,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics4 ,additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes are at ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,spee* 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,spee* ,,by ,m4 ,,moncalm ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,fr5* ,,by ,g4 ,s4 ,,:itm>% 8,language is ! autobiography ( ! human m9d40 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght 7,,max ,m,,ll]74 8,language is our ,rubicon :i* no brute w d>e to cross40 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,language 7,,max ,m,,ll]74 ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,tr,,bn] ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,dryd5 ,,h\se1 #dc ,,g]r>d ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aije 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ! approval ( ! ,au?or's repres5tative1 ! translator has at times foll[$ ! exact words ( ,max ,mll] r ?an ! lit]al translation1 :]e ! latt] has diff]$ slightly f ! =m]4 ,! ?anks ( ! translator are due to fri5ds :o h k9dly revis$ ! ,,ms4 & a portion ( ! pro( %eets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! books us$ by ! ,au?or 9 ?is "w are3-- ,,max ,m,,ll]4 ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion4 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion4 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,language4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght4 ,natural ,religion4 ,physical ,religion4 ,an?ropological ,religion4 ,!osophy1 or ,psy*ological ,religion4 ,,*4 ,,d>w94 ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,expression ( ! ,emotions4 ,l4 ,,noir4 ,d] ,ursprung d] ,spra*e4 ,die ,lehre ,kants1 und d] ,ursprung d] ,v]nunft4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,i ,,hypo!ses #ad ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,our ,,aryan ,,ance/ors #da ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,language #ea ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,animals #eg ,,*apt] ,v ,,primitive ,,humanity #fc ,! #aba ,orig9al ,concepts #hi ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,anci5t ,,language #ic ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,my?s #ii ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,betwe5 ,,sleep+ ,,& ,,wak+ #aah ,,*apt] ,,ix ,a ,,decisive ,,/ep #adj ,kant's ,tea*+ #adi ,s5sation #adi ,space & ,"t #aeb ,ph5om5a #aeb ,! ,categories ( ! ,und]/&+ #aec ,cause & ,effect #aed ,axioms #aed ,metaphysics #aef ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,v$ic ,,hymns #agc ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,man',s ,,conceptions ,,( ,,religion #bad ,! ,sacr$ ,writ+s ( ! ,hebrews #bbh ,! ,v>i\s ,names ( ,god #bca ,! ,g5ius ( ,languages #bcd ,metaphor #bce ,! ,lat] ,"n = ,god among/ ! ,hebrews #bcf ,on ! ,prophets 7,nbh7 #bch ,! ,views ( ,sp9oza #bdb ,ob$i5ce #bdf ,! ,law #bdi ,! ,law 9 ! ,gospel #bea ,biographical ,note #beb ,! ,ideas ( ,plato #bee ,episodial #beg ,an ,excursion into a ,c\ntry little kn[n #beh ,an?ropomorphism #bfa ,! ,sacr$ ,codes & ! ,codes ( ,laws #bfb ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,( ,,words #bgf ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,reflections #bhf ,physics #bhg ,comp>ative ,sci5ces #bhh ,conc]n+ "s ,au?ors #bia ,religion & ,religions #bic ,opposition #bih ,ab/raction1 ,inatt5tion #bih ,spee* #cjj ,rsum #cjc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,spee* ,,introduction ,:5 op5+ my eyes 9 ! morn+1 & :il/ /ill /ruggl+ ) an incl9ation to sleep1 ,i review ! day & :at x w h 9 /ore = me2 b ! pictures drawn are confus$1 & my w takes no "p 9 x4 ,= "s "t ,i h be5 haunt$ by ! impression t ! m5tal faculties ( ! g5]ality ( m5 h n succe$$ 9 ?r[+ (f a species ( torpor resembl+ t ( a p]son h>dly awake2 ! supposition t ?is torpid condition prev5ts our m9ds f atta9+ t degree ( lucidity to :i* !y h a "r to aspire1 is p]haps a halluc9ation1 yet possibly ,i may be "r 9 ?9k+ x4 ,h[ _m confus$ ideas trav]se my bra9 9 "o day1 & h[ seldom ^? come ( :i* ,i foll[ ! ?read4 ,we "k well t injunction s (t5 giv5 by p>5ts to *ildr51 & by s*oolma/]s to _! pupils3 8,try to conc5trate y\r att5tion40 ,x almo/ seems z if t :i* we require ( *ildr5 is beyond my p[]s1 = ,i h h>dly resolv$ to dis5tangle a problem ( :atev] k9d1 :51 "u ! =m ( useless1 futile1 inept ?\ghts1 ob/acles heap !mselves across my pa?4 ,i conclude f ?is t a fatal somnol5ce p>alyses my faculties4 ,:5 a p]son has to be awak5$ :o is dis9cl9$ to be di/urb$1 he is viol5tly %ak54 ,:at movem5t w\ld suffice to en]gise a man ^: m5tal p[]s 7 dr[sy8 ,i d n see any?+ f ! outside2 & a p]sonal ef=t c\ld n be look$ =1 f an en]vat$ w4 ,& yet ,i am possess$ by ! desire to p5etrate ! my/]y ( my exi/5ce2 ,i ask myself :at ,i am1 & :y ,i am on ?is e>?2 f ! mom5t t ,i put ?is "q to myself ,i feel t ! awak5+ may be possible = me4 ,i "k two classes ( m5 :o nev] ask x2 fir/ ^? :o d n see t !re is any problem to solve2 & secondly ^? :o are cont5t ) infant9e & sup]ficial tea*+2 or m or less elaborate & le>n$1 b com+ f "o :o appe>s to himself to be ! depository ( a collection ( sup]naturally inspir$ tru?s4 ,i own t ,i d n belong to ! fir/ ( ^! divisions1 s9ce ,i %all h no re/ z long z ,i am ignorant ( :at passes 9 me & ar\nd me2 nei!r d ,i belong to ! second ( ^! classes1 s9ce ^? :o compose x are cont5t to believe2 b fai? is n k1 & ,i am anxi\s to compreh5d :at has be5 discov]$1 kn[n1 & e/abli%$ by evid5ce4 ,b h[ %all ,i submit to ?is lab\r ( rese>*1 :5 ! habitual condition ( my ?\ghts is to w&] at w among/ my impressions1 & :5 ,i am s incurably abs5t-m9d$8 ,we live 9 an atmosph]e ( _m & v>i$ ideas2 ideas true & false1 good & bad2 !y pulsate 9 ! air we brea!2 !y are l ! w+$ an!ral se$s :i* are lift$ up by ! slighte/ breeze ( autumn & c>ri$ af>2 !y are little he$$2 b %\ld x happ5 t ^! se$s atta*$ !mselves to our g>m5ts we %\ld notice h[ /rik+ly ! "o =m v>i$ f ! o!r4 ,among/ ^? ideas :i* w&] at l>ge is ?is aphorism--t we are ignorant ( t ( :i* we "k n ! comm5cem5t1 or 9 o!r words ( t :i* we d n exam9e f ! practical po9t ( view2 he :o wi%es to le>n h[ some?+ is made1 :atev] x may be1 mu/ "k h[ to beg9 x4 ,?is tru? has s anci5t a date t we _c conceive ( a "t :5 x 0 abs5t f ! m9d ( man2 only x _h ! common lot ( all tru?s ) :i* we are s famili> t app>5tly !re is no?+ to le>n f !m1 & ?is aphorism appe>s at fir/ sight to be ! rambl+s :i* we he> b to :i* we d n li/54 ,to me x is ( value1 z x /r5g!ns my conviction t ! mi/ :i* obscures my vision w n be dissipat$ until ,i h trac$ c]ta9 problems to _! s\rce2 ,i "k by exp]i5ce t few ph5om5a are easy ( explanation :5 _! appe>ances only are exam9$ at any giv5 mom5t2 & close que/ion+ fails to elicit light1 :il/ ignorance prevails conc]n+ _! beg9n+4 ,h[ does x happ5 t 9 spite ( su* unfav\rable circum/ances1 (t5 ) no cle> purpose1 & ) eyes half %ut1 humanity c advance8 ,= ! progress is indubitable4 ,! public consci5ce has develop$2 & its actions make !mselves felt2 civilis$ nations h become m humane2 !y und]/& bett] ?an !y did =m]ly t peace is m pr(itable ?an w>2 c]ta9 social problems are be+ s]i\sly discuss$1 & "s are on ! po9t ( solution4 ,9 ! physical sci5ces1 z well z 9 me*anical arts1 progress is mo/ m>k$4 ,b ,i see t ?\gh imag9ation1 obs]vation1 & a tal5t = inv5tion h _h mu* to d ) ?is progress1 ! capacity ( imitation has also be5 a p[]ful factor4 ,:5 ,william ,h]s*el gave up music = a/ronomy1 he p]fect$ ! optical in/rum5ts :i* 7 9 use at t "t1 & manufactur$ "s excell5t telescopes at comp>atively mod]ate prices1 ) ! result t 8 fell[ a/ronom]s & _! successors 7 able to devote !mselves to ! /udy ( ! heav5s ) great] ease & read9ess2 & ! discov]y ( ,uranus 0 soon foll[$ by t ( a l>ge numb] ( cele/ial bodies4 ,aga91 at "o ( ! ,national ,exhibitions ( our "t1 !re 0 %[n to all com]s ! model ( a rec5tly inv5t$ app>atus = ! conveyance ( ! w\nd$ on battlefields2 s9ce :i*1 ea* c\ntry n[ produces its own design ) v>i\s improvem5ts1 & ! victims ( ! b>b>ism1 /ill l+]+ 9 w>1 7 b5efit$ by ^! mod]n appliances1 due entirely to ! art ( imitation4 ,9 %ort1 progress exi/s1 b n all along ! l9e4 ,z ?\ght travels sl[ly 9 its own doma91 s m5tal sci5ce is beh9dh&4 ,a true idea is n me*anically reproduc$1 x mu/ be t5d$ = x to be> fruit1 b :at t5dance w\ld avail1 if x is only ) difficulty t we discrim9ate betwe5 :at we "k already1 & :at we d n yet "k1 = ?is di/9ction mu/ accompany consci\s progress4 ,ev]y?+ ar\nd u t5ds to keep u 9 ?is p5umbra1 :i* is s fav\rable to in]tia1 ignorance1 sleep4 ,c]ta9 gr\ps ( philosophical ideas become cond5s$ & sy/ematis$2 9 "s sy/ems !re are "o or two great ?\ghts only4 ,?is suffices--^! sy/ems rema91 g]m9ate & direct contemporane\s g5]ations z well z ^? ( ! future4 ,x may also happ5 t ^! same ideas invade bra9s little prep>$ to receive !m1 & ?us deviate f _! c\rse1 err z !y advance1 & end by becom+ s trave/i$ t x is no long] possible to "k :at !y 7 at _! orig9--a sw]v+ movem5t has tak5 place1 :i* causes suff]+ to contempor>ies1 &1 /ill m1 to ^? :o come aft]4 ,?us ! bulk increases1 ! bulk ( tru? & ! bulk ( error2 & ?is fatal expansion ( ! true & ! false1 int]tw9$ ! "o ) ! o!r1 pursues its encroa*+ & tr\bl\s way4 ,?is confusion is some?+ imp]sonal2 x is an opaque body :i* int]poses itself betwe5 ! tru? & ourselves1 & prev5ts u f contemplat+ x2 b ! confusion may also arise directly f ^? ^: mission x is to guide u4 ,i op5 a book writt5 by "s grave ?9k] :o1 ,i imag9e1 kn[s 8 subject ?or\ghly1 & ,i beg9 to read 9 all confid5ce2 at fir/ ,i ?9k ,i und]/& him2 !n ,i am /opp$ by a ^w1 & ,i wond] :at mean+ ! au?or has atta*$ to x2 a little fur!r ,i come ^u ! same ^w1 :i* n[ seems inve/$ ) ano!r signification2 ?is disconc]ts me1 & ,i close ! book4 ,i take ano!r1 b ! same disagreeable surprise awaits me1 & ,i f9d ev]y:]e t]ms ^: mean+ v>ies to suit ! conv5i5ce ( ! au?or2 & :at we are to und]/& by ^! words is n[h]e expla9$4 ,^! defects arise probably f ! fact t c]ta9 philosoph]s1 tak+ _! confus$ op9ions = new ideas1 seek = words 9 :i* to express !m1 & n f9d+ !m 9 _! vocabul>y1 !y co9 !m1 us+ t]ms to :i* no precise mean+ is atta*$2 :i* t]ms rema9 m or less enigmatical to ! au?ors !mselves1 &1 consequ5tly1 un9telligible to ! read]s2 9 ?is way does ! confusion ( ideas arise & is propagat$4 ,a philosoph]1 ,i ?9k x 0 ,haman1 made ! foll[+ v true & v al>m+ /atem5t3 8,language is n only ! basis ( our p[] ( ?\ght1 b also ! po9t f :i* our misund]/&+s & errors spr+02 & ,hobbes also says3 8,x is obvi\s t tru? & falsehood dwell only ) ^? liv+ creatures :o h ! use ( spee*40 ,b all t ,i h j said indicates m]ely a sup]ficial portion ( my pass+ impressions2 9 go+ bel[ ! surface ,i f9d 9 ! pa/ o!r causes = our pres5t p]turbation ( m9d4 ,= c5turies we h frequ5t$ s*ools 9 ord] to le>n to di/+ui% tru? f error1 yet x is always a mixture ( tru? & error t we are taught4 ,:at result _h we atta9$ on ! eve ( ! tw5tie? c5tury8 ,we are /ill ask+ ourselves :e!r sci5ce does or does n h>monise ) religion4 ,aft] t we _c b give ourselves up to ! deepe/ despond5cy1 we _c b fold our arms 9 despair & "q :e!r we %all ev] see ?+s cle>ly4 ,among/ our ance/ors !re 7 sometimes f\nd m5 ( great resolution :o1 9 ord] to puni% !mselves = c[>dice & luxury1 adm9i/]$ discipl9e to !mselves2 ! idea is n s extravagant z x appe>s to "s p4 ,a few good /rokes ( ! :ip might result 9 reviv+ or /r5g!n+ ! w1 & 9 =c+ x to resi/ ! moral sup95ess :i* is s apt to increase2 b physical discipl9e is no long] 9 use among/ u1 & 9 my own case ,i h sub/itut$ an illu/ration ( :i* ,i try nev] to lose sight4 ,i picture to myself an ideal pott]1 ^: :ole ambition w\ld be to make good vessels1 &1 hav+ succe$$ 9 mak+ "s ( great solidity1 he w\ld *oose out ^? ( ! f9e/ %ape = ! m>ket4 ,he atta9s success1 & 8 ?\ghts be+ occupi$ ) 8 pott]y only1 at la/ he makes vases ( absolute p]fection4 ,) :at feel+s ( envy ,i contemplate ?is creature ( my imag9ation1 :o is to s]ve z my model1 & yet :om ! want ( conc5tration ( ?\ght prev5ts me f imitat+4 ,x w\ld h be5 p]haps prud5t on my "p to foll[ ! example ( ?is workman1 & to accu/om myself to reflect on subjects less immeasurably above me ?an ^? :i* h su* a p[]ful attraction = me2 b ,i yield to ! impulse--once giv54 ,i (t5 lose myself :5 pond]+ on ! _w :]e de/9y has plac$ me2 & ,i ask myself--,h[ did life fir/ appe> on ! e>?8 ,0 !re no?+ b a cellule f :5ce all t fills space came8 ,0 !re "o cellule = ! vegetables & ano!r = ! animals8 ,if man did n spr+ f ! cradle ( all ?+s t live & gr[ on ! surface ( ! globe1 0 he an individual ( 8 own species at ! beg9n+1 or two individuals1 or _m8 ,aft] :at fa%ion did man speak at 8 fir/ appe>ance8 ,:at 7 8 ?\ghts8 8,h[ c x be expla9$10 ,i ask$ myself aga91 8t ( all ! memb]s ( ! animal k+dom1 "o only %\ld h m>vell$ at & pond]$ on 8 position ) reg>d to ! univ]se & himself8 ,t "o only %\ld h manife/$ ! desire to und]/& 8 role 9 life1 :il/ all ! creatures t surr\nd$ him1 liv$ cont5t$ly 9 blissful ignorance8 ,x w\ld be impossible to conceive ( a horse1 an elephant1 or a mammo? disquiet+ itself conc]n+ its orig9 & ! end ( its be+2 :y has man only s\ght a solution ( ^! problems80 ,! le>n$ s*ol>s :o occupy !mselves ) ^! que/ions are f> f agree+ unanim\sly conc]n+ !m2 ?us ,i--,i1 :o am only "o l9k 9 ! int]m9able *a9 ( units :i* composes humanity1 pa/1 pres5t & future2 ,i1 9 my own individuality mu/ live & die 9 my ignorance4 ,i revolt aga9/ ?is prospect1 :i* ,i yet recognise z inevitable2 ,i refuse to ackn[l$ge myself beat51 & ,i feel myself irresi/ibly driv5 to seek = m k2 !n feel+ unable to supply ! lack1 ,i cease to be anxi\s1 & fall asleep aga94 ,sometimes :5 l$ to inve/igate ! inn] tribunal1 consci5ce1 ,i contemplate a ph5om5on purely intellectual & moral1 :i* ! upro> rais$ by ! conflict ( s _m het]og5e\s ideas _c make me =get1 al?\gh x does n intrude itself ^u me ) viol5ce2 on ! contr>y1 x waits ) an unp>allel$ pati5ce & discretion at my door4 ,x is ! ph5om5on nam$ religion4 ,we read 9 ! ,bible t ,moses1 hav+ notic$ a burn+ bu% t yet 0 n consum$1 w5t up to x1 ! m closely to inve/igate ?is m>vel4 ,= _m p religion has borne ! same aspect t ! burn+ bu% did = ,moses1 & ^?1 l ,moses1 h approa*$ x 9 ! endeav\r to discov] :at x c\ld be4 ,religion has always compell$ att5tion1 its metaphysical side has be5 describ$ 9 volum9\s !ological & philosophical treatises2 hi/orians on _! side h made _m rese>*es conc]n+ ! =ms 9 :i* x has clo!d itself on e>? dur+ a long succession ( c5turies1 & among/ _m peoples2 x is ev5 said !re are le>n$ m5 :o h /udi$ all ! ,bibles & cate*isms2 & x is add$ t few among/ !m "k :at religion really is4 ,x does n on t acc\nt play a less important "p 9 our exi/5ce2 x is f religion t all ^? acts ( devotion & *>ity spr+1 to :i* millions ( human creatures give !mselves4 ,!re are few :o ask !mselves :5ce comes ?is brea? :i* inspires !m s fully1 & s9ce :5 has its influ5ce ext5d$ itself among/ u2 to be n\ri%$ ) its fruits suffic$4 ,su* is ! disposition ( s\l ( ! majority ( ^? = :om religion is m ?an a "n--:atsoev] x be--pron\nc$ 9 an unkn[n tongue4 ,w\ld x n be natural to desire to make its acqua9tance m closely8 ,app>5tly n2 we accept x z some?+ kn[n by intuition1 )\t conc]n+ ourselves ) its aspect4 ,?is /range fact ,i h also notic$4 ,:5 /udy+ hi/ory v att5tively1 & ) an attitude ( m9d free f all prejudice1 x is possible to fix ! exact p]iod at :i* errors1 m or less g5]ally ackn[l$g$ z su*1 h fir/ crept into ! _w2 b ,i h va9ly s\ght 9 hi/ory = ! correspond+ mom5t :5 tru?s fir/ made _! appe>ance2 tru?s1 :i* h be5 accept$1 if only by a few isolat$ individuals1 or by c]ta9 gr\ps ( individuals1 ( :atev] race1 or ( :atev] p]iod ( ! life ( humanity !y might be4 ,b z x is ackn[l$g$ t among/ ! errors :i* tr\ble u1 we possess "s tru?s1 x is evid5t t !y h manife/$ !mselves2 b :5 & h[8 ,at ?is ,i d n arrive4 ,?is sil5ce ( hi/ory indicates1 ,i ?9k1 t ! tru?s ( :i* we seek ! comm5cem5t h be5 reveal$ to man 9 prehi/oric days4 ,i d n feel t ,i "k positively conc]n+ ! fir/ human be+s :o appe>$ on ! e>?2 ,i picture !m l s(t wax ready to receive a def9ite =m f ! h& :i* creat$ !m4 ,^! fir/ com]s :o knew no?+1 nev] hav+ _h any tra9+1 & possess+ only _! five s5ses to aid !m 9 arriv+ at k1 7 inf9itely bett] plac$ ?an ,i am to embrace tru?1 s9ce ,i %\ld h to dis5tangle myself f a va/ mass ( ideas :i* disfigure ! natural simplicity ( my s\l2 ,i %\ld h to =get1 ev5 ! tru?s :i* ,i believ$ myself to possess1 & to trans=m myself into :ite pla/ic blank wax1 ) no impress :atsoev]1 & to wait until my ,creator trac$ ! image ,he wi%$2 ?is is n[ n possible4 ,i %\ld n be n[ "h if ,i c\ld h be5 contemporane\s ) my ance/ors1 & ,i _h be5 p]mitt$ to foll[ 9 ! /eps ( _! pilgrimage1 ?is w\ld h pleas$ me well4 ,i p]ceive my fri5ds are uneasy--8,take c>e10 !y say1 8an ,ide fixe is dang]\s40 ,b is x q c]ta9 t an ,ide fixe is always h>mful8 ,h !y nev] se5 a man w&]+ 9 a =e/ )\t any fix$ det]m9ation to quit x8 ,is x cr$ible t our fir/ p>5ts _h no fix$ idea ( discov]+ ! import t[>ds !mselves1 ( ! va/ _w 9 :i* !y _h be5 plac$1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! reason ( _! position8 ,equally ignorant ( ! reason :y ! sun1 ! moon1 fire1 hurricanes1 /orms1 ?und]1 riv]s1 m\nta9s exi/$1 always above & ar\nd !m4 ,! :ole ( nature itself requir$ to be int]rogat$4 ,9 :at way c\ld ?is settl$ det]m9ation h h>m$ !m8 ,x is true t !y are all dead1 b det]m9ation did n kill !m4 ,& _! ,ide fixe mu/ h be5 v t5aci\s & p[]ful = ?is ?ir/ = k to h desc5d$ ) _! blood into our own ve9s2 _! wi% to ga9 in=mation is reproduc$ 9 u2 ?is is ! legacy t our fa!rs h left u1 & ! s+ul> feature ( ! legacy is t unlike o!rs1 ( :i* ! p>ts are subdivid$ & dim9i%$1 ?is 9 its entirety has pass$ d[n to ea* ( ! milli>ds & milli>ds ( inh]itors4 ,mu/ we !n feel t we are de/9$ to ask p]petually1 & to receive no answ]8 ,t ne$ n be4 ,_m ?+s t our ance/ors c\ld n fa?om are cle> to u2 :at 0 unkn[n to !m is kn[n to u4 ,t :i* prev5ts u f foll[+ up ?is l9e ( progress ?r\gh ^! phases is t ea* reply br+s =? anew fre% que/ions1 & ?us x w be to ! end--if ! end %\ld ev] arrive4 ,?is la/ "q we d n put to ourselves1 :i* is an indication t we are n c>eful to arrive at ! answ]4 ,:5 ,i comp>e ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 & ( our condition ( m9d1 to :i* ,i h giv5 ! epi!ts ( torpor & in]tia--& !y are rightly giv5--to t :i* held sway 9 ! d>k ages :5 ! e>? re/$ on an elephant1 ! elephant on a tortoise1 & ! tortoise swam 9 ! void1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t we n[ see ?+s m truly4 ,b to />t f ! po9t ( ! sum ( our acquir$ k 9 ?is m>* ( progress w\ld be fatal to u2 ! gr\nd we h won w only reta9 its solidity 9 proportion z we keep 9 sight ! pa? we h trodd51 ) all its enc\nt]$ & vanqui%$ ob/acles1 & t w only be by pursu+ ! same pa? aga9 9 company ) our ance/ors4 ,"h my fri5ds int]pose--8,t w\ld be a va9 task1 y _c picture humanity 9 its infancy1 t is an impossibility40 ,d\btless1 & s9ce ,i am too practical to attempt ! impossible1 ab/a9+ f e sup]human ef=t1 & submitt+ my imag9ation to a /rict discipl9e1 ,i w aga9 consult hi/ory1 b n hi/ory z ,i "k x1 nor t hi/ory :i* is writt5 9 our days1 poli%$1 cauti\s1 hone/ly critical1 t :i* notes ! old traces ( humanity :5 !y occur on ! r\te mix$ ) ev5ts1 & :i* treats ! et]nal tru?s z ?\gh !y _h no exi/5ce1 &1 truly1 !y d n belong to its dom9ion4 ,i w\ld /udy ! o!r hi/ory1 :i* at fir/ 0 relat$1 n writt51 because spee* came be=e writ+4 ,i %\ld try to collect in=mation f ! anci5t lit]atures ( ! p conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* our ance/ors depict$ div9ity to !mselves1 especially ) reg>d to deal+s ) mortals at ! "t :5 visits betwe5 ! cele/ial inhabitants & ^? on e>? 7 common4444 ,we possess ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! ,hebrews1 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9doos1 & ! my?ology ( ! ,aryan family2 ! m9e is ri*1 s ri* t ,i %\ld h "t to die a ?\s& times be=e ,i %\ld h f9i%$ ! task ( se>*+ 9 ?is mix$ m$ley ( hi/orical rema9s1 fanta/ic recitals1 sublime ?\ghts1 & flagrant falsehoods4 ,happily ?is "w ( digg+ 9 ! pa/ 9 que/ ( an idea is n ! "w ( "o man nor ( "o epo*1 b t ( _m m5 & _m epo*s1 & x nev] ceases4 ,moreov]1 a %ort "t ago no "o imag9$ t docum5ts v mu* m anci5t ?an ^? ,i h j nam$1 w\ld h be5 discov]$ 9 hi!rto unexplor$ regions ( ! physical & m5tal _w4 ,two ent]pris+ m51 ,d>w9 & ,max ,mll]1 visit$ & /udi$ !m4 ,d>w9 s\ght to expla9 :at ! orig9 ( organic be+s might h be51 & 9 :at way !y pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( evolutions1 f "o =m to ano!r ( great dissimil>ity4 ,he :o speaks ( evolution implies rese>*es into ! beg9n+s ( ?+s2 ?is 0 exactly :at ,i ne$$4 ,all ! _w kn[s ,d>w9's "n1 ev5 ^? :o ab/a9 f deal+ ) sci5tific problems2 he has "s ard5t admir]s :o are n c>eful to def9e v accurately :at x is !y admire 9 him1 & "s furi\s adv]s>ies1 :o1 judg+ ma9ly by he>say1 h =m$ a conception ( him :i* is ei!r v sup]ficial or v false4 ,! developm5t ( human reason has be5 "o ( ! objects ( ,max ,mll]'s rese>*es4 ,?is great ?9k]1 :o is at ! same "t ! fir/ philologi/ ( our "t1 has s\ght 9 ! sci5ce ( ,language = ! orig9 ( ?9k+ man4 ,v few among/ ! m5 ( ! _w1 :o are no?+ m ?an m5 ( ! _w1 "k :at ! "n ( ,max ,mll] repres5ts1 ev5 ! exi/5ce ( a sci5ce ( ,language is unkn[n to !m4 ,ev5 if ,d>w9 & ,max ,mll] h n be5 absolutely ! fir/ to /rive to g back1 ! "o to ! orig9 ( ! organic _w1 ! o!r to ! dawn ( human spee*1 no o!rs h yet walk$ 9 ?is d>kness s c\rage\sly & s p]sev]+ly z ^! two m54 ,n only h ! j\rneys ( exploration be5 mu* multipli$ ( late1 b a pr9ciple ( action has be5 extract$ f b5ea? ! scaffold+ us$ 9 ! build+ up ( new !ories2 :i* is1 8,if y h an idea1 & y wi% to see :i!r x may lead1 take x f its fir/ comm5cem5t1 & advance confid5tly40 ,?is is :at ,i am ab\t to d4 ,i am und]tak+ a long j\rney2 ,i c>ry ) me b few plans2 turn+ my eyes away f :atev] might attract my curiosity ei!r on ! "r h& or ! left1 ,i %all /ill m c>efully gu>d myself f be+ dazzl$ by ! mirages :i* ,i am told are frequ5t 9 ^? c\ntries2 or fright5$ by ! phantoms :i* x is possible ,i may meet on ! road4 ,i %all always rem9d myself t "o h\r ( feebl5ess1 indecision1 hesitation might cause me to lose my equilibrium1 & t x w\ld only require "o mom5t ( dizz9ess to cause my retrogression to ! elephant & ! tortoise4 ,god =bid6 ,x is to ! opposite pole to :i* ,i %all direct myself2 if tru? exi/1 reason is "h to f9d x4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,hypo!ses ,?9k]s ( all times h ask$ !mselves ! "q :5ce does ?is _w come on :i* we live4 ,curi\s to "k :e!r ! univ]se 0 self-made1 or 0 ! "w ( a great primal ance/or1 or p]sonal ,creator2 philosoph]s :o consid]$ ! matt] 9 its entirety h left u two hypo!ses4 8,accord+ to "o1 *aos reign$ at ! beg9n+1 or 9 o!r words1 ! possibility ( ev]y?+2 & f ! mid/ ( ?is *aos c]ta9 realities 7 evolv$10#a f an inh]5t aptitude = developm5t2 ?is aptitude has be5 nam$ 9 _m ways1 su* z 8natural selection10 8survival ( ! fitte/40 ,! ,greek sages 7 already acqua9t$ ) ! ?\ght impli$ 9 ^! t]ms4 ,emp$ocles said t ! fitte/ w\ld always prepond]ate1 s9ce cons]vation is an integral "p ( _! nature2 :il/ :at is unfit1 or n 9 accord ) ! surr\nd+s1 mu/ disappe>4 ,b ! p>tisans ( ?is !ory f9d !mselves confront$ by a s]i\s difficulty3 if a bl9d =ce has produc$ ! univ]se1 :5ce comes ! ord] :i* reigns 9 nature8 ,x is freely ackn[l$g$1 ev5 by ^? ) small p[]s ( obs]vation1 t ! inhabitants ( ! t]re/rial globe are divid$ into animal & vegetable1 :i* are aga9 subdivid$ into di/9ct classes1 sep>at$ by di/9ct l9es ( dem>cation4 ,if we admitt$ t ! vegetable & animal k+doms 7 n at fir/ s entirely sep>at$ z !y are at pres5t1 !re w\ld always rema9 a "q await+ reply3 ,h[ is x to be acc\nt$ =1 t two families issu+ f ! same s\rce1 become s sep>at$1 & h rema9$ di/9ct ev] s9ce8 ,among/ ! propagators ( ! second hypo!sis1 "s admit ! exi/5ce ( a primordial g]m possess+ ! p[] ( inf9ite production2 o!rs believe 9 a ,p]sonal ,creator :o =m$ all ?+s1 :e!r by ! means ( pre-exi/5t mat]ial or f no?+4 ,9 accept+ ?is !ory ( a reasonable ,be+ we mu/ at once lay aside t ( pure *ance1 s9ce to ,him is attribut$ ! p]man5ce ( ! sep>ation describ$ above1 ?is sep>ation or division is ( su* a nature z to induce ! impression t ?us x is by prem$itation & co-ord9ation4 ,c]ta9 philosoph]s putt+ aside ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! organic _w 9 its entirety1 h re/rict$ _! field ( inve/igation1 & tak5 x 9 detail4 ,?us3 ,:at is ! orig9 ( man8 ,h[ is x t man ?9ks & speaks8 ,:at is human ?\ght & human spee*8 ,is x man's nature t compels him to speak1 or has language be5 f ! fir/ a matt] ( conv5tion8 ,! ,greeks :il/ pursu+ _! rese>*es among/ ! l(ty regions ( metaphysics express$ "s v subtle !ories on ?is subject1 c\pl$ ) va/ sy/ems :i* compreh5d$ ! :ole ( humanity4 ,by ^! !y weigh$ ! words spok51 _! d]ivation1 ! ideas :i* ^! words repres5t$1 & ! primitive s\rce ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a exhibit$ by man1 = ! anci5ts recognis$ man's indivisibility4 ,h]aclitus consid]$ t ea* object comb9es 9 itself a ?\ght & its expression1 emanat+ f ! object1 & t man is ! recipi5t only2 t he brea!s a spiritual atmosph]e2 ?us x is t e "n necess>ily designates ! object x d5otes4 ,plato said t all ! objects ( ! ext]nal _w h 9 !m some?+ :i* con/itutes _! ess5ce1 & t ?is ess5ce is capable ( be+ transmitt$ f objects !mselves into ! human m9d2 t ideas con/itute ! ess5ce ( objects1 & t words are !re=e necess>ily relat$ to ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! objects1 & _! impression on ! human und]/&+4 ,epicurus said t human language is ! result ( ! pressure ex]cis$ by ! ext]nal _w on ! s5sitive ess5tial matt] 9 man1 & t z soon z man su/a9s ?is pressure he emits words spontane\sly2 ! mo/ anci5t words us$ seem to h be5 expressive s\nds1 & ) ! human race x 0 z natural = !m to talk z to groan1 to c\gh1 or to sneeze4 ,?us ! ,anci5ts did n di/+ui% spee* f conception4 ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( spee*1 treat$ 9 antiquity ) z mu* dep? z calmness1 pr(\ndly agitat$ ! m9ds 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! !ologians naturally introduc$ ?is v>iant 9 _! exposition ( ! subject3 ,has language a div9e or human orig98 ,! ,*ri/ian philosoph] replies3 8,! intellect ( ,god creat$ ! _w1 & ! human s\l1 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! m9d ( ,god1 has 9 itself ! s\rce ( all k3 ?\ght & language are ( div9e orig92 left to himself1 ) only ! help ( 8 own p[]s1 man w\ld nev] h f\nd a means ( express+ 8 ?\ghts40 ,su* 0 ! belief ( ! greate/ ?9k]s ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & !y accept$ ! fact ( a primordial language :i* m5 mu/ h receiv$ directly f ! ,creator2 ?is op9ion 0 p]petuat$ until ! mo/ rec5t times4 ,b f ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian c5turies !re 7 c]ta9 philosoph]s su* z ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 :o1 :il/ ackn[l$g+ ! exi/5ce ( a primitive univ]sal language1 consid]$ t x r$\nd$ m to ! glory ( ! ,almighty ,creator to end[ man simply ) ! p[] ( spee*1 & !y d5y t ?is language ) its gramm> & or?ography 0 div9ely reveal$4 ,! mat]ials = ! /udy ( ^! que/ions are lack+4 ,! only docum5t 9 our possession on ! orig9 ( mank9d--! ,old ,te/am5t--0 c>efully consult$2 !re we read t ,god creat$ man aft] ,8 image1 t ,he made him ( ! du/ ( ! e>?1 t ,he brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life1 s t man became a liv+ creature4 ,! ,bible n>rative is "o ( simple facts1 & x 0 necess>y to look ^u !m z s _m facts1 = any ef=t to pi]ce b5ea? ! surface ( ^! my/]i\s words 0 l grop+ 9 ! d>k4 ,ano!r recital 0 also giv5 9 ,g5esis4 ,god br\ght all ! animals ( ! e>?1 & ! birds ( ! air to ,adam t he might "n !m1 & :atsoev] ,adam call$ e liv+ ?+ t 0 ! "n ( x4 ,?is seem$ difficult to int]pret1 & r5ew$ ! que/ions "u o!r =ms4 ,did man at ! beg9n+ resemble a newly born babe :o cries b _c speak8 ,9 ?is case h[ did he beg9 to express 8 ?\ghts8 ,if man 0 creat$ an adult1 b did n receive a complete language f heav51 h[ did he acquire ! faculty ( spee*1 ?is faculty :i* we "k to be ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( humanity1 & :i* is miss+ 9 o!r creatures8 ,! eighte5? c5tury decid$ t ?is way ( treat+ a sci5tific "q left mu* to be desir$2 x result$ 9 a cul de sac1 & a fre% beg9n+ _h to be made4 ,"s philosoph]s1 ?9k+ to simplify matt]s1 affirm$ t primitive man1 tir$ ( w&]+ ?r\gh woods l o!r animals1 decid$ to gr\p !mselves into companies2 ! memb]s ( ?is society1 feel+ ! necessity ( mak+ !mselves mutually und]/ood1 express$ !mselves at fir/ by ! aid ( signs & ge/ures1 !n by s\nds peculi> to ! ?+s d5ot$1 aft]w>ds1 9 "o way or ano!r1 actual words 7 pron\nc$4 ,?is reason+ 0 us$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & n kn[+ :]e to f9d bett]1 ^? :o employ$ x felt satisfi$ ) _! p]spicacity2 language :i* 0 =m]ly consid]$ z a gift direct f ,god1 became a physiological end[m5t1 a conv5tional art2 ?is c5tury _h an int5se horror ( ! sup]natural1 s t x readily accept$ any sy/em 9 :i* ,god did n appe>4 ,! lack ( reflection %[n 9 ! build+ up ( ^! hypo!ses conc]n+ ! comm5cem5t ( humanity has be5 sev]ely criticis$1 & t !y 7 v sup]ficial mu/ be conc$$4 ,x is equally cle> t all ^! t5tative ef=ts _h ?is 9 common1 t !y 7 ! results ( ! influ5ce on immature m9ds ( ! p]iod1 ( ! necessity ( expla9+ ! awak5+ ( human reason 9 a rational mann]4 ,! se>* 0 cont9u$4 ,at la/ ! n9ete5? c5tury consid]$ t a solution _h be5 f\nd4 ,c]ta9 ideas :i* _h receiv$ att5tion dur+ div]s p]iods 7 n[ collect$1 sort$1 re-exam9$ m closely1 & classifi$1 & f ^! lab\rs !re arose ! two !ories ( int]jection & imitation4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 language consi/s ( s\nds drawn involunt>ily f man by 8 emotions & feel+s2 by degrees man became accu/om$ to reproduce simil> exclamations :5 wi%+ to express ! same feel+s1 & ^! exclamations w\ld s]ve z ! roots ( words2 ?is is ! int]jectional !ory4 ,! imitative or onomatopic proce$s f ano!r s\rce2 :5 man 0 confront$ by all ! objects ( ! ext]ior _w he began to imitate ! s\nds emitt$1 su* z ! cries ( v>i\s animals1 ! :i/l+ ( ! w9d1 ! fall ( a /one2 ! _m s\nds :i* fill ! air 7 reproduc$ by ! human voice & =m$ ! basis = future words4 ,objections to bo? ( ^! !ories are n lack+4 ,if emotions su* z joy1 pa91 ang]1 love1 disgu/--or if physical s5sations su* z result f ! /+ ( a bee or f a bl[ ( ! fi/1 c\ld furni% ! roots ( a language1 & if x 7 ! same ) ! imitation ( noises produc$ by nature1 ! s\nds ( ! words %\ld reta9 a def9ite impress ( ^! emotions & feel+s1 & %\ld reproduce1 if only approximately1 ^! v>i\s noises4 ,ev5 if we admit t a small numb] ( primitive m5 set !mselves to imitate ! murmur ( ! /ream1 ! roll+ ( ! ?und]1 ! b>k+ ( a dog1 ! groans ( ! w\nd$1 ! only result w\ld h be5 inf9ite v>iations ( clam\r q impossible to di/+ui% or to und]/&4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! prolong$ s\nd ( 8be0 & 8m\0 might awak5 ! conception ( a goat & c[ 9 ! m9d2 b 9 ord] to convey ! idea ( a h]d ( ox5 x w\ld be necess>y to avoid equally ! s\nd ( 8be0 & 8m\10 z belong+ exclusively to ! two special animals4 ,! w>bl+ notes ( birds h always attract$ att5tion1 & essays h be5 made to reproduce !m by imitative h>mony1 b ! v>i\s peoples h giv5 v>i\s int]pretations1#b & 9 ! g5]ality ( cases !re is no resemblance betwe5 ! names ( animals & _! cries4#c ,aft] exam9+ ! te/imony ( ! "n 8cuckoo0 7no d\bt conv9c+ tak5 by itself71 :i* is ! prom95t argum5t br\ght =w>d by ! advocates ( ! imitative !ory call$ by ,max ,mll] ! b[-w[ !ory1 we are n able to advance fur!r 9 t direction4 ,d>w9 9 8 book1 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 promulgates ! idea t language may h orig9at$ f int]jections & imitations1 b else:]e 9 ! ,expressions ( ! ,emotions he ha/5s to add ) 8 accu/om$ frankness3 8,b ! :ole subject ( ! diff]5ces ( ! s\nds produc$ "u diff]5t /ates ( ! m9d is s obscure t ,i h succe$$ 9 ?r[+ h>dly any light on x2 & ! rem>ks :i* ,i h made h b little significance40#d ,s*ol>s & lit]>y m5 h tax$ ! res\rces ( all ! treasures ( _! imag9ation 9 endeav\r+ to picture ! beg9n+s ( language2 9 ! pres5t day _m ef=ts are made by le>n$ m5 to discov]1 f nurses surr\nd$ by _! *>ges1 h[ ! fir/ words 7 reproduc$ by primitive man4 ,x w\ld be z useful to /udy ! nature ( primitive rocks among/ a mass ( bricks & mort>1 s9ce ! *asm is wide betwe5 ! ?\ghts :i* our little ones h :5 !y fir/ beg9 to speak & ^? :i* primitive man _h 9 try+ to "n 8 surr\nd+s4 ,we :o speak because we "k po9t out fa!r or "m to a little *ild1 nam+ !m at ! same "t--8?is is "m10 8?is is fa!r20 by degrees attributes become connect$ 9 ! *ild's m9d ) ^! names2 su* z "m's hair1 or h] dress2 or fa!r's be>d1 8 p92 & :il/ nam+ !m we aga9 po9t !m out2 & :5 ! *ild pron\nces ^! words 9 its own fa%ion1 t is incorrectly1 is ?is defect 9 pronunciation to be a sign-po/ to u--po9t+ out ! direction to be foll[$ 9 judg+ ( primitive language8 ,at a lat] p]iod ! *ild di/+ui%es betwe5 ! "m's smile & ! fa!r's voice2 lat] /ill its m9d compreh5ds all ! moral & physical attributes cov]$ by ^! two t]ms2 & ?us ) all o!r objects--8"h is ! c[10 & 8"h is ! piece ( sug>10 :i* s soon become famili> to ! *ild1 ) _! cognate words1 milk & sweetness4 ,our *ildr5 ?us le>n to speak "u v diff]5t conditions f ^? 9 :i* our fir/ ance/ors f\nd !mselves1 :5 ) no previ\s exp]i5ce !y tri$ to put =? _! fir/ words4 ,conjectures increas$ & develop$ into sy/ems1 :i*1 h[ev]1 conta9$ no?+ beyond g]ms ( fre% conjectures & fre% sy/ems1 ( :i* none re/$ on a reasonable basis4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 q natural t !re %\ld be unc]ta9ty z to ! pa? to be foll[$ 9 seek+ ! beg9n+ ( human spee*4 ,0 x necess>y to trace all ! kn[n languages to _! s\rce8 ,w\ld n ! same feel+ ( confusion arise :5 attack+ all ! dialects spok5 on ! surface ( ! e>? z oppress$ ^? :o 7 at ! base ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel8 ,an idea :i* 0 univ]sally adopt$ r t5d$ to *eck ! progress ( ?is /udy3 x sprang f ! !ory t humanity _h receiv$ ! gift ( spee* f ! ,creator2 & z ! ,jewi% p alone 7 ?\ght to be ! recipi5ts ( a sup]natural revelation1 x foll[$ t ,hebrew mu/ be ! e>lie/ language1 & consequ5tly t all exi/+ languages 7 d]iv$ f ! ,hebrew4 ,x is h>dly possible to conceive ! numb] ( works put =? by ! le>n$ to remove any d\bt ) reg>d to ?is /range affiliation2 ! difficulty 0 to support or prove ! supposition t ,hebrew _h giv5 bir? to ,greek1 ,lat91 & ! re/2 ?is ,biblical language 0 tortur$ & twi/$ ab\t 9 ! endeav\r to prove ! desc5t ( ! o!rs f x1 b no satisfactory result 0 obta9$4 ,x 0 by ! advice ( ,leibniz t z _m facts z possible 7 collect$ conc]n+ ! mod]n languages !n 9 use4 ,he ask$ = ! assi/ance ( mon>*s1 ,european pr9ces1 ambassadors1 mission>ies1 & travell]s4 ,x 0 dur+ ^! inve/igations t ! att5tion ( c]ta9 philologi/s 0 direct$ to ,sanscrit1 a language :i* _h be5 dead #cjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ab\t :i* ! le>n$ 9 ,europe _h tr\bl$ !mselves v little4 ,at ! "t ( ,plato & ,ari/otle a vague notion 0 curr5t 9 ,greece t ,india1 z well z ,egypt1 0 ! bir?place ( mat*less le>n+1 only x 0 n kn[n 9 :at ?is le>n+ consi/$1 & ev5 ! "n ( ! ,v$as 7! mo/ anci5t collection ( sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,h9doos7 0 unkn[n to ! philosoph]s4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian writ]s :o m5tion$ ! religions ( ,india1 & :o knew up to a c]ta9 po9t h[ to di/+ui% ,brahm9ism f ,buddhism1 nev] quot$ ! ,v$as2 ?is "n is fir/ us$ by "s ,*9ese conv]ts to ,buddhism1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 :o _h und]tak5 a pilgrimage to ,india1 consid]$ by !m z a holy l&4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,francis ,xavi] w5t !re z a mission>y1 b )\t kn[+ ,sanscrit2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,rob]to de ,nobili1 ano!r mission>y1 acquir$ ! language1 & caus$ a compilation to be made ( ,h9doo & ,*ri/ian doctr9es4 ,x 0 n well done2 ! ,fr5* translation 0 s5t to ,voltaire1 :o prais$ x & spoke ( x z ! mo/ preci\s gift = :i* ! ,we/ _h ev] be5 indebt$ to ! ,ea/4 ,! ,pre ,calmette1 :o _h he>d ( ! importance ( ! ,v$as1 0 ! fir/ ,european to obta9 au!ntic fragm5ts1 b ^! attract$ little att5tion 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury "s memb]s ( ! ,asiatic ,society resid+ 9 ,calcutta discov]$ a collection ( ,sanscrit ,,mss41 among/ !m "s portions ( ! laws ( ,manu1 two epic poems1 ! ,rmayana & ! ,mahbhrata1 "s philosophical treatises1 works on a/ronomy & m$ic9e1 plays & fables4 ,^! works possess$ great int]e/ = ^? s*ol>s :o 7 occupi$ ) ! /udy ( humanity1 su* z ,h]d]1 ,s*legel1 ,goe!1 & ,humboldt4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! preconceiv$ ideas ) :i* ^! lit]>y m5 receiv$ !m t5d$ to dim9i% ! b5efit to be d]iv$ f !m to a great ext5t1 z !y endeav\r$--consi/5tly ) ! _s ( ! "t--to e/abli% ! id5tity ( ?\ght runn+ ?r\gh ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,h9doos & ! ,bible4 ,!y also s\ght to po9t out ! suppos$ connection betwe5 ! hi/orical recitals ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,indian leg5ds1 & ! ,greek & ,lat9 my?ologies4 ,c]ta9 ,,mss4 conta9+ passages f ! sacr$ code ( ! ,h9doos hav+ be5 translat$ by ,anquetil ,dup]ron1 ,s*op5hau] drew f x ! f\ndations ( 8 own philosophical belief2 no?+ less ?an ! g5ius ( ?is ,g]man s*ol> w\ld h suffic$ = ! pres5tation ( ! sublime tru?s :i* ! orig9al conta9$1 by means ( ?is v defective translation4 ,"o ( ! fir/ hi/oriograph]s ( ,buddhism 0 ! ,abb ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 b yet 8 lab\rs h n s]v$ to raise ! veil hid+ ! true mean+ ( ! ,brahman writ+s1 = )\t ! k ( ! e>ly ,sanscrit1 x 0 n possible to seize ! inn] mean+ ( a lit]ature :i* ! sages ( ,india _h requir$ fifte5 c5turies to complete4 ,?us x 0 t ,europe only knew ! m accessible portions1 & ^? bett] calculat$ to /rike ! imag9ation1 b n necess>ily ! mo/ important4 8,mu* _h be5 said & writt5 ab\t ,buddhism1 en\gh to %[ ! ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gy t ! ,lamas ( ,?ibet _h anticipat$ !m 9 ! use ( auricul> confession1 ! ros>y1 & ! tonsure2 & to disconc]t philosoph]s by %[+ !m t !y 7 outdone 9 positivism & nihilism by ! inmates ( ,*9ese mona/]ies40#e ,! /rang5ess ( ?is religion attract$ public att5tion1 :i* 0 especially direct$ t[>ds c]ta9 blemi%es1 :i* _h crept into x dur+ a decad5t p]iod1 & t>ni%$ its orig9al purity1 & al?\gh le>n$ m5 cont9u$ to devote !mselves to a /udy m & m deeply p5etrat$ ) ! ,sanscrit language1 !y 7 yet s unprep>$ = ! results :i* mu/ inevitably foll[ ?is /udy1 t c]ta9 ,g]man univ]sities became ! sc5es ( v]itable sc&als1 :5 "s ( ! le>n$ decl>$ t !y _h f\nd a community ( orig9 betwe5 ! p ( ,a!ns1 ( ,rome1 & ( ,india1 & ! /upefaction ( ! philologi/s knew no b\nds :51 9 #ahcc1 ,bopp's "w appe>$1 ,! ,comp>ative ,gramm> ( ! ,greek1 ,lat91 ,go?ic1 ,sanscrit1 ,z5d1 ,li?uanian1 ,slavonic1 & ,g]man ,languages1 :il/ ! effect on ! y\ng] /ud5ts 0 q bewild]+4 ,b t :i* creat$ ! greate/ furore 9 all ,europe 0 ! promulgation ( ! sci5tific discov]ies ( ,eugne ,burn\f1 ,pr(essor ( ,ori5tal ,languages 9 ! ,collge de ,france4 ,long c5turies _h pass$ dur+ :i* no orig9al ,sanscrit docum5t _h come to light1 & n[ 9 ! %ort space ( t5 ye>s ?ree complete collections ( ,ori5tal lit]ature 7 kn[n1 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,brahmans1 ( ! ,buddhi/s1 & ( ! ,magians4 8,! critical exam9ation & re/itution ( ! ,z5d texts1 ! outl9es ( a ,z5d gramm>1 ! translation & philological anatomy ( consid]able portions ( ! ,zoroa/rian writ+s 7 ! "w ( ! le>n$ "y ,fr5* s*ol>40#f ,a few prop] names & c]ta9 titles 7 up to ?is "t all t c\ld be deciph]$ ( ! cunei=m inscriptions on ! walls ( ,p]sian palaces4 ,classical or ori5tal s*ol>s _h hi!rto only se5 9 !m a qua9t conglom]ation ( nails1 w$ges1 or arr[s2 b :5 at la/ ! mean+ 0 dis5tangl$1 x sudd5ly fla%$ ^u ! discov]]s t !re 0 a close relation%ip betwe5 languages hi!rto held to be q di/9ct4 ,facts1 at fir/ only suspect$1 n[ receiv$ full confirmation2 ^? previ\sly unkn[n 7 discov]$ & claim$1 if only provisionally1 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce4 ,hi/orians & philologi/s press$ eag]ly into ?is new pa?4 ,9 look+ back !y c\ld see t ! human family 0 divid$ into ?ree di/9ct gr\ps1 ! ,semetic family1 ! ,aryan family--sometimes call$ ! ,indo-,g]manic--& ! ,turanian class1 ! nor!rn division ( :i* has ! "n ,ural-,altaic giv5 to x occasionally4 ,i use ! ^w class advis$ly1 z ! *>act]i/ic traits h>dly m]it ! rank ( family4 ,!y also discov]$ t human spee* _h equally m>k$ divisions1 mak+ ?ree gr\ps or families1 correspond+ to ! ?ree great human races4 ,! ,semetic family produc$ ! ,hebrew ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,arabic ( ! ,koran1 & ! anci5t language grav5 on ! monum5ts ( ,phnicia & ,c>?age1 ( ,babylon & ,assyria2 ! ,greek & ,lat91 ,p]sian & ,sanscrit1 ! ,g]manic languages1 ,celtic & ,slavonic1 all belong to ! ,aryan family2 f ! ,ural-,altaic gr\p come ! ,tungusic1 ,mongolic1 ,turkic1 ,samoy$ic & ,f9nic2 !re /ill rema9s ! ,*9ese language1 :i* is monosyllabic & /&s by itself1 ! only remnant ( ! e>lie/ =mation ( human spee*4 ,^! discov]ies caus$ a complete *ange 9 ! me?ods adopt$ by philologi/s2 at ! pres5t "t ! anci5t sy/ems ( ! classification ( tongues are entirely ab&on$4 ,! comp>ative philologi/ ignores altoge!r geographical locality1 ! v>y+ ages ( languages1 & _! classical or illit]ate "*4 ,languages are n[ classifi$ g5ealogically1 accord+ to _! real relation%ip2 & ,hebrew1 com+ d[n f its p$e/al1 took its natural place among/ ! languages ( ! ,semetic family4#g 99 99 99 99 99 ,i rev]t "h = a mom5t to ! pa/ 9 ord] to quote a page f ,plato1 :i* %[s u ! small e/eem 9 :i* ! purely speculative me?od1 9 ! treatm5t ( philosophy1 0 held by "o ( ! pr(\nde/ m9ds ( antiquity3-- 8,do/ ?\ see t v tall plane-tree80 said ,phdros to ,socrates4 8,c]ta9ly1 ,i d40 8,tell me1 ,socrates1 is x n f ! foot ( ?is plane-tree t !y say ,boreas c>ri$ away ,orei?yia f ! ,ilissos80 8,s !y say40 8,b tell me1 ,o ,socrates1 do/ ?\ believe ?is my! to be true80 8,well1 if ,i did n believe x1 l ! wise p1 ,i %\ld n be s v f> wrong2 & ,i might set up an +5i\s !ory & say t a gu/ ( ,boreas1 ! nor? w9d1 c>ri$ h] d[n f ! rocks 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & t hav+ di$ 9 ?is mann]1 %e 0 report$ to h be5 c>ri$ (f by ,boreas f !nce4 ,z = myself1 ,phdros1 ,i ?9k ^! explanations1 on ! :ole1 v pleasant2 a man is1 aft] all1 n mu* to be envi$1 if x 7 only = ?is1 t :5 he has set "r ?is "o fable1 he is b\nd to d ! same = a second1 !n a ?ird1 & ?us mu* "t is lo/4 ,i1 at lea/1 h no leisure to sp>e = ^! ?+s1 & ! reason1 my fri5d1 is ?is1 t ,i _c yet1 accord+ to ! ,delphic l9e1 "k myself2 & x seems to me ridicul\s t a man :o does n yet "k ?is1 %\ld tr\ble himself ab\t :at does n conc]n him4 ,!re=e ,i leave ^! ?+s alone1 &1 believ+ :at o!r p believe ab\t !m1 ,i m$itate1 z ,i said j n[1 n on !m1 b on myself--:e!r ,i be a mon/] m complicat$ & m savage ?an ,typhon1 or a tam] & simpl] creature1 enjoy+ by nature a bless$ & mode/ lot40#h 8,?us1 to ! m9d ( ,socrates1 man 0 pre-em95tly ! individual 444 he is ev] seek+ to solve ! my/]y ( human nature by brood+ ov] 8 own m9d1 by wat*+ ! secret work+s ( ! s\l1 by analys+ ! organs ( k1 & by try+ to det]m9e its prop] limits2 & ?us ! la/ result ( 8 philosophy 0 t he knew b "o ?+1 & ?is 01 t he knew no?+40#i ,m ?an #bcjj ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,socrates & 8 disciple took place4 ,b ! problems :i* we ( ! tw5tie? c5tury h n yet succe$$ 9 solv+1 h s entirely absorb$ our att5tion1 t x seldom occurs to u to measure ! di/ance :i* sep>ates u f ! comm5cem5t ( philosophical /udies4 ,al?\gh ! sci5tific equipm5t ( our =efa!rs occupies a small portion ( our ?\ghts 9 our leisure mom5ts1 we yet discov]--9 comp>ison ) ourselves--h[ v indig5t !y 74 ,?is e>? 0 un9telligible to ! ,greeks1 !y look$ ^u x z a solit>y be+1 )\t a pe] 9 ! :ole univ]se2 to u x is a planet2 "o ( _m1 all gov]n$ by ! same laws1 all mov+ r\nd ! same c5tre4 ,x is ! same ) man :o also rema9$ a riddle to ! anci5ts4 ,an intellig5t /udy ( ! _w's hi/ory1 :i* !y knew b imp]fectly1 has enri*$ our language ) a ^w :i* nev] pass$ ! lips ( ,socrates1 ,plato or ,ari/otle--humanity4 ,:]e ! ,greeks saw b>b>ians1 t is1 human be+s o!r ?an !mselves--we see bre?r52 ^? :om !y call$ h]oes & demi-gods are our ance/ors2 ^? :o appe>$ to !m /rang]s1 unit$ by no ties1 are to u "o family 9 "w & suff]+1 divid$ by language & sev]$ by national enmity1 b press+ =w>d /ep by /ep almo/ unconsci\sly t[>ds ! fulfilm5t ( t inscrutable purpose = :i* ! _w 0 creat$4 ,z we h ceas$ to see 9 nature ! work+ ( demons or ! manife/ation ( an evil pr9ciple1 s we d5y 9 hi/ory an atomi/ic conglom]ate ( *ances1 or ! despotic rule ( a mute fate2 we turn ov] ! leaves ( ! pa/ seek+ = a hidd5 tra9 ( ?\ght 9 ! actions ( ! human race2 we und]/& t e effect has its cause2 t connect+ l9ks run ?r\gh ! moral _w1 z well z ! physical _w2 t !re is no?+ irrational 9 ei!r hi/ory or nature1 & we believe t ! human m9d is call$ ^u to discov] 9 bo? ! manife/ations ( a ,div9e ,p[]1 ! s\rce ( our exi/5ce4#aj ,?is result1 h[ev]1 we c\ld n h atta9$ )\t fir/ recognis+ ! fact t man is no isolat$ be+1 complete 9 himself2 t if he is to be effectively /udi$ he _c be disassociat$ f 8 family1 all ! memb]s ( :i* are gov]n$ by ! same laws1 all move r\nd ! same c5tre1 & all receive _! light f ! same focal po9t4 ,he is "o ( a class1 ( "o g5us or k9d1 :om x w\ld be impossible to e/imate correctly1 if we set aside 8 relations to 8 fell[s4 8,to und]/& man10 an illu/ri\s naturali/ has said rec5tly1 8x is n suffici5t n to sep>ate him f ^? :om he resembles 9 e po9t2 x is q z necess>y to /udy him 9 connection ) ^? closely relat$ to him1 ! inf]ior animals40 ,hi!rto ,i h n m5tion$ a hypo!sis :i* has be5 promulgat$ 9 our days on ! orig9 ( man1 :i* w\ld h be5 consid]$ ! mo/ rem>kable ?is c5tury _h se51 _h x n appe>$ simultane\sly ) ano!r treatm5t ( a l subject equally noticeable = its pr(undity 9 ano!r direction4 ,dur+ a voyage :i* he made 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,d>w9 _h be5 /ruck by ! v close aff9ity :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! liv+ & ! fossil species ( ?is cont95t2 ?is l9k betwe5 ! pa/ & pres5t appe>$ to him to ?r[ consid]able light on ! obscurity :i* envelop$ ! "q ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,! degree 9 :i* organs 7 capable ( modification 0 especially to be tak5 into acc\nt2 ! /udy ( ! v>iation ( animals & plants "u dome/ication l$ ,d>w9 to ! pa? he foll[$2 ! un9t]rupt$ reproduction ( *>act]i/ics 9 ! /ructure ( organic be+s1 int5sifi$ r ?an att5uat$ by a succession ( modifications1 caus$ him to see 9 all liv+ creatures1 n indep5d5t entities1 ! "o ap>t f ! o!r1 b desc5dants f common ance/ors n[ ext9ct4 ,evolution1 l _m ano!r !ory1 may be dang]\s if n ?or\ghly grasp$1 & if x lead to a d5ial ( ! p]man5ce ( ! well m>k$ l9es ( dem>cation 9 nature4 ,evolution1 accord+ to ,d>w91 />ts f beg9n+s :i* are q di/9ct2 & leads on to well def9$ ends2 ?us ,d>w9 does n ackn[l$ge only "o common prog5itor = all ! great natural races1 b _m1 & no?+ m cle>ly demon/rates 8 transp>5t s9c]ity 9 sci5tific matt]s ?an :at 8 critics are pleas$ to call 8 inconsi/5cies4 ,at ! end ( _m ye>s ( p]si/5t lab\r1 ,d>w9 publi%$ 8 book on ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,i d n propose to give a summ>y ( x4 ,! au?or does n adopt ! me?od ( a le>n$ writ] exp\nd+ 8 sy/em2 8 attitude is t ( a naturali/ :o1 dur+ 8 excursions1 exam9es nature 9 its innum]able & mo/ m9ute details2 :5 two facts1 bo? ( :i* he consid]s true1 appe> to contradict ea* o!r1 he notes bo? equally1 s9ce he is too s9c]e to conceal t "o f ! public :i* app>5tly invalidates 8 !ory4 ,moreov] at ea* /ep he av[s t ?is !ory is n yet entirely free f ! fog :i* inv>iably envelops ea* new idea at its bir?4 ,an explor] su* z he is1 :o has succe$$ 9 expla9+ s _m my/]ies1 might v naturally become elat$1 b x is n s ) him2 8 ?\ghts nev] seem direct$ t[>ds himself2 ) all 8 g5ius1 self does n appe> to exi/ ) him2 ! only ?+s t are prom95t--) a di/9ct exi/5ce--are ! ph5om5a :i* he /udies4 ,! notion t all organic be+s h be5 su* z we n[ see !m f ! beg9n+1 0 almo/ inevitable1 z long z ! !ory 0 held t ! =mation ( ! _w 0 ( comp>atively rec5t date2 & ^? :o1 )\t fur!r inve/igation1 held ! traditional belief ( ! indep5d5t & individual creation ( ea* species1 c\ld only (f] "o explanation1 if all animals--all plants--are z !y are x is because x has pleas$ ! ,creator to make !m s4 ,because ! ,d>w9ian !ory has ca/ a d\bt on ! successive creation ( liv+ ?+s1 x has be5 said t ,d>w9's views 7 inimical to religion4 ,^! impressions are transitory--z 7 ^? express$ by ,leibniz :5 he reproa*$ ,newton ) introduc+ 8occult qualities & miracles into philosophy20#aa & :5 he attack$ 8 law ( gravitation 8z subv]sive ( natural1 & inf]5tially ( reveal$ religion40#aa ,aft] expla9+ 9 :at mann] nature _h produc$ all ! v>iations ( plants & inf]ior animals f a small numb] ( g]ms1 ,d>w9 did n feel himself "u ! necessity ( add+ "o m to ! g]ms 9 ord] t :at 0 aft]w>ds t]m$ humanity might appe> on ! sc5e2 ! pr9ciple ( evolution z already appli$ to ! organic _w1 w\ld suffice to expla9 all difficulties2 ! natural =ces all engag$ 9 ! same movem5t1 w\ld spread & bran* out 9 v>i\s directions1 until !y rea*$ ! culm9at+ po9t ( incorporation ) ! human creature4 ,d>w9's book1 ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 conta9s ! g5ealogical table ( ?is high] animal :i* ! au?or s (t5 comp>es ) ! l[] animals4 ,if bo? h s mu* 9 common1 su* z ! *emical composition ( _! bodies--_! g]m9al vesicles--_! laws ( gr[? & reproduction2 x is--s he conceives--t bo? h come f ! same ance/or2 moreov]1 all helps to prove t man has receiv$ f 8 prototype among/ ! mammif]s1 all ! special *>act]i/ics ( its own organs4 ,?us x is easy to und]/& t 9 ! eyes ( _m naturali/s ! embryonic /ructure is ( m importance = an accurate classification ?an t ( an adult1 s9ce ! embryo is t condition 9 :i* ! animal has und]gone ! lea/ modification1 ?us x bett] repres5ts ! orig9al =m ( ! primitive prog5itor4 ,= a species ( "o ( ! inf]ior animals to h atta9$ ! level ( man1 x 0 necess>y t1 foll[+ an univ]sal law1 x mu/ h und]gone v>iations bo? corporally & m5tally1 dur+ a long succession ( g5]ations2 ! prim>y causes ( ^! v>iations is n cle>ly und]/ood1 b x has be5 prov$ t ! conditions ( life or environm5t to :i* ! liv+ be+s submitt$ 7 pot5t ag5ts 9 ! r5ewal ( ph5om5a4 ,l all o!r creatures man increas$ out ( all proportion to 8 means ( subsi/5ce1 & ?us began ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :5 ^? :o 7 be/ equipp$ = ! fight surviv$ 9 ! greate/ numb]s1 & left ! greate/ numb] ( robu/ desc5dants4 ,man acquir$ ! capability ( express+ 8 wants by means ( language1 at fir/1 p]haps1 little diff]5t f t ( ! inf]ior animals1 b ! cont9u$ use ( language react+ on ! bra9 furni%$ a means = ! fur!r developm5t ( ^? m5tal faculties :i* ( !mselves con/itute a real di/9ction betwe5 man & bea/4 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 does n become pron\nc$ until a c]ta9 p]iod ( man's exi/5ce1 z dur+ ! e>lie/ /ages ! intellig5ce ( ! newly creat$ human be+s does n diff] f t ( o!r mammif]s4 ,x beg9s to dawn a little lat]1 !n gradually increases1 & at la/ becomes mo/ /rongly m>k$1 ev5 if a comp>ison be made betwe5 ! intellig5ce ( a highly develop$ monkey & t ( ! l[e/ savage1 :o has fail$ p]haps to f9d words ) :i* to express ! mo/ elem5t>y emotions4 ,b m5 are n all on ! same level2 )\t speak+ ( ! va/ diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 ! faculties ( a ,papuan & ^? :i* we "k to h be5 possess$ by a ,newton or a ,kant1 we notice a v s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 ! m5tal p[]s ( two individuals ( ! same race2 b we always f9d ^! extremes are connect$ by %ades ( diff]5ce :i* gradually melt imp]ceptibly ! "o into ! o!r4 ,d>w9 arrives at ! conclusion t ! di/9ctions to be drawn betwe5 ! intellect ( man & ! intellig5ce ( animals is "o ( degree r ?an ( k9d4 ,d>w9 %>es ! op9ion ( ^? :o consid] ! moral consci\sness 9 man z t :i* di/+ui%es him specially f ! inf]ior animals1 & he conceives its orig9 to be f\nd 9 ! social in/9cts ^: mo/ important con/itu5t p>ts are family ties & ! emotions to :i* !y give rise4 ,?is consci\sness makes man capable ( approv+ ( c]ta9 acts & disapprov+ ( o!rs4 ,aft] hav+ be5 ov]come by a tempor>y passion1 he reflects & comp>es ! already weak5$ motives caus+ him to act z he did1 ) ! appeal made to him by 8 family & social in/9cts1 & he resolves to act diff]5tly 9 ! future2 ! op9ion ( 8 neighb\rs influ5ces him1 b x is n s mu* ! op9ion ( ! community 9 g5]al z t ( 8 own small circle to :i* he belongs4 ,social in/9cts are f\nd also among/ a l>ge numb] ( inf]ior animals1 b ) !m1 ?is mutual sympa?y does n ext5d to all ! species ( _! class1 z ) man x rea*es only to ! memb]s ( _! own small community4 ,) ! progress ( civilisation & 9 proportion z ! small] communities become l>g]1 s man's reason leads him to ext5d 8 sympa?y to all ! m5 ( 8 nationality2 arriv$ at ?is po9t1 !re rema9s a v impalpable b>ri] betwe5 t & ! inclusion ( m5 ( all races 9 feel+s ( univ]sal b5evol5ce2 b if ^! races are sep>at$ f 8 by /rong dissimil>ities 9 ext]nal appe>ance & 9 habits ( life1 x w\ld take mu* "t = him to le>n & recognise 9 !m ! con/itu5t p>ts ( humanity simil> to himself4 ,! moral consci\sness :i* raises man to a level n atta9$ by bea/s1 leads him to conceive & appreh5d ! precept1 8,d unto o!rs z y w\ld !y %\ld d unto y40 ,! sympa?y :i* ext5ds beyond ! limits ( humanity1 su* z compassion = animals1 seems ! la/ quality to be develop$4 ,! moral s5se 9 man has its c\nt]p>t 9 animals ( ! inf]ior ord]2 "u ! influ5ce ( man ! animal becomes m capable ( improvem5t by ! increas$ ex]cise ( 8 intellig5ce1 by habits1 by in/9cts ( h]$ity1 s z to h trans=m$ ! prototype ( ! wolf & jackal to t ( a dog4 ,!re is no?+ to lead u to suppose t primitive man _h felt ! exi/5ce ( a pr9ciple high] ?an nature4 ,!re is mu* to indicate t :at we mean by religi\s feel+ 0 n kn[n to him2 b ! aspect ( ! "q und]goes a *ange if by religi\s s5tim5t we und]/& belief 9 invisible spirits1 = ?is belief 0 univ]sal4 ,?is is natural2 z soon z c]ta9 faculties ( ! imag9ation awoke 9 man1 su* z a/oni%m5t1 curiosity1 he w\ld seek to und]/& all t pass$ ar\nd him2 8 fir/ idea w\ld be t all ! ph5om5a 9 nature w\ld proce$ f ! pres5ce inh]5t 9 !m ( a p[] compell+ to action 9 ! same way z man feels himself oblig$ to act4 ,?is belief 9 ! c\rse ( age w\ld easily t5d t[>ds feti%ism1 !n to poly!ism & f9ally to mono!ism2 x w\ld simultane\sly inculcate _m /range sup]/itions1 ( :i* "s produc$ t]rible effects1 su* z ! sacrifice ( human lives to a p[]ful be+ eag] = human blood1 s9ce savages readily attribute to ^! sup]ior p[]s ! desire = v5geance z well z all ! o!r evil passions !y !mselves possess4 ,among/ civilis$ peoples ! conception ( an all-kn[+1 an all-see+ ,god1 ex]cises a p[]ful influ5ce on morality2 man le>ns little by little1 no long] to reg>d ! praise or blame ( society z 8 sole guide2 ?is ext]nal guidance is replac$ by p]sonal inw>d convictions :i* come f 8 reason & :i* is consci5ce4 ,religi\s devotion is a v complex human s5tim5t2 x is compos$ ( love1 submission1 gratitude1 hope1 & p]haps ( o!r elem5ts2 no creature is 9 a position to exp]i5ce s complicat$ an emotion ^: intellectual faculties h n atta9$ a level ( m$ium developm5t4 ,yet some?+ approa*+ ?is may be se5 9 ! dep? ( affection manife/$ by a dog = 8 ma/]1 :i* is a comb9ation ( complete submission1 ( fe>1 dep5d5ce1 & p]haps also ( o!r qualities4 ,le>n$ writ]s h = "s "t agre$ 9 look+ ^u language z ! b>ri] sep>at+ man f animals2 all books on logic /ate ! fact4 ,b ?is special *>act]i/ic ( ! human race attract$ ,d>w9's att5tion 9 a v small degree4 8,man1 h[ev]1 at fir/1 uses1 9 common ) ! l[] animals1 in>ticulate cries to express 8 mean+1 aid$ by ge/ures & ! movem5ts ( ! muscles ( ! face40#ab 8,c]ta9 animals10 he says1 8d n lack ! physical conditions necess>y = articulate language1 s9ce !re is n a lett] 9 ! alphabet t a p>rot _c pron\nce40 ,d>w9 goes ev5 beyond ?is4 8,x is n ! m]e p[] ( articulation t di/+ui%es man f o!r animals1 b x is 8 l>ge p[] ( connect+ def9ite s\nds ) def9ite ideas40#ab ,x w\ld be difficult to be m explicit1 & x mu/ be own$ t ?is 0 a great concession on ,d>w9's "p2 b aft]w>ds1 & p]haps ) ! object ( weak5+ ! =ce ( ?is /atem5t1 he adds3 8,! fact ( ! high] apes n us+ _! vocal organs = spee*1 no d\bt dep5ds on _! intellig5ce n hav+ be5 suffici5tly advanc$40#ac ,h[ev]1 no ef=t ( ?\ght1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 w\ld cause u to und]/& h[ any numb] ( ?\s&s ( c5turies pass$ 9 ro>+ & b>k+ c\ld enable wolves & dogs to jo9 a s+le def9ite idea to a s+le def9ite s\nd2 & if we said t1 by ! help ( specially fav\rable environm5ts "s unkn[n species ( primitive animal _h acquir$ ! p[] ( spee*1 & _h succe$$ 9 imp>t+ ! k to its desc5dants1 & 9 ?us elevat+ !m to ! level ( human be+s1 we %\ld only be relat+ fanta/ic tales1 :i* w\ld h no connection ) sci5tific rese>*4 ,d>w9 does n all[ himself to be affect$ by ?is consid]ation4 8,9 a s]ies ( =ms graduat+ ins5sibly f "s ape-l creature to man z he n[ exi/s1 x w\ld be impossible to fix on any def9ite po9t :]e ! t]m #8man' ought to be us$40#ad ,x is evid5t t if ! gradations 7 imp]ceptible1 !re w\ld be no possibility ( m>k+ ! precise po9t :]e ! animal end$ & man began2 8! admission ( ?is ins5sible gradation w\ld elim9ate1 n only ! diff]5ce betwe5 ape & man1 b likewise betwe5 black & :ite1 hot & cold1 a high & a l[ note 9 music2 9 fact1 x w\ld d away ) ! possibility ( all exact & def9ite k1 by remov+ ^? wond]ful l9es & laws ( nature :i* 444 enable u to c\nt1 to tell1 & to "k40#ae ,i w n[ br+ toge!r "s passages :i* are scatt]$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species & ! ,desc5t ( ,man :i* h especially attract$ criticism4 8,x is int]e/+ to note t all t we are1 all t we see1 has be5 produc$ by laws act+ ar\nd u4 ,^! laws1 tak5 9 ! l>ge/ s5se1 be+ ,gr[? ) ,reproduction2 ,inh]itance1 :i* is almo/ impli$ by reproduction2 ,v>iability f ! indirect & direct action ( ! conditions ( life1 & f use & disuse2 a ,ratio ( ,increase s high z to lead to a ,/ruggle = ,life1 & z a consequ5ce to ,natural ,selection1 entail+ ,div]g5ce ( ,"* & ! ,ext9ction ( less-improv$ =ms4 ,?us1 f ! w> ( nature1 f fam9e & dea?1 ! mo/ exalt$ object :i* we are capable ( conceiv+1 namely1 ! production ( ! high] animals1 directly foll[s40#af ,& aga93 8,!re is gr&eur 9 ?is view ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d by ! ,creator into a few =ms or into "o40#af 8,man may be excus$ = feel+ "s pride at hav+ ris51 ?\gh n ?r\gh 8 own ex]tions1 to ! v summit ( ! organic scale2 & ! fact ( 8 hav+ ?us ris51 in/ead ( hav+ be5 aborig9ally plac$ !re1 may give him hopes = a /ill high] de/9y 9 ! di/ant future40#ag 8,9 ! future ,i see op5 fields = f> m important rese>*es4 ,psy*ology w be securely bas$ on newly laid d[n f\ndations2 t ( ! necess>y acquirem5t ( ea* m5tal p[] & capacity by gradation4 ,mu* light w be ?r[n on ! orig9 ( man & 8 hi/ory40#ah ,aga9 else:]e3 8,! moral s5se or consci5ce1 z ,mack9to% rem>ks1 has a rightful supremacy ov] e o!r pr9ciple ( human action4 ,x is summ$ up 9 t %ort b imp]i\s ^w ought10 & ,d>w9 proce$s to quote ,kant's apo/rophe z foll[s3 8,duty6 wondr\s ?\ght1 t worke/ nei!r by fond ins9uation1 flatt]y1 nor by any ?reat1 b m]ely by hold+ up ?y nak$ law 9 ! s\l1 & s extort+ = ?yself always rev]5ce1 if n always ob$i5ce2 be=e :om all appetites are dumb1 h[ev] secretly !y rebel4 ,duty6 :5ce ?y orig9al80#ai ,d>w9 cont9ues3 8,?is great "q1 #8,:5ce ?y orig98' has be5 discuss$ by _m writ]s ( consummate ability2 & my sole excuse = t\*+ on x is 444 t1 z f> z ,i "k1 no "o has approa*$ x exclusively f ! side ( natural hi/ory40#bj 8,b z ! feel+s ( love & sympa?y & ! p[] ( self-comm& become /r5g!n$ by habit1 & z ! p[] ( reason+ becomes cle>]1 s t man c appreciate ! ju/ice ( ! judgm5ts ( 8 fell[-m51 he w feel himself impell$1 indep5d5tly ( any pleasure or pa9 felt at ! mom5t1 to risk 8 life = 8 fell[-creature1 or to sacrifice himself = any great cause4 ,he may !n say1 ,i am ! supreme judge ( my own conduct1 &1 9 ! words ( ,kant1 ,i w n 9 my own p]son violate ! dignity ( humanity40#ba ,! w>me/ admir]s ( ,d>w9 wi% t he _h express$ himself m def9itely4 ,"s among/ !m are a/oni%$ to f9d ! ^w 8,creator0 9 c]ta9 editions ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 & n 9 all2 o!rs h drawn att5tion to ! fact t ,d>w9 c\ld say 9 all good fai?1 8,i see no good reason :y ! views giv5 9 ?is volume %\ld %ock ! religi\s feel+s ( any "o40#bb ,d>w9's l9e ( ?\ght has p]haps n be5 p]fectly grasp$1 & 8 comm5tators h be5 num]\s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is c]ta94 ,f ! mom5t :5 ! au?or ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man consid]$ t he _h discov]$ 9 social in/9cts ! fir/ g]m ( ! idea ( duty1 x becomes a matt] = surprise t he yield$ to ! desire ( ref]r+ to ,kant & ( quot+ 8 apo/rophe to ,duty4 ,b x is q evid5t t ,d>w9 did n see 9 ! univ]se only ! =tuit\s result ( a comb9ation ( matt]2 he admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( a law act+ f ! beg9n+ & cont9u+ to act4 ,9 ord] ! bett] to grasp 8 ?\ght1 x is necess>y to be 9 a position to def9e 8 t]ms4 ,he speaks ( natural selection1 b 9 ord9>y p>lance selection presupposes ! exi/5ce ( di/9ction & judgm5t2 & to di/+ui% & *oose1 intellig5ce is necess>y2 & if ! ess5tial nature is intellig5t1 :at is ?is nature8 ,! endeav\r to prove t man has desc5d$ f a creature n orig9ally man has deeply /irr$ our g5]ation1 & ! great] numb] among/ u only yield$ to a natural repugnance 9 repuls+ ! idea ) indignation4 ,h[ev]1 because ?is inw>d feel+ tells u t a proposition is false1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t x is s2 9 look+ at x m closely1 we h to admit t _m humiliat+ facts are accept$ by u )\t demur4 ,we are n sc&alis$ at ! notion ( be+ compos$ ( ! same *emical elem5ts z ! inf]ior animals1 nor d we revolt aga9/ ! inju/ice ( ! circum/ances & re/ra9ts impos$ ^u all by ! facts ( bir? & dea?2 b ?is unreason+ submission has no m rational basis ?an ! revolt ( our feel+s1 9 pres5ce ( ! assumption1 t an animal only 0 our ance/or4 ,! notion t animals s dissimil> z ! monkey1 ! elephant1 ! bird1 fi%1 & man c\ld h proce$$ f ! same p>5tage seems too mon/r\s to be true2 f ! sci5tific po9t ( view ?is feel+ is ( no value2 9 ! face ( all ! ass]tions ( our moral convictions sci5ce1 z su*1 rema9s immovable2 ! only weapon admitt$ 9 a sci5tific enc\nt] is fact oppos$ to fact1 argum5t to argum5t4 ,moreov]1 any appeals :i* c be made to our pride1 our dignity1 our piety1 w\ld be equally wide ( ! m>k1 s long z pro( is lack+ t man possesses some?+ :i* has no exi/5ce 9 l[] animals ei!r actually or pot5tially4 ,x is a matt] = regret to h to ackn[l$ge ! fact t ! union ( a pr(\nd k1 comb9$ ) true s9c]ity 9 rese>*1 is insuffici5t to end[ ! _w ) a well e/abli%$ tru?4 ,! _w is too ha/y 9 accept+ or reject+ a new sy/em be=e giv+ itself ! tr\ble to divide ! sy/em into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* c be plac$ at once among/ evid5t tru?s1 :il/ ! o!r mu/ be subject$ to m9ute inve/igation & close te/+4 ,precisely aft] ?is mann] does ,d>w9's "w l5d itself to a division into two p>ts1 ! =m] is ! hi/ory ( ! =mation & gradual developm5t ( ! organic _w1 repres5t$ by plants & animals1 includ+ man 7,! ,orig9 ( ,species71 b x is also ! hi/ory ( ! =mation & gradual developm5t ( man consid]$ z a be+ compos$ ( body & _s 7,desc5t ( ,man74 ,9 ! au?or's m9d ?is portion ( ! subject is closely connect$ ) ! =m]4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> t a tribunal1 :i* 0 quick to di/+ui% tru? f error 9 ?is tea*+1 _h n be5 f\nd4 ,c]ta9ly sci5tific mat]ialism has no voice 9 ! matt]1 s9ce its mission is only to deal ) mat]ial & actual facts2 & :5 f ! facts accumulat$ conclusions are d$uc$ z appli$ to orig9s1 ?is w\ld be out ( its sph]e1 & ! conclusions rea*$ c only be arbitr>y2 ?us ,d>w9's !ory n be+ f\nd free f ! ta9t ( idealism1 x 0 condemn$ )\t trial4 ,religi\s dogmatism did n %[ itself any m capable ( decid+ ! "q1 = ?is dogmatism1 ^: doma9 is fai?1 consid]$ t due ref]5ce 0 n made to ,div9e int]v5tion1 & conclud$ t ! !ory 0 only judg$ by ! light ( sci5ce1 & ?us condemn$ x unhe>d4 ,b all condemnation1 :i* _c prove itself to be j1 has no sci5tific value1 only "o tribunal is compet5t ( judg+ & solv+ ! "q1 & t is ! sci5ce ( language1 x alone possesses docum5t>y evid5ce4 ,! exact po9t at :i* ! animal ceases & man beg9s c be det]m9$ ) precision s9ce x co9cides ) ! beg9n+ ( ! 8,radical ,p]iod0 ( language1 & language is reason4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,max ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #ih4 #b ,?us ,max ,mll] says3 8,9 ,*9ese ! numb] ( imitative s\nds is v consid]able4444 ,we give a few1 toge!r ) ! correspond+ s\nds 9 ,m&%u4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two w %[ h[ diff]5tly ! same s\nds /rike diff]5t e>s1 & h[ diff]5tly !y are r5d]$ into articulate language3 ,! cock cr[s kiao kiao 9 ,*9ese d*or d*or 9 ,m&%u40 --,max ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,language1 vol4 i4 note p4 #dai4 #c ,max ,mll] says aga93 8,we li/5 9 va9 = any simil>ity betwe5 goose & cackl+1 h5 & cluck+1 duck & quack+40--,max ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,language1 vol4 i41 p4 #daj4 #d ,d>w9's ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #ic4 #e ,max ,mll]1 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i4 p4 #aij4 #f ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i4 p4 #hb4 #g ,max ,mll]1 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i4 p4 #ba4 #h ,max ,mll]1 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 ii4 p4 #a4 #i ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 ii4 p4 #e4 #aj ,max ,mll]1 p>tly f ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 ii4 p4 #f4 #aa ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 #f? ,edition1 p4 #cif4 #ab ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahga1 vol4 i4 p4 #ed4 #ac ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 vol4 i4 p4 #ei4 #ad ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #bce4 #ae ,max ,mll]'s ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 pp4 #aff1 #afg4 #af ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #djc4 #ag ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dje4 #ah ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #djb4 #ai ,quot$ by ,d>w9 9 ,desc5t ( ,man1 vol4 i4 p4 #gj4 #bj ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 vol4 i4 p4 #ga4 #ba ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #hf4 #bb ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #cif4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,our ,,aryan ,,ance/ors ,"s ( ! /udies und]tak5 & c>ri$ on 9 a t5tative grop+ fa%ion1 ) ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! nature ( t complex be+ man1 h be5 plac$ be=e y4 ,i h m5tion$ ! m or less fanta/ic suppositions set =? on ! subject1 & ,i h dwelt r m fully on a rec5t sy/em1 ( :i* ! fundam5tal portion 7a magnific5t sci5tific monum5t1 to :i* exp]im5tal te/s h giv5 a solid basis7 is foll[$ by a second "p :i* treats especially ( ! desc5t ( man4 ,! "t has n[ come to exam9e ! /udies ( a s*ool ( philosophy1 :i*1 guid$ by a new !ory1 se>*es 9 ! pa/1 & passes "u review all previ\s conceptions1 suppositions1 or ev5 misconceptions ( ! previ\s s*ools4 ,! sci5ce ( language1 bas$ on ! close connection betwe5 ?\ght & spee*1 only dates back to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ problem pres5t$ to x is t ( orig9--! orig9 ( ?\ght & spee* 9 man--:i* two unit$ 9 _! ess5tial p>ts1 make man :at he is4 ,! means by :i* ?is sci5ce works is call$ comp>ative philology2 x is by ! analysis ( languages--liv+ z well z dead--t x seeks to discov] ! infancy ( human ?\ght4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ord] to p5etrate ?us deeply1 ?is analysis mu/ foll[ ! :ole progress ( spee* s9ce x fir/ s\nd$2 to no o!r s*ool ( philosophy _h ?is idea occurr$2 all o!rs ignor$ ! fact t previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( human language1 no ve/ige ( humanity c\ld exi/2 !re=e1 probably1 ano!r fact _h be5 ignor$2 t ! only ar*ives 9 :i* x is possible to /udy ! hi/ory ( humanity & ! developm5t ( reason are ^? ( language4 ,:]ev] sacr$ writ+s exi/1 we f9d 9 !m ! mo/ anci5t languages ( ! p :o possess !m2 ?is is ! case 9 ,p]sia1 ,*9a1 ,pale/9e1 ,arabia1 & ,india2 ?us x is 9 ^! writ+s :i* are look$ ^u z be+ div9ely inspir$1 t se>* mu/ be made = ! g5esis ( ! successive ?\ght ( ^! peoples4 ,b ^! anci5t writ+s diff] widely ! "o f ! o!r2 = ! mo/ "p !y conta9 ideas :i* are ! product ( v>i\s ages2 (t5 also1 z 9 ,greece1 & ,rome & ,p]sia1 we f9d ourselves confront$ by ?\ghts or !ories :i* _h already arriv$ at a high degree ( developm5t1 or are beg9n+ to lose _! fir/ cle>ness4 ,only among/ ! ,h9doos is x possible to foll[ /ep by /ep ! gr[? ( ! conception1 & ! trans=mation ( ! names :i* clo! !m4 ,! ,v$as %[ u m cle>ly ?an any o!r lit]>y monum5t 9 ! _w1 ! un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( ! evolution ( language & ?\ght f ! fir/ ^w pron\nc$ by our ance/ors to our own mo/ rec5t reflection4 ,india does n possess rema9s ( anci5t temples nor ( anci5t palaces4 ,edifices ( ?is k9d 7 probably unkn[n be=e ! invasion ( ,alex&]4 ,! ,h9doos h always felt !mselves /rang]s 9 ! l&1 & ! con/ant ef=ts ( ! k+s ( ,egypt & ( ,babylon to p]petuate _! names dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 by means ( bricks & blocks ( /one1 did n occur to !m until sugge/$ by =eign]s4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 f ! mo/ remote times1 !y h possess$ sacr$ writ+s1 & !y /ill pres]ve !m 9 _! anci5t =m4 ,! numb] ( sep>ate works 9 ,sanscrit ( :i* ! manuscripts are /ill 9 exi/5ce is n[ e/imat$ at m ?an t5 ?\s&4 ,:at w\ld ,plato & ,ari/otle h said1 _h !y be5 told t !re exi/$ 9 t ,india :i* ,alex&] _h j discov]$--if n conqu]$--an anci5t lit]ature1 f> ri*] ?an any?+ !y possess$ at t "t 9 ,greece1 & dat+ back s f> t ! old ,sanscrit :i* clo!d ! religi\s & philosophical ?\ght ( ^! e>ly inhabitants 0 a dead language4 ,?is lit]ature has n ceas$ to increase1 & conta9s ! canonical books ( ! ?ree pr9cipal religions ( ! anci5t _w2 ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,magians1 writt5 9 ,z5d1 ! anci5t ,p]sian2 ! ,tripitaka1 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,buddhi/s1 :i* conta9 moral treatises1 dogmatic philosophy1 & metaphysics2 & ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,brahmans call$ ! ,v$as4 ,x w\ld be difficult to say :e!r ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or c]ta9 portions ( ! ,v$as1 h exi/$ = ! great] numb] ( c5turies2 x is c]ta9 t ! ,aryan race _h no exi/5ce previ\s to ! ,v$as4 ,! "n ,v$a signifies 8kn[+1 or k02 v$a1 ,greek 1 is a v]b ) ! same mean+ 9 ,sanscrit z 9 ,greek1 8,i "k40 ,! book ( ! ,v$as conta9s an epitome ( ! mo/ anci5t ,brahmanic sci5ce1 & is compos$ ( f\r collections ( hymns2 t :i* is call$ ,rig-,v$a 7hymns ( praise7 is ! true ,v$a1 & ! o!r ,v$as are to ! ,rig-,v$a :at ! ,talmud is to ! ,bible4 ,! ,rig-,v$a1 :i* = m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s _h laid ! f\ndations ( ! moral & religi\s life ( innum]able millions ( human creatures _h nev] be5 publi%$ until ,max ,mll] put =? a complete edition1 accompani$ by au?oris$ comm5t>ies on ,indian !ology4 ,! composition ( ^! hymns occupi$ _m c5turies1 & 9 #fjj ,b4,c4 ! collection seems to h be5 complete4 ,"s e>ly treatises on ^! hymns tell u t at ?is date ! !ological s*ools _h accompli%$ a great und]tak+1 t ( c\nt+ e v]se1 e ^w1 e syllable ( ! hymns2 ! numb] ( syllables is #dcb1jjj1 ! numb] ( words #aec1hbf1 & ! numb] ( v]ses z comput$ 9 ^! treatises v>ies f #aj1djb to #aj1fbb4 ,until ! introduction ( writ+1 ! ,v$ic hymns 7 entirely pres]v$ by memory1 ) su* accuracy & fidelity t ! rules conta9$ 9 ! treatise = ! repetitions correspond ) great exactness ) ! actual text1 its acc5ts1 metre1 & ! div9ity x praises4 ,! ,rig-,v$a n[ =ms ! f\ndation ( all philological & my?ological /udies1 z well z ^? connect$ ) ! sci5ce & gr[? ( religion2 )\t x we %\ld nev] h obta9$ any insight into ! belief ( our ance/ors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we w n[ transport ourselves to ! cradle ( ! ,aryas 8,noble10 accord+ to "s writ]s situat$ on ! ,asiatic cont95t1 accord+ to o!rs m to ! nor?1 betwe5 ! ,baltic & ! ,caspian seas4 ,?is w suffice = ! fir/ /age2 ,i %all make few dem&s on hi/ory1 or on gramm>4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! great mass ( ! ,aryan p 0 hesitat+ on ! eve ( ab&on+ _! e>ly habitations1 previ\s to a disp]sion 9 two directions4 ,?is p 0 compos$ ( two bran*es1 ! tribes ( ! nor?1 & ^? ( ! s\?2 ! =m] w5t t[>ds ! nor?-we/ ( ,asia & ,europe2 "h !y e/abli%$ !mselves1 & ! great hi/orical nations--hi/orical1 s9ce mo/ ( !m h play$ not$ p>ts among/ ! nations--! ,celts1 ,grecians1 ,romans1 ,g]mans & ,slavs 7 _! desc5dants4 ,end[$ ) e aptitude = an active life1 !y fo/]$ ^! capabilities to ! highe/ degree2 society 0 f\nd$ by !m1 morals br\ght to a great] p]fection1 ! f\ndation ( sci5ce & art e/abli%$1 & ! pr9ciples ( philosophy laid d[n4 ,al?\gh con/antly 9 conflict ) ! ,semitic & ,turanian races1 ^! ,aryans became 9 _! desc5dants ! ma/]s ( ! _w4 ,:il/ ! nor!rn division foll[$ a nor?-we/]ly direction1 ! s\!rn w5t to ! m\nta9s ly+ to ! nor? ( ,india2 cross+ ! passes ( ! ,himalayas1 & foll[+ ! long wat]c\rses1 !y desc5d$ into ! va/ f]tile valleys1 & f t "t ,india became z _! own l&4 ,^! pleasant dwell+-places ( ! ,aryan coloni/s1 protect$ on ! "o side by high m\nta9s1 & on ! o!r by ! ocean f all =eign invasions1 7 n di/urb$ by any ( ! anci5t conqu]ors ( ! _w2 ar\nd !m k+doms rose & fell1 dyna/ies 7 creat$ & became ext9ct1 b ! inn] life ( ! tribes rema9$ undi/urb$ by ^! ev5ts4 ,! anci5t ,h9doos 7 calm1 contemplative dream]s1 a nation ( philosoph]s1 :o c\ld only conceive ( disputes 9 !mselves1 9 _! own ?\ghts2 ! transc5d5tal nature ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* 8 ideas work$1 & 9 :i* ! ,h9doo liv$1 c\ld n fail to ret>d ! developm5t ( practical1 social1 & political virtues1 & ! appreciation ( ! beautiful & useful4 ,! ,h9doo saw no?+ 9 ! pa/ b ! my/]y ( ! ,creation1 9 ! future b ! my/]y ( 8 de/9y2 ! pres5t (f]$ no?+ to him t c\ld awak5 physical activity1 & app>5tly _h no reality = him2 no p ev] exi/$ :o believ$ m firmly 9 a future life1 or :o occupi$ !mselves less ) ?is "o2 su* z !y 7 9 ! beg9n+1 su* !y rema9$4 ,! only sph]e 9 :i* ! ,indian m9d moves freely is ! sph]e ( religion & t ( philosophy4 ,9 no o!r "p ( ! _w h metaphysical ideas tak5 su* deep root z 9 ,india2 ! =ms 9 :i* ^! ideas 7 clo!d1 9 epo*s ( v>y+ culture1 & 9 ! mid/ ( div]s classes ( society1 7 alt]nately ^? ( ! grosse/ sup]/ition & ( ! mo/ exalt$ spiritualism4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t 9 ^! two ,aryan bran*es mu/ we look = our ance/ors4 ,h[ %all we v]ify ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion8 ,:at family lik5ess mu/ we seek 9 ord] to recognise ! relation%ip8 ,h[ feel c]ta9 t ! languages we speak h be5 d]iv$ f !m8 8,if we knew no?+ ( ! exi/5ce ( ,lat9--if no hi/orical docum5ts exi/$ to tell u ( ! ,roman empire--a m]e comp>ison ( ! six ,romance dialects w\ld enable u to say t at "s "t !re mu/ h be5 a language f :i* all ^! mod]n dialects d]iv$ _! orig9 9 common40#bc ,let u conjugate ! v]b to be 9 ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 ,fr5*1 ,wala*ian1 & 9 ,rhtian1 & we %all see t x is cle>3 fir/1 t all are b v>ieties ( "o common type3 secondly1 t x is impossible to consid] any "o ( ^! six dialects z ! orig9al f :i* ! o!rs _h be5 borr[$1 s9ce no s+le "o conta9s ! elem5ts compos+ !m4 8,if we f9d su* =ms z j'ai aim1 we c expla9 !m by a m]e ref]5ce to ! grammatical mat]ials :i* ,fr5* has /ill at its comm&1 & ! same may be said ( j'aim]ai1 i4e4 je-aim]-ai1 ,i h to love1 ,i %all love4 ,b a *ange f je suis to tu es is inexplicable by ! light ( ,fr5* gramm>2 x mu/ h be5 a "p ( "s language antec$5t to any ( ! ,romance dialects2 x is1 9 fact1 ! v]b to be 9 ,lat91 :i* solves ?is difficulty2 ea* ( ! six p>adigms is b a metamorphosis ( ! ,lat940#bd ,x 0 kn[n t ! roots 7 ! same 9 all ! ,aryan languages1 t ! same grammatical *anges 7 common 9 _m ( ! words 9 ev]yday use1 su* z fa!r1 "m1 heav51 sun1 moon1 horse1 & c[1 z well z 9 ! pr9cipal numb]s2 b x 0 ! /udy ( ,sanscrit 9 its primitive =m :i* fir/ l$ ! le>n$ to ! discov]y ( ! reason ( ! v[el *anges 9 c]ta9 words 9 use 9 our day1 & :i* *anges ! ,engli% ^w to wit1 to "k1 into ,i wot1 ,i "k1 & ! ,g]man i* weise into wir wiss52 ^! *anges are ! result ( a g5]al law1 ! application ( :i* c n[h]e be m cle>ly appreciat$ ?an 9 ! ,v$ic ,sanscrit1 & :i* 0 unkn[n until ?is language 0 /udi$ 9 ! ,v$a4 7,i w "h note t ,sanscrit n be+ ! orig9al f :i* ! o!r ,aryan dialects h _! be+1 b an eld] bro!r1 :5 ,max ,mll] makes use ( a ,sanscrit phrase he does x to give an idea ( ! process ?r\gh :i* ! language has pass$ :i* he consid]s prec$$ ,sanscrit47 ,!re is ano!r li/ ( p>adigms :i*1 "u a less famili> aspect ?an ! fir/1 pres5ts ! same ph5om5on4 ,conjugate ! v]b to be 9 ,doric1 ,lat91 old ,slav1 ,sanscrit1 ,celtic1 ,li?uanian1 ,z5d1 ,go?ic1 & ,arm5ian1 & y w see t ! n9e are v>ieties ( "o common type1 & t x is impossible to consid] any "o ( !m z ! orig9al ( ! o!rs1 s9ce1 "h aga91 none ( ! languages possess ! grammatical mat]ial out ( :i* ^! =ms c\ld h be5 fram$4 ,sanscrit _c h be5 ! s\rce f :i* ! re/ 7 d]iv$1 s9ce ,greek1 9 sev]al in/ances1 has reta9$ a m organic =m ?an ! ,sanscrit4 ,nor c ,greek be consid]$ z ! e>lie/ language f :i* ! o!rs 7 d]iv$1 = n ev5 ,lat9 c\ld be call$ ! daught] ( ,greek1 s9ce ,lat9 has pres]v$ c]ta9 =ms m primitive ?an ! ,greek4 ,h5ce all ^! n9e dialects po9t to "s m anci5t language1 :i* 0 to !m :at ,lat9 0 to ! ,romance dialects2 only at t e>ly p]iod !re 0 no lit]ature to pres]ve to u any remnant ( t "m-tongue t di$ 9 giv+ bir? to all ! mod]n ,aryan dialects4#be ,!re is "o fact to be not$4 ,if a comp>ison be made ( ! v]b to be 9 ^! dialects1 x w be se5 t ,sanscrit is no m di/9ct f ! ,greek ( ,hom]1 or f ! ,go?ic ( ,ulfilas1 or f ! ,anglo-,saxon ( ,alfr$1 ?an ! ,romance dialects f ea* o!r2 t1 9 fact1 ! resemblance is m /rik+ betwe5 ,sanscrit & ,li?uanian1 & betwe5 ,sanscrit & ,russian1 ?an betwe5 ,fr5* & ,italian4 ,?is circum/ance proves t all ! ess5tial grammatical =ms ( ^! languages _h be5 fully fram$ & e/abli%$ be=e ! fir/ sep>ation ( ! ,aryan family took place1 t is to say1 at a "t be=e !re 7 any ,grecians to speak ,greek1 or any ,brahmans to invoke ,god's "n 9 ,sanscrit4 ,! sci5ce ( comp>ative philology enables u to h glimpses ( ! social condition ( our ,aryan ance/ors be=e !y left _! fir/ abode4 ,all hi/orical docum5ts ( ?is p]iod are lack+1 = ! simple reason t ! "t ( :i* we are speak+ is ant]ior to any hi/orical records2 8b comp>ative philology has plac$ 9 our h&s a telescope ( su* p[] t :]e =m]ly we c\ld see b nebul\s cl\ds we n[ discov] di/9ct =ms & outl9es40#bf ,we see t our ance/ors 7 no savages1 b agricultural nomads1 t !y lab\r$1 made roads1 possess$ ! art ( weav+ & sew+2 !y built t[ns1 kept dome/ic animals1 liv$ "u a k+ly gov]nm5t1 & c\nt$ at lea/ up to "o hundr$4 ,we le>n ?is n only f ! words fa!r1 "m1 son1 daught]1 heav51 e>?1 b also f h\se1 t[n1 k+1 dog1 c[1 hat*et1 & _m o!rs1 :i* are f\nd to be ! same 9 ! ,g]man1 ,celtic1 ,slavonic1 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,sanscrit4 ,!y are ! same because !y all po9t to "s m anci5t language1 ! "m-tongue 9 use be=e ! sep>ation ( ! v>i\s ,aryan tribes4 ,f ?is p]iod ! o!r words also date1 express+ all ! degrees ( relation%ip1 ev5 ^? by alliance1 ?us giv+ cle> pro( ( ! e>ly organisation ( family life4 ,at ! same "t a decimal sy/em ( num]ation also exi/$1 ! numb]s f "o to a hundr$1 89 itself "o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s a*ievem5ts ( ! human m9d1 produc$ f an ab/ract conception ( quantity1 regulat$ by a _s ( philosophical classification1 & yet conceiv$1 matur$ & f9i%$ be=e ! soil ( ,europe 0 trodd5 by ,greek1 ,roman1 ,slav1 or ,teuton4 ,su* a sy/em c\ld only h be5 =m$ by a v small community1 9 :i* by ! help ( a tacit agreem5t1 ea* numb] c\ld only be> "o signification4 ,if we 7 sudd5ly oblig$ to inv5t new names = "o1 two & ?ree we %\ld quickly feel ! great difficulty ( ! task2 to supply new names = mat]ial objects w\ld be comp>atively easy1 z ^! h diff]5t attributes :i* c\ld be us$ 9 _! designation2 we c\ld call ! sea1 ! salt wat]2 & ! ra91 ! wat] ( heav52 numb]s are1 h[ev]1 su* ab/ract conceptions t x w\ld be fooli% to attempt to f9d 9 !m palpable attributes1 & ?us give expression to a m]ely quantitative idea40#bg ,s9ce ! names ( ! ,aryan numb]s up to "o hundr$ are ! same1 x proves t !y date f a "t :5 our ance/ors liv$ "u circumscrib$ conditions unit$ by common ties4 ,?is is n s ) ! ^w ?\s&2 ! names = ?\s& diff] 9 ,g]man & ,slavonic1 because !y h _! rise aft] ! disp]sion ( ! race4 ,sanscrit & ,z5d %>e ! "n = ?\s&1 :i* proves ! union ( ! ance/ors ( ! ,brahmans & ,zoroa/rians--aft] _! exodus--by ! ties ( a common language4 ,9 ?is way ! facts ( language--:i* are s simple t a *ild c\ld seize !m--enable u to travel f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & prove our desc5t f ! once small family ( ! ,aryas4 ,man 9 ! ab/ract has be5 /udi$ = long ye>s4 ,max ,mll] contemplates ?is ab/raction 9 ! ,aryan man2 ?is has n previ\sly be5 attempt$4 ,c]ta9ly we ,aryans ( to-day diff] greatly f our fir/ p>5ts1 b n 9 toto2 ! ties :i* connect u h n be5 sev]$1 & he x is--our ,aryan ance/or--:o w help u to und]/& h[ we are v]ily ! *ildr5 ( our fa!rs4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ah4 #bd ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai4 #be ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ah-bj4 #bf ,*ips f1 a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ag4 #bg ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eb4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,language ,x is possible to di/+ui% 9 ourselves f\r ?+s3 s5sation1 p]ception1 conception1 & ! signs by means ( :i* we designate objects1 t is _! names2 ^! enable u to sep>ate ! "o f ! o!r4 ,we mu/ n imag9e t ^! f\r exi/ z sep>ate entities1 8no words are possible )\t concepts1 no concepts )\t p]cepts1 no p]cepts )\t s5sations40#bh--,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #b4 ,^! f\r con/itu5t elem5ts ( ?\ght are m]ely f\r diff]5t phases 9 ! gr[? ( :at we call our m9d4 ,i employ ^! t]ms because !y are 9 use 9 philosophical language2 !re are also _m o!rs con/antly on ! lips ( philosoph]s1 "s ( !m newly co9$4 ,?is is greatly to be regrett$1 z mu* ( our confusion ( ?\ght arises f ?is sup]abundance ( philosophical t]ms4 ,if su* words z impression1 s5sation1 p]ception1 intuition1 pres5tation1 conception1 s\l1 reason1 & _m o!rs c\ld = a "t be bani%$ f our philosophical diction>ies1 & "s only readmitt$ aft] !y _h und]gone a ?or\gh purification & 7 made to return to _! primitive signification1 an imm5se s]vice w\ld h be5 r5d]$ to m5tal sci5ce2 z e writ] def9es !m z he w1 or uses !m )\t def9ition2 & he seems to imag9e t because !re are s _m words1 !re mu/ also be s _m v>iations1 8,because 9 ! ,g]man language !re are two words3 v]/& & v]nunft1 bo? orig9ally express+ ! same ?+1 ! greate/ ef=ts h be5 made to %[ t !re is some?+ to be call$ v]/&1 totally diff]5t f :at is call$ v]nunft2 & z !re is a v]nunft by ! side ( a v]/& 9 ,g]man1 ,engli% philosoph]s h be5 mo/ anxi\s to introduce ! same di/9ction betwe5 und]/&+ & reason into ,engli%02#bi & 8because we h a "n = impression1 & ano!r = s5sations1 we are l$ to imag9e t impressions d actually exi/ by ! side ( s5sations4 ,b :at 0 orig9ally meant by impression 0 n some?+ beside s5sation1 b r "o side ( s5sation1 namely1 ! passive side1 :i* may be spok5 ( by itself1 b :i* 9 e real s5sation is insep>able f its active side40#cj ,all ! v>i\s %ades & developm5ts ( s5sation 7 d\btless di/+ui%$ & nam$ = "s v useful purpose2 b ! inconv5i5ce 0 great :5 ! t]ms became too num]\s4 8,we may safely enjoy ! weal? ( language accumulat$ by a long l9e ( ?9k]s1 if only we take c>e n to accept a co9 = m or less ?an x is really wor?4 ,we mu/ weigh our words z ! anci5ts (t5 weigh$ _! co9s1 & n be deceiv$ by _! curr5t value40#ca ,:5 we h bravely resolv$ to ?r[ away sup]flu\s words1 we ne$ n imag9e t we are ! poor]1 s9ce we h only lo/ :at we1 9 reality1 nev] possess$4 ,s p[]ful1 h[ev]1 is ! action ( words on ?\ghts1 t z soon z we ?r[ away a ^w1 we feel ourselves to h be5 robb$ ( ! ?+ itself2 ! sun rises j ! same1 ?\gh we say n[ t x does n rise4 ,^? ?+s :i* we call m9d1 intellect1 reason1 memory1 9 fact ! s\l1 h no exi/5ce z su*--t is ap>t f ourselves4 ,?is ass]tion may s\nd v t]rible to ^? philosoph]s :o imag9e t ! dignity ( man consi/s 9 ! possession ( ^! & o!r p[]s2 at la/ !re arises a complete my?ology1 a philosophic poly!ism1 :5 ^! are spok5 ( z di/9ct possessions1 indep5d5t p[]s1 ) limits n v %>ply def9$2 & h[ev] or?odox t poly!ism has become1 x is nev] too late to prote/ aga9/ x4 ,9 mak+ use ( ^! t]ms x %\ld be und]/ood t !y repres5t c]ta9 modes ( action & phases ( ! ,ego4 ,x is to be regrett$ t our mod]n languages h no?+ to replace ! ^w 8m9d10 su* z !re is 9 ! ,sanscrit language1 mean+ 8work+ )940 ,z soon z we speak ( m9d we _c help ?9k+ ( an indep5d5t some?+ dwell+ 9 our body1 :]eas by m9d ,i mean no?+ b t work+ :i* is go+ on )91 embrac+ s5sation1 p]ception1 conception1 & nam+1 & ! work] :o accompli%es ?is is ! ,ego4 ,?us ! ,ego means no?+ b consci\sness ( itself4 ,!re is "o ^w :i* x w\ld be desirable to re9troduce into our philosophical phraseology & t is ,logos2 x means ! ^w & ! ?\ght comb9$4 ,logos is a s+le intellectual act "u two aspects2 x is an untranslatable ^w4 ,we 7 told at s*ool t x 0 /range t ! ,greeks %\ld n h di/+ui%$ betwe5 ,logos ,spee* & ,logos ,reason1 & x 0 repres5t$ z a progress t[>d cle>] ?\ght t lat] writ]s %\ld h di/+ui%$ betwe5 ,logos ! spok5 ^w & ,logos ! inn] ?\ght4 ,b ! ,greeks 7 "r3 no d\bt x may be an advantage to be able to di/+ui% betwe5 two sides ( ! same ?+1 b t advantage is m ?an neutralis$ if su* di/9ction leads u to suppose t ^! two sides are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,let u avoid ! v common error t ?+s :i* c be di/+ui%$ c !re=e claim an indep5d5t exi/5ce2 we c di/+ui% betwe5 an orange & its peel1 b no orange c gr[ )\t peel1 nor peel )\t ! fruit4 ,let x n be suppos$ t ,i am su* a bigot$ uphold] ( ! unity ( ! ,ego z to wi% to see all ^! names bani%$ f our philosophical diction>ies4 ,let u use ! ^w ,s5se :5 speak+ ( ! ,ego z p]ceiv+4 ,let u use ,intellect :5 ! ,ego is simply conceiv+2 & ! ^w language :5 x is speak+2 let u ev5 use ! ^w memory :5 we wi% to speak ( ! p>tial p]man5ce ( ! "w done by s5sation1 p]ception1 & conception2 & let u use ,reason or ,reason+ = ! process :i* produces :at ! logicians call propositions & syllogisms2 b let u nev] =get t nei!r to rememb] nor to reason implies ! possession ( a ?+ call$ reason or memory4 ,all our m5tal life w rema9 j ! same ?\gh we d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! t]ms :i* obscure our vision2 let u hold fa/ to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,ego1 x exi/s 9 its entity1 x only is ! work]1 & x receives its highe/ expression 9 ! ,logos4 ,?is tru?1 t ?\ght & language are insep>able1 t ?\ght )\t language is z impossible z language )\t ?\ght has only rec5tly be5 affirm$ by comp>ative philologi/s4 ,_m le>n$ writ]s are /ill unwill+ to admit t ideas )\t words are impossible ?\gh at ! same "t !y are q will+ to conc$e t words are impossible )\t concepts4#cb ,we possess an imm5se numb] ( books on logic1 yet we are met ev]y:]e by ! same vagu5ess on ?is subject4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill speaks ( language z "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts or helps ( ?\ght1 b he nev] m5tions any o!r in/rum5ts4 ,?is lack is probably ow+ to ! un=tunate influ5ce ( mod]n languages :i* h two words1 ! "o = language1 ! o!r = ?\ght2 ?is gives ! impression t !re is a sub/antial in/ead ( an app>5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! two2 x is also ow+ to ! dislike ( philosoph]s to all[ t all :i* is mo/ l(ty1 mo/ spiritual 9 u %\ld be dep5d5t on su* mis]able crut*es z words are suppos$ to be4 ,yet x is evid5t t we _c advance "o /ep t[>ds philosophy )\t ackn[l$g+ ! fact t we ?9k 9 words & words only4 ,?is ?\ght w\ld be less difficult to grasp if we def9$ cle>ly :at are ?\ghts4 ,s5sation1 pa91 pleasure1 dream+1 or will+ _c be call$ true ?\ght1 b v>iations ( inw>d activity2 9 ! same way z %rieks1 h[ls1 or ev5 ! s\nds ( real words1 tak5 f a =eign language1 are no m language ?an our emotions are ?\ghts4 ,! ^w ,logos expresses ?is1 s9ce x _h orig9ally ! two mean+s ( ga!r+ & comb9+1 & s became ! prop] "n ( all t we call reason2 b z x also means language1 x tells u t ! process ( ga!r+ & comb9+1 :i* beg9s ) s5sation & passes on to p]ception & conception1 rea*es its full p]fection only :5 ! inw>d activity takes =m 9 ! ,logos or spee*4 ,language !re=e is n z has be5 (t5 imag9$1 ?\ght plus s\nd2 b ?\ght is really language m9us s\nd2 words are ! ext]nal symbols ( ?\ght1 s\nd+ symbols :5 we articulate 9 a l\d voice1 b mute :5 we conf9e ourselves to m]ely ?9k+ !m1 s9ce x is a fact t we ?9k 9 words1 & x is n possible to ?9k o!rwise4 ,! possession ( a language is %[n ev5 9 ! trac+ ( :ole s5t5ces by ideographic signs1 :i* ne$ n be pron\nc$ at all1 or z 9 ! a/ronomical signs 9 our almanacks :i* may be pron\nc$ diff]5tly 9 diff]5t languages3 or we may sub/itute algebraic signs = words2 we c\ld z well calculate )\t numb]s z apply our reason )\t words ,i h freely & fully admitt$ t ?\ghts may exi/ )\t words1 because o!r signs may take ! place ( words betwe5 p]sons speak+ diff]5t languages possibly betwe5 deaf & dumb p4 ,five f+]s held up are q suffici5t to convey ! concept ( five1 ?us ! h& may become ! sign = five1 bo? h&s = t51 h&s & feet = tw5ty4 ,9 ,am]ica & ,au/ralia :]e _m dialects are spok5 ?is me?od has atta9$ a great degree ( p]fection1 b we notice t 9 all cases "u review ea* "o ?9ks 9 8 own language & !n translates 8 ?\ght into pantomime4 ,a f9al fact adduc$ aga9/ ! !ory t x is impossible to ?9k )\t language1 :i* 0 v popul>1 is t deaf & dumb p _c speak1 & yet c ?9k2 ?is argum5t has no great value1 z x is n[ av]r$ t 8a man born dumb :o _h always liv$ among deaf & dumb p1 & _h n be5 taught to express ?\ghts by signs w\ld be capable ( few high] intellectual manife/ations ?an a monkey or an elephant2 & ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t no naturali/ c\ld di/+ui% any diff]5ce betwe5 ! size ( _! bra9s & ^? belong+ to m5 :o c\ld speak40 ,= deaf mutes to be able to ?9k & reason1 !y mu/ h le>n$ f ^? :o use words1 !n only c !y sub/itute o!r signs = _! words & concepts4 ,/ill ,pr(essor ,huxley accords to ^! un=tunate m5 c]ta9 intellectual h]itages d]iv$ f _! p>5ts4 ,^! are "s ( ! *ief po9ts 9 ! sci5ce ( language4 ,! fundam5tal law :i* ?is sci5ce lays d[n ( ! unity ( ?\ght & spee* is a tor* :i* may ?r[ light on ! orig9 ( man4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,max ,mll] says3 8,i use p]cept in/ead ( pres5tation1 because x is bett] und]/ood 9 ,engli%40--,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #b4 #bi ,max ,mll]'s ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #gb4 #cj ,ibid41 p4 #ag4 #ca ,ibid41 p4 #ge4 #cb ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #cj4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,animals ,:il/ philosoph]s & morali/s h /udi$ m51 & naturali/s animals1 ,d>w9 consid]$ x necess>y to collect in=mation conc]n+ bo? m5 & bea/s simultane\sly be=e mak+ a biography ( ! human be+4 ,) ! mode/y s (t5 *>act]i/ic ( a great g5ius1 ! ,engli% naturali/ ackn[l$ges t 8_m ( ! views :i* h be5 advanc$ are highly speculative1 & "s no d\bt w prove errone\s4 ,false facts are highly injuri\s to ! progress ( sci5ce1 = !y (t5 long endure2 b false views1 if support$ by "s evid5ce1 d little h>m1 z ev]yone takes a salut>y pleasure 9 prov+ _! fals5ess2 & :5 ?is is done1 "o pa? t[>ds error is clos$ & ! road to tru? is (t5 at ! same "t op5$40#cc ,al?\gh !re is no d\bt t ! facts obs]v$ by ,d>w9 & record$ 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 are p]fectly correct1 ,i hope to be able to dispose ( ! op9ion t 8man & animals foll[ p>allel l9es 9 _! lives1 b t man advances m quickly1 & has tak5 8 place 9 ! front rank40 ,:il/ mak+ a %ort rsum ( rem>ks :i* ,noir & o!r le>n$ writ]s h made on animals1 ,i also propose to draw a comp>ison betwe5 ! two :o are s closely connect$--! sup]ior & inf]ior animal4 ,d>w9 0 n alone 9 8 endeav\r to prove t !re exi/s no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 man & bea/2 "s h ev5 ass]t$ t ! intellig5ce ( c]ta9 animals is n only equal to1 b at times1 sup]ior to t ( man4 ,we mu/ be on our gu>d1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ^? num]\s anecdotes :i* h l$ ev5 philosoph]s a/ray2 we w also dive/ our m9ds ( prejudice & preconceiv$ notions1 t we may introduce "s ord] into ideas :i* h be5 di/urb$ by sup]ficial obs]v]s & ! mak]s ( false sy/ems1 ^? enemies ( true sci5ce2 let u c&idly own ! smallness ( our k conc]n+ ! m9d ( an animal2 we d n 9 ! lea/ "k h[ !y philosophise1 nor h[ an ox recognises 8 /able door4 ,in/ead ( hav+ rec\rse to animals & seek+ to draw p>allels betwe5 _! m5tal faculties & ours1 let u exam9e ourselves to f9d out :at passes 9 our own m9ds4 ,we %all !n discov] t we nev] 9 reality p]ceive any?+ unless we c di/+ui% x f o!r ?+s by means1 if n ( a ^w1 yet ( a sign2 t is till we h pass$ ?r\gh ! f\r /ages ( s5sation1 p]ception1 conception1 & m important ?an all1 = our pres5t purpose1 ( nam+4 ,:5 x is once ackn[l$g$ t concepts are impossible )\t words1 & t man alone among/ organis$ be+s possesses ! p[] ( language1 & t ! m5tal faculties ( animals are diff]5t f ours 9 k9d1 & n only 9 degree1 x naturally foll[s t a g5ealogical desc5t ( man f animals is an impossible assumption4 ,=m]ly1 9 comp>+ ! *>act]i/ics ( man & animals x 0 cont5d$ t ! latt] 7 rul$ by in/9ct 9 place ( ! reason :i* 0 ! attribute ( ! =m]2 & al?\gh an affirmation is n an explanation x appe>$ suffici5tly plausible & 0 accept$4 ,b ! fact is t bo? man & bea/ possess in/9ct4 ,if ! spid] weaves 8 net by in/9ct1 a *ild takes 8 "m's brea/ also by in/9ct2 bo? are ) reg>d to in/9ct at "o level4 ,man involunt>ily ext5ds 8 arm to protect himself if he sudd5ly p]ceives an object ne> him on ! po9t ( /rik+ him4 8,if we te> a spid]'s web1 & wat* ! spid] fir/ run f x 9 despair1 !n return & exam9e ! mis*ief & endeav\r to m5d x4 ,surely we h ! in/9ct ( weav+ controll$ by obs]vation1 by comp>ison1 by reflection1 & by judgm5t40#cd ,no "o has hi!rto succe$$ 9 expla9+ & analys+ ! in/9ct said to be 9 animals4 ,cuvi]#ce & o!r naturali/s h comp>$ x ) habit4#cf ,?is comp>ison gives an accurate notion ( ! frame ( m9d "u :i* an in/9ctive action is p]=m$1 b does n necess>ily expla9 its orig94 ,z reason develops 9 man1 in/9ct plays a less important "p2 :]eas a cat *ases a m\se1 a bird flies1 & fi% swim by in/9ct f _! bir? to _! la/ day2 & ! actions ( ants1 bees1 & moles1 d n cease to amaze u1 because !y are insep>able f _! /ructure & _! vital functions4 ,! natural impulses :i* guide birds & insects 9 mak+ _! ne/s1 hives1 & /oreh\ses1 cocoons ( silk ) :i* !y h s enri*$ our _w & !irs1 are ! results ( con/ant & repeat$ acts1 dur+ ! c\rse ( innum]able g5]ations4 ,! fact ( n di/+ui%+ ! in/9ct :i* is 9 man f t f\nd 9 animals & ?us attribut+ man's consci\s acts to ! natural lean+s :i* guide unconsci\s creatures1 has p]haps caus$ ,r5an to ass]t t ! mono!i/ic t5d5cy ( ! ,semitic race belongs to x by a religi\s in/9ct4 ,x is c]ta9 t impressions are receiv$ bo? by man & by animals2 ) bo? ! k ( objects proce$s f ! impressions made on ! s5ses1 ?us transmitt+ ! image to ! intellig5ce2 b !re ! lik5ess ends2 ! capacities diff]4 ,! animal rema9s ! slave--9 e s5se ( ! ^w--( 8 organs2 ! sight ( a bone to gnaw1 ! corn] 9 :i* he lies1 ! signs ( fri5d%ip t he receives f human be+s1 call =? 9 a dog a *a9 ( feel+s tak+ ! place ( ! *a9 ( ideas call$ out 9 man4 ,man's capabilities ( introduc+ int]m$i>ies betwe5 ! int5tion & ! fulfilm5t ( 8 object witness to 8 wid5ess ( m9d1 8 exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ & prevision ( ! future2 all ^? ?+s t he owes to 8 p[] ( imag9ation & conception ev5 9 ! case ( ?+s hav+ no real exi/5ce1 or :i* d n exi/ z yet2 he reproduces at w ! outw>d lik5ess ( :at is n at ! mom5t be=e him4 ,?us man :o names an object1 ?9ks x2 b ! animal f n possess+ language _c ?9k x & _c reproduce x :5 out ( its sight4 ,! use or non-use ( tools creates a great gulf betwe5 man & ! brutes4 ,! mo/ intellig5t animal1 a monkey ( a high ord]1 nev] uses a tool--ev5 ! mo/ primitive--to accompli% 8 w2 no "o c ascribe to ! animal creative actions1 t is1 x does n fa%ion an implem5t t x may atta9 ano!r end2 x has nev] be5 kn[n to c>ry an object f "o spot to ano!r t x might act z a ladd] to br+ ! animal ne>] to ! fruit x desir$ to rea*4 ,b ?is concession1 ,i ?9k1 we may make to ,d>w92 t ev5 9 ! sph]e ( m5tal activities we c nev] entirely sep>ate ourselves f ! brute creation4 ,we exp]i5ce 9 ourselves a c]ta9 condition ( m9d1 :]e fancies alt]nate ) pass+ agitation2 ^! proce$ f int5se1 b confus$ emotions4 ,?is condition does n all[ ( cle> explanation ev5 to ourselves1 s9ce x has no?+ 9 common ) true ?\ght1 :i* is insep>able f ! consci\sness ( objects1 & !re=e is lack+ 9 words ) :i* to express itself4 ,to ,m5delssohn ?is m5tal condition 0 p]fectly kn[n1 & he says1 8,x is exactly at t mom5t :5 language is impot5t to express ! exp]i5ces ( ! s\l1 t ! sph]e ( music op5s to u2 if all t passes 9 u 7 capable ( be+ express$ 9 words1 ,i %\ld write no m music40 ,a flock ( birds ab\t to migrate1 all foll[ an unanim\s impulse 9 utt]+ at />t+ a few high cle> notes1 p]haps impell$ by an unkn[n motive1 _! incl9ations & wills f9d collective expression !re91 by a mutual impulse :i* comes f s\ndless dep?s ( ! life ( ! s5ses1 c>ry+ all be=e x4 ,?is univ]sal sympa?y1 h[ev] difficult to expla91 is "o ( ! noble/ possessions ( ! inf]ior animals2 ev5 ! aptitude !y display = c]ta9 me*anical acts ( lab\r does n /& on ! same level2 b 9 ! vocal manife/ations ( birds !re is no indication ( true ?\ght1 ! basis ( real language4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ come1 my dog1 = a tte--tte4 ,x w\ld be impossible to hold conv]se ) ants1 bees1 monkeys1 moles1 or birds1 z ,i %\ld n ackn[l$ge !m z my compe]s1 ,i %\ld n admit !m z intimates2 b y ,i "k well2 &1 let me tell y1 y\r judges h %[n _! imp>tiality t[>ds y2 none ( ! vices :i* degrade u--y\r sup]iors--h be5 laid to y\r acc\nt4 ,y are call$ nei!r g\rm&1 ?ief1 idl]1 nor hypocrite2 b y lack ! qualities t might h be5 y\rs _h y possess$ ! faculty ( comb9ation4 ,!y say t y create no?+ because y fail to see :at purpose tools may s]ve2 & y are ignorant ( ! fact t ,a4 be+ giv51 ,b4 mu/ foll[--su* is comb9ation4 ,/ill1 on look+ closely1 x is possible to discov] among/ u--y\r sup]iors--^? :o are /upid--or awkw>d--:o take small advantage ( all ! means put )9 _! rea* to rec$e f a false position1 to recov] f ! effects ( a wrong /ep1 or1 :at is /ill m important1 rem$y _! ignorance4 ,yes1 !re are _m su*1 & ^! also lack ! faculty ( comb9ation4 ,y\r judges also ass]t t f ! want on y\r "p ( be+ able to atta* "o idea to ano!r1 y d n ?9k ( y\r ma/] :5 he is abs5t f y4 ,:at +ratitude6 ,b ,i wond] :e!r ^? fri5ds1 :o pr(ess s mu* pleasure 9 my company1 ?9k ( me :5 ,i am abs5t2 p]haps no m ?an y d4 ,let me cont9ue my enquiries = a few m9utes4 ,we w suppose t we two are 9 my /udy4 ,i am occupi$ ) a book1 & am n ?9k+ ( y at all4 ,y are /ret*$ at my feet ) y\r nose betwe5 y\r paws1 wat*+ a fly ne> y4 ,i make a sudd5 movem5t1 y look at me1 & at ! same mom5t wag y\r tail4444 ,am ,i to suppose t y wag x to hide y\r dislike to me8 ,! noble quality :i* ,i & all y\r sup]iors possess is lack+ 9 y2 y h no spee* = ?\ght 9 :i* to tell me y\r love = me2 b if y c\ld speak1 t is1 7 l "o ( ourselves1 w\ld y be z tru?ful z y are n[1 be+ only a dog t has no?+ b 8 tail ) :i* to make 8 ma/] und]/& 8 feel+s t[>ds him8 ,s*op5hau] 444 b y "k no?+ ( ,s*op5hau]1 if y c\ld speak ,i %\ld tea* y to read1 & !n y w\ld "k him4 ,s*op5hau] is a great & le>n$ philosoph]1 :o says1 8,h[ mu* ?is movem5t ( ! tail surpasses 9 s9c]ity _m o!r assurances ( fri5d%ip & devotion40#cg ,?is is a long digression on ,d>w9's idea t man & animals lead p>allel lives1 b t ! "o progresses quickly1 ! o!r sl[ly4 ,i ?9k ,i h %[n t x is n a "q ( rapidity or t>d9ess ( progress1 b r :e!r bo? travell]s are equally well equipp$ ) ! means ( pass+ ! ,rubicon4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 vol4 ii4 p4 #che4 #cd ,max ,mll]'s ,sci5ce ( ,language1 vol4 i4 p4 #djb4 #ce 8,cuvi] ma9ta9$ t in/9ct & intellig5ce /& 9 an inv]se ratio to ea* o!r40--,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 vol4 i4 p4 #cg4 ,translator's note4 #cf ,fr$]ick ,cuvi] & sev]al ( ! old] metaphysicians h comp>$ in/9ct ) habit4--,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #aia4 #cg ,max ,mll]'s ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #agh4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,primitive ,,humanity ,"s c\rage is requir$ to attack ! subject ( comp>ative philology z treat$ by c]ta9 le>n$ au?ors2 !y are bold en\gh to seek to transport !mselves to an age ( su* remote antiquity t hi/ory is sil5t on ! subject1 b 9 :i* a nasc5t humanity endeav\r$ to f9d expression = its s5sations 9 a language :i* probably _h no "n4 ,:5 my att5tion 0 fir/ attract$ to ! "w ( ?is s*ool1 s long z my m9d 0 cont5t to skim ov] ! surface ( an unkn[n _w1 s immeasurably di/ant f u1 & :il/ flitt+ too rapidly ov] x to be able to di/+ui% any ( its features1 x pres5t$ itself to me z a creation ( my heat$ imag9ation4 ,s9ce !n ,i h liv$ 9 t _w ( wond]s1 & ,i !n grasp$ ! fact t x 0 q possible = ?is _w to h be5 a reality4 ,b to j\rney ?i!r1 ev5 to live 9 ?is /range c\ntry1 ! only pa? to :i* is by induction1 9 company ) ,max ,mll] & ,noir1 :o1 app>5tly1 are its inhabitants1 f ! ease ) :i* !y move 9 x1 is a totally diff]5t matt] f expla9+ ! me?ods ( gett+ !re1 or describ+ ! soj\rn4 ,i %\ld h to draw in=mation f v>i\s s\rces1 & ! sci5tific & hypo!tical data connect$ !re) w\ld require sort+ & re>rang+ to make !m assimilate m easily2 ^! w\ld pres5t difficulties n readily surm\nt$4 ,h[ c\ld a reasonable & speak+ be+ come =? f t :i* _h no reason & no language8 ,! e>lie/ traditions are sil5t on ! mann] ( man's acquisition ( 8 fir/ ideas & 8 fir/ words4 ,b because a problem has n be5 solv$1 t is no reason = ! ass]tion t x is insoluble1 unless a refutation is at once demon/rable1 z 9 ! squ>+ ( ! circle4 8,if e "o _h ab/a9$ f /riv+ to p5etrate hidd5 ?+s1 no sci5ces w\ld exi/10 ,noir rem>k$4 ,newton might h said3 8,! facts t a /one falls & ! planets move are kn[n by actual exp]i5ce1 :y se>* out ! laws :i* produce ^! ph5om5a80 ,& ! !ory ( gravitation w\ld h be5 lack+4 ,lyell might h said3 8,we see t ! cru/ ( ! e>? is compos$ ( sev]al /rata1 :y reckon ! "t requir$ = _! =mation80 ,& !re w\ld h be5 no sci5ce ( geology4 ,liebig might h said3 8,we see t clov] gr[s & cattle prosp]1 :y %\ld ! relation ( cause & effect conc]n u80 ,& !re w\ld h be5 no organic *emi/ry4 ,adam ,smi? might h said3 8,we "k by exp]i5ce t valuable objects c be ex*ang$1 & t _! prices fluctuate1 :y %\ld we /udy ! cause ( rise & fall80 ,& ?is *apt] w\ld h be5 miss+ f political economy4 ,no road pres5ts itself to me by :i* to arrive 9 ! mid/ ( primitive humanity2 ( necessity1 !re=e1 ,i h rec\rse to analogy1 :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 is n ! wor/ exp$i5t4 ,:5 ! ,romans fir/ enc\nt]$ ,g]mans1 !y 7 *iefly /ruck by ! great /ature1 ! blue eyes1 & ! light hair ( ?is inimical race4 ,tacitus1 9 allud+ to ?is fact1 says t ea* ,g]man exactly resembl$ 8 fell[4 ,al?\gh we are famili> ) ! ext]nal appe>ance ( v>i\s nations1 yet if we f\nd ourselves 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( negroes we %\ld exp]i5ce an analog\s s5sation1 only by degrees %\ld we di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,9 an int5sifi$ degree primitive man mu/ h _h simil> exp]i5ces :51 fir/ f9d+ himself 9 a _w ( :i* he knew no?+1 & ( :i* he und]/ood no?+1 ! consci\sness ( :at he saw ar\nd him 0 mak+ itself app>5t4 ,^! e>ly races le>nt ! mean+ ( ! details ( surr\nd+ nature b sl[ly2 _! eyes foll[$ ! brilliant circle z x mov$ f "o qu>t] ( ! heav5s to ! o!r2 !y notic$ ! fire :i* came :5ce !y knew n2 !y he>d ! cra% ( ?und]1 reproduc$ by ! e*oes 9 ! m\nta9s syn*ronis+ ) ! deva/ations caus$ by ! /orm4 ,if "o man alone _h witness$ ^! t]rify+ effects 9 nature1 8 reason w\ld h tott]$ f fe>2 ! /ones & ! h]bs ( ! field c\ld n %>e 8 agitation2 ! dea? ( a man f t]ror w\ld leave !m unmov$4 ,happily man 0 n alone1 all ^? ar\nd him %>$ 8 agitation1 & ! t]ror manife/$ itself on ea* by signs :i* ea* w\ld und]/& in/9ctively4 ,?is p]iod ( semi-consci\sness be=e ! full awak5+ might h be5 a prolong$ "o1 b physical s5sations & necessities multipli$ !mselves1 & 7 v v>i\s & imp]ative2 action 0 indisp5sable if privations 7 to be avoid$2 & in/9ct came to _! aid4 ,! ne$ ( gu>d+ !mselves f ! burn+ rays ( ! sun caus$ !m to provide %elt]s by int]lac+ bran*es ( trees2 to protect !mselves f cold !y took ! sk9s ( wild bea/s to ?r[ ov] _! %\ld]s2 :]e natural cav]ns 7 insuffici5t = _! wants !y made !mselves refuges 9 ! sides ( ! m\nta9s2 !y 7 =c$ to light & ma9ta9 fires2 %>p5 /ones ei!r = tools or = weapons ( def5ce2 ! wants ( "o 7 ! wants ( all1 & all gave !mselves to ! task ( satisfy+ !m4 ,x is s evid5t t primitive activity mu/ h be5 co-op]ative1 t x outrages common s5se to picture ea* man lab\r+ by himself = himself alone4 ,! m5tal ph5om5on kn[n z int5tion1 0 ! common prop]ty ( all2 ! mutual sympa?y play$ ! "p ( ! electric curr5t ( our laboratories1 & ! in>ticulate s\nds escap+ involunt>ily f ! lips ( ea* work]1 s]v$ z a means ( communication4 ,9 ord] ! bett] to und]/& ! function ( ! voice 9 ! education ( primitive man1 let u look ar\nd u & li/54 ,:5ev] our s5ses are excit$1 & our muscles h>d at "w1 we feel a k9d ( relief 9 utt]+ s\nds :i* 9 !mselves h no mean+4 8,!y are a relief r ?an an ef=t1 a mod]ation or modulation ( ! quick5$ brea? 9 its escape ?r\gh ! m\?40#ch ,:5 m5 "w toge!r1 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! task requir+ unit$ ef=t1 !y are naturally incl9$ to accompany _! occupations ) c]ta9 m or less rhy?mical utt]ances1 :i* react b5eficially on ! inw>d di/urbance caus$ by muscul> ef=t4 ,:5 a body ( m5 m>*1 r[1 or wield hamm]s1 !y d n keep sil5ce2 =m]ly soldi]s sang z !y m>*$ to battle2 our mod]n civilisation only caus$ ! sub/itution ( fife & drums = ! songs2 & our soldi]s d n readily ab&on ^! measur$ accompanim5ts1 :i* make !m less susceptible ( fatigue4 ,:5 savage races dance !y make ! air res\nd ) measur$ cad5ces2 our peasants s+ :ile jo9+ 9 ! c\ntry dances2 ! cu/om ( s++ dur+ "w is m m>k$ among/ ^? :o belong to ! races :i* are less "u ! influ5ce ( civilisation1 & are m entirely absorb$ by _! manual occupation1 & ) :om p]sonal preoccupation has small hold4 ,^! in>ticulate s\nds :i* ,noir has nam$ clamor concomitans & ,max ,mll] clamor significans1 utt]$ by primitive m5 :5 work+ 9 conc]t1 & always insep>able f acts1 c\ld be diff]5tiat$ 9 accordance ) ! acts p]=m$2 & at a p]iod :5 actual spee* did n yet exi/1 !y w\ld always h ?is practical value1 !y w\ld awak5 ! remembrance ( acts p]=m$ 9 ! pa/1 & be repeat$ 9 ! pres5t1 !y w\ld ?us be in/antly und]/ood by all1 & readily reta9$ by ! memory4 ,b :at 0 !re to det]m9e ! application ( c]ta9 s\nds to c]ta9 occupations8 ,?is has n be5 made cle>4 ,plato1 ,socrates1 & o!rs1 h consid]$ t ! orig9 ( language might be trac$ to ! imitation ( ! s\nds ( nature1 & h s\ght = a resemblance betwe5 ^! s\nds & c]ta9 lett]s ( ! alphabet1 b ev5 7 x possible "h & !re to discov] a fa9t analogy1 our ef=ts w\ld only end 9 contradictions4 ,!re seems to be nei!r necessity nor absolute fre$om 9 ! *oice ( ! s\nds expressive ( ^! acts1 b r ! result ( "s accid5t1 or ( causes ( :i* we are ignorant4 ,9 any case ^! s\nds 7 m]ely ! mat]ials ( :i* language 0 built4 ,x w be easily und]/ood t no?+ w\ld p5etrate m deeply into man's consci\sness1 or produce mutual und]/&+ m readily1 ?an acts und]tak5 & accompli%$ ) ! same end 9 view by a numb] ( m5 unit$ 9 a common impulse4 ,dur+ ! digg+ ( ! caves1 ! weav+ ( ! nets1 ! ?ra%+ ( ! gra91 ! work]s w\ld foll[ ) _! eyes ! gradual trans=mation p]ceptible 9 ^! activities1 & ! s\nds :i* !y emitt$1 or ! half-=m$ words issu+ f _! lips w\ld be modifi$ or s(t5$ at ea* developm5t 9 ! "w2 ^! developm5ts becom+ m & m di/9ct1 m & m impress$ ) _! own special *>act]i/ic4 ,! idea ( individuality mu/ h be5 v cl\d$1 v confus$ among/ primitive man2 t :i* "o saw ! o!r saw aft] ! same mann]2 !y design$ ea* object 9 creat+ x2 9 ?is way ! _w became z a book to !m1 ?is book1 ! result ( _! comb9$ lab\r1 !y le>nt to read flu5tly by means ( ^! s\nds & words :i* increas$ z !y v>i$4 ,?us "w--man's good g5ius--is prov$ to be ! s\rce ( :at is truly human1 viz41 reason & language4 ,"h ,i w note a curi\s fact & "o :i* is hi/orical4 ,at a p]iod :5 writ+ 0 unkn[n 9 ,india1 ! ,brahmans _h already e/abli%$ ! rules ( poetical metre1 :i* 7 orig9ally connect$ ) danc+ & music4 ,^! rules _h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,v$a4 ,! v>i\s ,sanscrit names = metre are a witness ( ! union ( corporal & phonetic movem5ts4 ,! root ( ,kh&as1 metre1 is ! same z ! ,lat9 sc&]e 9 ! s5se ( /epp+2 vritta1 metre1 f vrit1 v]to--to turn1 meant orig9ally ! la/ ?ree or f\r /eps ( a danc+ movem5t1 ! turn1 ! v]sus1 :i* det]m9$ ! :ole "* ( dance or ( ! metre4 ,tri%tubh1 ! "n ( a common metre 9 ! ,v$a1 meant ?ree-/ep1 because its turn--its vritta or v]sus--consi/$ ( ?ree /eps1 - -4 ,?us ! innate necessity t man feels ( l9k+ ! play ( ! vocal *ords to ! movem5t ( h&s or feet1 _h be5 controll$ by fix$ laws1 tw5ty-f\r c5turies ago1 by ! ,h9doo gramm>ians2 & ! mo/ rec5t !ories ( mod]n writ]s on ! subject atte/ ! excell5ce ( ^! laws4 ,! ass]tion t x is natural to peasants n to keep sil5ce :5 work+ is ( v anci5t date1 b ,noir 0 ! fir/ to d$uce sci5tific data f ! fact4 ,! /udy ( ,sanscrit has %[n u t two ?\s& ye>s ago x occurr$ to ,h9doo gramm>ians to inve/igate ! orig9 ( ! words ( _! language1 :5 !y discov]$ t all words c\ld be r$uc$ to roots1 & t ^! roots all express$ v>i\s =ms ( activity2 t !y 7 !re=e v]bs1 & t ! numb] ( ^! roots 0 v re/rict$4 ,our pres5t philologi/s h cont9u$ ?is "w & are n only able to ackn[l$ge ! accuracy ( ! ,brahmanic discov]y1 b also to c]tify t ! grammatical analysis ( ! ,h9doos1 put =? #ejj ye>s be=e our era1 has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,x is important to rememb] t roots are ! fundam5tal elem5ts :i* p]meate ! :ole organism ( ! language4 ,hebrew has be5 r$uc$ by ,r5an & o!r ,hebrai/s to ab\t #ejj roots2 ! "w has /ill to be done = ! :ole ,semitic family4 ,! same process has be5 c>ri$ out ) reg>d to ! ,aryan languages2 we f9d ! numb] ( roots 9 ,sanscrit r$uc$ to ab\t #hjj2 ( ,go?ic ab\t #fjj2 r m ?an #djj 9 ! ,teutonic family1 & #fjj 9 ! ,slavic4 ,! ,ural-,altaic languages h also und]gone a p>tial analysis ( ! same k9d1 & ! result at pres5t corresponds to t obta9$ by ! exam9ation ( ! o!r families4 ,aft] elim9at+ ! t]ti>y & second>y roots f ! ,sanscrit ! residuum is #fjj or #ejj1 & we arrive at ! fact t ?is entire language1 &1 9 a great measure1 all ! ,aryan languages1 c be trac$ back to an extremely small numb] ( roots4 ,z ! ,h9doo gramm>ians ass]t$ t all roots conta9 ! repres5tation ( v>i\s =ms ( activity1 x behov$ our philologi/s to inve/igate ?is & discov] _! mean+4 ,pr(essor ,noir ?\ght t ! consci\sness t m5 _h ( _! own acts mu/ h =m$ ! orig9 ( ! primitive concepts ( ! human m9d1 & f\nd expression 9 signs or words4 ,max ,mll] %[s u#ci t all ! ,sanscrit roots express a concept or consci\sness ( ! repeat$ acts1 ! acts ) :i* man 9 8 infancy w\ld be mo/ famili>4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t ! concepts or signs are n ( s+le acts1 b ! realisation ( repeat$ acts2 to dig 0 n to put a spade into ! gr\nd once1 x is ! action ( digg+ cont9u\sly2 to %>p5 0 n to pass "o fl9t ov] ano!r once1 x 0 ! cont9ual action ( %>p5+4 ,! consci\sness ( accompli%+ ^! repeat$ acts z if "o act1 became ! fir/ g]m ( conceptual ?\ght4 ,dur+ ?is initial phase ( ?\ght1 :5 ! fir/ consci\sness ( 8 own repeat$ acts awoke 9 man & assum$ a conceptual "*1 w1 act & k 7 z yet "o & undivid$1 & ! :ole ( 8 consci\s k 0 subjective1 exclusively conc]n$ ) 8 own volunt>y act4 ,we possess ! g5ealogy ( a l>ge numb] ( ,aryan roots1 & we f9d on exam9ation t ! activity :i* =m$ _! basis 0 at ! beg9n+ always a creative activity1 s9ce x call$ into life conceptions :i* up to t "t _h n exi/$4 ,no?+ is m int]e/+ ?an rese>*es into ! orig9 ( ! gr[? ( human ?\ght1 :5 c>ri$ out n accord+ to ! sy/ems ( c]ta9 philologi/s ( our day1 b hi/orically1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,indian trapp]1 :o notes on ! s& e impr9t ( ! foot/eps ( him :om he pursues4 ,= ! pres5t ,i w cont5t myself by br++ =w>d 9 illu/ration ?ree prim>y roots4 ,v 7,v71 :i* is1 to weave2 ,m>1 to cru%2 & ,khan1 to dig4 ,v 7,v71 ,m>1 & ,khan are ?us v]bs4 ,:5 we n[ picture ! f\r acts ( weav+1 sp9n+1 sew+1 & knitt+1 !y appe> s to diff] ! "o f ! o!r1 t x seems impossible to consid] !m o!r ?an f\r di/9ct acts1 & difficult to believe t !re is "o common orig9 to all4 ,^! f\r processes1 h[ev]1 all _h _! g]m 9 ! "o primitive act ( int]lac+ ! b\ghs ( trees to =m a h$ge or ro(4 ,?is root ,v 7,v7 _h an imm5se numb] ( (f%oots2 f ! acts ( int]lac+ & platt+ came ! conception ( b9d+1 9 ,lat9 vieo1 to twi/1 to divide2 9 ,g]man1 w9d51 wickeln2 ! ,lat9 words vitis1 a v9e2 vim51 osi]1 a twig2 viburnum1 a climb+ plant2 ! ,slavic ^w vetla1 will[2 ! ,sanscrit vetra1 re$1 ru%2 ! ,g]man ^w = ru%1 b9se1 is connect$ ) b9d51 to jo91 & ! second>y mean+ ( ties ( relation%ip & alliance3 aga91 9 ! ,old ,high-,g]man1 no?b5dig1 or no?w5digkeit1 b\nd1 /rait5$1 & ! ,go?ic naudib&i1 tie1 *a94 ,all ^! words1 :e!r 9 ! ,roman1 ,g]man1 or ,slavonic dialects1 h reta9$ ! root ,v 7,v71 s t x is impossible n to recognise ! trunk ( :i* ^! are ! bran*es4 ,?us a l>ge numb] ( app>5tly dissimil> images became entangl$ ! "o ) ! o!r1 & 9 proportion z we approa* _! />t+-po9t d we f9d !m disc>d+ _! own special signification1 & becom+ absorb$ 9 ! s+le conception ( weav+ & platt+4 ,! root m>1 to gr9d1 has also ! mean+ ( to cru%1 to p[d]1 to rub d[n1 etc41 & :e!r we look at ! ,lat91 ,greek1 ,celtic1 ,g]man1 or ,slav1 ! words repres5t+ ! v]b to mill1 & ! "n mill come !nce2 ! transition f mill+ to fight+ is natural2 ?us ,hom] us$ ! ^w m>-na-mai1 ,i fight1 ,i p\nd4 ,m> produc$ 9 ,lat9 ! words mordeo1 ,i bite2 morior 7orig9ally1 to decay71 ,i die2 mortuus1 dead2 mors1 dea?2 morbus1 illness2 9 ,greek1 m>asmos1 decay2 r5d]$ 9 ,g]man by si* aufreib51 to become exhau/$4 ,9 ,sanscrit we mu/ rememb] t ! consonants r & l are cognate & int]*angeable2 ?us1 m> mal2 & t ar 9 ,sanscrit is %ort5$1 & ! v[el modifi$ & pron\nc$ ri1 m> mri2 t ar may be pron\nc$ ra1 & al1 la2 m> mra & mal mla3 ?us 9 ,sanscrit we f9d mrita1 dead2 mritya1 dea?1 & mriye1 ,i die4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ names = man 0 m>ta1 ! dy+2 ! equival5t 9 ,greek = ! ,sanscrit mra & mla is mbro1 mblo2 & aft] dropp+ ! m becomes bro & blo2 brotos1 mortal4 ,hav+ *os5 ?is "n = himself1 man gave ! opposite "n to ! gods2 he call$ !m ,ambrotoi1 )\t decay1 immortal2 & _! food ambrosia1 immortality4 ,an (f%oot ( m> is m>d & mrg2 !nce mradati1 rubb+ d[n1 pulv]is+1 gr9d to p[d]2 mrid is 9 ,sanscrit ! ^w = du/1 & aft]w>ds 0 us$ = soil 9 g5]al or e>?2 mrid1 to weak51 to s(t51 to melt2 ?us1 fluid mass4 ,?is idea 9 ,engli% takes ! =m malt1 gra9 soak$ & s(t5$2 !n ! ,greek meldo1 & ! ,go?ic mulda1 s(t gr\nd or morass1 & t :i* is s(t5$ by use or ! action ( "t4 ,! ,lat9 sordes & sordidus are connect$ h]e)1 z ! same root may be f\nd 9 sm>na1 ,go?ic1 & ! ,greek mlas & moros1 black1 & 9 murus1 br[n-black2 9 ! ,russian smola1 wax & res94 8,col\r 0 conceiv$ orig9ally z ! result ( ! act ( cov]+ or ext5d+ a fluid ov] a surface2 x 0 n till ! art ( pa9t+1 9 its mo/ primitive =m1 0 discov]$ & nam$1 t !re c\ld h be5 a "n = col\r40#dj ,! "n ( col\r 9 ,sanscrit is v>na1 f v>1 to cov]4 ,! idea convey$ by ! words1 to smoo?1 to flatt]1 to s(t51 to mollify1 to melt a h>d sub/ance1 to poli% a r\gh surface by con/ant rubb+1 l$ to ! same t]ms be+ us$ = express+ ! s(t5+ influ5ce :i* man ex]cis$ on man1 by looks1 ge/ures1 words or pray]s1 & ^! expressions 7 especially us$ by m5 9 _! relations to ! gods1 :5 !y /rove to propitiate !m by supplications & sacrifices3 ?us ! pray] :i* we n[ translate by 8,be graci\s unto u1 ,o ,god10 meant orig9ally1 8,melt to u2 be s(t5$1 ye gods40 ,language grew & made (f%oots1 b )\t confusion2 disord] _h no place 9 ! progress ( ?\ght 7/ill less *ance71 :i* 0 simple & rational4 ,?is 0 n ! developm5t ( ! consci\s ef=t t[>ds "s goal4 ,at ?is p]iod !re 0 no su* ?+ z reflection prop]ly s call$2 = in/ance1 man did n pond] h[ be/ to express a feel+ ( fe>1 s9ce fe>1 l s _m o!r impressions1 receiv$ vague expression be=e ! concept ( fe> acquir$ %ape2 b our ance/ors _h a root to express %ak+ 79 ,sanscrit kap1 kamp1 to %ake73 !y us$ x to describe fe>1 :i* manife/$ itself 9 ! trembl+ ( voice or limbs4 ,?us1 8,i %ake0 might mean1 8,i %ake a tree10 or 8,i am %ak510 8,i am %ak5 by him0 7by my horse71 b also 8,i am trembl+02 f x we h 9 ,greek k>nos1 smoke1 n :at %akes1 or is %ak51 b :at is 9 a %ak+ /ate1 t :i* moves2 kup1 :i* is probably a modification ( kamp1 means to %ake inw>dly1 to be angry4 ,"s le>n$ writ]s h felt disconc]t$ :5 aft] trac+ words to _! s\rce1 !y h f\nd no?+ b roots ) g5]al mean+s1 su* z to g1 to move1 to run1 to d2 h[ev]1 x is by means ( ^! vague1 pale conceptions t language has obta9$ ! mat]ial = an entire language4 ,! ,aryan root ar signifi$ orig9ally to g1 to s5d1 to advance1 to proce$1 go+ regul>ly1 to /ir4 ,appli$ to ! /irr+ ( ! soil1 x took ! mean+ ( pl\gh+2 9 ,lat9 ar-are1 9 ,greek ar-oun1 9 ,iri% ar1 9 ,li?uanian ar-ti1 9 ,russian ora-ti2 ?is root1 f its mean+ ( advanc+ regul>ly1 0 ! "n ( ! pl\gh2 "o d]ivative 0 appli$ to ! cattle fit = pl\gh+1 & also to ! lab\r]4 ,ar 0 also us$ = ! pl\gh+ ( ! sea1 or r[+1 & 0 f\nd 9 ! words r[] & rudd]4 ,! ,lat9 ^w vum1 orig9ally f i1 to g1 became ! "n ( "t1 age2 & its d]ivative vit]nus1 turnus 0 made to express et]nity4 ,x 0 by a poetical fiat t ! ,greek probata1 :i* orig9ally meant no m ?an ?+s walk+ =w>d1 became 9 "t ! "n ( cattle4 ,9 ,fr5*1 ! ^w meuble means lit]ally any?+ t is movable1 b x became ! "n ( *airs1 tables1 w>drobes1 etc4 ,9 ?is way we see ! p[] ( language1 :i*1 out ( a few simple elem5ts1 has creat$ names suffici5t to express ! inf9ite aspects ( nature4 ,! ramifications ( ! ,aryan root ,d give a good idea ( ! process4 ,?us ,d to give1 is 9 ! ,sanscrit ddmi1 ,i give2 9 ,lat91 d2 9 ,old ,slavonic1 da-mi2 9 ,li?uanian1 du-mi2 9 ,fr5*1 donn] & p>donn]2 9 ,lat91 trado1 to give ov]2 9 ,italian1 tradire2 9 ,fr5*1 trahir1 trahison2 9 ,lat9 aga91 r$do1 to give back2 9 ,fr5*1 r5dre & r5te4 ,side by side ) ! root ,d1 !re is ano!r root also ,d1 exactly ! same 9 all outw>d appe>ance2 x consi/s ( ,d 1 b is totally di/9ct f ! =m]4 ,:ile f ! =m] we h 9 ,sanscrit1 d-tram1 a gift1 we h f ! latt] d-tram1 a sickle4 ,! mean+ ( ! second root is to cut1 to c>ve2 ! diff]5ce is %[n by ! acc5t rema9+ on ! radical syllable 9 d-tram1 i4e41 ! cutt+ 7active72 :il/ x leaves ! radical syllable 9 d-trm1 i4e41 :at is giv5 7passive74 ,! hi/ory ( ^! roots d af=ds an opportunity ( notic+ a curi\s resemblance betwe5 natural hi/ory & philology1 two sci5ces :i* o!rwise are totally diff]5t1 b alike 9 "o idea :i* ent]s into ! inw>dness ( bo?4 ,d>w9 admitt$ f\r or five prog5itors 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 s t ! prim>y elem5ts ( all liv+ organisms are ! simple cells4 ,9 ! same way philologi/s h discov]$ t !re rema9 9 ! end c]ta9 simple elem5ts ( human spee*--! primordial roots--:i* h suffic$ to provide ! innum]able multitude ( words us$ by ! human race4 ,a pr9ciple neglect$ by a great numb] ( evolutioni/s is t if two orig9s1 :e!r ! roots ( language or liv+ cells1 h at _! />t+-po9t an absolutely simil> appe>ance1 & aft]w>ds div]ge1 x is because at _! orig9 !y bore 9 !mselves ! g]ms de/9$ to produce ?is div]g5ce4 ,d>w9 says t two organic cells1 :i* 9 ! embryonic /age may p]fectly resemble ea* o!r1 9 gr[+1 gradually develop1 ! "o into an inf]ior animal1 ! o!r into a sup]ior animal1 nev] v>y+ ! process2 ! reason ( :i* fact is t ! cells1 al?\gh n di/+ui%able ! "o f ! o!r1 diff] 9 ! rudim5ts or pr9ciple ( life3 9 ! same way philologi/s say t :5 two roots h ! same s\nd1 b produce families ( p]fectly di/9ct words1 x is because ! g]ms 9 ea* diff]4 ,we le>n f ?is t ! s\nd ( ! words is a matt] ( indiff]5ce at ! comm5cem5t ( a language2 no "o has succe$$1 or w succe$1 9 mak+ ! s\nd alone ! vehicle ( a conception4 ,to ,locke belongs ! m]it ( hav+ fir/ cle>ly ass]t$ t roots1 ! true irr$ucible elem5ts ( language1 :i* furni% words = ! mo/ ab/ract & sublime conceptions1 _h at ! beg9n+ only a mat]ial or s5su\s mean+1 & ?is fact1 on :i* ideali/s & mat]iali/s are agre$1 is confirm$ by comp>ative philologi/s4 ,all primitive roots express directly only ^? acts & ^? conditions :i* come "u ! doma9 ( ! s5ses2 all express ! consci\sness ( repeat$ acts famili> to ! memb]s ( a society 9 its infancy1 su* z p\nd+1 /rik+1 weav+1 ty+1 burn+1 rubb+1 mov+1 cutt+1 %>p5+1 s(t5+4 ,by means ( g5]alisation & specialisation1 ! roots h acquir$ ! mo/ ab/ract t]ms ( our advanc$ society2 ?us ! root to burn develop$ into ! ?\ght ( to love1 & also to be a%am$2 to dig1 came to mean to se>* =1 to enquire2 ! root :i* means to ga!r1 express$ 9 primitive logic :at we n[ call obs]vation ( facts2 ! connection ( major & m9or1 or ev5 syllogism4 ,?is is )\t d\bt1 & x is z c]ta9 t ! words rake & p9*]s came f ! v]bs to rake & to p9*4 ,to make ! ass]tion ( ,locke ! m /rik+1 ,noir adds3 8,:5 ! repres5tative words spr++ f "o root are f\nd side by side1 x is always ! m anci5t ( ! two :i* expresses ! m mat]ial act4 ,! v]bs to te> & to cut are ! (f%oots ( a s+le root2 b ! passage f ! concept ( te>+ to t ( cutt+ w\ld be sl[ly effect$2 ! act ( te>+ 0 imm$iate ) man1 cutt+ 0 a m$iate act1 & ( lat] date1 s9ce x c\ld n be done :il/ ! in/rum5t 0 lack+40 ,i %all n[ bridge ov] ! di/ance betwe5 ! primordial roots1 & ! organis$ language z we possess x1 9 ord] to %[ h[ our ance/ors succe$$ 9 =m+ real phrases1 t is to say1 intelligible propositions2 ?is w %[ u ! cont9u\s ?read :i* connects our pres5t language ) primitive spee*4 ,we c %[ t bo? diction>y & gramm> are made up ( pr$icative roots & demon/rative elem5ts4 ,by ! help ( ! fir/ we make affirmations conc]n+ ?+s1 d]iv$ f our k ( ano!r object or ( _m1 ei!r 9 comb9ation "u "o "n1 or tak+ ea* sep>ately4 ,) ! demon/rative elem5t we po9t to any object 9 space or "t1 by us+ su* words z ?is1 t1 !n1 "h1 !re2 ne>1 f>1 above1 bel[1 & o!rs ( ! same k9d1 ^: exi/5ce may be expla9$ z a survival ( ! ge/iculat+ phase 9 :i* objects 7 nei!r conceiv$ nor describ$ b po9t$ out2 f ?is we are n to inf] t ge/ures--ev5 accompani$ by s\nds--gave bir? to spee*1 s9ce !y r exclud$ x4 ,9 _! primitive =m & int5tion1 ^! demon/rative elem5ts are address$ to ! s5ses r ?an to ! intellect4 ,!y h 9 !mselves no mean+1 & to be ( s]vice !y mu/ be atta*$ to words t h4 ,! hi/ory ( ! root ,khan1 to dig1 w expla9 my ?\ght4 ,:5 our ,aryan ance/ors _h le>nt to say ,khan1 & !y want$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? :o 7 digg+ & ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 digg+1 betwe5 ! object ( ! digg+ & ! "t & place ( ! "w1 x is possible t ^! demon/rative suffixes1 comb9$ ) pr$icative roots1 =m$ bases1 su* z ,khan-ana1 ,khan-i1 ,khan-a1 ,khan-itra1 & /ill o!rs1 :i* 7 int5d$ probably = digg+-"h1 digg+-n[1 dig-we1 dig-y4 ,by means ( ^! comb9ations1 :i* v>i$ 9 _! application accord+ to ! cu/oms ( diff]5t villages & families1 ! speak] s\ght to di/+ui% betwe5 ! subject act+ & ! object act$ ^u2 & :5 ?is difficulty 0 surm\nt$1 a great /ep _h be5 tak51 ! passage f p]ception to conception 0 accompli%$1 & ?is passage no philosoph] prior to ,noir _h made cle>4 8,we mu/ always be> 9 m9d t we are speak+ "h ( times1 s f> beyond ! rea* ( hi/ory1 & ( intellectual processes s widely remov$ f our own1 t none w\ld v5ture to speak dogmatically on :at 0 actually pass+ 9 ! m9ds ( ! e>ly fram]s ( language :5 !y fir/ utt]$ ^! words40#da ,all we c d is to haz>d an explanation1 & accept x 9 z f> z x seems reasonable2 & 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce1 we mu/ c>efully gu>d ourselves f ass]t+ t our !ory is ! only true "o4 ,x is easy to conceive t aft] c5turies ( con/ant use c]ta9 d]ivatives %\ld h become unalt]ably atta*$ to c]ta9 mean+s1 & o!rs %\ld h also reta9$ _! special mean+s4 ,b :at we d n "k1 is h[ ! s\nds de/9$ to become demon/rative elem5ts or p]sonal pron\ns 7 re/rict$ to ! t]ms requir$ = su* words1 z--"h1 !re1 ^?1 he1 ,i1 t1 etc4 ,!re 7 cases 9 :i* a v]b 9 ! inf9itive w\ld develop into a phrase )\t any additions be+ made to x2 x w\ld suffice1 = in/ance1 if a man utt]$ ! ^w ,khan 9 a comm&+ voice--z we %\ld say 8"w0--= 8 fell[-lab\r]s to und]/& t !y 7 to beg9 to dig4 ,?us ! imp]ative c\ld be consid]$ a complete s5t5ce ) z mu* ju/ice z ,v5i-,v$i-,vici w\ld be t]m$ indep5d5t & complete s5t5ces4 8,! %orte/ s5t5ce ( all is1 no d\bt1 ! imp]ative1 & x is 9 ! imp]ative t almo/ to ! pres5t day roots reta9 _! simple/ =m40#db ,our intellects 9 ! pres5t day are develop$ by ! disc\rses we he>1 ! books we read1 ! reflections sugge/$ by our exp]i5ces ( life2 our vocabul>ies become enri*$ z our k increases & embraces a great] numb] ( subjects2 & if we retrace ! pa? tak+ u to our ance/ors :o c\ld n c\nt beyond f\r sometimes1 we %\ld f9d words & ideas becom+ few] & conspicu\s by _! abs5ce4 ,x does n !re=e foll[ t because we use language t we made x4 ,x is n our inv5tion2 to u e language is traditional4 8,! words 9 :i* we ?9k are *annels ( ?\ght :i* we h n dug ourselves1 b :i* we f\nd ready made = u4 ,! "w ( mak+ language belongs to a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d beyond ! rea* ( ! ord9>y hi/orian1 & ( :i* we 9 our advanc$ /ate ( m5tal developm5t c h>dly =m a cle> conception40 ,yet t "t mu/ h be5 a fact n less possible ( v]ification ?an t geological p]iod :5 8! e>? 0 absorb$ 9 produc+ ! c>bonif]\s vegetation :i* /ill supplies u ) ! means ( w>m?1 light1 & life1 accumulat+ dur+ enorm\s p]iods ( "t small deposits ( organic matt] =m+ ! /rata ( ! globe on :i* we live4 ,9 ! same mann] ! human m9d =m$ t l+ui/ic vegetation1 ! produce ( :i* /ill supplies ! /ores ( our gramm>s & diction>ies02 & aft] a close exam9ation ( ^! primordial roots :5ce our language has sprung1 we f9d t x does n consi/ 9 a conglom]ation ( words1 ! result ( an agreem5t among/ a c]ta9 numb] ( m51 or ! result ( *ance1 b expresses human activity by means ( v]bs1 ! liv+ & vivify+ portion ( spee* by ! side ( :i* ! rema9d] may almo/ be consid]$ z dead matt]4 ,! "q ( ! bir? ( ! sub/antive1 )\t be+ delib]ately pos$ z a problem1 occupi$ ! m9ds ( ! ,grecian philosoph]s1 & 0 involv$ 9 _! rese>*es conc]n+ ! relation ( an object to ! "n x be>s1 ( ! unkn[n cause by :i* a c]ta9 "n designates a c]ta9 object & no o!r4 ,:il/ ! ,greeks speculat$ on ! subject aft] a t5tative mann]1 build+ up !ories :i* lat] obs]vations 7 n long 9 upsett+1 ! ,h9doos 7 also engag$ 9 ef=ts to solve ! problem by ! help ( a m reliable process--! hi/orical4 ,! e>ly gramm>ians1 hav+ f\nd t words came f roots express+ g5]al concepts1 & t ^! concepts repres5t$ "s sort ( activity1 made ?is fact ! basis ( _! /udies2 pr(\nd ?9k]s z !y 7 !y discov]$ t man at fir/ c\ld n give a "n to a tree1 an animal1 a />1 a riv]1 nor to any o!r object )\t discov]+ fir/ "s special quality t seem$ at ! "t mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! object to be nam$4 ,sanscrit has a root ,z1 hav+ among/ o!r mean+s %>pness1 quickness2 f ! same root came words = ne$le1 po9t1 %>pness ( sight1 quickness ( ?\ght2 ?is root is f\nd 9 ! ,sanscrit "n = a horse1 :i* is asva1 runn] or rac]1 "o :o leaves space quickly beh9d him4 ,_m o!r names might h be5 giv5 to ! horse besides ! "o "h m5tion$1 b all mu/ recall "s *>act]i/ic trait ( ?is animal2 t "n1 ! quick1 c\ld also h be5 giv5 to o!r animals1 b hav+ be5 repeat$ly appli$ to "o1 x became unfit = o!r purposes1 & ! horse reta9s undisput$ possession4 ,! ,sanscrit ak%a1 eye1 comes f ! same root z1 :i* also meant to po9t1 to pi]ce4 ,ano!r "n = eye 9 ,sanscrit is netram1 lead]1 f n1 to lead4 ,noir has j put =? an +5i\s !ory1 t ! fir/ sub/antives w\ld n be mill]1 digg]1 weav]1 c>p5t]2 b fl\r1 cave1 pit1 mat1 h$ge1 club1 arr[1 boat1 because ^! 7 :at _h be5 ?\ght & will$1 :il/ ! ag5ts1 ( no acc\nt f t po9t ( view1 rema9$ 9 ! %ade1 =gott51 & x is possible t = "s "t no names 7 giv5 to !m4 8,:5 we h once se5 t ?\ght 9 its true s5se is always conceptual1 tak+ a v]bal =m1 & t e ^w is d]iv$ f a conceptual root1 we %all be ready = ! ass]tion t words be+ conceptual c nev] /& = a s+le p]cept40--,,max ,m,,ll]4 ,locke fir/ insi/$ t names are n ! signs ( ?+s !mselves1 b always ! signs ( our concepts ( !m4 ,?is rem>k receiv$ small att5tion at fir/1 & rema9$ little appreciat$ until su* "t z ! discov]ies ( our contempor>ies1 ) no preconc]t$ unanimity1 confirm$ its value4 ,max ,mll] expla9s ,locke's words 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,ea* "t t we use a g5]al "n1 if we say dog1 tree1 *air1 we h n ^! objects be=e our eyes1 only our concepts ( !m2 !re c be no?+ 9 ! _w ( s5se correspond+ ev5 to su* simple words z dog1 tree1 *air4 ,we c nev] expect to see a dog1 a tree1 a *air4 ,dog means e k9d ( dog f ! greyh\nd to ! spaniel2 tree1 e k9d ( tree f ! oak to ! *]ry2 *air1 e k9d ( *air f ! royal ?rone to ! artisan's /ool4 ,we may see a spaniel or a ,newf\ndl& dog2 we may see a fir or an apple tree2 we may see su* & su* a *air4 ,p (t5 imag9e t !y c =m a g5]al image ( a dog by leav+ out :at is peculi> to e individual dog40#dc ,?is g5]al idea we h 9 our m9d ( :i* we c talk1 b our eyes _c see x z !y c\ld a real object4 ,no?+ t we "n1 no?+ t we f9d 9 our diction>y c ev] be he>d1 or se51 or felt4 8,we c ev5 h names = ?+s :i* nev] exi/$1 su* z gnomes2 also = ?+s :i* exi/ no m1 or :i* exi/ n yet1 su* z ! grapes ( ! la/ h>ve/1 & ^? ( ! next4 ,! m]e fact t ,i call a ?+ pa/ or future ought to be suffici5t to %[ t x is my concept ( :i* ,i am speak+1 & n ! ?+ z indep5d5t ( me40#dd ,b]keley %[$ t x is simply impossible = any human be+ to make to himself a g5]al image ( a triangle1 = su* an image w\ld h to be at ! same "t "r-angl$1 obtuse-angl$1 acute-angl$1 & o!r k9ds also2 su* an object does n exi/2 :]eas x is p]fectly possible to h an image ( any s+le triangle2 to "n "s *>act]i/ic features common to all triangles1 & ?us to =m a "n & at ! same "t a concept ( a triangle4#de ,?is m5tal process :i* ,b]keley describ$ s well z appli$ to mod]n concepts we c adopt ) reg>d to all1 ev5 ! mo/ primitive4 ,man1 9 ent]+ a =e/1 discov]$ 9 ! trees some?+ t 0 int]e/+ to him4 ,= practical purposes trees 7 p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to ! primitive fram]s ( language1 because !y c\ld be split 9 two1 ?ree1 or f\r pieces1 cut1 %ap$ accord+ to ! size ( ! piece into blocks1 planks1 boats1 & %afts2 any object = :i* ! necessity _h made itself felt4 ,h5ce1 f a root d>1 to te>1 our ,aryan ance/ors call$ trees dru1 or dru1 lit]ally :at c be torn1 or split1 or cut2 f ! same root ! ,greeks call$ ! sk9 ( an animal drma1 because x 0 torn (f1 & a sack dros 79 ,sanscrit driti71 because x 0 made ( lea!r1 & a spe> dry1 because x came f a tree1 & 0 cut & %ap$ & plan$4 ,su* words be+ once giv5 w\ld produce _m (f%oots2 ! ,celts ( ,gaul & ( ,irel& call$ _! prie/s ,druids1 lit]ally ! m5 ( oak-groves4 ,! ,greeks call$ ! spirits ( ! =e/ trees ,dryades2 & ! ,h9doos call$ a man ( wood1 or a man ) a wood51 or1 z we say1 fl9ty he>t1 druna1 cruel4 ,! imm5se numb] ( intelligible roots gave bir? to _m new images1 ^! roots cross$ & recross$1 = ! concepts ( to g1 to give1 to move1 to make1 w\ld be ! f\ndations ( o!rs1 9 "s ways diff]+2 "o idea or ?\ght 9 its flight w\ld meet o!rs p]haps ( a conflict+ nature1 ?\ghts & words w\ld equally und]go incessant modifications1 :i* fact expla9s :y 9 ^! e>li] /ages ( language ! memb]s ( a community soon ceas$ to und]/& ea* o!r if sep>at$ b = a %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,ovid1 9 speak+ ( ! *aos at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 makes a picture :i* w\ld equally well describe ! bir? ( language4 8,matt] 0 9 an un=m$ mass 444 ! sky1 ! e>?1 ! sea _h all "o aspect2 !re :]e 0 ! e>?1 0 also ! sea1 & ! sky 0 !re also40 ,! extraord9>y de/9ies ( ! roots ,i h nam$ con/itutes a %ort *apt] only1 9 ! bir? & developm5t ( tongues2 b %ort z x is1 x suffices to give u an idea ( ! ela/ic nature ( ^! roots1 _! faculty ( ext5sion1 & ! "p !y play 9 ! economy ( language1 & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! human m9d4 ,e m5tal ph5om5on has its hi/ory1 :i* c only be discov]$ by trac+ x to its s\rce2 & z spee* has und]gone _m phases1 ( :i* ! e>li] mu/ h be5 v diff]5t f ^? n[ 9 exi/5ce1 x is p>donable 9 ! greate/ philosoph]s ( antiquity n to h kn[n ! intricacies ( ! human m9d1 :i* ?is *angeable spee* c\ld alone int]pret4 ,! anci5ts knew _! own times1 b 7 ignorant ( ! prec$+ ones1 9 ! same way !y knew _! own language only1 & ( ?is language only its contempor>y =m2 & 9 ! case ( a ^w ^: mean+ 0 lo/ or ( a =eign ^w1 !y s\ght its orig9 9 an idiom ) :i* !y 7 famili>2 9 o!r words1 n :]e x c\ld be f\nd4 ,= a long "t man only knew "o k9d ( be+1 8 own2 & possess$ "o language only1 t :i* express$ 8 own acts & 8 own /ates2 ! primitive m5 7 suffici5tly advanc$ to say3 8let u dig10 8gr9d10 8!y weave02 b if1 at ! beg9n+1 concepts & spee* arose f ! consci\sness ( _! own activity1 h[ 0 ! advance made :5 m5 desir$ to speak ( ! ext]nal objects ( ! _w :i* !y saw ar\nd !m1 & 7 consci\s ( n hav+ made1 & :i* consequ5tly rema9$ outside ! sph]e ( _! wills & ( _! exp]i5ce8 ,x is cle> t ^! outw>d objects to be grasp$ & nam$1 mu/ h _! "p 9 ! human activities = :i* names _h already be5 f\nd4 ,:5 he saw ! lightn+ te>+ a hole 9 ! field1 or splitt+ ! trunk ( a tree1 man c\ld no long] say1 8,we h dug ?is hole1 y h split ! tree40 ,x 0 no long] someone1 b some?+ t _h dug & /ruck4 ,no?+ seems m simple to u ?an aft] say+ 8,i dig0 to say also 8x digs10 & yet x 0 a pass+ to a new _w ( ?\ght1 f ! consci\s feel+ ( our own activity to ! intuition ( ! activity ( an outw>d object2 ?is m5tal act1 ?\gh inevitable1 0 by no means an easy "o2 m5 realis$ t ! _w ar\nd 0 a reflex ( !mselves1 ! only light 0 ! light f )94 ,if m5 c\ld measure1 s c\ld ! moon2 h5ce he 0 call$ ! measur] ( ! sky1 f ! root ,m1 to measure2 ! moon 0 call$ ,ms1 t :i* measures1 its actual "n 9 ,sanscrit2 9 ,lat91 m5sis2 9 ,greek1 mn2 ,engli%1 moon2 ,g]man1 ,monat2 9 ,russian1 misets4 ,m5 :o ran call$ !mselves runn]s2 also ! riv]s !y nam$ s>1 runn+2 & to designate ! position ( ! riv] !y add$ ! suffix x1 s>-x2 lit]ally1 runn+ "h4 ,?us s>it is riv] 9 ,sanscrit2 ,ms & s>it ?us become complete1 intelligible s5t5ces4 ,:at we call lightn+ 0 orig9ally1 te>+1 digg+1 bur/+1 sp>kl+2 :at we call /orm & tempe/ 71 gr9d+1 sma%+1 bur/+1 bl[+2 if man c\ld sma%1 s c\ld ! ?und]bolt1 h5ce x 0 call$ ! sma%]2 & tempe/ & /orm & ?und]bolt may h be51 sma%+1 gr9d+1 hurl+2 & ) ! addition ( ! suffix1 sma%+ "h1 n[1 !re1 !n4 ,we h se5 t ! attribute :i* 0 ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( an object suppli$ its "n1 b z mo/ objects possess$ m ?an "o attribute1 m ?an "o designation 7 giv5 to x2 ?us sev]al names 7 us$ = riv] besides s>it1 ea* repres5t+ "o ( its aspects2 :5 fl[+ 9 a /raight l9e x 0 call$ sr1 arr[1 pl\gh1 pl\gh]2 if x seem$ to n\ri% ! fields x 0 mt>1 "m2 if x sep>at$ or protect$ "o c\ntry f ano!r1 x became s9dhu1 ! def5d]1 f sidh or s$hati1 to keep (f2 if x became a torr5t x receiv$ ! "n ( nadi1 noisy4 ,9 all ^! =ms ! riv] is consid]$ z act+1 & is nam$ by roots express+ action2 x n\ri%es1 x traces a furr[1 x gu>ds1 x ro>s z a wild bea/ ro>s4 ,! sun has _m attributes2 he is brilliant1 ! w>m]1 ! g5]ator1 ! scor*]1 he is vivify+1 ov]p[]+1 8 _m qualities giv+ him fifty diff]5t names1 all synonyms ( ! sun4 ,! e>? also _h _m1 x 0 kn[n by tw5ty-"o names1 among/ o!rs x 0 urv1 wide2 juri?v1 broad2 mah1 great2 b ea* *>act]i/ic trait ( ! e>? c\ld also be f\nd 9 o!r objects1 ?us uriv also meant a riv]2 sky & dawn 7 call$ pri?v2 & mah 7great1 /rong7 is us$ = c[ & spee*4 ,h5ce e>?1 riv]1 sky1 dawn1 c[1 & spee* w\ld become homonyms4 ,^! names are ( cle>ly def9$ objects1 all recognisable by ! s5ses2 ?is fact entitles u to apply ! foll[+ def9ition to ?is primitive /age ( language2 ! consci\s expression ( impressions p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( words diff]+ some:at f ^? we h nam$1 su* words1 z day1 night1 spr+1 w9t]1 dawn & twilight2 ^! lack ! individuality & tangibl5ess ( ! o!rs2 & :5 we say 8day approa*es1 night comes10 we attribute acts to ?+s :i* are n ag5ts1 we affirm propositions1 :i*1 logically analys$1 h no prop]ly def9$ subjects4 ,semi-tangible names1 su* z sky1 e>?1 belong to ! same category4 ,:5 we say 8! e>? n\ri%es man10 we d n allude to any well def9$ portion ( ! soil1 we take ! e>? z a :ole2 & ! sky is n only ! small portion ( ! horizon grasp$ by our eyes1 our imag9ation conceives objects n )9 ! k5 ( our s5ses1 b inasmu* z we look ^u ! e>? or sky z a :ole1 see 9 x a p[] or an ideal1 we make ( x1 involunt>ily1 an individuality4 ,n[ ^! words _h c]ta9 t]m9ations affix$ to !m indicat+ :at we call g5d]1 & became mascul9e or fem99e1 ! neut] g5d] at t "t did n ent] into ! language1 until ?\ght becom+ m lucid p]ceiv$ x 9 nature4 ,:at 0 ! result8 ,t x 0 impossible to speak ( morn+ or night1 ( spr+ or w9t]1 ( dawn or twilight1 ( sky & e>?1 )\t clo?+ !m n only ) active & individual *>act]i/ics1 b ) p]sonal & sexual attributes2 h5ce all ! objects ( disc\rse z us$ by ! f\nd]s ( language became necess>ily s _m actors1 z m5 & wom5 act2 & ?\ght1 :5 once laun*$ 9 ?is direction1 be+ irresi/ibly attract$ by ! t5d5cy t[>ds analogy & metaphor1 ov]spread ! :ole _w ( human exp]i5ce ) ?is me?od ( repres5tation4 ,:at is call$ animism1 an?ropomorphism1 & p]sonification1 h !re=e _! s\rce 9 ?is inevitable dynamic /age1 z ,max ,mll] calls x1 ( ?\ght & language1 9 :i* ! psy*ological necessity ( repres5t+ ! ext]nal objects z resembl+ !mselves op]at$ on our ance/ors4 ,?is necessity might h be5 nam$ subjectivism _h x n receiv$ m specific t]ms su* z animism1 :i* consi/s 9 conceiv+ ( inanimate objects z animate2 an?ropomorphism1 conceiv+ objects z m51 & p]sonification1 conceiv+ objects z p]sons4 ,z soon z ?is new m5tal act 0 p]=m$1 a new _w 0 call$ into exi/5ce1 a _w ( names1 or z we n[ call x1 ! _w ( my?s4 8,s long z ! real id5tity ( ?\ght & language _h n be5 grasp$1 s long z p imag9$ t language is "o ?+ & ?\ght ano!r1 x 0 b natural t !y %\ld fail to see ! real mean+ ( treat+ my?ology1 if n z a disease1 at all ev5ts z an inevitable affection ( language4 ,if ! active v]b 0 m]ely a grammatical1 & n at ! same "t a psy*ological1 nay1 an hi/orical fact1 x might seem absurd to id5tify ! active mean+ ( our roots ) ! active mean+ ascrib$ to ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,b let x be once p]ceiv$ t language & ?\ght are "o & indivisible1 & no?+ w seem m natural ?an t :at1 z ! gramm>ian tells u1 happ5$ 9 language1 %\ld1 z ! psy*ologi/ tells u1 h likewise happ5$ 9 ?\ght40#df ,! m5 :o spoke 9 ?is mann] ( ! ext]nal ph5om5a und]/ood p]fectly t !y !mselves1 :o /ruck1 :o measur$1 :o ran1 :o rose up1 :o lay d[n1 7 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ?und]1 ! moon1 ! riv]1 & ! sun2 ^? s*ol>s :o /udi$ ?\ght z ap>t f language1 r all[$ !mselves selves to be misl$ by ! phraseology ( ! "t1 & consid]$ x a pro( t our ,aryan ance/ors look$ ^u _! physical surr\nd+s z human be+s1 end[$ ) ! appropriate organs & acts4 ,n only _h ! e>ly ,aryans p]fectly und]/ood t !y 7 n id5tical ) !mselves1 b !y 7 f> m /ruck by ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m ?an by any imag9>y simil>ities4 ,! confirmation ( ?is !ory is pres]v$ = u 9 ! ,v$a4 8,! torr5t is ro>+--n a bull10 i4e4 l a bull2 in/ead ( say+ z we d1 8firm z a rock10 ! poets ( ! ,v$a w\ld say 8firm--n a rock40 8,! m\nta9s 7 n to be ?r[n d[n1 b !y 7 n w>riors10 8,! fire 0 eat+ up ! =e/1 yet x 0 n a lion40 ,! m5 ( t "t us$ few words2 all ?\ghts t w5t beyond ! n>r[ horizon ( _! daily & practical lives _h to be express$ by ! transf]5ce ( a "n f ! object to :i* x prop]ly belongs to o!r well kn[n objects4 ,x 0 ! bir? ( metaphor2 x 0 metaphor t enabl$ ! inn] consci\sness to project itself into ! out] *aos ( ! _w ( objects2 :i* x recreat$ ) p]sonal images2 & ! fact t ea* natural ph5om5on bore _m names1 & t ^! same names 7 us$ = _m o!r diff]5t objects furni%$ g]ms ( metaphor4 ,metaphor 0 to language :at ra9 & sun%9e are to ! h>ve/1 x multiplies ea* gra9 a hundr$ & a ?\s& fold2 & metaphor 9 multiply+ language disp]ses x 9 e direction2 )\t x no language w\ld h progress$ beyond ! simple/ rudim5ts4 ,we mu/ be c>eful n to confuse ! radical metaphor ) ! poetical :i* we use daily1 & :i* is v diff]5t f ! =m]4 ,if we op5 any book ( poetry at :atev] page1 we %all f9d inanimate & mute objects describ$ z speak+1 rejoic+1 prais+ _! ,creator2 !re is no portion ( nature h[ev] ins5ti5t1 h[ev] incapable ( ?\ght1 9 :i* we d n infuse our own s5tim5ts1 our own ideas4 ,?is mode ( expression is especially a poet's pr]ogative1 & t x does n /rike u z incongru\s is ow+ to ! fact t poetry appeals to ! g5]ality ( m51 & is m natural to !m ?an prose1 & t ?is outp\r+ ( our he>t t[>ds nature co/s u less ef=t ?an to speak ( x 9 ! ab/ract4 ,x requires cold reflection to describe lightn+ z an electrical dis*>ge1 & ra9 z cond5s$ vap\r2 9 ?is case x is no long] ! transf]5ce ( ! *>act]i/ic ( a kn[n object to "o /ill unkn[n1 b t ( a kn[n object to ano!r equally well kn[n2 ! poet :o transf]s ! ^w te> to ! dew has already cle> names & concepts bo? = te> & dew2 ! poetical metaphor is ?us a volunt>y creative act ( our m9d1 & z su* takes no "p 9 ! =mation ( ! human m9d4 ,! _w 0 a/oni%$ "s few ye>s ago by a decl>ation made by /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( language t ! #bej1jjj words compreh5d$ 9 ! ,engli% ,diction>y n[ be+ publi%$ at ,ox=d all proce$$ f ab\t #hjj roots2 & x has n[ be5 f\nd possible to r$uce ?is numb]4 ,9 any case #ejj to #hjj ,sanscrit roots1 on acc\nt ( _! great f]tility1 suffic$ our ,aryan ance/ors = all ! _m words occurr+ 9 ,sanscrit lit]ature1 & suffice also = u :o h #bde1jjj liv+ animals & #ie1jjj fossil specim5s to "n2 also #ajj1jjj liv+ & #bejj fossil plants1 )\t speak+ ( cry/als1 metals & m9]als4 ,ano!r surpris+ discov]y is t e ?\ght t has ev] pass$ ?r\gh a human bra9 c be express$ 9 #aba radical concepts1 ( :i* ,i give a li/4 ,x is tak5 f ,max ,mll]'s ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #djd4 ,ea* s+le ^w ( e phrase t we use has its orig9 9 "o ( ! #hjj roots1 & n a ?\ght b proce$s f ! #aba fundam5tal concepts4 ,?is is z accept$ a fact z t all t is visible on ! e>? & 9 ! vault ( heav5 is compos$ ( ab\t #fj elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,,! #aba ,,orig9al ,,concepts4 #a4 ,dig4 #b4 ,plait1 weave1 sew1 b9d4 #c4 ,cru%1 p\nd1 de/roy1 wa/e1 rub1 smoo!4 #d4 ,%>p54 #e4 ,sme>1 col\r1 knead1 h>d54 #f4 ,scrat*4 #g4 ,bite1 eat4 #h4 ,divide1 %>e1 eat4 #i4 ,cut4 #aj4 ,ga!r1 obs]ve4 #aa4 ,/ret*1 spread4 #ab4 ,mix4 #ac4 ,scatt]1 /rew4 #ad4 ,spr9kle1 drip1 wet4 #ae;a4 ,%ake1 tremble1 quiv]1 flick]4 #ae;b4 ,%ake m5tally1 be angry1 aba%$1 fe>ful1 etc4 #af4 ,?r[ d[n1 fall4 #ag4 ,fall to pieces4 #ah4 ,%oot1 ?r[ at4 #ai4 ,pi]ce1 split4 #bj4 ,jo91 fight1 *eck4 #ba4 ,te>4 #bb4 ,break1 sma%4 #bc4 ,measure4 #bd4 ,bl[4 #be4 ,k9dle4 #bf4 ,milk1 yield4 #bg4 ,p\r1 fl[1 ru%4 #bh4 ,sep>ate1 free1 leave1 lack4 #bi4 ,glean4 #cj4 ,*oose4 #ca4 ,cook1 roa/1 boil4 #cb4 ,clean4 #cc4 ,wa%4 #cd4 ,b5d1 b[4 #ce4 ,turn1 roll4 #cf4 ,press1 fix4 #cg4 ,squeeze4 #ch4 ,drive1 ?ru/4 #ci4 ,pu%1 /ir1 live4 #dj4 ,bur/1 gu%1 laugh1 beam4 #da4 ,dress4 #db4 ,adorn4 #dc4 ,/rip1 remove4 #dd4 ,/eal4 #de4 ,*eck4 #df4 ,fill1 ?rive1 swell1 gr[ /rong4 #dg4 ,cross4 #dh4 ,sweet54 #di4 ,%ort54 #ej4 ,?91 suff]4 #ea4 ,fat1 /ick1 love4 #eb4 ,lick4 #ec4 ,suck1 n\ri%4 #ed4 ,dr9k1 swell4 #ee4 ,swall[1 sip4 #ef4 ,vomit4 #eg4 ,*ew1 eat4 #eh4 ,op51 ext5d4 #ei4 ,rea*1 /rive1 rule1 h4 #fj4 ,conqu]1 take by viol5ce1 /ruggle4 #fa4 ,p]=m1 succe$4 #fb4 ,attack1 hurt4 #fc4 ,hide1 dive4 #fd4 ,cov]1 embrace4 #fe4 ,be>1 c>ry4 #ff4 ,c1 be /rong4 #fg4 ,%[4 #fh4 ,t\*4 #fi4 ,/rike4 #gj4 ,ask4 #ga4 ,wat*1 obs]ve4 #gb4 ,lead4 #gc4 ,set4 #gd4 ,hold1 wield4 #ge4 ,give1 yield4 #gf4 ,c\*4 #gg4 ,?ir/1 dry4 #gh4 ,hung]4 #gi4 ,yawn4 #hj4 ,spue4 #ha4 ,fly4 #hb4 ,sleep4 #hc4 ,bri/le1 d>e4 #hd4 ,be angry1 h>%4 #he4 ,brea!4 #hf4 ,speak4 #hg4 ,see4 #hh4 ,he>4 #hi4 ,smell1 sniff4 #ij4 ,sweat4 #ia4 ,see!1 boil4 #ib4 ,dance4 #ic4 ,leap4 #id4 ,creep4 #ie4 ,/umble4 #if4 ,/ick4 #ig4 ,burn4 #ih4 ,dwell4 #ii4 ,/&4 #ajj4 ,s9k1 lie1 fail4 #aja4 ,sw+4 #ajb4 ,hang d[n1 lean4 #ajc4 ,rise up1 gr[4 #ajd4 ,sit4 #aje4 ,toil4 #ajf4 ,we>y1 wa/e1 slack54 #ajg4 ,rejoice1 please4 #ajh4 ,desire1 love4 #aji4 ,wake4 #aaj4 ,fe>4 #aaa4 ,cool1 refre%4 #aab4 ,/9k4 #aac4 ,hate4 #aad4 ,"k4 #aae4 ,?9k4 #aaf4 ,%9e4 #aag4 ,run4 #aah4 ,move1 g4 #aai;a4 ,noise1 in>ticulate4 #aai;b4 ,noise1 musical4 #abj4 ,d4 #aba4 ,be4 ,?is classification ( ! roots is purely t5tative4 ,x has be5 difficult to asc]ta9 :at is mo/ likely to h be5 ! orig9al mean+ ( "s2 !re are c]ta9 words ( :i* x is almo/ impossible to f9d ! etymology4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! concepts succe$ ea* o!r is n v sy/ematic4 ,max ,mll] tri$ to classify !m m correctly by keep+ ! special acts1 su* z to dig1 ! g5]al acts1 su* z to f9d1 ! special /ates1 su* z to c\gh1 & ! g5]al /ates1 su* z to /&--toge!r4 ,b x 0 impossible to adh]e /rictly to su* a plan1 because !re are roots :i* express bo? acts & /ates2 :ile 9 _m cases x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! special or g5]al mean+ pr$om9ates2 ?us !re are ! words to boil1 to make boil1 or to be boil+4 ,"s ( ! roots h closely alli$ mean+s1 s t !re are z _m z fifte5 connect$ ) ! concepts to burn1 & to speak2 & _m m :i* c be trac$ to %9e4 ,we exp]i5ce feel+s at once humbl+ & elevat+ :5 we consid] t all we admire1 all on :i* we pride ourselves1 our ?\ghts1 :e!r poetical1 philosophical1 religi\s1 our :ole lit]ature1 all our diction>ies1 :e!r sci5tific or indu/rial2 9 fact1 our :ole intellectual life is built ^u ?is small numb] ( "m-ideas1 ( #aba concepts4 ,we %\ld feel nei!r humbl$ nor elevat$2 we are mak+ use ( ! wisdom ( our ance/ors4 ,x is our duty to transmit ! legacy to our desc5dants :i* !y gave u1 b purg$ f alloy4 ,?ree *ief po9ts are to be not$1 :5 we are conc]n$ ) ! progress ( ! intellect3-- #a4 ,! creative activity ( humanity is ! basis ( all ! roots ( words4 #b4 ,! s\rce ( all ab/ract ideas lies 9 acts :i* are entirely mat]ial4 #c4 ,x has be5 satisfactorily prov$ t we speak ! language d]iv$ f t spok5 by our primitive ance/ors4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ,nebu*adnezz> to h 8 "n /amp$ on e brick t 0 us$ dur+ 8 reign 9 erect+ 8 colossal palaces4 ,^? palaces fell to ru9s1 b f ! ru9s ! anci5t mat]ials 7 c>ri$ away = build+ new cities2 & on exam9+ ! bricks 9 ! walls ( ! mod]n city ( ,bagdad1 travell]s h discov]$ on e "o ! cle> traces ( t royal signature4 ,our mod]n languages 7 built up ) ! mat]ials tak5 f ! ru9s ( ! anci5t languages1 & e ^w t we pron\nce displays ! royal /amp impress$ ^u x by ! f\nd]s4 ,! =mation ( ^? d]iv$ languages1 by means ( ! roots ) _! successive *ange ( mean+1 ! con/ruction ( _! grammatical =ms1 ! cont9u$ *anges among/ ! diff]5t dialects1 all indicate ! pres5ce ( a g]m 9 man t5d+ f ! fir/ to make him a reason+ be+4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,max ,mll]'s ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #cjj4 #ci ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #bai4 #dj ,max ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #cjc4 #da ,max ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #bbc4 #db ,max ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #dba4 #dc ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 pp4 #gg1 #gh4 ,natural ,religion1 p4 #cha4 #dd ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #gi4 #de ,natural ,religion1 p4 #chb4 #df ,max ,mll]1 ,natural ,religion1 p4 #djf4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,anci5t ,,language ,language may be divid$ into ?ree di/9ct p]iods1 :5 tak5 z a :ole4 ,! fir/ is1 :5 language1 f9d+ itself releas$ f ^? re/ra9ts :i* envelop$ x 9 its cradle1 supplies ^? words :i* are mo/ indisp5sable to man 9 connect+ ! "o ^w ) o!rs1 su* z pron\ns1 prepositions1 names ( numb]s1 & ( objects ( daily use4 ,?is mu/ h be5 ! fir/ /age ( a language h>dly yet agglut9ate1 free f trammels1 ) no sign ( nationality1 or individuality1 b conta9+ 9 itself all ! *ief features ( ! _m =ms belong+ to ! ,turanian1 ,aryan & ,semitic families2 ! explor] ( philosophic antiquity does n p5etrate beyond ?is fir/ p]iod4 ,! second phase is t 9 :i* two l+ui/ic families pass+ out ( ! agglut9ate /age1 unatta*$ z yet to grammatical =ms1 receiv$ once = all ! /amp ( ! =mation :i* we f9d among/ ! popul> & mod]n dialects belong+ bo? to ! ,semitic & ,aryan divisions1 & to :i* !y owe ?is family resemblance1 :i* ju/ifies _! inclusion 9 "o or o!r ( ^! bran*es ( language2 on ! "o side ! ,teutonic1 ,celtic1 ,slav1 ,italic1 ,hell5ic1 ,iranian & ,indian2 on ! o!r ,arabic1 ,arm5ian & ,hebrew2 ! yet un=m$ elem5ts ( gramm> 7 ev5tually introduc$ into ^! languages at ! sub/itution ( ! amalgamate = ! agglut9ate4 ,! ,turanian or ,ural-,altaic languages h an entirely diff]5t "*2 !y pres]v$ = "s "t--& "o or two /ill reta9--! agglut9ate =m :i* ret>ds ! developm5t ( ! gramm>1 & hides ! evid5ce ( relation%ip to ! languages betwe5 ,*9a & ! ,pyr5ees1 & betwe5 ,cape ,comor9 & ,lapl&4 ,^! two p]iods are foll[$ by a ?ird1 g5]ally kn[n z ! my?ological2 x is obscure1 & is calculat$ to %ake "o's fai? 9 ! regul> & ord]ly progress ( human reason4 ,we f9d x to be a phase ?r\gh :i* all peoples h pass$2 yet 9 us+ ! ^w my?ology our ?\ghts naturally turn to ! my?ology ( ,greece1 ! only "o ) :i* we 7 made acqua9t$ 9 our s*ool days1 & also ! only "o ) :i* ^? 7 famili> :o _h n giv5 !mselves ov] specially to ! /udy ( ! beliefs ( antiquity4 ,9 ! s*ools ?is /udy ran side by side ) hi/ory2 f our e>lie/ days we _h be5 taught ! complete poly!ism ( hea!n div9ities2 our "w z pupils 0 to "k our lessons1 ! "w ( ! ma/]s 0 to see t we le>nt !m4 ,my?ology1 !re=e1 0 to u only "o *apt] 9 t great "w1 entitl$ ! compulsory c\rse ( /udies--a *apt] :i* app>5tly requir$ no m elucidation ?an ! gymna/ic lesson4 ,our ma/]s repres5t$ ! ,greeks z a p end[$ ) a vivid imag9ation1 :o rec\nt$ 9 exalt$ pure language mo/ fanta/ic /ories2 we read 9 ^! au?ors3 8,eos has fl$--,eos w return--,eos has return$--,eos wak5s ! sleep]s--,eos l5g!ns ! life ( mortals--,eos rises f ! sea--,eos is ! daught] ( ! sky--,eos is foll[$ by ! sun--,eos is lov$ by ! sun--,eos is kill$ by ! sun10 & s on ad inf9itum2 & we 7 told1 8,^! are my?s40 ,z no explanation 0 giv5 ( ! ^w my?1 we 7 none ! wis]4 ,if ! movem5ts ( ,eos are inexplicable1 !y are n )\t a c]ta9 picturesqu5ess4 ,b :at %all we say ( ! my? conc]n+ ,saturn1 :o1 on acc\nt ( a pr$iction t he w\ld be kill$ by 8 *ildr51 swall[$ !m z soon z !y 7 born1 ) ! exception ( ,jupit]1 :o 0 sav$ by ! sub/itution ( a /one1 :i* ,saturn aft]w>ds br\ght up ) ! *ildr5 he _h swall[$4 ,or aga91 :at c be said ( ! fea/ (f]$ to ! gods by ,tantalus to te/ _! omnisci5ce2 he caus$ ! memb]s ( ! body ( 8 son ,pelops to be mix$ ) o!r meats2 a %\ld] 0 eat5 be=e ,jupit] discov]$ ! deception2 he ord]$ ! rema9d] to be ?r[n into a copp] f :i* ,pelops em]g$ alive ) "o %\ld] lack+1 & "o made ( ivory 0 giv5 to him4 ,c any?+ m grotesque be imag9$8 ,& our *ildr5 are subject$ to ?is regim51 & _! memories *>g$ ) ^! fables1 "u ! pretext t !y w ! bett] appreciate ! *efs-d'uvre ( classical lit]ature4 ,! enigmatical "p ( ?is p]iod ( language w be m evid5t if we exam9e ! e>ly traditional hi/ory :i* began at its close1 & at :i* "t a light appe>$ 9 ,greece de/9$ to flood ! _w ) a spl5d\r hi!rto unkn[n2 x 0 ! epo* :i* produc$ ,?ales1 ,py?agoras & ,h]aclitus1 :o1 9 ! mid/ ( mu* ignorance1 _h ?\ghts ( wond]ful lucidity4 ,a national lit]ature 0 beg9n+1 :]e we f9d indications ( ! g]ms ( political societies2 ! creation ( laws1 & ! developm5t ( morals4 ,& we ask ourselves3 ,:5ce come ^! sages8 ,:o 7 _! ma/]s8 ,h[ c\ld ^! glori\s days ( ,greek civilisation h be5 prec$$ by sev]al g5]ations ^: pr9cipal occupation seem$ to consi/ 9 inv5t+ & repeat+ to satiety absurd fables conc]n+ gods1 h]oes1 & o!r be+s :om no human be+ _h ev] se52 :i* fables contrav5e ! simple/ pr9ciples ( logic1 morality & religion8 ,! anci5t sages !mselves 7 h>% 9 _! judgm5t ( ^! revolt+ /ories conta9$ 9 ,grecian my?ology2 ,x5ophanes1 a contempor>y ( ,py?agoras1 consid]$ ,hesiod & ,hom] responsible = ^! sup]/itions1 & blam$ !m = attribut+ to ! gods all t 0 mo/ repreh5sible 9 man4 ,h]aclitus 0 ( op9ion t ,hom] des]v$ to be bani%$ f ! public assemblies1 & ,plato wrote1 8,mo!rs & nurses tell _! *ildr5 /ories full ( mis/atem5ts & immoralities :i* are ga!r$ f ! poets40 ,?us spoke philosoph]s #ejj ye>s be=e our era1 because !y knew t if ! 8gods commit any?+ t is evil !y are no gods40 8,tak5 by !mselves & 9 _! lit]al mean+1 mo/ ( ^! anci5t my?s are absurd & irrational1 & frequ5tly oppos$ to ! pr9ciples ( ?\ght1 religion1 & morality :i* guid$ ! ,greeks z soon z !y appe> to u 9 ! twilight ( traditional hi/ory40#dg ,_m explanations h be5 s\ght to acc\nt 9 a rational mann] = ^! /range tales2 writ]s h /riv5 to discov] :at c h giv5 rise to su* ridicul\s inv5tions2 "s h ass]t$ t x 0 ! int5tion ( ! au?ors ( my?ology to convey to ! p a k ( c]ta9 facts ( nature1 & c]ta9 moral tru?s :il/ clo?+ !m 9 allegorical =m1 & by end[+ ! div9ities ) c]ta9 virtues :i* x w\ld become m5 to imitate & acquire2 & t ! wor%ip ( ^! div9ities 0 in/itut$ t man might be m fully impress$1 t ! lik5ess ( ! virtues upheld might be m deeply engrav$ 9 ! he>t ( ! pi\s wor%ipp]4 ,zeus1 0 m9d2 ,a!ne1 art2 ,h]cules1 en]gy & p]sev]ance 9 lab\rs ( great difficulty2 :il/ ! ,hom]ic h]oes1 ,agamemnon1 ,a*illes1 & ,hector repres5t$ physical activities4 ,accord+ to ano!r !ory ! object ) :i* ! my?s 7 compos$ 0 political1 ! laws ( gov]nm5t 7 suppos$ to emanate f ! gods2 & :oso refus$ to recognise ! excell5ce ( ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry 0 held to be 9 revolt aga9/ ! gods !mselves4 ,! philosoph] ,euhem]us 0 ! au?or ( a ?ird !ory1 call$ ! hi/orical2 he repres5t$ ! my?ological p]sonages n z gods1 b z k+s1 h]oes1 & philosoph]s1 :o1 aft] _! dea?1 _h receiv$ div9e hon\rs among _! fell[ m52 9 ?is sy/em ,eolus1 ! god ( ! w9ds1 became a skilful m>9] :o c\ld =etell atmosph]ic *anges2 ,atlas1 support+ ! sky & e>? on 8 wide %\ld]s1 _h be5 =m]ly a great a/ronom]2 ,jupit]1 a rul] ( ,crete2 ,h]cules1 a knight-errant4 ,al?\gh ^! anci5t writ]s int]pret$ ! fables 9 s _m diff]5t ways1 !y all agre$ 9 d5y+ t an atom ( tru? is f\nd 9 ^! /ories conc]n+ ! gods1 & !y insi/$ t no my? mu/ be tak5 au pi$ de la lettre4 ,at a lat] p]iod x 0 ?\ght t rem9isc5ces ( a b>b>ic age c\ld be f\nd 9 :i* ! ance/ors ( ! ,greeks app>5tly occupi$ !mselves by /eal+1 kill+1 deceiv+1 & eat+ _! (fspr+4 8,lactantius1 ,/ ,augu/9e1 & ! fir/ mission>ies1 9 _! attacks on ! religi\s belief ( ! ,greeks1 & ,romans avail$ !mselves ( ^! argum5ts ( ,euhem]us1 & taunt$ !m ) wor%ipp+ gods t 7 no gods1 b kn[n & admitt$ to h be5 m]ely deifi$ mortals40#dh ,9 lat] times ! same !ory 0 reviv$2 c]ta9 !ologians1 r lack+ 9 p5etration1 look$ to ,greek my?ology = traces ( sacr$ p]sonages1 !y imag9$ t !y c\ld recognise 9 ,saturn & 8 ?ree sons1 ,jupit]1 ,neptune1 & ,pluto1 ! features ( ,noah & 8 sons1 ,ham1 ,japhet1 & ,%em2 & 9 a rec5tly publi%$ book ! au?or sugge/s t :5 ,hesiod describes ! g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides1 we h a tradition ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,?us f ! mom5t :51 = ! fir/ "t1 ! anci5t philosoph]s que/ion$ 8:y80 f ! "t ( ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 to our own practical & matt]-(-fact c5tury1 my?ology has n ceas$ to compel att5tion1 & to furni% endless matt] ( conjecture4 ,le>n$ writ]s h s\ght 9 physical sci5ces1 hi/ory1 & metaphysics1 an explanation ( ?is ph5om5on2 b 9 spite ( ?is va/ lab\r inspir$ by a love ( sci5ce1 & c>ri$ on = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 ! secret ( ! sph9x ( my?ology rema9s undisclos$1 & we /ill ask1 8:at is my?ology80 ,is x an inv5tion ( ,hom] & ,hesiod8 ,or is x a phase 9 ! developm5t ( ! human m9d1 a deviation 9 ! gr[? ( reason8 ,! s*ool ( philology has a solution ( its own to (f]2 w x be z futile z ! o!rs8 ,aft] he>+ x %all we /ill say ! ,sph9x is mute8 ,?is s*ool takes ^u itself to ass]t t ! explanation ( ! my/]y c only be f\nd 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,language4 ,x is a fact t ! hi/ory ( language--:i* is ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d--enables u to answ] ! prec$+ que/ions categorically4 ,yes4 ,my?ology 0 inevitable1 an inh]5t "p ( language itself1 to be consid]$1 n z a simple ext]nal symbol1 b z ! only incorporation ( ?\ght possible4 ,my?ology1 9 ! wide/ acceptation ( ! t]m1 is ! %ad[ :i* language ca/s on ?\ght2 & ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy f ,?ales to ,hegel has be5 "o un9t]rupt$ /ruggle ) my?ology1 a con/ant prote/ betwe5 ?\ght & language4 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aa4 ,max ,mll]4 #dh ,max ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,language1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcf4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,my?s ,9 ord] to appreciate truly our neighb\r's impressions & po9ts ( view1 we mu/ con/antly deta* ourselves f our own special way ( see+ & feel+2 ?is habit ( ab/raction--:i* is mo/ difficult to e "o--is indisp5sable :5 we are endeav\r+ to und]/& ! natures ( p]sons :o liv$ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & :o ?\ght & spoke 9 a totally diff]5t mann] f ourselves4 ,9 seek+ to grasp ! phraseology ( my?s we p]ceive t its *ief elem5ts consi/ 9 a repetition ( phrases 9 :i* ! acts ( nature are us$ z embodim5ts ( ! idea1 "u ! figures ( day & night1 dawn & twilight1 ! sun & ! moon1 ! heav5s & ! e>?1 z !y /& 9 relation to man4 ,:5 we 9 ! pres5t c5tury speak ( ! la/ h\rs ( ! day1 we use precise & exact t]ms2 we say1 8,x is late2 ! sun is sett+2 ! moon rises2 x is night40 ,our ance/ors also _h occasion to m5tion ^! same h\rs1 b z !y did n speak ( ! facts ( nature )\t inve/+ !m ) "s ( _! own p]sonality1 !y pref]r$ to say1 8,dawn flies be=e ! sun40 8,! sun loves--pursues--embraces ! dawn40 8,%e dies 9 ! arms ( ! sun40 ,!y spoke ( ! sun gr[+ old--decay+--dy+4 ,besides ^! g5]al t]ms our ance/ors us$ special designations1 :i* ! nature ( _! language sugge/$2 ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a supply in/ances4 ,"o ( ^! modes ( spee* x w\ld be difficult = me to r5d] 9 ,fr5*1 b ! ,engli% language has ! imp]sonal v]b :i* w illu/rate my mean+1 = all su* atmosph]ic ph5om5a su* z ra91 ?und]1 ! light ( day2 in/ead ( x ra9s1 x ?und]s1 x %9es1 our ance/ors said1 he ra9s1 he ?und]s1 he %9es1 )\t kn[+ :o 0 ?is he1 :o = u is ! ?ird p]son mascul9e2 b1 naturally = !m1 he meant ! ra9]1 ! ?und]]1 ! light5]1 or1 9 o!r words--! ag5t4 ,my?ology1 tak5 9 its entirety1 is ! outcome ( my?s :i* prec$$ x4 ,if ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ,greek ^w ,logos--z bo? ^w & ?\ght--has reveal$ to u a =gott5 tru?2 ! orig9al mean+ ( my?os is also indisp5sable = ! /udy ( my?ology4 ,?is ,greek t]m means simply ^w z oppos$ to de$1 & h>dly diff]$ at fir/ f ,logos4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 my?1--a fable1 a /ory1 & logos1 a hi/orical acc\nt4 ,?us a my? 0 at fir/ a ^w4 ,almo/ all t]ms us$ 9 ! fir/ spontane\s /age ( language _h = _! basis /rik+ metaphors1 ^: signification may h be5 =gott51 & ^! t]ms hav+ lo/ _! orig9al z well z poetical mean+1 rema9$ words only1 curr5t 9 famili> conv]sation4 ,i give ! foll[+ my?s z !y h come d[n to u4 ,endymion is ! son ( ,zeus & ,kalyke1 b he is also ! son ( ?lios1 a k+ ( ,elis1 :o is himself call$ a son ( ,zeus2 =1 accord+ to ,greek cu/oms1 ! reign+ race ( ,elis d]iv$ its orig9 f ! k+ ( ! gods4 ,endymion is "o ( ! _m names ( ! sun1 b ) special ref]5ce to ! sett+ or dy+ sun2 x is d]iv$ f a v]b :i* orig9ally meant to dive into2 an expression su* z 8! sun div$0 presupposes an e>li] conception1 t x div$ into ! sea4 ,b ! v]b enduo is nev] us$ 9 classical ,greek = sett+1 because ! simple v]b duo _h become ! te*nical t]m = sunset4 ,?us ?is my? ( ,endymion owes its orig9 to ! use probably ( enduo 9 "s ,greek dialect1 ?\gh n ! commonly receiv$ t]m = sunset4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( ,endymion be+ once =gott51 :at 0 told orig9ally ( ! sett+ sun 0 n[ told ( a "n1 :i* 9 ord] to h any mean+1 _h to be *ang$ into a god or h]o4 ,?is h&some pr9ce or %eph]d1 accord+ to ! diff]5t v]sions ( ! tale1 w5t to ,k>ia1 :]e on ,m\nt ,latmos he _h /range adv5tures2 he slept 9 a cave to :i* ! rays ( ! moon1 ,sel5e1 p5etrat$1 & 9 ! anci5t poetical & prov]bial language ( ,elis x 0 said1 8,sel5e loves & wat*es ,endymion2 ,sel5e embraces ,endymion & kisses him into sleep40 ,! "n ,sel5e is s transp>5t t ! ^w moon pi]ces ?r\gh x2 we %\ld h guess$ t ! moon 0 int5d$1 ev5 if tradition _h only pres]v$ h] o!r "n1 ,a/]odia--8w&]] among/ ! />s02 ! names ,hecate or ,luc9a d n =ce u to ackn[l$ge _! fitness1 !y pres5t to our imag9ation a totally diff]5t figure 7z !y sugge/ opaqu5ess7 f ,sel5e4 ,le>n$ writ]s at times /ill put =w>d ! explanation ) reg>d to my?ology t x 80 a pa/ :i* 0 nev] a pres5t10 b ?is my? ( ,endymion 0 8pres5t0 ) ! p ( ,elis at ! p]iod ( its n>ration4 ,^! & simil> expressions 7 repeat$ long aft] _! mean+ _h ceas$ to be und]/ood2 & z ! human m9d is g5]ally z anxi\s = a reason z ready to inv5t "o1 ! poets add$ to ?is /ory sev]al details1 & reasons :y ,endymion sank into et]nal sleep aft] a life ( b "o day2 & if allusions 7 made to ^! by a popul> poet1 x became a my?ological fact1 repeat$ & embelli%$ by lat] poets4 ,! con/ruction ( su* a "n z ,eos does n diff] mat]ially f t ( any o!r "n1 b z all roots express$ at ! fir/ d5ote action1 x foll[s t = all an ag5t mu/ be f\nd2 ! "n ( ,eos 9 ,sanscrit is ,u%as1 dawn1 or 8! bright "o0 f ! root ,vas1 to %9e2 ?us ,eos meant orig9ally 8he or %e %9es40 ,b :o 0 8he0 or 8%e08 ,?us ! inevitable my? is evolv$4 ,= u ! dawn is only ! natural illum9ation ( ! sky1 ! brightness ( ! morn+2 our ance/ors receiv$ a diff]5t impression by ! break ( day4 ,aft] hav+ co9$ a ^w mean+ 8he or %e %9es10 t is ! light1 or ,eos1 ! ,greeks cont9u$ to portray ea* /ep ( ,eos z %e prec$$ ! appe>ance ( ! sun on ! cele/ial vault2 8,eos is foll[$ by ! sun--is lov$ by ! sun02 %e is conceiv$ z a bright & beautiful woman2 if %e appe>$ veil$ 9 cl\ds1 %e w\ld be consid]$ z a veil$ bride2 ?us ! epi!ts & relation%ips %[]$ on ,eos become intelligible1 %e is ! daught] ( ,hyp]ion1 ?us h] fa!r w\ld be ! high heav51 s9ce hyp] corresponds to ! ,lat9 sup]2 %e is ! si/] ( ,helios & ,sel5e1 ! sun & ! moon4 ,z soon z a "n su* z ,eos 0 fir/ enunciat$ & us$ 9 daily conv]sation1 x grew & ga!r$ new mat]ials r\nd itself2 all ! names surr\nd+ ,eos 9 ,greek & ,aurora 9 ,lat9 %[ u h[ inevitably :at we call my?ology spr+s up f ! soil ( language4 ,ev5 su* simple s5t5ces z 8,eos appe>s1 disappe>s1 or dies0 are *ang$ at once into my?1 fable1 & leg5d1 & x soon becomes impossible to draw a l9e betwe5 :at is simple language & :at is my?4 ,we d n un=tunately always possess ! orig9al =m ( ea* leg5d z x fir/ pass$ f m\? to m\? 9 ! t[ns & c\ntry2 ?us our *ief s\rces are ! anci5t *ronicl]s1 :o took my?ology = hi/ory1 & us$ only s mu* ( x z answ]$ _! purpose1 & ^! acc\nts d n rea* u at fir/ h&4 ,we f9d a leg5d 9 ,greek my?ology :i* has mu* ex]cis$ ! le>n$2 ! nymph ,daphne flies be=e ,phbus ,apollo1 h] "m1 ! e>?1 mov$ by compassion1 takes h] to h] bosom1 & imm$iately a laurel appe>s & fills ! abyss into :i* ,daphne _h vani%$4 ,! my?ologi/s ask$ !mselves :at c\ld be ! mean+ ( ?is2 ! m phlegmatic among/ !m consid]$ t x _h no special mean+ at all1 b 0 simply to be look$ ^u z a fable2 :y seek fur!r = a hidd5 import8 ,:y8 ,because p d n relate su* /ories conc]n+ _! gods & h]oes )\t "s good motive4 ,9 ! leg5d ( ,endymion ! ,greek language supplies all t is ne$$ to make x intelligible1 b !re are _m in/ances ( ! difficulty1 or ev5 ! impossibility ( expla9+ c]ta9 ,greek names by ! help ( ,greek only2 s9ce a "n is n conv]t$ into a my? until its orig9al mean+ has become obscur$ 9 ! language :i* gave x bir?1 ?\gh /ill p]fectly compreh5sible 9 ano!r ( ! same family1 x behoves ! classical philologi/ to surr5d] all etymological rese>*es ( ?is nature to ! comp>ative philologi/1 ^: privilege x is to seek to discov] ! signification ( a ,greek ^w by confront+ x ) contempor>y witnesses f ! ,g]man1 ,celtic1 or ,sanscrit4 ,9 ! ,teutonic languages1 = in/ance1 day has sev]al names :i* are d]iv$ f ! root dah1 to burn1 to be hot2 & ?is same root has also giv5 rise to ! ,greek "n = dawn4 ,9 ,sanscrit x is call$ ,ahana1 f ahan or dahan1 ! root ( :i* is ah2 dah & dahan may h lo/ _! initial d1 or ?is lett] may h be5 add$ to ! root ah2 ^! ga9s & losses are met ) frequ5tly4 ,! ,sanscrit "n ,ahana1 kn[n be=e ,greek & ,sanscrit became sep>at$1 occurs b once 9 a hymn ( ! ,rig-,v$a2 9 ,india ?is my?ological g]m )]$ away1 & ev5 ! "n ,ahana w\ld n h surviv$1 b = ?is s+le v]se :i* sav$ x f oblivion2 b x develop$ into a spl5did gr[? 9 ,greece1 9 ! leg5d ( ,eos1 :i* ,i h quot$4 ,9 ?is hymn address$ to ,u%as we read3 8,we h cross$ ! fronti] ( ?is d>kness2 ,ahana %9+ =? gives light1 light+ up all ! _w1 awak5+ mortals to walk ab\t--%e receiv$ praise f e ?9k]40 ,ahana rises f ! head ( ,dyu1 ! =ehead ( ! sky2 %e %[s h]self 9 ! ea/1 %e advances & awak5s ! sleep]s4 ,9 ,sanscrit budh means to wake & to "k1 b light 9 ,sanscrit has aga9 a d\ble mean+1 & means k1 mu* m frequ5tly & di/9ctly ?an light2 ?is expla9s h[ ,ahana1 9 awak5+ mortals1 causes p]sons to "k4 ,! /ories ( ,daphne & ( ,ahana are closely alli$1 & ! "o expla9s ! o!r4 ,z long z we rema9 ignorant ( ! fact t at fir/ ,daphne & ,aurora 7 "o1 ?is my? is inexplicable2 b turn ! "n ,ahana into ,greek1 & y h ! ,dawn 9 ! features ( a nymph lov$ by ,apollo1 & dy+ :5 ! bright sun t\*$ h] ) 8 rays4 ,b :y1 x may be ask$1 0 ,daphne suppos$ to h be5 *ang$ into a laurel-tree8 ,! dawn 0 call$ daphne1 ! burn+2 s 0 ! laurel--z wood t burns easily1 & ^: flame ?r[s a bright light--two diff]5t objects1 b alike "u "o aspect1 ?\gh two di/9ct acts4 ,! root dah is f\nd 9 daphne = laurel equally ) ,daphne1 dawn1 ! synonymy ( ! two names produc+ ! my? ( ,daphne4 ,al?\gh ?is leg5d fir/ came to life on ,greek soil1 x w\ld h be5 un9telligible )\t ! help ( ! ,v$a1 z ! lat] ,sanscrit suppli$ no key to x4 ,! ,sanscrit root ,ah is also ! g]m ( ! "n ( ,a!na1 ! t]m9ation ( ! "n correspond+ to ,ahana2 ,a!ne is said to spr+ f ! head ( ,zeus4 ,?is extraord9>y bir?1 ?\gh po/-,hom]ic1 is no d\bt ( anci5t date1 s9ce x repeats exactly ! bir? ( ,ahana4 ,! ,hell5i/s ma9ta9 t ! ,greeks 7 unconsci\s t ! ^w ,a!ne meant ! dawn2 d\btless few among/ !m knew t ,zeus orig9ally meant ! surface or =ehead ( ! sky4 ,x is also true t :5 ! p ( ,a!ns wor%ipp$ ,a!ne z _! tutel>y deity1 %e became some?+ v diff]5t f ! ,indian ,u%as2 b if we notice c>efully all ! _m & v>i\s ideas conc]n+ ?is ,greek goddess1 we %all be l$ to ! supposition t h] cradle 0 no o!r ?an t ( ! dawn1 namely1 ! ea/1 ! =ehead ( ! sky1 or ,zeus4 ,nei!r 9 ! ,v$a1 nor 9 ,hom]1 is !re any m5tion ( ! "m ( ! dawn1 al?\gh bo? m5tion h] p>5ts4 ,x is a curi\s fact t 9 ! my?ology ( ,italy1 ,m9]va1 :o 0 id5tical ) ,a!ne1 %\ld f ! beg9n+ h assum$ a "n app>5tly expressive ( ! intellectual r ?an ! physical "* ( ! ,dawn-goddess4 ,m9]va or ,m5]va is cle>ly connect$ ) m5s1 ! ,greek m5os1 ! ,sanscrit manas1 m9d2 mane 9 ,lat9 is morn+2 man>e is specially us$ ( ! ris+ sun2 & matuta1 ano!r "n ( ! same category1 is ! ,dawn4 ,! root man1 :i* 9 all ,aryan languages means ?\ght1 0 at a v e>ly "t1 l ! ,sanscrit budh1 de/9$ to express ! reviv$ consci\sness ( ! :ole ( nature at ! approa* ( ! light ( ! morn+4 ,! equation ,ahane ,a!ne is bo? phonetically & my?ologically irreproa*able1 ! correlative ,m9]va c also be expla9$ my?ologically4 ,to reject ! explanations ( ^! my?s :i* ,comp>ative ,philology furni%es1 x w\ld be necess>y to prove t ,ahana & ,eos d n mean ! dawn1 t ,a!ne does n correspond ) ,ahana1 & t ,helios is n ! sun4 ,my?ologi/s h sometimes fail$ to discov] ! primitive "* ( c]ta9 my?s1 because !y h n look$ beyond ! ,greek etymology4 ,! ^w ,er9nys1 8hov]+ 9 ! gloom10 corresponds exactly to ! ,sanscrit ,s>any 8break ( day40 ,poets sometimes speak ( ! ,dawn z av5g+ ! crimes committ$ 9 ! d>k2 ! my? ( ,er9nys d5otes ?is same idea4 ,in/ead ( our lifeless & ab/ract expression1 8,a crime is sure to be discov]$10 ! old prov]bial & poetical say+ among/ ! ,greeks & ,h9doos 01 ,er9nys--,s>any1 8w br+ misde$s to light40 ,at fir/ ?is phrase 0 free f all my?ological ta9t1 b x 0 aft]w>ds trans=m$ into a my? by ! ,greeks1 z !y 7 ignorant ( ! true signification ( ! "n ( ,er9nys4 ,:5 ! my?ology ( ,greece fails to furni% an explanation ( _m ( ! ,greek phrases1 because x belongs to a lat] date ?an ! classical p]iod1 ! ,v$a may !n be que/ion$1 & w supply u ) ! in=mation1 by disclos+ an anci5t sub/ratum ( human ?\ght1 su* z exi/$ among/ ! inhabitants ( "o ( ! mo/ important regions ( ! _w1 ,india4 ,x is ) z mu* pleasure z assurance t we repeat to ^? le>n$ s*ol>s1 :o decl9e to op5 _! eyes 9 ord] to see1 or see only :at !y consid] %\ld be !re1 ! ,brahmanic say+1 8,x is n ! fault ( ! po/ t ! bl9d man passes x )\t notic+ x40 ,x seems a/oni%+ t a p s ri*ly end[$ z ! ,greeks %\ld h f\nd pleasure 9 romanc+ s con/antly conc]n+ ! sun & ! moon1 ! day & ! night1 ! dawn & ! twilight2 b ! cu/om ( repeat+ ^! my?ological phrases1 :i* mu* resembl$ ea* o!r1 dat$ f an epo* be=e ! ,greeks1 :5 no?+ m p[]fully attract$ & fasc9at$ ! imag9ation ( man ?an ! aspect ( nature's =ces1 especially ! return ( ! sun1 br++ ) x ea* morn+ light & heat & life4 ,repeat$ ?us incessantly ^! phrases became idiomatic1 & 7 retold long aft] ! ?read connect+ !m ) ! simple facts ( nature 0 brok5 & lo/ to memory4 ,at fir/ "s old gr&mo!r w\ld repeat !m1 p>tly und]/&+ !m 9 _! true natural s5se1 & p>tly metaphorically2 ! sons ( ! old p w\ld repeat !m ) a p>tial und]/&+2 b ! gr&sons w\ld relate !m only = _! peculi>ities1 or = ! *>m ( _! /yle & sett+2 & ! great-gr&*ildr5 w\ld h& !m on at r&om1 ) no compreh5sion ( _! mean+4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod :5 all ^! say+s1 ) no connection betwe5 !m1 _h become traditional1 ! poets w\ld embody !m 9 v]se1 giv+ !m _! fir/ =m & p]man5ce 9 a cycle ( leg5ds4 ,!y congratulat$ !mselves on ! treasure-trove1 b m>vell$ t ! ,greeks %\ld enclose ^! bald phrases ( p]petual it]ation 9 ! casket ( _! lit]ature4 ,!y might z well ask :y ! ,greeks app>5tly sanction$ all ! irregul> v]bs _! language holds by reta9+ !m 9 _! gramm>4 ,is x n a hi/orical fact t _c be d5i$ t ! :ole ,aryan peoples1 )\t exception1 h cons]v$ z ! h]itage ( _! common orig9 n only ! names ( _! div9ities1 _! leg5ds1 & _! folk-lore1 b also rema9s ( _! primitive language4 ,"h is a notewor?y /atem5t4 ,comp>ative ,philology has prov$ t !re is no?+ really irregul> 9 a language1 & t :at 0 =m]ly consid]$ s 9 decl5sions & conjugations is ! /ratum on :i* ! edifice ( ea* language rais$ itself progressively4 ,?is same app>5t irregul>ity is f\nd also 9 my?ology1 because x is itself only a sort ( dialect or (f%oot ( language4 ,s9ce ! raison d'tre ( my?s1 z su*1 is a =getfulness ( ! orig9al s5se ( ! words1 we _c hope to be able to expla9 all ! my?ological recitals2 no "o has m cle>ly /at$ ! difficulty1 nor express$ x ) great] mode/y1 ?an he :o has laid ! mo/ la/+ f\ndation ( comp>ative my?ology4 ,grimm says3 8,i %all inde$ int]pret all t ,i c1 b ,i _c int]pret all t ,i %\ld l40#di ,9 exam9+ ^! ar*ives1 :i*1 if only on acc\nt ( _! antiquity1 are v sup]ior to any o!r evid5ce = our purpose1 we le>n t id5tification diff]s f comp>ison4 ,x is only possible to id5tify two or m div9ities by see+ if "o "n applies equally to all1 & by %[+ t ?is "n d5otes ! ess5ce ( ea*2 ?is result is obta9$ :51 = in/ance1 we note a g5]al resemblance betwe5 a god or a h]o ( ! ,v$a1 & a god or h]o ( ,hesiod1 & discov] t ?\gh _! names may be phonetically dissimil>1 yet t !y h "o s\rce4 ,uranus1 9 ! language ( ,hesiod1 is us$ z a "n = ! sky--8a firm place = ! bless$ gods02 & ! poet says t ,uranus cov]s ev]y?+1 & t :5 he br+s ! night he is /ret*$ out1 ev]y:]e embrac+ ! e>?4 ,?is s\nds l a reproduction ( ! "n ( ,v>una1 :i* is d]iv$ f a root ,v>1 to cov] 7! ,sanscrit t]m v>utra1 ov]coat1 w\ld prove ?is if ne$ be74 ,! "n ,uranus 9 ! ,greek app>5tly reta9s some?+ ( its primitive mean+1 :i* is n ! case ) ! "n ( ,zeus & ,apollo4 ,v>una & ,uranus evid5tly bo? express ! same my?ological concept1 t ( ! cov]+1 enclos+ sky2 ?is may ev5 be "o ( ! mo/ anci5t discov]ies ( comp>ative my?ology4 ,9 ! same way we prove t ,u%as1 ,eos1 ,daphne1 ,ahana1 & ,a!ne 7 five names ( ! dawn1 & t !y c be trac$ back to a "t be=e ,greek & ,sanscrit 7 sep>at$4 ,?us1 :il/ "o leg5d becomes diff]5tiat$ f ano!r by its own peculi> =m & attributes1 ! "n ( its orig9al prototype rema9s etymologically ! same1 ?\gh tak+ v>y+ =ms among/ ! v>i\s peoples :o use ! leg5d2 x is 9 ?is immutable "n t ! cont9uity ( ideas lies1 :i* no?+ oblit]ates1 & :i* trav]ses ! c5turies1 & connects ! my?ologies ( c\ntries z totally di/9ct z ,india1 ,greece1 & ,irel&4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t all t is tak5 = etymology is n always s2 ! explanations :i* ,hom] gives ( ! names ( ! div9ities only proves t at 8 "t ! orig9al mean+ _h be5 =gott54 ,to u :o n[ "k ! true pr9ciples ( my?ology1 x is cle> t x repres5ts a prehi/oric p]iod ( language1 & ! light x ?r[s on ! times t foll[$1 has ! same importance ) reg>d to ! /udy ( ! human m9d1 t geology & paleontology h = ! k ( ! e>?4 ,sometimes we come ^u difficulties ( ano!r k9d :5 we seek to translate ! language ( ! poets into our mod]n =ms ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! abs5ce ( m]ely auxili>y words 9 my?ological language1 ea* ^w1 :e!r n\n or v]b1 _h its full orig9al p[]1 x 0 heavy & unwieldy1 x said m ?an x ought to say4 ,"h is an example3 ,nyx 7night71 ! "m ( ,moros 7fate71 ( ,k] 7de/ruction71 ( ,?anatos 7dea?71 ( ,hypnos 7sleep71 & ( ! ,"oroi 7dreams71 & ^!1--h] prog5y1 ,night is said1 by ! poet1 to h borne )\t a fa!r4 ,%e has also o!r *ildr53 ,momos 7blame71 ,oizys 7woe71 ! ,hesp]ides1 :i* are ! ev5+ />s1 ,nemesis 7v5geance71 ,apate 7fraud71 ,philotes 7lu/71 ,g]as 7old age71 & ,eris 7/rife74 ,n[ let u use our mod]n expressions4 8,! />s are se5 z ! night approa*es10 8we sleep1 we dream1 we die10 8we run into dang] dur+ night10 8nightly revels lead to /rife1 angry discussions1 & woe10 8_m nights br+ old age1 & at la/ dea?10 8an evil de$ conceal$ at fir/ by ! d>kness ( night w at la/ be reveal$ by ! day10 8night h]self w be rev5g$ on ! crim9al02 & we h translat$ ! language ( ,hesiod1 a language to a great ext5t und]/ood by ! p to :om x 0 address$ _m hundr$s ( ye>s ago1 & x is made compreh5sible to u by ! addition ( "s auxili>y words4 ,?is is h>dly my?ological language1 b r a poetical & prov]bial k9d ( expression kn[n to all poets :e!r mod]n or anci5t1 & frequ5tly to be f\nd 9 ! language ( common p :5 x becomes prov]bial4 8,9 ,greece ! mortal elem5t1 inh]5t 9 all gods1 0 elim9at$ to a great ext5t by ! conception ( h]oes4 ,:atev] 0 too human 9 ! anci5t leg5ds told ( ,zeus & ,apollo 0 transf]r$ to s-call$ half gods or h]oes1 :o 7 repres5t$ z ! sons or fav\rites ( ! gods4 ,! two-fold "* ( ,h]akles z a god & z a h]o is ackn[l$g$ ev5 by ,h]odotus1 & "s ( 8 epi!ts w\ld h be5 suffici5t to indicate 8 sol> & orig9ally div9e "*4 ,b 9 ord] to make "s ( ! leg5ds told ( ! sol> deity possible or conceivable1 x 0 necess>y to repres5t ,h]akles z a m human be+1 & to make him rise to ! seat ( ! immortals only aft] he _h endur$ toils & suff]+s incompatible ) ! dignity ( an ,olympian god40#ej ,! div9ities ( a second & ?ird ord]1 :o 7 sometimes solicit$ = special fav\rs1 7 p]haps plac$ 9 ! same category z "s prov9cial or local sa9ts1 :o 7 consid]$ m accessible & m pitiful 9 c]ta9 places1 j z "s physicians make a practice ( cur+ ^? ills only ( :i* !y _h made a speciality4 ,!re 7 also ab/ract div9ities1 repres5t+ c]ta9 virtues 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 :i* 7 highly e/eem$ & useful to possess2 ea* ( ^! qualities :i* 7 conceiv$ sep>ately1 & consid]$ 9 ! sup]lative degree1 7 f t "t rais$ to ! rank ( a div9e p]son1 ?us alt>s & temples 7 d$icat$ to ,c\rage1 ,/r5g?1 & ,piety2 ,fame 0 likewise ?us hon\r$4 8,great ,fame is nev] lo/ ?\gh scatt]$ abroad10 said ,hesiod1 8x is 9 itself a div9ity40 ,! language ( my?ology 0 9 use at a late p]iod4 ,hi/ory tells u t ! ,greek t[n ( ,cyr5e 9 ,libya 0 f\nd$ ab\t ! ?irty-sev5? ,olympiad1 ! rul+ race came f ,!ssaly2 ! f\ndation ( ! colony 0 due to ! oracle ( ,apollo at ,py?o4 ,?is simple hi/orical fact has be5 ?us r5d]$1 f ! habit ( n rec\nt+ ev5ts z !y happ5$4 8,! h]oic maid ,cyr5e1 :o liv$ 9 ,!ssaly1 0 lov$ by ,apollo1 & c>ri$ (f to ,libya40 ,! "q has be5 (t5 ask$1 :at c be ! orig9 ( ! fables :i* are id5tical 9 "* & =m1 :e!r we f9d !m on ,indian1 ,greek1 ,italian1 ,p]sian1 ,slavonic1 ,celtic1 or ,teutonic soil4 ,0 !re a p]iod ( tempor>y insanity1 ?r\gh :i* ! human m9d _h to pass1 & 0 x a madness id5tically ! same 9 ! s\? ( ,india & 9 ! nor? ( ,irel&8 ,! necessity ( solv+ ?is problem became m imp]ative :5 collections ( ^! anci5t traditions 7 br\ght f c\ntries :i* =m]ly 7 almo/ unkn[n to u2 incr$ible tales came f all p>ts1 f among/ ! ,hott5tots1 ! ,patagonians1 ,zulus1 ,esquimaux1 & ,mongols2 9 all cases we 7 able to recognise ! fables ) :i* we 7 already s well acqua9t$1 f hav+ se5 !m 9 ,aryan lit]ature4 ,:5 ,max ,mll] fir/ publi%$ 8 essays on ! ,greek my?s1 ! my?ologi/s ackn[l$g$ g5]ally t x 0 v natural he %\ld devote s mu* "t to ! explanation ( ! ,greek leg5ds1 s9ce ^! same /ories _h be5 univ]sally f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! globe1 f ! "o pole to ! o!r2 /ories ( m5 & wom5 turn$ into trees1 trees trans=m$ into m51 m5 behav+ z animals1 animals talk+ z if !y 7 m51 m5 swall[$ by gods & br\ght up aga9 :ole1 z 7 ! *ildr5 ( ,kronos2 9 all places ! same adv5tures 7 told ( ! sun & moon1 also swall[$1 b ! swall[] n kn[n4 ,! ,greek my?s--s x 0 ass]t$ by ! le>n$ :o did n c>e to ab&on ! old pa?s--=m only "o page ( t va/ my?ology creat$ by ! disord]$ imag9ation ( nations 9 _! infancy2 ! epidemic 0 g5]al1 & x is useless to seek = a def9ite or peculi> mean+ 9 su* & su* a local my?4 ,nev]!less1 9 pres5ce ( ^! /rik+ lik5esses1 imp>tial & cle>-sight$ sci5ce recognis$ t !re mu/ be some?+ 9 ! human m9d t ( necessity t5d$ to my?ology1 nay1 t !re mu/ be "s reason 9 all ! unreason t goes by ! "n ( my?4 ,t 8some?+0 ,max ,mll] discov]$ to be language1 9 its natural progress f roots to words1 up to def9ite & special names4 ,my?ology has n[ be5 ackn[l$g$ to be an inevitable phase 9 ! gr[? ( language & ?\ght2 a =m ( expression :i* *anges non-p]sonal be+s into p]sonal1 & all relation%ips into actions2 x is a m5tal ph5om5on s peculi> t x w\ld be difficult to avoid ! admission t x emanat$ f a di/9ct /ratum1 x is metaphoric language & ?\ght2 & x is ! duty ( ! geologi/ ( language to e/abli% ! au!nticity ( ?is epo* ( organic life 9 humanity1 :i* is contemporane\s ) ! mo/ anci5t =ms ( language4 ,if ,hegel comp>es ! discov]y ( ! common orig9 ( ,greek & ,sanscrit to t ( a new _w1 ! same may be said ) reg>d to ! common orig9 ( all ! my?ologies1 = already ! sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology has ris5 to ! same importance z ,comp>ative ,philology4 ,! supposition t grammatical g5d] ( n\ns mu/ necess>ily be ! cause ( p]sonification1 & produce my?s :i* _h no previ\s exi/5ce at ! "t :5 ?is d5otation ( sex did n yet exi/1 has be5 prov$ incorrect4 ,b ! foll[+ fact1 :i* conc]ns language m ?an my?ology1 is n s evid5t at fir/ sight1 viz41 t h[ev] ! v>i\s languages may diff] ext]nally1 & h[ev] !y may lack g5d]1 yet !y h )\t exception :at is analog\s to x1 & takes its place2 ?is is a sy/em ( fundam5tal classification to :i* all equally submit1 & :i* ea* language supplies2 ! result is t at ! f\ndation ( ?\ght common to all humanity1 c]ta9 =ms are f\nd answ]+ ! purpose ( g5d]4 ,ea* my? & ea* leg5d 0 at fir/ ! intelligible expression ( an intelligible ?\ght1 & z ! ?\ght conta9$ 9 ea* recital mu/ evid5tly be ! same :]ev] !re 7 m5 to repeat x1 ! sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology seeks to place its h& on ! expression :i* be/ r5d]s ?is "o & ! selfsame ?\ght1 "u diff]5t aspects4 ,:at is commonly call$ ,h9doo my?ology is ( little or no avail = comp>ative purposes1 because no?+ is sy/ematically arrang$4 ,names are us$ 9 "o hymn ( ! ,rig-,v$a z appellatives1 9 ano!r z names ( gods4 ,!re are z yet no g5ealogies1 & no record$ m>riages betwe5 gods & goddesses4 ,z ! conception ( ! poet v>i$1 s v>i$ ! nature ( ^! gods2 ! my?s are arrang$ ) little ord]4 ,n[h]e is ! wide di/ance :i* sep>ates ! anci5t poems ( ,india f ! mo/ anci5t lit]ature ( ,greece m cle>ly felt ?an :5 we comp>e ! gr[+ my?s ( ! ,v$a ) ! full-gr[n1 or already decay+ my?s on :i* ! poetry ( ,hom] is f\nd$4 ,! ,v$a is ! real !ogony ( ! ,aryan races1 :ile t ( ,hesiod is a copy only ( ! orig9al image4 ,! ,h9doo ,ri%is diff]$ mu* among/ !mselves 9 _! repres5tation ( ?+s2 "s ( !m attribut$ ! disp]sion ( cl\ds by a sol> h]o1 to ! w ( "s supreme or div9e be+2 o!rs consid]$ ! combatants to be ! supreme be+s !mselves1 :o disp]s$ ! cl\ds full ( lightn+ & ?und]1 mak+ ! sky s]5e aft] ! fight4 ,^! are ! two di/9ct int]pretations ( ! sol> & atmosph]ic s*ools2 ! dualism 9 nature1 :i* at a lat] p]iod took ! "* ( light & d>kness1 ev5 ( good & evil1 0 at ! beg9n+ ! dualism ( day & night1 spr+ & w9t]1 life & dea?1 repres5t$ by ! two great lum9>ies ( ! physical _w4 ,! *>act]i/ic traits ( ! moon :i* made ! deepe/ impression on our ance/ors 7 its increase1 & aft]w>ds its gradual dim9ution1 until its total disappe>ance4 ,! eclipses1 ?\gh fill+ ! m9ds ( ! p ) sudd5 fe> at fir/1 did n cont9ue long to awak5 dread or curiosity1 z !y 7 ( r>e occurr5ce & transitory2 ! moon1 x 0 ?\ght1 0 swall[$ & aft]w>ds disgorg$ by "s ho/ile p[]2 b ! mon?ly increase & dim9ution requir$ "s o!r explanation4 ,! ,h9doos1 9 seek+ to discov] ! abode ( ! gods & ( _! own ance/ors1 assign$ ! brilliant sky to ! =m]1 & :]e1 !re=e1 %\ld ! ,fa!rs live if n 9 ! va/ vault & 9 ! moon8 ,?is 01 9 fact1 ! belief ( ! :ole ,aryan race4 ,b ! subject is complicat$1 s9ce 9 an e>li] p]iod ( lun> my?ology1 we f9d 9 ! ,v$ic ,pan!on a div9ity ( ! "n ( ,soma1 :i* c]ta9 poets id5tify ) ! plant ( t "n1 ^: intoxicat+ juice play$ an important "p 9 ! sacrifices2 !re is no d\bt a great obscurity ) reg>d to ^! two rival p[]s1 to :i* ! same "n _h be5 giv51 & on :i* my?ologi/s h f\nd x difficult to enlight5 u2 b q rec5tly expon5ts ( ! ,rig-,v$a h discov]$ t ,soma orig9ally meant ! moon itself1 ?us ! ,ri%is all[ x to be app>5t 9 _! hymns t !re 7 at "o "t two ,somas--! plant & its juice1 & at an e>li] p]iod ! o!r ,soma1 kn[n only to ! old ,brahmans1 :i* 0 ! moon4 ,a belief held by ! ,h9doos 0 t ! moon suppli$ n\ri%m5t to ! gods1 :i* 0 ! cause ( ! dim9ution2 its increase 0 expla9$ by ! entrance into x ( ! s\ls ( _! ance/ors2 ! gods swall[+ ^! also z an integral portion ( ! moon4 ,all ^! ideas 7 ( sl[ developm5t1 & ( successive gr[?2 no portion ( my?ology _h a sy/ematic elaboration4 ,i w add z a curi\s sci5tific fact1 t lately botani/s h s\ght 9 va9 9 ,nor!rn ,india & 9 ,p]sia = a plant ^: qualities correspond to ^? ( ! ,soma z describ$ 9 ! ,v$ic hymns2 !y are m or less agre$ t x mu/ be ak9 to ! ,eph$ra1 b z ?is plant ab\nd$ 9 ! :ole c\ntry betwe5 ,sib]ia & ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula1 !re 0 no hope ( discov]+ ! locality ( ! ,aryans by means ( ! habitat ( ! plant4 ,x has be5 (t5 ass]t$ t ^! /ories ( m5 & ?+s t h be5 swall[$ mu/ h come f c\ntries =m]ly inhabit$ by cannibals2 le>n$ writ]s1 ev5 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]--to quote "o in/ance--consid]1 n )\t "s appe>ance ( reason1 t ,h9doos1 ,greeks1 ,romans & ,g]mans c\ld h>dly h put =? simil> /ories ( ?is k9d _h !re be5 no f\ndation 9 fact4 ,b ! v]bs to eat1 to swall[1 w admit ( div]s int]pretations2 we say ( a man t x 0 impossible = him to swall[ su* an insult1 or t he has consum$ 8 =tune2 & ?is mode ( spee* surprises no "o2 :]e we speak ( an eclipse1 ! inhabitants ( ! %ores ( ! ,baltic say t ! moon or sun is 9 ! act ( be+ eat52 9 ,india in/ead ( say+ su* an "o has be5 flogg$1 x w\ld be said1 he has ta/$ ! :ip4 ,a little reflection w conv9ce u t if nations :o _h no?+ 9 common b human nature1 spoke ( ! night z cov]+1 hid+1 swall[+ v>i\s be+s1 especially ! sun & ! day1 x 0 n m unreasonable on _! "p ?an to say1 z we d1 t day & night foll[ ea* o!r1 in/ead ( express+ ourselves aft] a m sci5tific mann]1 & n less correctly1 9 say+ t day & night are ! successive effects ( ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,hav+ discov]$ t my?ological phraseology 0 sometimes due to misconceptions ( names1 & t poetical fantasies _h _! %>e1 philologi/s quot$ an in/ance ( ! imag9ation be+ misl$ by a simple mi/ake2 t ( ! "n 8,great ,be>0 be+ giv5 to a c]ta9 gr\p ( />s4 ,! ,sanscrit root ,ark signifi$ to bright51 to praise1 to glorify1 to celebrate2 man prais$1 glorifi$1 celebrat$ ! sun1 moon & />s2 = ^! purposes ! ^w ,ark 0 us$4 ,= all we "k ! sub/antive rik may really h convey$ all ^! mean+s dur+ ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,aryan language2 b if we look at ! fully develop$ bran*es ( t family ( spee*1 we f9d t 9 ?is1 its simple/ =m1 rik has be5 dive/$ ( all mean+ 9 ! ,rig-,v$a except "o2 x only means a song ( praise1 a hymn1 t gladd5s ! he>t ( man1 & bright5s ! c\nt5ance ( ! gods4 ,! o!r words1 h[ev]1 :i* rik might h express$ 7 n entirely giv5 up1 b ! root 0 r5d]$ m def9ite2 ?us arki & arkis 7 =m$1 ^! no long] meant hymns ( praise1 b light1 ray4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ,rik%a1 9 ! s5se ( bright1 has become ! "n ( 8! be>02 might x n be on acc\nt ( 8 brilliant tawny fur1 or f 8 bright eyes8 ,no "o kn[s4 ,c]ta9 x is t 9 ,sanscrit be>s 7 call$ ,rik%a4 ,b ! ^w ,rik%a _h also ano!r mean+1 z %[n by a passage 9 ! ,rig-,v$a #a1 #bd1 #aj4 8,^! />s 7rik%a7 fix$ high above1 :i* are se5 by night2 :i!r did !y g by day80 ,! ,comm5tator obs]v$ t ! ^w rik%a is n us$ 9 ! s5se ( />s 9 g5]al1 b t accord+ to tradition ! "n is only giv5 to t p>ticul> con/ellation1 :i* 9 lat] ,sanscrit is call$ 8! ,sev5 ,ri%is10 or 8! ,sev5 ,sages40 ,& ?us x happ5$ t :5 ! disp]sion took place1 & ! ,aryans left _! primitive home & settl$ 9 ,europe1 !y ceas$ to use ! plural =m 8,arktoi10 or _m be>s1 & spoke ( ! gr\p ( sev5 />s z ! ,be>1 ! ,great ,be>1 )\t kn[+ :y ^! />s _h orig9ally receiv$ t "n4 ,x did n escape ! notice ev5 ( ! less erudite t ! gods ( ,greece & ,rome & ( o!r ,aryan nations _h a close connection ) ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a ( nature2 !y also recognis$ ! same orig9 among/ ! div9ities ( ! ,semitic nations1 z well z ^? ( ,egypt1 ,africa & ,am]ica2 ?is c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be acc\nt$ = by ! pres5ce ( ! same primitive /ratum ( human ?\ght1 resembl+ ^? deep] geological lay]s1 :i* only %[ !mselves 9 a p>tial & fragm5t>y mann]4 ,b none ( ^! my?ologi/s atta*$ ! lea/ importance to ! names ( ! div9ities1 & if !y 7 told t !y 7 no?+ b names1 x s\nd$ almo/ l h]esy to !m1 & !y ignor$ ! fact t "o ( ! late/ sci5tific discov]ies 0 be+ submitt$ to !m4 ,yet x is indubitable t ! sun & ! moon 7 9 ! places occupi$ by !m at pres5t be=e !y 7 nam$2 b n till !y 7 nam$ 0 !re a ,savit>1 a ,helios1 a ,sel5e or a ,m5e4 ,if !n x is ! "n :i* makes ! gods 9 my?ology1 9 enabl+ u to di/+ui% "o f ano!r1 x foll[s t we mu/ call ! ,sci5ce ( ,language to our aid 9 ord] to solve ! problem ( my?ology1 s9ce t alone discloses ! causes :i* h despoil$ ! names ( _! primitive mean+1 & t alone %[s h[ ! g]ms ( decrepitude1 inh]5t 9 language1 affect bo? ! phonetic portion & also ! signification ( words1 s9ce words naturally react on ?\ght & m\ld x4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,max ,mll]1 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gj4 #ej ,max ,mll]1 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdc4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,betwe5 ,,sleep+ ,,& ,,wak+ ,! habit :i* ,i h contract$ ( liv+ 9 ! society ( our ance/ors ( prehi/oric times1 w\ld1 x might be ?\ght1 naturally cause me to notice ! dissimil>ities betwe5 u & !m r ?an ! lik5esses2 ?is (t5 happ5s1 b n always4 ,our fa!rs1 = in/ance1 did n "k ! ?\s&? "p ( our vocabul>y1 :i* is v copi\s2 ?is w\ld seem to indicate t our k has consid]ably increas$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty or =ty c5turies4 ,words ( deep import are famili> to u2 :o among/ u does n "k & use su* z ^!--,law1 ,necessity1 ,lib]ty1 ,_s1 ,matt]1 ,consci5ce1 ,belief1 ,nature1 ,provid5ce1 ,revelation1 ,inspiration1 ! ,s\l1 ,religion1 ,inf9ite1 ,immortality1 & _m o!rs1 :i* are ei!r ( rec5t orig91 or h become new because _! mean+ has *ang$8 ,"h ! diff]5ce betwe5 our fa!rs & ourselves spr+s into sight4 ,b ! po9ts ( resemblance are /ill m /rik+4 ,long be=e our pres5t era1 c]ta9 philosoph]s ass]t$ t _! _w 0 full ( gods1 we may say ) equal tru? t ,god fills our _w2 ,8 "n is 9 e m\?1 & our little *ildr5 "k x well4 ,moreov] ! complete id5tity betwe5 c]ta9 m5tal acts ( our fa!rs & our own is easily recognis$4 ,our fa!rs 7 satisfi$ n to enquire conc]n+ ! nature ( _! gods1 !y knew _! names1 & t suffic$4 ,we too h become accu/om$ to he> ,god's "n repeat$ frequ5tly1 )\t always que/ion+ ourselves z to its mean+1 & 9 :at way ,he has made ! e>? ,8 habitation4 ,to talk ( :at we d n grasp mu/ be ess5tially human1 s9ce we f9d ! practice 9 two social conditions1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,x is incr$ible to :at a po9t we ( ! n9ete5? c5tury c>ry our lack ( enquiry4 ,if "o day we 7 to c\nt on our f+]s ! numb] ( int]e/+ subjects we _h all[$ to pass by u )\t any int]rogations conc]n+ !m1 fifty h&s w\ld n suffice u = ! tale2 our ignorance w\ld !n become app>5t4 ,%\ld we feel humiliat$8 ,9 all probability no1 = be=e arriv+ at ?is mu* to be desir$ consummation1 we %\ld h be5 c>ri$ away by _m ?\ghts 9 no way be>+ on ! subject1 & ! "o ?\ght :i* w\ld come prom95tly to ! front & h9d] u f pass+ our conduct 9 review w\ld be1 8,i see no necessity to apply myself to !m40 ,9 fact1 no?+ is easi] & no?+ s reposeful to our m9d z acquiesc5ce 9 ! popul> op9ion1 :i* we all[ to guide u 9 our e/imation ( words & phrases2 z s frequ5tly happ5s ) ourselves 7by 8ourselves0 ,i mean t v consid]able portion ( society :i* sep>ates ! work+ classes f ! savants & philosoph]s74 8,all ?+s are full ( ! gods10 0 said by ! hea!n 9 =m] days2 & 9 fact div9ities ab\nd$2 ?is 0 n surpris+4 8,god has *os5 to ,himself a p & spread ,8 "n ov] ! :ole e>?1 & to make ,8 w to be kn[n10 z we say n[4 ,?us we "k t ,god is1 & t ,8 comm&m5ts mu/ be kept4 ,to consid] words z ideas is n wise4 ,:y d we n imitate ! savages :o :5 !y he> an organ = ! fir/ "t h a great desire to op5 x 9 ord] to see :at is inside2 & we :o are civilis$ play ) mu* light-he>t$ read9ess on ! gigantic in/rum5t ( language )\t seek+ to "k ! value ( ! s\nds we draw f x2 & ! names ( be+s & objects :i* %\ld ex]cise ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ce to :i* moral ?+s c be subject$1 are treat$ z m]e s\nds4 ,h we ask$ ourselves ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,god8 ,_m mu/ answ] no to ?is "q4 ,?is is n well1 9 spite ( ! fact t ^? :o h ask$ x 9 ?is =m h n always succe$$ 9 obta9+ an answ]2 no "o has =m$ a complete conception ( ,god1 s9ce nei!r s5se nor reason is equal to ! task4 ,plato1 al?\gh nam$ 8,div9e0 by ! anci5t philosoph]s & by ,*ri/ian !ologians1 did n l to speak ( ,! ,gods1 b replac+ ! plural by ! s+ul> us$ ! ^w 8,div9e10 b he did n expla9 :at he und]/ood by ?is ^w4 ,plato c]ta9ly m5tions ! ,creator ( ! ,univ]se1 ! ,fa!r ( humanity1 b--8he does n tell ,8 "n1 = he knew x n2 he does n tell ,8 col\r1 = he said x n2 he does n tell ,8 size1 = he t\*$ x n40#ea ,x5ophanes1 :o liv$ #cjj ye>s be=e ,plato1 said1 8,!re is "o ,god1 ! greate/ among/ gods & m52 nei!r 9 =m nor 9 ?\ght l unto mortals40#eb ,! ,greek philosoph]s prote/$ aga9/ all attempts to apply a "n :i* %\ld be adequate to ! ,supreme ,be+2 s9ce all ! words *os5 fail$ to grasp ,8 ess5ce1 & only designat$ c]ta9 sides & po9ts ( view1 pr$ict+ ( ,him :atev] 0 mo/ beautiful 9 nature4 ,= ?is reason e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s :o 7 ,greeks r ?an ,jews1 :o _h /udi$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 spoke ( ,god 9 ! same ab/ract language1 ! same negative t]ms2 !y said1 8,we _c call ,him ,light1 s9ce ,light is ,8 creation2 we _c call ,him ,_s1 s9ce ! ,_s is ,8 brea?2 nor ,wisdom1 s9ce ,wisdom emanates f ,him2 nor ,=ce1 s9ce ,=ce is ! manife/ation ( ,8 ,p[]40 ,?us in/ead ( say+ :at ,god is1 ! philosoph]s1 hea!n z well z ,*ri/ian1 pref] to say :at ,he is n4 ,b 9 t case :at idea c\ld man =m ( a ,be+ :om ! wise/ among/ !m c\ld n repres5t or describe8 ,d we und]/& ! nature ( ?is ,supreme ,be+ bett] by us+ ! "n s well kn[n ( ,provid5ce8 ,aga9 no2 s9ce we h introduc$ sev]al mean+s into ?is ^w :i* are inconsi/5t ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,among/ !m !re might well be "s t are errone\s1 :i* w\ld ?us lead u to re/ our hopes on false f\ndations4 ,?is mi/1 hid+ f u ! mean+ ( words & obscur+ our ideas1 is p>tly ow+ to a fault committ$ by ! anci5ts !mselves4 ,:5 our ance/ors commun$ ) _! div9ities1 !y did n ask !mselves :at ! names !y pron\nc$ really meant2 9 invok+ ,v>una1 ,helios1 ,a!ne1 ,pri?vi1 & ! o!rs1 !y 7 satisfi$1 at lea/ = ! "t be+1 s9ce names possess a /range calm+ prop]ty2 ?is unque/ion+ acquiesc5ce has be5 bequea!d to u4 ,we are nei!r m enquir+1 m exact1 nor m p$antic ?an ! great] "p ( our ance/ors2 we speak ( angels1 = in/ance1 )\t seek+ to fa?om _! nature1 mu* 9 ! same way z we might m5tion lords & dukes )\t tr\bl+ ourselves to reflect t ! "o means 8bread-giv]0 & ! o!r 8dux10 or "o capable ( be+ a lead] ( m54 ,9 speak+ ( ! s\l1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ( religion1 we use words :i* h become common prop]ty1 & x is n necess>y to analyse !m 9 ord] to feel sure t !y repres5t ?+s :i* are v real2 /ill we d n /rive to und]/& :at ^! ?+s really are4 ,?us x happ5s t words ^: mean+ is unkn[n to u or escapes u1 are g5]ally ^? ( :i* we make daily use2 we keep to ! impression receiv$ ( !m 9 our *ildhood1 or accept$ by curr5t op9ion1 or ) :i* s5tim5t inve/s !m1 b ?is is unsatisfactory2 we %\ld feel a%am$ ( n possess+ m accurate k ?an ?is ( geography or ari?metic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are sci5tific t]ms :i* seem to u s te*nical t we will+ly ab&on _! use to exp]ts1 & yet _! mean+ c be readily & def9itely grasp$4 ,:at mean+1 = in/ance1 has ! ^w inf9ite = u1 ev5 if tak5 9 its mo/ simple acceptation2 ?is inf9ite t[>ds :i* our ?\ghts travel :5 we raise our eyes to ! skies8 ,a/ronom]s say to u1 8,look at some?+ great] ?an ! greate/ possible greatness1 t is ! inf9itely great40 ,!y !n quote figures1 b ^! figures ( inf9ite greatness elude our imag9ation1 we repeat !m me*anically & only out ( respect to ! high sci5tific au?ority :o gu>antees ! accuracy ( ! calculations or ! value ( ! appreciation4 ,a small object1 app>5tly ( ! size ( a homeopa?ic globule1 moves 9 space1 x conta9s our cont95ts & our oceans1 ?is globule moves 9 company ) o!r globules ( ! same nature4 ,a/ronom]s speak to u ( ! millions ( miles sep>at+ u f ! sun1 yet ?is di/ance dw9dles d[n to no?+ z comp>$ ) ! ne>e/ />1 :i*1 we are told1 lies tw5ty millions ( millions ( miles f our e>?4 ,ano!r /up5d\s ?\ght is t a ray ( light trav]ses space at ! rate ( #ahg1jjj miles 9 a second1 & yet x requires ?ree ye>s to rea* u4 ,b ?is is only a small matt]4 ,m ?an "o ?\s& millions ( su* />s h be5 discov]$ by our telescopes1 & !re may be millions ( millions ( suns )9 our sid]ial sy/em :i* are z yet beyond ! rea* ( our be/ telescopes2 ev5 t sid]ial sy/em ne$ n be reg>d$ z s+le )9 ! univ]se1 ?\s&s ( millions ( simil> sy/ems may be recognis$ 9 ! galaxy or milky way4#ec ,n[ let u turn our eyes to ! inf9itely little4 ,"o drop ( wat] tak5 f ! ocean conta9s atoms s small t a gra9 ( ! f9e/ du/ w\ld seem colossal by ! side ( !m2 *emi/s are n[ able to asc]ta9 ! relative positions ( atoms s m9ute t millions ( !m c /& ^u a ne$le's po9t4 ,all ?is we ga!r f sci5ce :5--work+ toge!r ) ! telescope--x inve/igates space2 & ?is may /ill be little comp>$ to :at we might see ?r\gh glasses1 :i* %\ld magnify objects "s millions ( times m ?an our be/ in/rum5ts4 ,! inf9ite 9 space has engag$ ! att5tion ( _m ?9k]s2 ,i w quote f two only1 z ?is inf9ite1 :i* !y /udi$ f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 yet sugge/s ?\ghts some:at alike4 ,kepl]1 ! discov]] ( ! laws on :i* our planet>y sy/em is bas$1 said1 8,my highe/ wi% is to f9d )9 ! ,god :om ,i h f\nd ev]y:]e )\t40 ,kant1 ! philosoph]1 to :om ! ,div9e 9 nature & ! ,div9e 9 man appe>$ z transc5d5t & beyond our cognisance1 & :o refus$ to li/5 to any !ological argum5t t5d+ to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 yet says1 8,two ?+s fill me ) new & ev] gr[+ admiration & awe3 ! />ry firmam5t above me1 & ! moral law )9 me2 nei!r ( !m is hidd5 9 d>kness1 ,i see !m bo? be=e me1 & ,i connect !m directly ) ! consci\sness ( my own exi/5ce40#ed ,^! are v ab/ract ?\ghts2 & x is p]t95t to notice t ! mo/ solemn religi\s t]ms1 & ! mo/ /rik+ expressions ( admiration1 & poetical phrases ( love1 h _! s\rce 9 v]bal roots1 indicative ( acts & conditions palpable to ! s5ses4 ,b ,i am approa*+ too closely to matt]s ( high import4 ,i am drawn by ! ^w ,inf9ite4 ,ari/otle said truly1 8! ,inf9ite attracts40 ,he 0 ?9k+ ( t o!r inf9ite1 :i* is n ! "o int5d$ by a/ronom]s2 b = myself ! inf9ite 9 nature captivates me s p[]fully t ,i f9d x difficult to t\* e>? aga94 ,let u walk 9 beat5 pa?s2 let u endeav\r to grasp ! mean+ ( ! m simple words le>nt me*anically at s*ool1 su* z ^? d5ot+ ab/raction z well z n\ns1 & t]ms bo? g5]al & p>ticul>2 & let u see to :at phase ( ?\ght & spee* ^! grammatical ex]cises w c>ry u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ea* palpable object is kn[n to u accord+ z x affects our s5ses1 t is to say1 by its prop]ties2 all impalpable objects _c be kn[n o!rwise ?an by _! qualities2 b no?+ exi/s 9 nature1 :e!r palpable or impalpable1 t has only "o prop]ty or "o quality1 ea* object has sev]al2 an object z x exi/s 9 reality is concrete1 & has a concrete "n4 ,if we wi%$ to consid] only "o ( its attributes1 we %\ld h to take t ap>t & isolate x1 9 ord] to fix our ?\ghts exclusively on t2 8we mu/ drop t ( :i* ! attributes are attributes40#ee ,we see :ite sn[1 :ite *alk1 :ite milk1 we h ! s5sation ( ! :ite col\r2 b to take :it5ess ap>t f ! sn[1 ! *alk1 & ! milk1 is an op]ation :i* requires an in/rum5t1 a means1 ?is we possess 9 a ^w1 viz41 ! ^w :ite4 ,)\t t ^w we %\ld h ! s5sation ( :it5ess1 b n ! idea2 x is ! ^w :ite1 :il/ sep>at+ ! :ite col\r f ! sn[1 ! *alk1 & ! milk1 t gives u ! ab/ract idea z well z ! ab/ract t]m :it5ess4 ,?is m5tal act is call$ ab/raction3 & x is by ?is process ( ab/raction t we really arrive at ! true k ( any?+1 ap>t f ! s5sation ( x only4 ,"h is ano!r example ( ab/raction4 ,let u suppose t two p]sons are 9 "o room1 & t !re are 9 ! room two w9d[s1 two doors1 two tables & two *airs4 ,let u try to oblit]ate 9 our m9d ! p]sons1 ! w9d[s1 ! doors1 ! tables & ! *airs2 no?+ n[ rema9s b ! ab/raction two4 ,n[ two1 z su*1 ap>t f objects1 does n exi/ 9 nature2 /ill x is a conception we c reta9 9 our m9d1 & ?is ab/ract idea c be incorporat$ 9 ! ab/ract ^w two4 ,^! two examples ( ab/raction tell u b little ( :at is meant by x2 & al?\gh !y tea* u little ( ! "p ab/raction plays 9 our m5tal life1 !y are correct f a logical po9t ( view1 & cle>ly demon/rate ! impossibility ( reta9+ a ?\ght ap>t f ! ^w express+ x1 s9ce evid5tly ! repres5tation ( two & ( :it5ess c\ld n h be5 made if ! words _h be5 lack+4 ,! faculty ( ab/raction has no d\bt tak5 "t to develop 9 man1 & ! abs5ce ( ab/ract words & consequ5tly ( ab/ract ideas 0 complete 9 primitive man z x n[ is 9 our v "y *ildr54 ,! faculties ( brutes c by no means atta9 to ab/raction4 ,"o reason1 among/ o!rs1 :y we h no gr\nd to ?9k brutes h ab/ract g5]al ideas is t !y d n speak1 t !y h no use ( ! words )\t :i* x is impossible to c>ry out ! op]ation :i* ,i h j describ$1 & to cause a conception to arise f a s5sation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:51 9 our e>ly days1 our p>5ts gave u in/ruction on ! ?ree divisions ( natural hi/ory1 & expla9$ to u ( :at !y consi/$1 we did n suspect t a p]iod ( imm5se l5g? _h elaps$ be=e man succe$$ 9 ?us skilfully classify+ ! va/ mass ( names 9 ! mann] :i* /ruck u z s natural & inevitable4 ,_m ?\s&s ( objects 7 be=e u1 ea* "o entitl$ to be> an expressive "n2 & 9 proportion z our k ( ?+s increas$ 0 sci5ce call$ ^u to furni% new t]ms2 _! "n became legion & memory fail$ to reta9 !m4 ,x !re=e became a necessity to classify ! objects ( a common nature "u "o "n2 h5ce ! evolution ( ! t]ms animal1 vegetable & m9]al1 :i* reliev$ u f ! burd5 ( enum]at+ all ! objects compos+ g5us & species2 !n 9 speak+ ( !m to o!rs we use ! g5]ic t]m1 :i* at ! same "t pres5ts ! image to our own m9ds4 ,?us :5 we wi% to d5ote m5 hav+ ! same nationality z ourselves we employ ! collective t]m compatriot2 9 ! same way ! ^w furniture includes all t s]ves to furni% our rooms4 ,by ! help ( ?is +5i\s comb9ation we relieve our memories ( a mass ( encumb]+ words1 we economise our "t & our p[]s1 & simplify ! ma*9]y ( our ?\ghts4 ,?is is evid5tly an advantage4 ,b n[ a difficulty pres5ts itself4 ,:5 employ+ ^! g5]al t]ms1 su* z vegetable1 animal1 ! human race1 we are speak+ ( ?+s ( :i* we are ignorant1 & are !re=e = u z if !y _h no exi/5ce4 ,we _c h a complete k ( vegetables s9ce t ^w compreh5ds all plants & trees on ! e>?2 nei!r ( animals1 s9ce 8animal0 includes n only all bea/s lack+ reason b also man :o is end[$ ) x4 ,we are equally ignorant ( ! human race1 s9ce x is compos$ ( all human creatures1 pa/1 pres5t & to come4 ,x is evid5t t we only "k individual p]sons & ?+s1 su* z ?is fir tree or t oak1 ?is horse1 ?is c[1 ,paul or ,james1 & we "k !m because we are 9 a position to di/+ui% !m by nam+ !m1 or indicat+ !m4 ,h[ is x t philosoph]s ( ! m5tal calibre possess$ by ,locke1 ,hume & ,b]keley--^: m9ds foll[ s closely ! progress ( ! p]ception ( g5]al ideas--did n "q h[ x 0 t t]ms :i* 7 applicable to ^! ideas c\ld equally well be appli$ to p>ticul> ?+s8 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ! ^w man t x c\ld be z suitable = ,paul or ,james z = _m m51 9 fact ! :ole human race8 ,?is is a fact ab\t :i* philosoph]s d n appe> to h tr\bl$ !mselves1 & :i* ! sci5ce ( language alone c expla94 ,9 ! "t ( our primitive ance/ors human k 0 evolv$ gradually f :at 0 confus$ & vague1 be=e arriv+ at :at 0 deem$ settl$ & di/9ct4 ,man's vocabul>y 0 small1 sub/antives 7 r>e2 t :i* we n[ und]/& by g>d51 c\rty>d1 field1 habitation1 0 m]g$ into "o & ! same conception1 & w\ld be express$ by "o vocable1 ( :i* ! mod]n equival5t is enclosure2 ! ^w s]p5t designat$ all creatures t crawl$1 ! ^w fruit impli$ all t c\ld be eat51 ! ^w man all :o c\ld ?9k2 ea* "n 0 a g5]al t]m expressive ( a g5]al idea4 ,we may rememb] t ! ,sanscrit ^w s>1 to run1 :i* 0 at fir/ us$ = riv]s 9 g5]al1 became a p>ticul> "n2 a demon/rative elem5t jo9$ to ! v]b1 *ang+ x into s>it1 run "h1 suffic$ at once to turn x into an intelligible phrase1 & ! "n ( a p>ticul> riv]4 ,9 ord] to =m ! ^w man-u-s1 man1 ! con/ructors ( language comb9$ ! root man1 measur]1 ?9k]1 9 its second>y =m man-u1 ) ! suffix s1 :i* gives ! mean+ ?9k-"h4 ,?is 0 at fir/ n ( g5]al application1 b z x c\ld be repeat$ any numb] ( times & ref]r$ ea* "t to diff]5t p]sons1 :o c\ld ea* be nam$ ?9k]-"h1 x became a g5]al t]m4 ,we ?us see t ! "n manus 0 f ! beg9n+ some?+ m ?an a m]e conv5tional sign appli$ to a p>ticul> p]son z are all prop] names4 ,x 0 a pr$icative "n1 t is applicable to all possess+ ! same attributes1 viz41 ( be+ able to ?9k1 & capable ( ! same act1 t ( ?9k+4 ,?is discov]y 0 foll[$ by ano!r n less unexpect$4 ,:5 exam9+ ! olde/ ^w = "n1 :i* 9 ,sanscrit is nman1 9 ,greek onoma1 9 ,lat9 nom51 we f9d t x dates f a "t :5 ! ,sanscrit1 ,greek & ,lat9 languages 7 all "o2 consequ5tly ! ,engli% "n & ! ,g]man ,"n are n z we suppos$1 words inv5t$ by ! anci5t ,saxons1 b !y already exi/$ be=e ! sep>ation ( ,teutonic idioms f _! eld] bro!rs4 ,aft] "s fur!r /eps our contempor>y philologi/s discov]$ ! s\rces :5ce proce$$ ?is ,sanscrit nman2 x is =m$ ( ! root n1 orig9ally gn1 to "k1 jo9$ to a suffix :i* g5]ally expresses an in/rum5t1 a means2 nman is ! repres5tative ( gnman1 :i* we recognise 9 ! ,lat9 cognom51 ! consonant g be+ dropp$ z 9 natus1 son1 :i* 0 =m]ly gnatus4 ,?is ^w "n _h at fir/ a mu* m ext5d$ mean+ ?an t ( a simple arbitr>y sign appli$ 8to :at we call a ?+40 ,! con/ructors ( ! ^w 7 aw>e ( a fact ( :i* consci\sness 0 aft]w>ds lo/1 & :i* ! le>n$ ignor$ dur+ all ! sup]v5+ c5turies--viz41 t all names1 f> f be+ m]e conv5tional signs us$ to di/+ui% "o ?+ f ano!r1 7 meant to express :at x 0 possible to "k ( a ?+2 & t a "n ?us places u 9 a position really to be cognisant ( a ?+4 ,a natural insight taught ! e>ly fram]s ( our language a tru? only acquir$ by u aft] int]m9able rese>*es1 su* z ,hegel expresses :5 say+1 8,we ?9k 9 words10 & :i* we f9d aga9 9 ?is some:at tautological expression 8nom9ibus noscimus0 8tel nom1 telle notion40 ,! fact t names1 :i* are signs n ( ?+s1 b ( p>ticul> concepts1 are all d]iv$ f g5]al ideas1 is "o ( ! mo/ fruitful discov]ies ( ! sci5ce ( language2 s9ce x n only expresses ! tru? :i* has be5 /at$ bel[1 t language & ! capability ( =m+ g5]al ideas sep>ate man f ! animals1 b also a second tru? t ^! two ph5om5a are two sides ( ! same tru?4 ,?is expla9s ! reason :y ! sci5ce ( language rejects equally ! int]jectional !ory & ! mimetic1 b accepts ! f9al elem5ts ( language1 ^? roots :i* all conta9 concepts4 ,! "n man1 :i* we all apply to ourselves1 is a title ( nobility to :i* none o!r c comp>e4 ,x is ! direct issue ( man1 :i* 9 its turn came f m1 to measure1 ?is gave ms1 moon1 to ! ,sanscrit language4 ,! ^w man conta9s 9 itself ! k]nel ( subtle ?\ght2 if we connect ! ^w ) ! cele/ial body t helps u to measure our "t1 we d n !re=e necess>ily inve/ ! moon ) a liv+ & ?9k+ p]sonality2 x is suffici5t to consid] t if our ance/ors conceiv$ ( x z measur+ ! nights & days1 !y _h 9 !mselves ! capabilities ) :i* !y inve/$ ! words !y creat$4 ,we mu/ also notice t ! creators ( ?is "n hav+ connect$ x ) ! l(tie/ ?+ ( :i* !y c\ld conceive--?\ght--did n /op !re2 ! sight ( :at 0 l[e/--! du/--inspir$ !m ) ano!r "n1 homo e>?-born2 ?is ,lat9 ^w hav+ ! same s\rce z humus ! soil4 ,our fa!rs also gave !mselves a ?ird "n1 :i* 0 brotos 9 ,greek1 mortalis 9 ,lat91 & m>ta--! dy+--9 ,sanscrit2 !y c\ld h>dly h appli$ ! ^w mortal to !mselves if !y _h n at ! same "t believ$ 9 o!r be+s :o did n die4 ,& ?is /range fact has come to pass1 t on our planet !re exi/$ 9 =m] days m5--simple mortals z !y 7--:o manipulat$ ?\ght1 incorporat+ x ) language1 ! only doma9 9 :i* x c exi/2 !n ^! m>vell\s m5 s entirely eclips$ !mselves1 & pass$ out ( our k51 t _! po/]ity d n recognise !m "u _! mode/ g>b ( anonymity2 = _! "w ?\gh /ill liv+ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( c5turies1 is s unrecognis$ t m5 ask !mselves1 8,:y is x n possible to ?9k ap>t f words80 ,?us we ackn[l$ge ! pr(\nd wisdom ( ! conceptions ( our ance/ors2 b _! und]/&+ work$ unequally1 on c]ta9 po9ts x 0 v advanc$1 b on o!rs beh9dh&4 ,9 foll[+ ! m>* ( human intellect 9 ! pa/1 we are /ruck by ! sl[ness ) :i* ?\ght & spee* co-op]at$4 ,z long z our ance/ors _h no occasion to speak ( ! action ( cov]+ a surface ) a liquid or s(t sub/ance1 !y did n possess ! ^w v> to cov]2 8! "n ( col\r 9 ,sanscrit is v>na1 cle>ly d]iv$ f ?is ^w2 & n till ! art ( pa9t+1 9 its mo/ primitive =m1 0 discov]$ & nam$1 c\ld !re h be5 a "n = col\r40 ,= "s "t !y cont9u$ to view v>i\s objects diff]5tly col\r$ )\t di/+ui%+ ! t9ts2 x is well kn[n t ! di/9ction ( col\rs is ( late date2 our ance/ors gaz$ on ! blue sky1 or ! gre5 trees1 z 9 a dream1 )\t recognis+ blue or gre51 z long z !y lack$ words to def9e ! two col\rs1 & "s "t elaps$ be=e !y p>ticul>is$ ! col\rs by giv+ ea* its prop] title4 ,we speak ( ! sev5 col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 because ! int]m$iate t9ts elude u2 ! anci5ts act$ mu* 9 ! same way1 ,x5ophanes speaks ( ! ra9b[ z a cl\d ( purple1 r$1 & yell[2 ,ari/otle also speaks ( ! tri-col\r$ ra9b[1 r$1 yell[1 & gre52 & ,democritus seems only to h m5tion$ black1 :ite & yell[4 ,does ?is indicate t our s5ses h gradually become m acute & accurate8 ,no1 no "o has ass]t$ t ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! organs ( s5se 0 less ?\s&s ( ye>s ago ?an x is n[2 ! s5sation has n *ang$1 b 8we see 9 ?is evolution ( consci\sness ( col\r h[ p]ception goes h& 9 h& ) ! evolution ( language1 & h[1 by a v sl[ process1 e def9ite concept is develop$ out ( an inf9itude ( indi/9ct p]ceptions40#ef ,! names ( col\rs h n be5 appli$ arbitr>ily1 any m ?an ! names giv5 to div9ities4 ,blue1 = in/ance1 owes its orig9 to ! visible results ( viol5ce1 or ( an accid5t2 ! sci5ce ( etymology %[s u t ! ,old ,norse words1 blr1 bl1 blatt1 :i* n[ mean blue1 meant orig9ally ! livid col\r ( a bruise4 ,grimm traces ^! words back to ! ,go?ic bliggvan1 to /rike2 & he quotes z an analog\s case ! ,lat9 csius--a blui% grey1 f cd]e1 to cut4 ,if ! ass]tion t blue & gre5 are r>ely m5tion$ until a late date be correct1 x w\ld foll[ t !y _h be5 work$ out ( an inf9ity ( col\rs be=e !y took _! place def9itely z ! col\r ( ! sky & ! col\r ( ! trees & grass4 ,z we trace etymology to its s\rce1 we see h[ man's p]ception 0 confus$ at fir/4 ,f ! ,sanscrit root gh>1 :i* has _m diff]5t mean+s1 su* z to heat1 to melt1 to drip1 to burn1 to %9e1 come n only _m words--heat1 ov51 w>m?1 & brightness1 b also ! names ( _m bright col\rs1 all v>y+ betwe5 yell[1 gre51 r$1 & :ite4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ example is af=d$ by ! ,sanscrit ^w ak-tu4 ,"h we h ! fir/ in/ance ( ! unc]ta9ty 9 ! mean+ ( ! names ( col\rs :i* p]vades all languages1 & :i* c be t]m9at$ at la/ by sci5tific def9ition only4 ,?is ^w has two opposite mean+s--a light t+e or ray ( light1 & also a d>k t+e1 & night2 ?is same ^w 9 ,greek1 ak-tis1 means a ray ( light4 ,?us1 :il/ ideas are n def9itely nam$1 ev5 ! mo/ simple1 su* z ^? ( :ite & black1 are n realis$2 philosoph]s h long kn[n ?is1 b ! le>n$ 9 physical sci5ce seem only rec5tly to h drawn att5tion to ! fact4 ,vir*[ 0 ! fir/ to make ! foll[+ ass]tion3 8,only aft] _! p]ceptions h become fix$ by language1 are ! s5ses br\ght to a consci\s possession & a real und]/&+ ( !m40#eg ,surgeons h expla9$ t ! faculty ( sight proce$s f ! movem5t ( an unkn[n m$ium1 :i* 9 ! case ( light has be5 call$ e!r1 ?is /rikes ! ret9a1 & is convey$ to ! bra9 by ! optic n]ve2 8b :at relation !re is betwe5 ! effect1 namely1 our s5sation ( r$1 & ! cause1 namely1 ! #ejj millions ( millions ( vibrations ( e!r 9 "o second1 nei!r philosophy nor physical sci5ce has yet be5 able to expla940#eh ,we are able to picture to ourselves ! difficulties :i* assail$ man 9 8 ef=ts to express 8 impressions 9 primitive times1 s9ce we f9d ourselves at times /ruggl+ ) ! same difficulties1 & !re are occasions :5 we /ruggle 9 va91 we d n conqu] ! difficulty4 ,s5sations :i* are subjective & p]sonal are ( all o!rs ! mo/ difficult to def9e1 s9ce we lack words to express :at is f its nature purely p]sonal2 & yet we h frequ5tly occasion to m5tion !m1 h[ c we be/ express ourselves8 ,z ! requir$ ^w does n seem =?com+ we h rec\rse to metaphor1 & almo/ unconsci\sly we use t]ms borr[$ f ext]nal ph5om5a connect$ ) ! s5se ( he>+1 ( smell+1 & ( ta/+1 & :i* = ! mo/ "p are acts or conditions 9 ! doma9 ( ! s5se ( sight4 ,our old acqua9tances ! roots1 ^: mean+s are to cut1 to p9*1 to bite1 to burn1 to hit1 to /+1 to s(t51 hav+ =m$ ! base ( ! adjectives %>p1 sweet1 ke51 burn+1 we use ^! to describe c]ta9 s5sations4 ,we d n "k h[ bett] to p>ticul>ise a physical pa9 ?an by comp>+ x to some?+ t te>s1 cuts or /+s4 ,b if c]ta9 physical ills1 c]ta9 col\r p]ceptions1 c]ta9 impressions ( %>pness1 sweetness & heat exp]i5c$ :5 ta/+ v>i\s foods f9d metaphorical expression 9 ext]nal acts1 !re /ill rema9s a :ole category ( simple ideas = :i* no words c be f\nd4 ,!re are c]ta9 s5sations ( ta/e :i* _c be express$ 9 words4 ,ye/]day ,i ate a pe>1 to-day ,i h eat5 a pea*2 ,i am q capable ( di/+ui%+ ! special flav\r ( ea*1 b f9d+ no?+ 9 ! _w ( facts ) :i* to comp>e !m1 ,i am )\t words to apply to !m1 & x w\ld be z impossible = me to convey an idea ( ! flav\r to any "o :o _h nev] eat5 a pe> or a pea* z to make any p]son und]/& if ,i spoke 9 a language :i* 0 unkn[n to him4 ,s9ce all words t succe$ 9 express+ our s5sations are drawn f ext]nal ph5om5a1 we are 9 a position to "k ! orig9 & hi/oric pa/ ( ^! words4 ,b ,i _c ?us easily =esee ev5 ! ne> future ( "s ( ^! words4 ,! s\nd ( ! cl>ionet & t ( ! hautbois1 ! :i/l+ ( ! w9d1 ! :isp] ( ! waves1 ! yell[ ( ! /raw & t ( ! lemon1 ! gre5 ( ! em]ald & ! blue ( ! sky1 all *>act]ise objects belong+ to ! mat]ial _w2 b if ^! words3 cl>ionet & hautbois1 w9d & waves1 /raw & lemon1 em]ald & sky1 :i* alone enable u to def9e cle>ly to our m9ds c]ta9 s\nds & c]ta9 col\rs 7 lack+ 9 our vocabul>y1 ,i d n "k h[ a musician c\ld h compos$ a symphony1 or an arti/ pa9t$ 8 picture1 al?\gh ! creation ( bo? works ( art proce$s equally f p]sonal inspiration invisible to ! eye4 ,! tie t b9ds ?\ght to spee* has be5 alt]nately ackn[l$g$ & =gott52 if ,plato believ$ t ! orig9 ( language 0 ! imitation ( ! voices ( nature 7an error :i* weigh$ heavily on humanity dur+ ! space ( two ?\s& ye>s71 he also knew t words are indisp5sable to man = ! v =mation ( ?\ght4 ,abel>d 0 m explicit on ?is po9t1 he said3 8,language is g5]at$ by ! intellect1 & g5]ates intellect40 ,hobbes und]/ood s well t language 0 meant fir/ ( all = ourselves1 & aft]w>ds only = o!rs1 t he calls words1 z meant = ourselves1 n1 & di/+ui%es !m f signa1 ! same words z us$ = ! sake ( communication1 & he add$3 8,if !re 7 only "o man 9 ! _w he w\ld require n40#ei ,! close connection betwe5 ?\ght & spee* _c be m cle>ly or concisely express$4 ,?is discov]y makes its way sl[ly 9 ! _w1 because c]ta9 philosoph]s :o h be5 r5d]$ immobile by tradition1 d>k5 c\nsel by _! speculations4 ,"s ( ! ,polynesians w\ld seem to h a f> tru] insight into ! nature ( ?\ght & language ?an ^! philosoph]s to :om ,i h made allusion2 !y call ?9k+ 8speak+ 9 ! /oma*10 :i* means ( c\rse to speak inaudibly1 & x is ?is absolutely in>ticulate spee* :i* is s (t5 mi/ak5 = ?\ght )\t words2 because ! fact is ignor$ t notion & "n are two words = "o ?+4 8,x is c]ta910 !y say1 8t a ?\ght may be conceiv$ 9 ! m9d1 b is =mulat$ at a lat] p]iod2 = in/ance1 if y h to write a lett] ( no great importance1 & :i* affects y little1 take y\r p51 & be=e ! idea appe>s to y completely clo!d1 y\r h& has pass$ ov] ! pap]1 & y proce$ to read y\r ideas 9 ! words y see be=e y40 ,?is is an illusion4 ,we c no d\bt di/+ui% ! writt5 ^w f ! ^w-concept1 b ! =m] c\ld n exi/ )\t ! latt]4 ,i defy our oppon5ts to ?9k ( ! mo/ ord9>y & famili> object1 su* z a dog = in/ance1 )\t say+ to !mselves ! ^w dog4 ,!y w\ld expla9 t ! remembrance only ( a special dog1 or ( its b>k w\ld suffice to call up ! image ( ! dog 9 _! m9ds2 !y d n see t ! lik5ess ( a dog1 or ! remembrance ( its b>k is equival5t to ! ^w dog1 & t !y _c possibly become consci\s to !mselves ( :at !y appe> to be ?9k+1 )\t hav+ ! ^w 9 res]ve 9 "s "p ( !mselves1 ei!r 89 ! /oma*10 z "s savages say1 or1 z is m gracefully express$ by ! ,italians1 9 petto4 ,desc>tes 0 a le>n$ ,*ri/ian1 :o pond]$ = "s "t ov] ! que/ions :e!r ! human m9d c\ld be c]ta9 ( any?+ )\t be+ sup]naturally enlight5$2 he resolv$ to prove x2 & to ?is end he imag9$ t he1 ,desc>tes1 0 c]ta9 ( no?+--d\bt$ ( all--ev5 ma!matical conclusions2 he !n reflect$ on ?is position1 & aft] a "t ! idea occurr$ to him t z he 0 capable ( reflection x prov$ )\t a d\bt t he1 ,desc>tes1 exi/$1 & t consequ5tly x 0 no long] possible to h d\bts ( 8 own id5tity4 ,! portrait ( ?is philosoph] z depict$ on ! cov] ( 8 works1 repres5ts him recl9+ 9 a *air ?9k+--?9k+--?9k+--& exclaim+1 8,cogito ergo sum40 ,^? p]sons among/ u :o are n specially int]e/$ 9 any sy/em ( philosophy are c]ta9ly 9 ! majority2 all "k t su* sy/ems exi/1 & t !y are not$1 b f ! want ( reflection1 h[ev] little1 "s p]sons look ^u !m z hav+ sprung fully equipp$1 & 9 _! pres5t =m1 f ! bra9s ( _! f\nd]s4 ,b x w\ld be incorrect1 simply on ! evid5ce ( a frontispiece1 to consid] ^! philosophical processes z ?us in/antane\s4 ,! sy/ems ( philosophy1 ev5 ^? ( small value1 require mu* "t = _! elaboration1 & rip5 sl[ly1 & are nev] free f opposition4 ,!y e/abli% close l9ks betwe5 ! liv+ ?9k]s ( to-day1 & ^? :o are no long] on e>?4 ,! philosoph]s ( ! ,middle ,ages consult$ ^? ( antiquity1 ! ?9k]s ( to-day /rove to be 9 agreem5t ) ^? alike ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( antiquity1 & !re arise f ?is int]communion ( k1 gr\ps ( ideas ( :i* "s are borr[$ & "s orig9al1 "s true & "s false2 ^! are dep5d5t on ! intellectual lucidity & vig\r ( ! late/ arrivals 9 ! ar5a4 ,_m problems are ?us ?re%$ out be=e our eyes4 ,n long ago ?ree philosoph]s 7 9 dispute & ,noir records ! argum5ts2 ! discussion turn$ on ! "q ( priority ( ?\ght or spee*4 ,!y agre$ on ! fundam5tal po9t1 all ?ree said !re c\ld be no reason )\t language1 nor language )\t reason4 ,b z !y p5etrat$ m deeply into ! "q1 !y p]ceiv$ div]g5cies2 al?\gh ! conception & ! ^w be insep>able1 yet !re may be a mom5t ( "t--inf9itely little1 d\btless--betwe5 ! arrival ( ! "o & ( ! o!r1 z ) tw9s4 ,accord+ to ,s*op5hau] conceptions 7 ! fir/ 9 ! field1 & _! imm$iate duty consi/$ 9 creat+ words2 s9ce ! m9d c\ld n deal ) ideas at w1 c\ld nei!r evoke !m1 grasp !m1 nor reject !m1 :il/ no signs 7 atta*$ to !m4 ,to ?is ,geig] object$4 ,h[ c\ld ideas be produc$ :il/ no signs exi/$ ) :i* to repres5t !m8 ,words came fir/1 & ?\ght1 r5d]$ possible by ! developm5t ( language1 foll[$2 8language has creat$ reason2 be=e language1 man 0 )\t reason40#fj ,max ,mll] repli$ to bo?4 ,h[ c\ld !re be a sign :5 !re 0 no?+ to repres5t8 ,conceptions & words1 insep>able f ! beg9n+1 7 produc$ on ! same day2 ! day :5 man's hi/ory beg9s2 be=e t :at 0 a fugitive impression & a vocal s\nd void ( s5se1 became a conception4 ,max ,mll] adds3 8,if ,geig] _h said t ) e new ^w !re is m reason1 or t e progress ( reason is m>k$ by a new ^w1 he w\ld h be5 "r1 = ! gr[? ( reason & language may be said to be coral-l1 ea* %ell is ! product ( life1 & becomes 9 turn ! support ( new life40#fa ,! mo/ important results obta9$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages on ^! subjects f9d _! repres5tations 9 ?is discussion c>ri$ on by ! ?ree le>n$ contempor>ies4 ,max ,mll]'s po9t ( view is "o :i* reconciles ! two div]se op9ions4 ,m5 /ill f9d !mselves "u ! magic influ5ce ( ! pa/ aft] "s ?\s&s ( ye>s2 ! fir/ words :i* our ance/ors us$ 9 ! mid/ ( _! ord9>y occupations h n ceas$ to appe> 9 our daily conv]sations1 9 our philosophical writ+s1 & 9 ! reports ( sci5tific proce$+s2 x is impossible to speak ( our family or social relations1 ( our affections1 our ord9>y obligations1 our mo/ sacr$ duties1 our obs]vance ( laws1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to words & expressions1 :i* repres5t ! acts ( l9k+ or ty+1 ^? e>ly activities ( our ance/ors4 ,! *emi/ speaks ( ! aff9ity ( ! sub/ances ) :i* he is work+2 ! poet & ! dev\t believ] :5 giv+ free scope to _! highe/ aspirations d n f9d tru] or l(ti] t]ms ?an l9ks1 *a9s1 ties1 = t :i* connects !m ) ! ,giv] ( all pure1 sublime ?\ghts4 ,z x is possible 9 ! pres5t day to speak ( delv+ into a "q 7creus]7 & ( rack+ our bra9s 7creus]7 :5 we puzzle ov] a conundrum2 ( l9k+ "o idea to ano!r2 ( poli%+ our mann]s by ! help ( art & lett]s2 ( seek+ to s(t5 ! he>t ( ,god by (f]+s 7z if ,he 7 a m]c5>y ,judge71 ( l9k+ ourselves ) o!rs ! bett] to accompli% a good "w1 ( unit+ 9 free+ ourselves f an undesirable oppon5t2 x foll[s t our ance/ors z !y em]g$ f _! condition ( mut5ess f\nd x necess>y to dig 7creus]7 cab9s = !mselves1 to poli% /ones1 to weave & plait bran*es toge!r1 & to s(t5 t\gh roots = _! n\ri%m5t4 ,! same words repeat !mselves f "t immemorial4 ,b h[ comes x t ^! words1 :i* h rema9$ ! same outw>dly1 h s completely *ang$ _! mean+ z exactly to adapt !mselves to mod]n usage8 ,we h be5 deceiv$ by appe>ances4 ,^! words h n *ang$ _! mean+1 b at fir/ !y 7 appli$ to tangible objects & visible acts1 ^? :i* 7 ! mo/ necess>y & ! mo/ usual 9 daily life at t "t2 & n[ ^! words are appli$ to intangible ?+s1 & invisible acts1 ! mo/ necess>y & usual 9 our pres5t m5tal life4 ,nor is ?is :i* foll[s less curi\s4 ,?is adaptation ( ! old words to mod]n usages c\ld only h be5 accompli%$ on "o condition1 t we %\ld =get _m ?+s1 & be utt]ly oblivi\s to ! orig9al de/9ation ( ^! words2 t we %\ld put f be=e our eyes all images ( caves1 bran*es1 /ones & t\gh roots2 & ?is condition we h fulfill$ absolutely2 ! =getfulness has be5 complete2 no "o suspects ! s\rce ( ^! expressions2 only a small numb] ( m5 kn[s x1 b ^! m5 are ?or\ghly aw>e t !y are mak+ use ( ! true primitive =ms ( ! human language4 ,a difficulty to be avoid$ /ill rema9s4 ,x might be said t1 z x is ! result ( conc]t$ action und]tak5 f a community ( int]e/1 t ^! images h become fix$ 9 ! memory1 & t if ! ideas & repres5tations ex]cis$ s pot5t a spell on u1 t we 7 compell$ to use ! words :i* c be trac$ back to ! fir/ p]iod ( language1 does x n foll[ t we absolutely resemble ea* o!r1 & t consequ5tly we mu/ r5\nce ! idea ( attribut+ ! lea/ individuality to ourselves8 ,?is is a great mi/ake4 ,ea* "o ( u gives to ^! repres5tations ( ideas t =m t[>ds :i* he is impell$ by 8 own nature1 8 education1 8 environm5t4 ,a man :o has "s k ( a/ronomy w look at ! />-lit sky ) q ano!r eye to t ( ! poet1 :o kn[s no?+ ( ! subject b is /ruck ) its inexpressible spl5d\r4 ,a l&scape pa9t] w\ld see 9 a tree details ( beauty :i* w\ld q escape "o :o admir$ x1 b _h nev] s\ght to draw x2 a clev] ar*itect ) "o glance at a newly-built h\se c\ld assign x a place ei!r ) ! failures or ) ^? h\ses :i* 7 a success1 & ?is glance w\ld suffici5tly acc\nt = ! murmur$ exclamation1 8,h[ gladly w\ld ,i live 9 x60 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,max ,mll]1 ,an?ropological ,religion1 p4 #ajj4 #eb ,ibid41 p4 #aha4 #ec ,max ,mll]1 ,natural ,religion1 p4 #ach4 #ed ,max ,mll]1 ,an?ropological ,religion1 p4 #cic4 #ee ,max ,mll]1 ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #hj4 #ef ,max ,mll]4 #eg ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #aea4 ,max ,mll]4 #eh ,natural ,religion1 p4 #aah4 ,max ,mll]4 #ei ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #dj4 ,max ,mll]4 #fj ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,human ,language & ,reason4 ,geig]4 #fa ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #bii4 ,max ,mll]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,a ,,decisive ,,/ep ,h[ is x t primitive man1 provid$ ) five s5ses :i* br+ him into contact ) ! mat]ial _w only1 has f\nd x possible to conceive ! exi/5ce ( an invisible _w peopl$ ) be+s :om 8 eyes _c see1 nor 8 h&s t\*1 nor 8 e>s he>8 ,betwe5 ! bir? ( human reason & ! inv5tion ( writ+ a long p]iod ( "t elaps$2 :5 ! art ( writ+ 0 foll[$ by t ( pr9t+1 man !n pr9t$ all t he _h ?\ght & writt51 & at pres5t we possess ?\s&s ( volumes :i* w in=m u on all ! tru?s & errors :i* h alt]nately illum9at$ & obscur$ ! human m9d4 ,:oev] w\ld take ! tr\ble to exam9e ?is mass ( docum5ts1 & read ^? :i* furni% an approximate e/imate ( ! m5tal activity ( our primitive ance/ors1 w see t ! human ego pursu$ sci5ce unconsci\sly long be=e s*ol>s appe>$1 & appli$ ! "n ( philosoph]s to !mselves1 because !y _h s\ght pati5tly & ) _m discussions1 ?r\gh ?\s&s ( c5turies1 to f9d ! be/ way ( arriv+ at ! tru?4 ,^! ance/ors ( ours 7 ( an enquir+ turn ( m9d4 ,! appe>ance ( religion among/ m5 is at ! same "t ! mo/ natural & ! mo/ sup]natural fact 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,! great] numb] ( philosoph]s h recognis$ t ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to turn t[>ds t :i* is outside ! doma9 ( ! s5ses is z p[]ful 9 man z ! desire ( eat+ & dr9k+ is 9 all liv+ be+s4 ,! anci5ts ackn[l$g$ ?is to be a true s5se1 z irresi/ible z ! re/ ( ! op]ations ( our ext]nal s5ses1 & !y h well nam$ x s5sus num9is--! consci\sness ( ! div9e4 ,! desire ( und]/&+ ! secrets ) :i* ! ,unkn[n 0 inve/$ naturally l$ to ! inve/igation ( ! influ5ce :i* ^! secrets might ex]cise on ! de/9ies ( mank9d4 ,among/ c]ta9 peoples ?is gave bir? to ! art ( div9ation4 ,to ?is !y ab&on$ !mselves 9 all s9c]ity1 n d\bt+ t omnipot5t be+s w\ld always be ready to make _! w kn[n to mortals4 ,! m5 ( mod]n times h %[n t !y h ! critical faculty m highly develop$1 & _! inve/igations h dealt m ) practical matt]s4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 writ]s1 hi/orians & philosoph]s--,voltaire among/ ! numb]--wi%+ to "k h[ ! ph5om5on ( m5tal religion appe>$ 9 ! _w1 collect$ all ! data to be obta9$ f travell]s conc]n+ savages2 !y f\nd t )\t exception all believ$ 9 occult p[]s1 z di/9ct f mat]ial or human =ces1 & d\bt$ n ! efficacy ( c]ta9 magic arts 9 use among/ !m to attract ^! p[]s to !mselves1 & to con/ra9 !m to act on _! behalf4 ,judg+ by analogy ^! writ]s cont5d t primitive man1 d\btless impress$ by ! al>m+ ph5om5a ( nature1 w\ld make se>* = ! unkn[n be+s ar\nd him1 :om ! /orms1 ! ?und]s & ! lightn+s obey1 b ^! be+s 7 invisible1 consequ5tly !re mu/ be an invisible _w 9 communication ) ! visible or human _w4 ,9 ?is way 7 ! beliefs ( ! pres5t-day savages suppos$ to be ^? curr5t at ! dawn ( religi\s conceptions ( humanity4 ,! ignorance ( a subject1 ( :atev] nature1 has nev] prev5t$ ! lay+ d[n ( axioms conc]n+ t subject4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury "s ,portuguese navigators1 :o nev] emb>k$ )\t provid+ !mselves ) talisman & amulet1--to protect !m dur+ _! voyages1--:i* !y call$ feitios1 see+ "s negroes ( ! ,gold ,coa/ pro/rat+ !mselves ) e appe>ance ( rev]5ce1 be=e bones1 /ones1 or ! tails ( "s animals1 conclud$ at once )\t fur!r inve/igation t ^! 7 consid]$ z div9ities by ! negroes2 & on _! return to _! native l&1 !y spread ! report t savage races wor%ipp$ feitios4 ,?is ^w feitios corresponds to ! ,lat9 factitius1 mean+ t :i* is made by h&1 z ! amulets 7 :i* belong$ to ! ,portuguese sailors4 ,! well-kn[n ,presid5t de ,brosses us$ ! "n & promulgat$ ! idea1 & )\t hav+ set foot on c\ntries inhabit$ by negroes1 compos$ & publi%$ a book on _! feti%es4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,fr5* language 0 enri*$ 9 #agfj by ! new ^w feti%4 ,all ?is seem$ s natural & plausible t ! ^w1 & ! idea ( ! adoration ( feti%es became q g5]al2 ! !ory ( ! wor%ip ( feti%es p5etrat$ rapidly1 & took deep root 9 ! public m9d1 x f\nd its way v readily into s*ool books & manuals1 & we 7 taught t ! religion ( savages consi/s solely 9 ! wor%ip ( feti%es1 & le>n$ writ]s draw ! conclusion t feti%ism mu/ necess>ily h be5 ! primitive religion ( humanity4 ,) :at read9ess d well-in/ruct$ p]sons1 no less ?an ! ignorant1 all[ !mselves to speak )\t suffici5tly reflect+ on :at !y say4 ,9 ord] to elevate mat]ial objects1 ( :atev] k9d1 to ! rank ( div9ities1 x w\ld be necess>y previ\sly to possess ! concept ( a div9ity4 ,writ]s on religion speak ( t z exi/+ 9 primitive times :i* !y seek to describe2 !y might z well say t primitive m5 mummifi$ _! dead be=e !y _h mm or wax to embalm !m )4 ,feti%ism _c be consid]$ z absolutely primitive1 see+ t f its nature x mu/ presuppose ! previ\s gr[? ( ! pr$icate ,god4 ,?is idea ( ,de ,brosses & 8 successors w rema9 = ev] a /rik+ ana*ronism 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,! hi/ory ( all primitive races op5s ) ?is note4 8,man is consci\s ( a div9e desc5t1 ?\gh made f ! du/ ( ! e>?2 ! ,h9doo d\bt$ x n1 ?\gh he call$ ,dyn 8 fa!r1 & ,pri?vi 8 "m2 ,plato knew x :5 he said ! e>? produc$ m51 b t ,god =m$ !m40 ,on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 ,tacitus li/5$ to ! w>-songs ( ! ,g]mans2 !y 7 to him 9 an unkn[n tongue4 8,x resembles ! :isp]+s ( birds10 he said1 b add$1 8,!y are cries ( val\r10 & 8 e> caught ! s\nd ( two words :i* recurr$ frequ5tly1 8,tui/o ,mannus60 ,we n[ "k :at =m$ ! basis ( ^! songs2 ! ,g]mans 7 celebrat+ _! l9eal ance/ors "u ! names ( ,tui/o1 & ,mannus1 8 son4 ,tui/o appe>s to h be5 "o =m ( ,tiu1 ! ,aryan god ( light4 ,tacitus tells u t ! ,g]mans 8call$ by ! names ( gods t hidd5 ?+ :i* !y did n p]ceive except by rev]5ce40#fb ,mannus1 s ! ,g]mans consid]$1 sprang f ! e>?1 :i* !y v5]at$ z _! "m-e>? :o be=e n\ri%+ h] *ildr5 on its fruits fir/ gave !m life4 ,?is ,mannus1 gr&son ( ! god ( light1 meant orig9ally man4 ,c]ta9 races liv+ beyond ! pale ( organis$ religi\s sy/ems hav+ be5 int]rogat$ h furni%$ ! foll[+ in=mation conc]n+ _! belief4 ,a v l[ race 9 ,india is suppos$ to wor%ip ! sun "u ! "n ( ,*&o or ,c&o2 !y decl>$ to ! mission>ies :o _h settl$ among/ !m t ,*&o _h creat$ ! _w4 8,h[ is t possible6 ,:o !n has creat$ ! sun itself80 ,!y repli$ ) 8,we d n mean ! visible ,*&o1 b an invisible "o40#fc 8,our god10 said ! orig9al natives ( ,cali=nia to ^? :o ask$ 9 :at god !y believ$1 8our god has nei!r fa!r nor "m1 & 8 orig9 is q unkn[n4 ,b he is pres5t ev]y:]e1 he sees ev]y?+ ev5 at midnight1 ?\gh himself invisible to human eyes4 ,he is ! fri5d ( all good p1 & he puni%es ! evil-do]s40 ,a ,blackfoot ,indian1 :5 argu+ ) a ,*ri/ian mission>y1 said3 8,!re 7 two religions giv5 by ! ,great ,_s1 "o 9 a book = ! guidance ( ! :ite m51 :o1 by foll[+ its tea*+1 w rea* ! :ite man's heav52 ! o!r is 9 ! heads ( ! ,indians1 9 ! sky1 rocks1 riv]s & m\nta9s4 ,& ! r$ m5 :o li/5 to ,god 9 nature1 w he> 8 voice1 & f9d at la/ ! heav5 beyond40 ,^! ,indians consid] t t ext]nal nature :i* to u is at ! same "t ! veil & ! revelation ( ! ,div9e1 is suffici5t to tea* !m s mu* conc]n+ ! ,supreme ,be+ t mission>ies are sup]flu\s4 ,among/ ^? ^: ?\ghts are occupi$ by ! orig9 ( religi\s p]ception 9 man1 !re exi/ sev]al !ories2 ! fir/1 t ! idea ( inf9ity is a necessity to ! m9d ( man1 & t by enl>g+ ! b\nd>ies ( space & ( "t1 x arrives at t :i* is )\t space & )\t "t4 ,?us may a true philosoph] reason2 b primitive man 0 no philosoph]1 & ! inf9ite ( philosophy _h no exi/5ce = him4 ,ano!r !ory is t man is naturally end[$ ) religi\s in/9cts1 :i* r5d] him--alone ( all liv+ creatures--capable ( p]ceiv+ ! inf9ite 9 ! invisible2 b ! nature ( ?is innate in/9ct n be+ cle>ly def9$1 x is 9 va9 t we try to expla9 "o my/]y by ano!r4 ,o!rs aga9 affirm t religi\s impressions 7 ! result ( a sup]natural revelation1 b !y seem vague ) reg>d to ! "t 9 ! life ( humanity1 to :i* p1 & 9 :at mann] ?is came to pass4 ,at ! same "t !y draw att5tion to ! fact t m5 h always arriv$ at conclusions rapidly1 &1 z !y consid]1 )\t due reflection2 "o ( ^! conclusions is t ,god is4 ,let u1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 replace ! ^w man by ! ^w intuitive s5se or appreh5sion1 & we %all und]/& :y ?is intuitive s5se r5d]s x a sup]flu\s task to make great rese>*es z to ! reasons ( man's decision t ,god is4 ,?is intuitive s5se is wise1 & utt]s at times great tru?s2 b ! philosoph]s :o consid] x _! meti] to seek = ! reason ( ?+s are n cont5t ) :at satisfies intuitive s5se1 & !y act on _! "r4 ,9 our days ! religi\s problem is view$ f two sides4 ,:at is und]/ood by ^! words--! conception ( ,god8 ,?is is ! "q ( que/ions2 & ! names ( ! writ]s on ! subject1 bo? philosophical & !ological1 are too num]\s to give4 ,x is a psy*ological & ?\ght impell+ /udy4 ,h[ did ! idea ( ,god fir/ arise 9 ! m9ds ( primitive man8 ,?is is ano!r "q :i* few try & answ]4 ,x is a hi/orical /udy4 ,?is pres5tation ( ! problem is p]haps n calculat$ to inspire excitem5t or let loose agitat+ passions2 & app>5tly ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w n witness ! r5ewal ( ! philosophical debates on ! subject :i* *>act]is$ ! la/ half ( ! eighte5?4 ,nev] ei!r1 be=e or s9ce1 has !re be5 s mu* agitation1 nor h m5's m9ds be5 s toss$ by div]se curr5ts4 ,_m v>i\s !ories 7 promulgat$ at ! "t1 b op9ions gr\p$ !mselves *iefly r\nd two diametrically opposite s*ools ( ?\ght1 t[>ds "o or ! o!r ( :i* !y lean$4 ,accord+ to ,hume1 ,condillac & _! adh]5ts1 matt] alone exi/s2 our und]/&+1 our feel+s1 our w are only trans=m$ s5sations4 ,?is 0 pure mat]ialism4 ,pure idealism 0 repres5t$ by ,b]keley1 :o w5t s f> z to d5y ! reality ( matt]2 accord+ to him ! bodies mak+ up ! univ]se h no real exi/5ce2 ! true realities 7 ,god & ! ideas ,he produc$ 9 u4 ,^? :o pres]v$ _! anci5t beliefs 7 ! mo/ tr\bl$1 !y began to ask !mselves :e!r ! f\ndations ( _! fai? 7 solid1 & !y mu* desir$ to see c]ta9 problems solv$4 ,^! ?\ghts _h ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( ! sages ( ,india1 ! ?9k]s ( ,greece1 ! dream]s ( ,alex&ria1 & ! div9es & s*ol>s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!y 7 ! old problems ( ! _w1 :at we "k ( ! ,inf9ite1 ! que/ions ( ! beg9n+ & end ( our exi/5ce2 ! que/ions ( ! possibility ( absolute c]ta9ty 9 ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 ( reason or ( fai?4 ,h[ mu* 0 compreh5d$ 9 ^! enquiries4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s previ\sly1 ! cauti\s reason]1 ,desc>tes1 in/ead ( ask+ 8,:at d we "k80 pos$ 9 its place ! "q1 8,h[ d we "k80 ,?is 0 9 fact a fundam5tal "q :i* appeal$ to philosoph]s :o foll[$ ,desc>tes1 z ( ! utmo/ importance1 & !y also ask$ !mselves1 8,aft] :at mann] does ! human m9d acquire :at x kn[s80 ,:at is call$ ,locke's t5et1 8,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non ante fu]it 9 s5su10 ,leibnitz answ]$ by 8,nihil--nisi intellectus40 ,noir gives ?is s5tim5t a fre% turn by say+3 8,!re is no?+ 9 ?is plant t 0 n already 9 ! soil1 ! wat] & ! atmosph]e1 b t :i* causes ?is plant to be a plant40 ,condillac1 :o agre$ ) ,locke1 ?us =mulat$ 8 op9ion3 8,p5s] c'e/ s5tir02 or1 8,9 ord] to feel x is necess>y to possess s5ses10 :i* is self-evid5t4 ,nev]!less1 ?is s5t5ce sc&alis$ "s ( ! philosoph]s1 !y consid]$ x degrad$ ?\ght4 ,x degrad$ ?\ght only 9 ,condillac's m\?1 s9ce he & 8 s*ool _h previ\sly tak5 out ( s5tir or s5sation all t possess$ ! "r to be call$ ?\ght2 b = ^? :o admit t s5sation is really impregnat$ ) ?\ght x is no degradation2 x is !n true to say t ?\ght is s5sation1 9 ! same way z an oak-tree may be said to be ! acorn2 & a little reflection w %[ u t 8! acorn is f> m wond]ful ?an ! oak1 & p]ceiv+ f> m wond]ful ?an ?9k+40 ,?is 0 n ackn[l$g$ by "s :o disagre$ z to ! nature ( reason & s5sation2 !y consid]$ ! =m] a my/]i\s p[] t c\ld only be a direct gift ( ! ,creator1 & ! s5ses1 to :i* we owe our p]ceptions1 appe>$ s natural & simple1 z n to require a sci5tific explanation4 ,if philosoph]s1 su* z ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz1 succe$$ 9 influ5c+ c]ta9 enlight5$ spirits1 _! language 0 n und]/ood by ! g5]al public2 & ,b]keley's idealism :5 pu%$ to ! extreme po9t1 prov$ too ab/ract to c\nt]balance ! s5suali/ doctr9es2 its language h>dly p5etrat$ beyond ! inn] circle ( ! exp]ts deal+ ) ! subject1 :]eas ! writ+s ( ,locke1 ,condillac & ,hume p]meat$ all classes ( society2 ev]y:]e ! same que/ions 7 ask$1 & (t5 unansw]$ amid/ ! maze ( metaphysics1 9 :i* x w\ld h be5 difficult to obta9 a precise explanation ( a sci5ce n yet cle>ly def9$4 ,x is natural t reason aft] its high flight 9 pursuit ( tru?1 fright5$ by ! ob/acles met 9 its asc5t1 & by ! contradictions f\nd 9 itself1 %\ld fall heavily to e>?1 exclaim+ ) ,voltaire1 8,o metaphysics1 we are z advanc$ z 9 ! times ( ! ,druids40 ,?is same feel+ ( di/ru/ t[>ds proce$+s :i* result$ only 9 hypo!sis1 0 also express$ by ,newton1 :o1 recognis+ t philosophy mov$ n[h]e s freely nor ) su* c]ta9ty z 9 ! doma9 ( facts1 rec5tly cri$1 8,o physics1 pres]ve me f metaphysics40 8,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! curr5t public op9ion _h be5 decid$ly 9 fav\r ( mat]ialism1 b a reaction 0 sl[ly sett+ 9 9 ! m9ds ( indep5d5t ?9k]s :5 ,kant appe>$02 he came s exactly 9 ! nick ( "t t "o almo/ d\bts :e!r ! tide 0 turn+1 or :e!r he turn$ ! tide4 ,to sket* briefly ! *ief po9ts 9 ,kant's sy/em su* z he has giv5 u 9 8 book call$ ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 is a ra% proce$+2 my object1 :i* is to satisfy ! imp]i\s & m imm$iate wants ( our moral be+1 c\ld only be atta9$ by ignor+ ! irradicable difficulties2 ?is is excusable if we1 unle>n$ memb]s ( society1 are to =m any idea ( ?is same philosophy4 ,! te*nical t]ms :i* ab\nd 9 philosophical works are useful 9 ! exposition ( a sy/em1 b r ! rev]se = ^? :o are /riv+ to grasp its sali5t features2 = und]/&+ ^! t]ms p>tially only1 or n und]/&+ !m at all1 !y are tempt$ to imag9e t !y take 9 ! mean+2 ?is leads to vague notions be+ ent]ta9$ on a subject :i* is nev]!less e>ne/ly /udi$4 ,g5]ally ,i ab/a9 f ! use ( esot]ic t]ms1 b ,kant hav+ co9$ fre% ones to express 8 ideas x behoves u to use 8 own =mula4 ,to p>aphrase !m s z to r5d] !m intelligible )\t multiply+ !m might only fur!r obscure ! s5se1 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 to ent] freely into fur!r developm5ts w\ld require a volume1 & ! end w\ld be bett] s]v$ by go+ direct to ,kant's "w4 ,h5ce ! emb>rassm5t ,i feel on approa*+ ! subject4 ,,kant',s ,,tea*+4 ,kant und]took a "w :i* no "o be=e him _h attempt$4 ,in/ead ( criticis+1 z 0 !n ! fa%ion1 ! result ( our k1 :e!r 9 religion or 9 hi/ory1 or sci5ce1 he %ut 8 eyes resolutely to all t philosophy1 :e!r s5suali/ic or spirituali/ic ass]t$ z true1 & mak+ ,desc>tes 8 />t+ po9t he boldly w5t to ! root ( ! matt]2 he que/ion$ :e!r human reason _h ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ ! tru?1 & 9 cases :]e ?is p[] exi/$--b ) limits--he s\ght to discov] :y ^! limits exi/$4 ,he !re=e resolv$ to subject reason itself to 8 se>*+ analysis1 & ?us to assi/1 z x 71 at ! bir? ( ?\ght4 ,he accompli%$ ?is extraord9>y task ) an ease ( :i* no "o previ\sly w\ld h be5 capable4 ,! _w is gov]n$ by immutable laws1 & ! human race is subject to !m4 ,kant gives an acc\nt ( ^? :i* x mu/ necess>ily obey 9 ord] to pass f a passive 8mirror0 into a consci\s m9d4 ,,s5sation4 ,9 any mat]ial object ,i may seek to obta91 su* z a table1 my int]e/s are conc5trat$ 9 ! table itself1 n on ! tools :i* ! workman has us$ 9 its manufacture2 b if x 7 a "q ( ?\ght1 !n ! means by :i* x 0 produc$ by ! human m9d engage u2 & ^! means1 ( c\rse1 consi/ 9 ! prop] use ( ! in/rum5ts at man's disposal4 ,t :i* 0 at ! orig9 ( mank9d is repeat$ at ! bir? ( e human be+2 he comes into ! _w 9 a le?>gic condition1 b end[$ ) lat5t in/9cts :i* we "n 9 "o ^w1 s5se2 common to man & to animals1 x places !m 9 relation%ip ) ! ?+s ext]ior to !mselves2 ?is s5se1 or capability ( s5sation1 is m]ely ! g5]al faculty ( feel+4 ,no newly-born *ild w\ld em]ge f its torpor if x 7 n surr\nd$ by mat]ial objects :i* affirm _! pres5ce by react+ on him2 8 fir/ act1 at ! mom5t :5 he p]ceives 8 surr\nd+s is ! transf]5ce ( 8 own m9d1 until n[ isolat$ 9 itself alone1 t[>ds ! objects :i* solicit 8 att5tion4 ,! s5se :i* op]ates 9 ea* *ild is inw>d1 we "n x briefly--s5sation--to di/+ui% x f ! five ext]nal s5ses1 :i* are m famili> to u1 s9ce ev5 at s*ool _! functions & modes ( action h be5 expla9$ to u4 ,= in/ance1 we "k t x is only necess>y to t\* ! /r+s ( an in/rum5t to cause !m to vibrate1 ! vibrations are communicat$ to ! air1 & are !n call$ waves ( s\nd2 !y diffuse !mselves ) an incr$ible swiftness 9 space1 advanc+ & retreat+ 9 ! mann] ( ! waves ( ! sea1 !y rea* our e>s1 t\* ! auditory n]ve1 cause ! tympanum to vibrate1 p5etrate to ! bra91 & give u in/antane\sly ! s5sation ( s\nd4 ,& x is to ! waves ( light pass+ ?r\gh ! e!r1 & communicat+ ) ! optic n]ve ( ! organ ( sight1 t we owe ! s5sation ( sight ( ! objects be=e u4 ,! vacant look ( a newly-born infant1 implies t x has und]gone an exp]i5ce1 x has felt some?+ ( ! nature ( a %ock2 a %ock always implies resi/ance & yield+4 ,9 ! *ild x is ! human eye becom+ consci\s ( itself amid/ ! impressions produc$ on x by ! confus$ sight ( ext]nal objects1 & he>+ ! noises :i* occur ar\nd him4 ,?is in/ance is analog\s to ! vibratory movem5t ( ! waves describ$ & ev5 drawn 9 all manuals on physics4 ,x is /range t a natural ph5om5on :i* le>n$ m5 h tak5 "s tr\ble to analyse1 %\ld f9d expression 9 ! foll[+ commonplace phrase4 8,f ! cla% ( op9ions light is g5]at$40 ,if ?is phrase 7 n only on our lips1 b also implant$ 9 our m9d1 we %\ld m readily h grasp$ ! physiological fact ( s5sation4 ,s5sation plays su* an important "p 9 ! _w ( humanity1 t all ! sci5ces1 bo? physical & moral1 deal ) x2 b we1 :o grumble s readily & cont9u\sly at feel+ ei!r too hot or too cold1 probably nev] enquire :at philosophy has to d ) purely bodily impressions4 ,s5sations come to u f )\t1 b !y w\ld leave u 9 a condition ( p]turbation only1 if :il/ receiv+ !m we 7 passive z a mirror on :i* ext]nal objects are reflect$2 we might h cont9u$ to sleep--p]*ance to dream--if a m5tal act on our "p did n m>k ! awak5+ ( our intellig5ce :5 9 contact ) ! mat]ial _w1 & ?us h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( a p[] )9 u hi!rto lat5t1 b q capable ( accept+1 kn[+1 & realis+ s5sations :i* come to u )\t hav+ be5 summon$4 ,we are ne>+ ! solution ( ! problem4 ,desc>tes _h ask$3 ,h[ we "k4 ,kant _h cle>ly expla9$ t all our k has its comm5cem5t 9 our s5ses1 :i* give u pure intuitions1 t is to say1 a cle> direct view ( ext]nal objects1 & he also prov$ t intellig5ce w\ld n h be5 ar\s$ )\t ! aid ( mat]ial objects4 ,b /ill great] discov]ies await$ ,kant4 ,we feel t no?+ 9 ourselves is s free z ?\ght4 ,x compreh5ds ! :ole _w1 x m\nts to ! />s1 x desc5ds to ! b[els ( ! e>?1 arre/$ p]haps 9 its pa? by special objects on :i* x dwells at w2 b al?\gh free to encircle ! univ]se1 x may n *oose its pa?1 ?\ght is oblig$--l ! sun--to foll[ "o :i* has be5 previ\sly trac$ out = x2 ( ?is we c readily conv9ce ourselves4 ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,all objects ( :i* we become consci\s mu/ be plac$ by u 9 ! imag9ation side by side 9 space1 & at a di/ance f ourselves1 "h or !re2 z be+ n[ pres5t1 or z hav+ be51 or ab\t to be2 b always 9 succession1 i4e41 9 "t1 "t pa/1 pres5t & future4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 ,space & ,"t are two fundam5tal or inevitable conditions ( all s5su\s manife/ations1 & he 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve t !y are impos$ by s absolute a p[] t no ef=t1 on our "p1 w\ld enable u to escape f !m1 any m ?an we c\ld avoid see+ ! light ( day at noon1 unless we are ei!r bl9d or h our eyes %ut4 ,we mu/ make x cle> t :at we call ,space & ,"t1 be+ =ms ( our s5su\s intuition1 d n exi/ ap>t f ourselves1 or1 z ,max ,mll] says1 8dep5d on u z recipi5ts1 z p]ceiv]s40 ,x is we :o say !re c be no ,"h )\t a ,!re1 & no ,n[ )\t a ,!n2 & ?is is necess>y1 s9ce we are dep5d5t on ! m\ld ( our m9ds1 :i* "w 9 accordance ) _! con/itutions4 ,,ph5om5a4 ,:5 op5+ a diction>y at ! lett]s ,p4 ,h4 ,e4 we %\ld soon arrive at ! ^w ,ph5om5on & its mean+3 :atev] is pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 or affects u physically or morally4 ,z long z k comes to u only by ! way ( our s5ses1 x foll[s t 9 speak+ ( aff9ity1 electricity & magnetism z natural ph5om5a1 :i* are kn[n to u only by _! effect on ,space & ,"t1 we speak 9 accordance ) our me?od ( repres5tation1 & n z !y are 9 !mselves1 s9ce we h n ! lea/ idea :at ^! natural =ces are 9 !mselves4 ,we recognise musical s\nds because our e>s he> !m1 & we appreciate col\rs because our eyes see !m2 we take cognisance ( !m z !y appe> to u1 b we are ignorant ( bo? ! "o & ! o!r z !y are 9 actuality1 t is indep5d5tly ( our organs :i* correspond to !m4 ,?us all ! objects t we "k--f ! mann] ( our k--become = u ph5om5a1 & ! _w 9 :i* we live is a _w ( ph5om5a4 ,,! ,,categories ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+4 ,besides ^! fundam5tal =ms ( s5su\s intuition ,space & ,"t1 ,kant by 8 analysis ( ,pure ,reason discov]$ o!r conditions ( our k :i* c\ld n h come f )\t4 ,he divides !m into twelve di/9ct classes1 & 9 ! phraseology ( philosophy !y are call$ ,categories ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,ari/otle _h previ\sly arrang$ a table ( ,categories1 b 9 8 ,logic ,ari/otle conc]ns himself ) ! laws ( ?\ght 9 g5]al1 ! ab/raction d]iv$ f ! practical use made ( !m2 :il/ ,kant /udies ! facts fir/ !mselves1 or fir/ pr9ciples1 9 _! relation ) c]ta9 fix$ objects4 ,! diff]5t categories h c]ta9 traits 9 common1 n a s+le "o ( our ?\ghts b w f9d a place 9 ! "o or ! o!r4 ,ano!r feature :i* *>act]ises all is1 t )\t !m no exp]i5ce w\ld be possible1 !y rule our und]/&+4 ,?is is v m>k$ 9 ! category call$ ,plurality4 ,let u try to ?9k ( any?+ )\t ?9k+ ( x at ! same "t z "o or _m1 & we %all f9d x an impossibility4 ,we _c ?9k ( an apple or speak ( an apple )\t pictur+ m ?an "o2 & ,max ,mll] has demon/rat$ t rational spee* is impossible1 if we _c :5 speak+ decide :e!r ! subject ( a s5t5ce consi/s ( "o or _m4 ,,cause ,,& ,,effect4 ,! ideas ( ,cause & ,effect belong to ^? fir/ pr9ciples t reason draws f itself1 & ! category ( causality is "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,we nev] exp]i5ce a s5sation1 ( :atev] k9d1 )\t atta*+ x1 involunt>ily & necess>ily1 to "s ext]nal object :i* we "k possesses ! qualities correspond+ to our s5sations4 ,?us ! impressions ( heat or cold1 sweet or bitt]1 blue or yell[1 evoke imm$iately ! picture ( c]ta9 objects :i* are hot or cold1 su* z fire or ice2 or :i* are sweet or bitt]1 su* z sug> or abs9?2 or blue1 z ! sky2 or yell[1 z ! lemon2 & ^! ext]nal objects we consid] z ! causes1 & our bodily s5sations z ! effects4 ,,axioms4 ,!re are c]ta9 univ]sal tru?s :i* are self-evid5t1 & 7 evolv$ n by exp]i5ce only or argum5t1 nor sci5ce1 z !y are ! natural appanage ( common-s5se1 e4g41 su* axioms z ! foll[+3 ! :ole is great] ?an ! "p2 a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts2 ea* body occupies space2 e ev5t occupies "t2 e effect has a cause4 ,all ^! are m c]ta9 ?an t ! sun w rise to-morr[2 common-s5se has always kn[n !m1 & ! entire human race has n wait$ = ! com+ ( ,kant to recognise ^! facts4 ,x is /range t ! majority ( m5 :o "k s _m ?+s t are true by intuition1 (t5 make mi/akes :5 !y beg9 to reflect4 ,!y imag9e t all ?+s fall+ "u _! obs]vation h ! p[] ( mak+ !mselves kn[n directly1 z if !y ent]$ an empty space 9 ! imag9ation :i* 0 ready to receive !m4 ,are !y ignorant ( ! fact t 9 ord] to ?9k ( an ext]nal object1 x is n necess>y to h x 9 actuality--z x exi/s 9 nature--be=e "o's eyes1 b t x suffices to impr9t its image on ! m9d8 ,?is is v simple1 & no d\bt common-s5se itself w\ld see a truism :i* might be pass$ 9 sil5ce4 8,:at is !re extraord9>y10 common-s5se might say1 8if 9 ?9k+ ( a lemon1 = in/ance1 !re %\ld be at once pres5t$ to ! m9d a yell[ fruit1 ( acid flav\r1 & ( a c]ta9 %ape--a lemon 9 fact80 ,?is rem>k is useful only 9 %[+ our natural incapacity = exp]i5c+ a s5sation1 ( :atev] k9d1 )\t connect+ x ) an ext]nal object possess+ correspond+ attributes to ! s5sation1 & :i* 0 its cause4 ,9 any case ! truism is n to be ignor$1 s9ce ,ari/otle1 great philosoph] z he 01 did n consid] x b5ea? 8 dignity to employ x4 ,he said3 8,i ?9k ( a /one2 ! /one is n 9 my m9d1 b its =m is40 ,to prove to common-s5se t its rem>k has no connection ) ! !sis rec5tly laid d[n1 w\ld s]ve no good purpose4 ,a p]sonal m5tal act1 if x be lawful to p]sonate a quality1 w\ld alone conv9ce common-s5se ( its error2 b :5 once conv9c$ common-s5se w\ld !n h *ang$ to some?+ high] ?an x _h previ\sly be54 ,x w h m\nt$ up "o /age t[>ds reason1 & 9 foll[+ ?is r\te "u ! guidance ( increas+ reason1 x w end by und]/&+ ?is tru? z demon/rat$ by ,kant3 he :o _c di/+ui% a real object f its repres5tation w nev] und]/& ! work+ ( ! human m9d4 ,! importance ( ?is tru? mu/ excuse my digression4 ,,metaphysics4 ,! "n ( ,kant w always be intimately connect$ ) ! ^w metaphysics1 n because he buri$ himself 9 x1 z "s h suppos$ :o only "k 8 sy/em ( philosophy by he>say2 b because 8 lab\rs consi/$ 9 =bidd+ reason to approa* ?is sci5ce :i* is con/antly ?reat5+ to invade x1 & to get ! upp] h& by putt+ itself 9 its place4 ,kant 0 ! fir/ to trace ) decision ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! k ( :i* our reason is capable1 & t ( :i* x is incapable4 ,no "o has drawn s %>p a l9e betwe5 ! kn[able & ! unkn[able2 ?is 0 to expla9 metaphysics4 ,alfr$ ,f\ille has def9$ !m z 8! critical /udy ( problems :i* ! m9d seeks to unravel f a necessity ( its nature1 al?\gh ano!r necessity ( its nature r5d]s x incapable ( solv+ !m0--su* is metaphysics4 ,?is def9ition is excell5t1 b = ^? :o make no prep>atory /udies 9 philosophy x w\ld pres5t itself r 9 ?is =m4 ,if c]ta9 que/ions are ( necessity pres5t$ to ! m9d :i* x f9ds x impossible to solve1 x foll[s t ! m9d w\ld necess>ily contradict itself4 ,?us ?is succ9ct def9ition ( ,f\ille requires to be itself def9$4 ,noir1 :il/ giv+ m details1 is also m exact4 8,metaphysics is only expla9$ on ! condition t we und]/& ! nature ( our p[] ( und]/&+1 9 s f> z1 on ! "o "p1 ?is p[] is actively manife/$ 9 exp]i5ce1 & secondly1 9 s f> z x possesses ant]iorly to any exp]i5ce1 & to any?+ obs]v$1 c]ta9 ideas )\t :i* !re c\ld n possibly or ev5 conceivably1 be any impression made 9 ! human m9d40 ,i am afraid t ?is explanation ( ,noir w also be lo/ ^u ^? :o are n exp]i5c$ 9 ! subject4 ,! explanation ( ,s*op5hau] is n less def9ite1 & is m concise ?an ! two prec$+4 ,! f\ndation ^u :i* all our k & all our sci5ce re/s1 is ! incompreh5sible--,i fancy t ! un9itiat$ w be equally unable to und]/& ?is4 ,x is n surpris+4 ,philosoph]s speak a language ( _! own1 :i* mu/ be le>nt be=e x c be und]/ood1 :i* is ! case ) all languages4 ,kant develops ?is !sis ) great] simplicity & cle>ness4 8,z long z ! human intellect moves 9 ! sph]e ( ! s5ses & ( exp]i5ce x is safe2 ?is sph]e is v va/2 x is !re t all ph5om5a may be kn[n :i* appe>s 9 space & "t1 t is to say1 all belong+ to ! ph5om5al _w 9 :i* we live4 ,b if ! intellect rebels aga9/ ! gaol] :i* holds x captive 9 ! magic circle1 breaks its *a9s & ent]s into ! region ( ideals1 x w err40 ,kant relates ! foll[+ anecdote3 8,a dove1 :i* f\nd great pleasure 9 spread+ its w+s1 0 tr\bl$ because ?is pleasure 0 ( %ort duration2 ! simple bird 0 ignorant ( ! fact t its /ructure did n admit ( its tak+ flights su* z ! swall[ enjoys2 n div9+ ! real cause ( its inability1 x blam$ ! fluid e!r ^: resi/+ p[] x _h felt1 & ?\ght h[ mu* bett] x w\ld fly #89 vacuo4'0 ,! dove 0 mi/ak54 ,kant's cr[n+ m]it is hav+ discov]$ ! object ( metaphysics n only 9 ! categories ( ! und]/&+1 )\t :i*1 z ,noir says1 no impression on ! human m9d w\ld be possible1 or ev5 conceivable1 b *iefly 9 ! p[]1 inh]5t 9 our nature1 ( resi/+ or yield+ to impressions4 ,x is ?is p[]1 accord+ to ,kant1 :i* con/itutes ! transc5d5tal side ( our k4 ,! empirical s*ool ( philosoph]s is tri$ by ,kant's recognition ( ! transc5d5tal pr9ciple 9 man4 ,its memb]s accuse ! spirituali/s ( seek+ to raise human nature beyond its prop] level1 & ( wi%+ at ! same "t to op5 an inlet = o!r tru?s :i* claim a my/]i\s "* & a sup]human au?ority4 ,b ,kant is ! v la/ p]son to enc\rage ! ?\ght2 on ! contr>y1 ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 philosophy he insi/s t ^! priori =ms1 or antec$5t conditions ( k1 h no au?ority :atev] 8except 9 & = exp]i5ce10 & to use ! category ( causality1 = in/ance1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ,god is1 accord+ to ,kant1 a philosophical blund]4 8,if only we c\ld always rememb] ! fir/ int5tions ( our words1 _m philosophical difficulties w\ld vani%40 ,9 ,greek meant orig9ally1 ,i h se51 & !re=e ,i "k4 ,9 a c\rt ( ju/ice ! witness :o says1 8,i saw0 c h>dly say any?+ m conv9c+4 ,to apply su* a ^w to our k ( causes1 =ces1 & faculties w\ld be a solecism--to apply x to ,god w\ld be self-contradictory4 ,ea* ( ! ab/ract def9itions ( metaphysics giv5 by ,alfr$ ,f\ille1 ,noir1 & ,s*op5hau] conta9s ! lead+ conception ( ! subject2 if pres5t$ 9 m simple language x w\ld be )9 ! compreh5sion ( all2 our und]/&+ is bl9d to all ) :i* x is n made acqua9t$ by intuition d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,^? ?+s = :i* we h a /rong desire1 ( :i* we h a c]ta9 conviction1 b :i* are outside ! sph]e ( our actual life1 8= ^!10 z ,max ,mll] says 9 ?is connection1 8we want ano!r ^w :i* %\ld mean--,i h n se5 & yet ,i "k1 & t is--fai?40#fd ,our s5ses may n always au?orise u to affirm _! reality4 ,god & ! future life are n made ! subjects ( ph5om5a4 ,all t ,i h said z to :at di/+ui%es k acquir$ by ! s5ses f t :i* is ant]ior to all exp]i5ce 7,kant 0 ! fir/ to make ?is di/9ction71 might seem simple to ^? he$less m9ds :i* are surpris$ at no?+1 b complicat$ & confus$ to m9ds h[ev] little att5tive1 & q useless to ! re/ ( u4 ,!re may be some?+ ( tru? 9 ea* ( ^! primitive & sup]ficial e/imations1 b ! :ole tru? is t all ?is is v sci5tific1 s sci5tific z to require a ,kant to enable ^? :o reflect to give a lucid acc\nt ( x4 ,x 0 by ! help ( ?is le>n$ sci5ce t ,kant broke ! s]ri$ ranks ( 8 antagoni/s4 ,confront$ by two philosophical op9ions1 bo? ( :i* he consid]$ errone\s1 he prov$ to ! mat]iali/s ,condillac1 ,hume1 & ,locke1 t !re is some?+ )9 u :i* c\ld nev] h be5 suppli$ f )\t1 :i* !re=e belongs to our ego1 t is to say to ! subject ?9k+ & n to ! object ?\ght (1 or matt]2 !n turn+ aga9/ ! ,ideali/s ( ! "t ( ,b]keley1 he %[s t !re is some?+ )\t u :i* c\ld nev] h be5 suppli$ f )92 & :5 he prov$ t intellect & matt] are correlative1 t !y exi/ = ea* o!r1 dep5d on ea* o!r1 =m toge!r a :ole t %\ld nev] h be5 torn asund]1 two /reams ( philosophic ?\ght1 :i* _h be5 runn+ 9 sep>ate b$s1 met = ! fir/ "t4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5al _w be+ prov$ by ! irrefragable te/imony ( ! s5ses1 is admitt$ also by reason1 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 ano!r1 n only 9 appe>ance1 b :i* w be1 assur$ly2 z s\nd is indep5d5t ( our he>+1 z mat]ial objects are indep5d5t ( our sight2 = ?\gh ,kant decl>es our inability to "k objects z !y are 9 !mselves1 he does n d5y _! exi/5ce1 s9ce he says1 8,we %\ld be capable1 if n ( kn[+ ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 at lea/ ( kn[+ !m z !y are to u1 o!rwise we %\ld arrive at ! irrational conclusion1 t !re may be appe>ances )\t some?+ t appe>s40 ,kant und]took to make an exact sci5ce ( ! necess>y & univ]sal ideas ( ! human m9d1 su* z logic & ma!matics1 :i* are p>ts ( human k2 to ?is end he wrote ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 aft]w>ds he compos$ ano!r "w1 ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason4 ,practical reason may also be call$ pure1 9 z mu* z x does n all[ itself to be influ5c$ by any?+ b :at proce$s f itself1 & reason becomes practical :5 x seeks an indep5d5t pr9ciple :i* det]m9es ! w4 ,?is pr9ciple is =mulat$ by ,kant 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,let ea* individual foll[ comm&s :i* may be consid]$ z a univ]sal law impos$ alike on all human be+s40 ,?is law1 :i* man possesses 9 8 consci5ce1 does n /op half way 9 its exactions f man s9ce x aims at p]fection1 x comm&s man to love 8 neighb\r1 & to d good ev5 to 8 enemy4 ,to love & to d acts ( k9dness :5 pleasant to oneself is natural1 & requires no comm&1 b1 o!rwise1 a law is requir$ to co]ce ! w1 ! man :o submits is free1 s9ce he c *oose to infr+e or to obey x2 ob$i5ce to ! moral law con/itutes duty1 :i* mu/ be accompli%$ because x is our duty1 & embodies ! satisfaction felt 9 its p]=mance4 ,man is "u an obligation to be moral & to d 8 duty1 b n necess>ily to be happy1 yet he dem&s happ9ess4 ,! union ( virtue & happ9ess be+ ! summum bonum1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( a p[] ext]nal to ourselves1 end[$ ) intellect & w1 :i* makes ?is union possible2 ?is p[] is kn[n to u by ! "n ( ,god4 ,! p]fect good is hol9ess2 ?is life is too %ort to enable u to atta9 to x 9 its p]fection1 x is !re=e a necessity t our life %\ld be prolong$ beyond ! t]m ( ye>s sp5t on ?is e>?1 ?us we are assur$ ( ! survival ( ! s\l aft] :at we t]m dea?4 ,?us ,kant speaks 9 8 ,critique ( ,practical ,reason4 ,i may n[ be p]mitt$ to speak & give my own op9ion4 ,i he> ! ,positivi/ p]haps say3 8,?is result might be consid]$ conceivable if all t has be5 previ\sly said 7 true2 b to inf] f ! desire = happ9ess t a sup]natural p[] mu/ infallibly satisfy x might be a halluc9ation1 or at lea/ a hypo!sis40 ,if ?is 7 s we ne$ n d]ide hypo!ses2 9 ! doma9 ( human k reason w\ld n be itself if x nev] made v5tures 9 sci5tific discov]ies2 its pa? />ts f ! possible 9 mak+ excursions f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 9 go+ f d>kness to light--h5ce !n hypo!sis4 ,!re is also ?is fact to notice1 "s ( ! mo/ important ( our acts are n guid$ by reason1 x acts z a spectator2 = in/ance1 reason is n active :5 we h p]ception ( an object1 & intuitions occur 9 u )\t ! int]v5tion ( reason4 ,?is 0 well und]/ood by c]ta9 m5 :o h come =w>d f "t to "t f ! multitude1 ! be>]s ( inspir$ messages to ! _w2 !y h spok5 ( ^? ?+s :i* 8eye ha? n se5 nor e> he>d10 & !y 7 h>d to be und]/ood ( ! p2 b ea* "o alike said3 8,i give no pro( ( ! tru? ( :at ,i ass]t2 d z ,i say1 & y w "k ! tru? ( my words40 ,!re rema9s little m to be said on ! subject ( ,kant4 ,!re is a s]i\s omission 9 ! sy/em ( ?is pr(\nd ?9k]4 ,no?+ has s /opp$ ! progress ( ,d>w9's great conception z ! injudici\s ef=ts ( 8 s-call$ disciples to br+ x to p]fection4 ,in/ead ( correct+ _! *ief1 !y %\ld h weigh$ ?\ghtfully all ,kant's argum5ts aga9/ ! mat]ialism ( 8 adv]s>ies1 & h s\ght to refute !m2 if !y _h succe$$ 9 prov+ t ,kant makes a mi/ake :5 he admits t !re is 9 man a pr9ciple q di/9ct f 8 body1 !y w\ld h be5 au?oris$ 9 replac+ ,d>w9's !ory by _! own2 if !y _h n succe$$1 ,d>w9 & 8 !ory w\ld h rema9$ un%ak51 b !y w\ld be annihilat$4 ,max ,mll] exam9es ! "q f ano!r po9t ( view4 8,we admit t z we "k no?+1 except by analogy1 ( ! m9d ( animals1 we c\ld n ) ! weapons t ,kant has plac$ 9 our h&s1 make head aga9/ ! ass]tion t !y might possess1 = all we "k1 ! same =ms ( s5su\s intuition & ! same categories ( ! und]/&+ :i* we possess4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c\ld h be5 said f a purely philosophical po9t ( view1 aga9/ treat+ man z a m]e v>iety ( "s o!r g5us ( animals40#fe ,b z ! orig9 ( language 0 to ,kant less ?an a second>y "q--x might almo/ be said to h no exi/5ce = him--x belongs to ! sci5ce ( language to %[1 :at ,kant _h nev] %[n1 t = all human k n only 7 p]cepts & concepts necess>y1 b also names4 ,h[ 0 x t x did n occur to ,kant s9ce he p]ceiv$ t !re 7 ma!matics ( ! =ms or manife/ations ( s5sation1 namely1 "t or duration & space8 ,he said well3 ,ea* object ( :i* we ?9k is atta*$ 9 "t or space to ano!r2 ?is c only be done by ! use ( su* indications z n[1 !n1 "h1 !re2 & he saw 9 ?is gradation ( p]ception1 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! act ( c\nt+1 t is to say ( reason+1 & consequ5tly ( speak+2 all ( :i* 0 compreh5d$ by ! ,greeks 9 _! ^w ,logos4 ,z an in/ance ! ^w c5t exi/s 9 e language1 b c5t 9 ,fr5* consi/s only ( f\r lett]s plac$ side by side "o aft] ! o!r1 & w\ld nev] be any?+ else to u if we c\ld n c\nt2 b to c\nt is to add & to take away1 t is to say1 addition & subtraction1 ?us to conceive & "n2 9 ord] to possess a hundr$ objects1 x does n suffice to see !m only1 x is necess>y to c\nt !m up to ! hundr$4 ,^! two works ( ,kant's1 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason & ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason appe> to emanate f two diff]5t p5s2 9 ! fir/1 :atev] is ass]t$ is prov$4 ,! second "w is dictat$ by a p]sonal exp]i5ce2 ,kant affirms t ?us x is & t x _c be o!rwise4 ,b "h aga9 ,i p]ceive a lack1 a want1 if n f ! believ]'s po9t ( view1 yet f t ( ^? p :o ask :at c\ld be ! religion ( our primitive ance/ors2 p]sonal exp]i5ce is n express$ z ,kant expresses x1 unless x is ! result ( a long s]ies ( m$itations & exam9ations ( consci5ce2 9 a ^w1 exp]i5ces :i* h be5 transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,?is is a religion t has a*iev$ mu*1 x is n t =m ( x :i* w\ld be f\nd among/ ! g5]ality ( m51 & /ill less w\ld x spr+ to life 9 ! he>t ( primitive man4 ,b "h are two positivi/ philosoph]s :o und]take to solve ?is great problem3 !y consid] reason z ready ) a reply to ^? :o seek to "k ! mean+ ( ,god & ( religion1 two concepts :i* are insep>able1 ! "o f ! o!r2 & ev5 ready to expla9 h[ ^! two concepts h p5etrat$ into ! consci\sness ( all human be+s4 ,^! philosoph]s speak no d\bt f exp]i5ce1 = hav+ que/ion$ _! reason x has repli$ to !m3 ,god & religion =m "o conception4 ,! fir/ explanation is--man is consci\s ( 8 condition2 he is possess$ ) ! desire ( happ9ess1 & is unable to realise x2 b 8 imag9ation repres5ts to him ano!r /ate 9 :i* ! desire ( happ9ess w exi/ & 9 :i* !re w be no ob/acle to its realisation2 ! fir/ ( ^! /ates is real1 ! o!r visible to ! m9d's eye2 !y are !re=e n id5tical2 to w & n to h ! p[] is to be man2 to w & to be omnipot5t is to be ,god4 ,little by little man und]/&s t ^! two /ates ( conditions hav+ be5 conceiv$ by ! same m9d1 h ! same orig92 ! notion fixes itself firmly 9 8 m9d t ! two /ates seem gradually to approa* ea* o!r1 & are n always di/+ui%able2 ! union ( desire & p[] is ! ,div9e ess5ce2 ! gr[+ consci\sness ( ?is union is religion1 :i* dawns & increases 9 man4 ,man does n desire immortality because he believes 9 x1 nor because x is demon/rable2 b he believes 9 x & demon/rates its exi/5ce because he desires x4 ,! s5t5ce1 8,god sees all10 does n mean1 s we are told1 :at x appe>s to mean2 x expresses ! feel+ ,god kn[s all ( :i* man is ignorant1 b :i* he fa9 w\ld "k2 & ! s5t5ce1 8,god is b5efic5ce10 is ! cry ( man :o desires happ9ess4 ,all ! pr$icates appli$ by man to ! ,deity 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory & humanity h nev]1 9 ! op9ion ( philosoph]s1 _h any o!r orig9 ?an ! repres5tation ( our wi%es4 ,b ! inn] combat1 :i* has be5 long & unhappy1 ) no truce1 has exhau/$ man's p[]s1 & :5 ! despond5cy *ecks1 & at times almo/ p>alyses 8 flight aft] happ9ess1 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation leads him t[>ds religion2 z ?is in/9ct ) ! incapacity ( satisfy+ x is insep>able 9 man1 motives ( religion are r5ew$ cont9ually 9 ea* individual & consequ5tly 9 ! multitude4 ,god & religion1 i4e4 ! outw>d sign ( our union ) ,god1 yet emanates f ourselves4 ,?is sy/em1 ( :i* ,feu]ba* is ! expon5t1 has _m foll[]s among/ ! ,positivi/s4 ,! second explanation comes f a le>n$ memb] ( ! extreme ,positivi/ s*ool 9 ,g]many2 b1 z ,max ,mll] says1 x w\ld be impossible to repres5t religion 9 a worse light 444 8& x w\ld be difficult to take a l[] view ( x40#ff ,accord+ to ,dr ,gruppe1 religion exi/s simply because x satisfies c]ta9 selfi% in/9cts ( man4 ,he notices two4 ,! fir/ in/9ct is common to all organic be+s2 x t5ds t[>ds ! pres]vation ( ! individual1 & consequ5tly to t ( ! race2 x is elem5t>y1 & acts f )9 outw>ds4 ,! second in/9ct belongs only to man tak5 collectively1 & has vitality only 9 numb]s2 x belongs to a m advanc$ /age1 & acts f )\t inw>dly4 ,man in/9ctively grasps ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess possible2 he !re=e seeks t :i* he consid]s 8 greate/ good1 n aft] ! fa%ion ( ! bea/s1 b 9 8 own way4 8,we call religi\s belief10 says ,dr ,gruppe1 8a belief 9 an indef9able /ate or be+ :i* we /rive to br+ into our sph]e1 & to r5d] p]man5t by means ( sacrificial c]emonies1 pray]s1 p5ances1 & self-d5ial40#fg ,?is indef9able some?+1 ! pr(essor consid]s1 w\ld nev] h appe>$ 9 ! _w )\t an impulsion1 h[ev] light2 an accid5tal movem5t1 a casual comb9ation ( a disord]$ bra91 & a p]sonality end[$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy1 w\ld h suffic$ to make a s+le individual ! au?or ( an idea totally oppos$ to man's good possession common s5se1 & ! orig9ator ( a movem5t :i* mu/ f9d 9 ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* x came to life1 all facilities = its indef9ite p]petuation4 ,x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r ?is m5tal ph5om5on has be5 produc$ 9 "o individual or 9 m2 figures are ( little acc\nt 9 ! matt]4 ,if ?is disease call$ halluc9ation#fh _h rema9$ conf9$ 9 ! circumscrib$ sph]e ( "o individual or a few1 a p]sonal intellig5t ef=t might h ov]come x1 b be+ contagi\s & spread+ among/ ! p x became impossible to conqu] x4 ,! natural laws ( reason once violat$1 ! p]turb$ m9d creat$ a succession ( sophi/ical argum5ts :i* appe>$ to satisfy ! in]adicable desire = happ9ess 9 man2 & an incr$ibly t5aci\s opposition on ! side ( error assum$ m5ac+ proportions4 ,if ! belief t ! sun1 in/ead ( disappe>+ ea* night bel[ ! horizon1 w\ld cont9ue to %9e dur+ ! night c\ld 9 any way contribute to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 m5 w\ld sl[ly b surely h accept$ x4 ,! man :o isolates himself f 8 fell[ m5 & becomes self-absorb$ is peculi>ly apt to create = himself m5tal pictures :i* give him pleasure2 if1 !n1 joy is indisp5sable to man's exi/5ce1 ! religion :i* gives x1 or ! illusion ( x1 enables him to =get ! tangible _w1 & sub/itute an imag9>y "o peopl$ ) phantoms4 ,b ! solit>y man is a r>e ph5om5on1 & we judge fav\rably ^? m5 :o live 9 ! mid/ ( _! social surr\nd+s1 & ^: community ( ideas & s5tim5ts has made a homog5e\s :ole1 dur+ _m c5turies4 ,ea* "o w f9d means to develop 8 p]sonal faculties1 & to /r5g!n 8 p[] ( resi/ance 9 ! /ruggle ( all aga9/ all1 & ! good :i* is illusive 9 ! solit>y man becomes a b5efit to ! memb]s ( ! society4 ,religion might possibly cease to exi/1 9 ,gruppe's op9ion1 7 x n = ! inequalities ( man's condition1 & = ! tr\bles :i* foll[ him2 b ! action ( religion is helpful to society4#fi ,x tells ! poor n to hank] aft] ri*es :i* are n la/+4 ,x mirrors = !m images ( future comp5sations1 ?us ! ri* & ! noble "h are enabl$ to enjoy _! pleasures on e>? 9 safety4 ,9 its "n bright hopes are built up = ! wret*$1 & x takes its /& 9 front ( ! palaces ( ! ri*2 s$atives are prescrib$ = incurables1 & ri* foods = ^? :o c pay = !m4 ,*>ity is prea*$ to ! compassionate1 & p]secutions to ! fanatics3 at times x enc\rages ! use ( arts & sci5ces2 at times x w>ns its foll[]s n to love ov]mu* ! beautiful 9 art1 nor to seek too e>ne/ly ! tru? 9 sci5ce4 ,b ! outcome ( ?is religion1 :e!r good or ! rev]se1 is ( small importance comp>$ ) ! b5efits x r5d]s to society4 ,x is ! support ( ! civil & moral law1 & 9 light+ ! hym5eal tor* x adds to ! sanctity ( families4 ,)\t attribut+ selfi% motives1 9 ! l[e/ s5se1 to ! f\nd]s ( ! v>i\s religions & sects :i* fl\ri% 9 our mid/1 ,gruppe consid]s all ( !m unconsci\s egoi/s2 he ?9ks t _h !y be5 calm psy*ologi/s1 :i* s9c]e prophets are n1 !y w\ld h recognis$ 9 !mselves ! attraction t glory _h = !m2 b 9 t case !y w\ld n h rema9$ fai?ful unto ! dea?1 & ! p[] ( communicat+ _! own _s & =ce to _! adh]5ts w\ld h fail$ !m4 ,gruppe di/+ui%es ) great ke5ness ! reflex action ( our desire = happ9ess1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 f ! motives :i* are suffici5t to inspire c]ta9 en?usia/s to f\nd new religions2 ^! two ?+s are 9 reality q di/9ct1 al?\gh !y may act 9 conc]t2 ! desire = univ]sal & p]man5t happ9ess paves ! way = ! manife/ation ( individual en?usiasm2 he ass]ts t religions1 :ile pr(ess+ to f\nd a new k+dom ( heav51 only succe$ 9 inh]it+ ! k+dom ( ?is _w4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 an extreme positivism & a true idealism is a sight t en]gises e>ne/ m54 ,evid5tly impress$ by ! exposition ( ! spirituali/ doctr9e1 ! le>n$ doctor rem>ks3 8,! fir/ p]ception ( ! inf9ite1 ( law & ord] 9 nature1 communicat$ an impulse to ! m9d ( man2 b ?is =ce1 :5 once 9 movem5t1 did n slack5 be=e hav+ call$ =? 9 our ance/ors ! conviction t all is "r & good1 & ! hope--ev5 m ?an hope--t all w\ld be "r & good4 ,su* is ! celebrat$ sy/em ( ,max ,mll]4 ,x is n only ! great p]sonal wor? ( ! au?or t obliges u to give x close consid]ation1 b also ! fact t ?is sy/em is ! mo/ eloqu5t exposition ( an idea :i* has also be5 express$ by o!r writ]s 9 "s rem>kable works on ! hi/ory ( religions4 ,! position 9 :i* ,max ,mll] has plac$ himself = a />t+-po9t is1 f a positivi/ po9t ( view1 impregnable40 ,?is comm5dation1 :i* is p>ticul>ly /rik+1 com+ z x does f "o ( ,max ,mll]'s fi]ce/ adv]s>ies1 ,i h quot$ ^w = ^w4 ,gruppe is n only a positivi/ philosoph]1 b also le>n$ 9 ,ea/]n languages & lit]ature1 & a clev] my?ologi/2 x w\ld h be5 bett] _h he conf9$ himself to fields ( lab\r ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$4 ,b z he admits t !re is psy*ological & spontane\s ?\ght 9 man1 side by side ) ! rational1 he _c b ackn[l$ge ! "r ( humanity to say :at x ?9ks4 ,!re are c]ta9 lit]>y docum5ts :i* %[ u :at ! human m9d has ?\ght 9 all ages & 9 all places1 & we are ( op9ion t ^! s5tim5ts h n v>i$4 ,x is said t an univ]sal belief 9 any fact is n a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is fact1 & t consequ5tly ! conception ( sup]-s5sible ?+s ne$ h no real basis2 ! obs]vation is j2 ,i %all reply to x by a "q4 ,is x possible to demon/rate t ?is belief 9 ?+s t _c be prov$ is n only univ]sal b ev5 inevitable8 ,if x 7 possible mu* w\ld be ga9$4 ,9 geometrical calculations x is suffici5t to "k t ?ree dim5sions only exi/1--at lea/ 9 ?is _w--t ! /raight l9e is ! %orte/1 t two p>allel l9es nev] meet2 x %\ld suffice to "k t 9 ?is _w belief1 :e!r rational or illusory1 9 "o or m div9ities1 is inevitable = m5 con/itut$ z we are4 ,our fir/ fa!rs no d\bt pictur$ a l>ge space situat$ on ! fur!r side ( all t !y c\ld see1 & we "k h[ _! imag9ation peopl$ x ) confus$ images1 ei!r hidd51 or se5 9 ! visible ph5om5a4 ,^! flights ( fancy1 :i* may h la/$ ?\s&s ( c5turies1 became cry/allis$ at la/ 9 ! my?ologies ( all peoples1 & x is ^! my?ologies by :i* we ga9 access to ?is initial /age 9 ! life ( humanity1 & :i* pres]ves = u ! traces ( ?is et]nal tru? amid/ _m extravagances ( ! fancy misl$ by language1 :i* guid$ _! fir/ /eps4 ,!re is a petrifi$ philosophy 9 my?ology4 ,s9ce hi/ory & leg5d1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 h voic$ ! feel+s call$ religion1 ^! feel+s1 v>i\sly int]pret$1 h *ang$ _! aspect f age to age1 & f c\ntry to c\ntry2 z long z we h n trac$ ! /ream to its s\rce1 ! "q1 z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! conception ( ,god _h bir? 9 ! human m9d1 w always be be=e u4 ,we take man at ! "t :5 he _h rec5tly appe>$ on ! e>?1 8 sole possession be+ 8 five s5ses1 :i* place him 9 contact ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 two classes ( s5ses2 ^? ( t\*1 sc5t1 & ta/e be+ m evid5t2 f ! evolutioni/'s po9t ( view ! s5se ( t\* has ! l>ge/ %>e 9 ! build+ up ( ! human edifice :i* arose lat]2 its use is *iefly connect$ ) ! h&s1 & has ?us giv5 u ! ^w manife/2 t :i* we call c]ta9ty h>dly exi/s = u ap>t f :at is manife/4 ,! two o!r s5ses1 sight & he>+1 are less sure1 & h frequ5tly to be v]ifi$ by ^? fir/ nam$4 ,! objects ( :i* we obta9 k by means ( our s5ses c be divid$ into tangible1 semi-tangible & intangible4 ,! fir/ are1 = in/ance1 a /one1 a bone1 a fruit1 ! sk9 ( an animal1 ^! c be t\*$ z x 7 all r\nd1 & we are able to ass]t _! reality4 ,! second1 ! semi-tangible1 might be a riv]1 a m\nta91 ! e>?1 a tree4 ,we /& by ! banks ( a riv] & dip our h& 9 ! small volume ( wat] pass+ away be=e our eyes2 we c also t\* ! gr\nd on :i* we are /&+1 also ! trunk ( ! tree b5ea? :i* we are sitt+2 b x is only an insignificant "p ( :i* we ass]t ! reality by t\*+ x1 all ! o!r p>ts rema9 unkn[n to u2 = ! riv] itself consi/s ( a l>ge mass ( wat]s spr++ f a s\rce :i* is n se5 & fl[+ t[>ds a spot :i* we may nev] see2 we are told t ! e>? is 9 ! %ape ( a globe1 & t ?is globe is susp5d$ 9 air1 :i* fact x w\ld be difficult to v]ify2 ! tree is small 9 comp>ison ) ! riv] & ! e>?1 & yet h[ little we "k ( x1 :5ce come its buds1 & its leaves1 & ! sap :i* rises ea* spr+ 9 ! bran*es8 ,we say ( a beam t x is dead wood1 b ( ! tree we say t x gr[s & lives2 :at is ?is life ( ! tree8 ,we are 9 ! pres5ce ( ! unkn[n4 ,^! are samples ( semi-tangible objects4 ,! s5se ( t\* has no place ) reg>d to ! sky1 ! />s1 ! cl\ds1 ! w9ds2 ^? are intangible objects1 :i* we see & feel )\t kn[+ !m by p]sonal grasp2 ! pro( ( _! exi/5ce is also 9 ! fact t ye>s ( "w are requir$ to "k a/ronomy & meteorology4 ,we n[ h primitive man provid$ ) f9e s5ses1 9 pres5ce ( ^! natural ph5om5a1 & ! problem to be solv$ is ?is3 ,h[ is x t ?is man is able to ?9k & to speak ( ?+s :i* are n f9ite1 f9ite ?+s be+ ! only ones ( :i* 8 s5ses make him cognisant8 8,i h be=e me10 says ,max ,mll]1 8a s*ool ( philosophy adv]se to my views2 ,i am w>n$ t no?+ ,i say w be accept$1 unless ,i submit to ! conditions impos$ on me4 ,i am told3 #8,y pret5d to prove t man c "k t ,god exi/s2 :]eas we affirm t ! great triumph ( our age is t we h prov$ t religion is an illusion4 ,all k mu/ pass ?r\gh two gates1 ! gate ( ! s5ses & ! gate ( reason1 consequ5tly religi\s k ev5 c ent] by no o!r gate4' ,9 ?is way does positivism b> ! entrance :i* ,kant left op51 :o 9 8 def9ition ( religion consid]$ morality ! basis ( x1 :i* ) him presuppos$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,positivism refuses to he> a psy*ological & hi/orical explanation ( "o ( ! greate/ psy*ological & religi\s facts--namely1 religion2 x /ops its e>s :5 we say ,nihil e/ 9 fide quod non ante fu]it 9 s5su2 b we are n disc\rag$ by ! absurdity ( imag9+ t by %utt+ our eyes1 we c annihilate facts2 we accept ! /ruggle on ! common gr\nd on :i* ! positivi/ & we h decid$ to fight2 we also agree to use ! weapons *os5 = u4 ,let u inspect ! battlefield & measure ! gr\nd4 ,bo? sides seem 9 accord t all consci\sness beg9s ) s5su\s p]ception1 ) :at we feel1 & he>1 & see2 :at is likewise grant$ is t out ( ?is we con/ruct :at may be call$ conceptual k1 consi/+ ( collective & ab/ract concepts4 ,! conditions ( ! combat are fix$2 at ! two gates ( ! s5ses & reason we take our /&2 :atev] claims to h ent]$ 9 by any o!r gate1 :e!r t gate be call$ primeval revelation1 or religi\s in/9ct1#gj mu/ be reject$ z contrab& ( ?\ght2 & :atev] claims to h ent]$ 9 by ! gate ( reason )\t hav+ fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ! gate ( ! s5ses1 w equally be reject$1 z )\t suffici5t w>rant40#ga ,,footnotes3 #fb ,tac4 ,g]m4 #i4 8,deorumque nom9ibus appellant secretum illud quod sola rev]5tia vid5t10 f ,max ,mll]'s ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #id4 #fc ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #bad4 #fd ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #fji4 #fe ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #abe4 #ff ,natural ,religion1 pp4 #gd1 #gg4 #fg ,ibid41 p4 #gf4 #fh ,x is n surpris+ t ,max ,mll] says1 8,we are n likely to all[ ourselves to be p]suad$ by ,dr ,gruppe t ! only s\rce ( religion all ov] ! _w 0 halluc9ation40--,an?ropological ,religion1 p4 #abf4--,,translator',s ,,note4 #fi ,max ,mll] rem>ks3 8,8 7,dr ,gruppe's7 def9ition ( religion is at all ev5ts too n>r[2 x might possibly be f\nd to apply to religion1 n 9 its orig9al1 b 9 its mo/ deprav$ /ate40--,natural ,religion1 p4 #gg4--,,translator',s ,,note4 #gj ,natural ,religion1 p4 #aid4 #ga ,max ,mll] does n exclude fai? 9 mak+ ?is /atem5t1 :i* also occurs 9 8 "w ,! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 z on ! next page he says1 8,:at we call s5se1 reason1 & fai? are ?ree functions ( "o & ! same p]ceptive self40--,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #bbg4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,v$ic ,,hymns ,x has be5 possible to asc]ta9 t ! fir/ words pron\nc$ by ! mo/ anci5t memb]s ( ! ,aryan family are connect$ by a ?read ( cont9uity to ^? :i* we use to-day 9 all languages1 :e!r liv+ or dead2 our family w\ld n be a portion ( ! entire human race1 if ?is cont9uity ( ?\ght did n =m a con/itu5t "p ( ! m5tal equipm5t ( all ! o!r families2 b z no o!rs possess 9 an equal degree ) ourselves ! ar*ives suffici5tly ext5sive to conta9 indication ( ! gradual developm5t ( human spee*1 su* z ! ,v$a furni%es1 t is ! au?ority to :i* ,max ,mll] appeals 9 all 8 works4 ,& x is precisely because !re has be5 no cessation 9 ! cont9uity ( human ?\ght1 t ! hi/orical me?od is ! only "o capable ( l9k+ u ) ! primitive ,aryans2 our "w w consi/ 9 collect+ tok5s ( ! long pilgrimage und]tak5 by our ance/ors1 & ) :i* we desire to be associat$1 & :i* ^? :o come aft] u mu/ also und]take4 8,no d\bt1 betwe5 ! fir/ daybreak ( human ?\ght & ! fir/ hymns ( praise ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 compos$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect metre & ! mo/ poli%$ language1 !re may be1 nay1 !re mu/ be a gap t c only be measur$ by g5]ations1 by hundr$s1 aye1 by ?\s&s ( ye>s40#gb ,! exodus & sep>ation ( ! ,aryan family1 belong+ z x does to a prehi/oric epo* & !re=e un*ronicl$1 & ! ,v$ic ,hymns--! "w ( _m c5turies--hav+ be5 complet$ & collect$ toge!r "s hundr$s ( ye>s be=e our pres5t era1 ?us at a "t relatively rec5t1 t :i* con/itutes _! *ief claim to great antiquity 9 our eyes is t ! ,h9doo poets or ri%is incorporat$ c]ta9 ?\ghts & words 9 !m ^: roots ?rew out %oots 9 ! primitive ,aryan soil be=e ! disp]sion ( its memb]s4 ,! p]iod ( ! life ( humanity into :i* ! hymns enable u to p5etrate1 is ! mo/ anci5t ( :i* m5tion is made4 ,! ri%is s+ 9 ,sanscrit ( ?\ghts conceiv$ 9 ! hidd5 recesses ( s\ls be=e !y awoke to ! consci\sness ( t concept to :i* ! "n ( ,god alone c be appli$1 be=e ^! same p pictur$ 9 _! imag9ation ^? :om !y nam$ gods1 be=e ! appe>ance ( my?s & my?ological fables1 & be=e ! ,sanscrit language exi/$4 ,our ,aryan ance/ors _h n left ! cradle ( _! race :5 _! language1 :atev] x may h be51 possess$ ! root dyu & div1 two cognate words mean+ to %9e4 ,! ,v$a %[s t _m ?+s 7 bright to ! ,v$ic poets1 ! heav51 dawn1 ! />s & sev]al o!r ?+s1 su* z ! riv]s1 spr+1 ! fields1 ! eyes ( man1 all t w\ld h ! effect on u ( be+ smil+1 fl\ri%+1 & rejoic+ 9 life2 & f ?is root ! ^w deva 0 =m$4 ,nei!r 9 ,greek nor 9 ,lat91 nor 9 any liv+ language c a ^w be f\nd :i* exactly expresses deva2 ,greek diction>ies translate x by ,!os1 9 ! same way z we translate ,!os by ,god2 b if--diction>y 9 h&--we put ! ^w ,god 9 c]ta9 passages 9 ! hymns :]e ?is ^w is f\nd1 we %\ld sometimes commit a m5tal ana*ronism ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,at ! "t ( ! fir/ ,aryans1 gods1 9 "o s5se ( ! ^w1 did n exi/2 !y 7 sl[ly /ruggl+ into be+2 x 0 !re=e impossible = man to =m any conception ( !m ev5 9 dreams4 ,z ?is ^w deva *anges its signification s frequ5tly1 n only 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,brahmanic poems1 b also 9 works ( a lat] date1 we c only obta9 ev5 an approximate idea ( its mean+ by writ+ its hi/ory1 beg9n+ f its etymology & end+ ) its late/ def9ition2 b x is n necess>y to und]take ?is philological lab\r1 & ,i %all cont5t myself by %[+ t orig9ally deva d5ot$ a quality common to _m natural ph5om5a1 t ( light1 & !re=e deva 0 a g5]al t]m4 ,man at fir/ receiv$ ?is impression passively1 z animals w\ld1 b by 8 nature he c\ld n re/ !re2 all ! ph5om5a surr\nd+ him 7 animat$1 ! mo/ m>vell\s & ^? ( peculi> int5sity mov$ 9 ! upp] regions ( ! firmam5t2 9 ! mid/ ( ^! g5]al movem5ts ! m9d ( man c\ld n alone be inactive1 & ?\ght & spee*--t is reason--inevitably v9dicat$ _! "r to activity2 names 7 giv5 to all ?+s4 ,! ,aryan root sv> or sval1 :i* signifi$ to %9e1 to sp>kle1 & to heat1 produc$ a ,sanscrit sub/antive mean+ sometimes sun & sometimes ! sky4 ,! ,h9doo poets1 ! au?ors ( ^! hymns1 gave v>i\s names to ! sun1 accord+ to ! task x accompli%$2 & ea* "n reproduc$ ! sali5t feature ( ! task4 ,! sun :5 ris+ 0 ,mitra fri5d2 z x advances on its j\rney1 giv+ new life1 x is ,savit> br++ =?1 or lead+ day2 ! vivify+ sun2 :5 x collects ! cl\ds & s5ds ra9 on ! e>?1 x is ,indra1 f ind-u drops2 & x cont9ues to be ,indra :5 its rays atta9 _! z5i? & rea* _! greate/ spl5d\r2 = no plant fl\ri%es )\t ! comb9$ action ( light & humidity2 ! sun is ,vi%nu :5 x makes 8its ?ree /rides0 9 ! vault ( heav51 its position 9 ! morn+1 at noon1 & 9 ! ev5+2 x is ,v>una--! all embrac+--:5 x envelops itself 9 cl\ds z 9 a %r\d1 & ! sky d>k5s4 ,"s ph5om5a desc5d$ on man f above1 su* z ?und]-bolts1 w9ds1 /orms2 ! /orms t came unexpect$ly1 deal+ de/ruction z !y pass$ receiv$ ! "n ( ,m>uts--f ! root ,m>--& ) ! mean+ ( ^? :o /rike or beat to dea?2 ! ?und] 0 call$ ,rudra he :o ro>s2 ! w9d 0 ,vayu he :o bl[s4 ,all ^! names indicat$ t :i* c\ld be se5 & t :i* c\ld be he>d2 ! invisible ?+s rema9$ unnam$2 h[ 0 x possible = man to "n t ( :i* he 0 ignorant 7except t !y _h a real exi/5ce71 he :o c\ld only conceive a "n aft] hav+ se5 a c]ta9 feature or quality 9 ! object8 ,!y made use !re=e ( ! names !y already knew1 & !y rang ! *anges on ! /orm1 ! fire1 & ! firmam5t1 :i* names !y borr[$4 ,jacob's pray]1 :i* arose 9 ! d>kness :5 he 0 wre/l+ ) a great ,unkn[n1 8,tell me1 ,i pray !e1 ?y "n10 mu/ h be51 9 ! e>ly ages1 ! "q ( all humanity2 b utt]$ "u a ?\s& v>y+ =ms1 & z1 at ! beg9n+1 ea* "n 0 imp]fect1 s9ce x express$ only "o side ( ! object1 e additional "n d5ot$ a /ep =w>d1 & e fre% *eck exp]i5c$ by ! m9d 9 its se>* aft] accurate names only /imulat$ x to look else:]e4 ,! fir/ g]m ( ! concept ( law & ord] appe>s 9 ! m9ds ( ! poets1 & to ?is !y give ! "n ( ,rita4 ,?is ^w has no equival5t 9 our languages1 & translators are unc]ta9 z to ! mean+ atta*$ to x by ! ri%is4 ,pliant & full ( capability1 !re seems no ^w m fitt$ to reflect new %ades ( ?\ght2 & 9 our ef=ts to und]/& x conjecture is mu* call$ into play1 f ! fact t we h to transfuse anci5t ?\ght into mod]n =ms2 9 t process "s viol5ce is inevitable4 ,max ,mll] supposes1 f etymological reasons1 t ,rita orig9ally 0 us$ to express ! regul> movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! pa? :i* !y foll[$ daily1 f ! "o po9t ( ! heav5s to ! o!r1 & he translates ,rita by ! 8"r pa?40 8,if we rememb] h[ _m ( ! anci5t sacrifices 9 ,india dep5d$ on ! c\rse ( ! sun1 h[ !re 7 daily sacrifices1 at ! ris+ ( ! sun1 at noon1 & at ! sett+ ( ! sun2 h[ !re 7 (f]+s = ! full moon & ! new moon1 we may well und]/& h[ ! sacrifice itself came 9 "t to be call$ ! pa? ( ,rita40#gc ,rita expresses all t is "r1 good1 & true1 & ,anrita 0 us$ = :atev] is false1 evil1 & untrue2 ?us ! ,h9doos laid x d[n z an axiom t !re 0 an univ]sal law 9 ! _w equally b9d+ on ! physical ph5om5a & on consci\s be+s1 su* z !mselves2 & x 0 ?is law :i* rul$ ! times ( ! sacrifices to be (f]$ to ! div9e p[]s2 & ?is intuitive p]ception ( law & ord]1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! anci5t fai? ( ! ,asiatic ,aryans1 is f> m important ?an all ! hi/ories ( ,savit>1 ,mitra1 ,rudra1 & ,indra1 :i* are rec\nt$ at a lat] p]iod ( ! gods ( ,india4 ,?is belief 9 ,rita1 9 law & ord]1 z reveal$ 9 ! unv>y+ movem5t ( ! />s1 or manife/$ 9 ! unv>y+ numb] ( ! petals1 & /am5s1 & pi/ils ( ! smalle/ plant1 0 a gr& ?+2 x 0 all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a *aos & a cosmos1 betwe5 ! bl9d play ( *ance & a well def9$ plan4 ,we h become s famili>is$ ) ! idea ( a fundam5tal law1 t x n[ (t5 occupies u less ?an _m ( ! second>y laws or causes2 & yet our philosoph]s (t5 f9d !mselves at fault :5 !y endeav\r to give an exact idea ( ?is prim>y law2 b to ! anci5t prophets x mu/ h be5 inf9itely m p]plex+1 ?\gh also inf9itely m important 9 _! grop+s aft] t]ra firma on :i* to plant _! feet4 ,! ri%is are indefatigable 9 po9t+ to ! /raight pa?1 or ,rita1 foll[$ by ! day & night2 & because ! gods h !mselves foll[$ ?is pa?1 !y h ! /r5g? to triumph ov] ! p[]s ( d>kness1 & to ^? :o ask = x !y grant ! grace to walk 9 ! same road4 8,o ,indra1 lead u on ! pa? ( ,rita1 on ! "r pa? ov] all evils40#gd ,to walk ) regul>ity 9 ! pa? ( duty1 imitat+ ! example ( ! a/ral bodies1 or foll[+ /ep by /ep ! sun :i* nev] deviates f its orbit1 _c be an idea =eign to humanity s9ce x is equally famili> to ! primitive races & ! mo/ elevat$ m9ds4 ,cic]o said ( himself t he 0 born n only to contemplate ! ord] ( ! heav5ly bodies1 b to imitate ?is ord] 9 8 own conduct2 ?is great orator1 al?\gh he 0 ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,v$ic hymns1 spoke aft] ! same mann] z ! ri%is2 & ! ,maoris are inspir$ nei!r by ,cic]o nor ! ,h9doo poets1 :5 !y s5d =? _! en]getic cry1 8,wait1 wait1 ,o sun1 we w g ) !e40 ,to our fir/ ance/ors no?+ 9 nature c\ld h be5 indiff]5t2 all t !y p]ceiv$ mu/ h come ^u !m z a cont9ual surprise2 ! ,v$ic hymns %[ t our surmise is correct4 ,an irresi/ible =ce l$ !m cont9ually to inve/igate & int]rogate ^? app>itions :i*1 by _! /rang5ess & gr&eur1 7 s /rik+1 & to :i* !y gave ! names ( ! ?und]]s1 ! ra9]s1 ! p\nd]s or /orm gods2 no voice repli$ to _! que/ions2 absolute sil5ce reign$ ar\nd !m2 ! limits ( ! kn[n confront$ !m4 ,gradually a diff]5t p]ception =c$ itself ^u !m1 :e!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly2 all limits h two sides1 ! "o t[>ds ourselves1 ! o!r t[>ds ! beyond2 !y 7 ignorant ( :at exi/$ beyond1 b !y believ$ x to be !re1 s9ce ! fur!r b\nd>ies came 9 contact ) x4 ,!y wi%$ to draw ne> to x 9 ord] to exam9e x close at h&1 b 9 :at direction %\ld !y advance8 ,! s5tim5ts :i* ! sun & its =]unn]s awoke 9 our ance/ors mu/ rema9 = ev] beyond our p[]s ( imag9ation2 ! ris+ ( ?is lum9>y is to u ! result ( a physical law1 & is n consid]$ m extraord9>y ?an ! bir? ( a *ild 9 a l>ge family2 we "k t ! dawn is ! reflection ( ! sun's rays 9 ! matut9al vap\rs2 we h ev5 le>nt to calculate ! "t ( its duration 9 diff]5t climates2 b ! assurance ) :i* we say1 8,! sun w rise to-morr[1 ! day aft] to-morr[1 e day10 our ance/ors nev] possess$1 & x 0 ?is va/ unkn[n doma91 beh9d ! kn[n1 t f ! v fir/ suppli$ ! human m9d ) ! impetus requir$ to cause x to seek1 to discov]1 :at !re c\ld be beyond ! visible _w4 ,z no?+ seems to be s f> ap>t z ! two po9ts ( ! horizon :]e ! light ( day appe>s & :]e he sets1 x is !re t ! ri%is look = a solution ( ! problem ( ! beyond4#ge 8,t :5ce ! sun rises1 & t :]e he sets1 t ,i believe is ! olde/1 & no "o goes beyond40#gf ,! poets gave ! "n ,aditi to ! dawn4 ,aditi is d]iv$ f diti1 b9d+ & bond1 ) ! negative p>ticle a2 ?us at fir/ ,aditi meant t :i* is )\t bonds1 n *a9$1 n enclos$1 inf9ite4 ,b _! imag9ation soon c>ri$ ! poets beyond ! dawn itself1 t came & w5t1 b !re rema9$ always beh9d ! dawn t heav+ sea ( light or fire f :i* %e spr+s2 ?us ,aditi h]self c\ld n be grasp$ by ! s5ses4 ,0 n ?is ! visible inf9ite8 ,at ?is po9t ! m9d ( ! ri%is conceiv$ an orig9al & /rik+ idea1 at ! sight ( ! sun foll[+ 8 pa? & t\*+ two opposite po9ts ( ! horizon2 !y said t arriv$ at ! c5tre ( its c\rse at ! z5i?1 ,indra f !nce c\ld see at ! same "t ,diti & ,aditi--8,t is :at is yond] & :at is "h1 :at is inf9ite & :at is f9ite1 :at is mortal & :at is immortal40#gg ,:il/ se>*+ increas+ly = :at he _h n yet f\nd1 man _h ma/]$ two ideas1 ^? ( law1 & ! beyond or ! inf9ite1 ?\gh n und]/&+ ! accurate mean+ ( ^! words2 on ^! two po9ts 8 m9d 0 at re/4 ,^! two possessions once acquir$ c\ld n be tak5 f him2 9 ,aditi--:i* is limitless--c\ld be f\nd a home = ?+s :i* _h no b\nds1 & x c\ld furni% an answ] to all que/ions2 & ,rita1 ! ord] :i* rules ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies1 is at ! same "t an inc5tive & a promise4 ,a viol5t convulsion ( nature may h al>m$ ! he>ts ( m51 b ! ?\ght occurs to !m1 8,?is _c la/ always40#gh 8,sun & moon move 9 regul> succession--t we may see1 ,indra1 & believe40#gi ,)\t fe> !re c\ld h be5 no hope1 )\t hope !re c\ld h be5 no fai?4 raddh1 an anci5t ,aryan ^w us$ be=e ! disp]sion ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! family1 is ! same z ! ,lat9 ,cr$o4 ,:]e ! ,romans said cr$idi ! ,brahmans said raddadhau2 :]e ! ,romans said cr$itum1 ! ,brahmans said raddhitam4 ,! g]m ( ! faculty ( fai?1 !re=e1 mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ /rata ( ?\ght & language1 s9ce )\t ! fir/ glimpses ( fai? 9 ! s\l1 !re c\ld h be5 no ^w = 8to believe40 ,z auxili>y v]bs 7 lack+ at fir/1 ! e>ly ,aryans f\nd x v difficult to say ( a ?+ t x is or is n2 b !y possess$ ! root z1 :i* orig9ally meant to brea!1 & its simple/ d]ivation 0 z-u--brea?4 ,man hav+ discov]$ 9 all ! natural ph5om5a an activity resembl+ 8 own1 said ( ! moon t x measures1 ( ! riv] t x runs1 ( ! sun t x rises & sets2 ?us ea* ( ^! _h c]ta9 activities peculi> to itself4 ,0 !re no?+ common to all8 ,d\btless1 s9ce an action c be f\nd :i* is %>$ equally by man & all animals1 ! act ( brea?+ is common to all1 s t our fa!rs :5 wi%+ to affirm t some?+ exi/$ said t x brea!d4 ,man turns 8 gaze f ! ?+s t surr\nd him to himself2 he feels sup]ior to ! physical ph5om5a1 to ! riv]s1 to ! m\nta9s4 ,he possesses ano!r nature to t ( ! sun1 ( ! />s4 ,he has discov]$ some?+ 9 himself t is m ?an 8 body4 ,:at is x8 h[ is he to "n x8 ,he saw 8 fa!r or 8 "m1 :o _h =m]ly be5 9 e respect l himself1 pro/rate1 )\t motion1 )\t spee*4 ,:at _h happ5$8 ,:at 0 x t _h left !m8 ,kn[+ ! root z1 & its d]ivative z-u1 he call$ x f ! fir/ brea?1 !n _s1 :i* orig9ally meant no?+ m ?an ! air absorb$ by ! lungs1 f :i* x is exhal$ z brea?4 ,no?+ con/ra9$ our ance/ors to believe t because !y _h se5 _! p>5ts die & _! bodies decay1 x mu/ foll[ t :at _h hi!rto animat$ !m 0 n[ annihilat$4 ,?is notion may h ent]$ ! bra9 ( a philosoph]1 b man 9 8 primitive simplicity1 ?\gh d\btless t]rifi$ at ! sight ( dea?1 w\ld naturally incl9e to ! belief t :at he _h kn[n & lov$1 & _h call$ by ! names ( fa!r & "m1 mu/ /ill exi/ some:]e1 al?\gh n 9 ! body4 ,! brea? _h n be5 se5 to decay4 ,:at _h become ( x8 ,v>i\s answ]s 7 giv5 to ?is "q1 at div]s times & 9 div]s c\ntries4 ,!y 7 all equally probable2 no objections c\ld be made to !m1 b nei!r 0 !re pro(2 !y are beyond ! rea* ( pro(4 8,! be/ answ] 0 p]haps t conta9$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,greek language & my?ology1 t ! s\ls _h gone to ! h\se ( ! ,invisible1 ( ,aides4 ,no "o has ev] said any?+ tru]40 ,f ! dep?s ( ! ea/]n sky ,aditi arises ea* morn+4 ,to ! eyes ( ! anci5t se]s ! dawn seem$ to op5 ! gates ( ano!r _w into :i* !y begg$ to ent]--into ! abode ( ! gods4 ,we c und]/& t z ! sun & all ! sol> deities rise f ! ea/1 ,aditi 0 said to be ! "m ( ,mitra1 ,vi%nu1 ,savit>1 & ,v>una4 ,ano!r conception also arose1 t ! ea/ be+ ! abode ( ! bright gods1 w\ld also become ! home ( ^? p>5ts & fri5ds :o di$1 8! bless$ dep>t$ :o w\ld jo9 ! company ( ! gods t !y might be transf]r$ to ! ea/40#hj ,aditi ?us embodi$ ! my/]y ( life & dea?2 & 0 ! 8,mot de l'nigme0 ( our exi/5ce4 ,all ! !ogony & primitive philosophy ( ! ,aryan 7 conc5trat$ 9 ! dawn4 ,^? s\ls :o p>ticipate ) ,aditi 9 ! 8bir?place ( ! ,immortals0 sometimes %>e ! wor%ip (f]$ by _! *ildr5 :o are /ill on ! e>?4 ,"o (f-%oot ( ?is anci5t wor%ip /ill survives1 & ! popul>ity ( ! fe/ival ( ! #a/ ( ,novemb] 9 c]ta9 c\ntries te/ifies t ! homage r5d]$ to ! memory ( ! dead is a necessity ( ! human he>t4 ,& c]ta9ly ^? :om we are accu/om$ to speak ( z dead are mo/ surely liv+4 ,! ri%is desir$ to contemplate _! faces1 & "o ( !m1 speak+ = all1 cri$3 8,:o w give u back to ! great ,aditi1 t ,i may see fa!r & "m80#ha ,all peoples h desir$ to "k :i* "p ( ! human body is ! seat ( ! s\l & ( life2 ! diction>ies ( all languages1 :e!r spok5 by civilis$ or uncivilis$ p1 %[ t ! words blood1 he>t1 *e/1 re9s & brea? h all be5 us$ to indicate ! seat ( life1 s\l1 ?\ght1 & ! affections4 ,among/ ! ,maoris1 ! words us$ = ! int]nal organs mean at ! same "t ! he>t1 & ! c5tre ( joy & sorr[2 ! seat ( consci5ce & ( desires & ! w2 x is /range t ! bra91 :i* we (t5 look ^u z ! cradle ( ?\ght1 is n f\nd 9 ! psy*ological nom5clature ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! expression :i* we f9d 9 ! ,bible1 8,! blood is ! life10 & 9 o!r languages besides ,hebrew1 inspir$ _m religi\s & sup]/iti\s acts4 ,x is s+ul> t 9 "o ( ! dialects spok5 9 ! s\? ( ,india1 ,tamil1 ! ^w us$ = s\l has ! s5se ( leap] or danc]2 ^! are ef=ts to express t :i* moves )9 u4 ,we are "h n among/ le>n$ metaphysicians1 b conc]n$ ) simple *ildr5 ( nature2 b ! greate/ philosoph]s h at no "t m cle>ly def9$ ! s\l ?an by describ+ x z t :i* moves ( itself1 b is n mov$4 ,our language is s ri* 9 ab/ract t]ms1 d]iv$ f a small numb] ( concrete words1 t we are n aw>e h[ (t5 we use ! old mat]ial words to express purely m5tal /ates or conditions2 = in/ance we speak ( tak+ ?+s to he>t1 or le>n+ v]ses by he>t1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! he>t t beats )9 our brea/s4 ,fire has always occupi$ a prom95t position 9 ! imag9ation ( all p1 ( all nations2 b ) ! exception ( ! ,h9doos none h left traditions :i* enable u to transport ourselves to ! simple/ beg9n+s ( ! fire ^u ! he>?1 & no?+ m4 ,h]acleitus already m5tions fire z ev]la/+ or immortal1 & ! 8orig9 ( all ?+s1 a high] conception ?an t ( ! gods ( ! populace :om ,h]acleitus tol]at$1 ?\gh he did n believe 9 !m4 #8,nei!r "o ( ! gods1' he decl>es1 #8nor ( m5 has made ?is _w1 444 x always 0 & w be1 ev]-liv+ fire1 cat*+ =ms & consum+ !m4'0#hb ,h]acleitus imag9$ t he knew :at 0 fire2 b ! ri%is speak ) less assurance2 at fir/ !y express _! a/oni%m5t at ! appe>ance ( fire1 x is "o ( ! physical app>itions :i* impress$ !m ! mo/1 al?\gh ( all ! devas fire seem$ ! "o mo/ readily kn[n1 s9ce x _h its dwell+ ) m51 x 0 )9 rea* ( ! h&1 c\ld be t\*$1 b z x burnt ! f+]s ! exp]im5t 0 only made once4 ,al?\gh se5 s ne> at h& fire rema9$ a great enigma2 our ance/ors c\ld n und]/& h[ x c\ld unite 9 itself at ! same "t su* good & su* de/ructive qualities4 ,x w>m$ ! memb]s numb$ by cold1 at night x light$ ! hut z if ! sun 7 9 x1 yet at times x de/roy$ sudd5ly :ole =e/s2 x seem$ ev]y:]e2 :5 ! ?und] roll$1 fire escap$ f a d>k cl\d l a fla%2 x appe>$ z a sp>k :5 two fl9ts 7 /ruck or two bran*es ( wood rubb$ toge!r2 b its *ief *>act]i/ic 0 its excessive mobility1 no?+ 9 nature c\ld comp>e ) ! velocity ( its movem5ts4 ,! ,aryans at t "t possess$ a root ag1 :i* meant go+1 m>*+1 lead+1 runn+1 =c+1 pu%+1 *as+1 & jump+1 & gives g5]ally an idea ( quick movem5t1 & z fire mov$ p]petually1 our ance/ors made use ( ?is root ag1 & call$ fire agni2 ?is ,sanscrit ^w--:i* among/ _m o!rs 0 ! mo/ popul>--/ill survives 9 ! ,lat91 z ignis1 9 ,li?uania z ugni1 9 old ,slavonic1 z ogni2 ano!r ,sanscrit "n = fire is vah-ni1 com+ f ! same root :i* we h 9 veho & vehem5s1 & x meant orig9ally :at moves ab\t quickly4 ,i h collect$ a few ( ! *>act]i/ic traits attribut$ by ! ri%is to ! deva ,agni4 8,h[ did he come--liv+--f pieces ( dead wood8 ,h[ is he produc$ f two /ones8 ,8 "m does n n\ri% him1 h[ does he gr[ s rapidly1 & proce$ at once to d 8 "w8 ,he :om no?+ resi/s--l ! heav5ly ?und]bolt--l a hurl$ weapon4 ,agni1 9 a mom5t1 does viol5ce to ! trees ( ! =e/2 he pro/rates !m--all t moves--t :i* /&s1 trembles be=e him--mak+ ! h]bs 8 food--he licks ! g>m5t ( ! e>?--he n\ri%es himself4 ,turn+ ab\t ) 8 tongues ( fire1 ,agni fl>es up 9 ! =e/s4 ,r\s$ by ! w9d1 he moves ab\t among ! tall trees1 & eats !m ) 8 %>p5$ tee?2 he nev] tires2 com+ aga9 & aga92 turn+ ab\t on all sides2 res\nd+ ) 8 sickle2 laugh+ ) 8 light40 8,pr(essor ,tyndal asks q rightly3 #8,is x 9 ! human m9d to imag9e motion1 )\t at ! same "t imag9+ some?+ mov$8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! v conception ( motion includes t ( a mov+ body4 ,:at !n is ! ?+ mov$ 9 ! case ( sunlight8 ,! undulatory !ory replies t x is a sub/ance ( det]m9ate me*anical prop]ties1 a body :i* may or may n be a =m ( ord9>y matt]1 b to :i*1 :e!r x is or n1 we give ! "n ( ,e!r4' ,may n ! anci5t ,aryas say ) ! same "r 7_h he be5 wise en\gh to put ! "q71 #8,is x 9 ! human m9d to imag9e motion )\t at ! same "t imag9+ "s "o t moves8' ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! v conception ( motion includes t ( a mov]1 &1 9 ! end1 ( a prime mov]40#hc ,& if1 9 ! pres5ce ( fire1 ! e>ly ,aryas _h ask$ :o !n is ! mov]1 he w\ld h be5 told 7if any _h be5 !re wise en\gh to answ] ! "q7 t x is a subject ( det]m9ate prop]ties1 a p]son :o may or may n be l ord9>y p]sons1 b to :om1 :e!r he be or n1 ! "n ,agni has be5 giv54 ,?us ! ri%is spoke ( ,agni z ( an ag5t1 z well z ( ,indra1 ,vayu1 ,rudra1 & ! ,m>uts2 b we mu/ always rememb] t !y knew no?+ def9ite ( ^! ag5ts any m ?an we d :5 we speak ( physical ph5om5a z elem5ts1 or =ces ( nature1 or c]ta9 movem5ts4 ,?is /rik+ deva1 ,agni1 manife/$ at fir/ 9 ! lightn+ & 9 ! sp>k1 became z "t w5t on1 ! mo/ popul>1 & mo/ desir$ ( all ! p[]s2 ! fire on ! he>? r5d]$ w9t] be>able1 cook$ h]bs & roots1 & trans=m$ ! dev\r] ( raw fle% into ! eat] ( roa/ meat2 caus$ ! smoke ( sacrifices (f]$ to ! high] ,p[]s to asc5d up to heav54 ,:at precautions 7 necess>y to prev5t ! caprici\s & unc]ta9 fire f becom+ ext9ct at an inopportune mom5t1 or 9 its rage f de/roy+ m5 & ?+s4 ,fire 0 = ! ri%is a be+ m & m inexplicable4 ,becom+ increas+ly impress$ by 8 b5efic5ce1 !y seek to call him by "s new "n :i* %all express m p]fectly ?is lat] impression2 ! "n deva--bright1 %9+--no long] satisfies !m2 !y use words su* z inv9cible1 almighty2 ev5 ^! d n suffice !m2 at la/ !y f9d ! ^w ,am>tya--immortal4 8,immortal among/ ,mortals40 ,?is expression may be und]/ood 9 m ways ?an "o2 x is en\gh = me t ! ,h9doos made use ( x4 ,x is possible to recognise 9 x ! fir/ attempt to bridge ov] ! gulf :i* human language & human ?\ght _h !mselves creat$ betwe5 ! visible & ! invisible1 betwe5 ! mortal & ! immortal1 betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,= ! "r appreciation ( our intellectual organisation1 x is important to discov] & di/+ui% ! co>se ?reads t =m ! wo( ( our mo/ ab/ract ?\ghts4 ,x mu/ be notic$ t ! use ( ! ^w immortal 9 ?is passage does n imply t ,agni is consid]$ o!rwise ?an z natural fire4 ,! ,rig-,v$a does n seem to ackn[l$ge ! pres5ce ( sup]natural be+s2 all ! names giv5 to ! /rik+ aspects ( nature1 ev5 ^? us$ to designate ! unkn[n p[]s 9 g5]al1 su* z ,asura--a liv+ ?+2 ,deva-asura--! liv+ gods2 ,am>tya--! immortal1 /ill reta9 physical elem5ts 9 ! mo/ anci5t hymns4 ,be+s )\t def9ite attributes did n occur to ! imag9ation ( ^? :o suppli$ ^! names1 & believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ^? :i* ^! names repres5t$4 ,t :i* has (t5 be5 call$ ! adoration ( fire 0 at fir/ its application to ! necessities ( dome/ic life1 & aft]w>ds its use 9 all me*anical & arti/ic pursuits4 ,if we transf] ourselves to t e>ly /age ( life1 & picture ! difficulties !re 7 9 primitive times ( procur+ fire at a mom5t's notice1 & ! dang]s :i* w\ld m5ace a :ole community depriv$ ( fire 9 ! mid/ ( w9t]1 & plung$ sudd5ly 9 d>kness1 we require no f>-fet*$ explanation = a numb] ( "t-hall[$ cu/oms ?r\gh\t ! _w connect$ ) ! light+1 & /ill m ) ! gu>d+ ( ! fire4 ,! natural desire = possess+ s useful an object1 & ! no less natural t]ror ( be+ depriv$ ( x1 w\ld lead m5 to adopt ! practices = ma9ta9+ x1 aft]w>ds call$ sup]/itions1 b :i* dur+ ! infancy ( humanity1 7 p]fectly natural1 & :i* develop$ into a sacr$ rite2 at a lat] p]iod ve/al virg9s 7 appo9t$ to gu>d x 9 ! temples2 & ! fires ( ,/ ,john1 :i* are /ill light$ annually on ! tops ( c]ta9 m\nta9s1 are ! la/ rema9s ( ^! anci5t cu/oms4 ,! ,v$ic hymns give u ! _m diff]5t *annels :5ce ! ph5om5on ( fire proce$s1 at "o "t com+ 9 "o way & !n 9 ano!r1 to attract man's att5tion & to awak5 8 dr[sy faculties4 ,fire comes f ! skies :]e x %9es z ! sun1 f ! wat]s1 s9ce x comes z lightn+1 f ! moi/ & ra9-lad5 cl\ds1 f ! /ones1 & f wood1 9 ! %ape ( sp>ks1 f dri$ leaves & h]bs plac$ on ! alt> to receive & n\ri% ! sacrificial flame4 ,ceaselessly fire appli$ at ! door ( ea* habitation4 ,app>5tly x said to man1 ^: sl[ness ( compreh5sion x seem$ to und]/&1 8,to y m51 ,i come1 t ,i may awake y f sleep1 & cause y to "k :at ,i am40 ,at la/ man und]/ood1 & ! ri%is reply to ! fire4 8,?\1 ,o ,agni1 art born f ! skies--?\ f ! wat]s--?\ f ! /one--?\ f ! wood--?\ f ! h]bs--?\1 k+ ( m51 ! bright "o40#hd ,at ! same "t ! m9d ( ! poet seems illum9at$ ) a new ?\ght4 8,if we h committ$ any s9 aga9/ !e ?r\gh human weakness1 ?r\gh ?\ghtlessness1 make u s9less be=e ,aditi1 ,o ,agni1 loos5 our misde$s f u on e side40#he ,( ,agni1 ! fire1 !re w\ld seem to be no?+ left 9 t supreme god ^: laws mu/ be obey$1 & :o c =give ^? :o h brok5 8 laws4 ,betwe5 ?is trans=m$ ,be+ ( :om ! ,aryans implore m]cy1 & ,him :om we call ,god1 we c p]ceive no diff]5ce1 & yet1 s my/]i\s are human spee* & ?\ght1 ! ,h9doos1 :o ?\ght 9 anci5t ,sanscrit1 decl>e t ,agni has n yet ?r[n (f 8 physical *>act]i/ics1 t he is n yet1 & _c be ,god2 !y add t x is impossible to give ! true ,v$ic impression 9 its fulness1 s9ce no mod]n language possesses phrases 9 :i* to express x4 ,i read 9 ano!r hymn address$ to ,agni a curi\s v]se4 8,o ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ,i proclaim ?is tru?ful fact1 t ! *ild1 z soon z born1 eats 8 p>5ts4 ,i1 a mortal1 d n und]/& ?is fact ( a god2 ,agni inde$ und]/&s1 = he is wise40#hf ,are ! ri%is :o utt] ?is exclamation ignorant ( ! fact t ! p>5ts ( fire are two dry /icks8 ,or is x t ! act ( a god 9 eat+ its fa!r & "m is abhorr5t to !m8 8,if we1 ,o gods--ignorant among ! wise--transgress y\r comm&m5ts1 :atev] ( ! sacrifice weak mortals ) _! feeble intellect d n compreh5d1 ,agni1 ! prie/1 :o kn[s all rights1 compreh5ds x1 makes x all good40#hg ,! :ole "q ( sacrifices is /ill hotly discuss$2 :e!r !y prec$$ or foll[$ pray]4 ,did ! ,v$ic poets wait till ! c]emonial 0 fully develop$ be=e !y invok$ ! ,p[]s1 or did _! pray]s sugge/ ! p]=mance ( sacrificial acts8 8,agni1 accept ?is bran* t ,i (f]4 ,accept ?is my s]vice--li/5 well to ^! my songs4 ,:osoev] sacrifices to ,agni ) a /ick ( wood1 ) a libation1 ) a bundle ( h]bs1 or ) an incl9ation ( 8 head1 he w be bless$40#hh ,we n[h]e he> ( a mute sacrifice4 ,t :i* we call a sacrifice ! anci5ts call$ simply k>ma1 an act2 a simple pray]1 prec$$ by a wa%+ ( ! h&s1 or accompani$ by an incl9ation ( ! head1 may con/itute a k>ma1 an act2 to light ! fire on ! he>?1 to b[ ! head & utt] ! "n ( ,agni ) "s k9d epi!t1 might also be t]m$ an act4 ,at fir/ ! sacrifice may only h be5 a pray] accompani$ by a gift4 ,!y may orig9ally h be5 insep>able1 b 9 all ?is !re is no?+ oppos$ to ! idea t x w\ld be 9 accordance ) human nature t pray] %\ld come fir/4 ,9 "t ! act ( sacrifice assum$ a sacr$ & solemn "*4 ,9 ! e>li] vocabul>ies ( ! ,aryan tongues ! ^w sacrifice does n occur2 ! ,sanscrit & ,z5d root ( ! ^w are almo/ id5tical1 & ^! languages furni% _m words indicative ( m9ute detail ( anci5t c]emonial4 ,f ?is may be inf]r$ t a hymn full ( allusions to ! celebrations ( sacrifices mu/ date f a p]iod po/]ior to ! sep>ation ( ! families4 8,agni1 drive away f u ! enemies--tribes :o keep no fire came to attack u40#hi ,:5 ! ,aryans ( ,asia ab&on$ _! fir/ habitation1 & advanc$ s\?w>ds plund]+ z !y w5t1 !y enc\nt]$ "s ( ! aborig9es ( ! c\ntry1 ^: t]ritory !y covet$4 ,!y 7 wild tribes2 ! descriptions giv5 by ! ri%is evid5tly ref] to ! aborig9es ( ,india1 ^: desc5dants survive to ! pres5t day1 speak+ non-,aryan dialects4 ,! epi!ts ( devil & demon are freely us$ conc]n+ !m 9 ! hymns4 ,b app>5tly 9 _! enc\nt]s ,agni1 :o opposes ^! ho/ile foes1 by appe>+ "u ! =m ( flam+ tor*es1 is n successful 9 ov]com+ !m1 s9ce ! ,aryans implore ! aid ( o!r allies4 ,!y invoke ! help ( ! two *ief w>like p[]s1 ,indra & ,soma1 to de/roy ^? 8:o wor%ip o!r gods1 :o d n speak ! tru?1 & :o eat raw meat40#ij 8,o ,indra & ,soma1 burn ! devils1 ?r[ !m d[n--!y :o gr[ 9 d>kness--te> !m (f1 ! madm51 kill !m1 slay ! gluttons4 ,o ,indra & ,soma1 up aga9/ ! curs+ demon--may he burn l an oblation 9 ! fire4 ,p\r y\r ev]la/+ hatr$ ^u ! villa9 :o hates ! ,brahman1 :o eats raw fle%1 & :o looks abom9able40#ia ,( ,soma1 :o l5ds su* capable aid to ,agni :5 repuls+ ! enemies ( ! ,aryans1 ! ,h9doos h f\r diff]5t conceptions4 ,soma is sometimes ! moon1 ! abode ( ! fa!rs4 ,soma is also ! "l ( ! moon4 ,soma is ! b[l conta9+ ! dr9k ( ! gods1 ambrosia4 ,soma is sometimes ambrosia itself4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w indicates homonymy2 orig9ally x meant ra9 & ! moon4 ,ambrosia 0 a type ( ! ra9 f]tilis+ ! e>?1 yet be+ at ! same "t a /r5g!n+ draught4 ,x is sometimes q impossible to decide ( :i* ,soma ! ri%is are speak+1 especially z !y seem to f9d pleasure 9 conf\nd+ ! t]ms4 ,?is play ^u words fills almo/ ! :ole ( "o book ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 8,m$itate on ! wisdom ( ,soma 7moon7 9 all its greatness--ye/]day x 0 dead1 to-day x is liv+40 8,! poet has swall[$ ,soma 7! juice71 he has felt an ov]p[]+ inspiration--he has f\nd 8 hymn40 ,! exalt$ virtues ( ,soma h rais$ x to ! rank ( ^? div9ities :o disp5se immortality4 8,:]e !re is et]nal light1 9 ! _w :]e ! sun is plac$1 9 t immortal1 imp]i%able _w place me1 ,o ,soma1 :]e life is free1 9 ! ?ird heav5 ( heav5s1 !re make me immortal40#ib ,:at is ! ?ird heav58 ,x is an expression ) :i* we are famili>1 b :at does x mean8 ,! ,aryans also call ! *ildr5 ( ,rudra to _! help2 !y are alli$ to ,indra & are call$ ,m>uts4 ,!y fill ! air ) al>m+ s\nds2 ^! noise-produc+ be+s are ! repres5tatives ( /orms & tempe/s1 !y nev] appe> alone 9 ! ,v$a1 !y trav]se space 9 gr\ps ( f tw5ty-five to eighty 9 numb]1 & !y make ! e>? tremble4 8,:]e are y go+8 t[>ds :om d y g :5 y desc5d f on high l a bla/ ( fire8 ,may p[] be ) !e & ?y race1 ,o ,rudra4 ,come to u1 ,m>uts1 come & help u z quickly z lightn+ be=e ! ra96 ,let loose1 ,o dev\r]1 y\r ang] l an arr[ aga9/ ! pr\d enemy ( ! poets40#ic 99 99 99 99 99 ,a deep problem n[ pres5ts itself4 ,:at 0 !re be=e any?+ exi/$8 ,two contradictory ideas appe> 9 ! hymns1 & ! conflict mu/ h be5 try+4 8,sages h said3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! _w 0--a s+le _w--!re 0 n a second4 ,o!rs h said3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ?is _w _h no exi/5ce1 & out ( no?+1 :at n[ is1 came40 ,mu* confusion ( ?\ght reign$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,! _w mu/ surely h be5 made f some?+1 & by c]ta9 ag5ts2 b !n1 h[ 7 ! ag5ts !mselves =m$8 & :at mat]ial s]v$ !m = ! mak+ ( ! _w8 ,o!r que/ions foll[$4 8,:o has se5 ! fir/born8 ,:]e 0 ! life1 ! blood1 ! s\l ( ! _w8 ,:o w5t to ask ?is f any t knew x8 ,:at 0 ! =e/8 :at 0 ! tree out ( :i* !y %ap$ heav5 & e>?8 ,ye wise1 seek 9 y\r m9d on :at he /ood :5 he held ! _w40#id ,our ance/ors w\ld n h be5 human if !y _h n yield$ to ! temptation ( repres5t+ ! invisible mak]s ( ! _w by "s p]sonality4 ,!y !re=e speak ( c>p5t]s & workm5 8:o h cunn+ h&s2 clev] artific]s :o =ge ! lightn+40 ,is x ^? :o h made all t is visible8 ,!y "k n4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 speak+ ( c>p5t]s1 workm51 ?und]]s1 te>]s1 ra9]s1 m5 approa*$1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 ! doma9 ( causes1 :i* f ! beg9n+ has be5 ! anci5t f\ndation ( all t is transc5d5tal 9 our k4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise1 s9ce our reason is s con/itut$ t x admits no?+ b :at is ei!r cause or effect4 ,!re are ?\ghts to be f\nd 9 ! ,v$a :i* are excessively infant9e1 b aga9 !re are o!rs ( a/oni%+ subtlety2 p]haps !y date f diff]5t epo*s2 b individualities are app>5t 9 ^! hymns1 & !y anticipat$ by _m c5turies ! great] numb] ( contempor>y writ]s :o foll[$ at a sl[] pace4 ,! ri%is :o said1 8,!re is "o ,be+ only1 al?\gh ! poets call him by a ?\s& names10 p]fectly express$ ?is tru?2 & ! ,h9doos = c5turies h invok$ ,indra1 ,mitra1 ,agni1 & ,savit>1 ?\gh ! m pr(\nd ?9k]s h prote/$ aga9/ ! traditional use ( ^! names1 j z ,h]acleitus #ejj ye>s be=e our era object$ to ! ?\s& names1 ! ?\s& temples1 & ! ?\s& leg5ds ( ! ,greek my?ology4 ,! ri%is 9 ask+ !mselves h[ all ?+s began 7 n cont5t ) repres5t+ ! _w z com+ f ! h&s ( clev] workm51 7 !y ev5 invisible2 x 0 no great lab\r to discov] t2 b at times !y _h pr(\nd] ?\ghts4 ,! sacr$ lit]atures ( _m anci5t peoples h rea*$ u1 9 fragm5ts m or less complete2 b ! m$itations :i* c equal ^? 9 ! hymn #abi are r>e4 8,! ,"o 9 ! =m ( ! ,un-born 0 n--! lum9\s firmam5t exi/$ n--nor ! great vault ( heav5--:]e 0 he hidd58 ,0 x 9 ! bottomless abyss8 ,dea? exi/$ n--nor immortality4 ,!re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 day & night4 ,! ,"o brea!d brea?less by itself4 ,o!r ?an x !re no?+ s9ce has be54 ,!re 0 d>kness !n2 ev]y?+ 9 ! beg9n+ 0 hidd5 9 gloom--all 0 l ! ocean1 )\t a light4 ,!n t g]m :i* 0 cov]$ by ! husk--! ,"o--0 br\ght =? by ! p[] ( heat4 ,on ?is g]m 0 love--! spr+time ( ! _s--yes4 ,& ! poets :il/ m$itat+ ^u x1 discov]$ 9 _! s\l ! l9k betwe5 creat$ ?+s & ?+s n creat$4 ,?is sp>k1 comes x f ! e>?--pi]c+ all--p5etrat+ ?r\gh all--or comes x f ! sky8 ,!re se$s 7 scatt]$1 & p[]ful =ces came into be+2 nature b5ea?1 w & p[] above4 ,:o kn[s ! secret--:o proclaim$ :5ce ?is manifold creation sprang8 ,! gods !mselves came lat] into be+2 :o kn[s :5ce ?is great creation sprang8 ,he f :om all ?is great creation came--:e!r 8 w creat$ or 0 mute4 ,he1 ! mo/ high se]1 t is 9 highe/ heav51 he kn[s x--or p]*ance ev5 he kn[s n40 8,:o kn[s :5ce ?is great creation sprang80 ! ,h9doos ask$ !mselves1 ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e our era2 & aga91 8,:at 0 ! =e/1 :at 0 ! tree1 f :i* !y cut out heav5 & e>?8 ,:at 0 !re be=e any?+ exi/$80 ,^! que/ions1 diff]5tly express$1 are f\nd 9 _m places 9 ! ,v$a2 e k9d ( problem is pres5t$ to u "u ! =m ( enigmas4 ,! ,h9doos seem to h _h an idea t ! visible _w 0 prec$$ by some?+ invisible1 yet mu* m real ?an ! _w ( ph5om5a 9 :i* we live2 & t be=e app>itions exi/$1 !re 0 t :i* appe>$ aft]w>ds 9 "t & space4 ,^! same que/ions w con/antly be repeat$ 9 *ang+ t]ms1 ?r\gh ! com+ c5turies1 :il/ a heav5 & e>? rema94 ,! problem :i* occupi$ ! p[]ful intellects ( ,hume & ,kant1 & :i* ^! philosoph]s nam$ ! pr9ciple ( causality1 0 already ex]cis+ ! bra9s ( our fa!rs :5 !y gave names = ! fir/ "t to ! sky1 ! sun1 ! dawn1 & ! o!r physical ph5om5a1 by means ( roots indicat+ activity2 = ! pr9ciple ( causality manife/$ itself 9 ! beg9n+1 n 9 ! direct se>* = a cause1 b 9 ! ass]tion ( ! exi/5ce ( an ag5t4 ,?is m5tal lab\r1 comm5c$ & accompli%$ ?\s&s ( c5turies ago by millions ( human be+s1 des]ves at lea/ z mu* att5tion f u z ! le>n$ speculations ( two mod]n philosoph]s1 be !y ,hume or ,kant4 ,s /rik+ an object z ! sun1 ev5 be=e possess+ a def9ite "n1 mu/ h be5 designat$ 9 "s special way2 p]haps z a simple circle1 su* z we f9d 9 ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 9 ! ,*9ese writ+1 & 9 our a/ronomical almanacs2 ?is symbol w\ld give little opportunities to ! my?ologi/s2 b :5 ! idea arose t ! sun 0 a ball1 & t an analogy 0 f\nd betwe5 a ball & an eye1 man began to speak ( ! sun z ! eye ( ! sky4 ,we say readily 9 all languages1 8,god is omnisci5t10 b ,hesiod1 to express ! same tru? said1 8,! sun is ! eye ( ,zeus :o sees & kn[s all40 ,if ! language appe>s *ildi% to u1 we mu/ rememb] t x 0 ! expression ( a poet :o liv$ long be=e ! philosoph]s ( ,greece1 we %all !n be less /ruck by its h>%ness ?an by ! happy & pure ?\ght :i* has be5 express$4 ,! sun has be5 an object ( adoration ) _m ( ! primitive nations2 x seems unc]ta9 :e!r z ! div9ity himself or z 8 repres5tative2 mo/ ( ! my?ologi/s assure u t ! anci5t ,egyptians wor%ipp$ ! sun's disc itself4 ,! fir/ /ep is inv>iably foll[$ by a second1 & a good example ( developm5t 9 religi\s belief is af=d$ by a ,mexican leg5d4 ,! /ory is told ( ! ,inca ,tupac ,yupanqui1 :o1 ?\gh reput$ a son ( ! sun1 began to d\bt ! div9e omnipot5ce ( 8 div9e ance/or4 ,at a great religi\s c\ncil1 held at ! consecration ( ! newly built temple ( ! sun at ,cuzco1 he rose be=e ! assembl$ multitude to d5y ! div9ity ( ! sun4 8,_m say10 he began1 8t ! sun is ! mak] ( all ?+s4 ,b he :o makes %\ld abide by :at he has made4 ,n[ _m ?+s happ5 :5 ! sun is abs5t2 !re=e he _c be ! univ]sal ,creator4 ,& t he is alive at all1 is d\btful1 = 8 j\rneys d n tire him4 ,he is l a te!r$ bea/ :o makes a daily r\nd2 he is l an arr[ :i* mu/ g :i!r x is s5t1 n :i!r x wi%es4 ,i tell y t he1 our fa!r & mak]--! sun--mu/ h a "l & ma/] m p[]ful ?an himself1 :o con/ra9s him to 8 daily circuit )\t pause or re/40#ie ,we c foll[ 9 ! ,v$ic hymns ! gradual developm5t :i* *anges ! sun f a simple lum9>y1 & ! giv] ( daily light & life1 to ! pres]v] & rul] ( ! _w4 ,he :o br+s life & light to-day1 is ! same :o br\ght life & light on ! fir/ ( days2 z he drives away ! d>kness ( night1 & z 8! />s flee be=e ! all-see+ sun1 l ?ieves10 ! eye fix$ on m5--! sun--sees ! "r & wrong & kn[s _! ?\ghts4 ,almo/ all peoples h rais$ _! eyes to ! sky1 ! abode ( ! invisible ,p[]s2 & our ance/ors1 :o address$ su* f]v5t pray]s to all ! ph5om5a ( nature c\ld n fail to invoke x4 ,b ! sky %[s itself "u v v>y+ aspects1 x is sometimes ! sky dazzl+ ) light1 !n !re is ! l[]+ sky1 or ! sky t ?und]s1 t ra9s2 ea* "t t x v>ies x *anges its "n2 & ^! names mu/ be kn[n to man s9ce x is always invok$ "u ! special d5om9ation ( ! p[] he is ab\t to address4 ,v>una is "o ( ! names ( ! sky1 8 physical *>act]i/ic reflects x1 x is ! va/ vault or cov]+ :i* protects ! :ole e>? & its inhabitants2 x is also ! sky :i* is itself obscur$ :5 ! sun disappe>s4 ,9 ! ,v$a1 ,v>una is associat$ ) ,mitra1 ! light1 ?us giv+ rise to a concept ( correlative gods repres5t+ night & day1 morn+ & ev5+1 heav5 & e>?4 8,he :o %\ld flee f> beyond ! sky--ev5 he w\ld n be rid ( ,v>una1 ! k+4 ,k+ ,v>una sees all ?is1 :at is betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 & :at is beyond4 ,?is e>?1 too1 belongs to ,v>una1 ! k+1 & ?is wide sky ) its ends f> ap>t4 ,! two seas are ,v>una's lo9s2 he is also conta9$ 9 ?is small drop ( wat]40 8,! great "l ( ^! worlds sees z if he 7 ne>3 if a man /&s or walks1 if he goes to lie d[n or to get up1 if he ?9ks he is walk+ by /eal?1 ! god ,v>una kn[s x all4 ,:at two p sitt+ toge!r :isp]1 ,k+ ,v>una kn[s x1 he is !re z ! ?ird40#if ,! pray]s ( ! ri%is ov]fl[ ) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( _! s9s1 & _! belief t ! gods h ! p[] to deliv] !m f ! burd5 ( _! faults4 8,let me n yet1 ,o ,v>una1 ent] into ! h\se ( clay 7e>?74 ,h m]cy1 ,almighty1 h m]cy4 ,if ,i move along trembl+1 l a cl\d driv5 by ! w9d1 h m]cy4 ,?r\gh want ( /r5g?1 h ,i gone a/ray1 ?\ /rong & bright god1 h m]cy4 ,?ir/ came ^u ! wor%ipp]1 ?\gh he /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s--h m]cy1 ,almighty1 h m]cy40#ig ,x is noticeable t 9 ! ,h9doo m9d ! sun1 9 its _m manife/ations1 is sometimes synonym\s ) ! firmam5t3 ,indra1 z ! illum9ator ( ! z5i?2 ,savit>1 z ! be/[] ( life2 ,mitra1 z ! fri5d ( humanity2 ! indefatigable ,agni1 s mode/ b s active1 9 cook+ ! food & smelt+ iron1 s p[]ful :5 x be>s ! smoke ( ! sacrifices heav5w>ds1 & s exalt$ :5 x takes its place 9 ! sun & desc5ds 9 ! =m ( lightn+2 & ! spaci\s firmam5t :i* holds !m all 9 its bosom2 !y are all "o to ! ador] ( ! div9e p[]s2 all are equally m>vell\s1 x is a galaxy ( brilliance4 ,:at innum]able gods1 & n "o to :om x c\ld be said1 8,deliv] u f evil40 ,urg$ on by an irresi/ible curiosity ! ri%is ceaselessly probe into ! unkn[n & ! di/ant4 8,beyond ! sky1 beyond ! e>?1 beyond ! ,devas & ! ,asuras1 :at 0 ! fir/ g]m :i* ! wat]s bore1 :]e9 all gods 7 se58 ,! wat]s bore t fir/ g]m 9 :i* all ! gods came toge!r4 ,t "o ?+ 9 :i* all creatures re/$ 0 plac$ 9 ! lap ( ! unborn4 ,y w nev] "k him :o creat$ ^! ?+s1 some?+ else /&s betwe5 y & ,him4 ,envelop$ 9 mi/ & ) falt]+ voices1 ! poets walk along rejoic+ 9 life40#ih ,h[ 0 x t 9 ! mid/ ( ! magnific5ce ( _! imm5se ,pan!on1 ! poets succe$$ 9 obta9+ glimpses ( ! ,"o4 ,:o 0 ,he8 ,! mi/s surr\nd ,him & prev5t ,him be+ cle>ly disc]n$4 ,if !re 0 "o ?+ 9 nature m adapt$ ?an ano!r to satisfy ! desire ( bridg+ ov] ! limits ( ! visible _w1 x 0 c]ta9ly ! vault ( heav52 above ! /orms & cl\ds :i* are tempor>y1 beyond all t is *angeable2 among/ all ! *ang+ objects :i* meet ! eyes1 surely ! firmam5t 0 ! mo/ exalt$1 ! mo/ ext5d$1 & immovable4 ,we "k ! g5ealogy ( ! "n ( ! sky1 ,dyaus1 :i* enables u to trace ! trans=mations & subsequ5t applications2 & z we advance we %all glean "s p>ticul>s ( t sci5ce :i* at a lat] date 0 call$ gramm>4 ,x is kn[n t 9 ! ,aryan languages "s ( ! olde/ words are )\t g5d]2 speak+ grammatically1 pat] is n a mascul9e1 nor mat] a fem99e2 nor d ! olde/ words = riv]1 m\nta91 tree1 or sky1 disclose any outw>d sign ( grammatical g5d]4 ,b ?\gh )\t any signs ( g5d]1 all anci5t n\ns express$ activity4 ,! di/9ction ( g5d] began1 n ) ! introduction ( mascul9e n\ns1 b ) ! sett+ ap>t ( c]ta9 d]ivative suffixes = fem99e words2 ?us :5 bona 0 introduc$1 bonus became mascul9e2 :5 puella c\ld be appli$ to a girl1 pu]1 :i* =m]ly meant bo? boy & girl1 became re/rict$ to ! mean+ ( boy4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] x happ5s t we h a female repres5tative ( a natural ph5om5on by ! side ( a male1 ! female may almo/ always be tak5 z ! lat] =m4 ,?is rule1 :i* has be5 /rictly appli$ to ! "n ( ,dyaus1 dates f s remote a "t t its orig9 is lo/ 9 ! mi/s ( ages4 ,dyaus1 l deva1 %9+1 comes f ! root div or dyu1 b ?is root bifurcates at once4 ,9 ! ,rig-,v$a =ms d]iv$ f ! base div are mascul9e or fem99e z ! case may be1 :il/ ^? :i* are d]iv$ f dyu are always mascul9e2 ?us dyaus f div1 is ! firmam5t1 ! expanse above our heads1 & is ! lat] fem99e =m2 :]eas dyaus f dyu1 is ! sky consid]$ z a p[]1 an active =ce1 & is mascul9e1 & consequ5tly is ! e>li] conception4 ,^! two words1 dyaus1 nom9ative s+ul>1 & its base1 dyu1 be+ almo/ synonym\s may be us$ indiff]5tly4 ,all vegetable cells are de/9$ to become plants1 ?\gh sometimes diff]5t plants1 ?is1 obs]vation ( nature tea*es u4 ,all v]bal cells are de/9$ to become words1 ?\gh diff]+1 t is1 ) diff]5t mean+s2 ! small am\nt ( philological /udy to :i* we h already devot$ ourselves 9 ^! pages %[s u ?is4 ,all cells1 :atev] _! nature1 possess a transitive movem5t2 ! ,fr5* ^w clat] has ! mean+ ( to disp]se 9 brilliancy2 if we imag9e sc9tillations ( light escap+ f a c5tral lum9>y we obta9 ! idea ( a transitive lum9\s movem5t4 ,:il/ a cell pres]ves its prim>y condition x is n possible to pr$ict its future2 no human intellig5ce c\ld h =etold t ! root div & dyu w\ld produce ! ,sanscrit ^w deva1 :i* means to %9e1 & deva w\ld 9 "t develop into deus1 :i* n[ no long] means to %9e1 b ,god4 ,x is a curi\s *>act]i/ic ( ,v$ic ,sanscrit t ?is unc]ta9ty ( mean+ ( su* words z deva1 :i* expresses equally ! half physical & half spiritual int5tion1 is an evid5ce ( its rays hav+ proce$$ f ! same s\rce ( light & heat4 ,human reason1 9 f9d+ its way among/ crook$ pa?s1 (t5 w&]s2 ! repres5tations x makes ( ?+s are col\r$ by rays project$ by my?ological or dogmatic mirages4 ,we may recognise 9 ! mann] 9 :i* our ance/ors h view$ ! sup]natural p[]s ! prototype ( our own errors ( judgm5t4 ,f ! "t t ,dyaus became ! w>m+1 life-giv+ sky & ?us active1 ! ri%is 7 au?oris$ to call him pit>1 fa!r1 & to place by 8 side ,pri?vi1 ! e>?1 :o is ! "m1 & !y !n spoke ( ,dyaus z ! fa!r ( ! dawn1 & ( day & night4 ,^! 7 ?us consid]$ z ! fir/ attributes ( ! sky 9 ,aryan my?ology4 ,we are incl9$ to ascribe ^! excursions ( ?\ght to ! flights ( poetic fancy1 b !y are r ! results ( ! pov]ty ( language1 :i* make x impossible n only to express ab/ract ideas1 b ev5 to describe accurately ! ph5om5a ( ! physical _w4 ,religion & language 9 ^? days 7 s closely alli$ t x is possible to say ( a religi\s idea 9 its infancy t x 0 a fragm5t ( anci5t language2 = 9 ord] to describe 8 impressions ! ,aryan dep5d$ entirely on ! words ) :i* x furni%$ him4 ,= ?is reason _m ( ! hymns1 incoh]5t ?\gh !y may appe>1 are ( ine/imable value4 ,e "o ( _! words weighs & tells1 b = ! translator :o endeav\rs to pres5t ! ,v$ic ?\ght 9 mod]n idioms1 ! results are s disc\rag+ t he is tempt$ to give up 9 despair4 ,:5 at a lat] date ! "n ( ,dyaus became ! c5tre ( fabul\s tales1 x /ill rema9$ 9 ! ,sanscrit language ( t "t "o ( ! _m traditional & unmean+ words = sky2 b we mu/ und]/& cle>ly t 9 ! mo/ anci5t hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a ?is "n is ! inc>nation ( ! ,p[] :i* is beyond & above conception1 ^: exi/5ce _h be5 obscurely indicat$ f ! beg9n+1 & :o rema9$ unnam$ long aft] ! bea/s ( ! =e/s & ! birds ( ! air _h receiv$ _! appellations4 ,f ! "t ( _! exodus ! ,aryan family1 go+ 9 diff]5t directions1 7 naturally divid$ into bran*es2 va/ di/ances sep>at$ !m1 & !y =got t ! same cradle1 ! same he>?1 _h %elt]$ !m at bir?4 ,b ! ties :i* connect$ !m orig9ally 7 n snapp$ at all po9ts1 s9ce !y br\ght away ) !m words belong+ to _! "m-tongue1 & c]ta9 intuitions 7 ! common prop]ty ( all4 ,be=e ! ,greek1 ,lat91 ,sanscrit1 & ,g]man languages became sep>at$1 ! "n ( a sov]eign ,p[] 0 impli$ 9 ^? ( ! div9ity :i* at a mu* lat] "t occupi$ s l>ge a space 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,rome1 ,india1 & ( ,g]many4 ,c\pl$ ) ! ^w pit> ! "n ,dyaus appe>s 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,aryan pray]s z ,dyau%-pit>1 ,zeus-pat]1 & ,ju-pit]4 ,^! composite names are no inv5tion ( ! poets2 !y are ! results ( c]ta9 laws ( language to :i* our m9ds--if !y w\ld n turn f ! "r pa?--mu/ submit4 ,! initial dy 9 ,dyaus is repres5t$ 9 ,lat9 by j2 ,ju 9 ,jupit] corresponds exactly ) ,dyaus4 ,! "n ( ! ,teutonic god ,tyr1 g5itive ,tys1 also corresponds1 & z exactly1 ) ,dyaus2 9 ,go?ic x w\ld be ,tius1 & 9 ,anglo-,saxon ,tiw1 pres]v$ 9 ,tiwsdg1 ! day ( ! god ,tyr1 & ,zio 9 ,old ,high-,g]man1 :]e we f9d ,zie/ac = ! mod]n ,di5/ag1 ! day ( ! god ,m>s4 ,tius1 ,tiw1 ,tyr1 & ,zio are =ms t exi/ side by side1 all ( :i* ( c\rse proce$ f t wond]ful root div1 & repres5t ! bright sky1 day1 & god4 ,no etymological int]pretation w\ld be satisfy+ :i* did n embrace all ^! =ms1 s9ce !y are all dialectic v>iations ( ,dyaus1 ! same "n 9 diff]5t languages4 ,all names truly relat$ h b "o root1 9 ! same way z liv+ be+s :o are bro!rs h b "o "m4 ,if ano!r pro( 7 ne$$ ( ! un9t]rupt$ cont9uity ( spee* & ?\ght among/ ! *ief ( ! ,aryan p1 ! foll[+ fact w af=d x3-- ,at ! "t :5 ! s*ools fl\ri%$ 9 ,a!ns1 & :5 ! ,greeks 7 h>dly consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,india1 x w\ld h be5 possible1 ,i suppose1 to see "y pupils seat$ be=e tables on :i* ! ma/] _h writt5 ! decl5sions :i* compos$ ! task = ! day4 ,!re might be read3-- ,nom4 ,zes ,g54 ,dios ,dat4 ,dii ,acc4 ,dia ,voc4 ,ze ,?us ! "y ,a!nians wrote ! "n ( ,zeus ) an acute acc5t 9 ! nom9ative1 & a circumflex 9 ! vocative4 ,at ! same "t ! pupils ( ! ,brahmans at ,b5>es1 :5 decl9+ ! "n ( _! supreme deity1 acc5t$ ! syllables exactly 9 ! same way z ! ,greeks1 & !y wrote3-- ,nom4 ,dyas ,g54 ,dyvas ,dat4 ,divi ,acc4 ,divam ,voc4 ,dyas ,b !re 0 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,grecian pupils & ! ,h9doos1 t ! =m] 7 ignorant ( ! reason ( ^! *anges ( acc5t1 s9ce ! explanation 0 lack+ 9 ! ,greek gramm>1 :]eas ! ,sanscrit gramm> expla9$ to ! latt] ! g5]al pr9ciples ( acc5tuation on :i* ! *anges re/$4 ,! "n ( ,dyaus 0 ! s\rce f :i* sprang an unique "n1 co9$ once & = ev]1 adopt$ by our entire family2 ! ,greeks h no m borr[$ x f ! ,h9doos1 ?an ! ,romans & ! ,teutons f ! ,greeks2 = x 0 pron\nc$ be=e ! sep>ation ( our ance/ors ) reg>d to language or religion2 its mean+ 0 ,heav5-,fa!r4 ,our mission>ies :o g f "o end ( ! e>? to ! o!r1 recit+ ! ,"l's ,pray] 9 all ! dialects ( ! _w1 d n d\bt ! hi/orical fact t ?is pray] 0 said "o day at ,j]usalem = ! fir/ "t2 we also may feel z pr(\ndly conv9c$ t "u ! "n ( ,heav5-,fa!r1 ! ,supreme ,be+ has be5 wor%ipp$ on ! ,himalayan m\nta9s1 "u ! oaks ( ,dodona1 on ! ,capitol1 & 9 ! =e/s ( ,g]many4 ,x has requir$ millions ( m5 to fa%ion ?is "n alone1 :i* is ! mo/ anci5t pray] ( ! ,aryan race4 8,five ?\s& ye>s h pass$1 p]haps m1 s9ce ! ,asiatic ,aryans1 speak+ z yet nei!r ,sanscrit1 ,greek1 nor ,lat91 call$ ^u ! ,all-,fa!r z ,dyu-pat>1 ,heav5-,fa!r4 ,f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 or x may be e>li]1 ! ,aryans :o _h travell$ s\?w>ds to ! riv]s ( ! ,punjaub call$ him ,dyau%-pita1 ! ,heav5-,fa!r4 ,?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 or x may be e>li]1 ! ,aryans on ! %ores ( ! ,hellespont call$ him ,zeus-pat]1 ,heav5-,fa!r4 ,two ?\s& ye>s ago ! ,aryans ( ,italy look$ up to t bright ,heav5 above & call$ x ,ju-pit]1 ! ,heav5-,fa!r4 ,& a ?\s& ye>s ago ! same ,heav5-,fa!r 0 invok$ 9 ! d>k =e/s ( ,g]many1 s9ce ! ,teutonic ,aryans sacrific$ to ! same ,heav5-,fa!r2 & 8 old "n ( ,tyr1 ,tiu1 or ,zio res\nd$ !n p]haps = ! la/ "t4 8,b no ?\ght1 no "n1 has ev] be5 entirely lo/40#ii ,"s ?\s&s ( ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ^! families h spread abroad on all sides2 ea* bran* has =m$ its own language1 its own nationality1 its mode ( view+ life1 & its philosophies2 temples h be5 built & raz$ to ! gr\nd2 s9ce !n all h ag$1 all are wis]1 p]haps bett]1 b ! "n :i* !y gave to ! ,invisible ,p[] :o enfolds !m is /ill ! same1 8,our ,fa!r :i* art 9 ,heav540 ,?is "n1 ^: unity has always be5 p]fect1 is a magical =mula1 :i* br+s our ance/ors1 ev5 ! mo/ remote1 )9 t\*1 & enables u to see !m z !y 71 z !y spoke & felt1 ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ,hom] & ! ,h9doo poets4 ,guid$ by ! sci5ce ( language & foll[+ ! pa? 9 ! ,v$ic hymns tak5 by ! humanity prec$+ u1 we see h[ ! concept ( ,god1 9 its g]m 9 ! "n ,deva1 grew f ! idea ( light1 to active light1 ! "o :o wak5s1 ! giv] ( daily light1 ( w>m? & new life4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two ass]tions--fir/ ( ?is "o--t ! e>ly ,aryans call$ ! ph5om5a ( nature !mselves by ! "n ( ,god2 & ! o!r--t ! ,aryan m9d di/ill$ f ! concept ( ^! ph5om5a ! g5]al idea ( ,god4 8,if ,i 7 ask$10 said ,max ,mll]1 8:i* is ! mo/ wond]ful discov]y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity1 ,i %\ld reply x is t ( ! etymological equation ( ! ,sanscrit ,dyau%-pit>1 ! ,greek ,zeus-pat]1 ! ,lat9 ,ju-pit]1 & ,tyr1 ,tiw1 & ,zio ( ! ,g]mans40 ,t ! g5]ality ( p %\ld be inconsequ5t is n a matt] ( surprise4 ,he may well be p>don$ :o does n at once1 on ! ^w ( ano!r1 cr$it a numb] ( facts ( :i* no pro(s are =?com+1 & :o at ! same "t %[s himself unwill+ to accept ! d$uctions ( a sci5ce ( :i* he kn[s no?+1 t ( etymology2 b :at does seem /range is t le>n$ s*ol>s :o are p]fectly capable ( foll[+ ! progress made by philology1 refuse to recognise ! id5tity ( ! diff]5t names giv5 to ! supreme deity ( ! ,aryan race4 ,c]ta9 positivi/s are 9 ?is case2 no?+ irritates !m m ?an to (f] !m grammatical pro( t all ! ,aryan families _h1 be=e _! sep>ation1 ! same belief2 & !y try to demon/rate t ! "n ( ,dyaus at ! fir/ meant no?+ m ?an ! sky2 & t only at a lat] p]iod p _h *ang$ ! "n ( sky & ( firmam5t--physical ph5om5a only--into prop] names :i* trans=m$ nom9a into num9a4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ?is ass]tion is f\nd$ on a fact1 b a fact n well und]/ood4 ,9 ! lat] lit]ature ( ,india :i* 0 kn[n be=e ! ,v$a became s mu* /udi$1 ! "n ( ,dyaus 0 only kn[n z a fem99e2 x 0 ! recognis$ "n = sky & day1 & impli$ no?+ div9e4 ,! anci5t ,aryan ,dyaus aft] a "t pal$ be=e ,indra--a god ( ,indian soil2 ,indra1 =m]ly ! ra9-giv]--! ally ( ,rudra--ceas$ to reside exclusively 9 ! m m5ac+ ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e1 & x is ! pure light 9 :i* he is wor%ipp$4 ,he is n[ supreme4 8,be=e ,indra ! div9e ,dyu b[$1 be=e ,indra b[$ ! great ,pri?ivi40#ajj ,9 ord] duly to celebrate ,indra1 ! ri%is did n cont5t !mselves ) ! praises !y consid]$ fitt+ = ! o!r gods4 ,!y lab\r$ h>d to f9d ! "r expression & e hymn is a h]oic feat4 8,! o!r gods 7 s5t away l %rivell$ up old m52 ?\1 ,o ,indra1 became/ ! k+4 ,no "o is beyond !e1 no "o is bett] ?an ?\ art1 no "o is l unto !e4 ,keep sil5ce well6 we (f] our praises to ! great ,indra 9 ! h\se ( ! sacrific]4 ,does he f9d treasure = ^? :o are l sleep]s8 ,mean praise is n valu$ among ! munific5t40#aja ,x is /range t x is 9 connection ) ! great ,indra1 ! mo/ popul> ( all ! gods ( ,india1 t indications ( a /ruggle betwe5 fai? & d\bt are app>5t 9 ! praises address$ to him4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! o!r div9ities 0 z firmly e/abli%$ z ! spl5d\r ( ! sun & />s1 z ! appe>ances ( fire1 ! movem5ts ( ! w9ds1 ! impressions made by heat & cold2 & ! confid5ce !y inspir$ 0 too firmly e/abli%$ to require /imulat+2 & !n sudd5ly we f9d ! ri%is disc\rs+ on & enum]at+ ! reasons t exi/ = man's belief 9 ,indra4 8,:5 ! fi]y ,indra hurls d[n ! ?und]-bolt1 !n p put fai? 9 him4 ,look at ?is 8 great & mighty "w1 & believe 9 8 great p[]40 ,:5ce came ?is insi/5ce to recall ! great p[] ( ,indra8 ,x almo/ sugge/s ! ?\ght t ! ri%is felt ! approa* ( a *ange 9 _! conception ( ! omnipot5ce ( "s ( ! gods ( nature4 8,(f] praise to ,indra1 if y desire booty2 true praise1 if he truly exi/s4 ,"o & ! o!r says1 ,!re is no ,indra1 :o has se5 him8 ,:om %all we praise8 ,! t]rible "o ( :om !y ask :]e he is40#ajb ,b ! poet at once introduces ,indra on ! sc5e1 & makes him say3-- 8,"h ,i am1 ,o wor%ipp]6 behold me "h4 ,9 might ,i ov]come all creatures40--,id4 ,9 read+ ! ,rig-,v$a att5tively1 9 spite ( ^! ef=ts to revive ! anci5t fai?1 "h & !re c be discov]$ slight traces ( scepticism1 s slight z to be sc>cely p]ceptible1 & ^! ap>t f ! incr$ulity exhibit$ conc]n+ ! p[]ful ,indra4 ,! ,h9doo 0 by nature pr(\ndly believ+1 b 8 intellect 0 subtle & scrut9is+1 & he consid]$ x due to himself to give exact explanations ( all2 ! ri%is make ! foll[+ true rem>ks4 8,fire is qu5*$ by wat]1 a cl\d hides ! sun1 ! sun also disappe>s beh9d ! sea20 & f ^! obs]vations !y draw ! foll[+ conclusions4 8,wat] mu/ n be wor%ipp$1 s9ce a cl\d c c>ry x away2 nor ! cl\d1 s9ce ! w9d c disp]se x40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! positivi/s h made too mu* ( ! fact t ,dyaus1 at "o "t 9 ,india1 meant simply ! sky & day2 a rock is n m immovable ?an gramm>1 & x is moreov] q indiff]5t to all bl[s aim$ at tru?s o!r ?an x holds4 ,c]ta9 s*ol>s 9 _! rese>*es aft] ! orig9 ( ,aryan div9ities1 7 surpris$ & some:at disconc]t$ at a gap :i* confront$ !m & prev5t$ fur!r progress2 n[h]e 9 ! lat] lit]ature ( ,india c\ld any trace be f\nd ( ,dyaus z a god :o c\ld correspond to ! supreme div9ity ( ! o!r bran*es ( ! family4 ,h[ev]1 ! v rational conviction t ?is deity mu/ h exi/$ gradually /r5g!n$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! le>n$4 ,!y 7 ?us at a /&/ill1 :5 ! ,v$a appe>$ "u ! /rong light ( mod]n inve/igation & br\ght to view ! "n ( ,dyaus totally diff]5t f ! fem99e dyaus1 a ,dyaus pres5t+ 9 itself1 n m]ely ! mascul9e sub/antive1 b jo9$ ) pita--fa!r4 ,among/ ! ,h9doos x _h pal$ be=e ,indra1 :o 0 a god ( lat] date1 b ! o!r ,aryan races _h be5 un9flu5c$ by ?is4 ,dyaus1 ! *ief god1 _h accompani$ !m 9 _! migrations1 & ,zeus-pat]1 ,ju-pit]1 ,tyr1 ,tiw1 & ,zio1 became ! exact repres5tative ( him1 ea* 9 a diff]5t c\ntry2 ?is discov]y ( ,dyau%-pita1 0 l f9d+ at la/ a /> 9 ! v place ( ! heav5s :i* _h be5 fix$ be=e by calculation1 b :]e previ\sly !re _h be5 a void4 ,?is 0 n ! only discov]y due to ! /udy ( ! ,v$a4 ,no "o c\ld ignore ! fact1 t among/ ! ,h9doos dyaus 0 ! "n ( ! sky1 s9ce x be>s 9 itself ! root :i* atte/s ?is2 b x w\ld h be5 impossible to discov] ! radical or pr$icative mean+ ( ,zeus by ! help ( ,greek alone2 x possesses no c]tificate ( bir?1 & ! ,greeks _h no traditions connect$ ) x t c\ld h taught u4 ,) ! help ( comp>ative philology all is made pla92 ,zeus 0 born :5 ,dyaus 0 recognis$ z mascul9e & call$ fa!r1 ,dyau%-pit>1 ,ju-pit]1 ,zeus-pat]1 & f ! mom5t t we are made acqua9t$ ) ! orig9 ( ,zeus1 ! re/ ( 8 c>e] unrolls be=e u4 ,our ance/ors1 h[ev]1 _h /ill a long "t to w&] 9 ! wild]ness ( error1 & lo/ !mselves _m times4 ,! ,h9doos ?\ght = a "t t !y _h f\nd 9 ,dyaus ! object ( _! se>*2 b ! sup]natural light & ! light ( day became conf\nd$2 :5 ! ^w ,dyaus 0 pron\nc$1 ! _m natural bright objects x might signify all vibrat$ 9 response & melt$ into "o2 !y became--z a d\ble /> does--"o object1 & ,dyu1 ! god ( light1 0 eclips$ beh9d dyu ! sky4 ,:5 ! "q 0 ask$ = ! fir/ "t :5ce came ! ra91 ! lightn+1 & ! ?und]1 ^? :o inhabit$ ,italy repli$ t ra9 came f ,jupit] ,pluvius1 ! lightn+ f ,jupit] fulm9ator & fulgurator1 ! ?und] f ,jupit] tonans4 ,9 ,greece all t conc]n$ ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e 0 attribut$ to ,zeus2 x 0 ,zeus :o ra9$1 :o sn[$1 ?und]$1 ga!r$ ! cl\ds1 let loose ! tempe/s1 held ! ra9b[ 9 8 h&2 _m leg5ds 7 gr\p$ ar\nd ^! div9e names2 ! m incompreh5sible !y 71 ! m eag]ly 7 !y he>d1 until x is v d\btful :e!r any trace rema9s ( t ,be+ :o at ! fir/ gave to ! "n ( ! sky its highe/ signification4 ,a *>act]i/ic trait ( ! ,h9doos1 :i* is noticeable 9 ! hymns1 is a t5d5cy to praise all by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,n satisfi$ ) celebrat+ ! virtues ( ! invisible be+s1 :i* !y imag9e to be beh9d ! semi-tangible & intangible objects su* z m\nta9s1 riv]s1 trees1 fire1 ! sun1 /orms1 etc41 ! ri%is1 c>ri$ away by ! ard\r ( _! feel+s1 glorify objects :i* are p]fectly tangible1 ev5 ^? :i* !y may h made ) _! own h&s1 or ^? :i* at lea/ h no?+ my/]i\s 9 !m2 ^! are t]m$ devatas1 & ! comm5tator expla9s t by ?is ^w is meant ! p]son or ?+ address$2 ?us ! victims to be (f]$1 or a sacrificial vessel1 or a battle-axe or %ield1 all ^! are call$ devatas2 9 "s dialogues f\nd 9 ! hymns :oev] speaks is call$ ! ri%i1 :oev] is spok5 to is ! devata4 8,! late ,h]b]t ,sp5c] relates t ev5 9 our days ! ,h9doo (f]s pray]s to ! objects :i* he uses2 a woman adores ! basket :i* %e takes to ! m>ket & (f]s sacrifices to x1 z well z to ! o!r implem5ts :i* assi/ h] 9 h] h\sehold lab\rs4 ,a c>p5t] pays ! l homage to 8 hat*et1 ! mason to 8 tr[el1 & ! ,brahman to ! /yle ) :i* he is go+ to write4 ,! "q is1 9 :at s5se did ! au?or ( ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology use ! ^w adore80#ajc ,! desire to h an exact acc\nt ( :at is happ5+ alt]nates ) ! pray]s & adoration2 ! que/ions & praises int]lace l ! ?reads ( a web4 8,unsupport$1 n fa/5$1 h[ does he 7! sun7 ris+ up1 n fall d[n80 ,! poet is also anxi\s to "k h[ ! dawn & ! sun appe> ea* morn+2 h[ !re is s mu* ra91 also su* an abundance ( riv]s & /reams4 8,h[ _m fires are !re1 h[ _m dawns1 h[ _m suns1 & h[ _m wat]s8 ,i d n say ?is1 ,o fa!rs1 to worry y2 ,i ask y1 ,o se]s1 t ,i may "k40 ,! explanation also is desir$ by ^! enquir]s h[ x is t a r$ or br[n c[ c give :ite milk4#ajd ,! ri%is are rigor\s logicians1 & consid] t ! p[]ful div9ities :o made ! _w su* z x is might h done bett]2 & !y d n scruple to communicate _! op9ion to :om x conc]ns4 8,if we 7 z ri* z y we %\ld n all[ our wor%ipp]s to beg _! bread40 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has be5 ask$ :e!r humanity comm5c$ by hav+ a mono!i/ic or a poly!i/ic religion4 ,?is is n ! fir/ "t t ?is "q has be5 prop\nd$2 x has z an antec$5t a v anci5t op9ion1 develop$ 9 ! s*ools ( !ology 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* gave x z _! op9ion t a fai? 9 "o ,god1 f ! days ( ! greate/ antiquity1 _h be5 ! glori\s h]itage ( ! ,semitic family1 com+ 9 a direct l9e f ! fir/ man4 ,b ^! same !ologians consid]$ ,hebrew to be ! primitive language ( ! human race1 an ass]tion n[ kn[n to be errone\s4#aje ,we may !re=e subject ! fir/ ass]tion to an exam9ation4 ,! le>n$ writ]s :o dispute on ! orig9al =m ( religi\s ?\ght =get t ! anci5t ,aryans c\ld n h be5 ei!r mono!i/ic or poly!i/ic4 ,! ,v$ic hymns %[ u t ?\gh !re 7 _m gods1 & t !y 7 equal1 yet :il/ ! wor%ipp] 0 address+ "o1 ! re/ 7 exclud$ f 8 m9d1 & 7 z ?\gh !y did n exi/2 ea* god became 9 turn ! ,supreme ,p[]1 & receiv$ ! highe/ praise2 ! ri%is1 :o _h repres5t$ ! sun "u ! names ( ,vi%nu1 ,v>una1 ,mitra1 ,savit> z ! creator ( ! _w1 spoke ( x imm$iately aft]w>ds z ! *ild ( ! wat]s1 born ( ! dawn1 a god among o!r gods1 nei!r bett] nor worse2 x is ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,aryan religion1 ?is wor%ip (f]$ alt]nately to diff]5t div9ities to :i* ,max ,mll] has giv5 ! "n ( ,h5o!ism4 8,among y1 ,o gods1 !re is none t is great1 & none t is little--none old or "y--y are all great inde$40 ,! religion ( humanity 9 its entirety at ! beg9n+ 0 ?is intuition ( ! div9e1 ^: =mula is t article ( fai?1 at once ! simple/ & ! mo/ important--,god is ,god--! want ( def9it5ess 9 x mak+ x ! m applicable to ! dawn ( ?\ght4 ,?is primitive intuition ( ,god 0 9 itself nei!r mono!i/ic nor poly!i/ic1 ?\gh x might become ei!r accord+ to ! expression :i* x took 9 ! language ( man2 9 no language does ! plural exi/ be=e ! s+ul>2 no human m9d c\ld h conceiv$ ! idea ( gods )\t hav+ previ\sly conceiv$ ! idea ( "o ,god4 8,x w\ld be1 h[ev]1 q z great a mi/ake to imag9e1 because ! idea ( a god mu/ exi/ previ\sly to t ( gods1 t !re=e a belief 9 "o ,god prec$$ ev]y:]e ! belief 9 _m gods4 ,a belief 9 ,god1 z exclusively ,"o1 involves a di/9ct negation ( m ?an "o ,god1 & t negation is possible only aft] ! conception1 :e!r real or imag9>y1 ( _m gods40#ajf ,if !re=e an expression _h be5 giv5 to ?is primitive intuition ( ! ,deity1 :i* is ! ma9spr+ ( all lat] religion1 x w\ld h be51 8,!re is a ,god10 b c]ta9ly n yet1 8,!re is b "o ,god40 ,^! f9e di/9ctions require close att5tion to grasp !m2 ! fact t 9 our mod]n tongues we h d]iv$ ! s+ul> ,!os f ! ,greek plural ,!oi has caus$ confusion2 f a hi/orical po9t ( view1 no d\bt ,!os has come f ,!oi2 b putt+ ?is aside1 ! mean+ ( ! ^w has gone ?r\gh z complete a trans=mation z t ( ! acorn to ! oak2 ! evid5ce ( ?is *ange has be5 s deeply impress$ ev5 on our outw>d s5ses t z soon z our intellect has atta9$ "s measure ( developm5t ! s\nd ( ! ^w ,god us$ 9 ! plural j>s on our e>s z if we he>d ( two univ]ses or "o tw94 ,! ,h9doo m9d1 h[ev]1 oscillat$ betwe5 ! repres5tation ( _m gods & ( "o only ,god2 & ! ri%is appe> to h attempt$ to e/abli% a sort ( priority among/ _! num]\s deities4 8,t :i* is "o1 ! se]s call 9 _m ways2 !y speak ( ,indra1 ,mitra1 ,agni1 & ,v>una--!y call x by v>i\s names--t :i* is1 & is "o40 8,9 ! ev5+ ,agni becomes ,v>una--he becomes ,mitra :5 ris+ 9 ! morn+s2 hav+ become ,savitri1 he passes ?r\gh ! sky--hav+ become ,indra he w>ms ! heav5 9 ! c5tre40#ajg ,?is attempt1 :i* might h l$ to mono!ism1 came to no?+2 on ?is po9t ! ,h9doos 7 beh9d ! ,greeks & ,romans1 :o ) _! poly!ism _h a presid+ deity1 viz41 ,zeus & ,jupit]4 8,:5 we ?us see ! god ,dyaus antiquat$ by ,indra1 & ,indra himself almo/ d5i$1 we might expect 9 ,india ! same cata/rophe :i* 9 ,icel& ! poets ( ! ,edda always pr$ict$--! twilight ( ! gods prec$+ ! de/ruction ( ! _w4 ,we seem to h rea*$ ! /age :5 h5o!ism1 aft] try+ 9 va9 to gr[ into an organis$ poly!ism on ! "o side1 or into an exclusive mono!ism on ! o!r1 w\ld by necessity end 9 a!ism2 yet a!ism is n ! la/ ^w ( ! ,indian religion40#ajh ,:at is a!ism8 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,max ,mll]1 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #bca4 #gc ,max ,mll]1 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #bej4 #gd ,rig-,v$a1 ,x4 #acc4 #f4 #ge 8,to ! anci5t se]s ! dawn seem$ to op5 ! gold5 gates ( ano!r _w1 & :ile ^! gates 7 op5 = ! sun to pass 9 triumph1 _! eyes & _! m9ds /rove 9 _! *ildi% way to pi]ce beyond ! limits ( ?is f9ite _w40--,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #bce4 #gf ,a?>va-,v$a1 ,x4 #h4 #af4 #gg ,rig-,v$a1 ,i4 #ce4 #b4 #gh ,max ,mll]'s words on ! subject are z foll[s3 8,^! two concepts 7! inf9ite1 & ord] & law71 :i* soon] or lat] mu/ be tak5 9 & m9d$ by e human be+1 7 at fir/ no m ?an an impulse1 b _! impulsive =ce w\ld n re/ till x _h beat5 into ! m9ds ( ! fa!rs ( our race ! deep & indelible impression t #8all is "r1' & fill$ !m ) a hope1 & m ?an a hope1 t #8all w be "r4'0--,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #bei4 #gi ,rig-,v$a1 ,i4 #ajb4 #b4 #hj ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #bch4 #ha ,rig-,v$a1 ,i4 #bd4 #a4 #hb ,physical ,religion1 p4 #bde4 #hc ,physical ,religion1 p4 #abg4 #hd ,rig-,v$a1 ,,ii4 #a4 #a4 #he ,ibid41 ,,iv4 #ab4 #d4 #hf ,rig-,v$a1 ,x4 #gi4 #d4 #hg ,ibid41 ,x4 #b4 #d1 #e4 #hh ,ibid41 ,,ii4 #f4 #a2 ,,viii4 #ai4 #e4 #hi ,rig-,v$a1 ,i4 #ahi4 #c4 #ij ,ibid41 ,,vii4 #ajd4 #ia ,rig-,v$a1 ,,vii4 #ajd4 #ib ,ibid41 ,,ix4 #aac4 #g4 #ic ,rig-,v$a1 ,i4 #ci4 #id ,ibid41 ,i4 #afd2 ,x4 #ha4 #d4 #ie ,physical ,religion1 pp4 #ahc-d4 #if ,a?>va1 ,,iv4 #af4 #ig ,rig-,v$a1 ,,vii4 #hi4 #ih ,rig-,v$a1 ,x4 #hb4 #ii ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #bbc4 #ajj ,rig-,v$a1 ,i4 #aca4 #a4 #aja ,rig-,v$a1 ,i4 #aec2 ,,iv4 #ai4 #b4 #ajb ,ibid41 ,,viii4 #ajj4 #c4 #ajc ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #bje note4 #ajd ,max ,mll] says3 8,!re is also a common say+ or riddle 9 ,g]man :i* y may he> repeat$ to ! pres5t day3-- #8,o sagt mir do* wie geht es zu ,dass weis die mil* d] ro!n ,kuh8'0 --,physical ,religion1 p4 #aja4 #aje ,dante at "o "t 0 ( ?is op9ion4 8,9 8 ,il ,volg>e ,eloquio1 lib4 #a1 cvi4 p4 #aee1 he says3 #8,x 0 ! ,hebrew idiom :i* 0 utt]$ by ! lips ( ! fir/ man :o ev] spoke 9 ?is _w6' ,?is idea 0 aft]w>ds rel9qui%$ by him1 z 9 ! ,p>adiso he puts ^! words into ! m\? ( ,adam3-- #8,! language ,i did use ,0 worn away or ev] ,nimrod's race ,_! unaccompli%able "w began4' 8,! olde/ =m ( human spee* /ill rema9s lo/ 9 ! d>kness ( antiquity40--,quot$ f ,dante 9 ,rav5na by ,miss ,phillimore4 #ajf ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i4 p4 #ced4 #ajg ,a?>va1 ,,xiii4 #c4 #ac4 #ajh ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #caj4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,man',s ,,conceptions ,,( ,,religion 8,no "o suffici5tly recognises ! p[] ( reason40 --,,/ ,,?omas ,,aqu9as4 8,de nos j\rs1 n\s m\quons encore plus de raison que de religion40 --,,f5elon4 ,?is "q3 8,:at is a!ism80 has ar\s$ me ) a />t4 ,l$ aside z ,i _h be5 by _m beautiful1 true1 & /rik+ ?\ghts1 :i* ,i not$ z !y pres5t$ !mselves to me2 be+ also v preoccupi$ by depress+ obs]vations t ,i _h made on my *ronic inability to turn !m to acc\nt1 ,i lo/ sight ( ! fact t x is n suffici5t to write & ?9k at w m]ely1 )\t def9ite plan1 n keep+ ! goal 9 sight4 ,?is is my elev5? *apt]1 & ,i see ) dismay t x is likely to exce$ ! two :i* prec$e x 9 l5g?1 & t x foll[s "o conc]n$ m ) ! repetition ( words (t5 spok5 & seldom und]/ood4 ,i fe> t ,i lack me?od4 ,dur+ our own "t we h se5 a s*ool arise1 ! ,hi/orical ,s*ool2 x 0 h]ald$ 9 ,g]many by su* m5 z ,niebuhr1 ! two ,humboldts1 ,bopp--! au?or ( ! fir/ ,comp>ative ,gramm>--,grimm1 & _m o!rs4 ,?is ,s*ool %[s t an un9t]rupt$ cont9uity connects :at has be5 ?\ght ( old ) :at is be+ ?\ght at pres5t2 t !re is no break betwe5 ! pres5t & ! pa/2 & t ! difficulties :i* are pres5t$ to u by ! /udy ( ! pres5t philosophical problems1 w\ld 9 a great measure disappe>1 if we knew "u :at =m ^! same problems pres5t$ !mselves to man = ! fir/ "t4 ,! ,hi/orical ,s*ool advances /ep by /ep ) ! /udy ( comp>ative philology2 ?is latt] has %[n t at ! beg9n+ ! numb] ( words 0 v small2 !y lay1 z x 71 side by side1 be=e man's eyes1 z ev5ly & z regul>ly z ! ?reads on a weav]'s loom4 ,b gradually1 on acc\nt ( our neglect1 & our _m misund]/&+s1 ! idea conta9$ 9 ^! words became entangl$1 & we h ceas$ to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! ?read2 ! words h rema9$ 9 our memory1 b ! mean+ has *ang$2 !y may ev5 h sev]al mean+s :i* contradict ea* o!r2 ! result is t we are ignorant ( _m ?+s x w\ld be well = u to "k ) c]ta9ty4 ,all problems :e!r ( philosophy or ( philology1 are be/ solv$ by ! hi/orical me?od2 let u bravely face ea* obscure "q to :i* we h no key2 ea* d\btful t]m ! mean+ ( :i* is lo/1 & bid all retrace _! /eps 9 ! pa? by :i* !y arriv$ at u2 avoid+ ! p]il ( ! idle work] :o has a !ory1 & a rem$y ready = ev]y?+2 & ! walks 9 ! c\ntry ( dreams :i* h no *>t to direct travell]s4 ,= u :o are n le>n$ l+ui/s !re is m ?an "o me?od ( ga9+ in=mation conc]n+ words2 ! easie/ is to note ! use made ( !m at v>i\s times 9 ! pa/2 ano!r way :i* is m important & m c]ta9 is to /udy _! biographies1 we %\ld f9d !m 9 anci5t docum5ts2 a ?ird me?od t exacts nei!r a k ( _! hi/ory1 nor _! g5ealogy1 consi/s simply 9 reflection2 ?is process1 :i* %\ld be )9 ! rea* ( all1 is seldom us$4 ,z ,i am con/ra9$ to foll[ ! developm5t ( ! ,v$ic religion at ! comm5cem5t ( :at 0 nei!r poly!ism nor mono!ism2 ,i recur to ! la/ ^w ( ! prec$+ *apt] 9 ord] to f9d its hi/orical antec$5ts4 ,hi/ory tells u t mu* 9 ! same way z a wild bea/ pursues its prey1 ?is epi!t ( a!i/ is hurl$ at m5 :o 9 tru? h little 9 common4 8,9 ! eyes ( 8 ,a!nian judges ,socrates 0 an a!i/2 yet he did n ev5 d5y ! gods ( ,greece1 b he res]v$ to himself ! "r to believe 9 some?+ high] & m truly div9e ?an ,hephai/os & ,aphrodite40#aji ,sp9oza 0 call$ an a!i/ by ! ,jews1 8 co-religioni/s1 because 8 conception ( ,jahveh or ,jehovah 0 wid] ?an !irs4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 call$ !oi by ! ,jews & ,greeks because !y believ$ n z ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians believ$4 ,7 ! ,h9doos a!i/s :5 !y said1 8,:at is ,indra8 x is ! sun1 ! ra9 only40 ,7 !y a!i/s :5 !y ceas$ to believe 9 _! ,devas1 ! brilliant objects1 ! />s1 ! fields1 ! riv]s1 ! eyes ( man8 ,if ! hi/ory ( ! ^w a!i/ _h only taught u "o ?+1 e4g4 t ^? :o ?9k diff]5tly f ourselves d n des]ve ! reproa* ( a!ism1 x w\ld h ext+ui%$ ! fires ( _m an auto da f4 ,b are !re real a!i/s8 ,d ^? p]sons exi/ :o are conv9c$ t ! ^w ,god repres5ts no?+8 ,!re may be2 if y h succe$$ 9 conv9c+ human reason t !re c be an act )\t a cause1 a b\nd>y )\t a beyond1 a f9ite )\t an inf9ite2 !n y w h prov$ )\t d\bt t !re is no ,god4 8,god is a great ^w10 said a ,g]man !ologian1 lately deceas$1 ^: hone/y & piety h nev] be5 que/ion$1 8he :o feels & und]/&s t1 w judge m mildly & m ju/ly ( ^? :o confess t !y d>e n say t !y believe 9 ,god40#aaj ,we ought nev] to call a man an a!i/ till we "k :at k9d ( ,god x is t he has be5 br\ght up to believe 91 & :at k9d ( ,god x is t he rejects1 x may be1 f ! be/ & highe/ motives4 ,if we c respect ! *ildlike fai? ( a *>coal-burn]1 let u also respect philosophical d\bt2 x may well indicate a turn+-po9t 9 ! life ( a man1 9 :i* he is p]haps ab&on+ a belief ( :i* he has se5 ! error1 or is p]haps seek+ to replace ! less wor?y fai?1 h[ev] de> x may be to him1 by "o m p]fect1 h[ev] its novelty may di/ress him2 )\t su* 8a!ism0 z ?is our religion w\ld long ago h only be5 a congeal$ hypocrisy4 ,9 ! life ( an individual1 z 9 ! life ( a nation1 !re comes a mom5t :5 op9ion becomes modifi$2 ! old !ory ( ! _w be+ fa%ion$ by a workman z a pott] m\lds 8 vessels ( clay1 has gradually disappe>$4 ,^! ideas 7 s repugnant to ! enlight5$ m9d ( ,sakya-muni1 ! ,h9doo ,pr9ce--univ]sally kn[n z ,buddha--t he consid]$ x irrev]5t to enquire h[ ! _w 0 made1 & /ill m audaci\s to attempt to answ] ! enquiry4 ,t :i* took ! place ( h5o!ism among/ ! ,h9doos might aptly be t]m$ adivism1 a d5ial ( ! old ,devas4 ,su* a d5ial1 h[ev]1 ( :at 0 once believ$1 b c\ld be hone/ly believ$ no long]1 s f> f be+ ! end ( religion1 is 9 reality its vital pr9ciple4 ,:il/ ab\t to deal ) ideas :i* ,i "k are true1 x is gratify+ to expose at ! same "t c]ta9 false op9ions :i* h be5 put =? on ! subject2 x is curi\s to note h[ to />t ) a false op9ion br+s "o to a wrong conclusion4 ,h]odotus1 ,cs>1 & ,qu9tus ,curtius1 :o h all writt5 on popul> religi\s beliefs1 relate t m5 ador$ ! sun1 ! e>?1 ! sky1 fire1 & wat]2 t !y wor%ipp$ c]ta9 riv]s1 & c]ta9 trees1 & consid]$ z gods all ?+s t 7 useful to !m4 ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ! anci5t writ]s :o knew no bett]1 & mod]n !ori/s repeat$ also3 8,primitive m5 deifi$ ! gr& natural ph5om5a ( nature1 especially ! />s1 tak+ !m = gods40 ,x is n a matt] = surprise t primitive man %\ld h =m$ ! op9ion t ei!r 9 ! _w or out ( x !re %\ld be a sov]eign p[] :i* !y consid]$ z _! gods4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! !ory ( feti%ism 0 held to expla9 all ! intuitions ( primitive man2 al?\gh n p]t95t to ! subject1 ?is 0 n p]ceiv$ until aft]w>ds1 & ! !ory 0 consid]$ reasonable4 ,:il/ ! ,!ori/s take ! pr$icate ( ,god1 :5 appli$ ev5 to a feti%1 z requir+ no explanation1 ! ,hi/orical ,s*ool sees 9 x ! result ( a long cont9u$ evolution ( ?\ght4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! human s\l 0 s con/itut$ t x mu/ t5d naturally & inevitably t[>ds ! ,unkn[n2 x 0 also necess>y t man %\ld le>n t he possess$ a s\l4 ,we recognise t we h "o2 b are we equally cle> z to :at x is8 ,we answ] p]haps3 8,yes1 x is t "p ( u :i* is n ! body :i* p]i%es--! s\l is immortal40 ,x is well to be able to make su* a reply1 s9ce x is true2 our cate*isms h s[n ! se$ ( :i* ?is is ! result4 ,b s9ce all human k1 :e!r ab/ract or practical1 has ! same beg9n+1 ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & t nei!r eye1 e>1 nor h& has to d ) ! s\l1 :at c we "k ( x8 ,above all1 :at c we le>n ( its exi/5ce aft] dea?1 ! "t :5 immortality has pass$ beyond ! sph]e ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses8 ,z man we recognise ! _s inhabit+ ! body1 b ) no =m1 su* z x might receive aft] dea?2 we c h>dly clo! ^! ideas 9 words4 ,?is belief 9 a s\l1 exactly l ! belief 9 gods1 & at la/ 9 ,"o ,god1 c only be und]/ood z ! outcome ( con/antly r5ew$ obs]vations & long m$itations2 ! annals ( language furni% mat]ial = ?is /udy1 ^? anci5t words1 :i*1 mean+ orig9ally some?+ q tangible & visible1 came 9 "t to mean t :i* is invisible & inf9ite4 ,! la/ brea? ( a dy+ p]son gave ! fir/ conception ( ! pres5ce 9 man ( a non-corporeal pr9ciple2 x 0 recognis$ t ?is p]ceptible brea?1 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 0 an accid5t & transi5t4 ,language m>ks cle>ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! act ( brea?+ or brea?1 & t :i* brea!d1 ! invisible ag5t ( ?is act--! liv+ s\l1 ! _s4 ,?is ag5t receiv$ diff]5t names1 9 ! diff]5t languages2 ! ,greeks nam$ x ,psy*e1 say+ t x 0 ! brea? :i*1 at ! h\r ( dea?1 pass$ out ?r\gh ! b>s ( ! tee?2 among/ ! ,h9doos x 0 call$ ,atman1 & ,anima among/ ! ,lat9s1 two words :i* orig9ally 7 und]/ood by ^? us+ !m z mean+ some?+ brea?+4 ,cic]o spoke ( ,anima1 b he refra9$ f def9+ x1 & frankly av[$ t he did n "k :e!r to call x brea? or fire4 ,! ^w brea? has be5 us$ figuratively to express ! ,p[] gov]n+ ! _w4#aaa ,a poet 9 ! ,v$a :5 speak+ ( ! ,supreme ,be+ says1 8,x brea!d )\t air40 ,al?\gh ! ^w brea? 0 mo/ frequ5tly us$ to d5ote ! pr9ciple ( life1 ano!r expression 0 employ$ at a mu* e>li] p]iod2 9 c\ntries ! mo/ remote f ea* o!r1 ! words1 ! %ad[ ( ! dead1 7 us$1 9 ord] to express ! idea ( some?+ intangible yet closely relat$ to ! body4 ,! influ5ce ( language on ?\ght is s real & s mu* m p[]ful ?an ! te/imony ( our s5ses1 t ^? :o nam$ ! s\l a %ad[1 came at la/ to believe t corpses ?rew no %ad[ because x _h left !m4 ,x 0 !n consid]$ t ! s\l 0 n a homog5e\s :ole1 b compos$ ( p>ts ( :i* "s are ephem]al1 de/9$ to disappe> ) ! body2 ^! p>ts =m :at ! ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s call ! ,ego1 & ! ,h9doos ,aham1 :at 9 ,fr5* w\ld be t]m$ ! moi--?ree words = "o ?+--an object ( cont+5cy1 s9ce x dep5ds on circum/ances--on ! body1 on age1 & on sex4 ,all m5 h endeav\r$ to solve ! riddle ( human life2 b ! ,h9doos1 :o especially excell$ 9 rese>*es deal+ ) ! =mation ( words1 t is to say1 ) ! bir? or developm5t ( ideas1 :il/ p5etrat+ deeply into ! my/]ies ( _! s\l1 _! ,atman1 arriv$ at an ab/raction ( ?is ,atman1 entirely fre$ f all e>?ly or physical p>ticles1 & ?is 8vehicle ( an ab/raction0 !y consid]$ to be incapable ( p]i%+1 s9ce x _h no connection ) brea?1 x 0 ! pure self1 8fre$ f ! fett]s & conditions ( ! human ,ego10 hidd5 9 ! ,aham2 n cont+5t on circum/ances--! self-exi/5t ,"o4 ,?is new conception dem&$ a new "n2 ! ^w ,atman1 :i* at fir/ signifi$ all ! concomitant elem5ts ( ! s\l--^? :i* pass1 equally ) ^? t rema9--! ,h9doos reta9$ 9 _! language1 & x 0 us$ to def9e ! ess5ce itself1 ! be+ ) no attributes1 id5tical ) ! ,be+ :o vivifi$ nature1 ! ,inf9ite t support$ man's own be+1 ! ,highe/ ,self4 ,socrates knew ?is same ,self1 b he call$ x ,daimonion1 ! indwell+ ,god1 :om ! e>ly ,*ri/ians call$ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,f ! ,h9doo po9t ( view ?is idea holds 9 itself ! solution ( ! _w's great enigma4 ,! comm&m5t indicat+ ! k]nel ( all philosophy1 8,"k ?yself10 0 ! ,h9doo doctr9e4 ,"k ?yself z ! self1 or if we translate x into religi\s language1 8,"k t we live & move & h our be+ 9 ,god0 7,acts xvii4 #bh74aab ,9 recognis+ ! s\l z t :i* is ! self1 we see t ?is fact ( exi/+ is m wond]ful ?an ! acts ( brea?+1 feel+1 ?9k+1 liv+1 s9ce none ( ^! manife/ations are possible b on ! sole condition ( hav+ proce$$ f ! ,be+--:o is4 ,aft] hav+ analys$ ! human s\l1 ! ,h9doos foll[$ x f phase to phase f ! mom5t :5 ! brea? :i* makes man a liv+ be+ receiv$ its fir/ names4 ,!y ?us trac$ its hi/ory ?r\gh "t1 & believ$ t !y c\ld foll[ x ?r\gh et]nity4 ,ye>s 7 employ$ 9 ! elaboration ( ?is hi/ory1 & we only f9d its completion 9 a "w :i* is po/]ior to ! ,v$ic hymns1 ! ,upani%ads4 ,! /udy ( ! human s\l is ! c5tral po9t 9 ,h9doo philosophy1 & ! ,upani%ads are ! fir/ psy*ological "w :i* has ev] be5 made4 ,!re are p]sons :o d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 ( :i* o!rs feel c]ta92 b no "o ev] d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( 8 own s\l4 ,:y did ! !ologians :o arrang$ ! cre$s n include ! article1 8,i believe 9 my s\l40 ,x w\ld n h f\nd m5 incr$ul\s4 ,reflection enables u to admit t ! s\l )\t ,god c\ld possess no hi/ory1 s9ce nei!r ! s\l )\t ,god1 nor ,god )\t ! s\l1 c\ld con/itute religion4 ,= ?is :i* is call$ religion1 if "u ! =m only ( a so>+ t[>ds an unkn[n b long$-= ,be+1 has always exi/$ s9ce !re h be5 m5 on ! e>?4 ,we (t5 meet ! recurr+ que/ions 8,:5ce80 8,:y80 & ! frequ5t 8,because02 & n[ we are told by a small numb] ( ?9k]s t all ! explanations ( speculative philosophy on ! fir/ impulses ( ! human s\l t[>ds religion1 are only wor?less suppositions1 unless philosoph]s--z hi/orians h done--h recognis$ t !re 0 a revelation at ! beg9n+ ( "t 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w2 b op9ions diff] z to 8! true s5se ( ! ^w40 ,we are s accu/om$ to apply ! expression 8! ,^w ( ,god0 to ! sacr$ canon ( ,scripture1 t we are inapt at seek+ = ,god's ,^w else:]e4 ,b our fir/ fa!rs read & /udi$ x be=e ! ,bible exi/$4 ,to reflective m9ds1 primitive man pres5ts a mov+ spectacle1 drawn t[>ds ! ,unkn[n--! ,unse5--!y ab&on$ !mselves unresi/+ly to ! curr5t lead+ !m 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,i imag9e t our ,aryan ance/ors w\ld n h fix$ _! att5tion ) su* t5acity on ! objects 9 nature :i* environ$ !m1 _h ! />s & heav5ly bodies be5 immovable4 ,b ! sun appe>+ on ! "o side1 trav]s+ ! sky & !n disappe>+ on ! opposite side1 made ! rem>k ( ! ,incas pr9ce v natural3 8,!re is "s p[] beh9d ! sun caus+ x to asc5d & desc5d40 ,x did n occur to him t ! sun travell$ 9 accordance ) natural laws4 ,o!r pr9ces & poets1 ) _! eyes fix$ on ! mov+ objects ( ! firmam5t1 w\ld h made ! same reflection & s\ght ! invisible cause4 ,if ! _w _h be5 propell$ by a mov+ p[] )9 itself1 creatures possess+ reason w\ld h be5 vaguely consci\s ( x f ! fir/4 ,!y w\ld h be5 l ! plants :i* turn regul>ly & infallibly 9 "o direction1 s9ce !y are n free to d o!rwise4 8,y premise a revelation10 may be said to me1 8& yet y direct u t[>ds ,evolution2 *oose "o ( ! two s9ce ! "o contradicts ! o!r40 ,t rema9s to be prov$4 ,apply ! !ory ( ! evolutioni/ to ! mollusc2 we see x direct+ itself1 & ext5d+ its t5tacles1 t[>ds a crumb ( bread t floats on ! wat]4 ,if !y t\* x ! contact calls =? 9 ! mollusc ! act ( seiz+ its prey4 ,?is is only a movem5t ( semi-consci\sness1 or p]haps r x is n entirely involunt>y4 ,"u ! aspect ( imm$iate cause & effect1 we see a pr9ciple ant]ior to ! ph5om5on2 c]ta9 p]ceptions :i* appe> 9 ! sight ( _m psy*ologi/s to be innate1 t is to say1 impressions receiv$ on our m9d be=e we became consci\s ( ourself1 may well be ! result ( ! receptability ( our ,ego1 :i* enables u1 :5 x is affect$ 9 a c]ta9 fa%ion1 to repres5t ^! affections to ourselves "u c]ta9 =ms4 ,! pres5tim5t t unkn[n p[]s 7 to be f\nd beh9d ! visible _w only %[$ itself :5 ! ,aryans fir/ nam$ !m sky1 sun1 moon1 /orm1 day1 night1 all t]ms previ\sly us$ = v>i\s p>ts ( nature4 ,) ! p]ception ( a ,beyond1 ) ! desire to "k :at x conta9$1 a gap made itself felt :i* sep>at$ x f ! kn[n _w4 ,x mu/ be cross$--a bridge 0 necess>y4 ,?is ?\ght spread f "o end ( ! globe to ! o!r1 b our ance/ors 7 ! fir/ bridge-mak]s4 ,sc&9avian my?ology m5tions a bridge built by ! gods :i* 0 ( ?ree col\rs2 x 0 cle>ly int5d$ orig9ally = ! ra9b[4 ,! ,milky ,way provid$ ! ,h9doos ) a bridge2 & 9 ! ,upani%ads m5tion is made ( a pa? hav+ five col\rs4 ,"h we h ! ra9b[ aga9 probably4 ,! s\rce ( ^! leg5ds is ! in]adicable belief 9 ! he>t ( man1 t ! "h & h]eaft]1 ! immortal & ! mortal1 ! div9e & ! human1 _c rema9 ap>t = ev]4 ,"h ,i w comm5t on a /rik+ feature ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,! ri%is give acc\nts ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! hymns are compos$4 ,!y say t !y work$ at !m z o!r workm5 d1 su* z c>p5t]s1 weav]s1 & pott]s4 ,sometimes !y speak ( ! v]ses z com+ direct f ! he>t2 ano!r says 8 hymn moves z a skiff on ! riv]4 ,sometimes !y speak ( _! hymns z god-giv51 & t ! gods !mselves are se]s & poets4 ,9 no "p ( ! ,rig-,v$a are !re traces ( ! !ories ( ! v]bal inspiration ) ! mean+ :i* ! ,greeks atta*$ to ! ^w z a !ophany or manife/ation ( div9ity1 nor z x 0 und]/ood aft]w>ds 9 all religions1 beg9n+ ) ,brahmanism4 ,x w\ld be useless to seek = a complete exposition ( ,v$ic ?\ght 9 ! ,rig-,v$a2 all ! hymns f\nd 9 x are n anci5t2 ! collection 0 made by ! prie/s1 & if !y reta9$ mu* t 0 useless = our purpose 9 _! wor%ip1 yet we %\ld be v grateful to !m1 z 9 ?is mann] mu* has be5 pres]v$ to u ( ! anci5t poetry ( ,india1 & x is !y :o rec\nt ! pilgrimage und]tak5 by ! ,aryans 9 se>* ( ! invisible lode/one :i* attract$ !m beyond :at !y c\ld see & he>4 ,z !y advanc$ !y rejoic$1 seem+ to atta9 _! desire2 b ca/ d[n "u ! weight ( _! sadness1 z at times !y f\nd !mselves misl$4 ,x is said 9 ! ,bible1 t = ,god a ?\s& ye>s is z "o day1 & z ,i read ! sacr$ books ( ,india1 n z a le>n$ critic1 b z a man :o is rejoic$ to discov] 8 own ?\ghts 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,h9doo poets1 ! ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s appe> to me z "o day dur+ :i* ^! poets h n ceas$ to p\r !mselves out 9 _! hymns1 & x w\ld be possible to cond5se 9 "o page ! s5tim5ts express$ 9 ! fir/ hymns & ! la/ ,upani%ads4 8,simple m9d$1 n compreh5d+ 9 my m9d1 ,i ask = ! hidd5 places ( ! gods40#aac 8,my e>s vani%1 my eyes vani%1 & ! light also :i* dwells 9 my he>t2 my m9d ) its f>-(f long+s leaves me2 :at %all ,i say1 & :at %all ,i ?9k80#aad 8,!re is no lik5ess ( ,him ^: "n is ,great ,glory4 ,he is n appreh5d$ ( ! eye1 nor by ! o!r s5ses1 nor by spee*2 n by p5ance1 or good works4 ,we d n "k1 we d n und]/&1 h[ anyone c tea* x4 ,x is diff]5t f ! kn[n1 x is also above ! unkn[n1 ?us we h he>d f ^? ( old :o taught u ?is40 8,y w n f9d ,him :o has creat$ ^! ?+s2 some?+ else /&s betwe5 y & ,him40#aae ,^! deta*$ s5t5ces acquire a v special value1 :5 x is rememb]$ t !y are n quotations drawn f "s mod]n works1 :i* imitate ! writ+s ( ano!r epo*2 ^! exi/ n[h]e b 9 ! ,v$a1 a lit]>y "w compos$ 9 ! sil5ce & %ade1 by writ]s :o !mselves 7 ignorant ( ! object ( _! desire4 ,"o po9t at la/ becomes cle> 9 ! mi/2 a ?\s& ye>s probably be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ,pale/9e1 ?is v]se 0 pron\nc$ 9 ! nor? ( ,india1 8,he :o is above ! gods alone is ,god40#aaf ,! ,grecian1 ,roman1 & ,g]man div9ities disappe>$ be=e o!r beliefs2 b ! ,h9doos :o knew t _! gods 7 no?+ m ?an m]e names1 _h no dawn+ religion )9 _! rea* t !y c\ld adopt2 !re=e !y did n ab&on _! traditions1 & !y cont9u$ to grope1 z "o ( _! own poets says1 8,envelop$ 9 mi/ & ) falt]+ voices40 ,all ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! ,v$ic p]iod c be f\nd 9 ! ,upani%ads 7! lit]al mean+ ( ?is "n is1 sessions or assemblies ( pupils r\nd _! ma/]74 ,!re is n :at c\ld be call$ a philosophical sy/em 9 ^! ,upani%ads2 !y are fragm5ts1 & are 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 guesses at tru?2 ! _s ( ! "w is lib]al1 all %ades ( op9ion are repres5t$ 9 x1 ! mo/ div]s1 & sometimes contradictory4 ,conjectures ab\nd ) reg>d to ! creation1 all />t f ! !ory t ! _w we see is n ! true _w1 & t be=e x appe>$ !re 0 ! true ,self--! ,self-exi/5t--! ,"o :i* und]lies ! :ole _w1 f :i* has come all t seems to exi/ & does actually exi/4 ,?is 0 ! f9al solution ( ! se>* aft] ! ,unkn[n1 ! ,invisible1 :i* _h be5 =etold ?r\gh a long *a9 ( c5turies2 an intuition m conv9c+ ?an all ! argum5ts :i* 7 us$ at a lat] p]iod to prove ! exi/5ce ( ! ,causa ,caus4 ,! difficulties ( ! ,brahmans 9 mak+ a complete collection ( ^! vague pres5tim5ts1 confus$ ?\ghts1 & true intuitions1 7 increas$ a hundr$fold by ! fact t !y _h to accept e ^w & e s5t5ce ( ! ,upani%ads z sup]naturally reveal$4 ,h[ev] contradictory at fir/ sight1 all t 0 said 9 ! ,upani%ads _h to be accept$ & expla9$4 ,x w\ld seem difficult to con/ruct a well-arrang$ lit]>y monum5t out ( su* het]og5e\s mat]ials2 b x 0 h>monis$ & weld$ into a sy/em ( philosophy t = solidity & unity w be> comp>ison ) any o!r sy/em ( philosophy 9 ! _w4#aag ,?is gigantic "w1 :i* comm5c$ ) ! ,v$ic hymns & end$ 9 ! book call$ ! ,v$anta1 or ,end1 & 0 ! end or supreme object ( ! ,v$a1 is also kn[n "u ! "n ( ,mmms-sutras4 ,mmms is a desid]ative =m ( ! root man1 to ?9k1 & a v appropriate "n = a philosophical "w ( ?is k9d2 & stra means lit]ally a /r+2 b x is "h us$ z ! "n ( %ort & ab/ract aphorisms1 r5d]$ /ill m enigmatical by ! concis5ess ( ! language4 ,!re are sev]al hundr$s ( ^! say+s or head+s1 =m+ tables ( cont5ts1 a magic *aplet ( immeasurable l5g?1 ea* ^w conta9+ cond5s$ ?\ght4 ,?is "w mu/ h requir$ a conc5tration ( m9d :i* x is difficult = u to realise4 ,! mean+ & =m ( ^! aphorisms are *>act]i/ic--"h is "o4 8,i w decl>e 9 a l9e1 t :i* has requir$ millions ( volumes4 8,brahma is true1 ! _w is false2 ! s\l is ,brahma & no?+ else40 ,^? :o consid] ! ,supreme ,be+ z ! ,inf9ite 9 nature1 & ! individual s\l z ! ,inf9ite 9 man1 mu/ consid] ,god & ! s\l z "o1 n two1 see+ !re _c be two ,inf9ites2 su* is ! belief ( ! ,h9doos2 b ?is belief does n belong to !m exclusively1 x exi/$ among/ ! ,greeks1 & x is enc\nt]$ 9 o!r places 9 our day besides ,india4 ,z works ( art ^! stras are ( c\rse no?+1 b = giv+ a complete & accurate outl9e ( a :ole sy/em ( philosophy !y are admirable4 ,"u ^! fragm5t>y =ms c be f\nd treatises ( gramm>1 etymology1 exegesis1 phonetics1 c]emonial1 & jurisprud5ce4 ,! aphorism :i* ,i h quot$ is ! pure qu9tess5ce ( ! ,v$anta4 ,& ( ,pan!ism also1 x may be said4 ,?is ^w ,pan!ism is "o ( ! mo/ difficult to def9e1 & ,i %all n attempt to expla9 x4 ,i h a horror ( epi!ts1 & ,i am sorry t x is n always possible to avoid !m4 ,i d n exam9e philosophical sy/ems too m9utely1 le/ ,i %\ld be drawn into hurl+ at !m su* words z pan!ism1 my/icism1 positivism1 mat]ialism1 naturalism1 )\t be+ q cle> :5 x is no long] lawful to express myself 9 ^! t]ms2 epi!ts & labels are v apt to return home to roo/4 ,i w !re=e conf9e myself to ?is rem>k1 ) reg>d to ! belief ( ! ,h9doos2 if ea* def9ite col\r c be brok5 up into a numb] ( t9ts too num]\s to "n1 may x n be ! same ) c]ta9 %ades & mean+s 9 words & ?\ghts8 ,! ,greeks h>dly suspect$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,v$a2 9 m mod]n times ,europe caught glimpses ( x2 & n[1 al?\gh completely discov]$ & /udi$1 x is ?or\ghly kn[n only to a few erudite s*ol>s1 :i* expla9s ! fact t ?is anci5t creation ( ! ,h9doo m9d has ex]cis$ s small an influ5ce on our philosophy4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,writ+s ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews ,:il/ ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 ) _! simple m$itations1 invocations & int]rogations--s5t out by *ance1 z x 71 into space--accurately trace ! m>* ( ?\ght :i* accompanies ! se>* = indications ( ! ,unkn[n--! ,inf9ite2 we look 9 va9 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = ! fir/ dawn+s1 ! fir/ impressions made on ! human s\l by ! exi/5ce ( ?+s div9e4 ,f ! "t :51 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 ,adam & ,eve ent]$ into communion ) ! ,et]nal1 ! sacr$ n>rative ( facts1 evid5tly hi/orical1 cont9ues 9 su* a mann] z to h l$ "s to reg>d x z m]ely allegorical4 ,to v]ify 9 ! light ( sci5tific k ! titles :i* ! ,bible c truly pres5t to ! v5]ation ( ! ,*ri/ian _w appe>s to "s m & m advisable4#aah ,few p]sons among/ ! critical /ud5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t d\bt t ! books said to be by ,moses are a collection ( anci5t docum5ts1 a compilation made by diff]5t individuals liv+ at diff]5t p]iods1 ) long int]vals betwe5 !m1 ea* ) 8 own po9t ( view4 ,! consci5ti\s exam9ation to :i* ^! portions ( ! sacr$ writ+s h be5 subject$ 0 direct$ at fir/ to isolat$ po9ts1 & 9 ord] to ex]cise freely ! critical faculties s mu* 9 evid5ce n[1 x 0 necess>y to modify ! g5]ally accept$ view t ! religion ( ! ,jews 0 ca/ 9 "o piece1 & p]fect at ! fir/4 ,x 0 necess>y to sep>ate ! anci5t docum5ts f ^? ( a m rec5t date1 b ! attempt to make an exact *ronological table ( ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews 0 ab&on$4 ,until ! dea? ( ,solomon only r\nd numb]s c\ld be us$1 ev5 ! date ( ! olde/ fact 9 hi/ory1 ! exodus ( ! ,jewi% p f ,egypt1 _c def9itely be fix$4 ,among/ ! ,egyptologi/s1 ^: te/imony is ( ! greate/ value1 !re is great hesitation 9 assign+ a date1 ?\gh ! great] numb] hold to ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,_! repres5tations ) reg>d to ,moses are s devoid ( def9ite hi/orical data z to envelop 8 p]sonality 9 great my/]y4 ,! idea ( a revelation expressly deliv]$ to ! ,jewi% p acquir$ a m def9ite =m 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 & f ! ,re=mation ! !ory 0 promulgat$1 among/ ^? to :om ! idea 0 n repugnant1 t to a small portion ( humanity only--! elect--_h be5 consign$ ! task ( dissem9at+ ! k ( religi\s tru? 9 ! _w4 ,! /udy ( ! ,scriptures spread to all classes :]e x 0 n =bidd5 to ! laity1 & f t "t millions ( human be+s knew no o!r lit]ature4 ,assur$ t ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9$ ! inspir$ words1 ,jews & ,*ri/ians alike read x ) feel+s ( rev]5ce :i* naturally exclud$ all idea ( capti\s criticism4 ,b ! _s ( biblical criticism :i* animat$ ! re=m]s 0 nev] aft]w>ds ext+ui%$1 & att5tive read]s discov]$ v>iations 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,p5tateu* :i* at t "t 7 inexplicable4 ,! fact t ! ,bible conta9$ _m n>ratives :i* c\ld n always be reconcil$ ! "o ) ! o!r 0 kn[n long be=e ! p]iod ( :i* we are speak+4 ,/ ,j]ome1 :5 feel+ ! want ( m accurate ,greek & ,lat9 translations ?an ^? 9 use 9 8 "t1 und]took to make "o1 & wrote ?us to a fri5d ( 81 a prie/3 8,re-read ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 & y w f9d s _m contradictions 9 ! numb]s ref]r+ to ! ye>s1 & to ! k+s ( ,judah & ,israel1 t x w\ld require a man ( leisure r ?an a /ud5t to ent] ?or\ghly into ! matt]40#aai ,side by side ) ?is hi/orical recon/ruction :i* is n[ c>ri$ on1 !re is a "w ( exam9ation be+ pursu$4 ,x is ask$ by :at means did ! ,jewi% p become s /rong1 s compact1 :il/ 9 ! mid/ ( /range nations1 & 9 spite ( all vicissitudes4 ,x is also ask$ :at 0 ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 & :e!r x is due to ! sup]natural elem5t t ! tribes assembl$ at ! base ( ,m\nt ,s9ai 7 enabl$ to become an unit$ p2 &1 f9ally1 ^! ke5 que/ion]s desire to "k ! /ages by :i* ! conception ( ! ,deity ent]$ ! ,semitic m9d4 ,! s*ol>s :o give !mselves to ^! enquiries1 g5]ally elim9ate ! "q ( popul> or?odoxy f ! subject1 s9ce !y consid] t :5 !oretical !ology f9ds its way among/ su* work]s x does n assi/ rese>*2 x confuses _! po9t ( view2 !y look ^u ! :ole race z becom+ prophets1 & ! prophets become apo/les1 & ?us1 out ( proportion4 ,! "w advances sl[ly2 ea* critic puts =? 8 own special lucubrations conc]n+ ! biblical sett+s :i* all are naturally anxi\s to reta92 cont5tions are rife on ! subject ( ! ,hebrew writ]s2 _! lack ( ,*ri/ianity1 & _! philosophy are bo? made matt]s = discussion1 & disputes betwe5 ! comm5tators did n cease4 ,among/ ^? :o are passive witnesses ( ! sci5tific inve/igations1 !re are _m :o1 )\t closely foll[+ ?is mod]n exegesis1 are suffici5tly enlight5$ to recognise its aim & its use1 & !y exclaim ) a satisfaction mix$ ) a/oni%m5t1 8,:atev] may be said "o fact rema9s c]ta91 our holy ,scriptures speak ( ,god z ,god1 ! ,creator ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 z ,he mo/ truly is1 !re=e ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! product ( ! ,semitic m9d1 is free f ! ta9t :i* is p]ceptible 9 anci5t ,aryan lit]ature1 t ( my?ology40 ,let u seek ! reason ( ?is immunity accord$ to ! sacr$ books ( ! ,hebrews1 let u seek x 9 ! language1 n ap>t f x1 z "s d :5 look+ = ! orig9 ( ?\ght4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,names ,,( ,,god ,accord+ to ! hi/orians :o h made a /udy ( ! anci5t religions1 ea* "n giv5 to or descriptive ( a deity correspond$ to a special conception =m$ by ! p4 ,?is has be5 a g5]ally receiv$ pr9ciple1 & x s]ves z a clue to guide u 9 our /udy ( primitive cre$s4 ,! ,semitic languages1 l ! ,aryan1 possess$ a numb] ( names ( ! ,deity 9 common1 all expressive ( c]ta9 g5]al qualities ( ! ,deity1 b all rais$ by "o or o!r ( ! ,semitic tribes to be ! names ( ,god1 or ( t idea :i* ! fir/ brea?1 ! fir/ sight ( ! _w1 ! feel+ ( absolute dep5d5ce on a p[] beyond ourselves1 _h = ev] impress$ & implant$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,^! names 7 all ei!r honorific titles1 or repres5t$ "s moral qualities4 ,el & ,el-,s*adai--,/rong1 ,p[]ful2 ,bel or ,baal--,"l2 ,adon or ,adonai--my ,"l1 ,ma/]2 ,melk or ,molo*--,k+2 ,eliun--! ,highe/ ,god4 ,su* names z ^!1 s cle> & easily und]/ood1 did n readily l5d !mselves to my?ological contagion1 & !y 7 adopt$ by ,*ri/ian phraseology because !y conta9$ no?+ b :at might be rightly ascrib$ to ,god4 ,i c\ld h wi%$ to pass ov] ! "n ,eloha1 :i* ev5tually became ,elohim1 9 sil5ce1 z its hi/ory is a long "o1 b ,i %all say a few words ab\t x1 z x is "o ( ! mo/ primitive names1 & indicates to u :at ! ,semites und]/ood by div9e4 ,! "n ,elohim1 appli$ to an unkn[n1 invisible p[]1 "o n grasp$ by ! s5ses1 0 ! expression ( all t 0 sup]ior & beyond :at 0 se5 & kn[n on ! e>?4 ,at ! same "t ! "n 0 us$ n exclusively = ! ,deity1 b = o!rs ^: attributes1 :e!r physical or moral1 dem&$ a sup]lative appellative 444 !re 7 ?us sev]al ,elohims ( v>y+ natures1 ! ,semitic t]m9ation 9 im turn+ ,eloha into a plural1 /ill always took a s+ul> v]b aft] x1 & ,elohim or ! ,elohim 7pl47 7 bo? us$4 ,if a comp>ison be made betwe5 ! ,semitic & ,aryan me?ods ( treat+ ! same subjects1 ! ass]tion seems amply ju/ifi$ t my?ology has n v5tur$ to effect an entrance into ! ?\ghts ( ! ,hebrew writ]s4 ,if ! subject ,dawn be tak51 x w\ld rema9 ) ! ,semitic au?ors a natural daily occurr5ce1 b ! ,aryan writ]s w\ld trans=m x into a p]sonal ag5t tak+ ! =m ( graci\s1 k9dly my?ical p]sonages4 ,an example pres5ts itself 9 ! book ( ,job4 ,jehovah1 ! ,creator ( ! univ]se1 8answ]$ ,job out ( ! :irlw9d10 :o _h s\ght to le>n ! secrets ( nature4 ,jehovah said to him3-- 8,ha/ ?\ comm&$ ! morn+ s9ce ?y days began1 & caus$ ! dayspr+ to "k its place8 8,decl>e if ?\ kn[e/ x all4 8,:]e is ! way to ! dwell+ ( light2 & z = d>kness1 :]e is ! place !re(8 8,d\btless ?\ kn[e/1 = ?\ wa/ !n born4 ,& ! numb] ( ?y days is great40 7,job xxxviii4 #ab1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba74 ,?is is dawn 9 biblical language & 9 nature2 b :o w\ld recognise x "u ! figure ( ,daphne1 ,eos1 or ,ahana8 ,all ( :om h s ex]cis$ ! bra9s ( our my?ologi/s4 ,b ,jehovah drives /ill m deeply ! po9t ( ,8 disc\rse into ! consci5ce ( ,job4 8,:o ha? cleft a *annel = ! wat] flood1 to cause x to ra9 on a l& :]e no man is8 8,ha? ! ra9 a fa!r8 8,or :o ha? begott5 ! drops ( dew8 8,can/ ?\ lift up ?y voice to ! cl\ds1 t abundance ( wat]s may cov] !e80 7,job xxxviii4 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #cd74 ,! ,aryans _h also describ$ ! ra91 & _! ?\ghts on ! subject co9cid$ ) ^? ( ! ,semitic race1 b !y 7 clo!d 9 ! grotesque language g5]ally associat$ ) my?s4 8,! ra9 is repres5t$ 9 all ! primitive my?ologies ( ! ,aryan race z ! fruit ( ! embraces ( ,heav5 & ,e>?40#abj ,?is is an advance t[>ds ! poetical metaphor :i* s*ylus at a lat] date ?us express$3 8,! bright sky loves to fructify ! e>?2 ! e>? on h] "p aspires to ! heav5ly m>riage4 ,ra9 fall+ f ! lov+ sky impregnates ! e>?1 & %e produces = mortals h] fruit40 ,x is necess>y to possess a some:at pr(\nd k ( ! morphological *>act]i/ics ( ! ,semitic & ,aryan languages 9 ord] to note accurately ! p>ticul>s to :i* ,i h drawn att5tion1 & to und]/& ! am\nt ( influ5ce !y ex]cise on religi\s phraseology4 ,,! ,,g5ius ,,( ,,languages ,ea* l+ui/ic family has special features1 j z ea* race has its own physiognomy2 ! di/9ctive feature ( ! ,semitic languages is t ! significative elem5ts de/9$ to =m appellatives1 :5 once incorporat$ z roots 9 ! body ( a ^w1 suff]$ no modification1 & ! orig9al mean+ c\ld nev] be ignor$4 ,?us all ,semitic names = ! dawn1 ! sun1 ! vault ( heav51 ! ra91 & o!r natural ph5om5a1 pres]v+ _! appellative "*1 c\ld n be us$ = any o!r object2 ?us !y c\ld nev] express an ab/ract idea1 su* z t ( ! ,deity4 ,! me?od foll[$ ) reg>d to ! arrangem5t ( words 9 ! great] numb] ( ,semitic diction>ies1 :i* are g5]ally arrang$ accord+ to _! roots1 atte/ ! tru? ( ?is fact4 ,:5 we wi% to f9d ! mean+ ( a ^w 9 ,hebrew or ,arabic1 we fir/ seek = its root1 & !n look 9 ! diction>y = t root & its d]ivatives4 ,9 simil> languages no ambiguity is possible2 no?+ l5ds itself to my?s4 ,9 ! ,aryan languages1 on ! contr>y1 su* an arrangem5t w\ld h be5 extremely inconv5i5t2 "h ! roots 7 apt to become s completely absorb$ by ! d]ivative elem5ts1 :e!r prefixes or suffixes1 t (t5 sub/antives ceas$ almo/ imm$iately to be appellative1 & 7 *ang$ into m]e names or prop] names2 ?is peculi>ity ( ! language enabl$ ! ,h9doos to =m su* words z ,dyaus1 ,aditi1 ,v>una1 ,indra1 :i* at fir/ designate v>i\s aspects ( nature1 & aft]w>ds 7 appli$ to diff]5t aspects ( div9ities4 ,! prec$+ pages h af=d$ u _m examples1 & ,i hope t ! comp>ison ,i h drawn betwe5 ! two repres5tations ( ! same object w suffice to expla9 :y x is t we possess a ,grecian & ,h9doo my?ology1 b t !re 0 no ,hebrew my?ology4 ,,metaphor ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,old ,te/am5t is full ( metaphor--^! pe>ls ( disc\rse2 ^! expressions s light & effective 9 ! m\?s ( poets z !y skim ov] ! surface ( ! subject 9 h&1 b :i* we make s pond]\s & ungraceful ) our lit]al int]pretations4 ,:5 ,david speaks ( ,god z a rock1 a =tress1 a buckl]1 we h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ 8 mean+1 al?\gh we might express ourselves diff]5tly1 & probably speak ( ! ev]-pres5t help ( ,god4 ,:]e we allude to a temptation f )9 or f )\t1 x 0 m natural = ! anci5ts to speak ( a tempt]1 :e!r 9 a human or animal =m4 ,:at ) u is a heav5ly message or a gods5d 0 to !m a w+$ mess5g]4 ,:at is really meant is p]haps ! same1 & ! fault is ours1 n !irs1 if we p]si/ 9 und]/&+ _! words 9 _! outw>d & mat]ial aspect only2 & =get t be=e language _h sanction$ a di/9ction betwe5 ! concrete & ! ab/ract1 ! int5tion ( ! speak]s compreh5d$ bo? ! concrete & ! ab/ract1 bo? ! mat]ial & ! spiritual1 9 a mann] :i* has become q /range to u4#aba ,i believe x c be prov$ t m ?an half ! difficulties 9 ! hi/ory ( religion owe _! orig9 to ?is con/ant mis9t]pretation ( anci5t language by mod]n language1 ( anci5t ?\ght by mod]n ?\ght1 p>ticul>ly :5ev] ! ^w has become m sacr$ ?an ! _s4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,"n ,,= ,,god ,,among/ ,,! ,,hebrews ,ea* div9e "n m5tion$ hi!rto repres5t$ a quality or an attribute2 we n[ come to "o ( comp>atively m rec5t date1 :i* conta9s nei!r attribute nor similitude2 x is m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t 9 a conv]sation betwe5 ,god & ,moses4 ,god speaks f ! burn+ bu%1 & tells ,moses to br+ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel out ( ,egypt4 8,& ,moses said unto ,god3 ,behold1 :5 ,i come unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel & %all say unto !m3 #8,! ,god ( y\r fa!rs ha? s5t me unto y'2 & !y %all say to me3 #8,:at is ,8 "n8' :at %all ,i say unto !m8 ,& ,god said unto ,moses3 #8,i ,am t ,i ,am4' ,& he said3 #8,?us %alt ?\ say unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ,i ,,am ha? s5t me unto y'0 7,exod4 iii4 #ad1 #ae74 ,god 9 speak+ ( ,himself said3 8,i ,am t ,i ,am10 or1 8,i ,am02 b man 9 designat+ ,god us$ ! ^w ,jehovah4 ,! etymology ( ?is ^w 0 s\ght1 & x 0 reg>d$ by _m1 rightly or wrongly1 z a d]ivative ( ! v]b to be4 ,jehovah 0 ?us--absolute exi/5ce1 or ! ,be+4 8,& ,god spake unto ,moses & said unto him3 #8,i am ,jehovah2 & ,i appe>$ unto ,abraham1 unto ,isaac1 & unto ,jacob z ,el ,%addai1 b by my "n ,jehovah ,i 0 n kn[n to !m'0 7,exodus vi4 #b1 #c74 ,writ]s are n[ g5]ally agre$ t ,jehovah %\ld be pron\nc$ ,jahveh4 ,r5an notices ?is /rik+ fact4 8,! "n ( ,god :i* has conqu]$ ! _w10 he says1 8is unkn[n to all :o are n ,hebrai/s1 & ev5 !y d n "k h[ to pron\nce x40 ,by a sup]/ition :i* "s writ]s trace back to a v remote p]iod1 ! ,israelites consid]$ ! "n :i* ,god _h us$ ( ,himself to be too sacr$ to be utt]$ by human lips2 gradually its use 0 discont9u$2 & ! "n ,"l 0 us$ 9 its place4 ,al?\gh ! names ( ,god all indicat$ ! "o true ,god1 !y did n pres]ve ! *ildr5 ( ,israel f poly!ism1 s9ce !re 0 h>dly a tribe t did n =get ! orig9al mean+ ( ! titles us$4 ,if ! ,jews _h rememb]$ ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,el1 !y c\ld n h wor%ipp$ ,baal z di/9ct f ,el2 b 9 ! same way z ! ,greeks connect$ ! wor%ip ( ,apollos & ,uranus ) t ( ,zeus1 s ! ,jews 7 ready at times to invoke ! gods ( _! neighb\rs4 ,x is n t ! e>li] names ( ! ,deity conta9$ no second mean+ z qualificative adjective2 ,=ce1 = in/ance1 c\ld be symbolis$1 b ! idea ( absolute exi/5ce express$ by ! words1 8,i ,am10 exclud$ all symbol & all lik5esses4 ,! ,jews did n pr(it by ?is pres]vative f error2 on ! contr>y1 ) ! adv5t 9 ,israel ( ?is new conception ( ! ,deity1 ! p>tial eclipse :i* s (t5 obscur$ _! reason seems at times to h giv5 place to "o m complete4 ,z soon z ,moses _h con/itut$ !m a nation1 !y appe> to h look$ ^u ,god z a national ,god1 ignor+ ,8 relation%ip ) o!r peoples4 ,! sali5t po9t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is ! relation ( ,god ) ,8 p1 an alliance or cov5ant betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel ( :i* ! ra9b[ became ! fir/ type4 ,?reat5+s & promises en=c$ ! keep+ ( ! moral law1 ! good & evil ?+s ( ?is life2 if ,israel obey$ ! ,"l & kept ,8 comm&m5ts1 ! fields w\ld yield _! crops1 ! trees _! fruits1 & peace w\ld reign 9 ! l&2 if !y 7 disob$i5t1 ! heav5 w\ld become brass1 & fam9e & pe/il5ce w\ld decimate ! p1 & ! re/ w\ld be l$ captive by =eign k+s4 ,al?\gh no def9ite ass]tion conc]n+ ! immortality ( ! s\l may be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a belief 9 p]sonal immortality is tak5 = grant$ 9 sev]al passages1 & m5tion is frequ5tly made ( an abode 9 :i* ! spirits rema9 aft] _! sep>ation f ! body1 t is ,%eol1 9 :i* joy & suff]+ are equally unkn[n4 ,! picture drawn by ,david 9 "s ( ! ,psalms1 ( ! abode ( ! dep>t$ is sad & desolate4 ,?\gh ! ^w is n meant = an individual grave1 ?is idea may h be5 borr[$ f x2 ! mean+ is t ( a va/ space 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?2 ! dead lie d[n & are toge!r & at re/1 b sep>at$ n only f man b also f ,god4 ,! ,hebrews naturally m\rn$ & compassionat$ _! dead mo/ s9c]ely4 8,alas my fa!r1 alas my "m1 my poor *ildr540 ,b :y %\ld we ,aryans1 ^: language is n alli$ philologically ) ! ,semitic1 copy _! phrases8 ,:y %\ld we ,*ri/ians1 :o are n l9k$ to !m by dogma1 all[ ourselves to use ! same hopeless expressions1 in/ead ( words in/9ct ) life & hope8 ,,on ,,! ,,prophets 7,n,,bh7 ,! ph5om5on ( prophecy1 "o ( ! e>li] developm5ts ( ! human m9d1 has be5 f\nd among/ all peoples1 at "o "t or o!r ( _! hi/ory4 ,c]ta9 spontane\s psy*ical movem5ts dom9at$ m54 ,! important rle play$ by ! oracles 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greece1 is well kn[n2 ! ,greeks class$ bo? ! prie/s :o int]pret$ ! auguries1 & ^? p]sons :o consid]$ !mselves inspir$ by ! gods & claim$ a k ( hidd5 ?+s1 "u ! "n ( prophets1 indiff]5tly4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria1 :5 writ+ ! ,septuag9t1 translat$ ! ,hebrew ^w ,nbh by prophet4 ,z among/ ,hebrai/s ! ^w ,nbh does n necess>ily imply ! p[] ( =etell+ ! future1 :il/ ! ^w prophet conveys t mean+1 x might h be5 well to employ bo? t]ms4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w ,nbh seems to h be5 8agitat$ outbur/s40 ,^! m5 seem to h pass$ ?r\gh a phase ( n]v\s exaltation be=e beg9n+ _! exhortations2 :5 once !y _h />t$ _! outp\r+s !y no long] _h control ov] _! _s's impulse2 & 7 (t5 physically pro/rat$1 %[+ signs ( an ov]p[]+ compell+ physical =ce1 div9ely irresi/ible4 ,^! ,nbhs1 :o appe>$ on ! occasion ( any crisis1 :5 ! welf>e ( ! public 0 at /ake1 7 at ! head ( popul> movem5ts1 giv+ !m a "r direction2 !y 7 ! fir/ to rise aga9/ ! oppression ( ! rul+ p[]s1 & ?\s&s ( !m p]i%$ 9 mis]y4 ,isaiah lik5s !m to s5t9els1 or wat*m5 always on ! al]t1 wat*+ ) eyes fix$ on ! horizon1 *>g$ ) ! duty ( s\nd+ ! al>m on ! approa* ( dang]4 8,"o calle? unto me out ( ,seir2 ,wat*man1 :at ( ! night8 ,wat*man1 :at ( ! night80 ,?is same ,isaiah comp>es ! neglig5t prophets to 8dumb dogs1 t _c b>k1 ly+ d[n1 lov+ to slumb]40 ,_! prea*+ mu/ h be5 v p[]ful2 ,lu!r1 9 speak+ ( ! prophecies ( ,isaiah1 says1 8,e ^w is a furnace40 ,until n[ ,jehovah _h by ! m\? ( ! ,nbhs address$ ! p z a nation2 ! individual 0 n s+l$ out4 ,b imp]ceptibly a *ange took place2 new indications pres5t$ !mselves4 ,in/ead ( ! ord]1 8,slay1 slay10 mild] acc5ts 7 he>d2 x 0 z ?\gh he>t spoke to he>t3 8,:]e) %all ,i come be=e ! ,"l1 & b[ myself be=e ! high ,god8 ,%all ,i come be=e ,him ) burnt (f]+s2 ) calves ( a ye> old8 ,%all ,i give my fir/born = my transgression1 ! fruit ( my body = ! s9 ( my s\l8 ,he ha? %[$ !e1 ,o man1 :at is good2 & :at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1 b to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy0 7,micah vi474 ,! individual becomes m evid5t2 l ! ri%is1 ,elijah s\ght ! ,"l2 & he came to ,m\nt ,horeb3 8,& a great & /rong w9d r5t ! m\nta9s1 & brake 9 pieces ! rocks be=e ! ,"l2 b ! ,"l 0 n 9 ! w9d2 & aft] ! w9d an e>?quake2 b ! ,"l 0 n 9 ! e>?quake2 & aft] ! e>?quake a fire2 b ! ,"l 0 n 9 ! fire2 & aft] ! fire a /ill small voice10 ,i imag9e t ,elijah said to himself3 8,t /ill small voice is = me40 ,!re 7 9 c]ta9 places assemblies ( ,nbhs1 & s*ools 9 :i* ! "y prophets 7 tra9$ 9 rhetoric & 9 compos+ disc\rses2 = ?\gh "s improvis$1 o!rs--among/ !m probably ,isaiah--previ\sly wrote _! messages4 ,all us$ a rhy?mical language ak9 to poetry2 ! tea*+ ( music no d\bt =m$ a "p ( _! education1 s9ce we "k t ! s\nd ( music help$ to produce ! ec/asy :i* result$ 9 prophesy4#abb ,! gift seems to h be5 to "s ext5t contagi\s4 ,prophets 7 f\nd 9 b&s1 prophesy+1 & foll[$ by musicians4 ,dur+ ! eight c5turies prec$+ our era1 a succession ( t]rible calamities took place4 ,! ,nbhs upheld ! c\rage ( ! p by _! immovable conviction t ! ,"l w\ld s5d a lead]1 & deliv]] ( ! p f _! enemies4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ( ?is "t ,israel1 ?\gh (t5 despair+ & sometimes 9 revolt1 resi/$ d\bt2 an unkn[n ph5om5on among/ ! hea!ns ( antiquity4 ,t :i* /rikes u z s inexplicable is t ,judaism %[$ itself capable ( su* prodigies ( devotion & self-sacrifice1 ?\gh s little su/a9$ by ! bright glimpses ( ! future life4 ,! ,elohim ) :om ! patri>*s ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob 7 p]mitt$ to hold int]c\rse1 appe>$ m accessible to ! ,israelites ?an ! mighty ,jehovah ( :om !y 7 =bidd5 to make an image4 ,! m we contemplate ! inf9ite gr&eur ( ! maje/y ( ,god1 ( :om !re is no similitude1 ^: "n is 8,i ,am10 to :om1 accord+ to ,f5elon1 ev5 ! ^w _s is inapplicable1 & ( :om1 accord+ to ,desc>tes & ,bossuet1 no?+ may be said b ?is1 8,! ,be+10 ! m x seems possible to fe>1 to rev]5ce ,him2 b to love 9 ^? days seem$ difficult--love 0 r>ely se54 ,i desir$ to "k :at ! be/ & mo/ pr(\nd ?9k]s c\ld say on ! ties unit+ !m ) _! ,creator1 ^? :o _h exp]i5c$ ! action ( ! ,div9e love 9 !mselves4 ,at ! same "t ,i det]m9$ to emphasise z little z possible ! v>i\s =ms ^! ?\ghts might we>1 :e!r 9 philosophical sy/ems or 9 religions :i* _h be5 f\nd$ or organis$ 9 ! visible ,*ur*4 ,among/ ! ?9k]s :o h occupi$ !mselves ) ^! matt]s1 ,i w m5tion "o :o1 ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago1 0 look$ ^u z a dang]\s h]etic4 ,s9ce t "t ,b>u* ,sp9oza has be5 ana!matis$ z an a!i/1 & v5]at$ z a sa9t2 aft]w>ds he 0 decl>$ by c]ta9 philosoph]s to be no a!i/1 b 0 c\nt$ z a ,pan!i/4 ,9 our day he is kn[n to be less ( a ,pan!i/ ?an 0 ?\ght4 ,%r9k+ f su* epi!ts1 :i* di/urb my judgm5t1 ,i w n ent] into ! "q z to :i* approa*es m ne>ly to ! tru?4 ,i spoke once aft] ?is mann] to "s fri5ds ( m9e1 9 ! pres5ce ( "o :om ,i _h n se5 be=e4 8,y are too diffid5t10 he said to me1 8,i w give y a safegu>d aga9/ obscurity ( judgm5t4 ,read any sy/em ( philosophy y l1 y w d\btless discov] t error pr$om9ates 9 x2 put x aside = ! "t be+ & read ano!r1 make ! r\nd ( sev]al sy/ems4 ,) ea* y\r fir/ impression w probably be r5ew$4 ,aft] t g ov] ea* 9 y\r m9d1 n 9 detail1 b tak+ ea* 9 its entirety4 ,y w f9d t y c po9t out a c]ta9 tru?1 "o tru? :i* w h occurr$ 9 all4 ,let ?is gradually exp& 9 y\r m9d )\t unduly =c+ x2 y w h =gott5 ! epi!ts us$1 & w f9d "o dom9ant note :i* w enlight5 y\r judgm5t40 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,sp9oza int]pret$ ! sacr$ writ+s ( 8 race has p]haps n attract$ suffici5t att5tion4 ,8 mo/ important "w f ?is po9t ( view has ! some:at repellant title ( ,tractatus !ologico-politicus4 ,x is diffuse & heavy1 & its translators h n succe$$ 9 r5d]+ x m agreeable4 ,x is v difficult to grasp 9 detail1 z omissions & res]vations ab\nd4 ,,! ,,views ,,( ,,sp9oza ,:5 read+ ,sp9oza x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d--:i* is n easy--t he is nei!r a hea!n philosoph] nor a ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur* nor a mod]n critic1 b a le>n$ ,jew1 liv+ 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,i w try to reproduce 8 op9ions 9 8 own words1 & endeav\r to keep !m uncontam9at$1 z f> z possible1 ) ! views ( ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,sp9oza ass]ts pla9ly t he receives ! ,bible z an inspir$ book2 9 ?is he p]haps diff]s f "s ( our m rec5t exegetes :o exam9e ! ,bible z any o!r lit]>y "w ( hi/ory & morality4 ,*ri/ians gr[ up 9 ! tru? t ! ,bible conta9s ! ,^w ( ,god1 & !y claim t _! tea*+ has its basis 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b o!rs h argu$ ?us3 ,:at d ^! "k ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews8 ,!y d n und]/& ! language ( _! writ+s1 & !y _c say :at caus$ ^? sublime tea*]s ( ! p1 ! prophets1 to speak on su* & su* an occasion1 9 su* & su* a mann]4 ,be+ ignorant on all ^! po9ts x is possible t int]pretations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t may h l$ u into error4 ,! exi/5ce ( :at are n[ call$ ! laws ( nature be+ unkn[n 9 ^? f>-(f days1 ! ,hebrews 7 unable to recognise second>y or m$iate causes2 ! book ( ,job is an example ( ?is4 ,god int]v5es p]sonally on ea* occasion4 ,our att5tion is direct$ solely to two po9ts3 man :o suff]s1 t is1 :o cons5ts or is 9 revolt1 & ,god :o wills or wills n4 ,z ev]y?+ )\t exception is plac$ 9 direct relation%ip ) ,god 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 all is said to emanate f ,god2 ! c$>s ( ,lebanon are ! c$>s ( ,god2#abc m5 ( great /ature1 ! giants1 are call$ 9 ,g5esis sons ( ,god2 ! k ( nature & ( natural ?+s :i* ,solomon possess$ is call$ ! wisdom ( ,god2 ! discretion ( a judge & ! ga9s ( a m]*ant are ! gifts ( ,god2 ,assyria is ! sc\rge ( ,god1 & ! lightn+ ,8 arr[s4 ,& ,sp9oza asks3 :y are ! *ildr5 ( ,israel call$ ,god's *os5 p8 ,because ! ,"l1 hav+ deliv]$ !m out ( ,ph>aoh's h&s1 l$ !m into ! l& ( ,canaan1 :]e !y liv$ "u ! laws reveal$ to ,moses1 to :i* ! surr\nd+ nations 7 n subject4 8,i w be y\r ,god1 & ye %all be ,my p10 ,jehovah _h said by ! m\? ( ,moses4 ,?is 0 ! cov5ant conclud$ on ,m\nt ,s9ai betwe5 ! ,"l ,god & ! ,jewi% nation4 ,^! laws1 :i* 7 at ! same "t civil & religi\s1 7 includ$ "u ! g5]al t]m1 ! ,law ( ! ,"l1 & ! ,book conta9+ ^! precepts 0 call$ ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,accord+ to an anci5t tradition1 ,god reveal$ to ,noah sev5 precepts :i* correspond$ to comm&m5ts giv5 g5]ally to all mank9d )\t di/9ction ( race2 !re 0 ?us p]haps a revelation giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( "t1 ev5 be=e ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! prophets1 ,moses2 & ?is revelation ! patri>*s knew4 ,! light :i* light5s e man born into ! _w impress$ ^! fir/ precepts on ! human he>t2 to ! ,jewi% race x seem$ p]haps improbable t a div9e law n promulgat$ by a human m\? nor deliv]$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( ,israel1 c\ld be impos$ on man2 z ,moses 0 p]mitt$ to he> ,god's voice among/ ! lightn+s & ?und]s1 ! ,israelites consid]$ !mselves on a high] level ?an ! re/ ( humanity1 & held 9 less e/eem et]nal v]ities :i* 7 ! possession ( all mank9d4 ,moses told !m t aft] 8 dea? ,god w\ld raise up a prophet among/ !m on condition t !y %\ld keep ,8 ,cov5ant & ,8 ,comm&m5ts to d !m1 & he w>n$ !m ( ! consequ5ces ( break+ ^!3 8,i te/ify aga9/ y ?is day t ye %all surely p]i%40 ,we f9d ! second revelation 9 ! books ascrib$ to ,moses2 writt5 9 our memory z di/9ctly z 9 ! ,bible2 x has s entirely eclips$ ! fir/ t ! great] numb] ( u d n rememb] ev] to h he>d ( ! sev5 precepts ( ,noah4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,moses1 prophets succe$$ ea* o!r 9 ,israel2 all f ! fir/ to ! la/ ackn[l$g$ t !y receiv$ ! revelation ei!r by symbols or illu/rations1 or by ! ^w2 _! eyes saw c]ta9 objects & _! e>s he>d ! explanation ( :at !y saw4 ,ezekiel1 l ,moses1 saw ,god "u ! appe>ance ( a flam+ fire2 ,daniel saw ,him z ! 8,anci5t ( ,days1 ^: g>m5t 0 :ite z sn[02 ! disciples ( ,*ri/ saw ! ,_s ( ,god "u ! =m ( a dove2 ! ,apo/les z tongues ( fire2 & ,saul1 at ! mom5t ( 8 conv]sion1 recognis$ x 9 a bright light1 & ^! visions 7 always accompani$ by words4 ,! prophets rise above ! level ( o!r m5 by ! int5sity ( _! fai?1 & by _! vivid imag9ation2 b imag9ation is mobile1 & _! ec/atic conditions 7 n p]man5t2 h[ c\ld !y feel assur$ ( be+ 9 direct communication ) ! ,"l ,himself8 ,!y 7 s lack+ 9 assurance t !y (t5 requir$ "s palpable sign1 ?us did ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,gideon & _m o!rs4 ,ea* "t ! sign 0 grant$ to !m2 a fire desc5d+ f heav5 to consume ! (f]+2 a rod *ang$ into a s]p5t2 a heal?y h& in/antly cov]$ ) leprosy2 a fleece ( wool rema9+ dry on gr\nd t 0 wet ) dew1 & o!r miracul\s signs4 ,accord+ to ,sp9oza ! gift ( prophecy is on a l[] level ?an t ( ord9>y intellectual k :i* requires no outw>d sign ( confirmation4 ,! nature ( ! revelation dep5d$ also ^u ! temp]am5t ( ea* prophet1 on 8 education & 8 own p]sonal op9ions2 ! ,magi :o /udi$ a/ronomy & a/rology1 see+ a /> 9 ! ea/1 at once w5t 9 se>* ( ! expect$ *ild4 ,b on "o po9t all 7 agre$1 !y all said ) ,moses3 8,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?9e he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y might1 & ?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself40 ,& !y said ) ,isaiah3 8,wa% y1 make y clean1 put away ! evil ( y\r do+s1 cease to d evil1 le>n to d well1 relieve ! oppress$40 ,,ob$i5ce ,a /rik+ feature ( ,sp9oza's philosophical sy/em 0 ! basis ( ob$i5ce ^u :i* ! :ole edifice ( a religi\s life re/$2 n[ ob$i5ce presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a law4 ,z ! ,israelites seem$ incapable ( appreciat+ ! intr9sic excell5ce ( ! precepts deliv]$ to !m1 ,moses en=c$ _! fulfilm5t1 & spoke ( ,god to !m z a j & righte\s law-giv] :o w\ld rew>d ^? :o kept ! comm&m5ts & puni% ^? :o transgress$ !m4 ,& :5 ?is law 0 giv5 out1 among/ ?und]s & lightn+s1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ackn[l$g$ x ) acclaim--?\gh n always fulfill+ x--because !y 7 ! only p possess+ x4 ,at la/ ! "t came :5 x 0 possible to say3 8,! appo9t$ h\r has come40 ,! ,jewi% nation1 = ^: sake ! ,mosaic law _h be5 reveal$1 0 on ! po9t ( crumbl+ to pieces1 :5 ,*ri/ appe>$ proclaim+ ! univ]sal & div9e law4 ,*ri/ 0 no prophet 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! ^w1 s9ce nei!r ^w nor vision reveal$ ,god's ,w to ,him1 ! tru? 0 9 ,him 9 all its pl5itude1 ,8 m9d 0 id5tical ) t ( ! ,fa!r1 & ,et]nal ,wisdom took ! =m ( humanity4 ,jewi% z well z ,*ri/ian !ologians h equally contribut$ at times to obscure ! s5se ( ! ,holy ,scriptures2 !y h taught t man's reason is uns\nd & c ) difficulty p5etrate ! my/]ies ( religion2 & t ! only way1 !re=e1 0 to accept ! ,bible z infallible 9 all its details4 ,! fai?ful ext5d$ ?is doctr9e ( infallibility to e v]bal peculi>ity & fail$ to di/+ui% ! et]nal pr9ciples1 always cle>ly & simply express$ by ! prophets1 f ^? vivid illu/rations :i* enabl$ !m to speak1 )\t h9drance1 9 t]ms mo/ adapt$ = ar\s+ ! wond] & belief ( ! ord9>y he>]1 ( matt]s p] se inexpressible1 z = in/ance ( ! ,div9e ,nature4 ,sp9oza especially blames ! !ologians = hav+ introduc$ 9 _! comm5t>ies notions borr[$ f ,grecian philosoph]s1 :i* !y adapt$ to ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 clo?+ !m 9 biblical language2 ?is mixture ( div9e inspiration & subtle argum5t m & m di/urb$ pi\s s\ls :o w5t to _! ,bibles = edification only4 ,to ^? capable ( und]/&+ !m ,*ri/ reveal$ ! secrets ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god2 !y 7 ! high] tru?s ( et]nal life1 ! c\nsels ( p]fection2 to ! multitude ,he spoke 9 p>ables & gave !m comm&m5ts :i* 7 to be obey$ t !y might ent] ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! ,apo/les spread abroad ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/2 !y prea*$ ! love ( ,god ) t ( our neighb\r1 n z suffic+ 9 itself1 b z a comm&m5t spok5 9 ! "n ( ! ,life & ,passion ( our ,savi\r4 ,& !n ea* "o add$ to ^! great tru?s m9or tea*+s1 v>y+ ! subjects accord+ z !y address$ ,jews or ,g5tiles2 _m diff]5t tea*+s 7 ?us promulgat$1 giv+ rise 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* to misund]/&+s1 gradually lead+ to disputes & s*isms2 & aft] n9ete5 c5turies ( /udy ( ! subject we /ill h n arriv$ at p]fect mutual und]/&+4 ,sp9oza quotes 9 ?is connection a ,dut* prov]b3 8,ge5 kett]2 sond] lett]40 ,)\t a text1 no h]esy4 ,:5 %all we le>n t ! revelation ( ,god is n conf9$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( books1 to a c]ta9 numb] ( words8 ,x mu/ ( necessity be inscrib$ else:]e also1 s9ce words are pati5t ( m ?an "o int]pretation1 books g a/ray & are lo/1 pap] becomes mildew$ & is torn1 /ones are sma%$ ev5 9 ! h&s ( a prophet4 ,sp9oza tells u t he read & re-read ! ,holy ,scriptures ) ! greate/ c>e be=e comm5t+ on !m1 & he und]takes to demon/rate to ! ,*ri/ian gov]nm5ts ! necessity ( re=m+ ! con/itutions ( ! e/abli%$ *ur*es by replac+ a phantom ,bible by ! ,bible und]/ood 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,! sci5tific portion ( ! task w\ld n be complicat$1 s9ce ! comm&m5ts ( ,god are few 9 numb]1 9 fact !y may be r$uc$ to "o4 8,he t come? to ,god mu/ believe t ,he is1 & t ,he is a rew>d] ( !m t dilig5tly seek ,him02 & z a pro( t !y seek ,him !y mu/ practise ju/ice & *>ity2 ^! are ! f\ndations ( ! fai?1 & !y are s cle> & s simple1 t no comm5t>y !reon is ne$$1 nor are !y affect$ by any ( ! v]bal diff]5ces or inaccuracies4 ,! ecclesia/ical au?orities ?us act sometimes contr>y to ! div9e w :5 !y decl>e ^? :o are lead+ a good & virtu\s life to be ! enemies ( ,god1 simply because _! op9ions are n 9 exact con=mity ) ! !ological def9itions put =? by ! *ur*es4 ,! civil p[] ought to be able to judge ( ! belief ( its citiz5s by ! fruits !y produce1 if _! works are good1 x may be ?\ght t 9 ! eyes ( ,god _! belief is also correct1 b p]sonal !ological op9ions1 ?\gh 9 con=mity ) ! decrees p]mitt$ by ! ,*ur*1 w\ld n prevail 9 ,god's sight ov] wrong do+4 ,:5 gov]nm5ts act 9 accordance ) ^! views1 all is well--individuals1 ! nation1 & ! gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ord] to believe t ,god's ,^w may be f\nd else:]e1 x is necess>y to believe t ,he exi/s4 ,8 exi/5ce _c be kn[n2#abd we c1 h[ev]1 obta9 "s k ( x by c]ta9 means ( :i* we c "k ! reality2 !y are s real t we _c imag9e any =ce t c invalidate !m2 ^! means or notions are ! fundam5tal axioms inh]5t 9 ! human m9d1 & are ! bases ( all k2 x is to ^! t we owe ! p[] ( be+ able to di/+ui% good f evil1 & ?is faculty we may reg>d z ! =]unn] ( ! div9e revelation4 ,if we once admit ! possibility ( ^! fir/ pr9ciples--^! axioms--becom+ oblit]at$1 we %\ld !n admit a d\bt ( _! intr9sic tru?1 :i* w\ld attack & weak5 _! imm$iate conclusion1 :i* is ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 f t "t we %\ld possess no elem5t ( c]ta9ty4 ,?is is :y x has be5 said t attacks aga9/ reason are m dang]\s ?an attacks aga9/ ! fai?1 because !y de/roy ) "o bl[ ! sacr$ edifice & ! f\ndation :i* be>s x4 ,,! ,,law ,9 a sy/em :]e law is ev]y?+1 h[ does ,sp9oza und]/& ! action ( ,provid5ce8 ,m5 are accu/om$ to call t k div9e :i* surpasses ! human und]/&+1 & t ev5t miracul\s :5 ! cause is unkn[n to !m2 & no?+ bett] demon/rates to !m ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,8 p[] & ,8 provid5ce1 ?an ^? ?+s :i* appe> to !m to *ange ! ord] ( nature4 ,we sometimes %[ our ignorance by attribut+ ?+s ( :i* we are ignorant to a special int]position ( provid5ce4 ,^? :o ?9k ?us are n 9 a position to expla9 :at !y mean by ! ord] ( nature4 ,?is mann] ( view+ ?+s might well date f ! "t ( ! e>ly ,hebrews1 :o wi%$ to prove to ^? nations :o 7 n ,semitic1 & :o wor%ipp$ visible objects1 su* z ! heav5ly bodies1 t ^! 7 subord9ate deities1 subject to ! w ( ! invisible ,god1 ^: miracles on _! behalf !y relat$1 s9ce !y 7 conv9c$ t ! :ole ( nature contribut$ to ! well-be+ ( ! ,hebrew p exclusively4 ,) ,god ! und]/&+ & ! w are ! same2 to "k & to w is a s+le act2 to "k an object z x is 9 itself1 & to realise x effectively1 is a necessity inh]5t 9 ! ,div9e p]fection2 s9ce all tru?s come inevitably f ! ,div9e intellect1 ! univ]sal laws ( nature are ! et]nal decrees ( ,god4 ,if any ev5t takes place 9 nature n 9 accordance ) ^! univ]sal laws1 !n ! m9d ( ,god has n conceiv$ x2 9 o!r words1 he :o affirms t 9 a c]ta9 case ,god has act$ contr>ily to ! laws ( nature1 affirms also t ,god has act$ contr>ily to ,8 own ,div9e nature1 :i* w\ld prove ! speak]'s p]v]sity4 ,no ev5t happ5s t is n by ! w & et]nal decrees ( ,god1 ea* ev5t con=ms to laws et]nally necess>y & absolutely true4 ,to believe t ?is c\ld be o!rwise w\ld be to admit t ,god made an imp]fect nature1 & e/abli%$ laws s incomplete t !y requir$ to be ret\*$ ea* "t t !y fail$ to realise ! div9e plan1 a /range conception1 & = :i* !re is no necessity4 ,^? :o seek & f9d _! supreme happ9ess 9 ! love ( ,god1 & 9 do+ ! greate/ good1 h no wi% t nature %\ld obey !m2 !y desire to submit to nature1 kn[+ indubitably1 t ,god gov]ns all ?+s 9 accordance ) g5]al laws :i* are 9 agreem5t ) univ]sal life4 ,f ?is /atem5t x w be se5 t x is no long] a "q ( resignation--( passive submission2 man responds 9 e "p ( 8 be+ to ! supreme law :i*1 z is ! case ) all m51 leads !m bl9dly1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 unconsci\sly t[>ds happ9ess2 & causes1 9 a great nature1 su* z ,sp9oza's1 an unceas+ ef=t to ma9ta9 & to raise itself2 ! passage f excell5ce to p]fection is always accompani$ by a feel+ ( joy1 & sadness m>ks ea* backw>d /ep t[>ds imp]fection4 ,! be+--,sp9oza's monad--?us typifies p]fection1 & good1 & evil consi/s 9 ! increase or dim9ution ( ! be+4 ,! natural love ( man = life has be5 trans=m$ by ,sp9oza into law2 8 maxim is well kn[n3 ,e be+ t5ds to pres]ve its exi/5ce4 ,,! ,,law ,,9 ,,! ,,gospel ,! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are an exposition ( a long discipl9e ( ob$i5ce1 ?is makes _! p[]1 & ^? :o /udy !m )\t preconceiv$ ideas discov] ?is4 ,sp9oza di/+ui%es betwe5 ! spiritual ne$s ( ! majority ( m5 & ! m9ority1 & betwe5 ! religions :i* suit ! "o & ! o!r4 ,b all m51 )\t exception1 mu/ acquire ! religion dem&$ by all1 t is practical religion1 :i* consi/s 9 keep+ ^? comm&m5ts giv5 u 9 ! sacr$ books4 ,?is ob$i5ce s]ves to weak5 passions2 9 ! same proportion z man atta9s ?is end1 s a light1 ev] increas+ 9 purity1 illum9es 8 intellect1 & s mu* ! m does he compreh5d t true happ9ess is ! result ( virtue4 ,few m5 g beyond ?is1 or--)\t any o!r guide ?an _! reason--exp]i5ce t intellectual love ( ,god1 insep>able f ! true k ( ,god & man2 ?is love1 :5 entirely dis9t]e/$1 yields a joy :i* is n ! rew>d ( virtue1 s9ce x is "o ) virtue itself4 ,! div9e law 0 9 ! _w1 z ,/ ,john said1 be=e ! com+ ( ,moses or ( ,*ri/1 b ! _w z a :ole 0 ignorant ( x2 reason leads u to x1 & reason tells u t x leads to ! highe/ beatitude1 & t ^? :o foll[ x w n ne$ to seek any o!r4 ,b !re is "o ?+ ( :i* reason _c tell u2 ?is--t ! moral effect ( ?is univ]sal law1 :i* is obey$1 n because x is true1 necess>y & p]fect1 b simply because ,moses comm&$ ! obs]vance ( x1 by reason ( ! cov5ant made by ,god1 & because ,*ri/ comm&s x 9 ,8 own "n1 is ! p[] ( lead+ to ?is beatitude1 :i* ^? obta9 :o /rive aft] ! _s ( ,*ri/1 p]ceiv+ 9 ?is law ( ,god1 absolute tru?4 ,?is reason alone c\ld n h taught u1 x is n writt5 9 ! human he>t1 ?is we le>n 9 ! ,bible4 ,t ob$i5ce only to a tru? %\ld inevitably produce c]ta9 results c h>dly be ass]t$ ) ma!matical c]ta9ty1 s9ce ma!matical results are ! effects only ( ^? ?+s :i* c be d$uc$ f ! elem5ts conta9$ 9 !m2 b a moral c]ta9ty we c feel1 & ?is 0 ! privilege & portion ( ! prophets2 & x 0 possible1 z x 0 n contr>y to reason4 ,,biographical ,,note ,sp9oza belong$ to a family ( ,portuguese ,jews settl$ 9 ,am/]dam4 ,he l$ an exempl>y life2 he 0 poor & app>5tly cont5t to be s1 s9ce he refus$ help f 8 fri5ds1 :i* he might h accept$ ) a cle> consci5ce2 :at he obta9$ by poli%+ spectacle l5ses seems to h satisfi$ him4 ,he 0 advis$ to d$icate "o ( 8 books to ,l\is ,,xiv41 a munific5t patron ( lit]>y m51 b he did n d s4 ,e?ics--! "w to :i* he owes 8 fame--9 accordance ) 8 express wi%1 only appe>$ aft] 8 dea?1 & )\t ! "n ( ! au?or1 because1 he said1 ! tru? %\ld g =? "u no man's "n2 he fe>$ also to atta* 8 to a new s*ool ( philosophy4 ,! ,rabbis ( ,am/]dam _h long s\ght to br+ ,sp9oza into a m or?odox pa? ?an ! "o he trod2 8 idea t ! in/itution ( prophets _h be5 a s\rce ( weakness r ?an ( /r5g? to ! ,hebrew p1 ?reat5$ to develop into a =mal h]esy4 ,! appe>ance 9 #afef ( ,sp9oza's ,tractatus !ologico-politicus1 rais$ a /orm ( indignation2 x 0 ! only "w ( importance :i* he publi%$ dur+ 8 lifetime2 x 0 foll[$ by a s5t5ce ( excommunication1 read at ! gate ( ! synagogue1 & 0 9 ^! t]ms3-- 8,9 ! "n ( ! ,angels & by a decree ( ! ,sa9ts1 we ana!matise & exorcise ,b>u* ,sp9oza1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sacr$ ,books & ! six hundr$ & ?irty precepts !y conta94 ,curs$ be he by day & night2 may ! fury ( ! ,"l consume ?is man1 & may all ! mal$ictions writt5 9 ! ,book ( ! ,law light on him2 may ! ,"l de/roy him f among/ ! tribes ( ,israel2 let no man g ne> him1 nor speak to him1 nor write to him1 nor %[ him any compassion40 ,h[ eloqu5t m5 c be :5 !y are angry6 ,sp9oza left 8 native t[n on t day2 he took refuge at ! ,hague1 :]e he di$ 9 #afgg1 at =ty-f\r ye>s ( age4 ,9 read+ ! pages 9 :i* em95t critics h exam9$ ,sp9oza's sy/em1 "o seems to see n ! man ^: writ+s are kn[n1 b two diff]5t m51 or r p]haps sev]al diff]5t m52 ,i d n ?9k ev5 ! philosoph] w\ld h recognis$ himself 9 ^! rsums4 ,z has be5 notic$1 ,sp9oza is nei!r a true ,jew nor1 app>5tly1 a ,*ri/ian1 s9ce ! negation ( f9al causes is z =eign to ! _s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z 8 joy\s /oicism is to t ( ! ,new2 "s h rememb]$ ! words ( ,novalis3 8,sp9oza is inebriat$ ) ,god40 ,!y add$ t ) him ! cr[n ( ! intellectual love ( ,god 0 ! transport ( a s\l c>ri$ out ( itself1 b t ?is transport mu/ h diff]$ f ! ec/asies 9 :i* s _m ( ! sa9ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* f\nd ! supreme delight ( ! religi\s life4 ,b among/ ,*ri/ians :at is _! conception ( ! highe/ beatitude8 ,i see ,god 9 ,8 heav51 b my neighb\r1 :]e is he8 ,on ! "o side are ! happy1 on ! o!r ! faulty2 we recognise ourselves 9 ea*1 we see ourselves1 we h fell[%ip ) all2 pa9t]s h s (t5 repres5t$ ?is sc5e on !ological l9es1 t x is famili> to u2 is ?is really ! beatitude we picture to ourselves8 ,! m5tal & moral condition ( ?is philosoph] l5ds itself little to analysis2 he :o has ! mo/ c>efully /udi$ 8 views1 w\ld be ! mo/ diffid5t 9 exp\nd+ !m1 hav+ f\nd s _m obscure po9ts 9 !m4 ,9 any case x is well to rememb] ?is circum/ance1 ,sp9oza has n[ be5 dead m ?an two hundr$ ye>s1 & ! discov]y t be=e speak+ x is advisable to "k some?+ ( ! mean+ ( ! words us$1 dates f ye/]day only4 ,sp9oza 9 8 ,tractatus !ologico-politicus1 uses con/antly ! words prophecy1 inspiration1 revelation1 fai?1 & !ology1 & ! read] :o has sacrific$ 8 re/ = sev]al nights t he may "k :at he means by ^! five words1 ends by ackn[l$g+ t 8 devotion has be5 9 va94 ,happily1 no "o kn[s bett] ?an our philosoph] ! mean+ ( ! ^w ob$i5ce2 ?is helps ! read]2 he only regrets t ! critics h laid little /ress on ?is crucial po9t4 ,s9ce no man's writ+s are capable ( be+ cle>ly und]/ood if he is isolat$ f ^? :o h writt5 on simil> l9es--beg9n+ f ,novalis 7t poetic & *>m+ writ] ^: true "n 0 ,h>d5b]g71 po9ts ( comp>ison h be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,dut* philosoph] 7,sp9oza71 ! ec/atic ,sa9t ,!resa & ! en?usia/ic ,sa9t ,francis d',assisi4 ,let u n[ turn to ! m sob] g5ius ( ,ari/otle & see if he w succe$ 9 ?r[+ daylight on ! obscure ?\ght ( ,sp9oza4 8,inf9ity attracts10 ?is ^w ( ,ari/otle w\ld h suffic$1 b ! pr9ce ( critics gives a fur!r explanation4 8,man is face to face ) a tru?1 & ! light lighte? e "o t come? into ! _w2 all :o see see ! same ?+s1 & all t man has se5 is true4444 ,god works 9 u n z a workman :o tires himself1 b z an all-p[]ful virtue :i* acts2 ,he moves z an object ( love40#abe ,?is op9ion ( ,ari/otle is %>$ by ,plato1 ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,/ ,augu/9e4 ,a complete unanimity4 ,:5 ,i am sometimes /ruck by c]ta9 tru?s1 dress$ 9 all ! brilliance :i* pure virtues possess1 b feel+ unable to =m a rational :ole ( ^! virtues :5 !y are n arrang$ 9 an ord]ly mann]1 ,i %\ld (t5 h yield$ to disc\ragem5t1 if ,i _h n read 9 ,bossuet's ,trait du libre arbitre ^! words3 8,:5 we beg9 to reason1 we mu/ fir/ consid] ?is z indubitable1 t we may "k ) complete c]ta9ty _m ?+s ( :i* we d n und]/& _! coroll>ies1 nor all _! results4 ,! fir/ rule ( our logic is t we mu/ n ab&on tru?s :i* we h once kn[n1 :atev] difficulties may pres5t !mselves :5 we are try+ to deal ) !m2 b t we mu/ hold bo? ends ( ! *a9 firmly1 al?\gh we may n be able to see ! middle by :i* ! two ends are l9k$40 ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,plato ,a philosoph] said to me3 8,s9ce we c "k no?+ ( ! beyond1 let u make a virtue ( necessity1 & le>n exactly :at !re is on our side ( ! veil40 ,! advice is excell5t4 ,a/ronomy tea*es u t p]fect ord] reigns 9 ! sph]e /udi$ by t sci5ce4 ,! _w may be ! result ( c]ta9 *emical comb9ations :i* h met by *ance2 b if *ance has introduc$ ord] 9 ^! *emical comb9ations1 x might z easily d]ange !m & replace !m by disord]2 yet ! a/ronom]s h n succe$$ 9 discov]+ ! lea/ indication ( disord] 9 _! doma92 t we "k positively4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! _w has _h a beg9n+2 is x reason or ! abs5ce ( reason t we %\ld expect to f9d at ! orig9 ( ! _w8 ,does x proce$ s regul>ly 9 ob$i5ce to laws8 ,sages h said1 8,laws gov]n matt]1 =ces1 movem5ts1 all ?+s t are1 b might n h be51 j z ! _w is or exi/s1 b might n h be540 ,s9ce ,d>w9 wrote1 mu* discussion has tak5 place ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( species1 no "o has ?\ght ( ask+ :e!r ! ,greek philosoph]s _h any?+ to say on ! subject4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x _h be5 discov]$ t ! law ( c]ta9 sid]eal ph5om5a compell$ a circul> or elliptical movem5t1 or any o!r geometrical =m1 !n ?is law1 9 itself1 w\ld be a geometrical idea2 t c\ld exi/1 al?\gh ! ph5om5on 9 :i* x 0 realis$1 might disappe> ) ! _w itself4 ,accord+ to ,kepl]1 geometry has giv5 =ms = all creation1 & ,kepl] has also said t ,god gov]ns all ?+s 9 con=mity ) ,himself2 9 t case geometry w\ld be ant]ior to ! _w & co-et]nal ) ,god1 & if ^! geometrical =ms :i* are p]fect h be5 ?\ght out by a p]fect intellig5ce1 is x n ! same ) all ! compon5t p>ts ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms8 ,w\ld a horse1 or :atev] ! ance/or ( a horse may be1 h be5 produc$ spontane\sly by nature8 ,mu/ !re n h be5 a type ( "s k9d1 :i* 0 realis$ 9 all horses1 multiply+ & v>y+ = e new species8 ,& 9 ! same mann] also = all trees & plants4 ,! fir/ types ( ^! ?+s exi/$ be=e man1 t o!r "p ( nature1 & be=e all t man calls ! good1 ! beautiful4 ,7 n all ^! ?+s ?\ght & will$ by a m9d capable ( ?9k+ & will+8 ,?us ,plato reasons4 ,x is receiv$ 9 !ology z 9 philosophy t all ?+s h _! ideal 9 ,god2 matt] itself has its conception & raison d'tre 9 ,god2 ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as 0 able to say ) no trace ( pan!ism1 8,god is em95tly all ?+s40 ,,episodial ,two ,engli% travell]s1 ,gat*et & ,hall1 f9d+ !mselves once among/ ! ,klama?s1 a tribe ( ,r$ ,indians1 ask$ !m conc]n+ _! beliefs2 ^! ,indians wor%ipp$ a supreme be+ :o made ! _w ) its plants1 animals & m51 :om !y call$ 8,! mo/ ,anci5t10 8,! ,anci5t ,"o on high40 ,! travell]s !n ask$ h[ ,he _h creat$ ! _w1 :e!r by means ( tools or in/rum5ts2 !y repli$1 8,by ?9k+ & will+40 ,?is wond]ful answ] conta9s ! g]m ( ! ?\ght :i*1 on ,greek soil1 became ! ,logos1 ! act ( ?9k+ & speak+1 ! unique act :i* 9 ! ,creator means will+ & produc+4 ,?is answ] is an e*o1 & by no means a feeble "o1 ( ! celebrat$ say+3 8,god is ! ,liv+ ,"o :o is1 9 :om is ! ,idea ( ,good0 7,timaeus74 ,plato affirms t ! _w & all t x conta9s has be5 made 9 ! et]nal patt]n ( ! ,idea ( ,good1 & ?is ,idea ( ,good is n sep>able f ! ,creator4 ,aga9 p]fect unanimity1 ext5d+ ?is "t to ! ,r$ ,indians4 ,x might be ?\ght t an electric curr5t ran r\nd ! _w2 c]ta9 psy*ical ph5om5a _c o!rwise be expla9$4 ,,an ,,excursion ,,into ,a ,,c\ntry ,,little ,,kn[n ,if !re are pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 !y %\ld be )9 rea* ( all ! _w1 bo? ! le>n$ & ! ignorant1 s9ce ,god is no m ! ,god ( a c]ta9 class ( p]son ?an ,he is ( a c]ta9 nation4 ,9 "s mod]n books on philosophy we see ?is phrase1 8,! influ5ce ( ! ,inf9ite on s\ls10 ?\gh we may n pay mu* att5tion to x1 we p]haps h ! feel+ t ! inf9ite does n ex]cise mu* influ5ce on u2 b x does n allude to ourselves1 x ref]s to our primitive ance/ors1 :o s\ght to discov] :at !re c\ld be beh9d all !y saw & he>d2 common s5se1 ) its unc]ta9 b p[]ful in/9cts direct$ primitive man t[>ds an invisible magnet4 ,?is is n our common s5se1 t is1 n z we %\ld def9e x1 self-evid5t pr9ciples1 spontane\s judgm5ts1 :i* direct our acts2 b common s5se z ,ari/otle w\ld und]/& ! ^w2 ! faculty ( feel+ & p]ceiv+1 :]e all our s5sations are unit$1 because all our ext]nal s5ses conv]ge ?i!r2 ?is common s5se is s truly a s5se1 t x has its own c5tral organ1 :i* is :at we call he>t4 ,b ?is influ5ce ( ! invisible--ano!r "n = ! inf9ite--_h at fir/ no connection ) religion2 x m]ely deposit$ a g]m 9 ! s\l1 )\t :i* no religi\s t5d5cy c\ld make itself felt2 & "u ! impulse ( ?is p[]--?is div9e s5se :i* ,ari/otle calls ! attraction ( ! desirable & ! intelligible--! pass+ f ! f9ite to ! inf9ite--! mo/ natural & ! mo/ necess>y act ( ! moral life--is accompli%$ by a simple flight or upw>d movem5t ( ! human _s4 ,plato expla9s ?is m5tal ph5om5on3 8,!re is 9 ! dep? ( our s\l a po9t :i* is ! root ( ! s\l & :i* =ms a connect+ l9k betwe5 ,god & ! s\l2 ! s\l appreh5ds because ,god has t\*$ x40 ,p]ceiv+ 9 itself & all ar\nd x traces ( goodness1 beauty1 ju/ice1 love1 & joy2 feel+ 9 itself & ar\nd x1 life & its =ces2 x is only necess>y = ! s\l to s5d its ideas beyond ! limits ( its own conf9$ be+1 ) its imp]fect capabilities & joys1 & x w approa* ,god4 ,kepl]1 :5 discov]+ ! laws gov]n+ ! planet>y sy/em1 f\nd geometry 9 ! sky2 s9ce !n1 ! le>n$ h f\nd ma!matics 9 all ! bran*es ( physics4 ,!y h se5 numb]s & geometrical figures 9 light & col\r1 9 s\nd & 9 music "u its s5sible =m4 ,leibnitz1 "o ( ! _w's greate/ ma!maticians1 :o discov]$ ! inf9itesimal calculus1 saw t 9 ?is way "o c\ld pass f f9ite gr&eur to ma!matical laws & =ms su* z belong et]nally to ,god--indep5d5t ( all dim5sions4 ,betwe5 ! spontane\s flight ( ! s\l ) spread+ w+s1 go+ f f9ite facts to inf9ite1 & ! highe/ ma!matics1 :i* h exi/$ = ab\t two hundr$ ye>s only1 ! analogy is complete2 ! le>n$ demon/rations ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god giv5 by all true philosoph]s are results :i* correspond ) ^? obta9$ by ! ord9>y me?ods us$ by all m54 ,?us ! id5tity ( ! fundam5tal process ( a reasonable life ) t ( ! geometrical process1 :i* bo? demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 is e/abli%$4 ,! metaphysical c]ta9ty ( ! fir/ process equals ! geometrical c]ta9ty ( ! second4 ,= ?is reason ,leibnitz c\ld say1 8,!re are geometry1 metaphysics1 h>mony1 & morality ev]y:]e40 ,i h well said t ! human ,ego us$ sci5ce & philosophy1 be=e ! appe>ance ( philosoph]s1 to atte/ t ! true pa? lead+ to ,god is t natural movem5t ( ! s\l describ$ by ! ,h9doo poets--dur+ a "t ( great ignorance--9 ! ,v$ic hymns4 ,?is movem5t is ! univ]sal act ( pray]4 ,= ! philosoph]1 ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god may appe> to re/ on a syllogism2 = ! hi/orian x re/s on ! complete evolution ( ! human m9d4 ,is x necess>y /ill to ask h[ ! idea ( a sup]-s5sible pr9ciple p5etrat$ into ! human m9d1 & h[ x is diffus$ ov] ! _w8 ,! reply to ?is "q is 9 ! ,v$a1 :]e ! hymns %[ me?odically1 "u an app>5t confusion1 :at we h be5 able to glean "h & !re f ! m\? ( sages ( all times4 ,?is idea reveal$ itself to man at fir/ 9 ext]nal nature2 !n man discov]$ x 9 8 own p]sonal & ph5om5al self1 ! abridgm5t ( humanity 9 its entirety ) its liv+ & its dead4 8,at la/ ! consci\sness ( self arose f out ! cl\ds ( psy*ological my?ology1 & became ! consci\sness ( ! ,inf9ite or ! ,div9e )9 u4 ,! individual self f\nd itself aga9 9 ! ,div9e ,self4 ,socrates knew x1 b he call$ x ,daimonion1 ! indwell+ ,god4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian philosoph]s call$ x ! ,holy ,gho/1 a "n :i* receiv$ _m int]pretations & mis9t]pretations 9 diff]5t s*ools ( !ology1 b :i* ought to become aga9 :at x 0 meant = 9 ! beg9n+1 ! _s :i* unites all t is holy )9 man1 ) ! ,holy ( ,holies1 or ! ,inf9ite40#abf ,?is may be call$ natural religion1 s9ce x 0 reveal$ by nature1 & ! tru? ( ?is revelation is demon/rat$ ma!matically4 ,all t ,i h j said has be5 epitomis$ 9 a few l9es by a ?9k] ( our c5tury1 ,bordas-,desm\l9s3 8,)\t ma!matics x w\ld be impossible to p5etrate to ! dep?s ( philosophy2 )\t philosophy x w\ld be impossible to arrive at ! f\ndations ( ma!matics2 )\t ! two we c\ld p5etrate no?+40 ,ari/otle quotes ^! words ( ,anaxagoras1 :o liv$ "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e him3 8,! man :o recognis$ 9 nature an intellig5ce :i* is ! cause ( ! arrangem5t & ord] ( ! univ]se has alone kept 8 reason 9 ! mid/ ( ! follies ( 8 pr$ecessors40 ,!re has be5 no break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! fir/ impression exp]i5c$ by man at ! sight ( lightn+1 & ,god :om ea* nation nam$ aft] its own way1 & ,him :om ! ,a!nians wor%ipp$ )\t kn[+1 :om ! ,apo/le decl>$ to !m4 ,i w "h repeat ! words ( ,ari/otle1 :i* mu/ nev] be effac$ f our memories3 8,man is face to face ) ! light t lighte? e "o t come? into ! _w40 ,x 0 ?is t caus$ ! same philosoph] to use ^? o!r surpris+ words1 s difficult to grasp :5 read+ !m = ! fir/ "t 9 a book3 8,all :o see see ! same ?+s1 & all t a man has se5 is true40 ,,an?ropomorphism ,man at ! beg9n+1 kn[+ ( two k9ds ( ag5ts only1 bo? tangible1 !mselves & ! bea/s1 conceiv$ ! idea t ! ph5om5a ( nature 7 set 9 motion by invisible ag5ts ( "s k9d1 _! imag9ation foll[$ its natural b5t 9 pictur+ ^! ag5ts "u "o or ! o!r ( ! two aspects famili> to !m1 & sometimes "u ! two unit$2 s9ce ^! unkn[n p[]s--= in/ance among/ ! ,egyptians--(t5 assum$ ! %ape ( creatures half man & half fi%1 or bird1 or quadrup$4 ,b ) ! progress ( civilisation ^! repres5tations ( div9ities 7 modifi$4 ,man hav+ obta9$ glimpses ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ph5om5al & ! non-ph5om5al1 0 l$ to suspect ! exi/5ce ( an au?or = ! "o & ! o!r2 & ?is au?or or ag5t 0 p]ceiv$ by him an?ropomorphically1 t is to say1 array$ ) a human p]sonality1 b end[$ ) all ! qualities ( goodness & beauty :i* di/+ui% ! highe/ & noble/ ( m54 ,we "k t an?ropomorphism 9 ! ab/ract is wrong1 yet )\t x man c\ld nev] h f\nd ! way ( approa* to ?is unkn[n au?or ( all creat$ ?+s1 & ! desire to "k him ne>] 0 irresi/ible4 ,9 "o s5se we are less advanc$ ?an our primitive ance/ors4 ,attract$ on ! "o h& by ! occult prop]ties ( ! magnet1 & impell$ by s5sation1 !y advanc$ 9 all simplicity4 ,at a lat] date !y desir$ to h ^? ?+s expla9$ to !m :i* !y did n und]/&2 m5 und]took ?is duty1 great] di/ances grew up betwe5 !m1 & ! sacr$ code 0 ! result4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,codes ,,& ,,! ,,codes ,,( ,,laws ,hi/ory tea*es u t ea* sacr$ ,code grew gradually1 & 9 ! same way z ! ,codes ( ,laws4 ,a religion peculi> to ea* p exi/$1 ?\gh vague & indef9ite1 be=e ! writt5 ,code4 ,if !re _h n be5 a gr[? ( ! law by means ( decrees1 pron\nc$ at v>i\s times by ! heads ( ! p1 accumulat+ sl[ly1 & accept$ 9 ! same degree by ! p 9 g5]al1 !re w\ld h be5 no def9ite ,codes ( ,laws1 su* z ^? ( ,solon & ,draco & o!rs4 ,if !re _h n be5 a religi\s gr[? =mulat$ 9 oracles & pray]s1 & 9 comm&m5ts promulgat$ at diff]5t times by ! prophets1 accumulat+ sl[ly1 & accept$ 9 ! same degree by ! p 9 g5]al1 !re w\ld h be5 no sacr$ writ+s1 su* z ^? ( ,moses1 ,confucius1 ,buddha1 & o!rs4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ,codes ( ,laws become trans=m$ into petrifi$ feti%es1 to :i* submission is bl9dly yield$1 :il/ _! orig9 is =gott51 & ! s5se ( :at is j or unju/ is lo/ 9 ! "q ( :at is writt5 & ?us legal2 & "s sacr$ books are treat$ z feti%es1 to :i* an implicit submission is exact$1 :il/ _! orig9 is =gott5 & ! s5se ( :at is true & div9e is absorb$ 9 ! sole ?\ght ( :at is writt5 & !re=e or?odox4 ,! s5se ( responsibility ( ! citiz5 ) reg>d to ! law ( 8 c\ntry is 9 dang] ( becom+ p>alys$ :5 t law is appli$ ) su* me*anical exactitude z to confuse ! ideas ( law & equity2#abg & ! responsibility ( ! believ] ) reg>d to ! religion ( 8 c\ntry may run risks ( becom+ p>alys$ :5 t religion is fram$ 9 accordance ) a c]emonial exactitude r ?an ) a human feel+ = :at is true or false4 ,! m]e possession ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures may h become a sub/itute = ! love ( ,god2 ! effective influ5ce ( ! ,inf9ite became *ang$ into a m]e habit :i* drove away ! spontane\s action ( ! s\l4 ,we di/+ui% ) difficulty organis$ religions f religions z practis$ by ea* "o1 :i* 0 our primitive religion4 ,!re are rites t we love2 rites :i* at fir/ reflect$ ,god h imp]ceptibly tak5 ! place ( ,god :o vivifi$ our religi\s life4 ,we possess dogmas1 b lose p]haps our hold ( ! p]sonal assurance ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,be+ :om ,plato nam$ 8! ,be+ ap>t10 or 8! self-exi/5t ,be+40 ,! results ( ?is are s]i\s1 s9ce dogmata1 ( !mselves1 d n always furni% suffic+ argum5ts aga9/ a!ism4 ,x may be ask$ = h[ _m p is ?is ,supreme ,be+ any?+ m ?an a "n enc\nt]$ 9 a book8 ,to a small numb] ( individuals ,he 0 an int5se reality at int]vals dur+ ! c\rse ( ages1 to sa9ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & "s ( ! hea!n philosoph]s4 ,he may /ill be a reality = c]ta9 individualities :i* mod]n philosophies h n classifi$1 z among/ pan!i/s or a!i/s1 or m9ds full ( inconsequ5t en?usiasm4 ,?is ,be+ is also a reality = ! erudite m9d1 or ! contemplative :o make ,him an object ( /udy4 ,b ! great] numb] ( m51 ev5 ! civilis$1 ! baptis$1 are cont5t to pass by2 !y are satisfi$ ) ! reflection only4 ,"s might say t x is by means ( our reason r ?an ( our he>t t we are enabl$ to trace 9 ,god 8! ,be+ ap>t0 or 8self-exi/5t ,be+10 b ,s5eca says3 8,reason is n only compos$ ( evid5ce2 its be/ "p is obscure & hidd540 ,9 our days ?is rem>k ( ,s5eca's has be5 p>aphras$ & r5d]$ m 9 detail1 x has be5 said3 8,!re are c]ta9 m9ds :i* are illum9$1 & !re are o!rs full ( w>m?2 ! w>m? & ! cl>ity at times sep>ate1 b nev] ! w>m? & ! nobility2 9 ! m noble m9ds !re is m w>m?40 ,if1 z ,sp9oza ?\ght1 reason becomes less apt at rais+ itself to ! k ( ,god1 9 proportion z imag9ation & en?usiasm--to :i* x gives rise--ga9 9 /r5g?1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! _w 9 g5]al w\ld no d\bt h b5efit$ by ! "w ( prophets :i* *>act]is$ ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew p2 ! great] numb] ( intellectual m5 among/ ! anci5t philosoph]s w\ld n h s\ght aft] ! k ( ,god1 :5 x 0 pres5t$ 9 a =m too pure & too ab/ract to impress ! multitude4 ,! div9e conception !re=e desc5d$ & captivat$ !m by a union ( ! div9e & human2 & x is because ! ,bible conta9s ?is univ]sal elem5t t ! idea ( a sup]natural revelation has become deeply engrav$ 9 ! human consci5ce1 & has caus$ "s to consid] ! ,bible z ! unique s\rce ( all revelation4 ,= ?is reason ! p ( ,israel1 ?\gh less prone to action ?an _m ( :om hi/ory speaks1 are1 to ^? :o ?9k1 ! mo/ important among/ ! nations ( antiquity1 s9ce !y h prov$1 z none o!rs h done1 ! p[] ( ! spiritual elem5t 9 humanity4 ,x is displeas+ to _m p]sons to he> ! t]m 8,sci5ce ( ,religion0 us$4 8,h[ c a sci5ce be made10 !y say1 8( :at is a natural s5tim5t8 ,we c believe )\t /udy40 ,:y d !y n add1 8& )\t reflection80 ,c]ta9ly religion did n comm5ce 9 ?is _w by /udy2 m5 fir/ appli$ !mselves to ! natural sci5ces2 !y h h>dly arriv$1 at ! pres5t "t1 at ! social sci5ces2 & 9 ! op9ion ( c]ta9 !ologians--,pre ,gratry1 = in/ance--x 0 sev]al c5turies be=e ! sci5ce ( religion became kn[n1 b x may be a sci5ce )\t ! religi\s s5tim5t suff]+ 9 any way4 ,) ?is view be=e u1 let u beg9 n to build b to br+ toge!r ! mat]ials2 foll[+ ! advice ( ! excommunicat$ philosoph] ( ,am/]dam1 let u look at ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! p 9 ord] to =m "s idea ( ! diff]5t religions1 :i* is mu* easi] ?an to "k :at religion is4 ,indiff]5ce & ignorance are s common t sometimes "y m5 are f\nd--ev5 ^? ab\t to take ord]s--:o w\ld be incapable ( answ]+ ^! que/ions3 8,:at are ! *ief hi/orical religions ( our day8 ,h[ _m are !re8 ,:o are _! f\nd]s8 ,:at are ! titles ( ! sacr$ writ+s consid]$ by ^! communities z au?orities 9 matt]s ( ,fai?80 ,we "k t x is n ( ,fai? to consid] t ! _w 0 creat$ 9 six days ( ord9>y l5g?1 b we d n "k ! con/itution & names ( ! religions :5ce = ?\s&s ( ye>s millions ( human creatures h drawn _! hope1 _! consolation1 & _! rules ( conduct4 ,eight supreme or 8book0 religions1 z ,max ,mll] calls !m1 are 9 possession ( ,sacr$ ,writ+s2 ,brahmanism1 :i* is ! religion ( ! ,v$a1 & ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,aryan family1 ) ,buddhism =m ! two religions ( ,india2 ,zoroa/rianism1 or ,magism1 ! ,p]sian religion2 two religions 9 ,*9a1 "o ! result ( ! philosophical tea*+s ( ,lao-tse2 ! o!r--:i* is m practical--( ,confucius2 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity2 & ,mohamm$anism1 ! religion ( ,arabia4#abh ,) reg>d to ! non-,*ri/ian religions1 !re is "o ) :i* we are little famili>2 x seems to h an attraction = "s p1 probably because we imag9e x to conta9 mu* occult k1 :i* /imulates u to se>* = its my/]ies2 ?is religion is ,buddhism4 ,) :at complac5cy we discuss x 9 our draw+-rooms1 )\t suspect+ t we h err$ f ! fir/2 we g5]alise on ! religi\s op9ions ( millions ( s\ls sep>at$ f u by half ! globe1 & by ?\s&s ( ye>s1 )\t rememb]+ t ^! op9ions h v>i$ & cont9ue to v>y among/ num]\s sects1 j z ! dialects ( a language v>y2 & all ! "t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! religion h escap$ u4 ,i %all say a few words only z to ,buddhism1 & ^! w relate fir/ to or?ography2 x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! words ,buddha & ,budha1 :i* are (t5 conf\nd$2 !y h no?+ 9 common b _! roots4 ,buddha ) two ds is a p>ticiple ( budh :i* means awak5$1 or enlight5$ ) a special light2 ?is "n is giv5 to ^? :o h atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( human wisdom2 ,budha ) "o d is simply a wise man2 & :5 ! ,h9doos taught ! ,greeks a k ( ! planets1 !y gave ?is "n to ! planet ,m]cury4 ,! cu/om ( immolat+ ! wid[ on ! fun]al pile ( h] dead husb& is naturally spok5 ( ) a/oni%m5t & horror2 = _m c5turies nei!r ! ,h9doos nor ,europeans knew t x arose f a mi/ak5 int]pretation ( "s l9es 9 ! ,v$a4 ,at la/ a "t arriv$ :5 ! ,brahmans1 :o 7 ! religi\s nobility ( ! c\ntry & _h ! control ( ! ,v$ic religion1 pret5d$ t ea* ^w ( ! ,v$a _h be5 sup]naturally reveal$2 voices 7 n[ rais$ 9 prote/ aga9/ ?is affirmation2 ! ,h9doo p1 :o submitt$ pati5tly to ! yoke ( political despotism1 w\ld n p]mit a monopoly ( ! tea*+ ( et]nal tru?s2 & to %ake ! au?ority ( ! cl]gy x 0 q suffici5t = "o man to /ep =? f among/ ! multitude & ass]t t x 0 possible to obta9 et]nal happ9ess )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! ,brahmanic prie/hood1 & )\t a bl9dfold fai? 9 ! books on :i* !y _h plac$ ! seal ( infallibility4 ,five hundr$ ye>s be=e our pres5t era ?is man appe>$1 ! son ( a k+1 ( ! w>rior ca/e1 n belong+ to ! ,brahman class2 he 0 ,gautama ,skya-,muni1 kn[n to ! entire _w aft]w>ds z ! ,buddha4 ,he claim$ ! "r ( giv+ in/ruction1 & h&$ x on to o!rs :o 7 also enlight5$4 ,two hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 ! fam\s k+ ,asoka conv5$ a great c\ncil 9 ord] to det]m9e ! v>i\s po9ts ( doctr9e2 & 8 edicts 7 engrav$ 9 ! ,sanscrit dialect !n 9 use1 on rocks 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 k+dom4 ,if ! tea*+ ( ,buddha awak5$ su* an ard5t sympa?y among/ m51 & 0 propagat$ ) s mu* rapidity1 x 0 ow+ to ! fact t ! ,h9doo m9d _h be5 prep>$ to receive x by c5turies ( m$itation4 ,9 all probability x 0 n ,buddha :o co9$ ! t]m ,nirvna2 he may h f\nd x ready made 9 ! ,upani%ads1 :]e x meant orig9ally n annihilation ( ! s\l1 or absorption1 b a 8bl[+ out1 an ext9ction10 !n an ext9ction ( passions1 a f9al moral emancipation1 & ! union ( ! individual s\l ) et]nal tru?4 ,9 end+ ?is %ort appreciation ( ,buddhism1 ,i w add t1 ev5 9 our day1 !re are begg+ ,brahmans1 "s liv+ 9 communities1 o!rs disp]s$ 9 villages1 :o "k ! entire ,rig-,v$a by he>t1 z _! ance/ors did ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago2 & al?\gh !y _h manuscripts & ev5 pr9t$ texts !y made no use ( !m4 ,our k ( e/abli%$ religions has r5d]$ "o indubitable fact cle> to u1 t is ! det]ioration to :i* all are subject2 none has rema9$ :at x 0 9 its initial p]iod2 ! mo/ p]fect suff]s f contact ) ! _w1 9 ! same way z pure air und]goes a *ange :5 brea!d by ?\s&s ( lungs4 ,*ri/'s tea*+ conqu]$ alike ! ignorant multitude & ! mo/ civilis$ portions ( ! _w1 because f ! fir/ ,he us$ words ) :i* to express ! mo/ exalt$ tru?s1 :i* c\ld equally be und]/ood by ! "y ,jew1 ! ,roman publican1 & ! ,greek philosoph]4 ,*ri/ianity broke d[n ! b>ri] :i* divid$ nations2 until t "t ev]yone :o did n speak ,greek1 01 to ! ,greek1 a b>b>ian2 to ! ,jew all ! uncircumcis$ 7 /rang]s2 ! nasc5t ,*ri/ianity drew :ite & black toge!r2 ! idea ( ! :ole human race =m+ "o family _h its bir? at ! ^w ( ,*ri/4 ,! n>r[ness ( outlook disappe>$ = a "t2 x return$ :5 ef=ts 7 made to conf9e ! words ( ,*ri/ )9 ! n>r[ compass ( a rigid =mula2 & ?us x came to pass t ! rec5tly e/abli%$ doctr9e soon ceas$ to fulfil its *ief object1 t ( be+ a l9k ( univ]sal *>ity4 ,zeal\s disciples1 :il/ depreciat+ dissid5t religions1 endeav\r$ to deta* ,*ri/ianity f ! un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w or div9e ,provid5ce1 ?us =m+ an isolat$ bran* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human family4 ,ea* religion1 l ea* language1 has a pa/ hi/ory1 only we neglect to /udy ! beg9n+s1 because we lose sight ( ! fact t ! f\nd]s ( ! great religions claim no exclusive "r to ! "n ( sole au?or4#abi ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 8 ,apology 7,a4,d4 #aci71 has ?is memorable passage 7,apol4 i4 #df73 8,"o article ( our fai?1 !n1 is t ,*ri/ is ! true ,logos 7or univ]sal ,reason7 ( :i* mank9d are all p>tak]s2 & !re=e ^? :o live accord+ to ! ,logos are ,*ri/ians1 not)/&+ !y may pass ) y = a!i/s2 su* among ! ,greeks 7 ,socrates & ,h]acleitus1 & ! l2 & su* among ! b>b>ians 7 ,abraham1 & ,ananias1 & ,az>ias1 & ,misael1 & ,elias1 & _m o!rs2 444 & ^? :o h liv$ 9 =m] times 9 defiance ( ! ,logos or ,reason 7 evil1 & enemies ( ,*ri/1 & murd]]s ( su* z liv$ accord+ to ! ,logos2 b !y :o h made or make ! ,logos or ,reason ! rule ( _! actions are ,*ri/ians1 & m5 )\t fe> & trembl+40#acj ,/ ,augu/9e1 speak+ 9 ! same /ra91 says3 8,:at is n[ call$ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 has exi/$ among ! anci5ts1 & 0 n abs5t f ! beg9n+ ( ! human race1 until ,*ri/ came 9 ! fle%1 f :i* "t ! true religion1 :i* exi/$ already1 began to be call$ ,*ri/ian0 7,retr4 i4 #ac74 ,we "k by he>t c]ta9 passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b x is r ! s\nd ?an ! mean+ :i* is impress$ on our memory2 :5 we come ^u simil> rem>ks made "s c5turies be=e ! ,gospel 0 prea*$1 !y /rike u =cibly2 & x is z ?\gh we he>d !m = ! fir/ "t4 ,jesus ,*ri/ decl>$ be=e ! assembl$ multitude3 8,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto !e1 except a man be born anew1 he _c see ! k+dom ( ,god40 ,^! words 7 said to a rul] ( ! ,jews nam$ ,nicodemus1 :o _h come to ,jesus by night1 & he ask$ ,him to expla9 h[ ^! ?+s c\ld be4 ,jesus answ]$3 8,art ?\ ! tea*] ( ,israel1 & und]/&e/ n ^! ?+s80 ,no1 ! tea*] ( ,israel und]/ood n ^! ?+s1 b ! hea!n ,ari/otle knew !m2 he _h said 9 speak+ ( ! contemplation ( ,god3 8,su* a life is sup]ior to ! ord9>y life ( man2 x is n z man t man lives ?is life1 b by m]it ( a div9e pr9ciple liv+ 9 him40 ,jesus said unto ! woman ( ,sam>ia :o 0 sitt+ at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,g]izim1 a place sacr$ to ^? ( h] belief3 8,woman1 believe ,me1 ! h\r come?1 :5 nei!r 9 ?is m\nta91 nor 9 ,j]usalem1 %all ye wor%ip ! ,fa!r2 444 b ! true wor%ipp]s %all wor%ip ! ,fa!r 9 _s & tru?40 ,al?\gh ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s h pass$ m5 d n yet believe x4 ,orig51 "o ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 wrote3 8,if we wi% at la/ to em]ge f infancy1 we mu/ translate ! temporal & visible ,gospel into t :i* is et]nal & intelligible40 ,?is same ,fa!r 0 condemn$ by a c\ncil = c]ta9 op9ions deem$ errone\s1 among/ o!rs ^? on ! plurality ( worlds1 :i* he said he f\nd 9 ! ,gospel1 ?is op9ion might well be true4 ,/ ,j]ome m5tions ! ana!ma us$3 8,l ,satan1 ( :om he is ! son1 ,orig5 fell z lightn+ f heav540 ,z a piece ( eloqu5ce x rivals ! condemnation ( ! philosoph] ( ,am/]dam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m leg5ds 7 dissem9at$ among/ ! p1 !y 7 ! natural productions ( ! moral atmosph]e ( ,europe at ! "t :5 ! fir/ g]ms ( ,*ri/ianity sank into a soil /rewn ) ! debris ( anci5t my?ology4 ,:at happ5$ !n w always happ5 :5 ! multitudes le>n ! language ( _! rul]s )\t at ! same "t assimilat+ _! ideas4 ,x is relat$ t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 a little t[n ( ,italy1 a ,bro!r ,?omas ask$ ,bro!r ,bonav5ture :5ce came ! p[] & unction ( :i* all 8 s]mons 7 s full4 ,bonav5ture po9t$ to a crucifix hang+ on ! wall ( 8 cell3 8,he x is :o dictates to me all t ,i say40 ,?is reply 0 report$ to ! p1 :o believ$ x lit]ally1 & ! inhabitants ( ! t[n 7 conv9c$ t ,bro!r ,bonav5ture possess$ a crucifix t spoke4 ,! pa9t]s adopt$ ! subject1 among/ ! fir/ 7 ^? ( ,spa94 ,?us a symbol took ! place ( a sacr$ tru?4 ,! ,*ur* has (t5 be5 accus$ ( tol]at+ l sup]/itions2 yet %e endeav\rs to /op _! propagation2 b ! task ( try+ to re/ore ea* /one to its place is "o ( great delicacy1 le/ ! f\ndations %\ld be %ak5 ^u :i* ! spiritual life ( long c5turies has be5 built4 ,miracles are a prom95t feature 9 all religions2 nev]!less1 :5 ! disciples ( ,buddha ask$ _! ma/] to enable !m to p]=m !m1 he repli$3 8,i w tea* y to p]=m ! greate/ moral miracle4 ,hide y\r good de$s1 & confess be=e ! _w ! s9s y h committ$0 7,phy4 ,religion1 p4 #cci74 ,mohamm$1 9 ! ,koran1 expresses ! /ronge/ contempt = miracles1 9 ! usual s5se ( t ^w1 & he appeals to ! true miracles1 ! great works ( ,allah 9 nature3 8,i _c %[ y10 he said to 8 disciples1 8signs m wond]ful ?an :at y see e day & e night40 ,b ! or?odox ,mohamm$ans delight 9 relat+ ! miracles wr\ght by ,mohamm$1 & :i* h made him ! m>vel ( ,arabia4 ,miracles seem to s]ve ! purpose ( impress+ ^u u t ! religion is true 9 :i* "n !y are p]=m$2 x has also be5 obs]v$ t ! same miracle is n g5]ally p]=m$ twice1 z ! second "t x appe>s natural2 x is extraord9>y ! faculty man possesses ( feel+ no a/oni%m5t at ^? ?+s :i* %\ld awak5 8 mo/ pr(\nd a/oni%m5t4 ,z critics we are n[ 9 a position to take note ( ! m5tal ab]rations ( ! my?ological p]iod2 we c und]/& t :5 ! anci5t peoples attribut$ a div9e desc5t to _! k+s & h]oes1 x 0 ! highe/ praise t "o man c\ld give to ano!r2 we "k t ! my?ology z taught 9 ! s*ools1 0 no m ! religion ( ! ,greeks & ,romans ?an ru/ is iron4 ,yet x is ?is homage :i* has p]haps obscur$ our m9ds z we imag9e absolutely human int]c\rse tak+ place betwe5 mortals & immortals4 ,! action ( metaphor ov]/epp$ ! b\nd>y ( ! fabul\s ages2 x invad$1 unkn[n to u1 ! doma9 ( ! mod]n ?9k]1 & ev5 our religion 0 n %elt]$ f its attacks2 we n[ use 9 our religi\s phraseology ! words ( fa!r & son1 )\t hav+ fir/ despoil$ !m ( _! mat]ial mean+2 & we h>dly realise t 9 ?is diff]5t sph]e ^! words are a d>+ metaphor1 ^u :i*1 ( our own initiative1 we c\ld n h v5tur$4 ,a vague idea t ,god is sep>at$ f u by space dom9ates u1 s t ! belief t !re c be no b>ri] betwe5 ! div9e & human is (t5 conf\nd$ ) pan!ism2 yet )\t pan!ism ( ?is k9d1 :i* diff]s 9 toto f ! dogmatic pan!ism1 ,*ri/ianity w\ld n h made its appe>ance 9 ! _w4 ,we invoke nei!r ,jupit] nor ,jehovah2 ,god is = u ! ,god ^: "n is f\nd 9 all mod]n languages2 b x is ,god ar\nd u1 beyond u2 9 speak+ ( ,him our ?\ghts foll[ ,him to ,heav54 ,:5 a man takes ,god to witness ( 8 innoc5ce1 he involunt>ily lifts 8 h& to ,heav52 9 a "t ( disa/r\s dr\ght1 :5 ! e>? refuses its n\ri%m5t to man & bea/1 pi\s s\ls are invit$ to pray to ,god = ! bless+ ( ra94 ,:il/ ! "w ( sci5ce has be5 specially direct$ to causes1 religion is cont5t1 z 9 ! pa/1 to attribute ea* act to an ag5t2 ! influ5ce ( anci5t ideas on our pres5t ?\ght is /ill 9 =ce1 & our m9d has to live z ! oy/]1 "u a cov] :i* x has made = itself4 ,b we mu/ submit to evid5ce1 & ackn[l$ge t if we d n yet escape f ! p[] ( my?ology1 x is t we meet its language ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 our sacr$ writ+s4 ,language has m\ld$ our ?\ghts2 :5 !y t5d t[>ds ,god1 we make a repres5tation ( ,him z a p]son1 we are n able to avoid su* repres5tations2 we "k t ! sun does n rise ea* morn+1 b we _c d o!rwise ?an see x rise2 we "k t ! sky is n blue1 b to u x we>s no o!r appe>ance4 ,we he> x repeat$ t an imp]sonal ,god is no ,god2 b x is =gott5 t p]sonification implies limitations1 s9ce x _c be conceiv$ b f a human po9t ( view1 & ?us ) limits4 ,:5 ,sp9oza d5i$ a ,div9e p]sonality1 8 oppos]s believ$ him to be d5y+ ,god2 ! philosoph]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 includ+ ,ca?olic !ologians1 did n def9e ! p]sonality ( ,god4#aca ,desc>tes & ,f5elon's def9ition is 8,! ,inf9itely p]fect ,be+1 )\t re/rictions1 ! ,be+1 to :i* no?+ c be add$40 ,9 reg>d+ ,god's p]sonality z we d t ( a human be+1 we might logically say ) ,massillon3 8,god1 9 ,8 ang]1 he>s unwise pray]s1 9 ord] to puni% ^? :o use !m02 y w\ld also be logical if y ?\ght ) t "m t ,god _h tak5 away h] *ild because %e _h lov$ x too well4 ,9 trac+ ! progress ( ideas conc]n+ ,god ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ages1 x w\ld be a sorry task to ga!r toge!r ! *>act]i/ics *os5 by ,*ri/ian writ]s z ^? :i* m>k ! supreme ,be+2 ^! traits w\ld furni% a :ole ,pan!on ( my?ological div9ities4 ,all philosoph]s & all truly philosophical !ologians h held t ,god is imp]sonal ,reason2 ,bossuet call$ ,him 8,la ,raison-,dieu40 ,?is ,light t lighte? e "o t come? into ! _w is ! s\rce ( a pr9ciple ( c]titude2 ,ari/otle1 ,/ ,augu/9e1 ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as ?us und]/ood x :5 !y said t m9d _c be mi/ak54 ,if we w\ld make an approximate conception ( ,god we mu/ scrupul\sly foll[ ! advice ( ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as1 8,elim9ate1 elim9ate10 !n only %all we und]/& ! mean+ ( ! sages :o said t negation is full] ?an affirmation4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! ,h9doos practis$ 8 me?od2 = x 0 ! inadequacy ( ! names us$ to express ! indef9able attributes ( div9ity t l$ !m always to se>* = new ones1 until at la/1 all ! ph5om5a ( nature hav+ be5 exam9$ & reject$1 ! ,h9doos 9 despair cri$1 8,x is impossible to seize t :i* we seek2 x is n ?is1 nor t1 nor any?+ = :i* we h a "n40 ,at la/ !y came to ! conclusion t !re 0 no "n wor?y ( ,god 9 ! language ( humanity1 & t all t c\ld be said 01 8,no1 no40 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to use names z soon z we possess ! ideas4 ,all ^? :i* h contribut$ to ! education ( humanity h be5 ! production ( an imp]sonal "w1 ! result ( a long m$itation by ! human m9d4 ,x has be5 said t ! idea & "n ( 8! ,be+0 = ,god1 orig9at$ 9 ! m9d ( ,moses2 p]haps ?is prophet put ! la/ t\*4 8,i ,am t ,i ,am0 0 ! "n us$ by him = ! ,et]nal4 ,! ,hebrews employ$ ano!r me?od :5 speak+ ( ,god1 !y us$ ! ^w ,il or ,el4 ,9 ,hebrew x occurs bo? 9 its g5]al s5se ( /rong or h]o1 & z a "n ( ,god4 ,some?+ equival5t is f\nd 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a2 8,look+ ar\nd him1 ,il 7,ahuramazda1 ! ,z5d "n = ,ormazd7 sees no?+ b himself2 & ,il said1 #8,i ,am1' & 8 "n became #8,i ,am4'0 ,b man at times ye>ns = a clos] union ) ,god ?an is express$ by ! "n 8,be+40 ,:5 tr\bl$ & 9 pa9 he says1 8,my ,fa!r60 & he rememb]s ! names :i* he lisp$ z a *ild1 & all come cr[d+ to 8 lips2 & ,he :o is above all he>s & und]/&s4 ,we mu/ n sep>ate religion f philosophy2 ! subjects t\*+ on religion h always be5 ^? :i* h giv5 bir? to philosophy2 ev5 if religion exi/$ only on s5tim5t1 z "s p ma9ta91 x w\ld be = philosophy to det]m9e if ?is s5tim5t 7 an illusion1 or if x _h a rational base2 to sep>ate !m is to less5 bo?4 ,,footnotes3 #aji ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 p4 #cab4 #aaj ,ro! 9 8 8,/ille ,/und510 ,an?ropological ,religion1 p4 #af4 #aaa ,psalm xxxiii4 #f2 ,isaiah xi4 #d4 #aab ,natural ,religion1 p4 #afd4 #aac ,rig-,v$a1 ,i4 #afd4 #f4 #aad ,ibid41 ,,vi4 #i4 #f4 #aae ,rig-,v$a1 ,x4 #hb4 #g4 #aaf ,ibid41 #aba4 #h4 #aag ,!osophy or ,psy*ological ,religion1 p4 #ig4 #aah ,high] ,critics4 #aai ,we f9d f a lett] ( ,/ ,j]ome's to ,paula t he 0 9 ! habit ( advis+ 8 disciples to read ! ,scriptures1 :i* he s rev]5c$1 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,he began by ! ,psalms1 !n took ! books ( ,solomon1 !n he w\ld come to ,job4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh ?is c\rse ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory he w\ld come to ! ,gospels & !n to ! ,acts & ! ,epi/les4 ,aft] ?is prep>ation he w\ld turn to ! ,prophets1 :o _h =etold all t ! ,gospels relat$1 & end$ by all[+ 8 disciples to read ! hi/orical ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* might1 he ?\ght1 )\t su* previ\s tra9+1 tr\ble & p]plex !m4--,,translator',s ,,note4 #abj ,f ,m4 ,r5an's "w on ,semitic languages4 #aba ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 pp4 #ca1 #cb4 #abb #b ,k+s iii4 #ae4 #abc ,ezekiel xxxi4 #h4 #abd 8,a ,god und]/ood w\ld be no ,god at all40--,dean ,mansel1 sev5te5? c5tury4 #abe ,metaphysics1 xii4 #abf ,physical ,religion1 p4 #d4 #abg ,cf4 ,summum jus e/ summa injuria4 #abh ,?is /udy ( religions h>dly gives suffici5t prom95ce to ,*ri/ianity2 ,max ,mll] says3 8,i make no secret t true ,*ri/ianity1 ,i mean ! religion ( ,*ri/1 seems to me to become m & m exalt$ ! m we "k & ! m we appreciate ! treasures ( tru? hidd5 9 ! despis$ religions ( ! _w40--,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 p4 #bh4 8,x may be said t my *ief object has be5 to magnify ,*ri/ianity1 by %[+ t x is ! fulfilm5t ( all t ! _w has be5 hop+ & /riv+ =4 ,9 "o s5se t is true4 ,b if ,i hold t ,*ri/ianity has giv5 ! be/ & true/ expression to :at ! old _w _h tri$ to express 9 v>i\s & less p]fect ways1 ,i h at lea/ giv5 ! facts on :i* ,i rely40--,an?ropological ,religion1 p4 #chh4 #abi ,on ?is subject ,max ,mll] says3 8,! anci5t ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* spoke on ^! subjects ) great] fre$om ?an we v5ture to use 9 ^! days40--,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i41 ,pref4 xxix4 #acj ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 vol4 i41 ,pref4 xxix4 #aca ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ! ,p]sonality 0 cle>ly set =? 9 ! ,a?anasian ,cre$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,( ,,words 8,nom9a si nescis1 p]it et cognitio r]um40--,,l9n4 ,if language is ! true autobiography ( ! human m9d1 our pres5t language may also be call$ a p]fect photograph ( our m9d 9 its pres5t /ate ( fog4 ,:e!r ignorant or le>n$ we /ill talk & discuss1 & we seldom arrive at an und]/&+ ( ! subject1 ow+ to our want ( k ( ! precise mean+ ( ! t]ms4 ,! mo/ advanc$ sci5ces are ^? ab\t ^: t]ms we no long] dispute1 ma!matics1 = in/ance4 ,:5 we are q conv9c$ ( ! id5tity ( ?\ght & spee*1 we %all introduce into our ideas1 & consequ5tly into all our disc\rses1 :e!r famili> or philosophical1 a cle>ness impossible to obta9 9 any o!r mann]4 ,x w\ld be a great help to "k ! etymology ( words1 b t w\ld n suffice4 8,l'tymologie10 said ,voltaire1 8e/ une sci5ce o les voyelles ne font ri51 et les consonnes =t peu de *oses40 ,?is sally be>s on its face ! date ( ! c5tury ( :i* ?is c\ld be said 9 all tru?4 ,at ! "t ( ,voltaire ! sci5ce ( etymology 0 conf9$ to ascrib+ ! d]ivation ( a ^w to ano!r ^w to :i* x bore a close resemblance 9 s\nd2 & ! clev] writ] 0 n ! only "o to rally ! few le>n$ m5 :o consid]$ x possible to trace words to a s\rce :i* "o c h>dly suspect ( be+ relat$ to !m4 ,if ,voltaire _h kn[n t 8 s>casm 0 no?+ m ?an a simple sci5tific tru?1 he w\ld p]haps h f\nd less pleasure 9 express+ x4 ,! sci5ce ( etymology--a gr[? ( our day--has discov]$ t words1 :i* 9 appe>ance h no?+ 9 common1 nei!r s\nd nor mean+1 yet h a common orig94 ,t w\ld be a curi\s *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 9 :i* 7 demon/rat$ ! errors t _h be5 introduc$ & emb$d$ 9 our m9ds by ! use ( c]ta9 words1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t gradually develop$ a mean+ ! exact opposite ( t :i* !y _h at ! fir/4 ,= in/ance1 matt] is g5]ally repres5t$ z some?+ tangible1 t is to say1 all are agre$ 9 f9d+ x devoid ( m9d1 & x is a sign ( condemnation to say ( a c5tury x is mat]iali/ic4 ,yet we :o daily t\* tangible objects1 su* z /one1 metal1 wood1 nev] succe$ 9 putt+ our h&s on matt] z su*2 we %\ld n "k :]e to f9d x4 ,does ?is arise f ! fact t matt] is n tangible8 ,! ,lat9 ^w mat]ia _h orig9ally ! mean+ ( ! wood ( a tree1 !n ( wood or timb] = build+4 ,?is mean+ 0 g5]alis$ s z to include solid bodies capable ( tak+ v>i\s %apes4 ,:5 idols 7 fa%ion$ a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 ! wood & ! %ape :i* em]g$2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 sculptors c>v$ /atues ( m>ble or ( metal1 ! m>ble & metal aga9 receiv$ ! "n ( matt] or mat]ial2 & :5 x 0 ask$ ( :at all tangible objects 7 made1 ev5 ! _w on :i* we live1 ! answ] 0 t all 7 made ( matt] :il/ !y diff] 9 =m4 ,9 ?is way h we become possess$ ( our ^w matt]1 to :i* no?+ tangible q corresponds2 & no d\bt1 ow+ to its complexity ( mean+1 x has n ceas$ to ex]cise ! m9ds ( le>n$ m54 ,if philosoph]s h n be5 able to expla9 accurately ! mean+ ( matt]1 physici/s h n be5 m successful1 s9ce :at we call matt] does n come "u our s5ses4 ,! ^w might h escap$ ?is ill fate _h x always be5 us$ only by philosoph]s 8:o try only to use words t h be5 cle>ly def9$1 b names are us$ by ! wise & ! fooli%1 & ! fooli%1 z we "k1 are 9 su* an imm5se majority t ! wond] is t words h any def9ite s5se left at all40#acb ,max ,mll] says3 8,i am q will+ to admit t matt] may be call$ ! objective cause ( all t we p]ceive4 ,= ! v reason1 h[ev]1 t x is a cause1 matt] c nev] fall "u ! cognisance ( our s5ses4 ,all t we c pr$icate ( matt] is t x causes our s5sations1 t x exi/s 9 space & "t1 t x is "o1 b appe>s "u an endless v>iety ( ph5om5al =ms1 t x rema9s un*ang$ 9 ! *ange ( outw>d appe>ances40#acc ,! hi/ory ( ! ^w matt] tea*es u !n t spee*1 ^: sole duty x is to introduce light into our m9ds1 admits error also z long z we are ignorant ( ! orig9al mean+ ( words3 matt]1 :il/ x 0 ! solid wood ( a tree & wood = build+1 became = ^? :o _h co9$ ! ^w a fit object = p]ception & conception2 lat]1 o!rs1 diff]5tly con/itut$1 saw 9 x a ^w 8:i* conta9s to e man exactly :at he has f\nd 9 x or add$ to x40#acd ,!re are _m words ^: trans=mations we are able to foll[ f "o language to ano!r1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are o!rs ^: hi/ory x is n possible to "k ) exactness1 ow+ to ! _m revolutions1 ! _m breaks & pauses :i* "h & !re h de/roy$ & scatt]$ ! l9ks2 b ! sci5ce ( language progresses1 & ^? :o /udy x look =w>d to ! day :5 its f\ndations w be plac$ on philosophical bases4 ,_m ( ! false ideas we h conceiv$ ( words are no d\bt ow+ to ! translations we read ( books4 ,:5 we fir/ beg9 ! /udy ( a new language ! task appe>s a simple "o1 ! diction>y supplies u ) ! equival5t words & ! gramm> ) ! correct =ms2 b ! fur!r we advance ! less we are satisfi$2 ! difficulties ( f9d+ expressions :i* cont5t u increase2 words are too abundant1 or too sc>ce2 our conceptions are invad$ by ideas ( complete disp>ity2 & we seem to be ent]+ an unkn[n l&1 because new effects ( light & %ade h l5t a novel "* to ! c\ntry4 ,a translation is !re=e at be/ b an ef=t to br+ toge!r ?\ghts :i* 7 design$ to rema9 always ap>t4 ,if 9 our mod]n languages c]ta9 words necess>ily *ange _! mean+ dur+ ! c\rse ( ?ree or f\r c5turies1 anci5t languages are "u ! same necessity 9 an inf9itely great] degree4 ,_m s*ol>s h devot$ _! entire lives to ! task ( deciph]+ old docum5ts1 z x is impossible = lit]ature ( an age ant]ior to our pres5t era by _m c5turies to pres]ve its orig9al physiognomy two ?\s& ye>s lat]4 ,a translation ( ! hymns ( ! ,v$a1 or ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 requires exactly ! same process z ! deciph]+ ( ! inscriptions 9 ! "t ( ,cyrus1 ,d>ius1 & ,x]xes4 ,! only c]ta9 way is to comp>e e passage 9 :i* ! same ^w occurs1 & look = a mean+ t is equally applicable to all4 ,f ! lack ( ?is me?od ,sanscrit & ,z5d texts h be5 r5d]$ mo/ incorrectly4 ,x is precisely ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s t h suff]$ ! mo/ f ! ef=ts ( int]pret]s4 ,^? passages ( ! hymns :i* h no close connection ) religi\s or philosophical doctr9es are g5]ally correctly r5d]$1 b z ea* g5]ation expects to f9d ! ideas reflect+ its own "t 9 ! words ( ! anci5t se]s1 ! mo/ simple disc\rse--if x c 9 any way be con/ru$ to repres5t mod]n ?\ght--is tortur$ & twi/$ s z to co9cide ) preconceiv$ ideas1 h[ev] =eign to ! m9d ( ! writ]4 ,x is ! same ) ! ,hebrew v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,at ! "t :5 ! sev5ty ,jews at ,alex&ria 7 occupi$ 9 translat+ ! ,scriptures into ,greek1 #bej ,b4,c41 al?\gh ,hebrew c\ld n be look$ ^u z a dead language1 yet ev5 ! mo/ le>n$ among/ ^! eld]s did n und]/& ! orig9al ( _m ( ! expressions1 & probably few ( ! translators und]took ! task ( expla9+ h[ f> ^? to :om ,moses' disc\rses 7 address$1 und]/ood !m4 ,if ! ,old ,te/am5t has lo/ among/ ! ,high] ,critics "s ( its anci5t glories1 x has1 on ! o!r h&1 acquir$ a hi/orical value :i* !ologians ( =m] times _h nev] contemplat$4 ,! k ( comp>ative philology hav+ be5 us$ 9 deciph]+ ! cunei=m inscriptions or hi]oglyphics engrav$ on ! ru9$ walls ( ! temples & palaces ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 we possess in=mation conc]n+ ! wor%ip ( ! ,phnicians1 ! ,c>?ag9ians1 & ! ,nomads ( ! ,arabian p59sula4 ,we no long] seek ! help ( ! inscriptions 9 prov+ ! tru? ( ! biblical records2 x is r ^! :i* confirm ! correctness ( all t we le>n f ! inscriptions4 ,"o m rem>k on ! subject ( our v5]able & v5]at$ ,bible4 ,i d n und]/& h[ x is t "s p ) lit]>y ta/es nev] op5 ! ,old ,te/am5t to satisfy !m4 ,lack ( habit p]haps4 ,"s ( ! wits ( ! ,r5aissance look$ d[n on ! ,old ,te/am5t2 n[ ! admir]s ( classic lit]ature "k bett] h[ to appreciate its lit]>y beauties ( _m k9ds ( :i* x is full2 "s ( our mod]n writ]s h be5 mu* comm5d$ = _! p]orations2 ! p]orations ( ! *apt]s conta9$ 9 ! ,bible are sup]b4 8,i w give an in/ance h[ ! peculi> "* ( a language may influ5ce ev5 religi\s expressions4 ,a ,mohawk 7com+ orig9ally f ,nor? ,am]ica7 0 que/ion$ conc]n+ 8 "m-tongue4 ,x seems t 9 ,mohawk x is impossible to say fa!r1 "m1 *ild1 nor ! fa!r1 ! "m1 ! *ild4 ,we mu/ always say1 my fa!r1 ?y "m1 or 8 *ild4 ,once :5 ,i ask$ him to translate ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ = me1 he translat$ #8,i believe 9 our ,god1 our ,fa!r1 & 8 ,son' all "r4 ,b :5 he came to ! ,holy ,gho/1 he ask$ is x _! or 8 ,holy ,gho/8 ,i told him !re 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion on t po9t betwe5 two great divisions ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & he !n %ook 8 head & decl>$ t he c\ld n translate ! ,cre$ till t po9t _h be5 settl$40#ace ,?is fact has an int]e/ = l+ui/s2 :at ,i am ab\t to relate conc]ns all4 ,a lady wi%+ to practise a little philosophy ) ! means )9 h] rea*1 wrote to me once3 8,i am p]plex$2 my he>t tells me "o ?+1 & my s\l ano!r40 ,x requir$ "s mom5ts ( reflection to und]/& :at my correspond5t meant2 ! he>t 01 9 h] eyes1 obvi\sly1 ! seat ( e>?ly affections2 & ! s\l t ( purely spiritual aspirations4 ,?is hazy mann] ( explanation might1 at fir/ sight1 appe> h>mless1 b on look+ at x m closely1 x is se5 to be un=tunate1 = ?is confusion betwe5 ?\ghts & words1 meets "o 9 _m a book ( s-call$ edification1 :]e ! read] seldom takes note ( x1 especially if he be hurri$ or c>eless2 b "o regrets to see good wom5 wa/e daily half an h\r 9 read+ su* indef9ite no?+s1 ?9k+ to accompli% !reby a religi\s duty2 ^! p]sons1 ) intellectual culture w\ld draw great] b5efit to !mselves 9 devot+ _! half h\r to ! p]usal ( books ( a m /urdy tone4 ,we believe ourselves to be 9 ! possession ( v cle> notions conc]n+ consci5ce2 e>ne/ m5 speak ( x z an inw>d monitor2 simple folk l ourselves call x ! ,voice ( ,god2 = ! "o & = ! o!r consci5ce seems to be a guide on :i* !y c rely1 & ! ,greek poet ,m5&] 0 n mi/ak5 :5 he wrote ! l9e 8,consci5ce is a god to all mortals40 ,b if we possess$ )9 u a faculty to tell u :at is our duty1 h[ c\ld ,pascal h said t good & evil diff] ) a few degrees ( latitude8 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! consci5ce ( a ,mormon speaks ano!r language to t ( a non-,mormon4 ,we say ) tru? t we are consci\s ( hav+ done well or ill1 b x does n foll[ t x is to our consci5ce t we owe ! fact ( kn[+ "r f wrong2 ?is consci\sness is ! result ( in/ruction f )\t1 :i* we accept :5 our own judgm5t & our own exp]i5ce demon/rate its tru?4 ,9 subjects ( g5]al int]e/1 ! task ( def9+ t]ms %\ld consi/ 9 *oos+ among/ ! v>i\s int]pretations :i* h gradually become atta*$ to c]ta9 words1 n always t "o :i* is mo/ intimately or etymologically connect$ ) ! prim>y root1 b t :i* w\ld indicate an important practical diff]5ce4 ,yet by an un=ese5 mis=tune1 ! daily necessity comes be=e u ( us+ words ^: mean+ has nev] be5 cle>ly def9$1 s t at no "t has "o mean+ prevail$ m ?an ano!r2 ?is is especially ! case ) words connect$ ) religion1 fai?1 & objects ( belief1 :i* ea* "o und]/&s aft] 8 own mann]4 ,9 our days ! possibility ( an agreem5t betwe5 religion & sci5ce is (t5 debat$2 h[ c we ent] on ! discussion )\t be+ q cle> z to :at religion is8 ,accord+ to "s x is simply ! feel+ ( love = ,god2 accord+ to o!rs x is ! expression ( our fai? "u ! =m ( acts ( wor%ip1 acts ( *>ity1 or p]haps ! hold+ ( c]ta9 dogmas4 ,! same holds good ) t :i* we call fai?1 & :i* is (t5 a feel+ ( confid5ce--n always ! result ( ?\ght--9 ! fai? ( ^? surr\nd+ u4 ,"s give ! "n ( fai? to t en?usiasm :i* has suffic$ to cause m5 joyfully to meet m>tyrdom2 o!rs apply x to ! confid5ce ) :i* ! wise m5 foll[$ ! guid+ ( ! />1 :5 x indicat$ ! road !y %\ld foll[4 ,fai? is only wor?y ( ! "n :5 x c be said to be a reasonable fai?1 & ?us acc\nt+ = its exi/5ce4 ,if we are n among/ ! numb] ( ^? :o c give a reason = ! fai? t is 9 !m1 we mu/ take c>e t cr$ulity does n glide 9 be=e we are aw>e ( its approa*2 x arises f a weakness ( ! m9d & is compatible ) a tranquillity t diff]s v widely f peace2 & :5 once mi/ress ( ! situation1 x increases1 & occupies x4 ,a wise ,arab well said1 8,he :o builds 8 h\se on human cr$ulity builds on a rock40 8,ab/ract10 ?is ^w :i* we c trace back to ,ari/otle1 has an int]e/+ hi/ory4 ,ari/otle us$ x at fir/ to *>act]ise ! creation ( a "w ( art2 ! sculptor c>ves out ( a block ( m>ble ! /atue ( a man or ( a woman1 reject+ ! *ips & du/ :i* s]ve no purpose4 ,aft]w>ds ,ari/otle appli$ ?is same ^w to an idea :i* an accurate ?9k] =ms1 giv+ x a suitable %ape1 & sep>at+ x f all accid5tal ?\ghts t may h surr\nd$ x2 t done1 :at rema9s is an ab/ract idea4 ,ari/otle has s well expla9$ ! mean+ ( ab/ract1 t if our logicians _h simply spok5 ( concrete z t :i* is non-ab/ract1 all ! _w w\ld m readily h und]/ood ! mean+ ( ! ^w--concrete4 ,we possess & employ a va/ numb] ( words1 & we app>5tly increase !m by end[+ ! same ^w--f a want ( cle>ness 9 our p]ceptions--) v>i\s mean+s4 ,! anci5t ,h9doos mu/ h felt t an ov]-abundance ( words is p]nici\s1 & = ?is reason1 no d\bt1 ! ,brahmans at a c]ta9 p]iod ( _! lit]ature1 impos$ on !mselves ! rule ( express+ _! ?\ghts 9 ! fewe/ words possible4 ,!y succe$$ 9 pres5t+ ea* po9t ( doctr9e d5ud$ ( all b ! b>e/ outl9e ( words2 !y are ! au?ors ( ! aphorism1 8,a writ] ( ! ,sutras is happi] 9 hav+ economis$ a portion ( a diph?ong ?an f ! bir? ( a son40 ,! full =ce ( ?is s5t5ce becomes app>5t :5 x is rememb]$ t ! ,brahman :o has no son to p]=m 8 fun]al rites _c hope to ent] heav54 ,x w\ld be difficult to express m =cibly a respect = words1 & ! great necessity !re is = cultivat+ cle>ness ( ?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at ,i am ab\t to say conc]ns a ^w to :i* ,i owe ! direction ( my views ( life1 & my resolution to und]take ! /udy ( ! subjects =m+ my pres5t "w2 ?is ^w is ! "n ( a man4 ,:5 ,i 0 "y ,i made ! acqua9tance ( a v le>n$ ,jesuit ,fa!r :o employ$ 8 "t 9 rese>*es on ! ecclesia/ical antiquities ( ! ,ea/4 ,we once f\nd ourselves 9 ! company ( c]ta9 p]sons :o 7 survey+ ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! sci5tific & philosophical works publi%$ 9 our day2 ,d>w91 ,pa/eur1 ,helmholtz & ,max ,mll] 7 nam$4 ,:5 ! rev]5d ,fa!r he>d ?is la/ "n1 he exclaim$1 ) 8 accu/om$ impetuosity1 8,oh6 ,max ,mll]1 8 works are absolutely magnific5t40 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] ! ann\ncem5t ( a new "w ( ,max ,mll] rem9d$ me ( ! ,jesuit ,fa!r's exclamation2 hi!rto ,i _h read no?+ ( ?is au?or's2 ,i procur$ ! book :i* _h appe>$ rec5tly2 aft]w>ds ,i read ^? t _h prec$$ x4 ,at ! end ( "s ye>s ,i wrote to ! rev]5d ,fa!r2 ! /ate ( 8 heal? _h oblig$ him to settle 9 a t[n 9 ! s\?1 & ,i _h n se5 him = "s "t4 ,i ?ank$ him = hav+ drawn my att5tion to ,max ,mll]'s "n4 ,i receiv$ an imm$iate reply1 ! fir/ l9es ( :i* ,i w quote4 8,y\r ?anks are unexpect$4 ,max ,mll] seems to me an incomp>able philosoph]1 b my admiration does n surpass 8 m]it40 ,a few weeks lat] ! wor?y ,fa!r di$ ( consumption4 ,,footnotes3 #acb ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #efh4 #acc ,ibid41 p4 #efi4 #acd ,ibid41 p4 #egj4 #ace ,max ,mll]1 ,an?ropological ,religion1 p4 #aga4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,reflections ,i _h n decid$ be=eh& on ! numb] ( my *apt]s2 x seems t !re w be ?irte54 ,if ^! pages h read]s to :om ! numb] ?irte5 is di/ress+1 ,i beg ( !m at once to dismiss ?is feel+ by say+3 8,he :o objects to sit d[n ?irte5 at table1 ackn[l$ges by ?is t he does n believe 9 a supreme intellig5ce1 sup]ior to 8 own1 :i* gov]ns ! _w40 99 99 99 99 99 ,sci5ce1 religion1 reason1 & fai?1 ^! f\r words =m ! circle 9 :i* all intellects move1 n[ m ?an ev]2 on ?is all ! _w is agre$1 b all ! _w does n "k :at ! greate/ ?9k]s h und]/ood by ^! f\r words4 ,if we d n wi% to des]ve ! title giv5 to t collective be+1 8! man 9 ! /reet10 ! be/ means ( avoid+ x is to ackn[l$ge op5ly t !re are _m unexpla9$ problems fac+ u1 & t man exi/s 9 ord] to d 8 "p 9 solv+ !m4 ,humanity is n compos$ ( individuals :o h be5 p\r$ =? f a horn ( pl5ty1 its de/9y _c !re=e be to diffuse itself ov] ! surface ( ! e>? )\t ! means ( kn[+ :y x is !re4 ,an anci5t ,greek said once t ! gods 7 ready to sell all k9ds ( good ?+s to mortals b at a high price1 at ! co/ ( h>d "w4 ,if !n we c only acquire ! promis$ good ?+s by ! aid ( h>d "w1 our ?\ghts c>ry u at once to sci5ce1 & we ask :at c ?is sci5ce d1 ^u :i* we s pride ourselves 9 ?is c5tury1 to expla9 ! motive ( our exi/5ce8 ,,physics ,9 proportion z physical sci5ce /udies ?is univ]se1 s x recognises m & m cle>ly t its mo/ g5]al ph5om5on is vibration1 a p]iodical movem5t1 :i* propagates itself 9 waves succe$+ ea* o!r at regul> int]vals4 ,we h all notic$ ! effect produc$ by drops ( ra9 fall+ on wat] :i* ! abs5ce ( w9d leaves p]fectly tranquil4 ,ea* drop =ms a circle1 b ! causes ( p]turbation ( an aque\s surface are inf9ite2 ! dip ( an insect1 ! leap ( a fi%1 all ceaselessly cause new circles1 :i* foll[ ea* o!r1 become wid]1 & f9ally lose !mselves 9 ea* o!r "u our eyes2 ! wat] is app>5tly a prey to %iv]+ fits2 ?is is a type ( ! vibrations ^: p]cussions are felt by ! :ole _w4 ,we are all1 body & s\l1 subject to ! law ( vibrations1 ea* s5se recognises its p[] by means ( s5sations ^: v>i\s k9ds are appreh5d$ by physical sci5ce1 by ! calculation ( ! numb] ( vibrations :i*1 9 a giv5 "t1 affect diff]5tly ea* ( our organs ( s5sation4 ,sci5ce records ! numb] ( vibrations :i* d5ote to our sk9 ! exact degree ( ! ext]nal temp]ature1 %e c\nts ! millions ( vibrations :i* enable our eyes to see def9ite col\rs 9 ! space ( a second1 & ! ?\s&s ( vibrations :i* enable our e>s to he>1 9 ! same space ( "t1 well def9$ s\nds4 ,?us physical sci5ce expla9s a g5]al ph5om5on :i* ex]ts its influ5ce1 indubitably1 on all m5 s9ce !re h be5 m5 on e>?4 ,,comp>ative ,,sci5ces ,:5 ,bordas-,desm\l9s1 "o ( ! fir/ ( our le>n$ ?9k]s to /udy comp>ative sci5ce1 said3 8,)\t ma!matics we _c plumb ! dep?s ( philosophy2 )\t philosophy we _c p5etrate ma!matics2 )\t ! two we c rea* ! f\ndation ( no?+10 did he see t ?is tru? is s great z to be all embrac+8 ,we see !ologians walk+ /eadily 9 ! foot/eps ( ^? :o /udy comp>ative sci5ce ) conviction4 ,fa!r ,gratry cont5ds t )\t x x is impossible to "k ,god1 man1 & nature4 ,matt] _c be conceiv$ )\t _s1 nor _s ap>t f matt]4 ,:il/ a human be+ is 9 ! embryonic /age1 ! s\l1 ! pr9ciple ( life1 is occupi$ 9 =m+ ! body1 de/9$ to cov] x dur+ its e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,! mom5t arrives :5 ?is body is suffici5tly prep>$ to appe> 9 ! light ( day2 x conta9s two n]v\s c5tres1 ! "o supply+ ! vegetative life1 ! o!r ! animal2 !y are di/9ct ?\gh n sep>at$1 & ! s\l /ill cont9ues its "w on ! body1 :e!r x sleeps or :e!r x wakes2 b dur+ sleep1 :il/ man's w is torpid1 ! s\l supplies by rhy?mic movem5ts ( ! n]ves1 ! requisite matt] = ! rep>ation ( ! losses su/a9$ dur+ ! wak+ p]iods4 ,?is intimate union ( m9d & matt] has be5 reject$ by c]ta9 great philosoph]s4 ,desc>tes1 = in/ance1 completely sep>at$ ! immat]ial sub/ance possess$ ( ! prop]ty ( ?9k+ f ! mat]ial body4 ,app>5tly we are ( 8 way ( ?9k+ s9ce we always speak ( our s\l z ( "o ?+ & our body z ( ano!r2 ?is is to make two tru?s out ( "o & ! same tru?4 ,b x is bett] to look ^u x z "o tru? z ,ari/otle did =m]ly4 ,at a lat] date c]ta9 doctors ( ! ,*ur* became ( ! same op9ion1 & at pres5t ,*ri/ian !ologians1 :o are also ?9k]s1 hold ! same view4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a fre% sci5ce is n[ 9 process ( developm5t4 ,x connects psy*ical ph5om5a1 su* z s5sation1 ?\ght1 & action1 ) t :i* c be weigh$ & measur$4 ,?is sci5ce be>s sev]al m or less *>act]i/ic names2 9 ord] to keep to g5]alities ,i w call x ! new psy*ology2 x is taught 9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,p>is1 & ,russia1 & p]haps else:]e4 ,!re is only "o way ( deal+ rightly ) s va/ a sci5ce1 x %\ld be treat$ 9 its entirety2 b z ,i am anxi\s only to make kn[n "s ( its m rec5t discov]ies1 ,i w cont5t myself by do+ ?is briefly & ) _m omissions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kant _h z 8 disciple ! physiologi/ ,j4 ,mll]1 :o appli$ ! me?od ( 8 ma/] to ! /udy ( s5sations2 & ,helmholtz 0 tra9$ by ,j4 ,mll]4 ,at "o "t1 r m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 ! g]ms ( life 7 consid]$ to be an exception on ! t]re/rial globe2 b ,helmholtz discov]$ !m ev5 9 rocky masses2 & he prov$ to ,liebig t putrefaction 0 n a simple *emical reaction1 b 0 due to ! action ( a liv+ organism4 ,m4 ,pa/eur 0 "o ( ! fir/ to pr(it by ?is lesson4 ,ea* def9ite sci5ce has its own special sph]e 9 :i* x is occupi$ only ) itself2 ,helmholtz1 a physician & musician1 work$ entirely 9 connection ) 8 own sci5ce only2 )\t ref]5ce to ! conclusion t comp>ative sci5ce might draw f 8 lab\rs1 he gave himself up to ! /udy ( ! rapidity ( ! transmission ( n]v\s impressions1 & dogmatically laid d[n 8 !sis 9 8 book ,! ,physiological ,!ory ( ,music1 :i* is p]haps ! mo/ important ( 8 works2 at lea/ x is ! "o ( :i* ,i h made ! mo/ use4 ,9 nature we nev] he> simple s\nds2 no?+ b a fusion ( noises rea*es u4 ,helmholtz1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 di/+ui%+ a fundam5tal s\nd 9 a mass ( o!rs2 b x is quickly amalgamat$ ) two or ?ree o!r s\nds :i* are high] & feebl] ?an itself1 z di/ant e*oes4 ,helmholtz became conv9c$ t music is compos$ ( s+le s\nds accompani$ by o!rs ( a decreas+ int5sity1 & he demon/rat$ by calculation t ! numb] ( vibrations ( ^! second>y s\nds call$ h>monics are great] ?an ^? ( ! fundam5tal s\nds2 & ! diff]5ces ( ! gr\p+ ( h>monic s\nds det]m9es ! diff]5ce ( timbre4 ,9 ?is way ,helmholtz discov]$ ! cause ( musical timbre1 & 0 able to expla9 ! reason1 hi!rto unkn[n1 ( ! s\nd ( a flute diff]+ f t ( a hautbois1 or ( a woman's voice f t ( a man's4 ,!re are two m>vell\s ?+s 9 music2 timbre & rhy?m4 ,by rhy?m is und]/ood ! numb] ( a gr\p ( correspond+ vibrations recurr+ 9 a second4 ,rhy?m may be def9$ z a recurr+ movem5t1 compos$ ( unequal p>ts2 ! beat ( a pulse1 9 :i* ea* pulsation c be sep>ately di/+ui%$1 w s]ve z an example4 ,rhy?m may be f\nd ev]y:]e1 9 poetry equally ) music2 & x is ?is :i* imp>ts its *ief *>m4 ,! beauty ( ! rhy?mic prose ( ! ,hebrew ,nbh naturally attract$ ! multitude indep5d5tly ( ! subject matt] ( _! words2 & ! rhy?mic language ( ,r5an's translation ( ! book ( ,job enables u p]fectly to grasp & appreciate ! special *>m incid5tal to rhy?m4 ,music is provocative ( n]v\s effects1 at times ( great int5sity2 b5efic5t to ! great] numb] ( p]sons1 b to o!rs q ! rev]se2 9 8 infancy ,moz>t almo/ fa9t$ on he>+ ! s\nd ( ! trumpet4 ,pr(essor ,wundt--:o 9 8 works deals ) ! human s\l & t ( bea/s--f\nd$ at ,leipzig1 9 #ahgi1 a laboratory ) ?is inscription ov] ! entrance1 8,in/itute = ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology40 ,wundt said3 8,! result ( my rese>*es does n accord ) ! dualism ( ,plato & ,desc>tes2 f exp]im5tal psy*ology ! animism ( ,ari/otle 7:o connects psy*ology & biology7 alone is evolv$1 z ! plausible metaphysical conclusion40 ,a wond]ful man ?is ,ari/otle6 ,:e!r we wi% to analyse ^? s5sations :i* /ir e fibre ( our moral be+1 or to trace ! etymology ( a ^w1 or /udy ! mo/ mod]n ( all our sci5ces1 ! fir/ to pres5t himself to our m5tal vision is ! sage ( ,/ageira4 ,! fir/ notes ( an air by ,moz>t or ( a sonata ( ,bee?ov5 c\ld nev] h be5 produc$ by !m by *ance1 !y 7 will$ by a p[] :i* _! compos]s consid]$ outside !mselves4 ,inspiration--revelation--! same ?+ ) all1 9 all "t1 & 9 e place1 !y diff] b 9 degree4 ,x is possible t a musical physician su* z ,helmholtz1 add$ to a psy*ological physiologi/ z ,wundt 01 & ! two graft$ on to a philosoph] su* z ,ari/otle1 might h be5 able to def9e1 9 a measure1 ! mean+ ( ! words ,inspiration & ,revelation4 ,x is ) a k ( causes t we are able to say3 8,! univ]sal ph5om5on ( vibration is a fight = life1 a fight betwe5 be+ & n be+40 ,,conc]n+ ,,"s ,,au?ors ,we d n always occupy ourselves ) sci5ce1 & writ]s ( a poetical temp]am5t l to write on ! m s]i\s subjects1 at ! dictation ( _! he>t & consci5ce only1 especially :5 !y speak to !mselves alone1 ) no ?\ght ( o!rs4 ,r5an1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ,israel1 writes3 8,9 pres5ce ( ! social problems ( our days1 & ( ! "q3 ,has life a prem$itat$ end & object8 ,:at is x8 ,is x = ! good ( humanity8 ,is x = ! good ( ! individual80 ,! au?or replies3 8,! univ]se1 ^: la/ ^w we nev] le>n1 atta9s its end by an inf9ite v>iety ( g]ms2 if we are among/ ^? :o deceive !mselves & rebel aga9/ au?ority1 t may n be att5d$ by s]i\s consequ5ces 444 let u be quiet2 if we miss ! m>k o!rs w hit x2 t :i* ,jahvah wills1 w come to pass40 ,und]/& if y c4 ,^? :o wi% to adore1 always f9d an object ( adoration2 ,r5an seeks 8 religion 9 ! love ( sci5ce & art2 ,comte ?\ght to f9d x 9 a life devot$ to ! happ9ess ( humanity4 ,is x n ( ^!1 & ( m5 simil> to !m1 t ! mo/ intellectual & cle>e/ sight$ ( judges1 ! my?ological god ,kri%na1 spoke :5 he said1 8,all ^? :o adore idols1 adore me40 ,ev]y:]e we enc\nt] ,god & ,8 p[]2 ei!r ,he triumphs ov] man1 or man va9ly seeks to triumph ov] ,him4 ,i h notic$ t ,r5an's "w1 ,la ,vie de ,jsus1 to :i* e>ne/-m9d$ p]sons h a great objection1 has be5 ! means ( consol+ m ?an "o s9c]e s\l4 ,is x to be reckon$ a good or an evil8 ,:o %all take ^u himself to say8 ,r5an has c]ta9ly an attraction = c]ta9 read]s1 !y d n succe$ 9 f9d+ out :at he believes1 b t is n to ! po9t2 g5]ally he conf9es himself to tr\bl+ ! wat]1 x becomes muddy2 9 muddy wat]s fi% are sometimes tak5--we ?r[ our l9es--&--m>vell\s--ea* "o draws out 8 fav\rite fi%4 ,pre ,gratry has no?+ 9 common ) ,r5an1 except t bo? are poets4 ,plato hav+ said t all b ! wick$ h _! et]nal types 9 ,god1 ,gratry 0 au?oris$ 9 ! conclusion he drew 9 8 ,logic t 8no?+ 9 u1 nei!r s5tim5t1 nor imag9ation1 nor pray]1 c g too f>2 all is m beautiful ?an t ( :i* we dream2 all is high] ?an we c believe possible40 ,?is language has displeas$ c]ta9 morali/s1 & !y h n sp>$ _! c5sures on ! !ologian :o us$ x4 ,!y h accus$ him ( dream+ :il/ deal+ ) religion1 & !y w\ld h pref]r$ t ,gratry %\ld occupy himself simply ) lit]ature4 8,above all10 !y say1 8h[ is x t ,gratry has v5tur$ to write five long *apt]s on ! probable site ( immortality1 & to inquire :]e m5 w live :5 !re is no long] dea?40 ,:y %\ld we n be p]mitt$ to ask ourselves ^! que/ions1 & to reply to !m z we please8 ,are n !ologians m5 l ourselves8 ,especially t !ologian :o said3 8,! "t :5 religion w h acquir$ ! *>act]i/ics ( a sci5ce is yet f> di/ant40 ,,religion ,,& ,,religions ,at an e>ly p]iod ( our pres5t era1 v>i\s gr\ps ( m5 =m$ !mselves into assemblies1 8,*ur*es10 z !y 7 call$1 all tea*+ religion1 & ea* f 8 own po9t ( view4 ,! /udy ( ^! in/ructions is full ( important lessons4 ,fir/ is to be notic$ ?is fact t ! tru?s on :i* all 7 agre$ weigh$ m heavily 9 ! balance ?an ^? on :i* !y disagre$4 ,x is necess>y to dis5tangle true religion 9 itself f its surr\nd+s4 ,!re is "o true religion1 z !re is "o ,god1 & "o logic4 ,! expressions :i* are curr5t ) u ( natural religion & reveal$ religion %\ld be lack+ 9 our conv]sation1 s9ce !y cause u to believe t !y d5ote two diff]5t religions4#acf ,op9ions are sometimes attribut$ to ! f\nd]s ( organis$ religions :i* really belong only to _! disciples1 or ev5 to !ologians :o live 9 an age mu* m rec5t ?an ! hi/orical bir? ( ! religion2 if free discussion foll[$1 suppositions & d\bts might (t5 be dissipat$1 b 9 c]ta9 cases laws are impos$ & rules laid d[n :i* are consid]$ infallible & n op5 to discussion4 ,accord+ to ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,doctors1 ! ,*ur* is ext]nal & visible1 toge!r ) t :i* is )9 & invisible2 ! title1 8,s\l ( ! ,*ur*10 0 giv5 to ! invisible union ( m5 among/ !mselves & ) ,god2 its dogma is1 8,all ! righte\s1 none b ! righte\s c h _! %>e 9 ! s\l ( ! ,*ur*2 _m are 9 ! visible ,*ur* :o d n belong to its s\l2 _m are out ( ! visible ,*ur* :o =m a portion ( ! s\l ( ! ,*ur*40#acg ,9 speak+ ?us ! ,fa!rs re/$ on an anci5t tradition2 x came to !m f ,plato1 ^: words ,i h already quot$3 8,!re is 9 ! s\l a po9t1 :i* is ! root by :i* ! ,div9ity susp5ds 8 creatures to ,himself2 & ?is c5tral po9t is ! tru? :i* connects all m5 f "o end ( ! _w to ! o!r40 ,?is expla9s ! previ\s ass]tion ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,b !y did n cont5t !mselves ) an ass]tion only2 !y impos$ on reason ! burd5 ( explanation & ! duty ( kn[+ all4 ,! fir/ ef=t ( our reason 9 natural sci5ces consi/s 9 exam9+ facts & endeav\r+ to f9d ! laws4 ,if "o et]nal law did n rule ov] ! :ole ( nature our lab\r w\ld be 9 va92 if ?is same law did n gov]n our reason we %\ld be incapable ( f9d+ ^? laws :i* gov]n ! ph5om5a ar\nd u2 & x is cle> t !re c\ld consequ5tly be no physical sci5ce4 ,b x is n s app>5t at fir/ sight t if our reason 7 n gov]n$ by an et]nal law1 !re c\ld be no moral sci5ces ei!r4 ,_m obs]vations h be5 made by m5 ( att5tive & pr(\nd m9ds1 b !y h rema9$ isolat$ = ! mo/ "p4 ,i w quote "o or two t ,i h collect$ "h & !re2 x is well to pass !m 9 review1 if only to assure "o's self t !y are true4 8,x is a great mi/ake to suppose t ^? :o h read _m books "k _m ?+s4 ,read+ supplies ! mat]ial = k1 b reflection alone causes x to take root & gr[40 ,locke made ?is obs]vation4 ,i add to x t = reflection to be> fruit x mu/ be jo9$ to a good me?od4 ,pre ,gratry1 :o is a practical man1 also en=ces ?is 9 a *apt] 9 8 ,logic1 9 :i* he lays great /ress on ! importance ( res]v+ ! morn+ h\rs = /udy & reflection4 ,x is a f9e p>agraph1 & wor?y ( be+ reproduc$4 8,9 ! book ( ! ,apocalypse we read1 #8,& !re 0 sil5ce 9 heav5 = ! space ( half an h\r4' ,9 ! heav5 ( s\ls ?is is r>e4 ,accord+ to ,/ ,augu/9e ! ,et]nal ,wisdom does n cease to speak to human creatures1 & reason does n cease its activities 9 u4 ,we h only to li/51 & to li/5 we mu/ keep sil5ce4 ,b among/ m51 & especially among/ ?9k]s1 :o c keep /ill sil5ce8 ,! g5]ality ( m51 especially ^? :o /udy1 h n a s+le half h\r ( sil5ce 9 ! day1 m5 ( le>n+ ei!r li/5 to ^? :o speak1 or are speak+ !mselves2 & :5 !y f9d !mselves alone & sil5t1 !n !y p]mit books to speak to !m1 & !y dev\r long disc\rses1 ) rapid glances1 9 a few m9utes40 ,"u ^! conditions all /udy requir+ mu* reflection is impossible4 ,att5tion1 ,ab/raction1 ,contradiction1 ,spee*--only a few p]sons appreciate ! importance ( ^! f\r words1 & h>dly any "o d\bts t !y "k ! "p play$ 9 _! lives by ! ?+s :i* ^! words repres5t4 ,if we wi% to "k ourselves _m subjects ( all k9ds mu/ be /udi$ simultane\sly2 religion & religions2 ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts & ( our contempor>ies2 m5 z !y n[ are & z !y 74 ,r5an has well *>act]is$ primitive m5 9 attribut+ to !m 8a special feel+ = nature :i* enabl$ !m1 ) wond]ful delicacy & accuracy1 ( :i* we h no conception1 to p]ceive ! qualities :i* furni%$ names2 & !y saw innum]able ?+s at once40 ,! ,h9doos1 :o 7 writ]s _m c5turies be=e our pres5t era1 mu/ h inh]it$ f _! primitive ance/ors ?is special feel+ = nature1 or !y w\ld n h compos$ ^? v]ses 9 ! #abi? hymn3 8,ev]y?+ 9 ! beg9n+ 0 hidd5 9 gloom--! g]m :i* 0 cov]$ by ! husk 0 br\ght =? by ! p[] ( heat4 ,on ?is g]m re/$ love1 ! spr+ ( ! m9d1 yes1 & ! poets1 9 m$itat+ !reon1 discov]$ 9 _! s\ls ! tie betwe5 ! ?+s creat$ & ! ?+s uncreat$4--,?is sp>k1 comes x f ! e>?1 pi]c+ all1 p5etrat+ into all1 or comes x f heav580 ,^! passages h some?+ mod]n 9 !m2 !y might h be5 writt5 n[ :5 sci5ce seeks to fuse heav5 & e>?1 :i* 0 n done =m]ly4 ,! cord does n cease to vibrate4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ?is ph5om5on has diff]5t comm5ts made on x4 8,x is ! effect ( h]$ity10 says mod]n sci5ce2 8x is a contemporane\s effect ( ! fall10 says !ology4 ,p]haps ! "o & ! o!r make ( ! human race "o unique be+ :i* cont9ues ?r\gh ! ages4 ,x is z ?\gh "t _h no exi/5ce = humanity4 ,space also app>5tly does n c\nt = mu* ) ! race4 ,if ! s+ul> facts are true :i* we he>1 two p]sons sep>at$ by a great di/ance h ! same ?\ghts at ! same in/ant2 n ! univ]sal ?\ght naturally inh]5t 9 ! human m9d1 b entirely p]sonal4 ,has sympa?y--:i* is z ess5tially human z x is my/]i\s--a relation%ip ) electricity1 :i* is a di/9ctly physical ph5om5on8 ,on ^? :o reject su* a supposition %\ld fail ! burd5 ( f9d+ ano!r4 ,ea* ( u sees a l&scape accord+ to our sight2 to ! %ort-sight$ 7& ?is is a normal condition7 ! l&scape appe>s simple2 trees "h1 !re h\ses & /reets1 m5 walk+2 b ) /rong glasses1 z is well kn[n1 x is possible to see _m m ?+s4 ,aga91 ! %ort-sight$ c di/+ui% only ! col\r1 ve9s & s]rat$ edge ( a leaf1 b if ?is 7 plac$ "u a microscope !y w\ld see a surface ( gre5 glitt]+ ) light1 & /rewn ) gold & diamonds4 ,if !re are two ways ( look+ at a leaf1 !re are at lea/ ?ree ( look+ at life2 x c be se5 f its pleasant or pa9ful side1 ?is is to feel t we live only2 !n we c grasp x ) reg>d to ! duties x imposes on u4 ,?is is a "r po9t ( view1 b x %[s "o side only2 or we may consid] x z sci5ce repres5ts x1 t is its moral1 rational1 & religi\s aspect comb9$4 ,! m we obs]ve & ! m we reflect on :at we obs]ve1 s mu* ! m d we ex]cise our faculty ( und]/&+ ?+s2 & accord+ z ?is faculty approa*es or )draws f ! normal type1 s x w correspond ei!r ) ! leaf se5 by ! nak$ eye or ) x z se5 "u ! microscope4 ,,opposition ,!re are two k9ds ( opposition4 ,v (t5 we come ^u a true ?\ght 9 a book :i* %ocks u because = ! mom5t we d n recognise its tru?4 ,we also =get t all tru?s c be view$ at v>i\s angles2 or we d n und]/& a tru? because x is express$ 9 a novel way4 ,a manual treat+ ( physics w be/ expla9 ! reason ( our false impression4 ,:5 a ray ( light is transmitt$ f "o m$ium to ano!r ( diff]5t d5sity1 z f air to wat]1 a *ange ( direction is impress$ on ! ray1 mak+ ! /raight l9e appe> brok52 ?is *ange ( direction is call$ refraction4 ,c>d9al ,newman made a v true obs]vation on ?is subject4 8,if an idea is pres5t$ unexpect$ly to u10 he said1 8clo!d 9 words to :i* we are unaccu/om$1 x is suffici5t to cause u to speak ( x z errone\s2 ?is illusion is only a simple effect ( ! refraction ( words2 t is to say1 t 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] ( ?is tru? :i* />tles u1 ! idea foll[$ a /raight l9e1 b 9 our m9d x became brok540 ,! second k9d ( opposition is ( a diff]5t nature4 ,x is amus+ to wat* two individuals :o are tak+ opposite sides 9 a heat$ discussion conc]n+ "s philosoph]4 8,:at ,i tell y is correct2 ,a1 :o is a great s*ol>1 says s40 8,yes1 b ,i also "k a great s*ol>1 ,b1 & he says j ! contr>y40 ,!re seems to be a *>m 9 controv]sy :i* few p]sons c resi/2 !y ignore :at y say1 & bluntly tell y t y are 9 ! wrong4 ,,ab/raction1 ,,inatt5tion ,n only is ab/raction fatal to /udy1 b x (t5 plays u sorry tricks ap>t f our occupations4 ,sometimes a bright idea comes into our m9d1 b t\*+ only ! surface2 if by inatt5tion or idl5ess we d n fix x firmly 9 our memory by clo?+ x 9 suitable words1 x is a hundr$ to "o t x is n irrevocably lo/ to u4 ,x is n m possible to arre/ its flight ?an to fa/5 a plac>d to ! wall )\t nails or gum4 ,x is difficult to note ) exactness ! am\nt ( inatt5tion :i* s frequ5tly accompanies ! act ( op5+ a s]i\s book ev5 ) ! fix$ int5tion ( read+ x4 ,i once surpris$ myself 9 a flagrant act ( inatt5tion4 ,i 0 /ay+ ) a fri5d1 & took up ,pascal's ,p5ses1 :i* ,i _h n read = "s "t4 ,! edition 0 n ! same z ! "o ,i _h at home4 ,:il/ turn+ ov] ! leaves ,i said to myself occasionally1 8,h[ ! /yle has *ang$--?is is n cle>--?is obs]vation is v %all[02 & s ,i w5t on1 a/oni%$ at n be+ able to admire ?is celebrat$ "w z ,i _h =m]ly done4 ,sudd5ly ,i came ^u ?is phrase1 8,monsieur ,pascal confond t\t cela40 ,:at 0 my humiliation to discov] t 9 ?is edition 8les ,p5ses de ,pascal0 7 foll[$ by 8les ,p5ses de ,nicole40 ,i _h pass$ f ! "o to ! o!r )\t notic+ x4 ,b :at c\ld h giv5 rise to ?is impression ( ,nicole's8 ,i turn$ back a few pages1 & read3 8,a book has j appe>$ :i* is p]haps ! mo/ useful t c\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( pr9ces2 x is a selection ( ! #8,p5ses de ,pascal4' ,i d n say t all are equally good 444 ,i f9d among/ !m _m well poli%$ /ones & fit to adorn a great build+2 b ! rema9d] appe>$ to be mix$ mat]ial1 = :i* ,i c h>dly suppose t ,m4 ,pascal c\ld f9d a use4444 ,!re are ev5 c]ta9 s5tim5ts :i* h>dly appe> to be exact1 & are l scatt]$ ?\ghts ?r[n out at r&om1 :i* are writt5 only t !y may aft]w>ds be exam9$ ) m c>e & att5tion4 ,monsieur ,pascal supposes t ennui comes f t :i* we see 9 ourselves--f :at we ?9k ( ourselves4 ,t ass]tion is p]haps m subtle ?an solid4 ,?\s&s ( p]sons exp]i5ce ennui )\t ?9k+ ( !mselves at all2 !y feel we>9ess n f :at !y ?9k1 b because !y d n ?9k en\gh4444 ,m4 ,pascal confond t\t cela40 ,^u my ^w1 ,i felt consol$ = my lapse into inatt5tion2 to ?is fault ,i owe my acqua9tance ) ,m4 ,nicole's acute rem>k3 8,m5 d n feel we>9ess f :at !y ?9k1 b because !y d n ?9k en\gh40 ,,spee* ,:5 ! memb]s ( ! human family began to use ! clamor concomitans :i* accompani$ _! occupations1 z clamor significans1 ^! simple mat]ials =m$ ! roots :i* indicat$ su* & su* acts1 & produc$ v]bal & nom9atival bases compos$ ( pr$icative & demon/rative elem5ts4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ages ! fir/ became conjugat$ & ! second 7 decl9$4 ,by means ( add+ ! successive acts toge!r1 & reta9+ !m unit$ 9 ! m9d1 or subtract+ 9 sev]al directions1 our ance/ors div]sifi$ ! mean+ ( all ! primitive roots2 !y =m$ collective & ab/ract n\ns 9 _! simple/ =m by comb9ation4 ,! process nev] v>i$2 ?us ! ?\ght progress$ f ! fir/ root to ! la/ concept4 ,b ! fir/ ^w ev] pron\nc$ by a human creature 0 a true proposition1 & our la/ lit]>y *ef-d'uvre consi/s ( a s]ies ( propositions4 ,desc>tes' brief phrase 8,cogito1 ergo sum0 may be bett] r5d]$ & /ill m briefly by "o ^w4 ,! ,greek ^w ,logos1 mean+ ^w & ?\ght comb9$1 _h orig9ally1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 ! two mean+s ( assembl+ & comb9+4 8,cogito0 ,i ?9k1 :i* is ! %ort = co-agito ,i assemble4 ,! act ( assembl+ presupposes t ( sep>at+1 see+ t x is impossible to comb9e two or m ?+s )\t at ! same "t sep>at+ !m f o!r ?+s4 ,! *ild :o is taught ! fir/ rules ( ari?metic adds & subtracts1 :i* c only be done by comb9+ & sep>at+4 ,h[ev] little intellig5ce he may h1 8 task does n pres5t great difficulties to him2 & yet ! mo/ ab/ruse ma!matical problem consi/s 9 add+ & subtract+1 & ! mo/ a/\nd+ calculations ( ,newton1 & ! mo/ pr(\nd ma!matical speculations ( ,kant1 are b ! results ( addition & subtraction1 ( comb9+ & sep>at+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t all t fills our diction>ies & our gramm>s 0 develop$ & a*iev$1 & no?+ rema9$ = poets & philosoph]s to d b to add to & d$uce f ! mat]ials :i* !y _h inh]it$ or _h !mselves acquir$ z ! result ( _! own ef=ts2 & h[ev] p[]ful ! imag9ation ( poets may be1 & h[ev] subtle ! reason+ ( philosoph]s1 ! mat]ials :i* bo? use to =m _! monum5ts are exactly ! same1 & ^! are no?+ b ! words d]iv$ f roots & collect$ 9 diction>ies4 ,mo/ decid$ly ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 some?+ m ?an a mason or bricklay]1 b yet ! basilica ( ,/ ,pet]'s is made only ( /ones & bricks & a little cem5t1 :i*1 :5 br\ght d[n to its f9al con/itu5ts1 is no?+ b pulv]is$ /one4 ,mo/ decid$ly "o ( ,%akespe>e's plays is possess$ ( o!r qualities ?an a m]e assemblage ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 b ! mat]ials ( :i* ! plays are =m$ 7 drawn f ! inexhau/ible supply ( words accumulat$ dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & :i* conta9 no s+le p>ticle ( gold or silv] t is n f\nd 9 ! ?\s& roots ( our language & ! #aba concepts conceiv$ 9 our m9ds4 ,among/ ! m5 :o "k h[ to ?9k1 _m are a/oni%$ t ! s-call$ civilis$ portion ( humanity %\ld h advanc$ s little1 !re is no?+ a/oni%+ 9 ?is2 let u consid] ! po9t1 & rememb] t we are only n[ on ! morr[ ( ! day :5 we 7 /ill immature humanity1 & 9 :i* ! human "*1 ) its g]ms ( language & ( ?\ght1 only began to be visible 9 u4 ,! univ]se obeys ! un*angeable law :i* we "n ,div9e ,provid5ce2 an irresi/ible law :i* compels matt] to make c]ta9 pr$et]m9$ movem5ts1 & ! m9d to t5d t[>ds p]fection2 man kn[s t he is morally free1 & n necess>ily subject to animal impulses4 ,man's moral lib]ty be+ conc$$1 he uses x z he w2 at times he seeks & f9ds opportunities = resi/+ ! moral law2 man1 ev5 ! nom9al ,*ri/ian1 /ifles ! _s's high] voice & compels himself to li/5 to ! l[] voice ( ! fle%4 ,pascal said pla9ly3 8,accord+ to ! c>nal ,*ri/ian ! ,messiah has come to disp5se u f ! necessity ( lov+ ,god by provid+ sacram5ts :i* act z *>ms ap>t f our co-op]ation10 & our hatr$ & our inju/ice cont9ue--"u cov] ( a scrupul\s obs]vance ( rites--to infect ! _w z well z ourselves4 ,he spoke truly1 & saw cle>ly1 :o fir/ said3 8,e be+ t5ds to pres]ve its exi/5ce40 ,) reg>d to ! man ( :om ,pascal speaks1 ?is means to foll[ incessantly 8 evil practices4 ,b1 happily1 !re exi/ o!r m5 :o feel t1 besides oxyg5 & pleasure1 !y mu/ also absorb sci5ce & true prosp]ity = _! well-be+4 ,we read 9 ! book ( ,ecclesia/icus3 8,9 e good "w tru/ ?9e own s\l0 7,ecclesia/icus xxxii4 #bc74 ,yes1 let u believe 9 our own s\l1 :i* is ! true ,ego1 & x w bid u live4 ,i am f> f %>+ ,pascal's op9ion1 :i* is1 t ! ,ego always m]its contempt4 ,sci5ce1 aft] hav+ not$ & c\nt$ ! exact numb] ( vibrations ( all k9ds :i* f all p>ts affect u1 at a c]ta9 po9t ceases to h ! p[] to calculate fur!r1 & recognises t beyond & above all vibrations !re exi/s t :i* c nei!r be nam$ nor c\nt$4 ,9 my op9ion t :i* is ! be/ "p ( sci5ce is t x kn[s its limitations2 ) "s p x is a well kn[n exp]i5ce t :5 !y h once grasp$ ! fact t _! inability rightly to compreh5d some?+ !y desire to "k arises f an immutable decree1 !y become at once imbu$ ) a pr(\nd quiesc5ce1 closely alli$ to c]ta9ty4 ,aft] :i* !re is b "o /ep left to human reason1 to =sake t reason :i* is b tempor>y1 & to lose oneself 9 t :i* has nei!r beg9n+ nor end4 ,?is la/ /ep is an act ( fai?4 ,someone1 :o does n ?9k suffici5tly1 calls ?is a leap 9 ! d>k1 b = him :o accompli%es x ?is d>kness becomes transp>5t z cry/al4 8,yes10 ^! p]sons exclaim1 8& su* 0 ,kant's la/ act40 ,x w\ld be m correct to say ,kant end$ z he began1 by an act ( reason1 s9ce he drew ! logical conclusion ( :at he _h le>nt4 ,r,,sum ,! evolution ( ! human race w n become cle> to u unless we rememb] t a "t exi/$ :5 man 0 )\t language & )\t reason4 ,dur+ ?is obscure p]iod :i* we "n ! dawn ( humanity1 ! mat]ial wants & _! satisfaction1 compris$ ! :ole be+ ( man1 z x does t ( ! animal4 ,) man comm5c$ ! l9e ( individuals lead+ to ! high] ord] ( social life4 ,x is possible t ! feel+ ( be+ "o ( _m 0 "o ( ! fir/ to awake 9 man1 s9ce x 0 ow+ to ! support af=d$ him by 8 fell[s t he obta9$ :at he ne$$2 he 0 also consci\s ( family ties1 ?is emotion & s5tim5t 0 ! cradle ( all 8 be/ qualities2 aft]w>ds w\ld come ! attractions ( race2 ?is feel+ might s dom9ate ! individual z to cause him to =get t he 0 a sep>ate entity2 !n by a concurr5ce ( circum/ances difficult to def9e1 national feel+s 7 develop$ f ! sali5t features ( ! race1 & national languages sep>at$ !mselves f ! c5tral s\rce4 ,! k ( be+ a portion ( humanity arriv$ at a mu* lat] p]iod2 he is /ill at ?is pres5t "t a "p ( a feeble few1 & he c be summ$ up 9 ! well-kn[n s5t5ce1 ( :i* ! fir/ words are1 8,homo sum40 ,if we consid] ! mean+ ( ?is classical quotation x is v /rik+4 ,we (t5 m5tion ! pre-hi/oric times1 b we seldom ask ourselves at :at date hi/ory c h begun4 ,) ! fir/ heap ( /ones pil$ up by ! m5 ( a c]ta9 tribe at ! burial ( a v5]at$ *ief1 hi/ory comm5c$2 ?is heap became ! po9t at :i* ! pa/ t\*$ ! future1 a visible l9k 9 ! int]m9able *a9 ( human ?\ght4 ,at ! orig9 ( all ?is m5tal activity we f9d an inspiration--a poetical fiat4 ,x 0 a hi/orical mom5t--no o!r simil> to x has ev] be51 be=e or s9ce--:5 ! fir/ gr\p ( human creatures acclaim$ ) in>ticulate cries _! fir/ cav]n1 or ! fir/ d5 dug by !mselves4 ,at a mu* lat] date :5 man1 look+ up at ! vault ( heav5--8 curiosity ar\s$--wi%$ to "k :at 7 ! brilliant ?+s he saw mov+ high above him1 0 he n impell$ by ! feel+ ( ! pres5ce ( a ,be+ hi!rto unkn[n1 & to :om he paid unconsci\s homage by giv+ ,him a "n8 ,if ! feel+ _h n made itself felt simultane\sly ) ! awak5$ att5tion caus$ by ! appe>ance ( ! sky1 ! electric sp>k w\ld n h bur/ =?4 ,at a lat] date /ill to :at c we attribute ! union ( pure ?\ght & beat+ he>ts b to ! fir/ def9ite p]ception ( ! ,div9e brea?1 & ! conception ( an invisible yet long$ = ,god1 ^: "n desc5d$ f g5]ation to g5]ation d[n to ourselves8 ,ari/otle1 ,/ ,augu/9e1 ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,kant1 & ,max ,mll]1 h all describ$ ?is asc5sion ( ! reason f ! fir/ ?\ght :i* conta9$ ! g]m ( ! idea1 up to ,god ,himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we ?us arrive at a high level ?\gh />t+ f l[ gr\nd2 we %\ld be high] /ill1 b t we are ret>d$ equally by lack ( spee* & ( ?\ght4 ,z long z we fondly imag9e t 9 possess+ a ^w we are also ma/]s ( ! ?\ght atta*$ to x1 & t to p5etrate to ! he>t ( a ?\ght is no?+ b a l+ui/ic ex]cise1 or an intellectual gymna/ic feat1 we %all n use ! sole me?od ) :i* we are suppli$1 ( gr[+ morally1 rationally1 & religi\sly4 ,we =m ideas ( _m ?+s1 b we "k !m only p>tially & disjo9t$ly2 sci5ces :i* we h le>nt possess unity1 s9ce ) gramm> is connect$ syn!sis1 & ) ma!matics1 algebra2 7?is ^w algebra is ( ,arab orig91 8al djabr\n10 & means ! r$uction ( dislocat$ memb]s71 is x possible t we--! creators ( ^! sci5ces--%\ld be de/9$ to w&] ar\nd & away f unity1 & nev] atta9 x8 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is "t to end ?is /udy2 ,i suspect t ,i am n ! only "o ( ?is op9ion4 ,x is possible t among/ my read]s--if ,i h any--"s may already h f\nd means ( %ort5+ x = !mselves2 !y w p]haps turn ov] ! pages1 read a few1 & say1 8,h[ t$i\s ! old p$ant is10 !n %ut ! book & n op5 x aga94 ,?is w\ld be a pity 9 my op9ion2 !y %\ld read a little m4 ,no philosophical "w c be writt5 )\t ! words p]ceive & conceive appe>+ v frequ5tly 9 x4 ,! ,lat9 language possesses ! ^w 8capio10 :i* means to seize some?+ ) ! h&2 only conv9c+ facts c lead u to believe t ^! t]ms to p]ceive & to conceive are d]iv$ f capio2 ?us ! ^w express+ ! well-kn[n physical movem5t ( tak+ some?+ ) ! h& 0 ! orig9 ( ! two words p]cept & concept1 )\t :i* no philosophical idea c\ld take %ape or be develop$ 9 u4 ,! space :i* sep>ates ! ^w capio f p]cept & concept includes nei!r m nor less ?an ! entire evolution ( man2 t is1 our own hi/ory4 ,t ( :i* we ?9k s little is 9 reality ! indelible sign impress$ once = all on man1 t :i* alone di/+ui%es him f ! animals1 & :i* may yet help to =m 9 man an excell5ce hi!rto unkn[n to u2 ?is di/+ui%+ m>k is ?\ght & spee*4 ,we are m5--b has ! type ( ! 8g5us homo0 be5 realis$8 ,is x impossible8 ,x has be5 und\bt$ly prov$ t man is free 9 c]ta9 directions1 & n 9 o!rs2 happily he is n free n to be a man4 ,,! ,,end ,,footnotes3 #acf ,!re is "o 9 ! way 9 :i* ,/ ,paul speaks3 8,!re is "o body1 & "o _s1 ev5 z also ye 7 call$ 9 "o hope ( y\r call+2 "o ,"l1 "o fai?1 "o baptism1 "o ,god & ,fa!r ( all1 :o is ov] all1 & ?r\gh all1 & 9 all40 #acg ,z ,savon>ola said3 8,yes1 f ! ,*ur* militant1 b n f ! ,*ur* 9 ,heav510 9 answ] to 8 excommunication4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,turnbull ,,& ,,spe>s1 ,,ed9burgh 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ea* *apt] & relabel$ consecutively ?r\gh ! docum5t4 ,punctuation has be5 made consi/5t4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation 7 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication1 except t obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! foll[+ *anges 7 made3 p4 #bc3 ,llamas *ang$ to ,lamas 7! ,lamas (7 p4 #ahj3 ,l9es bel[ ,s & s h be5 /&>diz$ to acute acc5ts 7raddh1 raddadhau1 raddhitam7