]ely ) a ris+ />1 :ile1 s f> z ,i "k1 ,ha?or is limit$ to />s4 ,if we accept ! g5]al /atem5t reg>d+ ,isis1 namely1 t x 0 a t]m appli$ to any?+ appe>+ to ! ea/w>d & h]ald+ sunrise1 _m ( our difficulties at once disappe>4 ,! ,isis ( ! pyramid-temples & ( ! small] temple ( ,d5d]ah symbolis$ diff]5t cele/ial bodies1 ?\gh !y s]v$ ! same purpose4 ,! ,ha?or ( ! great] temple ( ,d5d]ah1 & ! ,ha?or ( ,dr el-,bah>i1 symbolis$ diff]5t cele/ial bodies1 b _! function 0 ! same4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ha?or ( ,d5d]ah & ! ,mut ( ,!bes 7 nei!r diff]5t div9ities1 nor did !y p]sonify diff]5t />s2 !y 7 simply local names ( ,draconis4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to und]/& ! d\bl+ ( ! symbolism 9 ! case ( ,ha?or4 ,! hippopotamus & ! c[ g5]ically are dealt ) z ris+ />s2 specifically we deal ) ,draconis 9 "o case1 & ,sirius 9 ! o!r4 ,! evid5ce goes to %[ t ^! two />s 7 ^? to ! ris+s ( :i* v great importance 0 atta*$1 b !y did n /& alone4 ,we get ano!r =m ( ,isis 7ref]r+1 x is possible1 to ! /> ,columb1 be=e ev5 ,sirius 0 us$71 s t we h a nor!rn /> & a s\!rn /> obs]v$ at ! same "t--! two eyes ( ,r4 ,idle o!r goddesses :i* h n yet be5 work$ out probably ref] to "o or o!r ( ^! />s1 or to o!rs :i* lie m to ! s\?4 ,^! are repres5t$ r 9 ! temples above ! fir/ cat>act ?an 9 ^? bel[4 ,?is fact w be enl>g$ ^u 9 ! sequel4 ,! /udy ( ori5tation1 !n1 comb9$ ) my?ology1 supplies u ) o!r ris+ />s besides ,sirius1 &1 inde$1 al?\gh ! date giv5 by ,riot = ! fir/ heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius at ! sol/ice--#cbhe ,b4,c4--seems a v remote "o1 x is practically c]ta9 t ,columb 0 previ\sly us$1 because be=e t "t x 0 conv5i5tly situat$ to give w>n+ ( ! sunrise at ! ,summ] sol/ice1 z ,sirius 0 subsequ5tly4 ,! wor%ip w\ld be kept up aft] ! utility _h gone4 ,dmi*5's view ) reg>d to ! local cult ( ,ha?or & its a/ronomical orig9 is n v diff]5t f m9e4 ,he writes3-- ,d] ,cult d] ,gtt9 ,ha?or geht 9 die lte/5 ,zeit5 d] gyptis*5 ,ges*i*te zurck4 ,s*on die ,pyramid59s*rift5 erwlm5 e9e ,heliopolitis*e ,ha?or und ,prie/] und ,prie/]9n5 dies] ,gtt9 w]d5 9 d5selb5 ,grabkapell5 ni*t selt5 g5annt4 ,die ,ha?or w> ke9e speciell lokalisirte ,got!it1 sond]n e9e allgeme9 9 smmtli*5 ,tempeln ,aegypt5s v]ehrte ,=m e9es ,cultes1 dess5 ,urg$anke1 im weite/5 ,s9ne1 die ,auffassung des weibli*5 ,pr9cipes geg5ub] dem mnnli*5 ,pr9cipe d] ,got!it w>4 ,9 dies] ,auffassung ers*e9t sie g]adezu id5tis* mit d] ,isis1 we%alb au* beid5 ,gtt9n5 die ,kuh das geheiligte ,?i] w>4 ,da 9 j$] ,/adt1 vor all5 ab] 9 j$] ,nomos-,haupt/adt e9e ,ha?or als ,s*utzgtt9 des betreff5d5 ,ortes aufgefhrt wird1 s i/ es erklrli*1 dass die lokal5 ,=m5 dies] ,gtt9 9 d5 ,ins*rift5 d] ,tempel 9 grs/] ,anzahl aufgefhrt w]d54 ,im ,tempel von ,edfu w]d5 ,beispiels halb] an d] ,decke des ,pronaos b] #cjj ,nam5 d] ,gtt9 mit ihr5 lokal5 ,beziehung5 h]gezhlt mit besond]] ,bevorzugung d]j5ig5 lokal5 ,=m51 wel*e 9 d5 e9zeln5 ,nomos-,haupt/dt5 si* e9es h]vorrag5d5 ,cultes erfreut54 ,die letzt]5 b]hr5 vorzgli* e9e ,sieb5-,zahl von ,ha?or51 wel*e als die gross5 bezei*net w]d5 und von d55 fa/ 9 all5 grss]5 ,tempeln ,li/5 an d5 ,wnd5 zu les5 s9d4 ,9 d] lt]5 ,zeit bezei*net ,ha?or e95 kosmis*5 ,urbegriff4 ,s*on ihr ,"n v]r? aufs ,deutli*/e die kosmogonis*e ,wurzel4 ,ha4 t4 hor wrtli* b]setzt ,wolnung des ,horus--,behausung ,gottes d4 i4 die ,welt1 die ,d>/ellung ,gottes 9 d] si*tb>5 ,welt1 die ,natur1 9 wel*] die ,got!it wirksam i/4#hc ,be=e ,i pass on1 x w1 ,i ?9k1 be well to po9t out t ! argum5t ,i h us$ to %[ t ,isis 0 really a g5]ic "n is en=c$ :5 we consid] ! alli$ po9ts relat+ to ,osiris4 ,x is q cle> t "s ( ! gods symbolis$ sett+ />s4 ,we already "k t ! sett+ sun became ,osiris1 ,atmu1 or ,tmu1 &1 :atev] ! names1 !y 7 all repres5t$ z mummies4 ,b ! sun 0 n ! only body t 0 symbolis$ z ,osiris2 ! moon & />s 7 at times symbolis$ 9 ! same way4 ,we may1 inde$1 v5ture to make ! foll[+ g5]alis$ /atem5t3-- ,,osiris ,,any ,,cele/ial ,,body ,,becom+ ,,invisible4 ,,sun ,,moon ,,planet ,,/>s ,,bodies ,,pal+ ,,at ,,dawn4 ,,sett+4 ,,wan+4 ,,sett+4 ,,sett+4 ,/>s4 ,planets4 ,osiris ,osiris ,v5us ,khons-,osiris ,sah-,osiris ,v5us z ,osiris ,ptah-,osiris ,/> ( ,osiris ,m9-,osiris ,x w be obs]v$ ) :at fulness ! anti!sis ( ,isis is indicat$4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! possible temple ( ,osiris at ! pyramids po9ts to ! we/w>d1 b our special ref]5ce n[ is to />s4 ,:5 we come to look = ?is mummy-symbolism among ! gods o!r ?an sun-gods 7x is entirely & rem>kably abs5t among ! goddesses71 we f9d ,khons1 ,ptah1 & ,khem pictur$ z mummies2 t is1 !y become a sort ( ,osiris4 ,suppos+ t ^! gods 7 wor%ipp$1 !re w\ld probably be temples d$icat$ to !m2 /ill1 ! abs5ce ( su* temples w\ld n be decisive1 s9ce !y might h be5 de/roy$4 ,h[ev]1 v =tunately = ?is inquiry1 !re are two temples /ill extant at ,!bes1 kn[n z ! temples ( ,khons & ,ptah4 ,if !re is any?+1 !n1 9 ! idea t !re mu/ be "s relation ) ! we/]n horizon 9 ! case ( ^! gods repres5t$ z mummies1 ^! temples %\ld po9t to ! we/4 ,!y d po9t to ! we/4 ,v =tunately1 also1 ^! temples h a pretty good hi/ory3 t is1 "o kn[s1 )9 "s hundr$s ( ye>s at all ev5ts1 :5 !y 7 f\nd$4 ,!re=e1 by help ( ^? a/ronomical me?ods to :i* ,i h previ\sly ref]r$1 x is n difficult to get at ! />s4 ,!y turn out to be a s\!rn />--,canopus--9 ! case ( ! temple ( ,khons1 & ,capella 9 ! case ( ! temple ( ,ptah4 ,n[1 !re is ano!r v important temple at ,!bes1 x is a temple )\t a "n1 at "r angles to ! temple ( ,mut4 ,?is also po9ts to ! we/4 ,al?\gh ! evid5ce is n complete1 x cle>ly sugge/s t ?is temple 0 d$icat$ to ! god ,m9 or ,khem1 & 0 ori5t$ to ! /> ,spica2 s t at ,!bes alone x looks z if ! ?ree gods repres5t$ by mummies--diff]5t /ell> =ms ( ,osiris--,khons1 ,ptah & ,m91 h all be5 run to e>? 9 ! ?ree />s ,canopus1 ,capella1 & ,spica4 ,provisionally1 we way haz>d ! ass]tion t ! mummy =m m>ks a sett+ />1 z ! horns & disk m>k a ris+ "o4 ,we get ! anti!sis betwe5 ,osiris & ,isis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,isis1 ,,osiris ,,& ,,horus4 ,we ga!r1 !n1 t ! wond]ful old-_w my? ( ,isis & ,osiris is a/ronomical f beg9n+ to end1 al?\gh ,osiris 9 ?is case is n ! sun1 b ! moon4 ,b ,i h n yet f9i%$ ) ! mummy =m2 ! wan+ moon is also ,osiris4 ,x is suppos$ to be dy+ f ! "t ( full moon to new moon4 ,! ,egyptians 9 _! my?ology 7 no?+ if n consi/5t2 ! moon 0 call$ ,osiris f ! mom5t x began to wane1 z ! sun 0 ,osiris s soon z x began to set4 ,a con/ellation pal+ at sunrise 0 also ,osiris4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ange ,,( ,,cult ,,at ,,luxor4 ,i h previ\sly not$ ! symbolism ( ,sirius-,ha?or z a c[ 9 a boat associat$ ) ! con/ellation ( ,orion4 ,!re is a po9t connect$ ) ?is :i* ,i did n !n ref] to1 b :i* is ( extreme importance = a complete discussion ( ! "q n[ occupy+ u4 ,we get associat$ ) ! c[ 9 ! boat1 ,orion 7,sah7 z ,horus1 b 9 o!r inscriptions we get ,orion z a mummy--t is to say1 9 ! c\rse ( ,egyptian hi/ory ! same con/ellation is symbolis$ z a ris+ sun at "o "t & a sett+ sun at ano!r4 ,n[1 t mu/ h be5 s if ! ,egyptian my?ology 7 consi/5t & re/$ on an a/ronomical basis1 because ,sah rose 9 ! dawn 9 "o case & fad$ at dawn 9 ! o!r4 ,f ! table giv+ a g5]alis$ /atem5t ) reg>d to ,osiris1 simil> to t we h already consid]$ = ,isis1 x looks z if ! my?ology connect$ ) ,osiris is simply ! my?ology connect$ ) any cele/ial body becom+ invisible4 ,we h ! sun sett+1 ! moon wan+1 a planet sett+1 />s sett+1 con/ellations fad+ at dawn4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! ,egyptian my?ology 0 absolutely & completely consi/5t ) ! a/ronomical conditions by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$2 t1 al?\gh x is wond]fully poetical1 9 no case is ! poetry all[$ to int]f]e ) ! /ricte/ & mo/ accurate ref]5ce to ! a/ronomical ph5om5a :i* _h to be dealt )4 ,! argum5t1 !n1 = ! use ( ,isis z a g5]ic "n is greatly /r5g!n$ by ! simil> way 9 :i* ! t]m ,osiris1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ to be a g5]ic "n1 is employ$4 ,n[ to return to ,d5d]ah 9 ! light ( ! prec$+ discussion4 ,a curi\s & int]e/+ ?+ is t we f9d t ! temple ( ,isis1 :i* is v mu* ru9$1 does n conta9 emblems ( ! ,sirius wor%ip2 b t all ^! appe> 9 ! temple ( ,ha?or1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 po9t+ z x does to ! nor?-ea/1 c\ld nev] h receiv$ any light f a /> s\? ( ! equator4 ,!re has be5 a *ange ( cult4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! temple ( ,isis pres5ts s _m emblems ?\ght to relate to ! wor%ip connect$ ) ,draconis1 to :i* ! temple ( ,ha?or 0 9 all probability direct$1 t x 0 nam$ ! ,typhoneum by ! ,fr5* ,commission4 ,!re has be5 an app>5t *ange ( rle & cult1 due ei!r to ! fact t 9 "t ! obs]vation ( ! ris+ ( ,sirius sup]s$$ t ( ! ris+ ( ,draconis1 or t ! wor%ip ( ,set 0 replac$4 ,) reg>d to ?is *ange ( cult1 we mod]ns %\ld h no difficulty4 ,we g to ,con/ant9ople & see ,mahomm$ans wor%ipp+ 9 ,/4 ,sophia2 we g to ,greece or ,sicily & f9d ,*ri/ian wor%ip 9 _m ( ! old temples4 ,?us ! *ange ( cult 9 ,egypt1 :i* ,i claim to h demon/rat$ on a/ronomical gr\nds at ,d5d]ah1 is a ?+ ) :i* we are p]fectly famili> n[adays4 ,! great po9t1 h[ev]1 is t 9 ,egypt ! *ange ( cult might dep5d ^u a/ronomical *ange--^u ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 z well z ^u diff]5t s*ools ( religi\s or a/ronomical ?\ght4 ,we ga!r f ?is an idea ( ! wond]fully cont9u\s obs]vations :i* 7 made by ! ,egyptians ( ! ris+s & sett+s ( />s1 because1 if ! "w _h n be5 absolutely cont9u\s1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly nev] h got ! v %>p idea ( ! facts ( precession :i* !y und\bt$ly possess$2 & x is also1 ,i ?9k1 pretty cle> t future a/ronomical /udy w enable u to write ! hi/ory ( ^? *anges :i* are n[ hidd5 by t trem5d\s my?ological difficulty1 :i* has n yet be5 fac$4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 is n ! only difficulty1 because ! "q is cl\d$ by ! abs5ce ( au!ntic dates & ! p]petual ref]5ce to ! pa/ :i* is met ) 9 all ! monum5ts4 ,! ,egyptians 7 mu* m anxi\s to br+ back to k :at happ5$ #ajjj ye>s be=e ?an to give an idea ( ! curr5t hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,we h1 !n1 at l5g? arriv$ at a possible explanation ( ! difficulties ackn[l$g$ 9 reg>d to ! temples ( ,d5d]ah 9 ,*apt]s ,,xix4 & ,,xx4 ,x is1 briefly1 t at "s epo* obs]vations ( ! /> ,sirius replac$1 or 7 add$ to1 ^? made ( ,draconis4 ,my?ologically1 a new ,isis w\ld be born4 ,?is po9t w be ref]r$ to lat]2 "o ( ! longe/-la/+ a/ro-!ological /rifes 9 ,egypt 0 ! fight = supremacy betwe5 ! prie/s ( ,am5 & ! prie/s ( ,set4 ,at ,d5d]ah ! =m] 7 ultimately victori\s1 & h5ce ! *ange ( cult4 ,?is sugge/ion is bas$ on ! foll[+ consid]ations3-- 7#a7 ,:ile ! ,d5d]ah ,ha?or 0 repres5t$ by ! disk & horns on a hippopotamus1 at ,!bes 7! city ( ! ,bull ,am57 ,ha?or is repres5t$ by a c[ ) a l head-dress4 7#b7 ,isis1 repres5t$ orig9ally z a goddess ) ! two fea!rs ( ,am51 /&+ 9 a boat1 is n[ *ang$ to a c[ ) ! disk & horns4 7#c7 ,ha?or 0 ! c[ ( ! we/]n hills ( ,!bes4 ,x is 9 ^! hills t ! temple ,dr el-,bah>i lies2 & ?is temple1 if ori5t$ orig9ally to ,sirius1 w\ld h be5 f\nd$ ab\t #hjjj ,b4,c41 :5 ,sirius at ris+ w\ld h an amplitude ( #bj ,s4 ( ,e4 7#d7 ,a temple 0 built or re/or$ lat] at ,d5d]ah1 & ,sirius ) ! c['s horns & disk became ! great goddess !re2 & :5 h] supremacy all ov] ,egypt became und\bt$1 h] bir?place 0 decl>$--at ,d5d]ah--to h be5 ,d5d]ah4#hd 7#e7 ,9 ! mon?-li/ at ! ,ramesseum ! fir/ mon? is d$icat$ to ,sirius1 ! ?ird to ,ha?or4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 a f9al argum5t1 because local cults may h be5 9 "q4 7#f7 ,set seems to h be5 a g5]ic "n appli$ to ! nor!rn 78 circumpol>7 con/ellations1 p]haps because ,set d>kness1 & ^! />s1 be+ always visible 9 ! night1 may h 9 "t typifi$ x4 ,taurt1 ! hippopotamus1 0 ! wife ( ,set4 ,! ,?igh 0 ! ?igh ( ,set1 etc4 ,draconis 0 associat$ !re=e ) ,set1 & ! symbolism = ,set-,ha?or 0 ! hippopotamus ) horns & disk4 ,n[ if1 z is sugge/$1 ,sirius replac$ ,draconis1 & ! c[ replac$ ! hippopotamus1 ! cult ( ,set might be expect$ to h decl9$2 & z a matt] ( fact ! decl9e ( ! wor%ip ( ,set1 :i* 0 g5]ally p>am\nt "u ! e>li] dyna/ies1 & ev5 ! oblit]ation ( ! emblems on ! monum5ts1 are among ! be/-m>k$ cases ( ! k9d f\nd 9 ! inscriptions4 7#g7 ,! ,isis temple ( ,d5d]ah 0 c]ta9ly ori5t$ to ,sirius2 ! ,ha?or temple 0 z c]ta9ly n s ori5t$4 ,& yet1 9 ! re/orations 9 lat] times 7say1 ,?o?mes ,,iii4--,ptolemies71 ! cult has be5 made ,sirian1 & ! ref]5ces are to ! /> :i* rises at ! ris+ ( ! ,nile4 ,s f>1 !n1 my?ology is ) me2 b !re is a difficulty4 ,accord+ to ! ori5tation !ory1 ! cult mu/ foll[ ! />2 ?is mu/ be held to z f> z possible4 ,b suppose ! processional movem5t causes ! initial function ( a /> to become inop]ative1 mu/ n ! cult--:i*1 z we assume1 _h *iefly to d ) ! h]ald+ ( sunrise at "o "t ( ! ye> or o!r--*ange8 ,& if ! same cult is conduct$ 9 connection ) ano!r />1 w n ! old "n probably be reta9$8 ,i d n see :y ! ,egyptians %\ld h hesitat$ to cont9ue ! same cult "u a diff]5t /> :5 !y app>5tly q naturally *ang$ ,orion f a =m ( ,osiris 7,sah-,osiris7 & a mummy 7z he 0 repres5t$ :5 ! light ( 8 />s 0 qu5*$ at dawn at ! ris+ ( ,sirius7 to t ( ,sah-,horus 7:5 9 lat] times ! con/ellation itself rose heliacally74 ,&1 moreov]1 ! antagonism ( rival prie/hoods has to be consid]$4 ,x is extremely probable t ! *ange ( a ,set temple at ,d5d]ah into a ,!ban ,ha?or-temple 0 only "o example ( a sy/em g5]ally adopt$1 at lea/ 9 lat] times4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,temple-,,/>s4 ,! two prec$+ *apt]s %\ld h sugge/$ t if !re be any tru? 9 ! a/ronomical & my?ological views !re9 put =?1 !re %\ld be o!r />s to deal ) besides ,sirius & ,draconis1 & o!r temples besides ^? at ,annu1 ,d5d]ah & ,!bes :i* h to be /udi$4 ,?is is s1 & ,i n[ propose to give a g5]al acc\nt ( ! conclusions s f> arriv$ at1 b ,i mu/ 9 lim9e /ate t ! acc\nt mu/ be a brief "o & m sugge/ive ?an f9al1 = ! reason t ! lack ( accurate local data /ops ! way4 ,9 an inquiry ( ?is k9d x is well to "w sl[ly out f ! kn[n4 ,! facts :i* h be5 giv5 w1 ,i ?9k1 cause x to be g5]ally agre$ t 9 ! temple ( ,isis at ,d5d]ah we h a /ructure :i* ! inscriptions1 z well z a/ronomical inquiry1 %[ 0 c]ta9ly a temple ori5t$ to ,sirius4 ,! o!r fact t ,new ,ye>'s ,day 9 ! ,nile valley 0 det]m9$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s by ! heliacal ris+ ( t />1 is among ! mo/ famili> 9 ! doma9 ( ,egyptology4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 ! fir/ inquiry mu/ ref] to ! possible exi/5ce ( o!r ,sirian temples4 ,f #cbhe ,b4,c41 :5 ,sirius rose heliacally at ! sol/ice1 its decl9ation has v>i$ f #bd ,s4 to #af ,s4 9 #ejj ,b4,c4 ,! correspond+ amplitudes = ,!bes be+ #bf & #ah ,s4 ( ,e4 ,betwe5 ^! amplitudes we f9d ! foll[+ temples3-- ,,sirius4 ,sea ,hills #a ,hills #b ,amp4 ,horizon4 ,high4 ,high4 ,place & ,temple4 ,re- ,s4 ,dec4 ,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4m>ks4 ( ,e4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 ,k>nak see 7,temple ,o7 bel[ 7,gr47 #bf #bd #ccjj #bccaej #bc #cjej #a ,dr el-,bah>i 7,gr47 #bd #bb #bhej #babgjj #ba #bege ,dos*e #ba #bj #bbbe #aibjej #ai #bjjj ,k>nak 7,temple ,d7 7,gr47 #ba #ai #bjjj #ai #ahjj #ah #afjj ,naga 7,temple ,g7 7,gr47 #ai #ah #aejj #ah #adjj #ag #abej ,phil 7,e?iopian ,temple7 #ai #ah #adjj #ag #aajj #ag #hjj #b ,d5d]ah 7,n4,w4 ,temple7 #ah #c ,rem>ks #a ,?is may h be5 a sol> temple1 z its amplitude is ne>ly equal to t ( ! sun at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,rem>ks #b ,hills high4 at lea/ #b ,rem>ks #c ,hills v l[4 ,x is q cle> t we mu/ n look = ,sirian temples be=e #cbjj ,b4,c41 because ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius at ,!bes be=e t "t did n take place ne> ! sol/ice4 ,! above table %[s t ! e>lie/ ,sirian temple really dates f ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c4#he ,b :at /> did ,sirius replace8 ,an inspection ( a precessional globe %[s at once t ! /> :i* rose heliacally at ! sol/ice be=e ,sirius 0 ,columb 7,phact74 ,its decl9ation has v>i$ f #eg ,s4 at #ejjj ,b4,c4 to #cg ,s4 at #j4 ,we h ! foll[+ temples :i* might h be5 ori5t$ to ?is />2 & "h ,i mu/ repeat t once a /> has be5 symbolis$ z a god or a goddess on acc\nt ( its a/ronomical utility1 ! cult w\ld be cont9u$ aft] ! utility _h ceas$--t is1 9 ?is case1 aft] ,sirius _h replac$ ,phact a/ronomically4 ,,phact4 ,sea ,hills #a ,hills #b ,amp4 ,horizon4 ,high4 ,high4 ,place & ,temple4 ,re- ,s4 ,dec4 ,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4m>ks4 ( ,e4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 ,memnonia 7,we/]n ,temple7 #eh #ej #cgej #dicgjj #di #ceej #a4 ,b>kal 7,temple ,b7 #ec #ej #cbej #di #cfjj #dh #cejj ,k>nak ,v #ef #di #ceej #dh #cdjj #dg #cbej ,abu ,simbel 7,ha?or ,temple7 #ed #dh #cejj #dh #ccej #dgcbej #b4 ,dr el-,m$9et 7,gr47 #ed #dg #cbej #dfcjej #df #bijj ,saboa #ea #df #bijj #debgej #de #bfej ,k>nak 7,temple ,j7 7,gr47 #ea #de #bgjj #dd #bebe #dc #bcjj ,m$net ,hab 7,small ,j ,j7 7,gr47 #ea #de #bgjj #ddbebe #dc #bcjj ,b>kal 7,temples ,j & ,h7 #dg #dd #bebe #dd #bdjj #dc #bbej ,sur>ieh #ea #dc #bbej #dbbjej #db #ahej ,m$net ,hab 7,palace ,k ,k7 7,gr47 #df #dj #aejj #dj #abej #ci #ajej ,m$net ,hab 7,e?iopian ,temple7 #de #dj #abej #ci #ijj #ch #ejj #c4 ,rem>ks #a ,hills l[4 ,rem>ks #b ,hills ne>ly #b high4 ,rem>ks #c ,! hills may be tak5 z a little ov] #a high4 ,! temple ( ,ha?or at ,abu ,simbel1 embelli%$ by ,rameses ,,ii41 0 9 all probability a %r9e d$icat$ to ,am5-t-,ha?or ab\t #cbjj ,b4,c4 ,am5-t seems to h be5 an ,e?iopian goddess1 = we he> no?+ ( h] at ,heliopolis or ,memphis4 ,x foll[s t if ?is be s1 ,sirius succe$$ to ,columb precisely z ,draconis succe$$ to ,dubhe2 b temples c\ld /ill be d$icat$ to ! old ,ha?or ,columb1 :ile ?is 0 n possible = ,dubhe1 because x became circumpol> & nev] rose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curves ,,%[+ ,,! ,,decl9ations ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,egyptian ,,a/ronom]s ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,epo*s4 ,x may also be po9t$ out t ! temple ,v ( ,lepsius at ,k>nak f9ds its place 9 a s]ies by suppos+ x to h be5 ori5t$ to ! ,s4,e4 in/ead ( ! ,n4,w4 z %[n 9 ,lepsius' maps4 ,su* a mi/ake might easily h aris5 9 consequ5ce ( its ru9$ condition4 ,x may be /at$ 9 fav\r ( my view t ,i am acqua9t$ ) no temple 9 ,egypt direct$ betwe5 ! amplitudes #ce & #ij ,n4 ( ,w4 ,b s f> we h dealt only ) ! summ] sol/ice1 & yet 9 ,egypt !re 7 p :o liv$ 9 t[ns ) ,e4 & ,w4 walls :o1 ,i take x1 mu/ h _h a wor%ip dep5d+ ^u ! equ9oxes4 ,ab\t #cejj ,b4,c41 ,ant>es 7 ,scorpii7 rose heliacally at ! autumnal equ9ox z ,columb did1 z we h se51 at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,!re is n mu* d\bt1 f ! symbol ( ,s]k-t t ?is goddess repres5t$ a /> 9 ! ,scorpion4 ,fur!r1 at t date its ris+ took place due ea/1 s any ,e4 & ,w4 temple--& _m exi/$ 9 ,l[] ,egypt--might h be5 !n us$ = obs]vations ( ?is />4 ,b ab\t ! same "t ! s\!rn />1 ,c5tauri1 c\ld h be5 us$ to h]ald ! sunrise at ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,,c5tauri4 ,sea ,hills #a ,hills #b ,amp4 ,horizon4 ,high4 ,high4 ,place & ,temple4 ,re- ,s4 ,dec4 ,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4m>ks4 ( ,e4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 ,b>kal ,e #cc #ca #chbe #ca #cgjj #cj #chjj ,krnah 7,seti ,i47 #ce #ca #cfbe #ca #cgjj #cj #chjj ,hills ,krnah l[4 7,palace7 #cf #cb #cejj #cacfbe #ca #cgej ,hills ,wady ,halfa l[4 7,?o?mes ,,ii47 #ch #ce #bijj #ce #cjjj #cd #cjge ,b>kal ,l #ch #cf #bhej #cebiej #ce #cjcj ,wady ,halfa 7,?o?mes ,,iii47 #dj #cf #bgbe #cf #bhjj #ce #bijj ,wady ,e4 ,s(ra #ch #cg #bfge #cfbgjj #cf #bhjj ,memnonia ,rameses ,,ii4 7,mean ( ,fr4 ,gr47 #dc #ch #bdge #cgbfjj #cg #bgj ,hills ,kom ,ombo l[4 7,little ,temple7 #dc #ci #bcge #chbdej #cg #bege ,x w\ld appe> t sev]al temples 7 direct$ to ?is /> 9 ,upp] ,egypt f #cgjj ,b4,c4 onw>d4 ,! s]ies ( !m is %[n 9 ! prec$+ table4 ,= ! v]nal equ9ox1 s f>1 ,i h f\nd no temples besides ^? direct$ due ,e4 9 :i* ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades may h be5 wat*$4 ,x is m ?an probable t ! wor%ip ( ! sacr$ bull by ! ,memphitic inhabitants ( ,egypt may h be5 connect$ ) ?is con/ellation4 ,c]ta9ly 9 pyramid times ,nei? & ,s]k-t 7 bo? wor%ipp$1 & ! goddesses "u ^: protection ! ,canopic vases 7 suppos$ to be--,isis1 ,neph?ys1 ,nei?1 & ,s]k-t--may h symbolis$ ! two sol/ices & ! two equ9oxes4 ,we may next consid] ! complete s]ies ( ,n4,e4 temples repres5t$ at ,heliopolis1 ,d5d]ah & ,!bes4 ,^! we mu/1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,xx41 divide into two s]ies1 deal+ ) ,urs ,majoris be=e x became circumpol>1 & ,draconis aft]w>ds4 ,i h already 7p4 #bjh7 /at$ t ,lyr may possibly h prec$$ bo? ,urs ,majoris & ,draconis z a repres5tative ( ,set1 b no table is necess>y4 ,! fir/ s]ies1 deal+ ) ,urs ,majoris1 is z foll[s3-- ,,urs ,,majoris4 ,sea ,hills #a ,hills #b ,amp4 ,horizon4 ,high4 ,high4 ,place & ,temple4 ,re- ,s4 ,dec4 ,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4m>ks4 ( ,e4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 ,annu #gg #egebjj #eh #ejej #ei #dijj #a4 ,d5d]ah #ga #eg #eajj #eh #diej #eidhjj #b4 ,d5d]ah #gh #fj #dfjj #fb #ddjj #fc #dbjj #c4 ,rem>ks #a4 ,hills l[4 ,rem>ks #b & #c ,hills #b high4 ,! second s]ies1 deal+ ) ,draconis1 is naturally mu* full]4 ,,draconis4 ,sea ,hills #a ,hills #b ,amp4 ,horizon4 ,high4 ,high4 ,place & ,temple4 ,re- ,s4 ,dec4 ,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4m>ks4 ( ,e4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 ,r$esieh #gg #fa #dbej #fbdfjj #fc #dhej ,k>nak 7,z & ,x7 #gb #eh #cajj #eicejj #fj #cjjj ,dakkeh #fi #eh #cajj #eicejj #fj #chjj ,d5d]ah #ga #eg #bfej #eh #cajj #eicejj ,annu 7,re/oration7 #gg #eg #bcjj #eh #bhjj #ei #cbjj ,k>nak ,w #fh #ef #bajj #egbeej #eh #bijj ,k>nak #hf;,a ,m ,c #fc #ec #cjj #ed #ajjj #ee #adjj ,rem>k #a4 ,hills #b high4 ,rem>k #b4 ,hills #a high4 #hf #ed4 #abjj4 ,! table br+s be=e u ! rem>kable fact t at ,r$esieh & ,d5d]ah1 :i* bo? lie on ! two old roads f ! ,r$ ,sea into ,upp] ,egypt1 we h ! fir/ traces ( ! wor%ip ( ,set3 9 o!r words1 ( obs]vations dur+ ! night 9 t region1 z we f\nd x at ,annu4 ,z ,urs ,majoris & ,draconis 7 obs]v$ 9 ! extreme nor?1 s sev]al />s appe> to h be5 obs]v$ ne> ! s\? po9t1 among !m ,canopus 7 ,args71 t[>ds :i* /> ! temples %[n 9 ! foll[+ table seem to h be5 direct$1 among !m ! well-kn[n temple ( ,khons at ,k>nak1 s t provisionally we may take t div9ity z a p]sonification ( ! />4 ,grant+ ?is1 x w be not$ t ! introduction ( ?is cult into ,!bes 0 late2 ?is is q 9 h>mony ) ! /atem5ts ( ,egyptologi/s1 :o po9t out t ?is god has ! side-lock1 indicat+ y\?1 & t he 0 ! late/ addition to ! ,!ban ,triad4 ,9 lat] times ! curve ( decl9ation ( ?is /> is s flat t mo/ accurate measures are requir$4 ,,canopus4 ,sea ,hills #a ,hills #b ,amp4 ,horizon4 ,high4 ,high4 ,place & ,temple4 ,re- ,s4 ,dec4 ,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4m>ks4 ( ,e4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 ,k>nak ,b #fc #ed #baej #ec #acjj #a4 ,naga 7f7 #eg #ec #agjj #ec #acjj #eb #cjj #b4 ,k>nak7,seti ,,ii47 #fc #ec #agjj #ec #ajjj ,k>nak 7,khons7 #fb #ec #ajjj #eb #cjj #c4 ,a4,d4 ,rem>k #a4 ,hills #a high give u #ahjj ,b4,c4 ,rem>k #b4 ,hills #a high give u #adjj ,b4,c4 ,rem>k #c4 ,hills #a high give u #cjj ,b4,c4 ,:5 we attempt to trace ! mo/ s\!rly />s to :i* temples 7 erect$ 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 we f9d a s]ies ( temples :i* are v rem>kable 9 sev]al respects f ! ori5tation po9t ( view4 ,_! amplitudes are all above #gd1 "o be+ z high z #hf4 ,!y all face ,s\? ( ,we/1 & :5 _! latitudes are tak5 into acc\nt1 ! v /rik+ ?+ comes out t ! decl9ation ( ! /> obs]v$ 0 v ne>ly ! same--t is1 t probably all ! temples 7 f\nd$ at ab\t ! same "t to obs]ve ! same />4 ,! facts are z foll[s3-- ,temple4 ,amplitude ,s4 ( ,w4 ,decl9ation ,s4 ,edf #hf #fd ,hills #a high4 ,phil ,y #gf #fd ,hills #b high4 ,semneh #gf #fd ,amada #gd #fd ,local conditions n kn[n4 ,) reg>d to ! ,phil temple1 ! amplitude is unc]ta91 z ! measures d n agree2 b if we reject ,phil ! o!r co9cid5ces are too rem>kable to be neglect$4 ,x is to be hop$ t a complete survey ( ! isl& w soon be und]tak54 ,n[1 ,i _c f9d any important />s to fit ?is decl9ation s9ce #gjjj ,b4,c4 except ,canopus & ,phact1 & ! latt] is b>r$ because x 0 us$ z a ris+ />1 & inde$ 0 ! fir/ sol/itial ,isis4 ,if we inquire into ! conditions relative to ,canopus1 we f9d t /> _h ! decl9ation ( #fd ab\t #fdjj ,b4,c41 & t1 z det]m9$ by ! processional globe1 x !n set heliacally at ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,if we assume t ,canopus is 9 "q1 ! break betwe5 ! dates #fdjj ,b4,c4 & #baej ,b4,c4 has to be expla9$4 ,!re may h be5 temples at ,!bes n[ de/roy$4 ,!re seems no d\bt t ! temple at ,phil1 lett]$ ,y by ! ,fr5* & ,l 9 ,ba$ek]'s ,h&book1 0 ! mo/ anci5t "o on ! isl&1 & t ! cult 0 simil> to t at ,edf4#hg ,x w be mo/ int]e/+ to see :e!r ! sugge/ion t ,canopus 0 obs]v$ 9 e>ly times at ,phil & ,edf especially1 be confirm$4 ,x is cle> t = ^! & o!r s\!rn temples an exam9ation ( ! local conditions & a det]m9ation ( ! places ( ! s\!rn />s are necess>y be=e ! o!r s\!rn gods & goddesses c be work$ out4 ,we next come to ! ,n4,w4 quadrant4 ,"h1 app>5tly1 we h only to deal ) ,capella & ,spica4 ,summ>is+ ! in=mation detail$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 we f9d ! foll[+ temples probably erect$ to ^! />s3-- ,,capella4 ,sea ,hills #a ,hills #b ,amp4 ,horizon4 ,high4 ,high4 ,place & ,temple4 ,re- ,s4 ,dec4 ,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4m>ks4 ( ,e4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 ,memphis #ab #aj #eejj #ajecej #aa #ecjj ,annu #ac #aa #ecbe #aa #cbej #ab #ebjj ,k>nak ,u #bg #bd #cbej #bd #caej #be #cjej ,!bes 7,petit ,temple #ca #bg #bfjj #bh #bejj #bi #bdjj du ,sud7 ,k>nak ,g #ce #cj #bjej #ca #aibe #cb #ahej #a4 ,rem>k #a4 #cb4 #agej4 ,hills #c high ,,spica4 ,sea ,hills #a ,hills #b ,amp4 ,horizon4 ,high4 ,high4 ,place & ,temple4 ,re- ,s4 ,dec4 ,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4 ,dec4,ye>s4m>ks4 ( ,e4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s4 ,k>nak ,y #ag #ae #bhej #af #biej #afcjej #a4 ,tell el-,am>na #ac #aj #aijj ,rem>k #a4 #ag4 #cbjj4 ,hills #c4 ,! temples ori5t$ to ,capella & ,spica are discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! in=mation giv5 9 ! pres5t *apt] may be complet$ by a table %[+ ! w>n+ />s available = h]ald+ sunrise ab\t ! times :5 ! ori5tations sugge/ t ! v>i\s temples 7 orig9ally f\nd$4 ,to prep>e ?is table ,i h us$ ! precessional globe previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,! results are !re=e r\gh1 z ! ecliptic has be5 tak5 z fix$2 b !y are useful = ! purpose ( a reconnaissance4 ,! table %[s ! />s on ! horizon1 or ne> x1 at ! equ9oxes & sol/ices :5 ! sun 0 #aj bel[ ! horizon4 ,:5 ! /> 0 n exactly on ! horizon :5 ! sun 0 #aj bel[1 its position above or bel[ at t mom5t is indicat$ 9 ! table by giv+ ! numb] ( degrees ! /> 0 above 77 ! horizon or bel[ x 7-7 at ! "t4 ,! dates tak5 are ^? mo/ conv5i5tly giv5 by ! globe1 be+ ^? 9 fact occupi$ by ! pole ( ! equator at "s "o or o!r ( tw5ty-f\r equidi/ant po9ts on a circle r\nd ! pole ( ! ecliptic />t+ f #ahhj ,a4,d4 z z]o4 ,x w be se5 t all ! />s ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ tables occupi$ positions ( great importance betwe5 #fjjj ,b4,c4 & #bejj ,b4,c41 & t !re are sev]al s\!rn />s indicat$ :i* ev5tually may be useful 9 ! discussion ( ! s\!rn temples4 ,,table ,,( ,,heliacal ,,ris+s ,,& ,,sett+s4 ,date ,spr+ ,equ9ox4 ,summ] ,sol/ice4 ,b4,c4 ,ris+4 ,sett+4 ,ris+4 ,sett+4 #efge ,phact #dfjj ,aldeb>an ,phact #cebe ,ph5icis ,ant>es ,phact #b ,pleiades #c #cbjj ,sirius #bdej ,pavonis ,sirius ,altair #c ,date ,autumnal ,equ9ox4 ,w9t] ,sol/ice4 ,b4,c4 ,ris+4 ,sett+4 ,ris+4 ,sett+4 #efge ,vega4 ,canopus ,ph5icis ,musc - #a #dfjj ,draconis ,capella ,trianguli ,canopus #c #cebe ,ant>es ,aldeb>an - #a #b ,c5tauri #c #bdej ,argus #c ,! real prec$5ce ( ,capella & ,spica 9 temple-build+ is n %[n 9 ! above table1 because ^! />s 7 n us$ ei!r at ! sol/ices or ! equ9oxes4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sun-,,wor%ip ,,at ,,annu ,,& ,,!bes4 ,n[ t we h be5 able to discuss ) m or less fulness ! />s--v few 9 numb]--to :i* ! temples 9 bo? ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt 7 probably ori5t$1 & fur!r1 ! a/ronomical requirem5ts :i* !y 7 int5d$ to fulfil1 we are 9 a position to consid] sev]al que/ions ( great int]e/ 9 relation to ! e>lie/ obs]vations ( ! sun & />s4 ,"o ( ! fir/ among ^! que/ions is :e!r ! complete inquiry ?r[s any light ^u ! sugge/ion made on page #he1 t 9 diff]5t temples we seem to be deal+ ) at lea/ two diff]5t k9ds ( a/ronomical ?\ght & me?ods2 z if1 inde$1 we 7 9 pres5ce ( ideas s diff]5tly bas$ t ! assumption ( diff]5t races ( m51 r ?an diff]5t a/ronomical & religi\s ideas1 is almo/ necess>y to acc\nt = !m4 ,let u beg9 ) ! app>5t result ( ! inquiry into sun-wor%ip z practis$ at ,annu & ,!bes4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t1 al?\gh 9 ! matt] ( simple wor%ip ! sun w\ld come be=e ! />s1 9 temple-wor%ip ! conditions w\ld be rev]s$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! /able ris+-& sett+-places ( ! latt] z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! sun at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,ano!r sugge/ion 0 haz>d$ t sun temple-wor%ip might h be5 an accid5tal result ( ! sunlight ent]+ a temple :i* _h really be5 built to obs]ve a />2 & t su* temple sun-wor%ip might possibly h prec$$ ! "t at :i* ! sol/ices & equ9oxes1 & _! importance1 _h be5 made out4 ,i ?9k x is possible to %[ t ?is really happ5$1 & we owe ! demon/ration ( ?is important fact to ! ,egyptian habit ( hav+ two associat$ temples at "r angles to ea* o!r1 because ?is habit ju/ifies ! assumption t at ,annu ! m\nds & s+le obelisk :i* n[ rema9 n only indicate ! c]ta9 exi/5ce 9 =m] times ( "o temple1 b1 9 all probability1 ( two at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! next "q we h to consid] is :e!r ! rese>*es at ,annu be> ?is surmise out4 ,let me ref] to :at has already be5 /at$4 ,z ,i h %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 7p4 #gg71 ! nor? & s\? faces be> #ac nor? ( we/--#ac s\? ( ea/4 ,i h else:]e %[n 7,*ap4 ,,xxi41 p4 #bae7 t !re is good reason = believ+ t ! orig9al f\ndation ( ! temple at ,annu dates f ! "t :5 ! nor?-po9t+ memb] ( su* a d\ble sy/em 0 direct$ to ,urs ,majoris4 ,?is 0 some:at e>li] ?an #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! facts obta9$ ) reg>d to o!r simil> rectangul> sy/ems1 we are l$ to inquire :e!r at t date a temple ori5t$ to decl9ation #aa nor?1 t is ! decl9ation prop] to ! amplitude ( ! memb] look+ we/1 0 direct$ to any />4 ,we f9d t ! important /> ,capella 0 9 "q4 ,n[1 s f> 9 my ref]5ces to />s1 little m5tion has be5 made ( ,capella4 ,x is obvi\s t ! fir/ ?+ to be done on ! ori5tation hypo!sis is to see :e!r any o!r temple--& if ( kn[n cult1 s mu* ! bett]--is f\nd ori5t$ to ,capella4 ,!re is "o su* temple2 x 0 erect$ by ,?o?mes ,,iii4 7,"t ( ,?o?mes1 #afjj ,b4,c4 ,amplitude ( temple1 #ce we/ ( nor? ) hills #c high1 #cb nor? decl9ation2 ,capella #cc nor? decl9ation ab\t #agjj ,b4,c47 ,x is ! temple ( ,ptah at ,k>nak4 ,& n[ x appe>s !re is ano!r4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahib ! (fic]s ( ! ,museum ( ,gzeh1 "u ! direction ( ,m4 de ,morgan1 excavat$ a temple at ,memphis to ! nor? ( ! hut conta9+ ! recumb5t /atue ( ,rameses1 & dur+ _! "w !y f\nd two magnific5t /atues ( ,ptah1 les plus rem>quables /atues div9es qu'on ait encore tr\ves en gypte1#hh & a colossal model 9 rose granite ( ! sacr$ boat ( ,ptah4 ,^! discov]ies h l$ ! (fic]s 9 "q to ! conclusion t ! build+ among ! ru9s ( :i* ^! priceless treasures h be5 f\nd is v]itably ! _w-r5[n$ temple ( ,ptah ( ,memphis4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be accept$ z su* = ! purpose ( ! pres5t inquiry1 al?\gh x is difficult to reconcile its emplacem5t 9 relation to ! /atues ) ! acc\nts giv5 by ! ,arab hi/orians4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahic1 ,capta9 ,lyons1 ,r4,e41 0 good en\gh to accompany me to det]m9e ! ori5tation ( ! newly uncov]$ temple walls4 ,we _h already1 two ye>s previ\sly1 c>efully measur$ ! be>+s ( ! /atues ( ,rameses4 ,we f\nd ! temple 9 all probability fac+ we/w>ds1 & n ea/w>ds2 ?is we det]m9$ by a seat$ /atue fac+ we/w>ds2 & we conclud$ its ori5tation1 assum+ a magnetic v>iation ( #d we/1 to be #ab nor? ( we/1 & ! hills 9 front ( x1 assum+ ! village ( ,mt-,rahneh non-exi/5t1 to be #ej high4 ,"h1 !n1 we get reproduc$ almo/ absolutely ! conditions ( ! obelisk at ,heliopolis 9 a ,ptah temple ori5t$ to ,capella #ebjj ,b4,c4 ,we are driv51 !n1 to ! conclusion t ! /> ,capella is p]sonifi$ by ,ptah1 & t z ,capella 0 wor%ipp$ sett+1 ,ptah is repres5t$ z a mummy4 ,if ?is be s1 we mu/ also accept ano!r conclusion3 ! temples bo? at ,annu & ,memphis 7 d$icat$ to ,ptah4 ,ab\t #ecjj ,b4,c4 we seem almo/ 9 ! "t ( ! div9e dyna/ies1 & beg9 to und]/& h[ x is t 9 ! old traditions ,ptah prec$es ,r & is call$ ! fa!r ( ! beg9n+s1 & ! creator ( ! egg ( ! ,sun & ,moon4#hi ,we are driv5 to ! conclusion t ?is wor%ip at ,annu & ,memphis 0 ! wor%ip ( ! sun's disc :5 sett+1 at ! "t ( ! ye> h]ald$ by ,capella1 :5 x _h ! decl9ation ( #aj nor?4 ,! dates on :i* ! sun _h ?is decl9ation 71 z already /at$1 ab\t ,april #ah & ,augu/ #bd ( our ,gregorian ye>4 ,! =m]1 9 ,egypt1 dom9at$ by ! ,nile1 0 ab\t ! "t ( ! associat$ spr+ & h>ve/ fe/ivals4 ,s mu* = ! ,ptah mummy =m ( ! ,sun-,god1 to :i* ! ,!ban prie/s erect$ no important temples4 ,!re 0 /ill ano!r mummy =m ( ! ,sun-,god1 ! wor%ip ( :i* exi/$ at ,!bes1 b :i* !y did _! be/ to aboli% by ! int5sification ( ! wor%ip ( ,am5-,r4 ,at ,!bes1 z we h se51 ! temple ( ,mut is associat$ ) "o at "r angles to x1 fac+ nor?-we/4 ,! amplitudes are #gb nor? ( ea/ & #ag nor? ( we/4 ,i h %[n t ! temple ( ,mut w\ld all[ ,draconis to be se5 along its axis ab\t #cbjj ,b4,c4 ,i n[ /ate t ,spica w\ld be se5 along ! axis ( ! rectangul> temple at ! same "t4 ,! cult 9 ?is temple-sy/em !re c be no d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 0 ! wor%ip ( ,m91 o!rwise read ,amsu1 or ,khem 9 i?yphallic mummy =m4 ,?is 0 associat$ possibly ) a h>ve/-home fe/ival on ,may #a4 7,amplitude ( temple1 #ag nor? ( we/ decl9ation #ae sun's ,n4 decl9ation on ,may #a47 ,bo? at ,annu & ,!bes1 !re=e1 be=e ! temple ( ,am5-,r at ! latt] place became ( importance1 ! sun 0 wor%ipp$ 9 a temple po9t$ nei!r to a sol/ice nor to an equ9ox4 ,x seems1 !n1 t ! sugge/ion t possibly sun-wor%ip exi/$ be=e any great developm5t ( ! sol/itial sol> wor%ip is amply ju/ifi$4 ,we h next to consid] :at _h tak5 place at ,!bes1 s f> z we c trace x on ! ori5tation hypo!sis aft] #cbjj ,b4,c41 :5 app>5tly ! ,spica temple & ! associat$ ,mut temple 7 f\nd$4 ,to d ?is x is important to /udy ! ma/]ly essay by ,m4 ,virey1 entitl$ ,notices ,gnrales1 on ! discov]ies made at ,dr el-,bah>i by ,,mm4 ,masp]o & ,grbaut1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! new edition ( ! ,gzeh ,catalogue4#ij ,m4 ,virey makes u acqua9t$ ) ! politics ( ! ,!ban prie/s1 or r ( ! confrat]nity ( ,am5 :i* !y _h f\nd$4 ,f 8 acc\nt ( ! confrat]nity & ( ! v>i\s attempts made by x to acquire political p[]1 h[ev]1 we ga!r t x 0 n only int5d$ to int5sify ! cult ( ,am5-,r at ! exp5se ( ! sun-wor%ip previ\sly exi/+ at ,!bes 79 ! ,spica temple71 b t "o ( ! *ief aims ( ! confrat]nity ( ,am5 0 to aboli% ! wor%ip ( ,set1 ,sit1 ,sut1 or ,sute*2 t is1 z ,i ?9k ,i h prov$1 g5]ically1 ! />s ne> ! ,nor? ,pole1 &1 z x c be %[n1 9 fav\r ( ! s\!rn ones4 ,! temple ( ,mut 0 ! *ief temple at ,k>nak 9 :i* ! cult ( ! nor!rn />s 0 c>ri$ on1 & ?is 0 associat$ ) ! ,spica temple2 s bo? ^! temples _h to g4 ,we c n[ realise :at ! ,!ban prie/s got ,?o?mes to d4 ,!y 7 /rong measures1 s9ce 9 8 day ! cult ( ,spica 7! sol> disc1 ,at51 ,m91 ,khem71 & ,draconis 7! ,hippopotamus-&-,lion ,isis7 0 supreme4 ,! little %r9e ( ! ,!ban ,am5 0 enl>g$ & built "r across ! fair-way ( ! temple ( ,mut1 s t ! wor%ip 0 z effectively /opp$ z ! wor%ip ( ,isis 7:5 x 0 prohibit$ by law7 0 /opp$ at ,pompeii by ! t[n au?orities brick+ up ! w9d[ by :i* ! /> 0 obs]v$4#ia ,fur!r1 ! %r9e s re/or$ 0 to be ( su* magnific5ce t ! ,spica temple1 :i* _h hi!rto held fir/ rank1 became an insignificant *apel 9 comp>ison4 ,nor 0 ?is all3 9 ord] /ill to emphasise ! supremacy ( ,am5-,r1 a ?ird-rate temple 0 erect$ to ,ptah4 ,x is cle> f ?is t we mu/ date ! great supremacy ( ! cult ( ,am5-,r 9 & aft] ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 & t ! cult sup]s$$ at ,!bes 0 l>gely bas$ ^u ! old wor%ip at ,annu4 ,n[1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ev5ts 9 ,egyptian hi/ory 0 ! s-call$ apo/asy ( ,am5-hetep ,,iv41 "s hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ,?o?mes ,,iii4 ,9 ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 ! alliance betwe5 ! royal & ! sac]dotal p[] 0 ( ! close/1 & 9 no "t ( ! _w's hi/ory h prie/s be5 m ri*ly end[$ ?an 7 !n ! prie/s ( ,am54 ,n cont5t1 h[ev]1 ) _! sacr$ functions1 !y aim$ at political p[] s obvi\sly t ,?o?mes ,,iv4 & ,am5-hetep ,,iii41 to *eck _! int5tions1 fav\r$ ! cults & prie/hoods ( ,annu & o!r cities ( ! nor?4 ,am5-hetep ,,iii4 & 8 son1 ,am5-hetep ,,iv41 also look$ = alliances out ( ,egypt altoge!r1 & ent]$ into diplomatic relations ) ! pr9ces ( ,asia1 includ+ ev5 ! k+ ( ,babylon4 ,?is br\ght him & ! prie/s to op5 w>f>e4 ,he repli$ to _! ang] by proscrib+ ! cult ( ,am51 & ! "n ( ,am5 0 effac$ f ! monum5ts2 /ill ! prie/ly p>ty 0 /rong en\gh to make x unpleasant = ! k+ 9 ,!bes2 &1 to deal !m yet ano!r bl[1 he quitt$ t city & settl$ at ,tell el-,am>na1 at ! same "t1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,m4 ,virey1 reviv+ an old ,heliopolitan cult4 ,he took = div9e protection ! sol> disk ,at51 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t =ms ( "o ( ! mo/ anci5t gods ( ,egypt1 ,r ( ,heliopolis4#ib ,n[ let u say t ! "t ( ,am5-hetep ,,iv41 accord+ to ! receiv$ au?orities1 0 ab\t #adej ,b4,c4 ,! l9es ( ! ,temple ( ! ,sun at ,tell el-,am>na are to be ga!r$ f ,lepsius' map1 reproduc$ 9 ! illu/ration on ! next page4 ,! ori5tation is #ac nor? ( we/4#ic ,?is gives u a decl9ation ( #aa nor?1 & ! /> ,spica at its sett+ w\ld be visible 9 ! temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temples ,,at ,,tell ,,el-,,am>na4 ,a1 ,! ,at5 7,spica7 ,temple2 ,b1 ! ,set ,temple4 ,/ill ! light w\ld n ent] x axially if ! ori5tation is correct4 ,?is w\ld h happ5$ 9 #bjjj ,b4,c41 t is1 #fjj ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,am5-hetep ,,iv4 ,?is is a po9t :i* ,egyptologi/s mu/ discuss2 x is q c]ta9 t su* a pair ( temples z ^? ( :i* ,lepsius gives u ! plans c\ld n h be5 completely built 9 8 %ort reign1 & !y w\ld n p]haps h be5 comm5c$ on h]etical l9es 9 any previ\s reign dur+ ! ,eighte5? dyna/y4 ,!y mu/ !re=e h be5 comm5c$ be=e #agjj ,b4,c41 p]haps 9 ! ,sev5te5? dyna/y4 ,9 any case !y 7 c]ta9ly f9i%$ by ,khu-en-,at54 ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie has be5 good en\gh1 9 reply to an inquiry1 to /ate 8 op9ion t ! temple 0 entirely built by ,khu-en-,at54 ,%\ld ?is be confirm$1 x may h be5 ori5t$ directly to ! sun1 on ! day nam$1 or 0 probably built p>allel to "s =m] temple1 = traces ( o!r temples are %[n on ,lepsius' plan1 & ,i presume ,khu-en-,at5 is n suppos$ to h built all ( !m4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ?is wor%ip :i* _h be5 abs5t f ,!bes1 b :i* _h held its own to ! nor? to su* an ext5t t ,am5-hetep ,,iv4 w5t back to x s eag]ly8 ,x c\ld n h be5 ! wor%ip ( ,capella z a /> alone1 = su* wor%ip _h be5 provid$ = by ,?o?mes ,,iii4 by build+ temple ,g4 ,nor c\ld x h be5 ! wor%ip ( ,spica z a /> alone1 = 9 t case ! prec$5t ( ,annu w\ld n h be5 appeal$ to4 ,! wor%ip he emphasis$ !re exactly resembl$ t :i* _h 9 e>ly times be5 p>am\nt at ,heliopolis4 ,"o bas$ on x1 b n id5tical ) x1 _h be5 9 vogue at ,!bes f #cbjj ,b4,c4 to ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 :o1 z ! tool ( ! confrat]nity ( ,am51 int5sifi$ ! sol/itial wor%ip1 & did 8 be/ to kill t :i* _h be5 bas$ ^u ! ,heliopolis cult4 ,i say exactly resembl$1 because ,am5-hetep ,,iv41 or "s "o ( ! prec$+ k+s ( ,egypt1 :5 re9troduc+ ! old wor%ip at ,tell el-,am>na1 ori5ts ! sol> temple #ac nor? ( we/ accord+ to ! data available4 ,n[ :5 we take ! diff]5ce ( latitude betwe5 ,heliopolis & ,tell el-,am>na into acc\nt1 we f9d t ! same decl9ation 7)9 half a degree7 is obta9$ f bo?4 ,h5ce1 at ,annu 9 ! old days1 & at ,tell el-,am>na aft]w>ds1 ! sun 0 wor%ipp$ on ! same day ( ! ye>4 ,at bo? places ! sunlight at sunset w\ld ent] ! temple on ,april #ah & ,augu/ #bd ( ! ,gregorian ye>2 h5ce bo? temples 7 probably built really to obs]ve ! sunset on a special day4 ,9 ?is view h[ appropriate 0 ! pray] ( ,ahmes1 ,khu-en-,at5's *ief (ficial-- ,beautiful is ?y sett+1 ?\ sun's disk ( life1 ?\ ,"l ( ,lords & ,k+ ( ! worlds4 ,:5 ?\ unite/ ?yself ) ! heav5 at ?y sett+1 mortals rejoice be=e ?y c\nt5ance & give hon\r to him :o has creat$ !m1 & pray be=e him :o has =m$ !m1 be=e ! glance ( ?y son :o loves !e ! ,k+ ,khu-en-at54 ,! :ole l& ( ,egypt & all peoples repeat all ?y names at ?y ris+1 to magnify ?y ris+ 9 l mann] z ?y sett+4#id ,z may be ga!r$ f ,lepsius' maps & plans1 ?is temple ( ! ,sun 0 n built alone4 ,set 0 aga9 br\ght to ! front4 ,!re 0 ano!r at "r angles to x1 & :ile ,spica 0 se5 sett+ 9 "o1 a /> ne> ,draconis 0 ris+ 9 ! o!r4 ,x may be add$ t x 0 n app>5tly till ,rameses ,,ii4 built 8 temple ,m t ,set aga9 _h an available temple at ,k>nak3 "o1 h[ev]1 aga9 to be block$ :5 ! victori\s ,tirhaqa & ! ,!ban prie/s return$ aft] _! exile4 7,see page #ahf47 ,we see1 !n1 t 9 a detail$ /udy ( ! sun-wor%ip at ,!bes alone1 we di/9ctly trace two s*ools ( a/ronomical ?\ght associat$ ) diff]5t religi\s t5d5cies4 ,z a prote/ aga9/ ! ,s\!rn wor%ip ( ! ,!ban prie/s1 ,khu-en-,at5 goes back to a ,nor!rn cult4 ,?is po9t is evid5tly wor? fur!r inquiry4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,temple ,,& ,,great ,,pyramid ,,build]s4 ,9 previ\s *apt]s ,i h ref]r$ to ! diff]5ce 9 a/ronomical ?\ght evid5c$ by ! sol/itial sol> wor%ip at ,!bes z oppos$ to ! non-sol/itial sol> wor%ip at ,annu1 & aga9 by ! obs]vations ( s\!rn />s above ,!bes z oppos$ to obs]vations ( high nor!rn />s bel[4 ,!re is /ill ano!r fundam5tal diff]5ce to be signalis$1 & t is ! build+ 9 "s cases ( pyramids1 ) or )\t associat$ temples1 ea/ & we/ true4 ,x w p]haps be g5]ally conc$$ t ! diff]5ces 9 ?\ght indicat$ by ! build+ or non-build+ ( colossal pyramids are great] ?an ^? indicat$ by ! two o!r diff]5tia to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & on ?is gr\nd ,i propose to ent] ^u ?is po9t at "s l5g?4 ,we may fir/ inquire if !re be any o!r class ( consid]ations :i* c be utilis$ to cont9ue ! discussion ( ! "q ?us rais$ on a/ronomical gr\nds4 ,x is obvi\s t if suffici5t tradition exi/s to p]mit u to associate ! diff]5t classes ( /ructures :i* h be5 /udi$ a/ronomically ) def9ite p]iods ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 a /udy ( ! l>g] outl9es ( t hi/ory w enable u to det]m9e :e!r or n ! critical *anges 9 dyna/ies & rul]s 7 or 7 n associat$ ) critical *anges 9 a/ronomical ideas z reveal$ by *anges 9 temple-wor%ip & pyramid build+4 ,if !re be no connection ! *anges may h be5 due to a *ange ( idea only--a v>iation 9 a/ronomical ?\ght--& ! sugge/ion ( a di/9ction ( race falls to ! gr\nd4 ,9 a region ( inquiry :]e ! facts are s few & difficult to recognise among a mass ( my?s & traditions1 to say no?+ ( contradictory ass]tions by diff]5t au?ors 9 _! exposition ( ! inscriptions1 ! m closely we adh]e to a rigidly sci5tific me?od ( inquiry ! bett]4 ,i propose to %[1 !re=e1 t !re is "o work+ hypo!sis :i* seems to include a great _m ( ! facts1 & ,i hope to give ! hypo!sis & ! facts 9 su* a way t if !re be any?+ inaccurately or incompletely /at$ x w be easy at once to *ange ! front ( ! inquiry & proce$ along ! new l9e indicat$4 ,i may beg9 by rem>k+ t x is fundam5tal = ! hypo!sis1 t ! temple ( ,annu or ,heliopolis exi/$1 z /at$ by ,masp]o & o!r high au?orities1 be=e ! times ( ,m9i 7,m5a7 & ! pyramid build]s4 ,be=e ,m9i1 accord+ to ,masp]o1 ,on et les villes du ,nord avai5t eu la "p pr9cipale dans le dveloppem5t de la civilisation gypti5ne4 ,les prires et les hymnes1 qui =mr5t plus t>d le noyau des livres sacrs1 avai5t t rdigs ,an4 ,my obs]vations ( ! ori5tation ( ! obelisk at ,annu %[ t ! temple ( :i* x =m$ "p may h possibly be5 an e>ly memb] ( ! s]ies :i* includes ! temple ( ,mut at ,!bes1 & ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah2 t is1 ! wor%ip ( ,set 0 9 "q1 to speak g5]ically4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,masp]o1 ,sit or ,set =m$ "o ( ! div9e dyna/ies1 be+ associat$ ) ! sun & air gods at ,annu1 i4e4 ) ,r1 ,atmu1 ,osiris1 ,horus1 & ,%\4 ,x is also c]ta9 t ! sol> temple at ,annu at "r-angles to ! ,sit temple1 0 po9t$ nor?-we/1 & probably to ,capella sett+1 ab\t #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,s mu* = ! a/ronomical antiquity ( ,annu4 ,b !re are o!r nor!rn t[ns besides ,annu = :i* a v high antiquity is claim$4 ,on ?is po9t "h is ! op9ion ( ,eb]s & ,dmi*51 two ( our highe/ au?orities3 ,dies i/ die lte/e ,/adt 9 ,aegypt51 und das mit ihm v]bund5e ,abydos kann ni*t viel jung] gewes5 se91 d5n s*on im alt5 ,rei*e wird es vielfa* als heilige ,/adt erwhnt4#ie ,! sacr$ "* ( ,abydos is also po9t$ out by ,masp]o4#if ,c'e/ comme ville sa9te qu'elle tait univ]sellem5t connue4 ,ses sanctuaires tai5t clbres1 son dieu ,osiris vnr1 ses ftes suivies p> t\te l'gypte2 les g5s ri*es des autres nomes t5ai5t honneur de se faire dress] une /le dans son temple4 ,if x be f\nd t ! ref]5ces to ance/ors1 & div9e ance/ors1 occur aft] ! elev5? dyna/y1 ! race repres5t$ by ,annu1 or ! "o :i* imm$iately foll[$ x 78 ! ,hor-,%esu7 may be ref]r$ to 7see ! *apt]s on ! ,egyptian ye>74 ,( ,abydos a/ronomically ,i c only say v little1 z ! v>i\s /atem5ts z to ! ori5tation ( ! nor?-ea/ temples !re by v>i\s au?ors are s conflict+ t no?+ c]ta9 c be made out4 ,z !y /& !y are sugge/ive t ^! temples may possibly be associat$ ) t at ,luxor1 & x may be ga!r$ f ! description ( !m by ,eb]s & ,dmi*5 9 ,ba$ek] t _m ref]5ces to ,set 7,anubis7 occur 9 ! inscriptions4 ,if subsequ5t measurem5ts indicate t ,abydos & ,luxor are to be treat$ toge!r1 !n a/ronomically bo? ^! places may repres5t a cult m anci5t ?an t at ,annu1#ig s9ce x w\ld appe> t 9 ^! cases ,lyr 0 ! /> p]sonifi$ by ,anubis1 z ,urs ,majoris & ,draconis 7 subsequ5tly4 ,b if ! cult 7 m anci5t ! temple f\ndations 7 n1 ! fir/ l5g? ( ,luxor hav+ be5 built1 on ?is supposition1 ab\t #dijj ,b4,c4 ,! la/ l5g? built by ,ramses ,,ii4 0 c]ta9ly ori5t$ to ,lyr1 by :i* ,i mean t if ! build+ date giv5 by ,egyptologi/s is correct1 ,lyr rose 9 ! axis prolong$--ano!r in/ance ( ! long p]si/5ce ( a cult1 & ( ! fact t ! temples t we see are b %r9es re/or$4 ,on ! assumption t ! above view is true = ,luxor & t ,abydos foll[$ suit1 z is sugge/$ by ! imp]fect ori5tations1 we are l$ to ! conclusion t1 tak+ exi/+ temple f\ndations1 ,annu prec$$ ,abydos4#ih ,! a/ronomical results1 !n1 are c]ta9ly 9 h>mony ) ! hi/orical /atem5t1 :i* ,i take z fundam5tal1 t ,annu prec$$ ,memphis & pyramid times4 ,^! times 7 n only rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! build+ ( ! great pyramids2 !re 0 a va/ *ange 9 ! cult4 ,i h already po9t$ out t at ,annu we seem$ limit$ to ,set z a /ell> div9ity2 s soon z pyramid times are rea*$1 h[ev]1 ?is is *ang$4 ,! numb] ( gods is increas$1 & !re is app>5tly a mixture1 z if "s influ5ce _h be5 at "w besides t repres5t$ by ,annu & ! pyramid build]s4 ,i h giv5 be=e ! li/ ( ! gods ( ,heliopolis1 & h %[n t ) ! exception ( ,sit none are /ell>4 ,b we f9d 9 pyramid times ! li/ is increas$2 only ! sun gods ,r1 ,horus1 ,osiris1 are common to ! two4 ,z new div9ities we h#ii-- ,isis4 ,ha?or4 ,neph?ys4 ,ptah4 ,s]k-t4 ,sokhit4 ,( ^! ! fir/ two & ! la/ two und\bt$ly symbolis$ />s1 & !re c be no "q t ! temples ( ,isis built at ! pyramids1 ,buba/is1 ,tanis & else:]e1 7 built to wat* ! ris+ ( "s ( !m4 ,! temple ( ,sas1 z ,i h said1 _h ea/ & we/ walls1 & s _h ,memphis1 accord+ to ,lepsius4 ,! =m ( ,isis at ,sas 0 ! goddess ,nit1 :i*1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 0 ! precursor ( ,a!ne4 ,! temple ( ,a!ne at ,a!ns 0 ori5t$ to ! ,pleiades4 ,!re is also no "q t ! goddess ,s]k-t symbolis$ ,ant>es4 ,we f9d ourselves1 !n1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! wor%ip ( ! sun & />s 9 ! ecliptic con/ellations 9 ,egypt dur+ pyramid times1 & 9 con/ellations connect$ ) ! ,equ9ox2 = if we are "r ab\t ! ,pleiades & ,ant>es1 ^! are ! />s :i* h]ald$ ! sunrise at ! ,v]nal & ,autumnal ,equ9ox respectively1 :5 ! sun 0 9 ,taurus & ,scorpio4 ,n[1 associat$ ) ! introduction ( ^! new wor%ips 9 pyramid times 0 ! wor%ip ( ! bull ,apis1 ?is wor%ip prec$+ ! build+ ( pyramids4 ,m5a is cr$it$ by "s au?ors ) its introduction1#ajj b at any rate ,kakau ( ! second dyna/y issu$ proclamations reg>d+ x1#aja & a /atue ( ,hapi 0 9 ! temple ( ,*eops4#ajb ,illu/ration3 ,,apis4 ,,apis4 ,! gr\nd be+ ?us cle>$1 ,i n[ /ate ! work+ hypo!sis to :i* ,i h ref]r$ above4 #a4 ,! fir/ civilisation z yet glimps$1 s f> z temple build+ goes1 9 ,nor!rn ,egypt1 repres5t$ by t at ,annu or ,heliopolis1 0 a civilisation ) a non-equ9octial sol> wor%ip1 comb9$ ) ! cult ( a nor!rn />4 #b4 ,memphis 7possibly also ,sas1 ,buba/is1 ,tanis & o!r cities ) ea/ & we/ walls7 & ! great pyramids 7 built by a new invad+ race1 repres5t+ an advance 9 a/ronomical ?\ght4 ,! nor!rn />s 7 wor%ipp$ possibly on ! m]idian1 & a /> ris+ 9 ! ea/ 0 wor%ipp$ at ea* equ9ox4 #c4 ,! subsequ5t blank 9 ,egyptian hi/ory 0 associat$ ) conflicts betwe5 ^! & o!r races1 :i* 7 end$ by ! victory ( ! repres5tatives ( ! old wor%ip ( ,annu1 re9=c$ f ! s\?1 z if nor?-/> & s\?-/> cults _h comb9$ aga9/ ! equ9octial cult4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mnevis4 ,aft] ^! conflicts1 ea/ & we/ pyramid build+ practically ceas$1 ,memphis takes second place1 & ,!bes1 a s\!rn ,annu1 s f> z ! =m ( sol> wor%ip & ! cult ( ,sit are conc]n$1 comes ^u ! sc5e z ! seat ( ! twelf? dyna/y4#ajc #d4 ,! subsequ5t hi/orical ev5ts 7 l>gely due to conflicts ) intrud+ races f ! nor?-ea/4 ,! intrud]s e/abli%$ !mselves 9 cities ) ea/ & we/ walls1 & 7 on ea* occasion driv5 out by sol/itial sol> wor%ipp]s :o f\nd$ dyna/ies 7eighte5? & tw5ty-fif?7 at ,!bes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,two ,,great ,,pyramids ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,inundation4 ,"s detail$ rem>ks are necess>y on sev]al po9ts connect$ ) ! above g5]alisation4 ,i w take !m s]iatim4 ,we f9d at ,memphis1 ,sas1 ,buba/is1 & ,tanis1 ea/ & we/ walls :i* at once /amp ^? cities z diff]+ 9 orig9 f ,annu1 ,abydos & ,!bes1 :]e1 z ,i h %[n1 ! walls tr5d ei!r nor?-we/--s\?-ea/ or nor?-ea/--s\?-we/4 ,= ,memphis1 ,sas & ,tanis ! evid5ce is af=d$ by ! maps ( ,lepsius4 ,= ,buba/is x dep5ds ^u ! /atem5t ( ,naville1 t ! walls run ne>ly f ea/ to we/1 & ) ! loos5ess too (t5 associat$ ) su* /atem5ts1 x is n said :e!r ?is be>+ is true or magnetic4 ,associat$ ) ^! ea/ & we/ walls !re is1 moreov]1 evid5ce ( great antiquity4 ,buba/is1 accord+ to ,naville1#ajd has af=d$ traces ( ! date ( ,*eops & ,*ephr51 & x is /at$ by ,mane?o to h exi/$ z e>ly z ! second dyna/y4 ,x is a matt] ( common k t ! pyramids 9 ,egypt are g5]ally ori5t$ ea/ & we/4#aje ,nor is ?is all2 !re has be5 a di/9ct evolution 9 _! me?od ( /ructure4 ,"o ( ! olde/1 if n ! olde/ pyramid kn[n is ! s-call$ /ep-pyramid ( ,sakk>ah4 ,! /eps are six 9 numb]1 & v>y 9 height f ?irty-eight to tw5ty-n9e feet1 _! wid? be+ ab\t six feet4 ,! dim5sions are 7#ceb nor? & s\?7 7#cij ea/ & we/7 #aig feet4 ,"s au?orities ?9k ?is pyramid 0 erect$ 9 ! fir/ dyna/y by ! f\r? k+ 7,n5ephes ( ,mane?o1 ,ata ( ! tablet ( ,abydos74 ,! arrangem5t ( *amb]s 9 ?is pyramid is q special4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/ep-,,pyramid ,,( ,,sakk>ah4 ,! claim to ! highe/ antiquity ( ! /ep-pyramid is disput$ by "s 9 fav\r ( ! false pyramid ( ,mdm4 ,x also is a g5u9e /ep-pyramid1 #aae feet high2 its outl9e1 :i* conceals "s ( ! /eps1 %[s ?ree /ages1 sev5ty1 tw5ty1 & tw5ty-five feet high2 b 9 its int]nal /ructure x is really a /ep-pyramid ( six /ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pyramid ,,( ,m,d,m4 ,?is pyramid mu/1 accord+ to ! important & conclusive rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie1#ajf be attribut$ to ,s5ef]u1 al?\gh ,de ,r\g _h furni%$ evid5ce to ! contr>y4#ajg ,s5ef]u 0 a k+ ( ! f\r? dyna/y4 ,we h at ,da%r ! only rema9+ abnormal pyramid1 call$ ! blunt$ pyramid1 = ! reason t ! incl9ation *anges at ab\t "o-?ird ( ! height4 ,?is pyramid =ms "o ( a gr\p ( f\r1 two ( /one1 &1 be x c>efully borne 9 m9d1 two ( brick2 _! dim5sions are #gjj #gjj #cbf feet2 #fbj #fbj #cba feet2 #cej #cej #ij feet2 & #cdc #cdc #aef feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,blunt$ ,,pyramid ,,( ,,da%,r4 ,"o ( ^! pyramids 0 =m]ly suppos$ to h be5 built by ,s5ef]u2 if any ( !m _h be5 erect$ by ,k+ ,us]ts5 ,,iii4 ( ! twelf? dyna/y1 z 0 =m]ly ?\ght1 ! hypo!sis we are consid]+ w\ld h be5 invalid4 ,only aft] ,s5ef]u1 !n1 d we come to ! normal ,egyptian pyramid1 ! two l>ge/ at ,gzeh built by ,*eops 7,*ufu7 & ,*ephr5 7f\r? dyna/y7 be+1 s f> z is accurately kn[n1 ! olde/ ( ! s]ies4 7,accord+ to ,m>iette ! date ( ,m5a is #ejjd ,b4,c41 & ! f\r? dyna/y comm5c$ 9 #dbce47 ,associat$ ) ! cities ) ea/ & we/ walls & ^! pyramids are temples fac+ due ea/1 fit1 !re=e1 to receive ! rays f a /> on ! equator or ( ! morn+ sun ris+ at an equ9ox4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 at ! pyramid ( ,mdm !re is a small temple op5 to ! we/ on ! ea/ side ( ! pyramid4 ,at sunset at ! equ9ox ! sepul*ral *amb] & ! sun 7 9 l9e f ! adytum4 ,! prie/ fac$ a d\ble ,osiris4 ,o!r pyramids 7 built at ,sakk>ah dur+ ! six? dyna/y1 b x is rem>kable t su* a k+ z ,pepi-,m]i-,r %\ld n h imitat$ ! maje/ic /ructures ( ! f\r? dyna/y4 ,he is said to h built a pyramid at ,sakk>ah1 b its obscurity is evid5ce t ! pyramid idea 0 giv+ way1 & x looks z if ?is dyna/y 7 really on ! side ( ! s\!rn cult1 = ! au?ority ( ,memphis decl9$1 & ,abydos 0 pref]r$1 :ile abroad ,s9ai 0 reconqu]$1 & ,e?iopia 0 kept 9 ord]4#ajh ,! sph9x 7ori5t$ true ea/7 may possibly be ascrib$ to ! e>lie/ pyramid build]s2 x c\ld only h be5 sculptur$ by a race ) an equ9octial cult4 ,! ,build+s ( ! ,elev5? & ,twelf? ,dyna/ies4 ,we h next to consid] :at happ5$ aft] ! great gap 9 ,egyptian hi/ory betwe5 ! six? & twelf? dyna/ies1 #cejj ,b4,c4--#bhea ,b4,c4 7,m>iette72 f ,nitocris to ,am5emht ,i4 ,we pass to ! ,middle ,empire1 & "h we h m]ely to deal ) ! wor%ips previ\sly ref]r$ to 9 ,nor!rn ,egypt4 ,am5emht ,i4 built no pyramids1 he add$ no embelli%m5ts to ,memphis2 b he took ,annu "u 8 c>e1 & n[ we fir/ he> ( ,!bes4#aji ,us]ts5 ,i4 built no pyramids1 he add$ no embelli%m5ts to ,memphis1 b he also took ,annu "u 8 c>e1 & add$ obelisks to ! temples1 "o ( :i* rema9s to ?is day4 ,fur!r1 he re/or$ ! temple ( ,osiris at ,abydos1 & add$ to ! temple ( ,am5-,r at ,!bes4#aaj ,surely x is v notewor?y t ! fir/ ?+ ! k+s ( ! twelf? dyna/y did 0 to look aft] ! only ?ree temples 9 ,egypt ( :i* traces exi/1 :i* ,i h %[n to h be5 ori5t$ to ! ,sun n at an equ9ox4 ,x is "r1 h[ev]1 to rem>k t !re seems to h be5 a mild recrudesc5ce ( pyramid build+ t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? dyna/y1 & imm$iately prec$+ ! ,hyksos p]iod1 :e!r z a precursor ( t p]iod or n4 ,us]ts5's views ab\t 8 la/ home h come d[n to u 9 a writ+ by 8 scribe ,mirri3--#aaa ,mon matre m'envoya en mission p\r lui prp>] une gr&e demeure t]nelle4 ,les c\loirs et la *ambre intrieure tai5t en maonn]ie1 et r5\velai5t les m]veilles de con/ruction des dieux4 ,il y eut en elle des colonnes sculptes1 belles comme le ciel1 un bass9 creus qui communiquait avec le ,nil1 des portes1 des oblisques1 une faade en pi]re de ,r\\4 ,!re 0 no?+ pyramidal ab\t ?is idea1 b "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat] we f9d ,am5emht ,,iii4 return+ bo? to ! gigantic irrigation works & ! pyramid build+ ( ! e>li] dyna/ies4 ,! sc5e ( ^! lab\rs 0 ! ,fayym1 :]e1 to cr[n ! new "w1 two ornam5tal pyramids 7 built1 surm\nt$ by /atues1 & f9ally ! k+ himself 0 buri$ 9 a pyramid ne> ! ,labyr9?4 ,! ,build+s ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4 ,! blank 9 ,egyptian hi/ory betwe5 ! twelf? & eighte5? dyna/ies is kn[n to h be5 associat$ ) ! intrusion ( ! s-call$ ,hyksos4 ,x is suppos$ ^! made _! way into ,egypt f ! c\ntries 9 & to ! we/ ( ,mesopotamia2 x is kn[n t !y settl$ 9 ! cities ) ea/ & we/ walls4 ,!y 7 f9ally driv5 out by ,ahmes1 ! k+ ( sol/itial-sol> ,!bes1 :o began ! eighte5? dyna/y4 ,on page #cch ,i h %[n :at happ5$ aft] ! fir/ great break 9 ,egyptian hi/ory--a resuscitation ( ! sol> wor%ip at ,annu1 ,abydos & ,!bes4 ,i h next to %[ t precisely ! same ?+ happ5$ aft] ! ,hyksos p]iod 7,dyn4 #ac 787 ,m>iette1 #bbcc ,brugs*2 ,dyn4 #ah1 #agjc ,b4,c41 ,m>iette1 #agjj ,b4,c4 ,brugs*7 _h di/urb$ hi/ory = "s five hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is kn[n f ! papyrus ,selli] 7,g4,c4 #beg7 t ,ahmes1 ! fir/ k+ ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 :o re-e/abli%$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,egypt1 0 9 reality fight+ ! prie/s ( ,sute* 9 fav\r ( ! prie/s ( ,am5-,r1 ! sol/itial-sol> god1 a mod]n repres5tative ( ,atmu ( ,annu4 ,am5-,r 0 ! successor ( ,m5?u4 ,s close 0 ! new wor%ip to ! olde/ at ,annu1 t at ! highe/ po9t ( ,!ban p[] ! ?ird prie/ ( ,am5 took ! same titles z ! ,gr& ,prie/ ( ,annu1 :o 0 ! head ( ! fir/ prie/hood 9 ,egypt4 ,! ,gr& ,prie/ ( ,annu1 :o 0 also call$ ! ,great ,obs]v] ( ,r & ,atmu1 _h ! privilege ( ent]+ at all times into ! ,hah5b5 or ,naos4 ,! prie/ ,pad\am51 ^: mummy 0 f\nd 9 #ahia1 bore ^! among 8 o!r titles4 ,! assumption ( ! title 0 n only to associate ! ,!ban prie/hood ) _! nor!rn confrres1 b surely to proclaim t ! old ,annu wor%ip 0 completely re/or$4 ,! ,build+s ( ! ,tw5ty-fif? ,dyna/y4 ,!re 0 ano!r invasion f ,syria1 :i* f\nd$ ! tw5ty-second dyna/y1 & aga9 ! gov]nm5t is c>ri$ on 9 cities ) ea/ & we/ walls 7,sas1 ,tanis & ,buba/is74 ,! sol/itial-sol> prie/s ( ,!bes )draw to ,e?iopia4 ,!y return1 h[ev]1 9 #gjj ,b4,c41 drive out ! ,syrian invad]s1 &1 "u ,%abaka & ,tah>qa1 f\nd a dyna/y 7! tw5ty-fif?7 at ,!bes1 embelli% ! temples !re1 & at ,phil1 ,m$net-,hab1 & ,d5d]ah4 ,conclusion4 ,we see1 !n1 t e important *ange ( cult 0 associat$ ei!r ) invasions f )\t or ) "s di/urbance 9 ,egypt itself1 = 9 no o!r way c ! gaps 9 ,egyptian hi/ory be expla9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s f> we h consid]$ ! equ9octial temples z oppos$ to ! non-equ9octial ones 9 ,nor!rn ,egypt4 ,we h next to g f>!r afield1 & include ! s\!rn temple wor%ip & ! possible influ5ce ( s\!rn races ev5 9 ! v e>lie/ times4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,z ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,s\!rn ,,/>s4 ,s f> z my inquiries h yet gone1 !re is n above ,!bes1 ) ! exceptions ( ,r$esi* & ,dakkeh1 any temple resembl+ ^? at ,annu1 ,!bes1 ,d5d]ah & ,abydos1 to :i* ,i h direct$ att5tion z hav+ a high nor?-ea/ amplitude4 ,simil>ly1 ) "o or two exceptions :i* are probably late1 !re are no temples fac+ ! s\?-ea/ bel[ ,!bes4 ,9 %ort1 9 ,l[] ,egypt ! temples are po9t$ to ris+ />s ne> ! nor? po9t ( ! horizon or sett+ nor? ( we/4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt we deal *iefly ) temples direct$ to />s ris+ 9 ! s\?-ea/ or sett+ l[ 9 ! s\?-we/4 ,"h aga9 we are 9 pres5ce ( z di/9ct diff]5ces 9 a/ronomical ?\ght & purpose ( obs]vation z we f\nd among ^? :o direct$ temples to ! sun at ! equ9ox1 z oppos$ to ^? :o wor%ipp$ t lum9>y at "s o!r "t ( ! ye>4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! nor!rn />s obs]v$ ris+ 9 high amplitudes1 we h f\nd traces ( _! wor%ip 9 times s remote t 9 all probability at ,annu & ,d5d]ah ,urs ,majoris 0 us$ be=e x became circumpol>4 ,we deal almo/ c]ta9ly ) #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,s9ce und\bt$ly new temples ) ne>ly simil> amplitudes 7su* z t d5ot$ by ,m at ,k>nak7 7 built 9 late times1 we f9d s long a range ( "t indicat$ t ! utility ( ! /ell> obs]vations f ! ye>ly po9t ( view c\ld sc>cely h be5 9 "q1 = ! reason t ! same /> c\ld n h]ald an equ9ox or a sol/ice = f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,x may be sugge/$1 !re=e1 t ! obs]vations made 9 !m _h ultimately to d ) ! det]m9ation ( ! h\rs ( ! night2 ?is seems probable1 = 9 ,nubia at pres5t1 "t at night is ?us told4 ,x may be t su* />s z ,canopus 7 us$ by ! s\!rn peoples = ! same purpose z ,urs ,majoris fir/ & !n ,draconis 7 us$ by ! nor!rn]s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "q arises :e!r ! extreme nor? & s\? />s 7 n bo? us$ z w>n]s ( ! dawn all ! ye> r\nd1 aft] ! cult _h be5 e/abli%$ = use at "s special "t4 ,canopus1 = in/ance1 0 ( use to h]ald ! autumnal equ9ox1 #f--ejjj ,b4,c42 b x is q natural to suppose t its utility = night "w at all times ( ! ye> dur+ :i* x 0 visible w\ld soon sugge/ itself1 & ! same rem>ks apply to ! ,nor!rn /> ,draconis4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 q e>ly times means _h be5 f\nd ( divid+ ! day & night into twelve h\rs4 ,9 ! day %ad[s ca/ by ! sun1 or sundials1 might h be5 us$1 b h[ ab\t ! night8 ,we h se5 t ! ,egyptians *iefly1 if n exclusively1 obs]v$ a heav5ly body & ! position ( o!r bodies 9 relation to x1 :5 x 0 ris+ or sett+1 s t x 0 absolutely ess5tial t ! body :i* !y 7 to obs]ve %\ld rise & set4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t z se5 9 ,engl& !re are _m />s :i* nei!r rise nor set4 ,! latitude ( ,london be+ #ea1 ! elevation ( ! pole is #ea4 ,h5ce1 any /> :i* lies )9 t di/ance f ! pole _c set1 b sweeps r\nd )\t t\*+ ! horizon at all4 ,! latitude ( ,!bes be+ #be1 ! di/ance f ! pole to ! horizon is mu* small]1 & s ! numb] ( />s :i* d n rise & set is mu* small]4 ,! />s :i* d n rise or set are />s ne> ! pole1 & !re=e />s :i* move v sl[ly1 & ! />s :i* rise mo/ to ! nor? & mo/ to ! s\? are ^? bodies :i* are mov+ mo/ sl[ly :ile !y yet rise or set4 ,c ?is sl[ rate ( motion h _h any?+ to d ) su* />s be+ select$ = obs]vation1 ! brighte/ /> to ! nor? mo/ sl[ly mov+1 ! brighte/ /> to ! s\? mo/ sl[ly mov+8 ,x is possible t obs]vations ( ^! />s might h be5 made 9 su* a way t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ev5+ ! p>ticul> position ( ,draconis1 = in/ance1 might h be5 not$ ) reg>d to ! pole-/>2 & see+ t ! ,egyptians ?or\ghly knew ! l5g? ( ! night & ( ! day 9 ! diff]5t portions ( ! ye>1 !y c\ld at once--! mom5t !y _h ! />t+-po9t af=d$ by ! position ( ?is />--practically use ! circle ( ! />s r\nd ! nor? pole z ! dial ( a sort ( cele/ial clock4 ,may n ?is really h be5 ! clock ) :i* !y h be5 cr$it$8 ,h[ev] long or %ort ! night1 ! /> :i* 0 at fir/ above ! pole-/>1#aab aft] x _h got r\nd s t x 0 on a level ) x1 w\ld h gone ?r\gh a qu>t] ( its revolution4 ,9 l[ nor!rn latitudes1 h[ev]1 ! s\!rn />s w\ld s]ve bett] = ?is purpose1 s9ce ! circle ( nor!rn circumpol> />s w\ld be mu* re/rict$4 ,h5ce !re 0 a reason 9 su* latitudes = pref]r+ s\!rn />s4 ,) reg>d bo? to high nor? & s\? />s1 !n1 we may 9 bo? cases be 9 pres5ce ( obs]vations made to det]m9e ! "t at night4 ,s t ! wor%ip ( ,set1 ! det]m9ation ( ! "t at night by means ( nor!rn />s1 might h be5 little popul> ) ^? :o at ,gebel ,b>kal & else:]e 9 ! s\? _h us$ ! s\!rn ones = ! same purpose1 & ?is may be "o reason :y ! ,!ban prie/s1 repres5t+ ,nubian a/ronomical culture & me?ods1 7 pl$g$ to drive ! cult ( ,sute* out ( ! l&4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! obs]vations ( ,draconis might be us$ to h]ald ! sunrise almo/ all ! ye> r\nd2 & s9ce ! mod]n con/ellation ,draco is ! old ,hippopotamus1 we c readily und]/& ,plut>*'s /atem5t t ,taurt presides ov] ! bir? ( ! sun1 & :y ,taurt or ,mut %\ld be call$ ! ,mi/ress ( ,d>kness4#aac ,x does n seem too mu* to hope t ! cont9uation ( su* inquiries may ultimately enable u to solve sev]al po9ts connect$ ) e>ly ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,we read 9 ,brugs*3--#aad ,accord+ to ,greek tradition1 ! primitive abode ( ! ,egyptian p is to be s\ght 9 ,e?iopia1 & ! hon\r ( f\nd+ _! civilisation %\ld be giv5 to a b& ( prie/s f ,m]o4 ,desc5d+ ! ,nile1 !y are suppos$ to h settl$ ne> ! lat] city ( ,!bes1 & to h e/abli%$ ! fir/ /ate ) a !ocratic =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,b x is n to ,e?iopian prie/s t ! ,egyptian ,empire owes its orig91 its =m ( gov]nm5t1 & its high civilisation2 mu* r 0 x ! ,egyptians !mselves t fir/ asc5d$ ! riv] to f\nd 9 ,e?iopia temples1 cities1 & =tifi$ places1 & to diffuse ! bless+s ( a civilis$ /ate among ! rude d>k-col\r$ population4 444 ,/range to say1 ! :ole numb] ( ! build+s 9 /one1 z yet kn[n & exam9$1 :i* 7 erect$ on bo? sides ( ! riv] by ,egyptian & ,e?iopian k+s1 furni% incontrov]tible pro( t ! long s]ies ( temples1 cities1 sepul*res1 & monum5ts 9 g5]al1 exhibit a di/9ct *ronological ord]1 ( :i* ! />t+-po9t is f\nd 9 ! pyramids1 at ! apex ( ! ,delta4 ,x mu/ be emphatically /at$ t ! results obta9$ f ^! monum5ts1 /udy+ !m f ! a/ronomical po9t ( view1 lead to a v diff]5t conclusion4 ,in/ead ( "o s]ies1 !re are di/9ctly two 7leav+ out ( consid]ation ! great pyramid build]s at ,gzeh7 absolutely dissimil> a/ronomically2 & in/ead ( "o set ( temple-build]s go+ up ! riv]1 !re 7 at lea/ two sets1 "o go+ up ! riv] build+ temples to nor? />s1 ! o!r go+ d[n build+ temples to s\? />s2 & ! two /reams practically met at ,!bes1 or at all ev5ts !y 7 bo? v fully repres5t$ !re1 ei!r toge!r or successively4 ,! d\ble orig9 ( ! p ?us sugge/$ on a/ronomical gr\nds may be ! reason ( ! "n ( d\ble c\ntry1 us$ especially 9 ! titles ( k+s1 ( ! employm5t ( two cr[ns1 & f9ally ( ! suppos$ sov]eignty ( ,set ov] ! nor?1 & ( ,horus ov] ! s\? divisions ( ! k+dom4#aae ,only by ! "t ( ,s5ef]u 0 !re any?+ l an amalgamation ( ! peoples4 ,he fir/ 0 ,k+ ( ! two ,egypts1#aaf :ile lat] ,*ephr5 call$ himself ,horus & ,sit#aag--;a di/9ct indication1 ,i take x1 t ! influ5ce ( ,upp] ,egypt 0 already felt z e>ly z ,s5ef]u1 &1 ,i ?9k1 mu* e>li]1 al?\gh all temple trace ( x is lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ip ,,( ,h,t-,,%epset ,,lad5 ,,) ,,produce ,,f ,,pun-,t4 7,dr el-,bah>i ,inscriptions47 ,) reg>d to ! />t-po9t ( ! temple-build]s :o came d[n ! riv]1 !re is no ori5tation evid5ce1 = ! reason t !re is little or no in=mation f ! regions s\? ( ,naga4 ,at ,naga 7lat4 #af #ah ,n471 ,m]o 7lat4 #af #ee ,n471 ,gebel ,b>kal & ,nuri 7bo? 9 lat4 #ah #cj ,n471 !re is in=mation ( ! mo/ important k9d1 b beyond ,naga !re is a gap2 b s9ce important /ructures 7 erect$ at ! places nam$ 9 e>ly times 7my inquiries sugge/ #cjjj-djjj ,b4,c471 x is probable t ! peoples :o built !m /ret*$ fur!r t[>ds ! equator4 ,b al?\gh ! ori5tation evid5ce is lack+ = ! l[] latitudes1 ! inscriptions are by no means sil5t1 & ov] & ov] aga9 x is /at$ t ^? p>ticul> gods :om ,i h f\nd to be associat$ ) s\!rn />s came f a locality call$ ! l& ( ,pun-t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,huts ,,built ,,on ,,piles ,,9 ,,pun-,t4 7,dr el-,bah>i ,inscriptions47 ,pun-t 0 always consid]$ a ,holy ,l&4 ,ha?or 0 ,que5 ( ! ,holy ,l&1 ,mi/ress & ,rul] ( ,pun-t4 ,am5-,r 0 ,hak or ,k+ ( ,pun-t1 & ,horus 0 ! ,holy ,morn+ ,/> :i* rose to ! we/ 787 ( ! l& ( ,pun-t4#aah ,masp]o ref]s to an anci5t tradition t ! l& ( ,pun-t c\ld be rea*$ by go+ up ! ,nile1 :]e ev5tually "o came to an unkn[n sea :i* ba!d ! l& ( ,pun-t4 ,0 ?is "o ( ! great lakes8#aai ,brugs*#abj is ( op9ion t ,pun-t occupi$ ! s\? & we/ coa/s ( ,arabia ,felix1 b ,masp]o & ,m>iette d n agree ) him4 ,! two latt] au?orities id5tify x ) t "p ( ! ,somali-l& :i* bord]s on ! ,gulf ( ,ad54 ,x is ! ,c9namonif]a regio or ,aromatif]a regio ( ! anci5ts4#aba ,! inscriptions at ,dr el-,bah>i make x q c]ta9 t ,pun-t is 9 ,africa4 ,hott5tot ,v5uses1 pile dwell+s1#abb elephants1 to say no?+ ( ! products ( ! c\ntry ref]r$ to z among ! freight ( ! %ips on _! homew>d voyage1 di/9ctly po9t to ,africa1 & ,i ?9k a s\!rn "p ( x4 ,! ,cynocephalus ape1 p]haps1 is m d\btful4 ,! fir/ organis$ exp$ition to ,pun-t ( :i* we he> any?+ is t organis$ by ,se-n-ka-,r1 ! la/ k+ ( ! #aa? ,!ban dyna/y4 ,?is 0 a new traffic by way ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,!re 0 !n no canal 9 exi/5ce jo9+ ! sea ) ! ,nile2 ! exp$ition w5t by l& to ,coptos4#abc ,!y fur!r indicate1 z ,masp]o sugge/s1 t ! exp$ition ( ,ht-%epset an*or$ up a riv]1 & n on ! sea-%ore4 ,?is1 aga91 makes ,africa mu* m probable ?an ,arabia4 ,if we agree t ,pun-t is really 9 ,africa1 s\? ( ,somali-l&1 !re is a great probability t ! tradition ref]r$ to by ,masp]o is a true "o4 ,x is also to be po9t$ out t !re is no trace ( ! s\!rn /> temples along ! v>i\s roads to ! ,r$ ,sea1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! e>lie/ traces ( nor!rn /> wor%ip1 ) ! exception ( ,annu or ,on1 occur along "o or o!r ( !m4 ,!re is di/9ct evid5ce t ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,ha?or1 ,*nemu1 ,am5-,r1 & ,khons1 are wor%ips com+ f ! s\?4 ,) reg>d to ,horus1 x is necess>y to discrim9ate1 s9ce !re 7 two di/9ct gods--,horus 9 ,nor!rn & ,horus 9 ,s\!rn ,egypt1 & ,horus ( ! s\? 0 ! eld] ( ! two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cynocephalus ,,ape ,,) ,,moon ,,emblem4 ,! ,hawk-god ( ,edf1 ,h>h\diti1 ! s\!rn ,horus1 _h = s]vants a numb] ( individuals call$ ,masniu or ,masnitiu blacksmi?s4 ,! ,hawk-god ( ! ,delta1 ! nor!rn ,horus1 ,h>siisit1 _h = 8 ent\rage ! ,%esu ,horu4 ,n[ ,masp]o has rec5tly po9t$ out#abd t ! s\!rn ,horus may h be5 import$1 n f ,arabia ,felix or ,somali-l&1 b f ,c5tral ,africa6 & 9 a mo/ int]e/+ pap] has call$ att5tion to "s cu/oms /ill extant among ! ca/es ( blacksmi?s 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 :i* h sugge/$ to him t ! foll[]s ( ! ,edf ,horus may h come f t prov9ce4 ,he writes3-- ,c'e/ du sud de l'gypte que les =g]ons sont remonts v]s le nord2 leur sige primitif tait le sud de l'gypte1 la p>tie du pays qui a le plus des rapports avec les rgions c5trales de l',afrique et leurs habitants4 ,!n1 aft] /at+ ! pres5t conditions ( ^! work]s 9 ,equatorial ,africa1 :]e !y enjoy a high di/9ction1 he concludes3-- ,je p5se qu'on peut se reprs5t] l',horus d',edf\ comme tant au db1 dans l'une de ses =mes1 le *ef et le dieu d'une tribu d'ouvri]s travaillant le mtal1 ou plutt travaillant le f]4 ,on ne saurait en effet se dissimul] qu'il y a une aff9it relle entre le f] et la p]sonne d',horus en c]ta9s my!s4 ,horus e/ la face cle/e 7hor\71 le ciel1 le firmam5t1 et ce firmam5t e/ de t\te antiquit1 un toit de f]1 si bi5 que le f] en prit le nom de ba-ni-pit1 mtal du ciel1 mtal dont e/ =m le ciel3 ,horus l'an1 ,horus d',edf\1 e/ donc en ralit un dieu de f]4 ,il e/1 de plus1 muni de la pique ou de la javel9e po9t de f]1 et les dieux qui lui sont app>5ts1 ,anh\ri1 ,%\1 sont de piqui]s comme lui1 au contraire des dieux du nord de l'gypte1 ,r1 ,phtah1 etc41 qui n'ont pas d'armes l'ord9aire4 ,la lg5de d',h>h\diti conqurant l'gypte avec les masni\ s]ait-elle donc l'*o lo9ta9 d'un fait qui se s]ait pass au temps antrieurs l'hi/oire8 ,quelque *ose comme l'arrive des ,espagnols au milieu des populations du ,n\veau ,monde1 l'irruption en gypte de tribus connaissant et employant le f]1 ayant p>mi elles une ca/e de =g]ons et apportant le culte d'un dieu belliqueux qui aurait t un ,horus ou se s]ait confondu avec l',horus des premi]s ,egypti5s p\r =m] ,h>h\diti4 ,ces tribus aurai5t t ncessairem5t d'orig9e ,africa9e1 et aurai5t apport de n\veaux lm5ts ,africa9s ceux que r5f]mait dj la civilisation du bas ,nil4 ,les =g]ons aurai5t p]du peu peu leurs privilges p\r se fondre au re/e de la population3 ,edf\ seulem5t et dans les villes ou l'on pratiquait le culte de l',horus d',edf\1 ils aurai5t cons]v un c>actre sacr et se s]ai5t trans=ms en un sorte de dome/icit religieuse1 les masni\ du my! d',horus1 compagnons et s]viteurs du dieu gu]ri]4 ,if we are to accept ,masp]o's sugge/ion t ! eld] ,horus really came f ,c5tral ,africa1 traces ( ! cult ( 8 foll[]s %\ld be f\nd high up ! riv]4 ,b su* a se>* is n[ d5i$ u1 :ile 9 ! "t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 x is suppos$ t ! s\? fronti] ,kali ( ! inscriptions is probably connect$ ) ,kolo 9 #d #ae ,n4 lat4 accord+ to ,ptolemy4#abe ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is di/9ct evid5ce ( ! cult ( ! s\!rn />s com+ d[n ! riv] 9 ! region we c get at2 ,c5tauri1 e4g41 seems to h be5 obs]v$ at ,gebel ,b>kal be=e ,!bes--,sirius is too mod]n to be consid]$--& above all !re is ! rem>kable s]ies ( temples1 app>5tly ori5t$ to ,canopus be=e #fjjj ,b4,c41 :i* come d[n no l[] ?an ,edf4 ,! g5]al /atem5t is1 !n1 t !re 7 two di/9ct gr\ps ( /ell> temples1 probably built by diff]5t races1 or at all ev5ts by peoples hav+ v diff]5t a/ronomical me?ods4 ,x is well to inquire "h :e!r ! dates ( ! v>i\s temples z det]m9$ by ! me?ods dwelt on 9 previ\s *apt]s c ?r[ any light ^u ! inquiry4 ,"h ,i mu/ re-/ate t 9 almo/ e case ! date ( f\ndation s det]m9$ prec$es ! g5]ally-receiv$ date1 :i* inv>iably has ref]5ce to a /one build+1 :ile 9 all probability ! fir/ /ructure 0 a brick %r9e m]ely4 ,9 support ( ?is view ,i may /ate t ! look+ aft] ru9$ %r9es 0 recognis$ z "o ( ! duties ( k+%ip4 ,i h caus$ monum5ts to be rais$ to ! gods2 ,i h embelli%$ _! sanctu>ies t !y may la/ to po/]ity2 ,i h kept up _! temples2 ,i h re/or$ aga9 :at 0 fall5 d[n1 & h tak5 c>e ( t :i* 0 erect$ 9 =m] times4#abf ,n only did ,?o?mes ,,iii4 f9d ! orig9al temple ( ,am5-,r built 9 brick1 b he f\nd ! temple at ,semneh 9 brick also1 & he rebuilt x 9 memory ( ,us]ts5 ,,iii4#abg ,9 ! foll[+ table ,i br+ toge!r ! f\ndation dates ,i h f\nd mo/ probable1 be>+ ! above & _m o!r consid]ations 9 m9d4 ,! dates are1 ( c\rse1 only provisional1 s9ce local data are 9 _m cases want+4 ,:]e no in=mation is =?com+ z to ! height ( ! horizon visible along ! temple axis1 ,i h assum$ hills #a high1 & us$ ! dates pr9t$ 9 heavy type 9 ,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,table ,,( ,,temples ,,built ,,to ,n4 ,,& ,s4 ,,/>s4 ,nor!rn ,/>s4 ,s\!rn />s4 ,ye>s ,ursa ,b4,c4 ,maj- ,drac-,cap- ,spica4,phact4,c5t-,c- ,sir-,rem>ks4 oris4onis4ella4 auri4opus4ius4 #fdjj #a1 #b1 #a #b #c1 #d4 8,edf1 ,phil14 #c #d #edjj ,amada1 ,semneh #ecjj #a #a4 ,memphis4 #b #b4 ,annu4 #ebjj #a #a4 ,annu4 #eajj #ejjj #dijj #dhjj #a #a4 ,d5d]ah4 #dgjj #dfjj #a #a4 ,r$esieh4 #dejj #ddjj #dcjj #dbjj #a #b #a1 #b4 ,d5d]ah 7temple built #dajj :5 bo? />s #djjj _h an equal #cijj amplitude74 #chjj #cgjj #a #a4 ,b>kal 7,e74 #b #b4 ,krnah 7,seti ,i474 #c #c4 ,memnonia 7,we/]n ,temple74 #cfjj #a #a4 ,krnah 7,palace74 #b #b4 ,b>kal 7,b74 #cejj #a #a4 ,k>nak 7,z & ,x74 #b #b4 ,dakkeh4 #c #c4 ,d5d]ah4 #cdjj #a #a4 ,k>nak 7,v74 #ccjj #cbjj #a #a4 ,abu ,simbel 7,ha?or ,temple74 #b #b4 ,k>nak 7,y74 #cajj #a #a4 ,k>nak 7,temple ,o7 ,gr4 #b #b4 ,dr el- ,m$9et 7,gr474 #cjjj #a #a4 ,k>nak 7,u74 #b #b4 ,wady ,halfa 7,?o?mes ,,ii474 #bijj #a #a4 ,b>kal 7,l74 #bhjj #a #a4 ,wady ,halfa 7,?o?mes ,,iii474 #b #b4 ,sabooa4 #bgjj #a #a4 ,dr el-,bah>i4 #b #b4 ,wady ,e4 ,s(ra4 #bfjj #a #a4 ,memnonia 7,rameses ,,ii47 7,mean ( ,fr4 & ,gr474 #bejj #a #a4 ,k>nak 7,w74 #b #b4 ,k>nak 7,j74 #c #c4 ,m$net ,hab 7,,jj74 #bdjj #a #a4 ,kom ,ombo 7,little ,temple74 #b #b4 ,petit ,temple du ,sud 7,memnonia74 #c #c4 ,b>kal 7,j & ,h74 #bcjj #a #a4 ,annu #bbjj 7,re/oration74 #bajj #a #a4 ,k>nak 7,b74 #b #b4 ,semneh4 #bjjj #a #a4 ,dos*e4 #aijj #a #a4 ,tell el-,am>na4 #ahjj #a #a4 ,k>nak 7,d7 ,gr4 #agjj #a #a4 ,k>nak 7,g74 #b #b4 ,k>nak 7,seti ,,ii474 #afjj #aejj #adjj #a #a4 ,naga 7,temple g71 ,gr4 #acjj #a #a4 ,naga 7,temple f74 #abjj #a #a4 ,k>nak1 7,a4,m4,c74 #b #b4 ,m$net ,hab 7,palace ,k ,k74 #aajj #ajjj #a #a4 ,k>nak 7,khons74 #ijj #hjj #a #a4 ,phil 7,e?iopian ,temple74 #b #b4 ,m$net ,hab 7,e?iopian ,temple74 #gjj #a #a4 ,d5d]ah 7,isis ,temple74 ,gr4 ,g]man values ( ,ori5tation4 ,fr4 ,fr5* ,! foll[+ g5]al conclusions may be drawn f ! table3-- ,i4 ,at ! e>li] p]iods !re are well-m>k$ epo*s ( temple-build+ reveal$ by ! table4 ,,ii4 ,if we c accept ! possible ,canopus temples ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,xxx41 ! olde/ f\ndations 9 ,egypt yet trac$ are to s\!rn />s4 ,!y are limit$ to ,upp] ,egypt1 & date f be=e #fjjj ,b4,c4 ,,iii4 ,! temples to ! nor? />s1 ,urs ,majoris1 ,draconis1 & ,capella 7,set & ,ptah71 beg9 9 ! ,delta & ab\t #ajjj ye>s lat]4 ,! s]ies is !n brok5 till ab\t #cejj ,b4,c4 ,,iv4 ,! s\? /> temples to ,phact at ! summ] sol/ice1 & ,c5tauri at ! autumnal equ9ox1 beg9 ab\t #cgjj ,b4,c4 ,v4 ,draconis replaces ,urs ,majoris at ,d5d]ah2 nor?-/> temples are = ! fir/ "t erect$ 9 ! s\? at ,k>nak & ,dakkeh 9 #cejj ,b4,c4 ,,vi4 ,= ! fir/ "t ab\t #cbjj ,b4,c41 nor?-& s\?-/> temples are built simultane\sly4 ,,vii4 ,aft] ?is ! build+ activity is *iefly limit$ to temples to s\!rn />s4 ,if we take ,brugs*'s dates1 we f9d t ! f\ndations ( ! greate/ numb] ( temples 7 laid ab\t ! "t ( ,s5ef]u1 ,pepi1 & ! twelf? dyna/y4 ,! m mod]n k+s f\nd$ few temples--_! functions 7 ^? ( exp&+1 re/or+1 & annex+4 ,ev5 ,?o?mes ,,iii4 seems to h laid no new f\ndations except p]haps t ( ! ,ptah temple at ,k>nak1 & t is d\btful4 ,! wond]ful ,hall ( ,columns call$ ,khu-m5nu 7,spl5did ,memorial71 9 ! temple ( ,am5-,r1 0 d$icat$ by ,?o?mes ,,iii4 n only to ,am5-,r1 b to 8 ance/ors4 ,x is important to see :o ^! 7 9 ! pres5t connection4 ,i give !m ) approximate dates4#abh ,brugs*4 ,m>iette4 ,b4,c4 ,b4,c4 ,s5ef]u1 f\r? dyna/y #cgff #dbce ,assa1 fif? dyna/y #ccff #ciea ,pepi1 six? dyna/y #cbcc #cgjc ,! ,antefs1 elev5? dyna/y #bejj #cjfd ,! mo/ fam\s sov]eigns ( ! twelf? dyna/y #bdcc-bcjj #bhea ,?irty pr9ces ( ! ?irte5? dyna/y #bbcc 787 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,pyramids ,,at ,,nuri4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ?is li/ ! build]s ( ! great pyramids at ,gzeh1 & all ! k+s :o 9 ! la/ *apt] 7 sugge/$ z be+ giv5 to equ9octial wor%ip1 are pass$ ov] )\t notice4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t ! ance/ors nam$ 7 ( s\!rn orig91 precursors ( ,?o?mes 9 cult z well z 9 "t4 ,( ^! ance/ors1 ! fir/--if ,brugs*'s dates c be tak51 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is d\btful--limit$ himself to s\!rn temples2 ! majority ( temples built ne> ,pepi's "t 7 ori5t$ to ! s\?4 ,! twelf? dyna/y 0 m ca?olic4 ,! m we inquire1 ! m int]e/+ does ?is inquiry into ! nor?-/> temples z oppos$ to ! s\?-/> temples become4 ,^! consid]ations are n limit$ to ! temples--!y apply also to pyramids4 ,at ,gzeh we f9d bo? temples & pyramids ori5t$ ea/ & we/4 ,at ,gebel ,b>kal1 ,nuri1 & ,m]o1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 we f9d bo? temples & pyramids fac+ s\?-ea/1 & at ! fir/ ( ^! places1 :]e bo? exi/ toge!r1 we f9d well-m>k$ gr\ps ( pyramids connect$ by _! ori5tations ) ea* temple4 ,i c1 h[ev]1 f9d no in=mation z to ! probable dates ( ^! pyramids2 9 ! abs5ce ( facts1 x seems fair to assume t !y foll[ ! dates ( ! temples :i* agree 9 ori5tation4 ,9 ! foll[+ tables ,i give ! values = ,nuri1 ,m]o1 & ,gebel ,b>kal2 a we/ v>iation ( #h has be5 assum$4 ,,nuri4#abi ,magnetic ,a/ronomical ,cult4 ,azimu?4 ,amplitude4 ,decl4 ,pyramids #aj1 #aa1 #ab ,n4 #acf ,e4 #cg ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ce ,pyramids #a1 #d ,n4 #acg ,e4 #ch ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #cf ,pyramids #ac1 #ad1 #ae ,n4 #aci ,e4 #dj ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ch ,pyramids #b1 #c1 #af1 #ag ,n4 #ade ,e4 #dg ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #dc ,pyramids #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i ,n4 #adf ,e4 #dh ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #dd ,,m]o4#acj ,magnetic ,a/ronomical ,cult4 ,azimu?4 ,amplitude4 ,decl4 ,pyramid #af ,n4 #ajb ,e4 #c ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #c ,pyramid #bj ,n4 #ajc ,e4 #d ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #d ,temple ne> ,wat]c\rse ,n4 #aab ,e4 #ac ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ab ,pyramid #ae ,n4 #aab ,e4 #ac ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ab ,pyramids #ad1 #cg ,n4 #aac ,e4 #ad ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ac ,pyramid #aj ,n4 #aaf ,e4 #ag ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #af ,pyramid #ci ,n4 #aah ,e4 #ai ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ah ,pyramid #ai ,n4 #hc ,e4 #ae ,n4 ( ,e4 ,n4 #ad ,,gebel ,,b>kal4#aca ,magnetic ,a/ronomical ,cult4 ,azimu?4 ,amplitude4 ,decl4 ,temple ,e ,n4 #acb ,e4 #cc ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ca ,pyramid #ah ,n4 #acb ,e4 #cd ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #cb ,temple ,l ,n4 #acf ,e4 #ch ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ce ,pyramids #i1 #ac ,n4 #acf ,e4 #cg ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ce ,pyramid #aa ,n4 #adj ,e4 #da ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ci ,pyramids #a1 #b ,n4 #ada ,e4 #dj ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ci ,temples ,j & ,h ,n4 #adf ,e4 #dg ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #dd ,pyramid #bj ,n4 #adf ,e4 #dg ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #dd ,pyramids #b1 #ae1 #af1 #ag ,n4 #adg ,e4 #dh ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #de ,temple ,b ,n4 #aeb ,e4 #ec ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #di ,pyramids #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aj ,n4 #aec ,e4 #ed ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ej ,pyramid #ai ,n4 #aef ,e4 #eg ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s4 #ec ,x seems q ju/ifiable f ! above facts to conclude t ! pyramids & temples ori5t$ ,s4,e4 &1 z ,i hold1 to ,c5tauri :5 x h]ald$ ! autumnal equ9ox1 7 n built by p hav+ ! same a/ronomical ideas1 wor%ips1 & my?ology z ^? :o built at ,gzeh due ,e4 & ,w41 & m>k$ ! autumnal equ9ox by ! heliacal ris+ ( ,ant>es4#acb ,! only ?+ 9 common 0 not+ an equ9ox1 & s f> z ?is goes we may inf] t nei!r p dwelt orig9ally 9 ! ,nile ,valley1 b came by devi\s ways f a c\ntry or c\ntries :]e ! equ9oxes _h be5 made out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temples ,,& ,,pyramids ,,at ,,gebel ,,b>kal4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,egyptian ,,a/ronomy--,,! ,,nor!rn ,,s*ools4 ,s f> we h dealt ) ! dawn ( a/ronomy 9 ,egypt4 ,we h f\nd t f ! e>lie/ times !re 7 a/ronomical obs]vations c>ri$ on1 & t practically !re 7 ?ree s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,to all ?ree s*ools sun-wor%ip 0 common1 b we may cle>ly sep>ate !m by ! associat$ />-wor%ip4 ,we h f\nd wor%ipp]s ( nor!rn />s1 ea/ & we/ />s1 & s\!rn />s4 ,! nor!rn />-wor%ipp]s we may associate ) ,annu1 ! ea/ & we/ /> cult ) ! pyramid fields at ,gzeh1 & ! s\!rn />-wor%ipp]s ) ,upp] ,egypt4 ,:at we h to d 9 ! pres5t *apt] is to see :e!r ! ori5tation ( ! /ructures helps u ) any sugge/ions t\*+ ! "q :e!r we h to /op at ! places nam$ & ackn[l$ge ,egypt to be ! true cradle ( a/ronomical sci5ce2 or :e!r ! facts we h consid]$ compel u to g a /age fur!r back1 & to recognise t ! true orig9 0 else:]e2 t1 9 %ort1 a/ronomy1 in/ead ( tak+ its rise 9 ,egypt1 0 simply import$ ?i!r4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! rec5t "w ( ! /ud5ts ( ! languages ( ,babylonia & ,assyria t 9 ^! c\ntries1 if any:]e1 !re might h be5 civilisations m anci5t ?an ! ,egyptian1 :i* h already be5 glimps$4 ,b be=e ,i g fur!r some?+ mu/ be said ab\t ,babylonia itself1 = ! reason t x also 0 ! meet+-gr\nd ( at lea/ two diff]5t s*ools ( a/ronomical ?\ght4 ,! facts connect$ ) ?is subject are /ill to a c]ta9 ext5t involv$ 9 obscurity1 :i* is little to be wond]$ at :5 we ?9k h[ rec5tly any k has be5 available to ?r[ light ^u ! pa/ ( ^! regions4 ,i ne$1 h[ev]1 only briefly ref] to !m1 & = ?is purpose %all use ! two mo/ rec5tly publi%$ books deal+ ) ! "q :i* at pres5t conc]ns u4 ,i ref] to ,pr(4 ,sayce's ,hibb]t ,lectures & ,pr(4 ,j5s5's ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]4 ,b :at p]iod are we to take8 ,x foll[s f ! inve/igation into ! ori5tation ( ,egyptian temples t ! />s ,urs ,majoris1 ,capella1 ,ant>es1 ,phact1 & ,c5tauri 7 c>efully obs]v$1 "s ( !m z e>ly z #ejjj ,b4,c41 ! o!rs betwe5 #djjj & #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,i h also %[n t x is possible t at ,edf & ,phil ! /> ,canopus may h be5 obs]v$ z e>ly z #fdjj ,b4,c4 ,fur!r1 t ! con/ellations ( ! ,?igh 7,ursa ,major71 ! ,hippopotamus 7,draco71 ! ,bull1 & ! ,scorpion _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 pyramid times4 ,x becomes important1 !re=e1 if we recognise ?is z ! dawn ( a/ronomy 9 ,egypt1 to see if any in=mation is extant giv+ u in=mation conc]n+ ,babylonia1 s t we may be able to comp>e ! obs]vations made 9 ! two regions1 n only ) a view ( trac+ ! relative times at :i* !y 7 made1 b to ga!r f ^! any conclusions t may be sugge/$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! inquiry4 ,! inquiry mu/ be limit$ to c]ta9 detail$ po9ts2 we "k q well already1 z ,i h /at$ be=e1 t ! om5 tablets1 :i* m5tion a k+ call$ ,s>gon 7probably ,s>gon ,i4 ( ,agade71 :o reign$ 9 ,babylon ab\t #cgjj ,b4,c41 prove unque/ionably t a/ronomy _h be5 cultivat$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era4#acc ,b to in/itute a comp>ison we mu/ leave ! g5]al & come to ! p>ticul>4 ,i w beg9 ) ! nor!rn con/ellations1 z x foll[s f my rese>*es t v e>ly at ,annu & ,d5d]ah temples 7 erect$ = _! wor%ip--! wor%ip ( ,anubis or ,set1 z ,i h %[n be=e2 t is1 ( ,urs ,majoris & ,draconis4 ,,! ,,annu ,,s*ool4 ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,set4 ,accord+ to ,masp]o1 ,set =m$ "o ( ! div9e dyna/ies at ,annu1 & ! nor!rn />s seem to h be5 wor%ipp$ !re4 ,i suppose !re is n[ no "q among ,egyptologi/s t ! gods ,set1 ,sit1 ,typhon1 ,bes1 ,sutekh1 are id5tical4 ,to ?is li/ possibly ,ombo & ,nubi %\ld be add$4#acd ,x is also equally well kn[n t ,sutekh 0 a god ( ! ,canaanites1#ace & ,bes is id5tifi$ ) ,set 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead4#acf ,x is also /at$ by ,masp]o t at ,memphis#acg 7"t n giv57 !re 7 temples d$icat$ to ,sutekh & ,baal4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! circumpol> />s ,i h sugge/$ t !y 7 tak5 z typify+ ! p[]s ( d>kness & ( ! l[] _w1 & ,i believe x is conc$$ by ,egyptologi/s t ,anubis 9 jackal =m 0 ei!r contemporane\s ) or prec$$ ,osiris 9 ?is capacity4 ,9 ! exact c5tre ( ! circul> zodiac ( ,d5d]ah we f9d ! jackal locat$ at ! pole ( ! equator2 x obvi\sly repres5ts ! pres5t ,little ,be>4 ,n[1 d we get any ,babylonian connection s f> z we h gone8 ,we le>n1 to beg9 )1 f ,pi]ret#ach t ! hippopotamus1 ! emblem ( ,set & ,typhon1 0 ! hi]oglyph ( ! ,babylonian god ,baal4 ,d we get ! jackal con/ellation 9 ,babylonian a/ronomy8 ,( ?is !re is no "q1 & 9 e>ly times4 ,j5s5 ref]s#aci to ! v>i\s read+s jackal & leop>d1 & /ates t x is only d\btful :e!r by ?is figure ! god ,,anu or ! pole ( ! ecliptic ,,anu is meant4 ,ei!r w c]ta9ly s]ve our pres5t purpose1 & a leop>d 9 ,babylonia might z easily symbolise ! night z a jackal 9 ,nor!rn ,egypt4 ,!re seems little d\bt t ! jackal1 leop>d1 hyna1 black pig 7wild bo>71 & hippopotamus 7 *os5 z ! repres5tatives ( ! god ( evil & d>kness 7associat$ ) ! circumpol> con/ellations71 on acc\nt ( _! ravages on flocks & h]ds & crops4 ,if ?is be agre$1 no?+ is m prop] ?an t ! jackal %\ld be associat$ ) ,nor? ,egypt1 ! hippopotamus ) ,s\? ,egypt1 & ! wild bo> ) a latitude to ! nor? ( ,egypt 7& p]haps ( ,n9eveh7 altoge!r4 ,! repres5tative ( ! god ( d>kness1 !n1 dep5d$ ^u ! latitude4 ,9 ?is connection ,i may /ate t ,drs4 ,sclat] & ,salv9 h q rec5tly ref]r$ me to an int]e/+ pap] by ! late ,mr4 ,tomes#adj on ! habit ( ! hippopotamus :5 x comes out ( ! wat] to exude a blood-col\r$ fluid f special pores 9 its sk94 ,?is expla9s at once :y ,typhon took ! =m ( a r$ hippopotamus1 & :y ,mr4 ,irv+1 on ! mod]n /age1 c\ples ,mephi/opheles1 ! mod]n devil1 ) r$ fire4 ,i "k n :e!r ! simil>ity 9 ! words ,anu1 ,annu & ,an results m]ely f a co9cid5ce1 b x is c]ta9ly s+ul> t ! mo/ anci5t temples 9 ,l[] ,egypt 7,heliopolis & ,d5d]ah7 %\ld be call$ ,annu or ,an#ada if !re be no connection ) ! ,babylonian god ,anu4 ,) reg>d to ,anubis1 x is q c]ta9 t ! sev5 />s 9 ,ursa ,m9or make a v good jackal ) p5d5t tail1 z g5]ally repres5t$ by ! ,egyptians 7see page #bgf71 & t !y =m ! ne>e/ compact con/ellation to ! pole ( ! ecliptic4 ,! wor%ip ( ,anubis z god ( ! dead1 or ! night god1 :e!r associat$ ) ! ,babylonian ,anu or n1 0 supreme till ! "t ( ,m5-,kau-,r1 ! build] ( ! ?ird pyramid ( ,gzeh#adb 7#cfcc ,b4,c41 ,brugs*2 #dajj ,b4,c41 ,m>iette74 ,osiris is n m5tion$4 ,! c(f9-lid ( ?is k+ ) ! pray] to ,osiris m>ks a new religi\s developm5t 9 ! annals ( ,egypt4 ,! absorption ( ! ju/ifi$ s\l 9 ,osiris1 ! c>d9al doctr9e ( ! ,ritual ( ! ,dead1 makes its appe>ance "h = ! fir/ "t4 ,x seems extremely probable1 !re=e1 t ! wor%ip ( ! circumpol> />s w5t on 9 ,babylonia z well z 9 ,egypt 9 ! e>lie/ times we c get at4 ,a v wond]ful ?+ x is t1 app>5tly 9 v e>ly times1 ! ,babylonians _h made out ! pole ( ! equator z contradi/+ui%$ f ! pole ( ! ecliptic4 ,?is !y call$ ,bl4 ,) ?is ,j5s5 f9ds no /> associat$1#adc b #fjjj ,b4,c4 ?is pole w\ld be n f> remov$ f ^? />s 9 ! pres5t con/ellation ,draco1 out ( :i* ,i h sugge/$ t ! old ,egyptian a/]ism ( ! hippopotamus 0 =m$4 ,nor 0 ?is all2 movem5ts 9 relation to ! ecliptic _h be5 diff]5tiat$ f movem5ts 9 relation to ! equator4 ,we h inscriptions runn+3-- ,! way 9 ref]5ce to ,anu1 t is ! ecliptic ) its pole at ,anu4 ,! way 9 ref]5ce to ,bl1 ! equator ) its pole at ,bl4 ,9 o!r words1 ! daily & ye>ly app>5t movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies 7 cle>ly di/+ui%$1 :ile we note also ,kabal ami1 ! middle ( ! heav5s1 def9+ ! m]idian4 ,s f> z ,i c make out1 :5 ,anubis 0 supreme 9 ,egypt1 ! only sun-gods at ,memphis & ,annu 7 ,r & ,atmu4 ,ptah appe>s to h be5 a mix$ sun-/> god1 i4e41 ,capella h]ald+ ! sunrise 9 ! ,h>ve/ ,"t4 ,n[ ,i le>n f ,pr(4 ,sayce#add t 9 ,babylonia ,anu & ,bl rank$ z two memb]s ( a triad f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,semitic p]iod1 ! ?ird memb] be+ probably a s\!rn /> symbolis$ z we %all see 9 ! sequel2 x is only 9 lat] times 9 ,babylonia app>5tly t we get a triad consi/+ ( sun1 moon1 & ,v5us1#ade ,v5us be+ replac$ at ,babylon by ,sirius4#adf ,to ! two nor!rn div9ities temples 7 built2 bo? 7 wor%ipp$ 9 "o temple at ,babylon1#adg :i* mu/ !re=e h be5 ori5t$ due nor?2 & ! pole ( ! equator 7! altitude ( :i* is equal to ! latitude ( ! place7 0 probably 9 "s way indicat$4 ,"h !re 0 no ris+ or sett+ obs]vation1 = ,eridu1 ! mo/ s\!rn ( ! old ,babylonian cities1 _h ab\t ! same latitude z ,buba/is1 9 ,egypt4 ,! pole ( ! ecliptic 7,anu7 w\ld revolve r\nd ! pole ( ! equator 7,bl7 always above ! horizon4 ,s t s9ce ,sutekh ,anu & ,baal ,bl1 ! temple at ,memphis to ^? div9ities report$ by ,masp]o 7see ante7 mu/ h be5 ori5t$ 9 ! same way z ! "o at ,babylon1 t is to ! nor?2 & if ! above evid5ce be consid]$ /rong en\gh to enable u to associate ! ,babylonian ,bl ) ! ,egyptian ,taurt1 we h n only ,ursa ,m9or b ,draco repres5t$ 9 ! e>ly wor%ip & my?ology bo? ( ,egypt & ( ,babylonia4 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,sayce#adh !re is di/9ct evid5ce ( a *ange ( ?\ght ) reg>d to ,anu 9 ,babylonia--!re c]ta9ly 7 great *anges ( ?\ght 9 ,egypt ) reg>d to ,anubis4 ,obs]vations ( />s ne> ! pole ( ! ecliptic appe> to h be5 utilis$ be=e !y 7 tak5 z repres5t+ ei!r ! sup]ior or inf]ior p[]s--be=e1 9 fact1 ! ,anubis or ,set /age qu ,egypt 0 rea*$4 ,aft] ?is _h be5 accompli%$ !re 0 /ill ano!r advance1 9 :i* ,anu assigns places to sun1 moon1 & ev5+ />1 & symbolises ! =ces ( nature4 ,!re is evid5ce1 ?\gh un=tunately x is v meagre1 t ! temple wor%ip 0 v simil> 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,9 ! c]emonials 9 ! temples ! /atues ( ! gods 9 boats or arks 7 always c>ri$ 9 procession4#adi ,! same rectangul> arrangem5t ( temples :i* held 9 ,egypt1 held also 9 ,babylonia1 & ?is p]haps may be ! reason :y ,bl seems s (t5 to ref] to ! sun1 :]eas x 0 ! "n giv5 to ! comb9$ wor%ip4 ,sometimes1 on ! o!r h&1 ! wor%ip ( ! />s is di/9ctly ref]r$ to z tak+ place 9 a sol> temple4 ,?us at ,m>duk's temple1 ,e-,sagili1 we are told t two h\rs aft] nightfall ! prie/ mu/ come & take ( ! wat]s ( ! riv]2 mu/ ent] into ! pres5ce ( ,bl1 & putt+ on a /ole 9 ! pres5ce ( ,bl mu/ say ?is pray]1 etc4#aej ,! temple1 !n1 w probably h be5 ori5t$ to ! nor?4 ,night pray]s 9 a sun-temple af=d pretty good indications ( a mix$ cult4 ,! evid5ce1 !n1 seems conclusive t by ! "t ( ! f\nd+ ( ! temple at ,annu a k ( ! />s ne> ! pole ( ! equator1 & ( ! importance ( obs]v+ !m1 0 common to ,n4 ,egypt & to ! region ,n4,e4 ( x4 ,:e!r ! wor%ip ( ,set 0 introduc$ into ,egypt f ?is region1 or :e!r !re 0 a common orig91 mu/ = ! pres5t1 !n1 rema9 undet]m9$4 ,,! ,,equ9octial ,,s*ool--,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,spr+-,,sun4 ,! ,ea/ & ,we/ ori5tation1 z we h se51 is *iefly rem>kable at ! pyramids ( ,gzeh & ! associat$ temples1 b x is n conf9$ to !m4 ,! argum5t 9 fav\r ( ^! /ructures be+ ! "w ( intrud]s is t a p]fectly new a/ronomical idea comes 91 "o n repres5t$ at ,annu & q out ( place 9 ,egypt1 ) ! sol/itial ris+ riv]1 z ! autumnal equ9ox 0 at ,eridu1 ) ! riv] ris+ at ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,we are ju/ifi$ f :at is kn[n reg>d+ ! rise ( ! ,nile z dom9at+ & def9+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,egyptian ye> at ! sol/ice1 9 conclud+ t o!r anci5t peoples plac$ "u l conditions w\ld act 9 ! same way2 & if ^! conditions 7 su* t spr+ w\ld mean s[+-"t & autumn h>ve/-"t1 _! ye> w\ld beg9 at an equ9ox4 ,n[ :at ! valley ( ! ,nile 0 to ,egypt ^? ( ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates 7 to ! ,babylonian empire4 ,l ! ,nile1 ^! valleys 7 subject to annual inundations1 & _! f]tility dep5d$1 z 9 ,egypt1 ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! irrigation 0 look$ aft]4 ,b unlike ! ,nile1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! inundation ( ^! riv]s took place ne> ! v]nal equ9ox2 h5ce ! ye>1 we may assume1 began !n1 &1 reason+ by analogy1 ! wor%ip 9 all probability 0 equ9octial4 ,a p ent]+ ,egypt f ?is region1 !n1 w\ld satisfy "o condition ( ! problem4 ,b is !re any evid5ce t ?is p built _! sol> temples & temple walls ea/ & we/1 & t !y also built pyramids8 ,!re is ample evid5ce 7ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,ix47--al?\gh1 alas6 ! /ructures 9 ,babylonia1 be+ g5]ally built 9 brick & n 9 /one1 no long] rema91 z d ^? erect$ 9 ,egypt4 ,/ill1 9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( ! possibility ( a comp>ative /udy1 rese>* has %[n t 9 ! :ole region to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,egypt ! tem5os walls ( temples & ! walls ( t[ns run ea/ & we/2 & ?\gh at pres5t actual dates _c be giv51 a high antiquity is sugge/$ 9 ! case ( "s ( !m4 ,fur!r1 z has be5 already po9t$ out1 ! temples :i* rema9 9 t region :]e /one 0 procurable1 z at ,palmyra1 ,baalbek1 ,j]usalem1 all lie ea/ & we/4 ,b m ?an ?is1 x is well kn[n t f ! v e>lie/ times pyramidal /ructures1 call$ ziggurats1 "s #aej feet high1 7 erect$ 9 ea* important city4 ,^! 7 really obs]vatories2 !y 7 pyramids built 9 /eps1 z is cle>ly %[n f pictures f\nd on contempor>y tablets2 & "o ) sev5 /eps & ( great antiquity1 x is kn[n1 0 re/or$ by ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii4 ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 at ,babylon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/atue ,,( ,,*ephr51 ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,temple ,,ne> ,,! ,,sph9x4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! hi/orical ref]5ces to ! v>i\s pyramids built 9 ,egypt1 leaves x beyond d\bt t ! /ep pyramids are ! olde/4 ,!y c\ld1 !n1 mo/ easily h be5 con/ruct$ on ! ,babylonian model1 & 9 ?is fact we h an additional argum5t = ! intrusion ( ! pyramid build]s into ,egypt f ,babylonia4 ,b did ?is equ9ox-wor%ipp+1 pyramid-build+ race live at any?+ l ! "t requir$8 ,!re is no d\bt n[ 9 ! m9ds ( s*ol>s t ! evid5ce is conclusive t among ! k+s ( ,babylonia 7 ! foll[+3--#aea ,b4,c4 ,ent5na #dbjj ,n>am-,s9 #chjj ,s>gon ,i4 #cgej ,! date ( ! e>lie/ kn[n pyramid 9 ,egypt may p]haps be put d[n z ab\t #cgjj ,b4,c4 7,brugs*71 or #dbjj ,b4,c4 7,m>iette74 ,h5ce x seems t a ?ird l9e ( evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( ! ,babylonian intrusion4 ,!re 0 und\bt$ly an equ9ox-wor%ipp+1 pyramid-build+ race exi/+ 9 ,babylonia at ! "t ! ,egyptian pyramids are suppos$ to h be5 built4 ,ano!r connect+ l9k is f\nd 9 ! /atues ( ,*ephr5 discov]$ 9 ! temple at ! pyramids1 & at ,tel-loh 7anci5t ,laga%7 by ,m4 de ,s>zec 9 #ahha4 ,?is la/ f9d consi/$ ( "s l>ge /atues ( diorite1 & ! attitude is ne>ly id5tical ) t ( ,*ephr5 himself z repres5t$ 9 ! /atues 9 ! museum ( ,gzeh4 ,?is indicates equality 9 ! arts1 & ! possession ( simil> tools1 9 ,*alda & ,egypt ab\t ! "t 9 "q4 ,fur!r x is suppos$ t ! diorite out ( :i* bo? s]ies ( /atues 7 fa%ion$ came out ( ! same qu>ry 9 ,s9ai4 ,! *>act]s 9 :i* ! inscriptions are writt5 are 9 :at is t]m$ l9e ,babylonian--i4e41 !y resemble pictures m ?an cunei=m *>act]s2 & ! /&>d ( measurem5t m>k$ ^u ! plan ( ! city1 :i* "o ( ! figures ( ,tel-loh holds ^u 8 knees1 is ! same z ! /&>d ( measurem5t ( ! ,egyptian pyramid build]s--! cubit ( #bjfc1 n ! ,assyro-,babylonian cubit ( #baf4aeb ,n[1 al?\gh ) reg>d to ! cult ( ! nor!rn />s x 0 impossible to decide :e!r ! ,egyptian s*ool ( a/ronom]s came f ,babylonia or f a s\rce common to bo? c\ntries1 x is cle> t ) reg>d to ! equ9octial cult we are limit$ absolutely to ,babylonia z ! special s\rce4 ,! co9cid5ce 9 "t ( ! same k9d ( build+s & ! same art 9 ! two c\ntries puts a common orig9 out ( ! "q4 ,to sum up1 !n1 s f> z we h gone1 bo? ! nor?-/> wor%ip & ! equ9octial wor%ip 7 import$ into ,egypt4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,egyptian ,,a/ronomy 7,,cont9u$7--,,! ,,!bes ,,s*ool4 ,! next "q :i* arises n[ t we h consid]$ ! facts relat+ to ! a/ronomy ( ,nor!rn ,egypt is "o connect$ ) ! cults :i* we h prov$ to come d[n ! ,nile4 ,7 !y indig5\s or import$8 ,al?\gh ,i h put x =w>d ) all res]ve1 !re is evid5ce :i* sugge/s t ! temples s f> trac$ sacr$ to ! s\!rn cult are ( e>li] f\ndation ?an ^? to ! nor?2 & !y are associat$ ) ,edf & ,phil1 :i* are kn[n to be ( high antiquity4 ,?is is "o po9t ( diff]5ce4 ,ano!r is t ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( ,set temples & ea/ & we/ pyramids up ! riv] indicates t1 s f> z ^! /ructures g1 we lack ! l9ks :i* a/ronomically & my?ologically connect ! ,delta ) ,babylonia ei!r directly or by common orig94 ,f ,pr(4 ,sayce x is to be ga!r$ t ! mo/ anci5t p yet glimps$ !re inhabit$ ! region at ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 "o ( ! *ief cities be+ ,eridu1 n[ repres5t$ by ! m\nds ( ,abu ,%ahrn on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,euphrates4 ,x 0 f\nd$ z a m>itime city1 b is n[ f> inl&1 ow+ to ! =mation ( ! delta1 ! alluvium ( :i* at ! pres5t "t advances ab\t sixty-six feet a ye>4#aec ,?is alone is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( its high antiquity4 ,along ) ! culture ( ,eridu w5t ! wor%ip ( ! god ( ,eridu1 ! primal god ( ,babylonia1 ,ea1 a1 or ,oannes1 symbolis$ z a goat-fi%1 & connect$ 9 "s way ) ! sun :5 9 ,capricornus4 ,?is1 ,j5s51 by 8 wond]ful analysis 7w\ld t ,i c\ld completely foll[ x 9 its m>vell\s philological twi/+s1 pages #gc-ha7 puts beyond "q2 & he cl9*es ! argum5t by %[+ t our tropic ( ,capricorn ( to-day--! goat /ill repres5t$ on our globes ( to-day ) a fi%'s tail6--0 call$ by ! ,babylonians ! pa? foll[$ by a or 9 relation to a4 ,?is a 0 su* a great god t to him 0 assign$ ! functions ( ,mak] ( ,m52 he 0 also a great pott] & art workman 7p4 #bic71 a po9t ,i %all return to pres5tly4 ,he ev5tually =m$ a triad ) ,anu & ,bl1 t is1 ! poles ( ! heav5s & ! equator4#aed ,! ,god ( ,eridu4 ,let u assume t ! e>lie/ sun-god trac$ at ,eridu 0 ! sun-god ( ^? e>ly argonauts :o f\nd$ ! colony4 ,we are told t ?is god 0 ! son ( a1 & t 8 "n 0 ,tammuz2 he 0 9 "s way associat$ ) ,as>i 78 ,osiris7 7,sayce1 p4 #add71 :o1 accord+ to ,j5s51 repres5t$ ! ,e>? 7p4 #aie72 ( ! ,moon we app>5tly he> no?+4 ,?is ,tammuz 7,dumuzi71 we f9d1 ultimately became ! ,n]gal ( ,s\!rn ,*alda1 ! sun-god ( w9t] & night1 :o rules1 l ,rhadaman?os1 9 ! l[] _w 7,sayce1 p4 #bde71 & z "l ( ,hades he 0 made son ( ,mul-lil 7,sayce1 p4 #aig74 ,?is 0 at fir/4 ,b :at d we f9d aft]w>ds8 ,n]gal is *ang$ into ! ,midsumm] ,sun6 7,j5s51 p4 #dhd74 ,& f9ally he is *ang$ into ! ,spr+ ,sun ,m>duk at ,babylon 7,sayce1 p4 #add7aee :]e he is recognis$ z ! son ( a & ,duazag1 t is ! ,ea/]n ,m\nta9 7,j5s51 p4 #bcg74 ,n[1 h[ev] difficult x may be to foll[ ^! *anges f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 f ! a/ronomical side !y are n only easily expla9$1 b might h be5 pr$ict$1 provid$ "o hypo!sis be p]mitt$1 namely1 t ! colony :o f\nd$ ,eridu 7 orig9ally inhabitants ( "s c\ntry :]e ! *ief agricultural op]ations 7 c>ri$ on ab\t ! "t ( ! ,autumnal ,equ9ox 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4#aef ,?is c\ntry might lie s\? ( ! equator1 & inde$ we f9d "o :i* answ]s ! requirem5ts 9 ! region ( ! great lakes & on ! coa/ opposite ,zanzib>4 ,su* an hypo!sis may at fir/ sight appe> /range1 b ! view t ,eridu 0 colonis$ f ,cu% has be5 support$ by no less an au?ority ?an ,lepsius4#aeg ,! b\nd>ies ( ,cu% are n def9$1 b !y may possibly include ! ,l& ( ,pun-t1 f :i* c]ta9ly "p ( ! ,egyptian culture 0 d]iv$4 ,among all e>ly peoples ! mo/ important times ( ! ye> mu/ necess>ily h be5 ^? connect$ ) se$-"t & h>ve/ 9 ea* locality4 ,n[ ! spr+ equ9ox & summ] sol/ice s\? ( ! equator are repres5t$ by ! autumnal equ9ox & ! w9t] sol/ice to ! nor? ( x4 ,if ! coloni/s :o came to ,eridu came f a region s\? ( ! equator1 !y w\ld naturally h br\ght n only _! s\!rn />s1 b _! s\!rn seasons ) !m2 b _! spr+time 0 ! nor!rn autumn1 _! summ] sol/ice ! nor!rn w9t]4 ,?is c\ld h gone on = a "t1 & we see t _! sun-god 0 ! god ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 ,tammuz-,n]gal4 ,b x c\ld only h gone on = a "t2 ! climatic facts 7 aga9/ su* an unnatural sy/em1#aeh & ! old condition c\ld h be5 br\ght back by call+ ! new w9t] summ]1 or 9 o!r words mak+ ! w9t]-god into ! summ] sun-god--9 %ort1 *ang+ ,n]gal into a midsumm] sun-god4 ,?is x seems !y did4#aei ,b :y ! fur!r *ange ( ,n]gal to ,m>duk8 ,because ! nor!rn races 7 always t5d+ s\?w>ds1 be+ pu%$ f beh9d1 :ile ! supply ( ,eridu culture 0 n be+ repl5i%$4 ,! religion & a/ronomy ( ! nor? 7 cont9ually be+ /r5g!n$1 & among ?is a/ronomy 0 ! cult ( ! sun at ! v]nal equ9ox1 ! spr+time ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 sacr$ to ,m>duk4 ,n]gal1 !re=e1 makes ano!r /age onw>d1 & is *ang$ into ,m>duk6 ,x is also int]e/+ to f9d t 9 ,n9ib1 ano!r sun-god1 we h almo/ ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! ,egyptian ,horus4 ,he is ! ea/]n morn+ sun1 ! son ( ,as>i 78 ,osiris71 & ! god ( agriculture4#afj ,i app5d "h ! mo/ rec5t translation ( ! hymn to ! sun-god1 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,introduction3-- ,o ,sun 7god76 on ! horizon ( heav5 ?\ dawne/1 ,! bolt ( ! pure heav5 ?\ op5e/1 ,! door ( heav5 ?\ op5e/4 ,o ,sun 7god76 ?\ lifte/ up ?y head to ! _w2 ,o ,sun 7god76 ?\ cov]e/ ! e>? ) ! maje/ic brightness ( heav54 ,m>duk1 !n1 ! son ( ,ea1 or a1 0 f9ally z def9ite a spr+ equ9ox sun-god z ,am5-,r 9 ,egyptian my?ology 0 a summ] sol/ice sun-god4 ,we h1 !n1 ! und\bt$ facts t 9 ,s\!rn ,babylonia1 to />t )1 ! sun-wor%ip _h to d ) ! w9t] half ( ! ye>4 ,z ! ,babylonian culture advanc$ nor?w>d f ,eridu & met ! ,semitic culture1 ! w9t] season 0 *ang$ = ! spr+ equ9ox--t is1 a wor%ip id5tical ) t ( ! pyramid build]s :o intrud$ into ,nor!rn ,egypt4 ,! ,my?s ( ,horus & ,m>duk4 ,9 my ref]5ces to ! my? ( ,horus 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,i h %[n t 9 all probability an a/ronomical mean+ is t ! ris+ sun puts out ! nor!rn />s4 ,x 0 also indicat$ t ! my? 0 "o ( great antiquity1 z x 0 =mulat$ :5 ,draco 0 circumpol>2 0 n simple 9 its nature1 & probably _h ref]5ce to a sun-wor%ipp+ race aboli%+ ! cult ( ,set repres5t+ ! nor!rn />s4 ,! facts br\ght toge!r 9 subsequ5t *apt]s %[ t if !re 7 n su* a my?1 !re %\ld h be52 = ! temple evid5ce alone %[+ ! anti!sis betwe5 ,osiris-wor%ip & ! wor%ip ( ,set is ov]:elm+4 ,i h also indicat$ t temples built to nor!rn />s are geographically sep>at$ f ^? built to s\!rn ones1 & t ! =m] h _h _! axes block$ to prev5t ! wor%ip4 ,! ,horus ( ,edf1 :o is repres5t$ z lead+ ! victori\s ho/s :o rev5ge ! kill+ ( ,osiris by ,set1 is ! ally ( ! s\!rn-/> wor%ipp]s :om we h trac$ f ,!bes1 possibly to ,c5tral ,africa 7see page #cej72 & if we associate ! my? ) ! records on ! walls ( ! temple ( ,edf1 & agree to ! possibility ( t temple hav+ be5 f\nd$ 9 #fdjj ,b4,c4 7see page #caa71 !n !re mu/ h be5 an invasion ( ! s\!rn peoples ab\t t date--an invasion :i* rea*$ ,nor!rn ,egypt1 :]e ev5tually !y 7 conqu]$ by ! ,set-wor%ipp+ race1 :o came1 z ,i ?9k ,i h prov$1 f a c\ntry to ! ,n4,e4 ( ! ,delta4 ,! "q is3 ,did ?is fir/ colony repres5t ! orig9al ,hor-,%esu1 s-call$ specially because p]haps z a novelty !y _h add$ ! wor%ip ( ! sun to ! wor%ip ( ! moon8 & 0 ! moon ! fir/ ,osiris br\ght 9 by moon-wor%ipp]s ) a ye> ( #cfj days8 ,9 ,accad & ,sum]1 :]e also1 accord+ to ,hommel & o!rs1 ! ^w ,osiris 7,as>i7 has be5 trac$1 ! sun-god 0 ! daught] ( ! moon-god4 ,an eye =ms "p bo? ( ! hi]oglyphic & ( ! cunei=m "n1 & ! eye 0 "o ( ! symbols 9 ! "n ( ,osiris 9 ,egypt4 ,be ?is z x may1 we h temple evid5ce to %[ t 9 ,egypt ! wor%ip ( ,set 0 ! wor%ip ( a nor!rn race1 & t x 0 f9ally aboli%$ by a s\!rn "o4 ,n[ 9 ,babylonia exactly ! opposite happ5$4 ,! proto-,*aldan s\?-/> & w9t]-sun cult ( ,eridu 0 ultimately *ang$1 absorb$1 & buri$ 9 ! ,semitic cult ( ! nor!rn />s ,anu & ,bl & ! spr+ sun1 fir/ ,m>duk & aft]w>ds ama4 ,_h !re be5 !n my?-mak]s 9 ,babylonia1 ! my? w\ld h be5 ! conv]se ( ! ,egyptian "o4 ,!re 7 my? mak]s1 & precisely su* a my?6 ,x is call$ ! ,my? ( ,m>duk & ,timat4 ,! *ief *ange _h be5 9 ! sun-god4 ,:5 ! nor!rn cult conqu]$1 ! exotic wor%ip ( ! autumn & w9t] con/ellations 0 aboli%$1 & !y 7 pictur$ z de/roy$ "u ! =m ( ,timat1 al?\gh ! wor%ip 0 once z prom95t z t ( ,set 9 ,egypt4 ,we h ! lat] develop$ nor!rn spr+-sun ,m>duk de/roy+ ! evil gods or spirits ( w9t]2 & *ief among !m1 ( c\rse1 ! ,goat-fi%1 :i*1 f its c5tral position1 w\ld repres5t ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! my?1 !n1 has to d ) ! fact t ! autumn-& w9t]-sun-wor%ip ( ,eridu 0 conqu]$ by ! spr+-sun-wor%ip ( ! nor?4 ,if we accept ?is1 we c comp>e ! ,egyptian & ,babylonian my?s f ! a/ronomical po9t ( view 9 ! foll[+ mann]2 & a wond]ful diff]5ce 9 ! a/ronomical obs]vations made1 z well z 9 ! =m1 ?\gh n 9 ! basis1 ( a/ronomical my?ology 9 ,egypt & 9 ,babylonia is be=e our eyes4 ,a/ronomically 9 bo? c\ntries we are deal+ ) ! dawn prec$+ sunrise on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 & ! accompany+ ext9ction ( ! />s4 ,b :i* />s8 ,9 ,egypt !re is no "q t ! />s ?us fad+ 7 ?\ght ( z be+ *iefly repres5t$ by ! />s :i* nev] set--t is1 ! circumpol> ones1 & among !m ! ,hippopotamus *iefly4 ,9 ,babylonia we h to d ) ! ecliptic con/ellations4 ,n[ ,i believe t x is g5]ally recognis$ t ,m>duk 0 relatively a late intrud] into ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,if he 7 a god br\ght f ! nor? by a conqu]+ race 7:e!r conqu]+ by craft or kraft does n matt]71 & 8 wor%ip replac$ t ( a1 h we n1 mutatis mut&is1 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! ,egyptian my? ( ,horus8 ,9 ! "o case we h a s\!rn />-wor%ipp+ race ou/+ nor?-/> wor%ipp]s1 9 ! o!r a nor!rn equ9octial sun-wor%ipp+ race ou/+ ! cult ( ! moon & sol/itial sun4 ,9 ! "o case we h ,horus1 ! ris+ sun ( e day1 slay+ ! ,hippopotamus 7t is1 ! mod]n ,draco71 ! reg5t ( night2 9 ! o!r1 ,m>duk1 ! spr+-sun-god1 slay+ ! animals ( ,timat--t is app>5tly ! orig9 ( ! ,scorpion1 ,capricornus1 & ,pisces1 ! con/ellations ( ! w9t] mon?s1 :i* =m$ a belt across ! sky f ea/ to we/ at ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! above sugge/$ basis ( ! ,babylonian my?ology reg>d+ ! demons ( ,timat1 e/abli%$ :5 ! sun 0 9 ,taurus at ! spr+ equ9ox1 enables u to und]/& cle>ly ! mu* lat] 7?\gh simil>7 imag]y employ$ :5 ! sun at ! equ9ox _h pass$ f ,taurus to ,aries--:5 ! ,z5d ,ave/a 0 writt51 & aft] ! twelve zodiacal con/ellations _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,we f9d !m divid$ equally into ! k+doms ( ,ormazd & ,ahriman4 ,"h ,i quote ,dupuis3-- ,l'agneau e/ aux portes de l'empire du bi5 et de la lumire1 et la balance celles du mal et des tnbres2 l'un e/ le premi] des signes suprieurs1 et l'autre des signes infrieurs4 ,les six signes suprieurs compr5n5t les six mille de ,dieu1 et les six signes infrieurs les six mille du diable4 ,le bonheur de l'homme dure s\s les premi]s signes1 et son malheur comm5ce au septime1 et dure s\s les six signes affects ,ahriman1 ou au *ef des tnbres4 ,s\s les six signes du rgne du bi5 et la lumire1 qui sont agneau1 taureau gmeaux1 canc]1 lion et vi]ge ou pi1 n\s avons m>qu les tats v>is de l'air et de la t]re1 qui sont le rsultat de l'action du bon pr9cipe4 ,a9si on lit s\s l'agneau ou s\s le premi] mille ces mots1 pr9temps1 zephyr1 v]dure2 s\s le taureau1 sve et fleur2 s\s les gmeaux1 *aleurs et longs j\rs2 s\s le canc]1 t1 beaux temps2 s\s le lion1 pis et moissons2 et s\s la vi]ge1 v5danges4 ,en passant la balance1 on tr\ve les fruits2 la comm5ce le rgne du ma aussitt que l'homme vi5t cueillir les pommes4 ,la nature quitte sa p>ure2 aussi n\s avons crit ces mots1 dp\illem5t de la nature2 s\s le scorpion on lit froid2 s\s le sagittaire1 neiges2 s\s le capricorne1 glace et br\ill>d1 sige des tnbres et de longs nuits2 s\s le v]seau1 pluies et frimas2 s\s les poissons1 v5ts imptueux4 ,s9ce ! great pyramids 7 built 9 ! "t ( ! f\r? dyna/y1 x is q cle> t ,eridu mu/ h be5 f\nd$ long be=e if ! transitions 7 any?+ l ^? ,i h /at$4 ,! ,argum5t t\*+ ,argus4 ,b !re is n only evid5ce t at ,eridu ! sun-wor%ip 0 at fir/ connect$ ) ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,x is kn[n t !re 0 />-wor%ip z well2 & !re mu/ h be5 moon-wor%ip too1 judg+ by ! moon-god ( ! adjac5t t[n ( ,ur4 ,associat$ ) a 0 an a-/>1 :i* ,j5s5 concludes may be ,args4 ,?is we mu/ consid]4 ,j5s5 concludes t ! a-/> is ,args on ! gr\nd t _m ( ! texts sugge/ a d>k5+ ( x n[ & aga92 he v prop]ly po9ts out t a v>iability 9 ! /> is ! only po9t wor? consid]+ 9 ?is connection1 & by ?is argum5t he is driv5 to 1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ v>iables 9 ! heav5s1 out%9+ ,canopus at its maximum4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ev]ybody w\ld agree t obscuration by cl\ds1 etc41 w\ld n be record$2 b if ! /> 7 obs]v$ j ris+ above ! s\!rn horizon only1 !n its abs5ce1 due to su* causes1 w\ld1 ,i %\ld fancy1 be *ronicl$1 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t ?is is precisely ! region :]e ! a /> w\ld be obs]v$1 if all ( ! inscriptions ref]r$ to by ,j5s5 are to be satisfi$2 its place 0 9 uss]/5 ,sd5 7page #aec74 ,x 0 das ,p5dant des im ,nordpol des ,aequators sitz5d5 ,himmels-,bi'l 7page #adh72 a's ',ort' am ,himmel liegt im ,sd5 7page #bf74 ,!re is ano!r argum5t4 ,pr(essor ,sayce 9 8 lectures reproduces 7page #dcg7 ,mr4 ,george ,smi?'s acc\nt ( ! ,temple ( ,bel d]iv$ f a ,babylonian text4 ,! temple 0 ori5t$ ea/ & we/4 ,9 a description ( "o ( ! enclosures we read t on ! nor!rn side 0 a temple ( a1 :ile on ! s\!rn side !re 0 a temple ( ,bl & ,anu4 ,?is n only %[s t a 0 reg>d$ z sacr$ to ! true s\?1 b t ! temple build+s 7 plann$ l ! ,egyptian ones1 ! light ei!r f sun or /> pass+ ov] ! heads ( ! wor%ipp]s 9 ! c\rts into ! temples4 7,comp>e temple ,m 9 ! temple ( ,am5-,r1 page #aah ante47 ,b ,args nev] rose or set any:]e ne> ! s\?4 ,i h asc]ta9$ t its decl9ation 0 approximately #cb ,s4 9 #ejjj ,b4,c41 & increas$ to #db ,s4 by ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,h5ce betwe5 ^! dates at ,eridu its amplitude v>i$ betwe5 #ch & #ea ,s4 ( ,e4 or ,w4 ,n[ "h we are f> away f ! ,s4 po9t1 ?\gh v ne> ! ,s4,e4 or ,s4,w4 po9t1 to :i* x is /at$ "s ( ! ,babylonian /ructures _h _! sides ori5t$4 ,! "q arises :e!r !re 0 a /> :i* answ]s ! o!r conditions4 ,!re 0 a s]ies ( su* />s4 ,x may be "h m5tion$ g5]ally t ! precessional movem5t mu/1 aft] c]ta9 int]vals1 cause ?is ph5om5on to be repeat$ con/antly ) "o /> aft] ano!r4 ,beg9n+ ) p]haps a suffici5tly remote p]iod1 we h3-- ,a*]n> #hjjj ,b4,c4 ,phact #edjj ,b4,c4 ,canopus #dgjj ,b4,c4 ,^! />s w\ld appe> v ne> ! s\? po9t ( ! horizon at ,eridu at ! dates /at$1 & describe a v small arc above x betwe5 ris+ & sett+ at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>4 ,n[ to g a /age fur!r 9 ! /udy ( ! a--,ea or ,eridu--/>1 x is desirable to quote ! leg5d conc]n+ a or ,oannes d]iv$ f ,brssos ?r\gh ,alex&] ,polyhi/r4#afa ,9 ! fir/ ye> !re appe>$ 9 t "p ( ! ,ery?raean sea :i* bord]s ^u ,babylonia a creature end[$ ) reason1 by "n ,oannes1 ^: :ole body 7accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,apollodros7 0 t ( a fi%2 "u ! fi%'s head he _h ano!r head1 ) feet also bel[ simil> to ^? ( a man subjo9$ to ! fi%'s tail4 ,8 voice1 too1 & language 7 articulate & human2 & a repres5tation ( him is pres]v$ ev5 to ?is day4 ,?is be+ 0 accu/om$ to pass ! day among m51 b took no food at t season2 & he gave !m an insight into lett]s & sci5ces & arts ( e k9d4 ,he taught !m to con/ruct h\ses1 to f\nd temples1#afb to compile laws1 & expla9$ to !m ! pr9ciples ( geometrical k4 ,he made !m di/+ui% ! se$s ( ! e>?1 & %[$ !m h[ to collect ! fruits2 9 %ort1 he in/ruct$ !m 9 ev]y?+ :i* c\ld t5d to s(t5 mann]s & humanise _! lives4 ,f t "t no?+ mat]ial has be5 add$ by way ( improvem5t to 8 in/ructions4 ,n[1 :5 ! sun _h set1 ?is be+ ,oannes us$ to retire aga9 into ! sea1 & pass ! night 9 ! deep1 = he 0 amphibi\s4 ,aft] ?is !re appe>$ o!r animals l ,oannes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temples ,,at ,,phil4 ,x is n necess>y to give ! /r+ ( o!r animals enum]at$ by ,eusebius1 b "o ( !m is important4 ,a companion ( ,andaphas & ,odakn %[s ! true read+ to h be5 ,andakn--t is1 ,anu & ,dagon4 ,?is o!r animal1 !n1 cle>ly ref]s to ! introduction ( ! nor!rn ,semitic cult1 & h5ce ! sugge/ion is /r5g!n$ t "s ( ! e>li] o!r animals :o subsequ5tly appe>$1 l a 78 ,oannes71 may really h be5 new s\!rn />s mak+ _! appe>ance 9 ! mann] ,i h %[n1 & p]haps v>y+ ! cult4 ,! :ole leg5d is1 ,i ?9k1 cle>ly "o relat+ to m5 com+ f ! s\? 787 to ,eridu 9 %ips4 ,! boat is turn$ into a fi%-man1 & ! /> to :i* !y po9t$ to %[ :5ce !y came is made a god4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temple ,,at ,,amada4 ,x is evid5t ! intrusion 0 f ! s\?1 because o!rwise extreme s\? />s w\ld n h be5 9 "q4 ,we h1 !n1 got s f>4 ,! wor%ipp]s ( ! s\!rn /> & ( ! w9t] mon?s1 includ+ ! sol/ice1 7 c]ta9ly n indig5\s at ,eridu4 ,!y 7 probably introduc$ f ! s\?1 & !y 7 sea-borne4 ,! next "q :i* conc]ns u is1 0 ?is wor%ip 9 any way connect$ ) ,egypt8 ,"o ( ! mo/ def9ite & /rik+ conclusions to :i* ! /udy ( temples has l$1 is t 9 ,s\!rn ,egypt ! temple wor%ip 0 limit$ to s\!rn />s1 &1 fur!r1 t !re is a *a9 ( temples1 possibly dat+ f #fdjj ,b4,c41 & ori5t$ to ,canopus4 ,?is c]ta9ly is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( a wor%ip simil> to t trac$ at ,eridu4 ,b is !re any trace ( a or ( 8 son1 ! sun-god8 ,?is god 01 z we h se51 associat$ 9 "s way ) ,as>i4 ,i am told t /ud5ts w probably agree t ! connection betwe5 ?is ^w & ! ,egyptian ,osiris is absolute4 ,pr(essor ,sayce in=ms me t ! cunei=m ideograms & ! hi]oglyphs h ! same mean+1 & indicate ! same root-words4#afc a 0 repres5t$ z a goat-fi%1 & 0 a pott] & mak] ( m54 ,?is be+ s1 ,i confess ! facts relat+ to ! s\!rn ,egyptian god ,*nemu /rike me z v sugge/ive4 ,he is repres5t$ goat-head$1 & n ram-head$1 z g5]ally /at$2 he is n only ! creator ( mank9d1 b he is a pott]1 & he is actually repres5t$ at ,phil z comb9+ ^! attributes 9 mak+ man out ( clay on a pott]'s :eel4 ,nay1 accord+ to ,buns51 he is /at$ to h =m$ on 8 :eel ! div9e limbs ( ,osiris1 & is /yl$ ! sculptor ( all m54#afd ,i give ! foll[+ extracts f ,lanzoni 7p4 #ief73-- ,,num4--num ,*nemu significa 'fabbricatore1 modellatore4' 444 ,que/o demiurgo app>isce come una delle pi x anti*e div9it dell' ,egitto1 ed aveva un culto speziale nello ,nubia nell' isola di ,file di ,beghe e di ,elephant9a4444 ,esso era il dio delle cat>atte1 id5tificato al dio ,nun1 il ,padre degli dei1 il pr9cipio ,umido4 ,il gr&e te/o geografico di ,edfu p>l&o di ,elephant9a1 quale metropoli del primo ,nomo dell' ,alto ,egitto1 ne ricorda la div9it1 come una p]sonificazione dell' ,acqua dell' inondazione4 ,he is also ,hormau1 ! god ( ! univ]se3 ,! fa!r ( ! fa!r ( ! gods3 ,creator ( heav51 e>?1 wat]1 & m\nta9s2 a local =m ( ,osiris4 ,8 wife 0 ! frog-goddess1 ,hekt 78 ,s]k-t74 ,fur!r1 he 0 also reg>d$ z presid+ 9 "s special way ov] wat]1#afe &1 unlike ,am5-,r1 ?\gh l a1 he has a position among ! gods ( ! l[] _w4 ,a sun-god1 ) uru & disk1 he is closely associat$ ) ,am5-,r1 & if he 7 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,s\? ,egyptian gods ?is c\ld only be by ,am5-,r be+ an emanation f him2 ! temples 9 any case d n af=d u traces ( ,am5-,r be=e #cgjj ,b4,c41 & ,*nemu is recognis$ z "o ( ! olde/ gods 9 ,egypt1 on ! same plat=m z ,ptah 9 ! ,nor?4 ,if we assume a connection ) ,eridu1 !n we are driv5 to ! conclusion t ! ,eridu culture came ei!r f ,egypt or f a common s\rce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*nemu4 ,"h = ! pres5t ! "q mu/ be left4 ,i mu/ be cont5t to rem>k t _m ( ! facts po9t to a common orig9 s\? ( ! equator4 ,x is cle> t if ,*nemu 7 a sun-god ( ! ,w9t]1 br\ght into ,egypt f )\t1 ! *ange to ,am5-,r is precisely :at w\ld h be5 c]ta9 to happ51 = 9 ,egypt ! ,summ] ,sol/ice1 ov] :i* ,am5-,r presid$1 0 all-important4 ,an?ropological ,evid5ce4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t a g5]al survey ( ,egyptian hi/ory does sugge/ conflicts betwe5 two races1 & ?is ( c\rse goes to /r5g!n ! view t ! temple-build+ ph5om5a sugge/ two diff]5t wor%ips1 dep5d+ ^u race di/9ctions4 ,we h next to ask if !re is any an?ropological evid5ce at our disposal4 ,x s happ5s t ,vir*[ has direct$ 8 att5tion to ?is v po9t4 ,premis+ t a /rong race di/9ction is recognis$ betwe5 peoples hav+ bra*ycephalic or %ort1 & doli*ocephalic or long1 skulls1 & t ! ,african races belong to ! latt] gr\p1 ,i may give ! foll[+ extract f 8 pap]3-- ,! craniological type 9 ! ,anci5t ,empire 0 diff]5t f t 9 ! middle & new4 ,! skulls f ! ,anci5t ,empire are bra*ycephalic1 ^? f ! new & ( ! pres5t day are ei!r doli*ocephalic or mesaticephalic2 ! diff]5ce is !re=e at lea/ z great z t betwe5 ! doli*ocephalic skulls ( ! ,franki% graves & ! pr$om9antly bra*ycephalic skulls ( ! pres5t population ( ,s\? ,g]many4 ,i d n d5y t we h hi!rto _h at our disposal only a v limit$ numb] ( skulls f ! ,anci5t ,empire :i* h be5 c]ta9ly det]m9$2 t !re=e ! "q :e!r ! bra*ycephalic skull-type d$uc$ f ^! 0 ! g5]al or a lea/ ! pr$om9ant "o _c yet be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty2 b ,i may appeal to ! fact t ! sculptors ( ! ,anci5t ,empire made ! bra*ycephalic type ! basis ( _! works ( art too4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t ! an?ropological z well z ! hi/orical evid5ce runs on all f\rs ) ! results to be obta9$ f su* a /udy ( ! old a/ronomy z ! temples af=d u4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusions ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,races4 ,x is n[ "t to summ>ise ! evid5ce conc]n+ ! nor? & s\? temple build]s1 includ+ ^? :o built pyramids z well4 ,to d ?is we mu/ deal n only ) ! build+s1 b ) ! associat$ my?ology1 or1 r1 ) ! a/ronomical "p ( ! my?ology1 = !re seems to be v little d\bt t 9 ! e>lie/ times1 be=e k replac$ or controll$ imag9ation1 ev]y?+ 0 my?ologically ev]y?+ else 9 turn4 ,x is = ?is reason t tru/+ to g5ealogies especially seems l build+ on s&4 ,t ,fa!r-%ip & ,son-%ip 9 ! e>lie/ days 7 my?ologically some?+ q diff]5t f :at ! words 9 _! /rict s5se imply to-day w be agre$ to by ev]ybody2 & !re is evid5ce t _m ( ! absolute contradictions met )1 & /atem5ts :i* x is impossible to reconcile1 may all dep5d ^u ! po9t ( view f :i* ! my?ological /atem5ts 7 made4 ,b :5 a/ronomy helps u to ! po9t ( view1 ! my?ological /atem5ts1 & ev5 ! g5ealogies1 become mu* cle>] & unmi/akable1 & contradiction vani%es to a great ext5t2 & x w\ld seem z if g5ealogies en bloc 7 nev] prop\nd$1 h5ce x 0 a commonplace ei!r t a god %\ld be ! fa!r ( 8 "m1 or t he %\ld h no fa!r4 ,?us1 9 "o s5se1 ,r is fa!r ( all ! gods2 b 9 ano!r ,ptah is ! creator ( ! egg ( ! sun because ,capella sett+ h]ald$ sunrise at a p>ticul> "t ( ! ye>2 & ,isis is ! "m ( ,horus because ,phact ,columb1 ,s]k-t ,c5tauri1 ,mut ,draconis1 & o!r />s 7,isis7 did precisely ! same2 :ile 9 ano!r connection ,isis is ! si/] ( ,osiris1 & !re=e ! "m ( ,horus4 ,b "h ! relation%ip dep5ds ^u ! association ( ! moon & w>n+ /> 9 ! morn+ sky4 ,i only (f] ^! z sugge/ions2 simil> v>iations might be multipli$ ad nauseam4 ,b :ile all ?is proves t g5ealogies may be manufactur$ )\t ei!r end or utility1 we ga!r t ! association ( my?ological p]sonages ) def9ite a/ronomical bodies may 9 "t be ( great help 9 su* inquiries1 & ultimately enable u to raise ! veil ( my/]y by :i* ^! old ideas h ( set purpose1 & p>tly by ^! means1 be5 hidd54 ,!re seems no d\bt t we h got def9ite evid5ce t ! v olde/ my?ological p]sonages 7 closely connect$ ei!r ) ! sun at "s special "t ( ! ye>1 ) ! moon1 or ) ! ris+ & sett+ ( "s /> or ano!r4 ,h5ce we ought to be able f ! temple evid5ce to classify ! nor!rn & s\!rn gods4 ,nor!rn ,gods & ,goddesses4 ,,god4 ,,goddess4 ,ptah ,capella1 ,april sun 7#a7 ,ba/-,isis ,urs ,majoris4 ,anubis ,nor!rn con/ellations4 ,taurt-,isis ,urs ,majoris4 ,draconis4 ,m93 ,khem ,may ,sun 7#b74 ,m5at-,isis ,spica4 ,autumn ,sun ,s]k-t-,isis ,ant>es4 ,spr+ ,sun ,nit-,isis ,pleiades4 ,s\!rn ,gods & ,goddesses4 ,osiris ,moon-god4 ,*nemu ,sun-god1 autumnal equ9ox4 ,khonsu ,canopus1 autumnal equ9ox1 w>n]4 ,we/ horizon foll[$ by ,s]k-t ,c5tauri ea/ horizon4 ,am5-,r ,a comb9$ nor? & ,tei-,isis ,phact 7#a7 s\? god1 e/abli%$ ,am5-t-,isis ,sirius 7#b7 ab\t #cgjj ,b4,c4 ,ha?or-,isis ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,am5-,r gives u a fair indication ( ! *anges :i* mu/ h tak5 place among ! e>ly civilisations :5 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 0 alt]$4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t ,*nemu 0 ! fir/ ,sun-god ( ,s\!rn ,egypt2 ! cryosph9xes at ,!bes are alone suffici5t to prove x2#aff & if s1 !n ! s\!rn p mu/ h come f a region :]e ! autumnal equ9ox m>k$ ! mo/ important "t ( ! ye> = _! agricultural op]ations4 ,& ?is ye> _h ev5tually to give way1 z we "k x did1 ab\t #cgjj ,b4,c41 = "o beg9n+ at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,9 ! above li/ ,i h indicat$ ,osiris z a ,moon-god4 ,_m inscriptions might be quot$ simil> to ! foll[+ "o3-- ,salute a te1 ,hesiri1 il signore dell' et]nit4 ,qu&o tu sei 9 ,cielo1 tu app>isci come sole1 et tu r9nuovi la tua =ma comme ,luna4#afg ,x has also to be borne 9 m9d t ! complicat$ head-dress1 includ+ ! goat's horns1 is repres5t$ 9 connection ) ,?o? ,*nemu & ,osiris4#afh ,lat] he 0 unque/ionably a sun-god1 b ?is w\ld be c]ta9 to happ5 if ! s\!rn intrud]s wor%ipp$ ! moon 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,fur!r1 if 9 lat] times he repres5t$ bo? sun & moon1 z he c]ta9ly did1 x is n probable t he did s f ! beg9n+4 ,all ! special symbolism ref]s to him z a ,moon-god2 he is c]ta9ly a ,moon-god 9 ! my? ( ,isis & ,osiris1 = he 0 cut into f\rte5 pieces1 ! numb] ( days ( ! wan+ moon4 ,n[1 we c easily und]/& an evolution beg9n+ ) a ,moon-god & end+ ) a ,sun-god4 ,b ! contr>y is almo/ un?9kable2 besides1 we "k t 9 ,egypt x did n happ52 ! sol> attributes got h>d5$ z "t w5t on4 ,! cal5d> evid5ce1 z we h se51 9 relation to ! orig9al ye> ( #cfj days is 9 fav\r ( ,moon-wor%ip1 & !re=e ( a ,moon-god 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,fur!r1 if we accept ?is1 ! my? ( ,horus becomes a complete hi/orical /atem5t1 ( :i* p>ts h already be5 %[n to ref] to a/ronomical facts pa/ all dispute4 ,x is well "h to give ,naville's rem>ks ^u x4 ,x w be se5 t !y /r5g!n my view4#afi ,la #cfcme anne de son rgne1 le dieu "p avec son fils p\r l'gypte4 ,voil donc une date prcise de l'un de ces rois qui1 selon les traditions gypti5nes1 avai5t occup le trne de l'gypte avant les s\v]a9s indignes4 ,cette anne-l1 ,horhut *ass ,typhon de l'gypte1 et s'tablit en roi sur t\t le pays4 ,cela concord]ait donc avec ce que n\s dis5t ,man?on et ,eusbe1 que1 dans la premire dyna/ie des dieux1 ,typhon prcda immdiatem5t ,horus4 ,la succession se s]ait faite p> droit de conqute4 ,horus a avec lui des compagnons qui sont nomms p>t\t ses suivants3 les ,s*es\ ,hor4 ,m4 de ,r\g a dj fait rem>qu] que1 dans plusieurs inscriptions1 ces hommes sont considrs comme les habitants primitifs de l'gypte1 les contempora9s des dyna/ies div9es4 ,ce sont ces ,mes5n\ dont il a dj t "q dans la srie prcd5te4 ,le rle qu'ils j\5t dans ce rcit montre1 plus clairem5t encore1 que l'poque dont il s'agit e/ la f9 des temps my?ologiques auxquels ,mna devait succd]4 ,c'e/ une tradition relative aux vnem5ts qui ne doiv5t avoir prcd que de peu les temps hi/oriques4 ,horhut monte dans la b>que de son pre1 qui le suit p5dant t\te l'expdition1 et lui donn son appui et ses conseils4 ,les dieux p\rsuiv5t ,typhon t\t le long du fleuve2 ,horhut livre plusieurs batailles dans des lieux qui recevront des noms propres rappel] ses exploits1 et qui s]ont plus p>ticulirem5t v\s son culte4 ,c'e/ ,edfon qu'ont lieu les premi]s combats1 puis dans le #afme nome de la ,haute-gypte4 ,le nome de ,m]t1 celui du ,fay\m et du lac ,mo]is1 e/ le ?tre de plusieurs pisodes de la lutte4 ,c'e/ dans la ville de ,sut5*551 appele ici ,nanrutef1 un sanctuaire important d',osiris1 que s'tabliss5t les ,s*es\ ,hor4 ,enf91 lorsque ,set a t *ass du nome de ,*5t-ab1 le #adme de la ,basse-gypte1 le pays e/ dlivr1 et la royaut e/ assure ,horhut4 ,son pre1 qui1 *aque n\velle victoire1 lui a dc]n quelque honneur special1 lui accorde d'tre reprs5t s\s la =m du disque ail1 ou du sc>abe1 sur t\s les temples de la ,haute et de la ,basse-gypte4 ,horus devi5t le seigneur des deux rgions1 s'assi$ dans un sanctuaire ou il e/ ador comme ,hor*uti1 avec qui il f9it p> se confondre4 ,telle e/ cette seconde lg5de1 bi5 mieux c>actrise que la premire1 c> elle e/ ratta*e des localits connues et une poque dt]m9e4 ,elle me semble mme assez claire p\r qu'on puisse y voir une tradition1 qui aurait sa base un fait hi/orique4 ,set e/ un dieu bi5 connu dans l'hi/oire d'gypte2 c'e/ le dieu des ennemis1 et p>ticulirem5t des populations smitiques1 qui conquir5t une fois le pays et le mir5t s\v5t en dang]4 ,si n\s considrons qu'il e/ *ass p> ,horus1 le dieu qui lui a succd dans la royaut1 et p> les habitants primitifs du pays un mom5t donn des annales div9es1 n'e/-il pas naturel d'expliqu] ce my! p> une gu]re entre les gypti5s v5us de ,nubie1 et les ,smites qui aurai5t t *asss du pays2 soit que cette gu]re soit plus anci5ne que les temps hi/oriques1 soit que1 v5ue plus t>d1 elle ait pass dans le doma9e de l'hi/oire lg5daire8 ,les textes relatifs aux dyna/ies div9es sont encore trop r>es p\r que n\s puissions p\ss] trs-lo9 ces re*]*es4 ,le temple d',edf\ n\s f\rnira peut-tre un j\r de n\velles indications sur ces poques prhi/oriques1 et sur l'orig9e si my/]ieuse de la civilisation de l'gypte4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,w+$ ,,sol> ,,disk4 ,9 ano!r passage ,naville rem>ks3 ,typhon n'e/ pas simplem5t le dieu du mal1 l'adv]saire p]sonnel d',osiris1 c'e/ un s\v]a9 qui occupe avec ses allis la plus gr&e p>tie de l'gypte depuis ,edf\ jusqu'a l',ori5t du ,delta4#agj ,x 0 sugge/$ 7page #aed7 t ,horus slay+ ,set repres5t$ by a hippopotamus 0 a ref]5ce to a "t antec$5t to #ejjj ,b4,c41 :5 ! con/ellation ( ,draco 0 circumpol>2 & we n[ le>n f ,*apt] ,,xxxii4 t ,set repres5t$ ! ,nor!rn-,/> wor%ip br\ght 9 f ! ,n4,e4 ,horus1 !n1 repres5t$ a conqu]+ =ce com+ f ! ,s\?4 ,he 0 recognis$ z a ,s\!rn god4 ,naville rem>ks3 ,hor*uti e/ p> excell5ce le dieu de la ,nubie2 c'e/ lui que sont consacrs plusieurs des temples ph>aoniques qui exi/5t le long du ,nil entre ,ouadi-,halfa et ,phil4#aga ,b ?is is n all4 ,! sequ5ce ( ! ,div9e ,dyna/ies is z foll[s1 accord+ to ,masp]o3--#agb ,atmu4 ,r ,%\ ,sib\ ,seb ,osiris ,set ,horus ,neglect+ ! fir/ f\r1 we f9d ,osiris prec$+ ,set1 & are driv5 to ! conclusion t 9 ,osiris1 9 ?is connection1 we are deal+ ) ! ,moon1 = ! ,sun-gods ,atmu & ,r head ! li/4 ,besides1 ! wor%ip ( ,set did n kill ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun1 = ! p[] ( ,r f9ally became p>am\nt4 ,we mu/ hold1 !n1 t ! ,s\!rn ,sun-god ,horus1 ! son ( ,osiris1 0 ! son ( a ,moon-god1 & x becomes necess>y to inquire if su* an idea occurr$ to o!r e>ly peoples4 ,pr(essor ,sayce#agc tells u-- ,accord+ to ! (ficial religion ( ,*alda1 ! ,sun-god 0 ! (fspr+ ( ! ,moon-god1 & he adds1 ,su* a belief c\ld h aris5 only :]e ! ,moon-god 0 ! supreme object ( wor%ip4444 ,to ! ,semite ! ,sun-god 0 ! "l & fa!r ( ! gods4#agd ,if we1 !n1 ) ?is prec$5t1 are prep>$ to take ,osiris z ! ,moon-god ( ! ,s\!rn race1 !re is no d\bt t ! fir/ ,sun-god 0 ,*nemu1 & ! fir/ ,s\!rn ,/>-god--! /> :i* h]ald$ sunrise at ! ,autumnal ,equ9ox--,khonsu 7,canopus74 ,?o? also mu/ be nam$1 = x is c]ta9 t ! ,cal5d> :i* he leads 0 ( ,s\!rn orig91 because ,new ,ye>'s ,day at ! ,summ] ,sol/ice 0 h]ald$ fir/ by ,phact & aft]w>ds by ,sirius1 bo? ,s\!rn />s4 ,!re is likewise ample temple evid5ce to %[ t ! ,autumnal ,equ9octial ,sun 0 also h]ald$1 & 9 ev5 e>li] times1 fir/ by ,canopus & next by ,c5tauri1 & x becomes a "q :e!r ! orig9al moon-cal5d> ( ,?o? did n ref] to a ye> beg9n+ at ! ,autumnal ,equ9ox4 ,?is is a sugge/ion result+ f lat] inquiries1 & h5ce ,i h n ref]r$ to x 9 ! *apt]s on ! ye>4 ,& "h1 p]haps1 9 _! dep5d5ce ^u ! ,moon-god ,osiris1 we f9d ! real reason t ,khonsu & ,?o? h lun> in/ead ( sol> emblems2 ,?o? l$ ! initial lun> ye>1 ,khonsu only h]ald$ ! adv5t ( ! son ( ! ,moon4 ,if ?is be s1 be=e ! f\ndation ( ! temple ( ,annu by la gr&e tribu des ,an\1#age ! ,s\!rn 7orig9ally ,moon-wor%ipp+7 race _h already made its appe>ance 9 =ce 9 ,nor!rn ,egypt1 o!rwise ! div9e dyna/ies w\ld n h includ$ ,osiris2 we ne$ n be a/oni%$ t ! temple evid5ce has disappe>$ !re4 ,! mo/ nor!rn anci5t temple ( ,osiris 0 at ,abydos2 t also has gone1 :ile ^? at ,phil & ,edf rema91 ! latt]1 at "s "t subsequ5t to its orig9al f\ndation1 d$icat$ to a female ,horus4 ,^! ?+s be+ presum$1 we c n[ br+ toge!r 9 a work+ hypo!sis ! temple evid5ce s f> z x be>s ^u ! my?ology & int]action ( ! ,nor?-& ,s\?-,/> wor%ipp]s4 ,date ,b4,c4 ,osiris #fdjj ,a sw>m f ! s\? ) ,?o? ,moon ,gods4 ,khonsu ,*nemu 7,sun ,god74 come d[n ! ,riv]4 ,!y f9d a population wor%ipp+ ,r & ,atmu4 ,possibly !y 7 m]ely wor%ipp]s ( ! dawn & twilight4 ,! ,moon wor%ip is accept$ z an addition1 & ! div9e dyna/y ( ,osiris beg9s4 ,! sw>m br+s a lun> ye> ( #cfj days ) x1 & ! ,egyptian ,cal5d> beg9n+ ,i4 ,?o? comm5ces4 ,!y build temples at ,amada1 ,semneh1 ,phil1 ,edf1 & probably ,abydos4 ,all ^! 7 probably ,osiris temples1 s call$ because ,osiris1 ! ,moon-god1 0 ! *ief deity1 & !y 7 us$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! ,sun's place at ! ,autumnal ,equ9ox1 at :i* "t _! lun> ye> probably began4 #edjj ,a sw>m1 or sw>ms1 f ! ,n4,e4 ,"o c]ta9ly comes by ! ,r$ ,sea1 & f\nds temples at ,r$isieh & ,d5d]ah2 ano!r may h come ov] ! i/hmus & f\nd$ ,annu4 ,!y br+ ! wor%ip ( ,anu4#agf ,! ,div9e dyna/y ( ,set is f\nd$1 & we c imag9e religi\s /rifes betwe5 ! p>tisans ( ! new nor!rn cult & ! s\!rn moon-wor%ipp]s4 ,^! p might h come ei!r f ,nor? ,babylonia1 or o!r sw>ms ( ! same race may h invad$ ,nor? ,babylonia at ! same "t4 #ejjj ,?is date is fix$ by ,hippopotamus n be+ circumpol> aft] x4 ,x might h be5 mu* e>li]1 b n mu* lat]4 ,horus ) 8 blacksmi?s comes d[n ! riv] to rev5ge 8 fa!r ,osiris by kill+ 8 murd]] ,set 7! ,hippopotamus74 ,! #fdjj ,b4,c4 p1 :o came f ! ,s\?1 _h be5 wor/$ by ! la/ 7#edjj ,b4,c47 sw>m f ! ,n4,e41 & h s5t = s\!rn assi/ance4 ,! ,s\? p by ?is "t _h become ,sun-wor%ipp]s1 & ,osiris n[ means ,sun z well z ,moon4 ,! ,n4,e4 p are beat51 & !re is an amalgamation ( ! ,orig9al & ,s\!rn cults4 ,! ,n4,e4 p are r$uc$ to second place1 b ,set is reta9$1 & ,anubis looks aft] sepul*res1 soon to be replac$ by ,osiris z ,s\!rn prie/craft prevails4 ,! prie/ly headqu>t]s n[ are at ,annu & ,abydos4 ,at ! =m] place we h an amalgamat$ cult repres5t+ ,sun & ,n4 ,/> gods4 ,at ,abydos ,osiris 7*ang$ into a ,sun-,god7 is supreme4 ,sid5ote3 ,pyramid ,times ,m>iette #dbjj1 ,brugs* #cgjj4 ,ano!r ,sw>m f ,n4,e41 c]ta9ly f ,babylonia ?is "t1 & app>5tly by i/hmus only1 s9ce no ,e4-,w4 temples are f\nd on ,r$ ,sea roads4 ,!y no long] br+ ,anu alone4 ,!re is a ,spr+ ,equ9ox ,sun-,god4 #cgjj ,s\!rn p at ,b>kal & ,!bes 9 =ce2 temple-build+ on a l>ge scale4 ,*nemu beg9s to give place to ,am5-,r4 ,/ill m bl5d+ betwe5 orig9al & ,s\!rn peoples4 #cejj ,f9al bl5d+ ( ,nor? & ,s\? cults at ,!bes4 ,temples f\nd$ !re to ,set & ,m91 on ! l9es ( ,annu & ,an4 #cbjj ,e/abli%m5t ( wor%ip ( ,am5-,r at ,!bes4 ,supremacy ( ,!ban prie/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,egyptian ,,& ,,babylonian ,,ecliptic ,,con/ellations4 ,i h already1 9 ,*apt] ,,xxxii41 po9t$ out t at ,annu we seem$ limit$ to ,set z a /ell> div9ity2 s soon z pyramid times are rea*$1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 *ang$1 & we f\nd ! li/ ( ! gods increas$1 & ! wor%ip ( ! sun & ( />s 9 ! con/ellations ( ! ,bull & ,scorpion w5t on1 if x 0 n begun1 9 ,egypt1 9 pyramid times4 ,^! con/ellations 7 connect$ ) ! equ9oxes2 & associat$ ) ! introduction ( ^! new wor%ips 9 pyramid times 0 ! wor%ip ( ! bull ,apis4 ,! fir/ "q :i* n[ arises is1 ,:5 7 any ecliptic con/ellations e/abli%$ 9 ,babylonia8 & next1 ,:i* 7 !y8 ,j5s51 9 8 ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 tells u t !re is "s v def9ite in=mation relat+ n only to ,taurus & ,scorpio1 b to ,capricornus & o!r w9t] con/ellations2 &1 z 9 ,egypt s 9 ,babylonia1 = ! fir/ ref]5ces to ! con/ellations we h to ref] to ! religion & ! my?ology4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to ga!r1 any my? l ! ,egyptian my? ( ,horus1 involv+ combats betwe5 ! sun & circumpol> /> gods1 is entirely lack+ 9 ,babylonia1 b a simil> my? 9 relation to "s ( ! ecliptic con/ellations is among ! be/ kn[n4 ,j5s5 %[s t ! fir/ notions ( ! ,babylonian con/ellations are to be got by /udy+ ! sun-gods1 & especially ! my?ic w> betwe5 ! lat] sun-god ,m>duk & ! mon/] ,timat4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ,m>duk2 he is ! ,spr+ ,sun-,god1 & x has also be5 /at$ t ! greate/ god ( anci5t ,babylonia1 a ( ,eridu1 0 connect$ ) ! con/ellation ( ,capricornus4 ,m>duk repres5t$ ! con/ellation ( ! ,bull4 ,"h ,i quote ,j5s53--#agg ,x has already be5 sugge/$ t ! ,bull is a symbol ( ! ,spr+-,sun ,m>duk2 t he 0 orig9ally complete2 t he at "o "t ext5d$ z f> z ! ,fi% ( a1 i4e4 ! we/]n ,fi%2 t ! ,fi% ( a1 out ( :i* ! sun em]g$ at ! end ( ! ye> 9 anci5t times to ent] ,taurus1 is to repres5t a1 ! ,god ( ! ,ocean1 out ( :i* 8 son ,m>duk1 ! e>ly sun1 rises daily2 f9ally1 t a s]ies ( con/ellations we/ ( ! ,fi%7es7 is int5d$ to repres5t symbolically ?is same ocean4 ,m>duk is on ! "o h&1 z e>ly sun ( ! day 7& ! ye>71 ! son ( a1 ! god ( ! _w-wat]4 ,z to ! sun-god ,m>duk1 !n1 he repres5ts ! sun at ! v]nal equ9ox1 :5 ! sunrise 0 h]ald$ by ! />s 9 ! ,bull4 ,b :at1 !n1 are ! fi% ( a & ! o!r con/ellations ref]r$ to8 ,!y are all reveal$ to u by ! my?4 ,!y are ! ,s\!rn ecliptic con/ellations4 ,timat4 ,timat1 accord+ to ,j5s51 means initially ! ,ea/]n ,sea 7p4 #cjg74 ,?is 0 exp&$ to mean ! ,weltwass] 7p4 #cae71 :i* may be tak5 to mean1 ,i suppose1 ! orig9 ( ! ,greek 1 & possibly ! ov]ly+ firmam5t ( wat]s4 ,^! firmam5tal wat]s conta9 ! s\!rly ecliptic con/ellations1 ! w9t] & bad-wea!r signs--! ,scorpion1 ! ,goat-fi%1 & ! ,fi% among !m4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out t ^! s\!rly con/ellations 7 associat$ ) ! ,god ( ,eridu 9 8 fir/ /age4 ,! ,con/ellations ref]r$ to 9 ! ,my? ( ,m>duk & ,timat4 ,we are indebt$ to ! my?1 !n1 = ! k t :5 x 0 inv5t$1 n only ! con/ellations ,bull & ,scorpion1 b also ! ,goat & ,fi%es _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,babylonia4 ,?is argum5t is /r5g!n$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations sugge/$ by ,j5s53-- ,we look 9 va9 among ! ret9ue ( ,timat = an animal correspond+ to ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac to ! ea/ ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,?is _c be accid5tal4 ,if1 !re=e1 we cont5d$ t ! cosmogonic leg5ds ( ! ,babylonians /ood 9 close relation%ip to ! ph5om5a ( sunrise on ! "o h& & ! entrance ( ! sun into ! v]nal equ9ox on ! o!r--t1 9 fact1 ! creation leg5ds 9 g5]al reflect ^! ev5ts--!re c\ld n be a m conv9c+ pro( ( our view ?an ! fact j m5tion$4 ,! ?ree mon/]s ( ,timat1 :i* ,m>duk ov]comes1 are locat$ 9 ! 'wat]-region' ( ! heav5s1 :i* ! ,spr+-,sun ,m>duk 'ov]comes' be=e ent]+ ! 7anci5t7 ,bull4 ,if1 z _c be d\bt$1 ! signs ( ! zodiac are to be reg>d$ z symbols1 & especially if a mon/] l ! goat-fi%1 ^: =m x is difficult to recognise 9 ! correspond+ con/ellation1 c only be reg>d$ z a symbol1 !n we may assume )\t hesitation t at ! "t :5 ! ,scorpion1 ! ,goat-,fi%1 & ! ,fi% 7 locat$ z signs ( ! zodiac 9 ! wat]-region ( ! sky1 !y already play$ _! p>ts z ! animals ( ,timat 9 ! creation leg5ds4 ,( c\rse !y 7 n tak5 out ( a complete /ory & plac$ 9 ! sky1 b conceptions ( a m g5]al k9d gave ! fir/ occasion4 ,x does n foll[ t all ! anci5t my?s n[ kn[n to u mu/ h be5 available1 b c]ta9ly ! root-/ock ( !m1 p]haps 9 ! =m ( unsy/ematic & unconnect$ s+le /ories & concepts4 ,!re is /ill fur!r evid5ce = ! con/ellation ( ! ,scorpion4 ,a ,scorpion-,man plays also ano!r "p 9 ! cosmology ( ! ,babylonians4 ,! ,scorpion-,man & 8 wife gu>d ! gate lead+ to ! ,mu m\nta97s71 & wat* ! sun at ris+ & sett+4 ,_! upp] "p rea*es to ! sky1 & _! irtu 7brea/87 to ! l[] regions 7,epic ( ,gi/ub> #fj1 #i74 ,aft] ,gi/ub> has trav]s$ ! ,mu ,m\nta91 he rea*es ! sea4 ,?is sea lies to ! ea/ or s\?-ea/4 ,h[ev] obscure ^! conceptions may be1 & h[ev] !y may r5d] a g5]al idea impossible1 "o ?+ is cle>1 t ! ,scorpion-,m5 are to be imag9$ at ! b\nd>y betwe5 l& & sea1 upp] & l[] _w1 & 9 su* a way t ! upp] or human portion belongs to ! upp] region1 & ! l[]1 ! ,scorpion body1 to ! l[]4 ,h5ce ! ,scorpion-,man repres5ts ! b\nd>y betwe5 light & d>kness1 betwe5 ! firm l& & ! wat] region ( ! _w4 ,m>duk1 ! god ( light1 & vanqui%] ( ,timat1 i4e4 ! ocean1 has = a symbol ! ,bull ,taurus1 into :i* he ent]$ 9 spr+4 ,?is leads almo/ necess>ily to ! supposition t bo? ! ,bull & ! ,scorpion 7 locat$ 9 ! heav5s at a "t :5 ! sun _h its v]nal equ9ox 9 ,taurus & its autumnal equ9ox 9 ,scorpio1 & t 9 _! pr9cipal p>ts or mo/ conspicu\s /> gr\ps2 h5ce probably 9 ! vic9ity ( ,aldeb>an & ,ant>es1 or at an epo* :5 ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ,taurus & ,scorpio appe>$ be=e ! sun at ! equ9oxes4 ,if my sugge/ion be admitt$ t ! ,babylonians dealt n ) ! daily fight b ) ! ye>ly fight betwe5 light & d>kness--t is1 ! anti!sis betwe5 day & night 0 exp&$ into ! anti!sis betwe5 ! summ] & ! w9t] halves ( ! ye>--!n x is cle> t at ! v]nal equ9ox ,scorpio sett+ 9 ! we/ w\ld be wat*+ ! sunrise2 at ! autumnal equ9ox ris+ 9 ! ea/1 x w\ld be wat*+ ! sunset2 "o "p w\ld be visible 9 ! sky1 ! o!r w\ld be bel[ ! horizon 9 ! cele/ial wat]s4 ,if ?is be s1 all obscurity disappe>s1 & we h m]ely a v beautiful /atem5t ( a fact1 f :i* we le>n t ! "t to :i* ! fact appli$ 0 ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c41 if ! sun 7 !n ne> ! ,pleiades4 ,j5s51 9 ! above-quot$ passage by implication1 & 9 a subsequ5t "o directly1 sugge/s t n all ! zodiacal con/ellations 7 e/abli%$ at ! same "t4 ,! ,babylonians app>5tly began ) ! easi] problem ( hav+ six con/ellations in/ead ( twelve4 ,= in/ance1 we h already f\nd t to complete ! pres5t numb]1 betwe5 ,scorpio ,capricornus ,pisces we mu/ int]polate ,sagitt>ius ,aqu>ius4 ,aries & ,libra seem also to be late additions accord+ to ,j5s51 :o writes3-- ,we h already above 7p4 #ij7 attempt$ to expla9 ! /rik+ ph5om5on t ! ,bull & ,pegasus1 bo? ) half-bodies only1 1 enclose ! ,ram betwe5 !m1 by ! assumption t ! latt] 0 int]pos$ lat]1 :5 ! sun at ! "t ( ! v]nal equ9ox 0 9 ! h9d p>ts ( ! ,bull1 s t ?is po9t 0 no long] suffici5tly m>k$ 9 ! sky4 ,ano!r matt] susceptible ( a l explanation may be not$ 9 ! region ( ! sky opposite to ! ,ram & ! ,bull4 ,al?\gh we _c d\bt ! exi/5ce ( an ea/]n balance1 /ill1 z already rem>k$ 7p4 #fh71 ! ,greeks h (t5 call$ x 'claws' 7( ! ,scorpion71 & accord+ to :at has be5 said above 7p4 #cab71 ! sign = a con/ellation 9 ! neighb\rhood ( our ,libra reads 9 ! ,arsacid inscription 'claw7s7' ( ! ,scorpion4 ,^! facts are v simply expla9$ on ! supposition t ! ,scorpion orig9ally ext5d$ into ! region ( ! ,balance1 & t orig9ally & ,libr repres5t$ ! 'horns' ( ! ,scorpion1 b lat] on1 :5 ! autumnal equ9ox co9cid$ ) !m1 ! t]m ,balance 0 appli$ to !m4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 us$ z an additional "n1 x 0 only natural t ! old t]m %\ld /ill be us$ z an equival5t4 ,b x also indicates ! great age ( a portion ( ! zodiac4 ,let u suppose t :at happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,aries & ,libra happ5$ ) six con/ellations out ( ! twelve3 9 o!r words1 t ! orig9al zodiac consi/$ only ( six con/ellations4 ,taurus ,gem9i ,crab 7or ,tortoise7 ,lion ,virg9 7or e> ( corn7 ,libra ,scorpion ,sagitt>ius ,capricornus ,aqu>ius ,pisces ,aries ,! left-h& li/ n only classifies 9 an unbrok5 mann] ! ,fi%-,man1 ! ,goat-,fi%1 ! ,scorpion-,man1 & ,m>duk ( ! ,babylonians1 b we pick up all or ne>ly all ( ! ecliptic />s or con/ellations met ) 9 e>ly ,egyptian my?ology1 ,apis1 ,! ,tortoise1#agh ,m91 ,s]k-t1 ,*nemu1 z repres5t$ by appropriate symbols4 ,fur!r1 ! rem>kable suppression or small repres5tation ( ! ,lion 9 bo? ! m anci5t ,babylonian & ,egyptian my?ology is expla9$4 ,i h %[n be=e h[ ! ,babylonians ) an equ9octial ye> w\ld take slight acc\nt ( ! sol/ice1 :ile x also foll[s t ! ,egyptians1 :o 7 wise en\gh n to use zodiacal />s = _! w>n+s ( sunrise1 = ! reason t />s 9 ! bright] light ( dawn ne> ! sun are m difficult to see1 might easily neglect ! con/ellation ( ! ,lion1 z fir/ ,phact & !n ,sirius1 bo? s\!rn />s1 m>k$ = !m ! adv5t ( ! summ] sol/ice2 on diff]5t gr\nds1 !n1 ! ,lion might well h be5 at fir/ omitt$ 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,s9ce !re is a d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,lion among ! fir/ ,babylonian con/ellations1 ! argum5t 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph w\ld appe> to ref] to obs]vations made at a lat] "t1 :5 totemism 0 less preval5t3-- ,! ,lion 9 ! heav5s mu/ repres5t ! heat ( ! summ]4 ,he does ?is mo/ effectually :5 ! summ] sol/ice co9cides ) ! con/ellation--t is1 :5 its pr9cipal />s appe> be=e ! sun at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,?is happ5$ at ! "t :5 ! v]nal equ9ox lay 9 ,taurus1 & :5 ! pr9cipal />-gr\p ( ! ,bull appe>$ be=e ! sun at ! "t ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! ,wat]-jug 7,amphora71 ,aqu>ius1 mu/ repres5t symbolically ! wat]y season ( w9t]4 ,x does ?is mo/ effectually :5 ! w9t] sol/ice co9cides ) x1 or its pr9cipal />-gr\p appe>s be=e ! sun at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,?is happ5$ ab\t ! "t :5 ! v]nal equ9ox lay 9 ,taurus1 & its pr9cipal />-gr\p rose be=e ! sun at ! "t ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,?anks to ,j5s5's rese>*es1 !n1 we h ! important conclusion be=e u t ! ,babylonians1 z well z ! ,egyptians1 9 e>ly times symbolis$ ! foll[+ con/ellations3-- ,taurus ,bull4 ,canc] ,tortoise4 ,virgo ,e> ( corn or o!r product repres5t+ f]tility4 ,scorpio ,scorpion4 ,capricornus ,goat-man or goat-fi%4 ,pisces ,fi%-man4 ,b :at "t 0 ?is8 ,we h se5 t 9 ,egypt ! ,bull con/ellation _h be5 e/abli%$ possibly 9 ! "t ( ,m5a1 & t c]ta9ly bo? ! ,bull & ! ,scorpion _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 pyramid times4 ,i h also giv5 evid5ce to %[ t ! ,e4 & ,w4 pyramid wor%ip 0 br\ght f ,babylonia4 ,n[1 ab\t ?is date we "k t ,s>gon ,i4 0 k+ ( t c\ntry1 & reign$ at ,accad or ,agade1 lat4 #cc ,n41 on ! "r bank ( ! ,euphrates1 ,sipp>a be+ across ! riv]4 ,"h x may be m5tion$ t ! latitudes ( ,eridu & ,babylon are #ca ,n4 & #cb ,n4 respectively1 s t ,agade 0 to ! nor? ( bo?4 ,al?\gh ! wor%ip ( ,m>duk--t is1 ! v]nal equ9ox ,sun-god--9 ,babylon 0 mu* int5sifi$ :5 ,khammurabi reign$ ab\t #bbjj ,b4,c41 x is kn[n t x exi/$ long be=e2 h[ long ,i _c f9d4 ,x is also v rem>kable t ! deities ( ,eridu1 :5ev] t city 0 pre-em95t1 7 gu>d$ by sacr$ bulls4 ,we mu/ leave x undet]m9$1 !re=e1 at :at date ! ,bull sun-god 0 e/abli%$2 b x seems c]ta91 on ! above gr\nds1 t x mu/ h be5 be=e pyramid times4 ,b we are n limit$ to ! above l9e ( evid5ce4 ,!re are a/ronomical consid]ations :i* w help u4 ,= ! purpose ( not+ ! validity ( ! argum5t bas$ ^u !m1 a slight ref]5ce is necess>y to ! *ange ( ! equ9octial po9t along ! ecliptic4 ,by ! processional movem5t1 ! position ( ! sun 9 ! ecliptic at an equ9ox or sol/ice sweeps r\nd ! ecliptic 9 ab\t #be1jjj ye>s4 ,n[ if we suppose twelve ecliptic con/ellations ( equal size--t is1 #cj long 7#cj #ab #cfj7--! "t x w\ld take ! sun's place at ! v]nal equ9ox to pass ?r\gh "o con/ellation w\ld be 7#bejjjab 7 #bjhc ye>s4 ,if ! con/ellation ( ! ,bull 7 twice z long =m]ly z x is n[ 7:5 ! con/ellations are twice z num]\s71 ( c\rse ?is p]iod w\ld be d\bl$4 ,s t ! /atem5t t ! sun at ! equ9ox 0 9 ! ,bull does n help u v mu* to an actual date1 & ! con/ellation ( ! ,lion c\ld h be5 e/abli%$ #bjjj ye>s aft] ! ,bull1 & yet h m>k$ ! summ] sol/ice4 ,fur!r1 if all ! />s ( ! ,bull 7speak+ g5]ally7 are se5 at dawn--t is1 be=e ! sun rises--! sun has n yet rea*$ ! ,bull4 ,we c !n1 at all ev5ts1 fix a m9imum ( "t4 ,! sun's longitude at ! v]nal equ9ox be+ always #j1 ! longitude ( ! mo/ ea/]ly "p ( ! con/ellation1 assum+ ?is "p n to h be5 *ang$1 w give u ! numb] ( ye>s t h elaps$4 ,i n[ g on to /ate ,j5s5's view z to ! date ( ! introduction ( ! god ,m>duk into ,babylonian my?ology1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! wor%ip ( ! spr+-tide sun4 ,j5s5 rem>ks3-- ,x may safely be assum$ t ! con/ellations ( ! ,scorpion & ! ,bull actually orig9at$ at ! late/ at a "t :5 ! autumnal & v]nal equ9octial po9ts respectively co9cid$ ) _! pr9cipal />s4 ,b ?is 0 ! case m ?an #dijj ye>s ago4 ,b if we assume t ,taurus & ,scorpio 7 giv5 _! names at a "t :5 _! ma9 />s rose be=e ! sun at ! "t ( ! v]nal & autumnal equ9oxes respectively1 we %\ld obta9 z ! date ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! con/ellations ( ,taurus & ,scorpio 9 ! skies ab\t ! ye>-#ejjj4agi ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,tet5s1 ! sun /ood at ! tips ( ! horns ( ! ,bull at ! comm5cem5t ( spr+ #fjjj ye>s ago4 ,at ?is "t1 !re=e1 ,taurus _h completely ris5 above ! ea/]n horizon at sunrise4 ,s9ce x is n inconceivable t 9 ! del9eation ( ! fir/ signs ( ! zodiac a "n 0 atta*$ to a con/ellation ( ! ecliptic em]g+ f beh9d ! sun1 & app>5tly m or less connect$1 ! "n be+ su* z to indicate symbolically ! beg9n+ ( ! spr+ !n occurr+1 ! "t1 ab\t #adjj ,b4,c41 might also be t ( ! introduction ( ! ,bull 7& ! ,scorpion74 ,b x is1 ( c\rse1 n necess>y t ?is %\ld h occurr$ at "o ( ! ?ree epo*s m5tion$2 ?is is1 inde$1 highly improbable1 & ! process mu/ be reg>d$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ! idea 0 conceiv$ ( indicat+ symbolically ! beg9n+ ( spr+ 9 ! sky--:e!r ! idea orig9at$ 9 ! bra9s ( ! masses or 9 t ( a le>n$ s*ol>1 :e!r x _h a my?ological or a m sci5tific basis--a "n 0 giv5 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! region 9 :i* ! sun 0 at ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 or to t we/ ( x1 ! "n d5ot+ symbolically ! beg9n+ ( spr+4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n exclude ! possibility t m ea/w>d portions ( ! ecliptic1 ^: />s 7 less prom95t1 7 includ$ 9 ?is "n4 ,f ?is we may conclude t ,taurus did n orig9ate lat] ?an-#cjjj1 = at t "t ,aldeb>an1 its pr9cipal />1 /ood ea/ ( ! sun at ! beg9n+ ( spr+4 ,h5ce x w\ld foll[ t our creation leg5ds are1 at lea/ 9 "p1 j z old4#ahj ,x may1 !n1 be ga!r$ f ! above t ! con/ellations ( ! ,bull & ! ,scorpion 7 recognis$ z su* at ! same e>ly date bo? 9 ,babylonia & ,egypt2 & to ^! we may add ! ,tortoise 7our pres5t ,canc]7 & "s ( ! s\!rn con/ellations4 ,fur!r1 t ! date ( _! e/abli%m5t 0 c]ta9ly n lat] ?an1 say1 #djjj ,b4,c41 & probably mu* e>li]4 ,) reg>d to ! complete ecliptic1 ! in=mation seems meagre bo? f ,babylonia & f ,egypt 9 e>ly times4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! ,egyptian decans1 t is1 ! li/s ( />s ris+ at int]vals ( t5 days4 ,! li/s w be f\nd 9 ,lepsius & 9 ,brugs*'s ,a/ronomis*e und ,a/rologis*e ,ins*rift51 b ! />s h n be5 made out4 ,9 lat] times 9 ,babylonia--say #ajjj ,b4,c4--! foll[+ li/ repres5ts ! results ( ,j5s5's inve/igations3-- 7#a7 ,p]haps ,aries 7 lead+ %eep74 7#b7 ,a ,bull 7( ! ,heav5s7 ,aldeb>an or 7&7 our ,taurus4 7#c7 ,gem9i4 7#d78 7#e7 ,p]haps ,leo4 7#f7 ,! con/ellation ( ! ,corn 9 ,e>s ! ,e> ( ,corn4 ,spica4 7#g7 ,probably ,libra1 ^: />s are1 h[ev]1 at lea/ 9 g5]al1 call$ ,! ,claw7s7 7i4e41 ( ! ,scorpion74 7#h7 ,! ,scorpion4 7#i7 ,p]haps ,sagitt>ius4 7#aj7 ,! ,goat-fi% ,cap]4 7#aa78 7#ab7 ,! ,fi% ) ! ,fi% b&4 ,a few hundr$ ye>s lat]1 we le>n f ! works ( ,/rassmey] & ,epp+1 a complete *a9 ( tw5ty-eight />s along ! ecliptic _h be5 e/abli%$1 & mo/ c>eful obs]vations made ( ! pa?s ( ! moon & planets1 & ( all att5dant ph5om5a4 ,! ecliptic />s !n us$ 9 ,babylonia 7 z foll[s3--#aha #a4 ,piscium4 #b4 ,arietis4 #c4 ,arietis4 #d4 ,tauri4 #e4 ,tauri4 #f4 ,tauri4 #g4 ,tauri4 #h4 ,gem9orum4 #i4 ,gem9orum4 #aj4 ,gem9orum4 #aa4 ,gem9orum4 #ab4 ,gem9orum4 #ac4 ,cancri4 #ad4 ,leonis4 #ae4 ,leonis4 #af4 ,leonis4 #ag4 ,leonis4 #ah4 ,virg9is4 #ai4 ,virg9is4 #bj4 ,virg9is4 #ba4 ,libr4 #bb4 ,libr #bc4 ,scorpionis4 #bd4 ,scorpionis4 #be4 ,ophiu*i4 #bf4 ,capricorni4 #bg4 ,capricorni4 #bh4 ,capricorni4 ,9 ,egypt1 dat+ f ! tw5tie? dyna/y 7#aajj ,b4,c471 is a s]ies ( /> tables :i* h puzzl$ ,egyptologi/s f ,*ampollion & ,biot d[nw>ds4 ,^! obs]vations are record$ 9 sev]al manuscripts f\nd 9 tombs2 !y seem to h be5 giv5 z a sort ( *>m to ! p :o 7 buri$1 9 ord] to enable !m to get ?r\gh ! difficulties ( ! way 9 ! ne!r _w4 ,! hi]oglyphs /ate t a p>ticul> /> ( a p>ticul> ,egyptian con/ellation is se5 at a p>ticul> h\r ( ! night4 ,we h twelve l9es repres5t+ ! twelve h\rs ( ! night1 & x is /at$ t we h 9 ^! v]tical l9es ! equival5t ( ! l9es 9 our transit in/rum5ts1 & t ! ref]5ce 9 ! middle1 ov] ! "r eye1 ov] ! "r %\ld]1 or ov] ! left e>1 z ! case may be1 is simply a ref]5ce to ! position ( ! />4 ,7 ?is confirm$1 "o ( ! rem>kable ?+s ab\t ! inquiry w\ld be t ! ,egyptians did n hesitate 9 ^? days to make a con/ellation cov] v ne>ly #ij ( "r asc5sion1 %[+ t !y wi%$ to h z few con/ellations1 includ+ z _m />s1 z possible4 ,b ! be/ au?orities all agree t ^! are tables ( />s ris+ at diff]5t h\rs ( ! night1 & a small con/ellation ne> ! pole might h tak5 _m h\rs to rise4 ,! obs]vations 7 made on ! #a/ & #af? ( e mon?4 ,! *ief />s seem to be tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]1 & x look$ at fir/ z if we _h really "h a li/ ( priceless value ( tw5ty-f\r ei!r ecliptic or equatorial />s1 simil> to ! decans to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! li/ has resi/$ all ef=ts to completely und]/& x4 ,:e!r x is a li/ ( ris+s or m]idian passages ev5 is /ill 9 dispute4 ,q rec5tly1 inde$1 "o ( ! inve/igators1 ,h]r ,gu/av ,bilf+]1#ahb has n hesitat$ to consid] x n a li/ ( obs]vations at all1 b a compilation = a special purpose4 ,! />-table is int5d$ to c>ry ! pr9ciple ( "t into ! rigid _w ( ! grave1 & repres5ts ov] ! sepul*ral vault '! et]nal horizon1' z ! anci5t ,egyptians s aptly /yl$ ! grave1 an imitation ( ! sky1 a comp5sation = ! sky ( ! upp] _w ) its "t-measur+ motion2 yet ! idea "h is bold]1 ! execution is m artificial & complicat$1 s9ce ! sculptor endeav\r$ to comb9e ! daily & ! annual motion ( ! cele/ial vault 9 "o picture2 want$ to transf] into ! grave ! temporal frames 9 :i* all human life is enact$4 ,?is endeav\r to repres5t by "o configuration bo? motions & bo? *ronological units expla9s all ! peculi>ities & imp]fections ( our />-table4 ,! simple/ means ( repres5t+ bo? motions 0 f\nd 9 ! />s1 :i* circle ! e>? 9 ! c\rse ( a day1 & indicate ! ye> by ! successive appe>ance ( new />s 9 ! morn+ twilight4 ,if ! same />s 7 to s]ve bo? purposes 9 "o repres5tation1 x 0 necess>y to take tw5ty-f\r />s :i* rose at int]vals ( fifte5 days1 s9ce only su* foll[$ ea* o!r at an av]age di/ance ( #ae1 & 7 !re=e useful = %[+ ! h\rs4 ,if ! cal5d>-mak] really possess$ a li/ ( ! tw5ty-f\r pr9cipal 7zodiacal7 />s1 ! c\rse ( ! ye> 0 indicat$ !reby2 b s9ce he also want$ to repres5t ! daily motion1 he might ) "s ju/ice h compos$ ea* night out ( elev5 ( ^! />s1 s9ce ! />s' ris+s are only visible dur+ ! t5 middle h\rs ( ! night4 ,b t5 h\rs w\ld n h adequately repres5t$ ! night1 s9ce ?is 0 ?\ght ( z a twelve h\rs' int]val4 ,!re 0 a way out ( x--viz41 to call hora #j 'sunset1' hora #ab 'sunrise1' :i* w\ld h be5 a simple & correct solution if ! division ( ! night into twelve p>ts = practical purposes _h be5 aim$ at4 ,b ?is exp$i5t he c\ld n adopt1 because he c\ld or w\ld only op]ate ) />s1 & ! notions ( sunrise & sunset f\nd no place 9 8 tables4 ,?us he 0 =c$ to falsify ! cu/om>y division ( ! h\rs1 by squeez+ ! twelve h\rs ( ! night into ! "t dur+ :i* /> ris+s are visible--viz41 ! d>k night exclusive ( twilight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he c\ld n1 ) 8 pr9cipal />s at int]vals ( #ae1 divide 8 night1 %ort5$ z x 0 by two h\rs1 into twelve p>ts1 & ?us he 0 oblig$ to make use ( two or ?ree auxili>y />s1 z we h prov$ 9 detail above1 & ?us yet m to disfigure ! h\r-division1 s9ce !reby ! l5g?s ( ! h\rs 7 made v v>iable4 ,^! are !n two ?+s :i* we mu/ n reg>d z peculi>ities ( anci5t ,egyptian reckon+1 b z a consequ5ce ( ! lead+ idea ( our table1 :i* did n int5d to facilitate ! division ( ! night into twelve p>ts by /> obs]vations1 b 0 calculat$1 by ! connection ( ?irte5 />s ) ?irte5 successive mom5ts1 to create ! idea ( ! circl+ ho/ ( />s & !nce ! c\rse ( ! night4 ,i give an ab/ract ( ! li/ ( ! tw5ty-f\r pr9cipal />s & ! ,egyptian con/ellations 9 :i* !y occur3-- #a4 ,sahu ,orion4 #b4 ,so?is ,sirius4 #c4 ,! two />s4 #d4 ,! />s ( ! wat]4 #e4 ,! lion4 #f4 ,! _m />s4 #g4 ,m5a's h]ald4 #h4 ,m5a4 #i4 ,m5a's foll[]s4 #aj4 #aa4 #ab4 ,hippopotamus4 #ac4 #ad4 #ae4 #af4 #ag4 ,ne*t4 #ah4 #ai4 #bj4 #ba4 ,ari4 #bb4 #bc4 ,goose4 #bd4 ,sahu ,head ( ,orion4 ,x w be se5 t ev5 ?is ,egyptian />-li/ is v indet]m9ate4 ,x is kn[n t ,sahu is ! "n = ! con/ellation ( ,orion4 ,! hippopotamus repres5ts ,draco1 & probably ,ne*t ano!r nor!rn con/ellation4 ,!re are indications1 too1 t ,m5a may symbolise ,spica1 ) :i* /> we h se5 ,m9-wor%ip associat$4 ,fur!r ?an ?is ! au?orities d n v5ture at pres5t to g4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,egypt ,,^u ,,temple-,,ori5tation ,,9 ,,greece4 ,9 ! f9al pages ( ?is book ,i h to %[ t rec5t inve/igations h put beyond all d\bt ! fact t ! a/ronomical obs]vations & temple-wor%ip ( ! ,egyptians =m$ ! basis fir/ ( ,greek & lat] ( ,lat9 temple-build+4 ,i h indicat$ 9 a =m] *apt] t 9 our own days1 & 9 our own l&1 ! idea ( ori5tation :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to "w out = ,egypt /ill holds its own4 ,x 0 m ?an probable1 !re=e1 t we %\ld f9d ! int]m$iate /ages 9 ^? c\ntries :i!r by univ]sal cons5t ,egyptian ideas p]colat$4 ,among ^!1 ,greece holds ! fir/ place1 z x 0 ! ne>e/ po9t ( ,europe to ! ,nile ,valley4 ,be=e we /udy ! ori5tation ( ! ,greek temples1 let u endeav\r to realise ! conditions ( ^? ,greek coloni/s :o1 fill$ ) ! ,egyptian le>n+2 impress$ ) ! massive & glori\s temples 9 :i* !y _h wor%ipp$2 fav\r$1 p]*ance1 moreov]1 ) glimpses ( ! esot]ic ideas ( ! prie/hood2 & f9ally1 fir$ ) ,greek ideals ( ! beautiful1 det]m9$ t _! new l& %\ld n rema9 alt>less4 ,:at w\ld !y d8 ,!y w\ld naturally adapt ! ,egyptian temple to ! new surr\nd+s1 climatic among o!rs4 ,! op5 c\rts & flat ro(s ( ,egyptian temples w\ld give way to cov]$ c\rts & slop+ ro(s to deal ) a m copi\s ra9fall2 & x is curi\s to note t ! *ief ar*itectural diff]5ces h ?is simple orig94 ,! small f9ancial res\rces ( a colony w\ld be reason good en\gh = a cella n f> f ! entrance1 ) c\rts surr\nd+ x "u ! n[ necess>y ro(4 ,! in/9ctive love ( beauty w\ld d ! re/1 & make x a s9e qu non t ! rosy-f+]$ dawn %\ld be obs]vable1 & t ! col\r$ light ( ! ris+ sun 9 ! m boreal clime %\ld r5d] glori\s a /ately /atue ( ! div9ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,greek ,,temple ,,re/or$--,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,poseidon ,,at ,p,,/um4 ,x is well to take ?is opportunity ( emphasis+ ! transition f ! ,egyptian =m ( temple to ! ,greek "o1 9 ord] to %[ h[ completely among _m app>5t *anges ! a/ronomical conditions 7 reta9$4 ,! entrance door & ! cella are always 9 ! axis ( ! temple2 ! numb] ( columns 9 ! front is always ev52 ! door is nev] block$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,!seus ,,at ,,a!ns3 ,,! ,,acropolis1 ,,) ,,! ,,p>!non1 ,,9 ,,! ,,backgr\nd4 ,i h already po9t$ out t 9 bo? gr\ps ( ,egyptian temples1 :e!r furni%$ ) a pylon or n1 "o goes f ! entrance to ! o!r end1 :i* held ! sanctu>y1 ?r\gh v>i\s halls ( diff]5t /yles ( ar*itecture & diff]5t /ages ( magnific5ce4 ,b 9 ! ,greek temple ?is is entirely *ang$2 ! approa* to ! temple 0 outside--witness ! glori\s propylum ( ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns--! temple repres5t+1 s to speak1 only ! core1 ! ,holy ( ,holies1 ( ! ,egyptian temple2 & any magnific5t approa* to x :i* c\ld be giv5 0 giv5 f ! outside4 ,be x fur!r rem>k$ t ! propylum 0 nev] 9 ! fair-way ( ! light ent]+ ! temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ea/ ,,front ,,( ,,! ,,p>!non1 ,,fac+ ,,! ,,ris+ ,,( ,,! ,,pleiades4 ,! massive pylons ( "s ( ! ,egyptian temples 7 useful = %ad+ ! ro(less out] c\rts4 ,9 ,greece ^! 7 no long] useful4 ,! ea/ front ( ! ,p>!non v mu* m resembles ! temple ( ,d5d]ah ?an x does ! e>ly ,egyptian temple--t is to say1 ! ea/]n front is op52 x is n clos$ by pylons4 ,! view z to ! possibility ( temple-ori5tation be+ dom9at$ by a/ronomical ideas fir/ /ruck me at ,a!ns & ,eleusis1 & :5 ,i f\nd t ! same idea _h be5 held by ,niss51 & t ! validity ( x seem$ to be beyond all "q1 ,i consult$ my fri5d ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,p5rose specially ) reg>d to ,greece1 z ,i knew he _h made a special /udy ( "s ( ! temples1 & t1 he be+ an a/ronom] z well z an ar*ologi/ 7=1 alas6 !y are n1 z ,i ?9k !y %\ld be1 conv]tible t]ms71 x 0 possible t 8 obs]vations ) reg>d to !m includ$ ! requisite data4 ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to f9d t he _h already det]m9$ ! ori5tation ( ! ,p>!non ) suffici5t accuracy to enable him to agree 9 my conclusion t t temple _h be5 direct$ to ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,he has subsequ5tly tak5 up ! :ole subject ) reg>d to ,greece 9 a mo/ admirable & complete way1#ahc & has communicat$ pap]s to ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies 7,febru>y #ah1 #ahib71 & m rec5tly to ! ,royal ,society 7,april #bg1 #ahic7 on 8 results4#ahd ,^! results are s num]\s & complete t x is n[ q possible to trace ! transition f ,egyptian to ,greek temple-wor%ip1 & ?is1 ) ,mr4 ,p5rose's full p]mission1 ,i propose to d 9 ?is *apt]4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,i am anxi\s to /ate t ,mr4 ,p5rose 0 soon conv9c$ t 9 ,greece1 z 9 ,egypt1 ! />s 7 us$ = h]ald+ sunrise4 ,he writes3-- ,! object ! anci5ts _h 9 us+ ! />s 0 to employ _! ris+ & sett+ z a clock to give w>n+ ( ! sunrise1 s t on ! special fea/ days ! prie/s %\ld h timely notice = prep>+ ! sacrifice or c]emonial1 :atev] x may h be53 ',spectans ori5tia solis ,lum9a rite cavis undam de flum9e palmis ,su/ulit1' etc4 ,i may fur!r give an extract f a lett] receiv$ f him 9 :i* he deals ) ! demon/ration ( ! ori5tation hypo!sis furni%$ by ! ,greek temples alone4 ,9 my pap] s5t to ! ,royal ,society !re 0 a passage :i* seems to make x practically c]ta9 t heliacal />s 7 connect$ ) ! intra-sol/itial temples z d]iv$ f ,greek s\rces alone1 indep5d5t ( ! p[]ful aid ( ! ,egyptian cases4 ',t ! fir/ beam ( sunrise %\ld fall ^u ! /atue c5trally plac$ 9 ! adytum ( a temple or on ! inc5se alt> 9 front ( x on a p>ticul> day1 x w\ld be requisite t ! ori5tation ( ! temple %\ld co9cide ) ! amplitude ( ! sun z x rose above ! visible horizon1 be x m\nta9 or pla94 ',t a /> %\ld act z "t-w>n] x 0 necess>y t x %\ld h s ne>ly ! same amplitude z ! sun t x c\ld be se5 f ! adytum ?r\gh ! ea/]n door1 if x 0 to give w>n+ at its ris+1 or to h a simil> b rev]s$ amplitude t[>ds ! we/1 if its heliacal sett+ 0 to be obs]v$2 & x foll[s t 9 ! *oice ( ! fe/ival day & ! correspond+ ori5tation1 on ^! pr9ciples1 bo? ! amplitude ( ! sun at its ris+ & t ( ! /> ea/w>ds or we/w>ds1 z ! case might be1 w\ld h to be consid]$ 9 connection ) "o ano!r4 ',f :at has be5 said x is obvi\s t 9 ! intra-sol/itial temples ! li/ ( available bright />s & con/ellations is 9 ! fir/ in/ance limit$ to ^? :i* lie )9 a few degrees ( ! ecliptic1 & x w be f\nd t 9 ! li/ above giv5 & ^? :i* foll[1 if we omit ,eleusis1 :]e ! conditions 7 exceptional1 all b "o ( ! />s are f\nd 9 ! zodiacal con/ellations4 ,a v great limit is impos$1 9 ! second place1 by "o ( ! conditions be+ ! heliacal ris+ or sett+ ( ^? />s f :i* ! selection has to be made4 ,s t1 :5 bo? ^! comb9$ limitations are tak5 into acc\nt1 x becomes improbable to ! greate/ degree t 9 e in/ance ( intra-sol/itial temples ( e>ly f\ndation ( :i* ,i h accurate p>ticul>s1 be+ tw5ty-eight 9 numb] & v>y+ 9 _! ori5tation f #ba ,n4 to #ah #be ,s4 ( ! true ea/1 !re %\ld be f\nd a bright heliacal /> or con/ellation 9 ! "r position at dates n 9 !mselves improbable unless ! temples _h be5 s ori5t$ z to secure ?is comb9ation4' ,i h j be5 look+ into ! numb] ( possible />s :i* c\ld h be5 us$1 i4e4 )9 ! limits ( ! greate/ di/ance f ! ecliptic t c\ld h be5 utilis$4 ,! />s :i* c\ld h be5 utilis$ 9 addition to ! sev5 :i* s]ve = ne>ly ?irty temples are t5 only1 viz43-- ,aldeb>an4 ,pollux4 ,arietis4 ,tauri4 & ,capricorni z a gr\p4 ,libr4 ,libr4 ,leonis4 ,leonis4 ,leonis4 ,if ! ori5tations _h be5 plac$ at r&om1 w\ld n our ?irty temples h made _m misses 9 aim+ at ^! sev5te5 />s1 x be+ necess>y also to hit exactly ! heliacal m>g98 ,& w\ld !y h secur$ any?+ l a due ar*ological sequ5ce8 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r po9t is ?is3-- ,:5ev] a /> less ?an fir/ magnitude is us$ 7,pleiades only except$7 x has be5 necess>y1 to secure co9cid5ce1 to give x sev]al m degrees ( sun depression ?an 9 ! cases ( ,spica & ,ant>es4 ,! problem 9 ,greece 0 slightly diff]5t f t 9 ,egypt4 ,we _h n su* a great antiquity almo/ )\t records to deal )1 & moreov] ! fea/-cal5d>s ( ! v>i\s temples pres5t$ less difficulty4 ,!re 0 no vague ye> to cont5d )1 & 9 "s cases ! actual dates ( build+ 7 kn[n )9 a v few ye>s4 ,9 ,greece1 n dom9at$ by ! rise ( ! ,nile1 we %\ld n expect ! ye> to beg9 at a sol/ice1 b r at ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,i h %[n t ev5 9 pyramid times 9 ,egypt ! ris+s ( ! ,pleiades & ,ant>es 7 wat*$ to h]ald ! equ9octial sun2 x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d ! e>lie/ temples 9 ,greece to be s ori5t$4 ,mr4 ,p5rose has f\nd ! foll[+3-- ,b4,c4 ,tauri ,ar*aic temple ( ,a!ns ,r#ahe #aecj 7,! ,pleiades7 ,m9]va ,asclepieion ,epidaurus ,r #abge ,! ,hecatomp$on ,a!ns ,r #aaej 7site ( ,p>!non7 ,temple ( ,bac*us ,a!ns ,r #ajcj ,temple ( ,m9]va ,sunium ,s #hde ,b4,c4 ,ant>es ,h]um ,argos ,r #agfj ,e>li] ,ere*!um ,a!ns ,s #ajgj ,temple at ,cor9? ,s #ggj ,temple on ! ,m\nta9 g9a ,s #fcj ,jupit] ,panhell5ius ,"h we f9d ! olde/ temple 9 a spot :i* by common cons5t is ! v cradle ( ,greek civilisation4 ,x has also be5 %[n t 9 ,khu-en-,at5's "t ! sun-temple at ,tell el-,am>na 0 ori5t$ to ,spica4 ,spica1 too1 we f9d s us$ 9 ,greece 9 ! foll[+ temples3-- ,b4,c4 ,spica ,! ,h]um at ,olympia ,r #adde ,nike ,apt]os ,a!ns ,s #aacj ,!mis ,rhamnus ,r #ajib ,nemesis ,rhamnus ,r #gdg ,apollo ,bass ,r #gbh ,ea/]n doorway4 ,diana ,ephesus ,r #gae ,:5 ! sun at ! spr+ equ9ox _h left ,taurus & ent]$ ,aries1 ow+ to precession1 9 ,egypt ! equ9oxes 7 no long] 9 "q1 s9ce ! sol/itial ye> 0 ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 & consequ5tly we f9d no temples to ! new w>n+ /> ,arietis4 ,9 ,greece1 h[ev]1 :]e ! v]nal equ9ox _h n[ be5 e/abli%$ z ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 we f9d a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,no less ?an sev5 temples ori5t$ to ,arietis are already kn[n3-- ,b4,c4 ,arietis ,m9]va ,tegea ,r #aehj ,jupit] ,olympius ,a!ns ,r #abjb ,jupit] ,olympia ,r #gij ,temple 7p]haps ,juno7 ,platea ,s #fej ,jupit] ,megalopolis ,s #fje ,temple at ! ,h>b\r g9a ,s #ehj ,temple on ,acropolis ( ,myc5 ,r #edj ,ea/]n doorway4 ,! ,metr\m ,olympia ,s #cfj ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,jupit] ,,olympius ,,bel[ ,,! ,,acropolis1 ,,at ,,a!ns1 ,,ori5t$ ,,to ,,arietis4 ,! above are all intra-sol/itial temples--t is1 ! sunlight z well z ! light ( ! /> c ent] !m--& ?is enables u to note a c]ta9 *ange ( ?\ght br\ght ab\t 9 all probability by ! arti/ic _s ( ! ,greeks4 ,! ,egyptian temples 7 all d>k1 (t5 ) a /atue ( a god or a reptile obscure 9 ! naos1 & _m 7 ori5t$ s t sunlight nev] ent]$ !m4 ,mr4 ,p5rose po9ts out t almo/ all ! ,greek temples are ori5t$ s t sunlight c ent] !m4 ,( su* temples we h ! foll[+ tw5ty-n9e3-- #g examples f ,a!ns4 #c ,olympia4 #b ,epidaurus4 #b ,rhamnus4 #b g9a4 #b ,tegea4 #a ,nemea4 #a ,corcyra4 #a ,sunium4 #a ,cor9?4 #a ,bass4 #a ,ephesus4 #a ,plata4 #a ,lycosura4 #a ,megalopolis4 #b ,argos4 ,n[ 9 all ^! ,greek temples1 in/ead ( ! d>k naos ( ! ,egyptian build+1 we f9d ! cella fully illum9$ & fac+ ! entrance4 ,frequ5tly1 too1 !re 0 a *ryselephant9e /atue to be r5d]$ glori\s by ! col\r$ morn+ sunlight fall+ ^u x1 or1 if any temple _h ! we/]ly aspect1 by ! sunset gl[4 ,x 0 p]haps ?is1 comb9$ ev5tually ) ! mu* lat] inv5tion ( wat]-clocks = tell+ ! h\rs ( ! night1 :i* l$ to ! non-build+ ( temples resembl+ ^? at ,!bes & ,d5d]ah fac+ ne>ly nor?2 ( ^!1 h[ev]1 !re are scatt]$ examples2 "o ( v rem>kable importance1 z x is a temple ori5t$ to ,draconis #aacj ,b4,c41 built !re=e n v long aft] ! temple ,m at ,k>nak1 & ?is temple is at ,botian ,!bes6 ,a bett] pro( ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! ,egyptians ov] ! temple-build+ 9 ,greece c\ld sc>cely be imag9$4 ,z ,mr4 ,p5rose rem>ks3-- ,!bes 0 call$ ! ,city ( ! ,dragon1 & tradition records t ,cadmus introduc$ bo? ,phnician & ,egyptian wor%ip4 ,x w\ld be v surpris+1 if we assume1 z we are b\nd to d1 t ^! temples to />s 7 built "u ,egyptian influ5ce1 t ,sirius %\ld n be repres5t$ among !m1 t be+ ! p>am\nt /> 9 ,egypt at a "t :5 we %\ld expect to f9d h] influ5ce mo/ important 9 ,greece4 ,/ill1 ,i h %[n already t1 z ! ,greek ye> ignor$ ! sol/ice1 ! use ( ,sirius z a w>n+ /> = all purposes ( utility w\ld n come 94 ,mr4 ,p5rose f9ds1 h[ev]1 t1 9 spite ( ?is1 ,sirius 0 us$ = temple-wor%ip4 ,leav+ ! sol> temples1 we f9d t ! /> :i* 0 obs]v$ at ! great temple ( ,c]es mu/ h be5 ,sirius1 n us$1 h[ev]1 heliacally--al?\gh ?is temple is n extra-sol/itial--b = its own refulg5ce at midnight4 ,! date s det]m9$ is q consi/5t ) ! probable "t ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 & ! "t ( ! ye> :5 at its ris+ x w\ld h cross$ ! axis at midnight agrees exactly ) t ( ! celebration ( ! ,great ,my/]ies4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t :51 z 9 ! case ( ,sirius at ,eleusis1 brilliant />s 7 obs]v$ at night1 ! effect 0 enhanc$ by ! prie/s by means ( poli%$ surfaces4 ,ano!r "q4 ,does ! /> foll[ ! cult 9 ,greece z x does 9 ,egypt8 ,9 ,greece we f9d ! foll[+3-- ,! /> ,arietis is ! brighte/ /> ( ! fir/ sign ( ! ,zodiac1 & w\ld !re=e be peculi>ly appropriate to ! temple ( ,jupit]4 ,! heliacal ris+ ( ?is /> agrees bo? ) ! ,olympieium at ,a!ns & t at ,olympia4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! deviation ( ! axes ( ^! two temples f ! true ea/2 b ?is is exactly acc\nt$ = by ! great] app>5t altitude ( ,hymettus ov] ! m di/ant m\nta9 at ,olympia4#ahf ,! ,pleiades are common to ! foll[+ temples ( ,m9]va--viz41 ! ,ar*aic temple on ! ,acropolis1 ! ,hecatomp$on1 & ,sunium4 ,9 ! two =m] x is ! ris+1 ! latt] ! sett+ />4 ,!re mu/ h be5 some?+ 9 common betwe5 ! temples at ,cor9?1 g9a1 & ,nemea4 ,! two la/1 at any rate1 are reput$ temples ( ,jupit]4 ,! ,greek side ( ! inquiry becomes m int]e/+ :5 ! connection betwe5 ! ori5tation ( ! intra-sol/itial temples & ! local fe/ivals is inquir$ into2 9 ,egypt ?is is all b impossible at pres5t4 ,a temple ori5t$ to ei!r sol/ice c only be associat$ ) ! longe/ or ) ! %orte/ day2 if ! temple po9ts to ! sunrise or sunset at any o!r p]iod ( ! ye>1 ! sunlight w ent] ! temple twice1 :e!r x po9ts to ! sunrise or sunset place4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,p5rose f9ds t 9 ,greece1 z 9 ,egypt1 ! initial ori5tation ( ea* intra-sol/itial temple 0 to a />1 & ?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 secure obs]vations ( ! /> & ! hold+ ( an associat$ fe/ival at ! same "t ( ! ye> = a long p]iod4 ,b :5 ! precessional movem5t c>ri$ ! /> away1 !y w\ld only h ! sun to dep5d on1 & ?is !y might use twice a ye>4 ,x is possible1 z ,mr4 ,p5rose rem>ks1 t !re w\ld h be5 no reason = pref]r+ "o ( ^! sol> co9cid5ces to ! o!r1 & ! fea/ c\ld h be5 %ift$ to a diff]5t date if x _h be5 ?\ght m conv5i5t4 ,he goes on to add3-- ,x w\ld appe> t some?+ ( ?is sort may h tak5 place at ,a!ns1 = we f9d on ! ,acropolis ! ar*aic temple1 :i* seems to h be5 int5d$ orig9ally = a v]nal fe/ival1 (f]+ its axis to ! autumnal sunrise on ! v day ( ! great ,pana!naia 9 ,augu/4 ,! *ryselephant9e /atue ( ! ,p>!non1 :i* temple foll[$ on ! same l9es z ! e>li] ,hecatomp$on 7orig9ally f\nd$ to foll[ ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades aft] t con/ellation _h des]t$ ! ar*aic temple alongside71 0 light$ up by ! sunrise on ! fea/ to ! same goddess 9 ,augu/1 ! ,syncia1 in/ead ( "s spr+ fe/ival1 = :i* bo? ^! temples seem at fir/ to h be5 f\nd$4 ,! temple at ,sunium1 already quot$ = its ,octob] />-h]ald$ fe/ival to ,m9]va1 0 ori5t$ also axially to ! sun on ,febru>y #ba1 ! fea/ ( ! ,less] ,my/]ies4 ,i h _h to insi/ aga9 & aga9 t 9 ! case ( ! ,egyptian temples ! /at$ date ( f\ndation ( a temple is almo/ always long aft] t 9 :i* its l9es 7 laid d[n 9 accordance ) ! ritual4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! same ?+ is notic$ 9 ,greece4 ,9 ab\t two-?irds ( ! cases :i* ,i h inve/igat$ ! dates d$uc$ f ! ori5tations are cle>ly e>li] ?an ! ar*itectural rema9s n[ visible above ! gr\nd4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! temples hav+ be5 rebuilt ^u old f\ndations1 z may be se5 9 sev]al cases :i* h be5 excavat$1 ( :i* ! ar*aic temple ( ,m9]va on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns & ! temple ( ,jupit] ( ,olympius on a l[] site are in/ances4 ,!re are temples also ( ! middle epo*1 su* z ! examples at ,cor9?1 g9a1 & ! lat] temples at ,argos & at ,olympia 7! ,metr\m at ! la/-nam$71 ( :i* ! ori5tation dates are n inconsi/5t ) :at may be ga!r$ f o!r s\rces4 ,! problem is1 moreov]1 help$ 9 ,greece by ar*itectural consid]ations1 :i* are frequ5tly lack+ 9 ,egypt3 ( two temples x c be %[n1 on ?is evid5ce alone1 t "o is old] ?an ! o!r4 ,su* an appeal /r5g!ns my sugge/ion t two ( ! temples ( ! ,acropolis ,hill 7 ori5t$ to ! ,pleiades1 by %[+ ! old] temple to po9t to an e>li] position ( ! /> gr\p4 ,to ^! ,mr4 ,p5rose adds ano!r pair at ,rhanmus1 :]e he has f\nd t !re are two temples almo/ t\*+ "o ano!r1 bo? foll[+ 7& ) accordant dates7 ! %ift+ places ( ,spica1 & /ill ano!r pair at ,tegea4 ,,index4 ,a ,ahmes1 ,k+1 #cci ,abd el-,latf1 #ab ,abu ,%ahrn1 #cga ,abu ,simbel1 #af1 #cjf ,abydos1 m\nds & temples at1 #gd1 #ii1 #age1 #bad1 #cch1 #cic sanctity (1 #cbg ,a*]n>1 #cha ,adytum4 ,see ,sanctu>y ,africa ,e41 #cgc ,agni1 god ( fire1 #g ,ahura-,mazda or ,ormuzd1 #f ,air1 god (1 #cc k1 #agf1 #bje ,amada1 #caa ,am51 confrat]nity (1 #cai wor%ip (1 #ahi temples d$icat$ to1 #bbj1 #bbb ,am5-t1 ,ha?or ,temple1 #cjf wife ( ,am51 #bbb /> symbol1 #bbc ,am5-,r1 ,hak ( ,pun-t1 #cdg obelisks to1 #ajf ,s\!rn wor%ip1 #cai temples (1 #be1 #ge1 #gh1 #ii1 #bbc1 #cea1 #ced date (1 #aai direction ( axis (1 #gh gr[? (1 #ahh re/oration (1#ajh ,see also ,k>nak ,am5emht ,i41 #gg1 #age1 #cch ,am5-hetep ,i41 #bba ,am5-hetep ,,iii41 ,mut ,temple1 #bac ,k>nak ,temple ,b1 build] (1 #ahi qu>rel ) ,!ban prie/s1 #cba ,am5-hetep ,,iv41 date (1 #cba cons]vatism (1 #cbj leaves ,!bes1 #cba builds ,tell el-,am>na1 #cbc ,am5ti1 #ce ,amplitude1 #df ,amplitudes1 ( temples1 #ei1 #fg1 #agj1 #cji at ,annu1 #afh at ,d5d]ah1 #afh1 #baj at ,k>nak1 #dg1 #afj1 #afh1 #aga1 #ahi tables (1 #cje1 #cjf1 #caa1 #cab1 #cah ,amru1 description ( ,egypt1 #bcj ,amsu4 ,see ,m9 ,an1 & god ,anu1 #cfc ,anaxim&]1 #h ,ance/ors1 div9e1 #cbg ,annu1 #gd gr& prie/ ( 7title ( ,!ban prie/71 #cdj li/ ( gods at1 #cbi ,nile flood at1 #bbf obelisk & m\nds at1 #bad1 #caf temples at1 #gh1 #id1 #afh1 #age1 #bad1 #cji1 #caf1 #cbf1 #cbg walls at1 #gf wor%ip at1 #cah1 #cai1 #cbf1 #cei ,ant>es1 symbolis$ by ,s]k-t1 #cbi1 #cfj temples 9 ,greece1 #dai ,anu1 ,babylonian1 a/ronomical mean+ =1 #cfc1 #cfe1 #cgb1 #cgg ,anubis4 ,see ,set ,ap1 god ( ! wat]s1 #g ,apet1 #bij ,apis1 bull1 also ,hapi1 #bbi1 #ccj1 #cif ,apoll9opolis ,magna4 ,see ,edf ,argus 1 #cgd ,aries1 fir/ po9t (1 #ec ,arietis 1 temples ori5t$ to1 ,grecian1 #dbj ,armant1 ,nile gauge at1 #bce ,as>i1 #cgb1 #chd ,a/i1 "n ( ,?o?1 #agf ,aswn1 nilomet] at1 #bcd1 #bce di/ances ( gauges f1 #bce ,nile flood1 maximum "t (1 #bdj to ,rda1 ,nile flood1 rate (1 betwe51 #bdj ,at51 mo/ anci5t god1 #cba ,a!ne1 temple (1 #cbi ,a!ns1 ,p>!non at1 propylum (1 #dae ,atmu1 ,tmu1 or ,osiris1 #be1 #bf1 #bie ,axis ( temples1 #afi1 #agc *anges 91 #afc ,azimu?s1 #df ,azimu? compass1 #fg ,b ,baal1 hi]oglyph =1 #cfa1 #cfb ,baalbek1 /ructural orig91 #ib1 #id1 #cfg ,babylonia1 anci5t cities 91 mod]n sites (1 #hf ,anu & ,bl1 #cfe k+s (1 #cfi /ate ( a/ronomy #cjj ,b4,c41 #c temple /ructures 91 #cfg unit ( "t 91 #bbg ziggurats1 #cfg ,ba/1 symbolis$ /> ,draconis1 #bij ,be>1 ,great1 repres5t$ by ,?igh1 #acg1 #adf1 #baf ,little1 repres5t$ by ,jackal1 #acg1 #adf ,bel1 temple (1 #chj ,b]5ice1 road betwe5 ,edf &1 #bjh ,brssus1 #cha ,bes1 #bh1 #cfh ,bl1 #cfc1 #cgb1 #cgg ,bilf+]1 /> tables1 #dji ,biot1 anci5t /> places1 calculation (1 #abi ,d5d]ah1 inscriptions1 #aci1 #aic obs]v+ conditions 9 ,egypt1 #abb precessional globe (1 #agj ,ramesseum inscriptions1 date (1 #adc ris+s1 heliacal1 ( ,sirius1 #bjj1 #baj1 #bdi1 #bec1 #bed1 #bfb ,boeckh1 date ( ,k+ ,m5a1 #bb ,botta1 #hg ,b\riant1 #ahc1 #bbj ,b\ss>d1 #aaa ,brugs*1 ,am5-,r's ance/ors1 #cee book on cal5d>s1 #bhb ,d5d]ah inscriptions1 #ada date ( ,m5a1 #bb ,rameses ,,iii41 #bba ,?o?mes ,,iii1 #ahi1 #bfa ,us]ts5 ,i41 #bae ,edf1 temple at1 alignm5t (1 #agi ,egyptian hi/ory1 #cdd furniture ( sanctu>ies1 #aab ,gzeh-pyramids1 #cfc ,hippopotamus1 con/ellation1 #baf ,hyksos p]iod1 #cci inscription at ,phil1 #bfa ,silsilis1 #bfc ,k>nak temple1 #aaf location ( ,pun-t1 #cdh pyramid1 olde/1 date (1 #cfi ,so?ic ,cycle1 #bei temple-f\ndations1 #ced ,buba/is1 antiquity (1 #hb1 #ccc ,isis temple at1 #cbi ,budge1 ,dr4 ,wallis1 #he1 #bjh1 #bdj ,bull1 con/ellation (1 pyramid p]iod1 #cfj1 #djc1 #djd ,buns51 #bb1 #adh1 #chd ,c ,cairo1 ,nile flood1 "t (1 #bcc1 #bdj ,calah1 anci5t ,nimrd1 #hf ,cal5d>1 ,alex&r9e re=m1 date (1 #bha ,egyptian1 *ief use (1 #bhb ,canopus1 decree (1 #bgj ,canopus 7 ,argus71 #bhj1 #bha e>ly obs]vations1 #cab1 #cfj h]ald$ autumnal equ9ox1 #cdb temples to1 amplitudes (1 #caa ,capella obs]v$ at ,annu1 #caf1 #cfj p]sonifi$ by ,ptah1 #cah temples to1 amplitudes & dates1 #cab1 #ced ,capricornus1 #cgb1 #cgh ,c5sor9us1 #bfg ,c5tauri 1 temples to1 #cjh1 #cea1 #ced1 #cfj ,*abas1 #agc1 #agd ,*ampollion1 #aj1 #aa1 #gc ,*eops4 ,see ,*ufu ,*ephr51 #cbg1 #cdf1 #cfi ,*9a1 e>ly a/ronomical obs]vations1 #d ,*nemu1 #ce1 #chd ,r1 #be1 #cai1 #che1 #chi ,*ufu1 #ab1 #bjd1 #ccf ,*ur*es1 ar*itecture1 ,scott on1 #if ori5tation (1 #if ,colossi at ,!bes1 #gh ,columb 4 ,see ,phact ,compass1 ,azimu?1 #fg ,con/ellations1 e>ly names =1 #db1 #acc1 #cig1 #cii1 #djg nor!rn1 call$ ,set1 #adi ,c\ntry1 d\ble1 mean+ (1 #cde ,c[ ,/> ,sirius1 #bah ,crocodile1 v>iant ( hippopotamus1 #adf ,cr[n1 d\ble1 #cde ,cubit1 ,babylonian1 #cgj ,cults1 *ange (1 #cjj orig9 ( ,egyptian1 #cga nor!rn & s\!rn1 #bbe ,cycle1 ,so?ic1 beg9n+ (1 #bfb ,cynocephalus ape f ,pun-t1 #cdh ,d ,dakkeh1 temple at1 #cda1 #ced ,d>kness1 gods (1 #bg1 #bh ,da%r1 blunt$ pyramid at1 #bcc1 #ccf ,dawn1 flames (1 ,tefnut1 #cf goddess (1 ,se*et1 #ca gods1 hymn to1 #g ,isis1 #bi names =1 #g repres5tation ( ,neph?ys1 #ca ris+s at1 #adh ,decl9ation1 def9ition (1 #de ,decl9ations1 correspond+ amplitudes1 #agj ,delta1 ,hawk-god (1 #cdi ,d5d]ah1 example ( second gr\p ( temples1 #ad ,ha?or temple1 #afj1 #aic1 #bic1 #cai1 #ced ,isis temple1 #aic date (1 #aig ori5t$ to ,sirius1 #cjd inscriptions at1 #ada mean+1 #ach1 #agc ,set wor%ip at1 #caj temples at1 amplitudes1 #afh1 #agf v>iants ( ,ha?or 91 #baa zodiacs (1 #ai1 #acd1 #adf ,deodorus1 #ab ,dr el-,bah>i1 temple (1 ori5tation (1 #af1 #bab cult ( ,ha?or1 #bic inscriptions at1 #cai1 #cdh ,de ,r\g4 ,see ,r\g ,devas1 #f ,djigan1 m\nds at1 #hf ,draco1 con/ellation (1 =ms (1 #acg1 #adf ,draconis 1 temples to1 #caj1 #ced ,dubhe1 k ref]s to1 #agf1 #bjc k1 mean+ (1 #agf ,dmi*51 antiquity ( ,?is1 #cbg build+ inscriptions1 #agc ,d5d]ah temple1 #bjd ,edf1 temple at1 alignm5t (1 #agi ,ha?or1 cult (1 #bid ,put-,s]1 mean+ (1 #agh ,dumuzi4 ,see ,tammuz1 #cgb ,dupuis1 #ach1 #adc1 #ahj1 #cgi ,dur ,s>g9u1 #hf ,dyaus1 #g ,dyna/ies1 div9e1 #cbf ,dyotan1 #g ,e ,ea4 ,see a ,e>?1 axis (1 #abf emblem (1 #cc god (1 #g %ape (1 #h ,eb]s1 antiquity ( ,?is1 #cbg old roads to ,r$ ,sea1 #bjh ,rda nilomet]1 #bce ! ,d5d]ah crypts1 #bjd ,ecliptic1 obliquity (1 #ec pole (1 ,babylonian obs]vations1 #cfc plane (1 #eb ,edf1 e>ly temple at1 #caa1 #cfj fe/ival cal5d> at1 #bhb ,hawk-god (1 #cdi inscriptions at1 temple axis1 #agc1 #agi1 #bhd mon?-table at1 #bge names = ,ha?or1 #baa road betwe5 ,b]5ice &1 #bjh temple (1 #ad1 #ajf1 #aha date (1 #cfc1 #cgf ori5tation (1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj ,edk9s1 ,sun-temple at ,pek91 #hh ,el-,mamun1 #ab ,ent5na1 #cfi ,epacts 7or ,epagom5a71 #bdg ,epp+1 #c1 #djg ,equator1 pole (1 ,babylonian "n =1 #cfe ,equ9oxes1 #ed1 #eg1 #fb e/abli%$ 9 pyramid times1 #cbi ,eridu1 #cga colonisation (1 #cgd1 #che god (1 #cgb1 #cgg ,esne1 fea/ cal5d>s (1 #bhb inscription at1 #bhd ,e?iopia1 e>ly hi/ory (1 #cde exile ( ,!ban prie/s to1 #cdj return ( ,!ban prie/s f1 #cdj ,eudoxus1 sph]e (1 #aci ,euphrates1 god sacr$ to1 #bbi rise (1 #he1 #bcj1 #bfg ,f ,fayym1 pyramids1 #cci ,fire1 god (1 #g ,fitz-,g]ald1 agriculture 9 ,africa1 #bgc ,fl&91 plans ( ,khorsabad1 #hg ,f\ndation-/one1 lay+ (1 #agc1 #age ,f\ndations ( temples1 table ( dates (1 #ceb olde/ 9 ,egypt1 #ced ,g ,g>/91 ,nile ris+1 av]age rate (1 #bdj ,gauges1 ,nile1 di/ances f ,aswn1 #bce heights above sea-level #bcf ,gebel ,b>kal1 #bba1 #cdg pyramids at1 #cef temples at1 #cef ,gzeh1 cult at1 equ9octial1 #he1 #cei pyramids (1 #ab1 #hb1 #ccf1 #cfc temples at1 #hb1 #bhg ,globe1 to rectify !1 #dd1 #acj precessional1 #agj ,gnomon1 #fc ,goat-fi% 9 ,babylonia1 #cgg ,gondokoro1 #bch ,grbaut1 discov]ies at ,dr el-,bah>i1 #cai ,greece1 ori5tation ( temples 94 ,see ,*ap4 xxxviii4 passim ,gre5 ,wat]1 ,nile1 :y x h]alds ! rise1 #bch ,gre5 & ,r$ ,nile1 diff]5ce ( "t betwe51 #bdj ,h ,hab5b54 ,see ,sanctu>y4 ,hak1 ( ,pun-t1 "n = ,am5-,r1 #cdg ,hpi1 god ( ,nile1 #adg1 #bbi ,h>h\diti1 #cdi ,h>pocrates 7or ,hor or ,horus71 #bd1 #bf ,h>siisit1 #cdi ,h>ve/ fe/ivals1 #bcc1 #cai ,ha?or ,isis1 #baj ,isis ,mut ,me?u]1 #bab *ange ( repres5tation1 #cja connection ) hippopotamus1 #baf =m (1 ord9>y1 #bag g5]ic symbolisms1 mean+ (1 #bia goddess f ,pun-t1 #cdg local cult (1 #bid ,mut1 #bad1 #bhi "n ( ,sirius1 #aif p]sonification (1 #baj pres5t views (1 #cb repres5t$ by ,dubhe & ,draconis1 #bje1 #bad ris+ (1 ref]5ce to1 #aid s\!rn wor%ip1 #cdi symbol (1 #baf1 #bij1 #bic temples ( #afj1 #bjb1 #baj amplitude (1 #agf1 #aic1 #baj at ,abu ,simbel1 #cjf at ,d5d]ah1 #bic at ,dr el-,bah>i1 #aic1 #bic v>i\s names =1 #baa wor%ipp$ 9 pyramid times1 #cbi ,ht-%epset1 que51 #ajf1 #bab exp$ition to ,pun-t1 #cdi ,heliopolis4 ,see ,annu ,h]odotus1 on temple ( ,tyre1 #afa ,hi]oglyphics1 deciph]m5t (1 #aa ,h9d1 />-places1 #agj ,hippopotamus1 connect$ ) ,ha?or1 #agh1 #baf con/ellation ,draco1 #acg1 #adc1 #adf1 #bah 9 pyramid times1 #cfj =m ( ,taurt1 #adf female1 #baf hi]oglyph =1 #cfb repres5ts ,mutt ,!bes1 #baf r$1 #cfb v>iant ( crocodile1 #adf wife ( ,set1 #adf ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 fir/ blank 91 #cca1 #ccg second blank 91 #cci nor?1 fir/ civilisation1 #ccj ,holy ( ,holies4 ,see ,sanctu>y ,hommel1 #cgg ,horizon1 def9ition (1 #dj1 #afi ,hor-%esu1 #eg1 #gd1 #aej1 #bae1 #cgf ,horus or ,hor or ,h>pocrates1 #bf ris+ sun1 #bic ,s4 ,egypt1 #cde god f ,pun-t1 #cdg1 #cib god ( ! ,hor-%esu1 #eh hymn to1 #bf laugh+1 #adi mean+ (1 #adh1 #adi ,nor!rn1 #cdi my? (1 description (1 #adh-aea1 #cgh1 #cij r$1 #adi ,s\!rn wor%ip1 #cdi temple (1 #ahj & ,set1 #adi ,set1 #adi ,hott5tot ,v5us 9 ,pun-t1 #cdh ,h\rs 7#ab7 ( day & night1 #cdb ,hyksos p]iod1 date (1 #cch1 #cci ,i a1 #cgb1 #cig ,annu1 & ,bl1 triad1 #cgb fa!r ( ,tammuz1 #cgb leg5d (1 #cha repres5tation (1 #chd1 #cig a-/>1 #chj ,idel]1 heliacal ris+s1 #aba l5g? ( ye>1 #bdd ,india1 temples 91 age (1 #b ,indra1 #g ,inundation ( ,nile1 #bcc1 #bcd ,isis ,ha?or1 #baj1 #bag ,mut ,ha?or ,me?u]1 #bab *ange ( repres5tation1 #cja =m (1 at ,sas1 #cbi g5]ic symbolisms1 #bia1 #bic my?ology (1 complete1 #bic1 #chh "n = ,sirius1 #aif1 #baj nurs+ ,horus1 mean+ (1 #bib pyramid temples1 #bic1 #cbi pres5t ideas (1 #bi temples (1 amplitude (1 #hb1 #bjf1 #baj ,d5d]ah1 #hc1 #aic1 #baj date (1 #aig ,isis-,sati1 #bah ,isis-,so?is1 #bag ,j ,jackal1 con/ellation (1 #acg1 #adc1 #adf1 #cfa ( ,set1 #adf ,j5s51 a-/>1 #chj ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 #cfj1 #cif1 #cig1 #dje pole ( ecliptic1 e>ly ,babylonian obs]vations1 #cfc ref]5ce to ,jackal1 #cfb ,scorpio1 #dje sun-god1 ,tammuz1 #cgb ,m>duk1 #cig1 #dje ,timat1 #cig ! god a1 #cgb zodiacal con/ellations1 #djj ,j]usalem1 temples at1 equ9octial1 #ib1 #cfg ,josephus1 temple at ,j]usalem1 #ib ,k ,kahi1 revelation (1 fea/ (1 #bhb ,kakau1 wor%ip ( ,apis1 #ccj ,kali ,kolo1 #cea ,k>nak1 inscriptions at1 temple axis1 #agc obs]vations at1 sol/ice1 #aag ori5tation (1 sol/itial1 #gb nor? />1 #ced temples at1 #ad1 #ge temples at1 amplitudes (1 #afj1 #afh date (1 ,m>iette1 #aac description (1 #ajj1 #ajb ,am5-,ra at1 #gh1 #ii ,am5-,r1 temple (1 date (1 #aai temple ,b1 #ahg1 #ahi amplitude (1 #ahi temple ,l1 #aae1 #ahc1 #ahe date (1 #aaf1 #ahd amplitude (1 #ahi ,brugs* on1 #aaf temple ,m1 #aae1 #ahc date (1 #ahd ,draconis1 #ahd temple ( ,mut 7,x71 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bac build] (1 #ahi temple ( ,ptah1 #cag1 #ced temple ( ,spica1 #cac temple ,t1 amplitude (1 #ahi date (1 #ahf temple ,v1 ori5tation1 #cjh temple ,w1 #ahg ,kemball1 ,sir ,a41 agriculture ( ,e4 ,africa1 #bgc ,khem4 ,see ,m9 ,khnum4 ,see ,*nemu ,khons1 or ,khonsu1 connection ) ,canopus1 #bif h[ repres5t$1 #bbc p]sonification (1 #bif ,s\!rn wor%ip1 #cdi1 #cic temple (1 #ahb1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bif measures (1 #ahe1 #caj ,khons-lunus1 #bi1 #cic ,khorsabad1 m\nds at1 #cf1 #hg ,khu-en-,at54 ,see ,am5-hetep ,,iv4 ,kirk1 ,sir ,john1 on pile-dwell+s 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 #cdh ,koptos1 high road betwe5 ,r$ ,sea &1 #bjh ,k\yunjik1 m\nds (1 #hf ,krall1 quot$1 #beg1 #bfc *ange ( signs1 #bfi fe/ival cal5d> at ,edf1 #bhb k+'s reign1 "t ( comm5cem5t1 #bei l5g? ( ye>1 #bdd mon? ,pa*ons1 #bhd my?ology ( ! sun1 #bgi olde/ mon?-li/1 #bge ! week1 #bbf ,l ,lanzoni1 v>iant = ,ha?or1 #baa ,*nemu1 #chd ,latitude1 t]re/rial def9ition (1 #eb cele/ial1 #eb ,l5ormant1 #d ,lepsius1 "w on ! monum5ts ( ,egypt1 #gc date ( ,m5a1 #bb ,eridu1 #cgd ,k>nak temples1 #aaf1 #ahg1 #bac1 #cjf ,?o?mes ,,iii41 date (1 #bfa temple ( ,am5-,r1 #ii temple at ,heliopolis1 #ge ! week1 #bbf ,letronne1 ,d5d]ah inscriptions1 #ach ,lev]ri]1 #bef ,lion1 e>ly ,babylonian my?ology1 #djb ,locky]1 ,w4 ,j4 ,s41 calculation ( /> tables1 #agj ,longitude1 cele/ial1 #eb t]re/rial1 def9ition (1 #eb ,luxor1 temple at1 #aff1 #cbh ,lyons1 ,capt41 ,r4,e41 measures at ,annu1 #gf ,memphis1 #cag ,wady ,halfa1 #ceh ,m ,mat1 relation to ,r1 #cb1 #cf ,makrzi1 ,rda nilomet]1 #bce ,m>duk spr+-sun1 #cgc1 #cig de/roys w9t] gods1 #cgg my? (1 #cge temple (1 c]emony at1 #cff & ,timat1 my? (1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #cih ,m>iette1 ,am5-,r1 temple (1 gr[? (1 #aae1 #ahh ,d5d]ah temples1 #aic ,hyksos p]iod1 #cci ,k>nak temples1 #aac1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahg location ( ,pun-t1 #cdh ,m5a1 date (1 #ccg mod]n ,!ban temples1 #ahf pyramids1 #cfc1 #cfi ,so?is1 #bab ,masnitiu or ,masniu ( ,edf1 #cdi ,masp]o1 ,baal wor%ip at ,memphis1 #cfa build+ ( ,annu1 #gg1 #cbf discov]ies at ,dr el-,bah>i1 #cai div9e dyna/ies1 #cib ! l& ( ,pun-t1 #cdg l5g? ( ye>1 #bdd location ( l& ( ,pun-t1 #cdg orig9 ( s\!rn ,horus1 #cdi prie/craft1 #aaa sanctity ( ,abydos1 #cbg ,sirius 9 pyramid times1 #bji ,max ,mll]1 age ( ,indian temples1 #b sunrise & sunset1 #bc ,v$as1 #e ,mazz>o?1 mean+ (1 #acc ,m$net-,hab1 #afi temples at1 #afc1 #bbj ori5tation dates1 #bba ,mdm1 pyramid (1 #cce1 #ccg ,memphis1 ,nile flood at1 #bbf pyramids (1 #hb1 #hc temple ( ,sute*1 #cfa ,baal1 #cfa ,ptah1 #bdh1 #cag wor%ip1 #cah ,memphis & ,!bes1 ,nile flood1 rate (1 betwe51 #bdj ,m5a or ,m5es1 #bb1 #bcj1 #cbf date ( reign1 #gd1 #aae1 #ccg wor%ip ( ,apis1 #ccj ,m5?u1 #cci ,m]*et or ,m]e*1 #agi ,m]idian1 a/ronomical1 #fi magnetic1 #gj1 #ga ,m]e1 #cdd1 #cdg1 #cef ,me/ha1 god1 #adg ,meset ,?igh1 q4v4 ,me?u] ,mut ,isis ,ha?or1 #bab ,midnight1 ris+s at1 #adh ,m9 or ,khem1 connection ) ,spica1 #be1 #big1 #cai temple d$icat$ to1 #big ,moncrieff1 ,sir ,col9 ,scott1 #aag ,mon?s1 names = ,egyptian1 #bcc ,moon-gods1 #bh1 #bi1 #chi1 #cib1 #cic ,osiris repres5tation1 #acg wor%ip1 #cgi /ations1 ,egyptian equival5ts1 #cg ,mosul1 m\nds (1 #hf ,mul-lil1 #cgb ,mut ,ha?or1 #bad ,isis ,ha?or ,me?u]1 #bab ,ha?or wor%ip1 #bad mi/ress ( d>kness1 #cdd repres5t$ by hippopotamus1 #baf ,draconis1 #bad symbolis$ ,draconis1 #bhi1 #bij temple (1 #ge1 #ahb1 #aia1 #bid1 #cah associat$ ) ,spica1 #cbj date (1 #bac1 #bad ,my?s1 ,babylonian1 #cgg ,egyptian & ,babylonian1 comp>$1 #cgg ( ,horus1 #adh1 #cij ( ,m>duk & ,timat1 #cge1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #cih ,n ,naga1 build+s at1 #cdg ,naos4 ,see ,sanctu>y ,napoleon's exp$ition to ,egypt1 #aj ,n>am-,s91 k+1 date (1 #cfi ,naville1 ,horus1 my? (1 #adh1 #aec1 #cij ,nebu*adnezz> ,,ii41 ziggurat at ,babylon1 #cfg ,neph?ys1 #ca1 #ce 9 pyramid times1 #cbi ,n]gal1 son ( a & ,duazag4 #cgc spr+ sun1 #cgc midsumm] sun1 #cgc ,ne%em1 #ca ,new ye>'s day1 v>iation 9 date (1 #bej ,nigidius ,figulus1 #bdh ,nile ,flood1 at ,aswn1 #bdj at ,cairo1 #bcc1 #bdj rate (1 #bdj gauges1 #bce gauge (1 heights above sea-level1 #bcf at ,armant1 #bce at ,aswn1 #bce at ,asyt1 #bce at ,suhag1 #bce god sacr$ to1 #bbi inundation1 effects (1 #bbf1 #bcb r$1 #bch rise (1 appe>ance (1 #bch at ,rda1 #bcg av]age rate (1 #bdj description (1 #bda fe/ival (1 #aih importance (1 #bbh indication (1 #bcg ph5om5a co9cid5t )1 #bdi rate (1 #bdj w>n+s (1 #bci gre5 wat] at1 :y x h]alds rise1 #bch col\r1 orig9 (1 #bcg "t (1 ris+1 #he1 #bcj ,nilomet] at ,aswn1 #bcd ,nimrd1 m\nds at1 #hf mod]n ,calah1 #hf ,n9ib1 sun-god1 #cge ,niss5 on temple build+1 #agc1 #age ,nubia1 mode ( tell+ "t at night1 #cdb ,nuri1 build+s at1 #cdg1 #cef ,nu-t or ,nu1 #cb1 #cc d\ble repres5tation ( #cd relation to ,seb1 #ce ,o ,oannes4 ,see a ,obelisk1 at ,annu1 ori5tation (1 #bad1 #cbf ,obliquity ( ecliptic1 values (1 #aac ,obs]vations ( />s daily z oppos$ to ye>ly1 #cda ,on4 ,see ,annu ,oppolz]1 ris+s1 heliacal ( ,sirius1 #bjj1 #bdi1 #bec1 #bfh ,orion1 con/ellation (1 #acg1 #adc ,ormuzd or ,ahura-,mazda1 #f ,osborn1 ! ,nile1 #bcb1 #bch ,osiris 9 ,book ( ! ,dead1 #bh1 #ce hymn to1 #bf my?ology (1 #bif repres5tation (1 #acg moon-god1 #chi sunset-god1 #be s\!rn wor%ip1 #cdi temples (1 #ahg at ,abydos1 #cch b[ls at1 #bdh direction ( ori5tation1 #hb1 #bjf1 #cic ,tmu or ,atmu1 #bie trac$ 9 ,babylonia1 #ccd1 #cgg wan+ moon1 #big ,p ,padoram5 prie/1 titles (1 #cdj ,palmyra1 temples at1 equ9octial1 #ib1 #id1 #cfg ,p>!non at ,a!ns1 #afd1 #dae1 #daf ,p>!y1 #baf ,patah4 ,see ,ptah ,pek91 sun temple at1 #hh1 #hi ,p5rose on ,greek temples1 #ih1 & *ap4 xxxviii1 passim ,pepi1 ,k+1 date (1 #bjg1 #bfb1 #ccg re/oration ( ,d5d]ah1 #bjd temple f\ndations1 #ced ,p]iod1 ,so?ic1 #bef ,petrie1 ,fl9d]s1 on ,/oneh5ge1 #ij ,mdm pyramid1 #cce1 #ccg ,tell-el-,am>na1 #cbc ,phact 7 ,columb71 #hb1 #ced1 #cfj1 #cha ,phil1 ,*nemu at1 #chd inscription at1 #bfa ,isis-,sati at1 #bah temples at1 #gc e>ly to ,canopus1 #caa1 #cfj ,pi]ret1 hi]oglyph ( hippopotamus1 #cfb ,pile dwell+s 9 ,pun-t1 #cdh ,pisces1 #cgh ,place1 on ,assyria1 #hf ,pleiades1 temples ori5t$ to1 9 ,greece1 #dai1 #dbd ,pompeii1 temple ( ,isis at1 #cbj ,precession1 cause (1 #abd1 #abf effects (1 #bc1 #abc1 #aeg model illu/rat+1 #abe ,prie/s1 ,!ban1 hatr$ ( ,set1 #cai ,pri?iv1 e>? god1 #g ,ptah1 connection ) ,capella1 #bif 9 pyramid times1 #cbi god ( ,memphis1 #aec1 #cah p]sonification (1 #bif temples (1 #bdh1 #bif1 #cag ,pun-t1 ,hak (1 #cdg l& (1 #cdg possibly 9 ,s4 ,africa1 #cdh ,put-s]1 mean+ (1 #agd1 #age1 #agh ,pyramid build]s1 #cbe -build+ 9 #ab? dyna/y1 #cch ,isis temples at1 #cbi ( ,da%r1 #ccf ,gzeh1 #hb ,mdm1 #cce1 #ccg ,sakk>ah1 #ccc olde/1 #cfi ori5tation (1 #ccc ,/ep1 age (1 #cfi ,q ,qebhs5nuf1 #adg ,r ,r1 eyes (1 #bhj hymn to1 #bg manife/ation (1 #aaa mean+ (1 #aid sun-god1 #be1 #bf1 #ce1 #bbg ,r--,tmu--,horus1 hymn to1 #bf ,r-t1 symbol (1 #bij ,rameses ,,iii41 date (1 #ace1 #ahd1 #bba build+ ( temple ,t1 ,k>nak1 #ahf temple ,m1 #aae1 #bad ,ramessids1 ,?o?1 sign (1 9 "t (1 #bfi "t (1 ye> us$1 #bfc ,ramesseum1 old mon?-table at1 #ada1 #bge ,ranke1 #bbg ,r$ & ,gre5 ,nile1 diff]5ce ( "t betwe51 #bdj ,r$isieh1 temple (1 #bjh1 #cda ,set wor%ip at1 #caj ,refraction1 #dh ,r5\f1 ,le ,page1 #bc ,rhamnus1 temples ori5t$ to ,spica1 #dbd ,rig-,v$a1 #ch ,"r asc5sion1 def9ition (1 #eb ,ris+s4 ,see ,/>s & ,sun ,rda1 nilomet] at1 #bcd rise ( ,nile at1 #bcg ,rome1 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 #if1 #ajb ,rosetta ,/one1 #aa ,ross1 ,col41 ,r4,e41 #bcg1 #bda ,r\g1 ,de1 on ,hor-,%esu1 #aej ,silsilis inscriptions1 #bfc ,mdm pyramid1 #ccf manife/ation ( ,r1 #aaa ,s ,sas1 #hb1 #cbi ,sakk>ah1 /ep-pyramid (1 #ccc1 #ccg ,samas1 #cgg ,sanctu>y1 #ajb1 #cdj illum9ation (1 #ajf d>kness (1 object (1 #aji ,s>gon ,i41 ,k+1 date (1 #cfj1 #cfi1 #djc ,s>zec1 ,m4 de1 discov]ies at ,tel-loh1 #cfi ,sati1 symbol (1 #bij ,sayce1 ,ann & ,bl1 #cfd ,as>i & ,osiris1 #chd ,eridu1 #cga a-/>1 #chj sun-god1 ,tammuz1 #cgb1 #cic ,scorpion1 con/ellation (1 #adc1 #cgh1 #cii1 #dja1 #djc kn[n 9 pyramid times1 #cbi1 #cfj ,scott1 ,gilb]t1 on *ur* ar*itecture1 #if ,se-n-ka-,r's exp$ition to l& ( ,pun-t1 #cdh ,seb1 ! god1 #cc1 #ce ,sebak-,r1 #be ,sekhet1 goddess1 #ca symbolis$ ,draconis1 #bij /atues (1 at ,!bes1 #bij ,semneh1 temple at1 #caa1 #cea ,s5ef]u1 ,da%r pyramid1 #ccf ,k+1 title (1 #cdf ,mdm pyramid1 #cce temple f\ndations1 #ced ,s5ti1 #agd ,sept1 #aif ,s]k-t ,ant>es & ,c5tauri1 #ceh 9 pyramid times1 #cbi symbol (1 #bij1 #cbi ,se%eta1 goddess1 #bi1 #agc1 #age ,set1 ,sit1 ,sut1 ,typhon1 ,sute*1 god ( ,d>kness1 #bg1 #ade1 #adg & ,horus1 #adi associat$ ) ,draconis1 #cjb conqu]$ by ,horus4 ,see ,my? ( ,horus4 emblem (1 #bh1 #adh1 #cfb fea/ (1 #bhc =m (1 #cfa hat$ by ,!ban prie/s1 #cai jackal (1 #adf ,n4 ,egypt1 #cde symbolis$ by nor!rn con/ellations1 #adi temple at ,tell el-,am>na1 #cbd at ,annu1 #cbf temples abs5t 9 ,s4 ,egypt1 #cga ?igh (1 #adf1 #adg wife (1 #adf1 #baf wor%ip (1 #bae1 #cdd1 #cfa1 #cgg ,seti ,,ii41 #aae1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #bbc ,%abaka1 #cdj ,%esu-,hor1 #eg1 #gd1 #aej1 #bae ,%u1 #cc1 #cf ,silsilis1 inscriptions at1 #bfc ,sirius-,ha?or1 #aif1 #bab1 #bii temples to1 9 ,greece1 #cje1 #dbb ,sit4 ,see ,set ,sky1 god (1 #g1 #cc ,smi?1 ,george1 on temple ( ,bel1 #chj ,smi?1 ,rob]tson1 on ,mazz>o?1 #acc ,sokhit 9 pyramid times1 #cbi ,sol/ices1 #ee1 #eg det]m9ation (1 #fb et seq4 by ,*9ese1 #fc relation to inundation1 #bcd summ]1 fe/ival (1 #aih temples ori5t$ to1 #gh & vague ye> cycle1 #beb ,so?is1 ,greek =m ( ,sirius1 q4v4 ,s[+1 season (1 #bcc ,sph9x1 object (1 #hb ,spica1 associat$ ) ,mut temple1 #cbj obs]v$ at ,!bes1 #cah temples to1 #cac 9 ,greece1 #dai1 #dbd ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome1 #if1 #ajb ,/>s1 app>5t pa?s (1 #da h[ us$ to tell "t at night1 #cdc non-ris+ at ,!bes1 #dd non-sett+ at ,!bes1 #dd nor!rn1 antiquity ( wor%ip (1 #cda ris+s (1 a*ronic1 #aba cosmical1 #aba1 #afj heliacal ( ,sirius1 #aba1 #bjj1 #bji1 #baj1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bed1 #bfb ris+ ) sun1 #fj ris+s at sunset1 #adh sett+s1 a*ronic1 #aba heliacal1 #aba table (1 #cad s\!rn1 us$ 9 upp] ,egypt1 #cdc s\!rn1 wor%ip (1 z oppos$ to nor!rn1 #cbe table (1 #cad ,/orms1 god (1 #g ,/oneh5ge1 #hi1 #ij ,/rassmey]1 #c1 #djg ,suhag1 ,nile gauge at1 #bce ,sun1 c\rse (1 my?ology (1 #bgi ! midnight1 #fe temples to1 at sol/ices1 #gh ye>ly pa? (1 #ec ,sun-gods1 names =1 #g1 #cgc ,sunlight1 god (1 #cc1 #cf ,sunrise1 h]ald (1 fir/ /> us$1 #bgg 9 ,greece1 #daf ,sunset1 explanation ( r$ col\r (1 #cb repres5t$ by ,neph?ys1 #ca ,sut4 ,see ,set ,sute*4 ,see ,set god ( ,canaanites1 #cfa temple at ,memphis1 #cfa ,syria1 invad]s f1 f\nd #be? dyna/y1 #cdj ,t ,tables ( dates ( f\ndations1 #ceb ( />s1 #bj? dyna/y1 #djh1 #daj ,tah>qa1 #ahg1 #cdj ,tammuz1 associat$ ) ,as>i1 #cgb son ( a1 #cgb son ( ,mul-lil1 #cgb ,tammuz-,n]gal1 sun-god1 #cgb1 #cgd son ( a1 #cgb ,mul-lil1 #cgb ,tanis1 decree (1 #bgj temple (1 #hb1 #bha1 #cbi ,taurus1 con/ellation (1 #adc1 #cgh 9 pyramid times1 #cbi ,taurt1 goddess1 #bh1 #adf1 #cjb mi/ress ( d>kness1 #cdd repres5t$ by hippopotamus1 #adf symbol (1 #baf1 #bij symbolis$ /> ,draconis1 #bij ,tebha1 #ade ,tefnut1 #ca1 #cf ,tel ,hakoab1 m\nds at1 #hf ,tell el-,am>na1 ,spica temple1 #cac temples at1 #cbb1 #dai ,temples 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 z oppos$ to ^? 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 #cda s]ies (1 9 ,s\!rn ,egypt1 #caa div]sity (1 due to diff]5t races1 #cae ,tetram5es1 #bgb ,tei1 #bbc1 #bge ,!bes1 amplitudes at1 #dg1 #aga a/ronomical ?\ght at1 #cbd two s*ools (1 #cbe city ( ,dragon 9 ,greece1 #dbb fir/ appe>ance ( 9 ,egyptian hi/ory1 #cca1 #cch hi/ory ( cults at1 #cbj mon? table at1 #adc ,nile flood1 #bdj ris+ ( l& ab\t1 #bdj /atues ( ,se*et1 #bij temples at1 amplitudes (1 #aef1 #afh1 #cji ( ,am5 ,r1 #ii mod]n1 #ahf ,m1 #bac sol/itial1 #gh ,?igh1 k (1 #agf 7,meset71 #agi1 #baf con/ellation1 #acg1 #adc1 #cjb 9 pyramid times1 #cfj ( ,set1 #adf1 #adg repres5ts ,great ,be>1 #adf ,?is1 antiquity (1 #cbg ,?i/leton-,dy]1 on ,myrrh f ,pun-t1 #cdh ,?o? ,a/i1 #agf #a/ (1 dates (1 #bfh fe/ival (1 #aih lunus1 #bi1 #cic mon? (1 sign (1 #bfi relation to ,tei1 #bge sign (1 9 ,ramessids' "t1 #bfi ,?o?mes ,i41 #ahh ,?o?mes ,,iii41 date (1 #bfa & ! ,!ban prie/s1 #cba ,ptah temple1 #ced ,k>nak1 embelli%m5ts at1 #aab re/oration ( temple ( ,am5-,r1 #ajh temples at ,m$net-,hab1 #bba ,?\]is4 ,see ,taurt ,timat & ,m>duk1 my? (1 #cgh1 #cih ,tigris1 god sacr$ to1 #bbi inundation1 "t (1 #he1 #bcj1 #cfg ,tmu4 ,see ,atmu ,tomes on r$ hippopotamus1 #cfb ,totemism1 #bae ,triads1 #bbb ,tuamutef1 #adg ,tum4 ,see ,atmu ,twilight1 repres5tation (1 ,isis1 #bi repres5tation (1 ,neph?ys1 #ca ,typhon4 ,see ,set ,tyre1 temple (1 #afa ,u ,ung]1 date ( ,m5a1 #bb ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 #cgi ,urs ,majoris 1 temples to1 #cji1 #cda1 #ced1 #cfj ,us]ts5 ,i41 #agi1 #bba1 #bae obelisk at ,annu1 #bad1 #cch ,u%as1 #g ,ut*ats1 #bhj ,v ,v>una1 #g ,v$as1 #d1 #e1 #f ,vir*[1 on race di/9ctions1 #chf ,virey1 ,dr el-,bah>i discov]ies1 #cai on cult ( ,at51 #cba ,vitruvius1 on temple ori5tation1 #eh ,vyse1 ,col4 ,h[>d1 #ab ,w ,wady ,halfa to ,aswn1 rate ( ,nile flood1 #bdj ,capt4 ,lyons' "w at1 #ceh ,wady ,hammamt1 #bjh ,wakefield1 measurem5ts at ,k>nak1 #aag ,wor%ip ( ,n4 />1 import$ into ,egypt1 #cgj ,y ,ye>1 anomali/ic1 #ec cal5d>1 #bdf def9ition (1 #bdg fix$1 #bea l5g? (1 #bea l5g? (1 #bdd1 #bdg true1 #bej fix$ & vague1 "t ( co9cid5ce1 #bfg v>iation betwe51 #beb great1 ,annus ,magnus1 #beg measure ( l5g? (1 fir/1 #aaj new1 indications1 #bdg sid]eal1 #ec ,sirian1 l5g? (1 #bec tropical1 #ec vague1 #bea beg9n+s (1 #aaj & sol/ice1 cycle1 #beb 9 "t ( ,ramessids1 #bfc ,"y1 ,?omas1 ,rosetta /one1 #aa ,z ,z5d-,ave/a1 #f ,ziggurats1 erection (1 #cfg ,zodiac1 ! signs (1 #acg ,zodiacs1 ( ,d5d]ah1 #ace1 #adf discov]y (1 #ah ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,my lectures1 giv5 9 ,novemb]1 #ahij1 7 pr9t$ 9 ,nature1 ,april-,july1 #ahia1 "u ! title ,on "s ,po9ts 9 ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 ) ! foll[+ note3--,f %or?& notes ( a c\rse ( lectures to work+ m5 deliv]$ at ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 ,j]myn ,/reet1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahij4 ,! notes 7 revis$ by me at ,aswn dur+ ! mon? ( ,janu>y4 ,i h f\nd1 s9ce my return f ,egypt 9 ,m>*1 t "p ( ! subject-matt] ( ! lectures _h be5 previ\sly discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,niss51 :o has employ$ ! same mat]ials z myself4 ,to him1 !re=e1 s f> z ,i at pres5t "k1 belongs ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ made ! sugge/ion t anci5t temples 7 ori5t$ on an a/ronomical basis4 ,8 articles are to be f\nd 9 ! ,rhe9is*es ,museum fr ,philologie1 #ahhe4 #b ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t4 p4 #acf4 #c ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahgi4 #d ,see ,rawl9son's ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #acd1 = ref]5ces on ?is subject4 #e ,! temples ( ! gods ought to be s plac$ t ! /atue1 :i* has its /ation 9 cella1 %\ld1 if !re be no?+ to int]f]e ) su* a disposition1 face ! we/2 9 ord] t ^? :o come to make oblations & (f] sacrifices may face ! ea/4444 ,:5 temples are built 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a riv]1 !y %\ld comm& a view ( its banks1 l ! temples ( ,egypt ^u ! bord]s ( ! ,nile4--,vitruvius1 ,civil ,ar*itecture1 ,section ,i41 ,*apt] ,v4 #f ,see ,biot1 tudes sur l',a/ronomie ,indi5ne1 p4 #bic4 #g ,see ,biot1 ,sur div]s po9ts d',a/ronomie anci5ne3 ,mmoires1 ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 #ahdf1 p4 #dg4 #h ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! =mula 9 use has be5 obta9$1 ! read] _h bett] turn to ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bec1 ( ,*auv5et's ,sph]ical & ,practical ,a/ronomy4 ,if we d5ote ! latitude by 1 & let p ! />'s pol> di/ance1 a "r asc5sion1 sid]eal "t ( obs]vation1 h ! />'s altitude1 t h\r angle2 !n1 kn[+ t t - a1 ! =mula may be writt5 z foll[s3-- h - p cos4 t p s94 #a0 s94 t tan4 h4 ,! ,nautical ,almanac gives tables to facilitate ! computations involv$1 b great] exactness is obta9$ by direct computation4 #i ,s9ce ,i left ,egypt1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahic1 ,capta9 ,lyons has be5 good en\gh to comply ) my reque/ to repeat ! obs]vations4 ,i give ! foll[+ extract f 8 lett]3-- ,! m\nds are only )9 a degree1 z x is only ! g5]al direction :i* c be tak54 ,s\? m\nd old tem5os wall1 #bhi mag4 be>+ #ai ,n4 ( ,w4 ,wall at "r angles #ahi mag4 be>+ #ga ,s4 ( ,w4 ,go+ to ! ,we/ m\nd !re are two high] humps ) an op5+ betwe5 !m1 tons ( lime/one *ips1 s&/one blocks ) ,rameses ,,ii4's "n2 s t ,i take ?is = ! site ( ! great pylon4 ,x is exactly opposite ! obelisk1 & di/ant1 ,i %\ld guess1 #fjj y>ds4 ,site ( ,s4 pylon to obelisk1 #ajf mag4 be>+ #af ,s4 ( ,e4 ,pole ( ,n4 pylon to obelisk1 #aji mag4 be>+ #ai ,s4 ( ,e4 ,s ,i ?9k probably ! rema9+ obelisk is ! nor!rn "o 7cf4 ,horn]1 ,phil4 ,trans41 ,,mdccclv41 pp4 #abd & #aca71 & ! temple axis 0 direct$ #bhi mag4 be>+ ) corr4 #e #bhd #ad ,n4 ( ,we/ true amplitude4 #aj ,am55emt ,i41 ! f\nd] ( ! sanctu>y ( ! sun1 entreats1 aft] he has begun ! great "w 7:i* 0 n f9i%$ till ! "t ( 8 son1 ,us]tes571 ,may x n p]i% by ! vicissitudes ( "t1 may t :i* is made endure6 ,?is desire ( a great k+ :i* has come d[n to u ?r\gh ! lea!rn roll n[ pres]v$ at ,b]l91 has n be5 fulfill$2 = ( 8 magnific5t /ructure1 built = all et]nity1 no?+ rema9s b ! obelisk we h se51 & a few blocks ( /one sc>cely wor? m5tion+4 ,! ,p]sian ,cambyses is unju/ly accus$ ( hav+ de/roy$ ! temple & city ( ! sun1 = ! city 0 m9utely describ$ 9 detail long aft] 8 "t1 & ! temple 0 /ill fl\ri%+2 nay1 _m rema9s ( ! sanctu>y1 t h n[ long s9ce vani%$1 7 describ$ ev5 by ,arab au?ors4--,eb]s1 ,egypt1 p4 #aij4 #aa ,n9ive et l',assyrie1 p> ,victor ,place4 ,imprim]ie ,imp]iale1 #ahfg4 #ab ,monum5t de ,n9ive1 p> ,botta & ,fl&94 ,imprim]ie ,nationale1 #ahdi4 #ac ,f a magnetic *>t :i* has be5 prep>$ = me by ! k9dness ( ,capta9 ,creak1 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ! ,hydrographic ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,admiralty1 x seems t ! v>iation at ,n9eveh & ,babylon may be tak5 z foll[s3-- ,n9eveh4 ,babylon4 #ahjj #h #be ,w4 #h #be ,w4 #aijj #j #j #be ,w4 ,! values = int]m$iate dates may be r\ghly arriv$ at by an int]polation curve4 #ad ,j\rneys 9 ,nor? ,*9a1 ,williamson4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 *ap4 xvi41 by ,edk9s4 p4 #bec4 #ae ,/oneh5ge3 ,plans1 ,descriptions1 & ,!ories1 #ahhj1 p4 #bj4 #af ,f]guson3 ,rude ,/one ,monum5ts4 #ag ,see especially ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,fras]1 = ! midsumm] & ,belta9e fires4 #ah ,antiquities1 b4 #h1 c4 #d1 p4 #dja1 ,:i/on's edition4 #ai ,josephus1 ,antiquities ,,iii41 c4 #h1 #i4 #bj ,! italics are m9e--,j4 ,n4 ,l4 #ba ,antiquities ,,iii41 c4 #h1 #i4 #bb ,w>r53 ,und]gr\nd ,j]usalem4 #bc ,aco/a1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,indies1 lib4 vi41 p4 #dei4 quot$ by ,maurice 7,obs]vations ,connect$ ) ,a/ronomy & ,anci5t ,hi/ory & ,ru9s ( ,babylon71 /ates t "s ( ! /ones 9 ! ,mexican temples to sun & moon measure #ch feet by #ah feet by #f feet4 #bd ,see ,palmyra & ,baalbek4 ,r4 ,wood1 #ahbg4 ,plates4 #be ,on ?is po9t ,i ga!r ! foll[+ in=mation f ! article ,ori5tation 9 ! ,gr& ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel du #ai ,sicle1 by ,m4 ,pi]re ,l>\sse3--,f ! fif? c5tury to ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! ori5tation ( *ur*es 0 g5]ally c>ri$ out4 ,! my/ical reasons furni%$ by ! sacr$ writ]s--accord+ to ,/4 ,john ( ,damascus & ,cassiodorus--7 t ,jesus on ! ,cross _h ,8 face turn$ t[>ds ! ,we/1 h5ce ,*ri/ians dur+ pray] mu/ turn to ! ,ea/ to see x4 ,fur!r1 9 ! sacr$ writ+s ,jesus is call$ ! ,ea/ 7,ori5s ex alto74 ,aga91 ,*ri/ians hope to see ,*ri/ desc5d+ 9 ! ,ea/ on ! la/ day4 ,f9ally1 ! fai?ful :5 turn+ to ! ,ea/ dur+ pray] e/abli% a diff]5ce betwe5 !mselves & ! ,jews & h]etics1 = ! ,jews :5 pray+ turn ,we/1 & c]ta9 h]etics ,s\?1 & o!rs ,nor?1 h5ce ! hea!n said !y 7 sun-wor%ipp]s4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury !re 0 a /rong prote/ aga9/ ori5tation4 ,ca?olic *ur*es 7 built any way1 & x 0 said1 ,nunc oremus ad omnem p>tem quia ,deus ubique e/4 #bf ,see ,build]1 ,jan4 #b1 #ahib4 #bg ,brugs*1 ,egypt1 p4 #agd4 #bh ,inscription s\? side ( obelisk quot$ 9 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ,vol4 ,,xii4 7,lett] f ,capt4 ,lyons74 #bi ,brugs*1 ,egypt1 p4 #agg4 #cj ,*re/oma?ie gypti5ne1 ,d ,r\g1 iii41 p4 #fj4 #ca ,egyptian ,ar*ology1 ,engli% edition1 p4 #aje4 #cb ,brugs*1 ,egypt1 p4 #agd4 #cc ,brugs*1 op4 cit41 p4 #ahg4 #cd ,k>nak4 tude topographique et ar*ologique4 #ce ,m>iette1 op4 cit41 text1 p4 #b4 #cf ,hi/ory p4 #age4 #cg ,niss5 9 8 important memoir does n ref] to ?is hill2 8 conclusions1 !re=e1 are n absolutely ju/ifi$ by ! facts z he /ates !m4 #ch uvres de ,volney1 vol4 v41 p4 #dca4 #ci ,ptolemy ,almage/ ,,viii41 *ap4 vi4 #dj ,re*]*es sur l'anne vague des ,egypti5s1 by ,m4 ,biot4 ,acadmie des ,sci5ces #d? ,april1 #ahca4 #da ,i4e41 ! />s :i* nev] set4 #db ,h]odotus ,,ii41 #dd4 7,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,pr(4 ,rob]tson ,smi? = ?is ref]5ce47 #dc ,see ante1 p4 #aaa4 #dd ,= in/ance1 9 ! l9e ( sph9xes 9 front ( temple ,x1 %[n 9 ! fold+ plate ins]t$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,xviii41 ! l9e 0 left incomplete to pres]ve ! fair-way ( ! ru9$ temple nor? ( ,y outside ! tem5os wall4 #de ,bauges*i*te des ,d5d]a-,tempels1 #ahgg4 #df ,rhe9is*es ,museum fr ,philologie1 #ahhe1 p4 #ci4 #dg ,quot$ f ,niss51 op4 cit4 #dh ,orig9e des ,cultes1 vol4 i41 p4 #dej4 #di ,on ?is po9t ,i am p]mitt$ by ,pr(essor ,masp]o to pr9t ! foll[+ extract f a lett] ,i receiv$ f him3--,t\s les temples ptolmaques et la plus gr&e p>tie des temples ph>aoniques sont des recon/ructions4 ,ce que v\s avez obs]v de ,d5drah1 e/ vrai d',esnh1 d',ombos1 d',ass\an1 de ,phil1 etc4 ,or1 si les premi]s con/ructeurs d'un temple--ou *ez n\s d'une glise--peuv5t *oisir presque leur gr l'emplacem5t1 et p> suite l'ori5tation1 la plus conv5able1 il en e/ bi5 r>em5t de mme des recon/ructeurs4 ,les maisons accumules aut\r du temple les gnai5t1 d'ailleurs les habitudes du culte et de la population tai5t prises2 on rebtissait le temple--comme d'ord9aire *ez n\s on rebtit l'glise--sur la mme ori5tation et sur les mmes fondations4 ,j'ai con/at le fait ,kom-,ombo1 o les dbris du temple dcor p> ,am5hotp\ ,i4 et ,?\tmosis ,,iii4 sont ori5ts exactem5t comme ceux du temple ptolmaque actuel1 bti sur les ru9es du prcd5t4 ,v\s avez donc le droit de dire1 non seulem5t p\r ,d5drah1 mais p\r beauc\p d'autres temples1 qu'ils ont t recon/ruits sur l'ori5tation du temple qu'ils remplaai5t1 qu& mme cette ori5tation ne rpondait plus la ralit des *oses4 #ej ,m>iette1 ,d5d]ah1 vol4 i41 p4 #bfc4 #ea ,m>iette1 op4 cit41 p4 #adb4 ,plut>* wrote 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 #eb ,m>iette1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjf4 #ec ,m>iette1 op4 cit41 p4 #adb4 #ed ,ha?or is t]m$ ,la matresse du comm5cem5t de l'an4 ,m>iette1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bjg4 #ee ,besides ! sol/ice & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nile flood1 !re 0 an ev5t 9 ! sky :i* 0 too /rik+ n to excite ! g5]al att5tion ( ! ,egyptian prie/hood4 ,we also "k f ! newly-discov]$ inscriptions f ! anci5t empire t ! ris+s ( ,orion & ,sirius 7 already att5tively foll[$ & my?ologically utilis$ at ! "t ( ! build+ ( ! pyramids4--,,krall4 #ef ,brugs*1 ,egypt1 ,edition #ahia1 p4 #ahi4 #eg ,eb]s1 ,egypt1 p4 #cce4 #eh ,m>iette1 pp4 #afh & #agh4 #ei ,dmi*51 ,bauurkunde d] ,tempelanlag5 von ,d5d]a1 p4 #bj4 #fj ,m>iette1 p4 #aef4 #fa ,isis & ,osiris1 ,p>!y1 cap4 #ef4 #fb ,h we su* in/ances ( degradation 9 ! cat replac+ ! lion & ! black pig ! hippopotamus1 to give two in/ances8 #fc ,x has be5 assum$ by sev]al au?orities 9 ,egyptology t ,sati is a v>iant = ,sirius4 ,x is q c]ta9 t 9 late times !re 0 a temple at ,phil ori5t$ to ,sirius2 b !re are _m gr\nds = suppos+ t bo? ,sati & ,anuqa ref]r$ to special s\!rn />s4 ,!re 7 sev]al po9ts ( dissimil>ity betwe5 ,phil 7& ,elephant9e7 & ,!bes4 #fd ,masp]o1 ,hi/4 ,anc4 xi4 #aj4 #fe ,monum5tal ,egypt1 *apt] i4 #ff ,monum5tal ,egypt1 *apt] i4 #fg ,! mod]n ,egyptians /ill hold to ! old mon?s = irrigation4 #g ,taba ,janu>y #ae1 is comm5cem5t ( :eat irrigation2 #cj ,misra is ! la/ safe date = s[+ maize 9 ! ,delta2 #a/ ,tut is ! date ( regulat+ ! bridges ,septemb] #h 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 #fh ,hi/oire anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t1 p4 #gb4 #fi ,*ronologie1 i41 p4 #gj4 #gj ,op4 cit41 p4 #ahg4 #ga ,krall1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bj4 #gb ,momms51 ,*ronologie1 p4 #beh4 #gc ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,alt5 ,aegypt51 ,i4 ,wi51 #ahha4 #gd ,matriaux p\r s]vir la ,recon/ruction du ,cal5dri]1 p4 #bi4 #ge ,aeg4 ,zeit41 #ahhf1 p4 #e1 quot$ by ,krall4 #gf ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t a di/9ction is made betwe5 ! ,julian & ! hi/orical ye>4 ,?is comes f ! fact t :5 a/ronomical ph5om5a are calculat$ = dates ,b4,c41 x mu/ be rememb]$ t *ronologi/s are 9 ! habit ( designat+ by #a1 or r by-#a1 ! fir/ ye> :i* prec$es ! in/ant ( "t at :i* ! *ronological ye> comm5c$1 :ile a/ronom]s m>k ?is ye> 9 _! tables by #j4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! rank ( any ye> ,b4,c4 is always m>k$ by an additional unit 9 ! *ronological dates4 ,= ! ,*ri/ian era1 ( c\rse1 *ronologi/s & a/ronom]s "w 9 ! same way4 ,! foll[+ table1 giv5 by ,biot1 exhibits ! connection betwe5 ^! two me?ods4 ,9 ! latt] ,biot %[s ! leap-ye>s m>k$ ,b1 & ! correspond+ ye>s 9 ! ,scalig]ian *ronological p]iod are also giv54 ,,dates ,,( ,,julian ,,ye>s ,,comm5c+ ,,on ,,janu>y #a4 ,accord+ to ,accord+ to ,correspond+ ,*ronologi/s4 ,a/ronom]s4 ye>s ( ! p]iod ( ,scalig]4 -#f -#e #dgjh -#e;,b -#d;,b #dgji -#d -#c #dgaj -#c -#b #dgaa -#b -#a #dgab -#a;,b -#j;,b #dgac;,b ,physical in/ant :5 ! era comm5c$4 #a #a #dgad #b #b #dgae #c #c #dgaf #d;,b #d;,b #dgag;,b #e #e #dgah #gg ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bi4 #gh ,probably too great a value by two or ?ree days4 #gi ,op4 cit41 p4 #dh4 #hj ,goodw9 has already ask$1 ,does ! ,smi? ,papyrus ref] to "s rectification ( ! cal5d> made 9 ! f\r? dyna/y1 simil> to t made 9 ,europe f ! old to ! new /yle8 ,quot$ by ,riel1 ,sonn5-und ,sirius-,jahr1 p4 #cfa4 #ha ,on ! #g? ,epiphi ( ! t5? ye> ( ,ptolemy ,,iii4 ! c]emony ( ! /ret*+ (f ! cord took place4 ,dmi*51 ,aeg4 ,zeit41 #b1 #ahgb1 p4 #da4 #hb ,op4 cit41 p4 #cg4 #hc ,dmi*51 ,bauurkunde d] ,tempelanlag5 von ,d5d]a1 p4 #bj4 #hd ,brugs* ?us translates "o ( ! inscriptions3--,horus 9 weibli*] ,ge/alt i/ die ,fr/91 die ,m*tige1 die ,?ronfolg]9 und ,to*t] e9es ,?ronfolg]4 ,e9 flieg5d] ,kf] wild 7sie87 gebor5 am ,himmel 9 d] uranfngli*5 ,/adt 7,d5d]ah7 zur ,zeit d] ,na*t des ,k9des 9 se9] ,wiege4 ,es /rahlt die ,sonne am ,himmel 9 d] ,dmm]ung1 wann ihre ,geburt vollbra*t wird4 ,brugs*1 ,a/ron4 ,inscript41 p4 #ig4 #he ,9 ?is & ! foll[+ tables ! dates connect$ ) ! heights ( hills :]e !y are kn[n are giv5 9 heavy type4 ,:]e ! local conditions are unkn[n1 hills #a high h be5 assum$4 #hf ,) reg>d to ! temple ,a ( ,lepsius1 x may be /at$ t 9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies x receiv$ consid]able & curi\s enl>gem5ts & embelli%m5ts :i* make x unique among ,egyptian temples4 #hg ,ba$ek]1 ,ob]-,aegypt51 p4 #cbj4 #hh ,new ,gzeh ,catalogue1 p4 #fa4 #hi ,brugs*1 ,religion und ,my?ologie1 p4 #aaa4 ,pi]ret1 ,salle ,hi/orique de la ,gal]ie gypti5ne 7du ,l\vre71 p4 #aii4 #ij ,notices des ,pr9cipaux ,monum5ts ,exposs au ,muse de ,gzeh1 p4 #bfj4 7#ahic47 #ia ,! little temple ( ,isis at ,pompeii & ! associat$ frescoes 9 ! ,naples ,museum are well wor? c>eful /udy1 especially ) reg>d to ! arrangem5ts made = ! /ell> obs]vations 7& _! f9al /oppage by ! dra/ic proce$+ ref]r$ to 9 ! text71 & ! evolution ( ,horus 9 ,greek times4 ,! ,hippopotami are mo/ c>efully drawn4 #ib ,gzeh ,catalogue1 #ahic1 p4 #fc4 #ic ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie has be5 good en\gh to s5d me 8 rec5t measurem5ts4 ,!y ju/ify ^? obta9$ f ,lepsius' plan4 #id ,brugs*1 ,egypt1 #ahia1 p4 #bbj4 #ie ,eb]s & ,dmi*51 9 ,ba$ek]'s ,ob]-,aegypt51 p4 #ei4 #if ,op4 cit41 p4 #ba4 #ig ,t is1 if we take ! temple z ori5t$ orig9ally to ,urs ,majoris4 #ih ,no sun temple is closely associat$ ) ! ,set temples ei!r at ,luxor or ,abydos1 & "o on ! ,annu model w\ld n be s associat$1 = a "r angle w\ld c>ry its axis outside ! ecliptic limits4 #ii ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #fd4 #ajj ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #dd1 note4 #aja ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #fd4 #ajb ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #df4 #ajc ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #da4 #ajd ,buba/is1 preface1 p4 iv4 #aje ,!re are1 h[ev]1 notable exceptions to ?is rule1 :i* w be discuss$ fur!r on4 #ajf ,mdm1 *ap4 i4 #ajg ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #ei4 #ajh ,fur!r1 x is kn[n t !re 0 "s connection betwe5 ,pepi-,m]i-,r & ! elev5? dyna/y ( ,!bes4 ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #ia4 ,& x mu/ also be m5tion$ t 9 ! lat] pyramids texts are introduc$4 #aji ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #aab4 #aaj ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #aab4 #aaa ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #aac4 #aab ,x is wor?y ( inquiry :e!r ! nor!rn /> s obs]v$ is n ! true ,neph?ys 7,nebt-het74 ,if s1 ! triad ,neph?ys1 ,isis & ,horus repres5ts daily a/ronomical obs]vations4 #aac ,rawl9son1 i4 #ccg4 #aad ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs1 ed4 #ahia1 p4 #c4 #aae ,brugs*1 ,hi/ory1 p4 #f4 #aaf ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire anci5ne1 p4 #ei4 #aag ,idem1 p4 #fc4 #aah ,rawl9son1 ii41 p4 #acd4 #aai ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire anci5ne1 p4 #e4 #abj ,brugs*1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 #ahia1 p4 #ed4 #aba ,m>iette1 ,dr el-,bah>i1 p4 #ca4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,?i/leton-,dy]1 ! director ( ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew1 agrees 9 ?is view4 ,he p]mits me to pr9t ! foll[+ extract f a lett] writt5 to me3--,! only positive fact t ,i c deal ) is ! repres5tation 9 ! pictures ( a small scrubby tree1 :i* seems to h be5 ab\t f\r feet high4 ,x appe>s to h yield$ a gummy or res9\s exudation f its trunk4 ,m>iette supposes ?is to be myrrh4 ,p\nt to be ,somali-l&1 & ,to ,nut] ! ,socotran ,ar*ipelago4 ,all ?is fits 9 v well ) botanical facts4 ,myrrh-produc+ plants exi/ bo? 9 ,somali-l& & ,arabia1 & also 9 ,socotra1 z asc]ta9$ by ,bayley ,balf\r4 ,! two =m] places /ill are1 z !y always h be51 ! place ( orig9 ( myrrh1 & we "k t x 0 l>gely us$ by ! ,egyptians 9 embalm+4 ,!re is no evid5ce t myrrh1 or any?+ 9 any way resembl+ x1 0 ev] f\nd s\? ( ! ,equator4 ,i _c c>ry y fur!r s\? ?an ,b]b]a4 #abb ,on ?is po9t ,i am p]mitt$ to pr9t ! foll[+ extract f a lett] receiv$ f my fri5d ,sir ,john ,kirk1 ,k4,c4,b43--,i s5d y a photo1 tak5 9 #aheh1 9 ! delta ( ! ,zambezi1 ( a h\se built on high poles4 ,! p !re live 9 su* h\ses4 ,!re is a ladd] by :i* !y m\nt1 & all _! belong+s are kept above4 ,su* h\ses ,i h s9ce se5 at ! m\? ( ! ,riv] ,rufiji1 opposite ! isl& ( ,monfia1 to ! s\? ( ,zanzib>4 ,! reason 9 bo? cases = su* a type ( h\se is t ! c\ntry at "o "t is flood$1 & also to avoid mosquitoes4 ,simil> /ructures are us$1 ,i am told1 9 ,madagasc>4 ,at ,lake ,nyassa ,i believe !re are village communities liv+ 9 ! lake1 on artificial isl&s ( piles4 #abc ,rawl9son1 ii41 p4 #aca4 #abd ,l',an?ropologie1 #ahia1 ,no4 #d4 #abe ,brugs*1 ,egypt1 p4 #ahd4 #abf ,inscription ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 translat$ by ,brugs*1 ,egypt1 p4 #ahh4 #abg ,brugs*1 ,egypt1 p4 #ahd4 #abh ,brugs*1 ,egypt1 p4 #ahj4 #abi ,= plans1 see ,lepsius1 vol4 ii41 p4 #acj4 #acj ,= plans1 see ,lepsius1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #acc & #acd4 #aca ,= plans1 see ,lepsius1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #abe & #abg4 #acb ,!re is a po9t ( great int]e/ "h4 ,x w\ld seem f ,capta9 ,lyons' exam9ation ( ! temples at ,wady ,halfa1 :i* ,i make out to h be5 ori5t$ to ,c5tauri1 t :5 ! two races 7 amalgamat$ 9 lat] times1 bo? ! />s to :i* ,i h ref]r$ z h]ald+ ! equ9ox 7 p]sonifi$ by ! same goddess1 ,s]k-t4 #acc ,besides ! book on om5s we h ,! obs]vations ( ,bel1 or ,illum9ation ( ,bel 7,mul-lil71 sev5ty-two books deal+ ) conjunctions ( ,sun & ,moon1 phases 787 ( ,v5us1 & appe>ance ( comets4 7,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bi47 ,! complete mat]ials = ! /udy ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian a/ronomy _c be available until ! catalogue ( ! ,k\yunjik ,collection1 n[ 9 c\rse ( publication by ! ,briti% ,museum1 is f9i%$4 #acd ,rawl9son1 vol4 i41 p4 #caf4 #ace ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne1 p4 #afe4 #acf ,pi]ret1 ,le ,pan?on gypti51 p4 #dh4 ,i h be=e ref]r$ to a d\bt on ?is po9t4 #acg ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #ceg4 #ach ,le ,pan?on gypti51 p4 #d4 #aci ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 p4 #adg4 #adj ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc41 #ahej1 p4 #afj4 #ada ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge in=ms me t ,an 0 an old "n ( ! sun-god4 #adb ,rawl9son1 vol4 ii41 p4 #fd4 #adc ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 p4 #adg4 #add ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhg1 p4 #aic4 #ade ,sayce1 p4 #aic4 #adf ,j5s51 p4 #adi4 #adg ,sayce1 p4 #dci4 #adh ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aij4 #adi ,sayce1 p4 #bhj4 ,!re is a bas-relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[+ ?is c]emonial4 #aej ,sayce1 p4 #aja4 #aea ,see ,guide to ! ,briti% ,museum1 p4 #ga4 #aeb ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #cc4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,nature1 ,aug4 #i1 #ahhc1 p4 #cda4 #aec ,sayce1 op4 cit41 p4 #ace4 #aed ,"o gets ! idea1 f read+ ,pr(essor ,sayce's "w1 t !re might h be5 9 ! e>lie/ times a nor?-/>-wor%ipp+ race up ! valley be=e a & ,sun & ,moon wor%ip 7 e/abli%$ at ,eridu2 & t ! addition ( a to ! ,bl-,anu-wor%ip to make "o triad1 & ! addition ( ,bl to ! a-,as>i-wor%ip to make ano!r1 7 bo? compromises4 ,see ,sayce1 pp4 #cbj1 #cdg1 #djj4 #aee ,pr(4 ,sayce has be5 good en\gh to in=m me t he is ( op9ion t ,m>duk or ,m]oda* 0 orig9ally a local god ( ,babylon1 & t he 0 id5tifi$ ) ! son ( ,ea :5 a colony came to ,babylon or f\nd$ t city1 br++ ) x ! culture & !ology ( ! s\?4 ,9 ?is way ! sun-god ( ,babylon became conf\nd$ ) ! sun-god ( ,eridu4 ,i %\ld add t ,assyriologi/s are n all agre$ ab\t ! transitions to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 #aef ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,sir ,arnold ,kemball1 ,k4,c4,b41 ! p]usal ( a valuable report on ! agriculture ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 prep>$ = him by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,a4 ,fitz-,g]ald4 ,he has p]mitt$ me to pr9t ! foll[+ ab/ract3--,! :ole ( ! ea/]n coa/ is affect$ 9 a great] or less] degree by ! ,s4,w4 & ,n4,e4 monsoons4 ,! foll[+ notes deal only ) ! ext5t ( coa/-l& ly+ opposite & to ! nor? ( ,zanzib> & ,pemba isl&s4 ,! agricultural seasons on ! coa/-l&s are two 9 numb]1 & correspond ) ! adv5t ( ! ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 monsoons respectively4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ locally z ! 'great] ra9s1' or ',masika ,m',ku2' ! 'less] ra9s1' or ',masika ,m'dogo4' ,! great] ra9s inaugurate ! mo/ important cultivat+ season1 comm5c+ 9 ,m>* ) ! ,s4,w4 monsoon4 ,"s ye>s ! s[+ comm5ces z e>ly z ! #g?1 b g5]ally speak+ ! av]age p]iod may be giv5 z beg9n+ f ! middle ( ! mon?1 & by ! fir/ week 9 ,april all s[+s ( ,indian corn1 rice & 'mfmah' 7,millet or ,sorghum vulg>e71 ! *ief & /aple food-/uffs ( ! p1 are g5]ally f9i%$1 ?\gh s[+s may cont9ue till ! end ( ,april4 ,! heavie/ fall ( ra9 occurs 9 ,april & ,may1 & ! ra9 cont9ues ) gradually dim9i%+ =ce to ,septemb]4 ,h>ve/ takes place 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & once ! gra9 is (f ! field ! l& is imm$iately cle>$ & prep>$ = s[+1 9 anticipation ( ! com+ ( ! 'less] ra9s' 9 ,octob]4 ,! season ( ! less] ra9s is *iefly ! "t = ! cultivation ( ,g+elly oil se$1 beans1 & su* o!r less] food-/uffs4 ,! season ( ! 'less] ra9s' is deem$ m unc]ta9 & less to be dep5d$ ^u1 & ! ra9fall is decid$ly v mu* small] 9 comp>ison4 ,! 'less] ra9s' practically end 9 ,novemb]1 = ?\gh ! w9d cont9ues /eadily f ! ,n4,n4,e41 ! ra9fall 9 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y is slight & unc]ta91 & x is dur+ ^! ?ree mon?s1 especially ! two la/1 t ! greate/ heat prevails4 ,! influ5ce ( ! monsoons is consid]ably less ?an on ,zanzib> ,isl&1 & ! diff]5ce ( ra9fall may be put d[n z ab\t #bj to #cj in*es4 #aeg ,introduction to ,nubis*e ,grammatik1 #ahhj4 #aeh ,j 9 ! same way t ! ,equ9octial ,pyramid cult gave way 9 ,egypt1 dom9at$ by ! rise ( ! ,nile at ! sol/ice4 #aei ,i %all %[ subsequ5tly t a simil> *ange seems also to h be5 made at ,!bes4 ,am5-,r1 ! ,summ] ,sun-god1 0 a late inv5tion4 #afj ,j5s51 pp4 #aie-aih4 #afa ,sayce1 p4 #aca4 #afb ,! italics are m9e4--,j4 ,n4 ,l4 #afc ,pr(essor ,sayce also tells me t ,as>i 0 subsequ5tly id5tifi$ by ! ,semitic ,babylonians ) ,m]oda*4 #afd ,egypt's ,place1 vol4 i41 p4 #cgg4 #afe ,rawl9son's ,anci5t ,egypt1 vol4 i41 p4 #cbh4 #aff ,lanzoni also /ates t ,am5-,r sometimes appe>s ) ! f\r heads ( ! goat1 once special to ,*nemu1 q4v4 #afg ,lanzoni1 p4 #fib4 #afh ,rawl9son1 vol4 i41 p4 #cga4 #afi ,naville1 ,my! d',horus1 p4 #h4 #agj ,my! d',horus1 p4 #g4 #aga ,my! d',horus1 p4 #g4 #agb ,hi/4 ,anc41 p4 #cc4 #agc ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aee4 #agd ,9 mod]n ,g]man1 ev51 ! ,moon is mascul9e & ! ,sun fem99e4 #age ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #ad4 #agf ,annu & ,an 7,d5d]ah73 78 la gr&e ,tribu des ,an\ ( ,masp]o87 #agg ,op4 cit41 p4 #cae4 #agh ,i ?9k ,i am "r ab\t ! ,tortoise1 = ,i f9d ! foll[+ passage 9 ,j5s51 p4 #fe1 :]e he notes ! abs5ce ( ! ,crab3--,ganz abseh5d davon1 ob dasselbe fr uns]e ,frage von ,wi*tigkeit w]d5 wird od] ni*t1 muss i* d>an er9n]n1 das unt] d5 ,emblem51 wel*e die sog5annt5 ',de$s ( ,sale' hufig begleit51 v]s*i$5e ,male wie d] ,scorpion s die ,s*ildkrte abgebildet gefund5 wird4 #agi ,accord+ to a communication ( ,dr4 ,tet5s1 ,aldeb>an rose heliacally at ! beg9n+ ( spr+ = ,babylon #fijj ye>s ago4 #ahj ,) reg>d to ^! leg5ds ,j5s5 writes3 ,n[ x is rem>kable t ! olde/ hi/orical k+ ab\t :om ! ,babylonians "k any?+1 ,s>gon ( ,agadi 787 is said to h liv$ ab\t #cgej ,b4,c4--i4e41 #efci ye>s ago--& t 8 son is call$ ,n>m-,sn 'fav\rite ( ,sn1' ! moon-god4 ,& if we be> 9 m9d t ! zodiac ) its signs plays into ! ,babylonian leg5ds ( creation1 & t ! ,hebrew cosmogonic leg5ds are d]iv$ f ^!1 x is = u ev5 m rem>kable t ! ,jews place ! creation ( ! _w #efdi ye>s ago1 h[ev] mu* ! figures d]iv$ f ! ,bible1 accord+ to o!r computations & traditions1 may dep>t !refrom4 ,:e!r ?is is accid5tal or n1 ,i d n pr(ess to judge4 #aha ,a/ronomis*es aus ,babylon1 pp4 #aag-acc4 #ahb ,die ,/]ntafeln 9 d5 gyptis*5 ,konigsgrb]n von ,bibn el-,molk1 von ,gu/av ,bilf+] 7p4 #fi74 #ahc ,9 ! li/s ( temples :i* foll[1 all ! ori5tations 7 obta9$ f azimu?s tak5 ) a !odolite1 ei!r f ! sun or f ! planet ,v5us4 ,9 almo/ e case two or m sights 7 obs]v$1 & occasionally also ! p]=mance ( ! in/rum5t 0 te/$ by />s at night4 ,! heights subt5d$ by ! visible horizon opposite to ! axes ( ! temples 7 also obs]v$4 #ahd ,see ,nature1 ,febru>y #be1 #ahib1 & ,may #aa1 #ahic4 #ahe ,r indicates a ris+1 & ,s a sett+ obs]vation4 #ahf ,) reg>d to a temple ( ,m9]va us+ ,arietis at ,tegea1 ,mr4 ,p5rose writes3--,m9]va is all[$ by ! poets to h be5 able to use ,jupit]'s ?und]1 s ?is is no misappropriation ( ! />4 ,juno also seems to h claim$ ! use ( ,arietis z at ,samos1 & at ,girg5ti x suits ! ori5tation ( ! temple ( ,juno bett] ?an ,spica4 ,b ,spica seems to h be5 connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,juno & ,diana 9 _! m /rictly female capacity4