,,the ,,life ,,of ,,john ,,milton3 ,,narrated ,,in ,,connexion ,,with ,,the ,,political1 ,,ecclesiastical1 ,,and ,,literary ,,history ,,of ,,his ,,time4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 #afdc-afdi4 ,,by ,,david ,,masson1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,contents4 ,,book ,i4 ,,july #afdc--,,march #afdc-d4 ,,history3--,,first ,,eight ,,months ,,of ,,the ,,westminster ,,assembly3 ,,civil ,,war ,,and ,,the ,,long ,,parliament ,,continued4 ,,biography3--,,milton ,,still ,,in ,,aldersgate ,,street3 ,,his ,,marriage ,,misfortune3 ,,his ,,first ,,divorce ,,treatise4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the ,westminster ,assembly in ,session--,the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant3 ,scottish ,commissioners in the ,assembly--,debates on ,church-,government3 ,apologetical ,narration of the ,independents--,parliamentary ,proceedings--,scottish ,auxiliary ,army in ,england ,,ii4 ,milton unhappy in his ,marriage3 ,his ,first ,divorce ,tract3 ,two ,editions of it ,,book ,,ii4 ,,march #afdd-,,march #afde4 ,,history3--,,the ,,year ,,of ,,marston ,,moor3 ,,civil ,,war1 ,,long ,,parliament1 ,,and ,,westminster ,,assembly ,,continued--,,struggle ,,of ,,independency ,,with ,,presbyterianism3 ,,toleration ,,controversy3 ,,english ,,sects ,,and ,,sectaries-- ,,presbyterian ,,settlement ,,voted--,,new ,,model ,,of ,,the ,,army4 ,,biography3--,,milton ,,among ,,the ,,sectaries3 ,,his ,,second ,,divorce ,,pamphlet1 ,,tract ,,on ,,education1 ,,areopagitica1 ,,tetrachordon1 ,,and ,,colisterion4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,inactivity of the ,scottish ,auxiliaries--,spread of ,independency and ,multiplication of ,sects--,visitation of the ,university of ,cambridge-- ,battle of ,marston ,moor--,fortnight's ,vacation of the ,westminster ,assembly 7,july #bc-;,august #g1 #afdd71--,principle of ,toleration and ,state of the ,toleration ,controversy3 ,synopsis of ,english ,sects and ,sectaries in #afdd4- -,resumption of ,assembly's ,proceedings3 ,denunciation of ,picked ,sectaries and ,heretics--,cromwell's ,interference for ,independency3 ,accommodation ,order of ,parliament--,presbyterian ,settlement voted--,essex beaten and the ,war flagging3 ,self-denying ,ordinance and ,new ,model of the ,army-- ,parliamentary ,vengeances3 ,death of ,laud ,,ii4 ,milton among the ,sectaries1 and in a ,world of ,disesteem3 ,story of ,mrs4 ,attaway--,samuel ,hantlib1 ,john ,durie1 and ,john ,amos ,comenius3 ,schemes of a ,reformed ,education1 and ,project of a ,london ,university--,milton's ,tract on ,education1 and ,method with his ,pupils--,his ,second ,divorce ,tract1 or ,compilation from ,bucer--,mr4 ,herbert ,palmer's ,attack on ,milton from the ,pulpit--,milton and the ,stationers' ,company3 ,their ,accusation of him in a ,petition to the ,commons--,his ,areopagitica1 or ,speech for the ,liberty of ,unlicensed ,printing--,anger of the ,stationers1 and their ,complaint against ,milton to the ,lords3 ,consequence of the ,complaint--,the ,divorce ,question continued3 ,publication of ,mr4 ,herbert ,palmer's ,sermon1 and farther ,attacks on ,milton by ,prynne1 ,dr4 ,featley1 and an ,anonymous ,pamphleteer--,tetrachordon and ,colasterion3 ,their ,replies to the ,assailants4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,april #afde-;,,august #afdf4 ,,history3--,,sixteen ,,months ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,model1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,long ,,parliament ,,and ,,westminster ,,assembly ,,continued4--,,battle ,,of ,,naseby ,,and ,,its ,,consequences3 ,,episode ,,of ,,montrose ,,in ,,scotland3 ,,flight ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,to ,,the ,,scots ,,and ,,conclusion ,,of ,,the ,,civil ,,war4--,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,toleration ,,controversy ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,struggle ,,between ,,the ,,presbyterians ,,and ,,the ,,independents4--,,london ,,and ,,lancashire ,,presbyterianized4 ,,biography3--,,return ,,of ,,milton',s ,,wife3 ,,his ,,removal ,,from ,,aldersgate ,,street ,,to ,,barbican3 ,,first ,,edition ,,of ,,his ,,poems3 ,,three ,,more ,,sonnets3 ,,continued ,,presbyterian ,,attacks ,,on ,,milton3 ,,his ,,retaliation3 ,,troubles ,,of ,,the ,,powell ,,family4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,composition of the ,new ,model1 and ,view of the ,work lying before it-- ,first ,actions of the ,new ,model--,cromwell retained in ,command3 ,battle of ,naseby3 ,other ,successes of the ,new ,model--,poor ,performance of the ,scottish ,auxiliary ,army--,episode of ,montrose in ,scotland--,fag-end of the ,war in ,england1 and ,flight of the ,king to the ,scots--,fallen and ,risen ,stars4 ,,ii4 ,work in ,parliament and the ,westminster ,assembly during the ,sixteen ,months of the ,new ,model--,the two continued ,church ,controversies-- ,independency and ,sectarianism in the ,new ,model3 ,toleration ,controversy continued3 ,cromwell's part in it3 ,lilburne and other ,pamphleteers3 ,sion ,college and the ,corporation of ,london3 ,success of the ,presbyterians in ,parliament--,presbyterian ,frame of ,church ,government completed3 ,details of the ,arrangement--,the ,recruiting of the ,commons3 ,eminent ,recruiters-- ,effects of the ,recruiting3 ,alliance of ,independency and ,erastianism3 ,check given to the ,presbyterians3 ,westminster ,assembly rebuked and curbed--,negotiations round the ,king at ,newcastle--,threatened ,rupture between the ,scots and the ,english3 ,argyle's ,visit to ,london3 ,the ,nineteen ,propositions--,parliament and the ,assembly reconciled3 ,presbyterianizing of ,london and ,lancashire3 ,death of ,alexander ,henderson4 ,,iii4 ,effects of ,milton's ,areopagitica--,his ,intention of another ,marriage3 ,his ,wife's ,return and ,reconciliation with him--,removal from ,aldersgate ,street to ,barbican--,first ,edition of ,milton's ,collected ,poems3 ,humphrey ,moseley the ,bookseller--,two ,divorce ,sonnets and ,sonnet to ,henry ,lawes--,continued ,presbyterian ,attacks on ,milton3 ,his ,anti-,presbyterian ,sonnet of ,reply--,surrender of ,oxford3 ,condition of the ,powell ,family--,the ,powells in ,london3 ,more ,family ,perplexities3 ,birth of ,milton's first ,child4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,august #afdf--;,,january #afdh-i4 ,,history3--,,the ,,last ,,two ,,years ,,and ,a ,,half ,,of ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,charles ,i43-- ,i4 ,,his ,,continued ,,captivity ,,with ,,the ,,scots ,,at ,,newcastle1 ,,and ,,failure ,,of ,,his ,,negotiations ,,with ,,the ,,presbyterians2 ,,ii4 ,,his ,,captivity ,,at ,,holmby ,,house1 ,,and ,,the ,,quarrel ,,between ,,the ,,english ,,parliament ,,and ,,the ,,english ,,army2 ,,iii4 ,,his ,,captivity ,,with ,,the ,,english ,,army1 ,,and ,,their ,,proposals ,,to ,,him2 ,,iv4 ,,his ,,captivity ,,in ,,the ,,isle ,,of ,,wight1 ,,and ,,the ,,second ,,civil ,,war2 ,v4 ,,his ,,trial ,,and ,,doom4 ,,biography3--,,milton ,,in ,,barbican ,,and ,,in ,,high ,,holborn4--,,private ,,and ,,public ,,anxieties3 ,,ode ,,to ,,rous1 ,,two ,,more ,,sonnets1 ,,and ,,translation ,,of ,,nine ,,psalms3 ,,other ,,works ,,in ,,progress3 ,,letters ,,to ,,and ,,from ,,carlo ,,dati4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,charles in his ,captivity ,first ,stage of the ,captivity3 ,still with the ,scots at ,newcastle3 ,aug4 #afdf--;,jan4 #afdf-g4--;,balancings of ,charles between the ,presbyterians and the ,independents--,his ,negotiations in the ,presbyterian direction3 ,the ,hamiltons his ,agents among the ,scots--,his ,attempt to negotiate with the ,independents3 ,will ,murray in ,london-- ,interferences of the ,queen from ,france3 ,davenant's ,mission to ,newcastle-- ,the ,nineteen ,propositions unanswered3 ,a ,personal ,treaty offered-- ,difficulties between the ,scots and the ,english ,parliament--,their ,adjustment3 ,departure of the ,scots from ,england1 and ,cession of ,charles to the ,english--,westminster ,assembly ,business1 and ,progress of the ,presbyterian ,settlement ,second ,stage of the ,captivity3 ,at ,holmby ,house3 ,feb4 #afdf-g--;,june #afdg4-- ,the ,king's ,manner of ,life at ,holmby--,new ,omens in his favour from the ,relations of ,parliament to its own ,army--,proposals to disband the ,army and reconstruct part of it for service in ,ireland--,summary of ,irish ,affairs since #afda--;,army's ,anger at the ,proposal to disband it--,view of the ,state of the ,army3 ,medley of ,religious ,opinions in it4 ,passion for ,toleration3 ,prevalence of ,democratic ,tendencies3 ,the ,levellers-- ,determination of the ,presbyterians for the ,policy of ,disbandment1 and ,votes in ,parliament to that effect--,resistance of the ,army3 ,petitions and ,remonstrances from the ,officers and ,men3 ,regimental ,agitators--,cromwell's ,efforts at ,accommodation3 ,fairfax's ,order for a ,general ,rendezvous-- ,cromwell's ,adhesion to the ,army--,the ,rendezvous at ,newmarket1 and ,joyce's ,abduction of the ,king from ,holmby--,westminster ,assembly ,business3 ,first ,provincial ,synod of ,london3 ,proceedings for the ,purgation of ,oxford ,university ,third ,stage of the ,captivity3 ,the ,king with the ,army3 ,june-,nov4 #afdg4-- ,effects of ,joyce's ,abduction of the ,king--,movements of the ,army3 their ,denunciation of ,eleven of the ,presbyterian ,leaders3 ,parliamentary ,alarms and ,concessions--,presbyterian ,phrenzy of the ,london ,populace3 ,parliament mobbed1 and ,presbyterian ,votes carried by ,mob-law3 ,flight of the two ,speakers and their ,adherents3 ,restoration of the ,eleven--,march of the ,army upon ,london3 ,military ,occupation of the ,city3 ,the ,mob quelled1 ,parliament reinstated1 and the ,eleven expelled--,generous ,treatment of the ,king by the ,army3 ,his ,conferences with ,fairfax1 ,cromwell1 and ,ireton--,the ,army's ,heads of ,proposals1 and ,comparison of the same with the ,nineteen ,propositions of the ,parliament--,the ,king at ,hampton ,court1 still demurring privately over the ,heads of ,proposals1 but playing them off publicly against the ,nineteen ,propositions3 ,army at ,putney-- ,cromwell's ,motion for a ,recast of the ,nineteen ,propositions and ,re- application to the ,king on that ,basis3 ,consequences of the ,compromise-- ,intrigues at ,hampton ,court3 ,influence of the ,scottish ,commissioners there3 ,king immoveable--,impatience of the ,army at ,putney3 ,cromwell under ,suspicion3 ,new ,activity of the ,agitatorships3 ,growth of ,levelling ,doctrines among the ,soldiers3 ,agreement of the ,people--,cromwell breaks utterly with the ,king3 ,meetings of the ,army ,officers at ,putney3 ,proposed ,concordat between the ,army and ,parliament--,the ,king's ,escape to the ,isle of ,wight ,fourth ,stage of the ,captivity3 ,in the ,isle of ,wight3 ,nov4 #afdg-,nov4 #afdh4--;,carisbrooke ,castle1 and the ,king's ,letters thence--,parliament's ,new ,method of the ,four ,bills--,indignation of the ,scots3 their ,complaints of ,breach of the ,covenant--,army ,rendezvous at ,ware3 ,suppression of a ,mutiny of ,levellers by ,cromwell1 and ,establishment of the ,concordat with ,parliament--,parliamentary ,commissioners in the ,isle of ,wight3 ,scottish ,commissioners also there3 the ,king's ,rejection of the ,four ,bills--,firmness of ,parliament3 their ,resolutions of ,no ,farther ,addresses to the ,king3 ,severance of the ,scottish ,alliance--,the ,engagement1 or ,secret ,treaty between ,charles and the ,scots in the ,isle of ,wight--,stricter guard of the ,king in ,carisbrooke ,castle3 ,his ,habits in his ,imprisonment--,first ,rumours of ,the ,scottish ,engagement3 ,royalist ,programme of a ,,second ,,civil ,,war--,beginnings of ,,the ,,second ,,civil ,,war3 ,royalist ,risings3 ,cromwell in ,wales3 ,fairfax in the ,southeast3 ,siege of ,colchester--,revolt of the ,fleet3 ,commotion among the ,royalist ,exiles abroad3 ,holland's attempted ,rising in ,surrey--,invasion of ,england by ,hamilton's ,scottish ,army3 ,arrival of the ,prince of ,wales off the ,southeast ,coast3 ,blockade of the ,thames--,consternation of the ,londoners3 ,faintheartedness of ,parliament3 ,new ,hopes of the ,presbyterians3 their ,ordinance against ,heresies and ,blasphemies3 their ,leanings to the ,king3 ,independents in a struggling minority3 ,charge of ,treason against ,cromwell in his absence--,the ,three ,days' ,battle of ,preston and utter ,defeat of the ,scots by ,cromwell3 ,surrender of ,colchester to ,fairfax3 ,return of the ,prince of ,wales to ,holland3 ,virtual ,end of ,,the ,,second ,,civil ,,war-- ,parliamentary ,treaty with the ,king at ,newport3 ,unsatisfactory ,results-- ,protests against the ,treaty by the ,independents--,disgust of the ,army with the ,treaty3 ,revocation of their ,concordat with ,parliament1 and ,resolution to seize the ,political ,mastery3 ,formation of a ,republican ,party-- ,petitions for ,justice on the ,king3 ,the ,grand ,army ,remonstrance-- ,cromwell in ,scotland3 ,restoration of the ,argyle ,government there3 ,cromwell at ,pontefract3 ,his ,letter to ,hammond--,the ,king removed from the ,isle of ,wight to ,hurst ,castle--,the ,army again in possession of ,london ,,ii4 ,troubles in the ,barbican ,household3 ,christopher ,milton's ,composition ,suit3 ,mr4 ,powell's ,composition ,suit3 ,death of ,mr4 ,powell3 ,his ,will3 ,death of ,milton's ,father--,sonnet ,,xiv4 and ,ode to ,john ,rous--,italian ,reminiscences3 ,lost ,letters from ,carlo ,dati of ,florence3 ,milton's ,reply to the last of them--,pedagogy in the ,barbican3 ,list of ,milton's known ,pupils3 ,lady ,ranelagh--,educational ,reform still a ,question3 ,hartlib again3 ,the ,invisible ,college3 ,young ,robert ,boyle and ,william ,petty-- ,removal from ,barbican to ,high ,holborn--,meditations and ,occupations in the ,house in ,high ,holborn3 ,milton's ,sympathies with the ,army ,chiefs and the ,expectant ,republicans--,still under the ,ban of the ,presbyterians3 ,testimony of the ,london ,ministers against ,heresies and ,blasphemies3 ,milton in the ,black ,list--,another ,letter from ,carlo ,dati3 ,translation of ,nine ,psalms from the ,hebrew--,milton through the ,second ,civil ,war3 ,his personal ,interest in it1 and ,delight in the ,army's ,triumph3 ,his ,sonnet to ,fairfax--,birth of ,milton's ,second ,child3 ,another ,letter from ,carlo ,dati ,,iii4 ,the ,two ,houses in the ,grasp of the ,army3 ,final ,efforts for the ,king3 ,pride's ,purge and its ,consequences--,the ,king brought from ,hurst ,castle to ,windsor3 ,ordinance for his ,trial passed by the ,commons alone3 ,constitution of the ,court--,the ,trial in ,westminster ,hall3 ,incidents of the ,seven successive ,days3 ,the ,sentence--,last ,three ,days of ,charles's ,life3 ,his ,execution and ,burial ,,book ,i4 ,,july #afdc--,,march #afdc-d4 ,,history3--,,first ,,eight ,,months ,,of ,,the ,,westminster ,,assembly3 ,,civil ,,war ,,and ,,the ,,long ,,parliament ,,continued4 ,,biography3--,,milton ,,still ,,in ,,aldersgate ,,street3 ,,his ,,marriage ,,misfortune3 ,,his ,,first ,,divorce ,,treatise4 ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,westminster ,,assembly ,,in ,,session--,,the ,,solemn ,,league ,,and ,,covenant3 ,,scottish ,,commissioners ,,in ,,the ,,assembly--,,debates ,,on ,,church-,,government3 ,,apologetical ,,narration ,,of ,,the ,,independents--,,parliamentary ,,proceedings--,,scottish ,,auxiliary ,,army ,,in ,,england4 ,the ,westminster ,assembly held its first formal meeting in ,henry the ,seventh's ,chapel on ,saturday1 ,july #a1 #afdc1 after the impressive opening ceremonial of a sermon preached before a great congregation in the ,abbey ,church by the appointed ,prolocutor1 ,dr4 ,twisse1 on the text ,john xiv4 #ah1 ,i will not leave you comfortless6 ,about #fi of the members were present at that first meeting1 many who attended afterwards not having yet come up from the country4 ,among the #fi were the few of the ,episcopal persuasion who afterwards dropped off2 and these were conspicuous by their canonical dresses among the bulk of the members in all sorts of plain ,puritan suits4 ,the average attendance subsequently seems to have been from #fj to #hj4 ,the place of meeting for some time continued to be ,king ,henry the ,seventh's ,chapel2 but this was changed1 when the weather grew colder1 for the celebrated ,jerusalem ,chamber1 also in the close vicinity of the ,houses of ,parliament4 ,footnote3 ,the ,ordinance of ,parliament authorizing the change of the place of meeting to the ,jerusalem ,chamber is dated ,sept4 #bc1 #afdc see ,lords ,journals for that day ,none but members of the ,assembly were allowed to be present1 and there was no deviation from this rule except on the very rarest occasions and by special authority from ,parliament4 ,the ,assembly sat commonly from nine in the morning till one or two ,p4,m4 ,the ,prolocutor sat at one end of the room on a raised chair2 his two ,assessors were near him2 and a table ran through the whole length of the room1 at one end of which sat the ,scribes1 close to the ,prolocutor1 while the members were seated in tiers at the sides and other end4 ,the forms of debate and voting were very much those of the ,house of ,commons4 ,besides the meetings of the ,assembly as such1 there were afternoon meetings of ,committees for the preparation of business for the ,assembly4 ,there were three such chief ,standing ,committees1 to one or other of which every member belonged4 ,footnote3 ,lightfoot's ,notes of ,assembly ,works 7ed4 #ahbd71 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #d1 #e2 and ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #ajg-aji ,,first ,,business ,,of ,,the ,,assembly3 ,,revision ,,of ,,the ,,articles4 ,not till ,thursday1 ,july #f1 or indeed ,saturday1 ,july #h1 was the ,assembly constituted for actual business4 ,on the first of these days the ,regulations which had been drawn up by the two ,houses of ,parliament for the procedure of the ,assembly were duly received2 and on the second all the members of ,assembly present took the solemn ,protestation which had been settled for them by the ,commons with the concurrence of the ,lords4 ,it was in these terms3 ,i1 ,a4 ,b41 do seriously and solemnly protest1 in the presence of ,almighty ,god1 that in this ,assembly1 wherein ,i am a member1 ,i will not maintain anything in matters of ,doctrine but what ,i think in my conscience to be truth1 or in point of ,discipline but what ,i shall conceive to conduce most to the glory of ,god and the good and peace of ,his ,church4 ,so sworn1 the members were ready for their first work4 ,that also had been rigidly prescribed for them by ,parliament4 ,on ,july #e the ,commons had ruled and the ,lords had agreed that the ,assembly1 in their beginning1 in the first place shall take the ten first ,articles of the ,church of ,england into their consideration1 to vindicate them from all false doctrine and heresy4 ,in other words1 it was the pleasure of ,parliament that the first business of the ,assembly should consist in a revision and amendment of the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 and that1 by way of a commencement in this business1 or specimen to ,parliament of the manner in which it might be done1 they were to confine themselves at first to the first ,ten of the ,articles4 ,accordingly1 the ,assembly at once addressed themselves to this business4 ,it was with a view to it that they first adopted that machinery of ,committees which was to be employed subsequently1 with so much effect1 in all the deliberations4 ,the ,divines of the ,assembly were distributed1 in the order in which their names stood in the ,ordinance calling the ,assembly1 into three ,committees for preparatory revision of the said ,articles in such a manner that the whole ,assembly might more clearly exercise its final judgment on them2 while a fourth ,committee1 in which the lay-members were included1 was to assist the others by procuring the most correct copies of the text of the ,articles4 ,to the first revising ,committee1 of which ,dr4 ,burges was appointed chairman1 were entrusted the first four ,articles2 to the second1 of which ,dr4 ,stanton was chairman1 the fifth1 sixth1 and seventh ,articles2 and to the third1 which had ,mr4 ,gibbon for chairman1 the eighth1 ninth1 and tenth4 ,imagine the ,assembly collectively in ,henry the ,seventh's ,chapel1 and its ,committees distributively there or in other places of meeting1 busy day after day1 through the rest of the hot month of ,july1 and then into ,august1 over its appointed revision of the ,articles4 ,i4 ,of ,faith in the ,holy ,trinity2 ,,ii4 ,of the ,word1 or ,son of ,god1 which was made very ,man2 ,,iii4 ,of the going down of ,christ into ,hell2 ,,iv4 ,of the ,resurrection of ,christ2 ,v4 ,of the ,holy ,ghost2 ,,vi4 ,of the ,sufficiency of the ,holy ,scriptures for ,salvation2 ,,vii4 ,of the ,old ,testament2 ,,viii4 ,of the ,three ,creeds2 ,,ix4 ,of ,original or ,birth ,sin2 ,x4 ,of ,free ,will2 imagine the ,articles under these headings discussed successively1 sentence by sentence and clause by clause1 most of the sentences and clauses allowed to pass without change as perfectly satisfactory1 but here and there at intervals a phrase modified or omitted1 or a slight addition made1 so as to bring the meaning more sharply into accord with the letter of ,scripture or the ,calvinistic system of doctrine4 ,such mere imagination of the general process will suffice1 and it is unnecessary to take account of the actual changes proposed in the phraseology of particular ,articles4 ,for1 in fact1 these first weeks of the ,assembly's pains over the ,articles of the ,church were to be labour wasted4 ,before the end of ,august1 and while they were still probing through the first ,ten ,articles1 events had taken such a course that the ,assembly was called upon to co-operate with the ,parliament in matters of greater urgency4 ,,the ,,solemn ,,league ,,and ,,covenant3 ,,scottish ,,commissioners ,,to ,,the ,,assembly4 ,the war1 which had been on the whole in the ,king's favour hitherto1 was going more and more against ,parliament4 ,in the north1 ,lord ,fairfax had been beaten at ,atherston ,moor by the ,earl of ,newcastle 7,june #cj72 ,sir ,william ,waller1 the hitherto unconquered1 had been beaten twice in the south-west 7at ,lansdowne1 ,july #e1 and at ,roundway ,down1 ,july #ac72 the ,queen1 coming from the north1 had joined the ,king in his quarters1 amid great rejoicing1 after their seventeen months of separation2 and ,bristol1 inefficiently defended by ,nathaniel ,fiennes1 was on the point of yielding to ,prince ,rupert4 ,it was time1 in short1 to do what it had long been in the mind of ,parliament to do--call in once more the aid of the ,scots4 ,on this the ,parliament had already resolved4 ,as it was judged likely1 however1 that the ,scots would listen more readily to the application for armed aid if it were accompanied with some distinct proof of a desire for uniformity of religion between the two kingdoms1 the ,assembly was required to assist ,parliament in pleading with the ,scots4 ,the ,scottish ,convention of ,estates was then sitting 7it had met1 by express call1 ,june #bb72 and the ,scottish ,general ,assembly was to meet on the #bnd of ,august4 ,let there be ,commissioners from both the ,english ,parliament and the ,westminster ,assembly to these two bodies2 let the ,assembly write letters to the ,scottish ,assembly1 backing the political application with religious arguments2 let every exertion be made to secure a new alliance with the ,scottish nation6 ,accordingly1 while the ,assembly was pursuing its revision of the ,articles1 or occupying itself with such incidental matters as the appointment of ministers to preach before the two ,houses1 and the recommendation of a ,fast ,day extraordinary in ,london1 their thoughts1 like those of ,parliament1 were chiefly fixed on the issue of their joint embassy to ,edinburgh4 ,footnote3 ,lightfoot's ,notes for ,july #afdc2 and my ,,ms4 chronology of events ,the ,scots had foreseen the application4 ,three courses were before them4 ,they might remain neutral2 they might interfere as redders1 or mediators between the ,king and the ,english ,parliament2 or they might openly side with the ,parliament and help it in the war4 ,great efforts had been made by the ,king to induce the ,scots to the first course4 ,footnote3 ,burnet's ,dukes of ,hamilton 7ed4 #eb71 pp4 #bgi-bih ,five or six of the ,scottish noblemen who were with the ,king at ,oxford had been sent back among their countrymen to labour for this end4 ,all in vain4 ,it had become clear to ,argyle1 ,loudoun1 ,warriston1 and the other ,scottish leaders1 that neutrality would be ruinous4 ,things were in this state when the ,commissioners from the ,english ,parliament and the ,westminster ,assembly arrived in ,edinburgh 7,aug4 #g74 ,the ,scottish ,convention of ,estates was then still sitting2 and the ,general ,assembly of the ,scottish ,kirk1 with ,alexander ,henderson again its ,moderator 7the third time he had been raised to this ,presidency71 was in the middle of its annual fortnight or so of ,scottish ecclesiastical business--one item of the business this time being1 ,i find1 the late extraordinar multiplying of witches1 especially in ,fifeshire4 ,both the ,convention and the ,assembly had been anxiously waiting for the ,english ,commissioners1 and were delighted when they arrived4 ,they were six in all--,sir ,william ,armyn1 ,sir ,harry ,vane the younger1 ,mr4 ,hatcher1 and ,mr4 ,darley1 from the ,parliament2 and ,stephen ,marshall and ,philip ,nye from the ,westminster ,divines4 ,and what moving letters they brought with them--official letters from the ,parliament and the ,westminster ,assembly to the ,scottish ,convention of ,estates and ,general ,assembly1 and also a more private letter signed by about seventy ,english ,divines6 ,and how the ,scots were impressed by the letters6 ,the private letter of the seventy ,divines in especial was so lamentable that1 when it was read in the ,general ,assembly1 it drew tears from many4 ,and how all were struck by the ability and gravity of young ,sir ,harry ,vane1 and liked him and ,stephen ,marshall1 but did not take so much to ,mr4 ,nye1 because of his known ,independency6 ,in short1 in conferences between the ,english ,commissioners and ,commissioners appointed by the ,scottish ,convention and ,general ,assembly to meet them1 it was all arranged4 ,there was1 indeed1 still some lingering question at first among the ,scottish leaders whether it might not do to go as redders or friends to both1 without siding altogether with the ,parliament2 but ,warriston alone did show the vanity of that notion and the impossibility of it4 ,and so ,vane and the other ,commissioners could write to ,england that their mission had been successful1 and that the armed aid of the ,scottish nation might be expected4 ,ay1 but there was a special condition4 ,the ,commissioners had come to treat about ,scottish assistance to ,parliament and a uniformity of religion1 and it was the prospect held out in the second phrase that most reconciled the ,scots to all that was involved in the first4 ,the extension of ,scottish ,presbyterianism over all ,england and ,ireland1 or1 at all events1 the union of the two kingdoms in some common form of ,church-government not essentially differing from ,scottish ,presbyterianism--for that object the ,scots would strike in2 for that object they would shed their blood1 as fellow-soldiers with ,englishmen1 in the fields of ,england6 ,now the ,english ,commissioners1 like wary men1 and probably in accordance with their instructions1 would fain have avoided any too definite a pledging of ,england to a particular ecclesiastical future4 ,nye1 in especial1 as an ,independent1 must have desired to avoid this2 and ,vane1 as a man who did not know how far from his present opinions continued reasoning might carry him1 may have felt with ,nye4 ,hence1 on the religious question1 they tried to get off with generalities4 ,if there were a league between the two kingdoms for their civil liberties1 would not a uniformity in ,church matters naturally follow8 ,but this was not quite satisfactory to the ,scottish ,commissioners4 ,the ,english were for a civil league1 we for a religious covenant1 says ,baillie2 and the event has made the sentence memorable historically4 ,let ,england and ,scotland unite first in subscribing one and the same document1 swearing one and the same oath1 which should base their alliance on a certain amount of mutual engagement in the matter of ,religion6 ,to such oaths of mutual allegiance the ,scots1 among themselves1 had long been accustomed4 ,they called them ,covenants4 ,this agency of ,covenanting had been a grand agency in ,scottish ,history4 ,was not the present liberation of ,scotland1 the destruction of ,episcopacy root and branch within its borders1 the result of the ,national ,covenant sworn to only five years and a half ago--that ,covenant being but the renewal1 with slight additions1 of a document which had done not unimportant work in a former age8 ,why not have another ,covenant for the present emergency--not that ,national or purely ,scottish ,covenant1 but a ,covenant expressly framed for the new purpose1 and fit to be a religious pact between the two kingdoms8 ,so argued the ,scots with the ,english ,commissioners2 and1 that the ,english ,commissioners might see what was meant1 ,alexander ,henderson1 who was probably the author of the idea1 and to whom1 at any rate1 the preparation of any extremely important document was always entrusted1 produced a draft of the proposed ,covenant4 ,the ,english ,commissioners did not altogether like this draft2 but1 after a good deal of discussion1 and apparently some suggestions from ,vane tending to vagueness in the religious part and greater prominence of the civil1 the draft was modified into a shape in which it was agreed to unanimously4 ,on the #agth of ,august it was reported by ,henderson to the ,general ,assembly1 and passed there not only unanimously and with applause1 but with a most unusual show of emotion among old and young2 and on the same day it passed the ,scottish ,convention4 ,this seems to be a new period and crise of the most great affair1 writes ,baillie1 recording these facts4 ,footnote3 ,acts of ,scottish ,general ,assembly of #afdd2 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #ha-ij2 ,burnet's ,hamiltons1 #bih-cjg4 ,baillie was right4 ,,the ,,solemn ,,league ,,and ,,covenant1 as ,henderson's amended document of ,august #afdc was called 7not the same thing at all1 it is to be remembered1 as the ,,scottish ,,national ,,covenant of #afch1 though generally confounded therewith71 became a most potent instrument in ,england4 ,this1 however1 could not be foreseen at first4 ,it remained to be seen whether the ,english ,parliament would adopt the document which had been agreed to by their ,commissioners in ,edinburgh4 ,in the faith that they would1 or that they might be induced to do so1 the ,scottish ,general ,assembly1 before its rising 7,aug4 #ai71 not only sent cordial and sympathetic answers to the letters received from the ,parliament and the ,westminster ,divines1 but also complied with that request of the ,parliament which desired the nomination of some ,scottish ministers to be members of the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,the ministers nominated were ,henderson1 ,mr4 ,robert ,douglas1 ,baillie1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,rutherford1 and ,mr4 ,george ,gillespie2 but it was thought right1 if only to accustom the ,english to the principle of lay-eldership1 to associate with these ministers the ,earl of ,cassilis1 ,lord ,maitland1 and ,johnstone of ,warriston4 ,of the eight ,commissioners so appointed three were to be a quorum4 ,accordingly1 ,henderson1 ,gillespie1 and ,lord ,maitland sailed for ,london at once 7,aug4 #cj71 leaving the others to follow more at leisure4 ,footnote3 ,acts of ,scottish ,assembly of #afdc2 and ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #if-ih4 ,when ,henderson reached ,london1 he found his ,covenant the universal topic4 ,the ,parliament had lost no time in referring the document to the ,westminster ,divines for their consideration2 and there had been three or four days of debate over it in that ,assembly 7,aug4 #bh and onwards74 ,some members1 especially ,dr4 ,cornelius ,burges1 took exceptions4 ,on the whole1 however1 the feeling of the ,assembly decidedly was that the ,covenant was a splendid invention1 might be adopted with a few verbal changes1 and might lead to fine results4 ,this was reported to ,parliament ,aug4 #ca2 and ,dr4 ,burges1 continuing in his captiousness against this judgment of the ,assembly1 found himself in disgrace4 ,the two ,houses then proceeded to examine the ,covenant for themselves4 ,they also proposed some modifications of the document1 and referred it back1 with these1 to the ,assembly 7,sept4 #ad74 ,the arrival of ,henderson and his two colleagues at this nick of time accelerated the conclusion4 ,on the #aeth of ,september1 when they first appeared among the ,westminster ,divines1 and ,henderson first opened his mouth in the ,assembly and expounded the whole subject of the relations between the two kingdoms1 all opposition came to an end4 ,the document passed1 with only the modifications that had already seemed reasonable1 and to which the ,scots ,commissioners had assented2 and1 after all was done1 ,mr4 ,prolocutor1 at the desire of the ,assembly1 gave thanks to ,god for the sweet concurrence of us in the ,covenant4 ,the words are ,lightfoot's2 who adds that1 to make the joy complete1 ,dr4 ,burges came in radiant and repentant1 expressing his complete satisfaction now with the ,covenant1 and begging to be forgiven4 ,footnote3 ,burges had actually been suspended by ,parliament from being a member of the ,assembly for his contumacy in this affair1 ,sept4 #b1 #afdc2 but he was restored on his own humble petition1 ,sept4 #ae1 the very day of his repentant reappearance in the ,assembly4 ,he had already on that day been called in before the ,commons and had explained that it was very true he had unhappily taken exception to some things in the ,covenant1 but that he hears there had been a review of this ,covenant1 and such an alteration as will give him satisfaction4 ,see ,commons ,journals of the two dates named4 ,the ,covenant having thus been finally adjusted1 the two ,houses of ,parliament were swift in enacting it4 ,on the #bast of ,september1 they ordered that it should be printed and published1 and subscribed and sworn to by the whole ,english realm2 and1 on ,monday the #beth1 to set the example1 there was a solemn meeting of the members of the two ,houses and of the ,divines of the ,assembly in ,st4 ,margaret's ,church1 ,westminster1 at which #bbj of the ,commons and all the ,divines then present swore to the new pact1 and signed it with their names4--,this was but the beginning4 ,the ,covenant was thenceforth the ,shibboleth of ,parliamentarianism4 ,in ,london first1 and then gradually through ,england1 in towns1 parishes1 and parish churches1 wherever ,parliament prevailed1 all had to sign it or swear to it if they would be considered friends to the cause of ,parliament and allowed action and standing-room as true ,englishmen4 ,oliver ,cromwell1 as a member of the ,house of ,commons1 signed it--if not among the #bbj of the ,commons who signed it originally on the #beth of ,september 7at which time there is proof that he was absent from ,london71 at least in due course2 and ,milton must have signed it1 as a ,london householder4 ,but1 in fact1 the signing went on for months and months1 the ,royal ,proclamation from ,oxford forbidding the ,covenant 7,oct4 #i7 only increasing the zeal for it4 ,from ,sept4 #afdc1 onwards for some years1 the test of being a ,parliamentarian in ,england was ,have you signed the ,covenant8 and the test of willingness to become a ,parliamentarian1 and of fitness to be forgiven for past malignancy or lukewarmness1 was ,will you now sign the ,covenant8 ,such was the strange fortune of the hurried paper drawn up by ,henderson's pen in some room in the ,high ,street of ,edinburgh4--,in ,scotland1 it need hardly be said1 the ,covenant was sworn to with alacrity4 ,as the document was1 in its very nature1 a pact between the two kingdoms1 proposed by the ,scots1 it was useless for them to swear until they had seen whether the ,english would accept the pact4 ,but1 as soon as it was known in ,scotland that the ,covenant had been adopted by the ,english and that the swearing in ,england had begun1 the ,scots did their part4 ,there was some little grumbling at first over the verbal changes that had been made by the ,english in the text of the ,covenant2 but this ceased1 and it was even agreed that the changes were for the better4 ,accordingly1 on the #acth of ,october1 #afdc1 most of the ,scottish nobles in ,edinburgh1 including #ah of the ,privy ,council1 swore solemnly to the ,covenant in one of the city churches2 and from that day on1 for weeks and months1 there was a general swearing to the ,covenant by the whole people of ,scotland1 as by the ,parliamentarians in ,england1 district by district1 and parish by parish4 ,thus the ,scots came now to have two ,covenants4 ,there was their own ,national ,scottish ,covenant1 peculiar to themselves2 and there was the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant1 in which they were joined with the ,english ,parliamentarians4 ,footnote3 ,lightfoot1 ,,xiii4 #aj-af2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #ih1 #ii1 and #ajb2 ,neal1 ,,iii4 #fe-gj2 ,stevenson1 #eae1 #eaf2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #agb-agd2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell 7ed4 #aheg71 ,i4 #acg1 #ach4 ,and what was this ,solemn ,league and ,covenant1 the device of ,henderson and the ,scots for linking the ,scottish and ,english nations in a permanent civil and religious alliance8 ,the document is not nearly ,henderson at his best1 and it has not the deep ring1 the fervour and fierceness1 of the old ,scottish ,covenant4 ,for its purpose1 however1 it was efficient enough1 and not so very illiberal either1 the necessity of such a league being allowed1 and the time and other things considered4 ,here are the essential parts3-- ,we1 ,noblemen1 ,barons1 ,knights1 ,gentlemen1 ,citizens1 ,burgesses1 ,ministers of the ,gospel1 arid ,commons of all sorts1 in the ,kingdoms of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland 444 with our hands lifted up to the most high ,god1 do swear3-- ,i4 ,that we shall sincerely1 really1 and constantly1 through the grace of ,god1 endeavour1 in our several places and callings1 the preservation of the ,reformed ,religion in the ,church of ,scotland1 in ,doctrine1 ,worship1 ,discipline and ,government1 against our common enemies2 also the ,information of ,religion in the ,kingdoms of ,england and ,ireland1 in ,doctrine1 ,worship1 ,discipline and ,government1 according to the ,word of ,god and the example of the best ,reformed ,churches3 and we shall endeavour to bring the ,churches of ,god in the three ,kingdoms to the nearest conjunction and uniformity in ,religion1 ,confession of ,faith1 ,form of ,church-,government1 ,directory for ,worship and ,catechising1 that we and our posterity after us may1 as brethren1 live in faith and love1 and the ,lord may delight to dwell in the midst of us4 ,,ii4 ,that we shall in like manner1 without respect of persons1 endeavour the extirpation of ,popery1 ,prelacy 7i4e4 ,church-government by ,archbishops1 ,bishops1 their ,chancellors and ,commissaries1 ,deans1 ,deans and ,chapters1 ,archdeacons1 and all other ecclesiastical ,officers depending on that ,hierarchy71 ,superstition1 ,heresy1 ,schism1 ,profaneness1 and whatsoever shall be found to be contrary to sound doctrine and the power of godliness2 lest we partake in other men's sins1 and thereby be in danger to receive of their plagues1 and that the ,lord may be one and his ,name one in the three ,kingdoms4 ,,iii4 ,we shall with the same sincerity1 reality1 and constancy1 in our several vocations1 endeavour with our estates and lives mutually to preserve the rights and privileges of the ,parliaments1 and the liberties of the ,kingdoms1 and to preserve and defend the ,king's ,majesty's person and authority1 in the preservation and defence of the true ,religion and ,liberties of the ,kingdoms2 that the world may bear witness with our consciences of our loyalty1 and that we have no thoughts or intentions to diminish his ,majesty's just power and greatness4 ,,iv4 ,we shall also with all faithfulness endeavour the discovery of all such as have been or shall be ,incendiaries1 ,malignants1 or evil ,instruments1 by hindering the ,information of ,religion1 dividing the ,king from his ,people1 or one of the ,kingdoms from another1 or making any faction or parties among the ,people contrary to the ,league and ,covenant2 that they may be brought to public trial1 and receive condign punishment as the degree of their offences shall require or deserve1 or the supreme judicatories of both ,kingdoms respectively1 or others having power from them for that effect1 shall judge convenient4 ,v4 ,and1 whereas the happiness of a blessed ,peace between these ,kingdoms1 denied in former times to our progenitors1 is by the good ,providence of ,god granted unto us1 and hath been lately concluded and settled by both ,parliaments1 we shall1 each one of us1 according to our places and interest1 endeavour that they may remain conjoined in a firm ,peace and ,union to all posterity1 and that justice may be done upon the wilful opposers thereof in manner expressed in the precedent ,article4 ,,vi4 ,we shall also1 according to our places and callings1 in this common cause of ,religion1 ,liberty1 and ,peace of the ,kingdoms1 assist and defend all those that enter into this ,league and ,covenant in the maintaining and pursuing thereof1 and shall not suffer ourselves1 directly or indirectly1 by whatsoever combination1 persuasion1 or terror1 to be divided and withdrawn from this blessed union and conjunction1 whether to make defection to the contrary part1 or give ourselves to a detestable indifferency and neutrality in this cause1 which so much concerneth the glory of ,god1 the good of the ,kingdoms1 and the honour of the ,king2 but shall all the days of our lives zealously and constantly continue therein against all opposition1 and promote the same according to our power against all lets and impediments whatsoever2 and what we are not able ourselves to suppress or overcome we shall reveal and make known1 that it may be timely prevented or removed3 all which we shall do as in the sight of ,god444 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #dgh-i1 and ,lords ,journals1 ,sept4 #ah1 #afdc4--,not so very illiberal either1 ,i have said of the ,league and ,covenant in the text2 and reader of the ,second ,article1 pledging to endeavour the extirpation of ,popery1 ,prelacy1 ,superstition1 ,heresy1 ,schism1 ,profaneness1 will naturally demur4 ,this ,article1 however1 was but a repetition of what all1 of both nations1 who might sign the ,covenant1 including the ,english ,parliament1 were1 by past actions and resolutions1 already pledged to1 neck-deep or more4 ,the illiberality is to be charged not upon this particular ,league and ,covenant1 but upon the entire ,british mind of the time1 with individual theorists excepted4 ,it belonged to the ,royalists equally with the ,parliamentarians2 the only difference being that the objects for extirpation in their policy were and had been the ,calvinisms and ,presbyterianisms that were now exulting in the power of counter-extirpation4--,the most important ,article of the six is the ,first1 pledging to a recognition and defence of the ,presbyterian ,church of ,scotland1 and to an endeavour after a ,reformation of ,religion in ,england and ,ireland according to the ,word of ,god1 with a view to uniformity in the three ,kingdoms4 ,the insertion of the caution according to the word of ,god is said to have been owing to ,vane1 who did not want to pre-commit the ,english too much to exact ,scottish ,presbytery4 ,the few other changes made by the ,english ,parliament and ,westminster ,assembly in ,henderson's original ,edinburgh draft of the ,covenant may be traced by a diligent reader in the proceedings of the ,lords and ,commons on this subject as recorded in their ,journals between ,aug4 #ca and ,sept4 #ae4 ,the parenthetical definition of ,prelacy in ,art4 ,,ii4 was a suggestion of the ,assembly's2 the bringing in of ,ireland into the ,covenant seems to have been a notion of the ,commons4 ,ono effect of the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant was to clear away from the ,westminster ,assembly the few ,anglicans who had till then tried to hang on to it4 ,dr4 ,featley alone1 of this party1 persisted in keeping his place for some time longer2 but1 on the discovery that he was acting as a spy in the ,king's interest and corresponding with ,usher1 he was expelled by the ,parliament1 sequestrated from his livings1 and committed to prison 7,sept4 #cj74 ,on the other hand1 the ,assembly had now an accession of strength in the ,commissioners deputed to it from the ,kirk of ,scotland4 ,two of these1 ,mr4 ,douglas and the ,earl of ,cassilis1 never made their appearance2 but the other six duly took their places1 though not all at once4 ,they were admitted by warrant of the ,parliament1 entitling them to be present and to debate upon occasion2 but1 as ,commissioners from the ,church of another nation1 they declined being considered members in the ordinary sense4 ,practically1 however1 this was a mere formality2 and the reader has now therefore to add to the list of the ,assembly the following ,scotchmen3-- ,,divines4 ,,alexander ,,henderson3 since #afci one of the ministers of ,edinburgh1 and since #afdj ,rector of the ,university of ,edinburgh 7annually re-elected74 tat4 #fj4--;,as ,henderson has appeared again and again in this ,history1 ,i have only to add here that my researches have more and more convinced me that he was1 all in all1 one of the ablest and best men of his age in ,britain1 and the greatest1 the wisest1 and most liberal1 of the ,scottish ,presbyterians4 ,they had all to consult him2 in every strait and conflict he had to be appealed to1 and came in at the last as the man of supereminent composure1 comprehensiveness1 and breadth of brow4 ,although the ,scottish ,presbyterian rule was that no churchman should have authority in ,state affair's1 it had to be practically waived in his case3 he was a ,cabinet ,minister without office4 ,the tradition in ,scotland is perfectly just which recollects him as the second founder of the ,reformed ,church in that part of the island1 its greatest man after ,knox4 ,such is the tradition2 and yet you may look in ,encyclopdias and such-like works of reference published of late years in ,scotland1 and not find ,henderson's name4 ,the less wonder that he has never received justice in general ,british ,history6 ,i undertake1 however1 that any free-minded ,english historian1 investigating the course of even specially ,english ,history from #afch to #afdf1 will dig up the ,scottish ,henderson for himself and see reason to admire him4--,henderson1 it will be remembered1 had been in ,london1 on the ,anglo-,scottish business1 before4 ,but his stay then had been for but seven months 7,nov4 #afdj-;,june #afda74 ,now1 as ,scottish ,commissioner to the ,westminster ,assembly1 he was to remain in ,england for the best part of three years 7,aug4 #afdc--;,aug4 #afdf74 ,it was the easier for him to give this service to ,english ,parliamentarianism because he was an unmarried man4 ,his ,edinburgh congregation and ,edinburgh ,university had to endure his absence as well as they could4 ,letters between ,edinburgh and ,london could go and come by sea in ten or twelve days4 ,,george ,,gillespie3 one of the ministers of ,edinburgh 7formerly minister of the parish of ,wemyss in ,fifeshire73 tat4 #cl4--,he had flashed into notice in ,scotland in #afcg1 when he was only four-and-twenty years of ago4 ,he was then but tutor in the household of the ,earl of ,cassilis2 but he had written ,a ,dispute against the ,english--,popish ,ceremonies obtruded upon the ,church of ,scotland2 and the publication of this treatise1 happening opportunely in the crisis of the ,scottish revolt against ,laud's novelties1 attracted immediate attention to him1 and caused him to be regarded as one of the young hopes of ,scottish ,presbyterianism4 ,hence his appointment to the parish of ,wemyss 7#afch72 and hence his previous mission to ,london1 in company with ,henderson1 ,baillie1 and ,blair 7#afdj-da74 ,returning from that mission1 he had been translated from ,wemyss to ,edinburgh2 but hardly had he settled in ,edinburgh when he was again sent off to ,london on this new business4 ,his wife and family joined him in ,london4 ,he took a very active part in the business of the ,assembly4 ,he died in #afdh1 soon after his return to ,scotland1 aged only #ce1 leaving various writings besides his first one4 ,among these were ,notes of the ,proceedings of the ,assembly1 chiefly during #afdd4 ,they were first published from the ,,mss4 in #ahdf4 ,,robert ,,baillie3 ,professor of ,divinity in the ,university of ,glasgow 7formerly minister of ,kilwinning in ,ayrshire73 tat4 #dl4--,baillie also had been on the former ,scottish ,commission to ,london2 and it way sorely against his will that he was appointed on this second one4 ,he followed ,henderson and ,gillespie in ,november #afdc1 leaving his wife and family in ,glasgow4 ,he also remained fully three years in ,london1 attending the ,assembly punctually1 but not speaking much4 ,fortunately1 however1 he kept up his habit of jotting down in his note-books and his correspondence all he saw and heard1 ,baillie's ,letters and ,journals 7first properly edited by ,mr4 ,david ,laing in #ahdb7 are among the most graphic books of contemporary memoir to be found in any language4 ,his faculty of narration in his pithy native ,scotch is nothing short of genius4 ,whenever we have an account from ,baillie of anything he saw or was present at1 it is worth all other accounts put together for accuracy and vividness4 ,so in his account of ,stratford's trial2 and so in his account of his first impressions of the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,,samuel ,,rutherford3 one of the ministers of ,st4 ,andrews1 and also ,professor of ,divinity in the ,university there 7formerly minister of ,anwoth1 ,kirkcudbright73 tat4 #dc4--,of him1 as of the others1 we have had to take note before4 ,much of his celebrity in ,scottish ecclesiastical history and in the history of ,scottish theology had yet to be acquired2 but for sixteen years he had been known as one of the most fervid spirits and most popular preachers in all ,scotland4 ,in what mood he accepted his commission to the ,westminster ,assembly may be judged from a private letter of his from ,st4 ,andrews1 ,oct4 #bj1 #afdc4 ,my heart beareth me witness1 he there says1 and the ,lord who is greater knoweth1 my faith was never prouder than to be a common rough barrowman in ,anwoth1 and that ,i could not look at the honour of being ane mason to lay the foundations for many generations1 and to build the waste places of ,sion in another kingdom1 or to have ane hand in the carved work in the cedar and almug trees in that new ,temple4 ,he went to ,london along with ,baillie in ,november #afdc1 his wife and family either accompanying him or following him4 ,he also remained in ,london three years or more1 burying two of his children there4 ,he was a much more frequent speaker in the ,assembly than ,baillie4 ,,lay ,,commissioners4 ,,john1 ,,lord ,,maitland 7eldest son of the ,earl of ,lauderdale71 tat4 #bg4--,this young nobleman1 who had a long and strange career before him1 was now one of the most zealous of the ,scottish ,covenanters1 and was selected by the ,scottish ,kirk1 as one of the lay-elders to be sent to the ,westminster ,assembly1 on account of his great ability and learning4 ,he accompanied ,henderson and ,gillespie1 and took his place in the ,assembly in ,august #afde2 and1 from his first arrival in ,london1 he was much courted by the ,parliamentary leaders4 ,baillie and the rest were proud of their young noble4 ,this was hardly1 however1 on account of his personal appearance2 for he was a large-bodied young fellow1 red-haired1 of boisterous demeanour1 and with a tongue too big for his mouth1 so that he spluttered and frothed when he spoke4 ,ah6 could the ,scots but have foreseen1 could the young fellow himself but have foreseen1 what years would bring about6 ,,sir ,,archibald ,,johnstone ,,of ,,warriston1 ,knt43 one of the ,judges of the ,scottish ,court of ,session 7hence by courtesy ,lord ,warriston'73 tat4 circ4 #ce4--;,he had been1 as we know1 a leader among the ,scottish ,covenanters since #afcg1 and his knighthood and judgeship1 conferred on him by the ,king in ,edinburgh in #afda1 had been the reluctant recognition of his activity during the four preceding years4--,beside ,henderson and ,argyle there is no man of the ,scottish ,presbyterians of that time more worthy of mark than ,warriston4 ,he had prodigious powers of work1 requiring but three hours of sleep out of the twenty-four3 and he was mutually crafty and long-headed1 always ready with lawyer-like expedients4 ,bishop ,burnet1 who was his nephew1 adds1 ,he went into very high notions of lengthened devotions1 in which he continued many hours a day3 he would often pray in his family two hours at a time1 and had an unexhausted copiousness that way4 ,what thought soever struck his fancy during these effusions1 he looked on it as an answer of prayer1 and was wholly determined by it4 ,such descriptions1 and even parts of his own correspondence1 might picture him as a kind of fanatical ,machiavelli2 but he seems to have been much liked and trusted by all who knew him4 ,baillie1 for instance1 addresses him familiarly and heartily as ,archibald in his more private letters4 ,he had much of his career still before him4--,his judgeship and other business in ,edinburgh prevented him from going to ,london along with the other ,commissioners2 but he took his place in the ,westminster ,assembly ,feb4 #a1 #afdc-d1 and was for some time afterwards in ,england4 ,besides ,lord ,maitland and ,lord ,warriston1 there were admitted into the ,westminster ,assembly from time to time other ,scottish lay-commissioners1 either to make up for the absence of the ,earl of ,cassilis originally appointed1 or for other reasons4 ,thus in ,september #afdc1 when ,henderson1 ,gillespie1 and ,lord ,maitland took their places1 ,,robert ,,maldrum1 a confidential agent of the ,scots in ,london1 was admitted along with them2 and the ,,earl ,,of ,,loudoun1 ,,lord ,,balmerino and even ,,argyle himself1 sat in the ,assembly at various times subsequently4 ,every respect was paid to the ,scottish ,commissioners in ,london4 ,they had ,worcester ,house in the ,city assigned1 or rather re-assigned1 them for a residence1 with ,st4 ,antholin's church again made over to them for their preachings2 ,footnote3 ,memoir of ,baillie1 by ,david ,laing1 in ,baillie's ,letters and ,journals1 p4 li4 ,in ,cunningham's ,london1 and else where1 ,worcester ,house in the ,strand1 on the site of the present ,beaufort ,buildings1 afterwards ,lord ,clarendon's house is mad the residence of the ,scottish ,commissioners2 but ,mr4 ,laing points out that it was ,worcester ,house or ,worcester ,place in the ,city1 which had been the mansion of ,john ,tiptoft1 ,earl of ,worcester4 and they had a special bench of honour in the ,assembly4 ,and from that bench1 day after day1 week after week1 month after month1 they laboured to direct the ,assembly1 and1 to a great extent1 did direct it4 ,for1 as the mainly ,presbyterian character and composition of the ,assembly at its first meeting had been the result of the influence of ,scottish example and of continued ,scottish action in ,england for a year or two1 so it was to ,henderson's ,covenant1 and to the presence of the ,scottish ,commissioners in ,london1 that the ,assembly1 while yet in its infancy1 was indebted 7if it was a debt7 for a new impulse or twist in the strict ,presbyterian direction4 ,english ,presbyterianism might be willing1 but it was vague and uninformed2 whereas here1 in the ,scottish ,commissioners1 were men who knew all about ,presbyterianism1 had every detail of it at their fingers' ends1 had studied it nearly all their lives1 and had worked it practically for five years4 ,what a boon to ,england to be able to borrow for a year or two such a group of ,scottish instructors6 ,it was as if a crowd of ,volunteers1 right-minded and willing to learn1 had secured a few highly-recommended regulars to be their drill-sergeants4 ,,debates ,,in ,,the ,,assembly3 ,,presbyterianism ,,and ,,independency3 ,,the ,,apologetic ,,narration ,,of ,,the ,,independents4 ,it was not till ,october #ab1 #afdc1 that the real debating in the ,assembly began4 ,till then they had been occupied with matters in which they could be pretty nearly of one mind1 including their revision of the ,thirty-nine ,articles4 ,in that business1 where we left them at the ,tenth ,article 7ant1 p4 #f71 they had crawled on through five ,articles more3 viz4- ,,xi4 ,of ,justification by ,faith2 ,,xii4 ,of ,good ,works2 ,,xiii4 ,of ,works before ,justification2 ,,xiv4 ,of ,works of ,supererogation2 ,,xv4 ,of ,christ alone without ,sin2 and on the #abth of ,october they were busy over ,article ,,xvi4 ,of ,sin after ,baptism4 ,but on that day they received an order from the two ,houses 7and ,scottish influence is here visible7 to leave for the present their revision of the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 and proceed at once to the stiffer questions of the new form of ,church- government and the new ,directory of ,worship for ,england4 ,footnote3 ,lightfoot's ,notes1 p4 #ag4 ,of these questions the ,assembly chose the first to begin with4 ,on what a sea of troubles they were then launched6 7#a7 ,,church ,,officers ,,and ,,offices4--,under this heading alone they had debates extending over nearly three months 7,oct4 #afdc--;,jan4 #afdc-d71 and labouring successively through such topics as these--,christ's ,priesthood1 ,prophetship1 and ,kingship1 with the nature of his ,headship over the ,church2 the ,church officers under ,christ mentioned in ,scripture 7,apostles1 ,prophets1 ,pastors1 ,doctors or ,teachers1 ,bishops or ,overseers1 ,presbyters or ,elders1 ,deacons1 and ,widows71 with the nature of their functions respectively1 and the proper discrimination between those of them that were extraordinary and temporary and those that were to be ordinary and permanent in the ,church2 the settling therefrom of the officers properly belonging to each modern ,christian congregation1 and especially whether there should be ruling lay-elders along with the pastor or minister1 and1 if so1 what should be their exact duties4 ,gradually1 in the course of this long discussion1 carried on day after day in the slowest syllogistic way1 the differences of the ,independents and the ,erastians from the ,presbyterian majority of the ,assembly came out4 ,on the question of lay-eldership1 indeed1 there was a more extensive contest4 ,such ,english ,presbyterians as ,mr4 ,vines1 ,mr4 ,palmer1 and ,mr4 ,gataker1 joined with the ,erastian ,divines1 ,lightfoot and ,coleman1 and with the ,independents1 in wholly or partially opposing lay-eldership1 against the advocacy of their brethren1 ,marshall1 ,calamy1 ,newcomen1 ,young 7four of the ,smectymnuans71 ,seaman1 ,herle1 ,walker1 ,whitaker and others1 hacked by the ,scottish ,commissioners4 ,on the whole1 however1 the votes were decidedly in favour of the ,scottish ,presbyterian arrangement of church offices4 ,henderson occasionally waived a point for the sake of accommodation4 7#b7 ,,ordination3--,this subject and its adjuncts occupied the ,assembly during some fourteen sittings in ,january #afdc-d4 ,ordination having been defined to be the solemn setting apart of a person to some public church office1 it was voted1 not without opposition1 that such ordination is always to be continued in the church1 and consequently that there should not be promiscuous preaching by all and sundry1 but only preaching by authorized persons4 ,but then who were to ordain8 ,what were to be the qualifications for being ordained to the pastoral office8 ,how far were the congregations or parishioners to have a voice in the election of their pastors8 ,what was to be the ceremonial of ordination8 ,on these points1 or on some of them1 the ,independents fought stoutly1 being carefully on their guard against anything that might endanger their main principle of the completeness of every congregation of believers within itself4 ,selden also interposed with perturbing ,erastian arguments4 ,on the whole1 however1 in this matter also the drift of the ,assembly was as the ,presbyterians wished4 ,while it was agreed that in extraordinary cases something extraordinary may be done until a settled order can be had1 it was voted that even in such cases there should be a keeping as near as possibly may be to the rule2 which rule was indicated1 so far at least1 by the resolution that preaching ,presbyters may ordain1 or that ,bishops are not required for the act4 ,but1 before this subject of ,ordination could be carried farther1 it melted into a larger one4 7#c7 ,,presbyterial ,,government ,,or ,,congregationalism3--,this controversy1 which had been underlying the whole course of the previous debating1 emerged in express terms before the end of ,january #afdc-d4 ,then began the real tug of the verbal war4 ,it is unnecessary to enumerate all the items of the controversy4 ,the battle was essentially between two principles of church-organization4 ,was every individual assembly1 or association of ,christians 7it might be of hundreds of persons1 or it might be of as few as seven persons1 voluntarily drawn together71 to be an independent ecclesiastical organism1 entitled to elect its own pastor and other officers1 and to exercise the powers of admonition and excommunication within itself--any action of surrounding congregations upon it being an action of mere observation and criticism1 and not of power or jurisdiction2 and no authority to belong to meetings of the office- bearers of congregations of the same city or neighbourhood1 or to general synods of office-bearers1 however useful for various purposes such occasional meetings and synods might be8 ,this was what the ,independents maintained2 and to this the ,presbyterians vehemently said ,nay4 ,it was not desirable1 they said in the first place1 that congregations themselves should be mere gatherings of ,christians drawn together by chance affinities4 ,that would be to put an end to the parochial system1 with all the advantages of orderliness and effective administration that belonged to it4 ,let every congregation consist1 as heretofore1 mainly of the inhabitants of one parish or definitely marked ecclesiastical territory4 ,then let there be a strict inter-connectedness of all these parochial congregations over the whole land by means of an ascending series of church-judicatories4 ,let the congregations of the same town or district be connected by a ,presbyterial ,court1 consisting of the assembled ministers and the ruling lay-elders of all the congregations1 periodically reviewing the proceedings of the said congregations individually1 or hearing appeals from them2 and let these ,presbyteries or ,presbyterial ,courts be in like manner under the authority and review of ,synods1 embracing many ,presbyteries within their bounds1 and1 finally1 of ,national ,assemblies of the whole ,church4 ,fierce and hot waxed the war between the two systems4 ,much turned on the practice of the apostolic churches or primitive ,christian communities of ,jerusalem ,ephesus1 ,antioch1 ,corinth1 c41 as it could be gathered from various passages of ,scripture3 and great was the display of learning1 ,hebraic and ,hellenistic1 over these passages on both sides4 ,goodwin as the chief speaker for the ,independents2 but he was aided by ,nye1 ,burroughs1 ,bridge1 and ,simpson2 and ,selden struck in1 if not directly for ,congregationalism1 at least so as to perplex the ,presbyterians4 ,on the other side ,marshall and the other ,smectymnuans were conspicuous1 with ,vines1 ,seaman1 ,burges1 ,palmer1 ,herle1 and ,whitaker4 ,henderson looked on and assisted when required4 ,but no one on this side was more energetic than ,henderson's young colleague1 ,gillespie4 ,his countryman ,baillie was in raptures with him1 and in writing to ,scotland and to ,holland could not praise him enough4 ,of a truth he says in one letter1 there is no man whose parts in a public debate ,i do so admire4 ,he has studied so accurately all the points that ever yet came to our ,assembly1 he has got so ready1 so assured1 so solid a way of public debating1 that1 however there be in the ,assembly divers very excellent men1 yet1 in my poor judgment1 there is not one who speaks more rationally and to the point than that brave youth has done ever4 ,on one occasion ,gillespie1 on a question of sheer learning1 dared to grapple even with the great ,selden1 and with such effect1 according to tradition 7,scottish671 that even ,selden reeled4 ,and so on and on1 from ,january #afdc-d1 through ,february1 ,march1 and ,april1 the debate proceeded1 and there seemed to be no likely end to it4 ,for1 though ,congregationalism was maintained but by a small knot of men in the ,assembly1 they fought man fully1 inch by inch1 and there were various reasons why the majority1 instead of overwhelming them by a conclusive vote or two1 allowed them to struggle on4 ,for one thing1 though ,baillie thought there was a woful longsomeness in the slow ,english forms of debating at such a time1 it was felt by the ,english members that1 in so important a business as the settling of a new constitution for the ,national ,church1 hurry would be unbecoming4 ,but1 besides this1 the ,assembly was not a body legislating in its own right4 ,it had been called only to advise the ,parliament2 and1 though its deliberations were with closed doors1 was not all that it did from day to day pretty well known1 not only in ,parliament1 but in ,london and throughout the country8 ,might not the little knot of ,independents fighting within the ,assembly represent an amount of opinion out of doors too large to be trifled with8 ,footnote3 ,in ,lightfoot's ,notes of the ,assembly and ,gillespie's similar ,notes1 the proceedings which ,i have endeavoured to summarize in this paragraph and the two preceding may be traced in detail--,lightfoot's ,notes traversing1 with great minuteness1 the whole of the time under notice2 and ,gillespie's beginning at ,feb4 #b1 #afdc-d4 ,prefixed to ,gillespie's ,notes1 as edited by ,meek in #ahdf1 there is1 however1 a very useful set of official minutes of the proceedings from ,oct4 #ag1 #afdc1 onwards1 by the ,scribes of the ,assembly2 which may be compared with ,lightfoot's more extensive jottings4 ,there are excellent and luminous notices of the ,assembly's proceedings during most of the time indicated in ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #ajf-agd4 ,neal is very confused in his account of the ,assembly1 and does not seem to have studied its proceedings well4 ,in ,hetherington's ,history of the ,westminster ,assembly there is a fairish popular account1 compiled from ,lightfoot and ,gillespie1 but charged with the author's strong personal ,presbyterianism4 ,the traditional part of the story of ,gillespie's fight with ,selden 7which had come down1 ,i believe1 through the careful ,scottish ,church antiquary1 ,wodrow7 is given by ,mr4 ,hetherington in his ,history of the ,assembly1 but more fully and interestingly in his ,memoir of ,gillespie1 prefixed to ,meek's ,edition of ,gillespie's ,notes4 ,none knew this better than the little knot of ,independents in the ,assembly itself4 ,they had already acted on the knowledge4 ,foreseeing that the determination of the great question in the ,assembly would inevitably be against them1 they had taken the precaution1 before the question came on in its final form1 to record an appeal from the ,assembly to ,parliament and public opinion4 ,this they had done in a so-called ,apologetical ,narration1 presented to ,parliament1 and published and put in circulation not later than the beginning of ,january #afdc-d4 ,footnote3 ,i find it registered at ,stationers' ,hall1 ,dec4 #cj1 #afdc4 ,it is a tract of some thirty quarto pages1 signed openly by the five writers--,thomas ,goodwin1 ,sidrach ,simpson1 ,philip ,nye1 ,jeremiah ,burroughs1 and ,william ,bridge4 ,having explained first that they had been in no haste to press their peculiar opinions1 and would have preferred to disclose them gradually1 but that recent experience had left them no option but to appeal to ,parliament as the supreme judicatory of this kingdom1 and the most sacred refuge and asylum for mistaken and misjudged innocence1 they proceed to a historical sketch of their doings while they had been in ,holland1 and an exposition of their differences from their ,presbyterian brethren4 ,three principles of practical conduct1 they say1 had taken firm hold of them--first1 that their supreme rule in church-matters1 out of themselves1 should be the pattern of the primitive or apostolic churches2 secondly1 that they would not bind themselves by their present judgment in any matter against a possible future change of judgment2 and1 thirdly1 that they would study accommodation1 as far as they could1 to the judgments of others4 ,acting on these principles1 but foreseeing the condemnation of their ,congregationalism by the ,assembly1 they hoped at least that the issue would be so regulated finally by ,parliament that they might not be driven into exile again1 but might be permitted to continue in their native country1 with the enjoyment of the ordinances of ,christ1 and an indulgence in some lesser differences1 so long as they continued peaceable subjects4 ,footnote3 ,neal1 ,,iii4 #aca-acc1 ,narration itself1 also ,hanbury's ,historical ,memorials relating to the ,independents1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7#ahda71 pp4 #bba- #bcj4 ,this appeal to ,csar by the five leading ,independents had by no means pleased the rest of the ,assembly4 ,though they acknowledged the great ability and even the moderation of the dissentients1 they thought it an unfriendly stroke of policy on their part to have thus sheltered themselves by anticipation under the power outside4 ,but1 indeed1 it was more than a stroke of personal policy4 ,the five knew that they were speaking not for themselves only1 but for all that might adhere to them4 ,their act reminded the ,assembly of what was otherwise becoming apparent-- to wit1 that the ,assembly was after all but an imperfect representation of contemporary ,english opinion4 ,it was an ark floating on a troubled sea1 with its doors and windows well pitched1 and perhaps with ,noah on board1 but not all ,noah's family1 and certainly not specimens of all the living creatures1 even of non-episcopal kinds1 that were to survive into the new order of things4 ,what if1 on the subsidence of the waters1 the survivors in this ark should find themselves confronted with another population1 which1 having survived somehow on chance spars and rafts1 must be included in the new community1 and yet would insist that questions should be kept open in that community that had been settled by votes passed within the ark8 ,that such was likely to be the case the ,presbyterians already had proof4 ,what1 then1 were they to do8 ,in the first place1 as they believed ,noah to be within their ark1 they were to trust to his power1 and the veneration that would be accorded to him1 when he should re-emerge4 ,in other words1 they were to press on the ,presbyterian theory in the ,assembly1 allowing the ,five ,dissenting ,brethren1 as they were now called1 the most prolix liberty of speech and reasoning1 but always beating them in the final vote so as to secure a thoroughly ,presbyterian report to ,parliament at the last4 ,but1 in the second place1 as the ,independents had appealed to public opinion against such a contingency1 it was necessary not only to carry ,presbyterianism within the ,assembly1 but also to argue for it out of doors4 ,hence1 through the year #afdd1 among the shoals of pamphlets that came from the ,london press 7including ,fast-day ,sermons1 ,sermons before the ,lords and ,commons1 c41 by the most eminent members of ,assembly7 there were not a few pleas for ,presbytery1 intended to counteract the effects of the ,apologetical ,narration and other pleas for ,congregationalism4 ,rutherford's ,temperate ,plea for ,paul's ,presbytery in ,scotland1 or ,modest ,dispute touching ,independency of particular ,congregations1 and the same author's ,peaceable ,plea for the ,government of the ,church of ,scotland1 had preceded the ,apologetical ,narration2 but the express answers to the ,narration were numerous4 ,one of the most celebrated of these was a pamphlet entitled ,some ,observations and ,annotations upon the ,apologetical ,narration1 addressed to the ,parliament and the ,assembly by a writer who signs himself merely ,a4 ,s41 but is known to have been a certain ,dr4 ,adam ,steuart1 a ,scot residing in ,london1 but who soon afterwards received a call to ,leyden4 ,to this pamphlet there were replies on the part of the ,independents1 especially one entitled ,m4 ,s4 to ,a4 ,s4 7a title changed in a second edition into ,a ,reply of ,two of the ,brethren to ,a4,s472 again ,a4,s4 responded2 and so the controversy went on1 pamphlets thickening on pamphlets4 ,footnote3 ,lowndes's ,bibl4 ,manual1 by ,bohn1 ,article ,steuart1 ,adam2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #baf2 and ,hanbury's ,hist4 ,memorials relating to the ,independents1 ,,ii4 #bea et seq41 and #cda et seq41 where there are full accounts of the pamphlets1 with extracts4 ,,proceedings ,,of ,,parliament ,,to ,,feb4 #afdc-d3 ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,war3 ,,the ,,scottish ,,auxiliary ,,army4 ,meanwhile1 notwithstanding this ominous difference in the ,assembly on the great question of ,church-government1 all parties in the ,assembly were co- operating harmoniously with each other and with ,parliament in other important items of the general ,reformation which was in progress4 ,the chief of these items may be grouped under headings3-- ,simplification of ,church ,service1 and ,suppression of unpopular ,rites and ,symbols4--,this process1 which had been going on naturally from the beginning of the ,parliament1 and more violently and riotously in some places since the beginning of the war1 had been accelerated by recent ,parliamentary enactments4 ,thus1 in ,may #afdc1 just when ,milton was preparing to leave ,london on his marriage holiday1 there had been a tearing down1 by authority1 with the sound of trumpets and amid the huzzas of the citizens1 of ,cheapside ,cross1 ,charing ,cross1 and other such street-monuments of too ,popish make4 ,at the same time the anti- ,sabbatarian ,book of ,sports had been publicly burnt4 ,then followed 7,aug4 #bg7 an ordinance for removing out of churches all superstitious images1 crucifixes1 altars1 c42 the effect of which for the next few months was a more or less rough visitation of pickaxing1 chipping1 and chiselling in all the parish-churches within the ,parliament's bounds that had not already been ,puritanized by private effort4 ,then1 again1 on the #bjth of ,november1 the ,house of ,commons recommended to the consideration of the ,assembly a new ,english ,version of the ,psalms1 which had been recently executed1 and put into print1 by the much-respected member for ,truro1 ,mr4 ,francis ,rous4 ,ought not ,sternhold and ,hopkins's ,version to be disused among other lumber2 and1 if so1 might not ,rous's ,version be adopted instead1 for use in churches8 ,it would be a merited compliment and also a source of private profit to the veteran ,puritan--whom the ,parliament1 at any rate1 were about to appoint to the ,provostship of ,eton ,college 7worth #hjjl a year and more71 instead of the ,malignant1 ,dr4 ,stewart1 then with his ,majesty4 ,the ,assembly did actually take up ,rous's ,psalter1 his friends pressing it on the old gentleman's account1 but others not thinking it good enough2 and we find ,baillie regretting1 ,scot-like1 when the subject was first brought up1 that he had not with him a copy of another version of the ,psalms then in ,,ms41 by his friend and countryman1 ,sir ,william ,mure of ,rowallan4 ,this version he liked best of any he had seen1 and thought decidedly better than ,rous's2 and2 if he had had a copy1 he might have been able to do his friend a good turn6 ,footnote3 ,common ,journals1 ,nov4 #bj1 #afdc2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #aja 7and note71 and #abj-aba4 ,baillie1 at the very time he was privately wishing he had his friend ,rowallan's ,psalms to pit against ,rous's1 was becoming acquainted with ,rous2 to whom in a month or two he dedicated a sermon of his preached before the ,commons4 ,he there calls ,rous his much honoured friend4 ,rowallan's ,psalms remain in ,,ms4 to this day2 but specimens of them have been published4 ,see ,baillie's ,letters1 pp4 #ece-f of ,appendix1 ,vol4 ,,iii42 where there is an interesting and curious history of ,english ,versions of the ,psalms1 by the editor1 ,mr4 ,david ,laing4 ,the adoption of ,rous's ,psalter was not immediately voted by the ,assembly1 but lay over along with the general business of the new ,directory for ,worship4 ,in this business too they were making some private progress in ,committee1 though retarded by the debates on ,church-government2 and there was every likelihood of substantial agreement here4 ,independents and ,erastians were pretty sure to agree with ,presbyterians on the subjects of the ,liturgy1 ,sabbath-observance1 abolition of ,festival-days1 and the recommendation of a plain and ,puritan church-service generally4 ,there were significant proofs of this4 ,actually on ,christmas-day #afdc 7who would have thought it87 the ,lords and ,commons met for business as usual1 thus showing the example of contempt of the great holiday--all the more to the delight of the ,scottish ,commissioners1 and of the zealous ,puritans of the ,assembly and the ,city1 because the ,assembly was still weak-hearted enough as a whole to adjourn for that day4 ,it was the ,scottish ,commissioners1 indeed1 that had contrived this rebuke to the weaker spirits4 ,and within a week or two thereafter there was this farther ,puritan triumph--also the contrivance of the ,scottish ,commissioners through their friends in ,parliament1--that the use of the ,liturgy was discontinued in the two ,houses1 in favour of extempore prayers by ,divines appointed for the duty by the ,assembly4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #abj and #acj4 ,ejection of ,scandalous and ,malignant ,ministers4--,a somewhat wholesale process1 described in such terms by the winning side1 had been going on1 everywhere within the sway of ,parliament1 for several months4 ,it was part1 indeed1 of a more general process1 for the sequestration to the use of ,parliament of the estates of notorious ,delinquents of all kinds1 which had been the subject of various ,parliamentary ordinances4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals from ,march #afab-c onwards4 ,for sequence of proceedings and dates1 see ,index to ,journals1 ,vol ,,iii4 sub cocc4 ,delinquents4 ,see also the main sequestrating ordinances 7,march #ca and ,aug4 #ai1 #afdc7 in ,scobell's collection4 ,by these ordinances a machinery for the work of sequestration had been established1 consisting of a central committee in ,london1 and of committees in all the accessible counties4 ,the special application of this machinery to clerical delinquents had come about gradually4 ,from the very beginning of the ,parliament 7,nov4 #afdj7 there had been a grand ,committee of the ,commons1 of which ,mr4 ,white1 member for ,southwark1 was chairman1 for inquiring into the scandalous immoralities of the clergy1 and an acting ,sub- committee1 of which ,mr4 ,white also was chairman1 for considering how scandalous ministers might be removed1 and real preaching ministers put in their places4 ,by the action of these committees month after month-- receiving and duly investigating complaints brought against clergymen1 either of scandalous lives or of notoriously ,laudian opinions and practices--a very large number of clergymen had been placed on the black books1 and some actually ejected1 before the commencement of the war4 ,but1 after the war began1 sharper action became necessary4 ,for now the ,parliament had to provide for what were called the plundered ministers --i4e4 for those ,puritan ministers who1 driven from their parsonages in various parts of the country by the ,king's soldiers1 had to flock into ,london1 with their families1 for refuge and subsistence4 ,a special ,committee of the ,commons had been appointed 7,dec4 #afdb7 to devise ways and means for the relief of these godly and well-affected ministers2 and1 as was natural1 the proceedings of this ,committee had become inter- wound with those of the ,committee for the ejection of scandalous ministers--,mr4 ,white at the head of the whole agency4 ,and so1 in the ,commons1 we hear ultimately of such determinations as these respecting scandalous ministers3--,july #c1afdc3 ,ordinance to be prepared to enable the ,committees 7for sequestration7 in the several counties to sequester their livings2--,july #bg3 the ,committee for plundered ,ministers to consider of informations against them and to put them to the proof2-- ,sept4 #f3 ,deputy ,lieutenants and ,committees in the counties empowered to examine witnesses against them4 ,the result was the beginning of that great and general purgation of the clergy in the ,parliament's quarters about which there was such an outcry among the ,royalists at the time1 and which1 after having been a rankling memory in the ,high ,church heart for seventy years1 became the main text of ,walker's famous folio of #agad on ,the ,sufferings of the ,clergy of the ,church of ,england in the ,grand ,rebellion4 ,according to that book1 and to ,royalist tradition1 it was a ruthless persecution and spoliation of all the best1 the most venerable1 and the most learned of the clergy of ,england4 ,fuller1 however1 writing at the time1 and corroborated by ,baxter1 represents the facts more fairly4 ,not a few of the clergy first ejected1 he admits1 were really men of scandalous private character1 and were turned out expressly on that account2 others1 who were turned out for what was called their false doctrine1 or obstinate adherence to that ,arminian theology and ceremonial of worship which the nation had condemned1 might regard themselves as simply suffering in their turn what ,puritan ministers had suffered abundantly enough under the rule of ,laud2 and1 if gradually the sequestration extended itself beyond these two categories of scandalous ministers and ministers of unsound faith1 and swept in among malignants generally1 or those whose only fault was that they were prominent adherents to the ,king1 what was that but one of the harsh natural vengeances of a civil war8 ,at the beginning of the purgation1 at all events1 ,parliament professed carefulness and even leniency in its choice of victims4 ,a fifth of the income of every ejected minister was reserved to his wife and family2 and1 in order that the public1 and even the ,royalists1 might judge of the equity with which ,parliament had proceeded in so odious a business1 ,mr4 ,white1 the chairman of the committees on clerical delinquency1 put forth in print 7,nov4 #ai1 #afdc7 his ,first ,century of ,scandalous ,malignant ,priests1 or statement of the cases of one hundred of the sequestered clergy1 chiefly in ,london and the adjacent counties1 with the reasons of their ejection4 ,at the time when ,mr4 ,white 7thenceforward known as ,century ,white7 put forth this pamphlet1 the number of the ejected must have already considerably exceeded one hundred1 or perhaps even three hundred2 and1 as the war went on1 and sequestration became more and more co-extensive with malignancy1 the number swelled till1 as is calculated1 some #a1ejj or #a1fjj clergymen in all1 or about a sixth part of the total clergy of ,england1 were thrown out of their livings4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals of dates ,july #c1 ,july #bg1 and ,sept4 #f1 #afdc2 ,white's ,first ,century1 ,fuller's ,church ,history 7ed4 #ahdb71 ,,iii4 #deh1 #dfj2 ,neal's ,puritans1 ,,iii4 #bc-cd4 ,sec also ,hallam's ,const4 ,hist4 7#ajth ed471 ,,ii4 #afd-aff4 ,filling up of ,vacant ,livings by the appointment of ,new ,ministers4--,for the sequestered livings there were1 of course1 numerous candidates4 ,not only were there the plundered ,puritan ministers1 most of them congregated in ,london1 to be provided for2 but there were the young ,divinity scholars growing up1 for whom1 even in a state of war1 or at least for such of them as took the side of ,parliament1 it was necessary to find employment4 ,obviously1 however1 some order or method had to be adopted in the exercise of the large patronage of vacant livings which had thus come suddenly into the hands of ,parliament4 ,the plundered ministers could not be thrust promiscuously1 or by mere lottery1 into such livings as were vacant4 ,they had all1 certainly1 the qualification of being already ordained2 but there were different sorts of persons among them1 and some with very little to recommend them except their distress4 ,it was essential that there should be some examination or re-examination of all such petitioners for new livings1 in order that the unfit should not be appointed1 and that the others might be provided for according to their degrees of fitness4 ,accordingly1 at the request of the two ,houses1 the ,westminster ,assembly 7,oct4 #afdc7 appointed two-and-twenty of its ,divines to be a committee for examining and reporting on the qualifications of all such petitioners for livings as might be referred to it by ,parliament4 ,about the same time a provisional arrangement was made for the more difficult matter of ordaining new candidates for the ,ministry4 ,the whole question of ,ordination having yet to be argued and settled in the ,assembly 7see ant1 p4 #bj71 it was felt on all hands that some temporary arrangement was imperative4 ,accordingly1 by the advice of the ,assembly1 the whole business of deciding who were fit to be ordained1 and of duly ordaining such1 was entrusted by ,parliament to certain committees or associations of godly ministers1 themselves already ordained1 appointed for certain centres and districts4 ,the chief ,ordaining ,committee was1 of course1 that for ,london and the country round4 ,this committee1 to which was assigned not only the ordination of new ministers for its important district1 but also the ordination of all chaplains for the army and navy1 consisted of twenty-three associated ,presbyters 7ten ,divines of the ,assembly and thirteen parish-ministers of ,london not in the ,assembly71 of whom seven were to be a quorum4 ,whosoever1 not already ordained1 should presume to preach publicly or otherwise exercise the ministerial office without having been ordained by this association1 or one of the others1 or at least without a certificate of having been approved by the ,examining ,committee of the ,assembly1 was to be reported to ,parliament for censure and punishment4 ,the ,london ,divines were enjoined to be careful whom they admitted into their pulpits4 ,in short1 it was the object of both the ,parliament and the ,assembly to proclaim their determination that1 while the question of ,church-government was being considered1 some decent rule of practical order should be carefully observed1 and ,england should not be allowed to lapse1 as the loyalists were giving out1 into a mere anarchy of ranters1 preaching cobblers1 and every fool his own parson4 ,footnote3 ,neal1 ,,iii4 #hh-ij1 and #ach-ada4 ,visitation of the ,university of ,cambridge4--,while the scandalous and malignant among the parish clergy were being sequestered and ejected1 it was not to be expected that ,parliament would spare the ,universities4 ,oxford1 for the present1 was beyond reach2 but ,cambridge was within reach4 ,was it to be endured that1 while the town of ,cambridge was the very centre of the ,associated ,eastern ,counties1 the most zealously ,parliamentarian region in all ,england1 the ,university should be a fortress of malignancy1 with many of its ,heads of ,houses and ,fellows notoriously disaffected to ,parliament1 and showing their disaffection by sermons1 publications from the ,university press1 continuance of the forbidden usages and symbolisms in the ,college chapels1 and such other acts of contumacy8 ,for a long time ,parliament had been asking itself this question4 ,as early as ,june #aj1 #afdc1 the subject of some effectual means of reforming the ,university of ,cambridge1 purging it from all abuses1 innovations1 and superstitions1 and dealing with conspicuous malignants in it1 had been under discussion in the ,commons4 ,there had been a reluctance1 however1 to proceed too rapidly1 or so as to incur the ,royalist reproaches of invasion of ,university rights and ruin of a great seat of learning4 ,hence1 whatever dealings with the ,university had been necessary had been left very much to the discretion of the ordinary agencies representing ,parliament in the ,associated ,counties1 at the head of which1 since ,aug4 #afdc1 had been the ,earl of ,manchester4 ,there was even a ,parliamentary ordinance 7,jan4 #f1 #afdc-d7 explaining that1 whatever sequestration there might be of the revenues of individual delinquents in the ,university1 every regard was to be paid to the property of the ,university as such1 and not an atom of it should be alienated4 ,by this time1 however1 it was felt that the malignancy of the ,university must be dealt with more expressly4 ,accordingly1 on the #bbnd of ,january there was passed an ,ordinance for regulating the ,university of ,cambridge and for removing of scandalous ,ministers in the several ,associate ,counties4 ,by this ordinance it was provided that1 whereas many complaints are made by the well-affected inhabitants of the associated counties of ,essex1 ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,hertford1 ,cambridge1 ,huntingdon1 and ,lincoln1 that the service of the ,parliament is retarded1 the enemy strengthened1 the people's souls starved1 and their minds diverted from any care of ,god's cause1 by their idle1 ill-affected and scandalous clergy of the ,university of ,cambridge and the ,associated ,counties and whereas many that would give evidence against such scandalous ministers are not able to travel to ,london1 therefore the ,earl of ,manchester should be commissioned to take the necessary steps in the ,university and the ,counties themselves4 ,he was to appoint ,committees who were to have power to call before them all ,provosts1 ,masters1 and ,fellows of ,colleges1 all students and members of the ,university1 and all ministers in any county of the ,association1 and all schoolmasters2 and1 after due inquiry by these ,committees1 he was to have power to eject such as he shall judge unfit from their places1 and to sequester their estates1 means and revenues1 and to place other fitting persons in their room1 such as shall be approved of by the ,assembly of ,divines4 ,a very important ordinance1 as we shall see in due time4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,june #aj1 #afdc1 and ,jan4 #bj1 #afdc-d2 ,lords ,journals1 ,jan4 #f and ,jan4 #bb1 #afdc-d2 and ,neal1 ,,iii4 #aje-ajg4 ,the reader need hardly be reminded by what authority all these acts and changes in the system of ,england were decreed and carried into effect4 ,since the beginning of the war the government of ,england1 except where the ,king's troops were in possession1 had been in the two ,houses of ,parliament sitting at ,westminster2 but since ,july #afdc it may be said rather to have been in these two ,houses of ,parliament with the ,assembly of ,divines4 ,what the reader requires1 however1 to be reminded of is the smallness numerically of this governing body4 ,the ,house of ,lords1 in particular1 though still retaining all its nominal dignity and keeping up all its stately forms1 was a mere shred of its former self4 ,about #bi or #cj persons1 out of the total ,peerage of ,england1 as we reckoned 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #dcj-ca71 had avowed themselves ,parliamentarians2 so that1 had all these been present1 the ,house of ,lords would have been but a very small gathering4 ,but1 as a certain number even of these were always absent on military duty or on other occasions1 it was seldom that more than #ad or #ae ,peers were present in the ,house around ,lord ,grey of ,wark on the woolsack as elected ,speaker4 ,sometimes1 when the business was merely formal1 the number sank to #d or #e2 and ,i do not think the ,lords ,journals register1 during the whole time with which we are now concerned1 a larger attendance than #bb4 ,that was the number present on the #bbnd of ,january1 #afdc-d1 when the ordinance for visiting ,cambridge ,university was passed4 ,footnote3 ,as the ,lords ,journals give the names of the ,peers present each day1 very accurate information on this subject is obtainable from them4 ,in the ,commons1 of course1 the attendance was much larger4 ,when a whip was necessary1 between #bjj and #cjj could be got together4 ,thus on the #beth of ,september1 #afdc1 which was the day of inaugurating the ,covenant1 #bbj were present2 and on the above-mentioned #bbnd of ,january1 #afdc-d--;an important day for various reasons--as many as #bhj made their appearance1 while it was calculated that #ajj were absent in the ,parliamentary service4 ,footnote3 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #aii4 ,usually1 however1 the attendance was much less numerous4 ,on a vote taken ,nov4 #bf1 #afdc1 the division showed #ei against #eh1 or #aag present2 and this appears to be rather above the mark of the attendance in general4--,on the whole1 one may say that the business of the nation in the interest of ,parliament was carried on habitually during those important months by some #ab or #ae ,parliamentarian ,peers1 and some #ajj ,commoners1 keeping up the forms of the two ,houses1 and having for their assessors1 and in part for their spurs and tutors1 the #fj or #hj ,puritan ,divines who sat close at hand in the ,jerusalem ,chamber4 ,was all this to last8 ,whether it was to last or not depended not a little on the conduct of the ,parliament itself1 but greatly more on the conduct of the generals and armies that held up its banners in various parts of ,england4 ,and how1 since our last glimpses of the state of the war in the dark month of ,hampden's death and the month following that 7,june and ,july #afdc71 had the war been going on8 ,much as before4 ,what do we see8 ,a siege here and a siege there1 a skirmish here and a skirmish there1 ending sometimes for the ,parliament1 but as often for the ,king2 amid all these sieges and skirmishes no battle of any magnitude1 save the first ,battle of ,newbery 7,sept4 #bj1 #afdc71 where ,lord ,falkland1 weary of his life1 was slain1 and also the ,royalist ,earls of ,carnarvon and ,sunderland1 but otherwise the damage to the ,king was inconsiderable2 ,essex still heavy and solemn1 an excellent man1 but a woful commander-in-chief2 little ,sir ,william ,waller still the favourite and set up against ,essex1 but confidence in him somewhat shaken by his recent defeats2 the ,fairfaxes in the north1 and others in other parts1 doing at best but respectably2 ,cromwell1 it is true1 a marked man and always successful wherever he appeared1 but appearing yet only as ,colonel ,cromwell6 ,for the present the ,parliament side is running down the brae1 wrote the sagacious ,baillie1 ,sept4 #bb1 #afdc2 and again1 more pithily1 ,dec4 #g1 ,they may tig- tag on this way this twelvemonth4 ,the only remedy1 ,baillie thought--the only thing that would change the sluggish tig-tagging of ,essex and the ,english into something like what a war should be--was the expected coming-in of the ,scots4 ,for this event the ,english ,parliamentarians also longed vehemently4 ,all things are expected from ,god and the ,scots is ,baillie's description of the feeling in ,london in the winter of #afdc-d4 ,for1 though the bringing in of a ,scottish force auxiliary to the ,english army had been arranged for in the autumn--though it was for that end that the ,english ,parliament had sent ,commissioners to ,edinburgh1 had accepted ,henderson's ,solemn ,league and ,covenant1 and had admitted ,scottish ,commissioners into the ,westminster ,assembly--yet the completing of the negotiations1 and the getting together and equipping of the ,scottish army for its southward march1 had been a work of time4 ,about ,christmas #afdc it was understood that the ,scots were in readiness to march2 but the precise time when they might be expected to cross the border was yet in anxious conjecture4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #hc1 #ii1 #ajd-e1 and #aad-ae4 ,it was an unusually severe winter1 cold and snowy4 ,the ,londoners1 in especial1 deprived of their coal from ,newcastle1 felt it severely4 ,baillie particularly mentions the comfortable hangings of the ,jerusalem ,chamber1 and the good fire kept burning in it1 as some dainties in ,london at that date1 and duly appreciated by the members of the ,assembly4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #ajf4 ,among the printed broad-sheets of the time that were hawked about ,london1 ,i have seen one entitled ,artificial ,fire2 or1 ,coal for ,rich and ,poor3 this being the offer of an excellent new ,invention4 ,the invention consists of a proposal to the ,londoners of a cheap substitute for coal1 devised by a ,mr4 ,richard ,gesling1 ,ingineer1 late deceased4 ,mr4 ,gesling's idea was that1 if you take brickdust1 mortar1 sawdust1 or the like1 and make up pasteballs thereof mingled with the dust of sea-coal or ,scotch coal1 and with stable-litter1 you will have a fuel much more economical than coal itself4 ,but1 though this is the practical proposal of the fly-sheet1 its main interest lies in its lamentation over the lack of the normal fuel4 ,some fine-nosed city dames1 it says1 used to tell their husbands1 ',o husband6 we shall never be well1 we nor our children1 whilst we live in the smell of this city's sea-coal smoke6 ,pray1 a country-house for our health1 that we may get out of this sea-coal smell6' ,but how many of these fine-nosed dames now cry1 ',would to ,god we had sea-coal6 ,oh6 the want of fire undoes us6 ,o the sweet sea-coal fires we used to have6 how we want them now3 no fire to your sea-coal6'444 ,this for the rich3 a word for the poor6 ,the great want of fuel for fire makes many a poor creature cast about how to pass over this cold winter to come2 but1 finding small redress for so cruel an enemy as the cold makes1 some turn thieves that never stole before--steal posts1 seats1 benches from doors1 rails1 nay1 the very stocks that should punish them2 and all to keep the cold winter away4 ,footnote3 ,folio sheet dated #afdd 7i4e4 winter of #afdc-d71 in ,british ,museum ,library3 ,press-mark1 #ffi1 f4--,if on no other account than the prospect of a re-opening of the coal-traffic between ,newcastle and ,london1 what joy among the ,londoners when the news came that1 on ,friday the #aith of ,january1 #afdc-d1 the expected ,scottish army had entered ,england by ,berwick6 ,they had entered it1 toiling through deep snow1 #ba1ejj strong1 and were already--,god be praised6--spreading themselves over the winter-white fields of the very region where the coal lay black underground4 ,at their head who but old ,field-marshall ,leslie1 now ,earl of ,leven1 ,scottish commander-in-chief for the third time1 and tolerably well acquainted already with the ,north of ,england8 ,second in command to him1 as ,lieutenant-general of the ,foot1 was ,william ,baillie1 of ,letham1 in this post for the second time2 and the ,major-general1 with command of the horse was ,david ,leslie1 a third ,gustavus-,adolphus man1 and1 though a namesake of the commander-in-chief1 only distantly related to him4 ,the marquis of ,argyle accompanied the invaders1 nominally as ,colonel of a troop of horse2 and among the other colonels of foot or horse were the ,earls of ,cassilis1 ,lindsay1 ,loudoun1 ,buccleugh1 ,dunfermline1 ,lothian1 ,marischal1 ,eglinton1 and ,dalhousie4 ,the expenses of the army1 averaging #a1jjjl4 per diem 7#f;d4 a day for each common foot-soldier1 #h;d4 for a horse-soldier1 and so on upwards7 were1 by agreement1 to be charged to ,england4 ,footnote3 ,rushw4 ,v4 #fjd-g2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #bjj1 #bja2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #ajj and #acg4 ,the condition on which the ,scots had consented thus to aid the ,english ,parliament must not be forgotten4 ,it was the agreement of the two nations in one and the same religious ,covenant4 ,in all the negotiations that had been going on between ,london and ,edinburgh1 the ,scots had always assumed the fulfilment of this condition on the part of the ,english4 ,and1 so far1 we have seen1 it had already been fulfilled4 ,since ,september #afdc1 when ,henderson's ,covenant had first been proposed to the ,english ,parliament and the ,westminster ,assembly1 and the ,commons and the ,westminster ,divines had set the example by swearing to it collectively in one of the ,london churches1 the ,covenant had been a phrase familiar to the ,english mouth4 ,in all the miscellaneous activity of the ,parliament for the detection and disabling of ,malignants1 there had been no instrument more effective or more commonly used4 ,there were other tests and oaths by which the malignants might be distinguished from the well-affected2 but the taking or not taking of the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant was the test paramount4 ,wherever the ,parliament had power it had been in operation4 ,since ,december #bj1 for example1 it had been the law that no one could be a ,common ,councilman of the ,city of ,london who had not subscribed to the ,covenant4 ,still1 in this matter of subscription to the ,covenant1 the ,english1 both as the larger nation and as the less accustomed to ,covenants1 had remained considerably in arrear of the ,scots2 and1 when the ,scots actually did make their appearance in ,england1 there was a sudden refreshing of the memory of the ,english ,parliament on the subject1 and a sudden exertion to make up the arrears4 ,the ,scots are among us on the supposition that we have all taken the ,covenant2 and lo6 we have not yet all taken it1 was virtually the exclamation of the ,parliament4 ,accordingly1 that all might be brought in1 that there might be no escape1 and that there might remain to all time coming a vast register of the names of the ,englishmen then living who had entered into this solemn league with their ,scottish neighbours1 there was passed1 on the #eth of ,february1 #afdc-d1 a new and conclusive ordinance on the subject4 ,by this ordinance it was enacted that true copies of the ,covenant should be sent to the ,earl of ,essex and other commanders of the army1 and to all governors of towns1 c41 to the intent that it might be sworn to by every man in the army2 also that copies should be sent into all the counties1 so that they should punctually reach every parish and every parish- minister--the instructions being that every minister should1 the next ,lord's day after the certified copy of the ,covenant reached him1 read it aloud to his congregation1 discourse and exhort upon it1 and then tender it to all present1 who should swear to it with uplifted hands1 and afterwards sign it with their names or marks4 ,all men over eighteen years of age1 whether householders or lodgers1 were to take it in the parishes in which they were resident2 and the names of all refusing1 whether ministers or laymen1 were to be reported4 ,footnote3 ,see ,ordinance in ,lords ,journals1 ,feb4 #e1 #afdc-d4 ,nay1 by an arrangement about the same time1 the action of the ,covenant was made to extend to ,english subjects abroad4 ,notwithstanding all this stringency1 there is reason to believe that not a few soldiers in the army1 and not a few ministers and others1 contrived1 in one way or another1 to avoid the ,covenant1 without being called to account for the neglect4 ,where a minister otherwise unexceptionable1 or an officer or soldier of known zeal and efficiency1 had scruples of conscience against signing1 the authorities1 both civil and military1 appear in many places to have exercised a discretion and winked at disobedience or procrastination4--,the case of the ,earl of ,bridgewater may here be of some interest1 on its own account1 and as illustrating what went on generally4 ,the ,earl1 known to us so long as the ,earl of ,milton's ,comus had been living in retirement as an invalid during the war1 his wishes on the whole being doubtless with the ,king1 but his circumstances obliging him to keep on fair terms with the ,parliament4 ,the test of the ,covenant seems to have sorely perplexed the poor ,peer4 ,he says some things in the ,covenant his heart goes along with them1 and other things are doubtful to him2 and therefore desires some time to consider of it4 ,such was the report to the ,lords1 ,wednesday ,feb4 #g1 #afdc-d1 by the ,earls of ,rutland and ,bolingbroke1 who had been appointed to deal with him and other absent ,peers in the matter4 ,he shall have time till ,friday morning next1 was the entry ordered to be made4 ,on the ,friday named there is no mention of the subject in the ,lords ,journals2 but on ,saturday the #ajth ,lords ,rutland and ,bolingbroke were able to report that it was all right4 ,two days had convinced the ,earl that signing would be best for him4 ,footnote3 ,lords ,journals of dates cited4 ,besides this universal imposition of the ,covenant by ,parliamentary ordinance upon all who had hitherto neglected to take it1 there was another immediate effect of the presence of the ,scots in ,england4 ,the two nations being now in arms for the same cause1 the fortunes of each nation depending largely on the conduct of the other1 and the two national armies indeed having to co-operate strategically1 there required to be some common directing power1 intermediate between the ,english ,parliament in ,westminster and the ,scottish ,estates in ,edinburgh1 representing both1 and acting for both in all matters of military concern4 ,the ,scots1 on their part1 had made provision accordingly4 ,besides appointing a stationary ,committee of the ,estates to manage matters from ,edinburgh1 and another ,committee to be with the ,scottish army as a kind of ,council to the ,earl of ,leven1 they had nominated 7,jan4 #i1 #afdc-d7 a ,special ,commission of four persons to go to ,london with full powers to represent the views and interests of ,scotland in the enterprise in which it was now conjoined with ,england4 ,these were--the ,,earl ,,of ,,loudoun1 ,high ,chancellor of ,scotland2 ,,lord ,,maitland 7already in ,london as ,scottish ,commissioner to the ,westminster ,assembly72 ,,sir ,,archibald ,,johnstone ,,of ,,warriston 7due in ,london at any rate as a ,commissioner to the ,assembly72 and ,,mr4 ,,robert ,,barclay1 ,provost of ,irvine in ,ayrshire4 ,these ,commissioners having presented their ,commission to the ,english ,parliament1 ,feb4 #e1 the ,parliament were moved to appoint some of its trustiest men from the two ,houses to be an ,english ,committee of ,consultation with the ,scottish ,commissioners1 and in fact to form1 along with them1 a joint ,committee of the ,two ,kingdoms4 ,such an institution was not at all to the taste of ,lord ,general ,essex1 inasmuch as it trenched on his powers as commander- in-chief4 ,some opposition was therefore offered4 ,on the whole1 however1 the argument that the two kingdoms ought to be joined in their counsels as well as in their forces proved overpowering2 and on the #afth of ,february an ordinance was passed appointing the following persons 7#g ,peers and #ad ,commoners7 to be a ,committee for the purpose named--the ,,earl ,,of ,,northumberland1 the ,,earl ,,of ,,essex1 the ,,earl ,,of ,,warwick1 the ,,earl ,,of ,,manchester1 ,,viscount ,,saye ,,and ,,sele1 ,,lord ,,wharton1 ,,lord ,,egberts1 ,,william ,,pierrepoint1 ,,sir ,,henry ,,vane1 ,senr41 ,,sir ,,philip ,,stapleton1 ,,sir ,,william ,,waller1 ,,sir ,,gilbert ,,gerrard1 ,,sir ,,william ,,armyn1 ,,sir ,,arthur ,,haselrig1 ,,sir ,,henry ,,vane1 ,junr41 ,,john ,,crewe1 ,,robert ,,wallop1 ,,oliver ,,st4 ,,john1 ,,samuel ,,browne1 ,,john ,,glynn1 and ,,oliver ,,cromwell4 ,six were to be a quorum1 always in the proportion of one ,lord to two ,commoners1 and of the ,scottish ,commissioners meeting with them two were to be a quorum4 ,there can be no doubt that the object was that the management of the war should be less in ,essex's hands that it had been4 ,footnote3 ,lords ,journals of dates ,feb4 #e and #af1 #afdc-d2 and ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #ada1 #adb ,the name of ,,john ,,pym may have been looked for in the ,committee4 ,alas6 no longer need his name be looked for among the living in this ,history4 ,he had died on the #hth of ,december1 #afdc1 when the ,scots were expected in ,england1 but had not yet arrived4 ,he was buried magnificently in ,westminster ,abbey1 all the ,lords and ,commons attending1 and ,stephen ,marshall preaching the funeral sermon4 ,england had lost ,king ,pym1 her greatest ,parliamentary man4 ,no one precisely like him was left4 ,but1 indeed1 he had done his work to the full2 and1 had he lived longer1 he might have been loved the less6 ,footnote3 ,rushworth ,v4 #cgf2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #ahf-g2 and ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #aah4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,milton ,,unhappy ,,in ,,his ,,marriage3 ,,his ,,first ,,divorce ,,tract3 ,,two ,,editions ,,of ,,it4 ,we left ,milton in his house in ,aldersgate ,street in or about #afdc1 waiting for the promised return of his recently-wedded wife at ,michaelmas1 and meanwhile comfortable enough1 with his books1 his pupils1 and the quiet companionship of his old father4 ,we are now seven or eight months beyond that point in our general ,history4 ,what had happened in the ,aldersgate household in the interval8 ,a tremendous thing had happened4 ,milton had come to desire a divorce from his wife1 and had written and published a ,tract on ,divorce1 partly in the interest of his own private case1 but really also with a view to suggest to the mind of ,england1 then likely to be receptive of new ideas1 certain thoughts on the whole subject of the ,english law of ,marriage which had resulted from reflection on his own experience4 ,here is the story3-- ,michaelmas ,sept4 #bi1 #afdc being come1 says ,phillips1 and no news of his wife's return1 he sent for her by letter1 and1 receiving no answer1 sent several other letters1 which were also unanswered2 so that at last he despatched down a foot-messenger to ,forest ,hill with a letter1 desiring her return4 ,but the messenger came back not only without an answer1 at least a satisfactory one1 but1 to the best of my remembrance1 reported that he was dismissed with some sort of contempt4 ,this proceeding1 in all probability1 was grounded upon no other cause but this--viz43 that1 the family being generally addicted to the ,cavalier party1 as they called it1 and some of them possibly engaged in the ,king's service1 who by this time had his head-quarters at ,oxford and was in some prospect of success1 they began to repent them of having matched the eldest daughter of the family to a person so contrary to them in opinion1 and thought it would be a blot on their escutcheon whenever that ,court should come to flourish again4 ,however1 it so incensed our author that he thought it would be dishonourable ever to receive her again1 after such a repulse2 so that he forthwith prepared to fortify himself with arguments for such a resolution1 and accordingly wrote1 c4 ,here ,phillips goes on to enumerate ,milton's various ,divorce ,tracts1 the first of which in order of time was his ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce4 ,aubrey corroborates ,phillips1 but has little on the subject but what he may have picked up from gossip4 ,she was a 444 ,royalist1 and went to her mother near ,oxford3 he sent for her after some time1 and ,i think his servant was evilly entreated1--such are ,aubrey's brief notes of the facts2 after which come his own reflections on the rupture3 ,two opinions do not well on the same bolster2 and ,what man1 especially contemplative1 would like to have a young wife environed and stormed by the sons of ,mars1 and those of the enemy party8 ,finally ,wood1 in his ,fasti1 does little more than repeat ,aubrey3 ,though he sent divers pressing invitations1 yet he could not prevail upon her to come back2 whereupon he1 being not able to bear this abuse1 did therefore1 upon consideration1 after he had consulted many eminent authors1 write the said book of ,divorce1 with intentions to be separated from her4 ,footnote3 ,phillips's ,memoir2 ,aubrey's ,lives2 and ,wood's ,fasti ,oxon4 ,i4 #dhb-c4 ,on all grounds ,phillips's authority is the best4 ,and yet there are difficulties in his account4 ,according to that account1 it was the non- return of ,milton's wife at or about ,michaelmas 7,sept4 #bi7 #afdc1 and not only her non-return then1 but her obstinate and repeated refusal to return after that date1 and the insulting conduct of her family to the messenger he finally sent to urge her return1 that roused ,milton's indignation1 put the thought of divorce into his mind1 and induced him to write his first ,divorce ,tract4 ,if so1 the tract could hardly have been ready till some weeks after ,michaelmas #afdc--say1 till about ,christmas of the same year4 ,there is proof1 however 7and ,i do not think it has been observed before71 that ,milton's first ,divorce ,tract was already published and in circulation two months before the ,michaelmas in question4 ,the proof is not1 where we might expect it1 in the books of the ,stationers' ,company2 for the ,tract1 like all ,milton's previous pamphlets1 was published by him1 rather defiantly1 without the required legal formalities of licence and registration4 ,but there is a precious copy of it in ,thomason's great collection of pamphlets1 called the ,king's ,pamphlets1 in the ,british ,museum4 ,the title in that copy is as follows3 ,the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1 ,restor'd1 to the good of both ,sexes1 from the ,bondage of ,canon ,law and other mistakes1 to ,christian ,freedom1 guided by the ,rule of ,charity2 wherein also many places of ,scripture have recovered their long-lost meaning3 seasonable to be now thought on in the ,reformation intended4 ,underneath this title there follows on the title-page the quotation ,matth4 xiii4 #eb4 ,every ,scribe instructed to the ,kingdome of ,heav'n is like the ,maister of a house which bringeth out of his treasurie things old and new2 and at the foot of the title-page is the legend ,london1 ,printed by ,t4 ,p4 and ,m4 ,s4 in ,goldsmiths' ,alley3 #afdc4 ,footnote3 ,copy in ,british ,museum ,library ,press mark1 #ab4 ,g4,f4 #ag #aai4 ,this printed legend alone would all but determine the publication to have been prior to ,christmas #afdc2 but the question is set at rest by a manuscript note on the title-page1 ,aug4 #ast4 ,the note was put there by1 or by the direction of1 the collector1 ,thomason1 to indicate the day on which the copy came into his hands1 and is to be relied on implicitly4 ,the ,tract1 it will be observed1 was anonymous2 but the words ,written by ,j4 ,milton1 penned on the title-page by the same hand that penned the date ,aug4 #ast1 show that the authorship was no secret from the all-prying ,thomason4 ,in short1 on evidence absolutely conclusive1 ,milton's first ,divorce ,tract was in print and on sale in ,london on the #ast of ,august1 #afdc1 or two months before ,phillips's fatal ,michaelmas4 ,footnote3 ,this may be the place for a word or two about the collector of those ,pamphlets in the ,british ,museum among which ,i have had so frequently to range for the purposes of this work1 and to which1 like other inquiries into ,english ,history from #afaj to #affj1 ,i owe more items of information than ,i can count4--,george ,thomason was a ,london bookseller of the ,civil ,war time2 his place of business being the ,rose and ,crown in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard4 ,he was of ,royalist sympathies2 but his hobby was to collect impartially all the pamphlets1 broad-sheets1 c41 that teemed from the press on both sides1 and not only those that teemed from the ,english press1 but also all published abroad that bore on current ,english questions4 ,he began this labour in #afda1 and pursued it indefatigably till after the ,restoration2 so that1 at his death in or about #afff1 he left a collection of about #cc1jjj pamphlets1 c4 on ,english affairs1 published between #afch and #affb4 ,the making of this collection had been the delight of his life2 it had been his anxiety that no single tract1 or printed scrap of any interest1 should escape him4 ,when he began to collect in #afda1 he had taken pains to obtain copies of publications of the immediately preceding years2 and after that his work had been facilitated by the notoriety of his passion for collecting4 ,booksellers and authors 7,milton for one7 seem occasionally to have sent copies of their pamphlets to ,thomason4 ,exact care hath been taken1 he himself tells us in the ,introduction to a ,,ms4 catalogue of his treasures1 that the very day is written upon most of them that they came out2 and this care of his has fixed the dates of many publications that would else have been unknown or but vaguely known4--,for farther particulars of this interesting person1 an account of the shifts to which he was put to save his collection from the chances of ,parliamentarian pillage1 and a history of the fortunes of his collection till it came to be part of the ,library of ,king ,george ,,iii41 and so of the ,british ,museum1 see ,edwards's ,memoirs of ,libraries 7#ahei71 ,vol4 ,i pp1 #def-dfj4--;,i may add that ,i have seen a pencil jotting in ,thomason's hand on one of the fly-leaves of his collection as fresh and legible1 after #bbj years1 as if it had been written yesterday4 ,one of two suppositions therefore3--7#a47 ,if ,phillips is right in his statement that ,milton's first ,divorce ,tract was caused by the obstinate refusal of his wife to return to him1 and the insulting conduct of her family in detaining her and laughing at his letters and messages1 then ,phillips's dates in the whole matter of the marriage must be a little wrong4 ,about ,whitsuntide it was 7,may #ba1 #afdc7 that my uncle left us in ,aldersgate ,street1 on what turned out to be his marriage journey2 in about a month's time he returned1 bringing his wife1 and some of her relations1 with him 7,june #afdc72 the relations stayed about a week1 during which there was much feasting and merriment2 for about a month after they were gone the newly-married wife remained with my uncle2 but then 7late in ,july or early in ,august #afdc71 tired of a philosophical life1 and pining for the society of home1 she contrived a request from her family to have her with them during the rest of the summer--to which my uncle consented1 on the understanding that she was to come hack about ,michaelmas 7,sept4 #bi1 #afdc74 ,such1 re-expressed in words for the nonce1 is ,phillips's account as we have already given it4 ,but1 as the ,divorce ,tract was published ,august #a1 #afdc1 it is clear that1 if the cause of that ,tract was the persistent1 protracted1 and contemptuous absence of his wife1 then ,phillips's memory must have been at fault1 and he must have somewhat post-dated the marriage itself4 ,the marriage in that case must have been before ,whitsuntide #afdc2 and the return of the wife to her relations1 her refusal to come hack1 and ,milton's chagrin and anger so occasioned1 must have been matters not of after ,michaelmas #afdc1 but of at least a month or two before the ,august of that year4 ,this is quite a tenable supposition2 for there are other inaccuracies in ,phillips1 and the register of the place and date of ,milton's marriage with ,mary ,powell has not been found4 7#b7 ,on the whole1 however1 ,phillips's recollections about the marriage are so circumstantial1 and there is such a likelihood of their being true1 that1 until contradictory records shall be produced1 it seems right to accept his dating4 ,but then his explanation of the cause of his uncle's speculations about divorce must be wrong4 ,the cause in that case cannot have been the obstinate refusal of his wife to return2 for the ,divorce ,tract must have been written and ready for the press while she was still with him in the ,aldersgate ,street house 7,july #afdc71 and it was actually out 7,aug4 #a7 before she can have reached her father's house at ,forest ,hill on her granted two months of leave till ,michaelmas4 ,what are we to make of this discrepancy8 ,one is puzzled4 ,that a man should have occupied himself on a ,tract on ,divorce ere his honeymoon was well over--should have written it perseveringly day after day within sound of his newly-wedded wife's footsteps and the very rustle of her dress on the stairs or in the neighbouring room--is a notion all but dreadful4 ,and yet to some such notion1 if ,phillips's dating is correct1 we seem to be shut up4 ,but1 if so1 more is involved than ,phillips knew4 ,the cause of ,milton's thoughts about divorce1 in that case1 must have been the agony of a deadly discovery of his wife's utter unfitness for him when as yet she had not been two months his wife4 ,it must have been the unutterable pain of the dis-illusioned bridegroom1 the gnawing sense of his irretrievable mistake1 ,the vision must then pass before our minds of scenes in the ,aldersgate ,street house1 the reverse of the happily connubial1 before that sudden departure of the bride back to her father's home1 and leading to that incident perhaps rather violently4 ,one seems to hear the sound of differences1 of conflicting opinions about this and that1 of weeping girlish wilfulness opposed to steady and perhaps too austere prohibitions4 ,well1 then1 ,i will go back to my mother3 ,i am sure ,i wish ,i had never----3 ,go3 ,and so the parting may have come about1 not wholly by her arrangement1 but harshly and with some quarrel on his part4 ,there are not wanting subsequent facts that might lend a plausibility to this version of the story4 ,footnote3 ,milton's mother-in-law1 having occasion1 seven years afterwards 7#afea71 to advert to her daughter's return home so soon after her marriage1 distinctly attributed it to ,milton himself4 ,the words are1 ,he having turned away his wife heretofore for a long space upon some other occasion4 ,i do not think ,mrs4 ,powell was a very accurate lady1 and she had no fondness for ,milton2 but the words seem to imply more than a mere passive consent of ,milton to his wife's proposal to revisit her family4 ,yet it is the other that one would wish to be true1 and that would fit in most naturally with the facts as a whole4 ,that version is that ,milton1 good-naturedly and perhaps taken by surprise1 allowed his wife to go home for two months at her own request1 or the request of her relatives1 before he had been three months married1 and that it was the insult of her nonreturn that revealed to him his mistake in her1 and drove him into his speculations about divorce4 ,only1 then1 we repeat1 ,phillips's dating of the marriage and its incidents requires amendment4 ,in any case the first edition of ,milton's ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce was out in ,london on the #ast of ,august1 #afdc4 ,footnote3 ,the supposition is always open that1 by some oversight1 ,thomason misdated his copy1 putting ,aug4 for a much later month4 ,but this is the unlikeliest thing of all4 ,it was a pamphlet of forty-eight small quarto pages1 with an extra page supplying two omitted passages4 ,the text was printed continuously1 without division into chapters2 at the end4 ,both in matter and in manner the ,tract was one of the boldest that had ever been submitted to the reading of ,england4 ,its thesis is laid down near the beginning in these terms3 ,that indisposition1 unfitness1 or contrarity of mind1 arising from a cause in nature unchangeable1 hindering and ever likely to hinder the main benefits of conjugal society1 which are solace and peace1 is a greater reason of divorce than natural frigidity1 especially if there be no children1 and that there be mutual consent4 ,this thesis ,milton sets himself to argue in all sorts of ways--from natural reason and expediency2 from the ,scripture doctrine of marriage as it might be gathered from the ,mosaic ,law and the right interpretation of texts in the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 notwithstanding one or two individual texts 7like that of ,matth4 v4 #ca1 #cb7 that had been hackneyed and misunderstood by mere literalists2 and from opinions or indications of opinion on the subject that might be found in the works of some of the ,protestant ,reformers1 and other eminent writers4 ,his conclusion was that the notion of the indissolubility of marriage1 or even the modified law of ,england and of other countries1 authorizing divorce only for certain gross reasons1 were mere relics of superstitious tradition1 the concoction of the ,canonists and ,sacramentalists in the ages of sacerdotal tyranny1 unworthy of more enlarged views of justice and liberty1 and a canker and cause of incalculable misery in the heart of modern society4 ,again and again he indicates his consciousness that in announcing this conclusion1 and trying to rouse his fellow-countrymen to the necessity of at once including a revision of the ,marriage ,law in the general ,reformation then in progress1 he is performing a great public service4 ,thus1 at the very opening3 ,by which the precedent of certain liberal hints on the subject by ,hugo ,grotius1 and mine own apprehension of what public duty each man owes1 ,i conceive myself exhorted among the rest to communicate such thoughts as ,i have1 and offer them now1 in this general labour of ,reformation1 to the candid view both of ,church and ,magistrate2 especially because ,i see it the hope of good men that those irregular and unspiritual courts have spun their utmost date in this land1 and some better course must now be constituted4 ,he1 therefore1 that by adventuring shall be so happy as with success to ease and set free the minds of ingenuous and apprehensive men from this needless thraldom2 he that can prove it lawful and just to claim the performance of a fit and matchable conversation no less essential to the prime scope of marriage than the gift of bodily conjunction1 or else to have an equal plea of divorce as well as for that corporal deficiency2 he that can but lend us the clue that winds out this labyrinth of servitude to such a reasonable and expedient liberty as this--deserves to be reckoned among the public benefactors of civil and human life1 above the inventors of wine and oil4 ,footnote3 ,this passage is from the first edition2 it is not nearly so full in the second4 ,as such a benefactor1 such a champion of a neglected truth and a suppressed human liberty1 the anonymous writer offers himself4 ,he knows that he stands alone at present1 but he trusts to the power of demonstration addressed to the mind of ,england1 then newly awakened and examining all institutions to their roots4 ,there is not a word of avowed reference to his own case throughout2 and yet from first to last we are aware of young ,mary ,powell in the background4 ,inability for fit and matchable conversation3 this is that supreme fault in a wife on which the descant is from first to last1 and from which1 when it is plainly ingrained and unamendable1 the right of divorce is maintained to be1 by the law of ,god and all civil reason1 the due deliverance4 ,hopeless intellectual and spiritual incompatibility between husband and wife3 it is on this1 though not in these exact words1 that ,milton harps again and again as in his view the clearest invalidation of marriage1 the frustration of the noblest and most divine ends of the institution2 an essentially worse frustration1 he dares to say in one place1 than even that conjugal infidelity which a gross and boorish opinion1 how common soever1 would alone resent or recognise4 ,it is marvellous with what richness of varying language he paints to the reader the horrible condition of a man tied for life to a woman with whom he can hold no rational or worthy conversation4 ,a familiar and co- inhabiting mischief2 spite of antipathy to fudge together and combine as they may1 to their unspeakable weariness and despair of all sociable delight2 a luckless and helpless matrimony2 the unfitness and effectiveness of an unconjugal mind2 a worse condition than the loneliest single life2 unconversing inability of mind2 a mute and spiritless mate2 that melancholy despair which we see in many wedded persons2 a polluting sadness and perpetual distemper2 ill-twisted wedlock2 the disturbance of her unhelpful and unfit society2 one that must be hated with a most operative hatred2 forsaken and yet continually dwelt with and accompanied2 a powerful reluctance and recoil of nature on either side1 blasting all the content of their mutual society2 a violence to the reverend secret of nature2 to force a mixture of minds that cannot unite2 two incoherent and uncombining dispositions2 the undoing or the disheartening of his life2 the superstitious and impossible performance of an ill-driven bargain2 bound fast to an uncomplying discord of nature1 or1 as it oft happens1 to an image of earth and phlegm2 shut up together1 the one with a mischosen mate1 the other in a mistaken calling2 committing two ensnared souls inevitably to kindle one another1 not with the fire of love1 but with a hatred irreconcilable1 who1 were they severed1 would be straight friends in any other relation2 two carcases chained unnaturally together1 or1 as it may happen1 a living soul bound to a dead corpse2 enough to abase the mettle of a generous spirit and sink him to a low and vulgar pitch of endeavour in all his actions3 such are a few specimens of the phrases with which the tract abounds4 ,footnote3 ,some of the phrases quoted occur in passages added in the second edition2 but it is not worth while to distinguish those4 ,most of the phrases1 and those of the same1 occur in the third edition4 ,but one passage may be quoted entire3-- ,but some are ready to object that the disposition ought seriously to be considered before4 ,but let them know again that1 for all the wariness can be used1 it may yet befall a discreet man to be mistaken in his choice1 and we have plenty of examples4 ,the soberest and best-governed men are least practised in these affairs2 and who knows not that the bashful muteness of a virgin may oft-times hide all the unliveliness and natural sloth which is really unfit for conversation8 ,nor is there that freedom of access granted or presumed as may suffice to a perfect discerning till too late2 and1 where any indisposition is suspected1 what more usual than the persuasion of friends that acquaintance1 as it increases1 will amend all8 ,and1 lastly1 it is not strange though many who have spent their youth chastely are in some things not so quick-sighted while they haste too eagerly to light the nuptial torch3 nor is it therefore that for a modest error a man should forfeit so great a happiness1 and no charitable means to release him2 since they who have lived most loosely1 by reason of their bold accustoming1 prove most successful in their matches1 because their wild affections1 unsettling at will1 have been as so many divorces to teach them experience2 whenas the sober man1 honouring the appearance of modesty1 and hoping well of every social virtue under that veil1 may easily chance to meet 444 often with a mind to all other due conversation inaccessible1 and to all the more estimable and superior purposes of matrimony useless and almost lifeless2 and what a solace1 what a fit help1 such a consort would be through the whole life of a man is less pain to conjecture than to have experience4 ,oh6 and is it come to this8 ,then1 as now1 nothing so common as that such mischances of marriage1 heard of by the world1 and the rather if published by the sufferers or one of them1 should be received only as excellent amusement for people round about4 ,it is as if the one thing intrinsically and unceasingly comic in the world1 for most people1 were the fact that it consists of man and woman1 as if the institution on which human society is built and by which the succession of earth's generations is maintained1 were the one only subject1 with most people1 for nothing else than laughter4 ,even now perhaps our disposition to jocosity on this subject1 not sufficiently entertained by incidents of our own day1 will range back to that case of ,milton and ,mary ,powell two hundred and twenty-eight years ago1 and join in the gossip which it then began to circulate through the town4 ,in the lobby of the ,house of ,commons it must have been heard of3 it may have given a relish to the street-talk of reverend ,presbyterian gentlemen talking home together from the ,assembly ,only a month or two married2 his wife gone home again2 and now1 instead of proper reticence about what can't he helped1 all this hullaballoo of a new doctrine about ,divorce6 ,just like him6 ,this and such-like is what we seem to overhear2 this and such-like is what ,milton did overhear2 not much more than this and such-like are most of us prepared to say even now when we read the story4 ,and yet the story is surely worth more4 ,one fails to see1 after all1 that it yields only matter for jest and the repetition of commonplaces4 ,what are the facts8 ,two human beings1 long dead and gone1 but then alive and with the1 expectation of many years of life before them1 had hardly been banded together in church when they found1 or thought they found1 that their union was for their mutual misery4 ,the one was a poor country-girl in her teens1 ruing the fate to which she had committed herself1 but with no weapons for her relief but her tears1 her terror1 and the mitigation of refuge in her father's house4 ,her case is to be pitied2 shame if it is not6 ,the other was a man extraordinary--so extraordinary that even now we try to follow him in fancy in his walks through the ,london streets1 and any bit of old wall his arm may have touched is a sacred antiquity1 and we regard the series of thoughts that was in his mind through any month1 or series of months1 as something of prime interest in the spirit of the past1 a prize that we would give gold to recover4 ,well1 here was one series of thoughts that was in this man's mind for months and months1 and that left effects1 indeed1 to his life's end4 ,he was moody in his house2 he walked moodily in the streets2 we can hear him muttering to himself1 we can see his teeth clenched4 ,morning and evening1 day after day1 he is in a great despair4 ,and why8 ,because he has made the most fatal mistake a man can make1 and is gazing on1 morning and evening1 day after day1 into the consequences4 ,lo6 into that life which he had hoped to make worthy of the ,god who gave it1 a pattern life1 a great poem within hose azure fitness other poems should arise to spin their gleaming courses--into this life what had he imported8 ,not the solace and bliss of a kindred soul's society1 which had been his intent and dream2 but a darkness1 a disturbance1 a marring melancholy1 a daily and hourly debasement1 a coinhabiting mischief6 ,it was enough1 he says1 to drive a man at last1 through murmuring and despair1 to thoughts of ,atheism4 ,but was there no remedy8 ,ah6 in the very power of putting this question lay the advantage of the strong man over the weak ,oxfordshire girl4 ,he could reason1 he could delve into the subject1 he could revolve it intellectually4 ,what if the plight in which he found himself were no necessary and irremediable evil8 ,what if the permanence of marriage once contracted between two persons utterly unsuitable for each other were no decree of ,god1 no real requirement of religion or of social well-being1 but a mere superstitious and fallacious tradition1 a stupid and pernicious convention among men8 ,once on this track1 there was light for ,milton4 ,out of his own private mishap there came the suggestion of a great enterprise4 ,he would thunder1 if not the mishap itself1 at least its public significance1 out upon the world4 ,he would rouse his countrymen on the whole subject of the ,law of ,marriage4 ,who knew but his voice might be heard8 ,who knew but that1 were it loud enough1 there would be a response of assent from the whole land1 and his new idea of ,divorce1 albeit the proclamation of only one man1 might be carried1 with other things1 in the current ,reformation8 ,there ran a touch of this sanguine temper1 this faith that any ideal might easily be made actual1 through all ,milton's life2 and it appeared now most conspicuously4 ,his idea1 he was aware1 was new2 but only let his demonstration be sufficiently thorough1 only let him succeed in disturbing the existing apathy and setting the thoughts of the nation astir on the subject1 and then1 what8--then ,i doubt not but with one gentle stroking to wipe away ten thousand tears out of the life of men4 ,footnote3 ,this phrase is in one of the inserted passages in the second edition4 ,alas6 after the hurricane of two hundred years the tear-drops still hang1 multitudinous as ever1 amid the leaves of that poor forest6 ,just like him ,i have imagined to have been a comment on this new appearance of ,milton by some gossip of the day who may have known a little of him personally4 ,really1 though not as intended1 the comment would have been just4 ,this whole action of ,milton1 consequent on his unhappy marriage1 was deeply characteristic4 ,and yet there was perhaps no one then living from whom such a course of action could less have been expected4 ,from all that we know of the youth and early manhood of ,milton1 we should certainly have predicted of him1 with whatever heterodoxy in other matters1 yet a life-long orthodoxy on the subject of marriage4 ,think of him as we have seen him heretofore1 the glorious youth1 cherishing every high ethical idealism1 walking as in an ether of moral violet1 disdaining customary vice1 building up his character consciously on the principle that he who would be strong or great had best be immaculate4 ,think of him as the author of ,comus2 or think of him as he had described himself some years later in one of his ,italian ,sonnets3-- ,young1 gentle-natured1 and a simple wooer1 ,since from myself ,i stand in doubt to fly1 ,lady1 to thee my heart's poor gift would ,i ,offer devoutly3 and1 by tokens sure1 ,i know it faithful1 fearless1 constant1 pure1 ,in its conceptions graceful1 good1 and high4 ,when the world roars1 and flames the startled sky1 ,in its own adamant it rests secure1 ,as free from chance and malice ever found1 ,and fears and hopes that vulgar minds confuse1 ,as it is loyal to each manly thing ,and to the sounding lyre and to the ,muse4 ,only in that part is it not so sound ,where ,love hath set in it his cureless sting4 ,when he wrote thus1 to what did he look forward1 and to what might others have looked forward for him8 ,a career1 it was probable1 of speculative dissent from his contemporaries in many things1 and of undaunted courage in the vindication of such dissent1 but hardly of dissent from the established moralities of the marriage-institution4 ,had he been happily married1 had he found himself united at last to one such as his dreams had figured1 who so likely to have persevered fondly in the traditional doctrine of marriage1 to have maintained the mystic sanctity and the necessary permanence of the marriage-bond1 and to have launched denunciations against all who dared to tamper with this article of the established ethics8 ,but1 as it had chanced otherwise1 it was not the less characteristic that he himself had been the audacious questioner1 the champion of a heresy4 ,driven by his own experience to investigate1 his speculative boldness had brought him at once to a conclusion the novelty of which would have made others hesitate1 but had no terrors for him4 ,for 7and here was his difference from most men1 here was what may be called a ,miltonic peculiarity7 he would take no benefit from such private dispensation as a man might pass for his own relief in such a case1 his neighbours winking at it so long as he did not disturb the forum4 ,he would disturb the forum6 ,what ,milton did should be done openly1 should be avowed1 should be lawful6 ,others1 circumstanced as he now was1 might1 if they liked--and there were examples all round1 and especially in that ,bohemian world of wits and men of letters with which he might be classed1 though he abjured the brotherhood--others might1 if they liked1 adopt a policy of silence and acquiescence1 hypocritically bowing to their fate1 but taking out their protest in secret consolations6 ,no such policy for him6 ,the word illicit and his name should never be brought into conjunction6 ,whatever he did should be according to a rule of right1 clear to his own conscience1 and held aloft in his hand under the whole roof of ,heaven6 ,and1 if such a rule1 ratified between himself and ,heaven1 should chance to conflict with one of the moralities of the existing code of men1 there was but one course for him4 ,he would assail the so-called morality2 he would blast it out of the beliefs of men2 he would perform for his fellows the service of their liberation1 along with himself1 from a useless and irrational thraldom6 ,or1 if that work should prove too hard and toilsome1 at least he should have published his own rule in opposition to the general superstition1 and should walk on1 as he had resolved always to walk1 unabashed in the daylight4 ,it was in ,august #afdc1 as we have seen1 that ,milton put forth anonymously his ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce4 ,from that time1 on through the rest of the autumn of #afdc and the winter of #afdc-d1 we are to fancy him in his house in ,aldersgate ,street1 with his father and his pupils for his companions1 and his thoughts much occupied1 like those of other ,englishmen1 with the course of public events4 ,on the whole1 the ,parliament had no greater admirer than ,milton2 and there were particular men in the ,parliament that were after his own heart4 ,from the ,westminster ,assembly1 too1 he seems to have expected good4 ,so far as he had formed views as to the desirable form of ,church-government for ,england1 these views1 as we have seen 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cgf-chb71 might be described as an expectant ,presbyterianism1 not positively fixed and determined at all points1 but kept conveniently fluid4 ,accordingly1 his sympathies1 at first1 may well have been with the ,presbyterians of the ,assembly2 among whom he could reckon1 at any rate1 his old tutor ,young1 and his other friends and fellow-labourers in the ,smectymnuan controversy4 ,or1 if some things among the tenets of the small ,independent minority had begun to gain upon him1 he seems still1 through the winter of #afdc-d1 to have looked forward to some compromise that should be acceptable to ,england and yet tend to that conformity between the two kingdoms which the ,scots desired1 and to the furtherance of which they had pledged ,england by ,henderson's international ,league and ,covenant4 ,at all events1 ,milton did1 some time after ,september #afdc1 subscribe to this ,league and ,covenant with the rest of his ,parliamentarian countrymen4 ,there are words of his own which vouch the fact4 ,footnote3 ,in the dedication to ,parliament of his ,tetrachordon1 published ,march #afdd-e1 he uses these words1 ,that which ,i saw and was partaker of1 your vows and solemn covenants4 ,a moody time though the autumn of #afdc and the winter of #afdc-d must have been for ,milton1 there was some relaxation for him in society more general than that of his wife-deserted household4 ,our author1 says ,phillips1 now as it were a single man again1 made it his chief diversion now and then in an evening to visit the ,lady ,margaret ,ley1 daughter to the--,ley1 ,earl of ,marlborough1 ,lord ,high ,treasurer of ,england1 and ,president of the ,privy ,council to ,king ,james the ,first4 ,this lady1 being a woman of great wit and ingenuity1 had a particular honour for him1 and took much delight in his company2 as likewise her husband1 ,captain ,hobson1 a very accomplished gentleman4 ,phillips seems to be sufficiently accurate in this account1 but a few details may be added3-- ,a man still well-remembered in ,england1 though he had been dead fifteen years1 was ,james ,ley1 first ,earl of ,marlborough1 he had attained to that dignity only in his old age1 having advanced to it through a long previous career4 ,born about #aeeb1 the younger son of a ,wiltshire squire1 he had passed from ,oxford to the study of law at ,lincoln's ,inn1 and had attained to high eminence in his profession before the death of ,elizabeth4 ,emerging from her reign1 aged about fifty1 he had been appointed by ,james to an ,irish ,chief ,judgeship 7#afjd72 then brought back to ,england1 knighted 7#afji71 baroneted 7#afbj71 and made ,chief ,justice of the ,court of ,king's ,bench 7#afba72 and finally raised by the same ,king to the great office of ,lord ,high ,treasurer of ,england1 and to a peerage with the title of ,baron ,ley of ,ley in ,devonshire 7#afbd74 ,in recognition of his long services1 ,charles1 in the first year of his reign 7,feb4 #e1 #afbf-g71 had created for him1 when he was almost seventy-four years of age1 the ,earldom of ,marlborough in his native ,wiltshire4 ,while thus promoting him1 however1 ,charles appears not to have found him a minister such as he and ,buckingham wanted4 ,he had accordingly removed him from the ,high ,treasurership in #afbh1 on the ground of his old age1 but in reality to make way for the more compliant ,lord ,weston1 and had shelved him into the less important office of ,lord ,president of the ,council4 ,he had died at ,lincoln's ,inn1 ,march #ad1 #afbh-i1 exactly four days after that ominous dissolution of ,charles's third ,parliament which announced his determination to have done with ,parliaments and begin the reign of ,thorough4 ,the death of the old peer at such a juncture had apparently the less been forgotten by reason of a tradition that the political anxieties of the juncture had had something to do with it4 ,now1 at all events1 in the days of the ,long ,parliament and the ,civil ,war1 there was still some respectful recollection of the old ,earl of ,marlborough as one of the best-liked ministers of ,james's reign and of the first years of ,charles's4 ,he was a person of great gravity1 ability1 and integrity2 and1 as the ,caspian ,sea is observed neither to ebb nor flow1 so his mind did not rise or fall1 but continued the same constancy in all conditions4 ,the words are ,fuller's1 and they probably express the character of the ,earl that had come down among his countrymen4 ,footnote3 ,dugdale's ,baronage 7#afgf71 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #dea1 #deb2 ,wood's ,athen1 ,,ii4 #dda1 #ddc2 ,clar4 ,hist4 7one vol4 ed4 #ahdc71 p4 #bj2 ,fuller's ,worthies1 ,wiltshire 7ed4 #ahdj71 ,,iii4 #cbh-i4 ,the ,earl had been three times married2 but he had left a family only by his first wife--,mary1 daughter of ,john ,petty1 of ,stoke-,talmage1 co4 ,oxon41 ,esq4 ,eleven children had been the issue of this marriage3--to wit 7according to ,dugdale71 three sons--,henry1 ,james1 and ,william2 and eight daughters--,elizabeth1 married to ,morice ,carant1 of ,looner1 in com4 ,somers41 ,esq42 ,anne1 to ,sir ,walter ,long1 of ,draycot-,cerne1 in com4 ,wilts41 ,knight2 ,mary1 to ,richard ,erisy1 of ,erisy1 in com4 ,cornw41 ,esq42 ,dionysia1 to ,john ,harington1 of ,kelneyton1 in com4 ,somers41 ,esq42 ,margaret1 to 444 ,hobson1 of 444 in the ,isle of ,wight1 ,esq42 ,hesther1 to ,arthur ,fuller1 of ,bradfield1 in com4 ,hertf41 ,esq42 ,martha1 died unmarried2 and ,phoebe1 to 444 ,biggs1 of ,hurst1 in com4 ,berks41 ,esq4 ,footnote3 ,dugdale1 vt4 supra4 ,all these children1 it would appear1 had been born1 and most of them married and settled in life1 before their father's promotion to the peerage1 and while he was yet only ,james ,ley1 or ,sir ,james ,ley1 the eminent lawyer4 ,indeed1 his promotion to the ,earldom in his old age had been1 in part1 a compliment to his third wife- -,jane1 daughter of ,lord ,butler of ,bramfield1 whose mother was a sister of the ,duke of ,buckingham2 and it had been specially provided1 in the patent of the ,earldom1 that it should descend1 by preference1 to his heirs by that lady4 ,that lady having failed1 however1 to produce heirs1 the benefits of the ,earldom had reverted to the ,earl's family by his first wife1 ,mary ,petty4 ,his eldest son by that wife1 ,henry ,ley1 had1 accordingly1 succeeded him in the title4 ,but this ,henry1 second ,earl of ,marlborough1 had died in #afch2 and the actual ,earl at the time with which we are now concerned 7#afdc7 was his son1 ,james1 a youth of only some three-and-twenty years1 but already serving as a general officer of artillery in the army of the ,king4 ,he seems1 indeed1 to have been one of the finest young fellows on that side2 and he had a career before him which was to entitle him1 at his death in #affe1 to this notice in a summary of his character by ,clarendon3 ,he was a man of wonderful parts in all kinds of learning1 which he took more delight in than his title4 ,footnote3 ,clar4 ,life1 ed4 #ahd p4 #aada4 ,for the present1 however1 it is with the good ladies his aunts1 the surviving daughters of the first ,earl1 that we have to do2 or rather only with the fifth of them--the ,lady ,margaret ,ley1 the friend of ,milton4 ,the husbands of at least two of her sisters 7,long of ,wilts41 and ,erisy of ,cornwall7 being among the ,parliamentarians of the ,long ,parliament1 it can hardly be doubted that this lady's husband--,dugdale's 444 ,hobson of 444 in the ,isle of ,wight1 ,esq41 and ,phillips's ,captain ,hobson1 a very accomplished gentleman-- was also a ,parliamentarian1 though of less wealth and note1 and not in ,parliament4 ,otherwise1 ,lady ,margaret's house in ,london could hardly have been one of ,milton's evening resorts4 ,what kind of ,captaincy her husband held1 compatible with his being domiciled in ,london in #afdc-d1 it might be difficult now to ascertain4 ,suffice it that he was so domiciled1 and that his wife could receive guests not merely as ,mrs4 ,hobson1 a woman of great wit and ingenuity1 but as ,lady ,margaret ,ley1 the daughter of a well-remembered ,earl4 ,it is not from ,phillips alone that we hear of ,milton's friendship with the ,lady ,margaret4 ,milton has himself commemorated it in one of his ,sonnets3-- ,,to ,,the ,,lady ,,margaret ,,ley4 ,daughter to that good ,earl1 once ,president ,of ,england's ,council and her ,treasury1 ,who lived in both unstained by gold or fee1 ,and left them both1 more in himself content1 ,till the sad breaking of that ,parliament ,broke him1 as that dishonest victory ,at ,chronea1 fatal to liberty1 ,killed with report that old man eloquent3 ,though later born than to have known the days ,wherein your father flourished1 yet by you1 ,madam1 methinks ,i see him living yet2 ,so well your words his noble virtues praise ,that all both judge you to relate them true ,and to possess them1 honoured ,margaret4 ,the old man eloquent is ,isocrates1 the ,athenian orator1 whose patriotism made him refuse to survive the defeat of the ,athenians and ,thebans by ,philip of ,macedon at ,chroncia1 ,this comparison of the lady's father to the famous ,greek is perhaps the most poetical turn in the ,sonnet4 ,for the rest1 it tells us something about the lady herself4 ,she must have been somewhat1 if not considerably1 older than ,milton2 for1 though ,milton had been twenty years old at the time of the good ,earl's death1 and might therefore well remember his ,treasurership and ,presidency of the ,council1 he speaks of knowing the days wherein the old peer had flourished chiefly through the ,lady ,margaret's talk about him and them4 ,her conversation1 it would therefore seem1 ran much upon her father and his private and political virtues2 and ,milton listened respectfully1 seeing much in the lady herself of what she praised in her sire4 ,perhaps ,milton would talk to her freely in return of his own concerns4 ,the ,lady ,margaret ,ley1 and her husband1 ,captain ,hobson1 were probably in his confidence on the subject of his marriage misfortune4 ,the ,sonnet was unquestionably written in #afdc or #afdd4 ,footnote3 ,it was printed in the first or #afde edition of ,milton's ,poems1 and it is placed last in the series of ,sonnets there contained4 ,the draft of it in the ,cambridge ,book of ,milton's ,,mss4 is in ,milton's own hand--the title ,to the ,lady ,margaret ,ley being likewise his hand4 ,a younger and unmarried lady must then also have been among ,milton's acquaintances4 ,how else can we account for this other ,sonnet8 ,lady1 that in the prime of earliest youth ,wisely hast shunned the broad way and the green1 ,and with those few art eminently seen ,that labour up the hill of heavenly truth1 ,the better part1 with ,mary and with ,ruth1 ,chosen thou hast2 and they that overween1 ,and at thy glowing virtues fret their spleen1 ,no anger find in thee1 but pity and ruth4 ,thy care is fixed1 and zealously attends ,to fill thy odorous lamp with deeds of light1 ,and hope that reaps not shame4 ,therefore be sure ,thou1 when the ,bridegroom with his feastful friends ,passes to bliss at the mid hour of night1 ,hast gained thy entrance1 ,virgin wise and pure4 ,this ,sonnet1 to which the heading ,to a ,virtuous ,young ,lady is now prefixed in the editions of ,milton1 had no such heading prefixed in his own copy4 ,footnote3 ,in the ,cambridge ,,mss4 there is a draft in ,milton's own hand immediately before the draft of the ,sonnet to ,lady ,margaret ,ley4 ,in the edition of #afde the ,sonnet was printed in the same order and without a heading4 ,in the ,,ms4 draft there are several erasures and corrections4 ,thus ,milton had originally written blooming virtue in as if with reference to the personal appearance of the young lady2 but in the margin he substitutes the present reading1 growing virtues4 ,who the young lady was that so won upon ,milton at this critical time1 and seemed to him so superior to the more commonplace of her sex1 we are left uninformed4 ,there is a conjecture on the subject1 which may afterwards appear4 ,it is clear1 meanwhile1 that the poor absent ,mary ,powell may have suffered not only from her own defects1 but also from the opportunity of some such contrast4 ,the ,divorce subject continued to occupy ,milton4 ,his tract had been rapidly bought1 and had caused a sensation4 ,through the cold winter of #afdc-d1 while the ,parliament and the ,assembly were busy1 and the auxiliary ,scottish army was expected1 a good many people had leisure to read the strange production1 or at least to look into it1 and be properly shocked4 ,it seems to have been about this time1 for example1 that ,james ,howell1 the letter-writer1 came1 upon a copy4 ,or rather the copy must have come upon him2 for the poor man1 now past fifty years of age1 and ousted from his clerkship to the ,privy ,council1 was in the ,fleet ,prison for debt1 and dependent for his subsistence there on translations1 dedications and poems to friends1 and all sorts of literary odds and ends4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #gde1 and ,cunningham's ,london ,article ,fleet ,prison4 ,in one of his rambling pieces1 afterwards published in the form of ,letters1 mostly without dates1 and addressed to friends from feigned places1 he thus gives what ,i take to be his impression of ,milton's tract when it first reached him in the ,fleet3 ,but that opinion of a poor shallow-brained puppy1 who1 upon any cause of dissatisfaction1 would have men to have a privilege to change their wives1 or to repudiate them1 deserves to be hissed at rather than confuted2 for nothing can tend more to usher in all confusion and beggary throughout the world3 therefore that wiseacre deserves1 c4 ,footnote3 ,howell's ,familiar ,letters ,book ,,iv1 ,letter #g1 addressed ,to ,sir ,edward ,spencer1 knight1 7pp #dec-deg of edit4 #aged47 ,the letter is dated ,lond4 #bd ,jan41 no year given2 but the dates are worthless1 being afterthoughts1 when the ,letters were published in successive batches4 ,as ,mr4 ,howell's own notions about marriage and its moralities were of the lightest and easiest1 his severe virtuousness here is peculiarly representative4 ,more interesting on its own account is the opinion of another contemporary--no other than ,milton's late antagonist ,bishop ,hall4 ,in ,hall's ,cases of ,conscience 7not published till #afdi7 he thus describes the impression which ,milton's ,divorce pamphlet had made upon him when he first read it in its anonymous form3 ,i have heard too much of1 and once saw1 a licentious pamphlet1 thrown abroad in these lawless times in the defence and encouragement of ,divorces 7not to be sued out2 that solemnity needed not2 but7 to be arbitrarily given by the disliking husband to the displeasing and unquiet wife1 upon this ground principally1 ,that marriage was instituted for the help and comfort of man3 where1 therefore1 the match proves such as that the wife doth but pull down aside1 and1 by her innate peevishness and either sullen or pettish and froward disposition1 bring rather discontent to her husband1 the end of marriage being hereby frustrate1 why should it not1 saith he1 be in the husband's power1 after some unprevailing means of reclamation attempted1 to procure his own peace by casting off this clog1 and to provide for his own peace and contentment in a fitter match8 ,woe is me6 to what a pass is the world conic that a ,christian1 pretending to ,information1 should dare to tender so loose a project to the public6 ,i must seriously profess that1 when ,i first did cast my eyes upon the front of the book1 ,i supposed some great wit meant to try his skill in the maintenance of this so wild and improbable a paradox2 but1 ere ,i could run over some of those too well-penned pages1 ,i found the author was in earnest1 and meant seriously to contribute this piece of good counsel1 in way of reformation1 to the wise and seasonable care of superiors4 ,i cannot but blush for our age wherein so bold a motion hath been1 amongst others1 admitted to the light4 ,what will all the ,christian ,churches through the world1 to whose notice these lines shall come1 think of our woeful degeneration1 c48 ,footnote3 ,hall's ,works 7edit4 #ahcg71 ,,vii4 #dfg4 ,hall1 it will be seen1 had noted the literary ability of the pamphlet1 while amazed by its doctrine4 ,neither ,howell's nor ,bishop ,hall's opinion can have reached the author of the pamphlet till long after the date now in view4 ,but other opinions to the same effect had been reaching him4 ,especially1 it seems1 the pamphlet had caused a fluttering among the ,london clergy4 ,the consequence had best be told by himself4 ,god1 it seems1 intended to prove me1 whether ,i durst alone take up a rightful cause against a world of disesteem1 and found ,i durst4 ,my name ,i did not publish1 as not willing it should sway the reader either for me or against me4 ,but1 when ,i was told that the style 7which what it ails to be so soon distinguishable ,i cannot tell7 was known by most men1 and that some of the clergy began to inveigh and exclaim on what ,i was credibly informed they had not read1 ,i look it then for my proper season both to show a name that could easily contemn such an indiscreet kind of censure1 and to reinforce the question with a more accurate diligence1 that1 if any of them would be so good as to leave railing1 and to let us hear so much of his learning and ,christian wisdom as will be strictly demanded of him in his answering to this problem1 care was had he should not spend his preparations against a nameless pamphlet4 ,footnote3 ,this passage1 fitting in here with chronological exactness1 occurs in ,milton's ,judgment of ,martin ,bucer concerning ,divorce1 published in ,july #afdd4 ,in other words1 he resolved to abandon the anonymous4 ,his pamphlet1 easily traced to him from the first by its ,miltonic style1 had been sold out1 or nearly so2 people generally1 but clergymen especially1 were saying harsh things about it1 and about him as its author2 but some of these critics1 he authentically knew1 had never read the pamphlet1 and others were making a point of the fact that it had appeared without its author's name4 ,well1 there should be an end of that6 ,he would put forth a second edition of the pamphlet1 and avow the authorship6 ,and this he would do rather because1 since the publication of the first edition1 he had been looking farther into the literature of the question1 and could now fortify his own reasoned opinion with authorities he had been but dimly aware of1 or had altogether overlooked4 ,accordingly1 on the #bnd of ,february1 #afdc-d1 there did come forth a second edition of ,milton's first ,divorce ,tract1 with this new title3 ,the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce4 ,restor'd to the good of both ,sexes1 from the bondage of ,canon ,law1 and other mistakes1 to the true meaning of ,scripture in the ,law and ,gospel compar'd4 ,wherein are set down the bad consequences of abolishing or condemning of ,sin1 that which the ,law of ,god allowes1 and ,christ abolisht not4 ,now the second time revis'd and much augmented4 ,in ,two ,books3 to the ,parliament of ,england with the ,assembly4 ,the ,author ,j4,m4 ,underneath this title1 the text ,matth xiii4 #eb is repeated from the title-page of the first edition2 with this new text added1 ,prov4 xviii4 #ac3 ,he that answereth a matter before he heareth it1 it is folly and shame unto him4 ,then follows the imprint1 ,london1 ,imprinted in the yeare #afdd4 ,in the copy in the ,british ,museum which is my authority1 the collector ,thomason has put his pen through the final figure #d1 and has annexed1 in ink1 the date ,feb4 #b1 #afdc4 ,footnote3 ,brit1 ,mus4 ,press-mark1 #ab4 ,e4e4 #e_/ada4 ,this fixes the exact date of publication as above1 ,feb4 #b1 #afdc-d4 ,this second edition is a great enlargement and improvement of the first4 ,the #dh small quarto pages of the first swell into #hh pages2 the text is divided into ,two ,books1 each of which is subdivided into ,chapters1 with carefully-worded headings2 and1 on the whole1 the treatise is made more inviting in appearance4 ,the bold ,introductory ,letter1 addressed ,to the ,parliament of ,england1 with the ,assembly1 consists of six pages1 and is signed not with the mere initials ,j4,m4 which appear on the title-page1 but fully ,john ,milton4 ,the additions in the text consist sometimes of a few words inserted1 sometimes of expansions of mere passages of the first edition into two or three pages3 in the ,second ,book they attain to still larger dimensions1 so that much of that ,book is totally new matter4 ,thus ,chapters ,i41 ,,ii41 and ,,iii41 of this ,book1 forming ten pages1 come in lieu of a single paragraph of two pages in the first edition2 ,chapters ,,iv41 ,v41 ,,vi41 and ,,vii41 forming together six pages1 are substituted for about a single page of the first edition2 and ,chapter ,,xxi41 consisting of nearly five pages1 is an expansion of about a page and a half in the first edition4 ,the additions and expansions appear to have been made on various principles4 ,sometimes one can see that a passage has been added for the mere poetic enrichment of the text1 and to prove that the hand that was writing was not that of a musty polemic1 but of an artist1 at home in splendours4 ,there is a striking instance in point in ,chap4 ,,vi4 of ,book ,i41 where there is interpolated a gratuitously gorgeous myth or fable1 which may be entitled ,eros and ,anteros1 or ,love and ,its ,reciprocation4 ,the passage is characteristic and may be quoted3-- ,marriage is a covenant the very being whereof consists1 not in a forced cohabitation1 and counterfeit performance of duties1 but in unfeigned love and peace4 ,and of matrimonial love no doubt but that was chiefly meant which by the ancient sages was thus parabled3 ,that ,love1 if he be not twin-born1 yet hath a brother wondrous like him1 called ,anteros2 whom while he seeks all about1 his chance is to meet with many false and feigning desires that wander singly up and down in his likeness4 ,by them in their borrowed garb ,love1 though not wholly blind as poets wrong him1 yet having but one eye1 as being born an archer aiming1 and that eye not the quickest in this dark region here below1 which is not ,love's proper sphere1 partly out of the simplicity and credulity which is native to him1 often deceived1 embraces and consorts him with these obvious and suborned striplings1 as if they were his ,mother's own sons1 for so he thinks them while they subtly keep themselves most on his blind side4 ,but1 after a while1 as his manner is1 when1 soaring up into the high tower of his ,apogum1 above the shadows of the ,earth1 he darts out the direct rays of his then most piercing eyesight upon the impostures and trim disguises that were used with him1 and discerns that this is not his genuine brother1 as he imagined1 he has no longer the power to hold fellowship with such a personated mate4 ,for straight his arrows loose their golden heads and shed their purple feathers2 his silken braids untwine and slip their knots2 and that original and fiery virtue given him by ,fate all on a sudden goes out and leaves him undeified and despoiled of all his force2 till1 finding ,anteros at last1 he kindles and repairs the almost faded ammunition of his ,deity by the reflection of a coequal and homogeneal fire4 ,thus mine author sung it to me2 and1 by the leave of those who would be counted the only grave ones1 this is no mere amatorious novel 7though to be wise and skilful in these matters men heretofore of greatest name in virtue have esteemed it one of the highest arcs that human contemplation circling upwards can make from the glassy sea whereon she stands72 but this is a serious and deep verity1 showing us that ,love in ,marriage cannot live nor subsist unless it be mutual4 ,unless more is meant than meets the eye by ,anteros here in ,milton's own case1 this interpolation ,footnote3 ,the manner of the interpolation is so curious that it deserves a note4 ,milton1 perceiving that such a poetic ,fable might be objected to as fitter for a mere amatorious novel than for a controversial treatise1 insinuates an apology for its introduction4 ,the apology is that some of the wisest and greatest men had allowed the use on occasion of those highest arcs that human contemplation1 circling upwards1 can make from the glassy sea whereon she stands4 ,in this phrase ,milton furnished his critics with a weapon which they might have used against himself4 ,even now the most general objection to his prose writings would be that they contain too many of those gratuitous grandeurs1 those upward arcs and circlings from the glassy sea4 ,but1 in fact1 he had his own theory of prose-writing as of other things1 and it was not ,addison's1 nor any other that has been common since4 was for literary effect only4 ,very frequently1 however1 the additions are of new reasonings1 or farther interpretations of ,scripture4 ,above all1 we have in the second edition the results of ,milton's ranging in the literature of the question since he had published the first4 ,in that first edition he had been able to make some reference to ,hugo ,grotius1 having fortunately at the last moment come upon some notes of ,grotius on ,matth4 v4 which he thought reasonable4 ,but since then he had lighted on a more thorough-going authority on his side in one of the ,german theologians of the ,reformation period--,paul ,fagius 7#aejd- #aeej74 ,i had learnt1 he says1 that ,paulus ,fagius1 one of the chief divines in ,germany1 sent for by ,frederic the ,palatine to reform his dominion1 and after that invited hither in ,king ,edward's days to be ,professor of ,divinity in ,cambridge1 was of the same opinion touching ,divorce which these men so lavishly traduced in me4 ,what ,i found ,i inserted where fittest place was1 thinking sure they would respect so grave an author1 at least to the moderating of their odious inferences4 ,footnote3 ,this explanation1 referring to the second edition of the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1 does not occur in that treatise itself1 but in the ,judgment of ,martin ,bucer1 published some months afterwards4 ,accordingly1 in the second edition1 considerable use is made of ,fagius1 as well as of ,grotius1 while1 as before1 other theologians of historical note--,calvin1 ,beza1 ,pareus 7#aedh- #afbb71 ,perkins 7#aeeh-afjb71 ,rivetus 7#aegb-afea7--;are respectfully cited1 sometimes as furnishing a favourable hint1 but sometimes as requiring reply and correction4 ,not the least interesting perhaps of the added passages is this in the last chapter3 ,that all this is true i4e4 that ,divorce is not to be restricted by ,law whoso desires to know at large with least pains1 and expects not here overlong rehearsals of that which is by others already judiciously gathered1 let him hasten to be acquainted with that noble volume written by our learned ,selden1 ',of the ,law of ,nature and of ,nations2' a work more useful and more worthy to be perused1 whosoever studies to be a great man in wisdom1 equity and justice1 than all those ,decretals and sumless ,sums which the ,pontifical clerks have doted on4 ,the particular work of ,selden's here referred to is his folio1 ,de ,jure ,naturali et ,gentium juxta ,disciplinam ,hebrorum1 published in #afdj4 ,his work more expressly on ,divorce1 entitled ,uxor ,hebraica1 sive ,de ,nuptiis ac ,divortiis1 did not appear till #afdf--;i4e4 it followed ,milton's publications on the subject1 and in the main backed the opinion they had propounded4 ,it seems to me not improbable that in #afdc-d1 when ,milton paid ,selden the compliment we have quoted1 he had just made ,selden's personal acquaintance4 ,selden was then in his sixtieth year2 ,milton in his thirty- sixth4 ,after the description given of the second edition of the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce and its differences from the first1 it seems necessary to quote only some passages from ,milton's opening address in it to the ,parliament and the ,westminster ,assembly3-- 444 ,error supports ,custom1 ,custom countenances ,error2 and these two between them would persecute and chase away all truth and solid wisdom out of human life1 were it not that ,god1 rather than man1 once in many ages1 calls together the prudent and religious counsels of men deputed to repress the encroachments1 and to work off the inveterate blots and obscurities wrought upon our minds by the subtle insinuating of ,error and ,custom3 who1 with the numerous and vulgar train of their followers1 make it their chief design to envy and cry down the industry of free reasoning1 under the terms of humour and innovation2 as if the womb of teeming ,truth were to be closed up if she presume to bring forth aught that sorts not with their unchewed notions and suppositions4 ,against which notorious injury and abuse of man's free soul to testify1 and oppose the utmost that study and true labour can attain1 heretofore the incitement of men reputed grave hath led me among others2 and now the duty and the right of an instructed ,christian calls me through the chance of good or evil report to be the sole advocate of a discountenanced truth3 a high enterprise1 ,lords and ,commons1 a high enterprise and a hard1 and such as every seventh son of a seventh son does not venture on4444 ,you it concerns chiefly1 worthies in ,parliament1 on whom1 as on our deliverers1 all our grievances and cares1 by the merit of your eminence and fortitude1 are devolved3 me it concerns next1 having with much labour and diligence first found out1 or at least with a fearless and communicative candour first published to the manifest good of ,christendom1 that which1 calling to witness everything mortal and immortal1 ,i believe unfeignedly to be true4444 ,mark then1 ,judges and ,lawgivers1 and ye whose office it is to be our teachers1 for ,i will now utter a doctrine1 if ever any other1 though neglected or not understood1 yet of great and powerful importance to the governing of mankind4 ,he who wisely would restrain the reasonable soul of man within due bounds must first himself know perfectly how far the territory and dominion extends of just and honest liberty4 ,as little must he offer to bind that which ,god hath loosened as to loosen that which ,he hath bound4 ,the ignorance and mistake of this high point hath heaped up one huge half of all the misery that hath been since ,adam4 ,in the ,gospel we shall read a supercilious crew of ,masters1 whose holiness1 or rather whose evil eye1 grieving that ,god should be so facile to man1 was to set straiter limits to obedience than ,god had set1 to enslave the dignity of ,man1 to put a garrison upon his neck of empty and over-dignified precepts3 and we shall read our ,saviour never more grieved and troubled than to meet with such a peevish madness among men against their own freedom4 ,how can we expect him to be less offended with us1 when much of the same folly shall be found yet remaining where it least ought1 to the perishing of thousands8 ,the greatest burden in the world is ,superstition1 not only of ceremonies in the ,church1 but of imaginary and scarecrow sins at home4 ,what greater weakening1 what more subtle stratagem against our ,christian warfare1 when1 besides the gross body of real transgressions to encounter1 we shall be terrified by a vain and shadowy menacing of faults that are not6 ,when things indifferent shall be set to overfront us1 under the banners of ,sin1 what wonder if we be routed1 and1 by this art of our ,adversary1 fall into the subjection of worst and deadliest offences6 ,the superstition of the ,papist is ,touch not1 taste not6 when ,god bids both2 and ours is ,part not1 separate not6 when ,god and ,charity both permits and commands4 ,let all your things be done with charity1 saith ,st4 ,paul2 and his ,master saith ,she is the fulfilling of the ,law4 ,yet now a civil1 an indifferent1 a sometime dissuaded ,law of ,marriage must be forced upon us to fulfil1 not only without ,charity1 but against her4 ,no place in ,heaven or ,earth1 except ,hell1 where ,charity may not enter2 yet ,marriage1 the ordinance of our solace and contentment1 the remedy of our loneliness1 will not admit now either of ,charity or ,mercy to come in and mediate or pacify the fierceness of this gentle ordinance1 the unremedied loneliness of this remedy4 ,advise ye well1 ,supreme ,senate1 if charity be thus excluded and expulsed1 how ye will defend the untainted honour of your own actions and proceedings4 ,he who marries intends as little to conspire his own ruin as he that swears allegiance2 and1 as a whole people is in proportion to an ill ,government1 so is one man to an ill marriage4444 ,whatever else ye can enact will scarce concern a third part of the ,british name2 but the benefit and good of this your magnanimous example should they restore liberty of ,divorce will easily spread far beyond the banks of ,tweed and the ,norman ,isles4 ,it would not be the first nor the second time1 since our ancient ,druids1 by whom this ,island as the cathedral of philosophy to ,france1 left off their ,pagan rites1 that ,england hath had this honour vouchsafed from ,heaven--to give out reformation to the world4 ,who was it but our ,english ,constantine that baptized the ,roman ,empire8 ,who but the ,northumbrian ,willibrod and ,winifrid of ,devon1 with their followers1 were the first ,apostles of ,germany8 ,who but ,alcuin and ,wicklif1 our countrymen1 opened the eyes of ,europe1 the one in ,arts1 the other in ,religion8 ,let not ,england forget her precedence of teaching nations how to live4444 ,milton's idea of the greatness of his enterprise1 it will be seen from these passages1 had grown and grown the more he had brooded on it4 ,what if in this ,doctrine of ,divorce he were to be the discoverer or restorer of a new liberty1 not for ,england alone1 but actually for all ,christendom8 ,meanwhile what opposition he would have to face1 what storms of scurrilous jest and severer calumny6 ,might it not have been better to have written his treatise in ,latin8 ,this thought had occurred to him4 ,it might perhaps more fitly have been written in another tongue2 and ,i had done so1 but that the esteem ,i have for my country's judgment1 and the love ,i bear to my native language1 to seive it first with what ,i endeavour1 made me speak it thus ere ,i assay the verdict of outlandish readers4 ,yet there might have been a propriety1 he feels1 in addressing such an argument in the first place only to the learned4 ,and what1 after all1 and in precise practical form1 was this tremendous proposition of ,milton respecting ,divorce8 ,reduced out of large and cloudy terms1 it was simply this1--that marriage1 as it respected the continued union of the two married persons1 was a thing with which ,law had nothing whatever to do2 that the two persons who had contracted a marriage were the sole judges of its convenience1 and1 if they did not suit each other1 might part by their own act1 and be free again2 at all events1 that for husbands the ,mosaic ,law on the subject was still in force3 viz4 7,deut4 xxiv4 #a7 ,when a man hath taken a wife and married her1 and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes1 because he hath found some uncleanness in her interpreted as including any moral or intellectual incompatibility1 any unfitness whatever1 then let him write her a bill of divorcement1 and give it in her hand1 and send her out of his house4 ,milton avoids as much as possible such reductions of his proposition to harsh practical form1 and would have disowned such brief popular summaries of his doctrine as ,divorce at pleasure1 or ,divorce at the ,husband's pleasure2 but1 in reality1 it came to this4 ,the husband1 in modern times1 had still1 he maintained1 the old ,mosaic right of giving his wife a bill of divorcement1 if she did not satisfy him1 and sending her back to her father's house4 ,the right was a purely personal one4 ,friends1 indeed1 might interfere with their good offices2 nay it would be fitting1 and perhaps necessary1 that there should be a solemn formality in presence of the minister and other grave selected elders1 who should admonish the man of the seriousness of the step he was about to take4 ,but1 if he persisted in taking it--if he shall have protested1 on the faith of the eternal ,gospel and the hope he has of a happy resurrection1 that otherwise than thus he cannot do1 and thinks himself and this his case not contained in that prohibition of divorce which ,christ pronounced 7,matth4 v4 #ca-cb71 the matter not being of malice1 but of nature1 and so not capable of reconciling--then the ,church had done her part to the full1 and the man was to be left to his own liberty4 ,this passage1 proposing a kind of public oath on the man's part1 as a formality to be required in every case of dissolution of marriage1 occurs near the end of the treatise in both editions2 and it indicates1 ,i think1 ,milton's recoil from any rough or free and easy version of his doctrine1 and his desire to temper it as much as he could4 ,essentially1 however1 the proposal mattered little4 ,the husband was still left sole judge of his wife's fitness or unfitness for him1 and whether he should exercise his right of putting her away was a matter finally for his private conscience4 ,with reference to ,milton's own case1 it is worth observing that the causes of divorce on which he still rings the changes throughout the second edition of his treatise1 as throughout the first1 are the unmatchableness of dispositions1 the unfitness of the wife for rational conversation1 her intellectual and moral insufficiency or perverseness4 ,there is no word of desertion4 ,i cannot but think that this confirms the view that it was not the absence of ,milton's wife that caused his dissatisfaction with his marriage1 but that the dissatisfaction preceded the absence and had helped to occasion it4 ,narration1 rather than criticism1 is my business in this work2 and we have not yet done with ,milton's ,divorce speculation4 ,at this point1 however1 ,i may venture on three remarks3-- 7#a47 ,what is most noticeable in ,milton1 underneath his whole conduct here1 as in so many other matters1 is his intellectual courage4 ,among men of thought there are1 ,i should say1 two grades of honesty4 ,there is passive honesty1 or the honesty of never saying1 or appearing to say1 what one does not think2 and it is a rare and high merit to have attained to this4 ,but there is the greater honesty of always saying1 or indeed asserting and proclaiming1 whatever one does think4 ,the proportion of those who have disciplined themselves to this positive or aggressive honesty1 and are at the same time socially sufferable by reason of the importance of what they have to say1 has always been wonderfully small in the world4 ,now1 ,milton was one of this band of intellectual ,ironsides4 ,even within the band itself he belonged to the extremest section4 ,for he dared to question not only the speculative dogmas and political traditions of his time1 which others round him were questioning1 but even some of the established moralities1 which few of them were questioning4 ,it is not at all uncommon for men the most free- thinking in matters of religious belief to be immoveably and even fanatically orthodox in their allegiance to all customary moralities4 ,they abide by tradition1 and think with the multitude1 in ethical questions1 if in nothing1 else4 ,but on ,milton1 it appears from his ,address to the ,parliament and the ,assembly1 there had dawned the idea that1 as there had come down in the bosom of society misbeliefs in science1 imperfect views of theology1 and conventions of political tyranny1 so there had come down things even worse1 in the form of cobwebbed sacramentalisms and sanctities for private life1 factitious restrictions of individual liberty pretending themselves to be ,christian rules of holiness4 ,among the greatest burdens and impediments in man's life1 he says1 were such pseudo-moralities1 such imaginary and scarecrow sins1 vaunting themselves as suckers and corollaries from the ,ten ,commandments4 ,this was a daring track to be upon1 but ,milton was upon it4 ,he did not believe that the world had arrived at a final and perfect system of morals1 any more than at a perfect system of science4 ,he believed the established ethical customs of men to be subject to revision by enlarged and progressive reason1 and modifiable from age to age1 equally with their theories of cosmology1 their philosophical creeds1 or anything else4 ,there was no terror for him in that old and ever-repeated outcry about sapping the foundations of society4 ,he believed that the foundations of society had taken1 and would still take1 a great deal of sapping1 without detriment to the superstructure4 ,he believed that1 as we may read in ,herodotus of ancient communities established on all sorts of principles1 or even whim-principles1 and yet managing to get on1 and as these crude polities had been succeeded by other and better ones1 to the latest known in the world1 so these last need not look to be permanent4 ,of a tendency to this state of feeling ,milton had given evidences from early youth2 but ,i do not think ,i am wrong in fixing on the year #afdc as the time when it became chronic1 nor in tracing the sudden enlargement of it then beyond its former bounds to the wrench in his life caused by his unhappy marriage4 ,at all events1 henceforward throughout his career we shall see the continuous action of this now avowed ,miltonism among others4 ,we shall see him henceforward continually acting on the principle that1 in addition to the real sins forbidden to man by an eternal law of right and wrong1 revealed in his own conscience and authenticated by the ,bible 7for ,milton did believe in such an eternal law1 and1 however it is to be reconciled with what we have just been saying1 was a transcendental or a priori moralist at his heart's core71 the field of human endeavour was overstrewn by a multiplicity of mere scarecrow sins1 one's duty in respect of which was simply to march up to them1 one after another1 and pluck them up1 every stick of them individually1 with its stuck-on old hat and all its waving tatters4 7#b47 ,one notes in ,milton's first ,divorce ,tract1 as in much else of his controversial writing1 a preference for the theoretical over what may be called the practical style of argument4 ,the neglect of practical details in his reasoning throughout this particular ,tract amounts to what might be called greenness or innocence4 ,what are the questions with which an opponent of the practical type would have immediately tried to pose ,milton1 or which such an one would now object to his doctrine8 ,no one can miss them4 ,in a case where divorce is desired by the man only1 what is to become of the divorced wife8 ,is not the damage of her prospects by the fact that she has once been married1 if but for a month1 something to be taken into account8 ,it is not in marriage as it may be in other partnerships4 ,the poor girl that has been once married returns to her father or her friends an article of suddenly diminished value in the general estimation4 ,what provision is to be made for this8 ,then1 should there be children1 what are to be the arrangements8 ,or again1 suppose the case1 under the new ,divorce ,law1 of a man who has a weakness for a succession of wives--a private ,henry the ,eighth4 ,he marries ,no4 #a1 and1 after a while1 on the plea that he does not find that she suits him1 he gives her a bill of divorcement2 ,no4 #b comes and is treated in like manner2 and so on1 till the brutal rascal1 undeniably free from all legal censure1 may be living in the centre of a perfect solar system of his discarded wives1 moving in nearer or farther orbits round him1 according to the times when they were thrown off1 and each with her one or two satellites of little darlings6 ,to be sure1 there is the public oath which1 it is supposed1 might have to be taken in every case of divorce2 but what would such a blackguard care for any number of such oaths8 ,besides1 you put it to him by his oath to declare that in his conscience he believes the incompatibility between himself and his wife to be radical and irremediable1 and that he does not find that he comes within ,christ's meaning in that famous passage of the ,sermon on the ,mount in which he ,christianized the ,mosaic ,law of ,divorce4 ,what does such a fellow know of ,christ's meaning8 ,he will swear1 and according to your new ,law he need only swear1 according to his own standard of fitness2 which may be that variety is a sine qu non for him1 or that ,no4 #b is intolerable when ,no4 #c is on the horizon4 ,how1 in the terms of the new ,law1 is such licence to sheer libertinism to be avoided8 ,these and other such questions are suggested here not as necessarily fatal to ,milton's doctrine3 in fact1 in certain countries1 since ,milton's time1 the most thorough practical consideration of them has not impeded modifications of the ,marriage ,law in the direction heralded by ,milton4 ,they are suggested as indicating ,milton's rapidity1 his impatience1 or1 if we choose so to call it1 his dauntless faith in ideas and first principles4 ,it is remarkable how little1 in his first ,divorce ,tract1 he troubles himself with the anticipation of such-like objections of the practical kind4 ,the reason may partly be that1 in his own case1 some of them1 if not all1 were irrelevant4 ,there were no children in his case to complicate the affair2 ,mary ,powell was probably as willing to part from him as he to part from ,mary ,powell2 and1 if she were to relapse into ,mary ,powell again and he to be free as before1 the social expense of their two or three months' mismatch would hardly be appreciable6 ,doubtless1 however1 ,milton foresaw many of the practical objections4 ,he foresaw cases1 that would be sure to arise under the new law1 much more complicated than that of himself and ,mary ,powell4 ,that he did not discuss such cases may have1 therefore1 been partly the policy of a controversialist1 resolved to establish his main principle in the first place1 and leaving the details of practical adjustment for a future time or for other heads4 ,on the whole1 however1 the inattention to those practical details which would have formed so much of the matter of most men's reasonings on the same subject was very characteristic4 7#c47 ,my last remark is that ,milton1 in his tract1 writes wholly from the man's point of view1 and in the man's interest1 with a strange oblivion of the woman's4 ,the ,tract is wholly a plea for the right of a man to give his wife a bill of divorcement and send her home to her father4 ,there is no distinct word about any counterpart right for a woman who has married an unsuitable husband to give him a bill of divorcement and send him back to his mother4 ,on the whole subject of the woman's interests in the affair ,milton is suspiciously silent4 ,there is1 indeed1 one passage1 in ,chap4 ,,xv4 of the ,tract1 bearing on the question2 and it is very curious4 ,beza and ,parus1 it seems1 had argued that the ,mosaic right of divorcement given to the man had been intended rather as a merciful release for afflicted wives than as a privilege for the man himself4 ,on this opinion ,milton thinks it necessary to comment4 ,he partly maintains that1 if true1 it would strengthen his argument for the restoration of the right of divorce to husbands2 but partly he protests against its truth4 ,if divorce wore granted1 he says1 not for men1 but to release afflicted wives1 certainly it is not only a dispensation1 but a most merciful law2 and why it should not yet be in force1 being wholly as needful1 ,i know not what can be in cause but senseless cruelty4 ,but yet to say divorce was granted for relief of wives1 rather than for husbands1 is but weakly conjectured1 and is manifest the extreme shift of a huddled exposition 444 ,palpably uxorious6 ,who can be ignorant that woman was created for man1 and not man for woman1 and that a husband may be injured as insufferably in marriage as a wife4 ,what an injury is it after wedlock not to be beloved1 what to be slighted1 what to be contended with in point of house-rule who shall be the head1 not for any parity of wisdom 7for that were something reasonable71 but out of a female pride6 ',i suffer not1' saith ,saint ,paul1 'the woman to usurp authority over the man4' ,if the ,apostle could not suffer it1 into what mould is he mortified that can8 ,solomon saith that 'a bad wife is to her husband as rottenness to his bones1 a continual dropping3 better dwell in a corner of the house-top1 or in the wilderness1 than with such a one3 whoso hideth her hideth the wind1 and one of the four mischiefs that the earth cannot bear4' ,if the ,spirit of ,god wrote such aggravations as these1 and1 as it may be guessed by these similitudes1 counsels the man rather to divorce than to live with such a colleague1 and yet1 on the other side1 expresses nothing of the wife's suffering with a bad husband1 is it not most likely that ,god in his ,law had more pity towards man thus wedlocked than towards the woman that was created for another8 ,footnote3 ,this passage occurs in the second edition4 ,there is but the germ of it in the first sentence1 ,if ,divorce were granted 444 senseless cruelty4 ,the inference is that ,milton1 when he wrote the first edition1 was rather pleased with the idea of ,beza and ,parus that divorce had been given for the relief of the wife1 and that his dissatisfaction with the idea1 as promoting the woman too much at the man's expense1 came afterwards4 ,here was doctrine with a vengeance4 ,man being the superior being1 and therefore with the greater capacity of being pained or injured1 ,god had pitied him1 if unhappily married1 more than the woman similarly situated4 ,for him1 therefore1 and not for the woman1 there had been provided the right of divorce6 ,this is not positively asserted1 but it seems to be implied4 ,the woman's relief1 in the case of a marriage unhappy for her1 consisted apparently1 according to ,milton1 not in her power to cut the knot1 but in the likelihood that her husband1 finding the marriage unhappy also for him1 would desire for his own sake to cut the knot1 or might be driven by her management to that extremity4 ,in short1 we have here1 as another consequence of ,milton's unfortunate marriage1 the beginning of that peculiarly stern form of the notion of woman's natural and essential inferiority to man which ran with visible effects through his whole subsequent life4 ,if not his ideal of woman1 at least his estimate of what was to be expected from actual women1 and what was on the average to be accorded to them1 had been permanently lowered by a bad first experience4 ,all this while1 what of the poor girl whose hard fate it was to occasion this experience in the life of a man too grandly and sternly her superior8 ,one is bound to think also of her1 and to remember1 in so thinking1 how young she was at the time when her offended husband first theorized his feeling of her defects1 and published his theorizings1 with her image and memory1 though not with her name1 involved in them1 to the talkative world4 ,she had not been seventeen years and a half old when she had married ,milton2 she was of exactly that age when she left him1 and the first edition of his ,divorce ,treatise was ready2 she was just eighteen when the second and fuller edition appeared4 ,surely1 but for that fatal visit back to ,forest ,hill1 contrived by her or her relatives1 matters would have righted themselves4 ,as it was1 things could not be worse4 ,restored to her father's house at ,forest ,hill1 amid her unmarried brothers and sisters1 and all the familiar objects from which she had parted so recently on going to ,london1 the young bride had1 doubtless1 her little pamphlets to publish in that narrow but sympathising circle4 ,in particular1 her grievances would be poured into the confiding ears of her mother4 ,that lady1 as we can see1 at once takes the lead in the case4 ,never with her will shall her daughter go back to that dreadful man in ,aldersgate ,street6 ,mr4 ,powell acquiesces2 brothers and sisters acquiesce2 ,oxford ,royalism near at hand acquiesces1 so far as it is consulted2 the bride herself acquiesces1 happy enough again in the routine of home1 or perhaps beginning to join bashfully again in such gaieties of officers' balls1 and the like1 as the proximity of the ,king's quarters to ,forest ,hill made inevitable4 ,and is not the ,king's cause on the whole prospering1 and is not that in itself another reason for being at least in no hurry to make it up with ,milton8 ,what if it never be made up with him8 ,it is some time since his letters to ,forest ,hill by the carrier ceased entirely1 and since the foot-messenger he sent down expressly all the way from ,london with his final letter was met at the gate by ,mrs4 ,powell and told her mind in terms which were doubtless duly reported4 ,and now1 they hear1 he is going about ,london as usual1 and visiting at ,lady ,margaret ,ley's1 and giving his own version of his marriage story1 and even printing ,tracts in favour of ,divorce6 ,people generally1 they say1 are not agreeing with him on that subject2 but there is at least one respectable ,english family that is tempted to agree with him and to wish him all success6 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,march #afdd-,,march #afde4 ,,history3--,,the ,,year ,,of ,,marston ,,moor3 ,,civil ,,war1 ,,long ,,parliament1 ,,and ,,westminster ,,assembly ,,continued--,,struggle ,,of ,,independency ,,with ,,presbyterianism3 ,,toleration ,,controversy3 ,,english ,,sects ,,and ,,sectaries-- ,,presbyterian ,,settlement ,,voted--,,new ,,model ,,of ,,the ,,army4 ,,biography3--,,milton ,,among ,,the ,,sectaries3 ,,his ,,second ,,divorce ,,pamphlet1 ,,tract ,,on ,,education1 ,,areopagitica ,,tetrachordon1 ,,and ,,colasterion4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,inactivity ,,of ,,the ,,scottish ,,auxiliaries--,,spread ,,of ,,independency ,,and ,,multiplication ,,of ,,sects--,,visitation ,,of ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,cambridge-- ,,battle ,,of ,,marston ,,moor--,,fortnight',s ,,vacation ,,of ,,the ,,westminster ,,assembly 7,,july #bc-;,,august #g1 #afdd74--,,principle ,,of ,,toleration ,,and ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,toleration ,,controversy3 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,english ,,sects ,,and ,,sectaries ,,in #afdd4- -,,resumption ,,of ,,assembly',s ,,proceedings3 ,,denunciation ,,of ,,picked ,,sectaries ,,and ,,heretics--,,cromwell',s ,,interference ,,for ,,independency3 ,,accommodation ,,order ,,of ,,parliament--,,presbyterian ,,settlement ,,voted--,,essex ,,beaten ,,and ,,the ,,war ,,flagging3 ,,self-,,denying ,,ordinance ,,and ,,new ,,model ,,of ,,the ,,army-- ,,parliamentary ,,vengeances4 ,the ,english ,parliamentarians hoped great things from the ,scottish auxiliary army4 ,the ,royalists1 on the other hand1 were both angry and alarmed4 ,in anticipation1 indeed1 of the coming-in of the ,scots1 the ,king had ventured on a very questionable step4 ,he had summoned what may be called an ,,anti-,,parliament to meet him at ,oxford on the #bbnd of ,january #afdc-d1 to consist of all members who had been expelled from the two ,houses in ,westminster1 and all that might be willing1 in the new crisis1 to withdraw from those rebellious ,houses4 ,on the appointed day1 accordingly1 there had rallied round the ,king at ,oxford #di ,peers and #ada ,commoners2 which was not a bad show against the #bb ,peers and #bhj ,commoners who met on the same day in the two ,houses at ,westminster4 ,but little else resulted from the convocation of the ,,anti-,,parliament4 ,in fact1 many who had gone to it had done so with a view to negotiations for peace4 ,such negotiations were at least talked of4 ,in addition to vehement denunciations of the doings of the ,parliament1 there were some abortive attempts at friendly intercourse4 ,all which having failed1 the ,,anti- ,,parliament was prorogued ,april #af1 #afdd1 after having sat nearly three months4 ,parliaments1 even when they were loyalist ,parliaments1 were not the agencies that ,charles found pleasantest4 ,he trusted rather to the arbitrament of the field4 ,,inactivity ,,of ,,the ,,scottish ,,auxiliary ,,army3 ,,spread ,,of ,,independency ,,in ,,england3 ,,multiplication ,,of ,,sects4 ,no sudden blow was struck by the ,scots4 ,they had fastened themselves1 in proper military fashion1 on the north of ,england1 and their presence there was useful2 but that was all4 ,it was a great disappointment to ,baillie4 ,he had expected that the appearance of his dear countrymen in ,england would put an end to the mere military tig-tagging1 as he had called it1 of ,essex and ,waller1 and quicken immediately the tramp of affairs4 ,his belief all along had been that what was needed in ,england was an importation of ,scottish impetuousness to animate the heavy ,english1 and teach them the northern trick of carrying all things at the double with a hurrah and a yell4 ,it was a sore affliction1 therefore1 to the good man that1 from ,january #afdc-d1 on through ,february1 ,march1 ,april1 ,may1 and even ,june1 the #ba1jjj ,scots under ,leslie should be in ,england1 and yet be stirring so little4 ,instead of fighting their way southwards into the heart of the country1 they were still squatting in the ,northumbrian coal-region1 and sticking there1 not without some bad behaviour and disorder4 ,doubtless1 it was all right in strategy1 and ,leslie knew what he was about2 but oh1 that it could have been otherwise6 ,for of what use a great ,scottish victory would have been at that time to the cause of ,presbyterianism8 ,faster1 more massively1 more resistlessly than all the argumentations of ,henderson1 ,gillespie1 and ,rutherford1 aided by those of the ,smectymnuans1 with ,vines1 ,palmer1 ,burges1 and the rest of the ,english ,presbyterians1 such a victory would have crushed down the contentiousness of the ,five ,dissenting ,brethren1 and swept the propositions of complete ,scottish ,presbytery through the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,parliament1 receiving these propositions1 would have passed them with alacrity2 and what could the ,english nation have done but acquiesce8 ,but1 alas6 as things were6 ,the ,five ,dissenting ,brethren and the other thraward wits in the ,assembly could still persevere in their struggle with the ,presbyterian majority1 debating every proposition that implied a surrender of ,congregationalism1 and conscious that in so impeding a ,presbyterian settlement they were pleasing a growing body of their fellow-countrymen4 ,what1 though ,london was staunchly and all but universally ,presbyterian8 ,throughout the country1 and1 above all1 in the ,army1 the case was different4 ,the inactivity of the ,scots was affording time for the spirit of ,independency to spread1 and was giving rise to awkward questions4 ,it began actually to be said of the ,westminster ,assembly1 that it did cry down the truth with votes1 and was an ,anti- ,christian meeting which would erect a ,presbytery worse than ,bishops4 ,in the ,army especially such ,anti-,presbyterian sentiments1 and questionings of the infallibility of the ,scots1 had become rife4 ,the ,independents have so managed matters1 writes ,baillie1 ,april #bf1 that of the officers and sojers in ,manchester's army1 certainly also in the ,general's 7,essex's71 and1 as ,i hear1 in ,waller's likewise1 more than two parts are for them1 and these of the far most resolute and confident men for the ,parliament party4 ,as regarded ,essex's army and ,waller's1 ,baillie afterwards found reason to think that this was a great exaggeration2 but it appears to have been true enough respecting ,manchester's4 ,by that time there was no doubt either who was at the head of these ,army ,independents4 ,it was ,cromwell--now no longer mere ,colonel ,cromwell1 but ,lieutenant- general ,cromwell1 second in command in the ,associated ,counties under ,manchester4 ,as early as ,april #b ,baillie speaks of him as the great ,independent4 ,with such a man to look up to1 and with patrons also in the two ,houses of ,parliament1 little wonder that the ,independents in the ,army began to feel themselves strong1 and to regard the drift of the ,westminster ,assembly and the ,londoners towards an absolute ,presbyterianism as a movement innocent enough while it consisted in talk only1 but to be watched carefully and disowned in due time4 ,all might be retrieved1 however6 ,what hope there might yet be in a great ,scottish success6 ,with this idea ,baillie still hugged himself4 ,we are exceeding sad and ashamed1 he had written1 ,april #ai1 that our army1 so much talked of1 has done as yet nothing at all4 ,but again1 ,may #i1 ,we trust ,god will arise1 and do something by our ,scots army4 ,we are afflicted that1 after so long time1 we have gotten no hit of our enemy2 we hope ,god will put away that shame4 ,waller1 ,manchester1 ,fairfax1 and all1 gets victories2 but ,leslie1 from whom all was expected1 as yet has had his hands bound4 ,god1 we hope1 will loose them1 and send us matter of praise also4 ,the victories of ,waller1 ,manchester1 and ,fairfax1 here referred to by ,baillie1 had been nothing very considerable--mere fights in their several districts1 heard of at the time1 but counting for little now in the history of the war2 but they contrasted favourably with what could be told of the ,scots4 ,what was that8 ,it was that they had summoned ,newcastle to surrender1 but had advanced beyond that town1 leaving it untaken4 ,when ,baillie wrote the last-quoted passage1 however1 they were more hopefully astir4 ,fairfax1 with his northern-,english force1 had joined them at ,tadcaster in ,yorkshire2 the ,earl of ,manchester had been summoned northwards to add what strength he could bring from the ,associated ,counties2 and the enterprise on which the three conjoined forces were to be engaged--the ,scots1 ,fairfax's men1 and ,manchester's-- was the siege of ,york4 ,it was a great business on all grounds2 and on this amongst others1 that the ,marquis of ,newcastle was shut up in the city4 ,might not the ,scots retrieve their character in this business8 ,it was ,baillie's fervent prayer4 ,but a dreadful doubt had occurred to him4 ,what if the ,scots1 mixed as they now were with the ,english ,parliamentarian soldiers before ,york1 and in contact with the ,independents among them under ,manchester and ,cromwell1 should themselves catch the prevailing distemper8 ,writing1 ,may #ai1 to his friend ,mr4 ,blair1 a chaplain in the ,scottish army1 ,baillie gives him a warning hint on the subject4 ,we hear1 he says1 that their horse and yours are conjoined1 and that occasions may fall out wherein more of them may join to you4 ,we all conceive that our silly simple lads are in great danger of being infected by their company2 and1 if that pest enter in our army1 we fear it may spread4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 from p4 #abh to p4 #aig4 ,here there must come in an explanation3--,the ,army-,independency which was alarming the ,presbyterians1 and of which they regarded ,cromwell as the head1 was a thing of much larger dimensions1 and much more composite nature1 than the mild ,independency of ,messrs4 ,goodwin1 ,burroughs1 ,nye1 ,simpson1 and ,bridge1 within the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,the ,independency of these five ,divines consisted simply in their courageous assertion of the ,congregationalist principle of church-organization in the midst of the overwhelming ,presbyterianism around them1 and in their claim that1 should their reasonings for ,congregationalism prove in vain1 and should the ,presbyterian system be established in ,england1 there should be at all events an indulgence under that system1 for themselves and their adherents1 in some lesser differences4 ,the lesser differences for which they thus prospectively craved an indulgence had not been specifically stated2 but it is pretty clear that they were not1 to any great extent1 differences of theological belief1 but were rather those differences which would arise from the conscientious perseverance of a minority in ,congregationalist practices after a ,presbyterian rule had been established nationally4 ,you know that we do not differ from you in theological doctrines is what the ,five ,dissenting ,brethren virtually said to the ,presbyterians2 your teaching is our teaching1 and what you call errors we call errors3 our difference lies wholly1 or all but wholly1 in the fact that we hold every particular congregation of ,christians to be a church within itself1 whereas you maintain the interconnectedness of congregations1 and the right of courts of office- bearers from many congregations to review and control what passes within each3 now1 as you1 being undoubtedly in the majority1 are about to establish ,presbytery in ,england1 but as we cannot in conscience abandon our ,congregationalism1 could you not manage at least to allow in the new national system such a toleration of ,congregationalist practices as would satisfy us1 the minority1 and prevent us from going again into exile8 ,such was the ,independency of the ,dissenting ,five in the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,but1 as we know1 from our previous survey of the history of ,independency in ,england1 in ,holland1 and in ,america1 the word ,independency had come to have a much larger meaning than that in which it had originated4 ,it had come to mean not merely the principle of ,congregationalism1 or the ,independency of ,congregations1 but also all that had in fact arisen from the action of that principle1 in ,england1 ,holland1 or ,america1 in the shape of miscellaneous dissent and heterodoxy4 ,it had come to mean the ,congregationalist principle plus all its known or conceivable consequences4 ,from policy it was in this wide sense that the ,presbyterians had begun to use the term ,independency4 ,you are certainly ,independents1 the ,presbyterians of the ,assembly virtually said to ,messrs ,goodwin1 ,burroughs1 and the rest of the ,five2 but you are the best specimens of a class of which the varieties are legion3 were all ,independency such as yours1 and were ,independency to end with you1 we might see our way to such a toleration as you demand-- which1 on personal grounds1 we should like to do3 but the principle of ,congregationalism has already generated on the earth--in ,england1 in ,holland1 and in ,america--opinions beyond yours1 and some heresies at which even you stand aghast2 and it is of these1 as well as of you1 that we are bound to think when we are asked to tolerate ,independency4 ,now it was of this larger and more terrible ,independency that the ,presbyterians had begun to see signs in the ,parliamentary ,army and through ,england generally4 ,in other words1 sects and sectaries of all sorts and sizes had begun to be heard of--some only transmissions or re-manifestations of oddities of old ,english ,puritanism1 others importations from ,holland and ,new ,england1 and others products of the new ferment of the ,english mind caused by the ,civil ,war itself4 ,in especial1 it was believed1 ,anabaptists and ,antinomians had begun to abound4 ,now1 though1 in politeness1 the ,presbyterians were willing occasionally to distinguish between the orthodox ,independents and the miscellaneous ,sectaries1 yet1 as the ,congregationalist principle1 which was the essence of ,independency1 was credited with the mischief of having generated all the sects1 and as it was for this ,congregationalist principle that toleration was demanded1 it was quite as common to huddle all the ,sects and the orthodox ,congregationalists together under the one name of ,independents4 ,nor could the ,congregationalists of the ,assembly very well object to this4 ,true1 they might disown the errors and extravagancies of the sects1 and declare that they themselves were as little in sympathy with them as the ,presbyterians4 ,they might also argue1 as indeed they anxiously did1 that due uniformity in the essentials of ,christian belief and practice would be as easily maintained in a community organized ecclesiastically on the ,congregationalist principle as in one organized in the ,presbyterian mariner4 ,still1 in arguing so1 they must have had some latitude of view as to the amount of uniformity desirable4 ,if every congregation were to be independent within itself1 and if moreover congregations might be formed on the principle of elective affinities1 or the concourse of like-minded atoms1 it was difficult to see why ,congregationalism should not be expected to evolve sects1 and why therefore this progressive evolution of sects should not be accepted as a law of religious life4 ,had not the ,five ,independents of the ,assembly avowed it as one of their principles that they would not be too sure that the opinions they now held would remain always unchanged8 ,reserving this liberty of going farther for themselves1 how could they refuse toleration for those who had already gone farther8 ,claiming for themselves a toleration in all such differences as did not affect their character as good subjects1 they could not but extend the benefit of the same plea to at least a proportion of the ,sectaries4 ,but to what proportion8 ,where was toleration to stop8 ,at what point1 in the course of religious dissent1 did a man become a bad subject8 ,to these questions no definite answers were given by the ,five ,dissentients of the ,assembly2 but they could not but entertain the questions4 ,hence their ,independency1 though mild and moderate so far as they were themselves concerned1 was really in organic connexion with the larger ,independency that had begun to manifest itself in the ,army and elsewhere4 ,the ,congregationalist principle and ,liberty of ,religious ,difference to a certain extent1 said the ,independents of the ,assembly4 ,yes1 ,liberty of ,religious ,difference6 said the ,army ,independents1 simplifying the formula4 ,throughout the first half of #afdd1 therefore1 we are to think of the ,presbyterian majority in the ,westminster ,assembly as not only fighting against the ,independency or ,congregationalism proper which was represented within the walls of the ,assembly by men whom they could not but respect1 though complaining of their obstinacy1 but also bent on saving ,england from that more lax or general ,independency1 nameable as ,army-,independency1 which they saw rife through the land1 and which included toleration not merely of ,congregationalism1 but also of ,anabaptism1 ,antinomianism1 and other nondescript heresies4 ,baillie's groanings in spirit over the multiplication of the sectaries1 and the growth of the ,toleration notion1 are positively affecting4 ,sundry officers and soldiers in the army1 he writes1 ,april #b1 has fallen from their way i4e4 from ,independency proper to ,antinomianism and ,anabaptism4 ,again1 later in the same month1 ,the number and evil humour of the ,antinomians and ,anabaptists doth increase2 and more fully1 on the #aith1 ,they the ,independents over all the land are making up a faction to their own way1 the far most part whereof is fallen off to ,anabaptism and ,antinomianism3 sundry also to worse1 if worse needs be--the mortality of the soul1 the denial of angels and devils2 and cast off all sacraments2 and many blasphemous things4 ,all these are from ,new ,england4 ,by ,may #i he had begun to despair of the ,english altogether3 ,the humour of this people is very various and inclinable to singularities1 to differ from all the world1 and one from another1 and shortly from themselves3 no people had so much need of a ,presbytery4 ,according to ,baillie1 it was precisely owing to the absence of a well-organized ,presbyterian system in ,england that all those wild growths of opinion had been possible2 and1 while they increased the difficulty of establishing ,presbyterianism in ,england1 they were the best demonstration of its necessity4 ,therefore1 he would not despair4 ,there was yet a faint hope that the ,independent ,divines in the ,assembly might be made ashamed of the tag-rag of ,anabaptists1 ,antinomians1 and what not1 that hung to their skirts1 and so might be brought to an accommodation with the ,presbyterians4 ,but1 failing that1 the ,presbyterians must stand firm1 must face ,independency and all its belongings both in ,parliament and in the ,army1 and try at length to beat them down4--,of course1 ,baillie and his ,scottish brethren were doing their best to assist the ,english ,presbyterians in this labour4 ,anti- ,toleration pamphlets had appeared1 and more were in preparation4 ,but help was particularly desired from the ,reformed ,churches abroad1 and most particularly from ,holland4 ,had not ,holland nursed this very ,independency which was troubling ,england1 and was not the example of ,holland the greatest argument with the ,independents and others for a toleration of sects8 ,representing all this to his correspondent1 ,william ,spang1 ,scottish preacher at ,campvere1 ,baillie urges him again and again to do what he can to get any eminent ,dutch divines of his acquaintance to write treatises against ,independency1 ,heresy1 and ,toleration4 ,he names several such1 as likely to do this great service if duly importuned4 ,there could be no more helpful service to ,england--except one6 ,oh if there could yet be a great ,scottish victory on ,english soil6 ,that would be worth all the pamphlets in the world6 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #adf1 #aeg1 #afh1 #agg1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahc-d1 #aia-b1 #aig1 c4--,several manifestoes against ,independency1 such as ,baillie wanted1 did come1 in due time1 from ,divines in ,holland and elsewhere on the ,continent1 and were much made of by the ,presbyterians of the ,assembly1 and put in circulation through ,england4 ,,visitation ,,of ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,cambridge3 ,,battle ,,of ,,marston ,,moor4 ,notwithstanding all this anarchy of ecclesiastical opinion1 the practical or political mastery of affairs remained in the hands of ,parliament1 and was firmly exercised by ,parliament in a direction satisfactory to the ,westminster ,assembly as a whole4 ,for1 whatever might be the ultimate settlement between ,independency and ,presbyterianism1 there was a certain general course of ,reformation to which meanwhile all were pledged1 ,independents and ,sectaries no less than ,presbyterians2 and on this course all could advance unanimously1 even while battling with each other on the ecclesiastical questions which the ,independents desired to keep open4 ,for example1 during those very months of #afdd in which ,independency had been taking such increased dimensions1 there had been fully executed that great ,visitation and purgation of the ,university of ,cambridge which had been entrusted to the ,earl of ,manchester by ,parliamentary ,ordinance in ,january4 ,the ,earl1 going to ,cambridge in person in ,february #afdc-d1 with his two chaplains1 ,messrs4 ,ashe and ,good1 had been engaged in the work through the months of ,march and ,april1 summoning refractory ,heads of ,colleges and ,fellows before him1 examining complaints against them1 and putting them in most cases to the test of the ,covenant4 ,the result1 when complete 7which it was not till #afde71 was the ejection1 on one ground or another1 of about one half of the ,fellows of the various ,colleges of ,cambridge collectively1 and of eleven out of the sixteen ,heads of ,houses1 and the appointment of persons of ,parliamentarian principles to the places thus made vacant4--,of the crowd of those who were turned out of ,cambridge ,fellowships1 and the crowd of those who were put in to succeed them1 we can take no account in this ,history4 ,yet a process which presents us with the vision of about #aej rueful outgoers from comfortable livelihoods in one ,university1 met at the doors by as many radiant comers-in1 can have been no unimportant incident1 even in a national revolution4 ,what became of all the rueful outgoers is a question that might interest us yet4 ,it interested ,fuller ten years after the event4 ,even then he could give no other answer1 he said1 than that proverbial one which the survivors of ,nicias's unfortunate expedition against the ,sicilians used to give at ,athens when they were asked about the fate of such or such a comrade who had never returned1 ,greek3 ,e tethnken h didaskei grammata ,he is either dead or teaching a school somewhere4 ,schoolmastering1 according to ,fuller1 was the refuge of most of the ejected ,cambridge ,fellows of #afdd-e4--,more conspicuous persons1 and with resources that probably exempted them from the prospect of so painful a fate1 were the ejected ,heads of ,houses4 ,most of these were ejected at once in ,march and ,april #afdd2 and1 apart from our acquired interest in ,cambridge ,university1 there are reasons for remembering them individually1 and noting those who came in their places3--,of the sixteen ,heads of ,houses1 it is to be premised1 one--,dr4 ,richard ,love1 of ,bennet or ,corpus ,christi--was a member of the ,assembly1 and therefore all right2 while four others managed1 by taking the ,covenant1 or by other wary compliance during the ,visitation1 to stay in4 ,among these four1 it does not surprise us to learn1 was ,dr4 ,thomas ,bainbrigge of ,christ's1 ,milton's old durus magister1 with whom he had had that never-forgotten tiff in his under-graduateship 7,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #ace-ada72 the others were ,dr4 ,eden of ,trinity ,hall1 ,dr4 ,rainbow of ,magdalen1 and ,dr4 ,batchcroft of ,caius4 ,the ejections were as follows3-- ,,trinity ,,college3--,master ejected1 ,dr4 ,,thomas ,,cumber 7ob4 #afed72 ,master put in1 ,mr4 ,,thomas ,,hill1 one of the ,assembly ,divines4 ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,college3--,master ejected1 ,dr4 ,,william ,,beale 7died at ,madrid1 #afea72 ,master put in1 ,mr4 ,,john ,,arrowsmith1 one of the ,assembly ,divines4 ,,emanuel ,,college3--,master ejected1 ,dr4 ,,richard ,,holdsworth 7ob4 #afdi72 ,master put in1 ,dr4 ,,anthony ,,tuckney1 one of the ,assembly ,divines4 ,,queen',s ,,college3--,there was a complete sweep of this ,college1 not a ,fellow or ,foundationer of any kind being left4 ,president ejected1 ,dr4 ,,edward ,,martin 7survived the ,restoration and was made ,dean of ,ely72 ,president put in1 ,mr4 ,,herbert ,,palmer1 one of the ,assembly ,divines4 ,,clare ,,hall3--,master ejected1 ,dr4 ,,thomas ,,paske 7survived the ,restoration and had his reward72 ,master put in1 ,,ralph ,,cudworth1 ,b4,d41 afterwards the celebrated author of the ,intellectual ,system4 ,he was of ,somersetshire birth1 and1 though now only #bg years of age1 had acquired a high ,cambridge reputation1 as ,fellow and ,tutor of ,emanuel ,college1 where he had been educated4 ,,peterhouse3--,master ejected1 ,dr4 ,,john ,,cosins 7already under the ban of ,parliament and a refugee in ,france3 he survived the ,restoration and became ,bishop of ,durham72 ,master put in1 ,mr4 ,,lazarus ,,seaman1 one of the ,assembly ,divines4 ,,pembroke ,,college2--,master ejected1 ,dr4 ,,benjamin ,,laney 7survived the ,restoration and held several ,bishoprics in succession72 ,master put in1 ,mr4 ,,richard ,,vines1 one of the ,assembly ,divines4 ,,king',s ,,college2--,provost ejected1 ,dr4 ,,samuel ,,collins 7see ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #ib1 #ic72 ,provost put in1 ,mr4 ,,benjamin ,,whichcot1 tat4 #cd4 ,he had been a ,fellow of ,emanuel ,college1 and was a friend of ,cudworth's4 ,a peculiarity in his case was that he was dispensed from taking the ,covenant on his appointment1 and succeeded1 by his interest with the ruling powers1 in obtaining a like dispensation for most of the ,fellows of the ,college4 ,he survived the ,restoration1 conformed then1 and is still remembered as one of the chiefs of the ,english ,latitudinarians4 ,,sidney-,,sussex ,,college3--,master ejected1 ,dr4 ,,samuel ,,ward 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ie72 ,master put in1 ,mr4 ,,richard ,,minshull1 a ,fellow of the ,college1 regularly elected to the ,mastership by the other ,fellows4 ,he survived the ,restoration1 conformed then1 and retained the ,mastership till his death4 ,,jesus ,,college3--,master ejected1 ,dr4 ,,richard ,,sterne 7great-grandfather of ,laurence ,sterne1 the novelist74 ,he was a strong ,laudian and ,royalist1 and had already been in prison on that account4 ,he lived in retirement till the ,restoration2 after which he was made successively ,bishop of ,chester1 and 7#affd7 ,archbishop of ,york4 ,master put in1 ,mr4 ,,thomas ,,young1 one of the ,assembly ,divines1 ,milton's old preceptor1 and the chief of the ,smectymnuans4 ,it was a special compliment to ,young that he1 not an ,english ,university man at all1 but a naturalized ,scot1 had been chosen for a ,cambridge ,mastership4 ,,catherine ,,hall3--,master ejected 7not till #afde1 however1 and then on a fresh occasion71 ,dr4 ,,ralph ,,brownrigge1 nominal ,bishop of ,exeter since #afdb 7ob4 #afei72 ,master put in1 ,mr4 ,,william ,,spurstow1 one of the ,assembly ,divines1 and one of the ,smectymnuans4 ,footnote3 ,authorities for this account of ,manchester's ,visitation of ,cambridge and its results are ,fuller's ,history of the ,university of ,cambridge 7edit #acdj71 pp4 #bcc- #bci1 and ,neal's ,puritans1 ,,iii4 #ajg-aai4 ,thus began1 in #afdd1 a new era in the history of ,cambridge ,university1 which extended to the ,restoration4 ,episcopalian principles were discharged out of the government of the ,university2 and1 under the five retained ,masters and the eleven new ones1 there was inaugurated a system of rule and teaching in accordance1 more or less in the different ,colleges1 with the ascendant ,state-policy of the ,puritans4 ,with the exception of ,cudworth1 ,whichcot1 and ,minshull1 it will have been noted1 all the newly-appointed ,masters were members of the ,westminster ,assembly1 and leading men among the ,presbyterian majority of that body4 ,they do not appear to have ceased attendance on the ,assembly in consequence of their appointments1 but only to have divided their time thenceforward as well as they could between the ,assembly and ,cambridge4 ,it is also to be noted that some of them1 including ,thomas ,young1 retained their former livings along with their new ,masterships4 ,footnote3 ,the following is a note furnished to ,mr4 ,david ,laing by the ,rev4 ,john ,struthers of ,prestonpans1 one of an acting ,committee recently appointed by the ,church of ,scotland for transcribing and editing the original ,minutes of the ,westminster ,assembly1 preserved in ,dr4 ,william's ,library1 ,london3--#afdc-d1 ,march #ae4--;,a letter read from the ,earl of ,manchester1 stating that he cast out ,drs4 ,beale1 ,cosins1 ,sterne1 ,martin1 ,laney1 masters1 from their ,masterships in ,cambridge ,university1 and1 subject to the ,assembly's approval1 nominated ,mr4 ,palmer1 ,mr4 ,arrowsmith1 ,mr4 ,vines1 ,mr4 ,seaman1 and ,mr4 ,young in their places4 ,the ,assembly offered their congratulations1 but desired that their brethren should meanwhile not be withdrawn from the ,assembly4 ,mr4 ,struthers adds that1 though ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 in his ,notes of the ,assembly1 states that ,mr4 ,vines and ,mr4 ,young desired to be excused from the new appointments1 there is no notice of any such declinature in the ,,ms4 minutes4--,see ,biographical ,notices of ,thomas ,young1 ,s4,t4,d41 ,vicar of ,stowmarket1 ,suffolk1 by ,mr4 ,david ,laing 7,edin4 #ahgj71 p4 #ci4--,these accurate and valuable ,notices of a man who figures so interestingly in ,milton's ,biography had not appeared till ,vol4 ,,ii4 of this work was quite printed1 or they might have saved me some research for that volume as well as for its predecessor4 ,prefixed to them ,mr4 ,laing gives a portrait of ,young1 after a photograph taken from the original picture long preserved in the ,vicarage of ,stowmarket1 but now in the possession of ,h4 ,c4 ,mathew1 ,esq4 of ,felixstow1 near ,ipswich4 ,the portrait represents ,young with hair not at all of the short ,puritan cut1 but long1 and flowing fully on both sides to his shoulders2 and the face is really fine1 with handsome features1 and a rich and mild look4 ,another interesting insertion in ,mr4 ,laing's little volume is a facsimile of ,young's handwriting1 from a ,latin inscription in a presentation copy of his ,dies ,dominica1 still extant4 ,the hand is neat and careful2 and1 what is rather curious1 it has a resemblance to ,milton's4 ,there were similar instances of retention of livings among those appointed to ,fellowships1 and to other offices throughout the country under the patronage of the ,parliament4 ,the excuse was the dearth for the time of fully qualified ministers of the right ,parliamentarian strain2 but the fact did not escape comment4 ,was ,plurality one of the very few institutions of ,prelacy which ,presbyterian godliness was willing to preserve8 ,fresh from his energetic ,visitation of ,cambridge1 the ,earl of ,manchester was away1 as we have seen1 in ,may #afdd1 with his ,lieutenant-general1 ,cromwell1 to add the force of the ,associated ,eastern ,counties to the forces of the ,scots and ,fairfax1 then about to besiege the ,marquis of ,newcastle in ,york4 ,the joint forces1 numbering some #be1jjj men in all1 were hopefully conducting the siege when the approach of ,prince ,rupert out of ,lancashire1 with a ,royalist army of over #bj1jjj1 compelled them to raise it1 in order to oppose him 7,june #cj74 ,he avoided them1 relieved ,york1 and then1 having added the ,marquis's garrison to his own force1 risked all for a great victory4 ,the result was the ,,battle ,,of ,,marston ,,moor1 about seven miles to the west of ,york1 fought on the evening of ,july #b1 #afdd4 ,it was the bloodiest battle of the whole war1 the number actually slain on the field on both sides in three hours being no fewer than #d1aej4 ,but of these by far the most were on the ,king's side1 and the battle was a disastrous rout for that side1 and a victory for the ,parliamentarians incalculably greater than any they had yet had4 ,rupert1 with a shred of his army1 escaped southwards2 the ,marquis of ,newcastle1 making his way to the sea-coast1 embarked for the ,continent1 with his two sons1 his brother ,sir ,charles ,cavendish1 ,general ,king1 ,lord ,fauconberg1 the ,earl of ,carnwath1 ,bishop ,bramhall1 and about eighty other ,royalists of distinction1 and was no more seen in ,england till the ,restoration4 ,york surrendered to the victors1 ,july #e2 and1 save that ,newcastle and some other towns remained to be taken1 the whole ,north of ,england was lost to the ,king and brought within the sway of ,parliament4 ,seldom had there been such consequences from a battle of three hours4 ,footnote3 ,clar4 ,hist4 #dij-dib2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #bgg1 #bgh2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #aea-aed2 ,markham's ,fairfax1 #aea-agh1 for a detailed modern account4 ,when the news of the battle reached ,london 7,july #e71 there was nothing but joy4 ,within a few days1 however1 the joy passed into a question between the ,independents and the ,presbyterians1 or at least the ,scots among them4 ,which part of the conjoint army had behaved best in the battle1 and to which general did the chief honours of the day belong8 ,glad would ,baillie have been to welcome ,marston ,moor as at last that great success of the ,scots for which he had been longing and praying4 ,no such pleasure could he have4 ,more and more1 as detailed accounts of the battle arrived1 it became clear that the ,scots could claim only a little of the merit of the victory--that the mass of them had behaved rather ill2 that the luck or the generalship of ,field-marshal ,leven had deserted him1 and he had been carried far away in a ruck of fugitives2 and that1 in fact1 with the exception of ,david ,leslie1 the ,scottish ,major-general1 who really did good service1 no ,scot in command had shown much head1 or been of any considerable use1 at ,marston ,moor4 ,but1 worse and worse for ,baillie's feelings1 not only did it appear that the victory had been gained by the ,english of the joint army rather than by the ,scottish contingent1 but gradually the rumour was confirmed1 which had been first borne to ,london on the wings of the wind1 that the ,englishman by whose conduct1 if by that of any one man1 the fate of the battle had been decided1 was ,lieutenant-general ,cromwell4 ,the left wing1 which ,i commanded1 being our own horse1 saving a few ,scots in our rear1 beat all the ,prince's horse4 ,god gave them as stubble to our swords4 ,we charged their regiments of foot with our horse1 and routed all we charged4 ,these sentences of ,cromwell's own1 written on the third day after the battle in a letter to his brother-in-law1 ,colonel ,valentine ,walton1 are his private statement of the truth which became public4 ,in vain it was represented in ,london that ,cromwell's paramount prowess in the battle was a fiction of himself and the ,independents2 in vain did the ,presbyterians try to distribute the merit among ,fairfax1 ,david ,leslie1 and ,major-general ,crawford--another ,scot1 not in the ,scottish contingent1 but serving in ,manchester's army as next in command under ,cromwell1 and already known as representing ,presbyterianism in that army in opposition to ,cromwell's ,independency2 in vain did this ,crawford1 when he came to ,london1 asseverate that ,cromwell1 having been slightly wounded in the neck1 had retired before the crisis1 and that the real work in ,cromwell's part of the battle had devolved on ,david ,leslie and himself4 ,it was a comfort to ,baillie to believe all this2 but ,london was persuaded otherwise4 ,for ,london and for all ,england ,cromwell stood forth as the hero of ,marston ,moor4 ,the victory to which ,baillie had looked forward as a triumph for ,presbyterianism had been gained mainly by the great ,independent of the ,english army1 and went to the credit of ,independency4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bja1 #bjc-d1 #bji1 and #baa2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #aeb-c and #adf-aej2 ,fuller's ,worthies1 ,yorkshire2 ,holles's ,memoirs 7#afii71 #ae-ag4 ,three weeks after the battle of ,marston ,moor 7,july #bc1 #afdd7 the ,westminster ,assembly1 with permission of ,parliament1 adjourned for a fortnight's vacation4 ,we will share this vacation1 and make it the opportunity for some farther inquiry1 on our own account1 into the two subjects which were of paramount interest at that moment4 ,they were the subjects1 if ,i may so say1 that had for some time past been chalked up on the black board for the consideration of all ,england1 and to the discussion of which the ,assembly and the ,parliament were to address themselves with fresh fervour when the ,assembly came together again after their vacation4 ,these were3-- ,i4 ,the ,principle of ,toleration4 ,,ii4 ,the ,english ,sects and ,sectaries4 ,,the ,,principle ,,of ,,toleration3 ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,toleration ,,controversy ,,in #afdd4 ,the history of the modern idea of ,,toleration could be written completely only after a larger amount of minute and special research than ,i am able here to bestow on the subject4 ,who shall say in the heads of what stray and solitary men1 scattered through ,europe in the sixteenth century1 nantes rari in gurgite vasto1 some form of the idea1 as a purely speculative conception1 may have been lodged8 ,hallam finds it in the ,utopia of ,sir ,thomas ,more 7#adhj-aece71 and in the harangues of the ,chancellor l',hospital of ,france 7#aeje-aegc72 ,footnote3 ,hallam's ,const4 ,hist4 7#ajth edit471 ,t4 #abb1 ,note4 and there may have been others4 ,but the history of the idea1 as a practical or political notion1 lies within a more precise range4 ,out of what within ,europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was the practical form of the idea bred8 ,out of pain1 out of suffering1 out of persecution3 not pain inflicted constantly on one and the same section of men1 or on any two opposed sections alternately2 but pain revolving1 pain circulated1 pain distributed till the whole round of the compass of sects had felt it in turn1 and the only principle of its prevention gradually dawned on the common consciousness6 ,in every persecuted cause1 honestly conducted1 there was a throe towards the birth of this great principle4 ,every persecuted cause claimed at least a toleration for itself from the established power2 and so1 by a kind of accumulation1 the cause that had been last persecuted had more of a tendency to toleration in it1 and became practically more tolerant1 than the others4 ,this1 ,i think1 might be proved4 ,the ,church of ,england was more tolerant than the ,church of ,rome1 and ,scottish ,presbyterianism or ,scottish ,puritanism was more tolerant 7though the reverse is usually asserted7 than the ,church of ,england prior to #afdj4 ,not to the ,church of ,england1 however1 nor to ,scottish ,presbyterianism1 nor to ,english ,puritanism at large1 does the honour of the first perception of the full principle of ,liberty of ,conscience1 and its first assertion in ,english speech1 belong4 ,that honour has to be assigned1 ,i believe1 to the ,independents generally1 and to the ,baptists in particular4 ,the principle of religious liberty is almost logically bound up with the theory of the ,independency of particular churches4 ,every particular church being a voluntary concourse of like-minded atoms1 able to declare themselves converts or true ,christians1 it follows that the world1 or civil society1 whether called heathen or professedly ,christian1 is only the otherwise regulated medium or material in which these voluntary concourses or whirls take place4 ,it follows that there must be large expanses or interspaces of the general material always unabsorbed into the voluntary concourses1 and that for the secular power1 which governs the general medium1 to try to stimulate the concourses1 or to bring all into them1 or to control any part of the procedure of each or any of them1 would be a mingling of elements that are incompatible1 of necessary worldly order with the spiritual kingdom of ,christ4 ,and so it was maintained1 against the ,roman ,catholics1 and against the ,confessions of all the various established ,protestant ,churches1 that there could be1 and ought to be1 no ,imperial or ,national ,church4 ,this being the principle of some of the early ,protestant movements that went beyond ,luther1 ,zuinglius1 or ,calvin1 and perplexed these ,reformers1 little wonder that flashes of the fullest doctrine of ,liberty of ,conscience should be found among the records of those movements1 whether on the ,continent or in ,england4,footnote3 ,see notices of such flashes1 among ,english ,baptists of the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 and among the continental ,anabaptists1 in ,mr4 ,edward ,bean ,underhill's ,historical ,introduction to the ,reprint of ,old ,tracts on ,liberty of ,conscience by the ,hanserd ,knollys ,society 7#ahdf74 ,mr4 ,underhill writes as a zealous ,baptist1 but with judgment and research4 ,little wonder1 either1 that the principle of ,toleration should be discernible in the writings of ,robert ,brown1 the father of the crude ,english ,independency of ,elizabeth's reign4 ,footnote3 ,baillie 7,dissuasive1 ,part ,i4 #ca7 expressly makes it a reproach against ,brown that he held the ,toleration doctrine4 ,but it is one thing to hold a principle vaguely or latently as implicated in a principle already avowed1 and another thing to extricate the implied principle and kindle it1 as on the top of a lighthouse1 on its own account4 ,it is found1 accordingly1 that the early ,english ,separatists collectively were much slower in this matter than ,brown himself had been4 ,they wanted toleration for themselves1 and perhaps a general mildness in the administration of religious affairs2 but they could not rid themselves of the notion1 held alike by all the established churches1 whether ,prelatic or ,presbyterian1 that it is the duty of the prince1 or the civil power1 in every state to promote true religion and suppress false4 ,passages which we have already had occasion to quote 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #efi1 #egj7 from the writings of ,barrowe1 ,greenwood1 and even of the liberal ,robinson1 the father of ,congregationalism proper1 prove beyond all dispute that these chiefs of the ,separatists and ,semi-,separatists who followed ,brown in the latter part of ,elizabeth's reign and in the reign of ,james had not worked out ,toleration into a perfect or definite tenet4 ,they did want something that they called a ,toleration2 but it was a limited and ill-defined ,toleration4--,there was1 however1 one body or band of ,separatists in ,james's reign who had pushed farther ahead1 and grasped the idea of ,liberty of ,conscience at its very utmost4 ,strangely enough1 as it may seem at first sight1 they were the ,separatists of the most intense and schismatic type then known1 the least conciliatory in their relations to other churches and communions4 ,they were the poor and despised ,anglo-,dutch ,anabaptists who called ,john ,smyth 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #eci1edj7 their leader4 ,in a ,confession1 or ,declaration of ,faith1 put forth in #afaa by the ,english ,baptists in ,amsterdam1 just after the death of ,smyth1 this article occurs3 ,the magistrate is not to meddle with religion1 or matters of conscience1 nor compel men to this or that form of religion2 because ,christ is the ,king and ,lawgiver of the ,church and ,conscience4 ,it is believed that this is the first expression of the absolute principle of ,liberty of ,conscience in the public articles of any body of ,christians4 ,contact with the ,dutch ,arminians may have helped ,smyth's people to a perception of it2 and it certainly did not please the ,english ,pdobaptist ,independents of ,holland when it appeared among them4 ,robinson1 for example1 objected to it1 as he was bound to do by the views of the civil magistrate's power which he maintained4 ,he attributed the invention of such an article to the common inability of ignorant men to distinguish between the use of an ordinance and its abuse4 ,in other words1 he thought the remnant of ,smyth's ,baptists had been rather silly in leaping to the conclusion that1 because there had been much abuse of the interference of the civil power in matters of religion1 and it had led to all sorts of horrors1 there was nothing left but to set up the principle of absolute non-interference4 ,the principle of the ,anglo-,dutch ,baptists1 with the same exact difference between the ,baptists and the rest of the ,independents on the ,toleration point1 was imported into ,england4 ,it is supposed that the person who had the chief hand in drawing up the ,confession of the ,english ,baptists of ,amsterdam1 after ,smyth's death1 was ,smyth's successor in the ,baptist ministry there1 ,thomas ,helwisse 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #edj-edd74 ,now1 this ,helwisse1 returning to ,england shortly after #afaa1 drew round him1 as we saw1 the first congregation of ,general or ,arminian ,baptists in ,london2 and this obscure ,baptist congregation seems to have become the depositary for all ,england of the absolute principle of ,liberty of ,conscience expressed in the ,amsterdam ,confession1 as distinct from the more stinted principle advocated by the general body of the ,independents4 ,not only did ,helwisse's folk differ from the ,independents generally on the subject of ,infant ,baptism and ,dipping2 they differed also on the power of the magistrate in matters of belief and conscience4 ,it was1 in short1 from their little dingy meeting-house1 somewhere in ,old ,london1 that there flashed out1 first in ,england1 the absolute doctrine of ,religious ,liberty4 ,religious ,peace3 or1 ,a ,plea for ,liberty of ,conscience is the title of a little tract first printed in #afad1 and presented to ,king ,james and the ,english ,parliament1 by ,leonard ,busher1 citizen of ,london4 ,this ,leonard ,busher1 there is reason to believe1 was a member of ,helwisse's congregation2 and we learn from the tract itself that he was a poor man1 labouring for his subsistence1 who had had his share of persecution4 ,he had probably been one of ,smyth's ,amsterdam flock who had returned with ,helwisse4 ,the tract is1 certainly1 the earliest known ,english publication in which full liberty of conscience is openly advocated4 ,it cannot be read now without a throb4 ,the style is simple and rather helpless2 but one comes on some touching passages4 ,thus3-- ,may it please your ,majesty and ,parliament to understand that by fire and sword to constrain princes and peoples to receive that one true religion of the ,gospel is wholly against the mind and merciful law of ,christ4 ,persecution is a work well pleasing to all false prophets and bishops1 but it is contrary to the mind of ,christ1 who came not to judge and destroy men's lives1 but to save them4 ,and1 though some men and women believe not at the first hour1 yet may they at the eleventh hour1 if they be not persecuted to death before4 ,and no king nor bishop can or is able to command faith4 ,that is the gift of ,god1 who worketh in us both the will and the deed of his own good pleasure4 ,set him not a day1 therefore1 in which1 if his creature hear not and believe not1 you will imprison and burn him4444 ,as kings and bishops cannot command the wind1 so they cannot command faith2 and1 as the wind bloweth where it listeth1 so is every man that is born of the ,spirit4 ,you may force men to church against their consciences1 but they will believe as they did before when they come there4 ,kings and magistrates are to rule temporal affairs by the swords of their temporal kingdoms1 and bishops and ministers are to rule spiritual affairs by the word and ,spirit of ,god1 the sword of ,christ's temporal kingdom1 and not to intermeddle one with another's authority1 office1 and function4 ,i read that ,jews1 ,christians1 and ,turks are tolerated in ,constantinople1 and yet are peaceable1 though so contrary the one to the other4 ,if this be so1 how much more ought ,christians not to force one another to religion6 ,and how much more ought ,christians to tolerate ,christians1 whenas the ,turks do tolerate them6 ,shall we be less merciful than the ,turks8 or shall we learn the ,turks to persecute ,christians8 ,it is not only unmerciful1 but unnatural and abominable1 yea monstrous1 for one ,christian to vex and destroy another for difference and questions of religion4 ,busher's tract of #afad was not the only utterance in the same strain that came from ,helwisse's conventicle of ,london ,baptists4 ,in #afae there appeared in print ,objections answered by way of ,dialogue1 wherein is proved1 by the ,law of ,god1 by the ,law of our ,land1 and by ,his ,majesty's many testimonies1 that no man ought to be persecuted for his ,religion1 so he testifie his allegeance by the oath appointed by ,law4 ,the author1 or one of the authors1 of this ,dialogue1 which is even more explicit in some respects than ,busher's tract1 is pretty clearly ascertained to have been ,john ,murton1 ,helwisse's assistant 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #edd1eha74 ,helwisse himself is not heard of after #afad1 and appears to have died about that time4 ,but his ,baptist congregation maintained itself in ,london side by side with ,jacob's congregation of ,independents1 established in #afaf 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #edd74 ,as if to signalize still farther the discrepancy of the two sets of ,sectaries on the ,toleration point1 there was put forth1 as we saw1 in that very year1 by ,jacob and the ,independents1 a ,confession of ,faith1 containing this article3 ,we believe that we1 and all true visible churches1 ought to be overseen and kept in good order and peace1 and ought to be governed1 under ,christ1 both supremely and also subordinately1 by the civil magistrate2 yea1 in causes of religion1 when need is4 ,the year #afaf was the year of ,shakespeare's death4 ,who that has read his ,sonnet ,,lxvi4 can doubt that he had carried in his mind while alive some profound and peculiar form of the idea of ,toleration8 ,in ,bacon's brain1 too1 one may detect some smothered tenet of the kind2 and even in the talk of the shambling ,king ,james himself there had been such occasional spurts about ,liberty of ,conscience that1 though he had burnt two of his subjects for ,arianism1 ,helwisse's poor people were fain1 as we have just seen1 to cite ,his ,majesty's many testimonies for the ,toleration they craved4 ,and yet not to any such celebrity as the king1 the philosopher1 or the poet1 had the task of vindicating for ,england the idea of ,liberty of ,conscience been practically appointed4 ,to all intents and purposes that honour had fallen to two of the most extreme and despised sects of the ,puritans4 ,the despised ,independents1 or semi-,separatists of the school of ,robinson and ,jacob1 and the still more despised ,baptists1 or thorough ,separatists of the school of ,smyth and ,helwisse1 were groping for the pearl between them2 and1 what is strangest at first sight1 it was the more intensely ,separatist of these two sects that was groping with most success4 ,how is this to be explained8 ,partly it may have been that the ,baptists were the sect that had been most persecuted--that they were the ultimate sect1 in the ,english world1 in respect of the necessary qualification of pain and suffering accumulated in their own experience1 while the ,hobinsonian ,independents might rank as only the penultimate sect in this respect4 ,but there is a deeper reason4 ,paradoxical as the statement may seem1 there was a logical connexion between the extreme ,separatism of the ,baptists1 the tightness and exclusiveness of their own terms of communion1 and their passion for religious freedom1 ,this requires elucidation3--,it was on the subject of the ,baptism of ,infants that the ordinary ,congregationalists and the ,baptist ,congregationalists most evidently stood aloof from each other4 ,there had been vehement controversies between them on the subject4 ,independent congregations had ejected and excommunicated such of their members as had taken to the doctrine of ,antipdobaptism2 and ,smyth's rigid ,baptists1 in turn1 would not hold communion with ,pdobaptist ,independents4 ,we are apt now to dwell on the narrow-mindedness1 the unseemliness1 of those bickerings of the two sects over the one doctrine on which they differed4 ,it is to be observed1 however1 that even here they illustrated their faith in the principle which was the essence of their common ,congregationalism3 to wit1 that the true security for sound faith and good government in the ,church of ,christ lay in the power lodged in every particular congregation of judging who were fit to belong to it1 and of constant spiritual supervision of each of the members of it by all1 so that the erring might be admonished1 and the unfit ejected4 ,it was the supreme virtue1 the all- sufficient efficacy1 of this power of merely spiritual censure1 as it might be exercised by congregations or particular churches1 each within itself1 that both sects were continually trying to demonstrate to ,prelatists and ,presbyterians4 ,their very argument was that truth and piety would prosper best in a system of ,church-government which trusted all to the vigilance of the members of every particular congregation over each other1 their reasonings among themselves1 their practice of mutual admonition1 and1 in last resort1 their power of excommunicating the unworthy4 ,hence perhaps even the excess of the controversial activity of the two sects against each other1 and the frequency of their mutual excommunications1 are not without a favourable significance4 ,here1 however1 it was the ,baptists1 rather than the ,independents collectively1 that had pushed their theory of the all-sufficiency of congregational censure to its finest issue4 ,to both sects the world or civil society presented itself as a medium in which there might be ,christian vortices1 concourses of true ,christian souls1 that should constitute1 when numbered together and catalogued unerringly in the books of heaven1 the ,church or ,kingdom of ,jesus4 ,to both sects it seemed a thing to be striven for that as much of civil society as possible should be brought into these vortices or concourses2 nay1 the aspiration of both was that the whole world should be ,christianized4 ,but1 looking about them1 they knew1 in fact1 that the vortices or concourses did and could involve but a small proportion of the society in which they occurred4 ,they knew that there must be large tracts of unbelief1 profanity1 and false worship in every so-called ,christian nation1 left utterly unaffected by any of the true associations of ,christ's real people2 besides the huge wilderness of heathenism and idolatry lying all round in the dark lands of the world4 ,it was on the platform of this contemplation that the ,independents generally and the ,baptist section of them had parted company4 ,the ,independents generally held that it was the duty of the civil power in a ,state to promote the formation of churches in that ,state1 and to see1 in some general way1 that the churches formed were not wrong in doctrine or in practice4 ,they held that the civil authority might lawfully compel all its subjects to some sort of hearing of the ,gospel with a view to their belonging to churches or congregations1 and might even assist the preacher by some whip of penalties on those who remained obstinate after a due amount of hearing4 ,they held1 in fact1 that every ,state is bound to use its power towards ,christianizing all its subjects1 and may also institute missions for the propagation of true ,christianity in idolatrous or heathen lands4 ,to all this the ,baptists1 or some of their leaders1 had learnt to oppose an emphatic ,no4 ,they held that the world1 or civil society1 and the ,church of ,christ1 were distinct and immiscible4 ,they held that the sword of the ,temporal ,power must never1 under any circumstances1 aid the sword of the ,spirit4 ,they held that the formation of churches in any ,state must be a process of the purest spontaneity4 ,they held that1 while every person in a civilized ,state is a subject of that ,state in all matters of civil order1 it ought to be at the option of that person1 and of those with whom he or she might voluntarily consort1 to determine whether he or she should superadd to this general character of subject the farther character of being a ,christian and a member of some particular church4 ,the churches formed spontaneously in any ,state were to be self-subsisting associations of like-minded units1 believing and worshiping1 arid inflicting spiritual censures among themselves1 without ,state-interference2 and ,christianity was to propagate itself throughout the world by its own spiritual might and the missionary zeal of apostolic individuals4 ,footnote3 ,among my authorities for this sketch of the history of the idea of ,toleration as far as #afaf1 ,i ought to mention ,hanbury's ,historical ,memorials relating to the ,independents1 ,vol4 ,i41 and more particularly ,chapters ,,xiii1--,,xv42 ,fletcher's ,history of ,independency in ,england 7#ahdh71 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,chapters ,i4 and ,,ii42 and the ,reprint of ,old ,tracts on ,liberty of ,conscience by the ,hanserd ,knollys 7,baptist7 ,society1 with the ,introductory ,notices there prefixed to ,busher's tract and ,murton's by ,mr4 ,edward ,bean ,underhill4 ,from #afaf onwards this ,baptist form of the idea of ,liberty of ,conscience had been slumbering somewhere in the ,english heart4 ,even through the dreadful time of the ,laudian terrorism it might be possible for research to discover half-stifled expressions of it4 ,other and less extreme forms of the ,toleration idea1 however1 were making themselves heard4 ,holland had worked out the speculation1 or was working it out1 through the struggle of her own ,arminians for equal rights with the prevailing ,calvinists2 and it was the singular honour of that country to have1 at all events1 been the first in ,europe to exhibit something like a practical solution of the problem1 by the refuge and freedom of worship it afforded to the religious outcasts of other nations4 ,then among the so-called ,latitudinarian ,divines of the ,church of ,england--,hales1 ,chillingworth1 and their associates--there is evidence of the growth1 even while their friend ,laud was in power1 of an idea or sentiment of ,toleration which might have made that ,prelate pause and wonder4 ,not1 of course1 the ,baptist idea2 but one which might have had a greater chance practically in the then existing conditions of ,english life4 ,might there not be a ,toleration with an ,established or ,state ,church8 ,while it might be the duty of the civil magistrate1 or at least a ,state- convenience1 to set up one ,church as the ,church of the nation1 and so to afford to all the subjects the means of instruction in that theology and of participation in that worship which the ,state thought the best1 might not ,state-interference with religion stop there1 and might not those who refused to conform be permitted to hold their conventicles freely outside the ,established ,church1 and to believe and worship in their own way8 ,some such idea of ,toleration1 but still with perplexing limitations as to the amount of deviation that should be tolerated1 was1 ,i believe1 the idea that had dawned on the minds of men like the loveable ,hales and the hardy ,chillingworth4 ,it is much the sort of ,toleration that accredits itself to the average ,british mind yet4 ,but how greatly the history of the ,church of ,england might have been altered had such a ,toleration been then adopted by the ,church itself6 ,as it was1 it remained the half- uttered irenicon of a few speculative spirits4 ,nowhere on earth prior to #afdj1 unless it were in ,holland1 was ,toleration in any effective form whatsoever anything more than the dream of a few poor persecuted sectaries or deep private thinkers4 ,less even than in the ,church of ,england is there a trace of the idea in the ,scottish ,presbyterianism that had then re-established itself1 or in the ,english ,presbyterianism that longed to establish itself4 ,scottish ,presbyterianism might indeed plead1 and it did plead1 that it was so satisfactory a system1 kept the souls of its subjects in such a strong grip1 and yet without needing to resort1 except in extreme cases1 to any very penal procedure1 that wherever it existed ,toleration would be unnecessary1 inasmuch as there would be preciously little error to tolerate4 ,personally1 ,i believe1 ,henderson was as moderate and tolerant a man as any ,british ecclesiastic of his time4 ,in no ,church where he bore rule could there1 by possibility1 have been any approach to the tetchy repressiveness1 or the callous indifference to suffering for the sake of conscience1 that characterized the ,english ,church-rule of ,laud4 ,but ,henderson1 though the best of the ,presbyterians1 was still1 par excellence1 a ,presbyterian2 and therefore the ,toleration that lay in his disposition had not translated itself into a theoretical principle4 ,as for the ,english ,presbyterians1 what they wanted was toleration for themselves1 or the liberty of being in the ,english ,church1 or in ,england out of the ,church1 without conforming2 or1 if some of them went farther1 what they wanted was the substitution of ,presbytery for ,prelacy as the system established with the right to be intolerant4 ,finally1 even in the ,new ,england colonies1 where ,congregationalism was the rule1 there were not only spiritual censures and excommunications of heretics1 but whippings1 banishments1 and other punishments of them1 by the civil power4 ,footnote3 ,hallam's account of the rise and progress of the ,toleration idea in ,england 7,hist1 of ,europe1 #fth ed4 ,,ii4 #ddb1 c47 is very unsatisfactory4 ,he actually makes ,jeremy ,taylor's ,liberty of ,prophesying 7#afdg71 the first substantial assertion of ,liberty of ,conscience in ,england--an injustice to a score or two of preceding champions of it1 and to one or two entire corporate denominations4 ,and so we arrive at #afdj4 ,then1 immediately after the meeting of the ,long ,parliament1 ,toleration rushed into the air4 ,everywhere the word ,toleration was heard1 and with all varieties of meanings4 ,a certain boom of the general principle runs through ,milton's ,anti-,episcopal pamphlets1 and through other pamphlets on the same side4 ,but this is not all4 ,the principle was expressly argued in certain pamphlets set forth in the interest of the ,independents and the ,sectaries generally1 and it was argued so well that the ,presbyterians caught the alarm1 foresaw the coming battle between them and the ,independents on this subject of ,toleration1 and declared themselves ,anti-,tolerationists by anticipation4 ,it was in ,may #afda1 for example1 that ,henry ,burton published his anonymous pamphlet called ,the ,protestation ,protested 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #eia-b74 ,the main purpose of the pamphlet was to propound ,independency in its extreme ,brownist form1 as refusing any ,national or ,state ,church whatever2 but1 on the supposition that this theory was too much in advance of the opinion of the time1 and that some ,national ,church must inevitably be set up1 a toleration of dissent from that ,church was prayed for4 ,the ,parliament now being about a ,reformation1 wrote ,burton1 what government shall be set up in this ,national ,church1 the ,lord strengthen and direct the ,parliament in so great and glorious a work4 ,but let it be what it will1 so as still a due respect be paid to those congregations and churches which desire an exemption1 and liberty of enjoying ,christ's ordinances in such purity as a ,national ,church is not capable of4 ,this is the ,toleration principle as it had been transmitted among the ,independents generally1 or perhaps it is an advance on that4 ,such as it was1 however1 ,burton's plea for ,toleration roused vehement opposition4 ,it was attacked ferociously1 as we saw1 by an anonymous ,episcopal antagonist1 believed to be ,bishop ,hall 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #eic74 ,it was attacked also by ,presbyterians1 and notably by their champion1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,edwards1 in his maiden pamphlet called ,reasons against the ,independent ,government of particular ,congregations 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #eid74 ,but ,edwards did not go unpunished4 ,his pamphlet drew upon him that thrashing from the lady-,brownist1 ,katharine ,chidley1 which the reader may remember 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #eie74 ,this brave old lady's idea of ,toleration outwent even ,burton's1 and corresponded more with that absolute idea of ,toleration which had been worked out among the ,baptists4 ,for example1 ,edwards having upbraided the ,independents with the fact that their ,toleration principle had broken down even in their own ,paradise of ,new ,england1 what is ,mrs4 ,chidley's answer8 ,if they have banished any out of their ,patents that were neither disturbers of the peace of the land1 nor the worship practised in the land1 ,i am persuaded it was their weakness1 and ,i hope they will never attempt to do the like4 ,clearly1 from whomsoever in #afda the ,parliament and the people of ,england heard a stinted doctrine of ,toleration1 they heard the full doctrine from ,mrs4 ,chidley4 ,the ,parliament1 however1 was very slow to be convinced4 ,petitions of ,independent congregations for toleration to themselves were coolly received and neglected2 the ,presbyterians more and more saw the importance of making ,anti-,toleration their rallying dogma2 more and more the call to be wary against this insidious notion of ,toleration rang through the pulpits of ,england and ,scotland4 ,footnote3 ,hanbury's ,historical ,memorials relating to the ,independents1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #fh-ll#g2 where ample extracts from the pamphlets mentioned in this paragraph are given4 ,fletcher gives a good selection of them in his ,history of ,independency1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,chap4 ,,vi4 ,the debates in #afdc and #afdd between the five ,independent or ,dissenting ,brethren of the ,westminster ,assembly and the ,presbyterian majority of the ,assembly brought on a new stage of the ,toleration controversy4 ,a notion which might be scorned or ridiculed while it was lurking in ,anabaptist conventicles1 or ventilated by a she-,brownist like ,mrs4 ,chidley1 or by poor old ,mr4 ,burton of ,friday ,street1 could compel a hearing when maintained by men so respectable as ,messrs4 ,goodwin1 ,burroughs1 ,bridge1 ,simpson1 and ,nye1 whom the ,parliament itself had sent into the ,assembly4 ,the demand for ,toleration which these men addressed to the ,parliament in their famous ,apologetical ,narration of ,january #afdc-d gave sudden dignity and precision to what till then had been vulgar and vague4 ,it put the question in this form1 ,what amount of ,nonconformity is to be allowed in the new ,presbyterian ,church which is to be the ,national ,church of ,england82 and it distinctly intimated that on the answer to this question it would depend whether the ,apologists and their adherents could remain in ,england or should be driven again into exile4 ,care must be taken1 however1 not to credit the ,apologists at this period with any notion of absolute or universal ,toleration4 ,they were far behind ,mrs4 ,chidley or the old ,baptists in their views4 ,they were as yet but learners in the school of ,toleration4 ,indulgence for themselves in some lesser differences1 and perhaps also for some of the more reputable of the other sects in their different lesser differences1 was the sum of their published demand4 ,they too1 no less than the ,presbyterians1 professed disgust at the extravagances of the ,sectaries4 ,it was not so much1 therefore1 the ,toleration expressly claimed by the ,five ,dissenting ,brethren for themselves1 as the larger ,toleration to which it would inevitably lead1 that the ,presbyterians continued to oppose and denounce4 ,as far as the ,five ,brethren and other such respectable ,dissentients were concerned1 the ,presbyterians would have stretched a point4 ,they would have made arrangements4 ,they would have patted the ,five ,dissenting ,brethren on the back1 and said1 ,it shall be made easy for you2 we will yield all the accommodation you can possibly need2 only don't call it ,toleration4 ,the ,dissenting ,brethren were honest enough and clear-headed enough not to be content with this personal compliment4 ,nor1 in fact1 could the policy have been successful4 ,for there were now champions of the larger ,toleration with voices that resounded through the land and were heard over those of the ,five ,apologists4 ,precisely that middle of the year #afdd at which we have stopped in our narrative was the time when the principle of absolute ,liberty of ,conscience was proclaimed1 for the benefit of all opinions whatsoever1 in tones that could never more be silenced4 ,about the middle of #afdd there appeared in ,london at least three pamphlets or books in the same strain4 ,one of these1 ,the ,compassionate ,samaritan unbinding the ,conscience1 need be remembered by its name only2 but the other two must be associated with their authors4 ,one bore the striking title ,the ,bloudy ,tenent i4 e4 ,bloody ,tenet of ,persecution for cause of ,conscience1 discussed in a ,conference between ,truth and ,peace1 7pp4 #bdg72 the other bore1 in its first edition1 the simple title1 ,m4 ,s4 to ,a4,s41 and1 in its second edition1 in the same year1 this fuller title ,a ,reply of ,two of the ,brethren to ,a4,s41 c42 with a ,plea for ,liberty of ,conscience for the ,apologists' ,church-way1 against the ,cavils of the said ,a4 ,s4 ,though both were anonymous1 the authors were known at the time4 ,the author of the first was that ,americanized ,welshman1 ,,roger ,,williams1 whose strange previous career1 from his first arrival in ,new ,england in #afca1 on to his settlement among the ,narraganset ,bay ,indians in #afch1 and his subsequent vagaries of opinion and of action1 has already been sketched 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #efj-efc1 and #fjj-fjb74 ,he had been over in ,england1 it will be remembered1 since ,june #afdc1 in the capacity of envoy or commissioner from the ,rhode ,island people1 to obtain a charter for erecting ,rhode ,island and the adjacent ,providence ,plantation into a distinct and independent colony4 ,he had been going about ,england a good deal1 but had been mostly in ,london1 in the society of the younger ,vane1 and in frequent contact with other leading men in ,parliament and in the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,the ,bloody ,tenent was an expression1 in printed form1 of opinions he had been ventilating frankly enough in conversation1 and was intended as a parting-gift to ,england before his return to ,america4 ,the title must have at once attracted attention to it and given it an advantage over the other tract4 ,the author of that other tract was our other well-known friend ,mr4 ,,john ,,goodwin1 ,vicar of ,st4 ,stephen's1 ,coleman ,street1 whom the ,presbyterians had put in their black books as an ,arminian1 ,socinian1 and what not 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #ehb-ehd74 ,goodwill's piece may have been out first1 for it is heard of as in circulation in ,may #afdd1 while ,williams's book is not heard of1 ,i think1 till ,june or ,july4 ,but1 on all grounds1 ,williams deserves the priority4 ,footnote3 ,for statements in this paragraph authorities are-- ,apologetic ,narration 7#afdd72 ,hanbury's ,historical ,memorials1 ,,ii4 #cda et seq42 ,reprint of ,the ,bloody ,tenent by the ,hanserd ,knollys ,society 7#ahdh71 with ,mr4 ,underhill's ,biographical ,introduction1 pp4 xxiii4-iv42 ,jackson's ,life of ,john ,goodwin1 p4 #aad et seq42 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #ahj1aha1 and #baa1 #bab1 and ,commons ,journals1 ,aug4 #i1 #afdd4 ,well may the ,americans be proud of ,roger ,williams4 ,his ,bloody ,tenent is of a piece with all his previous career4 ,it is a rapid1 hurried book1 written1 as it tells us1 during the author's stay in ,england1 in change of rooms and corners1 yea sometimes in variety of strange houses1 sometimes in the fields in the midst of travel4 ,one particularly notes the frequent c4 in its sentences1 as if much crowded on the writer's mind from moment to moment which he could indicate only by a contraction4 ,but there is dash in the book1 the keenest earnestness and evidence of a mind made up1 and every now and then a mystic softness and richness of pity1 yearning towards a voluptuous imagery like that of the ,song of ,solomon4 ,the plan is straggling4 ,first there is a list of twelve positions which the book proves1 or heads under which its contents may be distributed4 ,then there is an address or dedication to the ,right ,honourable ,both ,houses of the ,high ,court of ,parliament1 followed by a separate address ,to every ,courteous ,reader4 ,then there comes a copy of ,scriptures and ,reasons written long since by a ,witness of ,jesus ,christ1 close prisoner in ,newgate1 against ,persecution in cause of ,conscience--in fact1 an extract from a tract on ,liberty of ,conscience by ,murton1 or some other ,london ,baptist1 in #afbj4 ,a copy of those ,scriptures and ,reasons against ,persecution had1 it seems1 been submitted in #afce to ,mr4 ,cotton of ,boston for his consideration2 and ,mr4 ,cotton had drawn up a ,reply1 defending from ,scripture1 past universal practice1 and the authority of ,calvin1 ,beza1 and others of the ,reformers1 the right of the civil magistrate to prosecute and punish religious error4 ,this ,reply of ,cotton's in favour of persecution is printed at length by ,williams2 and the first part of the real body of his own book consists of a ,dialogue between ,truth and ,peace over the doctrine which so respectable a ,new ,england minister had thus espoused4 ,when this ,dialogue is over2 there ensues a second ,dialogue of ,truth and ,peace over another ,new ,england document in which the same bloody tenet of persecution had been defended-to wit a certain ,model of ,church and ,civil ,power drawn up by some ,new ,england ministers in concert1 and in which ,mr4 ,cotton had had a hand1 though ,mr4 ,richard ,mather appears to have been the chief author4 ,footnote3 ,some particulars in this description of the treatise are from ,mr4 ,underhill's ,introduction to the ,hanserd ,knolly's ,society's ,reprint of it1 but the description in the main is from the ,bloody ,treatment itself4 ,the texture of ,williams's treatise1 it will be thus seen1 is loose and composite4 ,but a singular unity of purpose and spirit runs through it4 ,here is the opening of the first ,dialogue3-- ,truth4 ,in what dark corner of the world1 sweet ,peace1 are we two met8 ,how hath this present evil world banished me from all the coasts and corners of it6 ,and how hath the righteous ,god in judgment taken thee from the earth3 ,rev4 vi4 #d4 ,peace4 ,it is lamentably true1 blessed ,truth3 the foundations of the world have long been out of course2 the gates of ,earth and ,hell have conspired together to intercept our joyful meeting and our holy kisses4 ,with what a wearied1 tired wing have ,i flown over nations1 kingdoms1 cities1 towns1 to find out precious ,truth6 ,truth4 ,the like inquiries in my flights and travels have ,i made for ,peace1 and still am told she hath left the ,earth and fled to ,heaven4 ,peace4 ,dear ,truth1 what is the ,earth but a dungeon of darkness1 where ,truth is not8 ,truth4 ,and what is the ,peace thereof but a fleeting dream1 thine ape and counterfeit8 ,peace4 ,oh6 where is the promise of the ,god of ,heaven1 that ,righteousness and ,peace shall kiss each other8 ,truth4 ,patience1 sweet ,peace6 ,these ,heavens and ,earth are growing old1 and shall be changed like a garment3 ,psalm cii4 ,they shall melt away1 and be burnt up with all the works that are therein2 and the ,most ,high ,eternal ,creator shall gloriously create new ,heavens and new ,earth1 wherein dwells righteousness3 #b ,pet4 iii4 ,our kisses then shall have their endless date of pure and sweetest joys4 ,till then both thou and ,i must hope1 and wait1 and bear the fury of the ,dragon's wrath1 whose monstrous lies and furies shall with himself be cast into the lake of fire1 the second death3 ,rev4 xx4 ,peace4 ,most precious ,truth1 thou knowest we are both pursued and laid for4 ,mine heart is full of sighs1 mine eyes with tears4 ,where can ,i better vent my full oppressed bosom than into thine1 whose faithful lips may for these few hours revive my drooping1 wandering spirits1 and here begin to wipe tears from mine eyes1 and the eyes of my dearest children4 ,truth4 ,sweet daughter of the ,god of peace1 begin4 ,and so ,truth and ,peace hold their long discourse1 evolving very much that doctrine of the absolute ,liberty of ,conscience1 as derivable from1 or radically identical with1 the idea of the utter distinctness of the ,church of ,christ from the world or civil society1 which had been propounded first by the ,brownists and ,baptists1 and had come down as a tradition from them4 ,but it is evolved by ,williams more boldly and passionately than by any before him4 ,there is a fine union throughout of warmth of personal ,christian feeling with intellectual resoluteness in accepting every possible consequence of his main principle4 ,here are a few phrases from the marginal summaries which give the substance of the ,dialogue1 page after page3--,the ,church and civil ,state confusedly made all one2 ,the civil magistrates bound to preserve the bodies of their subjects1 and not to destroy them for conscience sake2 ,the civil sword may make a nation of hypocrites and anti-,christians1 but not one ,christian2 ,evil is always evil1 yet permission of it may in case be good2 ,christ ,jesus the deepest politician that ever was1 and yet he commands a toleration of anti-,christians2 ,seducing teachers1 either ,pagan1 ,jewish1 ,turkish1 or anti-,christian1 may yet be obedient subjects to the civil laws2 ,christ's lilies may flourish in his ,church1 notwithstanding the abundance of weeds in the world permitted2 ,the absolute sufficiency of the sword of the ,spirit2 ,a ,national ,church not instituted by ,christ ,jesus2 ,the civil commonweal and the spiritual commonweal1 the ,church1 not inconsistent1 though independent the one on the other2 ,forcing of men to godliness or ,god's worship the greatest cause of breach of civil peace2 ,master of a family under the ,gospel not charged to force all under him from their consciences to his2 ,few magistrates1 few men1 spiritually and ,christianly good3 yet divers sorts of goodness1 natural1 artificial1 civil1 c42 ,persons may with less sin be forced to marry whom they cannot love than to worship where they cannot believe2 ,christ ,jesus never appointed a maintenance of ministers from the unconverted and unbelieving3 but they that compel men to hear compel men also to pay for their hearing and conversion2 ,the civil power owes three things to the true ,church of ,christ--7l7 ,approbation1 7#b7 ,submission i4e4 interpreted in the text to be personal submission of the civil magistrate to church-membership1 if he himself believes1 7#c7 ,protection2 ,the civil magistrate owes two things to false worshippers--7#a7 ,permission1 7#b7 ,protection4--,whoever has read this string of phrases possesses the marrow of ,williams's treatise4 ,at the end of it there is an interesting discussion of the question whether only church-members1 or godly persons in a particular church-estate1 ought to be eligible to be magistrates4 ,to ,williams1 who was a pure democrat in politics1 and was founding the new ,state of ,rhode ,island on the basis of the equal suffrages of all the colonists1 this was an important practical question4 ,he decides it with great good sense1 and clearly in the negative4 ,without denying that the appointment of godly persons to civil offices was a thing to be prayed for1 and1 wherever possible1 peaceably endeavoured1 he points out that the principle that only ,christian persons should be entrusted with civil rule is practically preposterous4 ,five-sixths of the world had never heard of ,christ1 and yet there were lawful enough civil states in those parts of the world4 ,then1 in a ,christian monarchy1 what a convulsion1 what a throwing away of the benefits of hereditary succession1 if it had to be inquired1 whenever the throne became vacant1 whether the next heir was of the right sort religiously4 ,finally1 in any ,christian colony or town1 would it not be a turning of everything upside down1 and a premium upon hypocrisy1 to make church-membership a necessary qualification for magistracy1 and so1 when a magistrate lapsed into what was thought religious error1 and had to be excommunicated by his church1 to have to turn him out of his civil office also8 ,williams1 it is to be remembered1 had held these views while he was yet only a ,congregationalist generally1 and before he had become a ,baptist4 ,though he found them among the ,baptists1 therefore1 he may be said to have recovered them for ,independency at large1 and to have been the first to impregnate modern ,independency with them through and through4 ,nay1 as he had himself gone out of the camp of the mere ,baptist ,congregationalists when he published his treatise1--as he had begun to question whether there was any true ,visible ,church in the world at all1 any perfect pastorate in any nation1 anything else under the sun of a ,christian kind than a chance-medley of various preaching and effort into which ,god might sooner or later send new shafts of light and direction from heaven--in the view of all this1 ,williams has to be regarded as the father of a speculation that cannot be contained within the name of ,independency1 even at its broadest4 ,if we were forced to adopt a modern designation for him1 we should call him4 the father of all that1 since his time1 has figured1 anywhere in ,great ,britain1 or in the ,united ,states1 or in the ,british ,colonies1 under the name of ,voluntaryism4 ,this involves a restriction on the one hand4 ,since his time1 there has been an abundance of speculation in the world as to the true duties and limits of the power of a ,state even in civil matters2 and the prevailing effect of these speculations has been to hand over more and more of the care of human well-being and human destinies1 in everything whatsoever1 to the liberty of individuals1 the pressure of their competing desires1 and their powers of voluntary association1 and so to reduce the function of the magistrate or any power of corporate rule to a thing becoming small by degrees and beautifully less4 ,of late1 this tendency1 victorious already in many matters1 has tried to assert itself in the question of ,education4 ,it has been maintained that there should be no attention on the part of the ,state to the education of the citizens1 but that1 in the matter of learning to read and write and of all farther learning or mental training1 the individuals horn into a community should be left to their hereditary chances1 the discretion or kindness of those about them1 and their own power of gradually finding out what they need1 and buying it or begging it4 ,now with this direction of modern speculation the intentions of ,roger ,williams had nothing to do4 ,he was a democrat in politics1 and1 as such1 he might have gone on to new definitions of what1 in secular matters1 should be left to the individual1 and what should be still regulated by the majority2 but what these definitions would have been must be left to inference from the records of his farther political life in ,rhode ,island4 ,respecting ,schools and ,universities he did1 indeed1 hold that they were not to be regarded as the nurseries of a clergy1 the appendages of a ,church1 or the depositaries and supports of any religious creed4 ,for any depending of the ,church of ,christ on such schools1 he wrote1 ,i find not a tittle in the ,testament of ,christ ,jesus4 ,he would certainly1 therefore1 have been for no expenditure of public money on the religious education of the young1 and he would have been for the extraction of all theological teaching out of existing schools and universities4 ,but he honoured schools1 he says1 for tongues and arts1 and ,i have found no trace in him of a notion that ,state support of schools and universities for such secular learning is illegitimate4 ,his ,voluntaryism1 so far as it was declared1 or1 ,i believe1 intended1 was wholly ,voluntaryism in the matter of ,church and ,religion4 ,in that sphere1 however1 his ,voluntaryism was absolute1 and went as far as anything calling itself ,voluntaryism that has since been heard of in the ,english- speaking world4 ,williams's ,bloody ,tenent1 as ,i have said1 was his parting gift to the ,english nation before his return to ,america4 ,it was out in ,june or ,july #afdd2 and in ,september of the same year ,williams1 after a stay of about fifteen months in and near ,london1 was on his way back to ,new ,england4 ,he had succeeded in the immediate object of his mission4 ,for1 during his stay in ,england1 the management of the ,colonies1 till then in the hands of ,commissioners under the ,crown1 was transferred 7,nov4 #b1 #afdc7 to a ,parliamentary ,commission of ,lords and ,commoners1 at the head of which was the ,earl of ,warwick as ,lord ,high ,admiral1 and among the members of which were ,lord ,saye and ,sele1 ,pym1 the younger ,vane1 ,sir ,arthur ,haselrig1 and ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,before such ,commissioners1 with ,vane as his personal friend4 ,williams had had little difficulty in making out his case2 and he had obtained from them a ,patent1 dated ,march #ad1 #afdc-d1 associating the towns of ,providence1 ,portsmouth1 and ,newport1 into one body-politic by the name of the ,incorporation of ,providence ,plantations in ,narraganset ,bay in ,new ,england4 ,this ,patent gave a carte blanche to the colonists to settle their own form of government by voluntary consent1 or vote1 among themselves2 and1 having it in his pocket1 ,williams might hope1 on his return to ,america1 to set up1 in the polity of ,rhode ,island and its adjacencies1 such an example of complete civil democracy combined with absolute religious individualism as the world had never yet seen4 ,the ,bloody ,tenent might be left in ,england as an exposition of his theory in the sphere of ,religion until this practical ,transatlantic example of it should be ready6 ,he had shrewdly taken care1 however1 to have the ,patent in his pocket before issuing the ,bloody ,tenent4 ,had that book been out first1 he might have had some difficulty in obtaining the ,patent even from such ,commissioners for the ,colonies as he had to deal with4 ,possibly1 however1 they granted it with full knowledge of ,williams1 and were willing1 through him1 to try a bolder experiment in the ,american wilds than it was possible to promote or to announce in ,england4 ,footnote3 ,palfrey's ,new ,england1 ,i4 #fcc-d1 and ,,ii4 #bae2 and ,gammell's ,life of ,williams1 #aai1 #abj4 ,while we have been so long with ,roger ,williams1 his colleague in the ,toleration heresy1 ,john ,goodwill1 has been waiting4 ,he was fifty-one years of age1 or six or seven years older than ,williams4 ,rather late in life1 he had begun to find himself a much-abused man in ,london4 ,for1 though he had sided with the ,parliamentarians zealously from the first1 and had even1 it appears1 taken the ,covenant1 ,footnote3 ,that ,goodwin had taken the ,covenant appears from words of his own in a tract of #afdf quoted in ,fletcher's ,hist1 of ,independency1 ,,iv4 #dg4 his theology was thought to be lax1 ,footnote3 ,the suspicion of ,goodwin's ,socinianism was as early as ,november #afac1 when he got into trouble with the ,assembly on that and other grounds 7see ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 ,,iii1 and ,lightfoot's ,notes1 ,nov4 #h and #i1 #afdc74 and the interpretation he was putting on the ,covenant was not the common one4 ,he thought that the oath to seek reformation of religion and to endeavour to bring the ,church of ,god in the three kingdoms to the nearest conjunction and uniformity1 did not necessarily imply acceptance of the ,presbyterian system which the ,assembly were bent upon bringing in4 ,therefore1 when the ,five ,dissenting ,brethren of the ,assembly appealed to ,parliament in their ,apologetical ,narration1 they found a champion outside in ,goodwin4 ,his championship took the form of that answer to ,a4 ,s4 7i4e4 the ,scotsman1 ,adam ,steuart1 author of the first printed attack on the ,apologetic ,narration7 which we have mentioned as appearing with the brief title ,m4 ,s4 to ,a4 ,s41 and again1 in a second edition1 with the fuller title ,a ,reply of ,two of the ,brethren to ,a4 ,s41 c42 with ,a ,plea for ,liberty of ,conscience1 c4 ,as the second title implies1 ,goodwill had associates in the work2 but it was principally his1 and the part on ,toleration wholly his4 ,so far as the tract concerns itself with the question between ,presbytery and ,congregationalism1 ,goodwin avows himself a ,congregationalist4 ,and yet he was not at one in all points with the five ,assembly-men4 ,i know ,i am looked upon1 he afterwards wrote1 by reason partly of my writings1 partly of my practice1 as a man very deeply engaged for the ,independents' cause against ,presbytery4 ,but the truth is1 ,i am neither so whole for the former1 nor yet against the latter1 as ,i am1 ,i believe1 generally voted in the thoughts of men to be4 ,footnote3 ,quoted1 from the ,preface to ,goodwin's ,anapologesiastes ,anapologias1 by ,fletcher1 ,,iv4 #df4 ,this was written in #afaf2 but even in #afdd he fought so much for his own hand that the ,independents of the ,assembly may have but half liked his partnership4 ,his ,toleration doctrine1 at all events1 though uttered in their behalf1 was too strong doctrine even for them4 ,hear what ,baillie writes to his friend ,spang1 at ,campvere1 in ,holland1 just after the appearance of ,goodwin's tract for the ,independents3 ,m4,s4 against ,a4,s41 is ,john ,goodwin of ,coleman ,street3 he names you expressly1 and professes to censure the letter of ,zeeland4 ,he is a bitter enemy to ,presbytery1 and is openly for a full liberty of conscience of all sects1 even ,turks1 ,jews1 ,papists1 and all to be more openly tolerate than with you i4e4 than even in ,holland4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #ahj1 #aha4 ,goodwin's mention of ,spang1 referred to by ,baillie1 is as follows3-- ,there is a ,scottish ,church1 of which one ,spang is a very busy agent1 at ,trevere ,campvere444 whence the ,letter i4e4 the ,zeeland ,letter in favour of ,presbytery came4 ,baillie's representation of ,goodwin's ,toleration doctrine is fair enough4 ,it is not so deep1 so exceptionless1 and so transcendentally reasoned as ,roger ,williams's2 and indeed there was none of the sap and mystic richness of nature in ,goodwin that we find in ,williams1 but chiefly clear courage1 and strong cool sense4 ,for most practical purposes1 however1 ,goodwin's ,toleration was thorough4 ,he was for tolerating not merely the orthodox ,congregationalists and such more heterodox sects as might be thought respectable1 but all religions1 sects1 and schisms whatsoever1 if only the professors of them were otherwise peaceable in the ,state4 ,not1 of course1 that they were not to be reasoned with and proved false publicly2 or that heretics in congregations were not to be admonished1 and1 if obdurate1 excommunicated2 or that a whole church tainted with a great heresy ought not to be put under a ban by all other churches1 and communion with it renounced4 ,all this was assumed in the theory of ,church-,independency which was common to ,goodwin and ,williams4 ,true1 ,williams1 now that he had passed beyond the ,baptists and saw no true ,church anywhere on earth1 must have begun to doubt also the efficacy and validity of even spiritual censures1 as exercised by the so-called churches1 to regard as a mere agency of troublesome moonshine that incessant watchfulness of each other's errors on which ,independency relied1 and so to luxuriate in a mood of large charity1 sighing over all1 and hoping more from prayer and longing and pious well-doing all round than from censures and disputations4 ,to ,goodwin1 on the other hand1 troubled with no such visionary ideas1 and fully convinced that a very good model of a ,church had been set up in ,coleman ,street1 the right and efficacy of disputation against error1 and of ministerial vigilance against error in particular churches1 seemed more important1 or at least more worth insisting on in a public plea for ,toleration4 ,williams and ,goodwill did not differ theoretically1 but only practically1 over this item in the exposition of their doctrine4 ,the sole difference1 of theoretical import1 was that ,goodwin1 in dwelling on the duty of disputation by ,christian ministers against false religions and dangerous opinions in society round about them1 and of vigilance against minor heresies in their own congregations1 talked vaguely of a right on the part of the civil magistrate to admonish ministers in this respect should they be negligent or forgetful of their duty4 ,this1 as we know1 would have grated on ,williams4 ,perhaps1 however1 ,goodwin1 even here1 was only throwing a sop to ,cerberus4 ,at all events1 he comes out finally a thorough ,tolerationist4 ,whatever minister or magistrate may do towards confuting and diminishing error1 there is a point at which they must both stop4 ,there is not to be a suppression of false religions1 sects and schisms1 by fining1 imprisoning1 disfranchising1 banishment1 death1 or any civil punishment whatsoever2 and1 when it comes to that1 they are all to be tolerated4 ,footnote3 ,jackson's ,life of ,goodwin4 pp4 #aaj1 #aag2 ,hanbury's ,memorials1 ,,ii4 #cda- #cfe4 ,we are now prepared to classify the various forms in which the ,toleration ,doctrine was urged on the ,english mind in the year #afdd4 ,there were three grades of the doctrine3-- ,i4 ,absolute ,liberty of ,conscience1 and ,no ,national ,church1 or ,state- interference with ,religion1 of any kind whatsoever4 ,this was1 in fact1 more than ,toleration1 and ,toleration is hardly the fit name for it4 ,the advocates of this idea were ,roger ,williams1 perhaps the ,baptists generally1 also ,burton in a certain way2 but1 above all1 ,roger ,williams4 ,he did not think there could be ,liberty of ,conscience1 in the perfect and absolute sense1 where there was a ,national ,church1 even if free dissent were allowed from that ,church4 ,for1 by the establishment of a ,church1 he held1 a substantial worldly premium was put on certain religious beliefs1 and an advantage conferred on a portion of the community at the expense of all2 and to be compelled to pay for1 or even to acknowledge politically1 a ,church which one did not approve1 was in itself inconsistent with true ,liberty of ,conscience1 whatever freedom of nonconformity might be left to individuals4 ,accordingly1 if ,roger ,williams1 at that crisis1 had been a statesman of ,england1 instead of a mere commissioner from an infant colony in ,america1 his advice would have been in this strain3--,it is agreed that the ,episcopal or ,prelatic ,church1 called hitherto the ,reformed ,church of ,england1 is no longer to exist4 ,that is settled2 and the question is1 ,what ,church ,reformation shall there now be8 ,my answer is sweeping and simple4 ,let there be no ,national ,church1 no ,church of ,england1 at all1 of any kind or form whatsoever4 ,let ,england henceforth be a civil ,state only1 in which ,christianity shall take care of itself1 and all forms of ,christianity and all other religions shall have equal rights to protection by the police4 ,confiscate for the use of the ,state all the existing revenues of the defunct ,church and its belongings1 giving such compensation for life- interests therein as may seem reasonable2 but create no new ,church1 nor stump of a ,church1 round which new interests may gather4 ,do not even implicate the ,state so far in the future of ,religion as to indicate to the subjects any form of ,church as esteemed the best1 or any range of option among ,churches as presumably the safest4 ,leave the formation and the sustentation of ,christ's ,church in the ,english realm1 and everywhere else1 entirely to the unseen power of the ,spirit1 and the free action of those whom the ,spirit may make its instruments4--,for nothing like this was the ,long ,parliament1 or any other legislature in the world1 then prepared2 and ,williams knew it4 ,but he had faith in the future of his speculation4 ,in ,america1 whither he was to carry it back1 he hoped to be able to exhibit it in practice on a small scale in the new colony he was founding2 and there could be no harm1 he thought1 in leaving the leaven to ferment in the denser society of ,england4 ,,ii4 ,unlimited ,toleration round an ,established ,national ,church4 ,so we may express a form of ,tolerationism in which there was a concurrence of persons1 and perhaps of bodies of persons1 who yet differed from each other in the motives for their concurrence4 ,williams1 of course1 accepted this form of ,tolerationism1 as next best to his own absolute ,voluntaryism1 ,individualism1 and universal ,liberty of ,conscience4 ,if there is to be in ,england a ,national or ,state ,church of some kind 7which ,i think wrong1 and so wrong that ,i will take no part in the debate what kind of ,national ,church would be best1 whether a ,prelatic1 ,presbyterian1 or any other71 at least1 when you have set up such a ,church1 let there be a perfect toleration for all subjects of the realm round about that ,church1 no compulsion on any of them to belong to that ,church1 no pains and penalties for any profession of belief or disbelief1 or any form of worship or no-worship1 out of that ,church4 ,these are not ,williams's own words1 but they exactly express his meaning2 and1 in fact1 he intended his ,bloody ,tenent to be a plea for toleration in this practical sense1 if it should fail in winning people to his higher and more peculiar idea of real ,liberty of ,conscience4 ,and a most eloquent plea it was4 ,he insists again and again on the necessity that there should be no limits to the toleration of ,religious ,difference in a state4 ,he argues expressly that not only orthodox or slightly heterodox dissenters should have the benefit of such toleration1 but all kinds of dissentients without exception1 ,papists1 ,jews1 ,mohammedans1 ,pagans1 or ,infidels4 ,he knew what a hard battle lie was fighting4 ,i confess ,i have little hope1 he said1 till those flames are over1 that this discourse against the doctrine of persecution for cause of conscience should pass current1 ,i say not amongst the wolves and lions1 but even amongst the sheep of ,christ themselves4 ,yet1 liberavi animam meam3 ,i have not hid within my breast my soul's belief4 ,he trusted1 doubtless1 that his treatise might have some effect1 if not for its highest purpose1 at least as a practical plea for unlimited toleration round the new ,national ,church of ,england that was to be4 ,and here most of the ,baptists were in the same predicament with ,williams4 ,they would have preferred no ,national ,church at all2 but1 as there was to be a ,national ,church1 they wanted the amplest toleration round it4 ,burton also was pretty nearly in the same category4 ,he too doubted the lawfulness of a ,state ,church of any kind1 but was earnest that1 if such must be established1 it should not be coercive4 ,he did not formally demand unlimited toleration1 and indeed conceded something in words to the effect that in cases of known heresy1 or blasphemy1 or idolatry1 offenders would have to be obnoxious to the ,civil ,power2 but ,i rather think that the concession was prudential1 and that his heart did not go with it4 ,i will retain him therefore among the ,unlimited ,tolerationists4 ,far outshining him in this class1 however1 was ,john ,goodwin4--,well1 but were the advocates of unlimited toleration in connexion with an ,established ,church exclusively persons who would have prevented the formation of such a ,church if they could1 or doubted its righteousness and propriety1 and who only insisted on ,toleration with such a ,church as a practical necessity to which they were driven8 ,were there no theorists in that time who positively desired an ,established ,church on its own account1 and for the general good of the community1 but who had worked out the conclusion that such a ,church might consist1 and ought to consist1 with universal ,religious ,toleration1 or the freest liberty of ,nonconformity and ,dissent8 ,in view of the fact that this is the theory of ,establishments evolved by some of the best ecclesiastical spirits in our own later times1 the question is interesting4 ,my researches do not enable me to give a very precise answer to it applicable to the exact year #afdd4 ,if there were such theorists1 however1 they were1 ,i should say1 among those wiser and younger sons of the ,episcopal ,church of ,england who would fain have preserved that ,episcopal ,church1 but had privately made up their minds that ,laud's basis for that ,church was untenable1 and that a very different basis must be substituted4 ,one thinks of ,chillingworth1 ,hales1 and the rest of that ,latitudinarian brotherhood2 one thinks of ,jeremy ,taylor2 one thinks of the candid ,fuller2 one thinks even of the ,calvinistic ,usher4 ,chillingworth had died at ,chichester1 ,jan4 #cj1 #afdc-d1 at the age of forty-one1 an avowed ,royalist1 and indeed a ,royalist prisoner-at-war1 tended on his death-bed by ,presbyterians4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #ic1 #id2 and ,life of ,chillingworth prefixed to the ,oxford edition of his ,works4 ,whatever hardy cogitations had been in his mind1 pointing to a revived ,episcopal ,church of ,england with an ample toleration within it and round about it1 had gone prematurely to the grave4 ,the others were still alive1 also pronounced ,royalists1 and acting or suffering more or less on that side2 and whatever thoughts they had in the direction under notice were irrelevant to their immediate duty and opportunities1 and had to wait for utterance at a more convenient season4 ,footnote3 ,yet there had been one recent utterance of ,hales relating to the idea of ,toleration4 ,it was in the form of ,a ,tract concerning ,schism and ,schismatics1 which he had prepared in #afcf1 partly for the use of his friend ,chillingworth then engaged on his ,religion of ,protestants1 but which1 in deference to ,laud's private objections and remonstrances1 he had kept unpublished4 ,in #afdb1 when ,laud was in prison and the state of things wholly changed1 the ,tract was brought out at the ,oxford ,university ,press4 ,it is vague in its conception and expression2 but that it is decidedly in favour of toleration and free inquiry will appear from the opening sentences3 ,heresy and ,schism1 as they are in common use1 are two theological ,greek3 ,mosmos1 or scarecrows1 which they who uphold a party in religion use to fright away such as1 making inquiry into it1 are ready to relinquish and oppose it if it appear either erroneous or suspicious4 ,for1 as ,plutarch reports of a painter who1 having unskilfully painted a cock1 chased away all cocks and hens1 that so the imperfection of his art might not appear by comparison with nature1 so men1 willing for ends to admit of no fancy but their own1 endeavour to hinder an inquiry into it1 by way of comparison of somewhat with it1 peradventure truer1 that so the deformity of their own might not appear4 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #dac1 #dad1 and ,tract itself with letter to ,laud1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #aad-add of ,the ,works of the ever memorable ,mr4 ,john ,hales1 ,glasgow1 #agfe4 ,on the whole1 however1 ,i judge that any such thoughts in their minds 7even in ,jeremy ,taylor's as yet7 fell considerably short of the ,unlimited ,toleration advocated by ,williams and ,john ,goodwin1 and1 if they could have been ascertained and measured1 would have referred their owners rather to the next category than to the present4 ,,iii4 ,a ,limited ,toleration round an ,established ,national ,church4 ,this would probably have sufficed the thoughtful ,anglicans of whom we have just been speaking4 ,their ideal probably was a revived ,episcopal ,church of ,england1 liberally constituted within itself1 and with a toleration of all respectable forms of ,dissent round about itself1 but still with a right reserved for the ,civil ,power of preventing and punishing gross errors and schisms4 ,we are more concerned1 however1 with another set of ,limited ,tolerationists1 then much more conspicuous in ,england4 ,they were those who had given up all thoughts of the retention of a ,prelatic ,establishment1 and who indeed regarded the deliverance of ,england from such an ,establishment as the noblest accomplished fact of the time4 ,what they were anxious about was the nature of the new ,national ,church1 if any1 that was to be substituted1 and especially the degree of conformity to that ,church that was to be required4 ,the chief representatives of this state of feeling in its more moderate form were the ,five ,independent ,divines of the ,assembly1 ,messrs4 ,thomas ,goodwin1 ,bridge1 ,nye1 ,simpson1 and ,burroughs4 ,they were not1 ,i think1 distinctly adverse to a ,national ,church on theoretical grounds1 as ,williams and ,burton were2 and probably what they would have liked best would have been a ,national ,church on the ,congregationalist principle1 like that of ,new ,england4 ,for1 though ,congregationalism and a ,national ,establishment of ,religion may seem radically a contradiction in terms1 yet in fact the case had not been quite so in ,america4 ,there may be a ,state ,church without public endowments1 or rather there may be endowments and privileges that are not pecuniary4 ,the ,new ,england ,church1 though consisting of a few scores of congregations1 mutually independent1 self- supporting1 and scattered stragglingly over an extensive territory1 was really a kind of ,state ,church collectively1 inasmuch as the ,state required1 by rule or by custom1 membership of some congregation as a qualification for suffrage and office1 and also kept some watch and control over the congregations1 so as to be sure that none were formed of a very heretical kind1 and that none already formed lapsed into decided heresy4 ,how had ,mr4 ,cotton of ,boston1 the great light of the ,new ,england ,church1 expounded its principle in respect of the power of the civil magistrate in matters of ,religion8 ,we readily grant you1 he had written1 liberty of conscience is to be granted to men that fear ,god indeed1 as knowing they will not persist in heresy or turbulent schism when they are convinced in conscience of the sinfulness thereof4 ,but the question is whether an heretic1 after once or twice admonition1 and so after conviction1 or any other scandalous and heinous offender1 may be tolerated1 either in the ,church without excommunication1 or in the ,commonwealth without such punishment as may preserve others from dangerous and damnable infection4 ,footnote3 ,from ,cotton's ,answer to the old ,tract of ,scriptures and ,reasons against ,persecution 7see ant1 p4 #aad74 ,the ,answer is printed by ,williams in his ,bloody ,tenent3 ,see ,hanserd ,knollys ,society edition 7#ahdh71 p4 #cj4 ,clearly1 with such a principle1 and with all the particulars of practice which it implied1 the ,congregationalist ,church of ,new ,england was1 after all1 a ,state ,church1 and a pretty strict ,state ,church too4 ,now1 it was probably such a ,national ,congregationalist ,church1 but with an allowance of toleration somewhat larger than ,cotton's1 that the ,five ,independents of the ,assembly would have liked to see set up in ,england4 ,that1 however1 being plainly out of the question1 and the whole current of dominant opinion in ,parliament and the ,assembly being towards a ,presbyterian settlement1 what remained for the ,five8 ,in the first place1 to delay the ,presbyterian settlement as long as they could1 and to criticise its programme at every stage so as to liberalize its provisions as much as possible2 in the second place1 to put in a plea for ,toleration for ,dissent under the settlement when it should be enacted4 ,they had performed1 and were performing1 both duties4 ,they were fighting the propositions of strict ,presbytery inch by inch in the ,assembly1 if not with success1 at least so as to impede progress2 and in their ,apologetical ,narration 7,jan4 #afdc-d7 they had lodged with ,parliament and the country a demand for ,toleration under the coming ,presbytery4 ,what they had thus expressed in print they had continued to express in speech and in every other possible way4 ,they were1 in a certain sense1 the most marked ,tolerationists of the time2 ,toleration was identified with them4 ,and yet it was but a limited ,toleration1 a very limited ,toleration1 that they demanded4 ,indulgence for themselves in ,congregationalist practices after ,presbytery should be established1 and indulgence for other respectable sects and persons in lesser differences3 that was all4 ,nothing like ,williams's or ,john ,goodwill's toleration3 no liberty1 or at least none avowedly1 for such glaring heresies as ,antinomianism1 ,socinianism1 and ,arianism1 not to mention open ,infidelity4 ,here1 ,i believe1 they represented the mass of the ordinary ,independents4 ,whatever more a few strong spirits among the ,independents1 and especially among the lay ,independents1 desired1 the mass of them were content for the present to be ,limited ,tolerationists4 ,such were the three forms of the ,toleration ,doctrine in ,england in #afdd4 ,they were of unequal strengths and confusedly mixed1 but constituted together a powerful and growing force of opinion4 ,and what was the opposition8 ,,anti-,,toleration1 ,,or ,,absolute ,,and ,,entire ,,conformity ,,of ,,the ,,whole ,,nation ,,to ,,the ,,one ,,established ,,church3 this was the category of the opposition4 ,in this category1 now that ,prelacy was done with1 and it was certain that the new ,national ,church was to be on the ,presbyterian model1 the ,presbyterians had succeeded the ,laudians4 ,as a body1 the ,presbyterians of #afdd and subsequent years were absolute ,anti-,tolerationists4 ,the proofs are so abundant1 collectively they make such an ocean1 that it passes comprehension how the contrary could ever have been asserted4 ,from the first appearance of the ,presbyterians in force after the opening of the ,long ,parliament1 it was their anxiety to beat down the rising idea of ,toleration2 and1 after the meeting of the ,westminster ,assembly1 and the publication of the ,apologetical ,narration of the ,independents1 the one aim of the ,presbyterians was to tie ,toleration round the neck of ,independency1 stuff the two struggling monsters into one sack1 and sink them to the bottom of the sea4 ,in all the ,presbyterian literature of the time1--,baillie's ,letters1 ,rutherford's and ,gillespie's ,tracts1 the pamphlets of ,english ,presbyterian ,divines in the ,assembly1 the pamphlets of ,prynne1 ,bastwick1 and other miscellaneous ,presbyterian controversialists out of the ,assembly1--this antipathy to ,toleration1 limited or unlimited1 this desire to pinion ,independency and ,toleration together in one common death1 appears overwhelmingly4 ,out of scores of such ,presbyterian manifestoes1 let us select one1 interesting to us for certain reasons apart4 ,of all the ,divines in ,london1 not members of the ,assembly1 none had come to be better known for his ,presbyterian acrimony than the veteran ,mr4 ,thomas ,edwards1 of whose maiden pamphlet of #afda1 called ,reasons against the ,independent ,government1 with ,mrs4 ,chidley's ,reply to the same1 we have had occasion to take notice 7ant1 p4 #aaj74 ,the spirited verbosity1 as we called it1 of that pamphlet of ,edwards had procured him a reputation among the ,presbyterians1 which he felt himself bound to justify by farther efforts4 ,the appearance of the ,apologetical ,narration of the ,five ,independents in ,jan4 #afdc-d gave him a famous opportunity4 ,various answers were at once or quickly published to that ,independent manifesto--not only that by ,a4 ,s4 or ,adam ,steuart 7ant1 p4 #be71 but various others4 ,when it became known1 however1 that ,mr4 ,edwards also was preparing an ,answer1 it was expected to beat them all4 ,there was a flutter of anticipation of it among the ,presbyterians2 but it was rather slow in coming4 ,there is a piece of #bf sheets1 of ,mr4 ,edwards1 against the ,apologetick ,narration1 near printed1 which will paint that faction the ,independents in clearer colours than yet they have appeared1 writes ,baillie1 ,june #g1 #afdd2 in a later letter1 ,july #e1 he says it is expected within two or three days1 but excresced to near #dj sheets2 and it is not till ,aug4 #g that he speaks of it as fairly out3 ,mr4 ,edwards has written a splendid confutation of all the ,independents' ,apology4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #aij1 #bja-b1 and #bae4 ,in fact1 it appeared in the end of ,july1 just at the time when the ,assembly adjourned for their fortnight's vacation1 and almost contemporaneously with ,john ,goodwin's ,m4 ,s4 to ,a4 ,s4 and ,williams's ,bloody ,tenent4 ,baillie's measure of sheets must have been different from ours1 or he had been under some mistake2 for the treatise1 though long enough1 consisted but of #cfg small quarto pages1 with this title3 ,antapologia3 or1 ,a ,full ,answer to the ,apologetical ,narration of ,mr4 ,goodwin1 ,mr4 ,nye1 ,mr4 ,simpson1 ,mr4 ,burroughs1 ,mr4 ,bridge1 members of the ,assembly of ,divines4 ,wherein many of the controversies of these times are handled3 viz4 c44 ,humbly also submitted to the ,honourable ,houses of ,parliament4 ,by ,thomas ,edwards1 ,minister of the ,gospel4 ,footnote3 ,hanbury's ,memorials1 ,,ii4 #cff4 ,mr4 ,hanbury gives a summary of the ,antapologia with extracts 7#cff- #che72 but ,i have before me the book itself in a reprint1 of #afdf1 by ,t4,r4 and ,e4,m4 for ,ralph ,smith1 at the signe of the ,bible in ,cornhill neer the ,royall ,exchange4 ,it consists of #bei pages of text1 besides introductory epistle1 and table of contents at the end4 ,it was a most remarkable treatise1 and ran through ,london at once4 ,for the style1 though slovenly1 was fluent and popular1 and ,edwards1 having plenty of time on his hands1 and having a taste for personalities1 had made minute inquiries into the antecedents of the ,five ,independents in ,holland and in ,england1 and had interwoven the results of these inquiries with his arguments against ,independency itself4 ,the ,five1 he tells us in a preliminary epistle1 were among his personal acquaintances4 ,i can truly speak it1 he says1 that this present ,antapologia is so far from being written out of any malice or ill-will to the ,apologists that ,i love their persons and value them as brethren1 yea some of them above brethren2 and1 besides that love ,i bear to them as saints1 ,i have a personal love1 and a particular love of friendship for some of them2 and ,i can truly speak it1 that ,i writ not this book1 nor any part of it1 out of any personal quarrel1 old grudge1 or former difference 7for to this day there never was any such difference or unkindness passed between us72 but ,i have writ it with much sorrow1 unwillingness1 and some kind of conflict4 ,this explanation was certainly necessary2 for ,mr4 ,edwards does not spare his friends4 ,he tells all he has found out about them2 he quotes their conversations with himself2 he gives them the lie direct1 and appeals to their consciences whether he is not right in doing so4 ,they martyrs6 they poor exiles in ,holland1 and now whining to ,parliament that they would have to go into exile again if ,presbyterianism were established without a ,toleration6 ,why1 they had been in clover in ,holland2 they had been living there in safety1 plenty1 pomp1 and ease1 leaving the genuine ,puritans at home to fight it out with ,prelacy2 and1 after the battle was won1 they had slunk back to claim the rewards they had not earned1 to become pets and grandees in ,english society1 to secure good appointments and assume leading parts1 and to be elected members of the venerable ,westminster ,assembly6 ,they had not even had the courage to go to ,new ,england1 though some of them had talked of doing so6 ,and then their prate of this emigration to ,new ,england1 which they had themselves declined1 as the greatest undertaking for the sake of pure ,religion1 next to ,abraham's migration out of his own country1 that the world had ever seen6 ,why1 the emigration to ,new ,england was no such great affair after all6 ,there had been mixed motives in it2 all ,new ,england would not make a twentieth part of ,london2 it had but two or three ,divines in it worth naming in the same breath with the worthies of ,old ,england1 and was on the whole but a kind of outlandish mess2 the ,reformation in ,church-government and worship then going on in ,old ,england would be a wonder to all generations to come far beyond that of ,new ,england6 ,but in ,holland1 where the cowardly ,apologists had preferred to stay1 what had they been doing8 ,quarrelling among themselves1 going into all kinds of conceits1 anointing people with oil1 and the like2 respecting all which ,edwards had obtained from ,rotterdam and ,arnheim a budget of information6 ,then that lie of the ,apologists1 that they had1 since their return to ,england1 been careful not to press their peculiar ,congregationalist opinions1 or endeavour to make a party1 but had waited in patience to see what course affairs would take6 ,not press their peculiar opinions--not endeavour to make a party6 ,why1 ,mr4 ,edwards could aver 7and cite dates1 places1 and witnesses to prove it7 that they had been doing nothing else1 since they came to ,england1 than press their peculiar opinions and endeavour to make a party6 ,suffer me to deal plainly with you3 ,i am persuaded that1 setting aside the ,jesuits' acting for themselves and way1 you ,five have acted for yourselves and way1 both by yourselves and by your instruments1 both upon the stage and behind the curtain1 considering circumstances and laying all things together1 more than any five men have done in so short a time this sixty years4 ,and1 if it be not so1 whence have come all these swarms and troops of ,independents in ,ministry1 ,armies1 ,city1 ,country1 ,gentry1 and amongst the ,common ,people of all sorts1 men1 women1 servants1 children8 ,so1 on and on1 ,edwards goes1 decidedly more readable than most pamphleteers of the time1 because he writes with some spirit1 and mixes a continual pepper of personalities with his arguments against the tenets of the ,independents4 ,with these arguments we shall not meddle4 ,their purpose was to hold up a true glass to behold the faces of ,presbytery and ,independency in1 with the beauty1 order1 strength1 of the one1 and the deformity1 disorder1 and weakness of the other4 ,in other words1 the pamphlet is a digest of everything that could be said against ,independency and in favour of ,presbyterianism4 ,but the grand tenet of ,presbyterianism in which ,mr4 ,edwards revels with most delight1 and which he exhibits as the distinguishing honour of that system1 and its fitness beyond any other for grappling with the impiety of men in general and the disorderliness of that age in particular1 is its uncompromising ,anti- ,toleration4 ,throughout the whole pamphlet there runs a vein of declamation to this effect2 and at the close some twenty pages are expressly devoted to the subject1 in connexion with that claim for a ,limited ,toleration which the ,apologists had advanced4 ,eight ,reasons are stated and expounded why there should not be even this ,limited ,toleration1 why even ,congregationalist opinions and practice should not be tolerated in ,england4 ,it would be against the rule of ,scripture as to the duty of the civil magistrate2 it would be against the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant2 it would be against the very nature of a national ,reformation1 for a ,reformation1 and a ,toleration are diametrically opposite2 it would be against the judgment of the greatest lights in the ,church1 both ancient and modern2 it would be an invitation and temptation to error and an occasion of many falling who otherwise never would2 c4 c4 ,wherever ,presbytery and strict ,anti-,toleration had prevailed since the ,reformation had there not been a marvellous orderliness and freedom from error and heresy8 ,all over the map of ,europe would it not be found that error and heresy had been rank precisely in proportion to the deviation of a country from ,presbytery or to the relaxation of its grasp where it was nominally professed8 ,what1 in particular1 had made ,scotland the country it was1 pure in faith1 united in action1 and with a ,church terrible as an army with banners8 ,what but ,presbytery and ,anti-,toleration8 ,o then let ,presbytery and ,anti-,toleration reign in ,england as well6 ,and1 while they were proceeding to the great work of establishing ,presbytery1 let them beware of such an inconsistency as granting the least promise beforehand of a ,toleration6 ,on this point ,mr4 ,edwards addresses the ,parliament in his own name1 telling them that ,toleration is the device of the ,devil4 ,i humbly beseech the ,parliament1 he says1 seriously to consider the depths of ,satan in this design of a ,toleration2 how this is now his last plot and design1 and by it would undermine and frustrate the whole work of ,reformation intended4 ',tis his masterpiece for ,england2 and1 for effecting it1 he comes and moves1 not in ,prelates and ,bishops1 not in furious ,anabaptists1 c41 but in holy men1 excellent preachers2 moderate and fair men1 not for a toleration of heresies and gross opinions1 but an 'allowance of a latitude to some lesser differences with peaceableness4' ,this is ,candidus ille ,diabolus that ,white ,devil1 as ,luther speaks1 and meridianus ,diabolus mid-day ,devil1 as ,johannes ,gersonius and ,beza express it1 coming under the merits of much suffering and well-deserving1 clad in the white garments of innocency and holiness4 ,in a word1 could the ,devil effect a ,toleration1 he would think he had gained well by the ,reformation and made a good exchange of the ,hierarchy to have a ,toleration for it4 ,i am confident of it1 upon serious thoughts1 and long searching into this point of the evils and mischief of a ,toleration1 that1 if the ,devil had his choice whether the ,hierarchy1 ,ceremonies1 and ,liturgy should be established in this kingdom1 or a ,toleration granted1 he would choose and prefer a ,toleration before them4 ,did ,mr4 ,thomas ,edwards in all this represent the whole body of the ,presbyterians of his time8 ,i am afraid he did4 ,in his very sense1 with the same vehemency1 and to the same extent1 they were all ,anti- ,tolerationists4 ,was there no exception8 ,had no one ,presbyterian of that day worked out1 in the interest of ,presbytery1 a conclusion corresponding to that which we have seen reason to think some of the wiser ,anglicans then within the ,royalist lines were quietly working out in the interest of ,episcopacy1 in case ,episcopacy should ever again have a chance8 ,was no one ,presbyterian prepared to come forth with the proposal of a ,toleration in ,england1 either limited or unlimited1 round an ,established ,national ,church on the ,presbyterian model8 ,that there may not have been some such person among those ,erastian laymen who favoured ,presbytery on the whole for general and political reasons1 one would not assert positively4 ,none such1 however1 is distinctly in historical view2 and it is certain that among the real or dominant ,presbyterians1 the jure divino ,presbyterians1 ,english or ,scottish1 there was no one upon whom the idea in question had clearly dawned or who dared to divulge it4 ,perhaps it was the belief in the absolute jus divinum of ,presbytery that made the idea impossible to them4 ,yet why should it have been impossible in consistency even with that belief8 ,it may be jure divino that the square on the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the sides1 that he is a blockhead who believes otherwise1 and that a permanent apparatus should be set up in every land for teaching this mathematical faith2 and yet it may be equally jure divino that no one shall be compelled to avail himself of that apparatus1 or be punished for doubting or denying the proposition4 ,but the ,presbyterians of #afdd did not so refine or argue4 ,they stood stoutly to the necessary identity of ,presbyterianism and absolute ,anti-,toleration4 ,and so ,presbyterianism missed the most magnificent opportunity she has had in her history4 ,had her offer to ,england been ,presbytery with a ,toleration1 who knows what a different shaping subsequent events might have assumed8 ,what if ,henderson1 in whose natural disposition one sees more of room and aptitude for the idea than in that of any other ,presbyterian leader1 had actually become possessed with the idea and had proclaimed it8 ,would he have carried the mass of the ,presbyterians with him8 or would they have deposed him from the leadership8 ,it is useless to inquire4 ,the idea never occurred even to ,henderson2 and that it did not occur to him constituted his unfitness for leadership1 out of ,scotland1 in the complex crisis which had at last arrived1 and was the one weakness of his career near its close4 ,,multiplication ,,of ,,heresies3 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,english ,,sects ,,and ,,sectaries ,,in #afdd4 ,it was all very well1 the ,presbyterians argued1 to propound the principle of ,toleration in the abstract4 ,would its advocates be so good as to think of its operation in the concrete8 ,the society of ,england was no longer composed merely of the traditional ,,papists1 ,,prelatists1 ,,presbyterians1 and ,,congregationalists or ,,orthodox ,,independents4 ,beyond these last1 though sheltering themselves under the unfortunate principle of ,church- ,independency1 there was now a vast chaos of ,,sects and ,,sectaries1 some of them maintaining the most dangerous and damnable heresies and blasphemies6 ,would the ,tolerationists1 and especially the ,limited ,tolerationists1 take a survey of this chaos1 and consider how their principle of ,toleration would work when applied to its ghastly bulk and variety8 ,this matter1 of the extraordinary multiplication of ,sects and ,heresies in ,england1 had been in constant public discussion since the opening of the ,long ,parliament4 ,it had figured constantly in messages and declarations of the ,king2 who had first charged the fact of the sudden appearance and boldness of the ,sects and ,sectaries to the abrogation of his ,kingly prerogative and ,episcopal government by the ,parliament1 and had then attributed the origin of the ,civil ,war to the lawless machinations of these same ,sects and ,sectaries4 ,it had figured no less1 though with very different interpretations and comments1 in the proceedings and appeals of the ,parliament4 ,now1 however1 the ,,sects and ,,sectaries had become the objects of a more purely scientific curiosity4 ,without a survey and study of them as well as of the ,,papists1 the ,,prelatists1 the ,,presbyterians1 and the ,,orthodox ,,independents1 there could1 it was argued1 be no complete ,natural ,history of ,religious ,opinion in ,england in the year #afdd4 ,the ,presbyterians1 for reasons of their own1 were earnest for such a survey and study2 and they recommended it ironically to the ,orthodox ,independents in their character of ,tolerationists4 ,not the less did the ,presbyterians1 with some ,prelatists among them1 undertake it themselves4- -,coming after these authorities1 and availing myself of their inquiries1 but with other authorities to aid me1 and as much of fresh investigation1 and of criticism of my authorities1 as ,i can add1 ,i shall attempt what1 even for our own forgetful and self-engrossed time1 ought to be a not uninteresting portion of the history of bygone ,english opinion4 ,this is a case in which the authorities should be mentioned formally at the outset4 ,they are numerous4 ,they include the ,lords and ,commons ,journals1 ,lightfoot's ,notes of the ,assembly1 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,pamphlets of the time passim1 and even the ,registers of the ,stationers' ,company4 ,certain particular publications1 however 7all of the year #afde or the years immediately following71 are of pre-eminent interest1 as being attempts at a more or less complete survey of the huge medley or tumult of opinions on religious subjects that had by that time arisen in ,english society1 with some classification of its elements4 ,the reader will remember ,dr4 ,,daniel ,,featley1 ,rector of ,lambeth and ,acton1 the veteran ,calvinist who had persisted in attending the ,assembly in spite of his disapproval of the ,covenant and his adhesion to the theory of a modified ,episcopacy1 but who had at length 7,sept4 #cj1 #afdc7 been ejected for misdemeanour4 ,his misdemeanour had consisted in maintaining a correspondence with ,usher1 reflecting on the ,assembly and the ,parliament1 and divulging secrets in the ,king's interest4 ,for this he had not only been ejected from the ,assembly by the ,commons1 and sequestered from his two livings1 but also committed to custody in the ,lord ,petre's house in ,aldersgate ,street1 then used by ,parliament as a prison for such culprits4 ,to beguile his leisure here1 he had occupied himself in revising his notes of a dispute he had held1 in ,oct4 #afdb1 with a ,conventicle of ,anabaptists in ,southwark1 where he had knocked over a certain ,scotchman and one or two other speakers for the ,conventicle4 ,but this revision of his notes of that debate had suggested various extensions and additions2 so that1 in fact1 he had written in prison a complete exposure of ,anabaptism4 ,it was ready in ,january #afdd-e1 and was published with this title3 ,the ,dippers ,dipt2 or1 ,the ,anabaptists ,duck'd and ,plung'd over ,head and ,ears1 c4 ,it is a virulent tractate of about #ahf pages1 reciting the extravagances and enormities attributed to the ,german ,anabaptists1 and trying to involve the ,english ,baptists in the odium of such an original1 but containing also notices of the ,english ,baptists themselves1 and their varieties and ramifications4 ,it became at once popular1 and passed through several editions4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,sept4 #cj and ,oct #c1 #afac2 ,wood's ,athen1 ,,iii4 #aef et seq42 and ,featley's ,epistle ,dedicatory to his treatise4 ,the copy of the treatise before me at present is one of the sixth edition1 published in #afea1 six years after the authors death4 ,it contains a portrait of ,featley by ,w4 ,marshall1 and1 among other illustrations1 a coarse ad captandum print by the same engraver1 exhibiting the dipping of men and women naked together in a river4 ,a well-known personage in ,london1 of humbler pretensions than ,featley1 was a certain ,,ephraim ,,paget 7or ,,pagit71 commonly called ,old ,father ,ephraim1 who had been parson of the church of ,st4 ,edmund in ,lombard ,street since #afja1 and might therefore have seen1 and been seen by1 ,shakespeare4 ,besides other trifles1 he had published1 in #afce1 a book called ,christianographia or a descriptive enumeration of the various sorts of ,christians in the world out of the pale of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,perhaps because he had thus acquired a fondness for the statistics of religious denominations1 it occurred to him to write1 by way of sequel1 a ,heresiography2 or1 ,a ,description of the ,hereticks and ,sectaries of these latter times4 ,it was published in #afde1 soon after ,featley's book1 from which it borrows hints and phrases4 ,there is an ,epistle ,dedicatory to the ,lord ,mayor and ,aldermen of the ,city of ,london1 very senile in its syntax and punctuation1 and containing this touching appeal3 ,i have lived among you almost a jubilee1 and seen your great care and provision to keep the city free from infection1 in the shutting up the sick and in carrying them to your pest-houses1 in setting warders to keep the whole from the sick1 in making of fires and perfuming the streets1 in resorting to your churches1 in pouring out your prayers to ,almighty ,god1 with fasting and alms1 to be propitious to you4 ,the plague of ,heresy is greater1 and you are now in more danger than when you buried five thousand a week4 ,then1 after an ,epistle to the ,reader1 signed ,old ,ephraim ,pagit1 there follows the body of the treatise in about #afj pages4 ,the ,anabaptists are taken first1 and occupy #ee pages2 but a great many other sects are subsequently described1 some in a few pages1 some in a single paragraph4 ,there is an engraved title-page to the volume1 containing small caricatures of six of the chief sorts of ,sectaries--,anabaptism being represented by one plump naked fellow dipping another1 much plumper1 who is reluctantly stooping down on all fours4 ,the book1 like ,featley's1 seems to have sold rapidly4 ,in the third edition of it1 however1 published in #afdf1 there is a postscript in which the poor old man tells us that it had cost him much trouble4 ,the sectaries among his own parishioners had quarrelled with him on account of it1 and refused to pay him his tithes2 nay1 as he walked in the streets1 he was hooted at and reviled1 and somebody had actually affirmed ,doctor ,featley's devil to be transmigrated into ,old ,ephraim ,paget4 ,this seems to have cut him to the quick1 though he avows his sense of inferiority in learning to the great ,doctor4 ,in short1 we can see ,father ,ephraim as a good old silly body1 of whom people made fun4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,athen1 ,,iii4 #baj et seq42 and ,paget's own treatise4 ,another writer against the ,sectaries was the inexhaustible ,,william ,,prynne1 ,that grand scripturient paper-spiller1 ,that endless1 needless1 margin-filler1 ,so strangely tossed from post to pillar4 ,there was1 indeed1 something preternatural in the persistent vitality and industry of this man4 ,only forty years of age when the ,long ,parliament released him from his second imprisonment and restored him to society1 a ghoul-like creature with a scarred and mutilated face1 hiding the loss of his twice-cropped ears under a woollen cowl or nightcap1 and mostly sitting alone among his books and papers in his chamber in ,lincoln's ,inn1 taking no regular meals1 but occasionally munching bread and refreshing himself with ale1 he had at once resumed his polemical habits and mixed himself up as a pamphleteer with all that was going on4 ,as many as thirty fresh publications1 to be added to the two-and-twenty or thereabouts already out in his name1 had come from his pen between #afdj and #afde1 bringing him through about one-fourth part of the series of some #bjj books and pamphlets that were to form the long ink-track of his total life4 ,in these recent pamphlets of his he had appeared as a strenuous ,parliamentary ,presbyterian1 an advocate of the ,scottish ,presbyterianism which was being urged in the ,assembly1 but with more of ,erastianism in his views than might have pleased most of his fellow-,presbyterians4 ,no man more violent against ,independency of all sorts1 and the idea of ,toleration4 ,and so1 after various other pamphlets against ,independency in general1 and this or that ,independent in particular1 there came from him1 in ,july #afde1 ,footnote3 ,date from my notes from ,stationer's ,registers4 a quarto of about #ej pages1 with this title3 ,a ,fresh ,discovery of some ,prodigious new ,wandering-,blazing-,stars and ,firebrands1 styling themselves ,new ,lights1 firing our ,church and ,state into new ,combustions4 ,the pamphlet was dedicated to ,parliament2 and its purpose was to exhibit all the monstrous things that lay in the bosom of what called itself ,independency4 ,hence ,independency is used by ,prynne as a common name for all the varieties of ,sectarians as well as for the ,congregationalists proper2 and his plan is to shock the public and rouse ,parliament to action1 by giving a collection of specimens1 culled from pamphlets of the day1 of the scurrilous1 scandalous1 and seditious views put forth1 with impunity hitherto1 by some of the ,anabaptistical ,independent ,sectaries and new-lighted ,firebrands1 ,accordingly his tract contains a jumble of the most wild and extravagant sayings against the ,assembly1 the ,scots1 and the ,parliament itself1 that ,prynne could pick out from the contemporary pamphlets of the ,anabaptists and other ,sectaries4,footnote3 ,wood's ,athen1 ,,iii4 #hdd et seq42 ,aubrey's ,lives 7for a notice of ,prynne's habits72 and the ,fresh ,discovery itself4 ,the edition before me is the second1 dated #afdf1 and swollen by added matter at the end to over #hj pages4 ,much cleverer and more spirited than ,featley1 old ,ephraim ,paget1 or ,prynne1 as a describer and opponent of the ,sectaries1 was our friend1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,edwards1 of the ,antapologia 7ant1 pp4 #acj-ace74 ,that splendid confutation of ,independency and ,tolerationism had so increased ,mr4 ,edwards's fame that the ,presbyterians of ,london had erected a weekly lectureship for him at ,christ ,church in the heart of the ,city1 that he might handle these questions and nothing else before all that would come to hear4 ,thus encouraged1 he ranged beyond ,independency proper1 and employed himself in collecting information respecting the ,english ,sectaries generally2 and in about eighteen months1 or before the end of #afde1 he had ready a treatise 7his third in order7 entitled ,gangrna3 or1 a ,catalogue and ,discovery of many of the ,errors1 ,heresies1 ,blasphemies1 and ,pernicious ,practices of the ,sectaries of this time4 ,this treatise1 consisting of more than #fj pages1 he dedicated to ,parliament1 in an ,epistle of twelve pages1 hinting at the remissness of ,parliament in its dealings with the ,sectaries up to that time1 and reminding it of its duty4 ,there is all ,edwards's fluency of language in the pamphlet1 and some real literary talent2 so that not only was ,edwards's ,gangrna a popular ,presbyterian book at the time1 but it is still valued by bibliographers and antiquarians4 ,as it has come down to us1 however1 it is not a pamphlet merely1 but a concretion of pamphlets4 ,for it was enlarged by the author1 in the course of #afdf1 to eight or nine times its original bulk1 by the addition of a ,second ,part and then a ,third ,part1 containing ,new and ,farther ,discoveries of the ,sectaries1 and their opinions and practices4 ,this was because ,mr4 ,edwards had solicited fresh information from all quarters1 and it was poured in upon him superabundantly by ,presbyterian correspondents4 ,the ,first ,part1 as the skimming of the cream by ,mr4 ,edwards himself1 is perhaps the richest essentially4 ,the others consist mainly of verifications and additional details1 rumours1 and anecdotes4 ,altogether1 the ,three ,parts of ,edwards's ,gangrna are a curious ,presbyterian repertory of facts and scandals respecting the ,english ,independents and ,sectaries in and shortly after the year of ,marston ,moor4 ,the impression which they leave of ,mr4 ,edwards personally is that he was a fluent1 rancorous1 indefatigable1 inquisitorial1 and1 on the whole1 nasty1 kind of ,christian4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,fasti1 ,i4 #dac2 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #ahj1 #aic1 #bja1 #bae1 #bea3 and ,gangrna itself--the copy of which before me consists of the third edition of ,parts ,i4 and ,,ii4 7#afdf7 and the first edition of ,part ,,iii1 7#afdf7 bound in two volumes4 ,with ,featley1 ,paget1 ,prynne1 and ,edwards1 as authorities full of detail1 though also full of prejudice on the subject of the ,english ,sects and ,sectaries of #afdd1 we may finally name ,baillie4 ,we name him now1 however1 not on account of his ,letters1 but on account of two publications of his dealing expressly with this subject4 ,one of these1 published in ,november #afde1 in a quarto of #beb pages1 was his ,dissuasive from the ,errours of the ,time3 wherein the ,tenets of the ,principall ,sects1 especially of the ,independents1 are drawn together in one ,map1 for the most part in the words of their own ,authors2 the other1 published in ,december #afdf1 in about #ahj pages quarto1 and intended as a ,second ,part of the ,dissuasive1 was entitled ,anabaptism1 the ,true ,fountain of ,independency1 ,brownisme1 ,antinomy1 c4 ,in both publications1 but especially in the former1 we see ,baillie's characteristic merits4 ,he writes1 of course1 polemically and with strong ,presbyterian prejudice2 but in clearness of arrangement and statement he is greatly superior to either the senile ,paget1 or the fluent and credulous ,edwards4 ,his ,dissuasive1 indeed1 is1 in its way1 a really instructive book4,footnote3 ,both the ,dissuasive and its continuation were published in ,london 7by ,samuel ,gellebrand at the ,brazen ,serpent in ,paul's ,churchyard71 and dedicated to ,the ,right ,honourable the ,earle of ,lauderdaile1 ,lord ,metellane--i4e4 to ,baillie's ,scottish colleague in the ,assembly1 ,lord ,maitland1 then become ,earl of ,lauderdale4 ,the information from these and other sources may be summed up1 from the ,presbyterian point of view1 under two headings1 as follows3-- ,i4 ,,miscellaneous ,,blasphemies ,,and ,,enthusiasms4--,the very air of ,england1 it seemed1 was full of such4 ,there had broken loose a spirit of inquiry1 a spirit of profanity and scoffing1 and a spirit of religious ecstasy and dreaming2 and the three spirits together were producing a perfect ,babel of strange sayings1 fancies1 and speculations4 ,from a catalogue of no fewer than #agf miscellaneous errors1 heresies1 and blasphemies collected by ,edwards1 and which he professes to give as nearly as possible in the very words in which they had been broached by their authors in print1 or in public or private discourse1 take the following samples3-- ,that the ,scriptures are a dead letter1 and no more to be credited than the writings of men4 ,that the holy writings and sayings of ,moses and the ,prophets1 of ,christ and his ,apostles1 and the proper names1 persons1 and things contained therein1 are allegories4 ,that the ,scriptures of the ,old ,testament do not concern nor bind ,christians 7in which belief1 says ,edwards1 some ,sectaries had ceased to read the ,old ,testament1 or to bind it with the ,new74 ,that right ,reason is the rule of ,faith4 ,that ,god is the author not of those actions alone in and with which sin is1 but of the very pravity1 ataxy1 atomy1 irregularity1 and sinfulness itself1 which is in them4 ,that the magistrate may not punish for blasphemies1 nor for denying the ,scriptures1 nor ,for denying that there is a ,god4 ,that the soul dies with the body1 and all things shall have an end1 but ,god only4 ,that there is but one ,person in the ,divine ,nature4 ,that ,jesus ,christ is not very ,god3 no otherwise may he be called the ,son of ,god but as he was man4 ,that we did look for great matters from one crucified at ,jerusalem #afjj years ago1 but that does us no good2 it must be a ,christ formed in us3 ,christ came into the world to live #cb years1 and do nothing else that he ,thomas ,webb1 of ,london1 tat4 #bj knew4 ,that the ,heathen who never heard of ,christ by the ,word have the ,gospel1 for every creature1 as the sun1 moon1 and stars1 preach the ,gospel to men4 ,that ,christ shall come and live again upon the earth1 and for a thousand years reign visibly as an earthly monarch over all the world4 ,that the least truth is of more worth than ,jesus ,christ himself4 ,that the ,spirit of ,god dwells not nor works in any2 it is but our conceits and mistakes to think so2 'tis no spirit that works but our own4 ,that a man baptized with the ,holy ,ghost knows all things even as ,god knows all things2 which point is a deep mystery and great ocean1 where there is no casting anchor1 nor sounding the bottom4 ,that1 if a man by the ,spirit knew himself to be in the state of grace1 though he did commit murder or drunkenness1 ,god did see no sin in him4 ,that the guilt of ,adam's sin is imputed to no man4 ,that the moral law is of no use at all to believers4 ,that there ought to be no fasting days under the ,gospel4 ,that the soul of man is mortal as the soul of a beast1 and dies with the body4 ,that ,heaven is empty of the ,saints till the resurrection of the dead4 ,that there is no resurrection at all of the bodies of men after this life1 nor no ,heaven nor ,hell after this life1 nor no ,devils4 ,that there shall be in the last day a resurrection from the dead of all the brute creatures1 all beasts and birds that ever lived upon the earth4 ,that many ,christians in those days have more knowledge than the ,apostles4 ,that there ought to be in these times no making or building of churches1 nor use of church-ordinances2 but waiting for a church1 being in a readiness upon all occasions to take knowledge of any passenger1 of any opinion or tenet whatsoever3 the ,saints1 as pilgrims1 do wander as in a temple of smoke1 not able to find ,religion1 and therefore should not plant it by gathering or building a pretended supposed ,house4 ,that1 in points of ,religion1 even in the ,articles of ,faith and principles of ,religion1 there's nothing certainly to be believed and built on2 only that all men ought to have liberty of conscience and liberty of prophesying4 ,that 'tis as lawful to baptize a cat1 or a dog1 or a chicken1 as to baptize the infants of believers4 ,that the calling and making of ministers are not jure divino1 but a minister comes to be so as a merchant1 bookseller1 carter1 and such like4 ,that all settled certain maintenance for ministers of the ,gospel is unlawful4 ,that all days are alike to ,christians1 and they are bound no more to the observation of the ,lord's day1 or first day of the week1 than of any other4 ,that 'tis lawful for women to preach2 and why should they not1 having gifts as well as men8 7,and some of them1 adds ,edwards1 do actually preach1 having great resort to them47 ,that there is no need of humane learning1 nor of reading authors1 for preachers2 but all books and learning must go down3 it comes from the want of the ,spirit that men writ such great volumes4 ,that 'tis unlawful to preach at all1 sent or not sent1 but only thus3 a man may preach as a waiting disciple1 i4e4 ,christians may not preach in a way of positive asserting and declaring things1 but all they may do is to confer1 reason together1 and dispute out things4 ,that all singing of ,psalms is unlawful4 ,that the gift of miracles is not ceased in these times4 ,that all the earth is the ,saints'1 and there ought to be a community of goods4 ,that 'tis unlawful to fight at all1 or to kill any man1 yea to kill any of the creatures for our use1 as a chicken1 or on any other occasion4 ,footnote3 ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 pp4 #ae-ca4 ,from this little enumeration it will be seen that we have not1 even in the nineteenth century1 advanced so far as perhaps we had thought beyond ,english notions of the seventeenth4 ,but there must be added a recollection of the scurrilities against the ,covenant1 the ,assembly as a body1 its chief ,presbyterian members1 and the whole ,scottish nation and its agents4 ,these had not reached their height at the time with which we are at present concerned 7,aug4 #afdd72 so that the richest specimens of them have to be postponed4 ,but already there were popular jokes about ,jack ,presbyter the black coats of the ,assembly1 and their four shillings a day each for doing what nobody wanted2 and already a very rude phrase was in circulation1 expressing the growing feeling among the ,english ,independents and ,sectaries that ,england might have managed her ,reformation better without the aid of the ,scots and their ,covenant4 ,had ,england come to such a pass1 it was asked1 that it was necessary to set up a ,synod in her1 to be guided by the ,holy ,ghost sent in a cloak-bag from ,scotland8 ,the author of this profanity1 according to ,prynne1 was a pamphleteer named ,henry ,robinson4 ,it was1 in fact1 an old joke1 originally applied to one of the ,councils of the ,catholic ,church2 and ,robinson had stolen it4 ,footnote3 ,prynne's ,fresh ,discovery1 p4#bg and p4#i2 and ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 p4#cb ,,ii4 ,,recognised ,,sects ,,and ,,their ,,leaders4--,in the general welter or anarchy of opinion there were1 of course1 vortices round particular centres1 forming sects that either had1 or might receive1 definite names4 ,edwards1 when systematizing his chaos of miscellaneous errors and blasphemies1 apportions them among sixteen recognisable sorts of ,sectaries2 but old ,ephraim ,paget1 who had preceded ,edwards had been much more hazy4 ,by jumbling the ,english ,sectaries with all he could recollect of the ,german ,sectaries of the ,reformation and all he could hear of the ,sects of ,new ,england1 he had made his list of ,sects and subdivisions of ,sects mount up to two or three scores4 ,using ,edwards and old ,ephraim1 with hints from ,featley1 ,prynne1 and ,baillie1 but trying to ascertain the facts for ourselves1 we venture on the following synoptical view of ,english ,sects and ,sectaries in #afdd-e3-- ,,baptists1 ,,or ,,anabaptists3--,these were by far the most numerous of the ,sectaries4 ,their enemies 7,featley1 ,paget1 ,edwards1 ,baillie1 c47 were fond of tracing them to the anarchical ,german ,anabaptists of the ,reformation2 but they themselves claimed a higher origin4 ,they maintained1 as ,baptists do still1 that in the primitive or ,apostolic ,church the only baptism practised or heard of was that of adult believers1 and that the form of the rite for such was immersion in water2 and they maintained farther that the ,baptism of ,infants was one of those corruptions of ,christianity against which there had been a continued protest by pure and forward spirits in different countries1 in ages prior to ,luther's ,reformation1 including some of the ,english ,wycliffites1 although the protest may have been repeated in a louder manner1 and with wild admixtures1 by the ,german ,anabaptists who gave ,luther so much trouble4 ,without going back1 however1 upon the ,wycliffites1 or even on the ,anabaptists that were scattered through ,england in the reigns of ,henry ,,viii41 ,edward ,,vi41 ,mary1 and ,elizabeth1 one may date the ,baptists as we have now to do with them from the reign of ,james4----,the first ,london congregation of ,general ,baptists1 or ,baptists who favoured an ,arminian theology1 had been formed1 as we have seen 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #edd71 in #afaa out of the wrecks of ,john ,smyth's ,english congregation of ,amsterdam or ,leyden1 brought back into their native land by ,smyth's successor ,thomas ,helwisse1 assisted by ,john ,murton4 ,although there are traces of this congregation for several years after that date1 it seems to have melted away1 or to have been crushed into extinction by the persecution of its members individually2 so that the ,baptists of whom we hear as existing in ,london1 or dispersed through ,england1 after the opening of the ,long ,parliament1 appear to have been rather of the kind known as ,particular ,baptists1 holding a ,calvinistic theology1 and generated out of the ,independent congregations that had been established in ,london and elsewhere after ,helwisse's and on different principles 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #edd and #ehe74 ,in some of these congregations1 including that taught by a certain very popular ,samuel ,howe1 called ,cobbler ,howe from his trade1 who died in prison and excommunicated some time before #afdj1 ,pdobaptism appears to have become an open question1 on which the members agreed to differ among themselves4 ,on the whole1 however1 the tendency was to the secession of ,antipdobaptists from congregations of ordinary ,independents1 and to the formation of the seceders into distinct societies4 ,thus we hear of a ,baptist congregation in ,wapping formed in #afcc by a ,john ,spilsbury1 with whom were afterwards associated ,william ,kiffin and ,thomas ,wilson2 of another formed in ,crutched ,friars in #afci by ,mr4 ,green1 ,paul ,hobson1 and ,captain ,spencer2 and of a third1 formed in ,fleet ,street1 in #afdj1 by the afterwards famous ,praise-,god ,barebone3 these three congregations being all detachments from ,henry ,jacob's original ,independent congregation of #afaf during the ministries of his successors1 ,lathorp and ,henry ,jessey4 ,in spite of much persecution1 continued even after the ,long ,parliament met1 the ,baptists of these congregations propagated their opinions with such zeal that by #afdd the sect had attained considerably larger dimensions4 ,in that year they counted seven leading congregations in ,london1 and forty-seven in the rest of ,england2 besides which they had many adherents in the ,army4 ,although all sorts of impieties were attributed to them on hearsay1 they differed in reality from the ,independents mainly on the one subject of ,baptism4 ,they objected to the baptism of infants1 and they thought immersion1 or dipping under water1 the proper mode of baptism3 except in these points1 and what they might involve1 they were substantially at one with the ,congregationalists1 ,this they made clear by the publication1 in #afdd1 of a ,confession of their ,faith in #eb ,articles--a document which1 by its orthodoxy in all essential matters1 seems to have shamed the more candid of their opponents4 ,even ,featley was struck by it1 and called it a little ratsbane in a great quantity of sugar1 and became somewhat more civil in consequence4 ,it was signed for the seven ,baptist congregations of ,london by these seven couples of persons--,thomas ,gunn and ,john ,mabbit2 ,john ,spilsbury and ,samuel ,richardson2 ,paul ,hobson and ,thomas ,goare2 ,benjamin ,cox and ,thomas ,kilcop2 ,thomas ,munden and ,george ,tipping2 ,william ,kiffin and ,thomas ,patience2 ,hanserd ,knollys 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #eeg and #ehf7 and ,thomas ,holmes4 ,these fourteen1 accordingly1 with ,praise- ,god ,barebone1 were in #afdd the ,baptist leaders or chief ,baptist preachers in ,london4 ,we hear1 however1 of other ,baptist preachers and pamphleteers --,john ,tombes1 ,b4,d4 7accounted the most learned champion of the sect1 and its intellectual head71 ,francis ,cornwall1 ,m4,a41 ,henry ,jessey1 ,m4,a4 7a convert to baptism at last71 ,william ,dell1 ,m4,a41 ,henry ,denne1 ,edward ,barber1 ,vavasour ,powell1 ,john ,sims1 ,andrew ,wyke1 ,christopher ,blackwood1 ,samuel ,oates1 c4 ,several of these leading ,baptists--such as ,tombes1 ,cornwall1 ,jessey1 ,cox1 and ,denne--were ,university men1 who had taken orders regularly2 one or two1 such as ,patience and ,knollys1 had been preachers in ,new ,england2 but some were laymen who had recently assumed the preaching office1 or been called to it by congregations1 on account of their natural gifts4 ,the ,presbyterians laid great stress on the illiteracy of some of the ,baptist preachers and their mean origin4 ,barebone was a leather-seller in ,fleet ,street2 and1 according to ,edwards or his informants1 ,paul ,hobson was a tailor from ,buckinghamshire1 who had become a captain in the ,parliamentary ,army2 ,kiffin had been servant to a brewer2 ,oates was a young weaver2 and so on4 ,the information may be correct in some cases1 but is to be received with general caution2 as also ,edwards's stories of the extravagant practices of the ,baptists in their conventicles and at their river-dippings4 ,any story of the kind was welcome to ,edwards1 especially if it made a scandal out of some dipping of women-converts by a ,baptist preacher4 ,baillie1 who took more trouble in sifting his information1 and who distinctly allows that the ,anabaptists1 like other people1 ought to have the benefit of the principle ,let no error be charged upon any man which he truly disclaims1 and that the errors of some of the sect ought not to be charged upon all1 yet maintains that the ,confession of the seven ,baptist ,churches of ,london was but an imperfect and ambiguous declaration of the opinions of the ,english ,baptists4 ,he attributes to them collectively the following tenets1 in addition to those of mere ,antipdobaptism and rigid ,separatism3--,they put all church-power in the hand of the people2 ,they give the power of preaching and celebrating the sacraments to any of their gifted members1 out of all office2 ,all churches must be demolished3 they are glad of so large and public a preaching place as they can purchase1 but of a steeple-house they must not hear2 ,all tithes and all set stipends are unlawful2 their preachers must work with their own hands1 and may not go in black clothes4 ,according to ,baillie1 also1 the ,baptists outwent even the ,brownists in the power in church matters they gave to women4 ,there were many women-preachers among them2 of whom a ,mrs4 ,attaway1 the mistress of all the she-preachers in ,coleman ,street1 was the chief4 ,footnote3 ,crosby's ,history of the ,english ,baptists 7#agch71 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #bae-chb2 ,ivimey's ,baptists1 ,i4 #aac et seq42 ,featley's ,dippers ,dipt1 and ,animadversions on the ,anabaptists' ,confession2 ,gangrna passim2 ,baillie's ,dissuasive1 ,part ,,ii4 p4 #dg et seq42 ,neal's ,puritans1 ,,iii4 #adg-aeb1 with ,toulmin's ,supplement to that ,vol41 #eag-ecj4 ,the ,confession of the ,baptists is given in ,neal2 ,appendix to the whole work2 also in ,crosby1 ,appendix to ,vol4 ,i ,,old ,,brownists3--,by this name may be called certain adherents of that vehement ,independency1 more extreme than mere ,congregationalism1 which had been propagated in ,elizabeth's reign by ,robert ,brown himself4 ,brown's writings1 we learn from ,baillie1 had totally disappeared in ,england2 so that the so-called ,brownists can hardly have been his direct disciples1 but must have been persons who had arrived at some of his opinions over again for themselves4 ,briefly1 without being ,baptists1 they were more violent ,separatists1 more fierce in their rejection of the discipline1 worship1 and ordination of the ,church of ,england than the ,independents proper4 ,henry ,burton1 minister of ,friday ,street church1 now between fifty and sixty years of age1 was one of the chief of them1 and his ,protestation ,protested 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #eia-b7 may be regarded as a manifesto of their views4 ,even the ,independents of the ,assembly disowned these views4 ,mr4 ,nye had said of the book that there was in that book gross ,brownism which he nor his brethren no way agreed with him in2 and ,edwards had heard stories of queer goings-on in ,mr4 ,burton's church1 and his quarrel with a butcher and some others of his church about prophesying4 ,among the ,brownists1 besides ,burton1 ,edwards names prominently ,katherine ,chidley1 an old ,brownist1 and her son1 a young ,brownist1 a pragmatical fellow1 who preached in ,london1 and occasionally went on circuit into the country4 ,edwards characterizes ,mrs4 ,chidley as a brazen-faced audacious old woman2 but we know the motive4 ,he had not forgotten the thrashing in print he had received from ,mrs4 ,chidley in #afda 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #eie74 ,footnote3 ,paget's ,heresiography1 pp4 #ee-hb 7a great deal about the ,brownists2 but with next to no real information72 ,edwards's ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 pp4 #fb-fd and ,part ,,iii4 #bdb-bdh 7gossip about ,burton72 and ,part ,,iii4 #agj1 #aga 7about ,chidley72 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #ahd and #aib2 ,hanbury's ,historical ,memorials1 ,,ii4 #ajh et seq4 ,,antinomians3--,the origin of this heresy is attributed to ,luther contemporary and fellow townsman1 ,john ,agricola1 of ,eisleben in ,saxony 7#adib-aeff72 but the ,antinomians of ,new ,england1 and their chief ,mrs4 ,hutchinson1 had recently been more heard of4 ,the story of poor ,mrs4 ,hutchinson1 the chief of these ,new ,england ,antinomians1 has already been told by us 7,vol4 ,,ii4#cga-g71 as far as to the beginning of #afdc1 when we left her1 a widow with a family of children1 including a married daughter and that daughter's husband1 beyond the bounds of ,new ,england altogether1 and seeking rest for her wearied mind1 and a home for her little ones1 in the ,dutch plantations somewhere near what is now ,new ,york4 ,the sad end has now to be told4 ,the ,indians and the ,dutch of those parts were then at feud2 and in ,september #afdc1 in an inroad of the ,indians into the plantation where ,mrs4 ,hutchinson was1 she and all her family were murdered1 with the exception of a little daughter eight years of age1 who was carried into captivity among the ,indians1 and not recovered till four years afterwards4 ,the news of this tragic end of ,mrs4 ,hutchinson had been brought across the ,atlantic1 and had added to the interest of pious horror with which her previous career of heresy in ,massachusetts had been heard of by the orthodox in ,england4 ,mrs4 ,hutchinson and her ,antinomianism1 in fact1 were already the subjects of a dreadful popular myth4 ,here1 for example1 is old ,father ,ephraim's account of the ,new ,england ,antinomians1 as he had compiled it from information received direct from ,america3--,some persons among those that went hence to ,new ,england being freighted with many loose and unsound opinions1 which they durst not here1 they there began to vent them 444 working first upon women1 traducing godly ministers to be and preach under ,covenant of ,works1 dropping their baits by little and little and angling yet further when they saw them take1 and fathering their opinions on those of the best quality in the country2 and1 by means of ,mrs4 ,hutchinson's double weekly lecture at ,boston1 under pretence of repeating ,mr4 ,cotton's sermons1 these opinions were quickly dispersed before authority was aware4 ,but at length1 when the infant church in ,america had been thus almost ruinated1 the judgments of ,god overtook the prime fomenters of the heresy in a notorious manner4 ,as1 first1 ,mistress ,hutchinson1 the ,generalissimo1 the high-priestess of the new religion1 was delivered at one time of #cj monstrous births1 or thereabouts1 much about the number of her monstrous opinions2 some were bigger1 some less1 none of them having human shape1 but shaped like her opinions3 ,mistress ,dyer also1 another of the same crew1 was delivered of a large-- here follows a minute description of a feminine monster that would have made the fortune of any travelling showman1 so complexly-horrible was its physiology4 ,thus ,god punished those monstrous wretches1 ,but the civil authorities of ,new ,england1 as we know1 had punished them too4 ,god put it into the hearts of the civil magistrates to convent the chief leaders of them2 and1 after fruitless admonitions given1 they proceeded to sentence3 some they disfranchised1 others they excommunicated1 and some they banished4 ,a seditious minister1 one ,mr4 ,wheelwright1 was one1 and ,mrs4 ,hutchinson another2 who1 going to plant herself on an island1 called ,rhode ,island1 under the ,dutch1 where they could not agree1 but were miserably divided into sundry sects1 removed from thence to an island called ,hell- gate ,hebgate1 according to ,cotton ,mather1 where the ,indians set upon her1 and slew her and her daughter1 and her daughter's husband1 children1 and family4--,notwithstanding this dreadful fate of the ,antinomians in ,america1 the heresy had broken out in ,england4 ,nothing was publicly said of the younger ,sir ,henry ,vane in connexion with it2 though1 on his return from his ,massachusetts governorship1 he may have brought back in his speculative head some of the ,hutchinsonian ideas4 ,according to ,paget1 the first ,antinomian in ,london had been one ,master ,john ,eaton1 who had been a scholar of his own 7i4e4 at ,trinity ,college1 ,oxford71 and was afterwards curate of a parish near ,aldgate4 ,in fact1 as we learn from ,wood1 he became a minister in ,suffolk1 was accounted by all the neighbouring ministers a grand ,antinomian1 and suffered trouble accordingly4 ,but this ,eaton had died in #afda1 aged about #ff1 and leaving but an ,antinomian book or two1 including ,the ,honeycomb of ,free ,justification2 and the leading ,antinomians were new men4 ,one of them was ,mr4 ,john ,saltmarsh1 a ,cambridge graduate1 and minister in ,kent1 afterwards well-known as an1 army-preacher and pamphleteer2 another was one ,randall who preaches about ,spittal ,yard4--,the nature of the ,antinomian doctrines1 opening such a fair and easy way to heaven1 made them very popular1 it appears1 in ,london and elsewhere4 ,many ran after their preachers1 crowding the churches and filling the doors and windows1 for ,oh1 it pleaseth people well1 adds old ,father ,ephraim1 to have heaven and their lusts too4 ,notwithstanding this imputation1 and illustrative scandals in ,edwards1 it really appears that ,antinomianism took itself out in high mystic preaching of justification by faith1 the doctrine of assurance1 and the privileges of saintship4 ,the wild phrases that came in such preaching were the chief offence4 ,footnote3 ,cotton ,mather's ,magnalia1 ,book ,,vii4 p4 #ai2 ,palfrey's ,hist4 of ,new ,england1 ,i4 #fji1 ,note2 ,paget1 #aje-aah2 ,wood's ,athen1 ,,iii4 #ba 7for more about ,eaton72 ,gangrna in several places1 for references to ,saltmarsh and ,randall4 ,baillie in his ,dissuasive 7pp4 #eg-fd7 has much the same story as ,paget about ,mrs4 ,hutchinson and the ,new ,england ,antinomians1 and attributes the rise of that heresy to the evil influence of ,independency4--,the idiotic and disgusting myth of the monstrous accouchements of the two ,antinomian women seems to have found great favour with the orthodox3 and it figures in many pious books of the time and afterwards4 ,it seems actually to have originated in ,america1 and to have been widely believed there1 while ,mrs4 ,hutchinson was alive2 for ,cotton ,mather1 repeating it1 with the most abject good faith1 and in great detail1 as late as #agjb 7,magnalia1 ,,vii4 #bj71 quotes a letter of ,mr4 ,thomas ,hooker1 to the effect that at the very time of one of the diabolic accouchements1 ,mrs4 ,dyer's 7,oct4 #ag1 #afcg71 the house in which her and his wife were sitting was violently shaken1 as if by an earthquake1 for the space of seven or eight minutes4 ,mather also avers that there was an investigation of the affair by the magistrates at the time4 ,,familists3--,probably because there had been a continental sect of this name in the sixteenth century1 founded by a ,david ,george of ,delft1 ,edwards includes ,familists among his leading ,english sorts of ,sectaries1 and ,paget devotes ten pages to them4 ,paget1 however1 admits that they were so close and cunning that ye shall hardly ever find them out4 ,if there really was such an ,english sect1 their main principle probably was that every society of ,christians should be a kind of family- party1 jolly within itself in confidential love-feasts and exchanges of sentiment1 and letting the general world and its creeds roar around unquestioned and unheeded4 ,baillie1 however1 in an incidental notice of ,familism in the ,second ,part of his ,dissuasive1 gives a somewhat different account4 ,it was1 according to him1 a wild development of ,anabaptism1 of which not a few once counted zealous and gracious were suspected--including a great man1 a peer of the land4 ,it had a public representative in ,mr4 ,randall1 who had for some years preached peaceably in the ,spital 7already mentioned among the ,antinomians71 and of whom ,baillie had heard that he entertained such ideas as these1 though reserving them probably as esoteric mysteries for the highest class of the ,family of ,love--that all the resurrection and glory which ,scripture promises is past already1 and no other coming of ,christ to judgment1 or life eternal1 is to be expected than what presently in this earth the saints do enjoy2 that the most clear historic passages of ,scripture are mere allegories2 that in all things1 ,angels1 ,devils1 ,men1 ,women1 there is but one spirit and life1 which absolutely and essentially is ,god2 that nothing is everlasting but the life and essence of ,god which now is in all creatures2 c4 ,we should now call this a kind of ,pantheism2 but probably it was coupled with that disposition to privacy1 and indifference to creeds and controversies1 which has been mentioned as the peculiarity of ,familism4 ,even the ,familists1 however1 it seems1 had their subdivisions4 ,one ,john ,hetherington1 a box-maker1 had been a kind of ,familist1 but had recanted4 ,footnote3 ,paget1 #ib #ajb1 and #acg1ach2 ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 #ac2 ,baillie's ,dissuasive ,part ,,ii4 pp4 #ii-ajd ,,millenaries ,,or ,,chiliasts3--,an ,heresy1 says old ,father ,ephraim1 frequent at this time4 ,this sect look for a temporary temporal kingdom of ,christ1 that must begin presently and last #a1jjj years4 ,of this opinion are many of our ,apocalyptical men1 that study more future events than their present only4 ,this is substantially all we have from ,paget4 ,in fact1 however1 the ,chiliasts or ,millenarians were hardly a mere sect4 ,the expectation of a ,millennium near at hand was very prevalent1 or was becoming very prevalent1 among the ,english ,divines of the ,assembly itself4 ,many of the ,divines here1 wrote ,baillie1 ,september #e1 #afde1 not only ,independents1 but others1 such as ,twisse1 ,marshall1 ,palmer1 and many more1 are express ,chiliasts4 ,in his ,dissuasive1 however1 where he devotes an entire chapter to this heresy of ,chiliasm1 he attributes the grosser form of the heresy chiefly to the ,independents4 ,a kind of ,chiliasm or ,millenarianism1 he says1 had been held by some former ,english ,divines1 including ,joseph ,meade2 but it had been reserved for two ,independents--,mr4 ,archer and his colleague at ,arnheim1 ,t4 ,g4 7i4e4 ,thomas ,goodwin7--to invent new dreams on the subject2 and these had recently been adopted by ,mr4 ,burroughs4 ,the purport of their doctrine was that in the year #afej1 or1 at the furthest1 #afie1 ,christ was to reappear in human form at ,jerusalem1 destroy the existing fabric of things in a conflagration1 collect the scattered ,jews1 raise martyrs and saints from their graves1 and begin his glorious reign of a thousand years4 ,footnote3 ,paget1 #acf1 #acg2 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #cac1 and ,dissuasive1 #bbd-beb4 ,,seekers3--,many have wrangled so long about the ,church that at last they have quite lost it1 and go under the name of ,expecters and ,seekers1 and do deny that there is any ,church1 or any true minister1 or any ordinances2 some of them affirm the ,church to be in the wilderness1 and they are seeking for it there2 others say that it is in the smoke of the ,temple1 and that they are groping for it there--where ,i leave them praying to ,god4--,so far ,old ,ephraim2 and what he says1 combined with one of ,edwards's miscellaneous blasphemies already quoted1 enables us to fancy the ,seekers4 ,they were people1 it seems1 who had arrived at the conclusion that the ,supernatural had never yet been featured forth to man in any propositions or symbols that could be accepted as adequate1 and who were waiting1 therefore1 for a possible ,church of the ,future2 content1 meanwhile1 to dwell in a ,temple of smoke1 or 7for there is the alternative figure7 to see visions of the ,future ,church in the smoke of the present ,temple4--,mr4 ,erbury1 that lived in ,wales1 7but had come to ,london1 and then settled in ,ely1 whence he made excursions17 and one ,walwyn1 a dangerous man1 a strong head1 who laboured somewhere else1 are mentioned by ,edwards as men avowing themselves in this predicament4 ,baillie mentions also one ,laurence ,clarkson1 who had passed from ,anabaptism to ,seekerism1 and he speaks of ,mrs4 ,attaway1 the ,baptist woman-preacher1 and ,mr4 ,saltmarsh1 the ,antinomian1 as tending the same way4----,but the chief of the ,seekers1 perhaps the original founder of the ,sect1 and certainly the bravest exponent of their principles1 was a person with whom we are already acquainted4 ,one ,mr4 ,williams1 writes ,baillie1 ,june #g1 #afdd1 has drawn a great number after him to a singular ,independency1 denying any true ,church in the world1 and will have every man to serve ,god by himself alone1 without any church at all4 ,this man has made a great and bitter schism lately among the ,independents4 ,again1 on the #bcrd of ,july1 ,baillie refers to the same person as my good acquaintance ,mr4 ,roger ,williams1 who says there is no church1 no sacraments1 no pastors1 no church-officers or ordinance1 in the world1 nor has been since a few years after the ,apostles4 ,in short1 the arch- representative of this new religion of ,seekerism on both sides of the ,atlantic was no other than our friend ,roger ,williams1 the ,tolerationist 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #efj-c1 and ant1 pp4 #aac-abj74 ,through the variations of this man's external adventures we have seen the equally singular series of variations of his mental condition4 ,first an intense ,separatist1 or ,independent of the most resolute type1 but conjoining with this ,separatism a passion for the most absolute liberty of conscience and the entire dissociation of civil power from matters of religion1 then a ,baptist and excommunicated on that account by his former friends in ,america1 he had latterly1 in his solitude at ,providence1 outgone ,baptism or any known form of ,independency1 and1 still retaining his doctrine of the most absolute liberty of conscience1 had worked himself into that state of dissatisfaction with all visible church-forms1 and of yearning quest after unattainable truth1 for which the name ,seekerism was invented by himself or others4 ,though he did not propose that preaching should be abandoned1 he had gradually settled in a notion which he thus expresses3 ,in the poor small span of my life1 ,i desired to have been a diligent and constant observer1 and have been myself many ways engaged1 in city1 in country1 in court1 in schools1 in universities1 in churches1 in ,old and ,new ,england1 and yet cannot1 in the holy presence of ,god1 bring in the result of a satisfying discovery that either the begetting ministry of the apostles or messengers to the nations1 or the feeding and nourishing ministry of pastors and teachers1 according to the first institution of the ,lord ,jesus1 are yet restored or extant4 ,it was while he was in this stage of his mental history that ,williams came over on his flying visit to ,england in the matter of the new charter for the ,rhode ,island plantations4 ,some whiff of his strange opinions may have preceded him2 but it must have been mainly by his intercourse with leading ,londoners during his stay in ,england1 which extended over more than a year 7,june #afdc--,sept4 #afdd71 that he diffused the interest in himself and his ,seekerism which we certainly find existing in #afdd4 ,he can have been no stranger to the chief ,divines of the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,baillie1 we see1 was on speaking terms with him2 and it is curious to note in ,baillie's and other references to him the same vein of personal liking for the man1 running through amazement at his heresy1 which characterized the criticisms of him by his ,new ,england opponents and excommunicants4 ,incidents of his visit1 not less interesting now1 were two publications of his in ,london1 his ,key into the ,language of ,america1 published in #afdc1 and his ,bloody ,tenent of ,persecution1 published in #afdd4--;,at least the name of the sect of ,the ,seekers1 ,i may add1 had struck ,cromwell himself1 and had some fascination for him1 whether on its own account1 or from his acquaintance with ,williams4 ,your sister ,claypole1 he wrote to his daughter ,mrs4 ,ireton1 some two years after our present date 7,oct4 #be1afdf71 is1 ,i trust in mercy1 exercised with some perplexed thoughts4 ,she sees her own vanity and carnal mind1 bewailing it3 she seeks after 7as ,i hope also7 what will satisfy4 ,and thus to be a ,seeker is to be of the best sect next after a ,finder2 and such an one shall every faithful humble ,seeker be in the end4 ,happy ,seeker1 happy ,finder6 ,footnote3 ,paget1 #aej2 ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 p4 #bd1 and p4 #ch2 ,dissuasive1 ,part ,,ii4 pp4 #if1 #ig and ,notes2 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #aia-b and #bab2 ,gammell's ,life of ,roger ,williams 7,boston1 #ahdf71 and ,memoir of ,williams1 by ,edward ,b4 ,underhill1 prefixed to the republication of ,william's ,bloody ,tenent of ,persecution1 by the ,hanserd ,knollys ,society 7#ahdh72 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #bab4 ,,divorcers3--,these ,i term ,divorcers says ,old ,ephraim1 that would be quit of their wives for slight occasions2 and he goes on to speak of ,,milton as the representative of the sect4 ,featley had previously mentioned ,milton's ,divorce ,tract as one of the proofs of the tendency of the age to ,antinomianism1 ,familism1 and general anarchy2 and ,edwards and ,baillie followed in the same strain4 ,milton's ,doctrine of ,divorce1 it thus appears1 had attracted attention1 and had perhaps gained some following4 ,among the six caricatures of notable sects on the title-page of ,paget's ,heresiography is one of ,,the ,,divorcer--i4e4 a man1 in an admonishing attitude1 and without his hat1 dismissing or pushing away his wife1 who has her hat on1 as if ready for a journey1 and is putting her handkerchief to her eyes4 ,we shall have more to say of ,milton in this connexion4 ,footnote3 ,paget1 pp4 #aej1 #aea1 p4 #hg1 and ,epistle ,dedicatory1 p4 #d2 ,fentley's ,dippers ,dipt1 ,epistle ,dedicatory1 p4 #c2 ,edward's ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 p4 #bi4 ,,anti-,,sabbatarians1 ,,and ,,traskites3--,these sects1 though distinct1 may be named together4 ,the ,anti-,sabbatarians were those who denied the obligation of any ,lord's ,day or ,sabbath3 they were pretty numerous1 but were distributed through the other sects4 ,the ,traskites1 on the other hand1 denied the obligation of the ,christian ,sunday or ,lord's ,day1 but maintained the perpetual obligation of the ,jewish ,sabbath on the seventh day of the week4 ,they were the followers of one ,john ,traske1 a poor eccentric who had been well known to ,paget1 but was now dead1 and remembered only for his heresy1 for which he had been whipt1 pilloried1 and imprisoned1 about #afah4 ,his opinions had been revived more ably in certain treatises and discourses1 published in #afbh and #afcb1 by ,theophilus ,brabourne1 a ,puritan minister in ,norfolk4 ,both ,brabourne and ,traske had been obliged to recant their opinions and return to orthodoxy2 and indeed ,traske had done so in a ,tract written against himself1 though he again relapsed4 ,nevertheless the heresy had taken root1 and one heard in #afdd of ,traskites or ,sabbatarians dispersed through ,england4 ,the sect is continued still in the so-called ,seventh ,day ,baptists4 ,footnote3 ,paget1 pp4 #ach-ada2 with more accurate particulars in ,cox's ,literature of the ,sabbath ,question1 ,i4 #aec-e1 #aeg-h1 and #afb4 ,,soul-,,sleepers ,,or ,,mortalists3--,such was the odd name given to a sect1 or supposed sect1 represented by the anonymous author of a1 ,tract called ,man's ,mortality4 ,the ,tract is now very scarce1 if not utterly forgotten2 but1 as it made a great stir at the time1 and as we shall hear of it and its author rather particularly again in connexion with ,milton's life1 ,i may here give some account of it from a copy which ,i have managed to see4 ,the title in full is as follows3 ,man's ,mortallitie3 or a ,treatise wherein 'tis proved1 both ,theologically and ,phylosophically1 that whole ,man 7as a rationall creature7 is a compound wholy mortall1 contrary to that common distinction of ,soule and ,body2 and that the present going of the ,soule into ,heaven or ,hell is a meer fiction2 and that at the ,resurrection is the beginning of our immortallity1 and then actual ,condemnation and ,salvation1 and not before3 ,with all doubtes and objections answered and resolved both by ,scripture and ,reason2 discovering the multitude of ,blasphemies and ,absurdities that arise from the fancie of the ,soule3 ,also divers other mysteries1 as of ,heaven1 ,hell1 ,christ's humane residence1 the ,extent of the ,resurrection1 the ,new ,creation1 c43 opened and presented to the tryall of better judgments1 ,by ,r4 ,o4 ,amsterdam3 ,printed by ,john ,canne1 ,anno ,dom4 #afdc4 ,in the ,british ,museum copy1 which is the one ,i have seen1 the word ,amsterdam is erased by the collector's pen1 and ,london substituted1 with the date ,jan4 #ai added2 whence ,i infer that1 whatever ,canne at ,amsterdam had to do with the printing of the tract1 it was virtually a ,london publication1 and out in ,january1 #afdc-d4 ,on the title-page is quoted the text ,ecclesiastes iii4 #ai1 thus--,that which befalleth the sonnes of men befalleth ,beasts2 even one thing befalleth them all3 as the one dyeth so dyeth the other2 yea they have all one breath1 so that man hath no preheminence above a ,beast2 for all is vanity4 ,this gives so far the key-note to the #eg pages of matter of the ,tract itself4 ,it is a queer mixture of a sort of physiological reasoning1 such as we should now call ,materialism1 with a mystical metaphysics1 and with odd whimsies of the author's own--such as that ,christ had ascended into the ,sun4 ,the leading tenet1 however1 is that the notion of a soul1 or supernatural and immortal essence1 in man1 distinct from his bodily organism1 is a sheer delusion1 contradicted both by ,scripture and correct physiological thinking1 and that from this notion have arisen all kinds of superstitions and practical mischiefs4 ,the most grand and blasphemous heresies that are in the world1 the mystery of iniquity and the kingdom of ,antichrist1 depend upon it4 ,so says the ,tract itself2 and in the first of two pieces of verse prefixed to it by an admirer1 and entitled ,to ,his worthy ,friend the ,author1 upon his ,booke1 there occur these lines3-- ,the hell-hatched doctrine of th' immortal soul ,discovered makes the hungry ,furies howl1 ,and teare their snakey haire1 with grief appaled ,to see their error-leading doctrine quailed1 ,hell undermined and ,purgatory blown ,up in the air4 ,there are ,latin quotations in the ,tract2 and some of the physiological arguments by which the author seeks to refute the opinion of the ,soulites1 as he calls them1 are rather nauseous4 ,on the whole1 were it not for the appended concession of a ,resurrection1 or ,new ,creation1 and an ,immortality somehow to ensue thence1 the doctrine of the ,tract might be described as out-and-out ,materialism4 ,possibly1 in spite of the concession1 this is what the author meant to drive at4 ,among some of his followers1 however1 a milder version of his doctrine seems to have been in favour1 not quite denying the existence of a soul1 but asserting that the soul goes into sleep or temporary extinction at death1 to be re- awakened at the ,resurrection4 ,footnote3 ,paget1 pp4 #adh1 #adi2 ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 pp4 #bb1 #bc2 ,baillie's ,dissuasive1 ,part ,,ii4 #ii and #aba2 but mainly the ,tract cited4 ,,arians1 ,,socinians1 ,,and ,,other ,,anti-,,trinitarians3--,since #afad1 when ,legate and ,wightman had been burnt for ,arianism 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #df71 this and other forms of the ,anti-,trinitarian heresy had been little heard of in ,england4 ,but in the ferment of the ,civil ,war they were reappearing4 ,a ,thomas ,webb1 a young fellow of twenty years of age1 had been shocking people in ,london and in country-places by awful expressions against the ,trinity2 one ,clarke had been1 doing the same2 one ,paul ,best had been circulating manuscripts in which there were most horrid blasphemies of the ,trinity1 of ,christ1 and of the ,holy ,ghost2 and ,john ,biddle1 of ,gloucester1 master of the school there1 and of whom1 from his career at ,oxford1 high hopes had been formed1 had begun to be free of his discourses in a ,socinian direction4 ,baillie adds ,mr4 ,samuel ,richardson1 one of the ,baptist ministers of ,london1 to the number of those whose ,trinitarianism was questionable1 and charges the ,baptists generally with laxity on that point4 ,in short1 there was an alarm of ,arianism1 and other forms of ,anti- ,trinitarianism1 as again abroad in ,england4 ,mr4 ,nye1 the ,independent1 had been heard to say that to his knowledge the denying of the ,divinity of ,christ was a growing opinion1 and that there was a company of them met about ,coleman ,street1 a ,welshman being their chief1 who held this opinion4 ,coleman ,street appears1 indeed1 to have been a very hotbed of heresy4 ,for here it was that ,,john ,,goodwin 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #ehb-d1 and ant1 pp4 #abj-abb7 had his congregation4 ,he had not revealed himself fully2 but the public had had a taste of him in recent pamphlets4 ,baillie1 on rumour1 reports him as a ,socinian2 and ,edwards1 who came into conflict with him in due time1 and devotes many consecutive pages of ,billingsgate to him in the ,second ,part of his ,gangrna1 tells us that he held many wicked opinions1 being an ,hermaphrodite and a compound of an ,arminian1 ,socinian1 ,libertine1 ,anabaptist1 c4 ,from the same authority we learn that the ,presbyterians had nicknamed him the great ,red ,dragon of ,coleman ,street4 ,what he really was we have already seen in part for ourselves1 and shall yet see more fully4,footnote3 ,paget1 #acb--acf2 ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 pp4 #ba1 #bb1 #bf1 #cc1 ,part ,,ii #ai- #ci1 and ,part ,,iii4 #aaa and #hg2 ,baillie's ,dissuasive1 ,part ,,ii4 p4 #ih2 also ,wood's ,athen1 ,,iii4 #eic 7for ,biddle72 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #aib1 and ,jackson's ,life of ,john ,goodwin 7#ahbb71 pp4 #c and #ad4 ,,anti-,,scripturists3--,one wicked sect1 says ,old ,ephraim1 denieth the ,scriptures both of the ,old and ,new ,testament1 and account them as things of nought2 yea1 as ,i am credibly informed1 in public congregations they vent these their damnable opinions4 ,he gives no names2 but ,edwards mentions one ,marshal1 a bricklayer1 a young man1 living at ,hackney1 who made a mock of the ,scriptures in his harangues1 and asserted that he himself knew the mystery of ,god in ,christ better than ,st4 ,paul4 ,a companion of this ,marshal's told the people that the ,scripture was their golden calf and they danced round it4 ,a ,priscilla ,miles had been speaking very shockingly of the ,scriptures at ,norwich4 ,but the most noted ,anti-,scripturist seems to have been a ,clement ,wrighter1 a ,worcester man1 living in ,london1 of whom ,edwards gives this terrible character-- ,sometimes a professor of religion and judged to have been godly1 who is now an arch-heretic and fearful apostate1 an old wolf1 and a subtle man1 who goes about corrupting1 and venting his errors2 he is often in ,westminster ,hall and on the ,exchange2 he comes into public meetings of the ,sectaries upon occasions of meeting to draw up petitions for the ,parliament or other businesses4 ,this man about seven or eight years ago 7i4e4 about #afch7 fell off from the communion of our churches to ,independency and ,brownism2 from that he fell to ,anabaptism and ,arminianism1 and to ,mortalism1 holding the soul mortal 7he is judged to be the author1 or at least to have had a great hand in the ,book of the ,mortality of the ,soul74 ,after that he fell to be ,seeker1 and is now an ,anti-,scripturist1 a ,questionist and ,sceptick1 and ,i fear an ,atheist4 ,specimens of his sayings about the ,bible are given2 and altogether one has to fancy ,wrighter as an oldish man1 sneaking about in public places in ,london on soft-soled shoes1 and with bundles of papers under his arm4 ,i have seen a little thing printed by him in ,feb4 #afae-f1 under the title of ,the ,sad ,case of ,clement ,writer1 in which he complains of injustice1 to the extent of #a1ejjl41 done him by the late ,lord ,keeper ,coventry and other judges in some suit that had lasted for twelve years4 ,footnote3 ,paget1 #adi2 ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 pp4 #bf- -#bh2 ,baillie's ,dissuasive1 ,part ,,ii4 #aba4 ,,sceptics1 ,,or ,,questionists3--,they were those who1 according to ,edwards1 questioned everything in matters of religion1 holding nothing positively nor certainly1 saving the doctrine of pretended liberty of conscience for all1 and liberty of prophesying4 ,many besides ,wrighter had reached this stage through their anti-,scripturism1 and were free-thinkers of the cold or merely rational order1 distinct from the devout and enthusiastic ,seekers4 ,footnote3 ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 p4 #ac4 ,,atheists3--,although ,edwards charitably hints his fear that ,mr4 ,wrighter had at last sunk into this extreme category1 it is remarkable that neither he nor ,paget ventures to reckon ,atheists among the existing ,sects4 ,probably1 therefore1 there was no body of persons to whom1 with any pretext of plausibility1 the name could be applied4 ,but we are advised of individuals here and there whom their neighbours suspected of ,atheism2 and1 if ,edwards is to be believed1 there was alive a certain ,john ,boggis1 an apprentice to an apothecary in ,london1 who1 though at present only a young ,anabaptist preacher1 and disciple of ,captain ,hobson1 was to go within a year or two to such unheard-of lengths about ,great ,yarmouth that even ,wrighter must have disowned him4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,part ,,ii4 #acc1 #acd2 and ,baillie's ,dissuasive1 ,part ,,ii4 #ii4 ,such were the ,english ,sects and ,sectaries that had begun to be talked of in #afdd4 ,not that they were bounded off strictly from each other in divisions according with their names4 ,on the contrary1 they shaded off into each other2 and there were mixtures and combinations of some of them4 ,moreover1 as the chief of them held by the ,congregationalist principle in some form1 and hoped to flourish by taking advantage of that principle1 it was not unusual for ,presbyterian writers to include these along with the ,congregationalists proper in the one lax designation of ,independents4 ,at all events1 the ,sects hung on to the ,independents through that principle of ,toleration or ,liberty of ,conscience which the ,independents had propounded1 at first mildly1 but with a tendency to less and less of limitation4 ,all the ,sects1 less or more1 were ,,tolerationists2 the heresy of heresies in which they all agreed with each other1 and with the ,independents1 was ,,liberty ,,of ,,conscience4 ,,resumption ,,of ,,proceedings ,,by ,,the ,,westminster ,,assembly3 ,,denunciation ,,of ,,picked ,,sectaries ,,and ,,heretics4 ,the foregoing survey of ,english ,sects and ,sectaries and of the state of the ,toleration ,controversy in #afdd has been our employment1 the reader must be reminded1 during the fortnight's vacation of the ,westminster ,assembly from ,july #bc to ,august #g in that year4 ,something of the same kind was the vacation-employment of the members of that ,assembly too1 and especially of the ,presbyterian majority4 ,for they had been driven out of their previous calculations by the battle of ,marston ,moor 7,july #b74 ,that battle had been won mainly by ,cromwell1 the head of the ,army- ,independents1 and it went to the credit of ,independency4 ,all the more necessary was it for the ,presbyterians of the ,assembly to bethink themselves of indirect means of argument against the ,independents4 ,the means were not far to seek4 ,let this horrible ,hydra of ,sects1 all bred out of ,independency1 be dragged into light2 and would not respectable ,independency itself stand aghast at her offspring8 ,the word ,toleration had been mumbled cautiously within the ,assembly1 and had made itself heard with some larger liking in ,parliament1 and still greater applause among the hasty thousands of the ,parliamentary soldiers and the populace6 ,let it be shown what this monstrous notion really meant1 what herds of strange creatures and shoals even of vermin it would permit in ,england2 and would ,england ratify the monstrosity1 or the ,independency consociated with it1 even for twenty ,cromwells1 or ten ,marston ,moors8 ,so1 in the fort-night's vacation1 reasoned ,messrs4 ,marshall1 ,lightfoot1 ,calamy1 ,palmer1 ,vines1 ,spurstow1 ,newcomen1 ,herle1 ,burges1 and other ,english ,presbyterians1 incited rather than repressed by the ,scottish anxiety of ,rutherford1 ,gillespie1 ,baillie1 and 7,i am afraid7 ,henderson4 ,accordingly1 when the ,assembly resumed its sittings 7,wednesday1 ,aug4 #g1 #afdd71 its first work was to fall passionately on the ,sects and the arch- heresy of ,toleration4 ,the first day of our sitting1 after our vacance1 says ,baillie1 a number of complaints were given in against the ,anabaptists' and ,antinomians' huge increase and insolencies intolerable4 ,notwithstanding ,mr4 ,nye's and others' opposition1 it was carried that the ,assembly should remonstrate it to the ,parliament4 ,footnote3 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #bah2 corroborated by ,lightfoot's ,notes on the very day 7p4 #bii74 ,and they did remonstrate it1 without a day's delay4 ,friday1 ,may #i1 as we learn from the ,lords ,journals1 it was represented to the ,house of ,lords1 through ,mr4 ,marshall1 by order of the ,assembly1 ,that they have been informed of the great growth and increase of ,anabaptists and ,antinomians and other ,sects2 and that some ,anabaptists have delivered in private houses some blasphemous passages and dangerous opinions3 ,they have acquainted the ,house of ,commons therewith2 and1 c4 ,footnote3 ,lords ,journals1 ,aug4 #i1 #afdd4 ,turning to the ,commons ,journals of the same day we find1 accordingly1 a column and a half on the same subject1 with many details4 ,dr4 ,burges and ,mr4 ,marshall had appeared before the ,commons on the same errand from the ,assembly3 had told the ,honourable ,house that many ministers and gentry all through ,england had long desired to petition it to prevent the spreading opinions of ,anabaptism and ,antinomianism2 that they had been persuaded to forbear2 but that now these men have cast off all affection and are so imbitterated that farther forbearance would be wrong1 and the ,assembly cannot but represent to the ,house that it is high time to suppress them4 ,that the ,commons might not be left in the vague1 a ,mr4 ,picot in ,guernsey1 and a ,mr4 ,knolles1 recently in ,cornwall 7,hanserd ,knollys871 of the ,anabaptist sort1 with a ,mr4 ,randall1 a ,mr4 ,penrose1 and a ,mr4 ,simson1 as of a worse sort still 7see ,randall among the ,antinomians and ,familists in our synopsis71 were denounced by name as proper culprits to begin with4 ,what could the poor ,house of ,commons do8 ,agreeing with the ,lords1 they promised to do what they could4 ,they would take the whole subject into their grave consideration2 they empowered the ,committee for ,plundered ,ministers1 with a certain addition to their number1 to arrest and examine the particular culprits named2 and1 to prove their heartiness meanwhile1 they resolved1 on that very day1 ,that ,mr4 ,white do give order for the public burning of one ,mr4 ,williams his book1 intituled1 c41 concerning the ,tolerating of all sorts of ,religion4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,aug4 #i1 #afdd4 ,this one ,mr4 ,williams1 as the reader will be aware1 was ,roger ,williams1 then on his way back to ,america2 and his book was ,the ,bloody ,tenent4 ,there must have been much hypocrisy1 and much cowardice1 in the ,english ,house of ,commons on that day4 ,where was the younger ,sir ,harry ,vane8 ,probably he was in the ,house while they passed the order1 and wondering how far ,roger ,williams had got on his voyage1 and meditatively twirling his thumbs4 ,a good stroke of business by the ,westminster ,assembly in two days after their vacation6 ,but they followed it up4 ,there were frequent ,solemn ,fasts1 by ,parliamentary order1 in those days1 when all ,london was expected to go to church and listen to sermons by divines from the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,tuesday1 the #acth of ,august1 #afdd1 was one of those ,solemn ,fast-days--an ,extraordinary ,day of ,humiliation2 and the ministers appointed by the ,assembly to preach in chief--i4e4 to preach before the two ,houses of ,parliament1 and the ,assembly itself1 in ,st4 ,margaret's1 ,westminster--were ,mr4 ,thomas ,hill and ,mr4 ,herbert ,palmer4 ,these two gentlemen1 it seems1 did their duty3 ,they satisfied even ,baillie4 ,mr4 ,palmer and ,mr4 ,hill1 he says1 did preach that day to the ,assembly two of the most ,scottish and free sermons that ever ,i heard anywhere4 ,the way here of all preachers1 even the best1 has been to speak before the ,parliament with so profound a reverence as truly took all edge from their exhortations1 and made all applications of them toothless and adulatorious4 ,that style is much changed1 however3 these two good men laid well about them1 and charged public and ,parliamentary sins strictly on the backs of the guilty4 ,footnote3 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #bbj1 #bba4 ,as the sermons themselves remain in print1 we have the means of verifying ,baillie's description4 ,it is quite correct4 ,not only in the ,epistle ,dedicatory to his sermon when it was printed did ,mr4 ,hill denounce the ,toleration doctrine1 and make a marginal reference to ,roger ,williams's ,bloody ,tenent as a book not too soon burnt2 but in the sermon itself1 the subject of which was the duty of advancing ,temple-work 7,haggai i4 #g1 #h71 he openly attacked two classes of persons as the chief underminers of ,temple-work4 ,first1 he said1 there were those who would allow nothing to be jure divino in the ,church1 but held that all matters of ,church-constitution were to be settled by mere prudence and ,state-convenience--in other words1 the ,erastians1 ,they are lectured1 but are let off more easily than the second sort of underminers3 viz4 such who would have a toleration of all ways of ,religion in this ,church4 ,parliament is reminded that all tendency to this way of thinking is unfaithfulness to the ,covenant1 and is told that to set the door so wide open as to tolerate all religions would be to make ,london an ,amsterdam1 and would lead to--in fact1 would certainly lead to-- ,amsterdamnation6 ,so far ,mr4 ,hill2 but ,mr4 ,palmer was even more bold4 ,preaching on ,psalm xcix4 #h1 this delicate little creature laid about him most manfully4 ,parliament are rebuked for eluding the ,covenant1 for too great tenderness in their dealings with delinquents1 and for remissness in the prevention and punishment of false doctrine4 ,they are exhorted to extirpate heresy and schism1 especially ,antinomianism and ,anabaptism1 and1 are warned at some length against the snare of ,toleration4 ,hearken not--,i earnestly exhort every one that intends to have any regard at all to his solemn ,covenant and oath in this second article--to those that offer to plead for ,tolerations2 which ,i wonder how any one dare write or speak for as they do that have themselves taken the ,covenant1 or know that you have4 ,the arguments that are used in some books1 well worthy to be burnt1 plead for ,popery1 ,judaism1 ,turcism1 ,paganism1 and all manner of false religions1 under pretence of ,liberty of ,conscience4 ,this is clearly an allusion to ,john ,goodwin2 and in the sequel ,mr4 ,palmer makes another personal allusion of still greater interest4 ,in order to show what a social chaos would result from toleration of error on the plea of ,liberty of ,conscience1 he gives instances of some of the horrible opinions that would claim the benefit of the plea1 and among these he names ,milton's ,divorce doctrine1 then circulating in a book which the author had been shameless enough to dedicate openly to ,parliament itself4 ,the particulars will be given1 and the passage quoted1 in due time2 the fact is enough at present4 ,footnote3 ,the title of ,hill's sermon is ,the ,season for ,england's ,selfe-,reflection and ,advancing ,temple-work2 discovered in a ,sermon preached to the two ,houses of ,parliament at ,margaret's1 ,westminster1 ,aug4 #ac1 #afad2 being an extraordinary day of ,humiliation4 ,by1 c41 ,london3 ,printed by ,richard ,cotes1 for ,john ,bellamy and ,philerion ,stephens #afdd4--,the title of ,palmer's is ,the ,glasse of ,god's ,providence towards his ,faithful ,ones2 ,held forth in a ,sermon1 c4 occasion and date as in ,hill's2 wherein is discovered the great failings that the best are liable unto1 upon which ,god is provoked sometimes to take vengeance4 ,the whole is applyed specially to a more carefull observance of our late ,convenant1 and particularly against the ungodly ,toleration pleaded for under pretence of ,liberty of ,conscience4 ,by1 c41 ,london3 ,printed by ,g4,m4 for ,th4 ,underhill at the ,bible in ,wood ,street1 #afdd4 ,neither sermon impresses one now very favourably in respect of either spirit or ability4 ,i expected ,palmer's to be better4 ,not content with direct remonstrance to ,parliament on the subject of the increase of sects and heresies1 nor with the power of exhorting it on the subject through the pulpit1 the ,presbyterians of the ,assembly1 ,i find1 resorted to other agencies4 ,they had great influence in the ,city1 and it occurred to them1 or to some of them1 to stir up the ,stationers' ,company to activity in the matter4 ,the ,stationers1 indeed1 had a commercial interest1 as well as a religious interest1 in the suppression of the obnoxious books and pamphlets1 most of which were published without the legal formalities of licence and registration4 ,it is without surprise therefore that we find this entry in the ,commons ,journals for ,saturday1 ,aug4 #bd1 #afdd3 ,ordered that the ,petition from the ,company of ,stationers be read on ,monday morning next1 followed by this other as the minute of the first business 7after prayers7 at the next sitting1 7,monday1 ,aug4 #bf73 ,the humble ,petition of the ,company of ,stationers1 consisting of ,booksellers1 ,printers1 and ,bookbinders1 was this day read1 and ordered to be referred to the consideration of the ,committee for ,printing1 to hear all parties and to state the business1 and to prepare an ,ordinance upon the whole matter and to bring it in with all convenient speed2 and they are1 to this purpose1 to peruse the ,bill formerly brought in concerning this matter4 ,they are diligently to inquire out the authors1 printers1 and publishers of the ,pamphlets against the ,immortality of the ,soul and ,concerning ,divorce4 ,it had been determined1 it seems1 that ,palmer's denunciation of ,milton in his sermon a fortnight before should not be a brutum fulmen4 ,to the incident1 as it affected ,milton himself1 we shall have to refer again4 ,meanwhile it belongs to that stage of the action of the ,westminster ,assembly on ,english politics which we are now trying to illustrate4 ,the ,assembly1 we have shown1 besides still carrying on within itself the main question between ,presbyterianism and ,congregationalism1 had begun a wider war against ,schism1 ,sectarianism1 the whole miscellany of ,english heresies1 and especially the all-including heresy of ,toleration4 ,they opened the campaign1 by private agreement among themselves1 in ,august #afdd2 and by the end of that month they had succeeded in rousing ,parliament to some action on the subject1 and had directed attention to at least nine special offenders1 deserving to be punished first of all4 ,these were--the ,anabaptists1 ,picot and ,hanserd ,knollys2 the ,antinomians1 ,penrose and ,simson2 the ,antinomian and ,familist1 ,randall2 the ,seeker and ,tolerationist1 ,roger ,williams2 the ,independent1 semi-,socinian1 and ,tolerationist1 ,john ,goodwin2 the ,anti-,scripturist and ,mortalist1 ,clement ,wrighter2 and ,mr4 ,john ,milton of ,aldersgate ,street1 author of a ,treatise on ,divorce4 ,for1 though the ,committee of ,parliament had been instructed to inquire out the author of the ,divorce ,treatise1 this was but a form4 ,the second edition1 dedicated to the ,parliament and the ,assembly1 and with ,milton's name to it in full1 had been out more than six months4 ,of the nine persons mentioned1 only ,clement ,wrighter1 the ,mortalist 7if indeed the tract on ,man's ,mortality was from his pen71 had to be found out4 ,was there to be no check to this ,presbyterian inquisitorship8 ,whence could a check come8 ,the few ,independents in the ,assembly1 just because they were fighting their own particular battle1 had to be cautious against too great an extension of their lines4 ,not from them1 therefore1 but from the freer ,independency of the ,army1 which was in fact by this time a composition of all or many of the sects1 could the check be expected4 ,thence1 in fact1 it did come4 ,in short1 while the ,presbyterians in ,london were in the flush of their first success against the ,sectaries and the ,tolerationists1 in walked ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,,cromwell',s ,,interference ,,for ,,toleration3 ,,accommodation ,,order ,,of ,,parliament4 ,events had been qualifying ,cromwell more and more for the task4 ,his ,independency1 or let us call it ,tolerationism1 had been long known4 ,as early as ,march #afdc-d1 when he had just become ,lieutenant-general in the ,earl of ,manchester's army1 he had been resolute in seeing that the officers and soldiers in that army should not be troubled or kept down for ,anabaptism or the like4 ,this had been the more necessary because the next in command under him1 the ,scottish ,major-general ,crawford1 was an ardent and pragmatic ,presbyterian4 ,sir1 ,cromwell had written to ,crawford on one occasion1 when an ,anabaptist colonel had been put under disgrace1 the ,state1 in choosing men to serve it1 takes no notice of their opinions2 if they be willing faithfully to serve it1 that satisfies4 ,i advised you formerly to bear with men of different minds from yourself3 if you had done it when ,i advised you to it1 ,i think you would not have had so many stumbling-blocks in your way4 ,it may be you judge otherwise2 but ,i tell you my mind4 ,footnote3 ,carlyle1 ,cromwell 7ed4 #aheg71 ,i4 p4 #adh4 ,ever since that time there had been a vital difference between the ,presbyterian ,major-general ,crawford and his superior1 the ,lieutenant-general4 ,gradually1 according to ,baillie1 ,manchester1 who was a sweet1 meek man1 and greatly led by ,cromwell1 had been brought over more to the ,presbyterian way by ,crawford's reasonings4 ,it had come to be a question1 in fact1 whether ,cromwell and comfort or ,crawford and precision should prevail in ,manchester's army4 ,marston ,moor 7,july #b7 had settled that4 ,cromwell1 as the hero of ,marston ,moor1 was not a man to be farther opposed or thwarted2 the ,independents1 who had mainly won ,marston ,moor1 were not men to submit longer to ,presbyterian ascendancy in the regulation of the army1 or to see their large-faced ,english chief pestered and counterworked by a peevish ,scot4 ,yes1 but was ,cromwell the hero of ,marston ,moor1 or had ,marston ,moor been won mainly by the ,independents8 ,these were the questions which ,crawford1 ever since the battle1 had been trying to keep open4 ,he had been trying1 as we have seen1 to keep them open in ,london1 though with but small success2 and in the ,army his tongue had1 doubtless1 been louder and more troublesome4 ,at last ,cromwell made up his mind4 ,either ,crawford must cease to be ,major-general of ,manchester's army1 or he must cease to be ,lieutenant-general4 ,it was on this business that1 in ,september #afdd1 he came up to ,london4 ,there had been letters on the subject before from both parties in the ,army1 the ,independents pressing for ,crawford's dismissal1 and the ,presbyterians for retaining him4 ,but now ,manchester1 ,cromwell1 and ,crawford had1 all three1 come up personally to argue the matter out4 ,cromwell1 it appears1 was in one of those moods of ungovernable obstinacy which always came upon him at the right time4 ,our labour to reconcile them1 writes ,baillie1 was vain3 ,cromwell was peremptor2 notwithstanding the kingdom's evident hazard1 and the evident displeasure of our the ,scottish nation1 yet1 if ,crawford were not cashiered1 his ,cromwell's colonels would lay down their commissions4 ,there was a plot in all this1 ,baillie thought4 ,the real purpose of the ,independents was to bring ,manchester out of the clutches of ,presbyterianism1 or1 if that could not be done1 to get him to resign1 so that ,cromwell might succeed to the chief command2 in which case the ,independents would be able to counterbalance the ,presbyterians1 and overawe the ,assembly and ,parliament both to their ends4--,it was a very proper plot1 too1 as every day was proving4 ,what was the last news that had reached ,london8 ,it was that ,essex1 the ,general-in-chief1 had been totally beaten by the ,king in ,cornwall 7,sept4 #a7--;,essex himself obliged to escape by ship1 leaving his army to its fate2 the horse1 under ,sir ,william ,balfour1 to fight their way out by desperate exertion2 and the foot1 under ,skippon1 to think of doing the same1 but at last to surrender miserably4 ,waller's army1 also1 was by this time nowhere4 ,it had perished by gradual desertion4 ,evidently1 it had become a question of some moment for the ,parliamentarians who had won ,marston ,moor1 and who should be chief in ,manchester's army4 ,footnote3 ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #bbi1 #bcj2 ,rushworth ,v4 #fii et seq42 ,whitlocke 7ed4 #ahec71 ,i4 #cjb1 #cjc2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 7ed41 #aheg71 ,i4 #aeh4 ,the special business which had brought ,cromwell to ,london was1 in fact1 but a metaphor of the general business then occupying the ,english nation4 ,whether a pragmatical ,presbyterian ,scot should regulate the discipline of an ,english ,parliamentarian army1 and whether the ,westminster ,assembly should establish a ,presbyterian ,inquisitorship over the whole mind of ,england1 were but forms of the same question4 ,little wonder1 then1 that ,cromwell1 finding himself in ,london on the smaller form of the business1 resolved to move also in the larger4 ,and he did4 ,this day1 writes ,baillie on ,friday the #acth of ,september #afdd1 ,cromwell has obtained an ,order of the ,house of ,commons to refer to the ,committee of both ,kingdoms the accommodation or toleration of the ,independents--a high and unexpected ,order6 ,three days afterwards ,baillie is still full of the subject4 ,while ,cromwell is here1 he says1 the ,house of ,commons1 without the least advertisement to any of us ,scottish ,commissioners1 or of the ,assembly1 passes an ,order that the ,grand ,committee of both ,houses1 ,assembly1 and us1 shall consider of the means to unite us and the ,independents1 or1 if that be found impossible1 to see how they may be tolerate4 ,this has much affected us4 ,on turning to the ,commons ,journals we find the actual words of the ,order3 ,ordered1 ,that the ,committee of ,lords and ,commons appointed to treat with the ,commissioners of ,scotland and the ,committee of the ,assembly do take into consideration the differences in opinion of the members of the ,assembly in point of ,church- government1 and do endeavour a union if it be possible2 and1 in case that cannot be done1 do endeavour the finding out some ways how far tender consciences1 who cannot in all things submit to the common ,rule which shall be established1 may be borne with1 according to the ,word1 and as may stand with the public peace1 that so the proceedings of the ,assembly may not be so much retarded4 ,mr4 ,solicitor ,st4 ,john appears as the reporter of the ,order4 ,cromwell1 in fact1 had quietly formed a little phalanx of the right men to carry the thing through4 ,the younger ,vane was one of them4 ,even ,stephen ,marshall1 the ,presbyterian and ,smectymnuan1 had to some extent aided in the contrivance1 without consulting any of his brethren of the ,assembly4 ,the ,order came upon the ,presbyterians like a thunder-clap4 ,for1 as they rightly interpreted1 it was nothing less than a design to carry in ,parliament a ,toleration-clause to be inserted in the ,bill for establishing ,presbytery before that ,bill was ready to be drafted4 ,of this ,baillie and his friends complained bitterly4 ,was it not unfair to ,presbyterianism thus to anticipate so ostentatiously that there would be many whom it would not satisfy8 ,was not this framing of a ,toleration- clause1 to be inserted into a ,bill before the ,bill itself was in being1 like a solicitation to the ,english people to prefer the clause to the body of the ,bill1 and so to continue dubious about ,presbytery1 instead of cultivating faith in its merits8 ,so argued ,baillie and the ,presbyterians4 ,but1 indeed1 they saw more behind the ,accommodation ,order4 ,the ,toleration it sought to provide might seem1 from the wording1 only a moderate ,toleration in the interest of the ,independents of the ,assembly and their immediate adherents4 ,from what ,baillie says1 one infers that ,mr4 ,solicitor ,st4 ,john and ,mr4 ,marshall had been drawing up the ,order in this moderate form1 and that ,cromwell and ,vane would fain have had more4 ,the great shot of ,cromwell and ,vane1 says ,baillie1 is to have a liberty for all religions1 without any exceptions4 ,and of ,vane he distinctly says that he was offended with the ,solicitor for putting only differences about ,church-government into the ,toleration ,ordinance1 and not also differences about free grace1 including liberty to the ,antinomians and to all ,sects4 ,at all events1 he had recently1 in the presence of the ,scottish ,commissioners themselves1 been reasoning prolixly1 earnestly1 and passionately for universal ,toleration4 ,probably ,cromwell and ,vane were content in the meantime with what the long-headed ,solicitor saw he could pass4 ,it could be stretched when necessary4 ,the form was ,st4 ,john's1 but the deed was ,cromwell's4 ,footnote3 ,the authorities for the interesting facts related in this paragraph which seem to have slipped out of view of most modern writers on the history of the period are ,baillie1 ,,ii #bbf1 #bbi1 #bca1 and #bcf1 #bcg1 and ,commons ,journal1 ,sept #ac1 #afdd4 ,after the check of this ,accommodation ,order of ,sept4 #ac1 #afdd1 the ,presbyterians of the ,assembly seem to have proceeded somewhat more temperately4 ,not that they gave up the fight4 ,their preachers before ,parliament still followed in the strain of ,hill and ,palmer4 ,in a ,fast-day ,sermon before the two ,houses on ,sept4 #ab1 the day before the ,order1 the ,smectymnuan1 ,matthew ,newcomen1 had again had a slap at ,toleration2 on ,sept4 #be ,lazarus ,seaman was again at it1 and actually named in his sermon four dangerous books for ,liberty of ,conscience1 including ,goodwin's and ,williams's--the burning of which lest did not seem enough to the ,rabbi1 for the shell is sometimes thrown into the fire when the kernel is eaten2 the respected ,calamy1 also a ,smectymnuan1 is at it again1 ,oct4 #bb1 telling the ,parliament that1 if they do not put down ,anabaptism1 ,antinomianism1 and ,tolerationism of all religions1 then they are the ,anabaptists1 the ,antinomians1 the ,tolerationists2 ,spurstow1 a third of the ,smectymnuans1 is not done with it on ,nov4 #e4 ,footnote3 ,my notes from a volume of the ,parliamentary ,sermons of #afdd1 kindly lent me by ,mr4 ,david ,laing ,in the ,assembly itself also the question of heresy1 blasphemy1 and their suppression1 occasionally turned up4 ,oct4 #ag1 for example1 there was officially before the ,assembly the case of a ,john ,hart1 who had been making a reputation for himself in ,surrey by this hideous joke3--,who made you8 ,my ,lord of ,essex4--,who redeemed you8 ,sir ,w4 ,waller4--,who sanctified and preserved you8 ,my ,lord of ,warwick4 ,this led to a conversation in the ,assembly on the increase of blasphemy1 and to a new remonstrance to ,parliament on the subject4,footnote3 ,lightfoot's ,notes at date named ,again1 on the #bbnd of ,november1 there was a report to the ,assembly of some fresh damnable blasphemies1 more of the doctrinal kind1 and savouring of ,mortalism and ,clement ,wrighter4 ,footnote3 ,lightfoot's ,notes at date named4 ,nor had the ,assembly agreed to let even ordinary ,anabaptism and ,antinomianism alone2 for they had again memorialized ,parliament on the subject1 and had had a rather satisfactory response from the ,commons1 ,nov4 #ae1 in the form of a promise to consider the whole matter1 and an order meanwhile that no person should be permitted to preach unless he were an ordained minister in the ,english or some other ,reformed ,church1 or a probationer intending the ministry and duly licensed by those authorized by ,parliament to give such licence4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,nov4 #ae1 #afdd4 ,on the whole1 however1 from ,september #afdd onwards through ,october and ,november1 to the end of the year1 there was rather an abatement of the inquisitorial zeal of the ,assembly4 ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,assembly',s ,,main ,,work3 ,,presbyterian ,,settlement ,,voted ,,by ,,parliament4 ,in those months1 indeed1 the ,assembly was unusually active over its main work4 ,for1 though we have seen chiefly the spray of its miscellaneous interferences with affairs1 it must be remembered that it had been called together for a vast mass of substantial work1 and that it had been steadily prosecuting that work1 in ,committees1 ,sub-committees1 and the daily meetings of the whole body4 ,the work expected by ,parliament from the ,assembly consisted of 7#a7 the compilation of a ,confession of ,faith1 or ,articles of ,religion1 which should supersede the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 and be the ,creed of the new ,national ,church of ,england about to be established2 7#b7 the composition of a ,catechism or ,catechisms1 which should be a manual or manuals for the instruction of the people1 and especially the young1 in the theology of the ,articles2 7#c7 the devising of a ,frame of ,discipline or ,church-government1 to come in lieu of ,episcopacy1 and form the constitution of the new ,national ,church2 and 7#d7 the preparation of a ,directory of ,worship1 which should supplant the ,liturgy1 c41 and settle the methods and forms to be adopted in worship1 and on such occasions as baptisms1 marriages1 and funerals4 ,here was a mass of work which1 at the ordinary rate of business in ecclesiastical councils1 might well keep the ,assembly together for two or three years4 ,what amount of progress had they made at the date at which we have now arrived8 ,naturally1 on first meeting1 they had begun with the business of the new ,articles1 or ,confession of ,faith4 ,the particular form in which1 by the order of ,parliament1 they had addressed themselves to this business1 was that of a careful revision of the ,thirty-nine ,articles4 ,with tolerable unanimity 7ant1 pp4 #e1 #f and #ah1ai71 they had gone on in this labour for three months1 or till ,oct4 #ab1afdc2 by which time they had ,calvinized fifteen of the ,articles4 ,footnote3 ,whoever wants to compare the ,westminster ,assembly's ,calvinized ,version of the first fifteen ,articles with the original ,articles will find the two sets printed conveniently in parallel columns in ,history of the ,westminster ,assembly of ,divines 7#ahdb71 published at ,philadelphia1 ,u4,s41 by the ,presbyterian ,board of ,publication4 ,then1 however1 they had been interrupted in this labour4 ,the ,scottish ,league and ,covenant having come into action1 and the ,scottish ,commissioners having become an influence at the back of the ,english ,parliament1 the ,assembly had been ordered to proceed to what seemed the more immediately pressing businesses of the new ,model of ,church-government and the new ,directory of ,worship4 ,the business of a ,confession of ,faith thus lying over till it could be resumed at leisure1 the ,assembly had1 for more than a year1 been occupied with the ,church-government question and the ,directory4 ,what tough and tedious work they had had with the ,church-government question we have seen4 ,still1 even in this question they had made progress4 ,beating the ,congregationalists by vote on proposition after proposition1 the ,presbyterian majority had1 by the end of ,october #afdd1 carried all the essentials of ,presbytery through the ,assembly1 and referred them confidently to ,parliament4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bcb4 ,add to this that a new ,directory of ,worship had been drawn up4 ,the ,congregationalist ,brethren had been far more acquiescent in this business2 and1 though many points in it had occasioned minute discussion1 the ,assembly were able1 on the #blst of ,november1 to transmit to ,parliament1 unanimously1 a ,directory1 in which everything in the shape of ,liturgy or ,prelatic ceremonial was disallowed1 and certain plain forms1 like those of the ,scottish ,presbyterian worship1 prescribed instead4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bdj and #bdb-c ,by the end of #afdd1 therefore1 the ,westminster ,assembly had substantially acquitted itself of two out of four of the pieces of work expected from it by ,parliament--the ,new ,directory of ,worship and the ,new ,frame of ,church-government2 and it only remained for ,parliament to sanction or reject what the ,assembly had concluded under these two heads4 ,during ,november and ,december #afdd1 and ,january #afdd-e1 accordingly1 there was much discussion in both ,houses of all the points of ,religion and ,church-government which the new ,directory and the new ,frame were to settle4 ,the debates of the ,houses during these months1 indeed1 were very much those of the ,assembly over again--the ,lords and ,commons1 though laymen1 examining each proposition and each clause for themselves1 and insisting on proofs from ,scripture and the like4 ,january #afdd-e was the great month4 ,on the #dth of that month an ,ordinance from the ,commons passed the ,lords1 abolishing the use of the ,prayer-book1 adopting and confirming the new ,westminster ,directory1 and ordering it to be printed4 ,on the #bcrd of the same month1 the following ,resolutions were adopted by the ,commons3-- ,resolved3 ,that there shall be fixed ,congregations--that is1 a certain company of ,christians to meet in one ,assembly ordinarily for public worship3 when believers multiply to such a number that they cannot conveniently meet in one place1 they shall be divided into distinct and fixed ,congregations1 for the better administration of such ordinances as belong to them1 and the discharge of mutual duties4 ,resolved3 ,that the ordinary way of dividing ,christians into distinct ,congregations1 and most expedient for edification1 is by the respective bounds of their dwellings4 ,resolved3 ,that the minister and other ,church-officers in each particular ,congregation shall join in the government of the ,church in such manner as shall be established by ,parliament4 ,resolved3 ,that these officers shall meet together at convenient and set times for the well-ordering of the affairs of that ,congregation1 each according to his office4 ,resolved3 ,that the ordinances in a particular ,congregation are ,prayer1 ,thanksgiving1 and ,singing of ,psalms2 the ,word read1 though there follow no immediate explication of what is read2 the ,word expounded and applied2 ,catechising2 the ,sacraments administered2 ,collection made for the ,poor2 ,dismissing of the people with a ,blessing4 ,resolved3 ,that many particular ,congregations shall be under one ,presbyterial government4 ,resolved3 ,that the ,church be governed by ,congregational1 ,classical1 and ,synodical ,assemblies1 in such manner as shall be established by ,parliament4 ,resolved3 ,that ,synodical ,assemblies shall consist both of ,provincial and ,national ,assemblies4 ,dry and simple as these ,resolutions look1 they were the outcome of fifteen months of deliberation1 and they were of immense significance4 ,they declared it to be the will of ,parliament that ,england thenceforth should be a ,presbyterian country1 like ,scotland4 ,just as ,scotland was a little country1 with her #a1jjj parishes or so1 the inhabitants of each of which were understood to form a particular congregation1 meeting statedly for worship1 and taught and spiritually disciplined by one ,minister and certain other church-officers called ,lay ,elders1 so ,england was to be a large country of some #aj1jjj or #ab1jjj parishes and parochial congregations1 each after the same fashion4 ,as in ,scotland the parishes or congregations1 though mainly managing each its own affairs1 were not independent1 but were bound together in groups by the device of ,presbyteries1 or periodical courts consisting of the ministers and ruling elders of a certain number of contiguous parishes meeting to hear appeals from congregations1 and otherwise exercise government1 so the ten times more numerous parishes of ,england were similarly to be grouped into ,presbyteries or ,classes 7,classes was the more favourite ,english term71 each ,classis containing some ten or twelve congregations4 ,thus in ,london alone1 where there were about #abj parishes1 there ought to be about twelve ,classes or ,presbyteries4 ,finally1 the ,presbyteries were to be interconnected1 and their proceedings supervised1 as in1 ,scotland1 by periodical ,synods of the ministers and ruling elders of many ,presbyteries--say of all the ,presbyteries of one large shire1 or of several small shires taken as a convenient ecclesiastical district4 ,in ,scotland the practice was for all the ministers and ruling elders within the bounds of a ,provincial ,synod to attend the ,synod personally2 but in ,england1 on account of her size1 the plan of ,synods of elected representatives might be advisable--which1 however1 would not affect the principle4 ,in any case1 the annual ,national ,assembly of the whole ,church1 which1 under the new ,presbyterian system1 would be to ,england the same ,ecclesiastical ,parliament that the ,general ,assembly in ,edinburgh was to ,scotland1 must necessarily1 like that ,assembly1 be constituted representatively4 ,nothing less than all this was implied in the eight ,resolutions of the ,commons on ,friday1 ,jan4 #bc1 #afdd-e4 ,by an order of ,monday the #bgth1 however1 ,mr4 ,rous1 who had been commissioned to report the ,resolutions to the ,lords1 was instructed to report only four of them1--the #crd1 the #fth1 the #gth1 and the #hth4 ,the answer of the ,lords on the following day was ,that this ,house agrees with the ,house of ,commons in all the ,votes now brought up concerning ,church-government4 ,in refraining from sending up all the eight ,votes1 the ,commons appear to have thought it best not yet positively to determine against the ,congregationalists on one or two points1 including that of strict parochialism4 ,but in the four ,votes sent up to the ,lords and agreed to by them1 all the essentials of ,presbytery were involved2 so that from the #bhth of ,january #afdd-e it stood registered in the ,acts of ,parliament that ,england should1 be ,presbyterianized4 ,footnote3 ,commons and ,lords ,journals of dates given4 ,at this stage of the proceedings we may leave the ,westminster ,assembly for a while4 ,on the #bfth of ,december1 ,johnstone of ,warriston and ,mr4 ,barclay had left it1 in order to be present at the ,scottish ,convention of ,estates1 which was to meet at ,edinburgh on the #gth of ,january2 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bea4 and on the #fth of ,january ,baillie and ,gillespie left it1 on a weary horse-journey1 in order to be present at the ,general ,assembly of the ,scottish ,kirk1 which was to meet at the same place on the #bbnd4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bej4 ,henderson and ,rutherford remained in ,london4 ,what tidings were carried by the ,scottish ,commissioners to ,edinburgh of the great things which the ,lord had up to that time done for the cause of ,presbytery and true ,religion in ,england may be read to this day in the records of the ,scottish ,parliament and the ,scottish ,general ,assembly of #afde4 ,baillie's exulting speech in the ,assembly is really worth reading4 ,footnote3 ,it is given in ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #bee-beg4 ,but see also ,letter of ,scottish ,commissioners and ,letter of ,westminster ,assembly to the ,scottish ,general ,assembly1 both of date ,jan4 #f1 #afde1 in ,acts of ,general ,assembly of the ,kirk4 ,suffice it to say here that there was great rejoicing in ,edinburgh and in all ,scotland2 that the ,general ,assembly unanimously ratified the ,westminster ,directory of ,worship 7,feb4 #c7 and the ,westminster ,frame of ,presbyterial government 7,feb4 #aj72 and that the ,scottish ,parliament 7,feb4 #f7 approved and established1 for ,scotland1 the ,directory already established for ,england4 ,let us add that ,baillie had a pleasant holiday1 revisited his wife and family in ,glasgow1 and would fain have been allowed to remain in his own country thenceforth4 ,but this could not be4 ,both he and ,gillespie had to obey orders1 and prepare1 with sighs1 for a return to ,london in ,march4 ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,war3 ,,self-,,denying ,,ordinance ,,and ,,new ,,model4 ,during the six months the transactions of which1 as far as the ,westminster ,assembly was concerned1 we have thus presented in summary 7,sept4 #afdd-,march #afde71 the hurry of more general events in ,england had been very marked4 ,of what use was the preparation of a ,presbyterian ,form of ,church-government1 and a ,presbyterian ,directory of ,worship1 for ,england1 so long as it remained uncertain whether ,england might not be once again the ,king's1 and the ,parliament under his feet8 ,and1 really1 there was this danger4 ,marston ,moor had been a great blow to the ,king3 it had spoilt his cause in the whole of the ,north4 ,but ,essex's defeat in ,cornwall 7,sept4 #a7 had come as a terrible set-off1 ,in the confidence of that victory1 the ,king was on the move out of the ,west back to ,oxford 7,sept4 #cj71 sending proclamations before him1 and threatening a march upon ,london itself4 ,the taking of ,newcastle by the ,scots under ,leven 7,oct4 #ai7 was a return of good fortune for the ,parliament at the right moment2 at least it provided the ,londoners again with their long-missed coals4 ,but it had come now to be a contest between the ,king's main force and the combined forces of ,parliament in the ,south-,english midlands4 ,in the second ,battle of ,newbury 7,sunday1 ,oct4 #bg7 the issue was tried--the ,earl of ,manchester's army1 with ,cromwell second in it1 having been joined to the recruited armies of ,essex and ,waller in order to resist the ,king4 ,manchester and ,waller were the real ,parliamentary commanders1 ,essex being ill4 ,it was a severe battle4 ,the ,king had1 on the whole1 the worst2 but he got off1 as ,cromwell and others thought1 less thoroughly beaten than he ought to have been4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #gba-gcj2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell 7ed4 #aheg71 ,i4 l#ei4 ,from the date of this second ,battle of ,newbury1 accordingly1 ,cromwell became the spokesman of a dissatisfaction with the military and political conduct of the cause of ,parliament as deep and as wide-spread throughout ,england as that dissatisfaction with the conduct of the religious question of which he had made himself the spokesman six weeks before4 ,what ,cromwell had thought when he moved the ,accommodation ,order of ,sept4 #ac had been virtually this3 ,here are you discoursing about strict ,presbytery and what differences from it may be tolerated1 when the real question is whether we shall have a free ,england for ,presbytery or anything else to exist in1 and how we can carry with us all honest men who will fight to make such a free ,england4 ,and now1 when1 after the second ,battle of ,newbury1 he again reappeared in ,parliament1 it was in this prolongation1 or profounder state1 of the same mood3--,the time has come when ,i must speak out4 ,we1 of this nation1 must turn over a new leaf4 ,we have been fighting the ,king now for more than two years1 and we are very much as we were when we began4 ,and why8 ,because the men who command our armies against the ,king do not want really to beat him2 because they want only to seem to be beating him2 because the picture they love to look on1 as their heaven on earth to come1 is a picture of their gracious sovereign1 after he has been beaten no more than could be helped1 surrounded by themselves as his reconciled and pardoned ministers and chatting pleasantly with them over the deeds of the campaigns4 ,i say nothing personally of my ,lord of ,essex1 or of ,sir ,william ,waller3 they are most honourable men4 ,but ,i speak generally as ,i feel4 ,if the ,king is to be beaten1 it can only be by generals who want to beat him1 who will beat him to bits1 who will use all means to beat him1 who will gladly see in their armies the men who have the right spirit in them for beating him4 ,are these the ,presbyterians only8 ,i trow not4 ,i know my men2 and ,i tell you that many of those that you call ,independents1 that you call ,anabaptists1 ,sectaries1 and what not1 are among the stoutest and godliest in ,england1 and will go as far as any4 ,some weeks ago ,i complained to you of ,major-general ,crawford1 because he would trouble these men1 and would have no soldiers of ,parliament in my ,lord ,manchester's army that did not agree with his own notions of ,religion and ,church-government4 ,now ,i complain of my ,lord ,manchester himself4 ,in this last ,battle of ,newbury1 ,i tell you1 the ,king was beaten less than he might have been4 ,he was allowed to get off4 ,i advised pursuing him1 and my ,lord ,manchester would not4 ,it was that over again which has been from the first4 ,and now ,i speak out what has long been in my mind1 and what brave men in thousands are thinking4 ,before the ,lord1 we must turn over a new leaf in this ,war4 ,we must have an ,army of the right sort of men1 and men of the right sort to command that ,army4 ,this is a purely imaginary speech of ,cromwell's2 but it is an accurate expression of several months of ,english history4 ,the shrewdest of men at all times1 and also the most sincere1 he was yet always the most tempestuous when the fit time came1 and it was the characteristic of his life that he carried everything before him at such times by his bursts and tempests4 ,there can be no doubt that1 after the second ,battle of ,newbury1 ,cromwell was in one of his paroxysms4 ,of his vehemence against ,manchester at that time1 and of ,manchester's recriminations on him1 one may read at large in ,rushworth and elsewhere4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #gcb-gcf2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell 7ed4 #aheg71 ,i4 #aei1 #afj4 ,the brief account of ,baillie1 who had not yet left ,london1 and was in the centre of the whole affair1 will be sufficient here4 ,lieutenant-general ,cromwell1 writes ,baillie1 ,dec4 #a1 has publicly1 in the ,house of ,commons1 accused my ,lord of ,manchester of the neglect of fighting at ,newbury4 ,that neglect indeed was great2 for1 as we now are made sure1 the ,king's army was in that posture that they took themselves for lost all-utterly4 ,yet the fault is most in justly charged on ,manchester3 it was common to all the general officers then present1 and to ,cromwell himself as much as to any other4 ,always my ,lord ,manchester has cleared himself abundantly in the ,house of ,lords1 and there has recriminate ,cromwell as one who has avowed his desire to abolish the nobility of ,england2 who has spoken contumeliously of the ,scots' intention in coming to ,england to establish their ,church-government1 in which ,cromwell said he would draw his sword against them2 also against the ,assembly of ,divines2 and has threatened to make a party of ,sectaries1 to extort by force1 both from ,king and ,parliament1 what conditions they thought meet4 ,this fire was long under the emmers2 now it's broken out1 we trust1 in a good time4 ,it's like1 for the interest of our nation1 we must crave reason of that darling of the ,sectaries i4e4 bring ,cromwell to a reckoning1 and1 in obtaining his removal from the army--which himself by his over-rashness has procured--to break the power of that potent faction4 ,this is our present difficile enterprise3 we had need of your prayers4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bdc-bde4 ,in this account ,baillie mixes up the proceedings in the ,commons on the #beth of ,november when ,cromwell exhibited his charge against ,manchester1 and in the ,lords a few days after when ,manchester gave in his defence and countercharge1 with current gossip1 apparently true enough1 of ,cromwell and his awful sayings in private4 ,evidently ,baillie thought ,cromwell had ruined himself4 ,even the hero of ,marston ,moor could not beard all respectable ,england in this way1 and it should not be the fault of the ,scottish ,commissioners if he did not find himself shelved6 ,little did ,baillie know with what great things1 beyond all ,scottish power of resistance or machination1 ,cromwell's fury was pregnant4 ,while ,baillie was writing the passage above quoted1 the ,scottish ,commissioners1 along with the ,lord-general ,essex1 and some of ,essex's chief adherents1 including ,denzil ,holles and ,sir ,philip ,stapleton1 were consulting how they might trip ,cromwell up4 ,at a conference late one night at ,essex-house1 to which ,whitlocke and ,maynard were invited1 the ,scottish ,chancellor ,loudoun moved the business warily in a speech which ,whitlocke mischievously tries to report in its native ,scotch--,you ken vary weele that ,lieutenant-general ,cromwell is no friend of ours1 c4 ,you ken vary weele the accord 'twixt the twa kingdoms c4 ,loudoun wanted to know1 especially from the two lawyers1 whether the ,scottish plan of procedure in such cases would have any chance in ,england1 in other words whether ,cromwell could be prosecuted as an incendiary2 for you may ken that by our law in ,scotland we clepe him an incendiary whay kindleth coals of contention and raiseth differences in the ,state to the public damage4 ,whitlocke and ,maynard satisfied his lordship that the thing was possible in law1 but suggested the extreme difficulty there would be in proof1 represented ,cromwell's great influence in the ,parliament and the country1 and in fact discouraged the notion altogether4 ,holles1 ,stapleton1 and others were still eager for proceeding1 but the ,scots were impressed and thought delay would be prudent4 ,and so1 ,whitlocke tells us1 the ,presbyterian intriguers parted at two in the morning1 and he had reason to believe that ,cromwell knew all that had passed before many hours were over1 and that this precipitated what followed4 ,footnote3 ,whitlocke's ,memorials 7edit4 ,oxford1 #ahec71 ,i4 #cl#c et seq4 ,on ,wednesday the #ith of ,december1 at all events1 the ,commons having met in grand committee on the condition of the kingdom through the continuance of the war1 there was for a time a dead silence1 as if something extraordinary was expected1 and then ,cromwell rose and made a short speech4 ,it was very solemn1 and even calm1 but so hazy and general that the practical drift of it could not possibly have been guessed but for the sequel4 ,almost the last words of the speech were1 ,i hope we have such true ,english hearts1 and zealous affections towards the general weal of our mother-country1 as no members of either ,house will scruple to deny themselves1 and their own private interests1 for the public good4 ,the words1 vague enough in themselves1 are memorable as having christened by anticipation the measure for which ,cromwell1 as he uttered them1 was boring the way4 ,for1 after one or two more had spoken in the same general strain1 ,mr4 ,zouch ,tate1 member for ,northampton1 did the duty assigned him1 and opened the bag which contained the cat4 ,he made a distinct motion1 which1 when it had been seconded by young ,vane1 and debated by others 7,cromwell again saying a few words1 and luminous enough this time71 issued in this resolution1 ,that no member of either ,house of ,parliament shall during the war enjoy or execute any office or command1 military or civil2 and that an ordinance be brought in to that effect4 ,this was on the #ith of ,december2 and on the #aith of that month the ordinance itself1 having gone through all its stages1 passed the ,commons4 ,all ,london was astounded4 ,the ,house of ,commons1 writes ,baillie1 ,dec4 #bf1 in one hour has ended all the quarrels which was betwixt ,manchester and ,cromwell1 all the obloquies against the ,general1 the grumblings against the proceedings of many members of their ,house4 ,they have taken all office from all members of both ,houses4 ,this1 done on a sudden1 in one session1 with great unanimity1 is still more and more admired by some1 as a most wise1 necessary1 and heroic action2 by others as the most rash1 hazardous1 and unjust action that ever ,parliament did4 ,much may be said on both hands1 but as yet it seems a dream1 and the bottom of it is not understood4 ,to the ,house of ,lords the ,self-denying ,ordinance was by no means palatable4 ,they demurred1 conferred with the ,commons about it1 and at last 7,jan4 #ae7 rejected it4 ,their chief ground of rejection being that they did not know what was to be the shape of the ,army to be officered on the new principle1 the ,commons immediately produced their scheme in that matter4 ,the existing armies were to be weeded1 consolidated1 and recruited into one really effective army of #ba1jjj men 7of which #f1jjj should be horse in ten regiments1 #a1jjj should be dragoons in ten single companies1 and #ad1jjj should be foot in regiments of not less than #a1bjj each71 the whole to cost #dd1ieel4 per month1 to be raised by assessment throughout the kingdom4 ,this army1 it was farther resolved by the ,commons 7,jan4 #ba71 should be commanded in chief by the trusty and popular ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax1 who had done so well in the ,north1 and1 under him1 by the trusty and popular ,major-general ,skippon1 whose character for bull-headed bravery even the disaster in ,cornwall had only more fully brought out4 ,footnote3 ,i find1 from the ,commons ,journals1 that there was a division on the question whether ,fairfax should be appointed commander-in-chief of the ,new ,model--the state of the vote being ,yeas #aja against ,noes #fi1 or a majority of #cb for the appointment4 ,the ,tellers for the majority were the younger ,vane and ,cromwell2 for the minority1 ,denzil ,holles and ,sir ,philip ,stapleton4 ,there was a subsequent division1 ,feb4 #g1 on the question whether ,fairfax's choice of officers under him should be subject to ,parliamentary revision4 ,cromwell was one of the ,tellers for the ,noes--i4e4 he wanted ,fairfax to have full powers4 ,the other side1 however1 beat this time by a majority of #hb against #fc4 ,after all it was arranged satisfactorily between ,fairfax and ,parliament4 ,on the #bhth of ,january the ,new ,model complete passed the ,commons4 ,the ,lords hesitated about some parts of it1 and were especially anxious for a provision in it incapacitating all from being officers or soldiers in the new army who should not have taken the ,covenant3 there were conferences on this point1 and a kind of compromise on it by the ,commons2 and on the #aeth of ,february the ,ordinance for ,new ,modelling of the ,army was finally passed4 ,the ,self-denying ,ordinance was then re-introduced in a changed form1 and it passed the ,lords1 ,april #c1 #afde4 ,it ordained that all members of either ,house who had since ,november #bj1 #afdj1 been appointed to any offices1 military or civil1 should1 at the end of forty days from the passing of the ,ordinance1 vacate these offices1 but that all other officers in commission on the #bjth of ,march1 #afdd-e1 should continue in the posts they then held4 ,thus the year #afde 7beginning1 in ,english reckoning1 ,march #be7 opened with new prospects4 ,essex1 ,manchester1 ,waller1 and all the officers under them1 retired into ordinary life1 with thanks and honours--,essex1 indeed1 with a great pension2 and the fighting for ,parliament was thenceforward to be done mainly by a re-modelled ,army1 commanded by ,fairfax1 ,skippon1 and officers under them1 whose faces were unknown in ,parliament1 and whose business was to be to fight only and teach the art of fighting4 ,it was high time6 ,for another long bout of negotiations with the ,king1 begun as early as ,nov4 #bj1 #afdd1 and issuing in a formal ,treaty of great ceremony1 called ,the ,treaty of ,uxbridge1 had ended1 as usual1 in no result4 ,feb4 #bb1 it had been broken off after such a waste of speeches and arguments on paper that the account of the ,treaty occupies ten pages in ,clarendon and fifty-six folio pages in ,rushworth4 ,it was clear that the year #afde was to be a year of continued war4 ,footnote3 ,for this story of the ,self-denying ,ordinance and the ,new ,modelling of the ,army authorities are--,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #a-af2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bdg2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell 7ed4 #aheg71 ,i4 #afj-afc4 ,the ,uxbridge ,treaty is narrated in ,clarendon's ,hist4 7one-volume ed4 #ahdc71 pp4 #ebj-ecj1 and in ,rushworth1 ,v4 #ghg-hdb4 ,,parliamentary ,,vengeances3 ,,death ,,of ,,laud4 ,ere we pass out of the rich general history of this year #afdd1 the year of ,marston ,moor1 we must take note of a few vengeances and deaths with which it was wound up4 ,the long-deferred trial of poor ,laud1 begun ,march #ab1 #afdc-d1 after he had been more than three years a prisoner in the ,tower1 and they might have left him there in quiet1 had straggled on through the whole of #afdd4 ,the interest in it had run1 like a red thread1 through the miscellany of other events4 ,the temper of the people had been made fiercer by the length of the war1 and there was a desire for the old man's blood4 ,the ,presbyterian ministers of the ,assembly1 ,i find1 fostered this desire4 ,in that very sermon of ,herbert ,palmer's before ,parliament 7,aug4 #ac7 in which he had called for the extirpation of heresy and schism1 and denounced ,milton1 there was an express passage on the duty of doing justice upon ,delinquents impartially and without respect of persons4 ,footnote3 ,palmer's ,sermon1 p4 #dh4 ,calamy in his sermon1 ,oct4 #bb1 followed1 and told the ,parliament1 ,all the guilty blood that ,god requires you in justice to shed1 and you spare1 ,god will require the blood at your hands4 ,footnote3 ,calamy's ,sermon1 p4 #bg4 ,mr4 ,francis ,woodcock1 preaching ,oct4 #cj1 was even more decided4 ,his sermon1 which was on ,rev4 xvi4 #ae1 is a very untastefully-worded discourse on the propriety of always being on the watch so as not to be taken by surprise without one's garments2 and1 among the rather ludicrous images which his literal treatment of the subject suggests1 we come upon a passage describing one of four pieces of raiment which the ,state ought never to be caught without4 ,he calls it the ,robe of ,justice1 and adds1 ,would ,god this robe were often worn1 and dyed of a deeper colour in the blood of ,delinquents4 ,it is that which ,god and man calls for4 ,god repeats it1 ,justice1 ,justice2 we1 echoing ,god1 cry ,justice1 ,justice2 and let me say1 perhaps we should not see other garments so much rolled in blood1 did we not see these so little4 ,footnote3 ,woodcock's ,sermon1 pp #cj1 #ca4 ,baillie1 ,i am glad to think1 was more tender-hearted4 ,there was1 indeed1 one ,delinquent for whom ,baillie would have had no mercy--,dr4 ,maxwell1 the ,scottish ex-,bishop of ,ross1 who had published at ,oxford1 in the ,king's interest1 a desperately malicious invective against ,scottish ,presbytery and its leaders4 ,however ,i could hardly consent to the hanging of ,canterbury himself1 or of any ,jesuit1 ,baillie had written1 ,july #af1 #afdd1 after his first indignant sight of this book1 yet ,i could give my sentence freely against that unhappy liar's ,maxwell's life4 ,but1 indeed1 the ,scottish ,commissioners and the ,scottish nation were conjoined as parties with the ,english ,presbyterians and the ,english ,parliamentarians generally 7,prynne ruthlessly busy in getting up the evidence7 in the long prosecution of ,laud4 ,it was all over on the #ajth of ,january1 #afdd-e4 ,on that day ,laud1 aged #gb1 laid his head upon the block on a scaffold in ,tower ,hill4 ,hanging had been commuted1 with some difficulty1 to beheading4 ,he died brave1 raspy1 and ,high-,church to the last4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth's main account of the trial and last days of ,laud is in ,vol4 ,v4 pp1 #gfc-ghf4 ,the ,history of the ,troubles and ,tryal of ,william ,laud1 edited by ,wharton1 in two vols4 folio1 appeared in #afie- #agjj4--,minor executions about the same time were those of ,hugh ,macmahon and ,lord ,maguire for their concern in the ,irish rebellion and massacre1 ,sir ,alexander ,carew for treachery at ,plymouth1 and the ,hothams1 father and son1 for treachery at ,hull4 ,one ,roger ,l',estrange1 a younger son of a ,norfolk family1 had been condemned to be hanged in ,smithfield for an underhand attempt to win the town of ,lynn for the ,king2 but he was reprieved1 lay in ,newgate for some years1 and lived for sixty years longer1 to be known1 even in ,queen ,anne's time1 as ,sir ,roger ,l',estrange1 the journalist4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,milton ,,among ,,the ,,sectaries1 ,,and ,,in ,a ,,world ,,of ,,disesteem3 ,,story ,,of ,,mrs4 ,,attaway--,,samuel ,,hartlib1 ,,john ,,durie1 ,,and ,,john ,,amos ,,comenius3 ,,schemes ,,of ,a ,,reformed ,,education1 ,,and ,,project ,,of ,a ,,london ,,university--,,milton',s ,,tract ,,on ,,education1 ,,and ,,method ,,with ,,his ,,pupils--,,his ,,second ,,divorce ,,tract1 ,,or ,,compilation ,,from ,,bucer--,,mr4 ,,herbert ,,palmer',s ,,attack ,,on ,,milton ,,from ,,the ,,pulpit--,,milton ,,and ,,the ,,stationers' ,,company3 ,,their ,,accusation ,,of ,,him ,,in ,a ,,petition ,,to ,,the ,,commons--,,his ,,areopagitica1 ,,or ,,speech ,,for ,,the ,,liberty ,,of ,,unlicensed ,,printing--,,anger ,,of ,,the ,,stationers1 ,,and ,,their ,,complaint ,,against ,,milton ,,to ,,the ,,lords3 ,,consequence ,,of ,,the ,,complaint--,,the ,,divorce ,,question ,,continued3 ,,publication ,,of ,,mr4 ,,herbert ,,palmer',s ,,sermon1 ,,and ,,farther ,,attacks ,,on ,,milton ,,by ,,prynne1 ,,dr4 ,,featley1 ,,and ,,an ,,anonymous ,,pamphleteer--,,tetrachordon ,,and ,,colasterion3 ,,their ,,replies ,,to ,,the ,,assailants4 ,ever since ,august #afdc1 when ,milton had published his extraordinary ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1 but more especially since ,feb4 #afdc-d1 when he had published the second and enlarged edition of it1 with his name in full1 and the dedication to ,parliament and the ,westminster ,assembly1 his reputation with orthodox ,english society had been definite enough4 ,he was one of those dreadful ,sectaries6 ,nay he was a ,sectary more odious than most2 for his was a moral heresy4 ,what was ,independency1 what was ,anabaptism1 what was vague ,antinomianism1 compared with this heresy of the household1 this loosening of the holy relation on which all civil society depended8 ,how detestable the doctrine that1 when two married people found they had made a mistake in coming together1 or at least when the husband could declare before ,god and human witnesses his irreconcilable dissatisfaction with his wife1 then it was right that the two should be separated1 with liberty to each to find a new mate6 ,true1 it was an able man who had divulged this heresy1 one who had brought applauses from ,cambridge1 who was said to have written beautiful ,english poems1 who had served the cause of ,parliament by some splendid pamphlets for ,church-reformation and against ,episcopacy1 and who had in these pamphlets encountered even the great ,bishop ,hall4 ,all this only made the doctrine more dangerous1 the aberration more lamentable4 ,this ,mr4 ,milton must be avoided1 and denounced as a ,sectary of the worst kind6 ,some said it was all owing to the conduct of his wife1 a rank ,royalist1 who had deserted him and gone back to her friends6 ,if that were the case1 he was to be pitied2 but perhaps there were two sides to that story too6 ,there must have been much gossip of this kind1 about ,milton and his ,divorce ,treatise1 in the booksellers' shops near ,st4 ,paul's1 and even round the ,parliament in ,westminster1 in the early months of #afdd4 ,the gossip may have affected ,milton's relations with some of his former friends and acquaintances4 ,if ,bishop ,hall1 when he first saw the treatise1 and perceived its literary ability1 blushed for his age that so scandalous a thing should have appeared1 and if even ,howell the letter-writer1 in his prison1 thought it the impudent production of a poor shallow-brained puppy1 what could ,milton's orthodox and reverend ,smectymnuan friends--,marshall1 ,calamy1 ,young1 ,newcomen1 and ,spurstow-- think or say about it8 ,shocked they must have been2 and1 knowing ,milton's temper1 and with what demeanour he would front any remonstrances of theirs1 they probably left him alone1 and became scarcer in their visits to ,aldersgate ,street4 ,it would not do to keep up the ,smectymnuan connexion too visibly after what had happened4 ,or1 if ,young could not break off so easily1 but would still call to see his old pupil1 and to talk with old ,mr4 ,milton about the ,bread ,street days1 how the good man must have yearned to speak sometimes when the old gentleman was out of the way1 and he and ,milton were alone4 ,o my dear ,mr4 ,milton1 how much we are all concerned about that pamphlet6 ,i am not going to argue it with you2 ,i know you too well1 and how little influence my reasonings could have with you now in any such matter2 and it is my comfort at least to be able to tell some of my ,assembly friends that1 if they knew you as well as ,i do1 they would be sure that nothing you do but is done in a great spirit and with a high intention4 ,but1 dear me6 it is a terrible opinion you have broached6 ,to something like this ,milton may have listened1 more or less patiently2 or he may have imagined it in ,young's mind1 if it was not uttered4 ,the mutual regard between ,young and his old pupil did not suffer so much from the trial but that we find ,milton still willing to acknowledge publicly the connexion that had subsisted between them4 ,on the whole1 it is certain that one consequence of the outcry about ,milton's treatise among the ,london ,presbyterians1 and especially among the city clergy and the ,divines of the ,assembly1 was to drive ,milton more arid more into the society of those who had begun to dislike and to dread the ascendancy of the ,presbyterians4 ,finding himself1 almost from the first publication of the treatise1 as he tells us1 in a world of disesteem on account of it1 he naturally held intercourse more and more with those who1 though they may not have approved of his particular heresy1 yet1 as being themselves voted heretics on other accounts1 were more easy in their judgments of all extreme opinions4 ,i believe1 in fact1 that1 could ,milton's acquaintanceships in ,london from the winter of #afdc- #d onwards be traced and recovered1 they would be found to have been chiefly among the ,independents1 ,anabaptists1 ,antinomians1 ,seekers1 and other ,tolerationists4 ,what were the religious opinions of the ,lady ,margaret ,ley1 that woman of great wit and ingenuity1 and her husband ,captain ,hobson1 a very accomplished gentleman1 with both of whom he was so intimate about this time1 and who1 as ,phillips tells us1 had a particular honour for him and took much delight in his company1 must be left to conjecture4 ,footnote3 ,it has been in my mind whether the ,captain ,hobson who was the ,lady ,ley's husband1 and whom ,dagdale describes as 444 ,hobson of444 in the ,isle of ,wight1 ,esq41 can by possibility have been the same person as the ,baptist preacher1 ,paul ,hobson1 who was also a ,captain in the ,parliamentary ,army1 and who figures much in ,edwards's ,gangrna and in other books of the time1 under the express name of ,captain ,hobson1 as a leading ,sectary1 though ,edwards will have it that he was originally a tailor from ,buckinghamshire 7ant1 p4 #adh74 ,the supposition seems so absurd that ,i hardly like to mention that ,i spent hours in turning over ,paul ,hobson's published sermons and ,baptist treatises in case ,i might come on any confirmation of it--which ,i did not4 ,from ,milton's ,sonnet to the ,lady ,margaret one may safely infer at least that she was a woman of liberal principles as well as wit4 ,probably her house was the resort of a good many of what would now be called the advanced or strong-minded ,christians of both sexes then in ,london2 and ,milton may there have extended his acquaintance with such1 and have even been an object of peculiar interest to some of one sex1 as that handsome1 fair gentleman1 now talking to ,lady ,margaret1 who is a great scholar and a poet1 and whose wife has left him shamefully1 so that he wants to be divorced from her1 and has written a book which quite proves it4 ,milton's acquaintance with ,roger ,williams1 at all events1 is almost certainly to be dated from ,williams's visit to ,england in #afdc-d1 when he was writing his ,bloody ,tenent2 and if ,milton1 at the same time1 did not become acquainted with ,john ,goodwin of ,coleman ,street1 it would be a wonder4 ,,story ,,of ,,mrs4 ,,attaway4 ,we must1 ,i am sorry to say1 descend lower in the society of ,london1 in and about #afdd1 than the ,lady ,margaret ,ley's drawing-room1 or the level of marked men like ,williams and ,goodwin1 if we would understand how ,milton's ,divorce opinion had begun to operate1 and with what consequences of its operation his name was associated4 ,the reader may remember a ,mrs4 ,attaway1 mentioned by us among both the ,baptists and the ,seekers1 and as perhaps the most noted of all the women-preachers in ,london 7ant1 pp4 #adi1 #aec74 ,she was1 it seems1 a lace-woman1 dwelling in ,bell ,alley in ,coleman ,street1 and preaching on week-day afternoons in that neighbourhood1 with occasional excursions to other parts of the city where rooms could be had4 ,sometimes other preaching-women were with her1 and the gatherings1 though at first of her own sex only1 soon attracted curious persons of the other4 ,from the descriptions of what passed in some of them1 it would appear that1 though the meetings were for worship1 and there were regular discourses by ,mrs4 ,attaway and others1 free talk and criticism was permitted to all present1 so that the conventicle took on sometimes the aspect of a religious debating society4 ,well1 ,mrs4 ,attaway1 among others1 had got hold of ,milton's ,divorce ,treatise1 and had been reading it4 ,two gentlemen of the ,inns of ,court1 civil and well-disposed men1 who had gone out of novelty to hear her1 afterwards told ,gangrna ,edwards of some discourse they had had with her4 ,among other passages she spoke to them of ,master ,milton's ,doctrine of ,divorce1 and asked them what they thought of it2 saying it was a point to be considered of1 and that she1 for her part1 would look more into it1 for she had an unsanctified husband1 that did not walk in the way of ,sion1 nor speak the language of ,canaan4 ,edwards does not give the date of this conversation with ,mrs4 ,attaway2 and1 though presumably in #afdd1 it may have been later4 ,he evidently introduces it1 however1 in order to implicate ,milton in the subsequent break-down1 which he also reports1 of the poor woman morally4 ,for1 if ,mr4 ,edwards is to be believed1 ,mrs4 ,attaway did look more into ,milton's doctrine1 and at length acted upon it4 ,some time in #afde she abjured her unsanctified husband ,mr4 ,attaway1 who1 besides being unsanctified1 was then absent in the army1 leaving her alone in her lace-shop1 and transferred herself to a man named ,william ,jenney1 an occasional preacher1 who was much more sanctified1 and was also on the spot4 ,mr4 ,jenney had1 unfortunately1 a wife already1 some children by her1 and one expected2 but ho too had been meditating on the ,divorce ,doctrine1 and had used his ,christian liberty4 ,mr4 ,edwards had been most particular in his investigations4 ,he had actually procured from a sure hand the copies of two letters-taken from the original letters1 and compared by a minister with the originals--one of ,william ,jenney to his wife since he went away with ,mistress ,attaway1 the other of ,mistress ,attaway to ,william ,jenney before his going away4 ,he refrains from printing the letters verbatim1 as they were too long2 but he gives extracts4 ,i thought good to write to you these few lines1 writes ,jenney to the deserted ,mrs4 ,jenney1 ,feb4 #ae1 #afde1 to tell you that1 because you have been to me rather a disturber of my body and soul than to be a meet help for me---- but ,i silence6 ,and1 for looking for me to come to you again1 ,i shall never come to you again any more4 ,i shall send unto you never no more concerning anything4 ,if this actually was ,jenney's letter1 ,mrs4 ,attaway was worth ten of him1 and deserved a better second4 ,dearest friend and well-beloved in the ,lord1 so she had begun the letter sent to him while he was still ,mrs4 ,jenney's1 and which had got into ,mrs4 ,jenney's hands1 ,i am unspeakably sorry in respect of thy sufferings1 ,i being the object that occasioned it4 ,the sufferings were ,mrs4 ,jenney's bastings of him because he was always with ,mrs4 ,attaway4 ,in good time1 ,mrs4 ,attaway goes on to say1 he would be delivered from these4 ,when ,jehoshaphat knew not what to do1 he looked to the ,lord4 ,let us look to ,him1 believing confidently in ,him with the faith of ,jesus2 and no question but we shall be delivered4 ,in the mean season ,i shall give up my heart and affections to thee in the ,lord2 and1 whatsoever ,i have or am in ,him which is our ,head1 thou shalt command it4 ,the event1 according to ,edwards1 was that ,mr4 ,jenney and ,mrs4 ,attaway eloped together1 ,mrs4 ,attaway having persuaded ,jenney that she should never die1 but that1 in obedience to a heavenly message1 they must go to ,jerusalem1 and repair that city in anticipation of the bringing of all the ,saints to it in ships to be sent from ,tarshish4 ,i suspect they went only to ,jericho4 ,footnote3 ,this story of ,mrs4 ,attaway is from ,edwards's ,gangrna1 ,part ,,ii4 pp4 #ca1 #cb1 #aac- #aae2 ,fresh ,discovery1 appended to ,second ,part of ,gangrna1 p4 #i2 and ,third ,part of ,gangrna1 pp4 #be-bg and #ahh4 ,see also ,baillie's ,dissuasive1 ,part ,,ii4 pp4 l#jj and #abc-d4 ,all this on the faith of ,mr4 ,edwards's statements in the ,gangrna4 ,but really one should not judge of even a poor enthusiastic woman1 dead two hundred years ago1 on that sole authority4 ,never was there a more nauseous creature of the pious kind than this ,presbyterian ,paul ,pry of #afdd-df4 ,he revelled in scandals1 and kept a private office for the receipt of all sorts of secret information1 by word of mouth or letter1 that could be used against the ,independents and the ,sectaries4 ,footnote3 ,richard ,baxter1 as he himself tells us1 sent communications from the country to ,edwards4 ,his correspondents were legion1 but he concealed their names4 ,yet there was a kind of coarse business-like conscientiousness in the toad2 and1 though he was credulous and unscrupulous in his collections of scandal1 ,i do not believe he invented documents or lied deliberately4 ,i do not doubt1 therefore1 that ,mrs4 ,attaway1 whether she went ultimately to ,jericho or to ,jerusalem1 did know of ,milton's ,divorce ,doctrine1 and had extracted suggestions from it suitable to her circumstances4 ,for1 indeed1 the ,doctrine was likely to find not a few whose circumstances it suited4 ,mr4 ,edwards's book is strewn with instances of persons who had even found out a tantamount doctrine for themselves--men who had left their wives1 or wanted to do so1 and wives who had left their husbands1 and who1 without having seen ,milton's treatise1 defended their act or their wish on grounds of religion and natural law4 ,nay1 in the frenzy of inquiry which had taken possession of the ,english mind1 everything appertaining to ,marriage and the ,marriage-institution was being plucked up for fundamental re- investigation4 ,there were actually persons who were occupying themselves intently with questioning the forbidden degrees of ,consanguinity and ,affinity in marriage1 and who had not only come to the easy conclusion that marriage with a deceased wife's sister is perfectly legitimate1 but had worked out a general theologico-physiological speculation to the effect that the marriage of near relatives is in all cases peculiarly proper1 and perhaps the more proper in proportion to the nearness of the relationship4 ,this1 ,i imagine1 was a very small sect4 ,footnote3 ,but1 unless ,edwards and ,baillie were both wrong1 there was some such sect4 ,see ,gangrna1 ,part ,,iii4 p4 #ahg1 and1 more particularly1 ,baillie's ,dissuasive1 ,part ,,ii4 pp4 #ajj and #abb-c4 ,let us re-ascend into more pleasant air4 ,there was one rather notable person in ,london1 of the highly respectable sort1 though1 decidedly among the free opinionists1 whose acquaintance ,milton did make about this time1 if he had not made it before1 and who must be specially introduced to the reader4 ,this was ,,samuel ,,hartlib4 ,,samuel ,,hartlib3 ,,john ,,durie3 ,,john ,,amos ,,comenius1 ,,and ,,his ,,speculations ,,about ,a ,,reformed ,,education--,,project ,,of ,a ,,london ,,university4 ,everybody knew ,hartlib4 ,he was a foreigner by birth1 being the son of a ,polish merchant1 of ,german extraction1 who had left ,poland when that country fell under ,jesuit rule1 and had settled in ,elbing in ,prussia in very good circumstances4 ,twice married before to ,polish ladies1 this merchant had married1 in ,prussia1 for his third wife1 the daughter of a wealthy ,english merchant of ,dantzic2 and thus our ,hartlib1 their son1 though ,prussian-born and with ,polish connexions1 could reckon himself half-,english4 ,the date of his birth was probably about the beginning of the century1 i4e4 he may have been eight or ten years older than ,milton4 ,he appears to have first visited ,england in or about #afbh1 and from that time1 though he made frequent journeys to the ,continent1 ,london had been his head-quarters4 ,here1 with a residence in the ,city1 he had carried on business as a merchant1 with extensive foreign correspondences1 and very respectable family connexions4 ,one of his aunts 7sisters of his mother7 had married a ,mr4 ,clark1 the son of a former ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 and afterwards a ,sir ,richard ,smith1 ,knight and ,privy ,councillor1 and again a ,sir ,edward ,savage4 ,the other aunt had married a country gentleman1 named ,peak4 ,a cousin of ,hartlib's1 the daughter of the first and wealthier aunt1 ,lady ,smith1 became the wife of ,sir ,anthony ,irby1 ,m4,p4 for ,boston in the ,long ,parliament4 ,but it did not require such family connexions to make ,hartlib at home in ,english society4 ,the character of the man would have made him at home anywhere4 ,he was one of those persons1 now styled philanthropists or friends of progress1 who take an interest in every question or project of their time promising social improvement1 have always some iron in the fire1 are constantly forming committees or writing letters to persons of influence1 and altogether live for the public4 ,by the common consent of all who have explored the intellectual and social history of ,england in the seventeenth century1 he is one of the most interesting and memorable figures of that whole period4 ,he is interesting both for what he did himself and also on account of the number and intimacy of his contacts with other interesting people4 ,footnote3 ,memoir of ,hartlib by ,h4 ,dircks1 pp #b-f1 where there are extracts from an autobiographical letter of ,hartlib to ,worthington1 written in #affj4 ,the ,diary and ,correspondence of ,dr4 ,john ,worthington1 edited by ,james ,crossley1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a4 7,chetham ,society71 contains many letters from ,hartlib to ,worthington1 between #afee and #affb1 but not this one4 ,mr4 ,crossley's ,diary and ,correspondence of ,worthington1 so far as it has gone1 is one of the best edited books known to me1 the footnotes being very nuggets of biographical lore2 and it is to be regretted that the connected notices of ,worthington1 ,hartlib1 and ,durie1 postponed by ,mr4 ,crossley until the work should be completed1 have not yet appeared4 ,an early friend of ,hartlib1 associated with him long before the date at which we are now arrived1 was that ,john ,durie of whom1 and his famous scheme for a union of all the ,protestant ,churches of ,europe1 we have already had to take some account 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cfg-h and #eag-h74 ,their intimacy must have begun in ,hartlib's native town of ,elbing in ,prussia1 where1 ,i now find1 ,durie was residing in #afbh1 as minister to the ,english company of merchants in the town1 and where1 in that very year1 ,i also now find1 ,durie had the great idea of his life first suggested to him by the ,swedish ,dr4 ,godeman4 ,footnote3 ,the proof is in statements of ,hartlib's own in a ,tract of his published in #afda under the title of ,a ,briefe ,relation of that which hath been lately attempted to procure ,ecclesiasticall ,peace amongst ,protestants4 ,among ,durie's first disciples in the idea must certainly have been ,hartlib2 and it does not seem improbable that1 when ,hartlib left ,prussia1 in or about #afbh1 to settle in ,england1 it was with an understanding that he was to be an agent or missionary for ,durie's idea among the ,english4 ,that he did so act1 and that he was little less of an enthusiast for ,durie's idea than ,durie himself1 there is the most positive evidence4 ,thus1 in a series of letters1 preserved in the ,state ,paper ,office1 from ,durie abroad to the diplomatist ,sir ,thomas ,roe1 of various dates between ,april #afcc and ,feb4 #afcg-h1 there is incessant mention of ,hartlib4 ,in the first of these letters1 dated from ,heilbron ,april #b_/ab1 #afcc1 ,durie1 among other things1 begs ,roe to help ,mr4 ,hartlib with a ,petition of ,divines of those quarters concerning an ,edition of a ,body of ,divinity gathered out of ,english authors1 a work which will be exceeding profitable1 but will require divers agents and an exact ordering of the work4 ,in a subsequent letter ,durie speaks of having sent ,roe1 by ,mr4 ,hartlib1 whose industry is specially recommended1 an important proposition made by the ,swedish ,chancellor ,oxenstiern2 and in still later letters ,roe is requested by ,durie to show ,hartlib not only ,durie's letters to himself1 but also letters about the progress of his scheme which he has enclosed to ,roe for the ,archbishop of ,canterbury 7,abbot7 and the ,bishop of ,london 7,laud74 ,at this point1 accordingly1 ,july #bj1 #afcc1 there is a letter of ,roe's to the ,archbishop1 from which it appears that ,hartlib was made the bearer of ,durie's letter to his ,grace4 ,roe recommends the blessed work in which ,durie is engaged1 says that it seems to him and ,durie that there is nothing wanting but the public declaration of his ,majesty and the ,church of ,england in its favour1 and beseeches the ,archbishop to give his countenance to the bearer1 described in the margin as ,mr4 ,hartlib1 a ,prussian4 ,as ,abbot was then within fifteen days of his death1 nothing can have come of the application to him2 and1 as we already know1 his successor ,laud was a far less hopeful subject for ,durie's idea1 even though recommended by ,roe and explained by ,hartlib4 ,in fact1 he thought it mischievous moonshine2 and1 instead of giving ,durie the encouragement which he wanted1 he wrote to the ,english agent at ,frankfort1 instructing him to show ,durie no countenance whatever4 ,durie felt the rebuff sorely4 ,in ,england1 he writes1 he must depend now chiefly on ,roe1 who could still do much privately1 apart from ,laud's approbation4 ,mr4 ,hartlib will send anything to ,durie which ,roe would have communicated to him in a secret way4 ,so in ,june #afcd2 and fourteen months later 7,aug4 #afce7 ,durie1 who had meanwhile removed to the ,hague1 again writes to ,roe and again relies on ,hartlib4 ,the ,dutch1 he says1 are slow to take up his scheme2 and he can think of nothing better in the circumstances than that ,roe in ,england should collect all the advices and comments of the best divines of the age on the subject1 and have them printed4 ,his very best agent in such a business would be ,hartlib1 a man well known1 beloved and trusted by all sides1 a man exceeding painful1 diligent and cordially affected to these endeavours1 and one that for such works had lost himself by too much charity4 ,on independent grounds it would be well to find him some place suitable for his abilities1 which might rid him of the undeserved necessities whereunto his public-heartedness had brought him2 but in this special employment he would be invaluable1 being furnished with the ,polish1 ,dutch1 ,english1 and ,latin languages1 perfectly honest and trusty1 discreet1 and well versed in affairs4 ,in the same strain in subsequent letters4 ,thus1 from ,amsterdam ,dec4 #g_/ag1 ,roe is thanked for having bestowed some gratuity on ,hartlib1 and ,hartlib is described as1 next to ,roe1 the man in the world whom ,durie loves and honours most for his virtues and good offices in ,durie's cause4 ,at the same time ,durie prays ,god to free ,hartlib from his straits and set him a little on horseback1 and adds1 ,his spirit is so large that it has lost itself in zeal to good things4 ,again1 from ,amsterdam ,jan #be_/;,feb #d1 #afce-f1 ,durie writes to ,roe and encloses a letter to be sent to his 7,durie's7 diocesan in ,hartlib's behalf4 ,mr4 ,hartlib1 ,durie says to ,roe1 has furnished his lordship 7the diocesan7 with intelligence from foreign parts for two or three years1 and has not yet got any consideration4 ,perhaps his lordship knows not how ,hartlib has fallen into decay for being too charitable to poor scholars1 and for undertaking too freely the work of schooling and education of children4 ,if ,hartlib and ,roe were not in ,england1 ,durie would despair of doing any good4 ,the diocesan referred to is probably ,juxon1 ,bishop of ,london2 but1 two years later1 we find ,roe recommending ,durie's business and ,hartlib personally to another prelate1 ,bishop ,morton of ,durham4 ,writing from ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 ,feb4 #ag1 #afcg-h1 ,sir ,thomas presents the ,bishop with a letter from ,mr4 ,durie1 and one from ,durie to the writer1 from which the ,bishop may collect his state1 and his constant resolution to pursue his business as long as ,god gives him bread to eat4 ,such a spirit the writer has never met1 daunted with nothing1 and only relying upon ,providence4 444 ,sir ,thomas in ,michaelmas term sent the ,bishop a great packet from ,samuel ,hartlib1 correspondent of ,durie1 an excellent man1 and of the same spirit4 ,if the ,bishop like his way1 ,hartlib will constantly write to him1 and send all the passages both of learning and public affairs1 no man having better information1 especially in re literari4 ,footnote3 ,the quotations in this paragraph are from the late ,mr4 ,brace's accurate abstracts of ,durie's and ,roe's letters 7sixteen in all7 given in the six volumes of ,calendars of the ,domestic ,state ,papers from #afcc to #afch4 ,these letters enable us to see ,hartlib as he was in #afcg1 a ,prussian naturalized in ,london1 between thirty and forty years of age1 nominally a merchant of some kind1 but in reality a man of various hobbies1 and conducting a general news-agency1 partly as a means of income and partly from sheer zeal in certain public causes interesting to himself4 ,his zeal in this way1 and in private benevolences to needy scholars and inventors1 had even outrun prudence2 so that1 though he could reckon his means at between #cjjl4 and #djjl4 a year1 ,footnote3 ,this appears from the letter of his to ,worthington1 of date ,aug4 #c1 #affj1 quoted in ,dircks's ,memoir 7p4 #d71 where he says1 ,let it not seem a paradox to you1 if ,i tell you1 as long as ,i have lived in ,england1 by wonderful providences1 ,i have spent yearly out of my own betwixt #cjjl4 and #djjl4 sterling a year4 that had not sufficed for his openhandedness4 ,durie's great project for a reconciliation of the ,calvinists and ,lutherans1 and a union of all the ,protestant ,churches of ,europe on some broad basis of mutual tolerance or concession1 had hitherto been his hobby in chief4 ,he had other hobbies1 however1 of a more literary nature1 and of late he had been undertaking too freely some work appertaining to the schooling and education of children4 ,this last fact1 which we learn hazily from ,durie's letters and ,roe's1 we should have known1 abundantly and distinctly1 otherwise4 ,there are two publications of ,hartlib's1 of the years #afcg and #afch respectively1 the first of a long and varied series that were to come from his pen4 ,now1 both of these are on the subject of ,education4 ,conatuum ,comenianorum ,prludia1 ex ,bibliothec ,s4 ,h43 ,oxoni1 ,excudebat ,gulielmus ,turnerus1 ,academia ,typographus1 #afcg 7,preludes of the ,endeavours of ,comenius1 from the ,library of ,s4 ,h43 ,oxford1 ,printed by ,william ,turner1 ,university ,printer1 #afcg7--such is the general title of the first of these publications4 ,it is a small quarto1 and consists first of a ,preface ,ad ,lectorem 7to the ,reader71 signed ,samuel ,hartlibius1 and then of a foreign treatise which it is the object of the publication to introduce to the attention of ,oxford and of the ,english nation2 which treatise has this separate title3--,porta ,sapienti ,reserata2 sive ,pansophi ,christian ,seminarium3 hoc est1 ,nova1 ,compendiosa et ,solida omnes ,scientias et ,artes1 et quicquid manifesti vel occulti est quod ingenio humano penetrare1 solerti imitari1 linguae eloqui1 datur1 brevius1 verius1 melius1 quam hactenus1 ,addiscendi ,methodus3 ,auctore ,reverendo ,clarissimoque viro ,domino ,johanne ,amoso ,comenio 7,the ,gate of ,wisdom ,opened2 or the ,seminary of all ,christian ,knowledge3 being a ,new1 ,compendious1 and ,solid ,method of ,learning1 more briefly1 more truly1 and better than hitherto1 all ,sciences and ,arts1 and whatever there is1 manifest or occult1 that it is given to the genius of man to penetrate1 his craft to imitate1 or his tongue to speak3 ,the author that ,reverend and most distinguished man1 ,mr4 ,john ,amos ,comenius74 ,so far as ,i have been able to trace1 this is the first publication bearing the name of ,hartlib4 ,copies of it must be scarce1 but there is at least one in the ,british ,museum4 ,there also is a copy of what1 on the faith of an entry in the ,registers of the ,stationers' ,company1 ,i have to record as his second publication4 ,oct4 #ag1 #afch3 ,samuel ,gillebrand entered for his copy1 under the hands of ,mr4 ,baker and ,mr4 ,rothwell1 warden1 a ,book called ,comenii ,pansophi ,prodromus et ,didactica ,dissertatio 7,comenius's ,harbinger of ,universal ,knowledge and ,treatise on ,education71 published by ,sam4 ,hartlib4 ,footnote3 ,my notes from ,stationers' ,registers4 ,when the thing actually appeared1 in small duodecimo1 it had the date #afci on the title-page4 ,the canvas becomes rather crowded2 but ,i am bound to introduce here to the reader that reverend and most distinguished man1 ,mr4 ,john ,amos ,comenius1 who had been winning on ,hartlib's heart by his theories of ,education and ,pansophia1 prepossessed though that heart was by ,durie and his scheme of ,pan-,protestantism4 ,he was an ,austro-,slav1 born in #aeib1 at ,comnia in ,moravia1 whence his name ,jan ,amos ,komensky1 ,latinized into ,joannes ,amosius ,comenius4 ,his parents were ,protestants of the sect known as the ,bohemian or ,moravian ,brethren1 who traced their origin to the followers of ,huss4 ,left an orphan in early life1 he was poorly looked after1 and was in his sixteenth year before he began to learn ,latin4 ,afterwards he studied in various places1 and particularly at ,herborn in the ,duchy of ,nassau2 whence he returned to his native ,moravia in #afad1 to become ,rector of a school at ,prerau4 ,here it was that he first began to study and practise new methods of teaching1 and especially of grammatical teaching1 induced1 as he himself tells us1 by the fame of certain speculations on that subject which had recently been put forth by ,wolfgang ,ratich1 an ,educational ,reformer then very active in ,germany4 ,from ,prerau ,comenius removed in #afah to ,fulneck1 to be pastor to a congregation of ,moravian ,brethren there2 but1 as he conjoined the charge of a new school with his pastorate1 he continued his interest in new methods of education4 ,manuscripts of schoolbooks which he was preparing on his new methods perished1 with his library1 in a sack of ,fulneck in #afba by the ,spaniards2 and in #afbd1 on an edict proscribing all the ,protestant ministers of the ,austrian ,states1 ,comenius lost his living1 and took refuge in the ,bohemian mountains with a certain ,baron ,sadowski of ,slaupna4 ,in this retreat he wrote1 in #afbg1 a short educational ,directory for the use of the tutor of the baron's sons4 ,but1 the persecution waxing furious1 and #cj1jjj families being driven out of ,bohemia for their ,protestantism1 ,comenius had to migrate to ,poland ,it was with a heavy heart that lie did so3 and1 as he and his fellow-exiles crossed the mountain-boundary on their way1 they looked back on ,moravia and ,bohemia1 and1 falling on their knees1 prayed ,god not to let ,his truth fail utterly out of those hinds1 but to preserve a remnant in them for himself4 ,leszno in ,poland was ,comenius's new refuge4 ,here again he employed himself in teaching2 and here1 in a more systematic manner than before1 he pursued his speculations on the science of teaching and on improved methods for the acquisition of universal knowledge4 ,he read1 he tells us1 all the works he could find on the subject of ,didactics by predecessors or contemporaries1 such as ,ratich1 ,ritter1 ,glaumius1 ,wolfstirn1 ,ccilius1 and ,joannes ,valentinus ,andre1 and also the philosophical works of ,campanella and ,lord ,bacon2 but he combined the information so obtained with his own ideas and experience4 ,the results he seems mainly to have jotted down1 for future use1 in various manuscript papers in his ,slavic vernacular1 or in ,german1 or in ,latin2 but in #afca he was induced by the curators of the school at ,leszno to send to the press in ,latin one book of a practical and particular nature4 ,this was a so-called ,janua ,linguarum ,reserata1 or ,gate of ,languages ,opened1 propounding a method which he had devised1 and had employed at ,leszno1 for rapidly teaching ,latin1 or any other tongue1 and at the same time communicating the rudiments of useful knowledge4 ,the little book1 though he thought it a trifle1 made him famous4 ,it happened1 as ,i could not have imagined possible1 he himself writes1 that that puerile little work was received with a sort of universal applause by the learned world4 ,this was testified by very many persons of different countries1 both by letters to myself congratulating me earnestly on the new invention1 and also by translations into the various popular tongues1 undertaken as if in rivalry with each other4 ,not only did editions which we have ourselves seen appear in all the ,european tongues1 twelve in number--viz4 ,latin1 ,greek1 ,bohemian1 ,polish1 ,german4 ,swedish1 ,dutch1 ,english1 ,french1 ,spanish1 ,italian1 and ,hungarian2 but it was translated1 as we have learnt1 into such ,asiatic tongues as the ,arabic1 the ,turkish1 the ,persian1 and even the ,mongolian4 ,the process which ,comenius thus describes must have extended over several years4 ,there are traces of knowledge of him1 and of his ,janua ,linguarum ,reserata1 in ,england as early as #afcc4 ,in that year a ,thomas ,home1 ,m4,a41 then a schoolmaster in ,london1 but afterwards ,master of ,eton1 put forth a ,janua ,linguarum which is said by ,anthony ,wood to have been taken1 all or most1 from ,comenius4 ,an actual ,english translation or expansion of ,comenius's book1 by a ,john ,anchoran1 licentiate in ,divinity1 under the title of ,the ,gate of ,tongues ,unlocked and ,opened3 or else ,a ,summary or ,seed-,plot of all ,tongues and ,sciences1 reached its fourth edition much enlarged in #afci1 and may be presumed to have been in circulation1 in other forms1 some years before4 ,but the great herald of ,comenius and his ideas among the ,english was ,samuel ,hartlib4 ,not only may he have had to do with the importation of ,comenius's ,janua ,linguarum and the recommendation of that book to such pedagogues as ,home and ,anchoran2 but he was instrumental in extracting from ,comenius1 while that book and certain appendices to it were in the flush of their first ,european popularity1 a summary of his reserved and more general theories and intentions in the field of ,didactics4 ,the story is told very minutely by ,comenius himself4 ,the ,janua ,linguarum ,reserata was only a proposed improvement in the art of teaching ,language or ,words2 and ought not a true system of education to range beyond that1 and provide for a knowledge of ,things8 ,this was what ,comenius was thinking3 he was meditating a sequel to his popular little book1 to be called ,janua ,rerum ,reserata or ,gate of ,things ,opened1 and to contain an epitome or encyclopdia of all essential knowledge1 under the three heads of ,nature1 ,scripture1 and the ,mind of ,man4 ,nay1 borrowing a word which had appeared as the title of a somewhat meagre ,encyclopdia of the ,arts by a ,peter ,laurenbergius1 ,comenius had resolved on ,pansophia1 or ,pansophia ,christiana 7,universal ,wisdom1 or ,universal ,christian ,wisdom71 as a fit alternative name for this intended ,janua ,rerum4 ,but he was keeping the work back1 as one requiring leisure1 and could only be persuaded to let the announcement of its title appear in the ,leipsic catalogue of forthcoming books4 ,by that time1 however1 ,hartlib of ,london had become so dear a friend to ,comenius that he could refuse him nothing4 ,whether there had been any prior personal acquaintance between ,hartlib and ,comenius1 by reason of their ,german and ,slavic connexions1 ,i cannot say4 ,but1 since the publication of the ,janua ,linguarum1 ,hartlib had been in correspondence with ,comenius in his ,polish home2 and1 by #afcf1 his interest in the designs of ,comenius1 and willingness to forward them1 had become so well known in the circle of the admirers of ,comenius that he had been named as one of the five chief ,comenians in ,europe1 the other four being ,zacharias ,schneider of ,leipsic1 ,sigismund ,evenius of ,weimar1 ,john ,mochinger of ,dantzic1 and ,john ,docemius of ,hamburg4 ,now1 ,hartlib1 having heard of the intended ,janua ,rerum or ,pansophia of ,comenius1 not only in the ,leipsic catalogue of forthcoming works1 but also1 more particularly1 from some ,moravian students passing through ,london1 had written to ,comenius1 requesting some sketch of it4 ,being thus asked1 says ,comenius1 by the most intimate of my friends1 a man piously eager for the public good1 to communicate some idea of my future work1 ,i did communicate to him in writing1 in a chance way1 what ,i had a thought of prefixing some time or other to the work in the form of a ,preface2 and this1 beyond my hope1 and without my knowledge1 was printed at ,oxford1 under the title of ,conatuum ,comenianorum ,prludia4 ,here we have the whole secret of that publication from the ,oxford ,university press1 in #afcg1 which was edited by ,hartlib and announced as being from his ,library4 ,it was not a reprint of anything that had already appeared abroad1 but was in fact a new treatise by the great ,comenius which ,hartlib had persuaded the author to send him from ,poland and had published on his own responsibility4 ,he had apologized to ,comenius for so doing1 on the ground that the publication would serve a good purpose by feeling the way and ascertaining the opinions of learned and wise men in a matter of such unusual consequence4 ,comenius was a little nettled1 he says1 especially as criticisms of the ,pansophic sketch began to come in1 which would have been obviated1 he thought1 if he had been allowed quietly to develop the thing farther before publication4 ,nevertheless1 there the book was1 and the world now knew of ,comenius not only as the author of the little ,janua ,linguarum1 but also as contemplating a vast ,janua ,rerum1 or organization of universal knowledge on a new basis4--,in fact1 the fame of ,comenius was increased by ,hartlib's little indiscretion4 ,in ,sweden especially there was an anxiety to have the benefit of the counsels of so eminent a theorist in the business of education4 ,in #afch the ,swedish ,government1 at the head of which1 during the minority of ,queen ,christina1 was the ,chancellor ,oxenstiern1 invited ,comenius to ,sweden1 that he might preside over a ,commission for the revision and reform of the schools there4 ,comenius1 however1 declined the invitation1 recommending that the work should be entrusted to some native ,swede1 but promising to give his advice2 and1 at the same time 7#afch71 he began to translate into ,latin1 for the behoof of ,sweden and of other countries1 a certain ,didactica ,magna1 or treatise on ,didactics at large1 which he had written in his ,bohemian ,slavic vernacular nine years before4 ,hartlib had an early abstract of this book1 and this abstract is part of the ,comenii ,pansophi ,prodromus et ,didactica ,dissertatio which he edited in ,london in the same year1 and published in duodecimo in #afci4 ,footnote3 ,bayle's ,dictionary3 ,art4 ,comnius 7,jean-,amos72 ,geshichte der ,pdagogik1 by ,karl von ,raumer 7,stuttgart1 #ahdc71 ,zweither ,theil1 pp4 #df-di2 ,essays on ,educational ,reformers1 by ,robert ,hebert ,quick 7#ahfh71 pp4 #dc-dg2 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #cff1 and ,,ii4 #fgg4 ,the general sketch of ,comenius in ,bayle1 and those by ,raumer and ,mr4 ,quick1 are very good2 but details in the text1 and especially the particulars of ,hartlib's early connexion with ,comenius1 have had to be culled by me from the curious autobiographical passages prefixed to or inserted in ,comenius's various writings as far as #afdb4 ,these form ,part ,i4 of his large ,folio1 ,opera ,didactica ,omnia1 published by him at ,amsterdam in #afeg2 and the passages in that ,part which have supplied particulars for the text will be found at columns #c-d1 #cah1 #cbf1djc1ddb--ddd1ded-dei4 ,comenius1 like most such theoretic reformers1 had a vein of egotism1 and a strong memory for details respecting the history of his own ideas and their reception4 ,what1 after all1 were the new notions propounded from ,poland1 with such universal ,european effort1 by this ,protestant ,austro-,slav1 ,comenius1 and sponsored in ,england by the ,prussian ,hartlib8 ,we shall try to give them in epitome4 ,be it understood1 however1 that the epitome takes account only of those works of ,comenius which were written before #afci1 without including the mass of his later writings1 some of which were to be even more celebrated4 ,the ,didactica ,magna is perhaps the most pregnant of the early books of ,comenius4 ,the full title of this treatise is1 in translation1 as follows3 ,didactics at ,large3 propounding a universal ,scheme for teaching all ,things to all persons2 or a ,certain and ,perfect ,mode of erecting such ,schools through all the communities1 towns1 and villages of any ,christian ,kingdom1 as that all the youth of both sexes1 without the neglect of a single one1 may be compendiously1 pleasantly1 and solidly educated in ,learning1 grounded in ,morals1 imbued with ,piety1 and so1 before the years of puberty1 instructed in all things belonging to the present and the future life4 ,in the treatise itself there are first some chapters of preliminary generalities4 ,man1 says ,comenius1 is the last and most perfect of creatures2 his destiny is to a life beyond this2 and the present life is but a preparation for that eternal one4 ,this preparation involves three things--,knowledge by ,man of himself and of all things about him 7,learning71 ,rule of himself 7,morals71 and ,direction of himself to ,god 7,religion74 ,the seeds of these three varieties of preparation are in us by ,nature2 nevertheless1 if ,man would come out complete ,man1 he must be formed or educated4 ,always the education must be threefold--in ,knowledge1 in ,morals1 and in ,religion2 and this combination must never be lost sight of4 ,such education1 however1 comes most fitly in early life4 ,parents may do much1 but they cannot do all2 there is need1 therefore1 in every country1 of public schools for youth4 ,such schools should be for the children of all alike1 the poor as well as the rich1 the stupid and malicious as well as the clever and docile1 and equally for girls as for boys2 and the training in them ought to be absolutely universal or encyclopdic1 in ,letters1 ,arts1 and ,science1 in ,morals1 and in ,piety4 ,footnote3 ,for ,miltonic reasons1 as well as for others1 ,i cannot resist the temptation to translate here1 in a ,note1 the sub stance of ,comenius's views on the ,education of ,women2 as given in ,chap4 ,,ix4 7cols4 #db-dd7 of his ,didactica ,magna3--,nor1 to say something particularly on this subject1 can any sufficient reason be given why the weaker sex sequior sexus1 literally the later or following sex1 is his phrase1 borrowed from ,apuleius1 and1 though the phrase is usually translated the inferior sex1 it seems to have been chosen by ,comenius to avoid that implication1 should be wholly shut out from liberal studies1 whether in the native tongue or in ,latin4 ,for equally are they ,god's image2 equally are they partakers of grace and of the kingdom to come2 equally are they furnished with minds agile and capable of wisdom1 yea often beyond our sex2 equally to them is there a possibility of attaining high distinction1 inasmuch as they have often been employed by ,god himself for the government of peoples1 the bestowing of the most wholesome counsels on kings and princes1 the science of medicine and other things useful to the human race1 nay even the prophetical office1 and the rattling reprimand of ,priests and ,bishops etiam ad ,propheticum munus1 et incrependos ,sacerdotes ,episcoposque1 are the words2 and1 as the treatise was prepared for the press in #afch1 one detects a reference1 by the ,moravian ,brother in ,poland1 to the recent fame of ,jenny ,geddes of ,scotland4 ,why then should we admit them to the ,alphabet1 but afterwards debar them from ,books8 ,do we fear their rashness8 ,the more we occupy their thoughts1 the less room will there be in them for rashness1 which springs generally from vacuity of mind4 ,some slight limitations as to the reading proper for young women are appended1 but with a hint that the same limitations would be good for youth of the other sex2 and there is a bold quotation of the ,scriptural text 7#a ,tim4 ii4 #ab71;,i suffer not a woman to teach1 and of two well-known passages of ,euripides and ,juvenal against learned women or bluestockings1 to show that he was quite aware of these passages1 but saw nothing in them against his real meaning4 ,here1 at length1 in the eleventh chapter1 we arrive at the great question1 ,has such a system of schools been anywhere established8 ,no1 answers ,comenius1 and abundantly proves his negative4 ,schools of a kind there had been in the world from the days of the ,pharaohs and ,nebuchadnezzar1 if not from those of ,shem1 but not yet were there schools everywhere2 not yet1 where schools did exist1 were they for all classes2 and1 at best1 where they did exist1 of what sort were they8 ,places1 for the most part1 of nausea and torment for the poor creatures collected in them2 narrow and imperfect in their aims1 which were verbal rather than real2 and not even succeeding in these aims6 ,latin1 nothing but ,latin6 ,and how had they taught this precious and eternal ,latin of theirs8 ,good ,god6 how intricate1 laborious1 and prolix this study of ,latin has been6 ,do not scullions1 shoeblacks1 cobblers1 among pots and pans1 or in camp1 or in any other sordid employment1 learn a language different from their own1 or even two or three such1 more readily than school students1 with every leisure and appliance and all imaginable effort1 learn their solitary ,latin8 ,and what a difference in the proficiency attained6 ,the former1 after a few months1 are found gabbling away with ease2 the latter1 after fifteen or twenty years1 can hardly1 for the most part1 unless when strapped up tight in their grammars and dictionaries1 bring out a bit of ,latin1 and that not without hesitation and stammering4 ,but all this might be remedied4 ,there might be such a ,reformation of ,schools that not only ,latin1 but all other languages1 and all the real ,sciences and ,arts of life to boot1 might be taught in them expeditiously1 pleasantly1 and thoroughly4 ,what was wanted was right methods and the consistent practical application of these4 ,nature must supply the principles of the ,method of ,education3 as all ,nature's processes go softly and spontaneously1 so will all artificial processes that are in conformity with ,nature's principles4 ,and what are ,nature's principles1 as transferable into the ,art of ,education8 ,comenius enumerates a good many1 laying stress on such as these3 nothing out of season2 matter before form2 the general before the special1 or the simple before the complex2 all continuously1 and nothing per saltum4 ,he philosophizes a good deal1 sometimes a little quaintly and mystically1 on these principles of ,nature1 and on the hints she gives for facility1 solidity1 and celerity of learning1 and then sums up his deductions as to the proper ,method in each of the three departments of education1 the ,intellectual1 the ,moral1 and the ,religious4 ,things before words1 or always along with words1 to explain them2 the concrete and sensible to prepare for the abstract2 example and illustration rather than verbal definition1 or to accompany verbal definition3 such is his main maxim in the first department4 ,object-lessons1 wherever possible3 i4e4 if boys are taught about the stars1 let it be with the stars over their heads to look at2 if about the structure of the human body1 let it be with a skeleton before them2 if about the action of a pump1 or other machine1 let it be with the machine actually at hand4 ,always let the things which the words are to designate be shown2 and again1 whatever the pupils see1 hear1 touch1 taste1 let them be taught to express the same2 so that tongue and intellect may go on together4 ,where the actual objects cannot be exhibited1 there may be models1 pictures1 and the like2 and every school ought to have a large apparatus of such1 and a museum4 ,writing and drawing ought to be taught simultaneously with reading4 ,all should be made pleasant to the pupils2 they ought to relish their lessons1 to be kept brisk1 excited1 wide-awake2 and to this end there should be emulation1 praise of the deserving1 always something nice and rousing on the board1 a mixture of the funny with the serious1 and occasional puzzles1 anecdotes1 and conundrums4 ,the school-houses ought to be airy and agreeable1 and the school-hours not too long4 ,in order that there may be time to teach all that really ought to be taught1 there must be a wise neglect of heaps of things not essential3 a great deal must be flung overboard1 as far as ,school is concerned1 and left to the chance inquisitiveness of individuals afterwards4 ,and what sort of things may be thus wisely neglected8 ,why1 in the first place1 the non necessaria 7things generally unprofitable71 or things that contribute neither to piety nor to good morals1 and without which there may be very sufficient erudition--as1 for example1 the names of the ,gentile gods1 their love- histories1 and their religious rites1 all which may be got up in books at any time by any one that wants them2 and1 again1 the aliena 7things that do not fit the particular pupil7--mathematics1 for example1 for some1 and music for those who have no ear2 and1 again1 the particularissima1 or those excessive minutenesses and distinctions into which one may go without end in any subject whatsoever4 ,so1 at large1 with very competent learning1 no small philosophical acumen1 much logical formality and numeration of propositions and paragraphs1 but a frequent liveliness of style1 and every now and then a crashing shot of practical good sense1 ,comenius reasons and argues for a new ,system of ,education1 inspired by what would now be called ,realism or enlightened ,utilitarianism4 ,objections1 as they might occur1 are duly met and answered2 and one notes throughout the practical schoolmaster1 knowing what he is talking about1 and having before his fancy all the while the spectacle of a hundred or two of lads ranged on benches1 and to be managed gloriously from the desk1 as a skilled metallurgist manages a mass of molten iron4 ,he is a decided advocate for large classes1 each of some hundreds1 under one head-master1 because of the fervour which such classes generate in themselves and in the master2 and he shows how they may be managed4 ,emulation1 kindliness1 and occasional rebuke1 are chiefly to be trusted to for maintaining discipline2 and punishments are to be for moral offences only4 ,how ,comenius would blend moral teaching and religious teaching with the acquisition of knowledge in schools is explained in two chapters1 entitled ,method of ,morals and ,method of instilling ,piety2 and this last leads him to a separate chapter1 in which he maintains that1 if we would have schools thoroughly reformed according to the true rules of ,christianity1 the books of ,heathen authors must be removed from them1 or at least employed more cautiously than hitherto4 ,he argues this at length1 insisting on the necessity of the preparation of a graduated series of school-books that should supersede the ordinary classics1 conserving perhaps the best bits of some of them4 ,if any of the classics were to be kept bodily for school-use1 they should be ,seneca1 ,epictetus1 ,plato1 and the like4 ,and so at last he comes to describe the ,system of ,schools he would have set up in every country1 viz43 ,i4 ,,the ,,infant ,,school1 or ,,mother',s ,,own ,,school1 for children under six2 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,ludus ,,literarius1 ,or ,,vernacular ,,public ,,school1 for boys and girls up to the age of twelve2 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,latin ,,school or ,,gymnasium1 for higher teaching up to eighteen or so2 and ,,iv4 ,,the ,,university 7with ,,travel71 for the highest possible teaching on to the age of about five- and-twenty4 ,from the little babble of the ,infant ,school about ,water1 ,air1 ,fire1 ,iron1 ,bird1 ,fish1 ,hill1 ,sun1 ,moon1 c41 all on the plan of exercising the senses and making ,things and ,words go together1 up to the most exquisite training of the ,university1 he shows how there might be a progress and yet a continuity of encyclopdic aim4 ,most boys and girls in every community1 he thinks1 might stop at the ,vernacular ,school1 without going on to the ,latin2 and he has great faith in the capabilities of any vernacular and the culture that may be obtained within it4 ,still he would like to see as many as possible going on to the ,latin ,school and the ,university1 that there might never be wanting in a community spirits consummately educated1 veritable ,greek3 polumatheis and ,greek3 pansophoi4 ,in the ,universities apparently he would allow the largest ranging among the classics of all sorts1 though still on some principle for organizing that kind of reading4 ,there is1 in fact1 a mass of details and suggestions about each of the four kinds of schools1 all vital to ,comenius1 and all pervaded by his sanguine spirit1 but which one can hardly now read through4 ,footnote3 ,a separate little treatise on the management of ,the ,infant ,school1 containing advices to parents for home use1 was written by ,comenius in ,bohemian ,slavic1 and translated thence into ,german in #afcc4 ,it appears in ,latin among his ,opera ,didactica collected4 ,he wrote also1 he tells us1 six little books for ,the ,vernacular ,school1 under fancy-titles4 ,these do not seem ever to have been published4 ,his ,janua ,linguarum 7#afca71 and one or two appendages to it1 were contributions to the theory and practice of ,the ,latin ,school4 ,the final chapter is one of the most eloquent and interesting4 ,it is entitled1 ,of the ,requisites necessary for beginning the practice of this ,universal ,method4 ,here he comes back upon his notion of a graduated series of school-books1 or rather of an organization of books generally for the purposes of education4 ,one great requisite1 he says1 the absence of which would make the whole machine useless1 while its presence would put all in motion1 is ,a ,,sufficient ,,apparatus ,,of ,,pammethodic ,,books4 ,all1 he repeats1 hinges on the possibility of creating such an apparatus4 ,this is a work1 he adds1 not for one man1 especially if he is otherwise occupied1 and not instructed in everything that ought to be reduced into the ,universal ,method2 nor is it perhaps a work for one age1 if we would have all brought to absolute perfection4 ,there is need1 therefore1 of a ,,collegial ,,society 7ergo ,societate ,collegiali est opus74 ,for the convocation of such a ,society there is need of the authority and liberality of some ,king1 or ,prince1 or ,republic1 and also of some quiet place1 away from crowds1 with a ,library and other appurtenances4 ,there follows an earnest appeal to persons of all classes to forward such an association1 and the good ,moravian winds up with a prayer to ,god4 ,footnote3 ,there is a summary of ,comenius's ,didactica ,magna in ,von ,reumer's ,geshichte der ,pdgogis 7pp4 #ec-ei74 ,it is accurate so far as it goes2 but ,i have gone to the book itself4 ,a special part of ,comenius's system1 better known perhaps at the time of which we write than his system as a whole1 was his ,method for ,teaching ,languages4 ,this is explained in ,chapter ,,xxii4 of his ,didactica ,magna1 and more in detail in his ,linguarum ,janua ,rescrata1 and one or two writings added to that book3--,comenius1 as we already know1 did not overrate linguistic training in education4 ,languages are acquired1 he says1 not as a part of learning or wisdom1 but as instrumental to the reception and communication of learning4 ,accordingly1 it is not all languages that are to be learnt1 for that is impossible1 nor yet many1 for that would be useless1 as drawing away the time due to the study of ,things2 but only those that are necessary4 ,the necessary tongues1 however1 are3 first1 the ,vernacular1 for home use2 next1 ,neighbouring ,tongues1 for conversation with neighbours1--as1 for example1 the ,german for ,poles of one frontier1 and the ,hungarian1 the ,wallachian1 and the ,turkish1 for ,poles of other parts2 next1 ,latin1 as the common language of the learned1 admitting one to the wise use of books2 and1 finally1 the ,greek and ,arabic for philosophers and medical men1 and ,greek and ,hebrew for theologians4 ,not all the tongues that are learnt1 either1 are to be learnt to the same nicety of perfection1 but only to the extent really needed4 ,each language should be learnt separately--first1 the ,vernacular1 which ought to be perfectly learnt1 and to which children ought to be kept for eight or ten years2 then whatever neighbouring tongue might be desirable1 for which a year would be long enough2 next1 ,latin1 which ought to be learnt well1 and might be learnt in two years2 and so to ,greek1 to which he would give one year1 and ,hebrew1 which he would settle in six months4 ,if people should be amazed at the shortness of the time in which he ventured to assert a language like the ,latin might be learnt and learnt well1 let them consider the principles of his method4 ,always ,things along with ,words1 and ,words associated with new groups of ,things1 from the most familiar objects to those rarer and farther off1 so that the vocabulary might get bigger and bigger2 and1 all the while1 the constant use of the vocabulary1 such as it was1 in actual talk1 as well as in reading and writing4 ,first1 let the pupil stutter on anyhow1 only using his stock of words2 correctness would come afterwards1 and in the end elegance and force4 ,always practice rather than rule1 and leading to rule2 also connexion of the tongue being learnt with that learnt last4 ,a kind of common grammar may be supposed lying in the pupil's head1 which he transfers instinctively to each new tongue1 so that he has to be troubled only with variations and peculiarities4 ,the reading-books necessary for thoroughly teaching a language by this method might be 7besides ,lexicons graduated to match7 four in number--,i4 ,vestibulum 7,the ,porch71 containing a vocabulary of some hundreds of simple words1 fit for babbling with1 grouped in little sentences1 with annexed tables of declensions and conjugations2 ,,ii4 ,janua 7,the ,gate71 containing all the common words in the language1 say about #h1jjj1 also compacted into interesting sentences1 with farther grammatical aids2 ,,iii4 ,palatium 7,the ,palace71 containing tit-bits of higher discourse about things1 and elegant extracts from authors1 with notes and grammatical comments2 ,,iv4 ,thesaurus 7,the ,treasury71 consisting of select authors themselves1 duly illustrated1 with a catalogue of other authors1 so that the pupils might have some idea of the extent of the ,literature of the language1 and might know what authors to read on occasion afterwards4--,comenius himself actually wrote a ,vestibulum for ,latin1 consisting of #dbg short sentences1 and directions for their use2 and1 as we know1 his ,janua ,linguarum ,reserata1 which appeared in #afca1 was the publication which made him famous4 ,it is an application of his system to ,latin4 ,on the principle that ,latin can never be acquired with ease while its vocabulary is allowed to lie alphabetically in dead ,dictionaries1 or in multitudinous variety of combination in ,latin authors1 about #h1jjj ,latin words of constant use are collected into a kind of ,noah's ,ark1 representative of all ,latinity4 ,this is done in #a1jjj short ,latin sentences1 arranged in #ajj paragraphs of useful information about all things and sundry1 under such headings as ,de ,ortu ,mundi 7,of the ,beginning of the ,world71 ,de ,elementis 7,of the ,elements71 ,de ,firmamento 7,of the ,firmament71 ,de ,igne 7,of ,fire71 and so on through other physical and moral topics4 ,among these are ,de ,metallis 7,of ,metals71 ,de ,herbis 7,of ,plants71 ,de ,insectis 7,of ,insects71 ,de ,ulceribus et ,vulneribus 7,of ,sores and ,wounds71 ,de ,agricultura 7,of ,agriculture71 ,de ,vestituum ,generibus 7,of ,articles of ,dress71 ,de ,puerperio 7,of ,childbirth71 ,de ,pace et ,bella 7,of ,peace and ,war71 ,de ,modestia 7,of ,modesty71 ,de ,morte et ,sepultura 7,of ,death and ,burial71 ,de ,providentia ,dei 7,of the ,providence of ,god71 ,de ,angelis 7,of ,angels74 ,comenius was sure that due drill in this book would put a boy in effective possession of ,latin for all purposes of reading1 speaking1 and writing4 ,and1 of course1 by translation1 the same manual would serve for any other language4 ,for1 the ,noah's ,ark of things being much the same for all peoples1 in learning a new language you have but to fit on to the contents of that permanent ,ark of realities a new set of vocables4 ,footnote3 ,dialectica ,magna ,chap4 ,,xxii4 first edition of ,janua1 as reprinted in ,comenii ,opera ,didactica1 #afeg 7,part ,i1 cols4 #bee-cjb74 ,comenius rather smiled at the rush of all ,europe upon his ,janua ,linguarum1 or ,method for ,teaching ,languages4 ,that was a trifle in his estimation1 compared with the bigger speculations of his ,didactica ,magna1 and still more with his ,pansophi ,prodromus or ,porta ,sapienti ,reserata4 ,a word or two on this last little book3--,comenius appears in it as a would-be ,lord ,bacon1 an ,austro-,slavic ,lord ,bacon1 a very ,austro-,slavic ,lord ,bacon4 ,he mentions ,bacon several times1 and always with profound respect 7illustrissimus ,verulamius and so on72 but it appeared to him that more was wanted than ,bacon's ,novum ,organum1 or ,instauratio ,magna1 with all its merits4 ,a ,,pansophia was wanted1 nay1 a ,,pansophia ,,christiana1 or consolidation of all human knowledge into true central ,wisdom1 one body of ,real ,truth4 ,o ,wisdom1 ,wisdom6 ,o the knowledge of things in themselves1 and in their universal harmony6 ,what was mere knowledge of words1 or all the fuss of pedagogy and literature1 in view of that6 ,once attained1 and made communicable1 it would make the future of the world one ,golden ,age6 ,why had it not been attained8 ,what had been the hindrances to its attainment8 ,what were the remedies8 ,in a kind of phrenzy1 which does not prevent most logical precision of paragraphing and of numbering of propositions1 ,comenius discusses all this1 becoming more and more like a ,bacon bemuddled1 as he eyes his ,,pansophia through the mist4 ,what it is he cannot make plain to us2 but we see he has some notion of it himself1 and we honour him accordingly4 ,for there are gleams1 and even flashes1 through the mist4 ,for example1 there is a paragraph entitled ,scientiarum ,laceratio1 lamenting the state of division1 disconnectedness1 and piece-meal distribution among many hands1 into which the ,sciences had fallen4 ,though there were books entitled ,pansophias1 ,encyclopdias1 and the like1 he had seen none sufficiently justifying the name1 or exhausting the universality of things4 ,much less had he seen the whole apparatus of human intelligence so constructed from its own certain and eternal principles that all things should appear mutually concatenated among themselves from first to last without any hiatus6 ,metaphysicians hum to themselves only1 ,natural ,philosophers chaunt their own praises1 ,astronomers lead on their dances for themselves1 ,ethical ,thinkers set up laws for themselves1 ,politicians lay foundations for themselves1 ,mathematicians triumph for themselves1 and for themselves ,theologians reign4 ,what is the consequence8 ,why1 that1 while each one attends only to himself and his own phantasy1 there is no general accord1 but only dissonance4 ,we see that the branches of a tree cannot live unless they all alike suck their juices from a common trunk with common roots4 ,and can we hope that the branches of ,wisdom can be torn asunder with safety to their life1 that is to truth8 ,can one be a ,natural ,philosopher who is not also a ,metaphysician8 or an ,ethical ,thinker who does not know something of ,physical ,science8 or a ,logician who has no knowledge of real matters8 or a ,theologian1 a ,jurisconsult1 or a ,physician1 who is not first a ,philosopher8 or an ,orator or ,poet who is not all things at once8 ,he deprives himself of light1 of hand1 and of regulation1 who pushes away from him any shred of the knowable4 ,from such passages one has a glimmer of what ,comenius did mean by his ,pansophia4 ,he hoped to do something himself towards furnishing the world with this grand desideratum4 ,he had in contemplation a book which should at least show what a proper ,encyclopdia or ,consolidation of ,universal ,truth ought to be4 ,but here again he invites co-operation4 ,many hands in many lands would have to labour at the building of the great ,temple of ,wisdom4 ,he appeals to all1 of every rank1 age1 sex1 and tongue1 to do what they can4 ,especially let there be an end to the monopoly of ,latin4 ,we desire and protest that studies of wisdom be no longer committed to ,latin alone1 and kept shut up in the schools1 as has hitherto been done1 to the greatest contempt and injury of the people at large and the popular tongues4 ,let all things be delivered to each nation in its own speech1 so that occasion may be afforded to all who are men to occupy themselves with these liberal matters rather than fatigue themselves1 as is constantly the case1 with the cares of this life1 or ambitions1 or drinking-bouts1 or other vanities1 to the destruction of life and soul both4 ,languages themselves too would so be polished to perfection with the advancement of the ,sciences and ,arts4 ,wherefore we1 for our part1 have resolved1 if ,god pleases1 to divulge these things of ours both in the ,latin and in the vernacular4 ,for no one lights a candle and hides it under a bushel1 but places it on a candlestick1 that it may give light to all4 ,footnote3 ,pansophici ,libri ,delineatio 7i4e4 the same treatise which ,hartlib had printed at ,oxford in #afcg7 in ,comenii ,opera ,didactica1 ,part ,i4 cols4 #djc-ded4 ,such were the varied ,comenian views which the good ,hartlib strove to bring into notice in ,england in #afcg-i4 ,durie and ,reconciliation of the ,churches was still one of his enthusiasms1 but ,comenius and ,reformed ,education was another4 ,but1 indeed1 nothing of a hopeful kind1 with novelty in it1 came amiss to ,hartlib4 ,he1 as well as ,comenius1 had read ,lord ,bacon4 ,he was a devoted admirer of the ,baconian philosophy1 and had imbibed1 ,i think1 more deeply than most of ,bacon's own countrymen1 the very spirit and mood of that philosophy4 ,that' the world had got on so slowly hitherto because it had pursued wrong methods2 that1 if once right methods were adopted1 the world would spin forward at a much faster rate in all things2 that no one could tell what fine discoveries of new knowledge1 what splendid inventions in art1 what devices for saving labour1 increasing wealth1 preserving health1 and promoting happiness1 awaited the human race in the future3 all this1 which ,bacon had taught1 ,hartlib had taken into his soul4 ,his sympathy with ,durie and ,religious ,compromise and his sympathy with ,comenius and ,school ,reform were but special exhibitions of his general passion for new lights4 ,the cry of his soul1 morning and night1 in all things1 was ,phosphore1 redde diem6 ,quid gaudia nostra moraris8 ,phosphore1 redde diem6 ,footnote3 ,this is no fancy-quotation4 ,hartlib himself1 in #afei1 uses it in a letter to the famous ,boyle1 as the passionate motto of his life 7see ,diary of ,worthington1 edited by ,crossley1 ,i1 #afh1 and ,boyle's ,works1 ed4 #agdd1 ,v4 #bic74 ,naturally this passion had a political side4 ,through the reign of ,thorough1 it is true1 ,hartlib had been as quiet as it became a foreigner in ,london to be at such a time1 and had even been in humble correspondence in ,durie's behalf with ,bishops1 ,privy ,councillors1 and other chiefs of the existing power4 ,but1 when the ,scottish troubles brought signs of coming change for ,england1 and there began to be stir among the ,puritans and the miscellaneous quidnuncs of ,london in anxiety for that change1 ,hartlib found himself in friendly contact and acquaintanceship with some of these forward spirits4 ,one is not surprised1 therefore1 at the fact1 previously mentioned in our ,history 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #de71 that1 when ,charles was mustering his forces for the ,first ,bishops' ,war against the ,scots1 and ,secretary ,windebank was busy with arrests of persons in ,london suspected of complicity with the ,scots1 ,hartlib was one of those pounced upon4 ,here is the exact official warrant3--,these are to will1 require1 and authorize you to make your repair to the house of ,samuel ,hartlib1 merchant1 and to examine him upon such interrogatories as you shall find pertinent to the business you are now employed in2 and you are also to take with you one of the messengers of his ,majesty's ,chamber1 who is to receive and follow such order and directions as you shall think fit to give him2 and this shall be your sufficient warrant in this behalf4--,dated at my house in ,drury ,lane1 #a ,may #afci4--;,fran4 ,windebank4 ,to ,robert ,reade1 my ,secretary4 ,footnote3 ,copied by me from the original in the ,s4,p4,o4--,the reader may1 at this point1 like to know where ,hartlib's house was4 ,it was in ,duke's ,place1 ,aldgate4 ,he had been there for more than a year1 if not from his first settling in ,london2 and it was to be his residence for many years to come4,footnote3 ,among the ,ayscough ,,mss4 in the ,british ,museum there is one 7,no4 #dbgf7 containing a short letter from ,joseph ,meade to ,hartlib1 dated from ,christ's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,june #ah1 #afch1 and addressed ,to his worthie friend ,mr4 ,samuel ,hartlib at his house in ,duke's ,place1 ,london4 ,there is nothing of importance in the letter2 which is mainly about books ,meade would like ,hartlib to send to certain persons named-- one of them ,dr4 ,twisse1 afterwards ,prolocutor of the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,meade died less than four months after the date of this letter4 ,he was married1 and had at least one child4--,reade and the ,king's officer appear to have discovered nothing specially implicating ,hartlib2 for he is found living on much as before through the remainder of the ,scottish ,presbyterian ,revolt1 on very good terms with his former ,episcopal correspondents and others who regarded that ,revolt with dread and detestation4 ,the following is a letter of his1 of date ,aug4 #aj1 #afdj1 which ,i found in his own hand in the ,state ,paper ,office4 ,it has not1 ,i believe1 been published before1 and letters of ,hartlib's of so early a date are scarce3 besides1 it is too characteristic to be omitted3-- ,right ,hon4 no farther indication of the person addressed3 was it ,sir ,thomas ,roe8 ,these are to improve the leisure which perhaps you may enjoy in your retiredness from this place4 ,the author of the ,schedule of ,divers ,new ,inventions apparently enclosed in the letter is the same ,plattes who about a year ago published two profitable treatises concerning ,husbandry and ,mines4 ,he is now busy in contriving of some other ,tracts1 which will more particularly inform all sorts of people how to procure their own and the public good of these countries4 ,footnote3 ,gabriel ,plattes1 author of ,a ,discovery of ,subterraneall ,treasure3 viz4 of all manner of ,mines and ,minerals from the ,gold to the ,coale3 ,london #afci1 #dto4 ,this is from ,lowndes's ,bibliographer's ,manual by ,bohn2 where it is added that ,plattes published several other works chiefly relating to ,husbandry1 and is said to have dropped down dead in the ,london streets for want of food4 ,among other things1 he was an ,alchemist2 and in ,wood's ,athen by ,bliss 7,i4 #fdj-a7 there is a curious extract from his ,mineralogical book1 giving an account of a process of his for making pure gold artificially1 though1 as he says1 not with profit4 ,one thinks kindly of this poor inventive spirit hanging on upon ,hartlib with his ,schedule of ,new ,inventions1 and of ,hartlib's interest in him4 ,some of my learned friends in ,france do highly commend one ,palissi to be a man of the like disposition and industry4 ,the books which he hath written and printed 7some of them in ,french7 are said to contain a world of excellent matter4 ,footnote3 ,this1 ,i think1 must be the famous ,bernard ,palissy1 the ,potter1 who died in #aeij1 leaving writings such as ,hartlib describes4 ,if so1 ,hartlib was a little behind time in his knowledge1 for one might fancy him speaking of a contemporary4 ,i wish such like observations1 experiments1 and true philosophies1 were more known to other nations4 ,by this means not only the ,heavens1 but also the ,earth1 would declare the glory of ,god more evidently than it hath done4---,as for ,mr4 ,durie1 by these enclosed a number of extracts from letters about ,durie's business which ,hartlib had received from ,bishops and others your ,honour will be able to see how far ,i am advanced in transactions of his affairs4 ,my ,lord ,bishop of ,exeter ,hall1 in one of his late letters unto himself ,durie1 uses these following words3 ',perlegi qu1' c4 ,a long ,latin passage1 which may be given in ,english3 ',i have read through what you have heretofore written to the most illustrious ,sir ,thomas ,roe respecting the procuring of an ecclesiastical agreement4 ,i like your prudence and most sagacious theological ingenuity in the same3 should ,princes follow the thread of the advice1 we shall easily extricate ourselves from this labyrinth of controversies4 ,the ,reverend ,bishop of ,salisbury has a work on the ,fundamentals of ,faith1 which is now at press1 designed for the composing of these disputes of the ,christian world2 doubtless to the great good of the ,church4 ,proceed busily in the sacred work you have undertaken3 we will not cease to aid you all we can with our prayers and counsels1 and1 if possible1 with other helps'3 ,i hear the worthies of ,cambridge are at work to satisfy in like manner the ,doctors of ,bremen3 only my ,lord ,bishop of ,durham ,morton is altogether silent4 ,it may be the northern distractions hinder him from such and the like pacifical overtures4 ,i am much grieved for his book ,de ,greek3 polutopia corporis ,christi on the ,ubiquity of ,christ's ,body1 which is now in the press at ,cambridge2 for both the ,bishop of ,lincoln ,williams and ,dr4 ,hacket told me1 from the mouth of him that corrects it 7an accurate and judicious scholar71 that it was a very invective and bitter railing against the ,lutheran tenets on that point1 insomuch that ,dr4 ,brownrigg had written unto his lordship about it1 to put all into a milder strain4 ,i confess others do blame somewhat ,mr4 ,durie for certain phrases which he seems to yield unto in his printed treatise with the ,danes1 ',de ,omniprsenti et orali manducatione' ,of the ,omnipresence and ,eating with the ,mouth2 yet let me say this much--that ,reverend ,bucer1 that prudent learned man1 who was the first man of note that ever laboured in this most excellent work of reconciling the ,protestants1 even in the very first beginning of the breach1 and who laboured more abundantly than they all in it 7,i mean than all the rest of the ,reformers in his time73 ,bucer1 ,i say1 yielded so far for peace' sake to ,luther and his followers in some harsh-sounding terms and words that the ,helvetians began to be suspicious of him1 lest he should be won to the contrary side1 although the good man did fully afterwards declare his mind when he saw his yielding would do no good4 ,it is not then ,mr4 ,d4's case alone1 when so brave a worthy as ,bucer goes along with him1 a man of whom great ,calvin uttered these words when news was brought him of his death1 ',quam multiplicem in ,bucero jacturam fecerit ,dei ,ecclesia quoties in mentem venit1 cor meum prope laccrari sentio' ',as often as it comes to my mind what a manifold loss the ,church of ,god has had in ,bucer1 ,i feel my heart almost lacerated'4 ,so he wrote in an epistle to ,viret4 ,but enough of this subject4----,i have had these #ad days no letters from ,mr4 ,d42 nor do ,i long much for them1 except ,i could get in the rents from his tenant to pay the #gj rixdollars to ,mr4 ,avery's brother in ,london4 ,the ,bishop of ,exeter seems to be a man of excellent bowels2 and1 if your ,honour would be pleased to second his requests towards my ,lord's ,grace of ,canterbury1 or to favour ,bishop ,davenant's advice in your own way1 perhaps some comfortable effects would soon follow4 ,my ,lady ,anna ,waller doth highly affect ,mr4 ,d4 and his endeavours2 and1 if any donatives or other preferments should be recommended to be disposed this way by my ,lord ,keeper 7who is a near kinsman of her ,ladyship71 ,i am confident she would prove a successful mediatrix in his behalf4 ,if your ,honour thinks it fit1 ,i can write also to my ,lord ,primate ,usher to intercede with my ,lord's ,grace ,laud for ,mr4 ,d4 ,he is about to bring forth a great universal work1 or ,ecclesiastical ,history4 ,the other treatise1 put upon him by his ,majesty's special command1 ',de ,authoritate ,regum et ,officio ,subditorum1' ',on the ,authority of ,kings and the ,duty of ,subjects' will shortly come to light4----,thus1 craving pardon for this prolixity of scribbling1 ,i take humbly my leave2 remaining always ,your ,honour's most obliged and most assured ,servant1 ,,sam4 ,,hartlib4 ,footnote3 ,copied by me from the original in the ,s4,p4,o4 ,london3 the #aj of ,aug4 #afdj4 ,three months after the date of this letter the ,long ,parliament had met1 and there was a changed world1 with changed opportunities1 for ,hartlib1 as well as for other people4 ,the following digest of particulars in his life for the years #afda and #afdb will show what he was about3-- ,a ,briefe ,relation of that which hath been lately attempted to procure ,ecclesiasticall ,peace amongst ,protestants4 ,published by ,samuel ,hartlib4 ,london1 ,printed by ,j4 ,r4 for ,andrew ,crooke1 and are to be sold at his shop in ,paul's ,churchyard at the sign of the ,green ,dragon4 #afda4--,this little tract is an exposition of ,durie's idea1 and a narrative sketch of his exertions in its behalf from #afbh onwards4 ,a ,description of the famous ,kingdom of ,,macaria1 shewing its excellent ,government1 wherein the ,inhabitants live in great prosperity1 health1 and happiness2 the ,king obeyed1 the ,nobles honoured1 and all good men respected2 ,vice punished1 and ,virtue rewarded3 ,an example to other nations4 ,in a ,dialogue between a ,scholar and a ,traveller4 ,london #afda 7#dto4 pp4 #ae74--,there is a ,dedication to ,parliament1 dated #beth ,october #afda1 in which it is said that ,honourable ,court will lay the cornerstone of the world's happiness4 ,the tract is an attempt at a fiction1 after the manner of ,more's ,utopia and ,bacon's ,new ,atlantis1 shadowing forth the essentials of good government in the constitution of the imaginary ,kingdom of ,,macaria 7,happy-land1 from the ,greek makarios1 happy74 ,the gist of the thing lies in the rather prosaic statement that ,,macaria has ,five ,councils or ,departments of ,state3 to wit1 ,husbandry1 ,fishery1 ,land-trade1 ,sea-trade1 and ,new ,plantations4--,although there is no author's name to the scrap1 it is known to be ,hartlib's2 who1 indeed1 continued to use the word ,,macaria1 half-seriously1 half- playfully1 till the ,restoration and beyond1 as a pet name for his ,ideal ,commonwealth of perfect institutions4 ,footnote3 ,see ,worthington's ,diary edited by ,crossley 7,l #afc74 ,hartlib's original ,macaria is reprinted in the ,harleian ,miscellany1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,in #afda ,hartlib was in correspondence with ,alexander ,henderson4 ,the reader already knows how the ,scottish business1 or the ,king's difficulty with the ,scots1 led to the calling of the ,long ,parliament1 and how for six or seven months 7,nov4 #afdj-;,june #afda7 that business intertwined itself with the other proceedings of the ,parliament1 and ,henderson and the other ,scottish ,commissioners1 lay and clerical1 were in ,london all that time1 nominally looking after that business1 but really co-operating with ,pym and the other ,parliamentary leaders for the ,reform of both kingdoms1 and much lionized by the ,londoners accordingly 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #ahi-aib74 ,well1 ,hartlib1 who found his way to everybody1 found his way to ,henderson4 lie probably saw a good deal of him1 if not of the other ,scottish ,commissioners2 for1 after ,henderson had returned to ,scotland1 at least three letters from ,hartlib followed him thither4 ,here is the beginning of the third3 ,reverend and ,loving ,brother in ,christ3 ,i hope my two former letters were safely delivered1 wherein ,i gave you notice of a purpose taken in hand here to make ,notes upon the ,bible4 ,what concurrence you think fit to give in such a work ,i leave to your own piety to determine4 ,now ,i have some other thoughts to impart to you1 which lie as a burthen on my heart4 ,the thoughts communicated to ,henderson are about the wretched state of the ,palatinate1 with its ,protestantism and its ,university of ,heidelberg ruined by the ,thirty ,years' ,war1 and the sweet-natured ,prince ,elector in exile2 but ,hartlib slips into ,durie's idea1 and urges theological correspondence of all ,protestant divines1 in order to put an end to divisions4 ,the letter1 which is signed ,your faithful friend and servant in ,christ1 is dated ,london1 ,octob4 #afda4 ,all this we know because ,hartlib kept a copy of the letter and printed it in #afdc4 ,the copy of a ,letter written to ,mr4 ,alexander ,henderson3 ,london1 ,printed in the yeare #afdc1 is the title of the scrap1 as ,i have seen it in the ,british ,museum4 ,even so we should not have known it to be ,hartlib's1 had not the invaluable ,thomason written ,by ,mr4 ,hartlib on the title-page1 appending ,feb4 #f1 #afdb 7i4e4 #afdb-c7 as the date of the publication4 ,a ,reformation of ,schooles1 designed in two excellent ,treatises3 the first whereof summarily sheweth the great necessity of a generall ,reformation of ,common ,learning1 what grounds of hope there are for such a ,reformation1 how it may be brought to passe4 ,the second answers certaine objections ordinarily made against such undertakings1 arid describes the severall parts and titles of workes which are shortly to follow4 ,written many yeares agoe in ,latine by that reverend1 godly1 learned1 and famous ,divine1 ,mr4 ,john ,amos ,comenius1 one of the ,seniours of the exiled ,church of ,moravia2 and now1 upon the request of many1 translated into ,english and published by ,samuel ,hartlib for the general good of the ,nation4 ,london3 ,printed for ,michael ,sparke1 ,senior1 at the ,blue ,bible in ,greene ,arbour3 #afdb 7small ito4 pp4 #id74--,this is1 in fact1 a reproduction in ,english of the views of ,comenius in his ,didactica ,magna1 c4 ,as ,i find it registered in the books of the ,stationers' ,company ,jan4 #ab1 #afda 7i4e4 #afda-b71 it must have been out early in #afdb4 ,these traces of ,hartlib in the years #afda and #afdb are significant1 and admit of some comment3--,in the ,description of the ,kingdom of ,macaria1 ,i should say1 ,hartlib broke out for himself4 ,he had all sorts of ideas as to social and economic improvements1 and he would communicate a little specimen of these1 respecting ,husbandry1 ,fishery1 and ,commerce1 to the reforming ,parliament4 ,but he was still faithful to ,durie and ,comenius1 and three of his recovered utterances of #afda-b are in behalf of them4 ,his ,brief ,relation and his ,letter to ,henderson refer to ,durie and his scheme of ,protestant union4 ,it is not impossible that ,hartlib was moved to these new utterances in the old subject by ,durie's own presence in ,london2 for1 as we have mentioned 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cfg71 there is some evidence that ,durie1 who had not been in ,london since #afcc1 came over on a flying visit after the opening of the ,long ,parliament4 ,it is a coincidence1 at least1 that the publisher of ,hartlib's ,brief ,relation about ,durie brought out1 at the very same time1 a book of ,durie's own tending in the same direction4 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,dureus his ,eleven ,treatises touching ,ecclesiastical ,peace amongst ,protestants is the title of an entry by ,mr4 ,crooke in the ,stationers' ,registers1 of date ,feb4 #ae1 #afdj4 ,quite possibly1 however1 ,durie may have still been abroad1 and ,hartlib may have acted for him4 ,in the other case there is no such doubt4 ,when1 in ,jan4 #afda-b1 ,hartlib sent to the press his new compilation of the views of ,comenius under the title of ,a ,reformation of ,schools1 there was good reason for it4 ,comenius himself was at his elbow4 ,the great man had come to ,london4 ,education1 and especially ,university ,education1 was one of the subjects that ,parliament was anxious to take up4 ,in the intellectual world of ,england1 quite apart from politics1 there had for some time been a tradition of dissatisfaction with the existing state of the ,universities and the great ,public ,schools4 ,in especial1 ,bacon's complaints and suggestions on this subject in the ,second ,book of his ,de ,augmentis had sunk into thoughtful minds4 ,that the ,universities1 by persistence in old and outworn methods1 were not in full accord with the demands and needs of the age2 that their aims were too professional and particular1 and not sufficiently scientific and general2 that the order of studies in them was bad1 and some of the studies barren2 that there ought to be a bold direction of their endowments and apparatus in the line of experimental knowledge1 so as to extract from ,nature new secrets1 and sciences for which ,humanity was panting2 that1 moreover1 there ought to be more of fraternity and correspondence among the ,universities of ,europe1 and some organization of their labours with a view to mutual illumination and collective advance3 ,footnote3 ,de ,augmentis3 ,bacon's ,works1 ,i4 #dhg et seq41 and ,translation of same1 ,,iii4 #cbc et seq4 7,spedding's edition74 all these ,verulamian speculations1 first submitted to ,king ,james1 were lying hid here and there in ,english intellects1 in watch for an opportunity4 ,then1 in a different way1 the political crisis had brought ,oxford and ,cambridge1 but especially ,oxford1 under severe revision4 ,had they not been the nurseries of ,episcopacy1 and of other things and principles of which ,england was now declaring herself impatient8 ,all this1 which was to be more felt after the ,civil ,war had begun and ,oxford became the ,king's headquarters1 was felt already in very considerable degree during the two-and-twenty months of preliminary struggle between the ,king and the ,parliament 7,nov4 #afdj-;,aug4 #afdb74 ,why not have a ,university in ,london8 ,there was ,gresham ,college in the city1 in existence since #aeig1 and doing not ill on its limited basis2 there was ,chelsea ,college1 founded by ,dean ,sutcliffe of ,exeter in #afaj1 to the intent that learned men might there have maintenance to answer all the adversaries of religion but which1 after a rickety infancy1 and laughed at by ,laud as ,controversy ,college1 had been lost in lawsuits3 why not1 with inclusion or exclusion of these and other foundations1 set up in ,london a great ,university on the best modern principles1 abolishing the monopoly of ,oxford and ,cambridge8 ,of these rumours1 plans1 or possibilities1 due notice had been sent by the zealous ,hartlib to ,comenius at ,leszno4 ,ought not ,comenius to be on the spot8 ,what had he been hoping for and praying for but a ,collegial ,society somewhere in some ,european state to prepare the necessary ,apparatus of ,pammethodic ,books and so initiate his new system of ,universal ,didactics1 or again 7to take the other and larger form of his aspiration71 a visible co-operation of kindred spirits throughout ,europe towards founding and building the great ,temple of ,pansophia or ,universal ,real ,knowledge8 ,what if these ,austro-,slavic dreams of his should be realized on the banks of the ,thames8 ,people were very willing thereabouts2 circumstances were favourable2 what was mainly wanted was direction and the grasp of a master-spirit6 ,decidedly1 ,comenius ought to come over4--,all this we learn from ,comenius himself1 whose account of the matter and of what followed had better now be quoted4 ,the ,pansophi ,prodromus1 he says1 having been published1 and copies dispersed through the various kingdoms of ,europe1 but many learned men who approved of the sketch despairing of the full accomplishment of the work by one man1 and therefore advising the erection of a ,college of learned men for this express business1 in these circumstances the very person who had been the means of giving the ,prodromus to the world1 a man strenuous in practically prosecuting things as far as he can1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 strenuus rerum qu datur ,greek3 ergodiokts1 ,d4 ,s4 ,h41 devoted himself laboriously to that scheme1 so as to bring as many of the more forward spirits into it as possible4 ,and so it happened at length that1 having won over one and another1 he1 in the year #afda1 prevailed on me also by great entreaties to go to him4 ,my people having consented to the journey1 ,i came to ,london on the very day of the autumnal equinox ,sept4 #bb1 #afda1 and there at last learnt that ,i had been invited by the order of the ,parliament4 ,but1 as the ,parliament1 the ,king having then gone to ,scotland ,aug4 #aj1 was dismissed for a three months' recess not quite three months1 but from ,sept4 #i to ,oct4 #bj1 ,i was detained there through the winter1 my friends mustering what ,pansophic apparatus they could1 though it was but slender4 ,on which occasion there grew on my hands a tractate with this title1 ,via ,lucis3 ,hoc ,est1 c44 ,the ,way of ,light3 ,that is1 ,a ,reasonable ,disquisition how the ,intellectual ,light of ,souls1 namely ,wisdom1 may now at length1 in this ,evening of the ,world1 be happily diffused through all ,minds and ,peoples4 ,this for the better understanding of these words of the oracle in ,zachariah ,,xiv4 #g1 ,it shall come to pass that at evening time it shall be light4 ,the ,parliament meanwhile having reassembled1 and our presence being known1 ,i had orders to wait until they should have sufficient leisure from other business to appoint a commission of learned and wise men from their body for hearing us and considering the grounds of our design4 ,they communicate also beforehand their thoughts of assigning to us some ,college with its revenues1 whereby a certain number of learned and illustrious men1 called from all nations1 might he honourably maintained1 either for a term of years or in perpetuity4 ,there was even named for the purpose the ,savoy in ,london2 ,winchester ,college out of ,london was named2 and again1 nearer the city1 ,chelsea ,college1 inventories of which and of its revenues were communicated to us2 so that nothing seemed more certain than that the design of the great ,verulam1 concerning the opening somewhere of a ,universal ,college1 devoted to the advancement of the ,sciences1 could be carried out4 ,but the rumour of the ,insurrection in ,ireland1 and of the massacre in one night of more than #bjj1jjj ,english ,oct4-,nov41 and the sudden departure of the ,king from ,london ,jan4 #aj1 #afda-b1 and the plentiful signs of the bloody war about to break out1 disturbed these plans1 and obliged me to hasten my return to my own people4 ,it happened1 however1 that letters came to me from ,sweden1 which had been sent to ,poland and thence forwarded to ,england1 in which that magnanimous and energetic man1 ,ludovicus de ,geer1 invited me to come to him in ,sweden1 and offered immediate means of furthering my studies and those of any two or three learned men ,i chose to associate with me4 ,communicating this offer to my friends in ,london1 ,i took my departure1 but not without protestations from them that ,i ought to let my services be employed in nothing short of the ,pansophic ,design4 ,footnote3 ,autobiographic ,introduction to the ,second ,part of the ,opera ,didactica of ,comenius 7#afeg71 containing his ,didactic writings from #afdb to #afej4 ,this is very interesting1 and1 ,i have no doubt1 quite accurate4 ,footnote3 ,i have not been able to find in the ,lords or ,commons ,journals for #afda and #afdb any traces of those communications between ,comenius and the ,parliament of which he speaks4 ,there may be such1 for the ,indexes are not perfect2 and there is not the least reason to doubt the word of ,comenius4 ,and so1 through the winter of #afda-b and the spring of #afdb1 we are to imagine ,hartlib and ,comenius going about ,london together1 ,hartlib about forty years of age and ,comenius about fifty1 the younger man delighted with his famous friend1 introducing him to various people1 and showing him the chief sights 7the law-chambers and house of the great ,verulam not omitted1 surely71 and all the while busy with ,pansophic talk and the details of the ,pansophic ,college4 ,we see now the reason of ,hartlib's publication in ,jan4 #afda-b of ,comenius's two treatises jointly in a book called ,a ,reformation of ,schools4 ,it was to help in the business which had brought ,comenius to ,london4 ,it was a great chagrin to ,hartlib when the ,london plan came to an abrupt end1 and ,comenius transferred himself to ,sweden4 ,thither we must follow him1 for yet one other passage of his history before we leave him3-- ,conveyed to ,sweden in ,august of the year #afdb1 proceeds ,comenius1 ,i found my new ,mcenas at his house at ,nortcoping2 and1 having been kindly received by him1 ,i was1 after some days of deliberation1 sent to ,stockholm1 to the most illustrious ,oxenstiern1 ,chancellor of the ,kingdom1 and ,dr4 ,johannes ,skyte1 ,chancellor of the ,university of ,upsal4 ,these two exercised me in colloquy for four days2 and chiefly the former1 that ,eagle of the ,north 7,aquila ,aquilonius74 ,he inquired into the foundations of both my schemes1 the ,didactic and the ,pansophic1 so searchingly that it was unlike anything that had been done before by any of my learned critics4 ,in the first two days he examined the ,didactics1 with at length this conclusion3 ',from an early age1' said he1 ',i perceived that our ,method of ,studies generally in use is a harsh and crude one violentum quiddam2 but where the thing stuck ,i could not find out4 ,at length1 having been sent1 by my ,king of glorious memory ,gustavus ,adolphus1 as ambassador into ,germany1 ,i conversed on the subject with various learned men4 ,and1 when ,i had heard that ,wolfgang ,ratich was toiling at an amended ,method1 ,i had no rest of mind till ,i had got that gentleman into my presence2 who1 however1 instead of a talk on the subject1 offered me a big volume in quarto to read4 ,i swallowed that trouble2 and1 having turned over the whole book1 ,i saw that he detected not badly the maladies of our schools1 but the remedies he proposed did not seem sufficient4 ,yours1 ,mr4 ,comenius1 rest on firmer foundations4 ,go on with the work4' ,i answered that ,i had done all ,i could in those matters1 and must now go on to others4 ',i know said he1 'that you are toiling at greater affairs1 for ,i have read your ,prodromus ,pansophi4 ,we will speak of that to-morrow3 ,i must to public business now4' ,next day1 beginning to examine1 but with greater severity1 my ,pansophic ,attempts1 he opened with this question1 ',are you a man1 ,mr4 ,comenius1 that can bear contradiction8 ,potesne contradicentem ferre8' ',i can1' replied ,i1 'and therefore that ,prodromus or ,preliminary ,sketch was 7not by me either1 but by friends7 sent out first1 that it might meet with judgment and criticism4 ,which if we admit from all and sundry1 why not from men of mature wisdom and heroic reason8' ,he began1 accordingly1 to discourse against the hope of a better state of things conceived as lying in a rightly instituted study of ,pansophia1 first objecting political reasons of deep import1 and then the testimonies of the divine ,scriptures1 which seem to foretell for the latter days of the world rather darkness and a certain deterioration of things than light and amended institutions4 ,to all which he had such answers from me that he closed with these words1 ',into no one's mind do ,i think such things have come before4 ,stand upon these grounds of yours3 either so shall we come some time to agreement1 or there will be no way at all left4 ,my advice1 however1 is 7added he7 that you proceed first to do a good stroke in the ,school business1 and to bring the study of the ,latin tongue to a greater facility1 and so prepare a broader and clearer way for those bigger matter4' ,the ,chancellor of the ,university did not cease to urge the same2 and he suggested this as well3 that1 if ,i were unwilling to remove with my family into ,sweden1 at all events ,i should come nearer to ,sweden by taking up my abode in ,prussia1 say in ,elbing4 ,as my ,mcenas1 to whom ,i returned at ,nortcoping ,ludovicus de ,geer1 thought that both advices ought to be acquiesced in1 and earnestly begged me that nothing should be done otherwise than had been advised1 whether in respect of the place of my abode1 or of priority to be given to any other task1 ,i agreed at length1 always with the hope that within a year or two there would be an end of the hack-work4--,in fact1 ,comenius went to ,elbing in ,prussia 7,hartlib's native place1 as the reader may remember71 to be supported there by the generosity of ,ludovicus de ,geer1 with subsidies perhaps from ,oxenstiern1 and to labour on at a completion of his system of ,school ,education1 with a view to its application to ,sweden4--,but this good- nature of mine in yielding to the ,swedes vehemently displeased my ,english friends2 and they sought to draw me back from any bargain by a long epistle1 most full of reasons4 ',a sufficient specimen1' they argued1 'had been given in ,didactics2 the path of farther rectification in that department was open enough3 not yet so in ,real ,science4 ,others could act in the former department1 and everywhere there were rising up ,schoolmasters provoking each other to industry by mutual emulation2 whereas the foundations of ,pansophia were not yet sufficiently laid bare4 ,infinitely more profit would redound to the public from an explanation of the ways of true ,wisdom than from little trifles about ,latin4' ,much more in the same strain2 and ,s4 ,h4 ,samuel ,hartlib added1 ',quo1 moriture1 ruis8 minoraque viribus audes8' in this poetical solecism ,comenius calls the hexameter a solecism1 ,i suppose1 on account of the false quantity it contains in the word minora1 reproaching my inconsiderateness4 ,rejoiced by this recall into the road-royal1 ,i sent on this letter to ,sweden2 and1 nothing doubting that they would come round to the arguments there expressed1 ,i gave myself up wholly to my ,pansophics1 whether to continue in them1 or that1 at all events 7if the ,swedish folk did wish me to dwell on in my ,scholastics and it were my hap to die in that drudgery71 the foundations of ,pansophia1 of the insufficient exposition of which ,i heard complaints1 might be better dug down into1 so that they might no longer be ignored4 ,but from ,sweden the answer that came was one ordering me to persevere in the proposal of first finishing the ,didactics2 backed by saws to this effect3 ',one would rather the better1 but the earlier must be done first1' ',one doesn't go from the bigger to the smaller1 but wicey warsey1' and all the rest of it4 ,nothing was left me but to obey1 and plod on against my will in the clay of logomachies for eight whole years4 ,fortunately this was not till ,i had printed at ,dantzic1 in the year #afdc1 my already-made efforts at a better detection of the foundations of ,pansophia1 under the title of ',pansophi ,diatyposis ,ichnographica et ,orthographica1' reprinted immediately at ,amsterdam and ,paris4 ,footnote3 ,introd4 to ,part ,,ii4 of ,opera ,didactica4 ,poor ,comenius6 ,he had a long life before him yet2 but at this point we must throw him off1 shunted into his siding at ,elbing1 to plod there for four years 7#afdb-afdf7 at his ,didactics1 while he would fain have been soaring among his ,pansophics4 ,footnote3 ,though1 as he has told us1 his drudgery at the ,didactics continued for eight years in all1 there was a break of these eight years in #afdf when he returned to ,sweden to report proceedings to his employers4 ,letters from his ,london friend1 ,hartlib1 would reach him frequently in ,elbing1 and would doubtless encourage him in the humbler labour since he could not be at the higher4 ,for ,hartlib himself1 we find1 also laid aside the ,pansophics for a time1 seeing no hope for them in ,london without the presidency of ,comenius1 but continued to interest himself in the ,didactics4 ,in fact1 however1 he was never without interests of some kind or another4 ,thus1 in ,feb4 #afdb-c1 or when ,comenius may have been about a year at ,elbing1 ,hartlib was again at the ,durie business4 ,a ,faithfull and ,seasonable ,advice1 or the ,necessity of a ,correspondence for the ,advancement of the ,protestant ,cause3 humbly suggested to the ,great ,councill of ,england assembled in ,parliament3 ,printed by ,john ,hammond1 #afdc1 is the title of a new tract1 of a few pages1 which we know to be ,hartlib's4 ,footnote3 ,in the copy in the ,king's ,library1 ,british ,museum1 there is the ,,ms4 note ,ex dono ,authoris1 ,s4 ,hartlib with the date ,feb4 #f1 #afdb1 7i4e4 #afdb-c74 ,then1 in ,july #afdc1 the ,westminster ,assembly met2 and what an accession of topics of interest that brought to ,hartlib may be easily imagined4 ,there was the excitement of ,the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant 7,aug4-,sept471 with the arrival in ,london of the ,scottish ,commissioners1 including ,hartlib's friend ,henderson1 to take part in the ,assembly2 there was the beginning of the great debate between ,independency and ,presbyterianism2 nay1 in ,nov4 #afdc1 ,durie was himself appointed a member of the ,assembly by the ,parliament 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #eag71 and so drawn over from the ,continent for a long period of service and residence in ,england4 ,that ,hartlib was interested in all this1 and led into new positions and relationships by it1 there is very varied proof4--,for example1 he was one of the witnesses in ,laud's trial1 which began ,nov4 #ac1afdc1 and straggled on through the rest of that year and the next4 ,his evidence was wanted by the prosecution in support of that one of the charges against ,laud which alleged that he had endeavoured to cause division and discord between the ,church of ,england and other ,reformed ,churches4 ,in proof of this it was proposed to show that he had discouraged and impeded ,durie in his ,conciliation scheme1 on the ground that the ,calvinistic ,churches were alien from the true faith1 and that1 in particular1 he had caused letters-patent granted by the ,king for a collection for the ,palatinate ministers to be revoked after they had passed the great seal2 and it was to the truth of both these statements that ,hartlib1 with others1 was required to testify4 ,he was1 as we know1 a most competent witness in that matter2 and he gave his evidence duly1 though1 as ,i should fancy1 with no real ill-will to ,laud4 ,footnote3 ,see particulars in ,prynne's ,canterburie's ,doome 7#afdf71 pp4#eci-edb4 ,laud1 in this part of his defence1 names both ,durie and ,hartlib4 ,he says he did not discourage ,durie1 but rather encouraged him1 as he could prove by letters of ,durie's which he had2 to which the prosecution replied that the contrary was notorious1 and that ,durie had oft complained to his friends of ,land's coldness4--,now that ,episcopacy was done with1 and it was to a ,parliament and an ,assembly mainly ,presbyterian that ,england was looking for a new system of ,church-government1 ,hartlib's anxiety was1 as ,durie's also was1 to make the best of the new conditions1 and to instil into them as much of the ,durie idea as possible4 ,might it not even be that a ,reformed ,presbyterian ,church of ,england would be a more effective leader in a movement for the union of the ,protestant ,churches of ,europe than the ,episcopal ,church had been8 ,this explains another short tract of ,hartlib's1 put forth ,nov4 #i1 #afdd1 and entitled1 ,the ,necessity of some nearer ,conjunction and ,correspondency amongst ,evangelical ,protestants1 for the ,advancement of the ,national ,cause1 and bringing to passe the effect of the ,covenant4 ,footnote3 ,though the tract1 which consists of but eight small quarto pages1 is anonymous1 it is verified as ,hartlib's by the inscription on the ,british ,museum copy1 ,by ,mr4 ,hartlib1 ,novemb4 #ith4 ,the tract itself bears only ,london ,printed #afdd4--,well1 but how did ,hartlib stand in the great controversy between the ,independents and the ,presbyterians8 ,this too can be answered4 ,as might be expected1 he was in sympathy with the ,independents1 in as far as their claim for a ,toleration was concerned4 ,the reader will remember ,edwards's famous ,antapologia1 published in ,july #afdd1 in answer to the ,apologetical ,narration of the ,five ,independent ,divines of the ,assembly1 and which all the ,presbyterian world welcomed as an absolutely crushing blow to ,independency and the ,toleration principle4 ,here1 then1 is the title of a smaller publication which that big one provoked3 ,a ,short ,letter modestly entreating a ,friend's judgment upon ,mr4 ,edwards his ,booke he calleth an ,anti-,apologia3 with a large but modest ,answer thereunto3 ,london1 ,printed according to order1 #afdd4 ,actually it was out on ,sept4 #adth1 or about two months after ,edwards's book4 ,the title exactly indicates the structure of the publication4 ,it consists of a short ,letter and a longish ,reply to that ,letter4 ,the ,letter begins1 ,worthy ,sir1 ,i have heard of ,mr4 ,edwards's ,anti-,apologeticall ,book1 as ,i needs must doe1 for all the ,city and ,parliament rings with it1 and it goes on to request from the person addressed his opinion of the hook4 ,at the end of the letter we find the writer's name ,sam ,hartlib3 and the dating from my house in ,duke's ,place in great haste1 ,aug4 #e4 ,and who was the friend addressed8 ,he was a ,hezekiah ,woodward1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 preacher in or near ,aldermanbury1 about fifty years of age1 long a zealous ,puritan1 latterly a decided ,parliamentarian and champion of the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant1 and already known as an author by some ,puritanic books1 and one or two of a pedagogic kind1 referable to an earlier period of his life when he had been a ,london schoolmaster4 ,hartlib had known him1 he says in his letter1 for sixteen years1 that is to say from his first coming to ,london in #afbh or #afbi4 ,it is this long friendship that justifies him in asking ,woodward's opinion of ,edwards's book4 ,the opinion is given in a reply to ,hartlib1 signed ,hezekiah ,woodward1 and dated from my house in ,aldermanbury1 #ac ,aug4 #afdd2 and it is1 as far as ,i remember1 quite against ,edwards1 and a real1 though hazy and perplexed1 reasoning for ,toleration4,footnote3 ,the publication was duly registered1 and has a long appended ,imprimatur by ,joseph ,caryl2 and the exact date of the publication 7,sept #ad7 is from a ,,ms4 note in the ,british ,museum copy1 ,for a sketch of ,woodward and a list of his writings see ,wood1 ,ath4 ,,iii1 #ajcd- #g4 ,,milton',s ,,tract ,,on ,,education3 ,,his ,,method ,,with ,,his ,,pupils4 ,it had been ,hartlib's chance1 he himself tells us1 to be familiarly acquainted with the best of ,archbishops1 ,bishops1 ,earls1 ,viscounts1 ,barons1 ,knights1 ,esquires1 ,gentlemen1 ministers1 ,professors of both ,universities1 ,merchants1 and all sorts of learned or in any kind useful men4 ,this he wrote at a considerably later date in his life2 ,footnote3 ,in ,aug4 #affj1 ,see ,letter in ,dircks's ,memoir1 p4 #d4 but1 from what we have already seen1 we may vote it substantially true even in #afdd4 ,in that year1 we know for certain1 the circle of ,hartlib's friends included ,milton4 ,the acquaintanceship may have begun some years before that4 ,it may have begun in #afci when ,milton1 on his return from abroad1 took lodgings in ,st4 ,bride's ,churchyard1 or in #afdj1 when he first set up house in ,aldersgate ,street4 ,at all events1 when ,milton's ,anti-,episcopal pamphlets of the next two years made him a public man1 he is not likely to have escaped the cognisance of ,hartlib4 ,i should not wonder if ,milton were one of those more forward spirits whom ,hartlib wanted to enlist in the great scheme of a ,pansophic ,university of ,london to be organized by ,comenius1 and whom he tried to bring round ,comenius personally during the stay of that theorist in ,london in #afda-b1 when the experiment of some such ,university was really in contemplation by friends in ,parliament1 and ,chelsea had been almost fixed on as the site4 ,but1 if so1 ,i rather guess1 for reasons which will appear1 that ,milton gave the whole scheme the cold shoulder1 and did not take to the great ,comenius4 ,quite possibly1 however1 it was not till ,comenius was gone1 and was fixed down at ,elbing in ,prussia1 that there was any intimacy between ,milton and ,hartlib4 ,it may have come about after ,milton had been deserted by his wife in ,july #afdc1 and when a few pupils1 besides the two nephews he had till then had charge of1 were received into his wifeless household4 ,would not this in itself be an attraction to ,hartlib8 ,was not ,milton pursuing a new method with his pupils1 between which and the method of ,comenius there were points in common8 ,might not ,comenius himself1 in his retirement at ,elbing1 be interested in hearing of an eminent ,english scholar and poet who had views about a ,reform of ,education akin to his own8 ,this is very much fancy1 but it is the exact kind of fancy that fits the certainty4 ,that certainty is that1 before the middle of #afdd1 ,milton and ,hartlib were well acquainted with each other1 had met pretty frequently at ,milton's house in ,aldersgate ,street1 or at ,hartlib's in ,duke's ,place1 and had conversed freely on many subjects1 and especially on that of ,education4 ,nay more1 ,hartlib1 trying to indoctrinate ,milton with the ,comenian views on this subject1 had found that ,milton had already certain most positive views of his own upon it1 in some things agreeing with the ,comenian1 but in others vigorously differing4 ,hence1 after various colloquies1 he had made a request to ,milton4 ,would he put a sketch of his views upon paper--no elaborate treatise1 but merely a sketch1 such as one could read in half-an-hour or so1 and1 if permitted1 show to a friend1 or print for more general use8 ,urged more and more pressingly1 ,milton complied2 and the result was the appearance1 on ,june #e1 #afdd1 on some booksellers' counters1 of a thin little quarto tract1 of eight pages in rather small type1 with no author's name1 and no title-page at all1 but simply this heading atop of the text on the first page1 ,,of ,,education3 ,,to ,,master ,,samuel ,,hartlib4 ,the publication had been duly registered1 and the publisher was the same ,thomas ,underhill1 of ,wood ,street1 who had published ,milton's first three ,anti-,episcopal pamphlets4 ,the inference is that the thing was printed by ,milton himself1 and not by ,hartlib4 ,it would be handier for ,hartlib to have it in print than in manuscript4 ,footnote3 ,june #d1 #afdd3 ,tho4 ,underhill entered for his copy under the hands of ,mr4 ,cranford the licenser and ,mr4 ,man1 warden1 a little tract touching ,education of ,youth1 is the entry in the ,stationers' books2 without which we should not have known the publisher's name4 ,the date of the publication is fixed1 and the fact that the authorship was known at the time is proved1 by this ,,ms4 note of ,thomason on the copy among the ,king's ,pamphlets in the ,british ,museum 7,press mark #ab4 ,f4 e4 #ab4_/afj7 ,by ,mr4 ,john ,milton3 #e ,june1 #afdd4--,milton reprinted the tract in #afgc1 at the end of the second edition of his ,minor ,poems1 with the words ,written above twenty years since added to the original title4 ,hartlib must have been pleased1 and yet not altogether pleased1 with the opening of the ,tract4 ,here it is3-- ,,mr4 ,,hartlib1 ,i am long since persuaded that to say or do aught worth memory and imitation no purpose or respect should sooner move us than simply the love of ,god and of ,mankind4 ,nevertheless1 to write now the ,reforming of ,education1 though it be one of the greatest and noblest designs that can be thought on1 and for the want whereof this ,nation perishes1 ,i had not yet at this time been induced1 but by your earnest entreaties and serious conjurements2 as having my mind for the present half diverted in the pursuance of some other assertions1 the knowledge and the use of which cannot but be a great furtherance both to the enlargement of ,truth and honest living with much more peace4 ,footnote3 ,this passage1 the wording of which clearly implies that ,milton was prosecuting his ,divorce speculation1 with whatever else in addition1 sets aside a hypothesis 7which may have occurred to the reader as well as to myself7 that the ,tract on ,education1 though not published till ,june #afdd1 may have been written1 and in ,hartlib's hands1 as early as #afda-b1 when ,comenius was in ,london4 ,the hypothesis1 which might have been otherwise plausible1 will not accord with the particular words of the tract now presented2 and the conclusion is that1 whether ,milton knew ,hartlib or not as early as #afda- #b1 when ,comenius was with him1 the tract was not written till shortly before its publication in ,june #afdd1 when ,comenius had been two years in ,elbing4 ,nor should the laws of any private friendship have prevailed with me to divide thus1 or to transpose1 my former thoughts1 but that ,i see those aims1 those actions1 which have won you with me the esteem of a person sent hither by some good providence from a far country to be the occasion and the incitement of great good to this ,island4 ,and1 as ,i hear1 you have obtained the same repute with men of most approved wisdom1 and some of highest authority among us2 not to mention the learned correspondence which you hold in foreign parts1 and the extraordinary pains and diligence which you have used in this matter both here and beyond the seas1 either by the definite will of ,god so ruling1 or the peculiar sway of nature1 which also is ,god's working1 ,neither can ,i think that1 so reputed and so valued as you are1 you would1 to the forfeit of your own discerning ability1 impose upon me an unfit and over-ponderous argument1 but that the satisfaction which you profess to have received from those incidental discourses which we have wandered into hath pressed1 and almost constrained1 you into a persuasion that what you require from me in this point ,i neither ought nor can in conscience defer beyond this time1 both of so much need at once and of so much opportunity to try what ,god hath determined4 ,i will not resist1 therefore1 whatever it is either of divine or human obligement that you lay upon me2 but will forthwith set down in writing1 as you request me1 that voluntary ,idea which hath long in silence presented itself to me of a better ,education1 in extent and comprehension far more large1 and yet of time far shorter and of attainment far more certain1 than hath been yet in practice4 ,brief ,i shall endeavour to be2 for that which ,i have to say assuredly this ,nation hath extreme need should be done sooner than spoken4 ,to tell you1 therefore1 what ,i have benefited herein among old renowned authors1 ,i shall spare2 and to search what many modern ,,januas and ,,didactics1 more than ever ,i shall read1 have projected1 my inclination leads me not4 ,but1 if you can accept of these few observations1 which have flowered off1 and are as it were the burnishing of1 many studious and contemplative years altogether spent in the search of religious and civil knowledge1 and such as pleased you so well in the relating1 ,i here give you them to dispose of4 ,what must have pleased ,hartlib in this was the tone of respectful compliment to himself2 what may have pleased him less was the slighting way in which ,comenius is passed over4 ,to search what many modern ,,januas and ,,didactics1 more than ever ,i shall read1 have projected1 my inclination leads me not1 says ,milton1 quoting in brief the titles of the two best-known works of ,comenius4 ,it is as if he had said1 ,i know your enthusiasm for your ,pansophic friend2 but ,i have not read his books on ,education1 and do not mean to do so4 ,this was barely polite2 ,footnote3 ,the manner of the allusion to ,comenius rather forbids the idea that ,milton had met him during his ,london visit4 ,like most high-natured men1 ,milton had a kindly side to the merits of those whom he personally knew4 but ,hartlib was a man of sense3 and he would be glad1 in reading on1 to find that1 with whatever independence ,milton had formed his views1 not even ,comenius had outgone him in denunciations of the existing system of ,education4 ,thus3-- ,seeing every nation affords not experience and tradition enough for all kind of learning1 therefore we are taught chiefly the languages of those people who have at any time been most industrious after wisdom2 so that ,language is but the instrument conveying to us ,things worthy to be known4 ,and1 though a linguist should pride himself to have all the tongues that ,babel cleft the world into1 yet1 if he have not studied the solid things in them as well as the words and ,lexicons1 he were nothing so much to be esteemed a learned man as any yeoman or tradesman competently wise in his mother-dialect only4 ,hence appear the many mistakes which have made ,learning generally so unpleasing and so unsuccessful4 ,first1 we do amiss to spend seven or eight years merely in scraping together so much miserable ,latin and ,greek as might be learnt otherwise easily and delightfully in one year4 ,and that which casts our proficiency therein so much behind is our time lost1 partly in too oft idle vacancies given both to ,schools and ,universities1 partly in a preposterous exaction1 forcing the empty wits of children to compose themes1 verses1 and orations1 which are the acts of ripest judgment1 and the final work of a head filled1 by long reading and observing1 with elegant maxims and copious invention4 ,these are not matters to be wrung from poor striplings1 like blood out of the nose1 or the plucking of untimely fruit3 besides the ill habit which they get of wretched barbarizing against the ,latin and ,greek idiom with their untutored ,anglicisms1 odious to read1 yet not to be avoided without a well-continued and judicious conversing among pure authors digested1 which they scarce taste2 whereas1 if1 after some preparatory grounds of speech by their certain forms got into memory1 they were led to the praxis thereof in some chosen short book lessoned thoroughly to them1 they might then forthwith proceed to learn the substance of good ,things and ,arts in due order1 which would bring the whole language quickly into their power4 ,this ,i take to be the most rational and most profitable way of learning ,languages1 and whereby we may best hope to give account to ,god of our youth spent herein4 ,and1 for the usual method of teaching ,arts1 ,i deem it to be an old error of ,universities1 not yet well recovered from the scholastic grossness of barbarous ages1 that1 instead of beginning with ,arts most easy 7and these be such as are most obvious to the sense71 they present their young unmatriculated novices at first coming with the most intellective abstractions of ,logic and ,metaphysics2 so that they1 having but newly left those grammatic flats and shallows where they stuck unreasonably to learn a few words with lamentable construction1 and now on the sudden transported under another climate to be tossed and turmoiled with their unballasted wits in fathomless and unquiet deeps of controversy1 do for the most part grow into hatred and contempt of ,learning1 mocked and deluded ail the while with ragged notions and babblements1 while they expected worthy and delightful knowledge2 till poverty or youthful years call them importunately their several ways1 and hasten them1 with the sway of friends1 either to an ambitious and mercenary or ignorantly zealous ,divinity3 some allured to the trade of ,law1 grounding their purposes not on the prudent and heavenly contemplation of justice and equity1 which was never taught them1 but on promising and pleasing thoughts of litigious terms1 fat contentions and flowing fees4 ,others betake themselves to ,state affairs1 with souls so unprincipled in virtue and true generous breeding that flattery and court-shifts and tyrannous aphorisms appear to them the highest points of wisdom2 instilling their barren hearts with a conscientious slavery1 if 7as ,i rather think7 it be not feigned4 ,others1 lastly1 of a more delicious and airy spirit1 retire themselves1 knowing no better1 to the enjoyments of ease and luxury1 living out their days in feasts and jollity2 which indeed is the wisest and the safest course of all these1 unless they were with more integrity undertaken4 ,and these are the errors1 and these are the fruits of mis- spending our prime youth at the ,schools and ,universities as we do1 either in learning mere ,words1 or such ,things chiefly as were better unlearnt4 ,having thus denounced the existing system of ,schools and ,universities1 ,milton goes on to explain what he would substitute4 ,as he poetically expresses it1 he will detain his readers no longer in the wretched survey of things as they are1 but will conduct them to a hill-side where he will point out to them the right path of a virtuous and noble education1 laborious indeed at the first ascent1 but else so smooth1 so green1 so full of goodly prospect and melodious sounds on every side1 that the ,harp of ,orpheus was not more charming4 ,the rest of the tract is a redemption of this promise4 ,to represent it by mere continued quotation would be of small use1 and is perhaps unnecessary4 ,we will1 therefore1 try a stricter method4 ,milton does not formally concern himself in this tract with the complete problem of ,national ,education4 ,in this respect the passion and the projects of ,comenius were a world wider than ,milton's4 ,comenius aimed at1 and passionately dreamt of1 a system of ,education that should1 in every country where it was established1 comprehend all born in that country1 of both sexes1 and of every rank or class1 and take charge of them from their merest infancy on as far as they could go1 from the first or ,mother's ,school through the subsequent routine of the ,public ,vernacular ,school1 the ,latin ,school or ,ludus ,literarius1 and the ,university4 ,this last stage of the complete routine might extend to the twenty-fourth or twenty-fifth year of life2 and1 though few could proceed to that stage1 and the majority must1 from sheer social necessity1 drop off in the earlier stages1 yet all were to be carried through the stage of the ,vernacular ,public ,school1 and progress beyond that1 where possible1 was not to be denied to girls any more than to boys4 ,compared with this1 what ,milton contemplates1 or at least discusses1 is but an important fragment struck off from the total mass4 ,true1 he gives a tolerably broad definition of ,education at the outset4 ,i call therefore a complete and generous ,education1 he says1 that which fits a man to perform1 justly1 skilfully1 and magnanimously1 all the offices1 both private and public1 of ,peace and ,war4 ,this definition1 if meant as verbally perfect1 would not have been satisfactory to ,comenius1 whose express notion of ,education1 as we know1 was that it included preparation for the life to come as well as for that which now is4 ,but1 if he had known ,milton1 he might have let the omission pass as certainly and most solemnly implied1 and might even have liked1 for the sake of effect1 the practical and straightforward utilitarianism of the definition4 ,but then1 when ,milton's precise phrasing of the definition was examined1 one could not but guess limits in his mind4 ,that which fits a man to perform are the words of the definition2 and to perform what8 ,all the offices1 both private and public1 of ,peace and ,war1 are the words that follow4 ,and1 as one reads on1 the conjecture suggested by this phrasing is confirmed4 ,by man ,milton did not mean ,homo1 but ,vir4 ,when he framed his definition of ,education1 only one of the sexes was present to his mind2 and throughout the whole tract1 from first to last1 there is not a single recognition of girl1 woman1 or anything in female shape1 as coming within the scheme proposed4 ,but more than that4 ,not only is it the education of one sex only that ,is discussed in the tract1 but it is the education only of a portion of that sex1 and of that portion only at a particular period of life4 ,there is nothing about the ,infant ,education1 or what we should now call the ,primary ,education1 of male children2 and there is nothing about ways and means for the secondary or higher education of any others than those whose parents could pay for such education out of their own resources4 ,in short1 the tract is a proposal of a new method for the education of ,english gentlemen's sons between the ages of twelve and twenty-one4 ,it is this1 and nothing more1 except in so far as hints in the general philosophy of education may be implied in the particular exposition4 ,milton himself was careful1 ere the close of the tract1 to avow that he had so restricted himself4 ,it was a general view1 he said1 such as ,mr4 ,hartlib had desired1 and meant also for light and direction to such as have the worth in them to make trial1 but not beginning as some have done e4g4 ,comenius at the cradle1 which might yet be worth many considerations1 and omitting also many other circumstances that might have been mentioned had not brevity been the scope4 ,all this it is necessary to remember in justice to the tract4 ,it is a tract on the education of gentlemen's sons1 or of such boys and youths as had hitherto been accustomed to go to the ,english ,public ,schools and ,universities4 ,within his avowed limits1 ,milton is very like himself1 i4e4 very grand and very bold4 ,at the first start1 for example1 he tells us that he would abolish ,universities altogether1 or roll ,public ,schools and ,universities into one4 ,here is his recipe3 ,first to find out a spacious house and ground about it fit for an ,,academy1 and big enough to lodge #aej persons 7whereof #bj or thereabout maybe attendants71 all under the government of one who shall be thought of desert sufficient1 and ability either to do all or wisely to direct and oversee it done4 ,this place should be at once both ,school and ,university1 not needing a remove to any other house of ,scholarship1 except it be some peculiar ,college of ,law or ,physic1 where they mean to be practitioners2 but1 as for those general studies which take up all our time from ,lilly to the commencing 7as they term it7 ,master of ,art1 it should be absolute4 ,after this pattern1 as many edifices may be converted to this use as shall be needful in every city throughout this land2 which would tend much to the increase of learning and civility everywhere4 ,milton clearly did not like the deputation of all the higher education of ,england to two seats of learning1 like ,oxford and ,cambridge1 but wanted his ,academies to be distributed all over ,england1 in numbers proportionate to the population1 and chiefly in cities4 ,he takes one of these imagined ,academies as a model1 and shows how it might be conducted4 ,he divides the subject into the three heads of ,,studies1 ,,exercises ,,and ,,amusements1 and ,,diet4 ,on this last1 however1 he is extremely brief4 ,for their ,diet there cannot be much to say1 save only that it would be best in the same house2 for much time else would be lost abroad1 and many ill habits got2 and that it should be plain1 healthful1 and moderate1 ,i suppose is out of controversy3 i4e4 ,milton would prefer that all the pupils should be boarded in the ,academy1 and have their meals there at a common table4 ,it is to the ,studies and the ,exercises and ,amusements that most space is devoted4 ,i4 ,,the ,,studies3--,here ,milton appears decidedly as an innovator1 but yet with a curious mixture of what would now be called rank ,conservatism4 ,the innovation consists in a total departure from the use and wont of his time1 in respect of the nature of the studies to be pursued and the order in which they should be taken4 ,there was to be an end of that wretched torture of ,latin and ,greek theme-making and versifying1 and that dreary toiling amid obsolete subtleties of scholastic ,logic and ,metaphysics1 which he had denounced in a previous passage1 and which had made ,university ,education1 he says1 nothing better than an asinine feast of sow-thistles and brambles4 ,instead of these he would have studies useful in themselves and delightful to ingenuous young minds4 ,things rather than ,words2 the ,facts of ,nature and of ,life2 ,real ,science of every possible kind3 this1 together with a persistent training in virtuous and noble sentiment1 and a final finish of the highest literary culture1 was to compose the new ,education4 ,here ,milton and ,comenius are very much at one2 here ,milton and the modern advocates of the ,real or ,physical ,sciences in ,education are very much at one4 ,given a lofty and varied idea of utility1 no man has ever been more strenuously utilitarian than ,milton was in this tract4 ,the very novelty of the scheme it proposed consisted in the proclamation of utility as the test of the studies to be pursued and as ruling the order in which they should come4--,what1 then1 was that rank conservatism1 as some might call it now1 which accompanied the novelty8 ,it was that the medium of liberal education should still be mainly ,latin and ,greek4 ,a sentence in one of the passages of the tract already quoted has prepared us for this4 ,language1 ,milton had there admitted1 is valuable in education only as an instrument of real knowledge1 a vehicle of things worthy to be known4 ,but then all languages were not equally fitted for this function1 inasmuch as every people could put into its language only what it had in its head or heart1 and so different languages had come down freighted with very different weights and worths of matter4 ,now1 what were the languages pointed out by this principle as apt for the purposes of education8 ,they were ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,italian1 with 7on religious grounds7 ,hebrew and one or two of its cognates4 ,these were the tongues to be taught1 and to be taught in1 and mainly1 of these1 ,latin and ,greek4 ,of ,english there is not one word4 ,this may partly be accounted for4 ,the acquisition of useful information in all kinds of subjects was to be a great part of the education in each of the proposed ,miltonic ,academies2 and at that time information on all kinds of subjects was locked up chiefly in ,latin and ,greek books4 ,all modern or mediaeval books of information1 all the standard text-books in the ,sciences and ,arts1 that had been written by ,englishmen themselves or by ,continentals1 were in the common ,latin2 the library of such books1 original or translated1 in the vernacular was yet but scanty4 ,one could not be learned by means of ,english alone4 ,well1 but ,milton recognised a culture of the feelings1 the imagination1 the sense of art and nobleness1 as also something needed in education1 and to be helped by books2 and in this respect1 if not in the other1 were there not available materials and means in the native ,english ,literature8 ,that ,literature contained1 at all events1 the poetry of ,chaucer1 ,spenser1 ,shakespeare1 and not a few others1 rated more or less highly by ,milton himself4 ,that ,milton did not1 on this account1 include some teaching and reading of the vernacular in the curriculum of his ,academy1 may have arisen from the fact that the best in ,english ,literature was then all recent1 and of such small bulk collectively that acquaintance with it might be expected as a matter of mere chance and delicious odd hours in window-corners4 ,here he but followed the custom4 ,all ,public or ,grammar ,schools were ,latin and ,greek ,schools3 ,english at that stage was1 by common consent1 to shift for itself4 ,and yet there were dissentients from the custom1 and advocates of the claims of the vernacular4 ,comenius1 as we have seen1 had blown a blast on the subject for all lands2 and in ,milton's own school of ,st4 ,paul's there had been a rather remarkable tradition of ,english4 ,not only had the elder ,gill1 the ,head-master of the school in ,milton's time1 been a purist in ,english1 and an inventor of new methods for teaching in and through ,english 7see ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #fj-fd71 but ,gill's predecessor in the school1 ,mulcaster1 had pleaded for ,english4 ,is it not a marvellous bondage1 he had written as early as #aehb1 to become servants to one tongue1 for learning's sake1 the most part of our time1 whereas we may have the very same treasure in our own tongue with the gain of most time3 our own bearing the joyful title of our liberty and freedom2 the ,latin tongue remembering us of our thraldom and bondage8 ,i love ,rome1 but ,london better2 ,i favour ,italy1 but ,england more2 ,i honour the ,latin1 but ,i worship the ,english4 ,footnote3 ,richard ,mulcaster's ,first ,part of the ,elementarie2 which entreateth chiefelie of the ,right ,writing of our ,english ,ton41 7#aehb74 ,my quotation1 however1 is not directly from the book itself1 but from an extract in the ,appendix to ,mr4 ,quick's ,essays on ,educational ,reformers 7#ahfh71 pp4 #cja-b4 ,after this and the tradition of ,english in ,st4 ,paul's1 ,milton's total omission of ,english from the curriculum of his ,academy is rather remarkable4 ,there are proofs that1 when he wrote his ,tract on ,education1 he had settled in a lower estimate of the worth of all the previous ,english ,literature than is common now1 and that he thought the greatness of ,english still to come4 ,this may have had something to do with the omission4 ,possibly1 however1 he reserved a large daily use of ,english in his ,academy which does not appear in the programme4 ,what does appear in the programme is that the curriculum of eight years or so was to be arranged1 not rigidly but in a general way1 in four classes or stages1 thus3-- 7#a7 ,first ,class or ,stage 7tat4 l#b-l#c873--,the business here was to be ,latin1 ,arithmetic1 and ,elementary ,geometry4 ,the ,latin rudiments and rules were to be learnt from some good ,grammar1 either that now used ,lilly's1 or any better1 and the ,italian or ,continental mode of pronouncing ,latin1 instead of the customary ,english1 was to be carefully taught from the first2 but as to the first reading-books to be used along with the ,grammar1 or any method for simplifying and accelerating entrance into ,latin1 whether that of ,comenius or any other1 there is no hint as yet4 ,neither is there any hint as to the manner of learning ,arithmetic and the ,elements of ,geometry1 save that the latter might be picked up even playing1 as the old manner was4 ,on another part of the training of this ,first ,class1 however1 ,milton is more specific4 ,most especially at this stage1 the boys were to be inured to noble and hardy sentiments and a sense of the importance of the education they were beginning2 they were to be inflamed with the study of ,learning and the admiration of ,virtue2 nay1 they were to be stirred up with high hopes of living to be brave men and worthy patriots1 dear to ,god1 and famous to all ages4 ,this might be done by reading to them aloud1 from ,greek or ,latin1 some easy and delightful ,book of ,education not yet accessible to themselves4 ,,cebes1 ,footnote3 ,the ,pinax 7,table7 of ,,cebes of ,thebes1 a disciple of ,socrates4 ,this ,pinax is a philosophical explanation of a table on which the whole of human life1 with its dangers and temptations1 was symbolically represented1 and which is said to have been dedicated by some one to the temple of ,cronos at ,athens or ,thebes4 ,the author introduces some youths contemplating the table1 and an old man who steps among them undertakes to explain its meaning4 ,the whole drift of the book is to show that only the proper development of the mind and possession of real virtues can make us truly happy 7,dr4 ,l4 ,schmitz in ,smith's ,dict4 of ,greek and ,roman ,biog43 ,art4 ,cebes47 ,there were in ,milton's time ,latin translations of ,cebes1 and at least one in ,english4 ,,plutarch1 ,footnote3 ,this must be some such portion of ,,plutarch',s ,moral ,works as that relating to ,pedagogy4 ,an ,english translation of the ,morals1 by ,philemon ,holland1 had been published in #afjc4 and other ,socratic ,discourses1 are mentioned as fit for the purpose in ,greek2 and1 in ,latin1 the two or three first ,books of ,,quintilian4 ,footnote3 ,i do not find in ,lowndes any early ,english translation of ,,quintilian',s ,institutes4 ,the first two or three ,books of this work are an excellent dissertation on the importance of ,education and survey of what it ought to include2 and it gives us an idea of ,milton's purpose that he wanted them to be read to pupils at the outset4 ,he wanted to fire them with high notions of that business of education on which they were entering4 ,most1 however1 would depend on the explanations and precepts of the master himself at every opportunity1 and on the influence of his own example1 infusing into their young breasts such an ingenuous and noble ardour as would not fail to make many of them renowned and matchless men4 ,always1 too1 at evening1 there was to be ,religious teaching and reading of the ,bible4 7#b7 ,second ,class or ,stage 7tat4 #ac-af873--,this stage1 it must be presumed1 was to be considerably longer than the first2 for its business was to consist in ,latin continued1 with ,greek added1 and in the acquisition through these tongues1 and otherwise1 of a knowledge of all the useful ,sciences and ,arts4 ,here1 indeed1 ,milton's utilitarian bent1 his determination to substitute a pabulum of real knowledge for the studies then customary in schools1 asserts itself most conspicuously4 ,here it is that he approaches most to ,comenius in the substance1 though with a difference in the manner4 ,for what were the books he would exercise his pupils on at this stage1 i4e4 as soon as they had got through the ,latin ,grammar1 and could make out a bit of ,latin8 ,first1 ,,cato1 ,,varro1 and ,,columella1 the three ,latin writers on ,agriculture4 ,footnote3 ,,cato is the famous ,cato the ,censor of ,roman history1 or ,m4 ,porcius ,cato 7,b4,c4 #bca-ada71 among whose preserved writing1 is an agricultural treatise1 ,de ,re ,rustica2 ,,varro is ,m4 ,terentius ,varro 7,b4,c4 #aaf-bh71 reputed the most learned of all the ,romans1 and among whose various works is also one ,de ,re ,rustica2 ,,columella1 the author of a systematic work on ,agriculture1 in twelve ,books1 lived in the first century of the ,christian era4 ,i do not know that there were any ,english translations of these ,latin works on ,agriculture in ,milton's time4 ,if the language of these unusual authors was difficult for the pupils1 so much the better2 it is not a difficulty beyond their years4 ,they would1 at all events1 find the matter useful and interesting1 and might1 by these readings1 and due modern comments1 be incited and enabled for the great work of improving the tillage of their country when they should grow to be men4 ,hartlib1 we may be sure1 would like this on its own account2 but ,milton had an additional reason for it4 ,the pupils1 after having read these writers1 would have a good grasp of the ,latin vocabulary1 and would be masters of any ordinary ,latin prose4 ,they might then1 therefore1 learn ,geography1 with the use of the ,globes and all the ,maps1 through any good modern 7,latin7 treatise on that subject1 and also the elements of ,natural ,philosophy in the same way4 ,milton does not specify any manual on either subject4 ,but1 about this time1 he says1 the pupils would be learning ,greek4 ,this they would do after the same manner as was before prescribed in the ,latin2 whereby1 the difficulties of ,grammar being soon overcome1 all the historical ,physiology of ,,aristotle and ,,theophrastus are open before them1 and1 as ,i may say1 under contribution4 ,in other words1 the first ,greek readings of the pupils would be in such works of ,aristotle as his ,history of ,animals1 his ,meteorology1 and parts of his general ,physics1 and in the ,history of ,plants of ,aristotle's disciple1 ,theophrastus2 ,footnote3 ,lowndes mentions no ,english translations of ,,aristotle or ,,theophrastus as early as ,milton's time4 and the purpose of such readings would be to enlarge their knowledge of the ,physical ,sciences at the same time that they were breaking themselves into ,greek4 ,but now1 ,latin being thoroughly in their possession1 they might be ranging at large1 in quest of the same and analogous kinds of information1 in ,,vitruvius 7,architecture71 ,,seneca's ,natural ,questions1 ,,mela 7,geography71 ,,celsus 7,medicine71 ,,pliny 7,natural ,history71 and ,,solinus 7,natural ,history and ,geography74 ,footnote3 ,,vitruvius and ,,celsus do not seem to have been translated into ,english so early as ,milton's time2 but there were translations of all the others4 ,the works of ,,seneca1 both ,moral and ,natural1 had been done into ,english by ,thomas ,lodge 7#afad72 ,,pliny',s ,natural ,historie of the ,world1 translated by ,philemon ,holland1 ,doctor of ,physic 7#afja71 was a well-known book2 and ,,mela and ,,solinus had been made accessible together in ,the rare and singular work of ,pomponius ,mela1 that excellent and worthy ,cosmographer of the ,situation of the ,world1 most orderly prepared1 and divided every parte by it selfe2 with the ,longitude and ,latitude of everie kingdome1 c42 whereunto is added that learned worke of ,julius ,solinus ,polyhistor1 with a necessarie table for this ,booke1 right pleasant and profitable for ,gentlemen1 ,merchants1 ,mariners1 and ,travellers1 ,translated into ,englyshe by ,arthur ,golding1 gent4 7#aehe-g47 ,what next8 ,why1 having thus passed the principles of ,arithmetic1 ,geometry1 ,astronomy1 and ,geography1 with a general compact of ,physics1 they may descend1 in ,mathematics1 to the instrumental science of ,trigonometry1 and from thence to ,fortification1 ,architecture1 ,enginry1 or ,navigation2 and1 in ,natural ,philosophy1 they may proceed leisurely from the ,history of ,meteors1 ,minerals1 ,plants1 and ,living ,creatures1 as far as ,anatomy4 ,then also in course might be read to them out of some not tedious writer the ,institution of ,physic2 that they may know the tempers1 the humours1 the seasons1 and how to manage a crudity4 ,text-books are not mentioned here2 and1 though some must have been in view for such subjects as ,trigonometry1 ,fortification1 ,engineering1 and ,navigation1 yet it is clear1 from ,milton's language1 that he meant a good deal of the miscellaneous instruction to be by lectures and digests of books by the teacher4 ,nay1 there were to be more than lectures4 ,to set forward all these proceedings in ,nature and ,mathematics1 what hinders but that they may procure1 as oft as shall be needful1 the helpful experiences of ,hunters1 ,fowlers1 ,fishermen1 ,shepherds1 ,gardeners1 ,apothecaries1 and1 in the other sciences1 ,architects1 ,engineers1 ,mariners1 ,anatomists2 who1 doubtless1 would be ready1 some for reward1 and some to favour such a hopeful ,seminary4 ,hartlib must here have rejoiced again4 ,but there comes in a ,miltonic touch at the end4 ,hitherto he has debarred the pupils of his ,academy1 it will have been noticed1 from all the ordinary classics read in schools4 ,but1 just about the end of this1 the second stage of their studies1 devoted to the ,real or ,physical ,sciences and their applications1 he would admit them to such classic readings as would impart a poetic colouring to the knowledge so acquired4 ,in ,greek1 they might take now to ,,orpheus1 ,,hesiod1 ,,theocritus1 ,,aratus1 ,,nicander1 ,,oppian1 and ,,dionysius1 and in ,latin to ,,lucretius1 ,,manilius1 and the ,georgics of ,,virgil4 ,footnote3 ,of the ,,orphic ,,poems ,milton must here have intended those relating to ,nature and her phenomena4 ,of the ,works and ,days or ,georgics of ,,hesiod1 there had been an ,english translation by ,george ,chapman 7#afah72 and at least some of the ,idylls of ,,theocritus had been in ,english since #aehh4 ,the ,phnomena and ,diosemeia of ,aratus 7circ4 ,b4,c4 #bgj7 were1 as we know1 a favourite book with ,milton1 and he had had a copy of the ,paris edition of #aeei in his possession since #afca 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bcd1 ,note71 with ,,ms4 notes of his own in the margin4 ,in looking at the specimens of these ,,ms4 notes facsimiled by the late ,mr4 ,leigh ,sotheby in his ,milton ,ramblings from the original book1 now in the ,british ,museum1 ,i can see1 by my test of the shaping of the letter e 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aba1 ,note71 that1 while some of the notes were written before the journey to ,italy1 or between #afca and #afch1 others were written after the return from ,italy1 i4 e4 after #afci4 ,this proves that ,milton kept using the book in his manhood4 ,there was1 ,i think1 then no ,english translation of it4 ,neither was there a translation of the ,theriaca and ,alexipharmaka 7,poems on ,venomous ,animals and ,poisons7 of the ,greek ,,nicander 7circ4 ,b4,c4 #aej72 nor of the ,halieutics and ,kynegetics 7,poems on ,fishing and ,hunting7 of ,,oppian 7circ4 ,a4,d4 #baj74 ,there was1 however1 as early as #aegb1 an ,english translation by ,thomas ,irvine1 gentl4 of the ,periegetes or ,geographical ,poem of ,,dionysius ,,afer 7third century after ,christ74 ,of the ,latin ,poems mentioned-- ,,lucretius ,de ,rerum ,natura1 the ,astronomica of ,,manilius1 and the ,georgics of ,,virgil--only the last had been ,englished as yet4 ,they had been ,englished in #aehi by an ,abraham ,fleming1 and in #afbh by ,thomas ,may4 ,some of these books which were counted most hard would be1 in the circumstances1 facile and pleasant4 7#c7 ,third ,class or ,stage 7tat4 #af-ai873--,the work of this stage was also to be very composite4 ,it was to embrace ,ethics1 ,economics1 ,politics1 ,jurisprudence1 ,theology1 ,church ,history and ,general ,history1 together with ,italian1 ,hebrew1 and possibly ,chaldee and ,syriac1 varied throughout by such carefully-arranged readings in ,latin and ,greek classics as would harmonize with those studies while they relieved them4 ,for by this stage the reason of the pupils would have been so far matured that they might pass from the ,physical to the ,moral ,sciences4 ,for ,ethics1 they might be led through all the ,moral ,works of ,,plato1 ,,xenophon1 ,,cicero1 ,,plutarch1 ,,laertius1 and those ,,locrian ,,remnants2 ,footnote3 ,there was then no complete ,english translation of ,,plato1 but individual ,dialogues had been translated1 and he had been accessible complete in ,latin since #adhd4 ,the ,cyropdia of ,,xenophon had been twice translated into ,english1 the second translation 7#afcb7 being by ,philemon ,holland2 but ,lowndes mentions no translation yet of the ,memorabilia4 ,the ,de ,officiis of ,,cicero had been translated again and again1 and others of his writings4 ,the ,morals of ,,plutarch1 as we have already seen1 were accessible in ,english4 ,the book on the ,history of ,philosophy by the ,greek ,,diogenes ,,laertius was not yet in ,english1 but a ,latin translation was extant4 ,by the ,,locrian ,,remnants seem to be meant reputed remains of those ,,locrian philosophers from whom ,,plato had derived instruction4 but still to be reduced1 in their nightward studies wherewith they close the day's work1 under the determinate sentence of ,,david or ,,solomon1 or the ,,evangels and ,,apostolic ,,scriptures4 ,for ,economics and ,politics1 to follow the ,ethics1 no books are named2 but the ,greek and ,latin books in view may be guessed4 ,in ,jurisprudence1 which was to come next1 they would find the substance delivered first1 and with best warrant1 by ,,moses2 and then1 as far as human prudence can be trusted1 in those extolled remains of ,grecian ,lawgivers1 ,,lycurgus1 ,,solon1 ,,zaleucus1 ,,charondas1 and thence to all the ,roman ,edicts and ,tables1 with their ,,justinian1 and so down to the ,,saxon ,,and ,,common ,,laws ,,of ,,england and the ,,statutes4 ,footnote3 ,to put this in other words1 ,milton1 to ground his ,english students in the ,science of ,law1 would have begun first with the ,,mosaic ,,laws in the ,pentateuch1 and would then have led them through a course of3 ,i4 ,the ,greek ,legislation1 so far as it could be recovered1 of ,,lycurgus the ,spartan 7,b4,c4 #hhd1 according to ,aristotle71 ,,solon the ,athenian 7circ4 ,b4,c4 #fjj71 ,,zaleucus1 the ,lawgiver of the ,locrians 7circ4 ,b4,c4 #ffj71 and ,,charondas1 the ,lawgiver of ,catana and other ,greek cities in ,sicily and ,italy 7circ4 ,b4,c4 #ejj72 ,,ii4 ,the ,roman ,law1 in all its ancient fragments1 and especially in its great compilation and completion by the ,emperor ,,justinian 7,a4,d4 #ebg-ecd72 ,,iii4 ,native ,english ,law1 as represented in the preserved codes of the old ,anglo-,saxon kingdoms of ,kent1 ,wessex1 c41 and in the traditional and written ,laws of ,england since the ,conquest4 ,for ,history1 ,general or ,ecclesiastical1 no manuals are spoken of2 and1 as respects ,theology1 it is only indicated that this might be the employment of ,sundays1 though not exclusively so4--,the ,italian language was to be acquired at any odd hour in an early part of this stage1 and the ,hebrew1 with ,chaldee and ,syriac1 farther on2 but there is no specification of means1 or of the ,grammars to be used4--,the poetical and oratorical readings interspersed with these various and progressive studies were to be1 in the earlier part of the stage1 some choice ,comedies1 ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,italian1 selected with wariness and good antidote1 and a ,tragedy or two of the domestic kind1 such as the ,trachini of ,,sophocles1 and the ,alcestis of ,,euripides2 and so gradually to the chief ,historians 7,,herodotus1 ,,thucydides1 c471 the ,heroic ,poets 7,,homer1 ,,virgil1 c471 the ,attic ,tragedies of stateliest and most regal ornament 7more of ,,sophocles and ,,euripides71 and the most famous ,political ,orations 7,,demosthenes and ,,cicero74 ,footnote3 ,chapman's translation of ,,homer into ,english had been complete in #afaf4 ,nothing of ,,schylus1 ,,sophocles1 or ,,euripides1 appears to have been translated into ,english4 ,two ,books of ,,herodotus had been translated into ,english as early as #aehd2 and ,hobbes' translation of ,,thucydides had appeared in #afbh4 ,there were ,english translations of some ,orations of ,,demosthenes and ,,cicero2 and of the neid of ,,virgil1 or separate portions of it1 there had been many translations1 including ,caxton's 7#adhj71 ,gawin ,douglas's in ,scotch 7#aeec71 the ,earl of ,surrey's 7#aeeg71 ,phr and ,irvine's 7#aegc71 and ,sandys's 7#afbg74 ,milton recommends that passages of the ,orators and ,tragedians should be got by heart and solemnly recited aloud4 ,he does not name schylus among his ,tragedians4 ,euripides1 we know1 was his favourite4 7#d7 ,fourth ,class or ,stage 7tat4 #ai-ba873--,this was to be the finishing stage1 and was to be devoted to ,logic1 ,rhetoric1 and ,poetics1 with practice in ,composition4 ,such training in form and literary theory1 ,milton argued1 would come best after the pupils had acquired a sufficiency of matter1 or somewhat of an universal insight into things4 ,as to the masters for ,logic he says nothing in the tract2 but we know otherwise that he had a fancy for ,ramus1 as qualifying ,aristotle4 ,for ,rhetoric the masters were to be ,,plato1 ,,aristotle1 ,,phalereus1 ,,cicero1 ,,hermogenes1 ,,longinus4 ,footnote3 ,,plato comes in here1 ,i suppose1 for his style generally1 and for disquisitions on ,rhetoric in one or two of his ,dialogues2 ,,aristotle1 of course1 for his ,rhetoric 7not then translated1 ,i think74 ,,phalereus is ,demetrius ,phalereus1 the ,athenian orator 7,b4,c4 #cde--bhc71 and reputed author of a work ,on ,elocution 7not translated in ,milton's time1 ,i think72 ,,cicero is brought in1 of course1 for his ,de ,oratore1 c4 7translated into ,english1 ,i should think1 before ,milton's time1 but ,i am not sure72 ,,hermogenes 7second century after ,christ7 is the ,greek author of a system of ,rhetoric in several ,books1 all written in his youth 7not in ,english in ,milton's time1 if yet72 and ,,longinus was ,longinus' ,on the ,sublime 7waiting to be put into ,english74 ,by ,poetics ,milton did not mean mere ,prosody1 which he assumed the pupils to have learnt long ago under the head of ,grammar1 but that sublime ,art which1 in ,,aristotle',s ,poetics1 in ,,horace1 and the ,italian ,commentaries of ,,castelvetro1 ,,tasso1 ,,mazzoni1 and others1 teaches what the laws are of a true ,epic ,poem1 what of a ,dramatic1 what of a ,lyric1 what decorum is1 which is the great masterpiece to observe4 ,footnote3 ,lowndes does not mention any very early translation of the ,poetics of ,,aristotle4 ,of the ,de ,arte ,poetica of ,,horace there had been at least two translations--one by ,tho4 ,drant in #aefg1 and one by ,ben ,jonson 7published #afdj74 ,one work of ,,tasso referred to in the text is1 ,i suppose1 his ,la ,cavaletta2 overo della ,poesia ,toscana2 ,,castelvetro 7#aeje--aega7 and ,,mazzoni 7circa #aeij7 were two ,italian scholars who had written on ,poetry4 ,the omission by ,milton here of such ,english books as ,sir ,philip ,sidney's ,apologie for ,poetrie 7#aeie7 and ,puttenham's ,arte of ,english ,poesie 7#aehi7 is a striking instance of his resolute non-regard of everything ,english4 ,this would make them soon perceive what despicable creatures our common ,rhymers and ,play-writers be1 and show them what religious1 what glorious and magnificent use1 might be made of ,poetry both in divine and human things4 ,observe the contempt which ,milton here expresses of the ,english ,literature of his age4 ,it had by this time become one of his habitual feelings4 ,he goes on1 however1 to express the same contempt of the contemporary ,english ,pulpit4 ,by that practice in speaking and writing which he proposed as the final and crowning discipline in his ,academy1 he hoped to turn out young men fitted to teach the ,english ,pulpit a new style of preaching1 as well as to excel in public and ,parliamentary life4 ,,ii4 ,,exercises ,,and ,,amusements3--,these were to be of three kinds3 7#a7 ,gymnastics and ,regular ,military ,drill4 ,milton is most emphatic on this subject4 ,he would have the course of ,education in his ,academy to be as good for war as for peace2 and therefore he would blend the ,spartan discipline with the ,athenian culture4 ,the pupils were to be taught ,fencing1 so that they might be excellent swordsmen1 with exact use of their weapon1 to guard1 and to strike safely with edge or point4 ,they were also to be practised in all the locks and gripes of ,wrestling1 wherein ,englishmen were wont to excel1 as need may often be in fight to tug or grapple1 and to close4 ,so much for their gymnastics individually4 ,but the main thing was to be their military drill collectively4 ,there was to be no mistake about this2 it was to be no mere school-play4 ,the #abj or #acj youths in each ,academy1 under its head-master1 with his twenty attendants1 were to be treated sometimes as a single company of ,foot1 and at other times as two troops of ,horse2 and they were to be regularly and continually drilled in all the art both of ,infantry and ,cavalry4 ,as we have already quoted the substance of the passage where this is insisted on 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dhj71 we need here note only that portion of the passage in which ,milton points out how1 by such a system of training1 the pupils of his ,academy might be expected1 as it were out of a long war1 to come forth renowned and perfect commanders in the service of their country4 ,commanders observe2 i4e41 as we said before1 the contemplated ,academy was one for gentlemen's sons only4 7#b7 ,music4 ,there was to be abundance of this in the ,academy1 both for recreation and for the noble effects of music on the mind4 ,the music was to be both vocal and instrumental2 and of the various instruments the organ is named in chief4 7#c7 ,excursions4 ,in those vernal seasons of the year when the air is calm and pleasant1 it were an injury and sullenness against ,nature not to go out and see her riches1 and partake in her rejoicing with ,heaven and ,earth4 ,i should not therefore be a persuader to them of studying much then1 after two or three years that they have well laid their grounds1 but to ride out in companies1 with prudent and staid guides to all the quarters of the land1 learning and observing all places of strength1 all commodities of building1 and of soil for towns and tillage1 harbours and ports for trade2 sometimes taking sea as far as to our navy1 to learn there also what they can in the practical knowledge of sailing and of sea-fight4 ,dr4 ,johnson's criticism of ,milton's new ,method of ,education is well known1 and is perhaps the criticism most operative to the present day4 ,the scheme is a mere air-hung fancy1 the utinam of a sanguine spirit1 put forth as a possible institution6 ,but the real question in every such case is1 ,does the proposal contain some important improvement which is practicable8 ,does it move in the right direction8 ,this is the question to be asked respecting ,milton's plan for a ,reformed ,education1 ,how does ,dr4 ,johnson answer it8 ,the truth is that the knowledge of external nature1 and the sciences which that knowledge requires or includes1 are not the great or the frequent business of the human mind4 ,whether we provide for action or conversation1 whether we wish to be useful or pleasing1 the first object is the religious and moral knowledge of right and wrong2 the next is an acquaintance with the history of mankind1 and with those examples which may be said to embody truth1 and prove by events the reasonableness of opinions4 ,prudence and justice are virtues and excellences of all times and all places2 we are perpetually moralists1 but are geometricians only by chance4 ,our intercourse with ,intellectual ,nature is necessary2 our speculations upon ,matter are voluntary1 and at leisure4 ,physiological learning is of such rare emergence that one man may know another half his life without being able to estimate his skill in hydrostatics or astronomy2 but his moral and prudential character immediately appears4 ,those authors1 therefore1 are to be read at schools that supply most axioms of prudence1 most principles of moral truth1 and most materials for conversation2 and these purposes are best served by poets1 orators1 and historians4,footnote3 ,johnson's ,life of ,milton1 in his ,lives of the ,poets 7,cunningham's edit4 ,i4#ia-ic7 ,what an egregious misrepresentation this is of ,milton's project the reader1 who already knows the project itself in its completeness1 will see at once4 ,milton included all that ,johnson wanted to have included1 and more largely and systematically than ,johnson would have dared to dream of1 and for the same reasons4 ,the introduction of ,natural and ,physical ,science into schools was but a portion1 though an emphatic portion1 of ,milton's project4 ,and1 with respect to this portion of his project--a novelty at the time1 though ,milton had ,comenius and ,hartlib and all the ,verulamians with him--subsequent opinion has more and more pronounced1 and is more and more and more pronouncing1 for ,milton and against ,johnson4 ,the fairer criticism now would be as to the mode in which ,milton proposed to teach ,natural and ,physical ,science1 and knowledge generally4 ,milton1 who himself possessed in really encyclopdic extent all the scientific knowledge of his time1 must have been right in supposing that the knowledge could then be taught through ,latin and ,greek books4 ,even then1 however1 he perhaps overrated the necessity of ,latin and ,greek for this particular business of education1 and underrated what could be done in sheer ,english4 ,and1 now that ,science has burst all bounds of ,latin and ,greek1 and it would be ludicrous to go merely to the ,greek and ,latin authors named by ,milton for our ,geography1 or ,astronomy1 or ,natural ,history1 or ,physics1 or ,chemistry1 or ,anatomy and ,physiology1 it is clear that the claims of ,latin and ,greek in education must not rest on their instrumental value in giving access to the stores of science1 but on quite another basis4 ,in short1 that in ,milton's scheme which is now obsolete is its determinate intertwining of the whole business of the acquisition of knowledge with the process of reading in other languages than the vernacular4 ,this taken out of the ,scheme1 all the rest lasts1 and is as good now1 and perhaps as needful1 as it was in ,milton's time4 ,above all1 the noble moral glow that pervades the ,tract on ,education1 the mood of magnanimity in which it is conceived and written1 and the faith it inculcates in the powers of the young human spirit1 if rightly nurtured and directed1 are merits everlasting4 ,the plan of the tract was not speculative only4 ,since #afci1 when he lived in the ,st4 ,bride's ,churchyard lodging1 ,milton had been teaching his two nephews1 and had had the younger nephew1 ,johnny ,phillips1 boarding with him entirely2 when he removed in #afdj to the house in ,aldersgate ,street1 the elder nephew1 ,edward ,phillips1 also came under his roof2 and in #afdc1 after his wife had deserted him1 and his father had come to live with him1 he had received into his house1 as boarders or day-boarders1 a few additional pupils4 ,how many there were we do not know3 probably1 with the two nephews1 not more than eight or a dozen at most4 ,part of his daily work1 therefore1 at the very time when he wrote the tract to ,hartlib1 was the teaching of these few boys4 ,accordingly1 it is at this point that we may best quote ,edward ,phillips's account of his uncle's method with his pupils4 ,he had himself had four or five years' experience of the method1 and was now 7#afdd7 fourteen years of age4 ,in his account1 however1 though he inserts it as early as the year #afci in his ,memoir1 he inweaves recollections that must span from #afci to #afdf1 so as to describe in one passage his uncle's training of boys from the age of ten to that of fifteen or sixteen3-- ,and here1 by the way1 ,i judge it not impertinent to mention the many authors both of the ,latin and ,greek which1 through his excellent judgment and way of teaching1 far above the pedantry of common ,public ,schools 7where such authors are scarce ever heard of71 were run over within no greater compass of time than from ten to fifteen or sixteen years of age3--,of the ,latin1 the four grand authors ,de ,re ,rustic1 ,,cato1 ,,varro1 ,,columella1 and ,,palladius2 a great part of ,,pliny',s ',natural ,history'2 ,,vitruvius his ',architecture'2 ,,frontinus his ',stratagems'2 with the two egregious ,poets1 ,,lucretius and ,,manilius3 ,of the ,greek1 ,,hesiod1 a poet equal to ,homer2 ,,aratus his ,phnomena and ,diosemeia2 ,,dionysius ,,afer ',de ,situ ,orbis'2 ,,oppian',s ',cynegetics' and ',halieutics'2 ,,quintus ,,calaber his ,poem of the ,trojan ,war continued from ,homer2 ,,apollonius ,,rhodius his ',argonautics'2 and1 in prose1 ,,plutarch',s ',placita ,philosophorum' and ,greek3 ,peri ,paidon ,agogias2 ,,geminus',s ,astronomy1 ,,xenophon',s ,cyri ,institutio and ,anabasis1 ,,lian',s ',tactics1' and ,,poly,,nus his ',warlike ,stratagems4' ,thus1 by teaching1 he in some measure increased his own knowledge1 having the reading of all these authors as it were by proxy4444 ,nor did the time thus studiously employed in conquering the ,greek and ,latin tongues hinder the attaining to the chief ,oriental languages1 viz4 the ,hebrew1 ,chaldee1 and ,syriac1 so far as to go through the ,pentateuch1 or ,five ,books of ,moses1 in ,hebrew1 to make a good entrance into the ,targum1 or ,chaldee ,paraphrase1 and to understand several chapters of ,st4 ,matthew in the ,syriac ,testament3 besides an introduction into several ,arts and ,sciences1 by reading ,,urstisius his ,arithmetic1 ,,riff',s ,geometry1 ,,pitiscus his ,trigonometry1 ,,joannes ,,de ,,sacro ,,bosco ,de ,sphra2 and into the ,italian and ,french tongues1 by reading1 in ,italian1 ,,giovan ,,villani',s ,history of the ,transactions between several petty ,states of ,italy1 and1 in ,french1 a great part of ,,pieree ,,davity1 the famous geographer of ,france in his time4----,the ,sunday's work was for the most part the reading each day a chapter of the ,greek ,testament and hearing his learned exposition upon the same 7and how far this savoured of ,atheism in him ,i leave to the courteous backbiter to judge72 the next work after this was the writing from his own dictation some part1 from time to time1 of a ,tractate which he thought fit to collect from the ablest of ,divines who had written of that subject 7,,amesius1 ,,wollebius1 c47--viz4 ,a ,perfect ,system of ,divinity2 of which more hereafter4 ,footnote3 ,the books named in this extract from ,phillips1 but not in ,milton's tract1 may be noted3--,the ,,palladius1 who is here added to the three ,latin writers on ,agriculture mentioned in the tract1 lived probably in the fourth century1 and left a treatise ,de ,re ,rustica1 very popular through the ,middle ,ages4 ,it had not been translated into ,english4 ,,frontinus 7who had preceded ,agricola as ,roman ,governor of ,britain1 and died circ4 ,a4,d4 #ajf7 was the author of ,stratagematicon ,libri ,,iv41 a kind of anecdotic treatise on the ,art of ,war2 ,,lianus 7time of the ,emperor ,hadrian7 and ,,poly,,nus the ,macedonian 7second century7 were ,greek writers on the ,military ,art4 ,though ,milton does not name them in his tract1 he doubtless had them in view among ,military ,books to be read4 ,two of them had been translated into ,english--,frontinus1 by ,richarde ,morysine 7#aeci71 and lianus by ,john ,bingham 7#afaf-ca74 ,,quintus ,,calaber1 the nature of whose ,poem in #ad ,books is sufficiently described in the text 7really a native of ,smyrna1 but called ,calaber because the best known copy of his ,poem was found in ,calabria71 lived late in the fourth century2 ,,apollonius ,,rhodius1 so called because he lived long in ,rhodes1 though born in ,alexandria1 is a much earlier and much better known ,greek poet 7circ4 ,b4 ,c4 #bjj74 ,neither of these ,greek poets seems to have been translated in ,milton's time4 ,,geminus was a ,greek mathematician of the first century1 who seems to have lived in ,rome1 and who left an ,greek3 ,pisagog kis ta phainomena1 or treatise on the ,sphere4 ,lowndes mentions no ,english version of it4 ,,urstisius1 who is mentioned for his ,arithmetic1 is ,,christian ,,wurzticius1 an ,italian mathematician 7#aedd-aehh72 ,,riff ,i have not farther identified2 ,,pitiscus is ,bartholomew ,pitiscus 7#aefa-afac72 and ,,joannes ,,de ,,sacro ,,bosco is the famous ,englishman ,john ,holywood 7died #abef71 whose treatise ,de ,sphra1 often re-edited and re-published1 was the most popular manual of ,astronomy in the ,middle ,ages4 ,,villani1 the ,florentine historian1 died #acdh2 ,,davity1 the ,french geographer1 is unknown to me2 ,,amesius1 author of the ,medella ,theo logia and other theological works1 is the ,william ,ames 7#aegf-afcc71 already known to us 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p #egi72 and ,,wollibius 7#aecf- #afbf7 was a ,divine of ,basle and author of ,compendium ,theologi4 ,what a busy domicile the wifeless house in ,aldersgate ,street must have been through the year #afdd6 ,pupils and their lessons through the solid part of the day2 only a margin1 morning and evening1 for ,milton's own readings and meditations2 the father sometimes with him for an hour or so of music1 but oftener in his own room1 retired to his rest and devotion1 without the least trouble imaginable2 every hour of the day crammed with work2 even on the ,sundays those expositions of the ,greek ,testament to his pupils1 and those dictations to them in ,latin of portions of a ,system of ,divinity which he had resolved to compile from the ,scriptures and the works of the best ,protestant theologians6 ,and yet it was out of this quiet and industrious household that there had burst upon the ,english public that thunderbolt of the ,divorce heresy6 ,a ,,second ,,divorce ,,tract3 ,,compilation ,,from ,,bucer4 ,the ,divorce idea still occupied ,milton4 ,on the #aeth of ,july1 #afdd 7five weeks after the publication of the ,tract on ,education addressed to ,hartlib1 and five months and a half after the publication of the ,second ,edition of the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce71 there was entered at ,stationers' ,hall another tract1 which appeared on that day1 or immediately afterwards1 with this title3 ,the ,judgement of ,martin ,bucer concerning ,divorce4 ,writt'n to ,edward the ,sixt1 in his ,second ,book of the ,kingdom of ,christ4 ,and now ,englisht4 ,wherein a late ,book restoring the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1 is heer confirm'd and justify'd by the authoritie of ,martin ,bucer4 ,to the ,parlament of ,england4 ,john #c1 #aj3 ,art thou a teacher in ,israel1 and know'st not these things8 ,publisht by ,authoritie4 ,london1 ,printed by ,matthew ,simmons1 #afdd4 ,martin ,bucer ,footnote3 ,the entry in the ,stationers' ,hall ,registeris as follows3--,july #ae1 #afad3 ,matt4 ,symmons cut4 for his copie1 under which1 of ,mr4 ,downham1 and ,mr4 ,parker1 warden1 the ,judgment of ,martin ,bucer concerning ,divorce1 written to ,king ,edw4 ye #fth in the #bnd ,book of the ,kingdom of ,xt43 ,englished by ,mr4 ,milton4 ,the tract consists of #dj small quarto pages in all2 of which1 however1 only #bd are numbered4 ,these numbered pages1 forming the body of the tract1 are abridged translations by ,milton of the passages from ,martin ,bucer which he wished to introduce to the ,english public4 ,they are preceded by six pages of ,testimonies of the high approbation which learned men have given of ,martin ,bucer 7viz4 quotations by ,milton from ,calvin1 ,beza1 ,sturmius1 and others1 to show what a man ,bucer was71 and then by eight pages of closer type1 addressed by ,milton to the ,parliament and signed with his name in full4 ,at the end1 after the numbered pages1 there is a postscript of two pages1 in which ,milton again speaks directly1 and winds up the tract4 ,the title-page of the tract indicates ,milton's purpose in it1 ,his original ,divorce treatise had been put forth as the result of his own reasonings and meditations1 without the knowledge that any had preceded him in the same track to anything like the same extent4 ,while preparing the second edition he had become aware that strong support from learned authorities might be adduced for his doctrine2 in especial1 he had become aware that he had had a forerunner in the famous ,reformer ,paul ,fagius4 ,much of the added matter in the second edition consisted1 accordingly1 in the citation of ,fagius and other witnesses to strengthen his argument4 ,strangely enough1 however1 he was still unaware that he might have the benefit of a witness more renowned even than ,paul ,fagius4 ,not till ,may #afdd did he chance to learn this fact4 ,when the book1 he says1 had been now the second time set forth well-nigh three months1 as ,i best remember1 ,i then first came to hear that ,martin ,bucer had written much concerning ,divorce3 whom earnestly turning over1 ,i soon perceived1 but not without amazement1 in the same opinion1 confirmed with the same reasons1 which in that published book1 without the help or imitation of any precedent writer1 ,i had laboured out and laid together4 ,the particular writing of ,bucer's in which ,milton found this extraordinary coincidence with his own views was the ,de ,regno ,christi ad ,edw4 ,,vi41 written by ,bucer about #aeej1 but first published at ,basle in #aeeg4 ,there was reason1 ,milton is careful to impress on his readers1 why ,bucer1 and ,fagius along with ,bucer1 should be remembered with unusual reverence by the ,protestants of ,england4 ,coming over to ,england in #aedi1 each with his great continental fame already won1 they had been placed in ,cambridge by the young ,edward ,,vi41 then desirous of completing and perfecting the ,reformation of his kingdom--,bucer as ,professor of ,divinity1 and ,fagius of ,hebrew4 ,fagius had died in ,cambridge in the same year1 when he had barely begun to teach2 ,bucer1 after he had taught for about eighteen months1 died in the same place1 ,feb4 #bh1 #aeej-ea4 ,both had thus breathed the last strength of their spirits into the ,protestantism of ,england4 ,nay1 they might be reckoned among the martyrs of ,english ,protestantism2 for1 when ,mary had succeeded ,edward1 had not their bodies been dug up1 as the bodies of heretics1 and publicly burnt to ashes in the ,cambridge market-place8 ,let all this be remembered1 and especially let it be remembered that ,bucer had addressed his ,de ,regno ,christi to ,edward ,,vi41 and intended its admonitions and instructions for the use of that monarch and his people4 ,in that writing ,bucer1 though he had been dead a hundred years1 was still speaking to the people of ,england1 and telling them what remained to be done before their national reformation could be called thorough4 ,well1 in that treatise there was a great deal about ,divorce4 ,bucer had evidently made a study of the topic1 and attached great importance to it4 ,a large portion of the ,second ,book of the treatise consisted of nothing else2 and it was this portion of the treatise only that ,milton1 partly in delight and partly in amazement at its accordance with his own doctrine1 proposed to recover out of the neglected ,latin1 and present in plain ,english4 ,not that such drudgery of translation was to his taste4 ,whether it be natural disposition or education in me1 or that my mother bore me a speaker of what ,god made mine own1 and not a translator1 is his proud phrase of explanation why he could never delight in long citations1 much less in whole traductions4 ,even in this case he would only digest and epitomize4 ,beginning at ,chap4 ,,xv4 of the ,second ,book of ,bucer's treatise1 he would go on to ,chap4 ,,xlvii4 inclusively1 indicating the contents of the successive chapters by headings1 omitting what was irrelevant to his own purpose1 and translating the passages that were most relevant4 ,this is what is done in the #bd numbered pages which form the body of ,milton's tract4 ,they are a concatenation of dryish morsels from ,bucer1 duly labelled and introduced2 but they make it clear that ,bucer's notion of marriage was substantially the same as ,milton's4 ,as respects ,milton himself1 the portion of his new ,tract which is of greatest interest is the prefixed ,address to the ,parliament4 ,it is noteworthy that1 whereas the ,second ,edition of his original ,divorce treatise is dedicated to the ,parliament of ,england with the ,assembly1 the new tract is dedicated to the ,parliament only4 ,the ,address makes the reason of this plain4 ,it is here1 in fact1 that we first hear from ,milton himself of the obloquy to which his ,divorce ,doctrine had subjected him4 ,it had begun1 he now tells us 7and we have already used the information71 almost immediately after the publication of the first1 and anonymous1 edition of his original treatise--his style then betraying him to be the author1 and some of the clergy opening loud cry against him in consequence4 ,this had induced him to bring out the second edition1 not anonymous1 but openly acknowledged4 ,though aware of the declared hostility among the clergy1 he had not then deemed it proper to descant on that subject1 but had1 in courtesy1 dedicated the ,second ,edition to the ,assembly in conjunction with the ,parliament4 ,even then he had no doubt from which of the two bodies he would receive the fairer treatment4 ,i was confident1 he says in his present address of the ,bucer tract to the ,parliament1 if anything generous1 anything noble and above the multitude1 were yet left in the spirit of ,england1 it could be nowhere sooner found1 and nowhere sooner understood1 than in that ,house of ,justice and true ,liberty where ye sit in ,council4 ,here the ,assembly is ignored1 and the insinuation is that1 though he had included them in the dedication1 it was rather by way of form than in real trust4 ,this had been in ,feb4 #afdc-d1 and now1 in ,july #afdd1 he knew his position so precisely that there was no need for farther reticence4 ,he had not been disappointed in the ,parliament4 ,he had had hope in them2 nor doth the event hitherto1 for some reasons which ,i shall not here deliver1 fail me of what ,i conceived so highly4 ,the words ,i have put in italics can bear no other construction than that ,milton had reason to know1 from private assurances1 which he regarded as confidential1 that some leading men in ,parliament thought him perfectly entitled to broach his doctrine1 and would take care that he should not be troubled for it4 ,he was not uninformed either1 he adds1 that divers learned and judicious men1 both in and out of ,parliament1 had testified their daily approbation of his treatise4 ,with the ,assembly1 however1 he knew it to be all over4 ,though from them above all1 by reason of their profession and supposed knowledge1 his treatise had deserved a fair hearing1 all that he had received was to be esteemed the deviser of a new and pernicious paradox4 ,he does not1 indeed1 name the ,assembly while intimating this1 but only refers to the clergy generally and dispersedly4 ,that he had the ,assembly distinctly in view1 however1 appears not only from the tenor of the whole1 but also from a passage in the ,postscript1 where he hints that such action was at work against him that he might be stopped any day by the official censorship and prevented from printing4 ,if1 therefore1 this new tract should be permitted to appear1 only to the ,parliament would he dedicate it4 ,but1 while dedicated to the ,parliament1 it was intended for the ,assembly4 ,it was a challenge to them4 ,the ,reverend gentlemen had refused to consider the ,doctrine of ,divorce when propounded by their contemporary1 a private layman and reasoner4 ,they had thought it worthy only of denunciation as an impious paradox1 destructive of morality and social order4 ,what would they now say to the same ,doctrine exhibited to them1 chapter and verse1 as the doctrine of one of the great ,european ,reformers and ,divines1 whose name was often in their mouths1 though they knew so little about him8 ,while the ,address to ,parliament thus makes clear ,milton's consciousness that the ,assembly were watching him and might at any time denounce him1 there is yet another curious strain in it1 interesting as an illustration of the writer's character4 ,milton was evidently divided between delight in having found ,bucer his predecessor in the doctrine and a proud feeling of his own self-earned property in the same4 ,not even to ,bucer would he yield the palm of this discovery2 nay1 generally1 he did not care though it should be known that1 while he reverenced ,bucer and such men of the past1 he did not think that ,god's power to create and endow exceptional human spirits had so exhausted itself in that time and that group of men but that work higher than aught of mere discipleship to any of them might be reserved for himself4 ,here ,milton is in one of his constitutional moods2 and it is interesting to observe with what constancy to it he treats the small fact of a discovered coincidence in opinion between himself and ,bucer4 ,the following passage will suffice in this respect1 and also as a specimen of the whole tract3-- ,i may justly gratulate mine own mind with due acknowledgment of assistance from above1 which led me1 not as a learner1 but as a collateral teacher1 to a sympathy of judgment with no less a man than ,martin ,bucer4 ,and he1 if our things here below arrive him where he is1 does not repent him to see that point of knowledge which he first1 and with an unchecked freedom1 preached to those more knowing times of ,england1 now found so necessary1 though what he admonished were lost out of our memory1 yet that ,god doth now again create the same doctrine in another unwritten table the tabula rasa of ,milton's mind1 and raises it up immediately out of his pure oracle to the convincement of a perverse age1 eager in the reformation of names and ceremonies1 but in realities as traditional and as ignorant as their forefathers4 ,i would ask now the foremost of my profound accusers whether they dare affirm that to be licentious1 new and dangerous1 which ,martin ,bucer so often and so urgently avouched to be moot lawful1 most necessary1 and most ,christian1 without the least blemish4 to his good name among all the worthy men of that age and since who testify so highly of him4 ,if they dare1 they must then set up an arrogance of their own against all those churches and saints who honoured him without this exception4 ,if they dare not1 how can they now make that licentious doctrine in another which was never blamed or confuted in ,bucer or in ,fagius8 ,the truth is1 there will be due to them1 for this their unadvised rashness1 the best donative that can be given them--,i mean a round reproof a hint to ,parliament about the ,assembly82 now that1 where they thought to be most magisterial1 they have displayed their own want both of reading and of judgment3 first1 to be so unacquainted in the writings of ,bucer1 which are so obvious and so useful in their own faculty2 next1 to be so caught in a prejudicating weakness as to condemn that for lewd which1 whether they knew or not1 these elect servants of ,christ commended for lawful1 and for new that which was taught by these1 almost the first and greatest authors of ,reformation1 who were never taxed for so teaching1 and dedicated without scruple to a royal pair of the first ,reforming kings in ,christendom ,edward ,,vi41 for whom ,bucer's ,de ,regno ,christi was written1 and ,christian ,,iii4 of ,denmark1 to whom it was dedicated when published at ,basle in #aeeg1 and confessed in the public ,confession of a most orthodoxal ,church and ,state in ,germany the church and community of ,strasburg1 in whose ,confession1 according to ,milton1 ,bucer's ,divorce ,doctrine had been adopted4 ,this is also another fault which ,i must tell them--that they have stood now almost this whole year clamouring afar off1 while the ,book ,milton's ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce hath been twice printed1 twice bought up1 and never once vouchsafed a friendly conference with the author1 who would be glad and thankful to be shown an error1 either by private dispute or public answer1 and could retract as well as wise men before him3 might also be worth the gaining1 as one who heretofore hath done good service to the ,church1 by their own confession4 444 ,however1 if we know at all when to ascribe the occurrences of this life to the work of a special ,providence1 as nothing is more usual in the talk of good men1 what can be more like to a special providence of ,god than in the first ,reformation of ,england that this question of ,divorce1 as a main thing to be restored to just freedom1 was written1 and seriously commended to ,edward the ,sixth1 by a man called from another country to be an instructor of our nation1 and now1 in this present renewing of the ,church and ,commonwealth1 which we pray may be more lasting1 that same question should be again treated and presented to this ,parliament by one enabled to use the same reasons without the least sight or knowledge of what was done before4 ,it were no trespass1 ,lords and ,commons1 though something of less note were attributed to the ordering of a ,heavenly ,power4 ,this question1 therefore1 of such prime concernment to ,christian and ,civil welfare1 in such an extraordinary manner not recovered1 but plainly twice-born to these latter ages1 as from a divine hand1 ,i tender to your acceptance and most considerate thoughts4 ,,mr4 ,,herbert ,,palmer',s ,,attack ,,on ,,milton ,,from ,,the ,,pulpit4 ,whether up to this time 7,july #afdd7 there had been any open mention of ,milton and his ,doctrine in the ,westminster ,assembly1 anything more than muttered thunder among the ,divines in their private colloquies1 can be but guessed4 ,it is quite possible that he was publicly named1 and not by mere implication1 among the ,sects and ,sectaries generally4 ,there may even be record of the fact somewhere1 though ,i have found none in ,lightfoot's ,notes of the ,assembly1 nor in ,gillespie's1 nor in ,baillie's ,letters4 ,but the peal was coming1 and this daring challenge to the ,assembly in his ,bucer tract may have helped to provoke it4 ,when the tract was published1 the ,assembly was about to break up for that fortnight's vacation 7,july #bc-;,aug4 #g7 which we have represented as so important a notch in its proceedings4 ,or1 indeed1 the ,assembly may have been in its vacation when the tract appeared2 for1 though registered at the ,stationers' ,hall ,july #ae1 it may not have been in circulation till a week later4 ,at all events1 when the ,assembly met again1 and when1 as we have seen1 it fell1 as if by concert1 on the subject of the multiplication of the ,sectaries and their insolences1 then ,milton was among the first attacked4 ,he was one of a batch of eleven persons1 including also ,roger ,williams1 ,john ,goodwin1 ,clement ,wrighter1 and some ,anabaptists and ,antinomians1 whom the ,assembly denounced to ,parliament as prime offenders4 ,this fact1 already noticed in its place in our general history1 has now again to be presented more in detail4 ,the first publicly to blow the trumpet against ,milton1 the reader already knows1 was ,mr4 ,herbert ,palmer4 ,he did so in his ,sermon before the two ,houses of ,parliament in ,st4 ,margaret's1 ,westminster1 on the ,extraordinary ,day of ,humiliation1 ,tuesday1 ,aug4 #ac1 six days after the ,assembly had resumed its sittings4 ,here is the particular passage in the ,sermon3-- ,but against a ,toleration in general even the ,,covenant itself1 in that very ,article ,article ,,ii41 hath a reason suitable to the ,text ,psalm xcix1 #h4 ',lest we partake of other men's sins1 and be in danger to receive of their plagues4' saith the ,covenant2 which in the language of the ,text is ',lest ,god take vengeance on their inventions' and ours together4 ,it is true that the name of ,conscience hath an awful sound unto a conscientious ear4 ,but1 ,i pray1 judge but in a few instances whether all pretence of ,conscience ought to be a sufficient plea for ,toleration and ,liberty3--#a4 ,there be those that say their conscience is against all taking of an oath before a magistrate4 ,will you allow an universal liberty of this8 ,what then will become of all our legal and judicial proceedings8 which are confined to this way of proof3 and so it was by ,god appointed1 and hath been by all nations practised4 #b4 ,there be some that pretend ,liberty of ,conscience to equivocate in an oath even before a magistrate1 and to elude all examinations by mental reservations4 ,will you grant them this liberty2 or can you1 without destroying all bonds of civil converse1 and wholly overthrowing of all human judicature8 #c4 ,if any plead ,conscience for the lawfulness of ,polygamy2 or for ,divorce for other causes than ,christ and ,his ,apostles mention 7of which a wicked look is abroad and uncensured1 though deserving to be burnt1 whose ,author hath been so impudent as to set his name to it and dedicate it to yourselves72 or for liberty to many incestuously--will you grant a toleration for all this8 ,palmer goes on to instance four other opinions which might ask for toleration1 but which are in their nature so subversive of all authority and all civil order that the bare imagination of their being tolerated is1 he thinks1 a reductio ad absurdum of the idea of a ,universal ,toleration4 ,what has been quoted1 however1 will show whereabouts among the ,sectaries he placed ,milton4 ,he cited him as the advocate of an opinion so monstrous that no sane person could think of tolerating it4 ,and it is to be noted that1 though he gives other instances of such monstrous opinions tending to practical anarchy1 ,milton is the only person openly referred to in this extreme category1 and his book the only book4 ,on the same day1 ,mr4 ,hill1 ,palmer's fellow-preacher before ,parliament1 referred by implication to ,roger ,williams's ,bloody ,tenent1 which had been burnt by the hangman a day or two before2 and here was ,palmer mentioning with less reserve1 ,milton's ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce as richly deserving the same fate4 ,williams1 we know1 was happily on his way back to ,america at the time2 but ,milton was at hand1 in his house in ,aldersgate ,street1 whenever he should be wanted4 ,to be preached at before the two ,houses of ,parliament1 on a solemn ,fast ,day1 by an eminent ,divine of the ,westminster ,assembly1 was1 ,i should say1 a ten times greater trial of a man's equanimity in those days than it would be in these to waken one morning and find oneself the subject of a scathing onslaught in the columns of the leading newspaper4 ,it was positively the worst blast from the black trumpet of the wind-god olus then possible for any inhabitant of ,england2 and not even that poor company of suitors to whom1 in ,chaucer's poem1 fickle ,queen ,fame awarded this black blast from the wind-god1 instead of the blast of praise from his golden trumpet which they were expecting1 can have been more discomfited than most persons would have been had they been in ,milton's place a day or two after ,palmer's sermon4 ,footnote3 ,cromwell was away with the ,arms1 but ,vane may have heard ,palmer's sermon4 ,baillie was certainly present1 with the other ,scottish ,commissioners2 and he was delighted with ,palmer's outspokenness4 ,see ant1 p #afb ,what did this olus1 but he ,took out his black trumpe of brass1 ,that fouler than the ,devil was1 ,and gan this trumpe for to blow ,as all the world should overthrow4 ,throughout every regioun ,went this foule trumpe's soun1 ,as swift as pellet out of gun ,when tire is in the powder run2 ,and such a smoke gan outwend ,out of the foule trumpe's end1 ,black1 blue1 greenish1 swartish1 red1 ,as dote where that men melt lead1 ,lo6 all on high from the tewelle4 ,and thereto one thing saw ,i well-- ,that1 the farther that it ran1 ,the greater waxen it began1 ,as doth the river from a well2 ,and it stank as the pit of ,hell4 ,footnote3 ,chaucer's ,house of ,fame ,,iii4 #eaf-efd4 ,teaelle is the trumpet's mouth 7,french tuyau1 pipe or nozzle74 ,,the ,,stationers' ,,company ,,and ,,english ,,book-,,censorship3 ,,the ,,printing ,,ordinance ,,of ,,june #afdc3 ,,milton ,,complained ,,of ,,to ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,commons ,,for ,,breach ,,of ,,the ,,same4 ,among the haunts and corners of ,london into which the smoke of ,mr4 ,palmer's pulpit-blast against ,milton had penetrated1 and where it had whirled and eddied most persistently1 was the ,hall of the ,stationers' ,company1 the centre of the ,london book-trade4 ,actually1 as the reader has been informed ,palmer's sermon1 and the general frenzy of the ,assembly on the subject of the increase of heresy and schism1 had so perturbed the whole society of booksellers that1 on ,saturday the #bdth of ,august1 the eleventh day after the sermon1 they presented a petition to the ,commons1 exonerating themselves from all responsibility in the growing evil1 and pointing out that the blasphemous and pernicious opinions complained of were ventilated in unlicensed and unregistered pamphlets1 grievous to the soul of the regular book-trade1 injurious to its pockets1 and contrary to the express ordinance of ,parliament4 ,that such was the tenor of the ,petition of the ,stationers1 and that they gave instances of illegal pamphlets of the kind described1 and laid stress on ,milton's ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce as one most flagrant instance1 appears from the action of the ,house of ,commons in consequence4 ,without a day's delay 7,aug4 #bf71 the ,commons referred the ,petition to the ,committee for ,printing1 with instructions to hear parties1 consider the whole business1 consult the existing ,parliamentary ,ordinance for the regulation of ,printing1 and bring in a new or supplementary ,ordinance with all convenient speed4 ,they were likewise diligently to inquire out the authors1 printers1 and publishers of the ,divorce ,pamphlet1 and of another1 then in circulation1 against the ,immortality of the ,soul4 ,that the ,committee might have fresh energy in it for the purpose1 four new members were added1 viz4 ,sir ,philip ,stapleton1 ,sir ,thomas ,widdrington1 ,mr4 ,stephens1 and ,mr4 ,baynton4 ,footnote3 ,see the text of the order1 ant1 pp4 #afde1 ,i now add the names of the new members of ,committee from the ,commons ,journal1 ,aug4 #bf1 #afda4 ,here then1 in the end of ,august #afdd1 ,milton was not only within the smoke of infamy blown upon him by ,palmer's sermon1 but also within the clutches of a ,parliamentary ,committee4 ,they might call him to account not only for publishing dangerous and unusual opinions1 but also for having broken the ,parliamentary ,ordinance for the regulation of ,printing4 ,we must now explain distinctly what that ,ordinance was4 ,from the beginning of the ,long ,parliament1 as we know sufficiently by this time1 there had been a relaxation1 or rather a total breakdown1 of the former laws for the regulation of the ,press4 ,in the newly-found liberty of the nation to think and to speak1 all bonds of censorship were burst1 and books of all kinds1 but especially pamphlets on the current questions1 were sent forth by their authors very much at their own discretion4 ,the proportion of those that went through the legal ceremonial of being authorized by an appointed licenser1 and registered in the ,stationers' books by the ,company's clerk under farther order from one of the ,company's wardens1 must1 ,i should say1 have been quite inconsiderable in comparison with the number that flew about printed anywhere and anyhow4 ,milton had been conspicuously careless or bold in this respect4 ,not one of his five ,anti-,episcopal pamphlets1 published in #afda and #afdb1 had been licensed or registered2 nor did any one of them bear his name1 though he made no real concealment of that1 and though each of them bore the printer's or publisher's name1 or the address of the shop where it was on sale4 ,milton's friends1 the ,smectymnuans1 had attended to the legal punctualities in some of their publications2 but ,milton's practice seems to have been the more general one among authors and pamphleteers4 ,nor did they need to resort any longer to clandestine presses1 or to printers and booksellers who1 not being members of the ,stationers' ,company1 had no title to engage in such book- commerce at all1 and were liable to prosecution for doing so4 ,even regular booksellers and printers who were freemen of the ,stationers' ,company had been infected by the general lawlessness1 and had fallen into the habit of publishing books and pamphlets without caring whether they were licensed1 and without taking the trouble of registering their copyright2 which1 indeed1 they could hardly do if the books were unlicensed4 ,all ,milton's ,anti-,episcopal pamphlets1 ,i think1 were published by such regular printers or booksellers4 ,but worse and worse4 ,some of the less scrupulous members of the ,stationers' ,company had found an undue advantage in this lax conduct of the book-business1 and had begun to reprint and vend books the copyright in which belonged to their brethren in the trade4 ,this last being the sorest evil1 it was perhaps as much in consequence of repeated representations of its prevalence by the authorities of the ,stationers' ,company as on any grounds of public damage by the circulation of political libels and false opinions1 that the ,parliament still kept up the fiction of a law1 and made attempt after attempt to regain the control of the ,press4 ,that they did so is the fact4 ,entries on the subject--sometimes in the form of notices of petitions from the ,stationers' ,company1 sometimes in that of injunctions by ,parliament to the ,stationers' ,company to be more vigilant--are found at intervals in the ,journals of both ,houses through #afda and #afdb4 ,particular books were condemned1 and their authors inquired after or called to account1 and offending printers and publishers were also brought to trouble4 ,the ,parliament had even tried to institute a new agency of censorship in the form of ,committees for ,printing1 and licensers appointed by these ,committees4 ,such licensers were either members of ,parliament selected for the duty1 or ,parliamentary officials1 or persons out-of-doors in whom ,parliament could trust4 ,through #afda and #afdb ,i find the following persons1 among others4 licensing books--,john ,pym1 ,sir ,edward ,deering1 the elder ,sir ,henry ,vane1 ,mr4 7,century7 ,white1 and a ,dr4 ,wykes1 but ,i find evidence that the ,parliament and its ,committees for ,printing had really1 in a great measure1 to leave the licensing of books to the ,wardens of the ,stationers' ,company4 ,footnote3 ,my ,,ms notes from the ,stationers' ,register for the years named ,in short1 the ,press had escaped all effective supervision whatsoever4 ,this is most strikingly proved by the ,stationers' ,registers for #afdb4 ,while for the previous year1 ending ,dec4 #ca1 #afda1 the total number of entries on the ,register had been #bdj1 the total number in this year1 ending ,dec4 #ca1 #afdb1 was only #gf2 of which #gf less than half fell in the second half of the year1 when the ,civil ,war had just commenced4 ,actually1 of all the publications which came out this year in ,england1 not more than at the rate of three a fortnight regularly registered throughout the whole year1 and hardly more than one a week during the second half of the year6 ,clearly1 censorship and registration had then become an absolute farce4 ,the same state of things continued into the first half of the year #afdc4 ,between ,jan4 #a of that year 7,jan4 #a1 #afdb-c1 as we now mark it7 and ,july #d1 ,i find the number of entries to have been not more than #ce--still a preposterously small number in proportion to the crowd of publications which these six months must have produced4 ,but exactly at the middle of this year the ,registers exhibit a remarkable phenomenon4 ,although in the first half of the year only #ce new publications had been registered1 the entries in the second half of the year swell suddenly to #ccc1 or ten times as many as in the first half4 ,in the month of ,july alone there were #fc entries1 or nearly twice as many as in the preceding six months together2 in ,august there were #eg2 in ,september #eh2 in ,october #dh2 in ,november #ef2 and in ,december #ea4 ,little wonder that1 on going over the ,registers long ago1 ,i made this note in connexion with the year #afdc3 ,curious year3 the swelling out in the latter half1 so that only #ce in first half and #ccc in second3 inquire into causes4 ,i ought to have known the chief cause at the time ,i made the note4 ,it was the parsing1 in ,june #afdc1 of a new1 strict1 and minutely framed ,ordinance for ,printing4 ,forced by the public necessities of the case1 including the necessity of preventing the diffusion of ,royalist tracts and sheets of intelligence1 or by the trade complaints of the ,stationers' ,company1 or by both combined1 the ,commons at last addressed themselves to the subject resolutely4 ,on ,june #aj an ,ordinance to prevent and suppress the ,licence of ,printing was read in their ,house1 agreed to1 and sent to the ,lords2 on ,june #ad the ,lords concurred1 and signified their concurrence to the ,commons2 and1 certain farther arrangement of detail having been made by the ,commons on the #afth1 the #bjth1 and the #bast of the same month1 the ,ordinance forthwith came into operation4 ,the ,ordinance 7with the omission of clauses relative to printing of ,parliamentary papers and to mere piracy of copyrights7 is as follows3-- ,whereas divers good orders have been lately made by both ,houses of ,parliament for suppressing the late great abuses and frequent disorders in printing many forged1 scandalous1 seditious1 libellous and unlicensed ,papers1 ,pamphlets and ,books1 to the great defamation of ,religion and ,government--which orders 7notwithstanding the diligence of the ,company of ,stationers to put them in full execution7 have taken little or no effect1 by reason the ,bill in preparation for the redress of the said disorders hath hitherto been retarded through the present distractions1 and very many1 as well ,stationers and ,printers1 as others of sundry other professions not free of the ,stationers' ,company1 have taken upon them to set up sundry private printing-presses in corners1 and to print1 vend1 publish and disperse ,books1 ,pamphlets and ,papers1 in such multitudes that no industry could be sufficient to discover or bring to punishment all the several abounding delinquents4444 ,it is therefore ordered that no 444 ,book1 ,pamphlet1 ,paper1 nor part of any such ,book1 ,pamphlet or ,paper1 shall from henceforth be printed1 bound1 stitched1 or put to sale by any person or persons whatsoever1 unless the same be first approved of and licensed under the hands of such person or persons as both or either of the said ,houses shall appoint for the licensing of the same1 and entered in the ,register ,book of the ,company of ,stationers according to ancient custom1 and the ,printer thereof to put his name thereto4444 ,and the ,master and ,wardens of the said ,company1 the ,gentleman-,usher of the ,house of ,peers1 the ,sergeant of the ,commons ,house1 and their ,deputies 444 are hereby authorized and required from time to time to make diligent search in all places where they shall think meet for all unlicensed printing presses 444 and to seize and carry away such printing-presses 444 and likewise to make diligent search in all suspected printing-houses1 warehouses1 shops and other places 444 and likewise to apprehend all ,authors1 ,printers1 and other persons whatsoever employed in compiling1 printing1 stitching1 binding1 publishing and dispersion of the said scandalous1 unlicensed and unwarrantable ,papers1 ,books and ,pamphlets 444 and to bring them1 afore either of the ,houses1 or the ,committee of ,examinations1 that so they may receive such farther punishments as their offences shall demerit4444 ,and all ,justices of the ,peace1 ,captains1 ,constables and other officers1 are hereby ordered and required to be aiding and assisting to the foresaid persons in the due execution of all and singular the premises1 and in the apprehension of offenders against the same1 and1 in case of opposition1 to break open doors and locks4--,and it is further ordered that this ,order be forthwith printed and published1 to the end that notice may be taken thereof1 and all contemners of it left inexcusable4 ,such was the famous ,ordinance for ,printing of the ,long ,parliament1 dated ,june #ad1 #afdc4 ,within a week afterwards it was brought into working trim by the nomination of the persons to whom the business of licensing was to be entrusted4 ,for ,books of ,divinity a staff of twelve ,divines was appointed1 the imprimatur of any one of whom should be sufficient--to wit3 ,mr4 ,,thomas ,,gataker1 ,mr4 ,,calibute ,,downing1 ,dr4 ,,thomas ,,temple1 ,mr4 ,,joseph ,,caryl1 ,mr4 ,,edmund ,,calamy1 ,mr4 ,,charles ,,hekle1 ,mr4 ,,obadiah ,,sedgwick1 ,mr4 ,,carter of ,yorkshire1 ,mr4 ,,john ,,downham1 ,mr4 ,,james ,,cranford1 ,mr4 ,,bacheler1 and ,mr4 ,,john ,,ellls1 junior4 ,the first seven of these1 it will be noted 7if not also the eighth71 were members of the ,westminster ,assembly2 the others were1 ,i think1 all parish-ministers in or near ,london4 ,for what we should call ,miscellaneous ,literature1 including ,poetry1 ,history1 and ,philosophy1 the licensers appointed were ,sir ,,nathaniel ,,brent 7,judge of the ,prerogative ,court71 ,mr4 ,,john ,,langley 7successor of ,gill the younger in the ,head-mastership of ,st4 ,paul's ,school71 and ,mr4 ,,farnabie4 ,the licensing of ,law-,books was to belong to certain designated ,judges and ,serjeants-at-law2 of ,books of ,heraldry1 to the three ,herald ,kings at ,arms2 of ,mathematical ,books1 ,almanacks1 and ,prognostications1 to the ,reader in ,mathematics at ,gresham ,college for the time being1 or a certain ,mr4 ,booker instead2 and for things of no consequence--viz4 small pamphlets1 portraitures1 pictures and the like --the ,clerk of the ,stationers' ,company for the time being was to be authority enough4,footnote3 ,the ,ordinance is printed in the ,lords ,journals under date ,june #ad1 #afdd4 ,rushworth prints it under the same date 7,v4 #cce-f71 and adds the names of the licensers1 as appointed by the ,commons ,june #bj and #ba4 ,the effects of this new ,ordinance of ,parliament were immediately visible4 ,whether because ,parliament itself now seemed in earnest for the control of the ,press1 or because the new staff of licensers were determined to exercise their powers and earn their perquisites1 or because the ,master and ,wardens of the ,stationers' ,company then in4 office felt their hands strengthened and worked hard 7,mr4 ,samuel ,bourne was ,master1 and ,mr4 ,samuel ,man and ,mr4 ,richard ,whittaker were ,wardens71 certain it is that authors1 printers1 and publishers were brought at once into greater obedience4 ,ten times as many books1 pamphlets and papers1 we have shown1 were duly licensed and registered in the second half of the year #afdc1 or from the date of the new ,ordinance onwards1 as had been licensed and registered in the preceding half-year4,footnote3 ,i ought to note1 however1 that the swelling out is caused chiefly by the shoals of ,mercuries1 ,diurnals1 ,scouts1 ,intelligencers1c4 that were now registered4 ,these news-sheets of the ,civil ,war1 the infant forms of our newspapers1 had previously appeared at will2 and there seems to have been particular activity in bringing them under the operation of the ,ordinance1 so as to deprive ,royalism of the aid of the ,press4 ,now1 it so chanced that the first edition of ,milton's ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce had been ready for the press exactly after the new ,ordinance had come into operation4 ,what had been his behaviour8 ,he had paid no attention to the ,ordinance whatever4 ,he had been one of those contemners of it whom the ,ordinance itself had taken the precaution of rendering inexcusable by the clause ordering its own publication6 ,the treatise had appeared on or about the #crd of ,august1 unlicensed and unregistered1 just as its predecessors1 the ,anti-,episcopal pamphlets1 had been4 ,nay1 there was this difference1 that there was no printer's full name on the title-page of the ,divorce treatise1 but only the semi- anonymous1 declaration ,printed by ,t4 ,p4 and ,m4 ,s4 in ,goldsmiths' ,alley ,footnote3 ,see full title-page1 ant1 p4 #dd4 ,that ,milton had acted deliberately in all this there can be no doubt4 ,not that we need suppose him to have made it a point of honour to outbrave the new law in general by continuing to publish without a licence2 but because1 in this particular case1 he had no choice but to do so1 and did not mind doing so4 ,he wanted to publish his new ,doctrine of ,divorce3 was he to go the round of the twelve ,reverend ,gentlemen who had just been appointed licensers of all books of ,theology and ,ethics1 and wait till he found one of them sufficiently obtuse1 or sufficiently asleep1 to give his imprimatur to a doctrine so shocking8 ,clearly1 nothing remained but to get any printer to undertake the treatise that would print it in its unlicensed state1 the printer trusting the author and both running the risk4 ,whatever hesitations the printer may have had1 ,milton had none4 ,he had taken no pains to conceal the authorship2 and1 when he found the doctrine of the treatise in disrepute1 he had disdained even the pretence of the anonymous4 ,the second edition1 published in ,february #afdc-d1 appeared1 as the first had done1 without licence or registration1 and indeed with no more distinct imprint at the foot of the title-page than ,london1 ,imprinted in the yeare #affd2 but1 to make up for this informality1 it contained ,milton's dedication to the ,parliament and the ,assembly signed with his name4 ,it was as if he said1 ,i do break your ,ordinance for ,printing1 but ,i let you know who ,i am that do so4 ,since then ,milton had published two more pamphlets--his ,tract on ,education1 addressed to ,hartlib 7,june #afdd71 and his ,bucer ,tract1 continuing the ,divorce subject 7,july #afdd74 ,in both of these he had conformed to the ,ordinance4 ,both are duly registered in the ,stationers' ,books1 the former as having been licensed by ,mr4 ,cranford 7ant1 p4 #bcc71 the latter by ,mr4 ,downham 7ant1 p4 #bee74 ,in licensing the new ,divorce ,tract1 even though it did consist mainly of extracts from ,bucer1 ,mr4 ,downham must have been either off his guard or very good-natured4 ,milton's carelessness or contempt of the ,ordinance for ,printing had now found him out4 ,the charge of heresy1 or of monstrous and dangerous opinion1 preferred against him by ,palmer and the clergy1 was one about which there might be much argument pro and con1 and with which most ,parliamentary men might not be anxious to meddle4 ,but here1 in aid of that charge1 another charge1 much more definite1 had been brought forward4 ,the officials of the ,stationers' ,company were chosen from year to year2 and the ,master for the year beginning in the middle of #afdd was ,mr4 ,robert ,mead1 with ,mr4 ,john ,parker and ,mr4 ,richard ,whittaker for ,wardens4 ,it was these persons1 if ,i mistake not1 who thought themselves bound1 either by sympathy with the horror caused by ,milton's doctrine1 or by sheer official duty1 to oblige ,mr4 ,palmer and his brethren of the ,assembly by pointing out that both the editions of ,milton's obnoxious pamphlet had been published in evasion of the law4 ,there can be little doubt that the ,assembly divines and the ,london clergy generally were at the back of the affair2 but it was convenient for them to put forward others as the nominal accusers4 ,the ,stationers' ,company1 these accusers virtually said1 knows nothing of these two publications1 and has none of the discredit of them2 they are not registered in the ,company's books1 and do not appear to have been ever licensed2 and1 if ,mr4 ,milton1 who has avowed himself the author1 is to be questioned for the doctrine advanced in them1 perhaps it would be well that he should at the same time have the imprints on his two title-pages put before him--',printed by ,t4 ,p4 and ,m4 ,s4 in ,goldsmiths' ,alley1' and ',london1 ,imprinted in the yeare #afdd'--;and asked how he dared defy the law in that way1 and who the printers are that abetted him4 ,such1 studying all the particulars1 is the most exact interpretation ,i can put on the ,petition of the ,stationers' ,company to the ,commons1 ,aug4 #bd1 as it affected ,milton4 ,there was a trade-feeling behind it4 ,there was a resentment against certain printers and booksellers 7probably quite well known to the ,master and ,wardens7 for their contempt of trade-discipline1 as well as against ,milton for his part in the matter4 ,it was really rather hard on ,milton4 ,for1 doubtless1 the new ,ordinance for ,printing had been passed by ,parliament not with a view to any application of it to sound ,parliamentarians like him1 but as a check upon writers of the other side2 and1 doubtless1 he was not singular in having neglected the ,ordinance4 ,probably scores of ,parliamentarian writers had taken the same liberty4 ,still1 as he had offended against the letter of the law1 and as those whom his doctrine had shocked now chose to avail themselves of this offence of his against the letter of the law1 he found himself in an awkward position4 ,all depended on the discretion of that ,committee of ,printing1 reinforced by four additional members1 to which the ,commons 7,aug4 #bf7 had entrusted the delicate task of dealing with him1 and the farther task of revising the ,ordinance of the previous year and seeing whether it could be improved or extended4 ,they might trouble him much1 or they might let him alone4 ,they let him alone4 ,the ,committee1 ,i find1 did indeed proceed so far in the general business assigned to them4 ,they must have even drafted some new or supplementary ,ordinance for the regulation of ,printing1 and obtained the agreement of the ,house to the draft2 for1 though ,i am unable to find any record of such proceeding in the ,commons' ,journals1 there is this distinct entry in the ,lords' ,journals under date ,sept4 #ah1 #afdd3 ,a message was brought from the ,house of ,commons by ,mr4 ,rous and others1 to desire concurrence in two ,ordinances--7#a7 ,concerning ,ordination of ,ministers1 7#b7 ,concerning ,printing4 ,the answer returned was1 ,that this ,house will send an answer to this message by messengers of their own4 ,the ,lords1 it appears in the sequel1 did apply themselves to the ,ordination ,ordinance1 so that the ,commons received it back amended1 and it passed1 ,oct4 #a4 ,but ,i find no farther mention of the new ,printing ,ordinance4 ,cromwell's great ,accommodation or ,toleration motion1 passed in the ,commons1 in ,solicitor ,st4 ,john's modified form1 on the #acth of ,september1 had1 it may be remembered1 caused a sudden pause among the ,presbyterian zealots4 ,it may have helped indirectly to strangle many things2 and ,i should not wonder if among them was the prosecution of the business prescribed to the ,committee of ,printing by the ,order of ,aug4 #bf4 ,the ,accommodation ,order was a demand generally for clearer air and breathing-room for everybody1 more of ,english freedom1 and less of ,scottish inquisitorship4 ,if there had been ever any real intention among the ,parliamentary people to proceed against ,milton1 it had now to be dropped4 ,,the ,,areopagitica2 ,a ,,speech ,,for ,,the ,,liberty ,,of ,,unlicensed ,,printing4 ,one good effect the incident had produced4 ,it had prescribed for ,milton a new piece of work4 ,this ,parliamentary ,ordinance for ,printing with which it had been proposed to crush him2 this whole system of ,censorship and licensing of books that had prevailed so long in ,england and almost everywhere else2 this delegation of the entire control of a nation's ,literature to a state-agency consisting of a few prejudiced parsons and schoolmasters seated atop1 to decide what should go into the funnel1 and a ,company of ,stationers seated below1 to see that nothing else came out of the funnel3-was not this a subject on which something might be said8 ,would it not be more than a revenge if ,milton were to express his thoughts on this subject8 ,would it not be a service of moment to ,england8 ,what might not be hoped for from the ,parliament if they were fitly addressed on such a theme8 ,it was the great question of ,liberty in all its forms that ,england was then engaged in4 ,civil ,liberty1 ,liberty of ,worship1 ,liberty of ,conscience1 were the phrases ringing in the ,english air4 ,but in the midst of this general clamour for ,liberty no one yet had moved for one form of ,liberty1 which would be a very substantial instalment of the whole1 and yet was practicable and perhaps within sight--the ,liberty of ,unlicensed ,printing4 ,let this then be ,milton's new undertaking6 ,in the fact that it had been so clearly assigned to him1 nay1 forced upon him by circumstances1 he began to discern a certain regulation1 not quite dependent on his own forethought1 of the recent course of his life4 ,when the ,bishops at length had fallen prostrate1 aimed at by the shafts of all1 and there was no more trouble from them1 he afterwards wrote1 reviewing this portion of his life1 then ,i turned my thoughts to other matters--if ,i might in anything promote the cause of true and solid liberty2 which is chiefliest to be sought for not without1 but within1 and to be gained not by fighting1 but by the right basing and the right administration of life4 ,when1 therefore1 ,i perceived that there are in all three sorts of liberty1 without the presence of which life can hardly anyhow be suitably gone through--,ecclesiastical1 ,domestic or ,private1 and ,civil--then1 as ,i had already written on the first1 and as ,i saw that the ,magistrate was sedulously occupied with the third1 ,i took to myself that which was left second1 viz4 ,domestic ,liberty4 ,that also appearing to consist of three parts--whether ,marriage were rightly arranged1 whether the ,education of ,children were properly conducted1 and whether1 finally1 there were the power of free ,philosophising--,i explained what ,i thought1 not only concerning the due contracting of ,marriage1 but also1 if it were necessary1 the due dissolution of the same4444 ,on that subject ,i put forth some books1 exactly at that time when husband and wife were often the bitterest enemies1 he at home with his children1 and she1 the mother of the family1 busy in the camp of the enemy1 threatening death and destruction to her husband4444 ,then ,i treated the ,education ,question more briefly in one little book4444 ,finally1 on the subject of the liberation of the ,press1 so that the judgment of the true and the false1 what should be published and what suppressed1 should not be in the hands of a few men1 and these mostly unlearned and of common capacity1 erected into a censorship over books--an agency through which no one almost either can or will send into the light anything that is above the vulgar taste--on this subject1 in the form of an express oration1 ,i wrote my ,areopagitica4 ,footnote3 ,the ,latin of the passage will be found in the ,defensio ,secunda pro ,popalo ,anglicano4 ,in this passage1 written in #afed1 there is a slight anachronism4 ,all ,milton's ,marriage and ,divorce tracts had not yet been published3 two of them were still to come4 ,at the moment at which we have arrived1 however1 that mapping out of his labours on the ,domestic or ,private form of the general question of ,liberty which the passage explains must have already been in his mind4 ,he had written largely on a ,reform in ,marriage and ,divorce1 and more briefly on a ,reform in ,education4 ,in the ,marriage and ,divorce subject he had found himself met with an opposition which did not permit him yet to lay it aside2 but meanwhile1 in consequence of that opposition1 nay1 of the very form it had taken1 there had dawned on him1 by way of interlude and yet of strictly continuous industry1 a great third enterprise4 ,in any lull of war with the ,titans what is ,jove doing8 ,fingering his next thunderbolt4 ,released from all trouble by the ,committee of the ,commons1 and left at leisure in ,aldersgate ,street1 through ,september1 ,october1 and ,november1 #afdd1 what was ,milton doing8 ,preparing his ,areopagitica4 ,it appeared ,november #bd1 a month after the ,second ,battle of ,newbury1 and the very day before that outbreak by ,cromwell1 against the ,earl of ,manchester for slackness in the battle1 which led to the ,self-,denying ,ordinance and the ,new-,modelling of the ,army4 ,it was a small quarto of #dj pages with this title3-- ,,areopagitica2 ,a ,speech of ,mr4 ,john ,milton for the ,liberty of ,unlicens'd ,printing1 to the ,parlament of ,england4 ,greek3 ,touleutheron d'ekeino1 ei tis thelei polei ,chrston ti bouleum eis meson pherein1 echon4 ,kai tauth o chrzon1 lampros esth1 o m thelon1 ,siga ti touton estin isaiteron polei2 ,euripid4 ,hicetid4 ,this is true ,liberty1 when free-born men ,having to advise the public may speak free1 ,which he who can1 and will1 deserv's high praise1 ,who neither can nor will1 may hold his peace2 ,what can be juster in a ,state than this8 ,euripid4 ,hicetid4 ,london1 ,printed in the yeare #afdd4 ,there was no printer's or bookseller's name to the pamphlet2 and it came forth unlicensed and unregistered4 ,it would have been indeed absurd to ask one of the ,censors to license a pamphlet cutting up the whole system of ,censorship4 ,still here was another deliberate breach of the law by ,milton4 ,it was probably to soften and veil the offence that the pamphlet was cast into the form of a continuous ,speech or ,pleading by ,milton to ,parliament directly1 without recognition of the public in preface or epilogue4 ,footnote3 ,that ,nov4 #bd1 #afdd1 was the day of the publication of the ,areopagitica ,i learn from ,thomason's ,,ms4 note ,novemb4 #bd in the copy among the ,king's ,pamphlets in the ,british ,museum2 ,press ,mark #ab4 ,g4 e4#i4_/ahb4 ,the ,areopagitica is now by far the best-known of ,milton's pamphlets1 and indeed the only one of his prose-works generally read4 ,knowing his other prose-writings1 ,i have sometimes been angry at this choice of one of his pamphlets by which to recollect him as an ,english prose-writer4 ,i have ascribed it to our cowardly habit of taking delight only in what we already agree with1 of liking to read only what we already think1 or have been schooled into considering glorious1 axiomatic1 and ,british4 ,as there are parts of ,milton's prose-writings that would be even now as discomposing and irritating to an orthodox ,briton as to an orthodox ,spaniard or ,russian1 a genuine ,british reader might be expected perhaps to tend to those parts by preference4 ,hence there is something not wholly pleasing in the exclusive rush in our country now-a-days upon the ,areopagitica as representative of ,milton's prose4 ,and yet the reasons for the fact are perhaps sufficient4 ,though the doctrine of the ,treatise is now axiomatic1 one remembers1 as one reads1 that the battle for it had then to be fought1 that ,milton was the first and greatest to fight it1 and that this very book did more than any other to make the doctrine an axiom in ,britain4 ,but1 besides this historical interest1 the book possesses an interest of peculiar literary attractiveness4 ,it is perhaps the most skilful of all ,milton's prose- writings1 the most equable and sustained1 the easiest to be read straight through at once1 and the fittest to leave one glowing sensation of the power of the author's genius4 ,it is a pleading of the highest eloquence and courage1 with interspersed passages of curious information1 keen wit1 and even a rich humour1 such as we do not commonly look for in ,milton4 ,he must have taken great pains to make the performance popular4 ,after an exordium of respectful compliment to the ,parliament1 the rhetorical skill of which is as masterly as the sincerity is obvious1 ,milton announces his purpose4 ,he thinks so highly of the ,parliament that he will pay them the supreme compliment of questioning the wisdom of one of their ordinances and asking them to repeal it4 ,he then quotes the leading clause of the ,printing ,ordinance of ,june #ad1 #afdc1 enacting that no ,book1 ,pamphlet1 or ,paper should thenceforth be printed unless it had previously been approved and licensed by the official censors or one of them4 ,he is to challenge1 he says1 only that part of the ,ordinance4 ,he is not to challenge the part for preventing piracy of copyright2 which he thinks quite just1 though he can see that it may be abused so as to annoy honest men and booksellers4 ,from a passage farther on we learn also that ,milton did not object to a prohibition of anonymous publication2 for he refers with entire approbation to a previous ,parliamentary ,ordinance1 enacting that no book should be printed unless the names of the author and printer1 or at least that of the printer1 were registered4 ,if ,parliament had stopped at that ,order1 they would have been well advised2 it is the licensing ,enactment of the subsequent ,order of ,june #afdc that he is to reason against4 ,books1 indeed1 were things of which a ,commonwealth ought to take no less vigilant charge than of their living subjects1 ,for ,books are not absolutely dead things1 but do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as that soul whose progeny they are4 ,all the more reason to beware of violence against books4 ,as good almost kill a man as kill a good book4 ,who kills a man kills a reasonable creature1 ,god's image2 but he who destroys a good book kills reason itself1 kills the image of ,god as it were in the eye4 ,many a man lives a burden to the earth2 but a good book is the precious life-blood of a master-spirit1 embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life4 ,and how had this slaying of books1 and even the prevention of their birth1 by a ,censorship1 grown up8 ,after a historical sketch of the state of the law and practice respecting books among the ,greeks1 the ,romans1 and the early and mediaeval ,christians1 ,milton arrives at the conclusion that the system of ,censorship and ,licensing was an invention of the worst age of the ,papacy1 perfected by the ,spanish ,inquisition4 ,he gives one or two specimens of the elaborate imprimaturs prefixed to old ,italian books1 and makes much fun of them4 ,the ,papal invention1 he continues1 had passed on into ,prelatic ,england4 ,these are the pretty responsories1 these are the dear antiphonies that so bewitched our late prelates and their chaplains with the goodly echo they made1 and besotted us to the gay imitation of a lordly imprimatur1 one from the ,lambeth ,house the ,archbishop of ,canterbury's ,palace1 where ,,mss4 had to be left by their authors for revision by his chaplains1 another from the west end of ,paul's the site of ,stationers' ,hall4 ,yes6 but1 whoever were the inventors1 might not the invention itself be good8 ,to this question ,milton next proceeds1 and it leads him into the vitals of the subject4 ,he contends1 in the first place1 for the scholar's liberty of universal reading at his own peril1 his right of unlimited intellectual inquisitiveness4 ,what though there are bad and mischievous books8 ,books are as meats and viands are1 some of good1 some of evil substance1 and yet ,god in that unapocryphal vision said1 without exception1 ',rise1 ,peter1 kill and eat4' ,good and evil are inextricably mixed up together in everything in this world2 and the very discipline to virtue and strength consists in full walking amid both1 distinguishing1 avoiding1 and choosing4 ,i cannot praise a fugitive and cloistered virtue1 unexercised and unbreathed1 that never sallies out to see her adversary1 but slinks out of the race where that immortal garland is to be run for notwithstanding dust and heat4 ,assuredly we bring not innocence into the world1 we bring impurity much rather2 that which purifies is trial1 and trial is by what is contrary4 ,there is much more in the same strain1 a favourite one with ,milton1 with instances of readings in evil books turned to good account4 ,plato's ,censorship of ,books1 or general regulation of literature by the magistrate1 is handled gently1 as only ,plato's whimsy for his own airy ,republic4 ,what if the principle of ,state- licensing were carried out8 ,whatever thing we hear or see1 sitting1 walking1 travelling1 or conversing1 may be fitly called our book4 ,well1 shall the ,state regulate singing1 dancing1 street-music1 concerts in the house1 looking out at windows1 standing on balconies1 eating1 drinking1 dressing1 love-making8 ,it would be better done to learn that the law must needs be frivolous which goes to restrain things uncertainly1 and yet equally1 working to good and to evil4 ,and1 were ,i the chooser1 a dram of well-doing should be preferred before many times as much the forcible hindrance of evil-doing4 ,besides1 suppression even of such tangible things as books by a ,censorship was really impracticable1 and everybody knew it4 ,in spite of the existing ,censorship1 were not ,royalist libels against the ,parliament in everybody's hands in ,london every week1 wet from the press8 ,the system was a monstrous injustice and annoyance1 and it did not answer its own end4 ,if the end were honestly the suppression of false and bad books1 and if that end were in itself proper1 and also practicable with sufficient means1 all would still depend on the qualifications of the ,licensers4 ,and here ,milton frankly lets the existing ,english licensers of ,books1 and especially the twelve parish-ministers among them1 know his opinion of their office3-- ,it cannot be denied but that he who is made judge to sit upon the birth or death of ,books1 whether they may be wafted into this world or not1 had need to be a man above the common measure1 both studious1 learned1 and judicious3 there may be else no mean mistakes in the censure of what is passable or not2 which is also no mean injury4 ,if he be of such worth as behoves him1 there cannot be a more tedious and unpleasing journey-work1 a greater loss of time levied upon his head1 than to be made the perpetual reader of unchosen books and pamphlets1 ofttimes huge volumes4 ,there is no book that is acceptable unless at certain seasons2 but to be enjoined the reading of that at all times1 and in a hand scarce legible1 whereof three pages would not down at any time in the fairest print1 is an imposition which ,i cannot believe how he that values time and his own studies1 or is but of a sensible nostril1 should be able to endure4 ,in this one thing ,i crave leave of the present ,licensers to be pardoned for so thinking3 who doubtless took this office up1 looking on it through their obedience to the ,parliament1 whose command perhaps made all things seem easy and unlaborious to them4 ,but that this short trial hath wearied them out already1 their own expressions and excuses to them who make so many journeys to solicit their license 767 are testimony enough4 ,seeing therefore those who now possess the employment by all evident signs wish themselves well rid of it1 and that no man of worth1 none that is not a plain unthrift of his own hours1 is ever likely to succeed them1 except he mean to put himself to the salary of a press-corrector1 we may easily foresee what kind of ,licensers we are to expect hereafter--either ignorant1 imperious1 and remiss1 or basely pecuniary4444 ,how much it hurts and hinders the ,licensers themselves in the calling of their ministry1 more than any secular employment1 if they will discharge that office as they ought1 so that they must neglect either the one duty or the other1 ,i insist not1 because it is a particular1 but leave it to their own conscience how they will decide it there4 ,closely following this glance at the ,licensers and their business is a description of the true ,author and his business1 and of the indignities and discomforts put upon him by the ,licensing system3-- ,when a man writes to the world1 he summons up all his reason and deliberation to assist him2 he searches1 meditates1 is industrious1 and likely consults and confers with his judicious friends3 after all which done he takes himself to be informed in what he writes1 as well as any that writ before him4 ,if in this1 the most consummate act of his fidelity and ripeness1 no years1 no industry1 no former proof of his abilities1 can bring him to that state of maturity as not to be still mistrusted and suspected unless he carry all his considerate diligence1 all his midnight watchings and expense of ,palladian oil1 to the hasty view of an unleisured ,licenser--perhaps much his younger1 perhaps far his inferior in judgment1 perhaps one who never knew the labour of book-writing2 and1 if he be not repulsed or slighted1 must appear in print like a punie child with his guardian1 and his censor's hand on the back of his title1 to be his bail and surety that he is no idiot or seducer2--it cannot be but a dishonour and derogation to the ,author1 to the ,book1 to the privilege and dignity of ,learning4 ,and what if the ,author shall be one so copious of fancy as to have many things well worth the adding come into his mind1 after licensing1 while the book is yet under the press-- which not seldom happens to the best and diligentest writers1 and that perhaps a dozen times in one book8 ,the ,printer dares not go beyond his licensed copy3 so often then must the ,author trudge to his leave-giver1 that those his new insertions may be viewed2 and many a jaunt will be made ere that ,licenser 7for it must be the same man7 can either be found1 or found at leisure4 ,meanwhile either the press must stand still 7which is no small damage7 or the ,author lose his accuratest thoughts1 and send the book forth worse than he had made it2 which is the greatest melancholy and vexation that can befall4 ,and how can a man teach with authority1 which is the life of teaching1 how can he be a doctor in his book1 as he ought to be or else had better be silent1 whenas all he teaches1 all he delivers1 is but under the tuition1 under the correction1 of his patriarchal ,licenser1 to blot or alter what precisely accords not with the hide-bound humour which he calls his judgment8 ,the last half of the pamphlet is perhaps more knotty and powerful than the first4 ,milton's well-known retrospect of what he had seen in ,italy1 with his reminiscence of ,galileo1 occurs here4 ,but his drift has now been made sufficiently apparent2 and we shall best discharge what remains of our duty by presenting certain pieces of autobiographical information which the pamphlet supplies3-- ,we learn1 for one thing1 that ,milton did not stand alone in his detestation of the ,censorship1 but represented a considerable constituency in the matter1 and had even been solicited to be their spokesman and write this pamphlet4 ,those very words of complaint1 he says1 which he had heard1 six years before1 uttered by learned men in ,italy against the ,inquisition1 it had been his fortune to hear uttered of late by as learned men in ,england against the ,licensing ,ordinance of the ,parliament4 ,and that so generally1 he adds1 that1 when ,i had disclosed myself a companion of their discontent1 ,i might say1 if without envy1 that he whom an honest qustorship had endeared to the ,sicilians ,cicero was not more by them importuned against ,verres than the favourable opinion which ,i had among many who honour ye1 and are known and respected by ye1 loaded me with entreaties and persuasions that ,i would not despair to lay together that which just reason should bring into my mind toward the removal of an undeserved thraldom upon ,learning4 ,that this is not therefore the disburdening of a particular fancy1 but the common grievance of all those who had prepared their minds and studies above the vulgar pitch to advance truth in others1 thus much may satisfy4 ,again1 in a pamphlet the subject of which is ,books and ,authors1 we have naturally some incidental indications of ,milton's literary tastes and preferences4 ,the most interesting of these are perhaps the following3--,he was as fond as ever of ,spenser1 our sage and serious poet as he calls him1 whom ,i dare be known to think a better teacher than ,scotus or ,aquinas4 ,he thought ,arminius acute and distinct1 though perverted4 ,he would be no slave even to ,plato1 but would take the liberty of quizzing any of the oddities even of that gorgeous intellect4 ,on moral grounds1 he could not bear ,aristophanes1 and wondered how ,plato could have recommended such trash as the comedies of that writer to the tyrant ,dionysius4 ,his great liking for ,euripides is shown by his taking four lines from that poet's ,hiketides as the motto for the pamphlet4 ,lord ,bacon is again mentioned reverently1 once as ,sir ,francis ,bacon and again as ,viscount ,st4 ,albans4 ,there is a tribute of high admiration to the ,parliamentarian peer1 ,lord ,brooke1 so recently lost to ,england1 and to the tract on the ,nature of ,episcopacy he had left behind him3 those last words of his dying charge which ,i know will ever be of dear and honoured regard with ye1 so full of meekness and breathing charity that1 next to ,his last testament who bequeathed love and peace to his disciples1 ,i cannot call to mind where ,i have read or heard words more mild and peaceful4 ,selden is again referred to and complimented3 one of your own now sitting in ,parliament1 the chief of learned men reputed in this land4 ,acquaintance1 on the other hand1 is implied or avowed1 on ,milton's part1 with some of the most notoriously ribald writers that the world had produced3 with ,petronius ,arbiter1 and him of ,arozzo dreaded and yet dear to the ,italian ,courtiers1 and an ,englishman whom he will not name1 for posterity's sake1 but whom ,harry the ,eighth named in merriment his ,vicar of ,hell4 ,we may add1 that ,wycliffe and ,knox are both honourably mentioned in the ,areopagitica3 ,knox as the ,reformer of a ,kingdom1 and ,wycliffe as an ,englishman who had perhaps had potentially in him all that had since come from the ,bohemian ,huss1 the ,german ,luther1 or the ,french ,calvin4 ,a more special piece of information supplied1 or rather only confirmed1 by the ,areopagitica1 is that ,milton1 when he wrote it1 had broken off utterly from the ,presbyterians1 and regarded the domination of that party in the ,westminster ,assembly with complete disgust4 ,if it come to inquisitioning again1 and licensing1 he says1 and that we are so timorous of ourselves1 and so suspicious of all men1 as to fear each book1 and the shaking of every leaf1 before we know what the contents are1--if some1 who but of late were little better than silenced from preaching1 shall come now to silence us from reading1 except what they please1--it cannot be guessed what is intended by some but a second tyranny over ,learning2 and will soon put it out of controversy that ,bishops and ,presbyters are the same to us1 both name and thing4 ,again1 a little farther on1 ,this is not1 ye ,covenants and ,protestations that we have made1 this is not to put down ,prelaty3 this is but to chop an ,episcopacy2 this is but to translate the ,palace ,metropolitan from one kind of dominion into another4 ,again1 ,a man may be a heretic in the ,truth2 and1 if he believe things only because his pastor says so1 or the ,assembly so determines1 without knowing other reason1 though his belief be true1 yet the very truth he holds becomes his heresy4 ,again1 ,he who hears what praying there is for light and clearer knowledge to be sent down among us would think of other matters to be constituted1 beyond the discipline of ,geneva1 framed and fabricked already to our hands4 ,again1 of ,ecclesiastical ,assemblies in general1 and the ,westminster ,assembly in particular1 ,neither is ,god appointed and confined where and out of what place these his chosen shall be first heard to speak2 for ,he sees not as man sees1 chooses not as man chooses1 lest we should devote ourselves again to set places1 and ,assemblies1 and outward callings of men1 planting our faith one while in the old ,convocation ,house1 and another while in the ,chapel at ,westminster2 when all the faith that shall be there canonized is not sufficient1 without plain convincement and the charity of patient instruction1 to supple the least bruise of conscience1 to edify the meanest ,christian who desires to walk in the spirit and not in the letter of human trust1 for all the number of voices that can there be made--no1 though ,harry the ,seventh himself there1 with all his liege tombs about him1 should lend them voices from the dead to swell their number1 ,footnote3 ,the original meeting-place of the ,westminster ,assembly1 and their meeting-place in the summer months1 was ,henry the ,seventh's ,chapel4 ,in winter it was the ,jerusalem ,chamber--which had been the ,convocation ,house of the ,english clergy before the ,long ,parliament4 ,again1 he says that1 if the ,presbyterians1 themselves so recently released from ,episcopal tyranny1 should not have been taught by their own suffering1 but should continue active in suppressing others1 it would be no unequal distribution in the first place to suppress the suppressors themselves4 ,milton1 however1 the ,areopagitica proves1 had not passed away from ,presbyterianism only to become an ordinary ,congregationalist or ,independent4 ,in the fight between the ,presbyterians and the ,independents of the ,assembly he would now1 undoubtedly1 have taken part with the ,independents2 but ,messrs4 ,goodwin1 ,nye1 and the rest of them1 had they interrogated him why1 would have found him a strange adherent4 ,for he had passed on into an ,independency1 if it could be called ,independency1 more extreme than theirs1 and resembling rather the vague ,independency that ,cromwell represented1 and that was rife in the ,army4 ,the very notion of an official minister of ,religion1 anyhow appointed1 had become comical to him4 ,it had come to seem to him supremely ridiculous that there should be anything like a caste of ,brahmins or officers of ,religion in ,england1 by whatever means that caste should be formed or recruited4 ,to curtail proof under this head1 let me give but one extract4 ,it is the richest bit of sheer humour that ,i have yet found in ,milton1 and is better and deeper1 in that kind1 than anything in ,sydney ,smith3-- ,,being ,,religious ,,by ,,deputy3 ,,or ,,the ,,use ,,of ,a ,,popular ,,london ,,clergyman4 ,there is not any burden that some would gladlier post off to another than the charge and care of their ,religion4 ,there be--who knows not that there be8--of ,protestants and professors who live and die in as arrant and implicit faith as any lay ,papist of ,loretto4 ,a wealthy man1 addicted to his pleasure and profits1 finds ,religion to be a traffic so entangled1 and of so many piddling accounts1 that of all mysteries he cannot skill to keep a stock going on that trade4 ,what should he do8 ,fain he would have the name to be religious2 fain he would bear up with his neighbours in that4 ,what does he therefore but resolves to give over toiling1 and to find himself out some factor1 to whose care and credit he may commit the whole managing of his religious affairs3 some ,divine of note and estimation that must be4 ,to him he adheres2 resigns the whole warehouse of his ,religion1 with all the locks and keys1 into his custody2 and indeed makes the very person of that man his ,religion--esteems his associating with him a sufficient evidence and commendatory of his own piety4 ,so that a man may say his ,religion is now no more within himself1 but is become a dividual movable1 and goes and comes near him according as that good man frequents the house4 ,he entertains him1 gives him gifts1 feasts him1 lodges him2 his ,religion comes home at night1 prays1 is liberally supt and sumptuously laid to sleep1 rises1 is saluted2 and1 after the malmsey or some well-spiced brewage1 and better breakfasted than ,he whose morning appetite would have gladly fed on green figs between ,bethany and ,jerusalem1 his ,religion walks abroad at eight1 and leaves his kind entertainer in the shop1 trading all day without his ,religion4 ,what light does the ,areopagitica throw on ,milton's notion of ,toleration1 or ,liberty of ,conscience1 and on his feelings towards the ,sects and ,sectaries generally among whom he was now ranked8 ,it is not uncommon to regard the ,areopagitica as one of the first and greatest ,english pleas for ,liberty of ,conscience2 and1 broadly viewed1 it is4 ,but strictly it is not a plea for ,liberty of ,conscience or for ,toleration1 but only for the liberty of unlicensed ,printing4 ,milton's views of ,liberty of ,conscience appear only by implication in the course of this one argument4 ,so far as they do appear1 it cannot be said that ,milton advocated a ,liberty of ,conscience so complete and absolute as ,roger ,williams's or ,john ,goodwin's4 ,he even saves himself from the imputation of doing so4 ,if all cannot be of one mind1 he says1 this doubtless is more wholesome1 more prudent1 and more ,christian1 that many be tolerated1 rather than all compelled4 ,i mean not tolerated ,popery and open superstition2 which1 as it extirpates all religious and civil supremacies1 so itself should be extirpate--provided first that all charitable and a compassionate means be used to win and regain the weak and the misled4 ,that also which is impious or evil absolutely1 either against faith or manners1 no law can possibly permit that intends not to unlaw itself4 ,there are hints also to the effect that1 while ,milton wanted liberty of unlicensed publication for all kinds of books1 he did not deny the right of the magistrate to call writers to account1 in certain cases1 for the opinions they had published4 ,on the whole1 therefore1 in his theory of ,toleration1 ,milton was decidedly behind some of his contemporaries4 ,one can see1 however1 that he was uneasy in his exceptions1 and had little care for them in comparison with the principle he meant them to limit4 ,practically he stands forth in the ,areopagitica as the advocate of a ,toleration that would have satisfied all the necessities of the juncture1 by giving full liberty not only to orthodox ,congregationalists1 but also to ,baptists1 so-called ,antinomians1 and ,seekers1 and perhaps all other ,protestant sects that had any real rooting at that time in ,english society4 ,his whole oration breathes the full principle rather than the exceptions4 ,give me1 he says1 the liberty to know1 to utter and to argue freely according to my conscience1 above all liberties4 ,and he makes a brave defence of the existing ,sects1 without putting a mark of exclusion on any4 ,those ,sects and ,schisms1 ,sects and ,schisms1 which weak men were bewailing1 and the ,presbyterians were calling on ,parliament to crush1 appeared to ,milton not only something that must be permitted because it could not be prevented1 but positively the finest ,english phenomenon of the time1 and the richest in promise3-- ,the light which we have gained was given us not to be ever staring on1 but by it to discover onward things more remote from our knowledge4 ,it is not the unfrocking of a ,priest1 the unmitring of a ,bishop1 and the removing him from off the ,presbyterian shoulders1 that will make us a happy nation4 ,no1 if other things as great in the ,church1 and in the rule of life both economical and political1 be not looked into and reformed1 we have looked so long upon the blaze that ,zuinglius and ,calvin hath beaconed up to us that we are stark blind4 ,there be who perpetually complain of ,schisms and ,sects1 and make it such a calamity that any man dissents from their maxims4444 ,lords and ,commons of ,england1 consider what ,nation it is whereof ye are1 and whereof ye are the governors3 a ,nation not slow and dull1 but of a quick1 ingenious1 and piercing spirit1 acute to invent1 subtle and sinewy to discourse1 not beneath the reach of any point the highest that human capacity can soar to4444 ,now once again1 by all concurrence of signs1 and by the general instinct of holy and devout men1 as they daily and solemnly express their thoughts1 ,god is decreeing to begin some new and great period in his ,church1 even to the reforming of ,reformation itself4 ,what does ,he then but reveal himself to his servants1 and1 as his manner is1 first to his ,englishmen--,i say1 as his manner is1 first to us1 though we mark not the method of his counsels and are unworthy8 ,behold now this vast ,city1 a city of refuge1 the mansion-house of ,liberty1 encompassed and surrounded with ,his protection4 ,the shop of war hath not there more anvils and hammers working1 to fashion out the plates and instruments of armed ,justice in defence of beleaguered ,truth1 than there be pens and heads there1 sitting by their studious lamps1 musing1 searching1 revolving new notions and ideas1 wherewith to present1 as with their homage and their fealty1 the approaching ,reformation3 others as fast reading1 trying all things1 assenting to the force of reason and convincement4 ,what could a man require more from a ,nation so pliant and so prone to seek after knowledge8 ,what wants there to such a towardly and pregnant soil1 but wise and faithful labourers1 to make a knowing people1 a ,nation of prophets1 of sages1 and of worthies8444 ,where there is much desire to learn1 there of necessity will be much arguing1 much writing1 many opinions2 for ,opinion in good men is but ,knowledge in the making4 ,under these fantastic terrors of ,sect and ,schism we wrong the earnest and zealous thirst after knowledge and understanding which ,god hath stirred up in this city4 ,what some lament of we rather should rejoice at1 should praise rather this pious forwardness among men to reassume the ill- deputed care of their ,religion into their own hands again4444 ,as in a body1 when the blood is fresh1 the spirits pure and vigorous1 not only to vital1 but to rational faculties1 and those in the acutest and the pertest operations of art and subtlety1 it argues in what good plight and constitution the body is1 so1 when the cheerfulness of the people is so sprightly up as that it has not only wherewith to guard well its own freedom and safety1 but to spare1 and to bestow upon the solidest and sublimest points of controversy and new invention1 it betokens us not degenerated1 nor drooping to a fatal decay1 but casting off the old and wrinkled skin of corruption to outlive these pangs and wax young again1 entering the glorious ways of ,truth and prosperous virtue destined to become great and honourable in these latter ages4 ,methinks ,i see in my mind a noble and puissant ,nation rousing herself like a strong man after sleep1 and shaking her invincible locks2 methinks ,i see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youth1 and kindling her undazzled eyes at the full midday beam2 purging and unsealing her long-abused sight at the fountain itself of heavenly radiance1 while the whole noise of timorous and flocking birds1 with those also that love the twilight1 flutter about1 amazed at what she means1 and in their envious gabble would prognosticate a year of ,sects and ,schisms4 ,after this it is bathos to speak of the ,stationers' ,company2 but we must do so4 ,for1 at the end of the ,areopagitica there is a distinct insinuation by ,milton that the ,ordinance he was asking the ,parliament to repeal was less the invention of ,parliament itself than of some cunning ,stationers4 ,if we may believe those men1 he says1 whose profession gives them cause to inquire most i4e4 some worthy booksellers of ,milton's acquaintance it may be doubted there was in it the fraud of some old patentees and monopolisers in the trade of bookselling2 who1 under pretence of the poor in their ,company not to be defrauded1 and the just retaining of each man his several copy--which ,god forbid should be gainsaid--brought divers glozing colours to the ,house1 which were indeed but colours1 and serving to no end except it be to exercise a superiority over their neighbours4 ,milton makes a farther and worse insinuation4 ,another end1 he says1 is thought was aimed at by some of them in procuring by petition this order--that1 having power in their hands1 malignant books might easier scape abroad i4e4 get about the country1 as the event shows4 ,here was a hit for some of the good people about ,paternoster ,row4 ,,second ,,prosecution ,,of ,,milton ,,by ,,the ,,stationers' ,,company3 ,,conduct ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,lords ,,in ,,the ,,case4 ,it might have been safer for ,milton to let the ,stationers alone4 ,for1 within five weeks after the publication of the ,areopagitica1 ,i find him again in trouble1 and all by the doing of the ,stationers' ,company1 in revenge for his past offences and this new insult4 ,the story1 as ,i have dug it out of the ,lords' ,journals1 with some help from old pamphlets1 is as follows3-- ,monday the #ith of ,december1 #afdd1 there being twenty-one ,peers present1 and ,lord ,grey of ,wark in the chair1 a scandalous printed libel against the ,peerage of this realm was brought into the ,house and read2 and this ,house ordered1 that the ,master and ,wardens of the ,company of ,stationers shall attend this ,house at four of the clock this afternoon1 to know of them whether they do know of the print and can discover the author of it4 ,that same afternoon1 accordingly1 there being now but fifteen peers present1 the three gentlemen who had been sent for--,messrs4 ,mead1 ,parker1 and ,whittaker--appeared1 and with this result3 ,the ,master and ,wardens of the ,company of ,stationers desired some longer time1 and they will do their best endeavours to find out the printer that printed the scandalous libel brought into this ,house this day2 and this ,house gave two or three days longer4 ,on ,friday the #acth of ,december they have not yet found either the author or the printer2 but they have caught a poor fellow1 ,george ,jeffrey1 apprentice to a hosier in ,cornhill1 who had been dispersing copies of the libel in ,london4 ,examined by the ,earls of ,salisbury and ,kent1 aided by the ,judges1 this ,george ,jeffrey confesses all about it4 ,on ,monday morning last 7the very day on which the ,lords first discussed the subject7 he had found two-and-twenty copies of the thing between the stall-boards of his master's stall1 put there by he knew not whom4 ,he had taken them into the shop1 read one of them1 and been so greatly amused by it that he had told his neighbours of the prize4 ,some of the more unruly of the neighbours had snatched at copies and carried them off1 so that he had only two left4 ,when he found that there was a hue and cry on the matter1 and that he had got himself into trouble1 he had done what he could4 ,he had sent his own two remaining copies to the ,lord ,mayor1 and had recovered six of the other copies and sent them to the ,mayor too1 naming the persons from whom he got them back4 ,one was an exciseman1 one an oilman2 and one or two were apprentices like himself2 but there was also one ,thomas ,heath1 who was actually the ,lord ,mayor's kinsman4 ,this was positively all he knew of the matter2 and he could not tell where the papers came from1 nor where any more were to be found4 ,apparently the ,peers believed him1 for he was discharged on his own promise to attend again if he should be called for4 ,the libel1 however1 seems to have been unusually flagrant4 ,the ,peers sent a copy of ,george ,jeffrey's examination to the ,lord ,mayor1 with instructions that he should both give an account of what he had already done in the business and also prosecute it farther4 ,it is not till ,dec4 #bf that we hear more4 ,on that day1 two-and-twenty ,peers being present1 and nothing having been farther reported either by the ,lord ,mayor or the ,stationers1 it was ordered that the ,lord ,mayor of ,london and the ,printers be sent to1 to give an account of the scandalous paper printed and dispersed1 what they have done in discovering the ,author1 ,printer1 and ,publisher4 ,the ,mayor and the ,stationers still not responding1 the order was repeated more peremptorily on ,saturday1 ,dec4 #bh1 one-and-twenty ,peers being present4 ,the gentleman-usher of the ,house went there and then for the two ,wardens of the ,stationers' ,company1 who forthwith appeared and gave this account3 ,they have used their best endeavours to find out the printer and author of the scandalous libel1 but they cannot yet make any discovery thereof1 the letter type being so common a letter2 and further complained of the frequent printing of scandalous ,books by divers1 as ,hezekiah ,woodward and ,jo4 ,milton4--,here was an extremely clever trick of ,messrs4 ,parker and ,whittaker6 ,they were themselves in trouble for not being good detectives3 what if they diverted the attention of the ,peers1 while they were in this angry mood1 upon other objects8 ,it is as if they said to the ,peers1 ,it is a very hard matter sometimes to find out the authors and printers of scandalous tracts2 but really the abuse has attained to frightful dimensions1 and perhaps the leniency of your ,lordships in cases where the authors of scandalous tracts are well enough known encourages others4 ,last ,august1 for example1 we took the liberty of calling the attention of the ,house of ,commons to a ,tract on ,divorce by ,mr4 ,john ,milton1 which the ,assembly unanimously condemns as containing horrid doctrine1 and which ,mr4 ,palmer denounced on that ground in the hearing of your ,lordships4 ,it was our duty to do so1 because the ,tractate1 in any case1 was unlicensed and unregistered1 and therefore a violation of the ,printing ,ordinance4 ,the ,commons referred the subject to their ,committee for ,printing1 but nothing appears to have been done4 ,and now1 as your ,lordships have sent for us on this other matter1 in which we are sorry not to have succeeded as we could have wished1 allow us to mention that the same ,mr4 ,milton has since then--in fact1 only last month-put forth another pamphlet1 called ,areopagitica1 with his name to it certainly and addressed to your ,lordships and the other ,house1 but with no printer's name1 and unlicensed and unregistered1 like most of its predecessors4 ,the pamphlet contains some very injurious personal reflections on us2 but we should not think of mentioning it merely on that ground4 ,it is very bold and strange altogether1 very disrespectful to the ,assembly1 and is an attack on the whole ,ordinance for ,printing which it wilfully breaks4 ,besides ,mr4 ,milton there are others as bad3 for instance1 ,mr4 ,hezekiah ,woodward4 ,who ,mr4 ,hezekiah ,woodward was the reader already1 in some degree1 knows4 ,he was that old friend of ,samuel ,hartlib's to whom ,hartlib1 in ,aug4 #afdd1 had addressed a letter requesting his opinion of ,edwards's ,antapologia1 and who had furnished that opinion1 which was published1 with ,hartlib's letter1 in the following month 7ant74 ,he must have been fond of using his pen2 for ,i find him to have been the author of at least seven other pamphlets1 published before our present date1 viz4 ,the ,kings ,chronicle 7#afdc72 ,three ,kingdoms made ,one 7#afdc72 ,the ,cause1 ,use1 and ,cure of ,fear 7#afdc72 ,a ,good ,soldier maintaining his ,militia 7#afdd72 ,the ,sentence from ,reason and ,scripture against ,archbishops and ,bishops1 with their ,curates 7#afdd72 ,as you were 7#afdd72 ,inquiries into the ,causes of our ,miseries 7#afdd74 ,the last-named but one of these pamphlets gives at least one additional particular about ,woodward4 ,its full title is ,as you were3 or a ,reducing 7if possibly any7 seduc't ones to facing-about1 turning head-front against ,god1 by the ,recrimination 7so intended7 upon ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 7,pastor of the ,church in ,coleman ,street7 in point of fighting against ,god4 ,by an unworthy auditor of the said 7,juditious pious ,divine7 ,master ,john ,goodwin4 ,this may have been the very pamphlet1 or one of the pamphlets1 of ,woodward which the ,stationers had in view when they complained of him2 for it was published ,nov4 #ac1 #afdd1 or exactly eleven days before the ,areopagitica1 and it appeared anonymously and without a licence4 ,out of the confused wording of the title we gather that ,woodward was a hearer and admirer of ,john ,goodwin1 and that the tract was intended as in some sort a vindication of that ,sectary against attacks that had been made upon him in connexion more especially with a pamphlet of his entitled ,theomachia4 ,all this1 though slight1 is not uninteresting4 ,it presents to us ,woodward as a ,london citizen of what maybe called the ,hartlib-,goodwin connexion1 and possibly therefore known to ,milton personally4 ,he lived in ,aldermanbury1 and was addicted to writing pamphlets4 ,from what ,i have read of them ,i judge him to have been a mild1 hazy-headed person1 with a liking for indefiniteness and elbow-room rather than ,presbyterian strictness1 and therefore ranking among the ,sectaries1 but of such small mark individually that1 but for his incidental association with ,milton in the business under notice1 we should not now have had any particular interest in inquiring about him4 ,for some reason or other1 however1 the ,stationers thought him worth their hostility4 ,had they any trade dislike to ,hartlib8 ,it is somewhat curious that the two persons they selected to be complained against were two of ,hartlib's friends4 ,footnote3 ,for particulars here about ,woodward1 in addition to those already given 7ant pp4 #bcj-a71 my authorities are 7#a7 ,the ,british ,museum ,library ,catalogue3 ,woodward1 ,hezekiah2 7#b7 ,the two publications named as consulted by myself1 viz41 ,woodward's ,as ,you ,were1 and his joint-tract with ,hartlib1 ,a ,short ,letter1 c41 with a large but modest answer1 which last is not given in the ,museum ,catalogue among ,woodward's publications1 but came in my way in my researches for ,hartlib2 7#c7 ,,ms4 notes of ,thomason in ,museum copies of these two publications3 viz41 in the first the words suposed to be ,ezech4 ,woodward's1 and the date ,novemb4 #ac1 ,london2 in the second the date ,sept #ad4 ,to resume our story from the ,lords' ,journals3--,the device of the two ,wardens for diverting the attention of the ,peers was for the moment successful4 ,the ,peers on the same day 7,sat4 ,dec4 #bh71 as soon as the ,wardens had withdrawn1 passed this order3 ,hereupon it is ordered1 that it be referred to ,mr4 ,justice ,reeves and ,mr4 ,justice ,bacon to examine the said ,woodward and ,milton1 and such others as the ,master and ,wardens of the ,stationers' ,company shall give information of1 concerning the printing and publishing their ,books and ,pamphlets1 and to examine also what they know concerning the ,libel the ,libel against the ,peers of which ,george ,jeffrey had dispersed copies1 who was the author1 printer1 and contriver of it2 and the ,gentleman-,usher shall attach the parties1 and bring them before the ,judges2 and the ,stationers are to be present at their examinations1 and give evidence against them4 ,this was clearly a tighter action against ,milton than the former one by the ,commons4 ,what came of it8--,woodward's business came up on the next ,tuesday1 ,dec4 #ca1 when ,mr4 ,justice ,bacon informed this ,house of some papers which ,ezechiell ,woodward it was ,hezekiah before confessed he made3 ,hereupon it is ordered1 that ,mr4 ,serjeant ,whitfield shall peruse them over1 and report them to this ,house2 and1 because the said ,woodward is now in custody of the ,gentleman-,usher1 it is ordered1 ,he shall be released1 giving his own bond to appear before this ,house when he shall be summoned4 ,woodward's offence1 it would therefore seem1 was considered venial4 ,he had nothing to do with the ,libel that was the special subject of inquiry2 and1 though he had confessed to the authorship of some anonymous papers recently published1 there seemed to be nothing formidable in them4 ,he might go back to his house in ,aldermanbury on his own recognisances4 ,footnote3 ,soft ,answers unto ,hard ,censures1 ,london #afde1 is the title of a tract of ,woodward's subsequent to the incident of the text1 and possibly referring to it2 after which ,i find him1 so far as there is evidence1 totally silent till #afef4 ,in that year he published four new religious or politico religious pamphlets2 which is the last ,i know of him at present4 ,but what of ,milton8 ,not a word about him in the ,journals of the same day4 ,he was not in the custody of the ,gentleman-,usher then at all events2 and so far he had been more fortunate than ,woodward4 ,possibly1 he had had a call from the ,usher in his house in ,aldersgate ,street on the ,saturday or ,monday1 had accompanied him to the chambers of ,mr4 ,justice ,reeve or ,mr4 ,justice ,bacon1 had confronted the ,master and ,wardens of the ,stationers' ,company there1 and had there given such a satisfactory and straightforward account of his questioned pamphlets that there was no need for detaining him1 or troubling him farther4 ,some report may have been made to the ,peers by the ,justices2 but if so1 it was of such a kind1 and the ,peers themselves had such information about ,milton1 that they thought it best to let the matter drop without the least farther mention of it4 ,if even two or three of them had read the ,areopagitica 7and probably even more had71 that alone would have honourably acquitted him4 ,it appears1 however1 from a subsequent allusion by ,milton himself1 as if the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce was still the real stumbling-block4 ,on that subject too the ,peers may have been a little liberal by this time4 ,was not the great ,mr4 ,selden understood to hold opinions on ,marriage and ,divorce very much the same as those ,mr4 ,milton had published8 ,so the ,peers may have reasoned for themselves2 and it is not at all improbable that ,selden1 ,vane1 and others of the ,lower ,house may have given them a hint what to do4 ,and so the ,booksellers were baulked again4 ,baillie and ,gillespie1 who did not leave ,london for their ,scottish holiday till ,jan4 #f1 #afdd-e1 may have been a little disappointed1 and the ,presbyterians generally4 ,footnote3 ,authorities for this curious story are the entries in the ,lords' ,journals of the dates named--,vol4 ,,vii4 pp4 #ia1 #ib1 #ig1 #aae1 #aaf1 and #aah4 ,the one-and-twenty ,peers who were present on ,saturday1 ,dec4 #bh1 when the order for ,milton's examination was issued were--,lord ,grey of ,wark1 as ,speaker2 the ,lord ,general the ,earl of ,essex2 the ,lord ,high ,admiral the ,earl of ,warwick2 ,earls ,rutland1 ,kent1 ,pembroke1 ,salisbury1 ,bolingbroke1 ,manchester1 ,nottingham1 ,northumberland1 ,denbigh1 and ,stamford2 ,viscount ,saye and ,sele2 and ,lords ,north1 ,montague1 ,howard of ,escrick1 ,berkeley1 ,bruce1 ,willoughby of ,parham1 and ,wharton4 ,the same ,peers1 with the omission of the ,earl of ,northumberland and ,lord ,wharton1 and the addition of the ,earl of ,suffolk 7i4e4 twenty ,peers in all71 were present on ,dec4 #ca1 when a report was made on ,woodward's case1 but none on ,milton's4--,selden's ,uxor ,ebraica was published in #afdf1 and was then much welcomed by ,milton4--,that the ,divines of the ,westminster ,assembly were at the back of this second prosecution of ,milton1 though the authorities of the ,stationers' ,company were the nominal accusers1 is not only probable in itself1 but is distinctly implied by ,anthony ,wood's reference to the affair 7,fasti ,i4 #dhc74 ,upon the publication of the said three books of marriage and divorce1 says ,wood1 with a slight error as to the number of the books on that subject then published1 the ,assembly of ,divines then sitting at ,westminster took special notice of them2 and thereupon1 though the author had obliged them by his pen in his defence of ,smectymnuus1 and other their controversies had with the ,bishops1 they1 impatient of having the clergy's jurisdiction 7as they reckoned it7 invaded1 did1 instead of answering or disproving what those books had asserted1 cause him to be summoned before the ,house of ,lords3 but that ,house1 whether approving the doctrine1 or not favouring the accusers1 did soon dismiss him4 ,,the ,,divorce ,,controversy ,,continued3 ,,herbert ,,palmer',s ,,sermon ,,published3 ,,other ,,attacks ,,on ,,milton4 ,and now we are in the winter of #afdd-e1 when ,parliament and all ,london1 and all ,england1 were astir with the two great businesses of the ,new- ,modelling of the ,parliamentary ,army and the ,self-,denying ,ordinance4 ,it was with public talk about these matters1 and about such contemporary matters as the execution of ,laud1 the death of ,century ,white1 and the abortive ,treaty of ,uxbridge1 that any immediate influence from ,milton's ,areopagitica must have mingled4 ,in the midst of it all he had other labours on hand4 ,they were still on the woful subject of ,divorce4 ,not only had the subject fastened on ,milton with all the force of a propagandist passion1 urging him to repeated expositions of it2 there were1 moreover1 fresh external occasions calling on him not to desist4 ,of four such external occasions1 amid others now unknown to us1 we may here take note3--,footnote3 ,palmer's ,dedication of the ,sermon4 ,herbert ,palmer's sermon1 with the attack on ,milton still remaining in it1 had now been published4 ,some bodily indispositions had prevented ,palmer from at once complying with the request of the two ,houses that he would print the sermon2 but at length1 in ,september or ,october #afdd1 it had appeared4 ,footnote3 ,by ,william ,prynne1 of ,lincoln's ,inn1 ,esquier3 ,london1 ,printed for ,michael ,sparke1 ,sem41 and are to be sold at the ,blew ,bible in ,green ,arbour1 #afdd4 ,the ,exact date of publication ,i ascertain from ,thomason's note1 ,sept4 #af1 in a copy in the ,british ,museum4 ,about the same time 7more precisely the #afth of ,september1 #afdd7 there appeared one of ,prynne's interminable publications1 entitled ,twelve considerable serious ,questions touching ,church government3 sadly propounded 7out of a ,reel ,desire of ,unitie and ,tranquillity in ,church and ,state7 to all sober- minded ,christians1 cordially affecting a speedy settled ,reformation and ,brotherly ,christian ,union in all our ,churches and ,dominions1 now miserably wasted with ,civill ,unnaturall ,wars1 and deplorably lacerated with ,ecclesiastical ,dissensions4 ,though with so long a title1 the thing consists but of eight largish quarto pages1 with a bristle of marginal references4 ,having neither leisure nor opportunity1 says ,prynne1 to debate the late unhappy differences sprung up amongst us touching ,church-government 7disputed at large by ,master ,herle1 ,doctor ,steward1 ,master ,rutherford1 ,master ,edwards1 ,master ,durey1 ,master ,goodwin1 ,master ,nye1 ,master ,sympson1 and others71 444 ,i have 7at the importunity of some ,reverend friends7 digested my subitane apprehensions of these distracting controversies into the ensuing considerable ,questions4 ,accordingly1 the ,tract consists of #ab ,queries propounded for consideration1 each numbered and beginning with the word ,whether4 ,we are concerned mainly with ,query #aa4 ,it runs as follows3--,whether that ,independent ,government which some contend for 444 be not of its own nature a very seminary of schisms and dangerous divisions in the ,church and ,state8 a floodgate to let in an inundation of all manner of heresies1 errors1 sects1 religions1 destructive opinions1 libertinism and lawlessness1 among us1 without any sufficient means of preventing or suppressing them when introduced8 ,whether the final result of it 7as ,master ,williams1 in his late dangerous licentious work1 ,a ,bloudy ,tenent1 determines7 will not really resolve itself into this detestable conclusion1 that every man1 whether he be ,jew1 ,turk1 ,pagan1 ,papist1 ,arminian1 ,anabaptist1 c41 ought to be left to his own free liberty of conscience1 without any coercion or restraint1 to embrace or publicly to profess what ,religion1 ,opinion1 ,church government1 he pleaseth and conceiveth to be truest1 though never so erroneous1 false1 seditious1 detestable in itself8 ,and whether such a government as this ought to be embraced1 much less established among us 7the sad effects whereof we have already experimentally felt by the late dangerous increase of many ,anabaptistical1 ,antinomian1 ,heretical1 ,atheistical opinions1 as of ,the ,soul's ,mortality1 ,divorce at ,pleasure1 c41 lately broached1 preached1 printed in this famous city2 which ,i hope our ,grand ,council will speedily and carefully suppress71 c4 ,here1 and by no less a man than ,prynne1 ,milton's ,divorce ,doctrine is publicly referred to as one of the enormities of the time1 and coupled1 as of coequal infamy1 with the contemporary doctrine of the ,mortality of the ,soul vented in an anonymous tract4 7#c7 ,farther1 in the month of ,november1 or while the ,areopagitica was in the press1 there had appeared the first distinct ,reply to ,milton's original ,divorce ,treatise4 ,it was a pamphlet1 in #dd pages of small quarto1 with this title3--,an ,answer to a ,book1 ,intituled1 ,the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1 or ,a ,plea for ,ladies and ,gentlewomen1 and all other ,married ,women1 against ,divorce4 ,wherein ,both ,sexes are vindicated from all bondage of ,canon ,law1 and other mistakes whatsoever3 ,and the ,unsound ,principles of the ,author are examined and fully confuted by ,authority of ,holy ,scripture1 the ,laws of this ,land1 and ,sound ,reason4 ,london1 ,printed by ,g4 ,m4 for ,william ,lee at the ,turk's-,head in ,fleet ,street1 next to the ,miter ,taverne4 #afdd4 ,footnote3 ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall1 ,oct4 #ca1 #afdd 7my notes from the ,registers72 ,licensed ,nov4 #ad 7the pamphlet itself72 out in ,london1 ,nov4 #ai 7,thomason's note in copy in ,british ,museum1 ,press ,mark #ab ,g4 o4 #ab_/aha7 ,milton had now his wish3 one of his adversaries had written a book1 and could be wrestled with4 ,nay more1 though the writer had not given his name1 the licenser1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,caryl1 had1 in his prefixed ,imprimatur1 applauded the sentiments of the tract1 and spoken slightingly of ,milton4 ,mr4 ,caryl1 therefore1 on his own account1 might deserve a word4 7#d7 ,finally1 in ,january #afdd-e1 ,dr4 ,daniel ,featley1 from his prison in the ,lord ,peter's house in ,aldersgate ,street1 close to ,milton's own dwelling1 had sent forth his ,dippers ,dipt1 or the ,anabaptists ,duck'd and ,plung'd over ,head and ,eares ,footnote3 ,see ant1 p4 #ach4 dedicating it publicly to the ,parliament and privately to his ,reverend and much-esteemed friend1 ,mr4 ,john ,downam1-- the very person1 by the bye1 who had good-naturedly licensed ,milton's ,bucer pamphlet4 ,now1 ,featley1 in this book1 had been at ,milton among others4 ,denouncing the ,anabaptists on all sorts of grounds in his ,epistle ,dedicatory to the ,parliament1 he charges them especially with originating odious heresies beyond their own4 ,for they print1 he says1 not only ,anabaptism1 from whence they take their name1 but many other most damnable doctrines1 tending to carnal liberty1 ,familism1 and a medley and hodge-podge of all ,religions4 ,witness the ,book1 printed #afdd1 called ,the ,bloudy ,tenent1 which the author affirmeth he wrote in milk2 and1 if he did so1 he hath put some ratsbane in it ,footnote3 ,featley blunders here4 ,roger ,williams did not say he had written his book in milk1 but that the ,baptist ,tract of #afbj which he reprints in his book was said to have been written in milk in prison on pieces of paper sent to the writer as stoppers to his milk-bottle--his friends outside deciphering the writing by heating the papers4--as1 namely1 'that it is the will and command of ,god that1 since the coming of his son the ,lord ,jesus1 a permission of the most ,paganish1 ,jewish1 ,turkish1 or ,anti- ,christian consciences and worships1 be granted to all men in all nations and countries1' 444 ,witness a ,tractate on ,divorce1 in which the bonds of marriage are let loose to inordinate lust and putting away wives for many other causes besides that which our ,saviour only approveth1 viz4 in case of ,adultery4 ,witness a ,pamphlet newly come forth1 entitled ,man's ,mortality1 in which the soul is cast into an ,endymion sleep from the hour of death to the day of ,judgment4 ,witness1 c4 ,one other dreadful pamphlet is mentioned2 but it is worthy of note that the persons with whom ,milton now1 as before1 is most pertinaciously associated are ,roger ,williams and the author of ,man's ,mortality4 ,these external occasions and provocations co-operating with his unabated interest in the ,divorce doctrine on personal and general grounds1 ,milton was busy1 through the winter of #afdd-e1 on two new ,divorce ,treatises4 ,they both appeared on the same day--,march #d1 #afdd-e4 ,the one was his ,,tetrachordon2 the other was his ,,colasterion4 ,neither was licensed1 and neither was registered4 ,footnote3 ,the date of publication is ascertained from copies of both among the ,king's ,pamphlets in the ,british ,museum-- both with the ,press ,mark #ai4 ,g4 e4 #aa_/aie4 ,in both the printed year of publication on the title-page is #afde2 but in both ,thomason1 the ,collector1 has put his pen through the #e1 and has annexed in manuscript the date ,march #d1 #afdd4 ,books published near the #beth of ,march were generally dated in the year then to begin4 ,some account of these two ,treatises must conclude our present section of ,milton's ,biography4 ,,tetrachordon4 ,we shall take the ,,tetrachordon first4 ,it is a bulky treatise1 consisting1 in the original edition1 of #ajd small quarto pages2 of which #f1 not numbered1 are occupied with a ,dedication to ,parliament1 and the remaining #ih are numbered and form the body of the work4 ,the following is the complete title3-- ,,tetrachordon3 ,expositions upon the foure chief places in ,scripture1 which treat of ,marriage1 or nullities in ,marriage4 ,on3 ,gen4 i4 #bg-bh1 compar'd and explain'd by ,gen4 ii4 #ah1 #bc1 #bd ,dent4 xxiv4 #a-b4 ,matth4 v4 #ca-cb1 with ,matth4 xix41 from the #c v4 to the #aath4 #a ,cor vii41 from the #ajth to the #afth4 ,wherein the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1 as was lately publish'd1 is confirm'd by explanation of ,scripture1 by testimony of ancient ,fathers1 of civill lawes in the ,primitive ,church1 of famousest ,reformed ,divines1 and lastly1 by an intended ,act of the ,parlament and ,church of ,england in the last yeare of ,edward the ,sixth4 ,by the former ,author ,j4 ,m4-- ,greek3 skaioisi kaina prospheron sopha doxeis achreios k oy sophos pephykenai ton d ay dokounton eidenai ti poikilon kreisson nomistheis en polei lupros phan4 ,euripid4 ,medea ,london3 ,printed in the yeare #afde4 ,as the title indicates1 the body of the ,treatise consists mainly of an elaborate examination and comparison of the four chief passages of ,scripture relating to ,marriage and ,divorce1 viz4 ,genesis i4 #bg-bh1 with ii4 #ah1 #bc1 #bd2 ,deuteronomy xxiv4 #a-b2 ,matthew v4 #ca-cb1 with xix4 #c-aa2 and #a ,corinth1 vii4 #aj-af4 ,this labour of ,biblical exegesis ,milton had undertaken1 he tells us1 in consequence of the representations of some judicious friends1 who thought that1 while there was reason to a sufficiency in his first ,divorce ,treatise1 a fuller discussion of the texts of ,scripture there alleged might be desirable4 ,how he performed the labour--how he plods through the four passages in succession1 explaining1 commenting1 answering objections1 and in the end construing each and all together into a ratification of his own ,doctrine of ,divorce1 or at least into consistency with it--must be learnt1 if it is learnt at all1 from the ,tetrachordon itself4 ,very few now-a-days will care to read it4 ,for it is decidedly1 according to our modern ideas1 a heavy pamphlet4 ,the ,areopagitica bites into modern interests and the constitution of the modern intellect2 the ,tetrachordon1 though it must have occupied the author longer1 has1 ,i should say1 quite lost its bite1 except for students of ,milton1 and for reasoners who would debate his ,divorce ,doctrine over again by the same method of the interpretation of ,biblical texts4 ,for ,milton is most submissive to the ,bible throughout4 ,clearly it was his opinion that whatever the ,bible could be found to have ruled on any point must be accepted as the decision4 ,there is no sign of any dissent by him from the most orthodox idea of the verbal inspiration of ,scripture4 ,not the less he contrives that the ,bible shall support his own free conclusions4 ,it is evident that the method of his exegesis was not so much to extract positive injunctions from particular texts as to let the doctrine of the ,bible as a whole invade and pervade his mind1 uniting there with whatever of clear sense or high views of affairs it could find1 and so forming a kind of organ of large and enlightened ,christian reason1 by which the ,bible itself could then1 in all mere particulars1 be safely interpreted4 ,once and again1 in the course of his ,tetrachordon1 he expresses his contempt for the grubbing literalists1 who1 in their microscopic infatuation over one text at a time1 miss the view of the whole waving field of all the texts together4 ,yet he shows much ingenuity in parts of the verbal proof1 and produces also commentators of repute who agreed with him4 ,there is1 and doubtless purposely1 in order to give weight to the new book1 a large display of learning in its pages4 ,besides the motto from ,euripides to begin with1 there are references1 in the course of the commentary1 to ,plato1 ,philo1 ,josephus1 ,cicero1 ,horace1 ,cellius1 ,justin ,martyr1 ,eusebius1 ,tertullian1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,beza1 ,parus1 ,rivetus1 ,vatablus1 ,dr4 ,ames1 ,spanheim1 ,diodati1 ,marinaro1 ,cameron1 and many more4 ,at the end of the commentary on the ,texts1 also1 there is an express synopsis of testimonies1 for the benefit1 as ,milton is careful to explain1 of the weaker sort who are led by authorities1 and not because he sets much store on that style of proof himself4 ,here we have ,justin ,martyr again1 ,tertullian again1 ,origen1 ,lactantius1 several early ,councils1 ,basil1 ,epiphanius1 ,ambrose1 ,jerome1 ,augustine again1 the ,laws of ,theodosius and ,valentinian1 ,leo1 ,wycliffe1 ,luther1 ,melanchthon1 ,erasmus1 ,bucer of course1 ,fagius of course1 the ,confession of the ,church of ,strasburg1 ,peter ,martyr1 ,musculus1 ,gualter of ,zurich1 ,hemingius1 ,hunnius1 ,bidenbachius1 ,harbardus1 ,wigandus1 ,beza again1 ,aretius of ,berne1 ,alciat of ,milan1 ,corasius1 ,wesembechius1 and ,grotius4 ,when he quotes one of the ,fathers1 ,i may observe in passing1 ,milton is true to the ,puritan instinct1 and never prefixes to the name the title of ,saint2 it is always ,austin1 for example1 and not ,st4 ,austin4 ,also it may be noted that he is punctual in making it clear whether he quotes from his own knowledge or at second hand4 ,thus1 referring to ,wycliffe's view of ,marriage as put forth in one of his writings1 he says1 ,this book1 indeed1 through the poverty of our ,libraries1 ,i am forced to cite from ,arnisus of ,halberstadt on the ,right of ,marriage1 who cites it from ,corasius of ,toulouse1 c4 #d41 ,cent4 ,set41 and he from ,wicklef l4 #d4 ,dial c4 #bl4--,appended to the collation of ,testimonies1 and winding up the whole treatise1 is a historical statement to which ,milton attached great importance1 and which is really interesting4 ,it was only by chance1 he says1 that a notion of ,divorce not far short of his own was not then actually part and parcel of the ,law of ,england4 ,for1 when young ,edward ,,vi4 had abolished the ,canon ,law out of his dominions1 a ,committee of two- and-thirty select persons1 ,divines and ,lawyers1 had been appointed by ,parliament--,cranmer1 ,peter ,martyr1 ,walter ,haddon1 and ,sir ,john ,cheke1 the ,king's tutor1 being members of this ,committee--to frame a new set of ecclesiastical laws4 ,the draft was actually finished1 and it included a law of ,divorce substantially such as ,bucer had then recommended to the ,english4 ,it allowed complete ,divorce not only for the causes usually esteemed grave and capital1 but for such causes as desertion1 cruel usage1 or even continued contentiousness and wrangling4 ,the untimely death of the young ,king alone had prevented this ,law from coming into effect4 ,this fact in ,english history1 it is evident1 together with the knowledge of such an amount of scattered opinion in his favour lying in the works of other authors besides his formerly quoted ,bucer1 ,fagius1 ,erasmus and ,grotius1 had been acquired by ,milton by fresh research since he had published his ,bucer ,tract4 ,and here again there is the curious struggle between ,milton's delight in finding auxiliaries and his feeling of property in his own idea4 ,god1 ,i solemnly attest him1 he says1 withheld from my knowledge the consenting judgment of these men so late until they could not be my instructors1 but only my unexpected witnesses to partial men that in this work ,i had not given the worst experiment of an industry joined with integrity1 and the free utterance though of an unpopular truth4 ,again1 in a passage where he points out that a truth is never thoroughly sifted out in one age1 and that some of those who had preceded him in the ,divorce notion had only hinted it in vague terms1 and others who had been more explicit in the assertion of it had still left it to be fully argued1 he concludes with a gentle remark that perhaps1 after all1 it will be his fortune to meet the praise or dispraise of being something first4 ,there is no abatement in the ,tetrachordon of the bitterness of ,milton's feeling on the subject of an unsuitable marriage4 ,rather the bitterness is more concentrated and intense4 ,it is as if eighteen months of rumination over his own unhappy condition had made him savage4 ,there is careful abstinence still from all direct allusion to his own case2 but there are again the repeated phrases of loathing with which he contemplates1 chiefly from the man's side1 the forced union of two irreconcileable or ill-matched minds3--a creature inflicted on him to the vexation of his righteousness2 a carnal acrimony without either love or peace2 a ransomless captivity2 the dungeon-gate as irrecoverable as the grave2 the mere carcase of a marriage2 the disaster of a no-marriage2 counter-plotting and secret wishing one another's dissolution2 a habit of wrath and perturbation2 heavenly with hellish1 fitness with unfitness1 c4 ,god commands not impossibilities1 he bursts out1 and all the ecclesiastical glue that ,liturgy or ,laymen can compound is not able to sodder up two such incongruous natures into the one flesh of a true beseeming marriage4 ,or take this remarkable passage1 repeating an opinion we have already had from him1 ,no wise man but would sooner pardon the act of adultery once and again committed by a person worth pity and forgiveness than to lead a wearisome life of unloving and unquiet conversation with one who neither affects nor is affected1 much less with one who exercises all bitterness1 and would commit adultery too1 but for envy lest the persecuted condition should thereby get the benefit of his freedom4 ,this assertion that adultery is more venial than mental unfitness is reiterated in another place1 with a bold addition3 ,adultery does not exclude her other fitness1 her other pleasingness2 she may be otherwise loving and prevalent4 ,occasionally1 it may be added1 in a less startling way than this1 ,milton leaves the man's point of view and tries to be considerate about the woman4 ,not that he recants his doctrine of the inferiority of her sex to man's4 ,on the contrary he repeats it1 extracting out of ,genesis the absolute certainty that it was ,man that was made primarily and immediately in the image of ,god1 and that the image of ,god is in ,woman only by derivation from ,man4 ,but he qualifies the doctrine at once gallantly and shrewdly4 ,nevertheless1 he says1 man is not to hold woman as a servant1 but receives her into a part of that empire which ,god proclaims him to1--though not equally1 yet largely1 as his own image and glory2 for it is no small glory to him that a creature so like him should be made subject to him4 ,not but that particular exceptions may have place1 if she exceed her husband in prudence and dexterity1 and he contentedly yield2 for then a superior and more natural law comes in1 that the wiser should govern the less wise1 whether male or female4 ,this may be taken as the summary of ,milton's doctrine about ,woman's ,rights4 ,incidentally also the ,treatise furnishes us with his opinion on ,teetotalism and the ,permissive ,bill4 ,it comes in thus3--,the ,mosaic ,law 7,deut4 xxiv4 #a-b7 allowing a man to give his wife a writing of divorcement and send her away1 if he did not like her1 had been interpreted by some1 in consequence of ,christ's comment upon it 7,matt4 xix4 #h71 as only a ,permissive ,bill on this subject to the hard-hearted ,jews4 ,to continue it in modern times would be to open the door to license3 it would be abused2 everybody would be putting away his wife2 there must therefore be no longer any such ,permissive ,bill1 but a strict ,law of indissoluble marriage4 ,well then1 by the same reasoning1 ,milton argues1 there ought to be a great many more strict laws1 that nobody had ever thought of4 ,what more foul and common sin among us than drunkenness2 and who can be ignorant that1 if the importation of wine1 and the use of all strong drink1 were forbid1 it would both clean rid the possibility of committing that odious vice1 and men might afterwards live happily and healthfully without the use of those intoxicating liquors8 ,yet who is there1 the severest of them all1 that ever propounded to lose his sack1 his ale1 toward the certain abolishing of so great a sin2 who is there of them1 the holiest1 that less loves his rich canary at meals1 though it be fetched from places that hazard the religion of them who fetch it1 and though it make his neighbour drunk out of the same tun8 ,while they forbid not1 therefore1 the use of that liquid marchandise1 which forbidden would utterly remove a most loathsome sin1 and not impair either the health or the refreshment of mankind1 supplied many other ways1 why do they forbid a ,law of ,god1 the forbidding whereof brings into an excessive bondage oft-times the best of men1 and betters not the worse8 ,he1 to remove a national vice1 will not pardon his cups1 nor think it concerns him to forbear the quaffing of that outlandish grape in his unnecessary fulness1 though other men abuse it never so much2 nor is he so abstemious as to intercede with the magistrate that all manner of drunkenness be banished the ,commonwealth3 and yet1 for the fear of a less inconvenience1 unpardonably requires of his brethren in their extreme necessity to debar themselves the use of ,god's ,permissive ,law1 though it might be their saving1 and no man's endangering the more6 ,thus1 this peremptory strictness1 we may discern of what sort it is1 how unequal and how unjust4 ,lest the meaning of this passage should be mistaken1 we may point out that the ,permissive ,bill in the matter of drinking which it defends by implication is a ,permissive ,bill to drink and not a ,permissive ,bill to prevent drinking4 ,the passage1 therefore1 cannot be quoted as ,milton's testimony in favour of the so-called modern ,permissive ,bill4 ,it is dead the reverse4 ,and yet there is a lurking kindness in the passage towards a ,permissive ,bill of that sort1 contemplated as possible1 though yet unheard of2 and1 though ,milton's principle of ,liberty would have bound him to oppose it1 he would perhaps have done so reluctantly4 ,the idea of a country cleared of all its apparatus of ,bacchus1 and in which wine1 or ale1 or any other form of intoxicating fluid1 ruby1 amber1 or crystal at its purest1 should be unattainable by any mortal breathing on its surface1 had1 so far as his personal tastes and habits were concerned1 no terrors for ,milton4 ,had it been a matter of personal preference1 instead of principle1 he would gladly1 ,i doubt not1 have consented to a ,permissive ,bill in ,england to prevent absolutely the drinking of intoxicating liquors1 if it had been accompanied by a ratification of ,moses's ,permissive ,bill in quite the contrary sense1 by which the sobered nation should have the right of divorcing4 ,nothing has been said yet about the few pages prefixed to the ,tetrachordon1 in which ,milton dedicates the treatise1 as he had done three already 7the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1 the ,buear ,tract1 and the ,areopagitica71 to the ,parliament of ,england4 ,these pages1 though put first1 were doubtless written last4 ,they are signed with the writer's name in full4 ,in respect of biographical information1 of the external kind at least1 they are more interesting than the treatise itself4 ,most of the information1 however1 will now be sufficiently intelligible1 if given in the form of mere extracts1 without more of explanation than may be supplied by ,italic headings3-- ,thanks to ,parliament for ,past ,favour and ,protection3--,although it be generally known how and by whom ye have been instigated to a hard censure of that former ,book entitled ,the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce--an opinion held by some of the best among ,reformed writers without scandal or confinement1 though now thought new and dangerous by some of our severe ,gnostics1 whose little reading and less meditating holds ever with hardest obstinacy that which it took up with easiest credulity--,i do not find yet that aught1 for the furious incitements that have been used1 hath issued by your appointment that might give the least interruption or disrepute either to the ,author or the ,book4 ,which he who will be better advised than to call your neglect1 or connivance at a thing imagined so perilous1 can attribute it to nothing more justly than to the deep and quiet stream of your direct and calm deliberations1 that gave not way either to the fervent rashness or the immaterial gravity of those who ceased not to exasperate without cause4 ,for which uprightness1 and incorrupt refusal of what ye were incensed to1 ,lords and ,commons-- though it were done to justice1 not to me1 and was a peculiar demonstration how far your ways are different from the rash vulgar-- besides those allegiance of oath and duty which are my public debt to your public labours1 ,i have yet a store of gratitude laid up which cannot be exhausted2 and such thanks perhaps they may live to be as shall more than whisper them to the next ages4 ,punishment for ,mr4 ,herbert ,palmer3--,i shall here briefly single one of them his detractors1 because he hath obliged me to it--who1 ,i persuade me1 having scarce read the book1 nor knowing him who writ it1 or at least feigning the latter 61 hath not forborne to scandalize him1 unconferred with1 unadmonished1 undealt with by any pastorly or brotherly convincement1 in the most open and invective manner1 and at the most bitter opportunity that drift or set design could have invented4 ,and this1 whenas the ,canon ,law1 though commonly most favouring the boldness of their priests1 punishes the naming or traducing of any person in the ,pulpit1 was by him made no scruple4 ,if ,i shall therefore take licence by the right of nature1 and that liberty wherein ,i was born1 to defend myself publicly against a printed calumny1 and do willingly appeal to those ,judges to whom ,i am accused1 it can be no immoderate or unallowable course of seeking so just and needful reparations4 ,which ,i had done long since1 had not these employments which are now visible deferred me4--,it was preached before ye1 ,lords and ,commons1 in ,august last1 upon a special ,day of ,humiliation1 that 'there was a wicked book abroad2' and ye were taxed of sin4 that it was yet 'uncensured1 the book deserving to be burnt2' and 'impudence' also was charged upon the ,author1 who durst 'set his name to it1 and dedicate it to yourselves4' ,first1 ,lords and ,commons1 ,i pray to that ,god before whom ye then were prostrate so to forgive ye those omissions and trespasses which ye desire most should find forgiveness1 as ,i shall soon show to the world how easily ye absolve yourselves of that which this man calls your sin1 and is indeed your wisdom and your nobleness1 whereof to this day ye have done well not to repent4 ,he terms it 'a wicked book1' and why but 'for allowing other causes of ,divorce than ,christ and his ,apostles mention2' and with the same censure condemns of wickedness not only ,martin ,bucer1 that elect instrument of ,reformation1 highly honoured and had in reverence by ,edward the ,sixth and his whole ,parliament--whom also ,i had published in ,english1 by a good providence1 about a week before this calumnious digression was preached1 so that1 if he knew not ,bucer then1 as he ought to have known1 he might at least have known him some months after1 ere the ,sermon came in print2 wherein1 notwithstanding1 he persists in his former sentence1 and condemns again of wickedness1 either ignorantly or wilfully1 not only ,martin ,bucer1 and all the choicest and holiest of our ,reformers1 but the whole ,parliament and ,church of ,england in those best and purest times of ,edward the ,sixth4 ,all which ,i shall prove with good evidence at the end of these ,explanations4 ,and then let it be judged and seriously considered with what hope the affairs of our ,religion are committed to one among others the ,westminster ,assembly who hath now only left him which of the twain he will choose--whether this shall be his palpable ignorance1 or the same 'wickedness' of his own ,book which he so lavishly imputes to the writings of other men2 and whether this of his1 that thus peremptorily defames and attaints of wickedness unspotted ,churches1 unblemished ,parliaments1 and the most eminent ,restorers of ,christian ,doctrine1 deserve not to be 'burnt' first4 ,and1 if his heat had burst out only against the opinion1 his wonted passion had no doubt been silently borne with wonted patience4 ,eut1 since1 against the charity of that solemn place and meeting1 it served him further to inveigh opprobriously against the person1 traducing him with no less than 'impudence1' only for setting his name to what he had written1 ,i must be excused not to be so wanting to the defence of an honest name1 or to the reputation of those good men who afford me their society1 but to be sensible of such a foul endeavoured disgrace--not knowing aught1 either in mine own deserts or the laws of this land1 why ,i should be subject1 in such a notorious and illegal manner1 to the intemperancies of this man's preaching choler4 444 ,but1 if only to have writ my name must be accounted 'impudence' how doth this but justify another1 who might affirm1 with as good warrant1 that the late ,discourse of ,scripture and ,reason1 which is certain to be chiefly his ,palmer's own draft1 was published without a name out of base fear1 and the sly avoidance of what might follow if the party at ,court should hap to reach him6 ,and ,i1 to have set my name where he accuses me to have set it1 am so far from recanting that ,i offer my hand also1 if need be1 to make good the same opinion which ,i there maintain by inevitable consequences drawn parallel from his own principal arguments in that of ,scripture and ,reason2 which ,i shall pardon him if he can deny without shaking his own composition to pieces4 ,the 'impudence1' therefore1 since he weighed so little what a gross revile that was to give his equal1 ,i send him back again for a phylactery to stitch upon his arrogance1 that censures not only before conviction so bitterly without so much as one reason given1 but censures the ,congregation of his ,governors to their faces1 for not being so hasty as himself to censure4 ,footnote3 ,the discourse ,scripture and ,reason1 which ,milton here ascribes to ,palmer1 charging him with cowardice in having published it anonymously1 was a quarto pamphlet of #hj pages1 published in ,april #afdc1 and purporting to be by divers ,reverend and ,learned ,divines4 ,more fully its title was ,scripture and ,reason ,pleaded for ,defensive ,armes3 or the whole ,controversie about ,subjects taking up ,armes4 ,it was1 in fact1 an elaborate proof1 from ,scripture and ,reason1 of the right of the ,english ,parliament and ,people to make war upon the ,king4 ,doubtless ,milton had ascertained that ,palmer was its chief author3 hence1 rather unnecessarily1 his taunt4 ,palmer had also published more recently 7,dec4 #afdd71 but with his name1 the ,first ,part of a ,book called ,memorials of ,godliness and ,christianity4 ,it was afterwards completed by two additional ,parts1 also with his name1 ,part ,,ii4 containing1 among other things1 a set of aphorisms entitled ,the character of a ,christian in ,paradoxes and seeming ,contradictions4 ,it had so chanced1 however1 that1 before he had published this ,part ,,ii4 of his ,memorials1 a surreptitious edition of the aforesaid ,aphorisms had found its way into print1 with no author's name attached 7,july #afde74 ,hence a strange result4 ,palmer died in #afdg1 tat 4 #df2 and in the following year--though his ,memorials1 containing the ,christian ,paradoxes1 were in circulation with his name--the ,christian ,paradoxes by themselves1 as they had been published anonymously in the surreptitious edition of ,july #afde1 were published as ,lord ,bacon's in a quarto volume of ,bacon's ,remaines4 ,the blunder was probably then detected2 but it was again committed in #agcj1 when the ,paradoxes were included in ,blackburn's ,edition of ,bacon's works4 ,from that date till #ahfd the ,paradoxes were printed as ,bacon's1 and1 though suspected by some1 yet often written about as ,bacon's2 but in the last-mentioned year the mistake was rectified1 and ,herbert ,palmer reinstated in the authorship of the ,paradoxes1 by the ,rev4 ,alexander ,b4 ,grosart 7,see his little volume ,lord ,bacon not the ,author of ,the ,christian ,paradoxes3 see also ,spedding's ,bacon1 ,,vii4 #bhi et seq474 ,punishment for ,dr4 ,featley3--,some whose necessary shifts have long inured them to cloak the defects of their unstudied years and hatred now to learn under the appearance of a grave solidity--which estimation they have gained among weak perceivers--find the ease of slighting what they cannot refute1 and are determined1 as ,i hear1 to hold it not worth the answering4 ,in which number ,i must be forced to reckon that ,doctor who1 in a late equivocating ,treatise plausibly set afloat against the ,dippers1 diving the while himself with a more deep prelatical malignance against the present ,state and ,church ,government1 mentions with ignominy the ',tractate of ,divorce2' yet answers nothing1 but instead thereof 7for which ,i do not commend his marshalling71 sets ,moses also among the crew of his ,anabaptists1 as one who to a holy nation1 the ,commonwealth of ,israel1 gave laws 'breaking the bonds of marriage to inordinate lost' ,these are no mean surges of blasphemy--not only 'dipping' ,moses the ,divine ,lawgiver1 but dashing with a high hand against the justice and purity of ,god ,himself2 as these ensuing ,scriptures1 plainly and freely handled1 shall verify to the lancing of that old apostemated error4 ,him1 therefore1 ,i leave now to his repentance4 ,footnote3 ,poor ,dr4 ,featley died ,april #ag1 #afde 7tat #fe71 only six weeks after this punishment of him was published4 ,he had then been restored to liberty1 for he died in his house at ,chelsea4 ,milton knew him perfectly when he characterized him as one of those who had gained among weak perceivers a reputation for grave solidity4 ,and yet it is touching to have before me1 as ,i now have in a copy of the ,sixth ,edition of the ,dippers ,dipt 7#afea71 not only an elaborate portrait of ,featley by the engraver ,marshall1 done in the ordinary way1 but also an engraving representing the old man most painfully as he looked when lying in his winding-sheet before they put him into his coffin4 ,over the corpse are these words1 ,i have fought a good fight2 ,i have finished my course2 ,i have kept the faith2 and underneath is ,featley's ,latin ,epitaph1 telling that he was ,impugnator ,papismi1 ,propugnator ,reformationis1 and ,theologus ,insignis1 ,disputator ,strenuus1 ,conscionator ,egregius4--,the word marshalling which ,i have italicised in the extract from ,milton about ,featley is1 no doubt1 a punning allusion to an engraving by ,marshall in the ,dippers ,dipt1 giving caricatures of different kinds of ,sectaries1 with a representation of men and women bathing in the centre 7see ant1 p4 #ahh1 ,note74 ,a fact which might have been guessed independently1 but which it is interesting to have told us by ,milton himself1 is that there were some persons who were particularly courteous in acknowledging the ability shown in the ,divorce treatise1 the wit and parts of the author1 his elocution1 and the more than ordinary industry1 exactness1 and labour he had expended on the subject1 but who made all this only an excuse for not discussing his proposition seriously4 ,on this class of his critics ,milton is very severe4 ,they were like those1 he said1 who used to get off from ,socrates1 when they could not resist the force of his truths1 by saying that ,socrates could at any time make the worse cause seem the better4 ,to what would the world1 to what would ,england1 come1 if this habit of regarding all novelty as sophistry1 of making the very ability and learning bestowed upon a doctrine an objection to the receipt of that doctrine1 were to become general8 ,ignorance and illiterate presumption1 he says1 which is yet but our disease1 will turn at length into our very constitution1 and prove the hectic evil of this age4 ,he hoped better of the ,parliament2 he hoped that they would not overlook the necessity of a change of the ,law in this matter of ,divorce4 ,at all events he had done his part4 ,henceforth1 except new cause be given1 ,i shall say less and less4 ,for1 if the ,law make not a timely provision1 let the ,law1 as reason is1 bear the censure of those consequences which her own default now more evidently produces4 ,and1 if men want manliness to expostulate the right of their due ransom1 and to second their own occasions1 they may sit hereafter and bemoan themselves to have neglected1 through faintness1 the only remedy of their sufferings1 which a seasonable and well-grounded speaking might have purchased them4 ,and perhaps in time to come others will know how to esteem what is not every day put into their hands1 when they have marked events1 and better weighed how hurtful and unwise it is to hide a secret and pernicious rupture under the ill counsel of a bashful silence4 ,here ,milton seems to be speaking for himself4 ,he seems to be giving warning what he means to do without leave of the ,law if the ,law will not give him leave1 ,,colasterion4 ,,colasterion is ,greek for ,punishment4 ,now ,mr4 ,herbert ,palmer and ,dr4 ,featley had each had his colasterion in the ,dedication prefixed to the ,,tetrachordon4 ,three other persons were waiting for their turn of the lash4 ,these were the anonymous author of that ,answer to ,milton's ,treatise which had been published in the preceding ,november2 ,footnote3 ,see its full title1 ant1 pp4 #bii-cjj4 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,caryl1 the licenser of that ,answer2 and the famous ,mr4 ,prynne4 ,the ,,colasterion1 expressly so called1 published by ,milton on the same day with the ,,tetrachordon1 settled accounts with these gentlemen4 ,it is a short tract of twenty-seven pages1 without preface4 ,its full title was as follows2-- ,colasterion3 ,a ,reply to a ,nameles ,answer against ',the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1' ,wherein the trivial ,author of that ,answer is discovver'd1 the licenser conferr'd with1 and the ,opinion which they traduce defended4 ,by the former author1 ,j4 ,m4 ,prov4 xxvi4 #e4 ,answer a ,fool according to his folly1 lest hee bee wise in his own conceit4 ,printed in the year #afde4 ,first for ,mr4 ,caryl4 ,what was his offence8 ,it was that1 not content with merely licensing the anonymous answer to ,milton1 he had become godfather to it by expressing the license thus3-- ,to preserve the strength of the ,marriage-bond and the ,honour of that estate against those sad breaches and dangerous abuses of it which common discontents 7on this side ,adultery7 are likely to make in unstaid minds and men given to change1 by taking in or grounding themselves upon the opinion answered and with good reason confuted in this ,treatise1 ,i have approved the printing and publishing of it4--,november #ad1 #afdd4 ,joseph ,caryl4 ,now ,caryl was not a nobody4 ,he was one of the ,assembly of ,divines1 and in that ,assembly was tending by this time to the side of the ,independents4 ,he was also ,lincoln's ,inn preacher1 had published some sermons1 and was known to be engaged on an exposition of the ,book of ,job2 which attained at length1 when it was published 7#afdh-ff71 the vast dimensions of twelve quarto volumes4 ,footnote3 ,lowndes's ,bibliographer's ,manual1 by ,bohn3 ,art4 ,caryl2 and ,wood's ,athen1 ,,iii4 #igi--ihc4 ,he was about four years older than ,milton2 who thus confers with him3-- ,punishment for ,mr4 ,caryl3-,a ,licenser is not contented now to give his single ,imprimatur1 but brings his chair into the title-leaf2 there sits and judges up or judges down what book he pleases4 ,if this be suffered1 what worthless author1 or what cunning printer1 will not be ambitious of such a stale to put off the heaviest gear8--which may in time bring in round fees to the ,licenser1 and wretched mis-leading to the people4 ,but to the matter4 ,he approves 'the publishing of this ,book1 to preserve the strength and honour of ,marriage against those sad breaches and dangerous abuses of it4' ,belike then the wrongful suffering of all these sad breaches and abuses in marriage to a remediless thraldom is 'the strength and honour of ,marriage6' ,a boisterous and bestial strength1 a dishonourable honour1 an infatuated doctrine1 worse than the salvo jure of tyrannizing which we all fight against6 ,next he saith that 'common discontents make these breaches in unstaid minds and men given to change4' ,his words may be apprehended as if they disallowed only divorce for 'common discontents in unstaid minds1' having no cause but a 'desire for change2' and then we agree4 ,but1 if he take all discontents 'on this side adultery' to be common1 that is to say1 not difficult to endure1 and to affect only 'unstaid minds1' it might administer just cause to think him the unfittest man that could be to offer at a comment upon ,job1 as seeming by this to have no more true sense of a good man in his afflictions than those ,edomitish friends had1 of whom ,job complains1 and against whom ,god testifies his anger4 ,shall a man of your coat1 who hath espoused his flock1 and represents ,christ more in being the true husband of his congregation than an ordinary man doth in being the husband of his wife--and yet this representment is thought a chief cause why marriage must be inseparable--shall this spiritual man1 ordinarily for the increase of his maintenance1 or any slight cause1 forsake that wedded cure of souls that should be dearest to him1 and marry another and another2 and shall not a person wrongfully afflicted1 and persecuted even to extremity1 forsake an unfit1 injurious1 and pestilent mate1 tied only by a civil and fleshly covenant8 ,if you be a man so much hating change1 hate that other change2 if yourself be not guilty1 counsel your brethren to hate it2 and leave to be the supercilious judge of other men's miseries and changes1 that your own be not judged4 ,the reasons of your licensed pamphlet1 you say1 'are good4' ,they must be better than your own then 4 444 ,mr4 ,licenser 444 you are reputed a man discreet enough1 religious enough1 honest enough--that is1 to an ordinary competence in all these4 ,but now your turn is to hear what your own hand hath earned ye1 that when you suffered this nameless hangman to cast into public such a despiteful contumely upon a name and person deserving of the ,church and ,state equally to yourself1 and one who hath done more to the present advancement of your own tribe than you or many of them have done for themselves1 you forgot to be either honest1 religious1 or discreet4 ,footnote3 ,in #afde1 according to ,wood 7,ath4 ,,iii4 #igi71 ,mr4 ,caryl was appointed to the living of ,st4 ,magnus near ,london ,bridge4 ,it is probably with this readiness of his to leave one congregation and wed another that ,milton twits him4 ,evidently ,milton would not spare an ,independent1 any more than a ,presbyterian or ,prelatist1 who had given him offense4 ,the punishment for ,mr4 ,prynne is milder1 and it comes in incidentally at the very beginning of the ,colasterion3-- ,punishment for ,mr4 ,prynne3--,after many rumours of confutations and convictions forthcoming against ,the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1 and now and then a bye-blow from the ,pulpit1 feathered with a censure1 strict indeed1 but how true more beholding to the authority of that devout place which it borrowed to be uttered in than to any sound reason which it could oracle1--while ,i still hoped1 as for a blessing1 to see some piece of diligence or learned discretion come from them--it was my hap at length1 lighting on a certain parcel of ,queries that seek and find not1 to find not seeking1 at the tail of ',anabaptistical1' ',antinomian1' ',heretical1' ',atheistical' epithets1 a jolly slander called ',divorce at ,pleasure4' ,footnote3 ,see the quotation from ,prynne's ,queries ant1 pp4 #bih-i4 ,i stood a while and wondered what we might do to a man's heart1 or what anatomy use1 to find in it sincerity2 for all our wonted marks every day fail us1 and where we thought it was we see it is not--for alter and change residence it cannot sure4 ,and yet ,i see no good of body or of mind secure to a man for all his past labours1 without perpetual watchfulness and perseverance1 whenas one above others i4e4 ,prynne who hath suffered much and long in the defence of ,truth shall1 after all this1 give her cause to leave him so destitute1 and so vacant of her defence1 as to yield his mouth to be the common road of ,truth and ,falsehood1 and such falsehood as is joined with the rash and heedless calumny of his neighbour4 ,for what book hath he ever met with1 as his complaint is1 'printed in the city1' maintaining1 either in the title or in the whole persuance1 ',divorce at ,pleasure8' ',tis true that to divorce upon extreme necessity1 when1 through the perverseness or the apparent unaptness of either1 the continuance can be to both no good at all1 but an intolerable injury and temptation to the wronged and the defrauded1 to divorce then there is a book that writes it lawful4 ,and that this law is a pure and wholesome national law1 not to be withheld from good men because others likely enough may abuse it to their pleasure1 cannot be charged upon that book1 but must be entered a bold and impious accusation against ,god himself1 who did not for this abuse withhold it from his own people4 ,it will be just1 therefore1 and best for the reputation of him who in his ,subitanes hath thus censured1 to recall his sentence4 ,and if1 out of the abundance of his volumes1 and the readiness of his quill1 and the vastness of his other employments1 especially in the great ,audit for ,accounts1 he can spare us aught to the better understanding of this point1 he shall be thanked in public1 and what hath offended in the book shall willingly submit to his correction-- provided he be sure not to come with those old and stale suppositions1 unless he can take away clearly what that discourse hath urged against them1 by one who will expect other arguments to be persuaded the good health of a sound answer than the gout and dropsy of a big margent1 littered and overlaid with crude and huddled quotations4 ,but it is the anonymous author of the pamphlet which ,mr4 ,caryl had licensed that comes in for the most ferocious and protracted punishment4 ,on the evidence of the pamphlet itself one can see that he was some very insignificant person1 not worth ,milton's while on his own account1 but only because ,milton wanted to toss and gore somebody publicly for a whole hour1 by way of deterring others4 ,the ,answerer begins by announcing that he is first to show what the ,doctrine or ,discipline of ,divorce really is1 then to give some reasons why a man may not put away his wife for indisposition1 unfitness1 or contrariety of mind1 although manifested in much sharpness1 and finally to reply to the arguments to the contrary brought forward in ,milton's book4 ,nine pages having sufficed for the first two divisions1 the remaining thirty-five are devoted to ,milton4 ,they are dull and plodding1 the punctuation and expression showing that the author was ill-educated and little accustomed to write2 and1 from the frequent use of scrivener- like or attorney-like phrases and illustrations1 one soon comes to conjecture the pamphlet to have been written by some one in a small way of law-business4 ,occasionally there is a little hit of personal reference1 proving that the writer knew something about ,milton and his reputed habits4 ,thus1 speaking of ,milton's complaint of a wife to all due conversation inaccessible1 he says1 ,it is true1 if every man were of your breeding and capacity1 there were some colour for this plea2 for we believe you to count no woman to due conversation accessible as to you1 except she can speak ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,latin and ,french1 and dispute against the ,canon ,law as well as you1 or at least be able to hold discourse with you4 ,but other gentlemen of good quality are content with fewer and meaner endowments1 as you know well enough4 ,sometimes he criticises ,milton's phraseology4 ,the rankest politician1 ,milton had said in one of his sentences2 on which this is the comment3 ,is this the fine language that your book is commended for8 ,good your worship1 look a little more upon your rhetoric in this one piece1 shall ,i say of nonsense8 ,however1 ,i am sure it is contrary to all laws and customs of speaking4 ',rankest politician6' ,wonderful6 ,milton's phrase describing a dull woman as an image of earth and phlegm likewise attracts notice4 ,we confess1 he says1 this is something of a sad case2 but yet ,i believe you speak but hyperbolically 7as they use to say73 for women are usually more than earth and phlegm2 they have many times spirit enough to wear the breeches1 if they meet not with a rare wit to order them4 ,i wonder you should use such phrases3 ,i know nor hear of maids or women that are all earth and phlegm1 much less images of earth and phlegm4 ,if there be any such1 yet you need take no thought for them2 there are enough dull enough to own them2 and1 for yourself or any other who desire them1 there are spirited dames enough who are something besides mere images of earth and phlegm4 ,here is a specimen of the argumentation3-- ,suppose you should covenant with a man at ,hackney that he should dwell in your house at ,aldersgate ,street1 and you in requital should dwell in his house at ,hackney1 for a time3 ,i doubt not but your main end in this your covenant was your own solace1 peace1 refreshing4 ,well1 but suppose1 when you came there1 the ,cavaliers or other soldiers should trouble you1 and should be quartered there2 who1 peradventure1 if they did not quite put you out1 yet would lie in your most pleasant chamber1 best situate for your solace1 peace1 and refreshing1 and divers other ways would annoy you1 by means whereof you could not enjoy that pleasure and delight which you intended in your covenant when you changed houses with the other4 ,think you in this case it would be lawful or accepted on by the other party if now you should come to him and say ',sir1 ,i covenanted for your house at ,hackney for my own refreshing1 comfort1 and solace2 but ,i am disturbed of it1 ,i do not enjoy the end of my covenant3 give me my own house again1 and go you and live there4' ,he would tell you1 and so he might justly1 ',stay1 ,sir2 take your own fortune2 a bargain is a bargain2 you must even stand to it4' ,sometimes the writer thinks he will rebuke sharply4 ,thus3--,this is a wild1 mad1 and frantic ,divinity1 just like to the opinions of the maids of ,aldgate some ,antinomian young women that had been making themselves notorious4 ',oh1' say they1 'we live in ,christ and ,christ doth all for us3 we are ,christed in ,christ and ,godded in ,god1 and at the same time that we sin here we1 joined to ,christ1 do justice in him4' 444 ,fie1 fie1 blush for shame1 and publish no more of this loose ,divinity4 ,but the choicest bit shall come last4 ,criticising the conclusion of a passage in ,milton's treatise1 the language of the first portion of which is pronounced too sublime and angelical for mortal creatures to comprehend it1 the ,answerer declares1 ,this frothy discourse1 were it not sugared over with a little neat language1 would appear so immeritous1 so contrary to all humane learning1 yea truth and common experience itself1 that all that read it must needs count it worthy to be burnt by the hangman4 ,milton's first glance at the anonymous pamphlet1 he tells us1 had shown him the sort of person he had to deal with4 ,he could be no educated man1 for in the very first page of his pamphlet1 where he quotes ,greek and ,hebrew words1 he misspells them4 ,this was no serious crime in itself2 only a man falsely pretending to know a language would do worse6 ,nor did ,i find this his want of the pretended languages alone1 but accompanied with such a low and homespun expression of his mother-,english all along1 without joint or frame1 as made me1 ere ,i knew further of him1 often stop and conclude that this author could for certain be no other than some mechanic4 ,it was singular also that1 while the ,second ,edition of the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce had been out for months before the publication of this ,answer1 only the ,first ,edition was referred to in the ,answer4 ,this1 indeed1 had enabled ,milton to find out who the ,answerer was1 and the whole history of his pamphlet4 ,for1 in the course of the preceding summer1 he had been amused by hearing that there was in the press1 half printed1 an ,answer to the ,first ,edition of his ,divorce ,book1 concocted by a committee of heads1 in the centre of whom was--let the reader hold his laughter1 he says1 and hear the story out--an actual serving-man4 ,at least1 he had been a serving-man1 waiting at table1 cleaning trenchers1 and the like2 but he was ambitious of rising in the world1 and had turned ,solicitor4 ,zeal for public morality1 or some farther ambition for literary distinction1 had put it into his head to answer the ,first ,edition of ,milton's treatise2 and1 taking into his confidence one or two raw young ,divines of his acquaintance1 he had actually composed something1 and sent it to the press4 ,milton had resolved that1 if the thing did appear1 he would leave it unnoticed4 ,for some months1 during which it had been lying unfinished in the press1 he had quite dismissed it from his mind4 ,but lo6 here it was at length1 stitched and published--this precious composition of the ,serving-man turned ,solicitor4 ,not quite as it had come from his pen1 however6 ,a ,divine of note--no other1 in fact1 than ,mr4 ,caryl himself1 the ,licenser-- had looked over the thing1 and stuck it here and there with a clove of his own calligraphy to keep it from tainting4 ,this1 and ,caryl's approbation prefixed1 had rather altered the state of matters2 and ,milton had resolved that1 when he had leisure for a little recreation1 his man of law should not altogether lose his soliciting4 ,nor does he4 ,never was poor wretch so mauled1 so tumbled and rolled1 and kept on tumbling and rolling1 in ignominious mire4 ,milton indeed pays him the compliment of following his reasonings1 restating them in their order1 and quoting his words2 but it is only1 as it were1 to wrap up the reasoner in the rags of his own bringing1 and then kick him along as a football through a mile of mud4 ,we need not trouble ourselves with the reasonings1 or with the incidental repetitions of ,milton's doctrine to which they give rise2 it will be enough to exhibit the emphasis of ,milton's foot administered at intervals to the human bundle it is propelling4 ,i mean not to dispute ,philosophy with this ,pork4 he says near the beginning2 this clod of an antagonist1 he calls him at the next kick2 a serving-man both by nature and function1 an idiot by breeding1 and a solicitor by presumption1 is the third propulsion2 after which we lose reckoning of the number of the kicks1 they come sometimes so ingeniously fast4 ,basest and hungriest inditer1 groom1 rank pettifogger1 mere and arrant pettifogger1 no antic hobnail at a morris but is more handsomely facetious2 a boar in a vineyard1 a snout in this pickle1 the serving-man at ,addlegate 7suggested by 'the maids at ,aldgate'71 this odious fool1 the noisome stench of his rude slot1 the hide of a varlet1 such an unswilled hogshead1 such a cock-brained solicitor2 not a golden1 but a brazen ass2 barbarian1 the shame of all honest attorneys1 why do they not hoist him over the bar and blanket him8--such are a few of the varied elegancies4 ,two or three of them break the bounds within which modern taste permits quotation4 ,i may be driven1 he says in the end1 to curl up this gliding prose into a rough ,sotadic1 that shall rime him into such a condition as1 instead of judging good books to be burnt by the executioner1 he shall be readier to be his own hangman4 ,so much for this nuisance4 ,after which1 as if feeling that he had gone too far1 he begs any person dissenting from his ,doctrine1 and willing to argue it fairly1 not to infer from this ,colasterion that he was displeased at being contradicted in print1 or that he did not know how to receive a fair antagonist with civility4 ,practically1 however1 ,i should fancy that1 after the ,colasterion1 most people would be indisposed to try the experiment of knowing what ,milton meant by being civil to an antagonist4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,april #afde-;,august #afdf4 ,,history4--,,sixteen ,,months ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,model1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,long ,,parliament ,,and ,,westminster ,,assembly ,,continued4--,,battle ,,of ,,naseby ,,and ,,its ,,consequences3 ,,episode ,,of ,,montrose ,,in ,,scotland3 ,,flight ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,to ,,the ,,scots ,,and ,,conclusion ,,of ,,the ,,civil ,,war4--,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,toleration ,,controversy ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,struggle ,,between ,,the ,,presbyterians ,,and ,,the ,,independents--,,london ,,and ,,lancashire ,,presbyterianized4 ,,biography3--,,return ,,of ,,milton',s ,,wife3 ,,his ,,removal ,,from ,,aldersgate ,,street ,,to ,,barbican3 ,,first ,,edition ,,of ,,his ,,poems3 ,,three ,,more ,,sonnets3 ,,continued ,,presbyterian ,,attacks ,,on ,,milton3 ,,his ,,retaliation3 ,,troubles ,,of ,,the ,,powell ,,family4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,composition ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,model1 ,,and ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,work ,,lying ,,before ,,it--,,first ,,actions ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,model--,,cromwell ,,retained ,,in ,,command3 ,,battle ,,of ,,naseby3 ,,other ,,successes ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,model--,,poor ,,performance ,,of ,,the ,,scottish ,,auxiliary ,,army--,,episode ,,of ,,montrose ,,in ,,scotland--,,fag-,,end ,,of ,,the ,,war ,,in ,,england1 ,,and ,,flight ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,to ,,the ,,scots--,,fallen ,,and ,,risen ,,stars4 ,by the ,ordinance for ,new-,modelling the ,parliamentarian ,army1 passed ,february #ae1 #afdd-e1 and by the ,self-,denying ,ordinance1 which followed ,april #c1 #afde1 excluding all members of either ,house from commands in the ,new ,army1 the prospects of the war had been completely altered4 ,from these dates people everywhere were talking of the ,new ,model1 and what it was likely to accomplish1 the only difference being that the bulk of the ,parliamentarians expected great things from it1 while the ,royalists1 and perhaps also those of the ,parliamentarians who resented the removal of ,essex from the chief command1 and their own removal from commands under him1 regarded the whole experiment rather sneeringly1 and ridiculed it as the ,new ,noddle4 ,which of these sets of prophets were in the right will appear presently2 meanwhile it is desirable that we should know as exactly as possible what the ,new ,model or ,new ,noddle really was4 ,,composition ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,model1 ,,and ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,work ,,lying ,,before ,,it4 ,the following is an account of the organization of the ,new ,model1 with a list of its chief ,officers when it was first organized3-- ,,total ,,army ,,estimated ,,at #bb1jjj4 ,commander-in-,chief3 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax 7tat4 #cc74 ,second-in-,command 7for the present73 ,,philip ,,skippon1 with the rank of ,serjeant ,major-,general4 ,chief of ,ordnance3 ,,thomas ,,hammond4 ,he was a brother of the ,royalist ,divine and ,king's faithful ,chaplain1 ,dr4 ,henry ,hammond 7see ,vol4 ,,ii4 #eai and #ebf1 ,note72 and the split of the ,hammond family into ,royalists and ,parliamentarians was much noticed4 ,scout-,master-,general3 ,,leonard ,,watson1 originally a goldsmith in ,lincoln4 ,chaplain to the ,commander-in-,chief3 ,mr4 ,,edward ,,bowles4 ,secretary to the ,commander-in-,chief3 ,,john ,,rushworth4 ,i4 ,,foot #ad1djj4 ,these consisted of twelve ,regiments1 each of #a1bjj men1 and each divided into ten ,companies1 ,the officers of the ,regiments1 respectively1 were as follows3-- #a4 7,the ,commander-in-,chief's ,regiment73--,colonel ,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,jackson2 ,major ,,cooke2 and seven ,captains4 #b4 7,the ,serjeant-,major-,general's ,regiment73--,colonel ,,phillip ,,skippon2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,francis2 ,major ,,ashfield2 and seven ,captains4 #c4 ,colonel ,,holborn2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,cottesworth2 ,major ,,smith2 and seven ,captains4 #d4 ,colonel ,,crawford or ,,crayford1 succeeded soon by young ,colonel ,,robert ,,hammond 7tat4 #bd71 a nephew of the chief of the ,ordnance and of the ,royalist ,dr4 ,henry ,hammond2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,isaac ,,ewer 7reported to have been a serving man72 ,major ,,saunders2 and seven ,captains4 #e4 ,colonel ,,barclay2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,ewins 7,,innes872 ,major ,,cowell2 and seven ,captains4 #f4 ,colonel ,,edward ,,montague 7tat4 only #bj3 he was cousin of the ,earl of ,manchester1 being son of the ,earl's brother1 ,sir ,sidney ,montague1 who had been ,m4,p4 for ,hunts1 but was now dead72 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,ellis ,,grimes2 ,major ,,kelsey2 and seven ,captains4 #g4 ,colonel ,,aldridge2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,walter ,,lloyd 7who succeeded to the ,colonelcy72 ,major ,,read2 and seven ,captains4 #h4 ,colonel ,,john ,,pickering 7of the family of the ,pickerings1 of ,tichmarsh1 ,northamptonshire1 a little man1 quite young1 and cousin of the boy who was to be known as the poet ,dryden72 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,john ,,hewson 7originally a shoemaker in ,westminster1 but who had risen from the ranks by his valour72 ,major ,,jubbs2 and seven ,captains1 one of whom was a ,captain ,,axtell4 #i4 ,colonel ,,fortescue2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,bulstrode2 ,major ,,richbell2 and seven ,captains4 #aj4 ,colonel ,,richard ,,ingoldsby 7tat4 #bc3 his father was ,sir ,richard ,ingoldsby of ,lenthenborough1 and his mother was a cousin of ,cromwell's72 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,farrington2 ,major ,,philip ,,cromwell 7a cousin of ,cromwell's3 second son of his uncle ,sir ,philip ,cromwell72 and seven ,captains4 #aa4 7,artillery7 ,colonel ,,thomas ,,rainsborough 7once a skipper of ,lynn1 who had seen service at sea72 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,,owen2 ,major ,,dove2 and seven ,captains4 #ab4 7,artillery7 ,colonel ,,ralph ,,welden1 a veteran2 whose under-officers ,i have not ascertained1 save that one of them seems to have been ,,robert ,,lilburne 7brother of ,john ,lilburne71 who in time succeeded to the ,colonelcy4 ,,ii4 ,,horse ,,and ,,dragoons #g1fjj4 ,the ,horse 7#f1fjj7 consisted of eleven ,regiments1 each of #fjj1 divided into six troops2 the ,dragoons consisted of one ,regiment 7#a1jjj71 in ten troops of #ajj each4 ,they were officered thus3-- #a4 7,the ,commander-in-,chiefs ,regiment73--,colonel ,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax2 ,major ,,john ,,desborough 7a brother-in-law of ,oliver ,cromwell's3 married to his younger sister1 ,jane ,cromwell72 and four ,captains1 one of them a ,captain ,,berry4 #b4 ,colonel ,,middleton2 ,major ,,richard ,,norton2 and four ,captains4 #c4 ,colonel ,,thomas ,,sheffield 7a younger son of the aged ,earl of ,mulgrave1 and uncle of ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax72 ,major ,,sheffield 7the ,colonel's son or brother872 and four ,captains4 #d4 ,colonel ,,charles ,,fleetwood 7a young man of a good ,buckinghamshire family1 and well known to ,milton from his childhood1 as ,milton himself tells us3 he had served first as a private trooper in the ,earl of ,essex's guards1 and had rapidly distinguished himself72 ,major ,,thomas ,,harrison 7formerly an attorney's clerk in ,london72 and four ,captains4 #e4 ,colonel ,,edward ,,rossiter2 ,major ,,twistleton2 and four ,captains4 #f4 ,colonel ,,vermuyden 7a ,dutchman1 who resigned after a month or two of good service1 and returned to ,holland1 where his father1 ,sir ,cornelius ,vermuyden1 was engaged in engineering works72 ,major ,,huntingdon 7who succeeded ,vermuyden in the ,colonelcy72 and four ,captains4 #g4 ,colonel ,,algernon ,,sidney 7famous long afterwards for his death3 now tat4 #bc3 third son of the ,earl of ,leicester3 had served as a ,captain in ,manchester's army--he and his eldest brother1 ,philip1 ,lord ,lisle1 being more actively ,parliamentarian than their father72 ,major ,,alford2 and four ,captains4 #h4 ,colonel ,,sir ,,robert ,,pye1 junior 7son of the ,sir ,robert ,pye who had been ,m4,p4 for ,woodstock1 as colleague with ,speaker ,lenthall1 since the beginning of the ,long ,parliament1 and was now a conspicuous man in the ,house72 ,major ,,matthew ,,tomlinson 7said to have been a gentleman-usher to a lady72 and three ,captains1 one of whom was ,,henry ,,ireton 7a ,b4,a4 of ,oxford1 and barrister of the ,middle ,temple1 tat4 #ce1 who had taken to soldiering3 described as of a melancholic1 reserved1 dark nature1 and great ability74 #i4 ,colonel ,,edward ,,whalley 7rumoured by the ,royalists to have been a woollen-draper or petty merchant in ,london1 who had got into debt and migrated to ,scotland for a time2 but certainly of a ,nottinghamshire family of mark1 and certainly a cousin of ,cromwell's2 recently also known for excellent service under ,cromwell as ,major in ,cromwell's own regiment72 ,major ,,bethell2 and four ,captains4 #aj4 ,colonel ,,richard ,,graves2 ,major ,,adrian ,,scroop2 and four ,captains4 #aa4 ,colonel ,sir ,,michael ,,livesey1 ,bart41 of ,co4 ,kent2 ,major ,,sedasoue2 and four ,captains4 ,regiment of ,dragoons3 ,colonel ,,john ,,okey 7originally1 it is said1 a drayman1 then stoker in a brewhouse at ,islington1 and next a most poor chandler in ,thames ,street2 said also to have been of more bulk than brains2 but certainly of late an invincible dragoon-officer72 ,major ,,williams or ,,gwilliams2 and eight ,captains4 ,n4,b4 ,some of the above-mentioned officers 7such as ,colonels ,middleton1 ,livesey1 ,holborn1 and ,barclay7 do not seem to have taken the places assigned them in the ,new ,model4 ,others therefore had to be brought in by ,fairfax almost at once4 ,among these were3--#a4 ,as ,colonels of ,horse3 ,colonel ,,butler2 the ,hon4 ,,john ,,fiennes 7third son of ,viscount ,saye and ,sele72 ,,charles ,,rich 7he had been nominated in the ,commons for a ,colonelcy ,feb4 #bh and ,march #a1 #afdd-e1 and rejected both times2 but must have been appointed soon afterwards74 #b4 ,as ,colonels of ,foot3 ,,edward ,,harley 7whose ,lieutenant-,colonel was ,,thomas ,,pride1 a foundling who had been a drayman72 ,,john ,,lambert 7who had been a ,colonel under ,fairfax in the ,north72 ,,sir ,,hardress ,,waller 7tat4 #da1 cousin of ,sir ,william ,waller74 ,footnote3 ,in the ,lords ,journals1 date ,march #ah1 #afdd-e1 there is a list of the intended officers of the ,new ,model as then agreed to1 after a month or two of choosing1 between the ,lords and the ,commons4 ,this has been my chief authority2 but it has been aided and checked by the ,anglia ,rediviva of the ,new ,model chaplain ,sprigge 7pp4 #h-aj et seq4 of ,oxford ,edition of #ahed7 and by ,rushworth 7,,vi4#ac-ag et seq474 ,mr4 ,clements ,markham's account of the ,new ,model ,army in his life of ,fairfax 7pp4 #ahh-bjb7 has likewise been of use1 though it does not profess to be more than general1 nor to be calculated for the very commencement of the ,new ,model4 ,some particulars of information respecting persons ,i have taken from ,mr4 ,markham2 others ,i have had to gather miscellaneously from the ,parliamentary ,journals1 ,wood1 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,walker's ,hist4 of ,independency1 ,reprint of ,the ,mystery of the ,good ,old ,cause 7a satirical tract of #affj7 at end of ,vol4 ,,iii4 of ,parl4 ,hist41 c4 ,i have had to rectify the spellings of some of the names in the original ,lords ,journals list1 and to find out the ,christian names where possible4 ,it is not always so easy as one might suppose to ascertain the ,christian name of a man who may have been of considerable note in his day and have left his mark4 ,such was the famous ,new ,model4 ,footnote3 ,in the ,new ,model the reader ought to note three things3--7#a7 ,the comparative youth of the officers4 ,there were veterans2 but the ,commander-in-chief was but thirty three years of age1 and most of the ,colonels were still younger4 7#b7 ,the blending of different ranks of society in the body of the officers4 ,the majority were decidedly from the ranks of the aristocracy and gentry-- peers' younger sons1 knights1 sons of knights and country-gentlemen1 c42 but in men like ,skippon1 ,colonel ,okey1 ,colonel ,rainsborough1 ,lieutenant- ,colonel ,ewer1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,hewson1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,pride1 ,major ,harrison1 and ,major ,tomlinson1 there was a conspicuous sprinkling of stout representatives of a lower and more popular stratum4 ,the ,royalists1 and even the ,presbyterians1 fastened on this fact and exaggerated it4 ,all the army1 from the general to the meanest sentinel1 could not muster #a1jjj a year in lands among them2 so it was laxly said4 7#c7 ,another fact1 of which the ,presbyterians and the ,royalists1 and other anti- ,cromwellians1 afterwards made the most1 was the unusual number of relatives of ,cromwell that there were among the officers4 ,to those who regarded the whole invention and organization of the ,new ,model as a deep design of ,cromwell's craft1 with ,fairfax as his temporary tool1 this fact was blackly significant4 ,but1 apart altogether from that theory1 the fact is important1 and ought to be borne in mind4 ,there was not only much of the ,cromwell spirit in the ,new ,model from the first1 but a large leaven of the ,cromwell kin4 ,where was it first to be employed8 ,this was an anxious question2 and1 to understand it1 we must have the map of ,england before us as it appeared to the ,parliamentarians in the early months of #afde4 ,england then1 in the eyes of the ,parliamentarians1 consisted of four regions1 as follows3--7,i47 ,the ,pre-eminent and assured ,parliamentarian ,region4 ,this included ,london and ,middlesex1 with the ,eastern and ,south-,eastern counties at their back1 or immediately flanking them north and south--viz43 ,herts1 ,essex1 ,cambridge1 ,bedford1 ,northamptonshire1 ,hunts1 ,suffolk1 ,norfolk1 and almost all ,lincoln1 together with ,kent1 ,surrey1 and ,sussex4 ,all this sweep of country was now thoroughly in the possession of the ,parliament1 and constituted the region whence it drew its main strength4 ,the services of the ,new ,model were not required in it2 for it was the main feeder and support of the ,new ,model4 7,,ii47 ,the ,northern ,counties4 ,here1 beyond the ,humber and ,mersey1 or perhaps even beyond the ,trent1 the cause of ,parliament was also in the ascendant4 ,since ,marston ,moor ,royalism lingered here only in a few towns and garrisons4 ,in ,cumberland1 ,carlisle still held out for the ,king1 and the siege of this city1 together with the preservation of the ,north generally1 was the work now specially expected from the ,scottish auxiliary army4 ,in ,yorkshire1 the castles of ,skipton1 ,pontefract1 ,scarborough1 ,sandal1 and ,bolton1 and1 in ,lancashire1 ,latham ,house and ,greenhaugh ,castle1 kept up the ,king's flag1 but were surrounded by local ,parliamentary besiegers4 ,on the whole there was no reason for anxiety now about the ,north within itself2 and the hope was that the ,scottish ,army and other stray forces in those parts might be able soon to move southwards and co-operate with the ,new ,model4 7,,iii47 ,the ,south-,west and ,mid-,southern ,counties4 ,here the ,king was vastly in the ascendant4 ,cornwall was absolutely his2 ,devon was wholly his1 with the exception of the port of ,plymouth1 still held for the ,parliament1 but besieged by the ,king's forces2 ,somerset was wholly his1 save that ,taunton was holding out for ,parliament in great distress2 all ,wilts was his1 except ,malmesbury ,castle2 in ,dorset he was nearly master1 though the three port-towns of ,poole1 ,lyme1 and ,weymouth 7,melcombe7 had ,parliamentary garrisons2 and even in ,hants1 where the ,parliament divided the power with him more equally1 he held the two strong places of ,winchester and ,basing4 ,the ,king's field-forces in all this southwestern and southern region were extremely numerous1 apart from the garrisons1 and were commanded by ,lords ,goring and ,hopton1 ,sir ,richard ,greenville1 ,major-,general ,sir ,john ,digby1 and others4 ,with them was the ,prince of ,wales1 now fifteen years of age4 ,he had been recently sent from ,oxford into those parts1 with a view both to his own safety and to the effects of his influence4 7,,iv47 ,the ,english ,midlands1 backed by ,wales4 ,here also the ,king was firmly established4 ,here it was that1 with the ,princes ,rupert and ,maurice as his chiefs in command1 he directly faced the massed ,parliamentarianism of ,london and the ,eastern ,counties4 ,in ,bucks and ,berks1 indeed1 his forces and those of the ,parliament overlapped each other4 ,aylesbury1 the chief town in ,bucks1 was the ,parliament's1 while ,boarstall ,house1 ten or twelve miles east from it1 was the ,king's2 and1 similarly1 the east of ,berks1 with ,windsor1 ,reading1 and ,abingdon1 were mainly held by ,parliament1 while in the same county the ,king had some strong garrisons4 ,oxford1 however1 the county of the ,king's head-quarters1 was wholly in his possession1 with the exception of ,henley on the ,berks border4 ,to the north of ,oxfordshire was ,warwickshire1 all the ,king's except ,warwick ,castle1 though bordered by ,northamptonshire1 which was all the ,parliament's2 and farther north were the shires of ,leicester1 ,nottingham1 and ,stafford1 in each of which1 though the ,parliament held the county- town1 the ,king had countervailing strongholds4 ,then1 at the back of this row of central counties facing the massed ,parliamentarianism of the ,east1 there were the shires of ,gloucester1 ,worcester1 ,salop1 and ,chester1 in which ,parliament had scarcely any hold2 that of ,hereford1 in which it had no hold2 and the whole bulk of ,wales1 in which the two castles of ,pembroke and ,montgomery were the sole ,parliamentarian specks4 ,leaning back upon ,wales1 and the ,english counties of the ,welsh border1 the ,king1 from ,oxford1 with its flanking counties north and south1 fronted ,parliament very formidably4 ,footnote3 ,in this survey of the state of the war over all ,england in ,april #afde1 ,i have availed myself of the introductory ,tables in ,sprigge 7pp4 xi-xvi1 ,edit4 #ahed71 repeated in ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 pp4 #ah-bb4 ,the geographical information in the ,tables is1 however1 somewhat confused1 and ,i have recast it4 ,,first ,,actions ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,model4 ,clearly1 it was against one or other of the two last-mentioned regions that the ,new ,model must first show its prowess4 ,which of the two should it be8 ,the ,west had many claims4 ,besides the importance of relieving the besieged ,parliamentary garrisons in that direction1 there was the necessity of taking precaution against the possible advance from it of ,goring's forces towards ,london4 ,accordingly1 even before the ,self-,denying ,ordinance had become law1 ,cromwell and ,sir ,william ,waller had been ordered on a special expedition into the ,west 7,february #bg71 for relief of ,melcombe and the garrisons and places adjacent1 and for preventing and breaking the enemy's levies and recruits4 ,cromwell's men were very reluctant to go on this expedition1 probably because they did not like to serve with ,waller4 ,but1 ,cromwell having managed them1 he and ,waller did go into the ,west as far as ,dorset and ,somerset1 and1 after as much success as was possible1 returned about the middle of ,april4 ,the ,self- ,denying ,ordinance was then law2 and on the #bbnd of ,april ,cromwell was at ,windsor1 to resign his command1 and take leave of ,fairfax4 ,suddenly1 on the following morning1 a message from the ,committee of the two ,kingdoms came to ,windsor ordering ,fairfax to employ ,cromwell on a new enterprise of pressing moment4 ,footnote3 ,this ,committee of the two ,kingdoms originally appointed in ,feb4 #afdc-d1 after the coming in of the ,scots ,auxiliary ,army 7see list of members ant1 p4 #da7 is found very active after the organization of the ,new ,model--a quorum always sitting in ,derby ,house1 ,canon ,row1 ,westminster1 close to ,parliament 7the house in which ,pym had died7 and sending orders1 c41 to ,fairfax4 ,manchester1 ,saye and ,sele1 ,wharton1 and ,vane the younger1 of the ,english members of the ,committee1 and ,loudoun and ,sir ,archibald ,johnstone of the ,scottish members1 signed most such orders and letters in ,may and ,june #afde 7see ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bg-cc74 ,he was to ride with all haste into ,oxfordshire1 to intercept1 if possible1 a convoy of #b1jjj horse1 which ,prince ,rupert was to detach from ,worcester1 then the head-quarters of the ,king's main army1 for the purpose of fetching off the ,king and his ,artillery-train from ,oxford4 ,as the forty days of grace fixed by the ,self-,denying ,ordinance did not expire till the #acth of ,may1 ,cromwell would have time to perform this service before the exact day on which his resignation was required6 ,in fact1 he performed it thoroughly in two days4 ,on the #bdth of ,april he met the enemy1 consisting of the ,queen's own regiment1 the ,earl of ,northhampton's1 and ,lord ,wilmot's1 at ,islip ,bridge1 routed them utterly1 slew many1 and took about #bjj prisoners and #djj horses1 besides the ,queen's standard4 ,not only so2 but1 some of the fugitives having taken refuge in ,bletchington ,house1 then commanded by ,colonel ,thomas ,windebank1 son of the ex-,secretary1 with a garrison of #bjj men1 ,cromwell had summoned the house to surrender1 and1 though a defence might easily have been made1 ,windebank had actually surrendered that same night1 giving up all his stores4 ,such were the first actions of the ,new ,model2 and1 as they carried joy into the ,parliamentarian heart1 so in the ,king's quarters they caused rage and vexation4 ,windebank was tried by court-martial for cowardice1 and1 notwithstanding his connexions1 was shot to death in the court of ,merton ,college1 ,oxford 7,may #c74 ,footnote3 ,for facts in the preceding three paragraphs see ,commons ,journals1 ,feb4 #bg and #bh1 and ,march #d and at #bj1 #afdd-e2 ,sprigge's ,angli ,reduc4 7#ahed7 #aa-ac3 ,carlyle's ,cromwell 7ed4 #aheg7 ,i4 #afc-afg2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bc-be4 ,we had a glimpse of young ,windebank at an earlier period1 when he little foresaw this end4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #gj4 ,,cromwell ,,retained ,,in ,,command3 ,,battle ,,of ,,naseby3 ,,other ,,successes ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,model4 ,on the #ast of ,may1 while ,cromwell was still absent in ,oxfordshire1 the main body of the ,new ,model1 under ,fairfax and ,skippon1 was on the move in another direction4 ,it had seemed on the whole that it would be of most use in the ,south-,west4 ,in especial1 there was great anxiety for the relief of ,taunton4 ,but1 when ,fairfax had got as far as into ,dorset1 on his way to ,taunton1 he was overtaken by an ,ordinance of the two ,houses1 in conformity with a resolution of the ,committee of both ,kingdoms 7,may #f71 recalling him and ,skippon1 with the bulk of the ,new ,model1 for service1 after all1 in the ,mid-,english ,counties4 ,for ,goring had carried much of the ,south-,western force thither1 and had joined ,rupert and ,maurice1 so that there was a great stir of something new intended about ,oxford and round the ,king's person4 ,accordingly1 detaching only a brigade of some #g1jjj1 consisting of ,welden's1 ,lloyd's1 ,fortescue's1 and ,ingoldsby's foot-regiments1 and ,graves's horse-regiment1 with some other district forces1 all under ,welden's chief command1 to push on for the relief of ,taunton1 ,fairfax wheeled his main force back north-east1 and1 after forced cross-country marching1 found himself 7,may #ad7 at the well- known ,newbury1 on his way to ,oxford4 ,by this time he knew1 if he had not known it before1 that he was to have the help of other generalship under him than that of ,skippon4 ,if it had ever been really intended that ,cromwell should retire from the ,army with the others1 according to the strict terms of the ,self-,denying ,ordinance1 the successes at ,islip ,bridge and ,bletchington ,house had put it into all men's minds to inquire how the ,army could get on without him4 ,the ,army itself had but one opinion on the subject4 ,for many months past he had been the darling of the entire force1 so that1 whenever he appeared unexpectedly on the field1 there were shouts of ,a ,cromwell6 ,a ,cromwell6 ,willingly or unwillingly1 ,parliament had to defer to this sentiment2 and on ,may #aj1 three days before the expiry of the forty days of grace fixed by the ,self-,denying ,ordinance1 a special ordinance of the ,commons continuing ,cromwell in his employment for forty days longer1 i4e4 till ,june #bb1 was agreed to by the ,lords4 ,there was murmuring among the ,presbyterians and the friends of the late generals1 ,essex1 ,manchester1 and ,waller2 but the thing was inevitable4 ,nay1 when ,fairfax and other officers of the ,new ,model1 not content with the vague and brief additional use of ,cromwell's services thus offered1 petitioned distinctly for his appointment as ,lieutenant- general1 with chief command of the horse1 that also had to be conceded4 ,the petition was read in the ,commons and agreed to1 ,june #aj2 on which day a letter was drawn up1 signed by the ,speaker1 and despatched to ,fairfax1 to desire him1 if he shall so think fit1 to appoint ,lieutenant-general ,cromwell to command the horse during so long time as the ,house shall dispense with his absence4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals of days named4 ,within four days after the formal appointment of ,cromwell to the ,lieutenant-generalship under ,fairfax there came that great action of the year which more than justified the appointment4 ,the circumstances were these3--,while ,fairfax had been on the march towards ,taunton1 the ,king1 with his ,artillery-train1 c41 had left ,oxford 7,may #g7 and taken the field with his main army of the ,midlands under ,prince ,rupert4 ,cromwell1 who had remained in ,oxfordshire1 kept hovering after him and watching his movements4 ,these were uncertain2 but it appeared as if he were tending northwards1 to relieve ,chester1 then besieged by a ,parliamentarian force from ,lancashire and ,cheshire under ,sir ,william ,brereton4 ,footnote3 ,it is to be remembered that1 apart from the ,new ,model1 there were still ,english ,parliamentary garrisons1 and field forces1 here and there1 doing necessary district work4 ,sir ,william ,brereton1 ,m4,p4 for ,cheshire1 had had in his hands much of the management of the war in those parts2 and as he was still useful1 ,parliament had exempted him as well as ,cromwell1 from the same hate operation of the ,self ,denying ,ordinance1 extending his command 7,may #ab7 for forty days4 ,the same extension1 on the same day1 was given to ,sir ,thomas ,middleton1 ,m4,p4 for ,denbighshire1 at work on the ,welsh border1 but with a reserve that1 after the forty days his command was to be resigned to a ,colonel ,mitton ,common ,journal4 ,when1 therefore1 ,fairfax had wheeled back from his ,south-,western expedition1 and was once more in the ,midlands1 the question arose whether he and his ,new ,model should besiege ,oxford in the ,king's absence1 or whether they should pursue his ,majesty and fight him in the field4 ,the siege of ,oxford seemed the preferable course2 and1 accordingly 7,may #bb71 ,fairfax1 now rejoined by ,cromwell1 sat down before that city4 ,soon1 however1 it became questionable whether the war-committee had judged rightly4 ,for discomfiting the ,king's design for the relief of ,chester the ,parliament had trusted to the ,scottish ,army1 aided by the ,english ,parliamentarians of the ,northern ,counties1 and by a band of the ,new ,model horse despatched north under ,colonel ,vermuyden4 ,but the ,scots1 out of humour with the ,new ,model altogether1 had been backward or careless2 the ,king1 through ,warwickshire1 ,worcestershire and ,shropshire1 had made his way into ,cheshire2 his approach had relieved ,chester2 he had then turned eastwards into ,staffordshire1 had crossed that county1 entered ,leicestershire1 and 7,may #cj7 taken the town of ,leicester by storm4 ,he was thus on the very verge of the ,parliament's own faithful ,association of the ,eastern ,counties1 and might be expected to break into that ,association4 ,immediately1 therefore1 the plans of the ,parliament were changed4 ,on the very day on which the news of the storming of ,leicester arrived1 ,cromwell was off from ,oxford into the ,eastern ,counties1 and on the #eth of ,june1 ,fairfax1 with the rest of the ,new ,model1 raised the siege of ,oxford and marched north4 ,june #ac1 he was in the north-west of ,northamptonshire1 within sight of the ,king's main force1 which had advanced out of ,leicestershire into that county4 ,early on that morning1 while he was holding a council of war1 ,cromwell came in1 fresh from his work in the ,association1 and welcomed as the man most wanted4 ,he at once assumed his ,lieutenant-generalship2 and on the next day1 ,saturday1 ,june #ad1 #afde1 there was fought the great ,,battle ,,of ,,naseby4 ,there had been nothing like it since ,marston ,moor4 ,the ,king's ,army1 commanded by the ,king in person1 ,prince ,rupert1 ,prince ,maurice1 ,sir ,jacob ,astley 7now ,lord ,astley71 ,lord ,barnard ,stuart1 ,sir ,george ,lisle1 ,sir ,marmaduke ,langdale1 and ,colonel ,howard1 was utterly defeated and ruined4 ,the prisoners taken amounted to #e1jjj1 and included many of the ,king's chief officers2 all the artillery was captured1 and much baggage1 including the ,king's cabinet1 with his private papers and correspondence4 ,these papers were speedily published by ,parliament under the title of ,the ,kings ,cabinet ,opened2 and1 by the revelations they made of the ,king's duplicity1 his absolute subjection to the ,queen1 and his secret dealings with the ,irish and ,papists1 they did as much to discredit his cause as the battle itself4 ,footnote3 ,sprigge1 #ba-ea2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bi-dh2 and ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #afi-l#gf4--;,here is a note from the ,stationers' ,registers1 ,july #i 7#afde73 ,robert ,bostock entered for his copy1 by special command1 under the hands of ,mr4 ,henry ,parker and ,mr4 ,thomas ,may1 ,secretaries1 and ,mr4 ,miller1 ,warden1 a ,book entitled ,the ,king's ,cabinet ,opened1 or certain ,packets of ,secret ,letters and ,papers1 written by the ,king's own hand1 taken in his ,cabinet at ,naseby ,field4 ,for an account of ,naseby battle and review of previous accounts1 see ,markham's ,fairfax1 #bac- #bcj4 ,though ,fairfax was voted everywhere the brave and worthy commander-in- chief at ,naseby1 and though ,skippon had behaved like himself and kept his post after having been seriously wounded1 much of the credit of the battle1 as of that of ,marston ,moor1 went to ,cromwell4 ,he had commanded the ,horse on the right wing1 and his success there against the enemy's left had been effectual and decisive4 ,moreover1 in the whole marshalling of the battle1 and in what had prepared for it1 people saw1 or thought they saw1 ,cromwell's influence4 ,the horse regiments engaged were1 on the right wing1 ,fairfax's ,life-guards1 ,cromwell's ,ironsides1 ,colonel ,whalley's1 ,colonel ,sir ,robert ,pye's1 ,colonel ,rossiter's1 ,colonel ,sheffield's1 and ,colonel ,fiennes's1 and1 on the left wing1 ,colonel ,butler's1 ,colonel ,vermuyden's 7now ,huntingdon's71 ,colonel ,rich's1 ,colonel ,fleetwood's1 and another2 and the foot regiments engaged were ,fairfax's own1 ,skippon's1 ,colonel ,sir ,hardress ,waller's1 young ,colonel ,pickering's1 young ,colonel ,montague's1 young ,colonel ,hammond's1 ,colonel ,rainsborough's1 and ,lieutenant-colonel ,pride's4 ,fairfax in person1 with ,skippon1 commanded the foot or main body2 ,cromwell1 as we have seen1 commanded the right wing2 but who commanded the left wing8 ,it was the ,colonel of that horse-regiment which we have left anonymous4 ,and who was he8 ,no other than that ,,henry ,,ireton1 the melancholic1 reserved lawyer of the ,middle ,temple1 who was only a ,captain in ,sir ,robert ,pye's regiment at the formation of the ,new ,model three months before 7ant1 p4 #cbg74 ,he had been recently promoted to a ,colonelcy1 and on the eve of the battle ,fairfax had made him ,commissary-general of ,horse1 with command of the left wing1 over the heads of the other ,colonels4 ,this was at ,cromwell's request1 who had reason to know ,ireton1 and had special confidence in him4 ,nor did the result belie ,cromwell's judgment4 ,ireton's wing1 indeed1 had given way and fled under the shock of ,rupert's charges1 but not till ,ireton himself had had his horse shot under him1 received two wounds1 and been taken prisoner in a counter-attack4 ,rescued by the turn of the battle1 he came in for a share of the praise4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #db1 #dc4 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #agf4--;,it came to be an assertion with the ,presbyterians1 thought ,i do not believe they believed it themselves1 that ,cromwell's military fame had been gained by systematic puffing on the part of the ,independents4 ,the news books taught to speak no language but ,cromwell and his party1 and were mute on such actions as he and they could claim no share in1 wrote ,clement ,walker a year or two after ,naseby 7,hist4 of ,indep4 ,part ,i1 #cj74 ,we have see ,baillie writing rather in the same way after ,marston ,moor4--,when the news of the victory reached ,london1 the ,parliament1 amid their various rejoicings1 and their voting of a day of public thanksgiving to ,god1 a jewel worth #ejjl4 to ,fairfax1 and the like1 did not forget one practical inference from what had happened4 ,that same day 7,june #af7 the ,commons signified to the ,lords their desire that ,cromwell's exceptional ,lieutenant-generalship should be prolonged2 and1 accordingly1 on ,june #ah it was agreed by both ,houses ,that ,lieutenant-general ,cromwell shall continue as ,lieutenant-general of the ,horse1 according the established pay of the ,army1 for three months from the end of the forty days formerly granted to him4 ,this extended his command under ,fairfax only to ,sept4 #bb2 but1 that we may not have to refer to the matter again1 we may here state that1 before that date arrived1 the term of his service was stretched for other four months1 with an understanding in fact that it was to be indefinitely elastic4 ,footnote3 ,commons and ,lords ,journals of days named4 ,naseby proved the beginning of the end4 ,it was the shivering of the central mass of ,royalism in ,england1 and the subsequent events of the war may be regarded as only so much provincial addition1 and tedious pursuit of the fragments4 ,a sketch of these events will suffice4 ,the beaten ,king having fled1 with the wrecks of his army1 back through ,leicestershire1 ,staffordshire1 and ,shropshire1 into ,wales1 and the ,midlands thus being safe1 ,fairfax was at liberty to transfer his victorious ,new ,model to the part of ,england where its presence was then most sorely needed1 i4e4 the ,west and ,south-,west4--,the brigade which he had detached1 under ,colonel ,welden1 for the relief of ,taunton1 when recalled himself from his former march westward1 had successfully accomplished that object 7,may #ab71 but only itself to be shut up in ,taunton by a second and severer siege by ,goring's forces1 returned into those parts4 ,by way of a temporary arrangement for action in the ,west in these circumstances1 ,parliament had by an ordinance1 ,may #bd1 entrusted a separate command in chief of whatever forces could be raised for the ,west to ,major-general ,edward ,massey1 an officer well acquainted with that part of the country1 and distinguished by his previous services in it throughout the war4 ,footnote3 ,the ,ordinance is in the ,lords ,journals under the date named4 ,but ,massey was to hold the separate command only till ,fairfax could assume it in person4 ,accordingly1 when ,fairfax1 after seeing the ,king fairly chased away from ,naseby1 turned once more southwards1 and1 by rapid marches through ,warwickshire and ,gloucestershire1 arrived in ,wilts 7,june #bg71 the conduct of the war in the ,south-,west became the regular work of the ,new ,model1 with ,massey as but an auxiliary4 ,the progress was rapid4 ,july #c1 ,taunton was relieved the second time1 and ,goring's forces obliged to retire3 ,july #aj1 ,lamport ,battle was fought1 in which ,goring was defeated with great loss2 ,july #bc1 ,bridgewater was taken by storm2 ,july #cj1 the city of ,bath surrendered4 ,thus in one month the ,king's power was broken all through ,somersetshire4 ,august sufficed for the same result in ,dorsetshire1 where ,sherborne ,castle was battered and stormed on the #aeth4 ,on the #ajth of ,september came the splendid success of the storming of ,bristol4 ,this great city was defended by ,prince ,rupert1 who had made his way again into the ,south-,west for the purpose1 and who had assured the ,king that he would hold it to the last4 ,nevertheless1 after a siege of eighteen days1 he was glad to surrender--himself and his men marching out with their personal baggage and the honours of war1 but leaving all the ordnance1 arms1 and ammunition in the city as the spoil of the ,parliament4 ,footnote3 ,young ,major ,bethell was mortally wounded in the storming of ,bristol2 and here is a touching little incident of the same action from ,mr4 ,markham's ,life of ,fairfax4 ,among the slain 7in one of the attacks7 was a young officer named ,pugsley1 who was buried by ,fairfax's order1 with military honours in a field outside the fort4 ,he was just married1 and his wife survived him for #fj years4 ,on her death1 in #agje1 she was buried1 according to her expressed wishes1 without a coffin1 in her wedding dress1 and with girls strewing flowers and fiddlers playing before her4 ,in this way she was borne to her final resting place by the side of her husband1 and the place is still known as ,pugsley's ,field4 ,it was the greatest blow the ,king had received since ,naseby2 and he was so enraged with ,rupert that he revoked all his commands1 and ordered him to leave ,england4 ,rupert1 however1 having gone to the ,king1 a reconciliation was brought about2 and1 though he held no high command again during the rest of this war1 he remained in the ,king's service4 ,the surrender of ,bristol was followed by that of ,devizes ,castle 7,sept4 #bc7 and that of ,laycock ,house 7,sept4 #bd7 in ,wilts1 and by the storming of ,berkeley ,castle 7,sept4 #bc7 in ,gloucestershire4 ,footnote3 ,this summary is chiefly from ,sprigge2 where1 in addition to the text there is an excellent chronological table of actions and sieges3 one or two of the facts are from ,clarendon1 and ,carlyle's ,cromwell4 ,,poor ,,performance ,,of ,,the ,,scottish ,,auxiliary ,,army4 ,let us leave the ,west and ,south-,west for a time1 and turn to the ,north4-- ,as late as ,may and ,june #afde1 ,baillie1 then back in ,london and again on duty in the ,westminster ,assembly1 had still been hoping great things from his beloved ,scottish ,army in the ,north4 ,since the taking of ,newcastle 7,oct4 #afdd71 indeed1 the services of this army had been mainly dumb-show1 so that the ,english had begun to despise it and to ask whether it was worth its wages4 ,baillie's hope1 however1 was that1 somehow or other after all1 it would be the ,scottish ,army1 and not this ,new ,model1 the invention of the ,independents and the ,sectaries1 that would perform the finishing action1 and reap the final credit4 ,what then were his thoughts when the news of ,naseby reached him8 ,this accident1 he writes1 ,june #ag1 #afde1 three days after the ,battle1 is like to change much the face of affairs here4 ,we hope the back of the ,malignant ,royalist ,party is broken2 but some fears the insolence of others1 to whom alone the ,lord has given the victory of that day4 ,the news of the taking of ,carlisle at last by the ,scots 7,june #bh7 may have helped to revive his spirits2 but that also may have been an indirect consequence of ,naseby1 and the subsequent small success of the ,scots during those months when ,fairfax1 ,cromwell1 and the ,new ,model were succeeding so splendidly in the ,south- ,west1 again threw ,baillie into despondency4 ,the taking of ,pontefract ,castle 7,july #ba7 and of ,scarborough 7,july #be7 in ,yorkshire1 and finally that of ,latham ,house in ,lancashire1 after its two years' defence by the ,countess of ,derby 7,dec4 #d71 were the work of the ,english ,parliamentarians of the ,northern ,counties2 and all the ,scots did was very disappointing4 ,from ,carlisle they did1 indeed1 march south1 to keep a watch on the ,king's movements in the ,midlands after ,naseby1 and1 after hovering about in those parts1 they laid siege to the town of ,hereford1 by the desire of ,parliament 7,july #ca74 ,but early in ,september they raised the siege1 ,leven pleading that he had not received the promised support and was unable to remain4 ,with such grumblings and complaints of arrears in their pay1 the ,scots returned northwards1 through the mid-counties1 to ,yorkshire1 the ,english ,parliament thinking worse and worse of them1 but still speaking them fair1 and desiring to retain them for minor service somewhere in ,england while the ,new ,model was doing the real work4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #aah-abg2 and ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bhf-caf4 ,,the ,,episode ,,of ,,montrose ,,in ,,scotland4 ,it was not only the small performance and continued grumbling of the ,scottish ,auxiliary ,army in ,england that had begun1 by ,september #afde1 to disgust the ,english ,parliamentarians with their friends of the ,scottish nation4 ,in ,scotland itself there had been an extraordinary outbreak of ,royalism1 which had not only perturbed that country throughout1 but had latterly advanced to the very borders of ,england1 threatening to connect itself with all of ,english ,royalism that was not already beaten1 and so undo the hard work and great successes of the ,new ,model4 ,who that has read ,scott's ,legend of ,montrose but must be curious as to the facts of real ,history on which that romance was founded8 ,they are romantic enough in themselves1 and they form a very important episode in the general history of the ,civil ,war4 ,our last sight of the young ,earl of ,montrose was in ,november #afda1 when the ,king1 during his visit to ,scotland1 procured his release1 and that of his associates in the ,merchiston ,house ,compact1 from their imprisonment in ,edinburgh ,castle 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cjg74 ,the life of the young ,earl had then been given back to him1 but in what circumstances6 ,not only had all his expectations from the ,merchiston ,house ,compact been falsified1 expectations of the overthrow of the ,argyle supremacy in ,scotland1 and of the establishment of a new government for the ,king on an aristocratic basis2 but1 by the ,king's own acts1 ,argyle was left doubly confirmed in the supremacy1 with the added honour of the ,marquisate1 and the ,presbyterian clergy dominant around him4 ,such a ,scotland was no country for ,montrose4 ,away from ,edinburgh1 therefore1 on one or other of his estates1 in ,perthshire1 ,forfarshire1 ,stirlingshire1 or ,dumbartonshire1 and only occasionally in the society of his wife and his four little boys1 we see him for some months1 thrown back moodily upon himself1 hunting now and then1 corresponding with his friends ,napier and ,keir1 but finding his chief relief in bits of ,latin reading1 dreams of ,plutarch's heroes1 and the writing of scraps of verse4 ,thus3-- ,an ,alexander ,i will reign1 ,and ,i will reign alone2 ,my thoughts did evermore disdain ,a rival on my throne3 ,he either fears his fate too much1 ,or his deserts are small1 ,that dares not put it to the touch ,to gain or lose it all4 ,alas6 in a ,scotland abject under a squint-eyed ,argyle1 with ,loudoun and ,warriston for his lieutenants1 and a thousand rigid and suspicious black- coats giving the law singly in their pulpits and parishes1 and thundering it collectively from their ,assemblies1 what room or opening was there for any such ,plutarchian life8 ,it was little better in ,england1 from which anyhow he was debarred4 ,he would go abroad4 ,were there not great strifes in ,europe1 struggles other than ,presbyterian1 into which a young ,scottish ,earl might fling himself1 to win a glorious name1 or die sword in hand8 ,footnote3 ,napier's ,montrose 7#ahef71 #cga-c1 and ,appendix to ,vol4 ,i4 p4 xxxiv42 ,wishart's ,memoirs of ,montrose 7translation of #ahai from the original ,latin of #afdh71 ,preface1 p4 vi4 ,so till ,august #afdb1 when the ,king raised his standard for the ,civil ,war in ,england4 ,then there was again hope4 ,the ,king remembered the fiery young ,scottish ,earl1 and communications had passed between them4 ,montrose went into ,england2 saw the ,queen immediately after her landing at ,burlington ,bay 7,february #afdb- #c72 and pressed upon her his views as to the way in which ,scotland might be roused in the ,king's behalf4 ,he seemed to her ,majesty but a brave young enthusiast2 and1 the ,marquis of ,hamilton having hastened from ,scotland to counteract him1 and to promise that he himself and his brother ,lanark would keep ,scotland firm to the ,king's interest without that open rising against the ,argyle government which ,montrose recommended1 the cooler counsel had prevailed1 ,hamilton and ,montrose had thus gone back into ,scotland together1 ,hamilton with the new title of ,duke 7,april #ab1 #afdc7 to encourage him in his difficult labour1 and ,montrose disappointed1 watched1 and in fresh danger4 ,again1 however1 as months had passed on1 the chance of some such bold enterprise for ,montrose as he himself had projected had become more likely4 ,how ill ,hamilton and ,lanark had succeeded in their milder undertaking we already know4 ,they had not been able to check the tide of sympathy in ,scotland with the ,english ,parliamentarians2 they had not been able to prevent that sudden ,convention of the ,scottish ,estates which ,argyle thought necessary in the crisis 7,june #afdc72 they had not been able to prevent the cordial reception there of the ,commissioners from the ,english ,parliament1 nor the offer of armed aid from ,scotland to the cause of the ,parliament on the terms of ,henderson's ,solemn ,league and ,covenant 7,august #afdc74 ,montrose1 who had foreseen this result1 and had been trying in vain to engage the ,marquis of ,huntley and other ,scottish nobles in an independent coalition for the ,king1 had not gone near the ,convention1 but1 while it was yet deliberating in ,edinburgh1 had taken care to be again in ,england1 on his way to the ,king with his budget of advices4 ,a ,scottish ,covenanting army would certainly invade ,england in the cause of the ,parliament3 let their ,majesties be in no doubt about that6 ,he had himself the best reason to know the fact2 for had not the ,covenanting chiefs been secretly negotiating with him1 and offering to forgive him all the past1 if only now he would return to his allegiance to the ,covenant1 and accept the ,lieutenant-generalship of their projected army under the ,earl of ,leven8 ,if he had seemed to dally with this temptation1 it had only been that he might the better fathom the purposes of the ,argyle government1 and report all to their ,majesties6 ,no service1 however eminent1 under ,argyle1 or with any of the crafty crew of the ,covenant1 was that on which his soul was bent1 but a quite contrary enterprise1 already explained to the ,queen1 by which the ,argyle government should be laid in the dust1 ,scotland recovered for the ,king1 and all her resources put at his disposal for the recovery of his power in ,england also6 ,hitherto their ,majesties had not seen fit to confide in him1 but had trusted rather the ,hamiltons1 with their middle courses and their policy of compromise6 ,were their ,majesties aware what grounds might be shown for the belief that these ,hamiltons1 with all their plausibilities and fair seeming1 were in reality little better than traitors1 who had wilfully mismanaged the ,king's affairs in ,scotland for interests and designs of their own8 ,so1 through the autumn of #afdc1 had ,montrose been reasoning with the ,king and ,queen1 as yet to little purpose4 ,but1 when the autumn had passed into winter1 and there had gathered round the ,king1 in his head-quarters at ,oxford1 other refugee ,scottish ,royalists1 driven from their country by the stress of the new ,league and ,covenant1 and bringing intelligence that ,leven's invading army was actually levied and ready to march1 then the tune of the ,royal mind did somewhat change4 ,the ,duke of ,hamilton and his brother ,lanark1 coming to ,oxford1 ,december #af1 to clear themselves1 were immediately arrested on charges suggested by ,montrose and the other ,scots at ,court4 ,to wait trial on these charges1 the ,duke was sent as a prisoner to ,pendennis ,castle2 whence he was removed to ,st4 ,michael's ,mount in the same county of ,cornwall4 ,lanark1 escaping from his arrest at ,oxford1 took refuge for a time in ,london1 was cordially received there by the ,scottish ,commissioners and the ,english ,parliamentarians1 and returned thence to ,scotland1 converted by the ,king's treatment of him into an anti-,royalist and ,covenanter to all temporary appearance1 whatever he might still be at heart4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #gc1 #gd2 ,wishart1 #ca-dg2 ,napier1 #cgc-chd2 ,burnet's ,hamiltons 7edit4 #aheb71 #bhj-cdi4 ,burnet gives the charges against the ,hamiltons1 with their answers1 at length1 and narrates events anxiously in their behalf4 ,the ,hamiltons being out of the way1 ,montrose obtained a better hearing for his plan4 ,in the main1 it was that the ,king should openly commission him as his ,majesty's ,lieutenant in ,scotland1 and furnish him with some small force with which to cut his way back into the heart of the country1 and there rouse the elements1 whether ,lowland or ,highland1 that were ready for revolt against the ,argyle supremacy4 ,in connexion with this1 however1 there was the scheme of an ,irish contingent4 ,was not the ,earl of ,antrim then with his ,majesty at ,oxford--that very ,randal ,macdonnell1 ,earl of ,antrim1 whom it had been proposed1 as far back as #afch1 to send secretly into ,argyleshire with a force of ,irishry1 to aid the ,king in his first strife with the ,covenanters 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bc78 ,six years had elapsed since then2 but there was still extant in ,antrim1 as the head of the great ,scoto-,irish clan of the ,macdonnells and ,macdonalds1 that power for mischief in ,scotland which consisted in the hereditary feud between this clan and all the family of the ,campbells4 ,let ,antrim go back to ,ireland1 raise a force of his ,macdonnells and ,macdonalds and whatever else1 and make a landing with these on the ,west ,scottish coast2 and then1 if the time could be so hit that ,montrose should be already in ,scotland as his ,majesty's commissioned ,lieutenant1 might there not be such a junction of the two movements that the ,argyle government would be thrown into the agonies of self-defence1 and the recall of ,leven's army from ,england would be a matter of immediate necessity8 ,so much at least might be surely anticipated2 but ,montrose promised still larger results4 ,listening to his arguments1 iterated and reiterated at ,oxford through ,january #afdc- #d1 the ,king and ,queen hardly knew what to think4 ,montrose's own countrymen round about the ,king were consulted4 ,what thought ,traquair1 ,carnwath1 ,annandale1 and ,roxburgh8 ,they would have nothing to do with ,montrose's plan1 and talked of him as a would-be ,hotspur4 ,only a few of the younger ,scottish lords at ,oxford1 including ,viscount ,aboyne 7the ,marquis of ,huntley's second son7 and ,lord ,ogilvy 7the ,earl of ,airlie's son and heir71 adhered to him4 ,among the ,king's ,english counsellors1 of course1 there were few that could judge of his enterprise4 ,one of these1 however1 whom a kindred daring of spirit drew to ,montrose1 helped him all he could4 ,this was the young ,lord ,digby4 ,chiefly by his means1 the ,king's hesitations were at length overcome4 ,late in ,january1 ,antrim1 created a ,marquis for the occasion1 did go over to ,ireland1 vowing that1 by the #ast of ,april #afdd1 he would land so many thousands of men in ,scotland with himself at their head2 and on the #ast of ,february #afdc-d1 or when ,leven's ,scottish army had been ten days in ,england1 a commission was made out appointing ,montrose ,lieutenant-general of all his ,majesty's forces in ,scotland4 ,it had been proposed to name him ,viceroy and ,commander-in- chief2 but he had himself suggested that this nominal dignity should be conferred rather on the ,king's nephew1 ,prince ,maurice4 ,for his own work in ,scotland the subordinate commission1 with some small force of volunteer ,scots and ,english troopers to assist him in displaying it1 would in the meantime be quite enough4 ,footnote3 ,wishart1 #dg-eb2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4#gc1 #gd1 and #afd2 ,clarendon1 #ecc-ecg2 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #ibg2 and ,napier1 #che-chh4 ,leaving ,oxford1 with a slender retinue of ,scots1 among whom were ,aboyne and ,ogilvy1 ,montrose went to ,york1 and thence to ,durham1 where he attached himself to the ,marquis of ,newcastle1 then engaged in resisting the advance of ,leven's army4 ,from that nobleman he implored1 in the ,king's name1 some troops for his convoy into ,scotland4 ,newcastle1 himself ill-supplied1 could spare him but #bjj horse1 with two brass field-pieces4 ,there was an accession from the ,cumberland and ,northumberland militia1 so that the band with which ,montrose entered ,scotland 7,april #ac1 #afdd7 was about #a1jjj strong4 ,hardly1 however1 had he entered ,scotland when most of the ,english mutinied and went back4 ,with what force he had left he pushed on to ,dumfries1 surprised that town into surrender1 and displayed his standard in it with a flourish of trumpets4 ,but nothing more could be done4 ,of ,antrim's ,irish contingent1 which was to have been in the ,west ,highlands by the #ast of ,april1 there were no tidings2 and ,scotland all to the north of ,dumfries was full of ,covenanters now alarmed and alert4 ,to try to dash through these at all hazards1 so as to lodge himself in the ,highlands1 was his thought for a moment2 but he had to give up the attempt as impossible4 ,from ,dumfries1 therefore1 he backed again1 most reluctantly1 into the ,north of ,england1 pursued by the execration of all ,presbyterian ,scotland1 and by a sentence of excommunication pronounced against him in the ,high ,church of ,edinburgh4 ,footnote3 ,wishart1 #eb-ee1 ,napier1 #che-cig1 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #ibg-i4 ,montrose's foolish bravado is turned to nothing1 ,baillie was able to write early in ,may #afdd4 ,this was the general impression4 ,true1 in recognition of his bravery1 a patent for his elevation to the ,marquisate had been made out at ,oxford4 ,it was fitting that1 if ever he did come to represent the ,king in ,scotland1 it should be a ,marquis of ,montrose that should contend with the ,marquis of ,argyle4 ,but would there ever be such a contest8 ,few can have entertained the belief besides ,montrose himself4 ,for some weeks after his retreat into ,england we hear of him as mingling actively in the war in ,northumberland and ,durham1 taking and pillaging ,morpeth1 and the like2 then we hear of him hurrying southwards to join ,prince ,rupert in his effort to raise the siege of ,york1 but only to meet the ,prince beaten and fugitive from the field of ,marston ,moor 7,july #b74 ,give me a thousand of your horse2 only give me a thousand of your horse for another raid into ,scotland1 was the burthen of his talk with ,rupert4 ,the ,prince promised1 and then retracted4 ,though a younger man than ,montrose1 he had more faith in what he could himself do with a thousand horse in ,england than in what any ,scot could do with them in ,scotland4 ,and so1 though ,lord ,digby1 ,endymion ,porter1 and some others still spoke manfully for ,montrose with the ,king1 he is found back in ,carlisle1 late in ,july1 with only his little band of ,scottish adherents4 ,then ensued the strangest freak of all4 ,with this very band he set out again distinctly southwards1 as if all thought of entering ,scotland were over1 and nothing remained but to rejoin the ,king at ,oxford4 ,the band1 however1 had been but two days on their march when they found that their leader had given them the slip1 and left the duty of taking them to ,oxford to his second1 ,lord ,ogilvy4 ,he himself had returned to ,carlisle4 ,it was barely known that he had done so when he mysteriously disappeared 7,aug4 #ah74 ,no one1 except ,lord ,aboyne1 whom he had left in ,carlisle with certain secret instructions1 could tell what had become of him2 but it was afterwards remembered1 like the beginning of a novel1 that on such an autumn day three persons had been seen riding from ,carlisle towards the ,scottish border1 two gentlemen in front1 one of whom had a club foot1 and the third behind1 as their groom1 mounted on a sorry nag1 and leading a spare horse4 ,the two gentlemen were a ,colonel ,sibbald and a lame ,major ,rollo1 intimate friends of ,montrose1 and the supposed groom was ,montrose himself4 ,footnote3 ,wishart1 #ef-fd2 ,napier #cif-dac2 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #ibh ,there was a distinct cause for ,montrose's entry into ,scotland in this furtive manner4 ,the ,scottish ,parliament 7a regular ,parliament1 and not an informal ,convention of ,estates like that of the previous year7 had met on the #dth of ,june1 with ,argyle1 ,loudoun1 and twenty other ,peers1 more than forty lesser ,barons1 and about the same number of ,commissioners from ,burghs1 present at the opening4 ,on the #abth of ,july1 when they were approaching the end of their business1 there had been this occurrence3 ,five several letters read in the ,house from divers persons of credit1 showing of the arrival of fifteen ships1 with #c1jjj rebels in them1 from ,ireland1 in the ,west ,isles1 with the ,earl of ,antrim's brother1 and the sons of ,coll ,kittoch1 and desiring the ,states with all expedition to send the ,marquis of ,argyle there by land1 with some ships likewise by sea1 and powder and ammunition4 ,on subsequent days there were corrections of this intelligence1 bringing it nearer to the exact fact4 ,that fact was that ,antrim's invasion of ,scotland1 arranged by him with the ,king and ,montrose at ,oxford six months before1 had at last come to pass1 not indeed in the shape of that full ,irish army with ,antrim himself in command which had been promised1 but in the shape of a miscellany of about #b1jjj ,irish and ,scoto-,irish who had landed at ,ardnamurchan in the north of ,argyleshire under the command of a redoubtable vassal of ,antrim's1 called 7and here1 for ,miltonic reasons1 the name must be given in full7 ,alastair ,mac ,cholla-,chiotach1 ,mhic-,ghiollesbuig1 ,mhic-,alastair1 ,mhic-,eoin ,chathanaich1 i4e4 ,alexander1 son of ,coll the ,left-,handed1 son of ,gillespie1 son of ,alexander1 son of ,john ,cathanach4 ,this long-named ,celt was already pretty well known in ,scotland by one or other of the abbreviations of his name1 such as ,mac-,coll ,mac-,gillespie1 or ,alaster ,mac-,colkittoch1 or ,alexander ,macdonald the younger of ,colonsay4 ,his father1 ,alexander ,macdonald the elder1 was a chief of the ,scottish ,island of ,colonsay1 off the ,argyleshire coast1 but nearly related by blood to the ,earl of ,antrim1 professing himself therefore of the same race1 kin1 and religion as the ,irish ,macdonnells1 and sharing their ancient grudge against the whole race of the ,campbells4 ,he had the personal peculiarity of being ambidexter1 or able to wield his claymore with his left hand as well as with his right2 and hence his ,gaelic name of ,coll ,kittoch1 or ,coll the ,left-,handed4 ,the peculiarity having been transmitted to his son ,alaster1 it was not uncommon to distinguish the two as old ,colkittoch and young ,colkittoch4 ,the old gentleman had for some time been in durance in ,edinburgh2 but his sons had remained at large1 and ,alaster had been recently figuring in ,antrim's train in ,ulster1 and acting for ,antrim among the ,irish rebels1 with great repute for his bravery1 and his huge stature and strength4 ,not inclined at the last moment for the command of the ,scottish expedition himself1 ,antrim had done his best by sending this gigantic kinsman as his substitute4 ,it was certainly but a small force1 and most raggedly equipped1 that he led2 but1 thrown as it was into the territories of ,king ,campbell1 and with a hundred miles of ,highland glens before it1 all rife and explosive with hatred to the name of ,campbell1 it might work havoc enough4 ,so the ,parliament in ,edinburgh thought4 ,on the #afth of ,july1 or four days after the first rumour of the invasion1 the ,marquis of ,argyle received a full commission of military command against the invaders1 and left ,edinburgh for the region of danger4 ,footnote3 ,balfour's ,annals1 ,,iii4 #bae et seq42 ,napier1 #daf-g and #ejd2 ,wishart1 #fg2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bag2 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #ibh4 ,there is a curious1 but confused1 story of the wrongs which old ,colkittoch and his family had received at the hands of ,argyle in ,walker's ,hist4 of ,independency 7#affj71 ,appendix to ,part ,i4 pp4 #c-f4 ,this was what had caused ,montrose's inexplicable restlessness about ,carlisle through the latter part of ,july1 and at length1 on the #ahth of ,august1 his desperate plunge into ,scotland in disguise1 and with only two companions4 ,by what route the three adventurers rode one does not know2 but on the #bbnd of ,august they turned up at the house of ,tullibelton in ,perthshire1 near ,dunkeld4 ,it was the seat of ,patrick ,graham of ,inchbrakie1 a kinsman of ,montrose4 ,received here by ,inchbrakie himself1 and by his eldest son1 ,patrick ,graham the younger1 locally known as ,black ,pate1 ,montrose lay close for a few days1 anxiously collecting news4 ,as respected ,scottish ,royalism1 the reports were gloomy4 ,the ,argyle power everywhere was vigilant and strong2 no great house1 ,lowland or ,highland1 was in a mood to be roused4 ,only among the neighbouring ,highlanders of ,athole1 or ,north ,perthshire1 known to ,montrose from his childhood and knowing him well1 could he hope to raise the semblance of a force4 ,all this was discouraging1 and made ,montrose more eager for intelligence as to the whereabouts of ,colkittoch and his ,irish4 ,he had not long to wait4 ,since their landing at ,ardnamurchan 7,july #h7 they had been making the most of their time in a wild way1 roving hither and thither1 ravaging and destroying1 taking this or that stronghold1 sending out the fiery cross and messages of defiance to ,covenanting ,committees4 ,they had come inland at length as far as ,badenoch1 the wildest part of ,inverness-shire1 immediately north of ,athole and the ,grampians2 and there were reasons now why they should be inquiring as anxiously after ,montrose as he was inquiring after them4 ,for their condition was becoming desperate4 ,the great clan of the ,seaforth ,mackenzies1 north of ,argyleshire1 from whom they had expected assistance1 had failed to give any2 other clans refused to be led by a mere ,macdonald of ,colonsay2 the fleet of vessels in which they had landed had been seized and burnt by ,argyle2 that nobleman was following them2 and orders were out for a general arming for the ,covenant north of the ,grampians4 ,accordingly1 ,colkittoch1 imagining that ,montrose was still in ,carlisle1 had written to him there4 ,the rude postal habits of those parts being such that the letters came into the hands of ,black ,pate1 ,montrose received them sooner than the writer could have hoped4 ,his reply1 dated from ,carlisle by way of precaution1 was an order to ,macdonald to descend at once into ,athole and make his rendezvous1 if possible1 at ,castle ,blair4 ,footnote3 ,napier1 #dac-dai2 ,wishart1 #fd-fh2 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #ibh-i4 ,i have had the satisfaction of rectifying a portion of the tale of ,montrose's romantic adventure into ,scotland as it is told by his biographers4 ,wishart distinctly makes him first hear of the landing of ,colkittoch and his ,irish after he had come into ,scotland and was hiding about ,tullibelton2 and ,mr4 ,napier's narrative conveys the same impression4 ,but the idea is absurd4 ,as the landing of ,colkittoch and his ,irish at ,ardnamurchan on the #hth of ,july was known in ,edinburgh1 and discussed in the ,parliament there1 on the #abth of the same month1 it must have been well known about ,tullibelton at that time too1 or six weeks before ,montrose appeared there2 and the news must have reached ,montrose about ,july #ac or #ad1 when he was yet in the ,north of ,england1 and must have been1 in fact1 the cause of his resolution to make his way into the ,highlands4 ,it is possible1 of course1 that1 after ,montrose came to ,tullibelton1 he may have been uncertain for a time of ,colkittoch's exact whereabouts2 and there is a seemingly authentic anecdote to the effect that ,montrose himself related that he first learnt that ,colkittoch had broken into ,athole by meeting in the wood of ,methven a man running with a fiery cross to carry the dreadful news to ,perth4 ,a misconstruction of this anecdote1 with inattention to dates1 has led to the larger1 and intrinsically absurd1 hypothesis4 ,a walk of twenty miles over the hills brought ,montrose and ,black ,pate to the rendezvous4 ,they found there a mixed crowd1 comprising1 on the one hand1 the ,irish1 with a few ,badenoch ,highlanders1 whom ,colkittoch had brought with him1 and on the other1 the native ,athole ,highlanders1 looking askance at the intruders1 and1 though willing enough to rise for ,king ,charles1 having no respect for an outlandish ,macdonald from ,colonsay4 ,the appearance of ,montrose put an end to the discord4 ,he had put on the ,highland dress1 and looked a very pretty man1 fair-haired1 with a slightly aquiline nose1 grey eyes1 a brow of unusual breadth1 and an air of courage and command2 but the ,irish1 noting his rather small stature1 could hardly believe that he was the great ,marquis4 ,the wild joy of the ,athole-men and the ,badenoch-men on recognising him removed their doubts2 and1 amid shouts from both sides1 ,montrose assumed his place as ,lieutenant-general for his ,majesty1 adopting the tall ,macdonald as his ,major-general4 ,the standard was raised with all ceremony on a spot near ,castle ,blair1 now marked by a cairn2 and1 when all was ready1 the troops were reviewed4 ,they consisted of about #a1bjj ,irish1 with a following of women and children1 and #a1ajj ,scottish ,highlanders 7,stuarts1 ,robertsons1 ,gordons1 c474 ,artillery there was none2 three old hacks1 one of them for the lame ,major ,rollo1 were the cavalry2 money there was none2 arms and ammunition were1 for the most part1 to seek1 even clothing was miserably deficient4 ,so began ,montrose's little epic of #afdd-e4 ,he was then thirty- two years of age4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #ibh-i2 ,napier1 #dai-dbb4 ,it was the track of ,mars turned into a meteor4 ,marches and battles1 battles and marches3 this phrase is the summary of the story4 ,flash the phrase through the ,highlands1 flash it through the ,lowlands1 for a whole year1 and you have an epitome of this epic of ,montrose and his triumph4 ,our account of the details shall be as rapid as possible4 ,breaking forth southwards from ,athole1 to avoid ,argyle's advance from the west1 ,montrose crossed the ,tay1 and made for ,perth4 ,having been joined by his kinsman1 ,lord ,kilpont1 eldest son of the ,earl of ,menteith1 ,sir ,john ,drummond1 son of the ,earl of ,perth1 and ,david ,drummond of ,maderty1 he gave battle1 at ,tippermuir1 near ,perth1 on ,sunday1 ,sept4 #a1 #afdd1 to a ,covenanting force of some #f1jjj men1 gathered from the shires of ,perth and ,fife1 and under the command of ,lord ,elcho1 the ,earl of ,tullibardine1 ,lord ,drummond and ,sir ,john ,scot4 ,the rout of the ,covenanters1 horse and foot1 was complete4 ,they were chased six miles from the field1 and about #b1jjj were slain4 ,perth then lying open for the victors1 ,montrose entered that town1 and lie remained there three days1 issuing proclamations1 exacting fines and supplies1 and joined by two of his sons1 the elder of whom1 ,lord ,graham1 a boy of fourteen1 accompanied him from that time4 ,but movement was ,montrose's policy4 ,recrossing the ,tay1 and passing north- eastwards1 he came in sight of ,dundee2 but1 finding that town too well defended1 he pushed on1 still north-east1 joined on the way by the ,earl of ,airlie1 and his two younger sons1 ,sir ,thomas and ,sir ,david ,ogilvy1 and came down upon ,aberdeen4 ,that city1 too familiar with him in the days of his ,covenanting zeal1 was now to experience the tender mercies of his ,royalism4 ,defeating 7,sept4 #ab7 a ,covenanting force of ,forbeses1 ,erasers1 and others1 who opposed him at the ,bridge of ,dee under ,lord ,burleigh and ,lord ,lewis ,gordon 7third son of the ,marquis of ,huntley1 and for the time on this side71 he let his ,irish and ,highlanders loose for four days on the doomed ,aberdonians4 ,then1 as ,argyle was approaching with a considerable army1 and no reinforcement was forthcoming from ,aberdeenshire and ,banffshire1 he withdrew west1 into the country of the upper ,spey4 ,thence again1 on finding himself hopelessly confronted by a muster of ,covenanters from the northern shires of ,moray1 ,ross1 ,sutherland1 and ,caithness1 he plunged1 for safety1 into the wilder ,highlands of ,badenoch1 and so back into ,athole 7,oct4 #d74 ,not1 however1 to remain there6 ,again he burst out on ,angus and ,aberdeenshire1 which ,argyle had meanwhile been traversing on behalf of the ,covenant4 ,for a week or two1 having meanwhile despatched his ,major-general1 ,macdonald1 into the ,west ,highlands to fetch what recruits he could from the clans there1 he made it his strategy1 with the small force he had left1 to worry and fatigue ,argyle and his fellow-commander the ,earl of ,lothian1 avoiding close quarters with their bigger force1 and their cannon and horse4 ,once at ,eyvie ,castle1 which he had taken ,october #ad1 they did surprise him2 but1 with his #a1ejj foot and #ej horse1 he made a gallant stand1 so that they1 with their #b1ejj foot and #a1ejj horse1 had no advantage4 ,as much of this time as he could give was spent by him in the ,marquis of ,huntley's own domain of ,strathbogie1 still in hopes of rousing the ,gordons4 ,at length1 winter coming on1 and the distracted ,gordons refusing to be roused1 and ,argyle's policy of private dealings with ,montrose's supporters individually having begun to tell1 so that even ,colonel ,sibbald had deserted him1 and few people of consequence remained to face the winter with him except the faithful ,ogilvies1 ,montrose1 after a council of war held in ,strathbogie1 retired from that district 7,nov4 #f71 again by ,speyside1 into savage ,badenoch4 ,but here1 ere he could take any rest1 important news reached him4 ,argyle had certainly sent his horse into winter-quarters2 but he had gone with all his foot to ,dunkeld1 whence the more easily to ply his craft of seduction among ,montrose's trustiest adherents1 the men of ,athole4 ,no sooner had ,montrose heard this than1 clambering the ,grampian barrier between ,badenoch and ,athole1 he brought his followers1 by one tremendous night-march of twenty-four miles1 over rocks and snow1 down into the region in peril4 ,he was yet sixteen miles off1 when ,argyle1 bidding his men shift for themselves1 fled from ,dunkeld1 and took refuge with the ,covenanting garrison of ,perth1 on his way to ,edinburgh4 ,footnote3 ,wishart1 #ga-aje2 ,napier1 #dbf- #dfi2 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #ibi-ica4 ,argyle's soldiering1 it had been ascertained1 was not the best part of him4 ,he knew this himself1 and1 on his return to ,edinburgh in the end of ,november1 insisted on resigning his military commission4 ,it was difficult to find another commander-in-chief2 but at length it was agreed that the fit man was ,william ,baillie1 the ,lieutenant-general1 under ,leven1 of the auxiliary ,scottish army in ,england4 ,he had recently been in ,edinburgh on private business1 and was on his way back to ,england when he was recalled by express4 ,not without some misgivings1 arising from his fear that ,argyle would still have the supreme military direction1 he accepted the commission4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bfb3 also at #daf et seq41 where there is an interesting letter of ,general ,baillie to his namesake and kinsman4 ,then ,argyle went off to his own castle of ,inverary1 there to spend the rest of the winter4 ,it was time that ,argyle should be at ,inverary4 ,montrose1 left in assured possession of his favourite ,athole1 had been rejoined by his ,major- general1 ,mac-,colkittoch1 bringing reinforcements from the ,highland clans4 ,there was the chief of ,clanranald with #ejj of his men2 there were ,macdonalds from ,glengarry1 ,glencoe1 and ,lochaber2 there were ,stuarts of ,appin1 ,farquharsons of ,braemar1 ,camerons from ,lochiel1 ,macleans1 ,macphersons1 ,macgregors4 ,what was winter1 snow more or less upon the mountains1 ice more or less upon the lakes1 to those hardy ,highlanders8 ,winter was their idlest time2 they were ready for any enterprise3 only what was it to be8 ,on this point ,montrose held a council of war4 ,let us winter in the country of ,king ,campbell1 was what the ,macdonalds and other clans muttered among themselves2 and ,montrose1 who would have preferred a descent into the ,lowlands1 listened and pondered4 ,but how shall we get there1 gentlemen8 ,it is a far cry to ,lochawe1 as you know2 how shall we find the passes1 and where shall we find food as we go8 ,then up spoke ,angus ,mac,cailen ,duibh1 a warrior from dark ,glencoe4 ,i know1 he said1 every farm in the land of ,mac,callummore2 and1 if tight houses1 fat cattle1 and clean water will suffice1 you need never want4 ,and so it was resolved1 and done4 ,from ,athole1 south-west1 over hills and through glens1 the ,highland host moves1 finding its way somehow--first through the braes of the hostile ,menzieses1 burning and ravaging2 then to ,loch ,tay 7,dec4 #aa72 and so through the lands of the ,breadalbane ,campbells1 and the ,glenorchy ,campbells1 still burning and ravaging1 till they break into the fastnesses of the ,campbell in chief1 range over ,lorne1 and assault ,inverary4 ,argyle1 amazed by the thunder of their coming1 had escaped in a fishing-boat and made his way to his other seat of ,roseneath on the ,clyde2 but ,inverary and all ,argyleshire round it lay at ,montrose's mercy4 ,and1 from the middle of ,december #afdd to about the #ahth of the ,january following1 his motley ,highland and ,irish host ranged through the doomed domain in three brigades1 dancing diabolic reels in their glee1 and wreaking the most horrible vengeance4 ,no one knows what they did4 ,one sees ,inverary in flames1 the smoke of burning huts and villages for miles and miles1 butcheries of the native men wherever they are found1 drivings-in of cattle1 and scattered pilgrimages of wailing women and children1 with relics of the men amongst them1 fugitive and starving in side glens and corries1 where even now the tourist shudders at the wildness4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #icj1 #ica2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bfb2 ,wishart1 #ajf-ajh2 ,napier1 #dgj-dgc4 ,the ,scottish ,parliament had reassembled for another ,session on the #gth of ,january1 without ,argyle in it1 but in constant communication with him2 and about the same time ,general ,baillie and a ,committee of the ,estates had gone to consult with ,argyle at ,roseneath4 ,about the middle of the month they became aware that ,montrose was on the move northward1 out of ,arglyeshire by ,lorne and ,lochaber in the direction of the great ,albyn chain of lakes1 now the track of the ,caledonian ,canal4 ,they knew1 moreover1 that directly ahead of him in this direction there was a strong ,covenanting power1 under the ,earl of ,seaforth1 and consisting of the garrison of ,inverness and recruits from ,moray1 ,ross1 ,sutherland and ,caithness4 ,evidently it was ,montrose's intention to meet this power and dispose of it1 so as to have the country north of the ,grampians wholly his own4 ,in these circumstances the arrangements of ,baillie and ,argyle seemed to be the best possible4 ,baillie1 instead of going on to ,argyleshire1 as he had intended1 went to ,perth1 to hold that central part of ,scotland with a sufficient force2 and ,argyle1 with #a1ajj seasoned infantry1 lent him by ,baillie1 and with what gathering of his own broken men he could raise in addition1 went after ,montrose1 to follow him along the chain of lakes4 ,of this army ,argyle was to be nominally commander2 but he had wisely brought over from ,ireland his kinsman ,sir ,duncan ,campbell of ,auchinbreck1 a brave and experienced soldier1 to command under him4 ,the expectation was that between ,seaforth1 coming in strength from the north end of the trough of lakes1 and ,argyle1 advancing cautiously from the south end1 ,montrose would be caught and crushed1 or that1 if he did break eastward out of the trough between them1 he would fall into the meshes of ,baillie from his centre at ,perth4 ,footnote3 ,balfour's ,annals1 ,,iii4 #bdf et seq42 ,wishart1 #aji1 #aaj2 ,napier1 #dge-dgg2 and ,general ,baillie's letter to his cousin ,robert ,baillie1 in ,baillie's ,letters1 ,,ii4 #dagt4 ,then it was that ,montrose showed the world what is believed to have been his most daring feat of generalship4 ,on the #bith and #cjth of ,january he was at ,kilchuilem on ,loch ,ness near what is now ,fort ,augustus4 ,thence it was his purpose to advance north to meet ,seaforth1 when he received news that ,argyle was thirty miles behind him in ,lochaber1 at the old cattle of ,inverlochy1 at the foot of ,ben ,nevis1 near what is now ,fort ,william4 ,he saw at once the device4 ,argyle did not mean to fight him directly1 but to keep dogging him at a distance and then to come up when he should be engaged with ,seaforth6 ,instantly1 therefore1 he resolved not to go on against ,seaforth1 but to turn back1 and fall upon ,argyle first by himself4 ,setting a guard on the beaten road along the lakes1 to prevent communication with ,argyle1 he ventured a march1 where no march had ever been before1 or could have been supposed possible1 up the rugged bed of the ,tarf1 and so1 by the spurs of big ,carryarick and the secrets of the infant ,spey1 now in bog and wet1 now knee-deep in snow1 over the mountains of ,lochaber4 ,it was on ,friday the #cast of ,january that he began the march1 and early in the evening of ,saturday the #ast of ,february they were down at the foot of ,ben ,nevis and close on ,inverlochy4 ,it was a frosty moonlight night2 skirmishing went on all through the night2 and ,argyle1 with the gentlemen of the ,committee of ,estates who were with him1 went on board his barge on ,loch ,eil4 ,thence1 at a little distance from the shore1 he beheld the battle of the next day1 ,sunday1 ,feb4 #b4 ,it was the greatest disaster that had ever befallen the ,house of ,argyle4 ,there were slain in all about #a1ejj of ,argyle's men1 including brave ,auchinbreck and many other important ,campbells1 while on ,montrose's side the loss was but of a few killed1 and only ,sir ,thomas ,ogilvy1 among his important followers1 wounded mortally4 ,and so1 with a heavy heart1 ,argyle sailed away in his barge1 wondering why ,god had not made him a warrior as well as a statesman2 and ,montrose sat down to write a letter to the ,king4 ,give me leave1 he said1 after ,i have reduced this country to your ,majesty's obedience and conquered from ,dan to ,beersheba1 to say to your ,majesty then1 as ,david's general did to his master1 ',come thou thyself1 lest this country be called by my name4' ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,v4 #ica-b2 ,wishart1 #aaj-aad2 ,napier1 #dgg-dhd4 ,mr4 ,napier winds up his account of the ,battle of ,inverlochy by quoting entire 7#dhd-dhh7 ,montrose's supposed letter to the ,king on the occasion4 ,the letter1 he says1 was first obscurely printed by ,dr4 ,welwood in the ,appendix to his ,memoirs1 #afii2 but he adds an extract from the ,analecta of the ,scottish antiquary ,wodrow1 to the effect that ,wodrow had been told1 by a person who had seen the original letter1 that ,welwood's copy was a vitiated one4 ,no other copy having been found among the ,montrose ,papers1 ,mr4 ,napier has had to reprint ,welwood's2 which he does with great ceremony1 thinking it a splendid ,montrose document4 ,it certainly is a striking document2 but ,i cannot help suspecting the genuineness of it as it now stands4 ,there are anachronisms and other slips in it1 suggesting posthumous alteration and concoction4----,the ,battle of ,inverlochy was much heard of throughout ,england1 where ,montrose and his exploits had been for some time the theme of public talk4 ,the ,king was greatly elated2 and it was supposed that the new hopes from ,scotland excited in his mind by the success of ,montrose had some effect in inducing him to break off the ,treaty of ,uxbridge then in progress4 ,the ,treaty was certainly broken off just at this time 7,feb4 #bd1 #afdd-e74 ,on ,wednesday the #abth of ,february1 ten days after ,inverlochy1 the ,marquis of ,argyle was in ,edinburgh1 and presented himself in the ,parliament1 having his left arm tied up in a scarf4 ,the day before1 the ,parliament had unanimously found ,james1 ,earl of ,montrose 7his title of ,marquis not recognised7 and nineteen of his chief adherents1 including the ,earl of ,airlie1 ,viscount ,aboyne1 ,alexander ,macdonald ,mac,colkittoch1 and ,patrick ,graham younger of ,inchbrakie1 guilty of high treason1 and had forfaulted their lives1 honours1 titles1 lands and goods2 also ordering the ,lyon ,king of ,arms1 ,sir ,james ,balfour1 to delete the arms of the traitors out of his registers and books of honour4 ,the ,general ,assembly of the ,kirk was then also in session1 rather out of its usual season 7,jan4 #bb-;,feb4 #ac71 on account of important ecclesiastical business arising out of the proceedings of the ,westminster ,assembly2 and ,baillie and ,gillespie had come from ,london to be present4 ,of course1 the rebellion of ,montrose was much discussed by that reverend body2 and1 in a document penned by ,mr4 ,gillespie1 and put forth by the ,assembly 7,feb4 #ab71 there was this passage3--,in the meantime1 the hellish crew1 under the conduct of the excommunicate and forfaulted ,earl of ,montrose1 and of ,alaster ,macdonald1 a ,papist and an outlaw1 doth exercise such barbarous1 unnatural1 horrid1 and unheard-of cruelty as is beyond expression4 ,but1 though ,parliament might condemn and proscribe ,montrose1 and the ,general ,assembly might denounce him1 the real business of bringing him to account rested now with ,general ,baillie4 ,to assist ,baillie1 however1 there was coming from ,england another military ,scot1 to act as ,major-general of horse4 ,he was no other than the renegade ,urry1 or ,hurry1 who had deserted from the ,english ,parliament to the ,king1 and been the occasion of ,hampden's death in ,june #afdc 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #dgj-a74 ,though the ,king had made him a knight1 he had again changed sides4 ,footnote3 ,sir ,james ,balfour's ,annals1 ,,iii4 #bgj-bgc2 ,baillie's ,letters ,,ii4 #beh-bfc2 ,acts of ,general ,assembly of the ,church of ,scotland 7edition of #ahdc71 p4 #abf4 ,after ,inverlochy1 ,montrose had resumed his northward march along the chain of lakes to meet ,seaforth4 ,that nobleman1 however1 had been cured of any desire to encounter him4 ,feb4 #ai1 ,elgin surrendered to ,montrose2 and here1 or at ,gordon ,castle1 not far off1 he remained some little time1 issuing ,royalist proclamations1 and receiving new adherents1 among whom were ,lord ,gordon and his younger brother ,lord ,lewis ,gordon1 nay ,seaforth himself6 ,lord ,gordon remained faithful2 ,lord ,lewis ,gordon was more slippery2 ,seaforth had yielded on compulsion1 and was to break away as soon as he could4 ,at ,gordon ,castle ,montrose's eldest son and heir1 who had been with him through so many hardships1 died after a short illness4 ,hardly had the poor boy been buried in ,bellie church near1 when his father1 now reinforced by the ,gordons1 so that he could count #b1jjj foot and #bjj horse1 was on his fiery progress south through ,aberdeenshire1 as if to challenge ,generals ,baillie and ,urry4 ,march #i1 he was at ,aberdeen2 ,march #ba1 he was at ,stonehaven and ,dunnottar in ,kincardineshire1 burning the burgh and its shipping1 and the barns of ,earl ,marischal's tenants under the ,earl's own eyes4 ,baillie and ,urry kept zig-zagging in watch of him2 but1 though he skirmished with ,urry's horse and tried again and again to tempt on battle1 they waited their own time4 ,once they nearly had him4 ,he had pushed on farther south through ,forfarshire1 and then west into ,perthshire1 meaning to cross the ,tay at ,dunkeld on his way to the ,forth and the ,lowlands4 ,the desertion of ,lord ,lewis ,gordon at this point with most of the ,gordon horse obliged him to desist from this southward march2 but1 having been informed that ,baillie and ,urry had crossed the ,tay in advance of him to guard the ,forth country1 he conceived that he would have time for the capture of ,dundee1 and that the sack of so ,covenanting a town would be a consolation to him for his forced return northwards4 ,starting from ,dunkeld at midnight1 ,april #c1 he was at ,dundee next morning1 took the town by storm1 and set fire to it in several places4 ,but lo6 while his ,highlanders and ,irish were ranging through the town1 still burning and plundering1 and most of them madly drunk with the liquors they had found1 ,baillie and ,urry1 who had not crossed the ,tay after all1 were not a mile off4 ,how ,montrose got his drunken ,highlanders and ,irish together out of the burning town is an inexplicable mystery2 but he did accomplish it somehow1 and whirled them1 by one of his tremendous marches1 of three days and two nights1 himself in the rear and the enemy's horse close in pursuit all the while1 past ,arbroath1 and so1 by dexterous choice of roads and passes1 in among the protecting ,grampians4 ,truly1 says his biographer ,wishart1 ,i have often heard those who were esteemed the most experienced officers1 not in ,britain only1 but in ,france and ,germany1 prefer this march of ,montrose to his most celebrated victories4 ,footnote3 ,wishart1 #aae-abg2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #b4h2 ,napier1 #dij-dig4 ,except ,inverlochy1 his most celebrated victories were yet to come4 ,there were to be three of them4 ,the first was the ,battle of ,auldearn in ,nairnshire 7,may #i1 #afde71 in which ,montrose's tactics and ,mac,coll's mad bravery beat to pieces the regular soldier-craft of ,urry1 assisted by the ,earls of ,seaforth1 ,sutherland1 and ,findlater4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bbi2 ,wishart1 #abh-ach2 ,napier1 #ejj-ejf4 ,the second was the ,battle of ,alford in ,aberdeenshire 7,july #b1 #afde71 where ,montrose defeated ,baillie himself4 ,mac,colkittoch was not present in this battle1 the commanders in which1 under ,montrose1 were ,lord ,gordon1 ,nathaniel ,gordon1 ,lord ,aboyne1 ,sir ,william ,rollo1 ,glengarry1 and ,drummond of ,balloch1 while ,baillie was assisted in chief by the ,earl of ,balcarres4 ,montrose's loss was trifling in comparison with ,baillie's1 but it included the death of ,lord ,gordon ,footnote3 ,wishart1 #acc-aeb2 ,napier1 #ebf-ecf4 ,to the ,covenanting ,government the defeat of ,alford was most serious4 ,the ,parliament1 which had adjourned at ,edinburgh on the #hth of ,march1 was convoked afresh for two short sessions1 at ,stirling 7,july #h-;,july #aa71 and at ,perth 7,july #bd- ,aug4 #e72 and the chief business of these sessions was the consideration of ways for retrieving ,baillie's defeat and prosecuting the war ,footnote3 ,balfour's ,annals1 ,,iii4 #bib #cjg44 ,baillie1 chagrined at the loss of his military reputation1 wanted to resign1 throwing the blame of his disaster partly on ,urry for his selfish carelessness1 and partly on the great ,covenanting noblemen1 who had disposed of troops hither and thither1 exchanged prisoners1 and granted passes1 without regard to his interests or orders4 ,the ,parliament1 having exonerated and thanked him1 persuaded him at first to retain his commission1 appointing a new ,committee of ,estates1 with ,argyle at their head1 to accompany and advise him 7,july #aj74 ,not even so was ,baillie comfortable2 and on the #dth of ,august he definitively gave in his resignation4 ,it was then accepted1 with new exoneration and thanks1 but with a request that1 to allow time for the arrival of his intended successor 7,major-general ,monro7 from ,ireland1 he would continue in the command a little longer4 ,goodnaturedly he did so1 but unfortunately for himself4 ,he was in the eleventh day of his anomalous position of command and no-command1 when he received from ,montrose another thrashing1 more fatal than the last1 in the ,battle of ,kilsyth in ,stirlingshire 7,aug4 #ae1 #afde74 ,on both sides there had been great exertion in recruiting1 so that the numbers in this battle were1 according to the estimate of ,montrose's biographers1 #f1jjj foot and #a1jjj horse under ,baillie against #d1djj foot and #ejj horse under ,montrose4 ,baillie would not have allowed this estimate1 for he complains that the recruiting for him had been bad4 ,anyhow1 his defeat was crushing4 ,in various posts of command under ,montrose were the aged ,earl of ,airlie1 ,viscount ,aboyne1 ,colonel ,nathaniel ,gordon1 ,maclean of ,duart1 the chief of ,clanranald1 and ,mac,colkittoch with his ,irish4 ,acting under ,baillie1 or1 as he would have us infer1 above him and in spite of him1 were ,argyle1 the ,earls of ,crawfurd and ,tullibardine1 ,lords ,elcho1 ,burleigh1 and ,balcarres1 ,major-general ,holborn1 and others4 ,before the battle1 ,montrose1 in freak or for some deeper reason1 made all his army1 both foot and horse1 strip themselves1 above the waist1 to their shirts 7which1 with the majority1 may have implied something ghastlier72 and in this style they fought4 ,the battle was not long1 the ,macleans and ,clanranald ,highlanders being conspicuous in beginning it1 and the old ,earl of ,airlie and his ,ogilvies in deciding it4 ,but1 after the battle1 there was a pursuit of the foe for fourteen miles1 and the slaughter was such as to give rise to the tradition of thousands slain on ,baillie's side against six men on ,montrose's4 ,many prisoners were taken1 but the chief nobles escaped by the swiftness of their horses4 ,argyle was one of these4 ,carried by his horse to ,queens-ferry1 he got on board a ship in the ,firth of ,forth 7the third time1 it was noted1 of his saving himself in this fashion71 sailed down the ,firth into the open sea1 and did not come ashore till he was at ,newcastle4 ,footnote3 ,wishart1 #afb-aga2 ,napier1 #edb-eda4 ,but see ,general ,baillie's touching and instructive vindication of himself in three documents1 printed in his cousin ,baillie's ,letters and ,correspondence 7,,ii4 #dl#g-dbd74 ,baillie goes over the whole of his unfortunate commandership against ,montrose1 from his meeting with ,argyle at ,roseneath after ,inverlochy 7,jan4 #afdd-e7 to the ,battle of ,kilsyth 7,aug4 #ae4 #afde72 and the pervading complaint is that he had never been allowed to be real commander-in-chief1 but had been thwarted and overridden by ,argyle1 ,committees of ,estates1 and conceited individual nobles4 ,the ,battle of ,kilsyth placed all ,scotland at ,montrose's feet4 ,he entered ,clydesdale1 took the city of ,glasgow under his protection1 set up his head-quarters at ,bothwell1 and thence issued his commands far and wide4 ,edinburgh sent in its submission on summons2 other towns sent in their submissions2 nobles and lairds that had hitherto stood aloof gathered obsequiously round the victor2 and friends and supporters1 who had been arrested and imprisoned on charges of complicity with him during his enterprise1 found themselves released4 ,dearest among these to ,montrose were his relatives of the ,merchiston and ,keir connexion--the veteran ,lord ,napier1 ,montrose's brother-in-law and his ,mentor from his youth2 ,sir ,george ,stirling of ,keir1 and his wife1 ,lord ,napier's daughter2 and several other nieces of ,montrose1 young ladies of the ,napier house4 ,in fact1 so many persons of note from all quarters gathered round ,montrose at ,bothwell that his ,leaguer there became a kind of ,court4 ,the great day at this ,court was the #crd of ,september1 eighteen days after the victory of ,kilsyth4 ,on that day there was a grand review of the victorious army2 a new commission from the ,king1 brought from ,hereford by ,sir ,robert ,spotswood1 was produced and read1 appointing ,montrose ,lord ,lieutenant and ,captain-general of ,scotland with those ,viceregal powers which had till then been nominally reserved for ,prince ,maurice2 and1 after a glowing speech1 in which ,montrose praised his whole army1 but especially his ,major-general1 ,alaster ,macdonald ,mac,colkittoch1 he made it his first act of ,viceroyalty to confer on that warrior the honour of knighthood4 ,on the following day proclamations were issued for the meeting of a ,parliament at ,glasgow on the #bjth of ,october4 ,montrose then broke up his ,leaguer1 to obey certain instructions which had come from the ,king4 ,these were that he should plant himself in the ,border shires1 co-operating there with the ,earls of ,traquair1 ,hume1 and ,roxburgh1 and other ,royalists of those parts1 so as to be ready to receive his ,majesty himself emerging from ,england1 or at least such an auxiliary force of ,english as ,lord ,digby should be able to despatch4 ,for ,montrose's triumph in ,scotland had been reported all through ,england and had altered the state and prospects of the war there4 ,kilsyth 7,aug4 #ae7 had come as a considerable compensation even for ,naseby 7,june #ad7 and the subsequent successes of the ,new ,model4 ,the ,king's thoughts had turned to the ,north1 and it had become his idea1 and ,digby's1 that1 if the successes of the ,new ,model still continued1 it would be best for his ,majesty to transfer his own presence out of ,england for the time1 joining himself to ,montrose in ,scotland4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cac-cad2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bca2 ,wishart1 #aij2 ,napier1 #eeb-efi4 ,in obedience to his ,majesty's instructions ,montrose did advance to the ,border4 ,for about a week he prowled about1 on the outlook for the expected aid from ,england1 negotiating at the same time with some of the ,border lords1 and in quest of others with whom to negotiate4 ,on the #ajth of ,september he was encamped at ,kelso2 thence he went to ,jedburgh2 and thence to ,selkirk4 ,footnote3 ,napier1 #egj-ege4 ,while he is at this last place1 let us pause a little to ask an important question4 ,what was ,montrose's meaning8 ,what real political intention lay under the meteor-like track of his marches and battles8 ,what did he want to make of ,scotland8 ,this is not a needless question4 ,for1 as we know1 ,montrose was not1 after all1 a mere military madman4 ,he was an idealist in his way1 a political theorist 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #bif-bih74 ,fortunately1 to assist our guesses1 there is extant a manifesto drawn up under ,montrose's dictation at that very moment of his triumph at which we have now arrived4 ,the document is in the handwriting of ,lord ,napier1 his brother-in-law and closest adviser1 and consists of some very small sheets of paper1 in ,napier's minutest autograph1 as if it had been drawn up where writing materials were scarce4 ,it was certainly written after ,kilsyth1 and in all probability at one of ,montrose's halts on the ,border4 ,in short1 it was that vindication of himself and declaration of his policy which ,montrose meant to publish in anticipation of the meeting of a ,scottish ,parliament at ,glasgow which he had summoned for the #bjth of ,october4 ,the document is vague1 and much of it is evidently a special pleading addressed to those who remembered that ,montrose had formerly been an enthusiastic ,covenanter ,still there are interesting points in it4 ,his defence is that it was not he that had swerved from the original ,scottish ,covenant of #afch4 ,he had thoroughly approved of that ,covenant1 and had gone on with ,argyle and the rest of the ,covenanters1 perhaps giving way to more than was warrantable1 till their deviation from the true purposes of the ,covenant had passed all legal hounds4 ,he had seen this to be the ease at the time of the ,treaty of ,ripon at the conclusion of the ,second ,bishops' ,war2 and at that point he had left them1 or rather they had finally parted from him 7,oct4 #afdj74 ,he had since then gone on in perfect consistency with his former self2 and they had gone on1 in their pretended ,parliaments and pretended ,general ,assemblies1 from bad to worse4 ,the ,state was in the grasp of a few usurpers at the centre and their committees through the shires2 finings and imprisonings of the loyal were universal2 and all true liberty for the subject was gone4 ,the ,church too had passed into confusion1 the ,brownistical faction overruling it1 joined in league with the ,brownists and ,independents in ,england1 to the prejudice of ,religion4 ,footnote3 ,several times in the course of the document this accusation of ,brownism or ,independency comes in--an absurdly selected accusation at the very time when the most patent fact about the ,presbyterian ,kirk of ,scotland was its deadly antagonism to ,independency and all forms of ,brownism4 ,montrose and ,napier were probably a little behind-hand in their knowledge of ,english ,ecclesiastical ,history1 and merely clutched ,brownism as a convenient phrase of reproach1 much sanctioned by the ,king in his ,english proclamations against ,parliament4 ,so much for a review of his past acts2 but what were his present grounds8 ,here one listens with curiosity4 ,one of his grounds he lays down definitely enough1 and indeed with extraordinary and repeated emphasis4 ,let his countrymen be assured that he retained his hatred of ,episcopacy and would never sanction its restoration in ,scotland6 ,he would not1 indeed1 be for uprooting ,episcopacy in ,england1 inasmuch as the ,king and his loyal subjects of that country did not desire it2 nor was he pledged to that by any right construction of the ,scottish ,covenant of #afch4 ,that ,covenant referred to ,scotland only1 and it was that ,covenant1 and not the later ,league and ,covenant of #afdc1 that he had signed4 ,but he had not forgotten that the very cause of that original ,scottish ,covenant was the woe wrought by ,prelacy in ,scotland4 ,it cannot be denied1 says the document1 neither ever shall be by us1 that this our nation was reduced to almost irreparable evil by the perverse practices of the sometime pretended ,prelates2 who1 having abused lawful authority1 did not only usurp to be lords over ,god's inheritance1 but also intruded themselves in the prime places of civil government1 and1 by their ,court of ,high ,commission1 did so abandon themselves1 to the prejudice of the ,gospel1 that the very quintessence of ,popery was publicly preached by ,arminians1 and the life of the ,gospel stolen away by enforcing on the ,kirk a dead ,service-book1 the brood of the bowels of the ,whore of ,babel4 ,for the defence1 therefore1 of genuine old ,scottish ,presbyterianism1 he protests in ,god's sight he would be the first should draw a sword4 ,but a spurious ,presbyterianism had been invented1 and the outcasting of the locust had been the inbringing of the caterpillar4 ,as he abjured ,episcopacy1 so he thought the system that had been set up instead no less hurtful2 wherefore1 he concludes1 resolving to eschew the extremities1 and keep the middle way of our ,reformed ,religion1 we1 by ,god's grace and assistance1 shall endeavour to maintain it with the hazard of our lives and fortunes1 and it shall be no less dear to us than our own souls4--,allowing for the fact that ,montrose1 or ,napier for him1 must have considered it politic to conciliate the anti-,prelatic sentiment1 we cannot but construe these passages into a positive statement that ,montrose really was1 and believed himself to be1 a moderate ,presbyterian4 ,his programme for ,scotland1 in fact1 was ,moderate ,presbyterianism together with a restoration of the ,king's prerogative4 ,in this1 of course1 was implied the annihilation of every relic of the ,argyle-,hamilton machinery of government and the substitution of another machinery under the permanent ,viceroyalty of the ,marquis of ,montrose4 ,footnote3 ,the document described and extracted from in the text is printed entire by ,mr4 ,napier1 who seems first to have deciphered it 7,appendix to ,vol4 ,i4 of his ,life of ,montrose1 pp4 xliv4- liii471 and whose historical honesty in publishing it is the more to be commended because it must have jarred on his own predilections about his hero4 ,many of ,montrose's admirers still accept him in ignorance as a champion and hero of high ,episcopacy2 and for these ,mr4 ,napier's document must be unwelcome news4 ,ah6 how ,fortune turns her wheel6 ,this manifesto of ,montrose was to remain in ,lord ,napier's pocket1 not to be deciphered till our own time1 and the ,parliament for which it was a preparation was never actually to meet4 ,in ,england there had been amazement and grief over the news of ,montrose's triumph4 ,the ,parliament had appointed ,sept4 #e to be a day of public fast and prayer in all the churches on account of the calamity that had befallen ,scotland2 and on that day the good ,baillie1 walking in ,london to and from church1 was in the deepest despondency4 ,never1 since ,william ,wallace's days1 he wrote1 had ,scotland been in such a plight2 and ,what means the ,lord1 so far against the expectation of the most clear-sighted1 to humble us so low8 ,but he adds a piece of news1 ,on ,tuesday was eight days 7i4e4 ,aug4 #bg71 in consequence of letters from ,scotland1 ,david ,leslie1 the ,major-general of ,leven's ,scottish army in ,england1 had gone in haste from ,nottingham towards ,carlisle and ,scotland1 taking with him #d1jjj horse4 ,this was the wisest thing that could have been done4 ,david ,leslie was the very best soldier the ,scots had1 better by far than ,lieutenant-general ,baillie1 whom ,montrose had just extinguished1 and better even than ,monro1 whom the ,scottish ,estates had resolved to bring from ,ireland as ,baillie's successor4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cac-cae4 ,actually1 on the #fth of ,september1 ,leslie passed the ,tweed1 with his #d1jjj ,scottish horse from ,leven's army1 and some #fjj foot he had added from the ,scottish garrison of ,newcastle4 ,he and ,montrose were1 therefore1 in the ,border counties together1 watching each other's movements1 but ,leslie watching ,montrose's movements more keenly than ,montrose watched ,leslie's4 ,montrose does not seem to have known ,leslie's full strength1 and he was himself in the worst possible condition for an immediate encounter with it4 ,it was the custom of the ,highlanders in those days1 when they had served for a certain time in war1 to flock back to their hills for a fresh taste of home-life2 and1 unfortunately for ,montrose1 his ,highlanders had chosen to think the review at ,bothwell a proper period at which to take leave4 ,they had been encouraged in this1 it is believed1 by ,colkittoch1 who1 having had the honorary captaincy-general of the clans bestowed upon him by ,montrose in addition to knighthood1 had projected for himself1 and for his old father and brothers1 the private satisfaction of a war all to themselves in the country of the ,campbells4 ,montrose had submitted with what grace he could2 and the ,highlanders1 with some of the ,irish among them1 had marched off with promises of speedy return4 ,but1 at the same critical moment1 ,viscount ,aboyne1 hitherto the most faithful of the ,gordons1 had taken a caprice1 and gone off with his horse4 ,he had been lured away1 it was suspected1 by his uncle ,argyle1 who had come back from his sea-voyage to ,newcastle1 and was busy in ,berwickshire4 ,then ,montrose's negotiations with the ,border lords had come to nearly nothing1 ,david ,leslie's presence and ,argyle's counter- negotiations having had considerable influence4 ,finally1 of the ,king himself or the expected forces from ,england there was no appearance4 ,it was1 therefore1 but with a shabby little army of ,irish and ,lowland foot and a few horse that ,montrose1 with his group of most resolute friends-- ,lord ,napier1 the ,marquis of ,douglas1 the ,earls of ,airlie1 ,crawfurd1 and ,hartfell1 ,lords ,ogilvy1 ,erskine1 and ,fleming1 ,colonel ,nathaniel ,gordon1 ,sir ,john ,dalziel1 ,drummond of ,balloch1 ,sir ,robert ,spotswood1 ,sir ,william ,rollo1 ,sir ,philip ,nisbet1 the young master of ,napier1 and others--found himself encamped1 on the #abth of ,september1 at ,philiphaugh near ,selkirk4 ,his intention was not to remain in the ,border country any longer1 but to return north and get back among his ,grampian strongholds4 ,but somehow his vigilance1 when it was most needed1 had deserted him4 ,the morning of ,saturday1 ,sept4 #ac1 had risen dull1 raw1 and dark1 with a thick grey fog covering the ground2 and ,montrose1 ill-served by his scouts1 was at early breakfast1 when ,leslie sprang upon him out of the fog1 and in one brief hour finished his year of splendour4 ,montrose himself1 the two ,napiers1 the ,marquis of ,douglas1 the ,earls of ,airlie and ,crawfurd1 with others1 cut their way out and escaped2 but many were made prisoners1 and the places where the wretched ,irish were shot down and buried in heaps1 and the tracks of the luckier fugitives for miles from ,philiphaugh1 are now among the doleful memories of the ,braes of ,yarrow4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bca-b2 ,wishart1 #ahi-bjg2 ,napier1 #eeg-ehj4 ,i have seen1 in the possession of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,david ,aitken1 ,edinburgh1 a square-shaped bottle of thick and pretty clear glass1 which was one of several of the same sort accidentally dug up some few years ago at ,philiphaugh1 in a place where there were also many buried gunflints4 ,there were traces1 ,i am told1 from which it could be distinctly inferred that the bottles had contained some kind of ,hock or ,rhenish wine2 and the belief of the neighbourhood was that they had been part of ,montrose's tent-stock1 on the morning when he was surprised by ,leslie4 ,montrose and his fellow-fugitives found their way back to their favourite ,athole1 and were not even yet absolutely in despair4 ,the venerable ,napier1 indeed1 had come to his journey's end4 ,worn out by fatigue1 he died in ,athole1 and was buried there4 ,montrose's wife died about the same time in the eastern ,lowlands1 and ,montrose1 at some risk1 was present at her funeral4 ,to these bereavements there was added the indignant grief caused by the vengeances taken by the restored ,argyle ,government upon those of his chief adherents who had fallen into their hands4 ,sir ,william ,rollo 7the same ,major ,rollo who had crossed the ,border with ,montrose in his disguise71 ,sir ,philip ,nisbet1 young ,ogilvy of ,innerquharity1 and others1 were beheaded at ,glasgow2 and ,colonel ,nathaniel ,gordon1 ,captain ,andrew ,guthrie1 ,president ,sir ,robert ,spotswood1 and ,william ,murray1 the young brother of the ,earl of ,tullibardine1 were afterwards executed at ,st4 ,andrews--,lord ,ogilvy1 who had been condemned with these last1 having contrived to escape4 ,the desire of retaliation for these deaths co- operating with his determination to make his ,captaincy-general in ,scotland of some avail still for the ,king's cause1 ,montrose lurked on perseveringly in his ,highland retirement1 trying to organize another rising1 and for this purpose appealing to ,mac,colkittoch and every other likely ,highland chief1 but above all to the ,marquis of ,huntley and his fickle ,gordons4 ,in vain6 ,to all intents and purposes ,montrose's ,captaincy-general in ,scotland was over1 and the ,argyle supremacy was reestablished4 ,all that could be said was that he was still at large in the ,highlands1 and that1 while he was thus at large1 the ,argyle ,government could not reckon itself safe4 ,and so for the present we leave him1 humming to himself1 as one may fancy1 a stanza of one of his own lyrics3-- ,the misty mounts1 the smoking lake1 ,the rock's resounding echo1 ,the whistling winds1 the woods that shake1 ,shall all with me sing ,heigho6 ,the tossing seas1 the tumbling boats1 ,tears dripping from each oar1 ,shall tune with me their turtle notes3 ',i'll never love thee more6' ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bcb2 ,wishart1 #bjh-beh2 ,napier1 #eha-fcj1 with ,montrose's ,poems in ,appendix to ,vol4 ,i4 ,,fag-,,end ,,of ,,the ,,war ,,in ,,england3 ,,flight ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,to ,,the ,,scots4 ,montrose's defeat at ,philiphaugh 7,sept4 #ac1 #afde7 having relieved the ,english ,parliament from the awkwardness of the ,royalist uprising in ,scotland while the ,new ,model was crushing ,royalism in ,england1 and the storming of ,bristol by the ,new ,model 7,sept4 #aj7 having just been added as a most important incident in the process of the crushing1 the war in ,england had reached its fag-end4 ,the ,west and the ,southern ,counties were still the immediate theatre of action for the ,new ,model4 ,cromwell1 fresh from his share with ,fairfax in the recent successes in ,somersetshire1 ,gloucestershire1 and ,wilts1 was detached into ,hants2 and here1 by his valour and skill1 were accomplished the surrender of ,winchester 7,oct4 #h71 and the storming of ,basing ,house1 the magnificent mansion of the ,marquis of ,winchester1 widower of that ,marchioness on whom ,milton had written his epitaph in #afca1 but now again married 7,oct4 #ad74 ,thus1 by the middle of ,october1 ,royalism had been completely destroyed in ,hants1 as well as in ,wilts1 ,dorset1 and ,somerset1 and what relics of it remained in the south-west were cooped up in the extreme shires of ,devon and ,cornwall1 whither the ,prince of ,wales had retired with ,lord ,hopton4 ,here they lingered through the winter4 ,footnote3 ,chronological ,table in ,sprigge4 ,meanwhile the ,king had been steadily losing ground in the ,midlands and throughout the rest of ,england4 ,not even after ,philiphaugh had he given up all hopes of a junction with ,montrose in ,scotland2 and a northward movement1 from ,hereford through ,wales1 which he had begun before the news of that battle reached him1 was still continued4 ,he had got as far as ,welbeck in ,nottinghamshire 7,oct4 #ac7 when he was induced to turn back1 only sending #a1ejj horse under ,lord ,digby and ,sir ,marmaduke ,langdale to make their way into ,scotland if possible4 ,though defeated by the ,parliamentarians in ,yorkshire1 ,digby and ,langdale did get as far as the ,scottish border2 but1 finding farther progress hopeless1 they left their men to shift for themselves1 and escaped to the ,isle of ,man1 whence ,digby went to ,dublin4 ,the ,king himself had gone first to ,newark1 on the eastern border of ,nottinghamshire1 which was one of the places yet garrisoned for him2 but1 after a fortnight's stay there1 he returned once more to his head-quarters at ,oxford 7,nov4 #e74 ,here he remained through the winter1 holding his court as well as he could1 issuing proclamations1 and observing the gradual closing in upon him of the ,parliamentarian forces4 ,the position of the ,scottish auxiliary army in particular had then become of considerable importance to him4--,we have seen 7ant1 p4 #cci7 how1 in ,september1 that army had raised the siege of ,hereford1 and had sulkily gone northward as far as ,yorkshire1 as if with the intention of leaving ,england altogether4 ,there was some excuse for them in the state of ,scotland at the time1 where all the resources of the ,argyle ,government had failed in the contest with ,montrose2 but not the less were the ,english ,parliamentarians out of humour with them4 ,angry messages had been interchanged between the ,english ,parliament and the ,scottish military and political leaders2 and a demand had been put forth by the ,parliament that the ,scots should hand over into ,english keeping ,carlisle and other northern towns where they had garrisons4 ,at length1 ,montrose having been suppressed by ,david ,leslie's horse1 and great exertions having been made by the ,scottish ,chancellor ,loudoun to restore a good feeling between the two nations1 ,leven's army did come back out of ,yorkshire1 to undertake a duty which the ,english ,parliament had been pressing upon it1 as a substitute for its late employment at ,hereford4 ,this was the siege of ,newark4 ,about the #bfth of ,november1 #afde1 or three weeks after the ,king had left ,newark to return to ,oxford1 the ,scottish army sat down before ,newark and began the siege4 ,the direct distance between ,oxford and ,newark is about a hundred miles4--,through the winter1 though the ,new ,model had not quite completed its work of victory in the ,south-west1 the chief business of the ,king at ,oxford consisted in looking forward to the now inevitable issue1 and thinking with which party of his enemies it would be best to make his terms of final submission4 ,negotiations were actually opened between him and the ,parliament1 with offers on his part to come to ,london for a personal ,treaty2 and there was much discussion in ,parliament over these offers4 ,the ,king1 however1 being stubborn for his own terms1 the negotiations came to nothing2 and by the end of ,january #afde-f it was the general rumour that he meant to baulk the ,parliament1 and take refuge with the ,scottish army at ,newark4 ,till ,april #afdf1 nevertheless1 he remained irresolute1 hoping against hope for some good news from the ,south-west4 ,no good news came from that quarter4 ,operations having been resumed there by the ,new ,model1 there came1 among other continued successes of the ,parliament1 the raising of the siege of ,plymouth 7,jan4 #af1 #afde-f71 the storming of ,dartmouth 7,jan4 #ai71 and the storming of ,torrington 7,feb4 #af74 ,the action then came to be chiefly in ,cornwall1 where 7,march #ad7 ,lord ,hopton surrendered to ,fairfax1 giving up the cause as hopeless1 and following the ,prince of ,wales1 who had taken refuge meanwhile in the ,scilly ,isles4 ,on the #aeth of ,april1 #afdf1 the picturesque ,st4 ,michael's ,mount yielded1 and the ,duke of ,hamilton1 the ,king's prisoner there1 found himself again at liberty4 ,the surrender of ,exeter 7,april #ac7 and of ,barnstaple 7,april #bj7 having then cleared ,devonshire1 the war in the whole ,south-west was over1 save that the ,king's flag still waved over far ,pendennis ,castle at ,falmouth4 ,footnote3 ,chronological ,table in ,sprigge ,the ,new ,model having thus perfected its work in the ,south-west and being free for action in the ,midlands1 and ,cromwell being back in ,london1 and a body of ,royalist troops under ,lord ,astley 7the last body openly in the field7 having been defeated in an attempt to reach ,oxford from the west1 and ,woodstock having just set even the ,oxfordshire garrisons the example of surrendering1 procrastination on the ,king's part was no longer possible4 ,his last trust had been in certain desperate schemes for retrieving his cause by help to be brought from beyond ,england4 ,he had been intriguing in ,ireland with a view to a secret agreement with the ,irish ,rebels and the landing at ,chester or in ,wales of an army of #aj1jjj ,irish ,roman ,catholics to repeat in ,england the feat of ,mac,colkittoch and his ,irish in ,scotland2 he had been trying to negotiate with ,france for the landing of #f1jjj foreign troops at ,lynn2 as late as ,march #ab he had fallen back on a former notion of his1 and proposed to invoke the aid of the ,pope by promising a free toleration of the ,roman ,catholic ,religion in ,england on condition that his ,holiness and the ,english ,roman ,catholics would visibly and heartily engage themselves for the re-establishment of his ,crown and of the ,church of ,england4 ,all these schemes were now in the dust4 ,he was in a city in the heart of ,england1 without chance of ,irish or foreign aid1 and hemmed round by his ,english subjects1 victorious at length over all his efforts1 and coming closer and closer for that final siege which should place himself in their grasp4 ,what was he to do8 ,a refuge with the ,scottish army at ,newark had been for some time the plan most in his thoughts1 and actually since ,january there had been negotiations on his part1 through the ,french ,ambassador ,montreuil1 both with the ,scottish ,commissioners in ,london and with the chiefs of the ,scottish army1 with a view to this result4 ,latterly1 however1 ,montreuil had reported that the ,scots refused to receive him except on conditions very different from those he desired4 ,the most obvious alternative1 though the boldest one1 was that he should make his way to ,london somehow1 and throw himself upon the generosity of ,parliament and on the chances of terms in his favour that might arise from the dissensions between the ,presbyterians and the ,independents4 ,but1 should he resolve on an escape out of ,england altogether1 even that was not yet hopeless4 ,roads1 indeed1 were guarded2 but by precautions and careful travelling some seaport might be reached1 whence there might be a passage to ,scotland1 to ,ireland1 to ,france1 or to ,denmark4 ,footnote3 ,twenty-two ,letters from ,charles at ,oxford to ,queen ,henrietta ,maria in ,france1 the first dated ,jan4 #d1 #afde-f and the last ,april #bb1 #afdf1 forming pp4 #a-cg of a series of the ,king's ,letters edited by the late ,mr4 ,john ,bruce for the ,camden ,society 7#ahef7 under the title of ,charles ,i4 in #afdf4 ,see also ,mr4 ,bruce's ,introduction to the ,letters4 ,they contain curious facts and indications of ,charles's character4 ,it was apparently with all these plans competing in ,charles's mind1 that1 on ,monday the #bgth of ,april1 his ,majesty1 with his faithful groom of the bedchamber ,mr4 ,john ,ashburnham and a clergyman named ,dr4 ,hudson for his sole companions1 slipped out of ,oxford1 disguised as a servant and carrying a cloak-bag on his horse4 ,he rode to ,henley2 then to ,brentford2 and then as near to ,london as ,harrow-on-the-,hill4 ,he was half-inclined to ride on the few more miles that would have brought him to the doors of the ,parliament in ,westminster4 ,at ,harrow1 however1 as if his mind had changed1 he turned away from ,london1 and rode northwards to ,st4 ,alban's2 thence again by crossroads into ,leicestershire2 and so eastwards to ,downham in ,norfolk4 ,here he remained from ,april #cj to ,may #d2 and it is on record that he had his hair trimmed for him here by a country barber1 who found much fault with its unevenness1 and told him that the man who had last cut it had done it very badly4 ,it was now known in ,london that his ,majesty was at large2 it was thought he might even be in hiding in the city2 and a ,parliamentary proclamation was issued forbidding the harbouring of him under pain of death4 ,on the #eth of ,may1 however1 he ended all uncertainty by presenting himself at the ,scottish ,leaguer at ,newark4 ,he had made up his mind at last that he would remain in ,england and that he would be safer with the ,scots there than with the ,english ,parliament4--,it was a most perilous honour for the ,scots4 ,the ,english ,parliament were sure to demand possession of the ,king4 ,indeed the ,commons did vote for demanding him and confining him to ,warwick ,castle2 and1 though the vote was thrown out in the ,lords1 eight ,peers protested against its rejection 7,may #h74 ,in these circumstances the resolution of the ,scots was to keep his ,majesty until the course of events should be clearer4 ,newark1 however1 being too accessible1 in case the ,parliament should try to seize him1 ,leven persuaded the ,king to give orders to the ,royalist governor of that town to surrender it to the ,parliament2 and1 the siege being thus over1 the ,scottish army1 with its precious charge1 withdrew northward to the safer position of ,newcastle 7,may #ac74 ,footnote3 ,iter ,carolinum in ,gulch's1 ,collectanea ,curiosa7#aghl71 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #dde-ddh2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bfg-b_/a2 ,clar #fja-b2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cgd-e4 ,on the #ajth of ,june the ,king issued orders from ,newcastle to all the commanders yet holding cities1 towns1 or fortresses1 in his name1 anywhere in ,england1 to surrender their trusts4 ,accordingly1 on the #bdth of ,june1 the city of ,oxford1 which the ,king had left two months before1 was surrendered to ,fairfax1 with all pomp and ceremony1 by ,sir ,thomas ,glenham4 ,the surrender of ,worcester followed1 ,july #bb2 that of ,wallingford ,castle in ,berks1 ,july #bg2 that of ,pendennis ,castle in ,cornwall1 ,aug4 #ag2 and that of ,raglan ,castle in ,monmouthshire1 ,aug4 #ai4 ,thus the face of ,england was cleared of the last vestiges of the war4 ,the defender of ,raglan ,castle1 and almost the last man in ,england to sustain the ,king's flag1 was the aged ,marquis of ,worcester4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bgf-big2 and ,sprigge's ,table of ,battle1 and ,sieges4 ,,fallen ,,and ,,risen ,,stars4 ,in ,august #afdf1 therefore1 the long ,civil ,war was at an end4 ,the ,king being then at ,newcastle with the ,scots1 where were the other chief ,royalists8 ,i4 ,the ,royal ,family4 ,the ,queen had been abroad again for more than two years4 ,in ,july #afdd1 having just then given birth at ,exeter to her youngest child1 the ,princess ,henrietta ,maria1 she had escaped from that city as ,essex was approaching it with his army1 and had taken ship for ,france1 leaving the child at ,exeter4 ,richelieu1 who had kept her out of ,france in her former exile1 being now dead1 and ,cardinal ,mazarin and the ,queen ,regent holding power in the minority of ,louis ,,xiv41 she had been well received at the ,french ,court1 and had been residing for the two past years in or near ,paris1 busily active in foreign intrigue on her husband's behalf1 and sending over imperious letters of advice to him4 ,it was she that was to be his agent with the ,pope1 and it was she that had procured the sending over of the ,french ambassador ,montreuil to arrange between the ,scots and ,charles4 ,the destination of the ,prince of ,wales had for some time been uncertain4 ,from ,scilly he had gone to ,jersey1 accompanied or followed thither by ,lords ,hopton1 ,capel1 ,digby1 and ,colepepper1 ,sir ,edward ,hyde1 and others 7,april #afdf74 ,digby had a project of removing him thence into ,ireland1 and ,denmark was also talked of for a refuge2 but the ,queen being especially anxious to have him with her in ,paris1 her remonstrances prevailed4 ,the ,king gave orders from ,newcastle that her wishes should be obeyed1 and to ,paris the ,prince went 7,july74 ,the young ,duke of ,york1 being in ,oxford at the time of the surrender1 came into the hands of the ,parliament2 who committed the charge of him1 and of his infant brother the ,duke of ,gloucester1 with the ,princesses ,mary and ,elizabeth1 to the ,earl of ,northumberland in ,london4 ,the baby ,princess ,henrietta1 left at ,exeter1 had also come into the hands of the ,parliament on the surrender of that city 7,april #afdf71 but had been cleverly conveyed into ,france by the ,countess of ,morton4 ,the ,king's fighting nephews1 ,rupert and ,maurice1 who had been in ,oxford when it surrendered1 were allowed to embark at ,dover for ,france1 after an interview with their elder brother1 the ,prince ,elector ,palatine1 who had been for some time in ,england as an honoured guest of the ,parliament2 and an occasional visitor in the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,,ii4 ,chief ,royalist ,peers and ,counsellors4 ,some of these1 including the ,duke of ,richmond1 the ,marquis of ,hertford1 the ,marquis of ,worcester1 and the ,earl of ,southampton1 remained in ,england1 submitting moodily to the new order of things1 and studying opportunities of still being useful to their sovereign4 ,others1 and perhaps the majority1 either disgusted with ,england1 or being under the ban of ,parliament for delinquency of too deep a dye1 dispersed themselves abroad1 to live in that condition of continental exile which had already for some time been the lot of the ,marquis of ,newcastle and other fugitives of the earlier stage of the war4 ,some1 such as ,digby and ,colepepper1 accompanied the ,prince of ,wales to ,paris2 others1 among whom was ,hyde1 remained some time in ,jersey4 ,the ,queen's conduct and temper1 indeed1 so much repelled the best of the ,royalist refugees that1 when they did go to ,france 7as most of them were obliged to do at last71 they avoided her1 or circled round her at a respectful distance4 ,while these were the descending or vanishing stars of the ,english firmament1 who were the stars that had risen in their places8 ,as the question interests us now1 so it interested people then2 and1 to assist the public judgment1 printers and booksellers put forth lists of those who1 either from the decisiveness and consistency of their ,parliamentarianism from the first1 or from its sufficiency on a total review1 were entitled1 at the end of the war1 to be denominated ,the ,great ,champions of ,england4 ,footnote3 ,one such fly sheet1 published ,july #cj1 #afdf by ,francis ,leach at the ,falcon in ,shoe ,lane1 has been already referred to 7see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dhj1 ,note1 and p4 #dcc1 ,note74 ,the lists there given1 though very useful to us now1 contain a great many errors--misspellings of names1 entries of persons as still alive who were dead some time1 c4 ,in those days of scanty means of publicity1 it was far more difficult to compile an accurate conspectus of contemporaries for any purpose than it would be now4 ,there were two classes of these ,champions1 though not a few individuals belonged to both classes3--,i4 ,the ,political ,champions1 or ,champion ,peers and ,commoners4 ,the ,champion ,peers were reckoned as exactly twenty-nine2 and1 if the reader desires to know who these twenty-nine were1 let him repeat here the list already given of those who were ,parliamentarian ,peers at the outset 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #dcj-a71 only deleting from that list the heroic ,lord ,brooke and the ,earls of ,bolingbroke and ,middlesex as dead1 and the ,earls of ,bedford1 ,clare1 and ,holland1 as having proved themselves fickle and untrustworthy1 and adding a new ,earl of ,middlesex 7son and successor of the former71 an ,earl of ,kent1 an ,earl of ,nottingham1 and a ,lord ,montague of ,boughton 7successors of the deceased ,royalists or ,non-effectives who had borne these titles71 and ,lord ,herbert of ,cherbury1 once a ,royalist1 but now passing as a ,parliamentarian4 ,the ,champion ,commoners were1 of course1 a much larger multitude4 ,at the beginning of the war1 as we saw 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #dca-d74 about three-fifths of the ,commons ,house as then constituted1 or #cjj of the members in all1 might be regarded as declared or possible ,parliamentarians4 ,of these1 however1 death or desertion to the other side in the course of four years had carried off a good few1 so that1 with every exertion to swell the list of the original ,commoners who at the end of the war might be reckoned among the faithful1 not more than about #bej could be enumerated in this category4 ,on the other hand1 it has to be remembered that1 since ,august #afde1 when the ,new ,model was in its full career of victory1 the ,house of ,commons had been increased in numerical strength by the process called ,recruiting1 i4e4 by the issue of writs for the election of new members in the places of those who had died1 and of the much larger host who had been disabled as ,royalists4 ,of this process of ,recruiting1 and its effects on the national policy1 we shall have to take farther account2 meanwhile it is enough to say that1 between ,aug4 #afde1 when the first new writs were issued1 and ,aug4 #afdf1 when the war ended1 as many as #agi ,recruiters had been elected1 and were intermingled in the roll of the ,house with the surviving original members4 ,footnote3 ,this is my calculation from the ,index of new ,writs in the ,commons ,journals between ,august #ba1 #afde1 and ,august #a1 #afdf4 ,see also ,godwin's ,commonwealth1 ,,ii4 #hd-ci4 ,now1 most of these ,recruiters1 from the very conditions of their election1 were ,parliamentarians1 and some had even attained eminence in that character since their election4 ,about #adj of them1 ,i find1 were reckoned among the ,champions2 and1 if these are added to the #bej original members also reckoned as such1 the total number of the ,champion ,commoners will be about #cij4 ,footnote3 ,in ,leach's fly-sheet the exact number of ,champion ,commoners given is #cig4 ,among these he distinguishes the ,recruiters from the original members by printing the names of the ,recruiters in italics4 ,in at least eleven cases1 however1 ,i find he has put a ,recruiter among the original members4 ,also ,i am sure1 from a minute examination of his list throughout1 that he admitted into it1 from policy or hurry1 a considerable number whose claims were dubious4 ,it must not be supposed that they had all earned this distinction by their habitual presence in the ,house4 ,only on one extraordinary occasion since the beginning of the war had as many as #bhj been in the ,house together2 very seldom had the attendance exceeded #bjj2 and1 practically1 the steady attendance throughout the war had been about #ajj4 ,employment in the ,parliamentary service1 in various capacities and various parts of the country1 may account for the absence of many2 but1 on the whole1 ,i fancy that1 if ,england allowed as many as #cij original members and ,recruiters together to pass as ,champion ,commoners at the end of the war1 it was by winking hard at the defects of some scores of them4 ,,ii4 ,military ,champions4 ,here1 from the nature of the case1 there was less doubt4 ,in the first place1 although the ,army had been remodelled in ,feb4 #afdd-e1 and the ,self-,denying ,ordinance had excluded not a few of the officers of the ,first ,parliamentary ,army from commands in the ,new ,model1 yet the services of these officers1 with ,essex1 ,manchester1 and ,sir ,william ,waller1 at their head1 were gratefully remembered4 ,undoubtedly1 however1 the favourite military heroes of the hour were the chief officers of the victorious ,new ,model1 at the head of whom were ,fairfax1 ,cromwell1 ,skippon1 ,thomas ,hammond1 and ,ireton4 ,for the names of the ,colonels and ,majors under these1 the reader is referred to our view of the ,new ,model at the time of its formation 7ant pp4 #cbf-g74 ,young ,colonel ,pickering1 there mentioned1 had died in ,dec4 #afde1 much lamented2 ,young ,major ,bethell1 there mentioned1 had been killed at the storming of ,bristol1 ,sept4 #afde1 also much lamented2 but1 with allowance for the shiftings and promotions caused by these deaths1 and by the retirement of several other field-officers1 or their transference to garrison-commands1 the ,new ,model1 after its sixteen months of hard service1 remained officered much as at first4 ,while1 with this allowance1 our former list of the ,colonels and ,majors of the ,new ,model proper yet stands good1 there have to be added1 however1 the names of a few of the most distinguished military coperants with the ,new ,model3 i4e4 of those surviving officers of the old ,army1 or persons of later appearance1 who1 though not on our roll of the ,new ,model proper1 had yet assisted its operations as outstanding generals of districts or commanders of garrisons4 ,such were ,sir ,william ,brereton1 ,m4,p4 for ,cheshire1 and ,sir ,thomas ,middleton1 ,m4,p4 for ,denbighshire1 in favour of whom1 as well as of ,cromwell1 the ,self-,denying ,ordinance had been relaxed1 so as to allow their continued generalship in ,cheshire and ,wales respectively 7ant1 p4 #ccd1 ,note72 such was ,general ,poyntz1 who had been appointed to succeed ,lord ,ferdinando ,fairfax in the chief command of ,yorkshire and the ,north2 such were ,major-general ,massey1 who had held independent command in the ,west 7ant1 p4 #ccg71 and ,major-general ,browne1 who had held similar command in the ,midlands2 and such also were ,colonel ,michael ,jones 7,cheshire71 ,colonel ,mitton 7,wales71 ,colonel ,john ,hutchinson 7,governor of ,nottingham71 ,colonel ,edmund ,ludlow 7,governor of ,wardour ,castle1 ,wilts71 and ,colonel ,robert ,blake 7the future ,admiral ,blake1 already famous for his ,parliamentarian activity in his native ,somersetshire1 his active governorship of ,taunton1 and his two desperate defences of that town against sieges by ,lord ,goring74 ,several of these distinguished coperants with the ,new ,model1 as well as several of the chief officers of the ,new ,model itself1 had already been honoured by being elected as ,recruiters for the ,house of ,commons4 ,footnote3 ,my authorities for this list of the military stars in ,august #afdf1 besides those already cited for the ,new ,model at its formation 7ant1 p4 #cbg1 ,note7 and an imperfect list in ,leach's fly-sheet 7ant1 p4 #cgf1 ,note7 are stray passages in the ,lords ,journals1 in ,whitelocke1 and in more recent ,histories4 ,i think ,i have picked out the chief coperants with the ,new ,model1 but cannot vouch that ,i have done so4 ,when one has done one's best1 one still stumbles on a ,colonel this or a ,lieut-colonel that1 evidently of some note1 perplexing one's lists and allocations4 ,if one were to write out duly the names of all the ,englishmen that have been described or pointed to in the last paragraph as the risen stars of the new ,parliamentary world of #afdf1 whether for political reasons or for military reasons1 there would be nearly five hundred of them4 ,now1 as ,history refuses to recollect so many names in one chapter1 as the eye almost refuses to see so many stars at once in one sky1 it becomes interesting to know which were the super-eminent few1 the stars of the highest magnitude4 ,fortunately1 to save the trouble of such an inquiry for ourselves1 we have a contemporary specification by no less an authority than the ,parliament itself4 ,in ,december #afde1 when ,parliament was looking forward1 with assured certainty1 to the extinction of the few last remains of ,royalism1 and was preparing ,propositions to be submitted to the beaten ,king1 it was anxiously considered1 among other things1 who were the persons whose deserts had been so paramount that supreme rewards should be conferred upon them1 and the ,king should be asked to do his part by admitting some of them1 and promoting others1 among the ,english aristocracy4 ,this was the result3-- ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,essex3--,king to be asked to make him a ,duke4 ,the ,commons had already voted him a pension of #aj1jjj a year4 ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,northumberland3--,to be made a ,duke1 and provision for him to be considered4 ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,warwick 7,parliamentary ,lord ,high ,admiral73--,to be made a ,duke1 with provision2 but the dukedom to descend to his grandchild1 passing over his eldest son1 ,lord ,rich1 who had taken the wrong side4 ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,pembroke ,,and ,,montgomery3--,to be made a ,duke1 and all his debts to the public to be cancelled4 ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,manchester3--,to be made a ,marquis1 and provision to be considered for him4 ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,salisbury3--,to be made a ,marquis4 ,,viscount ,,saye ,,and ,,sele3--,to be made an ,earl1 ,,lord ,,roberts3--,to be made an ,earl4 ,,lord ,,wharton3--,to be made an ,earl4 ,,lord ,,willoughby ,,of ,,parham3--,to be made an ,earl4 ,,denzil ,,holles3--,to be made a ,viscount4 ,,general ,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax3--,to be made an ,english ,baron and an ,estate of #e1jjj a year in lands to be settled on him and his heirs for ever3 his father ,,lord ,,ferdinando ,,fairfax at the same time to be made an ,english ,baron4 ,,lieutenant-,,general ,,cromwell3--,to be made an ,english ,baron1 and an ,estate of #b1ejj a year to be settled on him and his heirs for ever4 ,,sir ,,william ,,walter3--,to be made an ,english ,baron1 with a like ,estate of #b1ejj a year4 ,,sir ,,henry ,,vane1 ,,sen43--,to be made an ,english ,baron4 ,as the peerage would descend to his son1 ,,sir ,,henry ,,vane ,,the ,,younger1 the honour included him4 ,,sir ,,arthur ,,haselrig3--#b1jjj a year to him and his heirs for ever4 ,,sir ,,philip ,,stapleton3--#b1jjj a year to him and his heirs for ever4 ,,sir ,,william ,,brereton3--#a1ejj a year to him and his heirs for ever4 ,,major-,,general ,,philip ,,skippon3--l1#jjj a year to him and his heirs for ever4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,dec #a1 #afde4 ,had ,pym and ,hampden been alive1 what would have been the honours voted for them8 ,they had been dead for two years1 and the sole honour for ,pym had been a vote of #aj1jjj to pay his debts1 ,it mattered the less because these ,dukedoms1 ,earldoms1 ,viscountcies1 and ,baronages were all to remain in nubibus4 ,they were contemplated on the supposition of a direct ,peace with the ,king2 and such a peace had not been brought to pass1 and had been removed farther off in prospect by the ,king's escape at the last moment to the ,scottish ,army4 ,it remained to be seen whether ,parliament could arrange any treaty whatever with him in his new circumstances1 and1 if so1 whether it would be worth while to make the proposed new creations of peers and promotions in the peerage a feature of the treaty1 or whether it would not be enough for the ,commons to make good the honours that were in their own power--viz4 the voted estates and pensions4 ,for ,essex1 who was at the head of the list1 the suspense 7if he cared about the matter at all7 was to be very brief4 ,he died at his house in the ,strand1 ,september #ad1 #afdf1 without his dukedom1 and having received little of his pension4 ,parliament decreed him a splendid funeral4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,work ,,in ,,parliament ,,and ,,the ,,westminster ,,assembly ,,during ,,the ,,sixteen ,,months ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,model--,,the ,,two ,,continued ,,church ,,controversies--,,independency ,,and ,,sectarianism ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,model3 ,,toleration ,,controversy ,,continued3 ,,cromwell',s ,,part ,,in ,,it3 ,,lilburne ,,and ,,other ,,pamphleteers3 ,,sion ,,college ,,and ,,the ,,corporation ,,of ,,london3 ,,success ,,of ,,the ,,presbyterians ,,in ,,parliament-- ,,presbyterian ,,frame ,,of ,,church-,,government ,,completed3 ,,details ,,of ,,the ,,arrangement--,,the ,,recruiting ,,of ,,the ,,commons3 ,,eminent ,,recruiters--,,effects ,,of ,,the ,,recruiting3 ,,alliance ,,of ,,independency ,,and ,,erastianism3 ,,check ,,given ,,to ,,the ,,presbyterians3 ,,westminster ,,assembly ,,rebuked ,,and ,,curbed-- ,,negotiations ,,round ,,the ,,king ,,at ,,newcastle--,,threatened ,,rupture ,,between ,,the ,,scots ,,and ,,the ,,english3 ,,argyle',s ,,visit ,,to ,,london3 ,,the ,,nineteen ,,propositions--,,parliament ,,and ,,the ,,assembly ,,reconciled3 ,,presbyterianizing ,,of ,,london ,,and ,,lancashire3 ,,death ,,of ,,alexander ,,henderson4 ,during the sixteen months of those ,new ,model operations in the field which had brought the war so decisively to an end 7,april #afde--;,august #afdf71 there had been a considerable progress in ,parliament1 in the ,westminster ,assembly1 and in the public mind of ,england1 on the seemingly interminable ,church-business and its collaterals4 ,,the ,,two ,,continued ,,church ,,controversies4 ,that the ,church of ,england should be ,presbyterian had been formally decided in ,january #afdd-e 7ant1 pp4 #agb--age74 ,not even then1 however1 could the ,presbyterians consider their work over4 ,there were two reasons why they could not4 7#a7 ,although the essentials of ,presbytery had been adopted1 the details remained to be settled4 ,what were to be the powers of the parochial consistories and the other church courts respectively8 ,what discretion1 for example1 was to be left to each minister and his congregational board of elders in the matter of spiritual censure1 and especially in the exclusion of offenders from the communion8 ,was there to be any discretion2 or was the ,state to regulate what offences should be punished by excommunication8 ,again1 were the various ,church-courts1 once established1 to act independently of the ,civil courts and the ,state2 or was there to be an appeal of ecclesiastical questions at any point from ,presbytery1 or ,synod1 or the entire ,national ,assembly1 to the ,civil courts and ,parliament8 7#b7 ,another great question which remained undetermined was that of ,toleration4 ,should the new ,presbyterian ,state ,church of ,england be established with or without a liberty of dissent from it8 ,a vast mass of the ,english people1 represented by the ,army-,independents and some leading ,sectaries1 demanded an absolute1 or at least a very large1 freedom of religious belief and practice2 the ,independent ,divines of the ,assembly claimed a certain amount of such freedom2 nay1 ,parliament itself1 by its ,accommodation ,order of ,september #afdd1 had recognised the necessity of some toleration1 and appointed an inquiry on the subject4 ,in the universal belief of the ,presbyterians1 on the other hand1 ,toleration was a monster to be attacked and slain4 ,toleration was a demon1 a chimera1 the ,great ,diana of the ,independents1 the ,daughter of the ,devil1 the ,mother and ,protectress of blasphemies and heresies1 the hideous ,procuress of souls for ,hell6 ,such were the questions for continued controversy between the ,presbyterians and their opponents in ,england in the beginning of #afde1 when the ,new ,model took the field4 ,what progress had been made in these questions1 and what changes had occurred in the attitudes of the two parties mainly concerned1 during the victorious sixteen months of the ,new ,model8 ,,independency ,,and ,,sectarianism ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,model3 ,,toleration ,,controversy ,,continued3 ,,cromwell',s ,,part ,,in ,,it3 ,,lilburne ,,and ,,other ,,pamphleteers3 ,,sion ,,college ,,and ,,the ,,corporation ,,of ,,london3 ,,success ,,of ,,the ,,presbyterians ,,in ,,parliament4 ,the ,new ,model itself1 as we know1 had been a great chagrin to the ,presbyterians4 ,fairfax1 indeed1 was understood to be ,presbyterian enough personally2 but the ,army was full of ,independents and ,sectaries1 it was largely officered by ,independents1 and its very soul was the ,arch- ,independent ,cromwell4 ,for a while1 accordingly1 it was the secret hope of the ,presbyterians that this ,army might fail4 ,but1 when evidently it was not to fail1 when ,,naseby was won 7,june #ad1 #afde71 and when all the while the ,scottish ,presbyterian army in ,england was doing so ill in comparison1 a sense of departing superiority sank on the spirits of the ,presbyterians4 ,honest men served you faithfully in this action1 were ,cromwell's words to ,speaker ,lenthall in his letter from ,naseby field3 ,sir1 they are trusty2 ,i beseech you1 in the name of ,god1 not to discourage them4 ,i wish this action may beget thankfulness and humility in all that are concerned in it4 ,he that ventures his life for the liberty of his country1 ,i wish he may trust ,god for the liberty of his conscience1 and you for the liberty he fights for4 ,footnote3 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #agf4 ,this immediate use by ,cromwell of the victory of ,naseby as an argument for ,toleration did not escape the notice of the ,presbyterians4 ,my ,lord ,fairfax1 writes ,baillie1 ,june #ag1 sent up1 the last week1 an horrible ,anti-,triastrian ,anti-,trinitarian3 the whole ,assembly went in a body to the ,houses to complain of his blasphemies4 ,it was the will of ,cromwell1 in his letter of his victory1 to desire the ,house not to discourage those who had ventured their life for them1 and to come out expressly with their much-desired ,liberty of ,conscience4 ,you will see the letter in print1 by order1 as ,i think1 of the ,houses4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bhj ,the horrible ,anti-,trinitarian here mentioned was ,paul ,best 7see ant1 p4 #aeg74 ,he was accused of divers prodigious blasphemies against the deity of our ,saviour and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,parliament1 informed thereof by the ,assembly1 had been appalled1 and had committed the culprit to close confinement in the ,gatehouse to await his trial 7,june #aj74 ,the next day 7,june #aa7 the impression had been deepened by a complaint in the ,commons against another culprit on similar grounds1 and the ,house had instructed ,mr4 ,millington1 member for ,nottingham1 to prepare an ordinance on the subject of blasphemy generally4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals of dates given4 ,paul ,best's case lasted two years4 ,all this only a day or two before ,naseby2 and now from the field of ,naseby1 in ,cromwell's hand1 a pleading of that victory on behalf of ,toleration6 ,would ,cromwell tolerate a ,paul ,best8 ,what ,cromwell and the ,army-,independents would have said about ,paul ,best must be left to conjecture4 ,what they were saying about the state of things in general we learn from the ,presbyterian ,richard ,baxter4 ,being at ,coventry at the time of the battle of ,naseby1 ,baxter1 then a pious preacher of twenty-nine years of age1 with a lean cadaverous body1 and the gauntest hook-nosed face ever seen in a portrait1 paid a visit of curiosity to the field immediately after the battle1 and went thence to the quarters of the victorious army at ,leicester1 to seek out some of his acquaintances4 ,when ,i came to the army1 among ,cromwell's soldiers1 he says1 ,i found a new face of things which ,i never dreamt of3 ,i heard the plotting heads very hot upon that which intimated their intention to subvert both ,church and ,state4 ,independency and ,anabaptistry were most prevalent2 ,antinomianism and ,arminianism were equally distributed2 and ,thomas ,moor's followers 7a weaver of ,wisbeach and ,lynn1 of excellent parts7 had made some shifts to join these two extremes together4 ,abundance of the common troopers1 and many of the officers1 ,i found to be honest1 sober1 orthodox men1 and others tractable1 ready to hear the ,truth1 and of upright intentions2 but a few proud1 self-conceited1 hot- headed sectaries had got into the highest places1 and were ,cromwell's chief favourites1 and by their heat and activity bore down the rest1 or carried them along with them1 and were the soul of the ,army4 444 ,they said1 ,what were the ,lords of ,england but ,william the ,conqueror's colonels1 or the ,barons but his majors1 or the ,knights but his captains8 ,they plainly showed me that they thought ,god's providence would cast the trust of ,religion and the ,kingdom upon them as conquerors4 ,they were full of railings and jests1 ,baxter adds1 against the ,scots or ,sots1 the ,presbyterians or ,priest-biters1 and the ,assembly of ,divines or ,dry- vines2 and all their praises were of the ,separatists1 ,anabaptists1 and ,antinomians4--,grieved at what he found1 and thinking he might be of some use by way of antidote1 ,baxter at once gave up his charge at ,coventry1 to become chaplain to ,col4 ,whalley's regiment4 ,he had the more hope of being useful because he had some previous acquaintance with ,cromwell4 ,but his reception was far from satisfactory4 ,as soon as ,i came to the army1 he says1 ,oliver ,cromwell coldly bid me welcome1 and never spoke one word to me more while ,i was there1 nor once all that time vouchsafed me an opportunity to come to the headquarters1 where the councils and meetings of the officers were4 ,baxter never forgave that coolness of ,cromwell to him4 ,hugh ,peters1 who was constantly with ,cromwell as his chaplain1 and would make camp-jokes at ,baxter's expense1 was never forgiven either4 ,footnote3 ,baxter's ,autobiography 7,reliqui ,baxterian71 #afif1 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 ,not only in the ,new ,model ,army was there this ferment of ,anti- ,presbyterianism1 ,anti-,scotticism1 ,independency1 and ,tolerationism1 passing on into a drift of universally democratic opinion4 ,through ,english society1 and especially in ,london1 there was much of the same4 ,since the publication of ,edwards's ,antapologia in ,july #afdd the war of pamphlets on the questions of ,independency and ,toleration had been increasingly virulent4 ,the pamphleteers were numberless2 but the chief of them1 on the side of ,presbyterianism and ,anti-,toleration1 were perhaps ,prynne1 ,bastwick1 and ,john ,vicars1 and1 on the side of ,independency and ,toleration1 ,henry ,burton1 ,john ,goodwin1 and ,hanserd ,knollys1 ,if ,bibliography were to apply itself to the investigation of the popular ,english ,literature of the latter half of the year #afdd and the first half of the year #afde1 it would come upon these1 and other controversialists whose names have been long forgotten1 writhing together like a twisted knot of serpents1 not to be uncoiled except by a distinct enumeration of several scores or hundreds of the most quaintly-entitled pamphlets1 in the exact order of their publication1 and with an account of the nature of each4 ,london contained so many of these pamphleteers that the most deadly antagonists in print could not avoid each other in the streets1 and ,burton1 for example1 meeting ,dr4 ,bastwick1 would ask him with irritating politeness when his new book was coming out4 ,many of the pamphlets1 however1 and these the most daring and intemperate in expression1 were anonymous4 ,such was ,the ,arraignment of ,persecution1 purporting to be printed by ,martin ,claw-,clergy for ,bartholomew ,bang-,priest1 and to be on sale at his shop in ,toleration ,street1 right opposite to ,persecution ,court4 ,in this and other popular squibs1 to which neither authors nor printers dared to put their names1 the toleration which ,goodwin and ,burton argued for gravely and logically was demanded with passionate vehemence1 and with the most unsparing abuse of the ,presbyterians1 the ,scots1 and the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,ash4 ,,iii4 #hfj 7,prynne7 and #cjh-i 7,vicars72 ,jackson's ,life of ,john ,goodwin1 #fa--gi2 ,hanbury's ,memorials1 ,,ii4 #che et seq4 7,prynne and ,burton71 and ,,iii4 #fh1 #fi 7,bastwick1 ,burton1 and others74 ,notes of my own from the ,stationers' ,registers4--,one ,tolerationist1 here deserving a notice by himself1 was ,john ,lilburne4 ,an avowed ,independent even before the meeting of the ,long ,parliament1 and forward as a ,parliamentary captain from the very beginning of the war 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #age1 #deh1 and #ehh- #i71 ,lilburne had been one of those who regarded the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant of #afdc as incompatible with ,liberty of ,conscience1 and whom no persuasions could induce to sign that document4 ,he had risen1 nevertheless1 by ,cromwell's arrangement1 to be ,lieutenant-colonel in ,manchester's own dragoon regiment1 and he had served bravely at ,marston ,moor4 ,between him and ,cromwell there was the most friendly understanding4 ,lilburne looked upon ,cromwell as the most absolute single-hearted great man in ,england2 and ,cromwell owned a kindly feeling for ,lilburne4 ,but there was a pig-headedness in ,lilburne's honesty which even ,cromwell could not control4 ,if only ,john ,lilburne were left in the world1 then ,john would quarrel with ,lilburne and ,lilburne with ,john was ,henry ,marten's witty1 and yet perfectly true1 description of him4 ,having been a witness for ,cromwell in ,cromwell's impeachment of ,manchester1 he thought ,cromwell culpably weak in allowing the impeachment to drop and not bringing ,manchester to the scaffold2 and he had himself brought a charge against a superior officer1 named ,king4 ,then he had become utterly disgusted with the general conduct of affairs and the subservience of ,parliament to the ,presbyterians4 ,he would leave the army2 he would dig for turnips and carrots before he would fight to set up a power to make himself a slave4 ,his two brothers1 ,robert and ,henry1 continued to hold commands in the ,new ,model2 but not all ,cromwell's arguments could induce ,lilburne himself to come into it4 ,on the #cjth of ,april1 #afde1 he had resigned his commission1 presenting at the same time a petition to the ,commons for his arrears of pay1 amounting to #hhj #bs4 ,he had resolved to be thenceforward a political agitator1 a link between the ,independency of the ,army and what ,independency there was already in ,london itself4 ,accordingly1 from the beginning of #afde1 ,lilburne1 still not more than twenty-seven years of age1 is to be reckoned as one of the most prominent ,anti-,presbyterians in ,london1 an especial favourite of all the sectaries1 and even of the populace generally1 on account of his boundlessly libertarian sentiments and his absolute fearlessness of consequences4 ,there was talk of trying to get him into ,parliament on a convenient opportunity4 ,meanwhile he took to pamphleteering1 selecting as his first object of attack his old master1 ,prynne4 ,in the first half of #afde ,lilburne and ,prynne were seen wrestling with each other1 ,lilburne for toleration and ,independency1 and ,prynne for coercion and ,presbyterianism1 with a ferocity hardly paralleled in any contemporary duel1 and made more piquant to the public by the recollection of the former intimacy of the duellists4 ,footnote3 ,godwin's ,hist4 of the ,commonwealth1 ,,ii4 #a-bd1 and #dah-ai2 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #cec-d1 and #hfj2 ,edwards's ,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 #df1 #dg1 ,part ,,ii4 #ch1 and ,part ,,iii4 #aec et seq42 ,commons ,journals1 ,jan4 #ag1 #afdd-e2 ,prynne's ,fresh ,discovery4 ,the denunciation of ,paul ,best 7,june #aj1 #afde7 was a ,presbyterian masterstroke4 ,even moderate people stood aghast at the idea of tolerating opinions like his2 and that the wretched owner of them could plead his liberty of conscience 7which ,best did in prison7 was more likely than anything else to put people out of patience with ,conscience and its ,liberty4 ,but1 about the same time that ,paul ,best was put in prison to be tried for his life for ,blasphemy1 there were persecutions and punishments of others1 whose offence was far less theological heterodoxy than mere ,independency or ,anti-,presbyterianism4 ,blessed be ,god1 writes ,baillie1 ,july #h1 #afde1 all the ,london ministers are with us3 ,burton and ,goodwin1 the only two that were ,independent1 are by the ,parliament removed from their places4 ,in other words1 ,john ,goodwin had just been ejected from his vicarage of ,st4 ,stephen's1 ,coleman ,street1 and ,henry ,burton for the second time from his living in ,friday ,street1 nominally for irregular practices in their ministry1 but really because they were in the way of ,prynne and the ,presbyterians4 ,mr4 ,goodwin1 who had a large following in the ,city1 had little difficulty in setting up an ,independent meeting- house of his own in ,coleman ,street2 but poor old ,mr4 ,burton seems to have been in sad straits for some time4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bii2 ,jackson's ,life of ,goodwin1 #gi et seq42 ,hanbury's ,memorials1 ,,iii4 #gh1 note4-- ,burton1 ,i believe1 migrated to ,stepney4----,burton and ,goodwin having been called to account1 the next blow was at ,john ,lilburne4 ,with characteristic bluntness ,lilburne had been for some months pressing the business of his own petition for arrears of pay upon the ,house of ,commons1 going to the ,house personally1 waiting on the ,speaker1 circulating printed copies of his petition among the members1 and always with outspoken comments on affairs1 and attacks on this person and on that4 ,on one occasion he and ,prynne had met by chance1 and there had been a violent altercation between them4 ,twice1 in consequence1 ,lilburne had been in custody for examination as to his concern in certain ,anti- ,presbyterian pamphlets1 but on each occasion he had been discharged4 ,he had then gone down to the ,army1 and procured a letter from ,cromwell1 recommending his case to the ,house4 ,he hath done both you and the kingdom good service1 wrote ,cromwell1 and you will not find him unthankful4 ,returning to ,london1 ,lilburne had caused this letter to be printed and had circulated copies of it4 ,no effect followed1 and ,lilburne still haunted ,westminster ,hall1 waylaying members as they went into the ,house1 till they abhorred the sight of him4 ,on the #aith of ,july he was in the ,hall1 and was overheard by his enemies ,colonel ,king and ,dr4 ,bastwick taking part in a conversation in which dreadful things were said of the ,speaker1 his brother1 and other public men4 ,the information was immediately reduced to writing by ,king and ,bastwick1 and sent in to the ,speaker1 with this result3 ,resolved1 ,that ,lieutenant-colonel ,lilburne be taken into custody1 and so kept till the ,house take further order4 ,questioned in custody by a committee of the ,house1 ,lilburne refused to answer1 stood on his rights as a freeborn citizen1 c4 ,he also caused to be printed ,a ,letter to a ,friend1 stating his case in his own way2 this ,letter1 as increasing his offence1 was reported to the ,house1 ,aug4 #i2 and1 on the #aath of ,august1 having been again contumacious in private examination and committed to ,newgate1 he was ordered to remain there for trial at ,quarter ,sessions4 ,he remained in ,newgate till ,oct4 #ad1 when he was discharged1 by order of the ,house1 without trial4 ,footnote3 ,godwin's ,hist4 of the ,commonwealth1 ,,ii4 l#e-ba2 ,commons ,journals of dates given2 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #hfj4 ,such prosecutions of individuals formed an avowed part of the method of the ,presbyterians for suppressing the ,toleration heresy4 ,cromwell1 away with the ,army1 could only continue to hint his remonstrances to ,parliament in letters2 but this he did4 ,the greatest success of the ,new ,model after ,naseby was the storming of ,bristol1 ,sept4 #aj1 #afde2 and in the long letter which ,cromwell wrote to the ,speaker1 giving an account of this success 7,sept4 #ad71 he recurred to his ,toleration argument4 ,presbyterians1 ,independents1 all1 he wrote1 have here the same spirit of faith and prayer1 the same presence and answer2 they agree here1 have no names of difference3 pity it is it should be otherwise anywhere6 ,all that believe have the real unity1 which is most glorious1 because in the ,body and to the ,head4 ,for being united in forms1 commonly called ,uniformity1 every ,christian will1 for peace sake1 study and do as far as conscience will permit4 ,and for brethren1 in things of the mind1 we look for no compulsion but that of light and reason4 ,by order of ,parliament this ,letter was read in all the churches of ,london on ,sunday1 ,sept4 #ba1 and also circulated in print4 ,it does not seem1 however1 to have sunk very deep4 ,footnote3 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #ahh4--;,as late as #afdh ,i find this passage of ,cromwell's letter quoted and largely commented on by the ,scottish ,presbyterian ,rutherford 7,a ,survey of the ,spiritual ,antichrist4 #afdh1 p4 #bej et seq47 in proof of ,cromwell's dangerousness1 and his sympathy with ,familism1 ,antinomianism1 and other errors4 ,cromwell's hints from the field in favour of ,liberty of ,conscience may be regarded as little ,accommodation ,orders in his own name1 reminding ,parliament and the ,westminster ,assembly of that formal ,accommodation ,order which he had moved in the ,house a year before1 and which had then been passed 7ant1 pp4 #afh-i74 ,what had become of this ,accommodation ,order8 ,the story may be given in brief3--,the ,grand ,accommodation ,committee had immediately appointed a small ,sub-,committee1 consisting of ,dr4 ,temple and ,messrs4 ,marshall1 ,herle1 and ,vines1 for the ,presbyterians1 and ,messrs4 ,thomas ,goodwin and ,philip ,nye for the ,independents4 ,the business of this ,sub-,committee1 called ,the ,sub-,committee of ,agreements1 was to reduce into the narrowest compass the differences between the ,independents and the rest of the ,assembly4 ,the ,sub-,committee did their best1 and reported to the ,grand ,committee2 but for various reasons the ,grand ,committee postponed the subject4 ,meanwhile these proceedings had obtained for the ,independents a re-hearing in the ,assembly itself4 ,the five original ,independents in the ,assembly1 ,messrs4 ,goodwin1 ,nye1 ,bridge1 ,burroughs1 and ,simpson1 with ,mr4 ,william ,carter and ,mr1 ,william ,greenhill now added to their number1 presented in writing 7,nov4 #ad1 #afdd7 their ,reasons of ,dissent from the propositions of ,presbytery most disagreeable to them2 ,footnote3 ,the increase of the number of avowed ,independents in the ,assembly at this point from ,five to ,seven is worth noting4 ,from the very first1 however1 there must have been a few in sympathy to some variable extent with the leading ,five4 ,thus ,baillie1 as early as ,dec4 #g1 #afdc 7,letters1 ,,ii4 #aaj71 speaks of the ,independent men1 whereof there are some ten or eleven in the ,synod1 many of them very able men1 and mentions ,carter1 ,caryl1 ,phillips1 and ,sterry1 as of the number4 7,see our ,list of the ,assembly1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #eaf-ebd17 ,there had been efforts on the part of the ,independents in ,parliament to bring more representatives of ,independency into the ,assembly4 ,actually1 on the #bnd of ,nov4 #afdc1 the very day on which the ,lords agreed with the ,commons in the nomination of ,john ,durie to succeed the deceased ,calibute ,downing1 the ,lords on their own account nominated ,john ,goodwin of ,coleman ,street to ho of the ,assembly1 and with him ,dr4 ,homes of ,wood ,street1 and ,mr4 ,horton1 ,divinity ,lecturer at ,gresham ,college 7,lords ,journals of date74 ,the ,commons1 whose concurrence was necessary1 seem quietly to have withheld it1 and thus the ,assembly missed having ,john ,goodwin in it as well as ,thomas4 ,homes 7,nathaniel ,holmes3 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #a1 #afh7 was also an ,independent1 and probably ,horton leant that way 7,thomas ,horton3 ,wood's ,fasti1 ,,ii4 #agb74 and the ,assembly produced 7,dec4 #ag7 an elaborate ,answer4 ,copies of both documents were furnished to ,parliament2 but1 without reference to the objections of the ,independents1 the essential parts of the ,frame of ,presbyterial ,government had been ratified by ,parliament in ,january #afdd-e4 ,footnote3 ,the ,reasons of ,dissent by the ,seven ,independents and the ,assembly's ,answer were not published till #afdh4 ,they then appeared by order of ,parliament2 and they were republished in #afeb under the title of ,the ,grand ,debate concerning ,presbytery and ,independency4 ,affairs then took a new turn in the ,assembly4 ,the ,independents having often been taunted with being merely critical and never bringing fully to light their own views1 one of them was led in a moment of heat to declare that they were quite willing to prepare their own complete ,model of ,congregationalism1 to be contrasted with that of ,presbytery4 ,the ,assembly eagerly caught at the imprudent offer1 and the ,seven ,independents were appointed to be a committee for bringing in a ,frame of ,congregational ,church ,government1 with reasons for the same4 ,this was in ,march #afde2 and from that time the ,seven1 supposed to be busy in ,committee upon the work assigned them1 had a dispensation from attendance at the general meetings4 ,spring passed1 summer passed1 ,september arrived2 and still the ,independents had not brought in their ,model4 ,the ,assembly became impatient1 and insisted on expedition4 ,at length1 on the #acth of ,october1 the ,seven presented to the ,assembly-- what8 ,not the ,model on which they were supposed to have been engaged for seven months1 but a brief ,paper of ,reasons for not bringing in a ,model at all6 ,upon these considerations1 they said in concluding the ,paper1 we think that this ,assembly hath no cause to require a ,report from us2 nor will that ,report be of any use3 seeing that ,reports are for debates1 and debates are for results to be sent up to the ,honourable ,houses2 who have already voted another ,form of ,government than that which we shall present4--,it was the astutest policy that the ,independents could possibly have adopted2 and the ,presbyterians1 feeling themselves outwitted1 were furious4 ,the machinery of the ,accommodation ,order had again to be put in motion by ,parliament 7,nov4 #ad74 ,there were conferences of the ,divines with members of the two ,houses4 ,what was the upshot8 ,the ,independents in their last meeting of our ,grand ,committee of ,accommodation1 writes ,baillie1 ,nov4 #be1 have expressed their desires for toleration1 not only to themselves1 but to other sects4 ,that was the upshot6 ,army ,independency and ,assembly ,independency had coalesced1 and their one flag now was ,indefinite ,toleration4 ,footnote3 ,hetherington's ,hist4 of the ,westminster ,assembly 7#ahdc71 pp4 #bbj-bcf2 ,hanbury's ,memorials1 ,,ii4 #edh-eei1 and ,,iii4 #a-cb2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bgj-cbf2 ,commons ,journals1 ,nov4 #ad1 #afde4 ,the ,presbyterians behaved accordingly4 ,there was an end to their endeavours to reason over the few ,independents in the ,assembly1 or arrange a secret compromise with them2 and there was a renewed onset on the ,toleration principle by the whole ,presbyterian force4 ,as if on a signal given1 there was a fresh burst of ,anti-,toleration pamphlets from the press4 ,prynne published one2 ,baillie sent forth his ,dissuasive 7ant1 p4 #adb72 and ,edwards was printing his immortal ,gangrna 7ant1 p4 #ada74 ,but appeals to the public mind through the press were not enough4 ,the real anxiety was about the action of ,parliament4 ,the expectation of the ,presbyterians1 grounded on recent experience1 as that ,parliament1 even if left to itself1 would see its duty clearly1 and repudiate ,toleration once and for ever4 ,still it would only be prudent to bring to bear on ,parliament all available external pressure4 ,through ,december #afde and ,january #afde-f1 accordingly1 the ,presbyterians were ceaseless in contriving and promoting demonstrations in their favour4 ,and with signal success3--,only a certain selected number of the parish-clergy of ,london and the suburbs1 it is to be remembered1 were members of the ,assembly3 the mass of them remained outside that body4 ,but this mass1 being ,presbyterian almost to a man1 had organized itself in such a way as both to act upon the ,assembly and to obey it4 ,since #afbc there had been in the city1 in the street called ,london ,wall1 a building called ,,sion ,,college1 with a library and other conveniences1 expressly for the use of the ,london clergy1 and answering for them most of the purposes of a modern clubhouse4 ,here1 as was natural1 the ,london clergy had of late been in the habit of meeting to talk over the ,church-question1 so that at length a weekly conclave had been arranged1 and ,sion ,college had become a kind of discussion forum1 apart from the ,assembly1 and yet in connexion with it4 ,at ,sion ,college the ,london ,presbyterians could concoct what was to be brought forward in the ,assembly1 and a hint from the ,assembly to ,sion ,college in any moment of ,presbyterian difficulty could summon all the ,london clergy to the rescue4 ,at the moment at which we have arrived such a hint was given2 and on the #ahth of ,december1 #afde1 there was drawn up at ,sion ,college a ,letter to the ,assembly by all the ministers of the ,city of ,london expressly against ,toleration4 ,these are some of the many considerations1 they say in the close of the ,letter1 which make a deep impression upon our spirits against that ,great ,diana of ,independents and all the ,sectaries1 so much cried up by them in these distracted times1 namely1 ,a ,toleration--,a ,toleration4 ,and1 however none should have been more rejoiced than ourselves in the establishment of a brotherly1 peaceable1 and ,christian accommodation1 yet1 this being utterly rejected by them1 we cannot dissemble how1 upon the fore- mentioned grounds1 we detest and abhor the much-endeavoured ,toleration4 ,our bowels1 our bowels1 are stirred within us1 c4 ,the ,letter was presented to the ,assembly ,jan4 #a1 #afde-f1 and the ,assembly took care that it should be published that same day4,footnote3 ,cunningham's ,london1 ,art4 ,sion ,college2 ,hanbury's ,memorials1 ,,iii4 #ig-ii2 ,stationers' ,registers1 ,jan4 #a1 #afde-f4--,the ,corporation of ,london was as staunchly ,presbyterian as the clergy1 and they too were stirred up4 ,we have gotten it1 thanks to ,god1 to this point1 writes ,baillie1 ,jan4 #ae1 that the ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 ,common ,council1 and most of the considerable men1 are grieved for the increase of sects and heresies and want of government4 ,they have yesterday had a public ,fast for it1 and solemnly renewed their ,covenant by oath and subscription1 and this day have given in a strong ,petition for settling ,church-government1 and suppressing all sects1 without any toleration4 ,the ,petition was to the ,commons2 and it was particularly represented to that ,house1 by ,alderman ,gibbs1 as the spokesman for the ,petitioners1 that new and strange doctrines and blasphemies were being vented in the ,city by women-preachers4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #ccg2 ,hanbury1 ,,iii4 #ii1 #ajj2 ,commons ,journals1 ,january #ae1 #afde-f4 ,environed by such a sea of ,presbyterian excitement1 what could the ,parliament do8 ,they did what was expected4 ,they shook off ,toleration as if it had been a snake4 ,not only did they assure the ,aldermen and ,common ,council that there would be due vigilance against the sects and heretics2 but on the #bith of ,january1 or within a fortnight after they had received the ,city ,petition1 they took occasion to prove that their assurance was sincere4 ,the two ,baptist preachers ,cox and ,richardson1 it seems1 had been standing at the door of the ,house of ,commons1 distributing to members printed copies of the ,confession of ,faith of the ,seven ,baptist ,congregations in ,london 7see ant1 p4 #adh74 ,it was as if they had said1 ,be pleased to look for yourselves1 gentlemen1 at the real tenets of those poor ,anabaptists who are described as such monsters4 ,but the ,commons were in a ,presbyterian panic2 ,cox and ,richardson were taken into custody2 and orders were issued for seizing and suppressing all copies of the ,baptist ,confession that could be found4 ,this alone would prove that as late as the end of ,january1 #afde-f1 the ,presbyterians1 in their character of ,anti-,tolerationists1 were still masters of the field4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,jan4 #bi1 #afde-f4 ,,presbyterian ,,frame ,,of ,,church-,,government ,,completed3 ,,details ,,of ,,the ,,arrangement4 ,hardly less successful had the ,presbyterians been in their more proper task of perfecting their ,frame of ,church-government4 ,here1 indeed1 they had encountered little or no opposition from the ,independents4 ,the essentials of the ,presbyterian scheme having been voted by ,parliament1 the ,independents had quietly accepted that fact2 and1 though they tended1 as was natural1 more and more to doubts whether there ought to be any ,national ,church at all1 they had left ,parliament and the ,presbyterians of the ,assembly to construct the detailed machine of the future ,english ,presbytery very much as they pleased4 ,footnote3 ,absolute ,voluntaryism1 as we know1 was already represented in ,roger ,williams4 ,the ,seekers1 his followers1 were bound to the same conclusion2 and accordingly1 ,i find a little tract of six pages1 in #afde1 by ,john ,saltmarsh1 the ,seeker and ,antinomian 7ant1 p4 #aea-c71 entitled ,a ,new ,quere1 at this time seasonably to be considered1 c44 viz4 ,whether it be fit1 according to the principles of true ,religion and ,state to settle any ,church-government over the ,kingdom hastily or not4 ,burton was already in the same mood of hypothetical ,voluntaryism 7ant1 p4 #aji71 and ,i think it was spreading now among the ,independents4 ,certainly1 however1 the perception of the necessary identity of the principle of ,independency with absolute ,voluntaryism1 or the doctrine of ,no ,state ,church1 was not universal among them4 ,it was the ,erastians rather than the ,independents that were here the clogs upon the thorough-going ,presbyterians4 ,selden especially was their torment4 ,he was quite willing1 ,o yes6 that the ,church of ,england should be thenceforward ,presbyterian2 but then what about the rights of the individual subject and the relations of the ,church to the ,state8 ,the ,state or central ,power in every community must be1 in the last resort1 the guardian of all the rights and liberties of the individual subjects2 there had been but one ,sanhedrim in the ,jewish ,commonwealth1 supreme in causes ecclesiastical as well as in causes civil2 but the ,presbyterian ,divines of the ,assembly1 with the ,scots for their advisers1 wanted the ,church in ,england to be a separate ,sanhedrim1 supreme in ecclesiastical causes1 and irresponsible to the ,state6 ,plying his learning in this fashion1 and assisted by ,whitlocke1 ,st4 ,john1 and the other lawyers in the ,assembly and in ,parliament1 ,selden had1 throughout #afde1 kept up an ,erastian obstruction to the ,presbyterians4 ,now1 as ,prynne out of doors1 with all his ,presbyterianism1 was also lawyer-like1 and therefore staunchly ,erastian1 and as the ,independents in ,parliament made common cause with the ,erastians wherever they could1 the obstruction had been very formidable4 ,the ,erastian party in the ,parliament is stronger than the ,independent1 and is like to work us much woe1 wrote ,baillie in ,may #afde2 ,mr4 ,prynne and the ,erastian lawyers are now our remora he wrote in ,september2 and he kept repeating the complaint throughout the year4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bgg1 #cae1 and also in intermediate and following pages4 ,nevertheless great progress had been made in devising and settling the details of the ,presbyterian system4 ,what it was will be best exhibited in a dated series of paragraphs1 digesting the proceedings of the ,assembly and the ,parliament3-- ,may #afde3 ,presbyterian ,arrangements for all ,england prospectively1 and for ,london to begin with3--,that every ,english ,congregation or ,parish have its lay-elders along with its minister1 just after the ,scottish fashion2 ,that the meetings of the ,presbyterians be once a month2 ,that the ecclesiastical provinces of ,england be about sixty in number 7about co- numerous with the shires1 and1 in most cases1 identical with them71 and that the ,synods of these provinces be held twice a-year1 and consist of delegates from the ,presbyteries2 ,that the ,national ,assembly be held once a year1 and consist of delegates from the sixty ,synods1 at the rate of three ministers and two ruling elders from each1 so as to form a ,house of about #cjj members4--,that ,london1 reckoned by a radius of ten miles from its centre1 be one of the ,synodical ,provinces1 and that the number of ,classes or ,presbyteries in the ,synod of ,london be fourteen4-- ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #bga1 #bgb4 ,aug4 #bc3 ,ordinance of ,parliament1 calling in all copies of the old ,liturgy1 enforcing the use of the new ,westminster ,directory of ,worship1 and forbidding any use of the ,liturgy1 even in private houses1 under penalties4--,commons ,journals4 ,july-,sept4 #afde2 ,directions for the ,election of ,ruling ,elders in ,congregations1 and for the ,division of the ,english ,counties into ,presbyteries4 ,july #bc1 the ,commons resolved that ,ruling ,elders in congregations should be chosen by the ministers and all members duly qualified by having taken the ,covenant and being of full age1 save that servants without families were not to have votes3 no man to be a ruling elder in more than one congregation1 and that in the place of his usual residence4 ,july #be1 they appointed a committee of forty-seven of their own body to find out the fittest persons to be a committee for superintending the elections of ,elders for the ,congregations and ,presbyteries of ,london1 and at the same time to prepare a letter to be sent down into the counties by the ,speaker1 giving instructions for the formation of ,county-,committees to consider the best division of the counties respectively into ,presbyteries4 ,the letter was ready ,sept4 #ag1 when it was ordered to be sent down into the counties1 with a copy of the ,votes and ,ordinances on the subject of the election of ,elders that had then passed and been concurred in by the ,lords4--,commons ,journals4 ,sept4-,dec4 #afde3 ,special ,presbyterian ,arrangements for ,london4 ,it having been resolved by the ,commons 7,sept4 #bc7 that there should be a choice of ,elders forthwith in ,london1 the aforesaid ,committee of forty- seven reported to the ,house 7,sept4 #bf7 the names of the persons judged most suitable to be ,,triers of the ability and integrity of the ,elders that should be elected1 and of the validity of their election according to the ,parliamentary regulations4 ,in each of the twelve ,london ,classes or ,presbyteries 7there were only twelve as yet7 there were to be nine of these ,triers--three ministers and six lay citizens2 and they were to decide all questions by a majority of votes4 ,thus there were to be #ajh ,triers in all in ,london4 ,their names are all registered4 ,the machinery being thus ready1 the ,lord ,mayor was requested1 ,oct4 #h1 to intimate to all the ,london ministers the desire of ,parliament that ,congregations should at once proceed to the election of their ,elders4--,dec4 #e1 it was ordered that the whole world of the lawyers--i4e4 the ,chapel of the ,rolls1 the two ,serjeants' ,inns1 and the four ,inns of ,court--should be constituted into a ,presbytery by itself1 but divided into two ,classes4 ,triers were also appointed for the ,elders in this peculiar ,presbytery1 one of them being ,william ,prynne4--,commons ,journals of dates cited4 ,nov4 #h1 #afde3 ,new ,ordinance for the ,ordination of ,ministers4 ,in this long ,ordinance the original identity of ,bishop and ,presbyter is asserted1 and consequently the right of ,presbyters1 without any so-called ,bishop among them1 to ordain2 nevertheless the ordinations by the late ,bishops are recognised as valid4 ,directions are then given to ,presbyters for the examination of candidates for the ministry in future1 and for the formalities to be observed in their ordination4 ,every candidate must be twenty-four years of age at least1 and must be tried not only in respect of piety1 character1 preaching ability1 and knowledge of divinity1 but also in respect of skill in the tongues and in ,logic and ,philosophy2 and congregations were to have full opportunity of stating exceptions against ministers offered them4 ,from a clause in the ,ordinance it appears that certified ordination in ,scotland was to be accepted in ,england4--,lords ,journals4 ,powers of the ,congregational ,elderships in suspending from ,church- membership1 and excluding from the ,communion4 ,this was perhaps the most important subject of all1 for it involved the mode of the action of the new ,presbyterian system at the heart of social life and its interferences with the liberties of the individual4 ,parliament was naturally slow and jealous on this subject1 so that the discussion of it1 part by part1 extended over the whole year #afde4 ,the briefest sketch of results must suffice here3--,the ,assembly having sent in to ,parliament a ,paper concerning the exclusion of ignorant and scandalous persons from the ,sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper1 the ,parliament had desired a more particular definition by the ,assembly of what they included in the terms ignorant and scandalous4 ,the ,assembly having then sent in an explanation1 in which1 under the head of the ignorance that should exclude from the ,lord's ,table1 they mentioned the not having a competent understanding concerning the ,trinity1 the ,commons 7,march #bg1 #afde7 had desired to know what the ,assembly considered to be a competent understanding concerning the ,trinity1 ,the ,assembly having farther declared1 under the same head of ignorance1 that no persons ought to be admitted to the ,lord's ,table who had not a competent understanding of the ,deity1 of the state of ,man by ,creation and by his ,fall1 of ,redemption by ,jesus ,christ and the means to apply ,christ and his benefits1 of the necessity of ,faith1 ,repentance and a ,godly life1 of the ,nature and ,use of ,sacraments1 and of the ,condition of ,man after this ,life1 the ,commons had still demurred about the competent understanding1 and had begged the ,assembly to be more precise and business-like 7,april #a74 ,at length1 some resolutions having been come to about the competent understanding1 and there being less difficulty in deciding who should come under the category of the scandalous1 the ,commons had before them a pretty extensive index of the kinds of persons1 whether ignorant or scandalous1 whom the ,congregational ,elderships were to be empowered to suspend or debar from the ,communion4 ,the index was not complete1 ,i think1 till ,january #afde-f2 by which time1 after numerous discussions1 it included1 in addition to the grossly ignorant in the elementary articles of ,christianity1 and to murderers1 notorious drunkards1 swearers1 et hoc genus omne1 a considerable list of such varieties of offenders as these-- makers of images of the ,trinity1 worshippers of saints1 persons sending or accepting challenges1 persons playing at games selling wares or unnecessarily travelling on ,sunday1 persons consulting witches1 persons assaulting magistrates or their own parents1 persons legally convicted of perjury or bribery1 persons consenting to the marriage of their children with ,papists1 and1 finally1 the maintainers of errors that subvert the prime ,articles of ,religion4 ,to provide1 moreover1 for cases not positively enumerated1 there were to be commissioners in every ecclesiastical province authorized to decide on such cases1 when represented to them by ministers and the elderships4 ,all this1 with much more of the same kind1 was partly agreed upon1 partly still under ,parliamentary consideration1 in the beginning of #afdf4--;,commons ,journals1 with references there to the ,lords ,journals4 ,,the ,,recruiting ,,of ,,the ,,commons2 ,,eminent ,,recruiters4 ,january #afde-f1 ,i think1 was the month in which ,presbyterianism was in fullest tide4 ,after that month1 and through the spring and early summer of #afdf1 there was a visible ebb4 ,the cause may have been partly that continued triumph everywhere of the ,new ,model ,army which had brought the ,war obviously to its fag-end1 and now1 perhaps1 suggested to ,parliament and the ,londoners the uncomfortable idea that the marching mass of ,independency1 relieved from its military labours1 would soon be re- approaching the capital1 and at leisure to review the proceedings of its masters4 ,there was1 however1 a more obvious cause4 ,this was the increase of the ,independent ,vote in the ,house of ,commons by the gradual coming in of the ,,recruiters4 ,by the outbreak of the ,civil ,war in ,august #afdb1 and the consequent desertion of the ,house of ,commons by two-thirds of its members1 most of whom were then or afterwards formally disabled1 the ,house1 as we know1 had been reduced to a mere stump of what it ought to have been constitutionally4 ,there had been complaints about this outside1 and regrets within the ,house itself2 but it was felt that a time of ,civil ,war could not be a time for ,parliamentary elections4 ,how could there be such elections while the ,king's forces were in possession of large regions of ,england1 and these the very regions where most seats were vacant8 ,for three years1 therefore1 the ,house had allowed the vacant seats in it to remain vacant1 and had persisted in the public business in the state to which it had been reduced1 i4e41 with a nominal strength at the utmost of about #bhj1 and a constant working attendance of only #ajj or thereabouts4 ,not till after ,naseby1 and the recovery of more and more of ,english ground for ,parliament by the successes of the ,new ,model1 was it deemed prudent to begin the issue of new writs2 and even then the process was careful and gradual4 ,the first new writs issued were in ,aug4 #afde1 and were for ,southwark1 ,st4 ,edmundsbury1 and ,hythe2 in ,september there followed #ie additional new writs for boroughs or counties2 in ,october there were #bg more2 and so on by smaller batches in succeeding months1 until1 by the end of the year1 #adf new members in all had been elected4 ,this did not complete the process2 for #hi new members more remained to be elected in the course of #afdf1 bringing the total number of the ,recruiters up to about #bce4 ,now1 among these ,recruiters1 all of them ,parliamentarians in the main sense1 there were both ,presbyterians and ,independents4 ,as ,presbyterians1 more or less1 may be reckoned1 among those elected before ,january #afde-f1 ,major- general ,,richard ,,browne 7,wycombe71 ,major-general ,,edward ,,massey 7,wootton ,bassett71 ,,walter ,,long1 ,esq4 7,ludgershall1 ,wilts71 and ,,clement ,,walker1 ,esq4 7,wells73 this last a very peculiar-tempered person from ,somersetshire1 a friend of ,prynne's1 and described by himself as an elderly gentleman1 of low stature1 in a grey suit1 with a little stick in his hand4 ,decidedly more numerous among the ,recruiters1 however1 were men who might be called ,independents1 or were at least ,tolerationists4 ,among such1 all elected before ,january #afde-f1 or not later than that month1 may be named ,colonel ,,robert ,,blake 7,taunton71 ,sir ,,john ,,danvers1 brother of the late ,earl of ,danby 7,malmesbury71 the ,hon4 ,,john ,,fiennes1 third son of ,viscount ,saye and ,sele 7,morpeth71 ,,george ,,fleetwood1 ,esq4 7,bucks71 ,colonel ,,charles ,,fleetwood 7,marlborough71 ,sir ,,james ,,harrington 7,rutland71 the ,hon4 ,,james ,,herbert1 second son of the ,earl of ,pembroke 7,wilts71 ,colonel ,,john ,,hutchinson 7,notts71 ,commissary-general ,,henry ,,ireton 7,appleby71 ,,henry ,,lawrence1 ,esq41 a gentleman of property and some taste for learning and speculation 7,westmoreland71 ,sir ,,michael ,,livesey 7,queenborough71 ,colonel ,,edmund ,,ludlow 7,wilts71 ,,simon ,,mayne1 ,esq4 7,aylesbury71 young ,colonel ,,edward ,,montague 7,hants71 ,colonel ,,richard ,,norton 7,hants71 ,colonel ,,charles ,,rich 7,sandwich71 ,colonel ,,edward ,,rossiter 7,great ,grimsby71 ,,thomas ,,scott 7,aylesbury71 young ,colonel ,,algernon ,,sidney 7,cardiff71 ,colonel ,,william ,,sydenham 7,melcombe ,regis71 and ,,peter ,,temple1 ,esq4 7,leicester74 ,of this list1 nearly half1 it may be noted1 were or had been officers in the ,new ,model4 ,the fact was very significant4 ,it was still more significant that among these ,new ,model officers elected among the first ,recruiters there was a knot of men who were already recognised as in a special sense ,cromwellians4 ,almost all the ,new ,model officers were devoted to ,cromwell2 but ,ireton was his alter ego1 and young ,fleetwood1 young ,montague1 young ,sidney1 and young ,sydenham1 belonged to a group known in the ,army as ,cromwell's passionate admirers and disciples4 ,footnote3 ,the statistics of the ,recruiting in this paragraph are from my own counting of the ,new ,writs from ,aug4 #afde onwards in the ,commons ,journals1 checked by ,godwin's previous counting or calculation 7,hist4 of ,commonwealth1 ,,ii4 #ch1 #ci71 and by the noting of new writs in the list of members of the ,long ,parliament given in the ,parl4 ,hist4 7,,ii4 #eii-fbi74 ,among the individual ,recruiters named ,i have tried not to include any whose election was later than ,jan4 #afde-f1 and have trusted1 in that particular1 to the notices of new writs in the ,commons ,journals and the ,parl4 ,hist42 but one cannot be perfectly sure that in each case an election immediately followed the new writ4 ,my often-cited fly-sheet authority1 ,leach's ,great ,champions of ,england1 has been of use4 ,it distinguishes #aca ,recruiters as of ,parliamentary note before the end of ,july1 #afdf2 but its list of ,recruiters up to that date is neither complete nor accurate4--,the description of ,clement ,walker is from his own ,hist4 of ,independency 7edit4 #affj71 ,part ,i4 p4 #ec4--,the county in which there had to be most ,recruiting1 i4e4in which there were most vacant seats1 was ,somersetshire4 ,nearly all the seats were vacant there4 ,a large proportion of the seats was vacant in ,notts1 ,yorkshire1 ,sussex1 ,westmoreland1 and ,wales4--,the ,recruiting went on not only through #afdf1 but also in stray cases through subsequent years2 and ,,fairfax1 ,,skippon1 ,,harrison1 ,,ingoldsby1 among military men1 and ,,prynne himself among civilians1 came at length into the ,house4 ,not called ,recruiters1 but practically such for the ,independents1 were two original members who1 after having been out of the ,house for a long while1 were now restored to their places4 ,these were ,nathaniel ,fiennes1 alias ,young ,subtlety1 and the witty and freethinking ,henry ,marten4 ,fiennes1 having been tried by court-martial and sentenced to death in ,december #afdc1 for his surrender of ,bristol 7ant1 p4 #f71 had been forgiven and allowed to go abroad2 but opinion of his conduct in that affair had meanwhile become more favourable1 and before the end of #afde he returned and resumed his seat4 ,marten 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aff7 had been expelled from the ,house by vote1 ,aug4 #af1 #afdc1 for words too daringly disrespectful of ,royalty--in fact1 for premature ,republicanism2 but1 the ,house having become less fastidious in that matter1 and his presence being greatly missed1 the vote was rescinded ,january #f1 #afde-f1 and the record of it expunged from the ,journals4 ,footnote3 ,godwin's ,commonwealth1 ,,ii4 #gg1 #gh2 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #hgh and #abch2 and ,commons ,journals of dates given4 ,although as many as #adf ,recruiters had been elected before the end of the year1 they appear to have taken their places but slowly4 ,not till ,january #bf1 #afde-f1 does one perceive any considerable effect on the numbers of the ,house4 ,on that day there was a ,house of at least #ahc1 the largest there had been for many a day--larger by #ac than the ,house that had made ,fairfax commander-in-chief twelve months before4 ,and thenceforward the numbers keep well up4 ,on two occasions early in ,february there were ,houses of #bjc and #bjb respectively2 and before the summer of #afdf there were members enough at hand to form on great field-days ,houses of from #bej to #bgj4 ,by that time some of the military men among the ,recruiters were able to be present4 ,footnote3 ,my notes of ,divisions1 from the ,commons ,journals4 ,,effects ,,of ,,the ,,recruiting3 ,,alliance ,,of ,,independency ,,and ,,erastianism3 ,,check ,,given ,,to ,,the ,,presbyterians3 ,,westminster ,,assembly ,,rebuked4 ,as soon as the ,recruiting had begun to tell upon the numbers of the ,house1 an effect on the policy of the ,house is also perceptible4 ,thus on ,feb4 #c1 the very day when the ,commons mustered a ,house of #bjc1 a division took place involving ,toleration in a subtle form4 ,the question was whether in a ,declaration setting forth the true intentions of the ,house in ,church-matters this clause should be inserted3 ,a fitting care shall be taken of tender consciences1 so far as may stand with the ,word of ,god and the ,peace of the ,kingdom4 ,this1 though mild enough1 displeased the ,presbyterians1 and was proposed from their side that the words ,church and should be inserted before the word ,kingdom4 ,on a division the ,yeas 7for adding the words and so making the pledge of a toleration weaker7 were #aje1 and had for their tellers the ,presbyterian party-chiefs1 ,denzil ,holles and ,sir ,philip ,stapleton2 but #ih ,noes rallied round ,sir ,arthur ,haselrig and ,sir ,henry ,mildmay1 the tellers for the ,opposition4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals of date4 ,a wavering of the balance towards ,independency and ,toleration was indicated by this vote2 but it was not till the following month that the balance was decisively turned1 and then not directly on the ,toleration question1 but on that great related question of the ,power of the ,keys which the ,presbyterians of the ,assembly wanted to see settled in their favour before they could consider the ,presbyterian establishment perfect4 ,if the phrase ,power of the ,keys should seem a mystic one to ,english readers now1 it will perhaps be cleared up by the following story of what happened in ,march #afde-f4 ,on the #eth of that month the ,commons passed and sent up to the ,lords one all-comprehensive ,ordinance1 recapitulating in twenty-three ,propositions the substance of their various ,presbyterian enactments up to that date4 ,footnote3 ,see the ,ordinance in the ,commons ,journals of the date4 ,it is a clear and excellent summary of what had been done and what was intended in the matter of ,presbyterian ,establishment4 ,what these were we have just seen 7ant1 pp4 #cig-djj74 ,they amounted1 as one might now think1 to a sufficiently strict ,presbyterianizing of all ,england1 with ,london first by way of example4 ,the ,presbyterian ,divines were not ill satisfied on the whole2 but they had not succeeded to the full extent of their wishes1 and there were various matters in the ,recapitulating ,ordinance that they hoped yet to see amended4 ,in particular1 notwithstanding all their efforts for months past to indoctrinate the ,parliament with the right ,presbyterian theory of the independent spiritual jurisdiction of the ,church1 the natural ,erastianism of the lay mind had been so strong in the ,commons that the #adth ,proposition of the ,recapitulating ,ordinance stood as follows3-- ,,xiv4 ,that1 in every ,province1 persons shall be chosen by the ,houses of ,parliament that shall be ,commissioners to judge of scandalous offences 7not enumerated in any ,ordinance of ,parliament7 to them presented3 ,and that the ,eldership of that ,congregation where the said offence was committed shall1 upon examination and proof of such scandalous offence 7in like manner as is to be done in the offences enumerated71 certify the same to the ,commissioners1 together with the proof taken before them3 ,and before the said certificate the party accused shall have liberty to make such defence as he shall think fit before the said ,eldership1 and also before the ,commissioners before any certificate shall be made to the ,parliament3 ,and1 if the said ,commissioners1 after examination of all parties1 shall determine the offence1 so presented and proved1 to be scandalous1 and the same shall certify to the ,congregation1 the ,eldership thereof may suspend such person from the ,sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper1 in like manner as in cases enumerated in any ,ordinance of ,parliament4 ,here was wormwood for the ,presbyterians2 and over this #adth ,article1 and one or two subsequent articles1 settling farther details of the superiority of the proposed ,parliamentary ,commissioners over the ,church ,courts1 and also reserving the appeal of ecclesiastical questions to ,parliament1 they prepared to fight a most strenuous battle4 ,the ,assembly1 the ,city ,corporation1 the ,city ministers in their ,sion ,college conclave1 and the ,scottish ,commissioners1 all flew to arms4 ,their first hope was with the ,lords2 and them they nearly conquered4 ,on the #acth of ,march there was a long debate in that ,house on the whole ,ordinance1 and especially its #adth ,article2 and1 out of twenty-one ,peers present1 nine were so opposed to that ,article that1 before the vote was taken1 they begged leave to be allowed to register their protest if the vote went against them4 ,these ,peers were the ,earls of ,essex1 ,manchester1 ,warwick1 ,bolingbroke1 and ,suffolk1 and ,lords ,willoughby1 ,roberts1 ,dacres1 and ,bruce4 ,there were1 however1 twelve ,peers in favour of the ,erastian ,article3 viz4 the ,earls of ,northumberland1 ,kent1 ,pembroke1 ,salisbury1 ,denbigh1 ,nottingham1 ,stamford1 and ,middlesex1 and ,lords ,north1 ,howard of ,escrick1 ,wharton1 and ,grey of ,wark4 ,pour of the minority1 viz4 ,essex1 ,manchester1 ,bolingbroke1 and ,bruce1 did then protest1 on the ground that they considered the institution of ,parliamentary ,commissioners apart from the ,church ,courts inconsistent with the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant4 ,the entire ,ordinance1 with insignificant amendments1 thus passed the ,lords2 and1 the ,commons having accepted the amendments1 it became law on the #adth of ,march4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,feb4 #bg1 and ,march #c1 #e1 and #ad1 #afde-f2 and ,lords ,journals1 ,march #ac and #ad4 ,was it1 then1 such a mongrel ,presbytery as this1 an ,erastian ,presbytery1 a ,presbytery controlled and policed by ,parliamentary ,commissioners1 that was to be set up in ,england8 ,not if the ,presbyterian clergy of ,england1 with all ,scotland to aid them1 could prevent it6 ,we1 for our part the ,scottish ,commissioners1 writes ,baillie1 ,march #ag1 mind to give in a remonstrance against it2 the ,assembly will do the like2 the ,city ministers will give the third2 but that which1 by ,god's help1 may prove most effectual is the zeal of the ,city itself4 ,before the ,ordinance came out1 they petitioned against some materials of it4 ,this both the ,houses voted to be a breach of their privilege1 to offer a petition against anything that is in debate before them1 till once it be concluded and come abroad4 ,this vote the ,city takes very evil3 it's likely to go high betwixt them4 ,our prayers and endeavours are for wisdom and courage to the ,city4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cfa4 ,within a fortnight1 however 7,march #ca71 ,baillie writes1 in a postscript to the same letter1 in a much more downcast mood4 ,the leaders of the people1 he says1 seem to be inclined to have no shadow of a ,king1 to have liberty for all ,religions1 to have but a lame ,erastian ,presbytery1 to be so injurious to us the ,scots as to chase us home with the sword4 444 ,our great hope on earth1 the ,city of ,london1 has played nipshot i4e4 miss-fire or burnt priming3 they are speaking of dissolving the ,assembly4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #cfb4--,to understand this wail of ,baillie's we have again to turn to the ,journals of the ,commons4 ,having passed the all-conclusive ,ordinance for ,presbytery1 the two ,houses had resolved to stand on their dignity1 and resent the attempted dictation of the ,city1 the ,sion ,college conclave1 the ,assembly1 and the ,scottish ,commissioners4 ,they had already1 as ,baillie informs us1 made a beginning1 while the ,ordinance was yet in progress1 by voting a petition of the ,city against some parts of it to be a breach of privilege4 ,at this1 as late as ,march #ag1 the ,city was in proper dudgeon1 and vowed that ,parliament should hear from it again on the subject4 ,before a fortnight had elapsed1 however1 there was a wonderful change4 ,news had come to ,london of ,hopton's final surrender to the ,new ,model in ,cornwall1 of the defeat of ,astley in ,gloucestershire with the last shred of the ,king's field-force1 and in fact of the absolute ending of the war1 except for the few ,royalist towns and garrisons that had yet to make terms4 ,in the midst of the universal joy1 why dwell on a difference between the ,city and ,parliament as to the details of the ,presbyterian mechanism8 ,accordingly1 on ,friday1 ,march #bg1 divers ,aldermen and others were at the door of the ,house of ,commons1 not to remonstrate farther this little difference1 but to beg that the ,house would so far honour the ,city as to dine with the ,corporation at ,grocers' ,hall on the following ,thursday1 being ,thanksgiving ,day1 after the two usual sermons6 ,the ,house was most gracious1 and accepted the invitation2 and this restoration of good feeling between ,parliament and the ,city was probably the nipshot or miss-fire which ,baillie lamented on the #clst4--,the ,city being out of the business for the time1 it was easier for the ,parliament to deal with the other parties4 ,to the ,scottish ,commissioners hints were conveyed1 as politely as possible1 that ,parliament would prefer having less of their valuable assistance in the governing of ,england4 ,with the ,westminster ,assembly and the ,london ,divines there was less ceremony4 ,the ,assembly had drawn up a ,petition or ,remonstrance against the ,articles of the conclusive ,ordinance of ,march #ad1 providing for an agency of ,parliamentary ,commissioners to aid and supervise the ,church judicatories4 ,the provision of ,commissioners1 they said1 to judge of scandals not enumerated appears to our consciences to be contrary to that way of government which ,christ hath appointed in his ,church1 in that it giveth a power to judge of the fitness of persons to come to the ,sacrament unto such as our ,lord ,jesus ,christ hath not given that power unto2 and they added that the provision was contrary to the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant1 and besought ,parliament to cancel it and put due power into the hands of the ,elderships4 ,this ,petition1 signed by the ,prolocutor1 one of the ,assessors1 and the to ,scribes of the ,assembly1 was presented to the two ,houses1 most imposingly1 ,march #bc1 ,when ,baillie wrote his lamentation he did not know the precise result1 but he guessed what it was to be4 ,it was worse than ,baillie could have guessed4 ,after much inquiry and consultation about the ,assembly's ,petition1 the ,commons1 on the #aath of ,april #afdf1 came to two sharp votes4 ,the first was on the question ,whether the ,house shall first debate the point concerning the ,breach of ,privilege in this ,petition2 and it was carried in the affirmative by #ajf ,yeas1 told by ,evelyn of ,wilts and ,haselrig1 against #he ,noes1 told by ,holles and ,stapleton4 ,the question was then put ,whether this ,petition1 thus presented by the ,assembly of the ,divines1 is a ,breach of ,privilege of ,parliament2 and on this question1 the tellers on both sides being the same1 #hh voted ,yea and #gf ,no3 i4e4 it was carried by a majority of #ab that the ,assembly1 in their ,petition1 had been guilty of a grave political offence1 for which they might be punished individually1 by fine or imprisonment or both4 ,no such punishment1 of course1 was intended4 ,it was enough to shake the rod over the ,assembly4 ,a ,committee1 including ,haselrig1 ,henry ,marten1 the younger ,vane1 and ,selden1 was appointed to prepare a ,narrative on the whole subject1 with a statement of the particulars2 and this ,narrative1 ready ,april #ba1 was discussed clause by clause1 and adopted4 ,it is a striking document1 quiet and tight in style1 but most pungent in matter4 ,it begins with an assertion of the supremacy of ,parliament in all matters whatsoever2 it recites the specific purposes for which the ,assembly had been called by ,parliament1 and the limitations imposed upon it by the ,ordinance to which it owed its being2 and it proceeds to this rebuke3 ,the ,assembly are not authorized1 as an ,assembly1 by any ,ordinance or ,order of ,parliament1 to interpret the ,covenant1 especially in relation to any law made or to be made2 nor1 since the ,law passed both ,houses concerning the ,commissioners1 have the ,assembly been required by both or either of the ,houses of ,parliament1 or had any authority before from ,parliament1 to deliver their opinions to the ,houses on matters already judged and determined by them4 ,neither have they the power to debate or vote whether what is passed as a ,law by both ,houses be agreeing or disagreeing to the ,word of ,god1 unless they be thereunto required4 ,on the day on which the ,narrative containing this passage of rebuke was adopted 7,april #ba7 a ,committee was appointed to communicate it1 with the appertaining ,vote of the ,commons1 in a fair manner1 to the ,assembly4 ,actually1 on the #bgth of ,april the communication was made most ceremoniously1 and from that day the ,assembly knew itself to be under curb4 ,footnote3 ,for the facts of this and the preceding paragraph the authorities are ,commons and ,lords ,journals1 ,march #bc1 #afde-f1 and ,commons ,journals of ,april #a1 #c1 #h1 #aa1 #af1 #ah1 #ba1 and #bd1 #afdf4 ,the ,lords ,journals give the ,assembly's ,petition2 the ,narrative of the ,commons is in their ,journals for ,april #ba4--;,it is strange1 in modern times1 to note the frequency with which the ,parliament1 and even the popular party in it1 resorted to the fiction of ,breach of ,privilege in order to quash opposition to their proceedings4 ,sometimes1 as in the ,vote about the ,city ,petition recently mentioned1 it was the ,breach of ,privilege to assume to know what was going on in ,parliament or petition against any measure while it was pending2 at other times1 as now1 it was a ,breach of ,privilege to question by petition a measure already determined4 ,in the present case1 however1 the ,commons seem to have founded on the fact that the ,assembly1 as an ,assembly1 had transgressed its powers4 ,individually1 they seem to say1 the ,divines might have petitioned1 but not as an ,assembly1 the creature of the ,parliament whose acts they censured4 ,not only under curb1 but thrown to the ground1 and baited with sarcasms and interrogatories6 ,thus1 on the #agth of ,april1 six days after the ,vote of ,breach of ,privilege1 but four days before the ,vote and the accompanying ,narrative had been communicated officially to the ,assembly1 there was finally agreed upon by the ,commons that ,declaration as to their true intentions on the ,church question which had been in preparation since ,february #c1 and in this ,declaration there was a double-knotted lash at the prostrate ,assembly4 ,parliament1 it was explained1 had adopted most of the ,assembly's recommendations as to the ,frame of ,church-government to be set up1 with no exception of moment but that of the ,commissioners2 in which exception ,parliament had only performed its bounden duty1 seeing it could not consent to the granting of an arbitrary and unlimited power and jurisdiction to near #aj1jjj judicatories to be erected in this kingdom4 ,farther it was announced that ,parliament reserved the question of the amount of toleration to be granted under the new ,presbyterial rule to tender consciences that differ not in fundamentals of ,religion4 ,but there was more to come4 ,selden and the ,erastians1 and ,haselrig1 ,vane1 ,marten1 with the ,independents and ,free ,opinionists1 had been nettled by those parts of the ,assembly's ,petition which assumed that the whole frame of the ,presbyterian ,government scheme by the ,assembly was jure divino4 ,they resolved to put the ,assembly through an examination about this jus divinum4 ,on the #bbnd of ,april1 therefore1 there was presented to the ,house1 by the same ,committee that had prepared the ,narrative of the ,breach of ,privilege1 a series of nine questions which it would be well to send to the ,assembly4 ,whether the ,parochial and ,congregational ,elderships appointed by ,ordinance of ,parliament1 or any other ,congregational or ,presbyterial ,elderships1 are jure divino1 and by the will and appointment of ,jesus ,christ2 and whether any particular ,church- government be jure divino1 and what that government is8--such is the first of the nine queries2 and the other eight are no less incisive4 ,they were duly communicated to the ,assembly2 it was requested that the ,answers should be precise1 with the ,scripture proofs for each1 in the express words of the texts2 every ,divine present at a debate on any of the ,queries was to subscribe his name to the particular resolution he might vote for2 and the dissentients from any vote were to send to ,parliament their own positive opinions on the point of that vote1 with the ,scripture proofs4 ,selden's hand is distinctly visible in this ingenious insult to the ,assembly4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,april #ag and ,april #bb1 #afdf2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cdd4 ,it was a more stinging punishment than adjournment or dissolution would have been1 though that also had been thought of1 and ,viscount ,saye and ,sele had recommended it in the ,lords4 ,in the midst of these firm dealings of the ,parliament with the ,assembly1 ,cromwell was back in ,london4 ,he was in the ,house on the #bcrd of ,april #afdf1 and received its thanks1 through the ,speaker1 for his great services4 ,he probably brought a train of his young ,cromwellians with him 7,ireton1 ,fleetwood1 ,montague1 c47 to swell the number of ,recruiters that had already taken their seats4 ,in the course of ,may1 at all events1 there were ,houses of #bfi1 #bda1 #bfa1 #bei1 and #bdh1 and the ,recruiters had so increased the strength of the ,independents and ,erastians that a relapse into the policy of ultra-,presbyterianism and ,no ,toleration appeared impossible4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cfi1 and ,commons ,journals for several days in ,may #afdf4 ,,negotiations ,,round ,,the ,,king--,,at ,,newcastle3 ,,threatened ,,rupture ,,between ,,the ,,scots ,,and ,,the ,,english3 ,,argyle',s ,,visit ,,to ,,london4 ,suddenly1 by the ,king's flight to the ,scottish ,army at ,newark 7,may #e71 and by the retreat of that army1 with the ,king in their possession1 to the safer position of ,newcastle 7,may #ac71 the whole condition of things was changed4 ,the question between ,independency and ,presbyterianism1 and the included question of ,toleration or ,no ,toleration1 were thrown1 with all other questions1 into the crucible of the negotiations1 between the ,english and the ,scots1 round the ,king at ,newcastle4 ,it was known that the strife between the ,independents and the ,presbyterians had long been a solace to ,charles1 and a fact of great importance in his calculations4 ,should he fail to rout both parties and reimpose both ,kingship and ,episcopacy on ,england by force of arms1 did there not remain for him1 at the very worst1 the option of allying himself with that one of the parties with which he could make the best bargain8 ,now that he had been driven to the detested alternative1 he had1 it appeared1 though not without hesitation1 and indeed partly by accident1 given the ,presbyterians the first chance4 ,he had done so1 it was true1 in a circuitous way1 but perhaps in the only way open to him4 ,to have surrendered himself to the ,english ,presbyterians was hardly possible2 for1 had he gone to ,london with that view1 how could the ,presbyterians of the ,parliament and the ,city have protected him1 or kept him to themselves1 when the ,english ,army that would then instantly have closed round ,london was an ,army of ,independents8 ,by placing himself in the hands of the ,scottish ,army1 had he not cleverly avoided this difficulty1 receiving temporary protection1 and yet intimating that it was with the ,presbyterians that he preferred to treat8 ,so1 in fact1 the ,king's flight to the ,scots was construed by the ,english ,presbyterians4 ,they were even glad that it had fallen to the ,scots to represent for the moment ,english ,presbyterianism as well as ,scottish1 advising ,charles in his new circumstances1 and ascertaining his intentions4 ,and the ,scots1 on their part1 it appeared1 had accepted the duty4 ,hardly was the ,king at ,newcastle when there were round him not only ,general ,leven1 ,major-general ,leslie1 and the ,earls of ,lothian1 ,balcarres1 and ,dunfermline1 all of whom had chanced to be at ,newark on his reception there1 but also other ,scots of mark1 expressly sent from ,edinburgh and from ,london4 ,the ,earl of ,lanark was among the first of these4 ,argyle himself1 who had been excessively busy in ,scotland and in ,ireland since the defeat of ,montrose1 thought his presence now essential in ,england1 and hastened to be with his ,majesty4 ,the ,chancellor ,loudoun made no delay1 but was off from ,london to ,newcastle on the #afth of ,may4 ,above all1 however1 it was thought desirable that ,alexander ,henderson should be near his ,majesty at such a crisis4 ,accordingly1 some days before ,loudoun's departure1 ,henderson had taken leave of his brother-divines1 ,baillie1 ,rutherford1 and ,gillespie1 with ,lauderdale and ,johnstone of ,warriston1 in their ,london quarters at ,worcester ,house1 and1 though in such a state of ill-health as to be hardly fit to travel1 had gone bravely and modestly northwards to the scene of duty4 ,how much was expected of him may be inferred from a jotting in one of ,baillie's letters just after he had gone4 ,our great perplexity is for the ,king's disposition1 wrote ,baillie on the #aeth of ,may3 how far he will be persuaded to yield we do not know3 ,i hope ,mr4 ,henderson is with him this night at ,newcastle4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cgj et seq4 ,the immediate object of the ,scots round ,charles was to induce him to take the ,covenant4 ,that done1 they had little doubt that they would be able to bring him and the ,english ,parliament amicably together4--,charles1 however1 at once showed by his conduct that the current interpretation of the meaning of his flight to the ,scots had been too hasty4 ,it was not because he wanted to bargain with the ,presbyterians as against the ,independents that he had come to the ,scots2 it was because he had the more subtle idea that he might be able to bargain with the ,scots as such against the ,english as such4 ,he hoped to wrap himself up in the nationality of the ,scots2 he hoped to appeal to them as peculiarly their sovereign1 born forty-six years before in their own ,dunfermline1 once or twice their visitor since1 always remembering them with affection1 and now back among them in his distress4 ,footnote3 ,on the verge of a wooded dell or glen close to the burgh of ,dunfermline1 in ,fife1 there still stands one fine length of ruined and ivy-clad wall1 the remains of the palace in which1 on the #aith of ,november #afjj1 ,charles ,i4 was born4 ,the dell1 with the adjacent ,abbey1 is sacred with legends and stony memorials of the ,scottish royal race1 from the days of ,malcom ,canmore and his ,queen ,margaret4 ,of course1 in such a character1 concessions to their ,presbyterianism would have to be made2 but these concessions had all1 in fact1 been made already1 and involved no new humiliation4 ,it was about ,episcopacy in ,england1 his ,english coronation oath1 his ,english sovereignty1 that he was mainly anxious2 and what if1 from his refuge among the ,scots1 and even with the ,scots as his instruments1 he could recommence1 in some way or other1 his struggle with the ,english8 ,charles did labour under this delusion4 ,when he had come among the ,scots it was actually with some absurd notion that ,montrose1 who still lurked in the ,highlands1 might be forgiven all the past and brought back1 as one of his ,majesty's most honoured servants1 though recently erratic1 into the society of ,argyle1 ,loudoun1 ,lanark1 and the rest of the faithful4 ,footnote3 ,see in ,rushworth 7,,vi4 #bff-g7 a ,letter of the ,king's to the ,marquis of ,ormond in ,ireland1 dated from ,oxford1 ,april #ac1 #afdf1 and explaining his reasons for his then meditated flight to the ,scots4 ,we are resolved to use our best endeavours1 with their assistance1 says ,charles1 speaking of the ,scottish ,army1 and with the conjunction of the forces under the ,marquis of ,montrose and such of our well-affected subjects as shall rise for us1 to procure1 if it may be1 an honourable and speedy peace4 ,at the same time 7,april #ah7 ,charles had written to ,montrose himself to the same effect4 ,the infatuation that could believe in the possibility of such a combination was monstrous4--,a day or two among the ,scots had undeceived him4 ,they repudiated at once any supposed arrangement with him arising out of the negotiations of ,montreuil2 they repudiated expressly the notion that they could by possibility have been so false to the ,english ,parliament as to have pledged themselves to a separate treaty4 ,charles1 they maintained1 had come among them voluntarily and without any prior compact4 ,most willingly1 however1 would they do their best for him in the circumstances4 ,if he would declare his renunciation of ,episcopacy and acceptance of ,presbyterianism for ,england1 and especially if he would do this in the best mode of all1 by personally taking the ,covenant1 then they did not doubt but a way would be opened for a final treaty with ,england in which they could assist4 ,perforce ,charles had now to disguise the real motive of his coming among the ,scots1 and let the interpretation at first put upon it continue current4 ,not1 of course1 that he would take the ,covenant1 or in any way commit himself even now to ,presbytery4 ,but1 while he stood firm against the proposal that he should himself take the ,covenant 7which would have been to abjure ,episcopacy personally71 and while he refrained from committing himself to an acceptance of ,presbytery for his ,english realm1 he does not appear to have objected to the impression that on this second matter he might yield to time and reason4 ,and so1 while writing in cipher to ,queen ,henrietta ,maria1 complaining of the juggling of the ,scots1 because they would not break with the ,english ,parliament in his behalf1 and while urging the ,queen in the same letters to press upon ,cardinal ,mazarin1 and through him on the ,pope1 the scheme of a restitution of ,episcopacy in ,england by ,roman ,catholic force1 on condition of free liberty of conscience for the ,catholics in ,england and convenient places for their devotions1 he was patiently polite to the ,presbyterians around him1 and employed part of his leisure in penning1 from the midst of them1 letters of a temporizing kind to the two ,houses of ,parliament1 and the ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,common ,council of ,london4 ,the letter to the ,city 7,may #ai7 was short and general1 but cordial4 ,that to the ,parliament 7,may #ah7 was a proposal of terms4 ,a speedy settlement of the ,religious ,question by the wisdom of ,parliament with the advice of the ,assembly 7no word of ,episcopacy or ,presbytery1 but some compromise with ,presbytery implied72 the ,militia to be as proposed in the ,treaty of ,uxbridge-- i4e4 to be for seven years in the hands of ,parliament1 and after that a fresh agreement to be made2 ,ireland to be managed as far as possible as ,parliament might wish3 such were his ,majesty's present propositions4 ,footnote3 ,letters of ,charles numbered ,,xxv4 ,,xxvi4 and ,,xxvii4 7pp4 #ci-dc7 in ,mr4 ,bruce's ,charles ,i4 in #afdf2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #dga et seq4 ,he would be glad1 however1 to receive those of ,parliament4 ,there was a ,presbyterian ecstasy in ,london on the receipt of these letters4 ,the ,corporation1 which had1 to ,baillie's grief1 so inopportunely played nipshot in the end of ,march1 and left the ,assembly and ,sion ,college to bear the brunt1 now hastened to make amends4 ,headed by ,alderman ,foot1 a famous ,city orator1 they presented1 ,may #bf1 a ,remonstrance to both ,houses of ,parliament1 couched in terms of the most unflinching ,presbyterianism1 ,anti-,toleration1 and confidence in the ,scots4 ,when we remember1 they said1 that it hath been long since declared to be far from any purpose or desire to let loose the golden reins of discipline and government in the ,church1 or to leave private persons or particular congregations to take up what form of divine service they please2 when we look upon what both ,houses have resolved against ,brownism and ,anabaptism1 properly so called2 when we meditate upon our ,protestation and ,covenant2 and1 lastly1 when we peruse the ,directory and other ,ordinances for ,presbyterial government2 and yet find private and separate congregations daily erected in divers parts of the city and elsewhere1 and commonly frequented1 and ,anabaptism1 ,brownism1 and almost all manner of schisms1 heresies1 and blasphemies1 boldly vented and maintained by such as1 to the point of ,church-government1 profess themselves to be ,independents3 we cannot but be astonished4 ,after more complaints1 they end with petitions for ,presbyterian ,uniformity1 the suppression of ,independent congregations1 the punishment of ,anabaptists and other sectaries1 strict union with the ,scots1 c41 all to be combined with immediate ,propositions to his ,majesty for settling a safe and well-grounded ,peace4 ,there was but one meaning in this4 ,the ,city was the mouthpiece2 but in reality it was the united ultra- ,presbyterianism of the ,city1 the ,assembly1 ,sion ,college1 and some of the ,presbyterian leaders in ,parliament1 trying to turn the ,king's presence with the ,scots into an occasion for any practicable kind of peace whatsoever that would involve the overthrow of ,independency1 the ,sects1 and ,toleration4 ,the ,house of ,lords bowed before the blast1 and returned a gracious answer4 ,the ,commons1 after two divisions1 of #adh to #aac1 and #aea to #ajh1 in favour of returning some kind of answer1 returned one which was curt and general4 ,the divisions indicate the gravity of the crisis4 ,the ,independents1 thinned perhaps in numbers by the action of the ,newcastle peace-chances upon weaker spirits1 but with ,cromwell1 ,haselrig1 and ,vane as their leaders1 formed now what was avowedly the ,anti-,scottish party1 profoundly suspicious of the doings at ,newcastle1 and taking precautions against a treaty that should be merely ,presbyterian4 ,the ,presbyterians1 on the other hand1 with ,holles1 ,stapleton1 and ,clotworthy as their chiefs1 were as avowedly the ,pro-,scottish party1 anxious for a peace on such terms as the ,king might be brought to by the help of the ,scots4 ,footnote3 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #dgd-dhj2 ,lords ,journals1 ,may #bf1 #afdf2 ,commons ,journals of same date2 ,whitlocke's ,memorials 7ed4 #ahec71 ,,ii4 #bg4 ,through ,june the struggle of the parties was continued in this new form4 ,at ,newcastle the ,scottish ,commissioners1 with ,henderson among them1 were still plying the ,king with their arguments for his acceptance of the ,covenant and ,presbytery4 ,to these1 in their presence1 he opposed only the most stately politeness and desire for delay2 but in his letters to the ,queen he characterized them as rude pressures on his conscience4 ,the phrase is perfectly just in so far as there was pressure upon him to accept ,presbytery and the ,assembly's ,directory of ,worship for himself and his family1 and it might win our modern sympathies even beyond that range but for the evidences of incurable ,stuartism which accompanied it4 ,he amuses the ,queen in the same letters with an analysis he had made of the ,scots from his ,newcastle experience of their various humours4 ,he had analysed them into the four factions of the ,montroses or thorough ,royalists1 the ,neutrals1 the ,hamiltons1 and the ,campbells or thorough ,presbyterians of the ,argyle following4 ,he estimates the relative strengths of the factions1 and has no doubt that the real management of ,scotland lies between the ,hamiltons1 leading most of the nobility1 and the ,campbells1 commanding the votes of the gentry1 the ministers1 and the burghs2 he refers individual ,scots about him to the classes to which he thinks1 from their private talk1 they belong respectively2 he tells how they are all courting him1 and how he is behaving himself as evenly to all as he can2 and his opinion upon this whole business is that they will all have to join him in the end1 or1 which would be quite as satisfactory to himself and the ,queen1 go to perdition together4 ,what could be done with such a man8 ,quite unaware of what he was writing about them1 the ,scots were toiling their best in his service4 ,there were letters from ,edinburgh 7where the ,general ,assembly of the ,kirk had met ,jun4 #c7 to ,newcastle and ,london2 there were letters from ,newcastle to ,edinburgh and ,london2 there were letters from ,london back to ,newcastle and ,edinburgh4 ,and still1 in the ,english ,parliament1 the ,pro-,scottish party laboured for the result they desired1 and the ,anti-,scottish or ,independent party maintained their jealous watch4 ,pamphlets and papers came forth1 violently abusive of the ,scottish nation2 and more than once there were discussions in the ,commons in which ,haselrig and the more reckless ,independents pushed for conclusions that would have been offensive to the ,scots to the point of open quarrel4 ,it did not seem impossible that there might be a new and most horrible form of the ,civil ,war1 in which the ,english ,army and the ,independents should be fighting the ,scottish ,army and the ,presbyterians4 ,footnote3 ,king's ,letters1 xxix4-xxxiv4 in ,bruce's ,charles ,i4 in #afdf2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cgd-e2 ,acts of the ,general ,assembly of the ,church of ,scotland for #afdf4 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #dhb-dhh2 and ,commons ,journals of various days in ,may and ,june1 when there were divisions4 ,what mainly averted such a calamity was the prudent behaviour of the much-abused ,scots4 ,anxious as they naturally were to save their ,scottish ,charles from too severe a reckoning from his ,english subjects1 and very desirous1 as was also natural1 that the issue of the present dealings with him should be one favourable to ,presbytery and ,religious ,conformity1 they do not seem to have permitted these feelings to disturb their sense of obligation to the ,english ,parliament1 and of a general ,british responsibility4 ,that this was the case arose1 ,i believe1 from the fact that ,argyle had come to ,england to take the direction1 and that he imparted a deep touch or two of his own to their purely ,presbyterian policy4 ,it is interesting1 at all events1 to have a glimpse of the great ,marquis at this point1 not as a fugitive from ,montrose1 not in the military character which suited him so ill1 but in his more proper character as a ,british politician4 ,he had been at ,newcastle for some time1 very civil and cunning1 as the ,king wrote to the ,queen2 but on the #aeth of ,june he went to ,london4 ,he was received there with the greatest respect by the ,english ,parliament4 ,a ,committee of #bj of the ,lords and #dj of the ,commons1 composed indifferently of ,presbyterians and ,independents1 was appointed to meet him in the ,painted ,chamber to hear the communication which1 it was understood1 he desired to make4 ,accordingly1 to this ,committee1 on the #beth of ,june1 the ,marquis addressed a speech1 which was immediately printed for general perusal4 ,here are portions of the first half of it1 with one or two passages ,italicised which seem peculiarly pregnant1 or peculiarly characteristic of ,argyle himself3-- ,,my ,,lords ,,and ,,gentlemen1--,though ,i have had the honour to be named by the ,kingdom of ,scotland in all the ,commissions which had relation to this ,kingdom since the beginning of the war1 yet ,i had never the happiness to be with your lordships till now2 wherein ,i reverence ,god's providence1 that ,he hath brought me hither at such an opportunity1 when ,i may boldly say it is in the power of the two ,kingdoms1 yea ,i may say in your lordships' power1 to make us both happy1 if you make good use of this occasion1 by settling of ,religion and the ,peace and ,union of these ,kingdoms4 44 4,as the dangers in the way of the first enterprise1 ',reformation' or the 'settling of ,religion' are great1 we must look the better to our duties2 and the best way to perform these is to keep us by the ,rules which are to be found in our ,national ,covenant1--principally the ,word of ,god1 and1 in its own place1 the ,example of the best ,reformed ,churches2 and in our way we must beware of some rocks1 which are temptations both upon the right and left hand1 so that we must hold the middle path4 ,upon the one part we should take heed not to settle lawless liberty in ,religion1 whereby1 instead of uniformity1 we should set up a thousand heresies and schisms2 which is directly contrary and destructive to our ,covenant4 ,upon the other part1 we are to look that we persecute not piety and peaceable men who cannot1 through scruple of conscience1 come up in all things to the common ,rule2 but that they may have such a forbearance as may be according to the ,word of ,god1 may consist with the ,covenant1 and not be destructive to the ,rule itself1 nor to the peace of the ,church and ,kingdom4--,as to the other point1 the ,peace and ,union of these ,kingdoms here the mutual good services of the two ,kingdoms since #afdj are recited3 let us hold fast that union which is so happily established betwixt us2 and let nothing make us again two who are so many ways one2 all of one language1 in one island1 all under one ,king1 one in ,religion1 yea one in ,covenant2 so that1 in effect1 we differ in nothing but in name 7as brethren do73 which ,i wish were also removed1 that we might be altogether one1 if the two ,kingdoms think fit4444 ,i will forbear at this time to speak of the many jealousies ,i hear are suggested2 for1 as ,i do not love them1 so ,i delight not to mention them3 only one ,i cannot forbear to speak of1--as if the ,kingdom of ,scotland were too much affected with the ,king's interest4 ,i will not deny but the ,kingdom of ,scotland1 by reason of the reigns of many kings1 his progenitors1 over them1 hath a natural affection to his ,majesty1 whereby they wish he may be rather reformed than ruined3 yet experience may tell that their personal regard to him hath never made them forget that common rule1 ',the ,safety of the ,people is the ,supreme ,law4' ,altogether ,argyle's speech in the ,painted ,chamber1 ,june #be1 #afdf1 produced a great impression in ,london2 and1 as he remained in town till the #aeth of ,july1 he was able to deepen it1 see all sorts of people1 and make observations4 ,he may not have met ,cromwell at this time1 who was away all ,june looking after the siege and surrender of ,oxford1 and the marriage1 in that neighbourhood1 of his eldest daughter ,bridget to ,general ,ireton2 but be must have renewed acquaintance with ,vane4 ,he renewed acquaintance1 at all events1 with an older friend--no other than the ,duke of ,hamilton1 recently released from his captivity in ,cornwall1 and now again busy with affairs4 ,he also took his place in the ,westminster ,assembly for a few days by leave of the parliament4 ,footnote3 ,king's ,letter xxii4 in ,bruce's ,charles ,i1 in #afdf2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cgd-cgh2 ,lords ,journals1 ,june #bc and ,july #g1 and ,commons ,journals1 ,june #be2 and ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #dhh-dia1 where ,argyle's ,speech is reprinted from the original edition1 published by authority1 at ,london1 by ,laurence ,chapman1 ,june #bg1 #afdf4 ,part of ,argyle's purpose in coming to ,london had been to co-operate with the resident ,scottish ,commissioners there in moderating as much as possible1 or at least delaying1 the ultimatum which the ,english ,parliament were preparing to send to the ,king4 ,for1 though the ,parliament had taken small notice hitherto of the ,king's letters from ,newcastle1 they had been anxiously constructing such an ultimatum4 in the form of a series of ,propositions exhibiting in one viev1 all the terms which they required ,charles to accept at once and completely if he would retain the sovereignty of ,england4 ,without being much influenced1 apparently1 by the appeals of ,scottish ,commissioners for moderation and clemency to the ,king in the purely ,english portions of this document1 and having the perfect concurrence of these ,commissioners in the other portions1 ,parliament did at length complete it1 and1 on the #adth of ,july1 send it to ,charles4 ,the document is remembered by the famous name of ,the ,nineteen ,propositions1 and was altogether most comprehensive and stringent4 ,all the late ,royal ,acts and ,ordinances were to be annulled2 the ,king was to take the ,covenant and consent to an ,act enjoining it afresh on all the subjects of the three kingdoms2 he was to consent to the abolition of ,episcopacy1 root and branch1 in ,england1 ,wales1 and ,ireland2 he was to approve of the proceedings of the ,westminster ,assembly1 and of the establishment of ,presbytery as ,parliament had ordained or might yet ordain2 he was to surrender to ,parliament the entire control of the ,militia for #bj years1 sea-forces as well as land- forces2 he was to let ,parliament have its own way in ,ireland2 and he was to submit to various other requirements1 including the outlawing and disqualification of about #abj persons of both nations named as ,delinquents--the ,marquis of ,newcastle1 the ,earls of ,derby and ,bristol1 ,lords ,cottington1 ,digby1 ,hopton1 ,colepepper and ,jermyn1 with ,hyde1 ,secretary ,nicholas1 and ,bishops ,wren and ,bramhall1 in the ,english list1 and the ,marquises of ,huntly and ,montrose1 the ,earls of ,traquair1 ,nithsdale1 ,crawford1 ,carnwath1 ,forth1 and ,airlie1 ,bishop ,maxwell1 and ,mac,donald ,mac,colkittoch1 in the ,scottish list4 ,as bearers of these fell ,propositions to the ,king the ,lords appointed the ,earls of ,pembroke and ,suffolk1 and the ,commons appointed four of their number4 ,these six persons were at ,newcastle on ,thursday the #bcrd of ,july2 and the next day they had their first interview with the ,king1 ,argyle and ,loudoun being also present4 ,the rough ,pembroke took the lead and produced the ,propositions4 ,before letting them be read1 ,charles1 who had had a copy in his possession privately for some time1 asked ,pembroke and the rest whether they had powers to treat with him on the ,propositions or in any way discuss them4 ,on their answering that they had no such powers1 and had only to request his ,majesty's ,ay or ,no to the ,propositions as they stood1 ,then1 but for the honour of the business1 said the ,king testily1 an honest trumpeter might have done as much4 ,recovering himself1 he listened to the ,propositions duly read out1 and then said he was sure they could not expect an immediate answer in so large a business4 ,they told him that their instructions were not to remain in ,newcastle more than ten days1 and so the interview ended4 ,charles1 in fact1 in anticipation of their coming1 had been planning how to act4 ,all my endeavours1 he had written to the ,queen1 must be the delaying of my answer till there be considerable parties visibly formed2 to which end ,i think my proposing to go to ,london1 if ,i may be there with safety1 will be the best put-off1 if 7which ,i believe to be better7 ,i cannot find a way to come to thee4 ,and so1 day after day1 though it was the effort of all who had access to him1 and especially of ,argyle and ,loudoun1 to persuade him to accept the inevitable1 he remained stubborn4 ,when the ,commissioners at length told him they must return to ,london1 all the answer they could obtain from him was a letter1 dated ,aug4 #a1 and addressed to the ,speaker of the ,house of ,peers pro tempore1 in which he said a positive and immediate answer was impossible1 but offered to come to ,london or its neighbourhood to treat personally1 if his freedom and safety were guaranteed1 and also to send for the ,prince of ,wales from ,france4 ,with this answer the ,commoners left ,newcastle on ,sunday1 ,aug4 #b1 and they reported their success to the two ,houses on ,wednesday1 ,aug4 #ab4 ,and here1 so far as the ,king is concerned1 we shall for the present stop4 ,footnote3 ,king's ,letters1 xxxiv4-xl4 7,june #bd--;,july #c7 in ,bruce's ,charles ,i4 in #afdf2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cgi2 ,lords ,journals1 ,july #aa1 and ,commons ,journals1 ,july #f2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #cji-cba2 and ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #dii-eaf4 ,both ,rushworth and the ,parl ,hist4 give the text of the nineteen ,propositions4 ,,parliament ,,and ,,the ,,westminster ,,assembly ,,reconciled3 ,,presbyterianizing ,,of ,,london ,,and ,,lancashire4 ,not the less1 while the two ,houses had thus been watching the ,king at ,newcastle and corresponding with him1 had they been acting as the real ,government of ,england without him4 ,the ,king's flight to the ,scots having1 as we have seen1 turned the balance once more in favour of ,presbyterianism1 the combined ,erastians and ,independents had not been able to keep ,parliament steady to that mood of sharp mastership over the ,assembly and the ,london ,divines in which we left it in the months of ,march and ,april 7ant1 pp4 #djg-daa74 ,it had been necessary to make a compromise in that question of ,the ,power of the ,keys on which the ,parliament and the ,assembly had been so angrily at variance4 ,the compromise was complete in ,june4 ,on the #crd of that month the two ,houses agreed on an ,ordinance modifying1 in a somewhat complicated fashion1 their previous device of ,parliamentary ,commissioners to assist and control the ,congregational ,elderships4 ,instead of the contemplated sets of ,commissioners in each ecclesiastical ,province1 there was now to be one vast general ,commission for all ,england1 consisting of about #ahj ,lords and ,commoners named 7,cromwell1 ,vane1 and everybody else of any note among them72 which ,commissioners1 or any nine of them1 should be a ,court for judging of non-specified offences1 after and in conjunction with the ,congregational ,elderships1 with right of reference in certain cases to ,justices of the ,peace1 and with the reserve of a final appeal from excommunicated persons to ,parliament itself4 ,it does not very well appear why this arrangement1 as ,erastian in principle as that which it superseded1 should have pleased the ,london ,presbyterians better4 ,perhaps it was made palatable by an accompanying increase of the list of scandalous offences for which the ,elderships were to be entitled to suspend or excommunicate without interference by the ,commissioners4 ,at all events1 when ,parliament again required the ,london ministers and congregations by a new ,ordinance 7,june #i7 to proceed in the work which had been interrupted1 and elect ,elders in all the parishes of the province of ,london1 there was no reluctance4 ,at a meeting at ,sion ,college1 ,june #ai1 the ,london ministers1 the ,assembly ,presbyterians in their counsels1 agreed to proceed4 ,they contented themselves with a paper of ,considerations and ,cautions1 explaining that the ,parliamentary ,rule for ,presbyterianism was not yet in all points satisfactory to their consciences4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,june #c and #i1 #afdf2 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cgg2 ,neal's ,puritans 7ed4 #agie7 ,,iii4 #ajf4 ,nothing now hindered the establishment of ,presbytery in ,london2 and1 actually1 through the months of ,july and ,august #afdf1 while the ,king was making his solitary personal stand for ,episcopacy at ,newcastle1 the ,presbyterian machinery was coming into operation in the capital4 ,matters here1 writes ,baillie1 ,july #ad1 look better upon it1 blessed be ,god1 than sometimes they have4 ,on ,sunday1 in all congregations of the city1 the ,elders are to be chosen4 ,so the next week church-sessions in every paroch2 and twelve ,presbyteries within the ,city1 and a ,provincial ,synod1 are to be set up1 and quickly1 without any impediment that we apprehend4 ,the like is to be done over all the land4 ,on the #acth of ,august ,baillie was able to report that the ,elders had been elected in almost all the parishes1 and approved by the ,triers2 and he adds1 ,we expect classical meetings speedily4 ,these classical meetings1 or meetings of the twelve ,london ,presbyteries and the two ,presbyteries of the ,inns of ,court1 were somewhat later affairs1 and the crowning exultation of the first meeting of the ,provincial ,synod of ,london did not come for some months2 but from ,august #afdf the city of ,london was ecclesiastically a ,scotland condensed4--,though there was1 and continued to be1 a general ,presbyterian stir throughout ,england1 only in ,lancashire was the example of ,london followed in effective practice4 ,the division of that shire into classes or ,presbyteries was already under consideration1 with the names of the persons fit to be lay-elders in each ,presbytery4 ,there were to be nine ,presbyteries4 ,manchester parish1 ,oldham parish1 and four other parishes1 were to form the first2 ,rochdale parish came into the second2 ,preston parish into the seventh2 ,liverpool did not figure by name as a distinct ,lancashire parish at all1 but it had one minister1 ,mr4 ,john ,fogg1 and he was put into the fifth ,presbytery4 ,the names of all the ,lancashire ministers thus classified1 and of the ,lancashire gentlemen1 yeomen1 and tradesmen1 to the number of some hundreds1 thought fit to be lay-elders in the different ,presbyterial districts1 may be read yet in the ,commons ,journals4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cgh and #chh2 ,neal1 ,,iii4 #cjg-caj 7,list of classes or ,presbyteries of ,london74 ,the division of ,lancashire into ,presbyteries is given in the ,commons ,journals1 ,sept4 #ae1afdf4 ,see also ,halley's ,lancashire3 its ,puritanism and ,nonconformity 7#ahfi71 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #dcb et seq41 where there are many details concerning the first introduction of the ,presbyterial system into ,lancashire4 ,according to ,dr4 ,halley1 the system was set up more rigidly in ,lancashire than in ,london itself1 chiefly in consequence of the activity and energy of ,richard ,heyricke1 or ,herrick1 ,m4,a41 warden of the ,collegiate ,church1 ,manchester4 ,he was one of the ,divines of the ,westminster ,assembly 7see ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #eaj72 but he had returned to ,lancashire1 prefering ,presbyterian leadership in that county to second rank in ,london4 ,the compromise in the matter of ,the ,power of the ,keys having been accepted1 with such practical consequences1 the ,assembly might consider the long and laborious business of ,the ,frame of ,church ,government out of its hands1 and laid on the shelf of finished work beside the ,new ,directory of ,worship concluded and passed eighteen months before4 ,it was free1 therefore1 to turn to the other great pieces of business for which it had been originally called3 viz4 ,the ,confession of ,faith and ,the ,catechisms4 ,notwithstanding interruptions1 good progress had already been made in both4 ,incidentally1 too1 the ,assembly had concluded a work which might be regarded as an appendage to their ,directory4 ,they had discussed1 revised1 and finally approved ,mr4 ,rous's ,metrical ,version of the ,psalms1 referred to them by ,parliament for criticism as long ago as ,nov4 #afdc4 ,their revised copy of the ,version for the purposes of public worship had been in the hands of the ,commons since ,nov4 #afde2 the ,commons had ratified the same1 with a few amendments1 ,april #ae1 #afdf2 and it only wanted the concurrence of the ,lords to add this ,revised ,rous's ,psalter 7which ,rous meanwhile had printed7 to the credit of the ,assembly1 as a third piece of their finished work4 ,the ,lords were too busy1 or had hesitations in favour of a rival ,version by a ,mr4 ,william ,barton1 so that their concurrence was withheld2 but that was not the fault of the ,assembly4 ,rous's ,psalter1 therefore1 as well as the ,directory and the ,frame of ,government being done with1 what was to hinder them longer from the ,confession and ,catechisms8 ,only one impediment-- those dreadful jus divinum interrogatories which the ,parliament1 by ,selden's mischief1 had hung round their necks6 ,here also a little management sufficed4 ,i have put some of my good friends1 leading men in the ,house of ,commons1 says ,baillie1 ,july #ad1 to move the ,assembly to lay aside our ,questions for a time1 and labour that which is most necessar and all are crying for1 the perfecting of the ,confession of ,faith and ,catechise4 ,the order thus meritoriously procured by ,baillie passed the ,commons ,july #bb4 ,the ,assembly1 in terms of this order1 were to lay aside other business1 and apply themselves to the ,confession of ,faith and ,catechisms4 ,and so at this point the ,assembly had come to an end of one period of its history and entered on a second4 ,as if to mark this epoch in its duration1 the ,prolocutor1 ,dr4 ,twisse1 had just died4 ,he died ,july #ai1 #afdf1 and there is a record of the fact in the ,commons ,journals for that same ,july #bb on which the ,assembly was ordered to change the nature of its labours4 ,mr4 ,herle was appointed his successor4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cgh-i2 ,commons ,journals1 ,july #bb1 #afdf2 and ,mr4 ,david ,laing's ,notices of ,metrical ,versions of the ,psalms in ,appendix to ,baillie1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 pp4 #ecg-edj4 ,,death ,,of ,,alexander ,,henderson4 ,there was a death about this time more important than that of ,dr4 ,twisse3--,the health of ,henderson had for some time been causing anxiety to his friends in ,london2 and1 when he left them1 early in ,may1 on his difficult mission to ,newcastle1 they had followed him in their thoughts with some foreboding4 ,actually1 from the middle of ,may to the end of ,july1 these two strangely-contrasted persons--the wise1 modest1 and massive ,henderson1 the chief of the ,scottish ,presbyterian clergy1 and the sombre1 narrow1 and punctilious ,charles ,i41 the beaten sovereign of three ,kingdoms--were much together at ,newcastle1 engaged in an encounter of wits and courtesies4 ,charles had seen a good deal of ,henderson before 7at ,berwick in #afci1 in ,edinburgh during the royal visit to ,scotland in #afda1 and more recently during the ,uxbridge ,treaty of ,feb4 #afdd-e71 and had always singled him out as not only the most able1 but also the most likeable1 man of his perverse tribe4 ,he had therefore received him graciously on his coming to ,newcastle2 and1 though there arrived subsequently from ,scotland three other ,presbyterian ministers1 ,mr4 ,robert ,blair1 ,mr4 ,robert ,douglas1 and ,mr4 ,andrew ,cant1 all commissioned by the ,general ,assembly to work upon his ,majesty's conscience1 it was still with ,henderson that he preferred to converse4 ,the main subject of their conversations was1 of course1 the question between ,presbytery and ,episcopacy4 ,could the ,king lawfully do what was required of him8 ,could he lawfully now1 on any mere plea of ,state-necessity1 give up that ,church of ,england in the principles of which he had been educated1 which he had sworn at his coronation to maintain1 and which he still believed in his conscience to be the true and divinely-appointed form of a ,church8 ,if ,mr4 ,henderson could prove to his ,majesty even now that ,episcopacy was not of divine appointment1 then the plea of ,state-necessity might avail1 and his ,majesty might see his way more clearly6 ,it was on this point that the repeated conversations of the ,king and ,henderson at ,newcastle did undoubtedly turn4 ,nay1 there was more than mere conversation3 there was an elaborate discussion in writing4 ,the ,king1 it is said1 would fain have had a little council of ,anglican ,divines called to assist him2 but1 as that could not be1 he was willing to adopt ,henderson's suggestion of a paper debate between themselves4 ,accordingly1 there is yet extant1 in the ,reliqui ,sacr ,carolin or ,printed ,works of ,charles ,i41 what purports to be the actual series of ,letters exchanged between the ,king and ,henderson4 ,the ,king opens the correspondence on the #bith of ,may2 ,henderson answers ,june #c2 the ,king's second letter is dated ,june #f2 ,henderson's reply does not come till ,june #ag2 the ,king's third letter is dated ,june #bb2 ,henderson replies ,july #b2 and two short letters of the ,king1 being the fourth and fifth on his side1 are both dated ,july #af4 ,there the correspondence ends1 ,henderson having1 it is believed1 thought it fit that his ,majesty should have the last word4 ,in the ,king's letters1 as they are printed1 one observes a stately politeness to ,henderson throughout1 with very considerable reasoning power1 and sometimes a really smart phrase2 in ,henderson's what strikes one is the studied respectfulness and delicacy of the manner1 combined with grave decision in the matter4--,the controversy1 whether in speech or in writing1 was unreal on the ,king's part1 and for the purpose of procrastination only2 and ,henderson1 while painfully engaging in it1 had known this but too well4 ,his heart was already heavy with approaching death4 ,he had been ill when he came to ,newcastle2 and in ,july1 when he is said to have let the ,king have the last word in the written correspondence1 he was hardly able to go about4 ,his friends in ,london1 hearing this1 were greatly concerned4 ,it is part of my prayer to ,god4 ,baillie writes to him affectionately on the #dth of ,august1 to restore you to health1 and continue your service a time3 we never had so much need of you as now4 ,in the same letter1 referring to the ,king's obstinacy1 and to the grief on that account which he believes to be preying on ,henderson1 he implores him to take courage1 shake off melancholious thoughts1 and digest what cannot be gotten amended4 ,but ,baillie knew what was coming4 ,mr4 ,henderson is dying1 most of heartbreak1 at ,newcastle1 he wrote1 three days later1 to ,spang in ,holland4 ,no6 it was not to be at ,newcastle4 ,give me back one hour of ,scotland3 let me see it ere ,i die4 ,some such wish was in ,henderson's mind1 and they managed to convey him by sea to ,edinburgh4 ,he arrived there on the #alth of ,august1 and was taken either to his own house1 in which he had not been for three years1 or to some other that was more convenient4 ,he rallied a little1 so as to be able to dine with one friend and talk cheerfully1 but never again left his room4 ,there his brother- ministers of the city1 and such others as were privileged1 gathered round him1 and took his hands2 and the rest of the city lay around1 making inquiries2 and prayers went up for him in all the churches4 ,on the #aith of ,august1 eight days after his return1 he died1 aged sixty-three years1 and there began a mourning in the ,scottish ,israel over the loss of their greatest man4 ,they buried him in the old churchyard of ,greyfriars1 where his grave and tombstone are yet to be seen4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cha- #chg2 ,burnet's ,memoirs of the ,hamiltons 7ed4 #aheb71 #cef-g2 ,wodrow's ,correspondence 7,wodrow ,society71 ,,iii4 #cc1 #cd2 ,life of ,mr4 ,robert ,blair1 by ,row 7,wodrow ,society71 #ahe-ahh2 and ,reliqui ,sacr ,carolin3 or1 ,the works of that great ,monarch and glorious ,martyr ,king ,charles the ,i4 7,hague edition of #afea71 where the ,letters are given in full4 ,there is a fair abstract of them in ,neal's ,puritans 7ed4 #agie71 ,,iii4 #caa-cbd4 ,the death of ,henderson at so critical a moment1 and so closely after his conferences with the ,king at ,newcastle1 made a deep impression at the time1 and became an incident of even mythical value to the ,royalists4 ,hardly was the breath out of his body when there began to run about a lying rumour to the effect that he had died of remorse1 acknowledging that the ,king had convinced him1 and confessing his repentance of all he had said or done against that wisest and best of monarchs4 ,baillie1 in ,london1 was indignant4 ,the false reports which went here of ,mr4 ,henderson1 he wrote to ,spang in ,holland1 ,oct4 #b1 #afdf1 or less than six weeks after ,henderson's death1 are1 ,i see1 come also to your hand4 ,believe me 7for ,i have it under his own hand a little before his death7 that he was utterly displeased with the ,king's ways1 and over the longer the more2 and whoever say otherwise1 ,i know they speak false4 ,that man died as he lived1 in great modesty1 piety1 and faith4 ,but the lie could not be extinguished2 it circulated among the ,royalists2 and within two years it was turned into cash or credit by some scoundrel ,scot in ,england1 who forged and published a document entitled ,the ,declaration of ,mr4 ,alexander ,henderson1 principall ,minister of the ,word of ,god at ,edinburgh1 and chief ,commissioner from the ,kirk of ,scotland to the ,parliament and ,synod of ,england1 made upon his death-bed4 ,this forgery was immediately denounced by the ,general ,assembly of the ,scottish ,church in a solemn ,declaration set forth by them ,aug4 #g1 #afdh1 stating particulars of ,henderson's last days1 and vindicating his memory4 ,nevertheless the fiction was too convenient to be given up3 it lasted2 was embalmed by ,clarendon in his ,history 7#fje72 and still leaves its odour in wretched compilations4--,the genuineness of the series of ,letters on ,episcopacy between the ,king and ,henderson1 first printed in #afdi1 immediately after ,charles's death1 and included since then in all editions of ,charles's works1 does not seem to have been questioned by contemporaries on either side1 or by subsequent ,presbyterian critics4 ,in the year #ahbf1 however1 the eminent and acute ,godwin1 in an elaborate note in his ,history of the ,commonwealth 7,,ii4 #agi-ahe71 did challenge the genuineness of the correspondence4 ,he was inclined to the opinion that there had been no interchange of written ,papers between the ,king and ,henderson at all1 but only discourses and conferences1 and that the whole thing was a ,royalist forgery of #afdi1 contemporary with the ,eikon ,basilike1 and for the same purpose4 ,in venturing on so bold an opinion1 ,godwin1 besides undervaluing other evidence to the contrary1 seems to have dismissed too easily ,burnet's information1 in his ,lives of the ,hamiltons in #afgc1 as to the manner in which the ,letters were written and kept4 ,no less eminent a man than ,sir ,robert ,moray1 one of the founders of the ,royal ,society1 and its first ,president1 and of whom ,burnet elsewhere says1 ,he was the wisest and worthiest man of his age1 and was as another father to me1 had told ,burnet1 a few days before his much-lamented death 7,june #afgc71 that he had been the amanuensis employed in the correspondence4 ,being with the ,king at ,newcastle in #afdf1 then only as ,mr4 ,robert ,moray1 it had fallen to him1 as a person much in his ,majesty's confidence1 to receive each letter of the ,king's as it was written in his own royal hand1 and make the copy of it which was to be given to ,henderson1 and also1 ,henderson's hand being none of the most legible1 to transcribe ,henderson's replies for the ,king's easier perusal2 and with his ,majesty's permission he had kept ,mr4 ,henderson's papers and the copies of the ,king's4 ,after all1 however1 ,godwin's sceptical inquiry leaves a shrewd somewhat behind it4 ,for1 granted that a written correspondence did take place1 the question remains1 as ,godwin asserts1 whether the papers now to be found in ,king ,charles's works are the very papers that were so exchanged at ,newcastle4 ,the suspicion here suggested tells1 in my mind1 more against the ,king's letters as we now have them than against ,henderson's4 ,the ,king's letters1 we may be sure1 would be pretty carefully edited in #afdi2 and what may have been the amount and kind of editing thought allowable8 ,the last of ,baillie's letters to ,henderson1 dated ,aug4 #ac1 #afdf1 contains a curious passage1 ,ormond's ,pacification with the ,irish1 writes ,baillie1 is very unseasonable2 the placing of ,hopes 7a professed ,atheist1 as they speak7 about the ,prince as his teacher is ill taken4 ,the ,hopes here mentioned is no other than ,,thomas ,,hobbes1 then just appointed tutor to the ,prince of ,wales in ,paris4 ,as the letter must have reached ,edinburgh after ,henderson was dead1 he was not troubled with this additional piece of bad news before he left the world4 ,doubtless1 however1 he had heard of ,hobbes1 and formed some imagination of that dreadful person and his opinions4 ,hobbes indeed was now in his fifty- eighth year1 or not much younger than the dying ,henderson himself4 ,but he was of slower constitution1 and had begun his real work late in life1 as if with a presentiment that he had plenty of time before him1 and did not need to be in a hurry4 ,he was to outlive ,henderson thirty-three years4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,effects ,,of ,,milton',s ,,areopagitica--,,his ,,intention ,,of ,,another ,,marriage3 ,,his ,,wife',s ,,return ,,and ,,reconciliation ,,with ,,him--,,removal ,,from ,,aldersgate ,,street ,,to ,,barbican--,,first ,,edition ,,of ,,milton',s ,,collected ,,poems3 ,,humphrey ,,moseley ,,the ,,bookseller--,,two ,,divorce ,,sonnets ,,and ,,sonnet ,,to ,,henry ,,lawes--,,continued ,,presbyterian ,,attacks ,,on ,,milton3 ,,his ,,anti-,,presbyterian ,,sonnet ,,of ,,reply--,,surrender ,,of ,,oxford3 ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,powell ,,family--,,the ,,powells ,,in ,,london3 ,,more ,,family ,,perplexities3 ,,birth ,,of ,,milton',s ,,first ,,child4 ,the effect of ,milton's ,areopagitica1 immediately after its publication in ,november #afdd1 and throughout the year #afde1 seems to have been very considerable4 ,parliament1 indeed1 took no formal notice of the eloquent pleading for a repeal of their ,licensing ,ordinance of ,june #afdc4 ,as a body1 they were not ripe for the discussion of the question of a ,free ,press1 and the ,ordinance remained in force1 at least as an instrument which might be applied in cases of flagrant transgression4 ,but public opinion was affected1 and the general agitation for ,toleration took more and more the precise and practical form into which ,milton's treatise had directed it3 viz4 an impatience of the censorship1 and a demand for the liberty of free philosophising and free printing4 ,such was the effect of our author's ,areopagitica1 says ,toland1 in his sketch of ,milton's life1 that the following year ,mabol1 a licenser1 offered reasons against licensing1 and1 at his own request1 was discharged that office4 ,footnote3 ,toland's ,memoir of ,milton prefixed to the ,amsterdam 7#afih7 edition of ,milton's ,prose ,works1 p4 #bc4 ,toland is in a slight mistake here1 at least in his dating4 ,the person whom he means--,gilbert ,mabbott1 not ',mabol'--was ,rushworth's deputy in the office of ,clerk to the ,house of ,commons1 doing duty for him while he was away with the ,new ,model as ,secretary to ,fairfax3 and not only did this ,mabbott occasionally license pamphlets and newspapers1 as it would have been ,rushworth's part to do1 through the year #afde1 but he was expressly recommended to be licenser of weekly pamphlets or newspapers1 ,sept4 #cj1 #afdg1 and he continued to act in this capacity till ,may #bb1 #afdi1 at which time it was1 and not in #afde1 that he was released from the business at his own request4,footnote3 ,my notes from the ,stationers' ,registers of #afde and subsequent years2 ,lords ,journals1 ,sept4 #cj1 #afdg2 and ,commons ,journals1 ,may #bb1 #afdi4 ,there is some evidence1 however1 that1 before this last date1 ,mabbott had found the duty irksome 7see ,commons ,journals1 ,aug4 #ca1 #afdh74 ,the effect of ,milton's argument on ,mabbott in particular1 therefore1 was not so immediate as ,toland represents4 ,there can be no doubt1 however1 that as ,milton1 in his ,areopagitica1 had tried to make the official licensers of books1 and especially those of them who were ministers1 ashamed of their office1 so his reasons and sarcasms1 conjoined with the irksomeness of the office itself1 did produce an immediate effect among those gentlemen1 and modify their official conduct4 ,several of them1 among whom appears to have been ,mr4 ,john ,downham1 who had licensed ,milton's own ,bucer ,tract 7ant1 p4 #bee1 note71 became more lax in their censorship than the ,presbyterians thought right2 and there was at least one of them1 ,mr4 ,john ,bachiler1 who became so very lax1 from personal proclivity to ,independency1 that he was denounced by the ,presbyterians as the licenser-general not only of ,books of ,independent ,doctrine1 but of ,books for a general ,toleration of all ,sects1 and against ,pdo-,baptism4 ,footnote3 ,gangrna3 ,part ,i4 7ed4 #afdf71 pp4 #ch1 #ci4 ,in ,part ,,iii4 ,edwards devotes three pages 7#ajb-- #aje7 to a castigation of ,mr4 ,bachiler for his offences as a licenser4 ,bachiler1 he says1 hath been a man-midwife to bring forth more monsters begotten by the ,devil and born of the ,sectaries within the last three years than ever were brought into the light in ,england by all the former licensers1 the ,bishops and their ,chaplains1 for fourscore years4 ,he was in the habit1 ,edwards adds1 of not only licensing sectarian books1 but also recommending them2 and among the ,toleration pamphlets he had licensed was the reprint of ,leonard ,busher's tract of #afad called ,religious ,peace 7see ant1 p4 #ajb74 ,i am afraid1 says ,edwards1 that1 if the ,devil himself should make a book and give it the title ,a ,plea for ,liberty of ,conscience1 with certain ,reasons against ,persecution for ,religion1 and bring it to ,mr4 ,bachiler1 he would license it1 and not only with a bare imprimatur1 but set before it the commendations of 'a useful treatise' or 'a sweet and excellent book4' ,the ,areopagitica1 in fact1 found out1 even among the official licensers of books1 men who sympathised with its views2 and it established prominently1 as one of the practical questions between the ,independents and the ,presbyterians1 the question of the liberty of ,unlicensed ,printing4 ,it was ,milton that had taught the ,independents1 and the ,anti-,presbyterians generally1 to bring to the front1 for present purposes1 this form of the ,toleration tenet4 ,for example1 one finds that ,john ,lilburne had been a reader of the ,areopagitica1 and had imbibed its lesson1 and even its phraseology4 ,if you had not been men that had been afraid of your cause1 is one of ,lilburne's addresses to the ,presbyterians and the ,westminster ,assembly ,divines1 you would have been willing to have fought with us upon even ground and equal terms--namely1 that the ,press might be as open for us as for you1 and as it was at the beginning of this ,parliament2 which ,i conceive the ,parliament did of purpose1 that so the free-born ,english subjects might enjoy their ,liberty and ,privilege1 which the ,bishops had learnt of the ,spanish ,inquisition to rob them of1 by locking it up under the key of an ,imprimatur4 ,footnote3 ,lilburne1 as quoted by ,prynne in his ,fresh ,discovery of ,blazing ,stars1 p4 #h4 ,there is proof1 in the writings of other ,independents and ,sectaries1 that ,milton's jocular specimens of the imprimaturs in old books had taken hold of the popular fancy4 ,it became a common form of jest1 indeed1 in putting forth an unlicensed pamphlet1 to prefix to it a mock licence4 ,thus1 at the beginning of the anonymous ,arraignment of ,persecution1 the author of which was a ,henry ,robinson 7ant1 p4 #chg71 there is a mock order by the ,westminster ,assembly1 with the names of the two ,scribes appended1 to the effect that the author1 ,young ,martin ,mar-,priest1 be thanked for his excellent treatise1 and authorized to publish it1 and that no one except ,martin ,claw-,clergy1 appointed by the author to print the same1 presume to do so4 ,footnote3 ,quoted by ,prynne in his ,fresh ,discovery1 p4 #h4 ,prynne quotes this as an example of the contempt into which the ,ordinance for ,licensing had fallen with the ,sectaries1 and of their supreme effrontery1 ,robinson1 he says1 was one of the chief publishers of scandalous libels1 having brought printers from ,amsterdam1 and set up a private printing press for the purpose4 ,footnote3 ,i may take this opportunity of announcing a rather curious fact1 of which ,i have ample and incontestable proof1 thought the proper place for stating it in detail is yet to come4 ,it is that ,milton1 the denouncer of the ,licensing ,system1 and the satirist of the official licensers of #afdd1 was himself afterwards an official censor of the ,press4 ,he was one of the licensers of newspapers through #afea and a portion of #afeb1 doing the very work from which ,mabbott had begged to be excused4 ,the fact1 however1 is susceptible of an easy explanation1 which will save ,milton's consistency4 ,on the whole1 then1 ,milton's position among his countrymen from the beginning of #afde onwards may be defined most accurately by conceiving him to have been1 in the special field of letters1 or pamphleteering1 very much what ,cromwell was in the broader and harder field of ,army action1 and what the younger ,vane was1 in ,cromwell's absence1 in the ,house of ,commons4 ,while ,cromwell was away in the ,army1 or occasionally when he appeared in the ,house and his presence was felt there in some new ,independent motion1 or some arrest of a ,presbyterian motion1 there was no man1 outside of ,parliament1 who observed him more sympathetically than ,milton1 or would have been more ready to second him with tongue or with pen4 ,both were ranked among the ,independents1 as ,vane also was2 but this was less because they were partisans of any particular form of ,church- government1 than because they were agreed that1 whatever form of ,church- government should be established1 there must be the largest possible liberty under it for nonconforming consciences4 ,if this was ,independency1 it was a kind of large lay ,independency2 and of ,independency in this sense ,milton was1 undoubtedly1 the literary chief4 ,only1 when he was thought of by the ,independents as one of their champions1 it was always with a recollection that his championship of the common cause was qualified by a peculiar private crotchet4 ,he figured in the list of the chiefs of ,independency1 if ,i may so express it1 with an asterisk prefixed to his name4 ,that asterisk was his ,divorce ,doctrine4 ,he was an ,independent with the added peculiarity of being the head of the ,sect of ,miltonists or ,divorcers4 ,,intention ,,of ,,another ,,marriage3 ,,his ,,wife',s ,,return ,,and ,,reconciliation ,,with ,,him4 ,in #afde ,milton still gloried in the asterisk4 ,all the copies of the second and augmented edition of ,the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce having been sold1 there was a reprint of it in this year1 forming substantially the third edition of the original treatise4 ,none of his writings hitherto had been in such popular demand2 and as1 besides the three editions of the original ,divorce treatise1 there were also in circulation his ,bucer ,tract1 his ,tetrachordon1 and his ,colasterion1 he had identified himself with the ,divorce subject by a total mass of writing larger than he had yet devoted to any other4 ,while his five ,anti-,episcopal pamphlets1 of #afda-db1 make together #cbf pages of his prose works in ,pickering's edition1 the four ,divorce treatises1 of #afdc-de1 make #cgh pages of the same2 so that1 in mere quantity1 ,milton was #eb pages more a ,divorcer than an ,anti-,prelatist4 ,he had now1 however1 as he had announced in his dedication of the ,tetrachordon to ,parliament1 done all that he meant to do on the subject through the medium of mere pamphleteering4 ,but he had hinted to ,parliament1 while making that announcement1 that a man with his opinions might do more than write pamphlets in their behalf4 ,if the ,law make not a timely provision1 he had said1 let the ,law1 as reason is1 bear the censure of the consequences4 ,there was a covert threat here that ,milton1 if the ,law would not allow him to marry again1 might marry again in defiance of the ,law4 ,early in #afde1 at all events1 ,milton did think of marrying again4 ,his wife had been away from him for the better part of two years2 and she was now nothing more in his memory than a girl who had been in his house in ,aldersgate ,street as his bride for a few weeks1 whom he had found out in that short experience to be stupid and uncompanionable1 who had then left him on some pretence1 and gone back to her father's house1 and whose only communications with him since had been a message or two of contempt and insult4 ,law or no law1 it was all over between him and that girl6 ,all the circumstances where known3 his unfortunate position was the talk of neighbours2 often1 as we have imagined1 kindly souls of women1 young and older1 must have had their colloquies and whispers about his pitiable bachelorhood caused by the shameful desertion of his wife4 ,kindly talk was all very well3 but was there any unmarried lady willing to take the place of the deserter1 if asked to do so8 ,this was really the question in ,aldergate ,street1 and in all the round of ,milton's acquaintances4 ,candidates were not likely to be numerous1 even among those freer ,christian opinionists among whom ,milton principally moved2 and there was1 moreover1 a complication in the general difficulty4 ,milton1 having blundered in his choice once1 and having principled himself now with very high notions of feminine fitness1 was very likely to be careful in a second choice4 ,was there accessible any lady in whom the two indispensable conditions of fitness and willingness could be found united8 ,this was the problem for ,milton1 and it is on record that he tried to solve it4 ,one remembers his sonnet ,to a ,virtuous ,young ,lady1 written about the same time as that to the ,lady ,margaret ,ley1 and wonders whether the virgin wise and pure there commemorated for her excellencies of mind and character was thought of by him as the possible successor of ,mary ,powell4 ,can her name have been ,miss ,davis8 ,that1 at all events1 was the name of the lady who was thought of as ,mary ,powell's probable successor4 ,it is from ,phillips that we have the particulars of the story3-- ,not very long after the setting forth of these treatises1 says ,phillips1 referring to the ,divorce ,treatises1 having application made to him by several gentlemen of his acquaintance for the education of their sons1 as understanding haply the progress he had infixed by his first undertakings of that nature1 he laid out for a larger house1 and soon found it out4 ,but1 in the interim1 before he removed1 there fell out a passage which1 though it altered not the whole course he was going to steer1 yet it put a stop1 or rather an end1 to a grand affair1 which was more than probably thought to be then in agitation3 it was indeed a design of marrying one of ,dr4 ,davis's daughters1 a very handsome and witty gentlewoman1 but averse1 as it is said1 to this motion4 ,however1 the intelligence hereof1 and the then declining state of the ,king's cause1 and consequently of the circumstances of ,justice ,powell's family1 caused them to set all engines on work to restore the late married woman to the station wherein they a little before had planted her4 ,at last this device was pitched upon3--,there dwelt in the ,lane of ,st4 ,martin's-le- ,grand1 which was hard by1 a relation of our author's1 one ,blackborough1 whom it was known he often visited2 and upon this occasion the visits were the more narrowly observed1 and possibly there might be a combination between both parties1 the friends on both sides concentring in the same action1 though on different behalfs4 ,one time above the rest1 he making his usual visit1 the wife was ready in another room1 and on a sudden he was surprised to see one whom he thought to have never seen more1 making submission and begging pardon on her knees before him4 ,he might probably at first make some show of aversion and rejection2 but partly his own generous nature1 more inclinable to reconciliation than to perseverance in anger and revenge1 and partly the strong intercession of friends on both sides1 soon brought him to an act of oblivion1 and a firm league of peace for the future2 and it was at length concluded that she should remain at a friend's house1 till such time as he was settled in his new house at ,barbican1 and all things for her reception in order4 ,the place agreed on for her present abode was the ,widow ,webber's house in ,st4 ,clement's ,churchyard1 whose second daughter had been married to the other brother ,christopher ,milton many years before4 ,phillips tells the story very clearly1 and a little annotation is all that is wanted3--,the lady whom ,milton thought of1 and had perhaps been thinking of for some time1 as a possible substitute for ,mary ,powell1 was one of ,dr4 ,davis's daughters4 ,who this ,dr4 ,davis was1 ,phillips1 writing at a time when the mere name was probably enough for ,londoners1 does not inform us2 nor have ,i been able1 with any certainty1 to identify him4 ,footnote3 ,there had been a ,thomas ,davies1 ,m4,d41 born about #aefd1 and educated at ,christ's ,college1 ,cambridge1 where he had graduated in medicine in #aeia1 and who was afterwards a medical practitioner in ,london1 and ,licentiate and ,censor of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians there4 ,as he had died in #afae1 the youngest of any surviving daughters of his in #afde must have been past her thirtieth year4 ,but1 on the whole1 ,phillips's words suggest that the ,dr4 ,davis he means was alive in #afde or had recently been alive2 so that this is not likely to have been the one4 ,there was a ,nicholas ,davis1 or ,davys1 ,m4,d41 who had taken that degree at ,leyden in #afch1 had been incorporated in the same degree at ,oxford in #afdb1 and may have been afterwards in practice in ,london 7,munk's ,roll of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians of ,london1 and ,wood's ,fasti1 ,,ii4 #i74 ,the date of his graduation at ,leyden1 however1 seems rather late for the hypothesis that he was ,phillips's ,dr4 ,davis4 ,after all1 there may have been some other conspicuous ,dr4 ,davis among ,milton's acquaintances1 and he need not have been a medical doctor4 ,dr4 ,davis1 at all events1 dead or living1 had daughters1 one of them a very handsome and witty gentlewoman1 between whom and ,milton there was some attempt to arrange a marriage4 ,she herself1 however1 was naturally averse to this motion2 and1 indeed1 one can hardly understand what kind of proposition could have been made to her or her friends4 ,that something was in agitation1 nevertheless1 and that it was talked of more particularly in the spring and early summer of #afde1 ,phillips had a positive recollection1 more by token because at that very time1 he also remembered1 his uncle had offers of more pupils than he could accommodate in the house in ,aldersgate ,street4 ,he had consequently been looking about for a larger house1 and had found one suitable close at hand1 in the street called ,barbican4 ,was ,miss ,davis to be persuaded to be mistress of this new house8 ,would the several gentlemen of ,milton's acquaintance who meant to board or half-board their sons with him1 or would the spouses of those gentlemen1 have been satisfied with that arrangement8 ,the experiment was not to be tried4 ,the house in ,barbican had been taken1 but ,milton had not yet removed into it1 when1 to ,miss ,davis's relief1 another arrangement was brought about4 ,rumours of what was going on1 and of the new house in ,barbican1 had been borne to ,oxford1 and the ,foresthill mansion of the ,powells4 ,in any case the news of the ,miss ,davis project1 the grand affair1 as ,phillips calls it1 could not but have caused some excitement there4 ,but the news came at a time when the family-fortunes were no longer what they had been when ,mary ,powell had left her ,parliamentarian husband and taken refuge again under the maternal wing1 amid her ,royalist relatives and acquaintances1 close to the ,king's head-quarters4 ,crippled already1 like other ,royalist families1 by necessary contributions to the ,king's cause1 the ,powells had begun to be aware1 and more poignantly than others because of their more straitened means1 that their sacrifices were likely to be all in vain-- that ,parliament was to be master1 and to have the power of pains and penalties over those whom it called ,delinquents4 ,especially after the shattering blow to the ,king at ,naseby 7,june #ad1 #afde71 doubt on the subject was nearly at an end4 ,what was then more natural than that distressed ,royalist families should be looking forward anxiously to the amount of new distress which the final triumph of ,parliament would inflict upon them8 ,and so in the ,foresthill mansion there had been grave consultations between ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,powell and between ,mrs4 ,powell and her daughter1 ending in a resolution1 in which ,mrs4 ,powell was perhaps the last to acquiesce--for the daughter afterwards pleaded that her mother all along had been the chief promoter of her frowardness ,footnote3 ,wood1 ,fasti1 ,i4 #dhb4--that it would be best for the daughter to return to ,london and try to make it up with ,mr4 ,milton4 ,at least one member of the family would thus have a roof over her head in the hard time coming2 and might not ,milton1 with his ,parliamentarian connexions1 be able to befriend the family generally when the time did come8 ,soon after ,naseby1 accordingly1 we are to imagine the poor young wife taking the journey to ,london1 accompanied by her mother or some other relative1 on her humiliating and dubious errand4 ,how were they to manage when they were in ,london8 ,it was not a simple matter of going straight to the house in ,aldersgate ,street and obtaining admission4 ,ingenuity was necessary1 and preparation of a mode for approaching ,milton4 ,but that1 too1 had been thought of4 ,communications were opened or had already been opened1 with those of ,milton's friends who1 it was supposed1 would be willing to co-operate in the intended reconciliation1 if not in the wife's interest1 at least in his4 ,and which of all ,milton's friends was not willing8 ,in such cases1 it is in the man himself that the storm rages2 he alone passionately feels3 the friends that stand by1 even most sympathisingly1 are cool and collected1 regarding the principal only as a difficult patient1 who must be soothed and humoured till he can be brought to reason4 ,to ,milton's friends his ,divorce notion may have seemed a just enough speculation1 or one at least about which they would not quarrel with him2 the real question with them was as to the continued practical implication of his own life and prospects with such a speculation1 infamous as it seemed to respectable society and to the leaders of religious opinion4 ,let him hold it1 if he would1 and even write for it still2 but was he1 at the age of thirty-seven1 to wrap up his whole future life in it1 and proceed as if he and it must be dashed to pieces together8 ,was not this reconciliation between him and his wife1 of which there seemed now to be a chance1 the best thing that could happen for him as well as for her8 ,if once it were brought about1 would not things adjust themselves so that the public would hear no more of the perilous stuff of the ,divorce ,doctrine1 or hear of it only in dying echoes8 ,so reasoned ,milton's friends then1 just as people would reason now in a similar case2 and the friendly plot was arranged4 ,milton1 it appears1 was in the habit of dropping in1 almost daily1 in his walk ,city-wards from ,aldersgate ,street1 on a kinsman of his1 named ,blackborough1 whose house was in ,st4 ,martin's-le-,grand ,lane-- i4e4 in that bend of ,aldersgate ,street which was within the ,gate1 and where now the ,general ,post-,office of ,london stands4 ,here1 some day in ,july or ,august #afde1 he was surprised into an interview with his girl-wife4 ,the good ,blackborough had consented to aid and abet1 and had lent his house for the purpose2 and1 other friends being at hand to second him1 he had opened1 let us say1 the door of the room in which ,mary ,powell was waiting1 had ushered ,milton in1 and had left them together4 ,then1 as ,phillips imagines1 had come ,milton's two moods in succession1-- the first his instinctive mood of anger and rejection1 and the second that mood of his slow relenting which was witnessed and helped through by the in-bustling friends3-- ,mood ,first4 ,samson4 ,my wife1 my traitress6 let her not come near me6 ,chorus4 ,yet on she moves2 now stands and eyes thee fixt1 ,about to have spoke2 but now1 with head declined1 ,like a fair flower surcharged with dew1 she weeps1 ,and words addressed seem into tears dissolved1 ,wetting the borders of her silken veil3 ,but now again she makes address to speak4 ,dalila4 ,with doubtful feet and wavering resolution ,i came1 still dreading thy displeasure1 ,samson1 ,which to have merited1 without excuse1 ,i cannot but acknowledge3 yet1 if tears ,may expiate 7though the fact more evil drew ,in the perverse event than ,i foresaw71 ,my penance hath not slackened1 though my pardon ,no way assured4 ,but conjugal affection1 ,prevailing over fear and timorous doubt1 ,hath led me on desirous to behold ,once more thy face1 and know of thy estate2 ,if aught in my ability may serve ,to lighten what thou suffer'st1 and appease ,thy mind with what amends is in my power1 ,though late1 yet in some part to recompense ,my rash1 but more unfortunate1 misdeed4 ,samson4 ,out1 out6 hyna6 ,samson ,agonistes1 #gbe-gdg4 ,mood ,second4 ,she ended weeping1 and her lowly plight1 ,immoveable till peace obtained from fault ,acknowledged and deplored1 in ,adam wrought ,commiseration3 soon his heart relented ,towards her1 his life so late and sole delight1 ,now at his feet submissive in distress1 ,creature so fair his reconcilement seeking1 ,his counsel whom she had displeased1 his aid2 ,as one disarmed1 his anger all he lost1 ,and thus with peaceful words upraised her soon4 ,paradise ,lost1 ,x4 #icg-idf4 ,was this ,milton's idealized history long afterwards of his own two moods in ,blackborough's house in ,st4 ,martin's-le-,grand ,lane some time in ,july or ,august #afde8 ,so far as it was autobiography at all1 ,i should not say that it was much idealized1 except in so far as ,dalila in the land of the ,philistines1 and ,eve in ,paradise1 had to be represented poetically as beautiful1 eloquent1 and fascinating1 while of poor ,mary ,powell's claims to beauty we know little1 and our information as to her eloquence and fascination consists in our irremovable impression that it was of her that ,milton had been thinking in that passage in his first ,divorce ,tract in which he described the hard fate of a man bound fast by marriage to an image of earth and phlegm4 ,from the side of ,milton there was1 ,i think1 no idealizing3 hardly else than as his own ,samson1 or his own ,adam1 in his poems1 did ,milton feel or speak on any important occasion of his own real experience4 ,if1 then1 the second mood now prevailed1 and he yielded1 it was only1 ,i believe1 because despair for himself and pity for another overcame him jointly1 and what was alone possible was accepted as disastrously fated4 ,so much by way of necessary anticipation1 and that there may not be a mistake1 even for a moment1 as to the real nature of the reconciliation that had been effected4 ,meanwhile1 the friends of both wife and husband were delighted with their success2 and1 till the new house in the ,barbican should be ready1 young ,mrs4 ,milton went to lodge in the house of the ,widow ,webber1 ,christopher ,milton's mother-in-law1 near ,st4 ,clement's ,church in the ,strand4 ,,removal ,,from ,,aldersgate ,,street ,,to ,,barbican4 ,september #afde1 when the ,new ,model ,army had stormed ,bristol and was otherwise carrying all before it in the ,english ,south-west1 when ,montrose in ,scotland had been extinguished by ,david ,leslie at ,philiphaugh1 and when the ,presbyterian system had been so far arranged for ,england that the first order of ,parliament for the election of ,elders in all the ,london parishes had gone out1 and ,triers of the competency of these ,elders had been appointed in all the ,london ,presbyteries3 then it was1 as near as one can calculate1 that the interesting house in ,aldersgate ,street was left by ,milton1 and he1 his wife1 his father1 the two boys ,phillips1 and the other pupils1 entered together into the new house in ,barbican4 ,it was no great remove4 ,the street called ,barbican derived its name1 according to ,stow1 from the fact that at one time there had stood there a burgh-kenning1 or watch-tower of the city1 called in some language a barbican2 and modern etymologists perfect ,stow's observation by tracing the name1 through the medival ,latin barbacana1 to the ,persian bla khaneh1 meaning upper chamber1 whence our less corrupt form balcony1 actually identical with barbican4 ,footnote3 ,stow1 as quoted in ,cunningham's ,london1 ,art4 ,barbican2 and ,wedgwood's ,dict4 of ,english ,etymology1 ,art4 ,balcony4 ,there had1 in short1 been a barbican1 or outer defence of the city1 at this spot1 a little beyond the particular gate called ,aldersgate1 just as there were such things beyond others of the city-gates2 but the name had lingered only here as applied to the street or site where a barbican had been4 ,the street1 retaining its warlike name1 still exists--a short street going off from ,aldersgate ,street at right angles on one side1 and within a walk of not more than two or three minutes from the site of ,milton's ,aldersgate ,street house4 ,the house in ,barbican was larger1 and so much farther off from the city- gate2 but that was all4 ,there was no real change of neighbourhood or of street-associations4 ,a dingy street now1 dingier even than the main thoroughfare of ,aldersgate ,street1 ,barbican was then a fair enough bit of suburban ,london towards the north2 and it boasted1 as we already know1 of at least one aristocratic mansion in which ,milton had some interest--the town-house of the ,earl of ,bridgewater1 ex-,president of ,wales1 and the peer of ,comus4 ,the name ,bridgewater ,gardens still designates1 without a shred of garden left there1 but only grimy printing-offices and the like instead1 the portion of the street which the mansion occupied4 ,nay more1 till within a few years ago2 ,milton's own house in ,barbican1 with some modern change of frontage1 and some filling-up of interstices right and left1 was extant and known4 ,somehow1 while the more important house in ,aldersgate ,street had perished from the memory of the neighbourhood 7probably because the fabric itself had perished71 the tradition of ,milton still clung around this house in ,barbican1 ,i have passed it many a time1 stopping to look at it1 when it was occupied1 if ,i remember rightly1 by a silk-dyer1 or other such tradesman1 exhibiting on his sign the peculiar name of ,heaven1 and using the lower part of it for his shop4 ,though jammed in with other houses and undistinguished in the line of bustling street1 it had the appearance of having once been a commodious enough house in the old fashion2 and ,i have been informed that some of the old windows1 consisting of thick bits of dim glass lozenged in lead1 still remained in it at the back1 and that the occupants knew one of the rooms in it as the ,schoolroom where ,milton had used to teach his pupils4 ,but alas6 one of the city railways took it into its head that it required to run through this precise bit of ,barbican1 and the house1 with others near it1 was doomed to demolition4 ,when ,i was last in ,barbican part of the shell of the house was still standing1 roofless1 disfloored1 diswindowed1 and pickaxed into utter raggedness1 as so much rubbish yet waiting to be removed from the new railway gap4 ,the inscription yet remained on the front-door--,this was ,milton's ,house1 or to that effect--which had been very properly put there by the contractor or his workmen to lure people to a last look at the interior before the demolition was complete4 ,footnote3 ,my information about the interior of the house is from a friend who visited it just when it was doomed4 ,though ,i had passed it often when it was yet complete1 ,i had unfortunately1 not expecting its doom1 deferred going in till it was too late2 and my last homage to it had to be a lingering saunter near and in the railway gap behind1 when there was only the remnant of it described in the text4 ,,first ,,edition ,,of ,,milton',s ,,collected ,,poems3 ,,humphrey ,,moseley ,,the ,,bookseller4 ,among ,milton's first employments in his new and larger house in ,barbican1 while his wife was resuming her duties and the schoolroom was getting gradually into use1 we are able to distinguish one of particular interest4 ,it was nothing else than the revision for the press of the proof-sheets of the first collected edition of his ,miscellaneous ,poems4 ,by his dealings with the ,press hitherto1 it is to be remembered1 ,milton had made himself known to most people chiefly as a prose pamphleteer4 ,except his lines ,on ,shakespeare1 written in #afcj1 and prefixed anonymously to the ,second ,folio ,shakespeare in #afcb2 his ,comus1 written and acted in #afcd1 and sent to the press1 also without the author's name1 by his friend ,henry ,lawes in #afcg2 and his ,lycidas1 written in #afcg1 and printed in #afch1 in the ,cambridge ,university volume of ,verses on ,edward ,king's death1 but only with the initials ,j4,m43-- except these1 and perhaps another scrap or two of ,latin or ,english verse that had been printed in a semi-private manner1 all ,milton's poems1 written at intervals over a period of more than twenty years1 had remained in his own keeping in manuscript1 and had been communicated to friends only in that form4 ,in consequence of what had been thus printed1 or privately circulated1 a certain reputation for ,milton as a poet had1 indeed1 been established2 but the voice of this reputation was hardly heard amid the much louder uproar caused by his eleven prose-pamphlets between #afda and #afde4 ,now1 to a man who believed ,poesy to be his true calling1 who had consented reluctantly to put aside his garland and singing robes in order that he might engage in the work of politics1 and who had announced while doing so that in that work it was but the strength of his left hand he could lend and not the nobler cunning of his right1 this state of public opinion about himself must have begun to be a little disagreeable4 ,it was the most natural thing in the world that1 as soon as there should be a lull in the political tumult1 the least leisure of the public for a return to purer and blander literature1 ,milton should make some sign of resuming his garland1 so as to remind those about him of his original vocation4 ,but1 precisely in the year #ajde1 when ,naseby had assured the victory of ,parliament1 there did come1 for the first time since the war had begun1 or indeed since the ,long ,parliament had met1 such a lull of the polemical tumult4 ,the statistics of the ,english book- trade1 as they are presented in the ,registers of the ,stationers' ,company1 verify and illustrate this statement4 ,even in the year #afdj1 when there was political agitation enough in ,england1 but the ,long ,parliament had not yet met1 there was still so much leisure for the purer forms of literature in ,english society that ,london publishers were bringing out such things as ,masques and other remains of ,ben ,jonson1 the ,works of ,thomas ,carew1 various ,plays by ,shirley1 ,glapthorne1 ,habington1 ,heywood1 ,killigrew1 and ,brome1 an edition of ,herrick's ,poems1 and ,thomas ,may's ,supplement to ,lucan4 ,as soon1 however1 as we pass beyond #afdj1 and the real work of the ,long ,parliament is begun1 such books almost entirely cease to appear4 ,the matter then provided for the reading of the ,english public consisted of a huge jumble of ,pamphlets on the ,church-question1 ,sermons1 semi-controversial ,treatises of ,theology1 ,political ,speeches1 fragments of ,ecclesiastical ,history1 ,prose ,invectives and ,satires1 and latterly1 when the ,civil ,war was in progress1 an abundance of ,diurnals1 ,intelligencers1 ,mercuries1 and other news-sheets4 ,between #afdj and #afde one does indeed discern twinkling in this jumble some gems or would-be gems of the purer ray serene4 ,the ,epigrams ,divine and ,moral of ,sir ,thomas ,urquhart1 the translator of ,rabelais1 were published in ,april #afda2 ,howell's ,instructions for ,foreign ,travel came out in ,september in the same year2 ,baker's ,chronicle of the ,kings of ,england in the following ,december2 in ,april #afdb there was a ,london edition of ,thomas ,randolph's ,poems1 which had appeared originally at ,oxford in #afch2 and the publication of ,denham's ,cooper's ,hill and his ,tragedy called ,the ,sophy is a rather notable event of ,august #afdb1 the very month in which the ,king raised his standard4 ,in the same month one ,london publisher1 ,francis ,smethwick1 registered for his copies a number of books of the poetical kind which had been the property of his late father1 including ,mr4 ,drayton's ,poems1 ,euphues's ,golden ,legacy1 ,meres's ,witt's ,commonwealth1 and also ,hamblett1 a ,play1 ,the ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,romeo and ,juliet1 and ,love's ,labour's ,lost4 ,this transaction1 however1 hardly implied that these books were in demand1 but only that ,smethwick wanted to secure his interest in them on succeeding to his father's business4 ,afterwards1 while the war was actually raging1 it is not till ,december #afdd that one comes upon anything of the finer sort worth mentioning4 ,on the #adth of that month there was registered for publication the first edition of ,poems1 c41 written by ,mr4 ,edmund ,waller1 of ,beckonsfield1 ,esq41 lately a member of the ,honourable ,house of ,commons1 but then1 as we know1 a disgraced plotter1 who1 having1 by great favour1 been permitted to carry his dear-bought life1 and his remaining wealth1 into exile in ,france1 left this parting gift to his countrymen1 that they might think of him meanwhile as kindly as they could4 ,except that ,i have not taken notice of a publication or two of the voluminous ,scotchman ,alexander ,rosse1 ,chaplain to his ,majesty1 ,footnote3 ,this ,alexander ,rosse1 or ,dr4 ,alexander ,ross1 made famous in ,hudibras1 was one of the singular characters of the time1 and a memoir of him1 with a complete list of his writings1 would be a not uninstructive curiosity4 ,he was a native of ,aberdeen1 born about #aeij1 but had migrated to ,england1 where he became ,master of the ,free ,school at ,southampton1 and ,chaplain in ,ordinary to ,king ,charles4 ,by a succession of publications of all kinds1 in ,latin and in ,english41 he acquired the reputation of being a divine1 a poet1 and an historian4 ,he made a good deal of money1 and1 at his death in #afed1 left bequests1 for educational purposes1 to ,aberdeen1 ,southampton1 ,oxford1 and ,cambridge4 the foregoing enumeration fairly represents1 ,i believe1 the amount of book-production of the purer or non-controversial kind that went on in ,london in the four loud-roaring years between #afdj and #afde4 ,in #afde1 however1 and especially after ,naseby1 there are symptoms of a slightly revived leisure for other kinds of reading than were supplied by ,diurnals1 ,sermons1 ,pamphlets1 and books of ,polemical ,theology1 and of a willingness among the ,london booksellers to cater for this leisure4 ,in that year1 interspersed amid the still continuing tide of ,pamphlets1 ,diurnals1 ,sermons1 and other ephemerides1 were such novel appearances in the ,london book-world as these--two ,treatises1 one physical1 the other metaphysical1 by ,sir ,kenelm ,digby1 then abroad2 an edition of ,buxtorf's ,hebrew ,grammar2 an ,essay by ,lord ,herbert of ,cherbury2 some metrical religious remains of ,francis ,quarles1 then just dead2 some attempts to introduce the mystic ,jacob ,bohme1 by specimens of his works2 a translation of sop's ,fables and those of ,phdrus2 the issue of the second and third parts of the ,epistol ,hoelian or ,james ,howell's ,letters1 with a re-issue of his ,dodona's ,grove2 and a re-issue of ,randolph's comedy of ,the ,jealous ,lovers4 ,clearly1 as the ,civil ,war was drawing to a close1 the ,muses of pure ,history1 pure ,speculation or ,philosophy1 ,scholarship for its own sake1 and even lighter ,phantasy1 did hover over ,england again1 timidly seeking some spots where they might rest themselves in the all-prevailing controversy between ,independency and ,presbyterianism4 ,almost always1 in such cases1 a social tendency is represented in the activity of some particular person4 ,nor is it otherwise here4 ,so far as ,poetry and so-called ,light ,literature are concerned1 one has no difficulty in pointing to the particular ,london publisher who in #afde1 and from that year onwards1 stood out from all his fellows by his alertness in the trade4 ,this was ,,humphrey ,,moseley1 who had his shop at the sign of the ,prince's ,arms in ,st ,paul's ,churchyard4 ,something in his personal tastes1 ,i am inclined to think1 must have determined him to the line of business which he selected2 so marked is his avoidance of all dealings in sermons1 ephemeral treatises on theology1 and pamphlets either way on the present crisis1 and his preference for poetry and books of general culture4 ,he had been in the trade1 in partnership with a ,nicholas ,fussel1 in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 as early as #afcd1 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,ii #ejc4 and shortly after that is heard of as in business for himself4 ,i have a note of him as registering for his copyright1 on ,march #af1 #afci-dj1 ,howell's ,dodona's ,grove2 and thenceforward1 in worse times1 he stuck to ,howell4 ,he not only published ,howell's ,instructions for ,foreign ,travel in ,september #afda1 and again the second and third parts of ,howell's ,letters in #afde1 with a re-issue of ,dodona's ,grove2 but he acquired1 in the same year1 the copyright of the first part of the ,letters1 which had been originally brought out by another publisher4 ,more significant still is the fact that it was ,moseley that was the publisher of ,waller's ,poems in ,december #afdd4 ,footnote3 ,poems c4 written by ,mr4 ,ed4 ,waller of ,beckonsfield1 ,esquire2 lately a member of the ,honourable ,house of ,commons4 ,all the ,lyrick ,poems in this ,booke were set by ,mr4 ,henry ,lawes1 ,gent4 of the ,king's ,chappell1 and one of his ,majestie's ,private ,musick4 ,printed and ,published according to ,order4 ,london4 ,printed by ,t4,w4 for ,humphrey ,mosley at the ,princes ,armes in ,paul's ,churchyard3 #afde3 pp4#if small #hvo4 ,my authority for the date of the publication of the volume--,december #afdd--;is the ,stationers' ,registers4 ,after that date his tendency to trade-dealings in ,poetry and the like is so manifest in the ,stationers' records that ,i find appended to my ,,ms4 notes1 from these records1 for the ,london ,bibliography of the year #afdf1 this memorandum3--,poetry and ,pure ,literature looking up again this year1 and chiefly through the medium of ,moseley's shop4 ,by that time ,moseley had distinguished himself as the publisher of original editions of books1 not only by ,howell and ,waller1 but also by ,milton1 ,davenant1 ,crashaw1 and ,shirley1 and moreover as the ready purchaser of whatever copyrights were in the market of poems and plays by ,beaumont and ,fletcher1 ,webster1 ,ludwick ,carlell1 ,shirley1 ,davenant1 ,killigrew1 and other celebrities dead or living4 ,to this group of ,moseley's authors ,cowley and ,cartwright were soon added2 and it was not long before he snapped out of the hands of duller men ,denham's ,poems1 ,carew's ,poems1 various things of ,sir ,kenelm ,digby1 and every obtainable copyright in any of the plays of ,shakespeare1 ,massinger1 ,ford1 ,rowley1 ,middleton1 ,tourneur1 or any other of the ,elizabethan and ,jacoban dramatists4 ,for at least the ten years from #afdd onwards there was1 ,i should say1 no publisher in ,london comparable to ,moseley for tact and enterprise in the finer literature4 ,moseley was only on the way to make all this reputation for himself1 and indeed ,waller's volume of ,poems1 published in ,dec4 #afdd1 was yet the principal advertisement of his shop1 when he and ,milton came together4 ,pleased with the success of the ,waller1 it appears1 ,moseley thought of a collection of ,mr4 ,milton's ,poems as a likely second experiment of the same kind1 and applied to ,milton for the copy4 ,the application was not disagreeable to ,milton2 and1 accordingly1 some time after the middle of #afde1 or just while he was preparing to remove from ,aldersgate ,street to ,barbican1 and there came upon him the great surprise of his wife's re- appearance1 ,moseley and he were busy in arrangements for the new volume4 ,milton's acknowledged ,london publishers hitherto had been these three-- ,thomas ,underhill1 of the ,bible in ,wood ,street 7,of ,reformation1 #afda1 ,of ,prelatical ,episcopacy1 #afda1 and ,animadversions on ,remonstrant's ,defence1 #afda71 ,john ,rothwell1 at the sign of the ,sun in ,paul's ,churchyard 7,reason of ,church ,government1 #afda1 and ,apology for ,smectymnuus1 #afdb71 and ,matthew ,symmons 7the ,bucer ,tract1 #afdd72 and this last-mentioned ,symmons1 who does not give the locality of his shop1 had been probably the printer also of those pamphlets of ,milton which bore no publisher's name 7,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1 #afdc1 #afdd1 and #afde1 ,of ,education1 #afdd1 ,areopagitica1 #afdd1 and ,tetrachordon and ,colasterion1 #afde74 ,now1 however1 these were forsaken for the moment1 and for bringing out the ,volume of ,poems the conjunction was ,milton and ,humphrey ,moseley4 ,the revisal of the proof- sheets may have been begun in ,aldersgate ,street1 but it must mainly1 as ,i have said1 have been among ,milton's first employments at the new house in ,barbican4 ,here1 at all events1 is ,moseley's entry of the new volume in the ,stationers' ,registers3 ,oct4 #f #afde1 ,mr4 ,moseley ent4 for his copie1 under the hand of ,sir ,nath4 ,brent and both the ,wardens1 a booke called ,poems in ,english and ,latyn by ,mr4 ,john ,milton4 ,usually the entry of a book in the ,stationers' ,registers was about simultaneous with its publication4 ,in this case1 however1 there was a delay of nearly three months between the registration and the actual appearance4 ,the precise day of the publication of the new volume was ,jan4 #b1 #afde-f4 ,footnote3 ,this is ascertained by a ,,ms4 note of the collector ,thomason's1 or by his direction1 on a copy among the ,king's ,pamphlets in the ,british ,museum2 ,press-mark ,e4 #aabf4 ,jan4 #b is inserted before the word ,london in the title-page4 ,either1 therefore1 ,moseley had registered the volume before the printing had proceeded far1 or after the sheets were printed there was some little cause of delay4 ,the following is the title-page of this interesting and now very rare volume3-- ,poems of ,mr4 ,john ,milton1 both ,english and ,latin1 compos'd at several times4 ,printed by his true ,copies4 ,the ,songs were set in ,musick by ,mr4 ,henry ,lawes1 ,gentleman of the ,king's ,chappel1 and one of ,his ,majestie's ,private ,musick4 ',baccare frontem ,cingite1 ne vati noceat mala lingua futuro4' ,,virgil1 ,eclog4 vii4 ,printed and publish'd according to ,order4 ,london1 ,printed by ,ruth ,raworth1 for ,humphrey ,moseley2 and are to be sold at the signe of the ,princes ,arms in ,paul's ,churchyard4 #afde4 ,the volume is a very tiny octavo1 divided into two parts in the paging4 ,first come the ,,english ,,poems1 occupying #abj pages1 and arranged thus3-- ,on the ,morning of ,christ's ,nativity1 compos'd #afbi2 ,a ,paraphrase on ,psalm ,,cxiv4 2 ,psalm ,,cxxxvi4 2 ,the ,passion2 ,on ,time2 ,upon the ,circumcision2 ,at a ,solemn ,music2 ,an ,epitaph on the ,marchioness of ,winchester2 ,song on ,may ,morning2 ,on ,shakespear1 #afcj2 ,on the ,university ,carrier who1 c4 2 ,another on the ,same2 ,l',allegro2 ,il ,penseroso2 ,sonnets1 ,english and ,italian--ten in number 7,i4 ,o ,nightingale2 ,,ii4 ,donna leggiadra2 ,,iii4 ,qual in colle1 with the attached ,canzone2 ,,iv4 ,diodati e te'l2 ,v4 ,per certo i bei2 ,,vi4 ,giovane piano2 ,,vii4 ,how soon hath ,time2 ,,viii4 ,captain or ,colonel2 ,,ix4 ,lady that in the prime2 ,x4 ,daughter to that good ,earl72-- ,arcades2 ,lycidas2 ,comus4 ,footnote3 ,to this enumeration of the ,english pieces in the volume of #afde ,i may append three bibliographical notes--7#a7 ,of the #bh pieces the original drafts of #aj still exist in the volume of ,milton ,,mss4 in ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge--viz43 ,on ,time1 ,upon the ,circumcision1 ,at a ,solemn ,music1 ,sonnets #g1 #h1 #i1 and #aj1 ,arcades1 ,lycidas1 and ,comus4 ,all these drafts are in ,milton's own hand1 except that of ,sonnet #h1 only the heading of which is in his hand4 ,of the other #ah pieces1 the most important of which are ,l',allegro and ,il ,penseroso1 the original ,,mss4 have not come down to us4 7#b7 ,it will be seen that two of the known early ,english ,poems are omitted in the volume3 viz4 the piece ,on the ,death of a ,fail ,infant dying of a ,cough-- i4e4 the poem on the death of his niece1 the infant girl ,phillips1 written in #afbf2 and the ,college piece of #afbh entitled ,at a ,vacation ,exercise4 ,these pieces first appeared in the ,second ,edition of the ,poems in #afgc4 7#c7 ,it may also be noted that the latest written pieces which appear in the volume of #afde are ,sonnets #i and #aj--the one to the anonymous young lady1 the other to the ,lady ,margaret ,ley4 ,we have assigned them to the year #afdd1 but they may have been as late as #afde4 ,as if to call attention to ,comus as the longest and chief of the poems1 it has a separate title-page1 thus1 ,a ,mask of the same ,author1 presented at ,ludlow ,castle1 #afcd1 before the ,earl of ,bridgewater1 then ,president of ,wales1 ,anno ,dom4 #afde2 but1 though there is this break of a new title-page1 the paging runs on without interruption1 ,lycidas ending p4 #fe1 and ,comus taking up the rest to p4 #abj4 ,here1 however1 there is a complete break1 as if it were intended that the ,english ,poems1 there ending1 might be bound by themselves4 ,the ,,latin ,,poems follow as a separate collection1 paged separately from p4 #a to p4 #hh1 and with this new title-page prefixed to them3 ,joannis ,miltoni ,londinensis ,poemata3 quorum pleraque intra annum oetatis vigesimum conscripsit3 nunc primum edita4 ,londini1 ,typis ,r4,r41 ,prostant ad ,insignia ,principis1 in ,coemeterio ,d4 ,pauli1 apud ,humphredum ,moseley1 #afde4 ,there is1 however1 a double arrangement of the ,latin ,poems1 or a distribution of them into two classes4 ,first come those which constitute the so-called ,,elegiarum ,,liber2 viz41 the ,elegies proper1 numbered from ,i4 to ,,vii41 as they now stand in all editions of ,milton1 together with the eight little scraps in the same elegiac verse 7five of them on the subject of the ,gunpowder ,plot1 and three on the ,italian singer ,leonora7 which some modern editors have preferred to detach from the ,elegies1 and put under the separate heading of ,epigrams4 ,this is contrary to ,milton's intention2 for the phrase ,elegiarum ,finis follows those scraps in the volume1 showing that he meant them to go with the ,elegies1 and that1 in fact1 he thought it permissible to call anything an ,elegy that was written in the ordinary elegiac verse of alternate ,hexameter and ,pentameter4 ,accordingly1 all his ,latin poems in that kind of verse having been included in the ,elegiarum ,liber1 all his other ,latin poems1 not in that kind of verse1 but either in ,hexameter pure or in rarer metres1 together with two fragments of ,greek verse1 are regarded as ,sylv1 and constitute the distinct ,,sylvarum ,,liber which ends the volume4 ,first among the ,sylv come the six ,latin poems of the ,cambridge period--,in obitum ,procancellarii ,medici1 ,in ,quintum ,novembris1 ,in obitum ,prsulis ,eliensis1 ,naturam non pati ,senium1 ,de ,ide ,platonic quemadmodum ,aristoteles intellexit1 and ,ad ,patrem2 then1 by way of typographic interruption1 come the two scraps of ,greek verse--viz4 ,psalm ,,lxiv4 and the scrap entitled ,philosophus ad ,regem ,quendam1 c42 after which are the two ,latin pieces1 ,ad ,salsillum and ,mansus1 written in ,italy1 and the ,epitaphium ,damonis1 written immediately after the return to ,england4 ,this last stands a little apart from the body of the ,sylv1 as if ,milton attached a peculiar sacredness to it4 ,such is a general description of the ,first or #afde ,edition of ,milton's ,miscellaneous ,poems4 ,the volume1 however1 presents some points of additional interest3----,has the reader noticed the motto on the title- page from ,virgil's seventh ,eclogue8 ,it is peculiarly significant of the mood in which the volume was published4 ,milton1 who had called himself ,thyrsis in the ,epitaphium ,damonis1 here adopts in the happiest manner the words of the young poet-shepherd ,thyrsis in ,virgil's pastoral4 ,thyrsis there1 contending with ,corydon for the prize in poetry1 begs from his brother shepherds1 if not the ivy of perfectly approved excellence1 at least ,some green thing round the brow1 ,lest ill tongues hurt the poet yet to be4 ,could anything more gracefully express ,milton's intention in the volume8 ,this collection of his ,poems1 written between his sixteenth year and his thirty-eighth1 was a smaller collection by much1 he seems to own1 than he had once hoped to have ready by that point in his manhood2 but it might at least correct the impression of him common among those who knew him only as a prose pamphleteer4 ,something green round his brow for the present1 were it only the sweet field-spikenard1 would attest that he had given his youth to ,poesy1 and would re-announce1 amid the clamour of evil tongues which his polemical writings had raised1 that he meant to return to ,poesy before all was done1 and to die1 when he did die1 a great ,poet of ,england4 ,this feeling1 which is the motive of the publication1 appears curiously in all the details of its arrangement4 ,the order in which the poems are printed1 within each division or class1 is1 as nearly as possible1 the order in which they were written2 the deviations being only such as proper editorial art required4 ,to almost every juvenile piece1 too1 whether in ,english or in ,latin1 there is prefixed some indication of the exact date of its composition2 and the title-page of the ,latin ,poems distinctly solicits attention to the fact that most of them were composed before the author was twenty4 ,even more remarkable than this care in the dating is the introduction into the volume of all the eulogiums which ,milton had already received from private friends on account of the ,poems1 or of any portion of them4 ,to the ,comus there is prefixed ,henry ,lawes's eulogistic ,dedication of it1 in the edition of #afcg1 to ,viscount ,brackley1 and also ,sir ,henry ,wotton's cordial letter to ,milton1 with its praise of the poem in that edition1 when ,milton was on the start for his continental tour in the spring of #afch4 ,to the ,latin ,poems as a whole there is even a more formal vestibule of encomiums4 ,first of all1 there is a little preface by ,milton in ,latin apologizing to the reader for troubling him with them4 ,though these following testimonies concerning the ,author1 he says1 were understood by himself to be pronounced not so much about him as over him1 by way of subject or occasion-- it being the general habit of men of brilliant genius1 if they are at the same time one's friends1 to fashion their praises too eagerly rather by the standard of their own excellencies than by truth--yet he was unwilling that the singular goodwill of such persons towards him should remain unknown1 and the rather because others advised him strongly to the step he is now taking4 ,while therefore he puts from him with all his strength the imputation of desiring overpraise1 and would rather not have attributed to him more than is due1 he cannot deny but he considers the opinion of him meantime by wise and celebrated men a very high honour4 ,accordingly there here follow the encomiums of his various ,italian friends1 known to us long ago1 and which had been carefully preserved by him till now among his papers--the ,latin distich by the famous ,marquis ,manso of ,naples2 the outrageously complimentary ,latin verses of the two ,romans1 ,salzilli and ,selvaggi2 and the more interesting ,italian ode of compliment and ,latin ,dedication by the two ,florentines1 ,francini and ,carlo ,dati4 7,see ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #gcb-d1 #gec-d1 and #gfh47 ,one has to remember that the insertion of such commendatory verses in new volumes of poetry was a fashion of the day4 ,but1 besides1 there was really the anxiety for something green round the brow4 ,in short1 it is as if ,milton said to his countrymen--,here is plenty of greenery1 and to spare1 with florid stuff intermixed1 of which ,i am rather ashamed3 pick out as much or as little of it as you like2 only1 at this date in my life1 to prevent mistake1 let me have some kind of garland4 ,the publisher1 ,humphrey ,moseley1 for one1 was most willing to oblige ,milton4 ,prefixed to the volume1 on the blank space before the poems themselves begin1 is this most interesting preface in ,moseley's own name3-- ,,the ,,stationer ,,to ,,the ,,reader4 ,it is not any private respect of gain1 gentle ,reader--for the slightest ,pamphlet is nowadays more vendible than the works of learnedest men--but it is the love ,i have to our own language1 that hath made me diligent to collect and set forth such pieces1 both in prose and verse1 as may renew the wonted honour and esteem of our ,english tongue2 and it's the worth of these both ,english and ,latin ,poems1 not the flourish of any prefixed encomions1 that can invite thee to buy them--though these are not without the highest commendations and applause of the learnedest ,academicks1 both domestick and foreign1 and amongst those of our own country the unparalleled attestation of that renowned ,provost of ,eton1 ,sir ,henry ,wootton4 ,i know not thy palate1 how it relishes such dainties1 nor how harmonious thy soul is3 perhaps more trivial ,airs may please thee better4 ,but1 howsoever thy opinion is spent upon these1 that encouragement ,i have already received from the most ingenious men1 in their clear and courteous entertainment of ,mr4 ,waller's late choice pieces1 hath once more made me adventure into the world1 presenting it with these ever- green and not to be blasted laurels4 ,the ,author's more peculiar excellency in these studies was too well known to conceal his papers or to keep me from attempting to solicit them from him4 ,let the event guide itself which way it will1 ,i shall deserve of the age by bringing into the light as true a birth as the ,muses have brought forth since our famous ,spenser wrote2 whose poems in these ,english ones are as rarely imitated as sweetly excelled4 ,reader1 if thou art eagle-eyed to censure their worth1 ,i am not fearful to expose them to thy exactest perusal4 ,thine to command1 ,,humph4 ,,moseley4 ,this is most creditable to ,moseley1 and confirms the impression of him which is to be derived from all the known facts of his publishing life4 ,one notices1 with real respect1 his introductory statement about himself1 that1 in an age when only pamphlets were thought vendible1 he was resolved1 from his own liking for good literature1 to keep to a finer line of business2 one observes with interest the admission that it was ,moseley who had solicited the copy from ,milton1 and not ,milton who had offered the copy2 and one is struck with the justness of taste shown in the hint that1 however choice ,mr4 ,waller's late ,pieces might be1 here was a poet of more peculiar excellency4 ,above all1 nothing could be critically truer than the assertion that since ,spenser's death there had been no ,english poetry of ,spenser's kind equal to that contained in this volume4 ,another feature of the volume1 for which ,moseley1 without doubt1 is also responsible1 is a prefixed portrait of the ,author4 ,there was then living in ,london a certain ,william ,marshall1 an engraver and sketcher of designs for books4 ,he had been some fourteen or fifteen years in this employment2 and among the many heads he had done1 separately1 or as frontispieces to books1 ere those of ,richard ,brathwayte the ,poet1 ,dr4 ,donne1 ,archbishop ,abbot1 ,laud1 and ,dr4 ,daniel ,featley4 ,very probably ,moseley had already had dealings with ,marshall1 as he had certainly had with the more celebrated engraver ,hollar1 who had done a frontispiece for him for ,howell's ,instructions for ,foreign ,travel4 ,at all events1 ,hollar being now out of the way and in trouble 7he and ,inigo ,jones were in the ,marquis of ,winchester's house at ,basing when it was taken by ,cromwell71 it was ,marshall that came in for most such pieces of engraving work as ,moseley and other ,london publishers required4 ,the connexion between him and ,moseley became1 indeed1 a permanent one1 so that ,marshall is perhaps best remembered now by ,horace ,walpole's description of him as the graver of heads for ,moseley's books of poetry4 ,if the first head he did for ,moseley was this for the edition of ,milton's ,poems in #afde1 it was an unlucky beginning of the connexion4 ,it turned out1 at all events1 to be an unfortunate piece of work for ,marshall's own memory with posterity3-- ,moseley1 we are to suppose1 insisted on a portrait of ,milton as a proper ornament to be prefixed to such a volume1 chose ,marshall to do it1 and sent him to ,milton4 ,now ,milton1 as we know1 had some recollection of ,marshall1 and not a very respectful one4 ,it was ,marshall that had done not only ,dr4 ,featley's portrait1 but also the caricature of the different sorts of ,anabaptists and ,sectaries1 including a river-scene with bathers of both sexes1 which had been inserted in the ,doctor's treatise entitled ,the ,dippers ,dipt4 ,milton1 as we have seen 7ant1 p4 #caa71 while administering punishment to ,dr4 ,featley in his ,tetrachordon on account of a passage in this treatise1 had not allowed the vulgarity of the engraving in ,featley's book to escape4 ,for which ,i do not commend his marshalling had been ,milton's punning notice of it in a parenthesis of the punishment4 ,when1 therefore1 ,mr4 ,marshall came to ,milton from ,moseley1 ,milton must have remembered him as the caricaturist for ,dr4 ,featley's book4 ,nevertheless1 he seems to have given him every facility for the portrait wanted4 ,marshall's habit1 in such cases1 was to take a sketch from the life when he could get it1 but to assist himself with whatever was at hand in the shape of a picture or former engraving4 ,milton1 therefore1 may have given him a sitting or two1 but perhaps avoided unnecessary trouble by referring to that portrait of himself at the age of #ba1 now celebrated as the ,onslow ,portrait1 which then hung in some room in the house in ,barbican4 ,as the forthcoming volume consisted largely of ,milton's juvenile ,poems1 an engraving from that portrait1 touched up a little1 would be the very thing4 ,and so ,marshall set to work4 ,his dilatoriness over the plate may have been the cause of the unusual delay in the publication of the volume after it had been registered4 ,in due time1 however1 the result was presented to ,moseley and to ,milton4 ,and what a result6 ,how they must have both stared6 ,the general design of the plate was1 indeed1 pretty enough--an oval containing the portrait1 with a background partly of curtain and low wall or window- sill1 partly of an ,arcadian scene of trees and meadow beyond1 in which a shepherd is piping under one of the trees1 and a shepherd and shepherdess are dancing2 and then1 outside the oval1 in the four corners1 the ,muses ,melpomene1 ,erato1 ,urania1 and ,clio1 with their names4 ,all this was passable2 it was the portrait within the oval that gave the shock4 ,the face is that of a grim1 gaunt1 stolid gentleman of middle age1 looking like anybody or nobody1 with long hair parted in the middle and falling down on both sides to the lace collar round the neck2 one shoulder is cloaked1 and the other shown tight in the buttoned tunic or coat2 and the arms meet clumsily across the breast1 the left arm uppermost4 ,round the oval was the legend1 ,joannis ,miltoni ,angli ,effigies1 anno tatis vigess3 pri4 ,w4 ,m4 ,sculp4--i4e4 ,portrait of ,john ,milton1 ,englishman1 in the #blst year of his age3 ,w4 ,m4 ,sculp4 ,the legend said twenty-one years of age2 the portrait looked somewhere about fifty4 ,what was to be done8 ,what ought to have been done was to cancel the plate and print the book without it4 ,perhaps not to vex ,moseley1 ,milton did not insist on this1 but allowed the engraving1 just as it was1 to be prefixed to the volume4 ,but he took his revenge in one of the most malicious practical jokes ever perpetrated4 ,mr4 ,marshall1 he must have said to the unfortunate engraver1 here are a few lines of ,greek which ,i should like to have carefully engraved on the plate under the portrait1 at the same time handing him the following3-- ,greek3 ,amathei gegraphthai cheiri tnde men eikona ,phais tach an1 pras eidos autophues blepon4 ,ton d'ektupoton ouk epignontes1 philoi1 ,gelate phaulou dusmimma xographou4 ,away went ,mr4 ,marshall1 and duly1 and with some pains1 engraved these letters on the plate1 utterly ignorant of their meaning4 ,accordingly1 when the volume appeared 7,jan4 #b1 #afde-f71 purchasers of it did indeed find ,marshall's portrait of ,milton in it1 but those among them who knew ,greek could read1 underneath it1 inscribed by ,marshall's own graving tool1 this damning criticism of his handiwork3-- ,that an unskilful hand had carved this print ,you'd say at once1 seeing the living face2 ,but1 finding here no jot of me1 my friends1 ,laugh at the botching artist's mis-attempt4 ,footnote3 ,this was very savage in ,milton2 but really1 as it turned out1 it was a prudent precaution4 ,for1 till #afgj1 ,marshall's botch prefixed to the ,poems was the only published portrait of ,milton-the only guide to any idea of his personal appearance for those1 whether friends or foes1 whether in ,britain or abroad1 who were not acquainted with himself4 ,especially among enemies on the ,continent1 as we shall find1 both ,marshall's portrait and ,milton's sarcastic disavowal of it were eagerly scanned and interpreted for the worst4 ,as late as #afee1 ,milton1 in his ,pro se ,defendio contra ,alexandrum ,morion1 had to refer to both portrait and disavowal as follows3--,now ,i am a ,narcissus with you1 because ,i would not be the ,cyclops you paint me from your sight of the most unlike portrait of me prefixed to my ,poems4 ,really1 if1 in consequence of the persuasion and importunity of my publisher1 ,i allowed myself to be clumsily engraved by an unskilful engraver1 because there was not another in the city in that time of war1 this argued rather my entire indifference in the affair than the too great care with which you upbraid me4 ,the passage quite confirms the view taken in the text of the way in which the portrait came to be published4 ,in justice to ,marshall1 it is right to say that he had done much better things1 and did better things afterwards for ,moseley1 than this head of ,milton4 ,marshall1 says ,bliss 7,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #eah1 ,note71 though in general a coarse and hasty performer1 is not to be despised1 since his heads1 though often very rough sketches1 bear evident marks of authenticity and resemblance to the originals4 ,the best head he ever engraved1 in my opinion1 is one of ,dr4 ,donne when young4 ,i can confirm this by saying that his head of ,featley really gives one an idea of that obstinate and consequential old divine4 ,i only wish he had done ,milton half as well4 ,about ,marshall's engraving of ,milton see ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,marsh's tract on the ,engraved and ,pretended ,portraits of ,milton 7,liverpool1 #ahfj74 ,mr4 ,marsh thinks1 with me1 that ,marshall based his engraving partly on the ,onslow picture1 and that that picture suggested the date1 tat4 #ba1 so absurdly given to the engraving4 ,,two ,,divorce ,,sonnets1 ,,and ,,sonnet ,,to ,,henry ,,lawes4 ,moseley's precious little volume1 with the engraver ,marshall thus grimly immortalized in it1 brings ,milton to the beginning of #afdf1 or twelve months beyond his ,tetrachordon and ,colasterion4 ,his wife having been for some months back with him1 for better or worse1 in the house at ,barbican1 he had dropped the ,divorce argument1 or at least its public prosecution4 ,that he did so with a certain reluctance1 and in no spirit of recantation1 appears from two of his ,sonnets1 which must have been written about the time of the publication of his volume of ,poems 7,oct4 #afde--;,jan4 #afde-f71 but which are not included in that volume1 either because they were too late to come in their places after the ,ten ,sonnets contained in it1 or because ,milton thought it better not then to print them4 ,on the ,detraction which followed upon my writing certain ,treatises is the title given by ,milton himself in ,,ms4 to the two ,sonnets together2 but they may have been written separately4 ,i4 ,i did but prompt the age to quit their clogs1 ,by the known rules of ancient liberty1 ,when straight a barbarous noise environs me ,of ,owls and ,cuckoos1 ,asses1 ,apes1 and ,dogs2 ,as when those hinds that were transformed to frogs ,railed at ,latona's twin-born progeny1 ,which after held the sun and moon in fee4 ,but this is got by casting pearl to hogs1 ,that bawl for freedom in their senseless mood1 ,and still revolt when ,truth would set them free4 ,licence they mean when they cry ,liberty2 ,for who loves that must first be wise and good3 ,but from that mark how far they rove we see1 ,for all this waste of wealth and loss of blood4 ,,ii4 ,a book was writ of late called ,tetrachordon1 ,and woven close1 both matter1 form1 and style2 ,the subject new4 ,it walked the town a while ,numbering good intellects2 now seldom pored on4 ,cries the stall-reader ,bless us6 what a word on ,a title-page is this6 and some in file ,stand spelling false while one might walk to ,mile- ,end ,green4 ,why is it harder1 ,sirs1 than ,gordon1 ,colkitto1 or ,macdonnell1 or ,galasp8 ,those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek1 ,that would have made ,quintilian stare and gasp4 ,thy age1 like ours1 ,o soul of ,sir ,john ,cheke1 ,hated not learning worse than toad or asp1 ,when thou taught'st ,cambridge and ,king ,edward ,greek4 ,the second of these ,sonnets is printed first in all the editions of ,milton1 but there is proof that it was written second4 ,footnote3 ,it stands first in the ,second or #afgc ,edition of ,milton's ,poems2 but in the ,cambridge ,,mss1 it comes second in ,milton's own hand4 ,and1 while the two together form what may be called ,milton's poetical farewell to the ,divorce subject1 the mood in the second1 it may be noted1 is more humorous than in the first4 ,in the first ,milton1 still angry1 clenches his fist in the face of his generation1 as a generation of mere hogs and dogs1 unable to appreciate any real form of the liberty for which they are howling and grunting2 in the second the spleen is less1 and he is content with a rigmarole of rhyme about the queer effects among the illiterate of the ,greek title of his last ,divorce ,pamphlet4 ,and here what is chiefly interesting in the rigmarole is the evidence that ,milton had been recently attending to the news from ,scotland4 ,the ,colkitto1 or ,macdonnell1 or ,galasp of the ,sonnet is no other than our friend ,alexander ,mac,donnell1 alias ,mac,colkitto1 alias ,mac,gillespie1 ,montrose's gigantic ,major-general2 and the ,gordon is either ,lord ,aboyne1 the eldest son of the ,marquis of ,huntly1 who adhered to ,montrose till ,philiphaugh1 or it is a general name for the many ,gordons who were with him 7see ant1 pp4 #cdh1 #ceh1 #cfg74 ,the odd ,scottish and ,gaelic names had amused ,milton's delicate ear2 ,gordon rhymed aptly to ,tetrachordon2 and hence the notion of the ,sonnet4 ,footnote3 ,those annotators on ,milton who have tried to identify ,galasp at all have supposed him to be the ,mr4 ,george ,gillespie who was one of the ,scottish ,divines in the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,there may be a side-reference to him1 for ,milton must have heard much of him2 but the primary reference is not to the ,presbyterian minister1 but to the huge ,colonsay ,highlander1 recently heard of everywhere as ,montrose's comrade in arms1 and who was ,colkitto1 ,mac,donnell1 and ,galasp1 all in one4 ,a third ,sonnet1 written about the same time1 shows even more distinctly the calming effect on ,milton's mind produced by his changed mode of life in the house in ,barbican1 after his wife's return and the publication of his little ,volume of ,poems4 ,it is the well-known ,sonnet to his friend ,henry ,lawes1 the musician4 ,so far as the two artists1 ,william and ,henry ,lawes1 concerned themselves in the politics of the time1 they were1 of course1 ,royalists4 ,officially attached to his ,majesty's household and service1 what else could they be8 ,the elder of the two1 indeed1 ,william ,lawes1 had gone into the ,royalist army1 taken captain's rank there1 and been slain quite recently at the siege of ,chester 7,october #afde71 much regretted by the ,king1 who is said to have put on private mourning for him4 ,henry1 the younger1 and much the more celebrated as a composer1 had remained in ,london1 exercising his art as much as might be at such a time1 and kept by it in acquaintance with many who1 differing in other things1 were at one in their love of music4 ,everybody liked and admired the gentle ,harry ,lawes1 and he was welcome everywhere4 ,but there was still no family with which he was on more intimate terms than with his old patrons of the accomplished ,bridgewater group1 and there can have been no house where his visits were more frequent than at their house in ,barbican4 ,true1 the family was greatly reduced from what it had been in the old days of the ,arcades and ,comus1 when ,lawes was teacher of music to its budding girls and boys1 and the master and stage-director of their tasteful masques and private concerts4 ,the ,countess had been ten years dead2 ,lord ,brackley1 the heir of the house1 and the elder of the boy-brothers in ,comus1 had wedded1 in ,july #afdb1 when only nineteen years of age1 the ,lady ,elizabeth ,cavendish1 daughter of the powerful ,royalist ,earl1 afterwards ,marquis and ,duke1 of ,newcastle2 and one or two of his sisters1 unmarried in the ,comus year1 had since found husbands4 ,with the widower ,earl1 however1 inhabiting now his town-house in ,barbican1 and visiting but seldom his country mansion at ,ashridge1 ,herts1 there still remained his youngest daughter1 the ,lady ,alice of ,comus1 verging on her twenty-fifth year1 and ,mr4 ,thomas ,egerton1 the younger of the boy- brothers in ,comus1 now a youth of about twenty4 ,probably elder and married members of the family gave the ,earl their occasional company2 for he was now about sixty-five years of age1 in an infirm state of health1 sorely impoverished1 and in the unfortunate condition of a ,peer who would have been with the ,king if he could1 and whom the ,king had expected to be with him1 but who was obliged to plead his infirm health and his poverty for a kind of semi-submission to ,parliament4 ,he had reluctantly taken the ,covenant 7ant1 pp4 #ci1dj71 and there are entries in the ,lords ,journals proving that his excuses for non-attendance in the ,house were barely allowed to pass4 ,music and books were among the invalid ,earl's chief recreations2 and some of his happiest moments in his old age may have been in listening to the ,lady ,alice1 or another of his daughters1 singing one of ,lawes's songs1 with ,lawes1 now the privileged artist- friend rather than the professional tutor1 standing by or accompanying4 ,what if it were the ,lady ,alice1 and the song were that well-remembered one of ,comus which she had sung1 when a young girl1 eleven years before1 in the ,hall of ,ludlow ,castle1 before the assembled guests of her father's ,welsh ,presidency1 her proud mother then among the listeners1-- ,sweet ,echo1 sweetest nymph that liv'st unseen ,within thy airy shell8 ,if so1 the sound of her voice might have almost reached ,milton in his house close by in the same street4 ,at all events1 here1 in the street called ,barbican1 by a strange chance1 were assembled1 within a few yards of each other1 at the very time when ,comus was first published by ,milton himself1 and acknowledged among his other poems1 at least five of the persons chiefly concerned in the masque on its first production--the ,earl in whose honour it had been composed2 the ,lady ,alice1 and ,mr4 ,thomas ,egerton1 two of the chief actors3 the musician ,lawes1 who had directed all1 composed the music1 and sustained the parts of ,thyrsis and the ,attendant ,spirit in the1 performance2 and the poet who had written the words4 ,when ,lawes was in ,barbican of an evening1 it was but a step for him from the ,earl's house to ,milton's4 ,and then would there not be more music1 mingled with talk perhaps about the ,bridgewater family1 while ,mrs4 ,milton sat by and listened8 ,and would not the old ,scrivener come down from his room to see ,mr4 ,lawes1 and bring out his choicest old music-books1 and almost set aside his son in managing the visit for musical delight8 ,so one fancies1 and therefore keeps to the interrogative form as the safest2 but the fancy here is really the most exact possible apprehension of the facts as they are on record4 ,lawes's friendship with ,milton had been uninterrupted since #afcd2 but it so chances that the third point in ,milton's life at which his intimacy with ,lawes emerges into positive record is precisely the winter of #afde-f1 when ,milton was the ,earl of ,bridgewater's neighbour in ,barbican1 and his ,volume of ,poems was going through the press4 ,not only was there reprinted in this volume ,lawes's ,dedication of the ,comus in #afcg1 ,to the ,right ,honourable ,john1 ,lord ,brackley1 son and heir-apparent to the ,earl of ,bridgewater2 but in the very title-page of the volume1 as arranged by ,moseley1 ,lawes's name is associated with ,milton's4 ,the ,songs were set in musick by ,mr4 ,henry ,lawes1 c41 says the title-page2 and this may mean that not only the songs in ,arcades and ,comus1 but other lyrical pieces in the volume1 had been set to music by ,lawes4 ,if so1 a good deal more of ,lawes's music to ,milton's words may have been in existence about #afde than his settings of the five songs in ,comus1 which are all that have come down to us in his own hand4 ,songs of ,milton set by ,lawes may have been in circulation in ,,ms4 copies1 and may have been as well known in musical families as the numerous songs by ,carew1 ,herrick1 ,waller and others1 which had been set by the same composer2 and it may be to this that ,moseley alludes by the prominent mention of ,lawes in the title-page of the collected ,poems4 ,and1 if ,lawes had done so much for ,milton's verse1 it was fitting that ,milton should make some return in kind4 ,he had indeed introduced skilful compliments to ,lawes personally in his ,comus2 but something more express might be now appropriate4 ,accordingly1 on the #ith of ,february1 #afde-f1 or five weeks after the publication of the ,poems1 ,milton wrote the following3-- ,,to ,,my ,,friend ,,mr4 ,,henry ,,lawes4 ,harry1 whose tuneful and well-measured song ,first taught our ,english music how to span ,words with just note and accent1 not to scan ,with ,midas ears1 committing short and long1 ,thy worth and skill exempts thee from the throng1 ,with praise enough for ,envy to look wan3 ,to after-age thou shalt be writ the man ,that with smooth air could humour best our tongue4 ,thou honour'st ,verse1 and ,verse must lend her wing ,to honour thee1 the priest of ,phoebus' quire1 ,that tun'st their happiest lines in hymn or story4 ,dante shall give ,fame leave to set thee higher ,than his ,casella1 whom he wooed to sing1 ,met in the milder shades of ,purgatory4 ,the original draft of this ,sonnet1 entitled as above1 and with the date ,feb4 #i1 #afde1 attached1 and a corrected transcript underneath1 both in ,milton's own hand1 are in the ,cambridge volume of ,milton ,,mss4 ,the ,sonnet was prefixed by ,lawes1 with the same title1 in #afdh to a publication of some of his own and his deceased brother's compositions1 entitled ,choice ,psalmes put into ,musick for ,three ,voices2 but in the ,second or #afgc ,edition of ,milton's ,poems it reappeared with the title which it has retained in all subsequent editions3 viz4 ,to ,mr4 ,henry ,lawes on his ,airs4 ,for biographical purposes it is well to remember the first title and the dating4 ,the ,sonnet is1 in fact1 a memorial of a time when ,milton and ,lawes must have been much together4 ,footnote3 ,the details about the state of the ,bridge water family in the text are partly from ,todd's ,note prefixed to ,comus 7,todd's ,milton1 ed4 #aheb1 ,,iv #ch-dd71 partly from entries in the ,lords ,journals already referred to in this volume4 ,todd has also 7ibid4 #de-ed7 an elaborate1 though ill-digested1 note on ,lawes1 with particulars of his continued connexion1 to #afec and beyond1 with various members of the ,bridgewater family4 ,in the ,stationers' ,registers there is this entry3--,nov4 #af1 #afdg1 ,rich4 ,woodnoth entered for his copy under the hands of ,mr4 ,downham and ,mr4 ,bellamy1 warden1 a book called ',compositions of ,three ,parts1' by ,henry and ,william ,lawes1 servants to his ,majesty4 ,i suppose this was the book published in #afdh with the title ,choice ,psalmes1 c4 ,,continued ,,presbyterian ,,attacks ,,on ,,milton3 ,,his ,,anti-,,presbyterian ,,sonnet ,,of ,,reply4 ,altogether it was beginning to be a more placid time with ,milton4 ,with his book out1 his wife restored to him1 the ,divorce argument dropped1 and his pupils to teach1 he might look about him quietly on the state of public affairs1 and expect what should be the next call on him4 ,there did not seem to be any immediate call4 ,in the month when his volume of ,poems appeared ,presbyterianism was at its fullest tide in ,parliament2 but in the succeeding months1 what with the increase of ,recruiters in the ,commons1 what with the tramp of ,independency in the field growing louder and nearer as the ,new ,model ended its work1 he could see the political power of the ,presbyterians gradually waning1 until1 in ,april #afdf1 when ,cromwell reappeared in ,london1 ,anti-,toleration was abashed and the ,westminster ,assembly itself under control4 ,the spectacle must have been quite to ,milton's mind2 but1 as he had already expressed himself sufficiently on the main question between the ,independents and the ,presbyterians1 and as nobody doubted on which side he was to be ranked1 he was disposed to take his ease on this subject too1 and to leave the issue to the ,parliament and the ,army4 ,he was too marked a man1 however1 to be quite let alone4 ,the ,presbyterian writers1 true to their policy of publicly naming all prominent heretics and sectaries1 and painting their opinions in the most glaring colours1 with a view to disgust people with the idea of a ,toleration1 could not part with ,milton and his ,divorce ,doctrine4 ,after he and his wife were in the ,barbican house together1 he was still pursued by the hue and cry4 ,here are two specimens3-- ,mr4 ,baillie on ,milton4--,mr4 ,milton permits any man to put away his wife upon his mere pleasure without any fault1 and without the cognisance of any judge1 writes ,baillie in the ,table of ,contents to the ,first ,part of his ,dissuasive1 published in ,november #afde2 and in the text of the work 7p4 #aaf7 the statement is amplified as follows3--,concerning ,divorces1 some of them the ,independents go far beyond any of the ,brownists2 not to speak of ,mr4 ,milton1 who in a large treatise hath pleaded for a full liberty for any man to put away his wife1 whenever he pleaseth1 without any fault in her at all1 but for any dislike or dyssympathy of humour4 ,for ,i do not certainly know whether this man professeth ,independency1 albeit all the heretics here whereof ever ,i heard avow themselves ,independents4 ,whatever therefore may be said of ,mr4 ,milton1 yet ,mr4 ,gorting and his company were men of renown among the ,new ,english ,independents before ,mistress ,hutchinson's disgrace2 and all of them do maintain that it is lawful for every woman to desert her husband when he is not willing to follow her in her church-way4 ,in other words1 ,baillie is not sure that it is fair to charge ,milton's extreme opinion upon ,independency as such1 inasmuch as it may be the crotchet of a solitary heretic2 but he is inclined to think that ,milton is an ,independent1 and he knows at least that ,mr4 ,gorting and other ,independents have broached a milder form of the same heresy4 ,in his ,notes 7pp4 #add1ade7 he quotes sentences to the amount of a page from ,milton's ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce to prove that he does not misrepresent him4--,the ,gorting here mentioned by ,baillie is the ,samuel ,gorton who had been such a sore trouble to the ,new ,englanders1 and even to ,roger ,williams at ,providence1 by his anarchical opinions and conduct 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #fja74 ,he had returned or been ejected from ,america1 and was making himself notorious in ,london4 ,this ,i am assured of from various hands1 wrote ,edwards 7,gangr4 ,part ,,ii4 p4 #add71 that ,gorton is here in ,london1 and hath been for the space of some months2 and ,i am told also that he vents his opinions1 and exercises in some of the meetings of the sectaries1 as that he hath exercised lately at ,lamb's ,church1 and is very great at one ,sister ,stagg's1 exercising there too sometimes4 ,this will explain ,baillie's allusion to ,gorton in connexion with ,milton's ,divorce ,doctrine4 ,strange that ,gorton should be cited as holding a milder form of the heresy than ,milton's6 ,mr4 ,edwards on ,milton4--,of course1 ,milton got into the ,gangrna4 ,everybody that deviated in anything1 to the right or left1 from the path of ,presbyterian orthodoxy1 got into that register of scandals2 and we have already availed ourselves of information incidentally supplied in the ,second and ,third ,parts of it as to the horror caused by ,milton's ,divorce ,doctrine among the ,presbyterians 7ant1 pp4 #ahi-aib74 ,we have still to present1 however1 ,edwards's direct notice of ,milton in the ,first ,part of his scandalous medley4 ,it was published in ,january or ,february #afde-f2 so that1 at the very time when ,milton's volume of ,poems was out1 and he was writing his ,sonnet to ,lawes1 he found himself pilloried again in the new book which all ,london was reading greedily4 ,a leading portion of the book1 as we know 7ant1 pp4 #adc-e71 consisted of a catalogue of #agf ,errors1 ,heresies1 and ,blasphemies that had been vented by divers ,sectaries and were then distracting and corrupting the soul of ,england4 ,well1 the #aedth ,error1 ,heresy1 and ,blasphemy in this catalogue is this3-- ,that 'tis lawful for a man to put away his wife upon indisposition1 unfitness1 or contrariety of mind1 arising from a cause in nature unchangeable2 and for disproportion and deadness of spirit1 or something distasteful and averse in the immutable bent of nature2 and man1 in regard of the freedom and eminency of his creation1 is a law to himself in this matter1 being head of the other sex1 which was made for him2 neither need he hear any judge therein above himself4 ,to this summary by ,edwards of ,milton's ,doctrine1 partly in ,milton's own words1 the reference is appended in the margin3 ,vide ,milton's ,doctrine of ,divorce4 7,gangrna1 ,part ,i4 p4 #bi47 ,and so for the moment ,edwards dismisses ,milton1 very much as ,baillie had done1 to return to him again in the ,second and ,third ,parts of his ,gangrna1 as ,baillie was to do in the ,second ,part of his ,dissuasive4 ,milton was provoked4 ,it was not in his nature to let any attack upon him1 from whatever quarter1 pass without notice2 and attacks by persons of such popular celebrity as ,baillie and ,edwards could hardly be ignored4 ,but1 as he had given up the public prosecution of the ,divorce argument1 his punishment for ,edwards and ,baillie came in a different form from that which he had administered in the ,tetrachordon and ,colasterion to ,herbert ,palmer1 ,dr4 ,featley1 ,mr4 ,caryl1 ,mr4 ,prynne1 and the anonymous attorney4 ,it came in verse1 thus-- ,,on ,,the ,,forcers ,,of ,,conscience4 ,because you have thrown off your ,prelate lord1 ,and with stiff vows renounced his ,liturgy1 ,to seize the widowed whore ,plurality ,from them whose sin ye envied1 not abhorred1 ,dare ye for this adjure the civil sword ,to force our consciences that ,christ set free1 ,and ride us with a ,classic ,hierarchy1 ,taught ye by mere ,a4 ,s4 and ,rutherford8 ,men whose life1 learning1 faith1 and pure intent ,would have been held in high esteem with ,paul1 ,must now be named and printed heretics ,by shallow ,edwards and ,scotch ,what d'ye call4 ,but we do hope to find out all your tricks1 ,your plots and packing1 worse than those of ,trent1 ,that so the ,parliament ,may1 with their wholesome and preventive shears1 ,clip your phylacteries1 though baulk your ears1 ,and succour our just fears1 ,when they shall read this clearly in your charge-- ,new ,,presbyter is but old ,,priest writ large4 ,milton1 we are to suppose1 having already written two ,divorce ,sonnets1 did not care to write a third1 but preferred to punish ,edwards and ,baillie in a general ,anti-,presbyterian ,sonnet4 ,it turned out1 however1 not a ,sonnet proper1 but a ,sonetto con coda1 as the ,italians call it1 or ,sonnet with a tail--the ,anti-,presbyterian rhythm prolonging itself beyond the fourteen lines that would have completed the normal ,sonnet1 and demanding the scorpion addition of six lines more4 ,into this peculiar tailed ,sonnet ,milton condenses metrically all the rage against ,presbytery1 the ,westminster ,assembly1 and the ,anti-,tolerationists1 which had already broken forth at large in his later prose pamphlets4 ,the piece is unusually full of historical allusions4 ,it breathes throughout his acquired hatred of the ,presbyterians for their opposition to ,liberty of ,conscience1 and their determination that the ,classic ,hierarchy1 or system of ,presbyterian classes which they were establishing in ,england1 should be as compulsory on all as the ,prelacy they had thrown off2 and there is a palpable side-hit at the recent acquisition by some of the leading ,presbyterian ,divines in the ,assembly of ,university posts and the like in addition to their previous livings1 notwithstanding their outcries against ,pluralities in the time of ,episcopacy4 ,in this side-hit not a few known ,divines are slashed2 and among them1 ,i fear1 ,milton's old tutor ,thomas ,young1 now ,master of ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 as well as ,vicar of ,stowmarket4 ,but the open personal references are four4 ,the ,a4 ,s4 selected as one prominent expounder of ,presbytery is the ,scotchman1 ,dr4 ,adam ,steuart1 who1 under his initials ,a4 ,s41 had been one of the first to rush into print in behalf of strict ,presbytery and ,anti- ,toleration against the ,apologetical ,narrative of the ,independents of the ,assembly1 and who had been replied to by ,john ,good win1 but had since gone into ,holland 7ant1 p4 #be74 ,the ,rutherford coupled with him is the celebrated ,scottish divine1 and ,commissioner to the ,assembly1 ,samuel ,rutherford1 who had set forth several expositions of strict ,scottish ,presbytery for the enlightenment of the ,english4 ,shallow ,edwards is obvious enough3 he is ,mr4 ,edwards of the ,gangrna1 once far from a nobody in ,london1 but who will now1 through ,milton's mention of him1 be ,shallow ,edwards to the world's end4 ,in ,milton's draft of the ,sonnet he was hair-brained ,edwards2 but hair-brained was erased1 and shallow substituted4 ,the ,scotch ,what d'ye call has cost the commentators more trouble4 ,most of them have identified him with ,george ,gillespie1 whom they also1 though erroneously1 suppose to be the ,galasp of one of the ,divorce ,sonnets4 ,there can be little doubt now1 ,i think1 that ,i have detected the real ,what d'ye call in ,gillespie's fellow- ,commissioner from ,scotland1 our good friend ,baillie1 whose ,dissuasive1 with its reference to ,milton as one of the heretics of the time1 had just preceded ,edwards's ,gangrna4 ,i am sorry for this1 but it cannot be helped4 ,there was1 ,i ought to add1 in the original draft of the ,sonnet1 a fifth personal allusion1 which ,milton saw fit1 on second thoughts1 to omit4 ,line #ag1 which now stands ,clip your phylacteries1 though baulk your ears 7i4e4 though pass over your ears and leave them undipped71 was originally ,crop ye as close as marginal ,p--'s ears4 ,as ,milton had already1 in his ,colasterion1 said enough about ,prynne and the heavy margins of his many pamphlets1 and as the circumstances in which ,prynne had lost his ears made the subject hardly a proper one for a public joke1 it was but good taste in ,milton to make the change4 ,it is from internal evidence that ,i assign this famous ,anti-,presbyterian outburst of ,milton to some early month of the year #afdf4 ,footnote3 ,the lines were first published in the ,second or #afgc ,edition of ,milton's ,poems1 and not there among the ,sonnets1 but as a piece apart1 with the title1 since always given to it1 ,on the ,new ,forcers of ,conscience under the ,long ,parliament4 ,the draft of it among the ,milton ,,mss4 at ,cambridge has the simpler title ,on the ,forcers of ,conscience4 ,this draft1 however1 is not in ,milton's own hand1 but is a transcript by an amanuensis4 ,hence we have not the means of determining the date so exactly as if ,milton's own draft had been preserved4 ,i am pretty confident that the date cannot be later than #afdf1 and ,i fancy copies may have been in private circulation in that year4 ,it fits in exactly with the state of public affairs and of ,milton himself at that time2 all the motives to it1 public and private1 were in existence by the ,march of that year2 and it is difficult to suppose that the composition was of much later date4 ,or1 if it was a little later1 the lines fairly represent ,milton's feeling at the time to which ,i assign them4 ,in ,march1 ,april1 and ,may1 #afdf1 ,milton was one of those ,englishmen who had done for ever with ,presbyterianism1 who rejoiced over the curb imposed at length upon the ,westminster ,assembly by the ,independents and ,erastians of the ,parliament1 and who longed to see that conclave dismissed1 and the ,scots sent packing home4 ,,surrender ,,of ,,oxford3 ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,powell ,,family4 ,that the ,scots should be sent packing home1 but that they should leave the ,king behind them in ,english custody1 was the result for which all the ,independents were anxious4 ,through ,may and ,june #afdf1 it was for ,milton1 among the rest1 to watch the progress of the negotiations with the ,scots at ,newcastle round the person of the ,king1 and at the same time to observe the surrender of one after another of the few remaining ,royalist garrisons1 including the great ,royalist capital of ,oxford4 ,the siege of this city by ,fairfax1 begun ,may #a1 a week after the ,king had left it1 and continued for seven or eight weeks with the help of ,cromwell and ,skippon1 must have been a matter of considerable personal interest to ,milton1 and of more interest to his wife4 ,she was now in a state of health requiring as much freedom from anxiety as possible2 but1 while the siege was going on1 there was good reason for anxiety in the fact that her father and mother1 with the rest of her family1 or some of them1 were in the besieged city and undergoing its dangers4 ,they had taken refuge there on the approach of the ,parliamentarian troops into ,oxfordshire1 leaving their house at ,forest-hill to take its chance4 ,what might that chance be1 and what worse chances might come of the siege itself8 ,it was a relief when the news came of the actual surrender of the city 7,june #bd71 on terms exceedingly liberal to the garrison1 the citizens1 and all the resident ,royalists4 ,the terms1 indeed1 were thought far too liberal by the ,presbyterians4 ,the scurvy base propositions which ,cromwell has given to the ,malignants at ,oxford has offended many1 writes ,baillie1 ,june #bf2 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cgf the reason for the offence being that it was but too clear that the ,independents had been in haste to obtain ,oxford on any terms whatever1 in order that the army might be free to act1 if necessary1 against the ,scots in the north4 ,anyhow the surrender had taken place4 ,the ,princes ,rupert and ,maurice had left the city with a retinue and promise of liberty to go abroad2 the garrison1 to the number of #g1jjj men1 had marched out honourably1 with arms and baggage2 security for the property of the citizens and the colleges had been guaranteed2 and all the miscellaneous crowd of ,royalists of various ranks that had been cooped up so long in ,oxford were at liberty to disperse themselves on certain stipulated conditions4 ,to one of the ,articles of the ,treaty of ,surrender ,i must ask special attention1 as it came to be of much domestic consequence to ,milton in future years3-- ,,xi4 ,that all lords1 gentlemen1 clergymen1 officers1 soldiers1 and all other persons in ,oxford1 or comprised in this capitulation1 who have estates real or personal under or liable to sequestrations according to the ,ordinance of ,parliament1 and shall desire to compound for them 7except persons by name excepted by ,ordinance of ,parliament from pardon71 shall at any time within six months after the rendering of the garrison of ,oxford be admitted to compound for their estates2 which composition shall not exceed two years' revenue for estates of inheritance1 and for estates for lives1 years1 and other real and personal estates1 shall not exceed the proportion aforesaid for inheritances1 according to the value of them3 ,and that all persons aforesaid whose dwelling-houses are sequestered 7except before-excepted7 may after the rendering of the garrison repair to them1 and there abide1 convenient time being allowed to such as are placed there under the sequestrations for their removal4 ,and it is agreed that all the profits and revenues arising out of their estates after the day of entering their names as ,compounders shall remain in the hands of the tenants or occupiers1 to be answered to the ,compounders when they have perfected their agreements for their compositions2 ,and that they shall have liberty1 and the ,general's pass and protection1 for their peaceable repair to and abode at their several houses or friends1 and to go to ,london to attend their compositions1 or elsewhere upon their necessary occasions1 with freedom of their persons from oaths1 engagements1 and molestations during the space of six months1 and after so long as they prosecute their compositions without wilful default or neglect on their part1 except an engagement by promise not to bear arms against the ,parliament1 nor wilfully to do any act prejudicial to their ,parliament's affairs so long as they remain in their quarters4 ,and it is further agreed that1 from and after their compositions made1 they shall be forthwith restored to and enjoy their estates1 and all other immunities1 as other subjects1 together with the rents and profits1 from the time of entering their names1 discharged from sequestrations1 and from fifths and twentieth parts1 and other payments and impositions1 except such as shall be general and common to them with others4 ,footnote3 ,whitlocke 7ed4 #ahec71 ,,ii4 #ch2 also in ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bhb1 #bhc4 ,some hundreds of persons in ,oxford at the time of its surrender must have had their movements for the next few months determined by this article4 ,among these was ,milton's father-in-law1 ,mr4 ,richard ,powell4 ,the view we arrived at as to the condition of the ,powell family before the ,civil ,war was 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dii7 that they were then an ,oxfordshire family of good standing1 keeping up appearances with the neighbour- gentry1 and probably more than solvent if all their property had been put against their debts1 but still rather deeply in debt1 and their property heavily mortgaged4 ,during the war1 we have now to record1 on the faith of a statement afterwards made by ,mr4 ,powell himself1 the losses of the family in one way or another had amounted to at least #c1jjjl4 ,remembering this heavy item1 ,i will try to present in figures the state of ,mr4 ,powell's affairs while he was shut up in ,oxford3-- ,i4 ,,property4 #a4 ,lease1 till #afgb1 of the ,forest-hill mansion and estate1 worth about 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bgj a year4 #b4 ,furniture1 household-stuff1 and corn in the ,forest- hill mansion and appurtenances1 valued at 4 #ejj #c4 ,wood and timber stacked about the ,forest-hill premises1 worth 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #djj #d4 ,property in land and cottages at ,wheatley1 valued at 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dj a year4 #e4 ,debts owing to ,mr4 ,powell 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajj ,,ii4 ,,debts ,,and ,,obligations4 #a4 ,due to ,mr4 ,john ,milton1 by recognisance since #afbg1 as unpaid part of an original debt of #ejj 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cjj #b4 ,promised to the said ,mr4 ,milton1 when he married ,mr4 ,powell's eldest daughter1 a marriage portion of4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a1jjj #c4 ,due to ,mr4 ,edward ,ashworth1 or his representatives1 in redemption of a mortgage on the ,wheatley property since #afca1 a capital sum 7besides arrears of interest7 of 4 4 4 4 #djj #d4 ,due to ,sir ,robert ,pye1 in redemption of a mortgage on the ,forest-hill mansion and property since #afdj1 a capital sum 7besides arrears of interest7 of 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a1djj #e4 ,other debts1 as estimated by ,mr4 ,powell 4 4 4 #a1bjj ,it is difficult to square this ragged account 7which1 however1 is the best one can produce72 ,footnote3 ,my authorities for it are--7#a7 ,my own previous accounts of the state of ,mr4 ,powell's affairs before the ware1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #dib-i1 based on authorities there cited4 7#b7 ,a ,particular of the ,real and ,personal ,estate of ,richard ,powell of ,forest-hill1 after the surrender of ,oxford1 attested by himself ,nov4 #ba1 #afdf1 and given in the ,appendix to ,hamilton's ,milton's ,papers4 7#c7 ,other papers in the same ,appendix1 especially an attestation of ,milton himself at p4 #ie4 7#d7 ,the documents relative to ,milton's ,nuncupative ,will printed by ,todd and others4 but the general effect is that ,mr4 ,powell's affairs were in a woful condition4 ,it was almost mockery now to style him ,mr4 ,powell of ,forest-hill and ,wheatley2 for1 before he could call these ,oxfordshire properties his own1 with their joint revenue of #cajl4 a year1 he had to clear off a debt of #a1djjl4 to ,sir ,robert ,pye1 and another of #djjl4 to one ,ashworth1 each with heavy arrears of interest4 ,actually1 in furniture1 goods1 corn1 and timber in the house at ,forest-hill and its premises1 and in debts owing to him1 he fancied himself worth #a1jjjl42 but his debts1 apart from those to ,pye and ,ashworth1 and apart also from the #cjjl4 legally owing to his son-in-law ,milton 7which1 with the promised marriage-portion of #a1jjjl41 might stand over to a convenient time71 amounted to #a1bjjl4 ,nay1 this is too favourable a view2 for1 while the siege of ,oxford had been going on1 incidents had happened which much increased ,mr4 ,powell's difficulties3--7l7 ,the terms of the mortgage of the ,forest-hill mansion and estate to ,sir ,robert ,pye had been that the mortgage was to be void if ,mr4 ,powell should pay ,sir ,robert a sum of #a1eajl4 by the #ast of ,july1 #afda4 ,this not having been done1 ,sir ,robert had had1 ever since that date1 a legal right to eject ,mr4 ,powell from the mansion and lands and take possession of them for his debt4 ,a friendly compromise appears to have been arranged on the subject in ,may1 #afdb1 by the payment to ,sir ,robert of l#ajl41 being the difference between the original debt and the higher sum which was to void the mortgage4 ,nevertheless the right to take possession remained with ,sir ,robert2 and that he had not exercised it may have been as much owing to the fact that ,oxford was difficult of access to a ,parliamentarian creditor during the war as to neighbourly forbearance4 ,but1 now that ,parliament was at the gates of ,oxford1 and its troops quartered in and about ,forest-hill1 it was but common prudence in ,sir ,robert to use the only method left of saving himself from the loss of his #a1djjl4 with the unpaid interest4 ,some time in ,may1 accordingly1 or early in ,june1 while the siege of ,oxford was in progress1 he caused his servant1 or agent1 ,laurence ,farre1 to take formal possession of the ,forest-hill premises4 ,at the date of the surrender of ,oxford1 therefore1 ,mr4 ,powell was no longer owner of the ,forest-hill manor and mansion2 they belonged to his neighbour1 ,sir ,robert ,pye4 ,there was1 perhaps1 a temporary convenience in this for ,mr4 ,powell4 ,if he had lost the property1 his debt to ,sir ,robert was cancelled by the loss in the meantime2 and1 if at any future time he or his heirs should be in a position to re-acknowledge the debt with arrears1 arrangements for the redemption of the property would be easier with the ,pye family than with strangers4 ,besides1 ,sir ,robert had taken possession of the property just in time to anticipate its sequestration by ,parliament as part of the estate of a ,delinquent2 and in this too there may have been some intention of neighbourly service1 or saving of future trouble1 to ,mr4 ,powell4 ,still it was a hard thing for the ,powells to know that their lease of their family residence and estate was gone1 and they were no longer the ,powells of ,forest-hill4 ,footnote3 ,the vouchers for the statements in the text about the transfer of ,forest-hill to ,sir ,robert ,pye in ,may or ,june1 #afdf1 are in various documents printed in ,mr4 ,hamilton's ,milton ,papers4 ,see especially p4 #ef and ,documents xxii41 xli41 xlii41 and xlv4 in the ,appendix4 ,the ,forest-hill property1 we shall find1 did eventually come back to the ,powell family2 but it is worthy of remark that in ,mr4 ,powell's own ,particular of the state of his property in #afdf the ,forest-hill lease is not mentioned1 but only the goods and household stuff on the premises4 ,on the other hand1 of course1 the #a1djjl4 and arrears of interest due to ,sir ,robert ,pye are omitted from the list of debts1 as cancelled by the loss of the property4 7#b74 ,but not only was the lease of the family house and lands gone4 ,there had come a sequestration1 and worse than a sequestration1 upon the goods1 household stuff1 and timber on the ,forest-hill premises1 which formed now the best part of ,mr4 ,powell's worldly all4 ,the order for the sequestration was issued by the ,committee of ,parliamentary ,sequestrations for the ,county of ,oxford just after ,sir ,robert ,pye had possessed himself of the premises2 and1 on the #afth of ,june1 while ,mr4 ,powell and his family were in ,oxford with the rest of the besieged1 three of the sequestrators1 ,john ,webb1 ,richard ,vivers1 and ,john ,king1 with assistants and spectators1 were rummaging the rooms and offices at ,forest-hill1 and taking an inventory and valuation of all the furniture1 goods1 and stock of every kind contained in them4 ,the inventory still exists1 and has been used in our description of the house when ,milton went to fetch his bride from it 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #ejj1 #eja74 ,now1 however1 it comes in more sadly4 ,a copy of the ,inventory1 with the prices of the goods as they were appraysed the #afth of ,june #afdf1 is the title of the document2 and1 as we read it1 we see the sequestrators1 with their pens behind their ears1 going round the house1 and through the house1 and in among the wood- yards1 attended by gaping country-people1 and jotting down particulars4 ,a trunk of linen first attracts them1 and they set down its contents1 including #a pair of sheets1 #c napkins1 #f yards of broad tiffany1 at #afs4 ,next is a heavier entry--to wit1 #bdj pieces of tymber1 #bjj loades of firewood1 #d carts1 #a wain1 #b old coaches1 #a mare colt1 #c sows1 #a boar1 #b ewes1 #c parcels of boards1 valued in the aggregate at #aefl4 l#bs4 ,and so on they go1 pell-mell1 putting down hops in the wool-house at #bl41 a bull at #al4 #ajs41 #ad quarters of mastline at l#dl41 #e quarters of malt at #el41 #f bushels of wheat at #al4 #bs41 two more parcels of wood at #ajjl4 and #fjl4 respectively1 a piece of growing corn at #dbl41 a piece of growing wheat at #fl4 l#cs4 #d;d41 and even two fields of meadow1 which they leave unappraised for the good reason that they had been eaten up by the souldiers4 ,at this point also are mentioned1 as also unappraised1 some bit of land at ,forest-hill1 apparently not included in the lease that had gone to ,sir ,robert ,pye1 and also ,mr4 ,powell's property at ,wheatley4 ,then1 having concluded the outer survey1 and brought the total1 so far as appraised1 up to #djjl4 or a little more1 the sequestrators proceed to a separate and special inventory of the household goods4 ,in the hall they find furniture which they value at #al4 #ds42 in the great parlour #gl42 in the little parlour #cl42 in the study or boys' chamber #bl4 l#cs42 and so on through the other rooms--,mrs4 ,powell's chamber1 as the best furnished of all1 counting for #hl4 #ds41 while ,mr4 ,powell's study goes for only #al4 l#ds4 ,altogether the household stuff amounts in their estimate to a little over #gjl4 ,it was a monstrously good bargain to any one who would give that sum for it4 ,nor1 in fact1 had the sequestrators been taking all the trouble of the inventory without inducement4 ,going about with them all the while1 and possibly haggling with them over the values1 was an intending purchaser in the person of a certain ,matthew ,appletree from ,london--one of those dealers who followed in the wake of the ,parliamentary forces as they advanced into ,royalist districts1 with a view to pick up good bargains for ready money in the confiscated property of ,delinquents4 ,to this ,appletree the aforesaid sequestrators1 ,webb1 ,vivers1 and ,king1 did sell all the household stuff they had inventoried1 together with the best part of the out-of-door-stock1 including the carts1 wain1 and old coaches1 the mare1 the bull1 and other animals1 and all of the timber except #ajj1 worth in keeping of a ,mr4 ,eldridge4 ,the sum which ,appletree was to give for the whole was #ccel41 whereas the real value may have been about #hjjl4 or #ijjl42 and no sooner had he concluded his bargain than he began to cart some of the lighter things away4 ,we can tell what went off in the first cart4 ,they were3 #a arras work chayre1 #f thrum chayres1 #f wrought stooles1 #b old greene carpetts1 #a tapestry carpett1 #a wrought carpett1 #a carpett greene with fringe1 #c window curtaines4 ,footnote3 ,document xxvi4 in ,appendix to ,hamilton's ,milton ,papers1 with references to other ,documents in same ,appendix4 ,all this took place on the #afth of ,june1 #afdf1 eight days before the surrender of ,oxford4 ,on the preceding day1 ,june #ae1 ,cromwell had been at ,halton1 close to ,forest-hill1 seeing his daughter ,bridget married to ,ireton4 ,the reader now understands the state of ,mr4 ,powell's affairs1 when he was released from ,oxford1 as well as he did himself1 if not better4 ,it was all very well that the ,articles of ,capitulation had provided for the liberty of all persons among the besieged to return to their several places of abode and resume their estates and callings1 subject only to composition with ,parliament within six months according to the fixed rates of fine for ,delinquency4 ,this may have been a privilege for many2 but it was poor comfort for the ,powells4 ,in the first place1 they had now no home of their own to go to4 ,forest-hill was in possession of their old friend1 ,sir ,robert ,pye1 who was preparing to fit up the mansion afresh for himself or some of his family1 its redemption by ,mr4 ,powell being now out of the question4 ,but what remained was worse4 ,though the house and manor of ,forest-hill were gone1 ,mr4 ,powell1 by the terms of the ,treaty1 might still hope to compound for the wreck of his other property which lay under sequestration--viz4 the small ,wheatley estate2 the goods1 furniture1 timber1 c41 which he had left on the ,forest-hill premises2 and also1 it appears1 some odd bits of land about ,forest-hill not included in the mortgage to ,sir ,robert ,pye4 ,with what grief and anger1 then1 must the family1 on the surrender of ,oxford1 have learnt that even this poor remainder of their property was for the most part irrecoverable--that not only had it been sequestrated by the ,county ,commissioners1 but most of it sold and some actually dispersed4 ,there appears1 indeed1 to have been some very harsh1 if not unfair and underhand1 dealing on the part of the sequestrating ,commissioners in this matter of the hurried sale of ,mr4 ,powell's goods to ,matthew ,appletree4 ,it became afterwards1 as we shall find1 the subject of legal complaint by the ,powells1 and of a long and tedious litigation on their behalf4 ,only two facts need at present be noted4 ,one is the significant fact that among the members of the ,county ,committee who issued the order for the sequestration was a ,thomas ,appletree1 clearly a relative of the ,matthew ,appletree who purchased the goods1 while a third ,appletree1 named ,richard1 was also concerned somehow in the transaction4 ,footnote3 ,hamilton's ,milton ,papers3 ,appendix1 ,documents xlv4 and xlvii4 ,one suspects some collusion between the public sequestrators and the private purchaser4 ,then again1 when the transaction came to be litigated1 one observes a discrepancy between the two parties as to its alleged date4 ,the preserved copy of the inventory and valuation1 signed by the sequestrators1 ,webb1 ,vivers1 and ,king1 is distinctly dated the #af of ,june #afdf1 and as distinctly declares that day to have been the date of the sale to ,appletree4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 ,document xxvi4 ,if this is correct1 the sale had occurred while the ,treaty for the surrender of ,oxford was in progress1 but exactly four days before it was completed and the ,articles of ,surrender signed 7,june #bj74 ,on the other hand1 the ,powells afterwards invariably represented the sale as a violation of the ,articles2 they quoted ,june #ag1 and not ,june #af1 as the date of the order for sequestration issued by the ,committee for the ,county of ,oxford sitting at ,woodstock2 and they laid stress on the fact that the sequestrators ,webb1 ,vivers1 and ,king had sold the goods to ,appletree within few days after the granting of the said ,articles4 ,footnote3 ,hamilton's ,milton ,papers3 ,appendix1 ,documents xxviii4 and xiv4 ,how the discrepancy is to be accounted for one does not very well see2 but one again suspects over-eagerness to injure ,powell by obliging ,appletree4 ,can the sequestrators possibly have inventoried and sold the goods1 as they themselves declared1 on the #afth1 though the sequestrating ,order was not formally issued till the #agth8 ,if so1 they were evidently in a hurry to push through the business before the ,treaty for the ,surrender of ,oxford was signed1 so as to deprive ,mr4 ,powell1 if possible1 of any advantage from it4 ,or1 after all1 can there have been any contrivance of ante- dating1 to disguise the fact that the sale1 though intended on the #afth1 was really pushed through between ,saturday the #bjth of ,june1 when the ,articles were signed1 and ,wednesday the #bdth1 when the surrender took place8 ,in either case it must have been a sore sight to ,mr4 ,powell1 when1 on this latter day1 or the day after1 he was free to walk over to ,forest- hill1 to find some of his goods already gone and ,mr4 ,matthew ,appletree superintending the carting away of the rest-all except the timber1 which remained upon the premises till its removal should be convenient4 ,footnote3 ,this appears from an extract from the ,certificate of the ,solicitor for ,sequestration in the ,county of ,oxford1 not given in ,mr4 ,hamilton's ,milton ,papers1 but in ,hunter's ,milton ,gleanings1 pp4 #ca1 #cb4 ,,the ,,powells ,,in ,,london3 ,,more ,,family ,,perplexities3 ,,birth ,,of ,,milton',s ,,first ,,child4 ,what was to be done8 ,only one thing was possible4 ,mr4 ,powell must go to ,london to compound for what shreds of his sequestrated property survived the sale to ,appletree1 and at the same time to see whether he could have any redress at head-quarters against the ,oxfordshire ,committee of ,sequestrations4 ,on other grounds1 too1 a removal to ,london was advisable or necessary4 ,there1 in ,mr4 ,milton's house1 the family would have a roof over their heads until some new arrangement could be made and while ,mr4 ,powell prosecuted the composition business4 ,accordingly1 on the #bgth of ,june1 or three days after the surrender of ,oxford1 ,mr4 ,powell obtained ,fairfax's pass1 as follows3-,suffer the bearer hereof1 ,mr4 ,richard ,powell1 of ,forest-hill in the county ,oxon41 who was in the city and garrison of ,oxford at the surrender thereof1 and is to have the full benefit of the ,articles agreed unto upon the surrender1 quietly and without let or interruption to pass your guards1 with his servants1 horses1 arms1 goods1 and all other necessaries1 and to repair unto ,london or elsewhere upon his necessary occasions3 ,and in all places where he shall reside1 or whereto he shall remove1 to be protected from any violence to his person1 goods1 or estate1 according to the said ,articles1 and to have full liberty1 at any time within six months1 to go to any convenient port and to transport himself1 with his servants1 goods1 and necessaries1 beyond the seas3 ,and in all other things to enjoy the benefit of the said ,articles4 ,hereunto due obedience is to be given by all persons whom it may concern1 as they will answer the contrary4 ,given under my hand and seal the #bgth day of ,june1 #afdf4 7,signed7 ,t4 ,,fairfax4 ,footnote3 ,from the ,composition ,papers3 ,document i4 in ,hamilton's ,appendix ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,provided with this pass1 ,mr4 ,powell and ,mrs4 ,powell1 with some of their sons and daughters1 arrived in ,london some time early in ,july1 and took up their abode for the while at their son-in-law ,milton's in the ,barbican4 ,that they were there1 and a pretty large party of them too1 we learn from ,phillips4 ,in no very long time after her the wife's coming back to ,milton she had a great resort of her kindred with her in the house3 viz4 her father and mother and several of her brothers and sisters1 which were in all pretty numerous4 ,the surrender of ,oxford and the loss of ,forest-hill were the immediate causes of this crowding of the ,barbican house with the ,powell kindred1 unless we are to suppose that some of them had preceded ,mr4 ,powell thither4 ,poor ,mr4 ,powell's perplexities were never to have an end4 ,he cannot have been more than a fortnight in ,london when he became aware not only that he had small chance of redress at head-quarters against the injury already done him by the ,oxfordshire sequestrators1 but that ,parliamentarian public opinion in ,oxfordshire was pursuing him to ,london with fell intent of farther damage4 ,july #ae1 #afdf1 we read in the ,lords ,journals1 ,a ,petition of the inhabitants of ,banbury was read1 complaining that the one half of the town is burnt down1 and part of the church and steeple pulled down2 and1 there being some timber and boards at one ,mr4 ,powell's house1 a ,malignant1 near ,oxford1 they desire they may have these materials assigned them for the repair of their church and town4 ,it is ,ordered1 that this ,house thinks fit to grant this ,petition1 and to desire the concurrence of the ,house of ,commons therein1 and that an ,ordinance may be drawn up to that purpose4 ,the ,commons concurred readily2 for1 in the ,commons ,journals of the very next day1 ,july #af1 we read1 ,the humble ,petition of the inhabitants of ,banbury was read2 and it is thereupon ,ordered3 ,that the ,timber and ,boards cut down by one ,mr4 ,powell1 a ,malignant1 out of ,forest ,wood near ,oxford1 and sequestered1 being not above the value of #cjj41 be bestowed upon the inhabitants of the town of ,banbury1 to be employed for the repair of the ,church and ,steeple1 and rebuilding of the ,vicarage ,house and ,common ,gaol there2 and that such of the said ,timber and ,boards as shall remain of the uses aforesaid shall be disposed1 by the members of both ,houses which are of the ,committee for ,oxfordshire1 to such of the well-affected persons of the said town1 for the rebuilding of their houses1 as to the said members1 or major part of them1 shall seem meet4 ,here was a confiscation by ,parliament itself of every moveable thing belonging to ,mr4 ,powell that had been left at ,forest-hill after the sale to ,appletree4 ,all the precious timber1 including that bought by the harpy ,appletree1 but not yet removed by him1 was voted to these cormorants of the town of ,banbury3 ,mr4 ,powell's condition was to be that of ,job at his worst4 ,he had come to ,london to plead the benefit of the ,articles of ,surrender2 and behold1 enemies in ,oxfordshire and ,parliament in ,london had conspired to strip him totally bare6 ,one sees the poor gentleman in his son-in-law's house utterly broken down with the accumulation of his misfortunes1 hanging his head in a corner of the room where they all met1 letting his wife and daughters come round him and talk to him1 but refusing to be comforted4 ,what mattered it to him to be told of better times that might be coming1 or even of the new little creature of his own blood that was then daily expected into the world8 ,to ,mrs4 ,powell1 however1 this expected event was of more consequence4 ,she was a person of some temper and spirit2 and1 even in her troubles1 there was some spur upon her in her present motherly duty4 ,and so1 when1 on the #bith of ,july1 #afdf1 being ,wednesday1 and the day of the monthly ,fast1 ,milton's first-born child saw the light1 at about half-past six in the morning1 and was reported to be a daughter1 what could they do but agree to name the little thing ,,anne in honour of her grandmother8 ,footnote3 ,pedigree of the ,milton ,family by ,sir ,charles ,young1 ,garter ,king at ,arms1 prefixed to ,pickering's edition of ,milton's ,works1 #ahea4 ,but the original authority was an inscription in ,milton's own hand on a blank leaf of his wife's ,bible3--,anne1 my daughter1 was born ,july the #bith1 the day of the monthly ,fast1 between six and seven1 or about half an hour after six in the morning1 #afdf4 ,this1 with subsequent entries on the same leaf1 was copied by ,birch1 ,jan4 #f1 #agdi-ej1 when the ,bible was shown him by ,mrs4 ,foster1 granddaughter to ,milton 7daughter to his youngest daughter ,deborah71 then keeping a chandler's shop in ,cock ,lane1 near ,shoreditch ,church4 ,it was the ,bible in which ,milton had written the dates of his children's births4 ,it was1 however1 his wife's book3 ,i am the book of ,mary ,milton was written on it in her hand4--,the fact that the #bith of ,july1 #ahdf1 on which ,milton's first child was born1 was ,wednesday and a day of public ,fast1 is verified by a reference to the ,commons ,journals4 ,the ,commons had but a brief sitting that day after hearing ,fast-day sermons by ,mr4 ,caryl and ,mr4 ,whittaker2 and their chief business was to pass thanks to these two preachers for the same4 ,it was the name also of ,milton's sister1 once ,mrs4 ,phillips1 now ,mrs4 ,agar2 but there is little doubt that this can have been thought of only incidentally1 and that the real compliment was to ,mrs4 ,powell4 ,the babe was1 of course1 shown to ,mr4 ,powell in his sadness1 and also to its other grandfather1 then in the house1 who could be cheerier over it1 as having less reason for melancholy4 ,a brave girl1 is ,phillips's description of the new-born infant2 though1 whether by ill constitution1 or want of care1 she grew up more and more decrepit4 ,the poor girl1 in fact1 turned out a kind of cripple4 ,this1 however1 was not foreseen1 and for the present there was nothing but the misfortunes of the ,powells to mar the joy in the ,barbican household over the appearance of this little pledge of the reconciliation of ,milton and his wife about a year before4 ,after the little girl was born1 they did rouse ,mr4 ,powell to take the necessary steps for the recovery of what could be recovered of his property1 if that should prove to be anything whatsoever4 ,the first of these steps consisted in appearing personally1 or by petition1 before a certain ,committee at ,goldsmiths' ,hall1 in ,foster-lane1 ,cheapside1 to whom had been entrusted by ,parliament the whole business of arranging the compositions with ,delinquents whose estates had been sequestrated4 ,to this ,committee1 which must have had a very busy time of it at the end of the war1 when would-be compounders were flocking in from north1 south1 and west1 ,mr4 ,powell1 among others1 addressed his petition on the #fth of ,august1 #afdf1 in these terms3 ,to the ,honourable the ,committee sitting at ,goldsmiths' ,hall for ,compositions1 the humble ,petition of ,richard ,powell1 of ,forest-hill1 in the ,county of ,oxon41 ,esq41 sheweth--,that your ,petitioner's estate for the most part lying in the ,king's quarters1 he did adhere to his ,majesty's party against the forces raised by ,parliament in this unnatural war2 for which his ,delinquency his estate lieth under sequestration4 ,he is comprised within those ,articles at the surrender of ,oxford2 and humbly prays to be admitted to his composition according to the said ,articles4 ,and he shall pray1 c4--,,richard ,,powell4 ,footnote3 ,hamilton's ,milton ,papers ,appendix1 ,document ii4 ,this was all he could do in the meantime4 ,as soon as the ,committee should have leisure to attend to his case1 he could take the other necessary steps4 ,among these would be the preparation of the most perfect schedule of his estate1 real and personal1 which he could draw up1 the verification of every item of the same1 and 7which would be the most difficult part of the business7 his argument with the ,committee that1 by the ,articles of ,oxford1 he ought to be reinstated both in the goods and furniture which had been sold1 at an under value1 by the ,oxford sequestrators to ,appletree1 and in the #cjjl41 worth of his timber which had been hastily bestowed by ,parliament on the people of ,banbury4 ,to these matters it would be time enough to attend when the ,committee at ,goldsmiths' ,hall had returned their answer to his ,petition4 ,not till then either need he go through the formality of subscribing the ,covenant in the presence of a parish- minister or other authorized person4 ,that was1 indeed1 an indispensable formality for any ,delinquent who would sue out his composition1 or otherwise signify his submission to ,parliament4 ,but it was a formality which a ,delinquent in ,mr4 ,powell's circumstances would willingly put off to the last moment4 ,milton's father-in-law was not the only one of his relatives who were engaged about this time in the disagreeable business of compounding for their ,delinquency4 ,his younger brother1 ,christopher ,milton1 was in the same predicament4 ,our last glimpse of this gentleman was after the surrender of ,reading to the ,parliamentarian ,army under ,essex1 in ,april #afdc4 ,he was then1 we found 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #dhh-dij71 a householder in ,reading1 and decidedly a ,royalist2 and1 after the siege1 when his father came from ,reading to ,london1 to reside with his ,parliamentarian brother1 he himself remained at ,reading1 a ,royalist still4 ,in the interim he had even been rather active as a ,royalist1 having been a ,commissioner for the ,king1 under the great seal of ,oxford1 for sequestering the ,parliament's friends of three ,counties4 ,latterly1 in some such capacity1 he had gone to ,exeter2 and he had been residing in that city1 if not in #afdd1 when ,queen ,henrietta ,maria was there1 at least some time before its siege by the ,new ,model ,army4 ,on the surrender of ,exeter 7,april #aj1 #afdf71 on ,articles similar to those afterwards given to ,oxford1 he had come to ,london on very much the same errand as that on which ,mr4 ,powell came three months later4 ,more forward in one respect than ,mr4 ,powell1 he had at once begun his submission to ,parliament by taking the ,covenant4 ,he did so before ,william ,barton1 minister of ,john ,zachary1 in ,alders-gate ,ward1 on the #bjth of ,april1 or almost immediately on his arrival in ,london4 ,that preliminary over1 he had been residing1 most probably1 in the house of his mother-in-law4 ,widow ,webber1 in ,st4 ,clement's ,churchyard1 ,strand1 where ,milton had boarded his wife while the house in ,barbican was getting ready4 ,not till ,august #g1 the day after ,mr4 ,powell had sent in his ,petition for compounding to the ,goldsmiths' ,hall ,committee1 did ,christopher ,milton send in his petition to the same body4 ,then1 still styling himself ,christopher ,milton1 of ,reading1 in the county of ,berks1 ,esq41 a ,councillor at ,law1 he acknowledged his ,delinquency in having served as a ,commissioner of ,sequestrations for the ,king1 but prayed that he might have the benefit of the ,exeter ,articles of ,surrender1 so as to be allowed to compound for his little property now sequestered in turn4 ,i am seized in fee1 to me and to my heirs1 he said in his accompanying statement1 in possession of and in a certain messuage or tenement situate1 standing1 and being within ,st4 ,martin's parish1 ,ludgate1 called the sign of the ,cross ,keys1 and was of the yearly value1 before these troubles1 #djl4 ,personal estate ,i have none but what hath been seized and taken from me and converted to the use of the ,state4 ,this is a true particular of all my estate1 real and personal1 for which ,i only desire to compound to free it out of sequestration1 and do submit unto and undertake to satisfy and pay such fine as by this ,committee for ,compositions with ,delinquents shall be imposed and set to pay for the same in order to the freedom and discharge of my person and estate4 ,two years' value of an estate was about the ordinary fine for ,delinquency2 but different grades of ,delinquency were recognised1 and the fines for very pronounced ,delinquency were heavier4 ,footnote3 ,particulars about ,christopher ,milton and his ,delinquency are from ,hamilton's ,milton ,papers1 pp4 #fb-fd1 and from ,documents lxii4 and lxiii4 in ,appendix4 ,we have arrived1 biographically as well as historically1 at ,august #afdf4 ,in this month1 while ,mr4 ,powell and ,christopher ,milton had begun severally to sue out their compositions for ,delinquency1 it is on a rather crowded domestic tableau round ,milton in ,barbican that the curtain drops4 ,on one side of him was his own old father1 on the other was his father-in-law2 the mother-in-law1 ,mrs4 ,powell1 was there1 with her married daughter ,mrs4 ,milton1 and the little baby ,anne2 how many of ,mrs4 ,milton's brothers and sisters were in the group can hardly be guessed2 the two boys ,phillips1 and one knows not how many other pupils1 fill up the interstices between the larger people in front2 and one sees ,christopher ,milton1 his wife ,thomasine1 their children1 and perhaps the ,widow ,webber1 as visitors in the background4 ,of the whole company1 ,i should say1 the mother-in law1 ,mrs4 ,powell1 was1 for the time being1 and whether to ,milton's private satisfaction or not1 the chief in command4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,august #afdf--;,,january #afdh-i4 ,,history3--,,the ,,last ,,two ,,years ,,and ,a ,,half ,,of ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,charles ,i43-- ,i4 ,,his ,,continued ,,captivity ,,with ,,the ,,scots ,,at ,,newcastle1 ,,and ,,failure ,,of ,,his ,,negotiations ,,with ,,the ,,presbyterians2 ,,ii4 ,,his ,,captivity ,,at ,,holmby ,,house1 ,,and ,,the ,,quarrel ,,between ,,the ,,english ,,parliament ,,and ,,the ,,english ,,army2 ,,iii4 ,,his ,,captivity ,,with ,,the ,,english ,,army1 ,,and ,,their ,,proposals ,,to ,,him2 ,,iv4 ,,his ,,captivity ,,in ,,the ,,isle ,,of ,,wight1 ,,and ,,the ,,second ,,civil ,,war2 ,v4 ,,his ,,trial ,,and ,,doom4 ,,biography3-,,milton ,,in ,,barbican ,,and ,,in ,,high ,,holborn4--,,private ,,and ,,public ,,anxieties3 ,,ode ,,to ,,rous1 ,,two ,,more ,,sonnets1 ,,and ,,translation ,,of ,,nine ,,psalms3 ,,other ,,works ,,in ,,progress3 ,,letters ,,to ,,and ,,from ,,carlo ,,dati4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,charles ,,in ,,his ,,captivity4 ,charles himself becomes now the central object4 ,for now1 one may say1 he was left to think and act wholly for himself1 and to work out by his own cogitations and conduct the rest of the long problem between him and his subjects4 ,from this point1 therefore1 one follows him with a more sympathetic interest than can be accorded to any part of his previous career4 ,when his captivity began 7which may be said to have been when the ,scots withdrew with him to ,newcastle1 ,may #afdf7 he was forty-five years and six months old4 ,his hair was slightly grizzled2 but otherwise he was in the perfect strength and health of a man of spare and middle-sized frame1 whose habits had been always careful and temperate4 ,henrietta-,maria was nine years younger than her husband4 ,for two years they had not seen each other1 her co-operation during that time having been given from her residence at or near ,paris4 ,there her effort had been to induce the ,french ,queen ,regent and ,cardinal ,mazarin to interfere actively for ,charles1 with or without the help of the ,pope2 and1 when she had not succeeded in that1 she had contented herself with sending to ,charles from time to time her criticisms of his procedure and her notions of the kind of arrangement he ought to try to make with his subjects in the last extremity4 ,the influence she had acquired over him was so great that these missives were perfectly efficient substitutes for her black eyes and ,french-,english tongue when she had been with him4 ,unfortunately1 however1 the co-agency with his absent ,queen to which he thus felt himself obliged1 and to which indeed he had solemnly pledged himself1 had become the more perplexing because1 in the particular of greatest practical moment to both1 he and she tended different ways4 ,of the two main concessions involved in any possible treaty with the ,parliament1 that of the abandonment of ,episcopacy and that of the surrender of the ,militia1 ,charles was most tenaciously predetermined against the first4 ,it was a matter of conscience with him4 ,next to the death of ,strafford1 the thing in his past life which caused him the most continued private remorse was his assent1 in ,feb4 #afda-b1 to the ,bill excluding ,bishops from ,parliament3 whatever happened1 he would sin no more in that direction4 ,he would consent to any restriction of his kingly power in the ,militia and other matters1 rather than do more in repudiation of ,episcopacy4 ,nay1 he had reasoned himself into a belief that the course thus most to his conscience would be also the most expedient4 ,buoying himself up with a hope that1 though ,parliament demanded both concessions1 they might let him off with one1 he was of opinion that kingly power in the ,militia and other matters might be more easily fetched back by a retained ,episcopacy than a lost ,episcopacy could be restored by any remnant of his power in the ,militia4 ,with ,queen ,henrietta-,maria the reasoning was different4 ,to her1 a ,roman ,catholic1 back now among her co- religionists1 what were all the disputes of ,british ,episcopalians1 ,presbyterians1 and ,independents1 but battles of kites and crows8 ,if her husband's kind of ,protestant ,church could have been retained1 that of course would have been well2 but1 as things were1 she had no patience with those scruples of conscience for which he would sacrifice the most substantial interests of himself and his family4 ,his main object ought to be to retain as much of real kingly power as possible1 to be enjoyed by himself and her1 and transmitted to their descendants2 and might not this be attained by a frank concession to the ,english of the ,presbyterian settlement1 only with a personal dispensation to the ,king if he desired it very much1 a reservation of liberty for the ,roman ,catholics of ,ireland and ,england1 and1 of course1 a toleration for the ,queen herself in her private ,roman ,catholic worship8 ,actually1 with all the ,king's firmness within himself on the ,episcopacy question1 the ,queen's influence had so far prevailed as to bring him into a position where her views rather than his had chances in their favour4 ,that he was now a captive at all1 that he was still in ,great ,britain to maintain passively the struggle in which he had failed actively1 was very much the ,queen's doing4 ,again and again since the blow of ,naseby1 or at least since ,montrose's ruin at ,philiphaugh1 it had been in the ,king's mind to abandon the struggle for the time1 and withdraw to ,holland1 ,denmark1 or some other part of the ,continent4 ,that he had not1 while the sea was open to him1 adopted this course1 was owing in part to his own irresolution1 but very considerably to his dread of the ,queen's displeasure4 ,she did not want him to be on the ,continent with her1 a dependent on her relatives of the ,french ,court or on the ,dutch ,stadtholder2 she wanted him to remain in ,britain and struggle on1 somehow1 anyhow4 ,nay1 she had devised a particular way for him1 and almost compelled him to it4 ,a flight to the ,scots and a pact with them on the basis of some acceptance of their ,presbyterianism even for ,england3 this was the course which she had urged on him ever since his defeat by ,parliament had become certain2 this was the course she had arranged for him by causing the ,french ,court to send over ,montreuil to negotiate for his reception among the ,scots2 and1 though things had not turned out quite as she expected1 and the ,scots had shown no disposition to save ,charles from the tremendous ,nineteen ,propositions of the ,english ,parliament1 still she did not regret that the course had been taken4 ,it was for the ,king now to extricate himself from the ,nineteen ,propositions by his utmost ingenuity1 and she did not doubt that this would be most easily done by adhering to the ,scots1 humouring them in all those parts of the ,propositions that related to ,presbytery1 and evading or refusing the rest4 ,footnote3 ,for this and last paragraph see ,charles ,i4 in #afdf1 ,introduction by ,mr4 ,bruce1 and the ,king's own ,letters passim2 ,clar4 #eia-fjj 7,hist47 and #ifa 7,life72 ,hallam's ,const4 ,hist4 7#ajth ed471 ,,ii4 #ahb-ahh1 with notes4 ,irritating as the ,queen's conduct in the main had been to ,hyde1 ,hopton1 and others of the ,royalist exiles1 there were particulars of selfishness in it which positively disgusted them4 ,having persisted in her determination that the ,prince of ,wales should reside with herself1 and nowhere else1 she had carried that point1 as she did every other1 with ,charles2 and since ,july the ,prince1 as well as his infant sister1 the ,princess ,henrietta-,maria1 had been under her charge4 ,rather than accompany the ,prince to ,paris1 and undertake the responsibility of advising him in matters in which it would be necessary to detach him from his mother1 ,hyde1 ,hopton1 and ,lord ,capel had remained in ,jersey1 happy for a time in their mutual society1 and ,hyde1 as he tells us1 passing the pleasantest hours of his life in the composition of parts of his ,history4 ,others of the ,king's late counsellors1 such as ,cottington1 the ,earl of ,bristol1 and ,secretary ,nicholas1 had domiciled themselves in ,rouen1 ,caen1 or elsewhere in ,france1 away from ,paris4 ,but round the ,queen1 in ,paris or at ,st4 ,germains1 there had gathered not a few of the exiles1 gratifying the ,king more1 as it proved1 by this compliance than the others did by their prudery4 ,among these were ,lord ,jermyn1 ,lord ,digby1 ,lord ,percy1 ,lord ,wilmot1 and even ,lord ,colepepper1 though he had at first agreed with ,hyde in opposing the removal of the ,prince from ,jersey4 ,conspicuous in the same group of refugees was the veteran ,thomas ,hobbes1 ,not that he had gone to ,paris at that time1 as the others had done1 in the mere course of ,royalist duty4 ,he had been there for several years on his own account1 that he might be out of the turmoil of affairs at home1 and free to pursue his speculations in quiet1 with the relaxation of walks about ,notre ,dame and the ,sorbonne1 and much of the agreeable company of ,m4 ,gassendi4 ,but the ,prince could not be without a tutor1 and ,hobbes was chosen to instruct him in mathematics and whatever could be brought under that head4 ,if what ,clarendon says is true1 the philosopher must have had curious remarks to make on the relations between his royal pupil and his mother1 and on that lady's own behaviour4 ,though the ,prince was sixteen years of age1 she governed him with a high hand4 ,he never put his hat on before the ,queen1 says ,clarendon2 nor was it desired that he should meddle in any business1 or be sensible of the unhappy condition the royal family was in4 ,the assignation which was made by the ,court of ,france for the better support of the ,prince was annexed to the monthly allowance given to the ,queen1 and received by her and distributed as she thought fit2 such clothes and other things provided for his ,highness as were necessary2 her ,majesty desiring to have it thought that the ,prince lived entirely upon her1 and that it would not consist with the dignity of the ,prince of ,wales to be a pensioner to the ,king of ,france4 ,hereby none of his ,highness's servants had any pretence to ask money1 but they were contented with what should be allowed them2 which was dispensed with a very sparing hand2 nor was the ,prince himself ever master of ten pistoles to dispose as he liked4 ,the ,lord ,jermyn was the ,queen's chief officer1 and governed all her receipts2 and he loved plenty so well that he would not be without it1 whatever others suffered who had been more acquainted with it4 ,in this last sentence there is an insinuation of more than meets the eye4 ,henry ,jermyn1 originally one of the members for ,bury ,st4 ,edmunds in the ,long ,parliament1 and created ,baron ,jermyn by ,charles 7,sept4 #h1 #afdc7 for his conspicuous ,royalism1 had long been the special favourite of the ,queen and the chief of her household2 after ,charles's death he became the ,queen's second husband by a secret marriage2 and so cautious a writer as ,hallam does not hesitate to countenance the belief that his relations to the ,queen were those of a husband while ,charles was yet alive4 ,footnote3 ,clar4 #eid-fjb and #fdj2 ,hallam1 ,const4 ,hist4 7#ajth ed471 ,,ii4 #ahc and #ahh1 with footnotes2 and ,letters of the ,king1 to the ,queen1 numbered xxvii41 xxviii41 xxxii41 xxxv41 and xxxviii4 in ,brace's ,charles ,i4 in #afdf4 ,in the last of these letters1 dated ,newcastle1 ,july #bc1 ,charles writes3--,tell ,jermyn1 from me1 that ,i will make him know the eminent service he hath done me concerning ,pr4 ,charles his coming to thee1 as soon as it shall please ,god to enable me to reward honest men4 ,likewise thank heartily1 in my name1 ,colepepper1 for his part in that business2 but1 above all1 thou must make my acknowledgments to the ,queen of ,england 7for none else can do it71 it being her love that maintains my life1 her kindness that upholds my courage2 which makes me eternally hers1 ,,charles ,r4 ,such were ,charles's circumstances1 such was his real isolation1 when his captivity began4 ,it was to last all the rest of his life1 or for more than two years and a half4 ,the form and place of his captivity were indeed to be varied4 ,there were to be four stages of it in all1 the first only being his detention among the ,scots at ,newcastle4 ,at the point which we have reached in our narrative1 viz4 the conclusion of the ,civil ,war1 three months of this first stage of the long captivity 7,may-,august #afdf7 had already elapsed4 ,we have now1 therefore1 to follow the ,king1 with an eye also for the course of events round him1 through the remainder of this stage of his captivity1 and through the three stages which succeeded it4 ,,first ,,stage ,,of ,,the ,,captivity3 ,,still ,,with ,,the ,,scots ,,at ,,newcastle3 ,,aug4 #afdf--;,,jan4 #afdf-g4 ,balancings of ,charles between the ,presbyterians and the ,independents--,his ,negotiations in the ,presbyterian direction3 ,the ,hamiltons his ,agents among the ,scots--,his ,attempt to negotiate with the ,independents3 ,will ,murray in ,london--,interferences of the ,queen from ,france3 ,davenant's ,mission to ,newcastle--,the ,nineteen ,propositions unanswered3 ,a ,personal ,treaty offered--,difficulties between the ,scots and the ,english ,parliament--,their ,adjustment3 ,departure of the ,scots from ,england1 and ,cession of ,charles to the ,english--,westminster ,assembly ,business1 and ,progress of the ,presbyterian ,settlement4 ,three months of ,scottish entreaty and argumentation had failed to move ,charles4 ,he would not take the ,covenant2 he would not promise a pure and simple acceptance of ,presbytery2 and to the ,nineteen ,propositions of the ,english ,parliament he had returned only the vaguest and most dilatory answer4 ,the ,english ,parliamentarians1 as a body1 were furious1 and the milder of them1 with the ,scots1 were in despair4 ,we are here1 by the ,king's madness1 in a terrible plunge1 ,baillie writes from ,london1 ,aug4 #ah2 the powerful faction desires nothing so much as any colour to call the ,king and all his race away4 ,in another letter on the same day he says1 ,we the ,scots in ,london strive every day to keep the ,house of ,commons from falling on the ,king's answer4 ,we know not what hour they will close their doors and declare the ,king fallen from his throne2 which if they once do1 we put no doubt but all ,england would concur1 and1 if any should mutter against it1 they would be quickly suppressed4 ,and again and again in subsequent letters1 through ,august1 ,september1 and ,october1 the honest ,presbyterian writes in the same strain1 breaking his heart with the thought of the ,king's continued obstinacy4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #chi et seq4 ,it must not be supposed that ,charles was merely idle or inert in his obstinacy4 ,in the wretched phrase of those who regard politics as a kind of game1 he was playing his cards as well as he could4 ,what was constantly present to his mind was the fact that his opponents were a composite body distracted by animosities among themselves4 ,he saw the ,presbyterians on the one wing and the ,independents on the other wing of the ,english or main mass1 and he saw this main mass variously disposed to the smaller and very sensitive ,scottish mass1 to whose keeping he had meanwhile entrusted himself4 ,hence he had not even yet given up the hope1 which he had been cherishing and expressing only a month before his flight to the ,scots1 that he should be able so to draw the ,presbyterians or the ,independents to side with him for extirpating one the other1 that he should really be ,king again4 ,footnote3 ,from a letter to ,lord ,digby1 dated ,march #bf1 #afdf1 quoted by ,godwin 7,,ii4 #acb-c7 from ,carte4 ,he could not now1 of course1 pursue that policy in a direct manner or with the expectation of immediate success4 ,but he could pursue it indirectly4 ,he could extract from the ,nineteen ,propositions the two main sets of concessions which they demanded--the concession of ,presbytery and what went along with that1 and the concession of the ,militia and what went along with that2 and1 holding the two sets of concessions in different hands1 he could alternate between that division of his opponents which preferred the one set and that which preferred the other1 so as to find out with which he could make the best arrangement4 ,by a good deal of yielding on the ,episcopacy question1 coupled with a promise to suppress ,sects and ,heresy1 might he not bribe the ,scots and ,presbyterians to join him against the ,independents8 ,by a good deal of yielding on the ,militia question1 coupled with a promise of ,toleration for the ,sects1 might he not bribe the ,independents to join him against the ,presbyterians1 and perhaps even save ,episcopacy8 ,which course would be the best8 ,might not that be found out most easily by trying both8 ,in accordance so far with the advices from ,france1 ,charles had begun with the ,presbyterian card1 and had played it first among the ,scots4 ,we have seen the classification he had made of the ,scots1 from his observation of them at ,newcastle1 into the four parties of the ,montroses1 the ,neutrals1 the ,hamiltons1 and the ,campbells4 ,the ,montroses1 or absolute ,royalists1 were now nowhere4 ,after having lurked on in his ,highland retreat1 with the hope of still performing some feat of ,hannibal in the service of his captive ,majesty1 ,montrose had reluctantly obeyed the orders to capitulate and disband which had been sent to him as well as to all the ,royalist commanders of garrisons in ,england1 and1 without having been permitted the consolation of going to ,newcastle to kiss his ,majesty's hand1 had embarked1 with a few of his adherents1 at ,stonehaven1 ,sept4 #c1 in a ship bound to ,norway4 ,the first of the four parties of ,scots in the ,king's reckoning of them being thus extinct1 and the second or ,neutrals making now no separate appearance1 the real division1 if any1 was into the ,hamiltons and the ,campbells4 ,the division was not for the present very apparent1 for ,hamilton and his brother ,lanark had not been ostensibly less urgent than ,argyle and ,loudoun that his ,majesty would accept the ,nineteen ,propositions4 ,but underneath this apparent accord his ,majesty had discerned the slumbering rivalry1 and the possibility of turning it to account4 ,he had regained the ,hamiltons4 ,when the ,duke1 indeed1 came to ,newcastle in ,july to kiss the hand of his royal kinsman from whom he had been estranged1 and by whose orders he had been in prison for more than two years1 the meeting had been rather awkward4 ,both had blushed at once4 ,but forgiveness had passed between them2 and1 though the ,king in his letters to the ,queen continued to speak of the bragging of the ,hamiltons1 and of his little belief in them1 the two black-haired brothers did not know that1 but were glad to hear themselves again addressed familiarly by the ,king as ,cousin ,james and ,lanark4 ,through these ,hamiltons might not a party among the ,scots be formed that should be less stiff than ,argyle1 ,loudoun1 and the others were for concurrence with the ,english in all the ,nineteen ,propositions8 ,the experiment was worth trying1 and in the course of ,september the ,king did try it in a very curious manner4 ,the ,duke of ,hamilton1 who had meanwhile paid a visit to ,scotland1 had then returned to ,newcastle at the head of a new deputation from the ,committee of the ,scottish ,estates1 charged with the duty of reasoning with his ,majesty4 ,besides the ,duke1 there were in the deputation the ,earls of ,crawford and ,cassilis1 ,lords ,lindsay and ,balmerino1 three lesser barons1 and three burgesses4 ,they had had an interview with the ,king1 and had pressed upon him the ,covenant and the ,nineteen ,propositions by all sorts of new arguments1 but without effect4 ,the next day1 however1 they received a communication from his ,majesty in writing4 ,after expressing his regret that his conversation with them the day before had not been satisfactory1 he explains more fully an arrangement which he had then proposed4 ,whatever might be his own opinion of the ,covenant1 he by no means desired from the ,scots anything contrary to their ,covenant4 ,but was it not the main end of the ,covenant that ,presbyterial ,government should be legally settled in ,england8 ,well1 he was willing to consent to this after a particular scheme4 ,whereas ,i mentioned that the ,church- government should be left to my conscience and those of my opinion1 ,i shall be content to restrict it to some few dioceses1 as ,oxford1 ,winchester1 ,bristol1 ,bath and ,wells1 and ,exeter1 leaving all the rest of ,england fully under the ,presbyterian ,government1 with the strictest clauses you shall think upon against ,papists and ,independents4 ,in other words1 ,charles offered a scheme by which ,presbytery and ,episcopacy should share ,england between them on a strict principle of non-toleration of anything else1 ,presbytery taking about four-fifths1 and ,episcopacy about one-fifth4 ,he argues eagerly for this scheme1 and points out its advantages4 ,it is true1 he says1 ,i desire that my own conscience and those that are of the same opinion with me might be preserved2 which ,i confess doth not as yet totally take away ,episcopal ,government3 but then consider withal that this scheme will take away all the superstitious sects and heresies of the ,papists and ,independents2 to which you are no less obliged by your ,covenant than the taking away of ,episcopacy4 ,how far this scheme of the ,king was discussed or even published does not appear4 ,it was one which the ,scottish ,commissioners collectively could not even profess to entertain2 and1 however well disposed ,hamilton may have been privately to abet it1 he dared not give it any countenance openly4 ,footnote3 ,authorities for this and the last paragraph are-- ,napier's ,montrose1 #fca et seq42 ,burnet's ,lives of the ,hamiltons 7ed4 #aheb71 #cei-cge2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bcb1 and #cbg-cbi2 ,king's ,letters l4 and lxiii4 in ,brace's ,charles ,i1 in #afdf4 ,the remarkable ,paper of the ,king proposing a compromise between ,episcopacy and ,presbytery is given entire both by ,rushworth and by ,burnet ,it is not dated1 but is one of several letters given by both these authorities as written by the ,king in ,september #afdf4 ,burnet1 who had a copy before him in ,lanark's hand1 notes the absence of the date4 ,in a postscript to the letter1 however1 as given in ,rushworth1 the ,king says3 ,i require you to give a particular and full account hereof to the ,general ,assembly in ,scotland2 and in ,burnet's copy the words are to the ,general ,assembly now sitting in ,scotland4 ,this phrase would refer the ,paper to some time between ,june #c and ,june #ah when the ,assembly was last in session1 its next meeting not being till ,august #d1 #afdg4 ,in that case the ,paper must have been delivered not to the deputation mentioned in the text1 but to the prior deputation from ,scotland4 of which ,lanark was one 7ant1 pp4 #dab-dah71 ,this is possible2 but it does not lessen the significance of the document in connexion with the ,king's dealings with the ,hamiltons in ,september1 ,the extant copy of the ,paper seen by ,burnet was in ,lanark's hand2 it must therefore have been mainly through the ,hamiltons that ,charles wanted to feel the pulse of ,scotland respecting his proposal2 and the proposal1 if first made in ,june1 must have been a topic between the ,king and the ,hamiltons in subsequent months4 ,altogether1 however1 ,i suspect1 the proposal did not go far beyond the ,king and the ,hamiltons1 ,i have found no distinct cognisance of it in ,baillie or in the ,acts of the ,assembly of #afdf4 ,and so1 with a heavy heart1 ,hamilton1 in the end of ,september1 returned to ,scotland4 ,foreseeing the ,king's ruin1 he had resolved to withdraw altogether from the coil of affairs1 and retire to some place on the ,continent4 ,in vain did his brother ,lanark fight against this resolution2 and not till he had received several affectionate letters from the ,king did he consent to remain in ,britain on some last chance of being useful4 ,actually1 from this time onwards1 ,hamilton and ,lanark1 though not yet daring a decidedly separate policy from that of ,argyle and his party in ,scotland1 did work for the ,king as much as they could within limits4 ,he continued to correspond with both1 but chiefly with ,lanark4 ,not the less1 while the ,king was trying to bargain with the ,presbyterians through the ,hamiltons1 was he intriguing in the opposite direction4 ,his agent here was a certain ,mr4 ,william ,murray1 son of the parish-minister of ,dysart in ,scotland1 and known familiarly as ,will ,murray4 ,he had been page or whipping-boy to ,charles in his boyhood1 had been in his service ever since1 had been recently in ,france1 but had returned early in #afdf4 ,his connexions with the ,king being so close1 and his wiliness notorious1 he had been arrested by ,parliament and committed to the ,tower as a spy2 and it had cost the ,scottish ,commissioners some trouble--,baillie for one1 but especially ,gillespie1 who was related to ,murray by marriage--to procure his release on bail4 ,this having been accomplished in ,august1 he had been allowed to go to his master in ,newcastle1 the ,scottish ,commissioners vouching that he would use all his influence to bring the ,king into the right path4 ,he had been well instructed by ,baillie as to all the particulars of the duty so expected from him1 not the least of which1 in ,baillie's judgment1 was that he should get the ,king to dismiss ,hobbes from the tutorship of the ,prince at ,paris4 ,once with the ,king1 however1 ,murray had forgotten ,baillie's lectures1 and relapsed into his wily self4 ,will ,murray is let loose upon me from ,london1 the ,king writes to the ,queen ,sept4 #g2 but on the #adth he writes that ,murray has turned out very reasonable1 and that1 though he will not absolutely trust him1 the rather because he is not a client of the ,hamiltons1 but plainly inclines more to ,argyle1 yet he hopes to make good use of him4 ,on the #blst we hear of a private treaty he has made with ,murray2 and the result was that1 in ,october1 ,murray1 created ,earl of ,dysart in prospect1 was back in ,london on a secret mission1 the general aim of which was the conciliation of the ,independents4 ,on the condition that the ,king should surrender on the ,militia question1 give up the ,militia even for his whole life1 would the ,parliamentary leaders consent to the restoration of a ,limited ,episcopacy after three or five years8 ,it was a dangerous mission for ,murray1 so displeasing that it served only to put his neck to a new hazard2 and he was obliged to keep himself and his proposals as much within doors as he could4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cia-cif1 and ,appendix to same vol41 #eji1 #eaj2 ,burnet's ,hamiltons1 #cgh2 and ,hallam1 ,,ii4 #ahg-h1 and ,notes4 ,to the ,queen at ,paris her husband's continued hesitation on the ,episcopacy question seemed positively fatuous4 ,her letters1 as well as ,jermyn's and ,colepepper's1 had not ceased to urge bold concession on that question1 and a paction with the ,scots for ,presbytery4 ,now1 accordingly1 their counsels to this effect became more emphatic4 ,the ,queen thought the ,king perfectly right in refusing his personal signature to the ,covenant1 and advised him to remain steady to that refusal1 and also to his resolution not to let the ,covenant be imposed upon others2 she was moreover sure that he ought not to abandon ,ireland or the ,english ,roman ,catholics to the mercies of ,parliament2 but1 with these exceptions1 she would close with the ,scots and ,presbyterians in the matter of ,church- government1 if by that means she could save the ,militia and the real substance of kingly prerogative4 ,we must let them have their way in what relates to the ,bishops1 she wrote to ,charles1 ,oct4 #i_/ai2 which thing ,i know goes quite against your heart1 and1 ,i swear to you1 against mine too1 if ,i saw any one way left of saving them and not destroying you4 ,but1 if you are lost1 they are without resource2 whereas1 if you should be able again to head an army1 we shall restore them4 ,keep the ,militia1 and never give it up1 and by that all will come back--7,conservez-vous la ,militia1 et n'abandonnez jamais1 et par cela tout reviendra74 ,colepepper1 always rough-speaking1 used more decided language4 ,nothing remained for the ,king1 he wrote1 but a union with the ,scottish nation and the ,english ,presbyterians against the ,independents and ,anti-monarchists2 and to secure such a union ,episcopacy must go overboard4 ,his ,majesty's conscience6 ,did his ,majesty really believe that ,episcopacy only was jure divino1 and that there could be no true ,church without ,bishops8 ,if so1 ,colepepper personally did not agree with him1 and doubted whether there were six ,protestants in the world that did4 ,come1 he breaks out at last1 the question in short is whether you will choose to be a ,king of ,presbytery1 or no ,king and yet ,presbytery or perfect ,independency to be4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #chi et seq42 ,rushworth ,,vi4 #cbg et seq42 ,clarendon1 #fje2 ,hallam1 ,,ii4 #ahe-f2 and ,queen's ,letter in the original ,french in ,appendix to ,mr4 ,bruce's ,charles ,i4 in #afdf4 ,it was not only by letter that such counsels from ,france reached ,charles4 ,bellievre1 who had succeeded ,montreuil as ,french ambassador in ,england1 and had been much with the ,king at ,newcastle1 plying him with the same counsels1 had reported to ,mazarin that some person of credit among the ,english exiles should be sent over1 expressly to reason with ,charles on the all-important point4 ,they seem to have had some difficulty at ,paris in finding a proper person for the mission4 ,to have sent ,hobbes1 even if he would have gone1 would have been too absurd4 ,hobbes a successor of ,alexander ,henderson in the task of persuading the ,king to accept ,presbytery6 ,the person sent1 however1 was the one next to ,hobbes in literary repute among the ,royalist exiles1 the one most liked by ,hobbes1 and oftenest in his company4 ,he was no other than the laureate and dramatist ,will ,davenant1 known on the ,london boards by that name for a good many years before the war1 but now ,sir ,william ,davenant1 knighted by the ,king in ,sept4 #afdc for his ,army-plotting and his gallant soldiering4 ,he was over forty years of age1 and had just turned1 or was turning1 a ,roman ,catholic in ,paris1 or perhaps rather a ,roman ,catholic ,hobbist4 ,clarendon1 with a sneer at ,davenant's profession of play-writer1 makes merry over the choice of such an agent by the ,queen1 ,jermyn1 and ,colepepper1 and relates the result with some malice4 ,arrived at ,newcastle late in ,september1 or early in ,october1 ,davenant had delivered his letters to the ,king1 and proceeded to argue according to his instructions4 ,charles had heard him for a while with some patience1 but in a manner to show that he did not like the subject of his discourse4 ,determined1 however1 to do his work thoroughly1 ,davenant had gone on1 becoming more fluent and confidential1 ,it was the advice of all his ,majesty's friends that he should yield on the question of ,episcopacy6 ,what friends8 said the ,king4 ,my ,lord ,jermyn1 replied ,davenant4 ,his ,majesty was not aware that ,lord ,jermyn had given his attention to ,church questions4 ,my ,lord ,colepepper1 said ,davenant1 trying to mend his answer4 ,colepepper has no religion1 said the ,king1 bluntly2 and then he asked whether the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer 7i4e4 ,clarendon himself1 then ,sir ,edward ,hyde7 agreed with ,colepepper and ,jermyn4 ,davenant could not say he did1 for ,sir ,edward was not in ,paris with the ,prince1 as he ought to have been1 but in ,jersey3 and he proceeded to convey from the ,queen some insinuations to ,hyde's discredit4 ,the ,king1 ,clarendon is glad to tell1 had defended him1 and said he had perfect trust in him1 and was sure he would never desert the ,church4 ,something of the wit1 or of the ,roman ,catholic ,hobbist and freethinker1 had then flashed out in the speech of the distressed envoy4 ,he offered some reasons of his own in which he mentioned the ,church slightingly4 ,on this the ,king had blazed into proper indignation1 given poor ,davenant a sharper reprehension than he ever did to any other man1 told him never to show his face again1 and frowned him to the door4 ,and so1 says ,clarendon1 the poor man1 who had indeed very good affections1 returned to ,paris crestfallen4 ,footnote3 ,clar4 #fjf1 and ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #hja1 #hje4 ,the ,king's ,letters mention ,davenant's presence at ,newcastle and the purport of his argument1 but without tolling of any such scene between him and ,davenant as ,clarendon describes4 ,davenant had not arrived at ,newcastle ,sept4 #bf1 but was there ,oct4 #c4 ,he was back in ,paris in ,november4 ,perturbed by the ,queen's difference from him on the matter he had most at heart1 and saddened by the failure of his own schemings in opposite directions1 ,charles appears to have sunk for a time into a state of sullen passiveness1 varied by thoughts of abdication or escape4 ,by ,december1 however1 he had again roused himself4 ,by that time1 ,will ,murray having returned to him with fresh suggestions from ,london1 he had made up his mind to send to the ,english ,parliament an ,answer to their ,nineteen ,propositions in detail4 ,he had prepared such an ,answer1 and on the #dth of ,december he sent a draft of it to the ,earl of ,lanark in ,edinburgh4 ,in this draft he goes over the ,propositions one by one1 signifying his agreement where it is complete1 or the amount of his agreement where it is only partial4 ,in such matters as the management of ,ireland1 laws against the ,roman ,catholics1 c41 he will yield to ,parliament2 but he would like an act of general oblivion for ,delinquents4 ,in the matter of the ,militia his offer is to resign all power for ten years4 ,in the matter of the ,church he offers his consent to ,presbytery for three years1 as had been settled by ,parliament1 with these provisions--7l7 that there be such forbearance to those who through scruple of conscience cannot in everything practise according to the said rules as may consist with the rule of the ,word of ,god and the peace of the kingdom2 7#b7 that his ,majesty and his household be not hindered from that form of ,god's service which they have formerly done2 and 7#c7 that he be allowed to add twenty persons of his own nomination to the ,westminster ,assembly1 to aid that body and ,parliament in considering what ,church-government shall be finally adjusted after the three years' trial of ,presbytery4 ,altogether1 the concessions were the largest he had yet offered1 and an elated consciousness of this appears in the letter which conveyed the ,draft to ,lanark for the consideration of him and his friends in ,scotland4 ,only on one point is he dubious4 ,the clause promising a toleration for scrupulous consciences may not please the ,scots6 ,he explains1 however1 that that clause had been inserted purposely1 to make the whole relish the better with the ,english ,independents1 and adds1 ,if my native subjects the ,scots will so countenance this ,answer that ,i may be sure they will stick to me in what concerns my temporal power1 ,i will not only expunge that clause1 but likewise make what declarations ,i shall be desired against the ,independents1 and that really without any reserve or equivocation4 ,this was ,charles all over6--,alas6 ,lanark's reply was unfavourable4 ,the ,toleration clause1 he wrote1 was but one of the stumbling-blocks4 ,as far as he could ascertain ,scottish opinion1 he dared not promise the least countenance to the ,king's proposals about the ,church1 omitting as they did all mention of the ,covenant1 and contemplating an entire re-opening of the debate on ,presbytery4 ,nor was it from ,lanark only that the ,draft met discouragement4 ,from the ,queen1 to whom also a copy had been sent1 the comments that came1 though from a point of view different from ,lanark's1 were far more cutting4 ,the surrender of the ,militia for ten years amazed her4 ,by that you have also confirmed them the ,parliament for ten years2 which is as much as to say that we shall never see an end to our misfortunes4 ,for while the ,parliament lasts you are not ,king2 and1 for me1 ,i shall never again set foot in ,england4 ,and with this shift of your granting the ,militia you have cut your own throat 7,et avec le biais que vous avez accord la ,milice1 vous vous este coup la gorge74 ,on the promised concession with respect to ,ireland she remarks3 ,i am astonished that the ,irish do not give themselves to some foreign king2 you will force them to it at last1 seeing themselves made a sacrifice4--,the result was that1 though the terms of ,charles's draft ,answer got about1 and he was in a manner committed to them1 the message which he did formally send to ,parliament1 on the #bjth of ,december1 was quite different from the ,draft4 ,it explained that1 though he had bent all his thoughts on the preparation of a written ,answer to the ,nineteen ,propositions1 the more he endeavoured it he more plainly saw that any answer he could make would be subject to misinformations and misconstructions4 ,he repeats1 therefore1 his earnest desire for a personal treaty in ,london4 ,footnote3 ,burnet's ,hamiltons1 #cha-chi 7for the interesting correspondence between the ,king and ,lanark72 ,king's ,letters1 liii4-lxii4 in ,bruce's ,charles ,i4 in #afdf1 and ,queen's ,letters in ,appendix to the same3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #cic2 and ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #ecg4 ,meanwhile1 quite independently of the ,king1 his messages1 or his wishes1 matters had been creeping on to a definite issue4 ,for four months now there had been a most intricate debate between the ,scots and the ,english ,parliament on the distinct and yet inseparable questions of the ,disposal of the ,king's ,person and the ,settlement of ,money ,accounts4 ,though the reasoning on both sides on the first question was from ,law and ,logic1 it was heated by international animosity4 ,lord ,loudoun was the chief speaker for the ,scottish ,commissioners in the ,london conferences2 the great speech on the ,english side was thought to be that of ,mr4 ,thomas ,challoner1 a ,recruiter for ,richmond in ,yorkshire2 but the speeches1 published and unpublished1 were innumerable1 and a mere abstract of them fills forty pages in ,rushworth4 ,not represented by so much printed matter now1 but as prolix then1 was the dispute on the question of ,accounts4 ,the claim of the ,scots for army-arrears and indemnity was for a much vaster sum than the ,english would acknowledge4 ,this item and that item were contested1 and the ,accounts of the two nations could not be brought to correspond4 ,not even when the ,scots consented to a composition for a slump sum roughly calculated was there an approach to agreement4 ,the ,scots thought #ejj1jjjl4 little enough2 the ,english thought the sum exorbitant4 ,equally on this question as on the other it was the ,independents that were fiercest against the ,scots and the most careless of their feelings2 and again and again the ,presbyterians had to deprecate the rudeness shown to their ,scottish brethren4 ,and so on and on the double dispute had wound its slow length between the two sets of ,commissioners1 the ,english ,parliament looking on and interfering1 and the ,scottish ,parliament1 after its meeting on the #crd of ,november1 contributing its opinions and votes from ,edinburgh4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #cbb-cgb4 ,to ,charles in ,newcastle all this had been inexpressibly interesting4 ,a rupture between the ,english and the ,scots1 such as would occasion the retreat of the ,scots into their own country1 carrying him with them1 was the very greatest of his chances2 and it was in the fond dream of such a chance that he had procrastinated his direct dealings with the ,english ,parliament4 ,but from this dream there was to be a rude awakening4 ,it came in ,december1 precisely at the time when he was corresponding with the ,queen and ,lanark over his proposed compromises on all the ,nineteen ,propositions4 ,already1 indeed1 there had been signs that the dispute between the two nations was working itself to an end4 ,by laying entirely aside the question of the ,disposal of the ,king's person1 and prosecuting the question of ,accounts by itself1 difficulties had been removed and progress made4 ,it had been agreed that the sum to be paid to the ,scots should be #djj1jjjl4 in all1 one-half to be paid before they left ,england1 and the rest in subsequent instalments2 and actually on the #afth of ,december the first moiety of #bjj1jjjl4 was off from ,london in chests and bags1 packed in thirty-six carts1 to be under the charge of ,skippon in the ,north till it should be delivered to the ,scots4 ,yes6 but would it ever be delivered to the ,scots8 ,not a word was in writing as to the surrender of the ,king by the ,scots1 but only about their surrender of the ,english towns and garrisons held by them2 and1 so far as appeared1 the money was to be theirs even if they kept the ,king4 ,here1 however1 lay the very skill of the policy that had been adopted4 ,instead of persisting in the theoretical question of the relative rights of the two nations in the matter of the custody of the ,king1 and wrangling over that question in its unfortunate conjunction with a purely pecuniary question1 it had been resolved to close the pecuniary question by putting down the money in sight of the ,scots as undisputedly theirs on other grounds1 and allowing them to decide for themselves1 under a sense of their duty to all the three kingdoms1 whether they would let ,charles go to ,scotland with them or would leave him in ,england4 ,precisely in this way was the issue reached4 ,but oh6 with what trembling among the ,scots1 what wavering of the balance to the very last6 ,dec4 #af1 the very day when the money left ,london1 there was a debate in the ,scottish ,parliament or ,convention of ,estates in ,edinburgh1 the result of which was a vote that the ,scottish ,commissioners in ,london should be instructed to press his ,majesty's coming to ,london with honour1 safety1 and freedom1 for a personal treaty1 and that resolutions should go forth from the ,scottish nation to maintain monarchical government in his ,majesty's person and posterity1 and his just title to the crown of ,england4 ,this vote1 passing over altogether the question of the surrender of the ,king1 and pledging the ,scots to his interests generally1 was a stroke in his favour by the ,hamilton party in the ,convention1 carried by their momentary preponderance4 ,but the flash was brief4 ,there was in ,edinburgh another organ of ,scottish opinion1 more powerful at that instant than even the ,convention of ,estates4 ,this was the ,commission of the ,general ,assembly of the ,kirk1 or that ,committee of the last ,general ,assembly whose business it was to look after all affairs of importance to the ,kirk till the next ,general ,assembly should meet4 ,the ,commission then in power1 by appointment of the ,assembly of ,june #afdf1 consisted of eighty-nine ministers and about as many lay-elders2 and among these latter were the ,marquis of ,argyle1 the ,earls of ,crawford1 ,marischal1 ,glencairn1 ,cassilis1 ,dunfermline1 ,tullibardine1 ,buccleuch1 ,lothian1 and ,lanark1 besides many other lords and lairds4 ,it was in fact a kind of ecclesiastical ,parliament by the side of the nominal ,parliament1 and with most of the ,parliamentary leaders in it1 but these so encompassed by the clergy that the ,hamilton influence was slight in it and the ,argyle policy all- prevailing4 ,now1 on the very day after that of the ,hamilton resolutions in ,parliament for the ,king 7,dec4 #ag71 and when ,parliament was again in debate1 the ,commission spoke out4 ,in ,a ,solemn and ,seasonable ,warning to all ,estates and ,degrees of ,persons throughout the ,land they proclaimed their view of the national duty4 ,nothing could be more dangerous1 they said1 than that his ,majesty should be allowed to come into ,scotland1 he not having as yet subscribed the ,league and ,covenant1 nor satisfied the lawful desires of his loyal subjects in both nations2 and they therefore prayed that this might be prevented1 and that1 in justice to the ,english1 to whom the ,scots were bound by the ,covenant1 the ,king should not be withdrawn at that moment from ,english influence and surroundings4 ,this opinion of the ,commission at once turned the balance in the ,convention4 ,the resolutions of the previous day were rescinded2 and on that and the few following days it was agreed1 ,hamilton and ,lanark protesting1 that nothing less than the ,king's absolute consent to the ,nineteen ,propositions would be satisfactory1 and that1 unless he made his peace with the ,english1 he could not be received in ,scotland4 ,when the letters with this news reached ,charles at ,newcastle1 he was playing a game of chess4 ,he read them1 it is said1 and went on playing4 ,he had a plan of escape on hand about the time1 and the very ship was at ,tynemouth4 ,but it could not be managed4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #chi-cic2 ,burnet's ,hamiltons1 #chi-cic2 ,baillie1 ,,iii4 #d1 #e2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #ecc-ecf4 ,january #afdf-g was an eventful month4 ,on the #ast it was settled by the two ,houses that ,holdenby ,house1 usually called ,holmby ,house1 in ,northamptonshire1 should be the ,king's residence during farther treaty with him2 and on the #fth the ,commissioners were appointed who should receive him from the ,scots1 and conduct him to ,holmby4 ,the ,commissioners for the ,lords were the ,earls of ,pembroke and ,denbigh and ,lord ,montague2 those for the ,commons were ,sir ,william ,armyn 7for whom ,sir ,james ,harrington was substituted71 ,sir ,john ,holland1 ,sir ,walter ,earle1 ,sir ,john ,coke1 ,mr4 ,john ,crewe1 and ,general ,browne4 ,on the #acth these ,commissioners set out from ,london1 with two ,assembly ,divines1 ,mr4 ,stephen ,marshall and ,mr4 ,caryl1 in their train1 besides a physician and other appointed persons4 ,on the #bcrd they were at ,newcastle4 ,on the whole1 the ,king seemed perfectly content4 ,when the ,english ,commissioners first waited on him and informed him that they were to convey him to ,holmby1 he inquired how the ways were4 ,on ,saturday1 ,jan4 #cj1 the ,scots marched out of ,newcastle1 leaving the ,king with the ,english ,commissioners1 and ,skippon marched in4 ,within a few days more1 the #bjj1jjjl4 having been punctually paid1 and receipts taken in most formal fashion1 as prescribed by a ,treaty signed at ,london ,dec4 #bc1 the ,scots were out of ,england4 ,the ,scottish political ,commissioners 7,loudoun1 ,lauderdale1 and ,messrs4 ,erskine1 ,kennedy1 and ,barclay7 had left ,london immediately after the conclusion of the ,treaty4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,jan4 #g and #ab1 #afdf-g2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #cic-cih2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #ecc-ecf2 ,burnet's ,hamiltons1 #cic-cig4 ,burnet has a curious blunder here1 and founds a joke on it4 ,before the ,scottish ,commissioners left ,london1 he says1 there was a debate in the ,commons as to the form of the thanks to be tendered to them4 ,it was proposed1 he says1 to thank them for their civilities and good offices1 but the ,independents carried it by #bd votes to strike out the words good offices and thank them for their civilities only4 ,and so all those noble characters they were wont to give the ,scottish ,commissioners on every occasion concluded now in this1 that they were well-bred gentlemen4 ,on turning to the ,commons ,journals for the day in question 7,dec4 #bd1 #afdf71 one finds what really occurred4 ,it was reported that ,loudoun1 ,lauderdale1 and the other ,scottish ,commissioners1 were about to take their leave1 and that they desired to know whether they could do any service for the ,english ,parliament with the ,parliament of ,scotland4 ,the vote was on the question whether thanks should be returned to them for all their civilities and for this their last kind offer4 ,the ,independents 7,haselrig and ,evelyn1 tellers7 wanted it to stand so2 the ,presbyterians 7,stapleton and ,sir ,roger ,north1 tellers7 wanted an addition to be made1 i4e41 ,i suppose1 wanted some particular use to be made of the offer of the ,commissioners to convey a message to the ,scottish ,parliament4 ,actually it was carried by #abi to #aje that the question should stand as proposed by the ,independents2 and1 the ,lords concurring next day1 the ,commissioners were thanked in those terms4 ,with the ,scottish lay ,commissioners1 there returned to ,scotland at this time a ,scot who has been more familiar to us in these pages than any of them4 ,for a long time1 and especially since ,henderson had gone1 ,baillie had been anxious to return home4 ,having now obtained the necessary permission1 he had packed up his books1 had taken a formal farewell of the ,westminster ,assembly1 in which he had sat for more than three years1 had received the warmest thanks of that body and the gift of a silver cup1 and so1 in the company of ,loudoun and ,lauderdale1 had made his journey northwards1 first to ,newcastle1 thence to ,edinburgh1 and thence to his family in ,glasgow4 ,on the whole1 he had left the ,londoners1 and the ,english people generally1 at a moment when the state of things among them was pleasing to his ,presbyterian heart4 ,for1 both in the ,parliament and in the ,westminster ,assembly1 notwithstanding the engrossing interest of the negotiations with and concerning the ,king1 there had been1 in the course of the last five months1 a good deal of progress towards the completion of the ,presbyterian settlement4 ,thus1 in ,parliament1 there had been 7,oct4 #i7 ,an ,ordinance for the abolishing of ,archbishops and ,bishops within the ,kingdom of ,england and the ,dominion of ,wales1 and for settling their lands and possessions upon ,trustees for the use of the ,commonwealth4 ,it was an ,ordinance the first portion of which may seem but the unnecessary execution of a long-dead corpse2 but the second portion was of practical importance1 and prepared the way for another measure 7,nov4 #af71 entitled ,an ,ordinance for appointing the sale of the ,bishops' lands for the use of the ,commonwealth4 ,then in the ,westminster ,assembly there had been such industry over the ,confession of ,faith that nineteen chapters of it had been presented to the ,commons on ,sept4 #be1 a duplicate of the same to the ,lords ,oct4 #a1 and so with the residue1 till on ,dec4 #g and ,dec4 #ab the two ,houses respectively had the text of the entire work before them4 ,the ,houses had not yet passed the work1 or permitted it to be divulged1 but had only ordered a certain number of copies to be printed for their own use2 nay they had1 with what seemed an excess of punctiliousness1 required the ,assembly to send in their ,scriptural proofs for all the ,articles of the ,confession2 but still1 when ,baillie left ,london1 that great business might be considered off the ,assembly's hands4 ,a good deal also had been done in the ,catechisms by the ,assembly2 and1 if the ,assembly's revised edition of ,rous's ,metrical ,version of the ,psalms had not received full ,parliamentary enactment1 that was because the ,lords still stood out for ,mr4 ,barton's competing ,version4 ,it was satisfactory to ,baillie that1 on his return to ,scotland1 he could report to his countrymen that so much had been done for the ,presbyterianizing of ,england4 ,there were1 indeed1 drawbacks4 ,both in ,london and in ,lancashire1 where the machinery of ,presbytery was already in operation1 the procedure was a little languid2 and in other parts of ,england1 owing to the sottish negligence of the ministers and gentry of the shires more than the ,parliament1 they were wofully slow in setting up the ,elderships and the ,presbyteries4 ,even worse than this was the unchecked abundance of ,sects and ,heresies throughout ,england1 and the prevalence of the poisonous tenet of ,toleration4 ,an ,ordinance for the suppression of ,blasphemies and ,heresies1 which had been occupying a ,grand ,committee of the ,commons through ,september1 ,october1 ,november1 and ,december1 had not yet emerged into light4 ,these were certainly serious causes of regret to ,baillie1 but his mood altogether was one of thankfulness and hope4 ,this is the incomparably best people ,i ever knew if they were in the hands of any governors of tolerable parts1 had been his verdict on the ,english in a letter of ,dec4 #g1 when he was preparing to take leave of them4 ,an ,ordinance against ,heresies and ,blasphemies would make them perfect1 and till that came were there not substitutes8 ,had not a number of the orthodox ministers of ,london put forth a famous treatise1 called ,jus ,divinum ,regiminis ,ecclesiastici1 arguing for the ,divine ,right of ,presbytery in a manner which left nothing to be desired8 ,the ,second ,part of ,baillie's own ,dissuasive from the ,errors of the ,time1 published just as he was leaving ,london 7,dec4 #bh1 #afdf71 and intended as a parting-gift to the ,english1 might also do some good6 ,and1 though he himself was no longer to sit in the ,westminster ,assembly1 had he not left there his excellent colleagues1 ,samuel ,rutherford and ,george ,gillespie8 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,ii4 #cig-djc1 #djf-g1 #daj-daf1 and ,,iii4 #a-e2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #cgc-chh2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #eah2 ,commons and ,lords ,journals of dates given2 ,neal's ,puritans ,,iii4 #cej-ea4 ,,second ,,stage ,,of ,,the ,,captivity3 ,,at ,,holmby ,,house3 ,,feb4 #afdf-g--;,,june #afdg4 ,the ,king's ,manner of ,life at ,holmby--,new ,omens in his favour from the ,relations of ,parliament to its own ,army--,proposals to disband the ,army and reconstruct part of it for service in ,ireland--,summary of ,irish ,affairs since #afda--;,army's ,anger at the proposal to disband it--,view of the ,state of the ,army3 ,medley of ,religious ,opinions in it3 ,passion for ,toleration3 ,prevalence of ,democratic ,tendencies3 ,the ,levellers-- ,determination of the ,presbyterians for the ,policy of ,disbandment1 and ,votes in ,parliament to that effect--,resistance of the ,army3 ,petitions and ,remonstrances from the ,officers and ,men3 ,regimental ,agitators--,cromwell's ,efforts at ,accommodation3 ,fairfax's ,order for a ,general ,rendezvous-- ,cromwell's ,adhesion to the ,army--,the ,rendezvous at ,newmarket1 and ,joyce's ,abduction of the ,king from ,holmby--,westminster ,assembly ,business3 ,first ,provincial ,synod of ,london3 ,proceedings for the ,purgation of ,oxford ,university4 ,holmby or ,holdenby ,house in ,northamptonshire had been built by ,lord ,chancellor ,hatton in ,elizabeth's time1 but afterwards purchased by ,queen ,anne for her son ,charles while he was but ,duke of ,york4 ,it was a stately mansion1 with gardens1 very much to the ,king's taste4 ,it was not till the #afth of ,february that he arrived there1 the journey from ,newcastle having been broken by halts at various places1 at each of which crowds had gathered respectfully to see him1 and poor people had begged for his royal touch to cure them of the king's evil4 ,near ,nottingham he had been met by ,general ,fairfax1 who had dismounted1 kissed his hand1 and then turned back1 conveying him through that town1 and conversing with him4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #cih2 ,whitlocke 7ed4 #ahec71 ,,ii4 #aae2 ,sir ,thomas ,herbert's ,memoirs of the last ,two ,years of the ,reign of ,king ,charles ,i447#ahac71 #ac-ae4 ,herbert was a kinsman and protg of the ,pembroke family1 who had travelled much in the ,east1 published an account of his travels1 and had acquired quiet and sthetic tastes4 ,he had been in various posts of ,parliamentary employment1 procured for him by ,philip1 ,earl of ,pembroke2 but1 having accompanied that ,earl when he went to ,newcastle as one of the ,commissioners to take charge of the ,king1 he had attracted the ,king's regard1 so that1 on the dismissal of some of the ,king's attendants at ,holmby1 he was selected to be one of the grooms of the bedchamber4 ,he remained faithfully with the ,king to his death1 cherished his memory afterwards1 was made a baronet by ,charles ,,ii4 after the ,restoration1 and died in #afha4 ,two or three years before his death he wrote1 at a friend's request1 the above-mentioned ,memoirs1 containing interesting reminiscences and anecdotes of ,charles in his captivity4 ,they were reprinted in #agjb and again in #ahac 7see a memoir of ,herbert in ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iv4 #ae-db74 ,during the four months of the ,king's stay at ,holmby his mode of life was very regular and pleasant4 ,the house and its appurtenances1 being large1 easily accommodated not only the ,king and all his permitted servants1 but also the ,parliamentary ,commissioners and their retinue1 besides ,messrs4 ,marshall and ,caryl1 ,colonel ,graves as military commandant1 and the under- officers and soldiers of the guard4 ,the allowance of ,parliament for the ,king's own expenses was #ejl4 a day1 so that all the tables were as well furnished as they used to be when his ,majesty was in a peaceful and flourishing state4 ,at meal-times the ,commissioners always waited upon his ,majesty1 and the two chaplains were generally also present4 ,it was almost his only complaint that ,parliament persisted in keeping these two reverend gentlemen about him1 and would not let him have chaplains of his own persuasion4 ,but1 though he declined the religious services of ,messrs4 ,marshall and ,caryl1 and said grace at table himself rather than ask them to do so1 he was civil to them personally1 and allowed such of his servants as chose to attend their sermons4 ,on ,sundays ,charles kept himself quite retired to his private devotions and meditations1 and on other days two or three hours were always spent in reading and study4 ,among his favourite ,english books were ,bishop ,andrewes's ,sermons1 ,hooker's ,ecclesiastical ,polity1 ,herbert's ,poems1 ,fairfax's ,tasso1 ,harrington's ,ariosto1 ,spenser's ,faery ,queene1 and1 above all1 ,shakespeare's ,plays1 his copy of the ,second ,folio ,edition of which is still in extant1 with the words ,dum spiro spero3 ,c4 ,r4 written on it by his own hand4 ,but he read also in ,greek and ,latin1 and fluently in ,french1 ,italian1 and ,spanish4 ,at dinner and supper he ate of but a few dishes1 and drank sparingly of beer1 or wine and water mixed by himself4 ,he disliked tobacco extremely1 and was offended by any whiff of it near his presence4 ,his chief relaxations were playing at chess after meals1 and walking much in the garden2 but1 not unfrequently1 as he was fond of bowls and there was no good bowling-green at ,holmby1 he would ride to ,lord ,spencer's house at ,althorp1 about three miles off1 or even to ,lord ,vaux's at ,harrowden1 nine miles off1 at both of which places there were excellent bowling-greens and beautiful grounds4 ,in these rides1 of course1 he was well attended and watched1 but still not so strictly but that a packet could sometimes be conveyed to him by a seeming country- bumpkin on a bridge1 or a letter in cipher entrusted to a sure hand4 ,always through the night at ,holmby a light was kept burning in the ,king's chamber1 in the form of a wax-cake and wick inside a large silver basin on a low table by the bed1 on which also were placed the ,king's two watches and the silver bell with which he called his grooms4 ,this custom had begun at ,oxford and had become invariable4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #deb-d2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #eea and #eeg-i2 ,clar4 #fjh2 but chiefly ,herbert's ,memoirs1 #ae-be1 #fa-fe1 #abd-abf1 and #aca4 ,it is remarkable that ,herbert1 who mentions the other favourite ,english books of ,charles named in the text1 does not mention ,shakespeare2 for ,charles's copy of the ,second ,folio1 now in the ,royal ,library at ,windsor1 was given to ,herbert himself by ,charles before his death1 and bears1 in addition to the inscription in ,charles's hand1 this in ,herbert's1 ,ex dono ,serenissimi ,regis ,car4 servo suo humiliss4 ,t4 ,herbert 7,lowndes by ,bohn1 #b1beg74 ,herbert mentions that ,dum spiro spero was a favourite motto with ,charles1 inscribed by him on many books4 ,but that ,shakespeare was a prime favourite of ,charles we have ,milton's authority in the well-known phrase in the ,greek3 ,gakonoklasts--one whom we well know was the closet companion of these his solitudes1 ,william ,shakespeare4 ,of course there were continued negotiations between ,charles and the ,parliament4 ,anything done in this way1 however1 during the four months of the stay at ,holmby1 hardly deserves notice4 ,for at that time there was a huge new clouding of the air in ,england1 pregnant with no one knew what changes1 and making the postponement of conclusions between the ,king and the ,parliament quite natural on both sides4 ,all the world has heard of the extraordinary quarrel between the ,long ,parliament and its own victorious ,army4 ,the war being over1 and the troublesome ,scots out of ,england at last1 what remained but to disband the ,parliamentarian ,army1 and enter on a period of peace1 retrenched expense1 and renewed industry8 ,this was what all the orthodox politicians1 and especially all the ,presbyterians1 were saying4 ,in the very act of saying it1 however1 they faltered and explained4 ,by disbanding they did not mean complete disbanding2 some force must still be kept up in ,england for garrison duty1 as a police against fresh ,royalist attempts2 they meant the disbanding of all beyond the moderate force needed for such use2 nay1 they did not even then mean actual disbanding of all the surplus2 they contemplated the immediate re- enlistment and re-organization of a goodly portion of the surplus for service in another employment4 ,what that was1 who needed to be told8 ,did there not remain for ,england a tremendous and long-postponed duty beyond her own bounds8 ,now at length1 now at length1 was there not leisure to attend to the case of unhappy ,ireland8 ,unhappy ,ireland6 ,her history at any time is hard to write2 but no human intellect could make a clear story of those five particular years of triple distractedness which intervene between the murderous ,insurrection of #afda-b 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cjh-cad7 and the beginning of #afdg4 ,one can but note a few points4 ,through the first year or more of the ,insurrection there seemed to be but two parties in ,ireland4 ,there was the vast party of the ,insurgents1 or ,confederates1 including the whole ,roman ,catholic population of the island1 both the old ,irish natives1 who had mainly begun the ,rebellion1 and the ,catholics of ,english descent who had joined in it4 ,gradually the mere spasmodic atrocity of the first ,rebels had been changed into something like an organized warfare1 commanded in chief by ,generals ,preston and ,owen ,roe ,o',neile1 while the political conduct of the ,rebellion and the government of ,confederate ,ireland had been provided for by the assembling at ,kilkenny of a ,parliament of ,roman ,catholic lords1 prelates1 and deputies from towns and counties1 and by the appointment by that body of county-councils1 provincial councils1 and a supreme executive council4 ,the other party in ,ireland was the small ,protestant party1 consisting of the mixed ,english and ,scottish population of certain districts of the east and north coasts1 with the surviving ,protestants from other parts amongst them1 and with ,dublin and other strongholds still in their possession4 ,at their head ought to have been the ,earl of ,leicester1 ,stafford's successor in the ,irish ,lord-,lieutenancy4 ,but1 as ,leicester had been detained in ,england by the ,king1 the management had devolved on the ,lords ,justices and ,councillors resident in ,dublin1 and on their military assessor1 ,james ,butler1 #abth ,earl of ,ormond1 who had been ,lieutenant-,general of the ,irish forces under ,strafford4 ,in fact it was this able ,ormond that had to fight the ,rebellion4 ,though supplies and forces1 with some good officers1 were sent over from ,england1 and a special army of ,scots under ,general ,monro had been lent to the ,english ,parliament for service in ,ulster1 it was still ,ormond that had to direct in chief4 ,his success had been very considerable4 ,in the course of #afdc1 however1 after the ,civil ,war had begun in ,england1 ,ireland and the ,rebellion there had become related in a strangely complex manner to the struggle between the ,king and the ,parliament4 ,whatever share the ,king may have had1 through the ,queen1 in first exciting the ,roman ,catholics1 he had come to regard the ,irish distraction as a magazine of chances in his favour4 ,if he could get into his own hands the command of the ,protestant forces employed in putting down the ,rebellion1 he would have an army in ,ireland ready for his service generally1 and the policy would then be to come to an arrangement with the ,roman ,catholic ,insurgents1 so as to free that army1 and perhaps the ,insurgents too1 for his service in ,england4 ,now1 though the ,lords ,justices and most of the ,councillors in ,dublin were ,parliamentarian in their sympathies1 ,ormond was a ,royalist1 of a family old in ,ireland1 far from fanatical in his own ,protestantism1 and with many relatives and friends among the ,roman ,catholics4 ,willing enough1 therefore1 to fight on against the ,confederates1 he was yet as willing1 on instructions from ,oxford1 to make an arrangement with them in the ,king's interests4 ,actually1 on the #aeth of ,september1 #afdc1 he did make a year's truce with the ,rebels1 which permitted the despatch of some portions of his own force1 mixed with ,irish ,roman ,catholics1 to the ,king's assistance in ,england4 ,vehement had been the outcry of the ,english ,parliamentarians over this breach of the ,king's compact with them to leave the conduct of the ,irish war wholly to the ,parliament2 and from that moment there were two ,protestant powers or trusteeships for the management of the ,irish ,rebellion4 ,ormond1 made a ,marquis1 and raised to the ,lord-,lieutenancy in ,leicester's place 7,jan4 #afdc-d71 was trustee for the ,king1 and continued to rule in ,dublin1 bound by his truce4 ,in other parts of ,ireland1 however1 the war was maintained in the interests of ,parliament and by instructions from ,london--in ,munster by ,lord ,inchiquin2 in ,connaught by ,sir ,charles ,coote2 and in ,ulster by ,monro and his ,scots1 in conjunction with ,english officers and advisers4 ,so the imbroglio had gone on1 a mere chaos of mutual sieges and skirmishes in bogs1 and ,ireland in fact1 through the stress of the ,civil ,war at home1 all but abandoned to herself in the meantime4 ,the ,confederates were stronger after the end of ,ormond's year of truce than they had been before2 and in #afde they were up again against ,ormond1 as well as against ,inchiquin1 ,coote1 and ,monro4 ,they had already received help from ,france and ,spain1 and in ,oct4 #afde there arrived among them no less than a ,papal nuncio1 ,archbishop ,rinuccini1 with a retinue of other ,italians1 to take possession of the tumult in the name of his ,holiness1 and regulate it sacerdotally4 ,in this complexity ,ormond had still kept his footing4 ,he had kept it even in the midst of a sudden shock given to his ,vice-royalty by ,charles himself4 ,without ,ormond's knowledge1 ,charles had been trafficking for months with the ,confederate ,irish ,catholics through another plenipotentiary4 ,in ,jan4 #afde-f it came out1 by accident1 that the ,roman ,catholic ,earl of ,glamorgan1 to whose presence in ,ireland for some months no particular significance had been attached1 had been treating1 in ,charles's name1 for a ,peace with the ,confederates on the basis not merely of a repeal of all penal laws against their ,religion1 but even of its establishment in ,ireland4 ,all ,britain and ,ireland were aghast at the discovery1 and even ,ormond reeled4 ,recovering himself1 however1 he did what he could to save ,charles from the results of his own double-dealing4 ,glamorgan was imprisoned for a time1 with tremendous threats2 all publicity was given to ,charles's letters authorizing proceedings against him as one who either out of falseness1 presumption1 or folly1 hath so hazarded the blemishing of his ,majesty's reputation with his good subjects1 and so impertinently framed these ,articles out of his own head2 and meanwhile ,charles's letters of consolation to ,glamorgan1 with his thanks1 and promises of revenge and reparation1 remained private4 ,one consequence of the ,glamorgan exposure1 happening as it did when the ,king had been all but completely beaten in ,england1 was a resolution of ,parliament that ,irish affairs should be managed thenceforward not by the mere ,committee for these affairs meeting at ,derby ,house1 ,westminster1 and communicating with ,inchiquin1 ,coote1 and others in ,ireland1 but by a single person of honour1 in fact a ,parliamentary ,lord-,lieutenant4 ,for this high post there was chosen ,philip ,sidney1 ,viscount ,lisle1 ,m4,p4 for ,yarmouth in the ,isle of ,wight4 ,this was partly a tribute to ,lord ,lisle's own zeal and to service he had already rendered in ,ireland1 partly a compliment to his father1 the ,earl of ,leicester1 whom ,charles had displaced from the ,lord-,lieutenancy to make way for ,ormond4 ,accordingly1 from ,april #afdf1 while ,ormond remained in power for ,charles at ,dublin1 it was in the name of ,lord ,lisle1 as ,lord ,lieutenant-,general1 that all commissions for ,parliament respecting ,ireland were issued4 ,lord ,lisle1 however1 had not gone over to ,ireland1 but had been waiting till he could take troops with him4 ,it remained1 therefore1 for ,ormond to do what he finally could in ,ireland for the fallen ,king4 ,he had been in negotiation with the ,confederates for a ,peace on more respectable terms than ,glamorgan's1 and yet valuable for the ,king2 and though1 after ,charles's flight to the ,scots1 letters had come from ,newcastle 7,june #aa7 countermanding previous instructions1 ,ormond had persevered4 ,on the #bhth of ,july1 #afdf1 ,ormond's ,articles of ,peace with the ,irish ,rebels were signed at ,dublin and published for general information4 ,they promised the repeal of all acts against the ,roman ,catholic ,religion in ,ireland1 and admission of ,roman ,catholics to a proportion of all places of public trust2 and the recompense was to be an army of #aj1jjj ,irish for his ,majesty's assistance in ,england4 ,the indignation among the ,parliamentarians in ,ireland1 and throughout ,england and ,scotland1 was immense1 and ,ormond was the best-abused man living4 ,fortunately for him1 he was extricated from the consequences of his own ,treaty4 ,the ,papal ,nuncio disowned it as insulting to the ,church after ,glamorgan's2 the ,roman ,catholic clergy gathered round the ,nuncio2 there were riots wherever it was proclaimed2 excommunications were thundered against its adherents2 the ,confederate ,commissioners who had made the ,treaty were imprisoned2 the ,nuncio himself became generalissimo1 and1 with ,owen ,roe ,o',neile's army on one side of him and ,general ,preston's on the other1 declared war afresh against ,ormond1 and marched in his robes upon ,dublin4 ,for ,ormond then there remained one plain duty4 ,to save ,english rule and the existence of ,protestantism in ,ireland1 he must hand over ,dublin and the entire management of the war to the ,english ,parliament4 ,having procured the ,king's full consent1 he began a treaty with ,parliament to this effect in ,nov4 #afdf4 ,as he was staunch in his desire to make the best bargain for the ,king he could1 he was in no hurry2 so that in ,february #afdf-g1 when the ,king was taken to ,holmby1 ,ormond was still in ,dublin1 going on with the ,treaty4 ,in reality1 however1 by that time ,ireland was as good as transferred to the ,parliament4 ,they had acted on the knowledge4 ,dec4 #bc1afdf1 ,resolved that this ,house doth declare that they will prosecute and carry on an offensive war in ,ireland for the regaining of that kingdom to the obedience of the kingdom of ,england2 ,jan4 #d1 #afdf-g1 ,resolved that an ,ordinance be forthwith prepared and brought in for establishing and settling the same ,form of ,church- government in the kingdom of ,ireland as is or shall be established in the kingdom of ,england2 such were two momentous votes of the ,commons when the ,king was about to leave ,newcastle4 ,nay1 on the #bhth of ,january1 when the ,scots were handing over the ,king to the ,english1 ,lord ,lisle had left ,london for ,ireland to assume his ,lord-,lieutenancy4 ,a new sword of ,state had been made for him2 his ,irish ,council1 of nine members at #ejj a year each1 had been nominated2 and1 at his special request1 ,major ,thomas ,harrison of the ,new ,model had accompanied him4 ,footnote3 ,authorities for the summary of ,irish affairs from #afda to #afdg given in the text are-- ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #bch-bdi2 ,clar4 #fda1 and at various other points2 ,whitlocke under ,jan4 #be and #bh and ,march #i1 #afdf-g2 ,godwin1 ,i4 #bde et seq41 and ,,ii4 #ajb et seq42 ,commons ,journals of dates given1 with other entries from ,dec4 #afdf to ,feb4 #afdf-g2 and ,carte's ,ormond4 ,carte's large book is of some value from the abundance of information that was at his disposal1 but is intrinsically silly4 ,what could ,lord ,lisle do without troops8 ,now was the time for ,england to perform fully for the gasping and bleeding ,island that duty of which1 with all the excuse of her own pressing needs1 she had been long too negligent4 ,now was the time to revenge the massacre of #afda1 and re- subject ,ireland to ,english rule and the one only right faith and worship4 ,and were not the means at hand8 ,an army of #be1jjj or #cj1jjj ,englishmen was now standing idle3 why not disband and cashier part of them1 and recast the rest into a new army for the service of ,ireland8 ,the question was obvious and natural to all2 but it was put most loudly by the ,presbyterians1 because of a peculiar interest in it4 ,they had never liked the ,army of the ,new ,model2 all its victories had not reconciled them to it1 or made them cease to regret the ,army of the ,old ,model1 ,that had been a respectable army1 with the ,earl of ,essex at its head2 this was an army of ,independents1 ,sectaries1 ,tolerationists4 ,might not the disbanding of this army be so managed as to be at once a deliverance of ,england from a great danger and the salvation of ,ireland8 ,what was necessary in the process was to get rid of ,cromwell1 his followers among the officers1 and the most peccant parts of the soldiery1 so as to leave a sufficient mass to be re-formed1 with additions1 into an army of the ,old ,model type1 the command of which might be given to ,fairfax if he would take it1 or perhaps to honest ,skippon1 or1 best of all1 to ,sir ,william ,waller4 ,this had been the understanding between the ,english ,presbyterians and their ,scottish friends since the close of the war4 ,footnote3 ,in a letter of ,baillie's ,october #b1 #afdf1 he expects the ,sectarian ,army disbanded and that party humbled4 ,there was1 however1 another party likely to have a voice in the business4 ,this was the ,army itself4 ,never under the sun had there been such an army before4 ,it was not large according to our modern ideas of armies3 only some #be1jjj or #cj1jjj men1 four-fifths of them foot-soldiers and the rest horse-troopers and dragoons4 ,but imagine these all hardy men1 thoroughly drilled and disciplined1 and conscious that it was they who had done the work1 they who had fought the battles1 they who had saved ,england4 ,imagine farther that this ,army had somehow come to be constituted1 through its entire mass1 on ,cromwell's extraordinary principle1 announced by him to ,hampden at the beginning of the war1 that the power of an army depends ultimately on the spirit1 or intrinsic moral mood1 of the individuals composing it4 ,imagine that the atoms of this army were all men of a spirit1 men who had not fought as hirelings1 but as earnest partakers in a great cause4 ,imagine them1 if you like1 as an army of fanatics4 ,this phrase1 however1 might mislead1 unless qualified4 ,the common conception of an army of fanatics is that of an army mad for one set of tenets4 ,now the ,parliamentary ,army was really1 as the ,presbyterians called it1 an ,army of ,sectaries4 ,it was a miscellany of all the forms of ,puritan belief known in ,england1 with forms of belief included that were not ,puritan4 ,the much largest proportion1 after ,presbyterians1 of whom there were many1 and ordinary ,independents1 of whom there were more1 were ,sectaries of the fervid and devout sorts1 such as ,baptists1 ,old ,brownists1 and ,antinomians1 with mystical ,millenaries and ,seekers1 all passionately ,scriptural1 saturated with the language and history of the ,old ,testament1 and zealously ,anti-,romanist and ,anti- prelatic2 and these1 on the whole1 were the men after ,cromwell's heart4 ,such1 among others1 was ,harrison--whom ,baxter1 who had seen much of him1 classes at this time among the ,anabaptists and ,antinomians1 telling us he would not dispute at all with ,baxter1 but he would in good discourse very fluently pour out himself in the extolling of ,free ,grace1 which was savoury to those that had right principles1 though he had some misunderstandings of ,free ,grace himself3 a man1 adds ,baxter1 of excellent natural parts for affection and oratory1 but not well seen in the principles of his ,religion2 of a sanguine complexion2 naturally of such a vivacity1 hilarity1 and alacrity1 as another man hath when he hath drunken a cup too much2 and whom ,baxter had once heard1 in a battle1 when the enemy began to flee1 with a loud voice break forth into the praises of ,god1 with fluent expressions1 as if he had been in a rapture4 ,but there were also in the army ,sectaries of a cooler or easier order-- ,arminians1 ,anti-,sabbatarians1 ,anti-,scripturists1 ,familists1 and ,sceptics4 ,hardly a form of odd opinion mentioned in our conspectus of ,english ,sects in a former chapter but had representatives in the ,army2 nay1 new speculative oddities had broken out in some regiments2 and it may be doubted whether even in the ,english mind of our own time there is any form of speculation so peculiar as not to have had its prototype or lineal progenitor in that mass of steel-clad theorists contemporary with the ,westminster ,assembly4 ,nor did each man keep his theory to himself4 ,there were constant prayer-meetings in companies and regiments1 and meetings for theological debate2 troopers or foot-soldiers off duty would expound or harangue to their fellows in camp1 or even from the pulpits of parish-churches when such were convenient2 whenever the ,army halted there was a hum of holding-forth4 ,there were army-chaplains1 it is true1 and some of them1 such as ,peters1 ,dell1 and ,saltmarsh1 great favourites2 but1 on the whole1 the regular cloth was in disrepute3 those who belonged to it were spoken of as the ,levites or priests by profession2 the need for such a profession was voted obsolete2 and any man was held to be as good for the preaching office as any other1 if he had the preaching gift4 ,and with the respect for ordination had vanished the respect for most of the regular ,church-forms and symbols4 ,not only did preaching officers and troopers1 when they chanced to enter parish-churches1 often eject the regular ministers from the pulpits1 and hold forth themselves instead--in which kind of practice ,colonel ,hewson and ,major ,axtell are reported to have been conspicuous2 but the contempt for established decencies of worship had vented itself1 at least in occasional instances1 in very profane humours4 ,soldiers had scandalized country-congregations by sitting with their hats on during prayer and singing2 and ,hewson's men were said once to have kept possession of a parish-church for eight days1 having a fire in the chancel1 and smoking tobacco ad libitum4 ,such were1 doubtless1 mere excesses here and there1 which would have been rebuked by the more serious men who formed the bulk of the ,army2 but it is quite certain that even among these that extreme kind of ,independency had become common which repudiated a ,national ,church of any kind whatsoever1 nay denied that there was any ,church on earth at all1 any system of spiritual ordinances visibly from ,god1 anything but a great invisible brotherhood of ,saints1 walking in this life's darkness1 passionately using meanwhile this symbol and that to feature forth the unimaginable1 glad above all in the great glow of the present ,bible1 but expecting also1 each soul for itself1 rays and shafts from the ,light beyond4 ,of this kind of indifferency to all competing forms of external worship1 and even of doctrine1 combined with either a mystical and dreamy piety1 or a wildly-fervid enthusiasm1 ,dell and ,saltmarsh1 among the army- chaplains1 seem to have been the most noted exponents2 but it was really a modification of that which is already known to us as the ,seekerism of ,roger ,williams4 ,at all events1 that absolute doctrine of ,toleration which ,roger ,williams had propounded1 and which was logically inseparable in his mind from ,independency at its purest1 had found its largest discipleship in the ,parliamentary ,army4 ,toleration to some extent was the universal ,army tenet2 even the ,presbyterians of the ,army1 with some exceptions1 had learnt to be ,tolerationists in some degree4 ,but a very full principle of ,toleration had possessed most1 and the most absolute possible principle was avowed by many4 ,if ,i should worship the ,sun or ,moon4 like the ,persians1 or that pewter-pot on the table1 nobody has anything to do with it1 one sectary had been heard to say2 and some even had justified the ,irish ,rebellion1 on the ground that the ,irish did it for the liberty of their consciences and for their country4 ,if this last extreme application of the ,toleration doctrine did actually come from the mouth of a sectary serving in the ,army 7which is not quite clear from the report71 it must be regarded1 ,i suspect1 as one of those eccentricities of mess-table debate which1 when ,baxter talked of them to ,colonel ,purefoy1 vouching that he had heard such things himself1 that officer indignantly refused to credit1 saying1 ,if ,noll ,cromwell should hear any soldier speak but such a word1 he would cleave his crown4 ,precisely the ,toleration doctrine1 however1 was that in which ,cromwell himself was most thorough-going and most distinctly the representative of the whole ,army4 ,even ,baxter1 after his two years of army-chaplaincy1 spent in observing the medley of sects around him and combating their errors1 could not refer ,cromwell with positive certainty to any one of the ,sects4 ,he seemed most for the ,anabaptists1 ,antinomians1 and ,seekers1 but did not openly profess what opinion he was of himself4 ,but on ,toleration of ,religious ,differences he was explicit and decided4 ,all that were most to his mind in the ,army he tied together by the point of ,liberty of ,conscience1 which was the common interest in which they did unite4 ,footnote3 ,this description of the ,parliamentary ,army is a digest of the best knowledge ,i have been able to form from various readings in contemporary books and study of ,army documents2 but particulars of it are from ,baxter's ,autobiography 7#afif71 ,part ,i4 #eb-eg1 and ,edwards's ,gangrna1 ,parts ,,ii4 and ,,iii4 passim4 ,the good1 though narrow and hypochondriac1 ,baxter may be thoroughly relied on for whatever he vouches as a fact known to himself2 otherwise1 cum grano4 ,edwards has to be put into the witness- box and cross-examined unmercifully1 not as a wilful liar1 but as an incredibly spiteful collector of gossip for the ,presbyterians4 ,after all1 many of the so-called ribaldries and profanities reported by him of the ,army ,sectaries turn out innocent enough1 or only very rough jokes1 as when a soldier told a godly old woman that1 if she did not believe in universal redemption1 she would be damned4 ,perhaps his most horrible story is that of some soldiers taking a horse into a village church in ,hunts and baptizing him in all due form at the font1 giving him the name of ,esau because he was hairy4 ,the story1 with a certificate of its truth by seven of the villagers1 will be found in ,gangrna1 ,part ,,iii4 #ag1 #ah4 ,but1 if the atrocity ever did occur1 its date1 according to ,edwards himself1 was ,june #b1 #afdd1 i4e4 in the time of the ,old ,model ,army1 to which the very objection of ,cromwell and others was that it did not consist sufficiently of men of a spirit4 ,there were three reasons why this extraordinary ,army should object to being disbanded3--7#a7 ,they had large and long-deferred claims upon the ,parliament for arrears of pay1 compensation for losses1 provision for the wounded and disabled and for widows and orphans1 indemnity also for illegal or questionable acts done in the time of war4 ,was the ,army to let itself be disbanded without due security on these points8 7#b7 ,there was the unsettled question of ,religious ,toleration4 ,the whole drift of things in the ,parliament and in the ,westminster ,assembly seemed to be to a uniform and compulsory ,presbyterianism2 and was that a prospect to which the ,army1 or nine-tenths of it1 could look forward placidly8 ,the ,army did not want to undo the ,presbyterian settlement as already decreed1 but they were unwilling to disband before a ,toleration under that settlement had been arranged4 7#c7 ,over and above these two reasons1 and in powerful conjunction with them1 was another4 ,the ,army1 although an ,army1 had not ceased to regard itself as a portion of the ,english people2 nay1 it had come to regard itself as a select portion of that people1 whose opportunities of thinking and reasoning on political affairs had been peculiarly good4 ,it had come to be1 in its own belief1 an organ of political opinion1 representing wishes and feelings of large parts of the population which were not represented in ,parliament1 and representing these in the form of conclusions for the future more radical and more definite than any that ,parliament alone was ever likely to work out4 ,in short1 those democratic ideas the prevalence of which in the ,army had so surprised ,baxter when he first joined it had now become paramount4 ,it was not only that the ,army had formed views more severe than those of the ,presbyterians as to the proper terms of the settlement to be made with the ,king2 it was that the ,army thought the present the time for discussing the whole subject of the constitution of the country4 ,the ,house of ,lords1 for example6 ,whether there should be a ,peerage at all1 legislating in a separate ,house by mere hereditary right1 might be a very fair question1 and was one on which the ,army had pretty decided opinions ,but that the ,house of ,lords then sitting--not the assembled ,peerage of ,england at all1 but a mere fifth-part of that ,peerage1 in the shape of some twenty-eight persons meeting from day to day1 sometimes as few as half-a-dozen of them at a time1 and not only partaking with the other ,house in the legislation1 but often obstructing that ,house1 thwarting it1 throwing out its measures1--that this should continue who would maintain8 ,no6 the ,house of ,lords must go1 and the sole ,house in ,england must be the other ,house1 the ,house of ,representers4 ,but here too there was room for improvement4 ,the ,house of ,commons then sitting was numerically substantial enough1 now that it had been ,recruited2 and no one could look back on the great things which the ,house had done without gratitude and admiration4 ,but were there not signs of exhaustion1 debility1 and wrong- headedness1 even in that ,house1 arising partly from its long independence of the ,people1 partly from the imperfect system of suffrage under which it had been elected4 ,only in an imperfect sense could the existing ,house be called a ,house of ,representers2 and1 as soon as should be convenient1 it must be dissolved and succeeded by a ,house fully deserving that name4 ,for the election of such a ,house there must be a reform of the details of the electoral system1 including the abolition of such anomalies as the return of one-twelfth of the whole ,house by the single and remote county of ,cornwall1 and a redistribution of seats in accordance with the proportions of population and property in the various parts of ,england4 ,all these ideas1 and many more1 anticipating with surprising exactness the ,parliamentary ,reform movements of much later times1 were agitating the ,parliamentary ,army while the ,king was in his captivity at ,holmby4 ,pamphlets from ,london1 actively circulated among the regiments1 aided the discussion and supplied it with topics and catch- words4 ,especially popular among the soldiers1 and keeping up their excitement more particularly against the ,house of ,lords1 were the pamphlets that came from ,john ,lilburne and an associate of his named ,richard ,overton4--,lilburne1 whom we left in ,october #afde1 just released from the short imprisonment to which he had been committed by the ,commons 7ant1 p4 #cij71 had gone on again in his old pugnacious way1 till1 by ,prynne's contrivance1 he found himself in the clutches of the ,lords4 ,called before that ,house1 in ,june #afdf1 for a ,letter he had printed1 called ,the ,just ,man's ,justification1 he had amazed the ,peers by conduct such as they had never seen before4 ,he had refused to kneel1 refused to take off his hat1 refused to hear the charges against him1 stopped his ears while they were read1 denied the jurisdiction of the ,peers1 stamped at them1 glared at them1 told them his whole mind about them1 appealed to the ,commons as the sole power in the ,state1 and altogether behaved like a mad ox4 ,they had consequently fined him #d1jjj1 and committed him to ,newgate for seven years4 ,for similar offences to the ,peers1 and similar contumacy when charged with them1 ,richard ,overton1 a printer and assiduous publisher of pamphlets1 had also been sent to prison two months afterwards 7,aug4 #afdf74 ,there was considerable sympathy with both among the ,londoners1 and the ,independents in the ,commons had taken up ,lilburne's case and procured the appointment of a ,committee on it4 ,nor even in ,newgate1 it appears1 had he been debarred the use of pen and ink2 for1 in addition to his former pamphlets1 there had come from him fiercer and fresh ones--,anatomy of the ,lords' ,tyranny1 ,london's ,liberty in ,chains1 ,the ,free ,man's ,freedom1 ,the ,oppressed ,man's ,oppressions1 ,the ,resolved ,man's ,resolution1 c4 ,these were the pamphlets of ,lilburne which1 together with ,overton's1 one of which was ,an ,arrow ,shot into the ,prerogative ,bowels of the ,arbitrary ,house of ,lords1 were popular with the common soldiers of the ,parliamentary ,army1 and nursed that especial form of the democratic passion among them which longed to sweep away the ,house of ,lords and see ,england governed by a single ,representative ,house4--,baxter1 who reports this growth of democratic opinion in the ,army from his own observation1 distinctly recognises in it the beginnings of that rough ultra-,republican party which afterwards became formidable under the name of ,,the ,,levellers4 ,all the while1 however1 there was also a quiet formation1 in some of the superior and more educated minds of the ,army1 of sentiments essentially ,republican1 but more reserved and tentative in the style of their ,republicanism4 ,among these minds too it had become a question whether a mere settlement with the ,king even on the basis of the ,nineteen ,propositions would suffice1 and whether the hour had not come for organic changes in the ,constitution of ,england4 ,perhaps the leader of ,army thought in this direction was ,cromwell's son-in-law ,ireton4 ,footnote3 ,baxter ut supra2 ,gangrna1 part ,,iii4 passim2 ,lords ,journals1 ,june #aj1 #aa1 #bc1 and ,july #aa1 #afdf 7,lilburne's case71 and ,aug4 #aa 7,overton's72 ,godwin1 ,,ii4 #djg et seq42 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #cec ,that the ,english ,presbyterians1 bereft now even of that overrated support which had been afforded them by the presence of a ,scottish ,army in ,england1 should have rushed into a struggle with the ,english ,army1 such as it has been described1 without trying so much as a compromise on the ,toleration question1 is one of the greatest examples of political stupidity on record4 ,they seem to have calculated mainly on the fact that they had a majority in ,parliament4 ,of the few ,lords forming the ,upper ,house they could count nearly all as decidedly with them4 ,in the ,commons1 too1 where the balance had always been more nearly equal1 ,presbyterianism had of late been gaining force4 ,why it had been so is not very obvious4 ,the latest ,recruiters may have been politicians of a more ,presbyterian type than the earlier ones2 and of these earlier ,recruiters some who had come in as ,independents may have veered round4 ,men whose opinions are not very decided tend naturally to the winning side1 and the ,king's flight to the ,scots and their long possession of him had put ,presbyterianism in the likelihood to win4 ,however it had happened1 the ,presbyterians had of late been preponderating in the ,commons4 ,in a vote on ,sept4 #a1 #afdf1 affecting the relations of the ,parliament to the ,scots1 the ,presbyterians had beaten the ,independents by #adj to #aja2 in another vote on ,dec4 #be1 on the question whether the words according to the ,covenant should be added to a ,resolution1 the ,yeas or ,presbyterians had beaten by #acc to #ia2 and in an interesting vote on ,dec4 #ca1 on the question whether the words or expound the ,scriptures should be added to a ,resolution forbidding unordained persons to preach1 the ,yeas or ,presbyterians had beaten by no fewer than #aje to #eg4 ,in this last vote ,cromwell was one of the ,tellers for the ,noes or ,independents4 ,in testing divisions these numbers may be taken as representing the relative strengths of the two parties in the end of #afdf and the beginning of #afdg4 ,but1 even with a considerable majority in the ,commons1 and with the ,lords all but wholly a ,presbyterian ,house1 the confidence of the ,presbyterians in confronting the ,army can be accounted for only by reckless leadership4 ,holles and ,stapleton1 their most forward men in the ,commons1 appear to have been men of but ordinary faculty and decidedly rash temper1 incomparably inferior to their great opponents4 ,one argument they had1 of which they did not fail to make the most4 ,the ,city of ,london was eminently and staunchly ,presbyterian2 and would that great city1 the central money-power of the nation1 allow the ,government to be dictated to by an ,army of ,sectaries8 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals of dates given1 with divisions generally between ,aug4 #afdf and ,feb4 #afdf-g2 ,godwin1 ,,ii4 #bfc et seq4 ,the struggle1 long foreseen1 began actually in the first two months and a half of the ,king's stay at ,holmby1 i4e4 in ,february1 ,march1 and ,april1 #afdf-g4 ,the gauntlet was thrown down by ,parliament4 ,feb4 #ai1 in an unusually full ,house1 it was carried by #aeh 7,holles and ,stapleton tellers7 against #adh 7,haselrig and ,evelyn tellers71 that no force of ,foot beyond what was necessary for garrisons should be kept up in ,england1 but only a certain force of ,horse4 ,on the #eth of ,march there came a vote on the important question who should be the ,commander-in-chief of the retained ,army1 and so jealous had the ,presbyterians become even of ,fairfax1 because of his connexion with the existing ,army1 that the ,independents1 though going for him to a man1 carried his appointment but by a majority of #ab4 ,subsequent resolutions1 carried without division1 were that no member of the ,house should hold a military command 7,cromwell's ,self-denying ,ordinance cleverly repeated against himself71 that no officer in the future ,army under ,fairfax should be above the rank of ,colonel1 and that all officers should take the ,covenant2 and when1 on the farther and more outrageous proposition1 that all officers must conform to the ,presbyterian ,church-government1 the ,independents forced a division2 they lost by #ajh ,noes 7,haselrig and ,evelyn71 against #acf ,yeas 7,holies and ,stapleton74 ,by additional ,resolutions of ,march #bi and ,april #h the arrangements were completed4 ,it was formally resolved that all the ,foot of the existing ,army not required for the garrisons should be disbanded1 and that the future ,army of ,horse under ,fairfax should consist of nine regiments of #fjj each1 or #e1djj in all1 recruited out of the existing ,army or otherwise4 ,the ,colonels for the nine re- modelled regiments were named1 some of them cavalry ,colonels of the existing ,army1 but not all4 ,cromwell's own regiment1 or the regiment that should be built out of any safe shred of it with other materials1 was to go to the ,presbyterian ,major ,huntingdon4----,so much for ,england and ,wales2 but what of the new ,army for ,ireland8 ,that also had been arranged for4 ,march #f1 it was voted by the ,commons that the ,army for ,ireland should consist of #h1djj foot1 #c1jjj horse1 and #a1bjj dragoons1 to be recruited as far as possible from the existing ,english ,army4 ,but how about the command of this ,army and the government of ,ireland while it should be serving there8 ,lord ,lisle1 then in ,ireland as ,lord-,lieutenant for the ,parliament1 was one of ,cromwell's disciples1 and had been appointed by ,cromwell's influence4 ,it would not do to leave him in command4 ,fortunately1 he had been appointed but for a year2 and1 to avoid re-appointing him1 it was resolved 7,april #a7 that the previous vote of the ,houses for the management of ,ireland through a single person of honour should be rescinded1 and that1 while the ,civil ,government should revert to the two ,lords-,justices in ,dublin1 the military command should be in the hands of a ,field-,marshal1 attended by ,parliamentary ,commissioners4 ,sir ,william ,waller was named for this ,field-,marshalship2 but the ,presbyterians did not go to the vote for him2 and ,skippon1 then at ,newcastle1 and unaware of the honour intended for him1 was unanimously chosen 7,april #b74 ,the ,presbyterian ,massey was to be his ,lieutenant- ,general4 ,as an inducement to officers and soldiers of the ,english ,army to re-enlist for the ,irish service1 high pay was promised1 with an option of taking part of it in the valuable form of ,irish lands4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals of the dates given4 #j1 if you had been at ,saffron ,walden in ,essex1 where the bulk of the ,english ,army was quartered1 when the news of these votes of the ,commons reached them6 ,what murmurs among the common soldiers1 what consultations among the officers6 ,the officers1 as was fitting1 took the lead4 ,a deputation of four ,colonels and five ,lieutenant-colonels had already gone to ,london 7,march #bb7 with a ,petition and ,remonstrance4 ,they had been received graciously enough by the ,lords1 but coldly and with rebuke by the ,commons4 ,then1 a great ,petition being in preparation throughout the ,army1 to be signed by both officers and men1 and addressed to ,fairfax as ,commander-in-chief1 there had come1 on a hasty motion by ,holles1 a ,declaration of the two ,houses 7,march #bi-cj7 voting the same dangerous and mutinous1 and threatening proceedings against such as should go on with it4 ,with vast self-control on the part of the ,army1 and much good management on the part of ,fairfax1 the offensive ,petition had been suppressed2 and through a great part of ,april the dispute took the form of conferences between ,fairfax and his officers and five ,commissioners sent down to the ,army from ,parliament 7,waller and ,massey among them7 to argue for the disbandment and promote re-enlistment for ,ireland4 ,at these conferences the questions of arrears1 indemnity1 the rate of pay in ,ireland1 c41 were all discussed1 and the ,commissioners tried to give satisfactory explanations4 ,it was a great point with the ,army whether ,skippon would accept the ,irish ,field-,marshalship2 and at one of the conferences1 when ,colonel ,hammond was expressing this for his comrades1 and saying that nothing would be more likely to induce them to enlist for ,ireland than the knowledge that that great soldier was to be in command1 ,all1 all6 cried the assembled officers1 ,fairfax and ,cromwell1 and we all go6 ,no real conciliation1 however1 was effected2 and on the #bfth of ,april the ,commissioners1 in their perfect list of officers who had agreed individually to go to ,ireland1 could report but three ,colonels1 and a proportionate following of ,captains and subalterns4 ,among the men it was worse4 ,in one company1 eight score strong1 twenty-six had volunteered to go with their ,captain2 in another the ,captain could not get a single man to join him4 ,parliament was taken aback by this ill success2 but ,holles and his party were undaunted4 ,it was a gleam in their favour that ,skippon1 coming to ,london from ,newcastle1 did at length 7,april #bg7 accept the ,irish ,field-,marshalship4 ,the ,houses voted him their thanks and a gift of #a1jjjl4and on the same day it was carried in the ,commons1 by the overwhelming majority of #aad to #g 7the ,independents evidently abstaining from the vote71 that the ,army1 horse and foot1 should be immediately disbanded with payment of six weeks of arrears4 ,orders were also issued for the appearance at the bar of the ,house of some of the most refractory superior officers and the arrest of several subalterns2 and at the same moment the ,common ,council of the ,city of ,london proved their ,presbyterian zeal by ejecting ,alderman ,pennington and other prominent ,independents from the ,committee of the ,city ,militia4 ,on the very day of this concurrence of ,presbyterian demonstrations 7,april #bg7 there was presented to the ,commons a ,humble ,petition of the ,officers in behalf of themselves and the ,soldiers1 with an accompanying ,vindication of their recent conduct4 ,lieutenant-general ,thomas ,hammond headed the list of ,petitioners2 next came ,colonels ,whalley1 ,lambert1 ,robert ,lilburne1 ,rich1 ,hewson1 ,robert ,hammond1 and ,okey2 then ,lieutenant-colonels ,pride1 ,kelsay1 ,reade1 ,jubbs1 ,grimes1 ,ewer1 and ,salmon2 then ,majors ,rogers1 ,axtell1 ,cowell1 ,smith1 ,horton1 and ,desborough2 and there followed about #acj captains and inferior officers4 ,such an ,officers' ,petition might well have given the ,presbyterians pause2 but three days afterwards 7,april #cj7 there came something more extraordinary4 ,it was a ,letter brought to town1 and delivered to ,skippon and ,cromwell for presentation to the ,house1 by three private troopers1 professing to be agents or agitators or adjutators for some regiments in the ,army4 ,it used very high language indeed4 ,it complained of the scandalous and false suggestions current against the ,army1 spoke darkly of a plot contrived by some men who had lately tasted of sovereignty1 and declared flatly that the soldiers would neither be employed for the service of ,ireland nor suffer themselves to be disbanded till their desires were granted1 and the rights and liberties of the subjects should be vindicated and maintained4 ,the amazed ,house ordered the three troopers who had brought the ,letter1 and who were waiting outside1 to be brought in4 ,they came in1 gave their names as ,edward ,saxby1 ,william ,allen1 and ,thomas ,sheppard1 and stood stoutly to their business4 ,holles and his clique were for committing them to prison2 but1 ,skippon certifying that they were honest men1 and another member suggesting that1 if they were committed at all1 it should be to the best inn of the town1 and sack and sugar provided for them1 the more good- humoured counsel prevailed1 and they were dismissed4 ,nay1 their appearance and their ,letter had produced an impression4 ,in ,holles's own words1 the ,house flatted1 began to think it had been too peremptory1 and resolved that ,skippon1 ,cromwell1 ,ireton1 and ,fleetwood1 should go at once to ,saffron ,walden1 as mediators between it and the ,army4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals of all the cited dates2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #ddd-dge2 ,whitlocke1 ,,ii4 #aba-acg2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #efj-egf2 ,holles's ,memoirs by himself 7#afii71 pp4 #hh-ij4 ,agents1 or ,agitators1 or ,adjutators1 the three bold troopers had called themselves2 and it was the first time the ,houses had heard the name4 ,it announced1 however1 an important reality4 ,the common soldiers had made up their minds that they could not leave the struggle for the ,army's rights wholly in the hands of the officers1 and that it might assist these officers if they1 the rank and file1 with the corporals and sergeants1 formed an organization among themselves for the same ends4 ,accordingly1 trusty men in each regiment had been chosen to meet and consult with others of other regiments1 and the name ,agitators or ,adjutators had been given to these deputies4 ,very soon the organization was so perfect that every troop or company had its two ,agitators1 every regiment its distinct ,agitatorship composed of the ,agitators of the several troops or companies1 and so by gradation upwards to general meetings of the ,agitators of the whole ,army and special meetings of ,committees for maturing business more privately4 ,too obvious a connexion between this association and the higher army-officers was inconvenient2 but it was useful to have connecting links in officers of the lower ranks2 and the ,presidency of the ,agitators came1 at length1 to be vested in one such officer4 ,this was ,james ,berry1 one of the captains of ,fairfax's own horse-regiment1 in which ,desborough was ,major4 ,he had been a clerk in some iron-works in the west of ,england1 and was of very good natural parts1 especially mathematical and mechanical4 ,before the war he and ,richard ,baxter had been bosom friends2 but1 since he had come into the ,army and been much in the society of ,cromwell1 he had become1 says ,baxter1 a man of new lights in religion1 regarding the old ,puritans of his acquaintance as dull1 self-conceited men of a lower form4 ,during ,baxter's two years of army-chaplaincy1 ,berry had never visited him1 nor even seen him1 except once or twice accidentally4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #dhe3 ,holles1 #hf1 #hg2 ,baxter's ,autobiography1 ,part ,i4 #eg and #ig4 ,through the greater part of ,may1 ,fairfax being then in ,london1 ,cromwell1 and his fellow-commissioners1 ,skippon1 ,ireton1 and ,fleetwood1 remained at ,saffron ,walden1 busy in their work of mediation4 ,three successive letters to ,speaker ,lenthall reported the amount of their success4 ,it was next to nothing4 ,they had obtained1 they say in the last of the three letters 7,may #ag71 a complete statement of the grievances of the ,army1 in the form of papers which they would bring to town2 but meanwhile they found the soldiers so unsettled that they did not think it safe to leave them4 ,skippon and ,ireton1 in fact1 did remain2 but ,cromwell and ,fleetwood returned to town1 ,may #ba1 to report to the ,house in greater detail4 ,among the documents they brought with them1 representing the opinions and demands of the ,army1 was one which had been prepared with extraordinary care4 ,the various votes relating to the ,army having been read to each regiment by its commanding officer1 the regimental ,agitatorships 7apparently now first fully constituted7 had reported the opinions and demands of the regiments severally1 and these opinions and demands had been digested into one ,draft at a conference of the chief officers1 on the principle of including only such demands as were made unanimously by all the regiments4 ,rushworth does not give the document1 but describes it as fair and moderate1 and tells us in particular that1 while it complained of misrepresentations and ill-treatment1 and desired reparation1 it denounced only one person by name4 ,one is not surprised to learn that this was the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,edwards4 ,his ,gangrna1 it was said1 had been written expressly to make the ,army odious4 ,footnote3 ,letters in ,appendix ,,ix4 to ,carlyle's ,cromwell2 ,commons ,journals of ,may #ba2 and ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #dhe-f4 ,moderate or not1 the ,army's ultimatum obtained but an unfriendly hearing in the two ,houses2 and1 between the #bbnd and the #bhth of ,may1 ,fairfax having meanwhile returned to the ,army1 they issued their opposed ultimatum in a sharp series of orders4 ,the entire army of ,foot was to be disbanded1 willing or unwilling1 on the terms fixed3 ,fairfax's own regiment at ,chelmsford on ,june #a1 ,hewson's at ,bishop's ,stortford on ,june #c1 ,lambert's at ,saffron ,walden on ,june #e1 and so on regiment by regiment1 each on a named day and at a named place1 a ,committee of the two ,houses to be present at each disbanding1 and ,skippon also to be present to enlist such of the disbanded men as would go to ,ireland4 ,these orders reached ,fairfax at ,bury ,st4 ,edmund's in ,suffolk1 to which he had removed his head-quarters4 ,they threw the ,army into an ungovernable uproar1 which subsided in a day or two into an ominous calm4 ,for a great resolution had been taken4 ,the ,agitators1 at a meeting on ,saturday1 ,may #bi1 had drawn up a petition to ,fairfax for a speedy ,rendezvous of the whole ,army at one place for united action2 and a council of officers1 to the number of #bjj1 with ,ireton among them1 had declared themselves on the same day to the same effect4 ,they advised ,fairfax to grant the ,rendezvous1 telling him that1 if he did not1 the men would hold one themselves and it was sure then to end in tumult4 ,fairfax had taken the advice2 and in the last days of ,may orders were out for the contraction of the ,army's quarters by drawing the dispersed regiments closer together1 and for a general ,rendezvous at ,kentford ,heath1 close to ,newmarket1 on ,friday the #dth of ,june4 ,footnote3 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #ehb-ehh1 and ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #did-ejj4 ,fairfax1 with whatever hesitation1 had thus thrown in his lot with the ,army4 ,skippon1 though he had accepted the ,irish ,field-,marshalship1 almost repented having done so1 and was one at heart with his old comrades4 ,of the other officers only a small minority1 whether from ,presbyterian predilections or out of mere respect for authority1 wavered towards ,parliament4 ,the chief of these were ,colonels ,harley1 ,herbert1 ,fortescue1 ,sheffield1 ,butler1 ,sir ,robert ,pye1 and ,graves1 this last being the ,colonel in charge of the ,king at ,holmby4 ,on the other side1 round ,fairfax1 and sustaining him1 were ,generals ,ireton and ,hammond1 as next in rank2 with ,whalley1 ,rich1 ,okey1 ,rainsborough1 ,robert ,lilburne1 ,sir ,hardress ,waller1 ,robert ,hammond1 ,lambert1 ,hewson1 ,ewer1 ,kelsay1 ,ingoldsby1 ,pride1 ,axtell1 ,jubbs1 ,desborough1 and other ,colonels1 ,lieutenant-,colonels1 and ,majors1 among whom is not to be forgotten the enthusiast ,harrison1 back from ,ireland just at the right moment4 ,but what of ,fleetwood and ,cromwell1 left in their places in the ,house of ,commons8 ,which way they would go nobody could doubt2 but the question was whether they might not be seized as hostages by the ,presbyterians and detained in ,london4 ,as far as ,fleetwood was concerned1 the danger was over on the #bnd of ,june2 on which day he had leave from the ,house to go into the country1 and went we can imagine whither4 ,for ,cromwell the danger was greater4 ,he too1 however1 had made his arrangements4 ,on the evening of the #crd of ,june1 or early on the following morning1 just in time to avoid the arrest and impeachment which ,holles and the ,presbyterians were preparing for him1 he rode quietly out of ,london in the direction of the ,army4 ,as far as can be ascertained1 he had waited purposely to cover ,fleetwood's departure1 and be himself the last army-man to leave the ,commons4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,june #b2 ,whitlocke1 ,may #ca2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #dfd-h and #die2 ,holles #he1 #hf2 ,clar4 #faa2 ,godwin1 ,,ii4 #caa1 #cab4 ,cromwell's so-called ,flight to the ,army is an incident made much of by ,royalist and ,presbyterian writers1 and ,clarendon's account of it and what preceded it is a perfect jumble of incompatible dates and confused rumours4 ,what all those writers 7,holles1 ,clement ,walker1 ,clarendon1 ,baxter1 ,burnet1 c47 wanted to make out1 and really succeeded in transmitting as a fact1 was that ,cromwell's whole conduct through the dispute between the ,army and ,parliament1 up to the moment of his flight1 had been a tissue of the profoundest craft and hypocrisy4 ,he had pushed on the policy of disbandment in the ,parliament on the one hand1 and on the other he had fomented the mutiny in the ,army through the ,agitators2 to lull suspicion when it was roused1 he had at the last moment protested in the ,house in the presence of ,almighty ,god that he knew the ,army would lay down their arms2 and not till his flight was the whole depth of his dissimulation known6 ,on these statements1 and the disposition of mind that could invent them or believe in them1 see ,mr4 ,carlyle's impressive words 7,cromwell's ,letters and ,speeches1 ,i4 #bbj-bbb74 ,the real facts are to be gathered or inferred from the ,commons ,journals4 ,cromwell had been in ,london through ,february1 ,march1 and ,april1 while the votes for disbandment1 c4 were passed1 unable to resist those votes1 but anxious to prevent a rupture1 and doing his best to that end3 and not till after his return from his mission of mediation to the ,army 7,may #ba71 or even till after the ,army's resolution for a ,rendezvous 7,may #bi71 were his hopes of a reconciliation utterly gone4 ,the general ,rendezvous of the ,army was duly held1 as appointed1 near ,newmarket1 in ,cambridgeshire1 on ,friday the #dth of ,june4 ,there were present seven foot-regiments and six regiments of horse--a full representation of the ,army1 though not the whole4 ,there was the utmost display of resolution4 ,one great general ,petition was agreed to2 a solemn engagement was drawn up and signed by officers and soldiers2 ,fairfax rode from regiment to regiment1 addressed each1 and was received with outcries of applause4 ,the proceedings were not over on the #dth1 but protracted themselves into the next day4 ,on that day it was that a strange excitement or suspense1 which had been visible in all faces from the very beginning of the ,rendezvous1 in consequence of news then received1 was relieved by the arrival of farther news4 ,joyce has done it6 ,joyce has done it6 were the words that might then have been heard through the assembled ,army1 caught up and repeated by group after group of talking soldiers over the heath4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #ejd-eab4 ,who was ,joyce1 and what had he done8 ,these questions take us back to the ,king at ,holmby4--,his ,majesty1 watching the course of the struggle between the ,parliament and the ,army1 had at last1 on the #abth of ,may1 sent in his long-deferred ,answer to the ,nineteen ,propositions4 ,it was substantially the ,draft which he had submitted to the ,queen and the ,earl of ,lanark in the preceding ,december1 but had suppressed 7ant1 pp4 #eje-f74 ,he offered the surrender of the ,militia for ten years1 and assent to ,presbytery for three years1 but with a reserve of the ,liturgy for himself and his household1 and the right of adding twenty divines to the ,westminster ,assembly to assist in the final settlement of the ,church- question4 ,the clause about a toleration for tender consciences1 inserted in the former ,draft as a bait for the ,independents1 was now totally omitted4 ,in other words1 ,charles had thought the moment favourable for re-opening negotiations with the ,presbyterians4 ,the reception of his ,letter by ,parliament had been encouraging4 ,it had been read in the ,lords1 ,may #ah2 and it had then been carried in that ,house by a majority of #ae to #i that his ,majesty should be brought at once from ,holmby to some place nearer ,london1 for the convenience of treating with him4 ,oatlands in ,surrey had been named1 and the concurrence of the ,commons requested4 ,actually on ,may #ba1 the very day when ,cromwell and ,fleetwood returned to the ,commons from their mission to the ,army1 the matter had been mentioned in that ,house4 ,although no decision had been come to1 the ,independents and the ,army had taken alarm4 ,colonel ,graves1 commanding the guard at ,holmby1 was a ,presbyterian2 some of those everlasting ,scottish ,commissioners were back in ,london1 in their old quarters at ,worcester ,house2 nay1 one of them1 the ,earl of ,dunfermline1 had obtained leave from the two ,houses 7,may #ac7 to visit the ,king at ,holmby6 ,what might not be in agitation under this proposal of a removal of the ,king to ,oatlands8 ,what so easy as for the ,presbyterians1 with ,colonel ,graves for their agent1 to secure the ,king wholly to themselves1 and so1 having bargained with him on their own terms1 to invite back the ,scots and defy the ,army8 ,such had been questions gossiped over in the ,army at the very time when for other reasons the resolution was taken for a general ,rendezvous4 ,this very danger of some ,presbyterian plot for removing the ,king from ,holmby was an additional reason for the ,rendezvous and the contraction of the ,army's quarters4 ,but the ,rendezvous was not enough4 ,simultaneously with the ,rendezvous1 and to turn it to full account1 something else was necessary4 ,what that was had also been discussed among the ,agitators with every precaution of secrecy2 select parties of troopers from different regiments had been told off for the enterprise2 and a ,george ,joyce1 once a tailor1 but now cornet in ,fairfax's lifeguard1 had been appointed to take the lead4 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals of dates given2 and ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #egg-eha1 containing the ,king's ,letter4 ,as early as ,wednesday ,june #b1 or two days before the ,rendezvous at ,newmarket1 there had been a suspicious appearance of parties of horse gathering to a body near ,holmby4 ,that night there was no doubt about it2 and ,colonel ,graves1 who had reasons for thinking that he was their main object1 had just made his escape1 when1 about one in the morning of ,june #c1 the troopers were in the park and meadows surrounding the house4 ,before daylight they were within the gates1 ,graves's men having let them in and at once fraternized with them4 ,the whole of that day was spent by the troopers1 ,joyce acting as their spokesman1 in a parley with the ,commissioners in charge of the ,king--viz43 ,lord ,montague of ,boughton1 ,sir ,john ,coke1 ,mr4 ,crewe1 and ,general ,browne--the ,king meanwhile aware of what was going on1 but keeping his privacy4 ,messengers had been sent off from the ,commissioners to ,london2 where1 accordingly1 on ,friday the #dth1 there was great excitement in the two ,houses4 ,that same morning the news was known in the ,army at ,newmarket1 just before the proceedings of the ,rendezvous began1 not much to the surprise of some there perhaps1 but certainly to the surprise of ,fairfax himself4 ,he could not then countermand the ,rendezvous2 but at once he detached ,whalley and his horse-regiment1 to gallop to ,holmby1 take ,colonel ,graves's place1 and see that no harm was done4 ,by that time1 however1 ,joyce had completed his business4 ,passing from his first topic with the ,commissioners1 which had been ,colonel ,graves and his plot1 he had insisted on seeing the ,king2 had compelled the ,commissioners late at night on the #crd to introduce him into his ,majesty's bedchamber2 had there apologized1 talked with his ,majesty1 answered his questions1 and distinctly informed him that he had authority from the ,army to carry him away from ,holmby4 ,the ,king1 amused and interested1 as it seemed1 rather than displeased1 had taken the night to think over the matter2 and by six o'clock next morning he had left his chamber1 and was again in colloquy with ,joyce1 who had his troopers all mounted and ready where they could be seen4 ,his ,majesty did not seem disinclined to go1 but was naturally inquisitive as to the authority by which ,joyce acted4 ,had he a commission from ,fairfax8 ,mr4 ,joyce could not say he had4 ,had he any commission at all8 ,there is my commission1 your ,majesty1 said ,joyce at last1 pointing to his mounted troopers4 ,a fair commission and well-written1 said the ,king1 smiling3 a company of as handsome1 proper gentlemen as ever ,i saw in my life4 ,in short1 as there was no help for it1 he supposed he must go4 ,and so1 actually1 after vain protests and solemn threats by the ,commissioners1 and especially by ,general ,browne1 to all which ,joyce listened unmoved1 the party did set off at a trot from ,holmby1 about two o'clock in the afternoon of ,june #d1 with ,joyce at their head1 and the ,king in their charge1 accompanied by the ,commissioners4 ,the ,scottish ,earl of ,dunfermline1 who had witnessed much of the affair1 had posted off to ,london1 ,the ,rendezvous at ,newmarket was then going on4 ,footnote3 ,original accounts of ,joyce's conduct at ,holmby and abduction of the ,king are 7#a7 ,letters of the ,commissioners from ,holmby1 ,june #c and #d1 and from ,childersley ,june #h1 addressed to ,manchester as ,speaker of the ,lords1 and given in the ,lords ,journals2 7#b7 ,fairfax's ,letters to ,speaker ,lenthall1 of ,june #d and #g1 in the ,commons ,journal giving ,fairfax's account of the information he had collected1 and of his own proceedings in consequence2 7#c7 ,a very curious and interesting contemporary account called ,an ,impartial ,narration1 c41 reprinted by ,rushworth in five folio pages 7,,vi4 #eac-eag74 ,on reading this paper1 one soon finds1 from lapses from the third into the first personal pronoun1 that the writer is ,joyce himself4 ,the narrative1 though by a man stiff at the pen and rather elated by the importance of his act1 appears perfectly trustworthy1 and supplies1 many particulars4 ,clarendon's version of the incident is very loose and inaccurate4 ,he huddles into one day what was really an affair of two1 c4 ,joyce having given the ,king the option1 within a certain extent1 of the place to which he would be conveyed1 his ,majesty himself had suggested ,newmarket4 ,thither1 accordingly1 they were bound4 ,the evening of the #dth brought them to ,huntingdon1 where his ,majesty rested that night in the mansion-house of ,hinchinbrook1 once the property of ,cromwell's uncle1 ,sir ,oliver1 but now of ,colonel ,edward ,montague4 ,next day 7,saturday1 ,june #e7 they were again on their march for ,newmarket1 when they were met1 about four miles from ,cambridge1 by ,whalley and his regiment of horse4 ,joyce1 of course1 then retired from the management4 ,whalley1 in accordance with his instructions1 was willing to convey the ,king and the ,commissioners back to ,holmby2 but this his ,majesty positively declined4 ,till there should be farther deliberation1 therefore1 his ,majesty was quartered at the nearest convenient house1 which chanced to be ,sir ,john ,cutts's at ,childersley1 near ,cambridge4 ,here he remained over ,sunday the #fth and ,monday the #gth4 ,meanwhile both in ,london and at ,newmarket the commotion was boundless4 ,the full news had reached the two ,houses on ,saturday the #eth4 ,next day1 though it was ,sunday1 they re-assembled for prayer and business2 but nothing practical could be thought of2 all was panic1 passing into a mood of submissiveness to the ,army4 ,the only show of anger1 even in words1 up to the mark of the occasion1 was in a paper given in to a ,committee of the two ,houses by the ,scottish ,commissioners1 with a speech in their name by the ,earl of ,lauderdale4 ,the ,scottish nation had been insulted2 its resentment might be expected2 it would co- operate at once with the ,parliament for the rescuing and defending his ,majesty's person1 c46 ,it was easier for the ,scottish ,commissioners to speak in this strain than for the ,parliament to take corresponding action4 ,the opportunity was now wholly with the ,army4 ,that they would adopt ,joyce's deed1 and take the full benefit of it1 could not be doubted2 or1 if it could1 the procedure of ,fairfax at once put an end to the doubt4 ,on ,saturday and ,sunday he was lifting his ,rendezvous from ,newmarket2 by ,monday the #gth he had brought his army bodily round about ,cambridge1 so as to encircle the ,king2 and on that day he1 ,cromwell1 ,treton1 and ,hammond1 with ,whalley1 ,waller1 ,lambert1 and other chief officers1 were assembled in interview with the ,king and the ,commissioners at ,childersley ,house4 ,no persuasion could induce his ,majesty to go back to ,holmby4 ,much of the conversation turned on ,joyce's daring act and his authority for it2 and ,joyce1 having been called in1 underwent a long examination and cross-examination on this point4 ,very little could be got out of him1 except that he had had no commission from ,fairfax1 and yet that he considered his authority perfectly sufficient4 ,let the question1 he said1 be put to the ,army itself whether they approved of what he had done1 and1 if three-fourths or four-fifths did not approve with acclamations1 he would be hanged with pleasure4 ,the ,commissioners thought ,joyce deserved hanging in any case2 but the ,king1 who had taken a liking for him1 told him that1 though it was a great treason he had done1 he might consider himself pardoned4 ,joyce having then withdrawn1 and the ,king1 having consented to remain with the ,army1 it was agreed that he should be conveyed to ,newmarket next day4 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals of ,june #e and #f2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #eia-eid2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #ede- #eej1 with the previously-mentioned ,impartial ,narration of ,joyce4 ,to this day nothing more is positively known of the real origin of the scheme of the ,king's abduction than ,joyce allowed himself to reveal4 ,we have ,fairfax's own solemn word as in the presence of ,god that he was utterly ignorant of the transaction till it was over2 and in the same ,letter 7,june #g7 he dares be confident the officers and the body of the ,army were equally ignorant4 ,royalist and ,presbyterian writers attribute the act directly to ,cromwell4 ,it was planned1 says ,holles1 at a meeting at ,cromwell's house in ,london1 ,may #cj2 and ,clarendon and others lay stress on the fact that the very day of ,cromwell's flight from ,london was the day of ,joyce's appearance at ,holmby4 ,the ,presbyterian ,major ,huntingdon1 ,cromwell's own ,major1 afterwards distinctly declared1 ,aug4 #afdh1 that ,joyce had his instructions from ,cromwell1 and that ,joyce himself averred this to excuse himself from ,fairfax's displeasure 7,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #ifg-h74 ,i suspect that1 whatever ,cromwell and ,ireton may have privately sanctioned1 the thing was managed among the ,agitators2 and it does not seem impossible that the original design was to seize ,graves at ,holmby1 quash his supposed plotting there with ,lord ,dunfermline1 and take possession of the ,king for the ,army without removing him4 ,as to the abduction1 ,joyce may have been left a discretion4 ,before we pass on1 with the ,king1 into the third stage of his captivity1 we have to report briefly the progress that had been made1 during his stay at ,holmby1 in one or two matters of public concern1 not directly involved in the feud between the ,parliament and the ,army4 ,in ,april #afdg1 there had been a vigorous resumption of the ,church- question in the ,commons1 in consequence of the ,report of a ,committee on obstructions which had arisen to the ,presbyterian settlement4 ,there was great sluggishness all over the country in establishing elderships and classes2 returns from counties were deficient2 even in ,london the ,provincial ,synod had not yet met6 ,to remove these obstructions various orders were passed1 the ,lords concurring 7,april #bj-bi74 ,the most important of these was one for the immediate meeting of the ,,first ,,provincial ,,presbyterian ,,synod ,,of ,,london4 ,it met in the ,convocation ,house of ,st4 ,paul's1 on ,monday1 ,may #c1 #afdg1 and consisted of #ajh representatives of the ,london classes or ,presbyteries1 in the proportion of three ministers and six lay-elders from each4 ,dr4 ,gouge1 of ,blackfriars1 was chosen ,prolocutor or ,moderator of this first ,synod1 and the term of the ,moderatorship and of the ,synod itself was to be for half a year1 or till ,november #afdg2 after which the ,second ,synod1 similarly elected1 was to meet1 with a new ,moderator2 and so on1 every six months1 ,synod after ,synod1 in ,presbyterian ,london for ever4 ,of the ,first ,synod1 under ,dr4 ,gouge1 we need only say that they arranged to meet twice a week1 and that1 with the leave of the ,parliament1 they transferred their meeting-place from ,st4 ,paul's to ,sion ,college4 ,the discussions there may have been a little crippled by the fact that the new ,presbyterian ,church of ,england was not yet provided with an authorized ,confession of ,faith4 ,the text of such a document1 as prepared by the ,westminster ,assembly1 had been before the two ,houses since ,dec4 #afdf 7ant1 p4 #eab72 the ,lords on the #afth of ,february had urged the ,commons in almost reproachful terms to quicken their pace in that business2 the ,commons on the #bbnd of ,april had at length roused themselves so far as to order the ,westminster ,assembly to send in the ,scriptural proofs which they had been preparing according to a previous order2 but1 though on the #bith of ,april these proofs were actually received and the ,assembly thanked1 it was not till the #aith of ,may that the ,commons did begin1 ,math printed copies of the ,confession before them1 to examine the work1 paragraph by paragraph4 ,on that day and ,may #bh they considered and passed1 without division1 and apparently without much debate1 the three first chapters of the ,confession--viz43 ,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,holy ,scriptures 7ten paragraphs72 ,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of ,god and the ,holy ,trinity 7three paragraphs72 ,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of ,god's ,eternal ,decrees4 ,the next chapter1 entitled ,of ,creation1 was to be proceeded with punctually on ,wednesday next1 ,june #b2 but1 when that day came1 ,fairfax's orders for the ,army ,rendezvous were out1 ,joyce was prowling about ,holmby1 and the ,creation had to be postponed4 ,footnote3 ,commons and ,lords ,journals of the days given 7also a curious entry in ,commons ,journals of ,april #bg72 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #dgf2 ,neal1 ,,iii4 #cef-ceh4 ,a matter on which the ,parliament had been intent for some time was the purgation and regulation of the ,university of ,oxford4 ,if ,parliamentary purgation had been found necessary for ,cambridge three years before 7ant1 pp4 #ib-if71 how much more was this process needed in ,oxford1 always the more ,prelatic ,university of the two1 and recently1 as the ,king's head-quarters through the ,civil ,war1 more deep-dyed in ,prelacy than ever6 ,where but in ,oxford1 amid courtiers and cavaliers1 had ex- bishops1 ,anglican doctors1 and other dangerous persons1 found house-room for the last few years8 ,whence but from the colleges at ,oxford had come all the ,prelatic sermons1 pamphlets1 and squibs against the ,parliament1 the ,covenant1 and ,presbytery1 including the official ,royalist newspaper1 the ,mercurius ,aulicus1 edited by ,mr4 ,john ,birkenhead and a society of his brother-wits8 ,accordingly1 since the surrender of ,oxford in ,june #afdf1 punishment for the ,university had been in preparation4 ,for various reasons1 however1 it had been administered first in a didactic form4 ,preachers of the right ,presbyterian type had been sent down to ,oxford by authority in ,aug4 #afdf2 and these had been followed by such a rush of volunteer zealots of all varieties that the loyal ,oxford historian1 ,anthony ,wood1 shuddered to his life's end at the recollection4 ,hell was broke loose1 he says1 upon the poor remnant of the scholars1 so that most of them did either leave the ,university or abscond in their respective houses till they could know their doom4 ,that doom came at length in the form of an ,ordinance of the two ,houses for the ,visitation of the ,university 7,may #a1 #afdg74 ,it empowered twenty-four persons1 not members of ,parliament1 among whom were ,sir ,nathaniel ,brent1 ,william ,prynne1 and thirteen other lawyers1 the rest being divines1 to visit ,oxford1 inquire into abuses and delinquencies1 impose the ,covenant on ,heads of ,houses1 ,fellows1 c41 and report the results to a standing ,committee of both ,houses1 consisting of twenty-six ,peers and fifty-two of the ,commons4 ,under this ,ordinance the ,visitors issued a citation to the ,heads of ,houses and others to meet them in the ,convocation ,house at ,oxford on the #dth of ,june4 ,that was the day of the ,army ,rendezvous and of the ,king's abduction2 beyond which point we do not go at present4 ,suffice it to say that there was to be a most strenuous resistance by the ,oxonians1 headed by their ,vice-,chancellor ,dr4 ,fell4 ,footnote3 ,wool's ,fasti ,oxon4 ,,ii #ajj-a and #ajf-g2 ,lords ,journals1 ,may #a2 ,neal1 ,,iii4 #cie et seq4 ,,third ,,stage ,,of ,,the ,,captivity3 ,,the ,,king ,,with ,,the ,,army1 ,,june-,,nov4 #afdg4 ,effects of ,joyce's ,abduction of the ,king--,movements of the ,army3 their ,denunciation of ,eleven of the ,presbyterian ,leaders3 ,parliamentary ,alarms and ,concessions--,presbyterian ,phrenzy of the ,london ,populace3 ,parliament mobbed1 and ,presbyterian ,votes carried by ,mob-law3 ,flight of the two ,speakers and their ,adherents3 ,restoration of the ,eleven--,march of the ,army upon ,london3 ,military ,occupation of the ,city3 ,the ,mob quelled1 ,parliament reinstated1 and the ,eleven expelled--,generous ,treatment of the ,king by the ,army3 ,his ,conferences with ,fairfax1 ,cromwell1 and ,ireton--,the ,army's ,heads of ,proposals1 and ,comparison of the same with the ,nineteen ,propositions of the ,parliament--,king at ,hampton ,court1 still demurring privately over the ,heads of ,proposals1 but playing them off publicly against the ,nineteen ,propositions3 ,army at ,putney--,cromwell's ,motion for a ,recast of the ,nineteen ,propositions and ,re-application to the ,king on that ,basis3 ,consequences of the ,compromise3 ,intrigues at ,hampton ,court3 ,influence of the ,scottish ,commissioners there3 ,king immoveable--,impatience of the ,army at ,putney3 ,cromwell under ,suspicion3 ,new ,activity of the ,agitatorships3 ,growth of ,levelling ,doctrines among the ,soldiers3 ,agreement of the ,people-- ,cromwell breaks utterly with the ,king3 ,meetings of the ,army ,officers at ,putney3 ,proposed ,concordat between the ,army and ,parliament3 ,the ,king's ,escape to the ,isle of ,wight1 ,the effects of ,joyce's abduction of the ,king from ,holmby may be summed up by saying that for the next five months the ,army and the ,independents were in the ascendant1 and the ,presbyterians depressed4 ,there were to be vibrations of the balance1 however1 even during this period4 ,what the ,presbyterians dreaded was an immediate march of the ,army upon ,london1 to occupy the city and coerce ,parliament4 ,with no wish to resort to such a policy so long as it could be avoided1 the ,army-leaders1 for a time1 kept moving their head-quarters from spot to spot in the counties north and west of ,london1 now approaching the city and again receding1 and paying but slight respect to the injunctions of the ,parliament not to bring the ,army within a distance of forty miles4 ,on the #ajth of ,june there was a ,rendezvous #ba1jjj strong at ,triplow ,heath1 near ,royston2 thence1 on the #abth1 they came to ,st4 ,alban's1 only twenty miles from ,london1 spreading such alarm in the ,city by this movement that guards were posted1 shops shut1 c42 and they remained at ,st4 ,alban's till the #bdth1 when they withdrew to ,berkhampstead4 ,through this fortnight negotiations had been going on between the ,army-leaders and ,parliamentary ,commissioners who had been sent down expressly2 letters had also passed between the ,army-leaders and the ,city2 and certain general ,representations and ,remonstrances had been sent forth by the ,army1 penned by ,ireton and ,lambert1 but signed by ,rushworth in the name of ,fairfax and the whole ,council of ,war4 ,in these it was distinctly repeated that the ,army had no desire to overturn or oppose ,presbyterian ,church- government as it had been established1 and only claimed ,liberty of ,conscience under that government2 but there were also clear expressions of the opinion that a dissolution of the existing ,parliament and the election of a new one on a more popular system ought to be in contemplation4 ,nay1 till the time should come for a dissolution1 one thing was declared essential4 ,in order that the existing ,parliament might be brought somewhat into accord with public necessities and interests1 and so made endurable1 it must be purged of its peccant elements4 ,not only must ,royalist ,delinquents who still lurked in it be ejected1 but also those conspicuous ,presbyterian enemies of the ,army who had occasioned all the recent troubles6 ,that there might be no mistake1 eleven such members of the ,house of ,commons were named--to wit1 ,holles1 ,stapleton1 ,sir ,william ,lewis1 ,sir ,john ,clotworthy1 ,sir ,william ,waller1 ,john ,glynn1 ,esq41 ,anthony ,nichols1 ,esq4 7original members71 and ,sir ,john ,maynard1 ,major-general ,massey1 ,colonel ,walter ,long1 and ,colonel ,edward ,harley 7,recruiters74 ,this ,army denunciation of eleven chiefs of the ,commons1 dated from ,st4 ,alban's ,june #ad1 had greatly perplexed the ,house2 but in the course of their debates on it they recovered spirit1 and in a vote of ,june #be they stood out for ,parliamentary privilege4 ,as there had been votes of the two ,houses about bringing the ,king to ,richmond for a treaty1 and other more secret signs of ,presbyterian activity1 the ,army then again applied the screw4 ,they advanced to ,uxbridge1 some of the regiments showing themselves even closer to the ,city 7,june #bf74 ,this had the intended effect4 ,the eleven consented to withdraw from their places in the ,commons1 for a time at least 7,june #bf72 votes favourable to the ,army were passed by both ,houses 7,june #bf-bi72 and1 though these were mingled with others not quite so satisfactory1 the ,army had no pretext for a severer pressure4 ,they withdrew1 therefore1 to ,wycombe in ,bucks4 ,here1 at a ,council of ,war 7,july #a71 a ,commission of ten officers 7,cromwell1 ,ireton1 ,fleetwood1 ,lambert1 ,rainsborough1 ,sir ,hardress ,waller1 ,rich1 ,robert ,hammond1 ,desborough1 and ,harrison7 was appointed to treat farther with new ,commissioners of the ,parliament 7the ,earl of ,nottingham1 ,lord ,wharton1 ,vane1 ,skippon1 c474 ,then surely all seemed in a fair way4 ,footnote3 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #eia-ffb2 ,rushworth1 ,,vi4 #ede-eig2 ,godwin1 ,,ii4 #cbc-ced2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #bbf-bcb4 ,while ,parliament1 however1 was thus yielding to the ,army1 the dense ,presbyterianism of the ,city and the district round was more reckless and indignant4 ,whatever ,parliament might do1 the great city of ,london would be true to its colours6 ,accordingly1 in addition to various ,petitions already presented to the two ,houses from the ,lord ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,common ,council1 all of an anti-,army character1 a new one in the same sense1 but purporting to be simply for payment of the soldiery and a speedy settlement of the ,nation1 was presented ,july #b4 ,a public and responsible body like the ,common ,council could express itself only in such general terms2 but the ,presbyterian young men and apprentices of the ,city1 the number of whom was legion1 and whose ranks and combinations could easily be put in motion by the higher powers1 were able to speak out boldly4 ,on the #adth of ,july a ,petition1 said to be signed by #aj1jjj such1 was presented to both ,houses1 praying for strict observance of the ,covenant1 the defence of his ,majesty's person and just power and greatness1 the disbandment of the ,army1 the thorough settlement of ,presbyterian ,government1 the suppression of ,conventicles1 and defiance to the crotchet of ,toleration4 ,this audacious document having been received even with politeness by the ,lords1 and only with cautious reserve by the ,commons1 the ,city was stirred through all its ,presbyterian depths1 made no doubt it could control ,parliament1 and grew more and more violent to that end4 ,crowds came daily to ,palace ,yard and ,westminster ,hall1 signifying their anger at the seclusion of the ,presbyterian ,eleven1 and at all the other concessions made to the ,army and the ,independents4 ,what roused the ,city most1 however1 was the acquiescence of ,parliament in a demand of the ,army that the ,militia of ,london should be restored to the state in which it had been before the #bgth of ,april last4 ,on that day the ,common ,council1 in whose trust the business was1 had placed the direction of the ,militia in a ,committee wholly ,presbyterian1 excluding ,alderman ,pennington and other known ,independents2 and what was desired by the ,army was that ,parliament1 resuming the power1 should bring back the ,independents into the ,committee4 ,an ,ordinance to that effect had no sooner passed the two ,houses1--carried in the ,commons by a majority of #gg to #df 7,july #bb71 and accepted by the ,lords without a division 7,july #bc71 --than the ,city broke out in sheer rebellion4 ,by this time there had been formed in the ,city and its purlieus a vast popular association1 called ,a ,solemn ,engagement of the ,citizens1 ,officers1 and ,soldiers of the ,trained ,bands and ,auxiliaries1 ,young ,men and ,apprentices of the ,cities of ,london and ,westminster1 ,sea-,commanders1 ,seamen1 and ,watermen1 c4 c41 all pledged by oath to an upholding of the ,covenant and the furthering of a ,personal ,treaty between ,king and ,parliament1 without interference from the ,army4 ,a copy of this ,engagement1 said by ,presbyterian authorities to have been signed by nearly #ajj1jjj hands1 with an accompanying ,petition in the same sense1 which had been addressed by the ,engagers to the ,lord ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,common ,council1 was brought before both ,houses on the #bdth of ,july4 ,they declared it insolent and dangerous1 and adjudged all who should persevere in it guilty of high treason4 ,that day was ,saturday1 and the next day's ,sabbath stood between the ,houses and the wrath they were provoking4 ,but on ,monday the #bfth they were called to a mighty reckoning4 ,a ,petition came in upon them from the ,lord ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,common ,council1 praying for a revocation of the ,militia ,ordinance of the #bcrd1 and enclosing ,petitions to the same effect which the ,common ,council had received from divers well-affected ,citizens and from the ,young ,men1 ,citizens and others1 ,apprentices4 ,that was not all4 ,another ,petition came in1 from the ,citizens1 ,young ,men1 and ,apprentices themselves1 complaining of the pretended ,declaration of the #bdth against their ,engagement1 and of the seclusion of the ,eleven4 ,even that was not all4 ,while the ,petitions were under consideration1 the ,young ,men1 ,citizens1 and ,apprentices1 with ,seamen1 ,watermen1 ,trained-,bands1 and others1 their fellow-,engagers1 were round the ,houses in thousands in ,palace ,yard1 and swarming in the lobbies1 and throwing stones in upon the ,lords through the windows1 and kicking at the doors of the ,commons1 and bursting in with their hats on1 all to enforce their demands4 ,the riot lasted eight hours4 ,speaker ,lenthall1 trying to quit the ,house1 was forced back1 and was glad to end the uproar by putting such questions to the vote as the intruders dictated4 ,the unpopular ,ordinance of the #bcrd and the ,declaration of the #bdth having thus been revoked under mob- compulsion1 the ,houses were allowed to adjourn4 ,they met next day1 ,tuesday the #bgth1 but only to adjourn farther to ,friday the #cjth4 ,footnote3 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #ffd-gbc2 ,lords and ,commons ,journals2 ,whitlocke1 ,,ii4 #ahb-ahe4 ,when the ,houses did re-assemble on that day1 their appearance was most woe-begone4 ,neither ,manchester1 the ,speaker of the ,lords1 was to be found1 nor ,lenthall1 the ,speaker of the ,commons2 there were but eight ,lords in the one ,house2 and the benches in the other were unusually thin4 ,nevertheless they proceeded in all due form4 ,each ,house elected a new ,speaker--the ,peers ,lord ,willoughby of ,parham for the day1 and the ,commons ,henry ,pelham1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 for ,grantham1 in permanence2 each took notice of its absentees1 and commanded their immediate re-attendance--the ,commons also restoring the ,eleven1 ,ly special enumeration1 to their places2 and each went on for six or seven days1 transacting business or trying to transact it4 ,a good deal of the business related to military preparations to make good the position the ,city had taken4 ,sir ,william ,waller and ,general ,massey1 two of the ,eleven1 were added to a ,committee for consultation with the ,city ,committee of the ,militia2 this ,city ,committee was empowered to choose a commander-in-chief and other commanders of the ,london forces2 and1 when the ,committee named ,massey for the command-in- chief1 and ,waller for the command of the ,horse1 the ,houses gave their cordial assent4 ,in short1 the two ,houses1 as they met during this extraordinary week from ,july #cj to ,aug4 #e1 consisted mainly of a forlorn residue of the most fanatical ,presbyterians in each1 regarding the riots of the #bfth as a popular interposition for right principles1 and anxiously considering whether1 with such a zealous ,london round them1 and with ,massey1 ,waller1 ,poyntz1 and perhaps ,browne1 for their generals1 they might not be able to face and rout the ,army of ,fairfax4 ,there may1 however1 have been some who remained with the residuary ,houses on lazier or more subtle principles4 ,the restored ,eleven1 with ,sir ,robert ,pye1 ,sir ,robert ,harley1 and a few other typical ,presbyterians1 certainly led the business of the ,commons in this extraordinary week2 but among those that remained in that ,house how are we to account for ,selden8 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,common ,journals1 ,july #cj-;,aug4 #e1 #afdg4 ,the ,city-tumults1 intended as such a brave stroke for ,presbytery1 had been1 in fact1 a suicidal blunder4 ,manchester and ,lenthall1 the missing ,speakers1 though themselves ,presbyterians1 had withdrawn in disgust from the dictation of a ,london mob of mixed ,presbyterian young men and ,royalist intriguers1 and had been joined by about fourteen ,peers1 some of them also eminently ,presbyterian1 and a hundred ,commoners1 mostly ,independents4 ,deliberating what was to be done1 these seceders had resolved to place themselves under the protection of ,fairfax1 make common cause with him and the ,army1 and act as a kind of ,parliamentary ,council to him until they could resume their places in a ,parliament free from mob-law4 ,meanwhile ,fairfax1 acting for himself1 was on the march towards ,london4 ,on the day of the tumults in ,london his headquarters had been as far off as ,bedford2 but1 starting thence on the #cjth of ,july1 he had reached ,colnbrook on ,sunday ,aug4 #a4 ,next day he came on to ,hounslow2 and here it was that1 at an imposing ,review of his ,army1 horse1 foot1 and artillery1 over #bj1jjj strong1 the seceding ,peers and ,commoners came in1 and were received by the soldiers with acclamations1 and cries of ,lords and ,commons1 and a ,free ,parliament6 ,only ten miles now intervened between the ,army and the ,common ,council of the ,city of ,london consulting with their ,militia commanders at ,guildhall1 and somewhat less than that distance between the ,army and the presumptuous fragment of the two ,houses at ,westminster4 ,both these bodies1 but especially the citizens1 had begun to come to their senses4 ,the tramp1 tramp1 of ,fairfax's approaching ,army had cooled their courage4 ,at ,guildhall1 indeed1 as ,whitlocke tells us1 whenever a scout brought in the good news that the ,army had halted1 the people would still cry ,one and all2 but the cry would be changed into ,treat1 ,treat a moment afterwards1 when they heard that the march had been resumed4 ,at ,hounslow1 therefore1 ,fairfax received the most submissive messages and deputations1 with entreaties to spare the ,city4 ,his reply1 in effect1 was that the ,city need fear no unnecessary harshness from the ,army1 but that the late prodigious violence had brought things into such a crisis that the ,army must and would set them right4 ,nothing more was to be said3 the rest was action4 ,on the morning of ,wednesday1 ,aug4 #d1 a brigade of the ,army under ,rainsborough1 which had been despatched across the ,thames to approach ,london on the south side1 was in peaceable possession of the borough of ,southwark1 and had two cannon planted against the fort on ,london ,bridge till the citizens thought good to yield it up4 ,that day and the next other defences on the ,thames1 eastwards and westwards1 were seized or surrendered4 ,on ,friday the #fth1 ,fairfax with his main ,army1 all with laurel-leaves in their hats1 and conducting the ,lords and ,commoners in their coaches1 marched in from ,hammersmith by ,kensington to ,hyde ,park1 where the ,lord ,mayor and ,aldermen joined them1 and so to ,charing ,cross1 where the ,common ,council made their obeisances1 and thence to ,palace ,yard1 ,westminster4 ,there the two ,speakers were ceremoniously reinstated1 the ,houses properly reconstituted1 and ,fairfax and the ,army thanked4 ,finally1 on ,saturday the #gth1 the grand affair was wound up by another deliberate march of the ,army through the main streets of the ,city itself1 all the more impressive to the beholders from the perfect order kept1 and the abstinence from every act1 word1 or gesture1 that could give offence4 ,the ,tower was made over to ,fairfax on the #ith2 and his head-quarters for some time continued to be in ,london or its immediate neighbourhood4 ,footnote3 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #gbc-gef2 ,whitlocke1 ,,ii1 #ahg-aic2 ,godwin1 ,,ii4 #cga-chg4 ,by the ,army's march through the ,city events were brought back so far into the channel of regular ,parliamentary debate1 but with ,independency naturally more powerful than ever4 ,all acts done by the two ,houses during the week's ,interregnum of riot were voted null2 and there were measures of retaliation against those who had been most prominent in that ,interregnum4 ,six of the culpable ,eleven--viz4 ,holles1 ,stapleton1 ,sir ,william ,waller1 ,clotworthy1 ,lewis1 and ,long--having fled abroad together1 had been chased at sea and overtaken1 but let escape2 and ,stapleton had died at ,calais immediately after his landing4 ,massey had gone to ,holland1 with ,poyntz2 but ,glynn and ,maynard1 remaining behind1 were expelled the ,house1 impeached1 and sent to the ,tower 7,sept4 #g74 ,seven out of the nine ,peers who had formed the ,lords' ,house through the wrong-headed week were similarly impeached and committed--viz4 the ,earls of ,suffolk1 ,lincoln1 and ,middlesex1 and ,lords ,willoughby1 ,hunsdon1 ,berkeley1 and ,maynard4 ,the ,lord ,mayor and four ,aldermen were disabled1 impeached1 and imprisoned 7,sept4 #bd72 several officers of the ,city ,trained ,bands were called to account2 and one result of inquiries respecting culprits of a lower grade was an order by the ,commons 7,sept4 #bh and ,oct4 #a7 for the arrest and indictment for high treason of twelve persons1 most of them young men and apprentices1 ascertained to have been ringleaders in the dreadful outrage on the two ,houses on the #bfth of ,july4 ,as there was a ,john ,milton1 junior among these young rioters1 one would like to have known whether they were found and how they fared4 ,in truth1 however1 nothing very terrible was intended by such indictments and arrests4 ,as the ,army's treatment of the conquered ,city had been studiously magnanimous1 so what was chiefly desired by the leaders now in power was that1 by the removal from public sight of persons like the ,seven in the one ,house1 the ,eleven in the other1 and their ,city abettors1 there might be a ,parliament and ,corporation reasonably in sympathy with the ,army4 ,as respected the ,parliament1 this object had been attained4 ,from the reinstatement of the two ,houses by ,fairfax1 ,aug4 #f1 on through the rest of that month and the months of ,september and ,october1 what we see at ,westminster is a small ,upper ,house of from half-a-dozen to a dozen ,peers1 most of them moderately ,presbyterian1 but several of them avowed ,independents1 co- operating with a ,commons' ,house from which the ,presbyterians had withdrawn in large numbers1 so that the average voting-attendance ranged from #ij to #aij1 and the divisions were mainly on new questions arising among the ,independents themselves4 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals of dates given1 and generally from ,aug4 #f to the beginning of ,november4-- ,the ,peers who formed the ,lords' ,house through this period were the ,earl of ,manchester 7,speaker71 the ,earls of ,northumberland1 ,pembroke 7whose error in remaining in the ,house through the week of intimidation had been condoned71 ,kent1 ,salisbury1 ,mulgrave1 ,nottingham1 and ,denbigh1 ,viscount ,saye and ,sele1 and ,lords ,wharton1 ,grey of ,wark1 ,howard of ,escrick1 and ,delawarr1 with occasionally ,lords ,montague1 ,north1 and ,herbert of ,cherbury4 ,in the ,commons ,i find one division 7,sept4 #be7 when only #da voted1 and another 7,nov4 #c7 when the number rose to #bfd4 ,at a call of the ,house1 ,oct4 #i1 note was taken of about #bdj absentees2 and of these #ei1 whose excuses were not considered sufficient1 were fined #bjl4 each4 ,a good few of these were ,independents4 ,it was on these two ,houses that the duty devolved of hammering out1 if possible1 a new ,constitution for ,england that should satisfy the ,army and yet be accepted by the ,king4 ,it had been a halcyon time with his ,majesty since he had come into the keeping of the ,army4 ,he was still a captive1 but his captivity was little more than nominal4 ,subject to the condition that he should accompany the ,army's movements1 and not range beyond their grasp1 he had been allowed to vary his residence at his pleasure4 ,from his own house or hunting- lodge at ,newmarket1 whither he had gone from ,childersley 7,june #g71 he had made visits in his coach or on horseback to various noblemen's houses near2 thence he had gone to his smaller hunting-seat at ,royston2 thence 7,june #bf7 to the ,earl of ,salisbury's mansion at ,hatfield2 thence 7,july #a7 to ,windsor2 thence 7,july #c7 to ,lord ,craven's at ,caversham1 near ,beading2 thence 7,july #ae7 to ,maidenhead2 thence 7,july #bj7 to the ,earl of ,bedford's at ,woburn2 thence to ,latimers in ,bucks1 a mansion of the ,earl of ,devonshire2 and so by other stages1 always moving as the ,army moved1 till1 on the #adth of ,august1 he was at ,oatlands1 and on the #bdth at his palace of ,hampton ,court4 ,at all these places the freest concourse to him had been permitted1 not only of ,parliamentarian noblemen and gentlemen1 and ,cambridge scholars desiring to pay their respects1 but even of noted ,royalists and old ,councillors1 such as the ,duke of ,richmond4 ,his three young children--the ,duke of ,york1 the ,princess ,elizabeth1 and the ,duke of ,gloucester--had been brought to see him1 in charge of their guardian the ,earl of ,northumberland1 and had spent a day or two with him at ,caversham1 to the unbounded delight of the country-people thereabouts4 ,but1 what was the most agreeable change of all for ,charles1 he had been permitted1 since his first coming to the ,army1 to have his own ,episcopal chaplains1 ,dr4 ,hammond1 ,dr4 ,sheldon1 and others1 in constant attendance upon him4 ,these civilities and courtesies had been partly yielded to him by the personal generosity of the ,army chiefs1 ,fairfax1 ,cromwell1 and ,ireton1 acting on their own responsibility1 partly procured for him by their mediation with the ,parliament4 ,there had been grumblings in the ,houses1 indeed1 at the too great indulgence shown to his ,majesty in his choice of chaplains and other company4 ,footnote3 ,herbert's ,memoirs 7ed4 #ahac71 pp4 #cg-di2 ,godwin1 ,,ii4 #cdi-cfa4 ,what one dwells on as most interesting in the changed circumstances of his ,majesty is that1 amid all the concourse of people round him1 it was ,fairfax1 ,cromwell1 ,ireton1 and the other ,army chiefs1 that could now come closest to him for purposes of real conference4 ,they were now1 indeed1 frequently with him1 conversing with him1 studying him face to face1 considering within themselves whether it would be possible after all to come to an arrangement with that man4 ,in their interviews with him they were most studious of external respect1 though ,cromwell and ,ireton1 it seems1 never offered to follow ,fairfax in the extreme ceremony of kissing the royal hand4 ,the ,king1 on his side1 showed them every attention1 and would be sometimes very pleasant in his discourse with them4 ,what was to come of it all8 ,footnote3 ,herbert1 #cf1 #cg2 ,clar4 #fad4 ,the meetings of the ,army-chiefs with ,charles were not purposeless4 ,since he had been in their keeping they had been carefully drawing up1 and putting into exact expression1 certain ,heads of ,proposals1 to be submitted both to him and to ,parliament as a basis for ,peace1 better in its own nature1 and certainly more to the mind of the ,army1 than those ,nineteen ,propositions of ,july #afdf which had hitherto been the vexed subject of debate4 ,what these ,heads of ,proposals were1 or came to be in their complete shape1 we know from a final redaction of them put forth on the #ast of ,august when the ,army was at ,colnbrook on its march upon refractory ,london4 ,the document is signed by ,rushworth1 by the appointment of his ,excellency ,sir ,tho4 ,fairfax and the ,council of ,war1 but the penning is ,ireton's1 and probably much of the matter too4 ,it is a document of consummate political skill and most lawyerlike precision4 ,it consists of sixteen ,heads1 some of them numerically subdivided1 each ,head propounding the ,army's desires on one of the great questions in dispute between the nation and the ,king4 ,biennial ,parliaments in a strictly guaranteed series for the future1 each to sit for not less than #abj days and not more than #bdj1 and the ,commons ,house in each to have increased powers and to be elected by constituencies so reformed as to secure a fair and equable representation of population and property all over ,england3 this is the substance of the first ,head4 ,entire control by ,parliament of the ,militia for ten years1 with a voice in subsequent arrangements1 and farther1 for security on this matter1 the exclusion from places of public trust for the next five years of persons who had borne arms against the ,parliament1 unless in so far as ,parliament might see fit to make individual exceptions3 such is the provision under the second ,head4 ,of the remaining ,articles1 one or two refer to ,ireland1 and others to law-reforms in ,england4 ,articles ,,xi4-,,xiii4 treat of the ,religious ,question1 and are remarkably liberal4 ,they say nothing about ,episcopacy or ,presbytery as such1 but stipulate for the abolition of all coercive power1 authority and jurisdiction of ,bishops and all other ecclesiastical officers whatsoever extending to any civil penalties upon any1 and also for the repeal of all ,acts enforcing the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 or attendance at church1 or prohibiting meetings for worship apart from the regular ,church2 and they expressly stipulate for non- enforcement of the ,covenant on any4 ,in other words1 the ,army1 as a whole1 neither advised an ,established ,church1 nor objected to one1 nor would indicate a preference for ,presbytery or ,episcopacy in the rule of such a ,church1 but stood out1 in any case and all cases1 for ,liberty of ,religious ,dissent4 ,how far they went on this negative principle may be judged from the fact that they do not haggle on even the ,roman ,catholic exception1 but hint that1 so far as it might be necessary to discover ,papists and ,jesuits and prevent them from disturbing the ,state1 other means than enforced church-attendance might be devised for that end4 ,article ,,xiv4 proposes the restoration of the ,king1 ,queen1 and their issue1 to full safety1 honour1 and freedom1 when the preceding ,articles shall have been settled1 and with no limitation of the regal power except as therein provided4 ,the remaining two ,articles appear therefore supernumerary4 ,one refers to ,compositions by ,delinquents1 and urges a generous relaxation of the rates on such1 so as not to ruin people for past faults4 ,so also the last ,article recommends a general ,act of ,oblivion of past offences1 and a restoration of all ,royalists to their full civil rights and privileges1 after composition1 or1 in cases of good desert1 without composition1 with only the exception provided in the second ,article4 ,these ,heads of ,proposals of the ,army strike one as not only inspired by a far wiser and deeper political philosophy than the ,nineteen ,propositions of the ,parliament1 but really also as magnanimously considerate of the ,king in comparison4 ,they are so generous that we can account for them only by supposing that the ,army-chiefs were really prepared for a fresh trial of government by ,king1 ,lords1 and ,commons1 with the security against renewed despotism furnished by the ,article about the ,militia1 combined with the ,article for a succession of ,biennial ,parliaments4 ,two things are to be observed1 however4 ,one is that the ,heads of ,proposals were tendered for the ,english kingdom alone1 leaving the terms of ,peace for the kingdom of ,scotland to stand as in the late ,nineteen ,propositions of both kingdoms1 until that kingdom shall agree to any alteration4 ,but farther1 even as respected ,england1 there was no promise by the ,army that the ,king could avoid the establishment of ,presbytery4 ,things had gone so far in that direction1 and the majority seemed so determined in it1 that the ,army neither could nor did desire to resist a ,presbyterian establishment1 were it persevered in by ,parliament4 ,only they were resolved that the creed1 discipline1 or worship of that establishment1 or of any other1 should not be compulsory either on the ,king or on any of his subjects4 ,footnote3 ,see the ,heads of ,proposals complete in ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #gch-gde1 and ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #gca-gcf 7the paging in this vol4 beginning p4 #gca74 ,sufficient attention has not been paid by historians1 except perhaps ,godwin 7,,ii4 #cgc-cgh71 to this great document4 ,even ,godwin resorts to the extraordinary hypothesis the ,proposals were not in good faith1 but only a ,machiavellian device of ,cromwell and ,ireton for detaching ,charles from the ,presbyterians and bringing him over to the ,army1 who could then laugh at him and the ,proposals too4 ,godwin remarks in particular that1 as ,ireton1 who penned the ,proposals1 was the most inflexible ,republican that ever existed1 his self-repression in drawing up such a document1 accepting restored ,royalty1 and casting away the chance of a ,republic1 must have been colossal4 ,in ,royalist historians of the seventeenth century this kind of reasoning was natural1 but one is surprised to find it affecting a mind so able and candid as ,godwin's4 ,there is no reason to doubt that1 when the ,heads of ,proposals were settled1 they expressed the real and deliberate conclusions of the ,army chiefs as to those terms the honest acceptance of which by ,charles would satisfy them4 ,nay1 the publication of them was a service to ,charles1 by instructing the nation generally on a better means of dealing with him than the ,nineteen ,propositions4 ,see ,denzil ,holles's amazed opinion of them as a new platform of government1 an ,utopia of their own4 7,memoirs1 p4 #agf et seq474 ,as for ,ireton's suppression of his ,republicanism1 ,ireton's ,republicanism1 like other people's1 probably grew4 ,the ,army ,proposals1 or the main substance of them1 had been the subject of conversations between ,charles and the ,army-chiefs1 and even of a formal conference between him and them1 on or about ,july #bd1 when he was at ,woburn4 ,he had fumed and stormed at the ,proposals1 telling the deputation he would have ,episcopacy established by law1 the ,army could not do without him1 its chiefs would be ruined if they had not his support1 and so on4 ,the secret of this behaviour seems to have been that ,charles was at that moment building great hopes on the recent demonstrations of the ,city of ,london in favour of a ,personal ,treaty with him in the ,presbyterian interest1 and was even aware of the attempted revolution then about to break forth in the form of the ,london tumults4 ,it says much for the forbearance of the ,army-leaders that they did not withdraw the ,proposals after this first rejection of them by the ,king4 ,on the contrary1 they were resolved that the ,king should still have the option of agreeing with them2 they modified them in some points to suit him2 and they were willing that the whole world should know what they were4 ,hence the formal redaction of them into the ,paper of ,aug4 #a1 at ,colnbrook4 ,copies of the ,paper were then and there delivered to the ,parliamentary ,commissioners with the ,army2 and it was with that ,paper carried before it that the ,army continued its march into ,london4 ,accordingly1 on the first day of the meeting of the reconstituted ,houses 7,aug4 #f71 the ,army's ,heads of ,proposals were officially tabled in both 7in the ,commons by ,sir ,henry ,vane71 in order that the ,houses might1 if they saw fit1 adopt them in future dealings with the ,king1 instead of the ,nineteen ,propositions4 ,footnote3 ,major ,huntingdon's ,paper accusing ,cromwell1 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #igj2 ,sir ,john ,berkley's ,memoirs of ,negotiations 7#afii71 reprinted in ,harleian' ,miscellany1 ,,ix #dff-dhh2 ,godwin 7quoting ,bamfield71 ,,ii4 #cgh-chj2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #gcg2 ,commons ,journals1 ,aug4 #f4 ,there is evidence that1 between the submission of the ,proposals to the ,king at ,woburn on or about ,july #bd and their complete redaction for publication ,aug4 #a2 additions had been made to accommodate the ,king4 ,such additions may have been the two supernumerary ,articles providing for lenity to compounders and a general ,act of ,oblivion4 ,september and ,october were the months of the complicated negotiation thus arising4 ,the ,king was then at ,hampton ,court1 whither he had removed ,aug4 #bd1 and where he was surrounded by such state and luxury that it seemed as if the old days of ,royalty had returned4 ,not only had he his chaplains about him1 and favourite household servants brought together again from different parts of ,england2 not only could he ride over when he liked to see his children at the ,earl of ,northumberland's seat of ,sion ,house2 but1 as if an amnesty had already been passed1 ,royalists of the most marked antecedents1 some of them from their places of exile abroad1 were permitted to gather round him1 permanently or for a day or two at a time1 so as to form a ,court of no mean appearance4 ,such were 7in addition to the ,duke of ,richmond7 the ,marquis of ,hertford1 the ,earls of ,southampton and ,dorset1 ,lord ,capel from ,jersey1 ,sir ,john ,berkley and ,mr4 ,legge and ,mr4 ,ashburnham from ,france1 and1 not least1 the ,marquis of ,ormond1 now at last1 by his surrender of ,dublin to ,parliament1 free from his long duty in ,ireland4 ,save that ,colonel ,whalley and his regiment of horse kept guard at ,hampton ,court1 captivity was hardly now a word to be applied to ,charles's condition4 ,whalley's horse1 it is true1 were but the outpost at ,hampton ,court of the greater force near at hand4 ,on the #bgth of ,august1 or three days after the ,king had removed to ,hampton ,court1 the ,army's head-quarters had been shifted to ,putney1 and they continued to be at ,putney all the while the ,king was at ,hampton ,court4 ,from ,hampton ,court to ,westminster is twelve miles1 and ,putney lies exactly half way between2 and the complex problem then trying to work itself out may be represented to the memory by the names and relative positions of these three places4 ,at ,westminster was the regular ,parliament1 moving for that policy which could command the majority in a body of mixed ,presbyterians and ,independents of various shades1 with ,army officers among them2 at ,putney midway was the ,army1 containing its military ,parliament1 of which the generals and colonels were the ,upper ,house1 while the under-officers1 with the regimental agitators1 were the ,commons2 and at ,hampton ,court1 in constant communication with both powers1 and entertaining proposals from both1 was ,charles with his revived little ,court4 ,scotland in the distance must not be forgotten4 ,her emissaries and representatives were on the scene too1 running from ,parliament to ,hampton ,court and from ,hampton ,court to ,parliament1 as busy as needles1 but rather avoiding ,putney4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #ghi et seq42 ,herbert1 #dg-ea4 ,a very considerable element1 indeed1 in the now complex condition of affairs was the interference from ,scotland4 ,as the ,presbyterian ,rising in ,london had occasioned great joy in ,scotland1 so the collapse of that attempt had been a sore disappointment4 ,baillie's comments1 written from ,edinburgh1 where he chanced to be at the time1 are very instructive4 ,the impression in ,edinburgh was that there had been great cowardice among the ,london ,presbyterians1 and stupid mismanagement of a splendid opportunity4 ,had the ,parliament put on a bolder front1 had the ,city stood to their brave ,engagement1 had ,massey and ,waller shown any kind of masculous activity1 and above all had not ,mr4 ,stephen ,marshall and seventeen of the ,london ministers with him separated themselves at the critical moment from the body of their brethren1 and put forth a childish ,petition disavowing all sympathy with the tumults1 what a different ending there might have been6 ,as it was1 a company of silly rascals 7,fairfax's ,army to wit7 had made themselves masters of the ,king and ,parliament and ,city1 and by them of all ,england4 ,so wrote ,baillie privately1 and the public organs of ,scottish opinion had spoken out to the same effect4 ,there had been ,letters and ,remonstrances from the ,scottish ,committee of ,estates to the reconstituted ,english ,parliament1 severely criticising the general state of affairs in ,england1 and complaining especially of the monstrous insolence of the ,army in possessing themselves of the ,king1 and the expulsion at their instance of the eleven ,presbyterian leaders from the ,commons4 ,were not these acts1 though done in ,england1 outrages on ,scotland as well1 and against the obligations of the ,covenant8 ,the ,england with which ,scotland had consented to league herself by the ,covenant was a very different ,england from that which seemed now to be coming into fashion--an ,england in which constituted authority seemed to be at an end1 and an ,army ruled all6 ,and what an ,army6 ,an ,army of ,sectaries1 driving on for a principle of ,liberty of ,conscience which would lead to a ,babylonish confusion1 and impregnated also 7as could be proved by extracts from their favourite pamphlets7 with ideas actually anti-monarchical and revolutionary6 ,so1 in successive letters1 from ,aug4 #ac onwards1 the ,scottish ,government remonstrated from ,edinburgh1 intermingling political criticisms with special complaints1 which they had a better right to make1 of insults done by officers and soldiers of ,fairfax's ,army to the ,scottish envoys in ,england1 and especially to the ,earl of ,lauderdale4 ,nor was the ,scottish ,kirk more backward4 ,the regular annual ,assembly of the ,kirk had met at ,edinburgh ,aug4 #d2 and in a long document put forth by that body ,aug4 #bj1 in the form of ,a ,declaration and ,brotherly ,exhortation to their ,brethren of ,england1 the anarchy of ,england on the religious question is largely bewailed4 ,nevertheless1 they say1 after recounting the steps of the happy progress made by ,england to conformity with ,scotland in one and the same ,presbyterian ,church-rule1 we are also very sensible of the great and imminent dangers into which this common cause of ,religion is now brought by the growing and spreading of most dangerous errors in ,england1 to the obstructing and hindering of the begun ,reformation3 as namely 7besides many others7 ,socinianism1 ,arminianism1 ,anabaptism1 ,antinomianism1 ,brownism1 ,erastianism1 ,independency1 and that which is called1 by abuse of the word1 ,liberty of ,conscience1 being indeed liberty of error1 scandal1 schism1 heresy1 dishonouring ,god1 opposing the truth1 hindering reformation1 and seducing others2 whereunto we add those ,nullifidians1 or men of no religion1 commonly called ,seekers4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,iii4 #i- #bb2 ,acts of ,scottish ,general ,assembly of #afdg2 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #gfh-gga2 and correspondence of ,scottish ,commissioners in ,lords ,journals of ,aug4 and ,sept4 #afdg4 ,for the escapade of ,stephen ,marshall and his friends1 referred to by ,baillie1 see ,neal1 ,,iii4 #cge-f4 ,while these few of the city ministers disavowed the tumults1 the ,westminster ,divines as a body merely mediated in a neutral style to avoid bloodshed 7,commons ,journals1 ,aug4 #b74 ,great as was the influence of the ,army on the ,parliament it had reinstated1 the extreme ,tolerationism of the ,army ,proposals would have made their chance hopeless with that body even if left to itself4 ,but with such blasts coming from ,scotland1 and repeated close at hand by the key-bugles of ,lauderdale and the other ,scottish ,commissioners in ,london1 the ,parliament did not dare even to consider the ,proposals4 ,to have done so would have been at once to sever the two nations1 enrage the ,scots1 and drive them to no one could tell what revenge4 ,to fall back on the ,nineteen ,propositions was1 therefore1 the only possible policy4 ,accordingly1 on the #gth of ,september1 the ,nineteen ,propositions1 with but one or two slight alterations1 were again ceremoniously tendered to ,charles on the part of the ,english ,parliament and the ,scottish ,commissioners conjointly4 ,they desired his answer within six days at the utmost4 ,six or sixteen1 it was equal to him1 he said to the ,earl of ,pembroke1 who presented them2 and in fact his ,majesty's ,answer1 dated ,hampton ,court1 was returned ,sept4 #i4 ,it was that he retained all his former objections to those now familiar ,propositions1 and that1 having seen certain ,proposals of the ,army1 to which he conceived his two ,houses not to be strangers1 he was of opinion that they would be a fitter foundation for a lasting ,peace4 ,in other words1 though ,charles had rejected the ,army ,proposals when first offered to him1 he now played them against the ,nineteen ,propositions1 ironically asking the ,parliament not to persevere in terms of negotiation that might be regarded as obsolete1 but to agree to a ,treaty with him on the much better terms which had been suggested by their own ,army1 but which apparently they wanted to keep out of sight4 ,this for ,england2 and1 for what concerned ,scotland1 he would willingly have a separate ,treaty with the ,scottish ,commissioners1 if they chose1 on those parts of the ,nineteen ,propositions which were of interest to the ,scottish nation4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #gif1 #hjb-c1 and #haj-aa2 and ,lords ,journals1 ,sept4 #h and ,sept4 #ad4 ,parliament was in a dilemma4 ,was ,charles to be taken at his word8 ,were the ,nineteen ,propositions to be flung overboard1 and the ,army ,proposals publicly brought forward instead8 ,the ,presbyterian dread of ,toleration1 if not ,presbyterianism itself1 was still too strong in the ,parliament1 and the prospect of a rupture with the ,scots was still too awful with many1 to admit of such a course4 ,what was actually done1 after twelve days of hesitation and consultation1 appears from three entries in the ,commons ,journals of ,sept4 #ba1 ,sept4 #bb1 and ,sept4 #bc1 respectively4 ,sept4 #ba3 ,resolved1 ,that the ,king1 in this ,answer of the #ith ,sept41 given at ,hampton ,court1 hath denied to give his consent to the ,propositions3 such is the first entry4 ,the second1 on the following day1 runs thus3 ,the question being put1 ,that the ,house be forthwith resolved into a ,grand ,committee1 to take into consideration the whole matter concerning the ,king1 according to the former order1 the ,house was divided4 ,the ,yeas went forth3 7,lieut4-,general ,cromwell1 ,sir ,john ,evelyn of ,wilts1 tellers for the ,yea7 with the ,yea #hd2 7,sir ,peter ,wentworth1 ,colonel ,rainsborough1 tellers for the ,no7 with the ,no #cd2 so that the question passed with the affirmative4 ,on the following day1 accordingly1 we find ,the question was propounded1 ,that the ,house will once again make application to the ,king for those things which the ,houses shall judge necessary for the welfare and safety of the kingdom2 and1 the question being put1 ,whether this question shall be now put1 the ,house was divided3 7,sir ,arthur ,haselrig1 ,sir ,john ,evelyn of ,wilts1 tellers for the ,yea7 with the ,yea #gj2 7,sir ,peter ,wentworth1 ,colonel ,marten1 tellers for the ,no7 with the ,no #bc3 so that the question passed with the affirmative4 ,as far as one can construe what lies under these entries1 the state of the case was this3--,by the ,king's new rejection of the ,nineteen ,propositions 7the ,army-chiefs aware of the rejection beforehand and much approving ,footnote3 ,berkley's ,memoirs1 ,harl4 ,misc4 ,,ix4 #dgh4 ,we ,berkley1 ,ashburnham1 c4 gave our friends in the ,army a sight of this the ,king's ,answer the day before it was sent1 with which they seemed infinitely satisfied471 the ,presbyterians were checkmated4 ,unless they would vote the ,king dethroned1 they had no move left4 ,the power of moving then lay with the ,independents4 ,now the more strenuously ,republican of these1 including ,colonel ,rainsborough and ,henry ,marten1 were for not using the power1 either because they desired to break with ,charles entirely1 or because they wanted to shut up him and ,parliament together to the ,army ,proposals absolutely4 ,cromwell1 however1 though faithful to the ,army ,proposals as the plan ideally best1 was not prepared to take the responsibility of bringing on the crash at once4 ,might there not be a temporizing method8 ,might not the two ,houses be asked to cease thinking of the ,nineteen ,propositions as a perfected series to which they were bound in all its parts and items1 and to go over the whole business afresh1 selecting the most essential questions of the ,nineteen ,propositions and expressing present conclusions on these in new ,propositions to be offered to the ,king8 ,haselrig1 ,evelyn of ,wilts1 and others of the ,independent leaders1 agreeing with this view1 and a good few of the ,presbyterians perhaps accepting it gladly in their dilemma1 ,cromwell divided the ,commons upon it1 and obtained his decisive majority of ,sept4 #bb1 confirmed by the as decisive majority of the next day4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals of days named4 ,the ,lords having concurred1 ,sept4 #cj1 in this motion for a new application to the ,king1 and the ,scottish ,commissioners having been duly informed1 the two ,houses went on busily1 framing the new ,propositions1 and1 where any differences arose1 adjusting them at conferences with each other4 ,by the #bhth of ,october a good many important propositions had been agreed to2 but1 on the whole1 one does not see that the terms for ,charles were to be much easier by this route than they had been by the other4 ,in one matter1 however1 the ,commons had proposed a change4 ,on the #acth of ,october1 a committee having reported on that one of the intended ,propositions which concerned ,church-government1 and the resolution before the ,house being that the ,king be asked to give his consent to the ,acts for settling the ,presbyterian ,government1 ,cromwell had forced the ,house to three divisions4 ,first he tried to limit the term of such settlement to three years1 and lost in a small ,house by a minority of #ce to #ch2 then he insisted that some limit of time should be mentioned1 and won by #dd to #cj2 then he proposed that seven years should be the term1 and lost by #cc to #da1 ,finally it was agreed that the ,presbyterian ,settlement to which the ,king's consent should be asked should be till the end of the ,parliament next after that then sitting4 ,but on the same day and the following the question of ,toleration also came up1 and with these results3 ,toleration to be granted of separate worship for ,nonconformists of tender consciences1 but not for ,roman ,catholics1 nor any toleration of the use of the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 nor of preaching contrary to the main principles of the ,christian ,religion1 nor yet of absence on the ,lord's day from worship and hearing of the word of ,god somewhere4 ,this was all the amount of ,toleration that ,cromwell and the ,independents even in ,october #afdg1 with an ,army at ,putney all aflame for ,toleration1 could extract from the reluctant ,commons at ,westminster4 ,the ,lords appear to have hesitated about even so much as this2 for it was not till the #bnd of ,november that the two ,houses came to an understanding on the subject1 and even on the #ith of that month the ,lords wanted some additional security in the form of a ,proposition for suppressing innovations in ,religion4 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals of dates named2 and ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #hdc-d and #hec-d4 ,here1 to bring the history of the ,english ,church-question to a period for the present1 we may notice one or two contemporary incidents4----,on ,saturday1 ,oct4 #b1 the ,commons had resumed their examination of the ,westminster ,assembly's ,confession of ,faith1 at the point where they had left off that work in the preceding ,may1 viz4 at ,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of ,creation1 7ant1 p4 #ede74 ,they passed that chapter and also the first paragraph of ,chap4 ,v41 ,of ,providence1 that day1 and resolved to continue the business next ,wednesday and punctually every following ,wednesday till it should be despatched4 ,but ,wednesday after ,wednesday came2 other business was too pressing2 and so the matter hung4 ,this was the more inconvenient because on the #bbnd of ,october the ,assembly presented to the two ,houses their ,larger ,catechism completed4 ,it was ordered that #fjj copies should be printed for consideration1 and that matter too lay over4 ,in the midst of such delays in ,parliament it was something on the credit side that the ,,second ,,provincial ,,presbyterian ,,synod ,,of ,,london duly met in ,sion ,college on the #hth of ,november1 with ,dr4 ,seaman for ,moderator4 ,it was1 indeed1 time now for ,english ,presbyterianism to be walking alone4 ,gillespie1 one of the two ,scottish ,divines left last in the ,westminster ,assembly1 had returned to ,scotland in the preceding ,august2 and on the #ith of ,november it was announced in the ,lords that ,mr4 ,rutherford too was going4 ,in bidding farewell to his brethren of the ,assembly he took care to have it duly recorded in their books that the ,scottish ,commissioners1 all or some1 had been present to that point and had constantly taken part in the proceedings4 ,the ,assembly was still to linger on1 he meant to say1 but its best days were over4 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals of the dates given2 and ,neal1 ,,iii4 #ced and #ceh-i4 ,there was no greater mystery all this while than the conduct of ,cromwell and ,ireton4 ,since the ,king had come to ,hampton ,court he had been in continual intercourse with them1 either in direct conferences1 or by messages through ,mr4 ,ashburnham and others4 ,the intercourse had been kept up even after ,cromwell's motion of ,sept4 #bb for re-approaching the ,king on the whole question in a ,parliamentary way1 and while ,cromwell was constantly attending the ,house and taking part in the proceedings consequent on his motion4 ,footnote3 ,sir1 ,i pray excuse my not- attendance upon you4 ,i feared to miss the ,house a day1 where it's very necessary for me to be4 ,so wrote ,cromwell to ,fairfax ,oct4 #ac1 the very day of his three divisions of the ,house on the duration of ,presbytery1 and of the compromise there on ,toleration 7,carlyle's ,cromwell1 f4 #bci74 ,what did it all mean8 ,we have little difficulty now in seeing what it meant4 ,cromwell1 even while urging on the re-application to the ,king in a ,parliamentary way1 had not given up hope that the ,king might be constrained into an extra-,parliamentary pact on some basis like that of the ,army ,proposals4 ,might not ,charles be wise now in the extremity to which he saw himself reduced1 and accept the prospect1 which the ,army scheme held out1 of a restoration of his ,royalty1 under inevitable constitutional restrictions1 but those less galling in many respects1 and especially in the religious respect1 than the restrictions demanded by ,parliament8 ,such1 we can see now1 were the reasonings of ,cromwell and ,ireton1 and to such an end were their labours directed4 ,but the world at the time was suspicious and saw much more4 ,what the ,english ,presbyterians and the ,scots saw was ,cromwell wheedling his ,majesty into the possession of himself and his ,sectaries1 so as to be able to overthrow ,parliament and ,presbytery immediately1 and then reserve his ,majesty for more leisurely ruin4 ,what the ,royalists round the ,king saw was more4 ,a blue riband1 the ,earldom of ,essex1 the ,captaincy-general of all the forces1 the permanent premiership in ,england under the restored ,royalty1 and the ,lieutenancy of ,ireland for his son-in-law ,ireton--how could the ,brewer resist such temptations8 ,mean rumours of this kind ran about1 or were mischievously circulated1 till they affected the ,army itself and roused suspicions of ,cromwell's integrity even among his own ,ironsides4 ,it was not only that ,colonel ,rainsborough1 who had opposed ,cromwell's motion for re-opening negotiations with ,charles1 had since then stood out against his policy of conciliation1 and had been joined by other officers1 such as ,colonel ,ewer4 ,despite this opposition in the ,council of the chief officers at ,putney1 ,cromwell and ,ireton still ruled in that body4 ,but among the inferior officers and the ,agitatorships a spirit had arisen outgoing the control of the chiefs1 critical of their proceedings1 and impatient for a swifter and rougher settlement of the whole political question than seemed agreeable to ,cromwell4 ,footnote3 ,berkley's ,memoirs 7,harl4 ,misc47 #dgf1 #dgh2 ,holles1 #ahd2 ,baxter1 ,book ,i4 p4#fj2 ,clar4 #fbj2 ,godwin1 ,,ii4 #djj et seq4 ,see also ,major ,huntington's ,paper of ,accusations against ,cromwell and ,ireton in ,aug4 #afdh 7,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #iff-igd74 ,duly interpreted1 it is very instructive4 ,at ,putney the ,army1 having little to do1 had resolved itself into a great daily debating-society1 holding meetings of its own ,agitatorships and receiving deputations from the similar but civilian ,agitatorships that had sprung up in ,london4 ,hence a rapid increase among the common soldiers of the political school of ,,the ,,levellers4 ,of this school ,john ,lilburne1 still in his prison in the ,tower1 but with the freedom of pen and ink there1 was now conspicuously one of the chiefs4 ,that the ,house of ,commons should think of that great ,murderer of ,england 7meaning the ,king71 for by the impartial ,law of ,god there is no exemption of ,kings1 ,princes1 ,dukes1 ,earls1 more than cobblers1 tinkers1 or chimney-sweepers2 ,that the ,lords are but painted puppets and ,dagons1 no natural issue of ,laws1 but the mushrooms of prerogative1 the wens of just government1 putting the body of the ,people to pain1--such were opinions and phrases collected from ,lilburne's and other pamphlets by the ,scottish ,government as early as ,aug4 #ac1 and then publicly presented in the name of ,scotland for the rebuke of the ,english ,parliament and the horror of the whole ,british world4 ,in such phrases we have the essence of the doctrine of the ,levellers1 as distinct from the more tentative ,democracy of many contemporary minds4 ,the ,army ,proposals of ,aug4 #a were not for a total subversion of the ,english ,constitution of ,king1 ,lords1 and ,commons1 but only for a great limitation of the ,royal ,power1 a reduction also of the power of the ,house of ,lords1 a corresponding increase of the power of the ,commons or ,representative ,house1 and a broader basing of that ,house in a popular suffrage4 ,but1 now that the ,king had rejected the ,proposals1 the ,levelling ,doctrine burst up from its secret beds1 and rushed more visibly through the whole ,army4 ,there began to be comments among the ,agitators on the dilatoriness of ,cromwell1 and especially on his coquettings with the ,king4 ,i have honoured you1 and my good thoughts of you are not yet wholly gone1 though ,i confess they are much weakened1 ,lilburne had written to ,cromwell ,aug4 #ac1 kindly offering him a chance of redeeming his character1 but otherwise threatening to pull him down from all his present conceived greatness before he was three months older4 ,cromwell not having mended his ways1 ,lilburne had been endeavouring to fulfil his threat2 and by the end of ,october there was a wide-spread mutiny through the regiments at ,putney4 ,the ,army1 having its own printers1 had by that time made its designs known in two documents4 ,one1 entitled ,the ,case of the ,army1 was signed by the agents of five regiments1 ,cromwell's and ,ireton's own included 7,oct4 #ah72 the other1 entitled ,an ,agreement of the ,people 7,nov4 #a71 emanated from the same regiments and eleven others4 ,both documents pledged the regiments not to disband until the ,army had secured its rights2 and among these rights were the speedy dissolution of the existing ,parliament1 and the reconstitution of the ,government of ,england in a single ,representative ,house1 elected by a reformed system of suffrage1 and meeting biennially4 ,this ,house was to be supreme in all matters1 except five specified fundamentals which were to be regarded as settled ab initio beyond disturbance or even reconsideration by any corporate authority whatever4 ,one of them was absolute freedom to all in the matter of ,religion and the ways of ,god's worship2 but this was not to prevent the ,state from setting up any public way of instructing the ,nation1 so it be not compulsive4 ,in fact1 here was the accurate essence of the ,army ,proposals over again1 only distilled to a higher strength and more fiercely flavoured4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #gfi1 #ggj1 #hde-f1 and #hei1 #hfj2 ,godwin1 ,,ii4 #dbc-dbh1 and #dcf-dej4 ,one of the numerous incredible and contradictory hypotheses about ,cromwell is that it was he who1 while in treaty with the ,king for a restoration of his ,royalty1 was all the while1 by his secret grip of the ,army-,agitatorships1 hounding them on in their ultra democratic tendencies4 ,the ,levelling ,principle itself would be a useful force in his hands1 and he could well consent to being abused by the ,agitators while they were really working for his ends66 ,cromwell's preserved ,letters of this period are few1 but one of them contains a reference to the misconstructions to which he was then subject4 ,though1 it may be1 for the present1 he says1 a cloud may lie over our actions to those who are not acquainted with the grounds of them1 yet we doubt not but ,god will clear our integrity1 and innocency from any other ends we aim at but ,his glory and the ,public ,good4 ,footnote3 ,letter to ,colonel ,jones1 ,governor of ,dublin1 dated ,sept #ad1 #afdg2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #bcg-h4 ,at length1 however1 he had to let it be seen that he had broken off from ,charles utterly4 ,who does not know the picturesque popular myth at this point of ,cromwell's biography8 ,cromwell and ,ireton says the myth1 sat one night in the ,blue ,boar ,tavern1 ,holborn1 disguised as common troopers and calling for cans of beer1 till the sentinel they had placed outside came in and told them the man with the saddle had arrived2 whereupon1 going out1 they collared the man1 got possession of the saddle he carried1 and1 ripping up the skirt of it1 found the ,king's letter to the ,queen in which he quite agreed with her opinion of the two ,army-villains he was then obliged to cajole1 and assured her they should have their deserts at last4 ,footnote3 ,the story professes to have come from ,cromwell's own lips in conversation in #afdi with ,roger ,boyle1 ,lord ,broghill1 afterwards ,earl of ,orrery2 but its mythical character is obvious44 ,it needed no such interception of a letter in the yard of a tavern to convince ,cromwell at last that ,charles could not be trusted even in a negotiation for his own benefit4 ,all the while that he had been treating with ,cromwell and ,ireton1 in the sense of the ,army ,proposals1 with a ,religious ,toleration included1 he had been treating with the ,scots1 both by messages through the ,earl of ,lauderdale and by letters in his own hand to the ,earl of ,lanark in ,edinburgh1 in a sense directly the opposite3 i4e4 on the terms of a paction with the ,scots for compulsory ,presbytery and suppression of the ,sects in ,england1 in return for the armed assistance of the ,scottish nation towards a restoration of his kingship in all other respects4 ,late in ,october1 ,lanark and ,loudoun had come from ,scotland to help ,lauderdale in finishing this negotiation2 and the three ,lords together1 in conferences at ,hampton ,court1 had assured ,charles that1 if he would give satisfaction in the point of ,religion1 he was master of ,scotland on what terms as to other things he would demand4 ,he had not quite given them all the satisfaction they wanted2 but the three ,lords still remained loyally about him1 with plans for his escape to ,berwick4 ,nothing of all this appeared1 of course1 in the public communications of the ,scottish ,commissioners with the ,english ,parliament4 ,the purport1 however1 had been entrusted to ,ormond1 ,capel1 and others of the ,royalists who were chief in the ,king's counsels2 and ,cromwell had his means of guessing4 ,footnote3 ,for the interesting and instructive correspondence of ,charles with ,lanark from ,june #afdg onwards1 with details of the negotiations after ,lanark and ,loudoun joined ,lauderdale at ,hampton ,court1 see ,burnet's ,hamiltons1 #dja-dab4 ,see also ,clar4 #fbb-c2 ,rushworth1 ,,vii1 #hej2 and ,lords ,journals1 ,nov4 #f4 ,the mutinous disposition of so many ,regiments1 and its manifestation in such tracts as ,the ,case of the ,army and the ,agreement of the ,people1 had greatly alarmed ,parliament4 ,the investigation of the matter had been substantially left1 however1 in the hands of ,fairfax and the ,council of ,war at ,putney4 ,that ,council1 with ,fairfax and ,cromwell present in it1 had appointed a special ,committee of ,inquiry1 consisting of twenty officers with ,ireton at their head2 and in a series of meetings of this ,committee and of the collective ,council itself1 extending from ,oct4 #bb to ,nov4 #h1 things were brought to a kind of adjustment4 ,there was to be a general ,rendezvous of the ,army for ending of disorder2 and meanwhile certain new ,proposals were sketched out1 to be presented to ,parliament as a summary of what might now be considered the opinions of the chief representatives of the ,army1 reviewing their former ,proposals of ,aug4 #a in the light of all that had since occurred4 ,so far as the ,proposals were sketched out1 one observes in them a curious combination of compromises4 ,there is decidedly greater severity in them to the ,king than in the original ,army ,proposals4 ,on the other hand1 there is nothing about the abolition of ,kingship or of the ,house of ,lords1 no concession on these points to the ultra-democratic tendency of the ,levellers4 ,the question of ,king or ,no ,king had been raised1 it is said1 in the ,council meetings by the ,agitators1 but had been quashed by the chief officers4 ,again1 rather strangely1 the question of ,liberty of ,conscience and the terms of the establishment of ,presbytery is entirely waived1 unless we regard the provision that ,delinquents should be obliged to take the ,covenant before being admitted to compound as a sign that on this question too there was a recession from former liberality4 ,on the whole1 the new ,army ,proposals look like a jumble of incongruities1 and rather disappoint one after the clear political comprehensiveness of the original ,proposals which ,ireton had drafted1 or even the rude simplification of the same put forth by the democratic ,agitators4 ,the reason probably was that the ,army-chiefs desired at the moment to patch up a concordat1 suppressing all unnecessary appearance of difference between the ,parliament and the ,army1 and bringing both as amicably as possible into the one direct track of the new set of ,parliamentary ,propositions to the ,king4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #hdi-hff2 ,godwin1 ,,ii1 #dej-ded4 ,on the #ajth of ,november1 all the ,propositions being ready1 a very emphatic ,preamble to them was agreed upon by the two ,houses4 ,it was intended that they should be presented to the ,king formally at ,hampton ,court within the next few days4 ,before that could be done1 however1 his ,majesty had vanished4 ,the vicinity of ,putney1 with exasperated ,levellers and ,agitators all about1 had become really unsafe for ,charles2 and1 after some meditation and hesitation1 he had himself arranged a plan of escape4 ,it was put in execution on ,thursday the #aath of ,november4 ,on the evening of that day his ,majesty1 accompanied by ,mr4 ,ashburnham1 ,mr4 ,william ,legge1 and ,sir ,john ,berkley1 contrived to slip out of ,hampton ,court ,palace1 by the back garden1 unobserved4 ,it was supper-time before he was missed by ,whalley and the guard2 the night was excessively dark and stormy2 and1 though it was ascertained that he and his companions had mounted horses near the ,palace1 the route they had taken could not be guessed4 ,for the next two or three days1 therefore1 ,london was all anxiety4 ,meanwhile the fugitives1 guided by the ,king himself through the ,new ,forest1 had reached the south coast1 near ,southampton1 and in sight of the ,isle of ,wight4 ,the ,king's reasons for taking this direction appear to have been the vaguest2 nor is it certainly known that the ,isle of ,wight had been in his mind when he left ,hampton ,court4 ,no ship1 however1 having been provided for a more distant voyage1 and the ,king being in any case irresolute about yet leaving ,england altogether1 the island did now1 if not before1 occur to him as suitable for his purpose4 ,one inducement may have been that the ,governor1 young ,colonel ,robert ,hammond1 was a person whom the ,king had reason to believe as well disposed to him as any ,parliamentarian officer4 ,hammond1 indeed1 was the nephew of the ,king's favourite chaplain1 ,dr4 ,henry ,hammond2 and1 though he was one of ,cromwell's admiring disciples1 and had married a daughter of ,hampden1 his uncle's reasonings1 or other influences1 had begun of late to weaken his ardour4 ,it had been with undisguised pleasure that1 but a week or two before1 he had left his post in the ,army and gone to this quiet and distant governorship1 where he might live in retirement and without active duty4 ,what1 then1 was his horror when1 on the morning of ,saturday1 ,nov4 #ac1 as he was riding along the road near his residence of ,carisbrooke ,castle1 in the centre of the island1 ,sir ,john ,berkley and ,mr4 ,ashburnham presented themselves1 and told him that the ,king had fled in their company from ,hampton ,court and desired to be his guest6 ,he grew so pale1 says ,berkley1 and fell into such a trembling1 that ,i did really believe he would have fallen from his horse2 which trembling continued with him at least an hour after1 in which he broke out into passionate and distracted expressions1 sometimes saying ',o gentlemen1 you have undone me4' ,he collected himself at length1 however1 and accepted the duty which fate had sent him4 ,crossing over1 with ,berkley and ,ashburnham1 to the earl of ,southampton's house of ,titchfield on the mainland1 where ,charles had meanwhile been waiting with ,legge1 he paid his homage gravely enough2 and1 after some conversation1 in which he promised to do all for his ,majesty that might be consistent with his obedience to ,parliament1 he returned to the island1 with the ,king in his charge1 and ,berkley1 ,ashburnham1 and ,legge in attendance4 ,his letter1 narrating what had happened1 and asking instructions1 was read in the two houses of ,parliament on ,monday1 ,nov4 #ae4 ,footnote3 ,berkley's ,memoir1 ,harl4 ,miscell4 ,,ix4 #dgi-dhc2 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #hga-hgd2 ,clar4 #fbd-g2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #ghe-gia4 ,as usual1 in the later ,royalist accounts1 it is ,cromwell that had contrived the whole affair of the ,king's escape both matter and form4 ,hammond's appointment to the ,governorship of the island 7,sept4 #i7 was ,cromwell's doing1 in anticipation of what might be needed2 then he had stirred up the ,agitators at ,putney to threaten the ,king's life at ,hampton ,court2 then he had warned the ,king1 through ,whalley1 of the designs of the ,agitators1 so as to frighten him into flight2 then1 through ,ashburnham or otherwise1 he had suggested the ,isle of ,wight as the very place for the ,king to go to1 and so had caught him in the prepared trap4 ,,fourth ,,stage ,,of ,,the ,,captivity3 ,,in ,,the ,,isle ,,of ,,wight3 ,,nov4 #afdg-,,nov4 #afdh4 ,carisbrooke ,castle1 and the ,king's ,letters thence4 ,parliament's ,new ,method of the ,four ,bills4 ,indignation of the ,scots2 their ,complaints of ,breach of the ,covenant--,army ,rendezvous at ,ware3 ,suppression of a ,mutiny of ,levellers by ,cromwell1 and ,establishment of the ,concordat with ,parliament--,parliamentary ,commissioners in the ,isle of ,wight3 ,scottish ,commissioners also there3 the ,king's ,rejection of the ,four ,bills--,firmness of ,parliament3 their ,resolutions of ,no ,further ,addresses to the ,king3 ,severance of the ,scottish ,alliance--,the ,engagement1 or ,secret ,treaty between ,charles and the ,scots in the ,isle of ,wight--,stricter guard of the ,king in ,carisbrooke ,castle3 ,his ,habits in his ,imprisonment--,first ,rumours of ,the ,scottish ,engagement3 ,royalist ,programme of a ,,second ,,civil ,,war--,beginnings of ,,the ,,second ,,civil ,,war3 ,royalist ,risings3 ,cromwell in ,wales3 ,fairfax in the ,south-east3 ,siege of ,colchester--,revolt of the ,fleet3 ,commotion among the ,royalist ,exiles abroad3 ,holland's attempted ,rising in ,surrey--,invasion of ,england by ,hamilton's ,scottish ,army3 ,arrival of the ,prince of ,wales off the ,southeast ,coast3 ,blockade of the ,thames--,consternation of the ,londoners3 ,faintheartedness of ,parliament3 ,new ,hopes of the ,presbyterians3 their ,ordinance against ,heresies and ,blasphemies3 their ,leanings to the ,king3 ,independents in a struggling minority3 ,charge of ,treason against ,cromwell in his absence--,the ,three ,days' ,battle of ,preston and utter ,defeat of the ,scots by ,cromwell3 ,surrender of ,colchester to ,fairfax3 ,return of the ,prince of ,wales to ,holland3 ,virtual ,end of ,,the ,,second ,,civil ,,war--,parliamentary ,treaty with the ,king at ,newport3 ,unsatisfactory ,results--,protests against the ,treaty by the ,independents--,disgust of the ,army with the ,treaty3 ,revocation of their ,concordat with ,parliament1 and ,resolution to seize the ,political ,mastery3 ,formation of a ,republican ,party--,petitions for ,justice on the ,king3 ,the ,grand ,army ,remonstrance--,cromwell in ,scotland3 ,restoration of the ,argyle ,government there3 ,cromwell at ,pontefract3 ,his ,letter to ,hammond--,the ,king removed from the ,isle of ,wight to ,hurst ,castle--,the ,army again in possession of ,london4 ,carisbrooke ,castle1 now mostly a ruin1 but in ,charles's time the chief fortified place in the ,isle of ,wight1 stands almost in the centre of the island1 close to the village of ,carisbrooke1 and near the town of ,newport1 which1 although really an inland town1 communicates with the sea by a navigable river4 ,here1 with the verdant island all round him1 and fine views both of land and sea1 ,charles was to live for a whole year4 ,though it was ,november when he came into the island1 a lady1 as he passed through ,newport on his way to ,carisbrooke1 could present him with a damask-rose just picked from her garden2 and he was to see all the circle of seasons in that mild ,south-,english climate1 till ,november came round again4 ,footnote3 ,herbert1 #ee1 #ef4 ,in a letter which ,charles had left at ,hampton ,court1 to be communicated to the two ,houses1 he had avowed that1 though security from threatened violence was the immediate reason for his disappearance for a time into a place of retirement1 yet another reason was his desire to extricate himself from a negotiation in which he felt that the chief interests concerned were not all represented4 ,in the same spirit of eclecticism1 with a word for each of the chief interests1 and a special show of solicitude for the ,army1 is a ,letter sent by the ,king to the two ,houses only four days after he had been in the ,isle of ,wight 7,nov4 #ag74 ,it gives his ,majesty's view of what would be the right kind of negotiation1 and conveys his definite offers4 ,he cannot consent to the abolition of ,episcopacy1 but he will assent to the experiment of ,presbytery for three years1 if accompanied by a ,toleration1 but not for ,papists1 ,atheists1 and ,blasphemers2 he will surrender the ,militia for his own life1 on condition that it shall afterwards revert to the ,crown2 he will undertake for the ,arrears of the ,army2 and on other matters he will be ready to do his utmost in a conclusive ,personal ,treaty in ,london4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #hga-b and #hhj-hcc2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #ghf-g and #gii-hjb2 and ,king ,charles's ,works 7#afea71 #aag-abe4 ,the two ,houses retained their own ideas of the negotiation necessary2 and1 while giving orders for the despatch of a sufficient guard to the ,isle of ,wight1 to be under ,hammond's command1 and also for the ,king's household they were re-adjusting their battery of negotiation for the changed circumstances of its object4 ,at first the notion was to pursue the ,king to the ,isle of ,wight with the whole series of ,propositions which the ,houses had so carefully drawn out for presentation to him at ,hampton ,court4 ,here1 however1 they encountered the most obstinate opposition from the ,scottish ,commissioners4 ,the mood of these gentlemen 7,loudoun1 ,lanark1 ,lauderdale1 ,sir ,charles ,erskine1 ,hugh ,kennedy1 and ,robert ,barclay71 sufficiently irritable before the ,king's flight from ,hampton ,court1 was now that of the ,thistle in full bloom4 ,the ,king1 they declared1 had done right in fleeing from the hard usage of the ,english4 ,could his ,majesty be expected to endure longer the insults1 terrors1 indignities1 to which he had been of late subjected1 ending actually in danger to his life from the ruffians of an ill-managed ,army8 ,moreover1 was not ,charles also the sovereign of ,scotland6 ,could the ,scottish nation be expected to bear the contempt shown it in these tossings to and fro of their ,king1 aggravated by the studied neglect of all the previous ,remonstrances of the ,scottish ,commissioners and ,estates on this very subject8 ,no6 let those ,propositions which the ,english ,parliament had been preparing be thrown aside1 and let the ,king be invited to come to ,london1 in safety and honour1 for a ,personal ,treaty with ,parliament1 in which all might be voluntary and free6--,partly to please the angry ,scottish ,commissioners1 partly to shake them off if they would not be pleased1 the two ,houses did make an alteration in their procedure4 ,instead of the entire prepared series of ,propositions1 or rather as antecedent to them1 it was resolved to send to the ,king ,four ,bills1 embodying the ,propositions absolutely necessary for present security4 ,bill #a was for the power of ,parliament over the ,militia for twenty years1 or longer if necessary2 ,bill #b was for confirmation of all acts of the ,parliament in the late war2 ,bill #c was for the cancelling of all ,peerages conferred by the ,king since the beginning of the war1 and the creation of new ,peers only with consent of the two ,houses2 and ,bill #d was for giving the two ,houses the right of adjournment at their own pleasure4--,this change of procedure was first proposed in the ,lords ,nov4 #be 7fifteen ,peers present72 there were divisions on it in the ,commons ,nov4 #bf and #bg1 in the last of which it was carried by #aae to #ajf 7an unusually full ,house7 to concur generally with the ,peers in the matter2 and then1 after debates and conferences on details1 the ,bills1 as above indicated1 passed the ,commons finally ,dec4 #aa1 and the ,lords finally ,dec4 #ad4 ,it was also then arranged that the ,earl of ,denbigh and ,lord ,montague1 for the ,lords1 and ,mr4 ,john ,bulkeley1 ,mr4 ,john ,lisle1 ,mr4 ,john ,kemp1 and ,mr4 ,robert ,goodwin1 for the ,commons1 should be the ,commissioners for carrying the ,four ,bills1 and the ,propositions too1 so far as not superseded by the ,bills1 to the ,king in the ,isle of ,wight4 ,they were to require his ,majesty's consent to the ,four ,bills within ten days at the utmost2 but the remaining ,propositions were to be delivered to his ,majesty only as containing matters on which the ,houses would send another ,commission to treat with him after he had assented to the ,four ,bills4 ,footnote3 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,ii4 #gii-hjd and #hbc-hbf2 ,lords and ,commons ,journals of days named2 also 7for a special ,letter of the ,scottish ,commissioners7 ,lords ,journals1 ,nov4 #ah4 ,for this ,letter ,charles thanked ,lanark1 saying1 ,seriously1 it is as full to my sense as if ,i had penned it myself4 ,burnet's ,hamiltons1 #daf4 ,if the two ,houses had resorted at first to this changed method of procedure with any idea of pleasing the ,scots1 they had found reason to abandon that idea4 ,the very day the ,four ,bills were finally passed 7,dec4 #ad71 the ,scottish ,commissioners1 knowing well enough privately what they were1 applied formally to the ,committee of the ,two ,kingdoms for a copy of them4 ,this being reported to the ,commons1 a discussion ensued1 and ,mr4 ,selden 7particularly active about this time1 and at any rate always eager for a brush with the ,scots7 was appointed chairman of a ,committee to prepare an ,answer4 ,the ,answer1 adopted by the ,commons ,dec4 #af1 was taken up by ,mr4 ,selden to the ,lords the same day1 and by them adopted also4 ,it was to the effect that1 as it was against the custom of the ,english kingdom to communicate ,bills ready for the ,king's assent to any other whomsoever until his ,majesty's reply had been received1 the ,four ,bills could not be communicated to the ,scottish ,commissioners1 but that1 as for the rest1 it was intended to send these ,bills to the ,king on ,monday next1 together with those ,propositions of which the ,scottish ,commissioners were already cognisant1 and that1 if the ,scottish ,commissioners desired to add any ,propositions concerning ,scotland1 they had better make haste4 ,as if to increase the irony of this ,answer1 there was frankly included in it a copy of the ,instructions to the ,english envoys as to their procedure both with the ,bills concealed from the ,scots and the ,propositions known to them4 ,matter and manner both1 the ,answer drove the ,scottish ,commissioners mad4 ,there may be yet read in the ,lords ,journals of ,dec4 #ah the ,reply1 in nineteen printed folio columns1 which they thundered in upon the two ,houses4 ,we do not see such documents now-a-days1 and even then it was a marvel4 ,the whole soul of ,scotland1 past and present1 seemed to launch itself upon the ,londoners in this tremendous lecture1 issued from ,worcester ,house by command of the ,commissioners for the ,parliament of ,scotland1 and signed by ,john ,chiesley1 their clerk4 ,after a hint of the indebtedness of ,england to the ,scots for some years past1 there was a recapitulation of all the recent acts of contumely sustained by ,scotland at the hands of the ,english1 followed by a summary of the reasons for preferring the ,scottish plan of a free ,personal ,treaty with the ,king to the ,english plan of prosecuting him with peremptory and ready-made ,propositions4 ,but1 as the ,english ,parliament had communicated to the ,scottish ,commissioners their new set of ,propositions 7though not the ,four ,bills71 there was a criticism of these ,propositions1 from the ,scottish point of view1 collectively and seriatim4 ,the largest criticism was on the ,religious question4 ,nearly one half of the entire document was occupied with this subject4 ,was not the ,religious question the main one1 the unum necessarium1 deserving the first place in any national negotiation8 ,yet was it not made secondary in the ,propositions1 brought in anywhere in the middle of them1 as if to show that the two ,houses did not really care much about it1 and would not be so stiff in it as in matters of civil import8 ,tenacious in one's own concerns1 and liberal in the matters of ,god6 ,again1 not a word in the ,propositions1 or hardly a word1 respecting the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant itself1 a vow that had been sworn to with uplifted hands by nearly the whole generation of living ,englishmen6 ,oh6 what an omission was that6 ,was the ,covenant to be voted out of date1 and buried in the ashes of oblivion8 ,but1 apart from the ,covenant1 how did the ,propositions treat the cause of ,presbyterial government in ,england and of conformity of ,church-rule in the two kingdoms8 ,most miserably6 ,no pressing of ,presbytery to full purity and completeness1 but rather a cynical acquiescence in the imperfect ,presbytery that had already been set up1 and a glee in not being committed even to that beyond three years6 ,finally1 even this ,presbytery was turned into a present mockery by an accompanying concession to the cry for ,liberty of ,conscience6 ,the ,commissioners had never desired that pious and peaceable men should be troubled because in everything they cannot conform themselves to ,presbyterial government2 but they did from their very souls abhor such a general and vast ,toleration as one of the ,propositions seemed to provide4 ,unless they were mistaken1 it was a ,toleration to all the sectaries of the time1 whether they were ,anabaptists1 ,antinomians1 ,arminians1 ,familists1 ,erastians1 ,brownists1 ,separatists1 ,libertines1 or ,independents2 yea it extended to those ,nullifidians the ,seekers1 to the new sect of ,shakers1 and divers others2 and1 though it professed not to include ,antitrinitarians1 ,arians1 and ,antiscripturists1 where was the security that these might not at least print and publish their blasphemies and errors8 ,our minds are astonished1 and our bowels are moved1 c46--,there is a story of an irascible and fluent man who1 after a torrent of abusive words addressed to a cool-tempered friend with whom he had a difference1 was brought to a stop by the calm request of his friend that he would be so good as to repeat his observations4 ,something of the kind happened now4 ,the reply of the two ,houses to the portentous ,paper of the ,scottish ,commissioners was that its length prevented immediate attention to it2 but that they were sensible of the aspersions it cast upon them1 and begged that such might be forborne for the future4 ,this drew from the ,commissioners a shorter letter 7,dec4 #bj71 in which they disavowed any intention of disrespect1 and assigned the gravity of the crisis as a reason why their expressions had been more pathetique than ordinarily4 ,nevertheless from that moment the connexion between the ,english ,parliament and the ,scottish ,commissioners was totally severed4 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals of ,dec4 #ae- #ba4 ,what had become of the third party concerned1 the ,english ,army8--,the general ,rendezvous resolved on by the ,council of ,war at ,putney1 in consequence of the ,concordat between the ,army and ,parliament 7ant1 p4 #egc71 had been cleverly changed into a tripartite ,rendezvous1 or distribution of the regiments into three brigades1 to be reviewed on different days and at different places4 ,the first of these ,reviews was held near ,ware in ,herts1 ,nov4 #ae1 the very day on which the ,king's arrival in the ,isle of ,wight was known4 ,at the head of each of seven regiments then present according to order there was read a ,remonstrance by ,fairfax1 pointing out the evils of relaxed discipline1 condemning the recent excesses of the ,agitators and their attempts to make the men disaffected to their officers1 declaring the resolution of himself and the chief officers to maintain all the ,army's just rights1 but protesting that he could not continue to head an ,army which was mutinous1 and requiring therefore that the officers and men of each regiment should subscribe an engagement of future obedience1 ,as nothing was said in the document about either ,king or ,house of ,lords1 but mention only made of a guarantee of future ,parliaments and a ,reformed ,representative ,house1 no offence was given to the ,democratic instincts of the regiments1 and they at once acquiesced in what was but a fit soldierly compact4 ,there were1 however1 two regiments on the field that had come without orders--,colonel ,harrison's horse-regiment and ,colonel ,robert ,lilburne's foot-regiment4 ,they had come in a wild state of excitement1 with copies of the ,agreement of the ,people stuck in their hats4 ,john ,lilburne1 recently released from the ,tower1 had come down to ,ware to see the result4 ,it was decisive1 but not in the way ,john had expected4 ,harrison's regiment1 on being reasoned with by ,fairfax and the other officers1 at length good-humouredly gave way1 tore the mutinous emblem from their hats1 and broke into cheers4 ,lilburne's1 which had driven away most of its officers1 remained sulky and vociferous1 till ,cromwell1 riding up to them1 ordered them also to remove that thing from their hats1 and1 on their refusing1 had fourteen of them dragged from the ranks1 three of these tried on the spot and condemned to death1 and one of the three shot4 ,after this turn given to the first ,review1 the others passed off pleasantly enough1 and all that was farther needed was the minor punishment of one or two of the mutineers among the common soldiers1 with temporary restraint or rebuke for ,colonel ,rainsborough1 ,colonel ,ewer1 ,major ,scott1 ,major ,cobbet1 and ,lieutenant ,bray1 the officers who had been most implicated in the revolt4--,so1 at the expense of but one life1 had a dangerous ,mutiny been quelled1 and the ultra- ,democrats of the ,army taught the lesson of the ,concordat4 ,that lesson was that1 in the opinion of ,cromwell and ,ireton as well as of ,fairfax1 it was best for ,england that the ,army should still serve the constituted authority of ,parliament1 and not raise any political banner of its own4 ,no sooner had this lesson been taught1 however1 than ,cromwell and ,ireton had hastened to obliterate all traces of the occasion there had been for teaching it4 ,their intention had not been to struggle with the ,democratic spirit itself1 but only with its mutinous manifestation2 and they knew1 in fact1 that the political tenets of the poor fellow whom it had been necessary to shoot remained1 and would remain1 not the less the tenets of two-thirds of the ,army4 ,accordingly1 through ,november and ,december the great aim of ,cromwell and ,ireton1 in the new ,army head-quarters at ,windsor1 had been to soothe ruffled spirits and restore harmony4 ,rainsborough1 ,ewer1 ,scott1 and the other ultra-,democratic officers had been restored to their places1 with even studied respect2 and strong recommendations had gone to ,parliament that ,rainsborough1 who1 before the ,mutiny1 had been named for the post of ,vice-,admiral of the ,fleet 7in recollection of his original profession71 should be confirmed in that high appointment4 ,at ,windsor there had been ,army-dinners and great prayer-meetings of officers and men1 in which ,cromwell and ,ireton took a conspicuous part1 winning all back by their zeal and graciousness into a happy frame of concord1 which the ,parliamentary ,commissioners with the ,army described as a sweet and comfortable agreement1 the whole matter of the kingdom being left with ,parliament4 ,and so1 while the two ,houses were arranging to send their ,four ,bills and the ,propositions to the ,isle of ,wight1 the ,army only looked on approvingly4 ,footnote3 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #gia-gii and #hje-hbb2 ,godwin1 ,,ii4 #dfb-h2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #bed2 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #iea4 ,on ,friday1 ,dec4 #bd1 the ,earl of ,denbigh and the other ,commissioners of the two ,houses arrived in the ,isle of ,wight and delivered the ,four ,bills and the ,propositions to his ,majesty4 ,next day 7,christmas ,day7 ,loudoun1 ,lanark1 ,lauderdale1 and the other ,scottish ,commissioners1 arrived1 and delivered to his ,majesty1 in the name of the ,kingdom of ,scotland1 a ,protest against the ,english ,bills and ,propositions4 ,for the day or two following1 these ,scottish ,commissioners were more with his ,majesty than the ,english ,commissioners2 but on the #bhth the ,english ,commissioners received from him in writing his ,answer to the two ,houses4 ,it was utterly unfavourable1 declining to assent to the ,bills or anything else except after a complete and deliberate ,treaty1 and assigning the ,protest of the ,scottish ,commissioners as a sufficient reason for this had there been no other4 ,with this ,answer the ,english ,commissioners returned to ,london1 and it was read in both ,houses on the #clst4 ,the effects were extraordinary4 ,on the #crd of ,january1 #afdg-h1 it was resolved in the ,commons1 by a majority of #ada to #ib1 that no farther applications or addresses should be made to the ,king by that ,house1 that no addresses or applications to him by any person whatsoever should be made without leave of the ,houses under the penalties of ,high ,treason1 that no messages from the ,king should be received1 and that no one should presume to bring or carry such4 ,on the #aeth the ,lords agreed in these ,resolutions1 only ,manchester and ,warwick dissenting out of sixteen ,peers present4 ,negotiation was thus declared to be at an end2 and the ,army1 delighted with the news1 burst into applauses of ,parliament1 and vowed to live or die with it in the common cause4 ,one consequence of what had occurred was the dissolution of the peculiar body which1 under the name of ,the ,committee of the two ,kingdoms1 had hitherto exercised so much power1 and been in fact a common executive for the ,parliaments of ,england and ,scotland 7ant1 p4 #da74 ,as ,scotland had broken off from ,england1 this body had become an absurdity2 and so1 on the same days on which the two ,houses adopted the ,no-,address ,resolution1 they resolved ,that the powers formerly granted by both ,houses to the ,committee of both ,kingdoms1 relating to the kingdoms of ,england and ,ireland1 be now granted and vested in the members of both ,houses only that are of that ,committee4 ,in other words1 ,lords ,loudoun and ,lauderdale and the other ,scottish ,commissioners were no longer wanted in ,england1 and might go home4 ,these gentlemen1 being themselves of the same opinion1 sent a letter to the ,lords1 ,jan4 #ag1 intimating that they were about to take their leave4 ,with great civility the ,lords sent ,manchester and ,warwick to wish them a good journey1 assure them that any arrears of business between ,england and ,scotland would be attended to1 and express a desire for the continuance of the brotherly union and good correspondency between the two nations4 ,actually1 a few days afterwards1 the ,commissioners left ,london2 and on the #bith the ,houses appointed six ,commissioners of their own to follow them to ,edinburgh1 and allay1 if possible1 any ill feeling that might be caused there by their representation of recent occurrences4 ,had the two ,houses known all1 their politeness would have been less6 ,it had not been only to give in a protest in the name of ,scotland against the ,english ,bills and ,propositions that ,lanark1 ,loudoun1 and ,lauderdale had made their ,christmas journey to ,carisbrooke in the wake of the ,english ,commissioners4 ,the ,king had been in correspondence with them for some time before on the subject begun with them at ,hampton ,court2 and1 when they came to ,carisbrooke1 they had brought with them not only the ,protest against the ,english ,bills1 but also a secret document of a more momentous nature1 prepared for the ,king's signature4 ,actually on the #bfth of ,december1 or two days before the ,english ,commissioners were dismissed with the unfavourable ,answer to the ,english ,parliament1 this document had been signed in ,carisbrooke ,castle by the ,king on the one part1 and by ,loudoun1 ,lauderdale1 and ,lanark on the other4 ,not daring to bring it out of the island with them1 the ,commissioners1 ,clarendon says1 had it wrapt up in lead and buried in a garden whence they could recover it afterwards4 ,and little wonder6 ,it was ,a ,,secret ,,treaty ,,between ,,charles ,,and ,,the ,,scottish ,,commissioners1 in which his ,majesty bound himself1 on the word of a ,king1 to confirm the ,covenant for such as had taken it or might take it 7without forcing it on the unwilling71 also to confirm ,presbyterian ,church-government and the ,westminster ,directory of ,worship in ,england for three years 7with a reservation of the ,liturgy1 c41 for himself and his household71 and moreover to see to the suppression of the ,independents and all other sects and heresies2 while the ,scots1 in return1 were to send an ,army into ,england for the purpose of restoring him1 on these conditions1 to his full ,royalty in that kingdom6 ,thus at last ,charles had made a conclusive ,treaty with one section of his adversaries2 and1 as ,queen ,henrietta ,maria had always advised1 it was with the ,scots1 all but absolutely on their own terms of the abolition of ,episcopacy and the establishment of strict ,presbytery in ,england66 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #hbg-hcg2 ,burnet's ,hamiltons 7for correspondence between the ,king and ,lanark7 #dab-dbc2 ,stevenson's ,hist4 of the ,church of ,scotland1 ed4 #ahdj1 p4 #ehf 7for ,loudoun's account of the substance of the ,treaty72 ,clarendon1 #fcd-fcg4 ,clarendon's account of the ,treaty is full2 and1 though he condemns it as monstrous1 he gives the apology that had reconciled the ,king to it in his despair4 ,it was that ,lanark1 ,loudoun1 and ,lauderdale had themselves argued that the ,treaty would turn out mere waste paper4 ,after the ,scottish ,army should be in ,england1 and the ,royalists in ,england roused1 there would be nobody to exact all those particulars1 but everybody would submit to what his ,majesty should think fit to be done6 ,until the decisive rupture with ,parliament on the ,four ,bills1 ,charles had been permitted to range about the ,isle of ,wight very much at his pleasure1 and the concourse of visitors to him had been as free as at ,hampton ,court4 ,from the moment of the rupture1 however1 all was changed4 ,aware that an escape abroad was now meditated by ,charles1 and warned by some stir about ,carisbrooke itself for the ,king's rescue1 ,colonel ,hammond had at once taken precautions1 but implored ,parliament at the same time either to remove the ,king to some other place or else to discharge himself from an office the burden of which he found insupportable4 ,with this last request ,parliament did not comply1 and ,hammond had to continue in his painful trust1 obeying the instructions sent him4 ,his ,majesty was not to be allowed any longer to ride about the island1 or to receive unauthorized visitors2 he was to be restrained to ,carisbrooke ,castle and the line round it2 ,ashburnham1 ,legge1 and other suspicious persons in his service1 including his chaplains ,hammond and ,sheldon1 were to be dismissed2 and his remaining household were to be under very strict regulation4 ,these instructions having been carried into effect1 ,charles's life in the ,isle of ,wight from ,january #afdg-h onwards was one of straiter captivity and seclusion than he had experienced even at ,holmby4 ,he had the liberty only of the ,castle and its precincts2 which1 however1 were sufficiently large and convenient for the exercise of walking1 with good air and a delightful prospect both to the sea and land4 ,for his solace and recreation in his favourite game1 the barbican of the ,castle1 a spacious parading ground beyond the walls but within the line1 was converted by ,hammond into a bowling-green scarce to be equalled1 at one side of which there was built a pretty summer-house for retirement4 ,this at vacant hours became the ,king's chief resort both forenoon and afternoon1 there being no gallery1 nor rooms of state nor garden1 within the ,castle walls4 ,occasionally1 notwithstanding the strict guard1 some poor stray creature troubled with scrofula1 who had come to the ,isle of ,wight for the ,royal touch1 would contrive to beguile the sentries and obtain admission to the barbican4 ,as at ,holmby1 however1 the ,king had his set times in-doors for his devotions and for reading and writing2 and his favourite books1 catalogued and placed in the charge of ,mr4 ,herbert1 were again in request4 ,though he still declined the services of any ,presbyterian clergyman1 he rather liked the society of young ,mr4 ,troughton1 the governor's chaplain1 and had arguments with him daily on theological points4 ,once1 when a half-crazed minister1 nicknamed ,doomsday ,sedgwick1 came all the way from ,london to present him with a book he had written1 suitable for his comfort and entitled ,leaves from the ,tree of ,life for the healing of the ,nations1 he ordered him to be admitted1 received the book1 glanced at some pages of it1 and then returned it to the author with the observation that surely he must need some sleep after having written a book like that4 ,and so day by day the routine flowed on1 and always at night the wax-lamp was kept burning in the silver basin close to his ,majesty's bed4 ,footnote3 ,lords ,journals1 ,dec4 #ca1 #afdg1 and of subsequent dates2 ,herbert's ,memoirs of the ,last ,years of ,charles1 #eg- #fg and #ie-ih2 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #hid-f4 ,doomsday ,sedgwick was not ,obadiah ,sedgwick of the ,assembly1 but ,william ,sedgwick of ,ely4 ,the ,treaty with the ,scots could not remain long secret4 ,no sooner had the ,scottish ,commissioners who had framed it returned to ,edinburgh than they were obliged to let the substance of it become known4 ,this was done in the ,committee of ,estates on the #aeth of ,february1 when ,loudoun and ,lauderdale formally reported the result of their visit to the ,isle of ,wight4 ,then ensued a most perplexed agitation in ,scotland on the whole subject4 ,,the ,,engagement1 as the ,secret ,treaty was called1 was universally discussed1 and with great diversity of opinion4 ,in the ,committee of ,estates1 the ,hamiltons1 who had been the real authors of the ,engagement1 carried all their own way4 ,nay in the ,parliament1 or full ,convention of the ,estates1 which met on the #bnd of ,march1 the majority went passionately with the ,hamiltons4 ,four-fifths of the nobles went with them2 more than half the lairds2 and nearly half the burgesses1 including most of the representatives of the larger ,scottish towns4 ,these were the ,,hamiltonians or ,,engagers4 ,not the less in ,parliament itself was there a strong opposition party1 headed by ,argyle1 ,eglinton1 ,lothian1 ,cassilis1 and some half-dozen other nobles1 aided by ,johnstone of ,warriston2 and1 as this party rested on the nearly unanimous support of the ,scottish clergy1 it had a powerful organ of expression1 apart from ,parliament1 in the ,commission of the ,kirk4 ,it was argued1 on their side1 that the ,commissioners to the ,isle of ,wight had exceeded their powers1 that the conditions made with ,charles were too slippery1 that he had in reality evaded the ,covenant1 and that1 though ,scotland might have a just cause for war against the ,english ,sectaries1 no good could come of a war1 nominally against them1 in which ,presbyterians would be allied with ,malignants1 ,prelatists1 and perhaps even ,papists4 ,declarations embodying these views were published by the ,commission2 the pulpits rang with denunciations of the ,engagement2 petitions against it from ,provincial ,synods and ,presbyteries of the ,kirk were poured in upon ,parliament2 had the entire population been polled1 the ,,protesters or ,,anti-,,engagers would have been found in the majority4 ,even ,loudoun detached himself from the ,hamiltons1 and publicly1 in the ,high ,church of ,edinburgh1 submitted to ecclesiastical rebuke1 professing repentance of his handiwork4 ,nevertheless the ,hamiltons persevered2 two-thirds of the ,parliament adhered to them2 and by the end of ,april #afdh it was understood1 not in ,england only1 but also on the ,continent1 that an ,army of #dj1jjj ,scots was to be raised somehow1 in spite of ,argyle and the ,scottish clergy1 for an invasion of ,england in the ,king's behalf4 ,the ,army was to be commanded in chief by the ,duke of ,hamilton himself1 with the ,earl of ,callander for his ,lieutenant-general4 ,footnote3 ,baillie1 ,,iii4 #bd-df2 ,stevenson1 #ehb-eie2 ,burnet's ,hamiltons1 #dbd-dce4 ,thus out of the ,scottish ,engagement with the ,king in the ,isle of ,wight there grew what is called ,,the ,,second ,,civil ,,war1 ,it was a much briefer affair than the first4 ,that had spread over four years2 but the real substance of this was to be crushed into as many months 7,may-,aug4 #afdh74 ,the military story of these months shall concern us here only in so far as it is interwoven with the political narrative4 ,the ,engagement with the ,scots had been communicated to ,queen ,henrietta ,maria at ,st4 ,germains1 and gradually1 with more or less precision1 to all those dispersed ,royalists1 at home or abroad1 who might be expected to take leading parts in co-operation with the promised ,scottish invasion4 ,the programme1 so far as it could be settled1 was something after this fashion3--7#a7 ,risings were to be promoted in all parts of ,england and ,wales1 to coalesce at last1 if possible1 into a great general rising in which ,london should be involved4 ,all the conditions seemed favourable for such an attempt4 ,not only in every county were there eager and revengeful remains of the old ,episcopal ,royalism1 but the tendency even of the ,presbyterians throughout ,england had been of late decidedly ,royalist4 ,the ,presbyterians had never been anti-monarchical in theory2 and large numbers of them had begun of late to pity the ,king1 and to question whether the excessively hard terms imposed upon him by ,parliament were altogether necessary4 ,even if he were to be restored to larger powers in some things than might be quite desirable1 would not that be better than continuing in the present state of uproar and confusion1 with a ,democratic ,army fastened vampire-like on the land1 preying on its resources1 and poisoning its principles8 ,for people in this state of mind the promised invasion of the ,scots in ,charles's behalf was the very pretext needed4 ,much of the ,presbyterianism of ,england1 including the ,city of ,london1 might be whirled1 along with the readier ,old ,royalism1 into a rising for the ,king4 ,to promote and manage risings in particular districts1 however1 there must be leaders authorized from ,st4 ,germains4 ,such leaders were found among eminent ,royalists either already in ,england or able to transfer themselves thither without delay4 ,in the ,north1 where immediate co-operation with the ,scots would be necessary1 ,sir ,marmaduke ,langdale and ,sir ,philip ,musgrave were to be the chief agents2 and for the ,west1 the ,midlands1 and the ,south1 there were the ,earl of ,norwich 7formerly ,lord ,goring71 the ,earl of ,peterborough1 ,lord ,byron1 ,lord ,capel1 and others4 ,the young ,duke of ,buckingham1 and his brother ,lord ,francis ,villiers1 who had not been concerned in the first ,civil ,war1 being then but boys and on their travels abroad1 had recently returned to their great estates in ,england1 and were anxious to figure as became the name they bore4 ,strangely enough1 in the midst of all these1 as the commissioned generalissimo of the ,king's forces in ,england when they should be in the field1 was to be the ,earl of ,holland4 ,his veerings in the first war had not been to his credit2 but his long seclusion had done him good2 he had always been in favour with the ,queen2 and his ,parliamentary and ,presbyterian connexions were an advantage4 7#b7 ,there was to be a gathering of all the ,royalist exiles to accompany or follow the ,prince of ,wales in a landing on the ,british shores4 ,as early as ,feb4 #h1 when only the vaguest rumour of the ,scottish ,engagement can have been in circulation on the ,continent1 the report from the ,hague had been that it would be no wonder to see #aj1jjj merry souls1 then lying there1 and cursing the ,parliament in every cup they drank1 venturing over to make one cast more for the ,king4 ,certain it is that in the following months there was a stir in all the nests of ,english refugees in ,france and ,holland1 and in the ,channel ,islands4 ,not only ,prince ,rupert1 ,percy1 ,wilmot1 ,jermyn1 ,colepepper1 ,ormond1 and others round the ,queen and the ,prince in ,paris1 but the ,earl of ,bristol1 ,lord ,cottington1 ,secretary ,nicholas1 and others1 in ,rouen or ,caen1 and ,hopton and ,hyde in ,jersey1 were all in motion4 ,money was the great want2 they were all so wretchedly poor2 but that difficulty might be overcome so far as to make an expedition to ,england at least possible4 ,mazarin might lend help2 or1 if he did not1 the ,prince of ,orange1 the husband of ,charles's eldest daughter1 and now ,stadtholder of ,holland1 might be expected to do all he could for his father-in-law consistently with the limited powers of his ,stadtholdership4 ,a ,dutch port might be more convenient than a ,french one for the embarkation of the refugees collectively or in detachments4 ,most would be bound for ,england2 but the true sphere of some1 as for example ,ormond1 would be in ,ireland4 ,for the ,prince of ,wales himself what was specially destined by the ,queen was a voyage to ,scotland4 ,it was by being among the ,scots personally till their ,army could be got ready1 and either remaining in ,scotland afterwards or accompanying the ,army into ,england1 that his ,royal ,highness would be of most use4 ,on this point the ,queen was emphatic4 ,footnote3 ,clarendon1 ,book ,,xi41 where the pre-arrangement of the new ,civil ,war from head-quarters1 and the parts assigned to different persons1 are set forth more lucidly1 and with better information1 than anywhere else4 ,dates are deficient1 but the sketching is masterly4 ,see also ,rushworth for ,feb41 ,march1 and ,april1 #afdh4 ,such being the programme1 what was the performance8 ,it did not quite come up to the programme1 but it was sufficiently formidable4 ,the first rising was in ,wales4 ,there a certain drunken ,colonel ,poyer1 governor of ,pembroke ,castle1 with a ,colonel ,powell and a ,colonel ,laughern1 also in ,parliamentary employment1 revolted as early as the end of ,february4 ,ostensibly it was in resentment of an order of ,parliament for disbanding supernumeraries2 but1 before the end of ,april1 the affair became a ,royalist outbreak of all ,pembrokeshire1 ,carmarthenshire1 and ,cardiganshire1 spreading through the rest of ,south ,wales4 ,to suppress this rising ,cromwell was to go from ,london1 ,may #a1 with two regiments of horse and three of foot2 which1 with the forces already in the region1 would make an army of about #h1jjj men4 ,before he went1 risings of less importance had been heard of in ,cornwall and ,dorsetshire1 and there had been one tremendous tumult in ,london itself1 to the cry of ,for ,god and ,king ,charles6 7,sunday1 ,april #i47 ,it had been suppressed only by street- charges of the regiments quartered at ,whitehall and ,charing ,cross4 ,significant incidents of the same month were the revolt to the ,irish ,rebels of ,lord ,inchiquin1 hitherto one of the most zealous ,parliamentarians in ,ireland1 and the escape from ,london of the young ,duke of ,york4 ,by the contrivance of a ,colonel ,bamfield the ,duke was whisked away from ,st4 ,james's ,palace 7,april #ba71 and conveyed1 in girl's clothes1 to ,holland4 ,he was not quite fifteen years of age2 but his father had instructed him to escape when he could1 and the fact that he had been designated for the command of the ,navy was likely to be useful4 ,all this before ,cromwell had gone into ,wales2 but hardly had he gone when there came the news that ,berwick had been seized for the ,king by ,sir ,marmaduke ,langdale 7,april #cj71 and ,carlisle by ,sir ,philip ,musgrave and ,sir ,thomas ,glenham 7,may #f74 ,langdale and ,musgrave had been staying in ,edinburgh1 and the seizure of these two towns was by arrangement with the ,duke of ,hamilton and in preparation for his invasion4 ,langdale1 indeed1 announced himself as commissioned ,general for the ,king in the five northern counties1 and the business of watching against his advance lay with ,lambert1 the ,parliamentarian ,general in those parts1 assisted by ,sir ,arthur ,haselrig1 now ,governor of ,newcastle4 ,meanwhile the preservation of the peace in and near ,london was in the hands of ,fairfax1 ,ireton1 and ,skippon--,fairfax now no longer mere ,sir ,thomas1 but ,lord ,fairfax of the ,scottish ,peerage1 as successor to his father ,lord ,ferdinando1 who had died ,march #ac4 ,these three were soon as hard at work in their south-eastern region as ,cromwell in ,wales and ,lambert in the north4 ,for the county of ,surrey having followed the counties of ,norfolk and ,suffolk in sending in a petition for the disbanding of the ,army and the restoration of the ,king to the splendour of his ancestors 7,may #af71 a new riot in ,london ,for ,god and ,king ,charles was the consequence1 and in a short time there was more or less of ,royalist commotion north and south of ,london1 through ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,cambridge1 ,herts1 ,essex1 ,surrey1 and ,kent4 ,the insurrection in ,kent was of independent origin1 and was the most extensive and hence ,it had been begun by the ,kentish people themselves1 roused by ,roger ,l',estrange and a young ,mr4 ,hales2 but the ,earl of ,norwich had come into ,kent to take the lead4 ,canterbury1 ,dover1 ,sandwich1 and the castles of ,deal and ,walmer1 had been won for the ,king2 there were communications between the insurgents and the ,londoners1 and in the end of ,may some #aj1jjj or #ab1jjj men of ,kent1 with runaway citizens and apprentices from ,london in their ranks1 were marching towards the ,city with drums and banners4 ,to meet these ,fairfax and ,ireton1 with seven regiments1 went out to ,blackheath1 ,may #bi2 and1 the insurgents then drawing back1 the two were at ,gravesend ,may #ca1 and at ,maidstone ,june #a4 ,a few days of their hard blows1 struck right in the heart of ,kent1 sufficed for that county2 and the ,earl of ,norwich1 with the ,kentish fugitives1 crossed the ,thames into ,essex4 ,insurgents from other parts1 including ,lord ,capel1 ,lord ,loughborough1 and ,sir ,charles ,lucas1 having at the same time gathered into that county1 there was a junction of forces1 with the intention of a roundabout march upon ,london1 by ,suffolk1 ,norfolk1 and ,cambridge1 ,the swift approach of ,fairfax out of conquered ,kent 7,june #aa7 compelled them to change their plan4 ,they threw themselves into ,colchester 7,june #ab71 adding some #d1jjj or #e1jjj armed men to the population of that doomed town4 ,doomed6 for ,fairfax1 having failed to take it on the first assault1 resolved to reduce it by starvation1 and so1 the insurgents on their side resolving to hold out to the last1 inasmuch as the detention of ,fairfax in ,essex till the ,scots should be in ,england was the best hope1 both for themselves and for the general cause1 the ,,siege ,,of ,,colchester 7,june l#b-- ,aug4 #bh7 turned out one of the most horrible events of the war4 ,an important episode of the ,kentish ,insurrection was the ,revolt of the ,fleet4 ,the main station of the ,fleet being in the ,downs1 just off the ,kentish coast1 ,royalist emissaries had been busy among the sailors1 and with such effect that1 when ,vice-,admiral ,rainsborough1 who had been ashore ,defending ,deal ,castle against the insurgents1 tried to go on board his own ship1 he was laid hold of and sent back4 ,this was about the #bgth of ,may2 and1 though the ,parliament immediately re-appointed the ,presbyterian ,earl of ,warwick to his old post of ,lord ,high ,admiral1 and sent him down to pacify the ,fleet 7,may #bi71 the effort failed4 ,the cry of the sailors was1 ,we will go to our own ,admiral1 meaning the young ,duke of ,york in ,holland4 ,actually1 some ten warships1 having ejected all their ,parliamentarian officers1 did put to sea1 and1 after cruising about the coasts of ,kent1 ,essex1 ,suffolk1 and ,norfolk1 till the insurrection in those parts was quashed1 did cross to ,helvoetsluys in ,holland1 early in ,june1 in search of the young ,duke4 ,it was a splendid accident for the world of ,royalist exiles on the ,continent1 for it supplied them with the wooden bridge they needed for transit into the mother-country4 ,accordingly1 though the royal boy-admiral came at once from the ,hague to ,helvoetsluys1 went on board the ,fleet1 and was for a week or two the pet of the sailors1 the higher powers at ,paris hastened to turn the accident to the largest account4 ,mazarin refusing all help1 some money was raised otherwise1 so as to enable the ,prince of ,wales1 with ,prince ,rupert1 ,hopton1 ,colepepper and others1 to embark at ,calais for ,helvoetsluys4 ,he arrived there early in ,july1 was received with acclamations by the ,fleet1 and immediately relieved his younger brother in the command4 ,the ,prince and ,princess of ,orange coming from the ,hague to welcome him1 there was a joyful family-meeting1 with much consultation1 but a good deal of difference1 among all concerned1 as to the ways and means4 ,about the time of the ,revolt of the ,fleet1 ,parliament had received other bad news4 ,pontefract had been seized for the ,king1 ,june #b1 and other important places in ,yorkshire were taken or attempted soon after4 ,through the rest of ,june there were risings or threats of rising in the ,midlands1 so that in the beginning of ,july things looked very ill4 ,there had been successes1 it was true1 against the insurgents in ,wales1 and ,cromwell was hopefully besieging ,pembroke2 ,lambert was doing well with his small forces against ,langdale in the north2 ,colchester was beginning to be distressed in the grip of ,fairfax2 but still1 with the whole of ,england in ,royalist or semi-,royalist palpitation1 and the ,city of ,london actually heaving with suppressed revolt1 what could be expected when ,hamilton and his army of ,scottish ,presbyterians did cross the border8 ,there had been delays in the levy of this army1 owing to the continued resistance of the ,argyle party1 the clergy1 and the western shires2 and it had only been by the most tyrannic exercise of power that it had been got together4 ,at last1 however1 it had been got together2 and now ,england was full of the rumour of its coming4 ,lo6 at the rumour the ,earl of ,holland1 the designated generalissimo of the ,english army of co-operation1 could not choose but start from his lethargy6 ,with the young ,duke of ,buckingham1 young ,lord ,francis ,villiers1 the ,earl of ,peterborough1 and the ,dutch ,colonel ,dalbier1 in his company1 and a following of #ejj horse1 he started up at ,kingston-on-,thames on the #fth of ,july2 addressed a formal ,declaration of his motives to ,parliament and the ,city of ,london1 as well as a letter of encouragement to the besieged at ,colchester2 and called on all ,surrey1 ,sussex and ,middlesex1 to join him4 ,that bravado1 however1 lasted but two days4 ,on the #hth of ,july1 a ,parliamentary force under ,sir ,michael ,livesey attacked ,holland's horse and routed them utterly4 ,lord ,francis ,villiers and ,dalbier were slain2 the ,duke of ,buckingham and the ,earl of ,peterborough escaped to ,london1 and thence abroad2 but ,holland himself1 pursued into ,hunts1 was taken prisoner4 ,on the very day of the defeat of ,holland in ,surrey 7,saturday1 ,july #h7 the ,scots did come into ,england4 ,they came from ,annan on the ,solway ,firth1 marching to ,carlisle4 ,they were not the expected #dj1jjj1 but the advanced portion of an army which1 when it had all come in1 may have numbered about #bj1jjj4 ,the ,duke himself led the van with his ,lifeguards in great state1 preceded by trumpeters all in scarlet cloaks full of silver lace2 ,generals ,thomas ,middleton and ,william ,baillie came next with horse and foot2 and the ,earl of ,callander brought up the rear4 ,joined by ,sir ,marmaduke ,langdale and his ,english1 they marched on1 or rather sauntered on1 to ,penrith 7,july #ae71 and thence to ,kendal 7,aug4 #a871 the wary ,lambert retreating before them1 but watching their every motion1 skirmishing when he could1 and waiting anxiously for the arrival of ,cromwell1 who1 having at length taken ,pembroke and so far settled ,wales 7,july #aa71 was hurrying to the new scene of action in the north4 ,off ,kendal1 a body of about #c1jjj ,scots1 brought over from ,ireland by ,major- general ,sir ,george ,monro1 attached itself to ,hamilton1 with an understanding that ,hamilton's orders to it were to be directly from himself to ,monro4 ,there was then a debate whether it would be best to advance straight south into ,lancashire1 or to strike east into ,yorkshire4 ,it was decided for ,lancashire4 ,on into ,lancashire1 therefore1 they moved1 the poor people in the track behind them grieving dreadfully over their ravages1 but dignified papers of the ,scottish ,parliament preceding them to explain the invasion4 ,scotland had made an ,engagement to rescue the ,king1 free ,england from the tyranny of an ,army of ,sectaries1 establish ,presbytery1 and put down that impious ,toleration settled by the two ,houses contrary to the ,covenant6 ,while the ,scots were thus advancing into the north-west of ,england1 the ,prince of ,wales had brought his ,fleet from ,holland1 and 7the ,queen's idea that he should go to ,scotland having been postponed7 was hovering about the south-east coast4 ,by fresh accessions the fleet had been increased to nineteen sail2 it had been provisioned by the ,prince of ,orange2 and there were #b1jjj soldiers on board4 ,on the #beth of ,july the ,prince was off ,yarmouth1 where a landing of the soldiers was attempted with a view to relieve ,colchester4 ,that failing1 he removed to the mouth of the ,thames1 to obstruct the commerce of the ,londoners1 and make prizes of their ships4 ,precisely at the time when the ,westmorland and ,lancashire people were grieving over the ravages of the invading ,scots1 the ,londoners were in consternation over the capture by the ,prince of an ,indiaman and several other richly-laden vessels4 ,for the ransom of these by their owners the ,prince demanded huge sums of money1 intimating at the same time 7,aug #h7 that the block of the ,thames would be kept up until the ,londoners declared for the ,king1 or ,parliament agreed to a cessation of arms on certain loyal conditions4 ,footnote3 ,in the summary given in the text of the incidents of the ,civil ,war from ,march to ,august #afdh1 ,i have tried to reduce into chronological connexion the information given disconnectedly in ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #ajaj-abbj1 and at large in ,clarendon1 ,book ,,xi4 ,there have been references1 for dates and facts1 to the ,parliamentary ,history and ,journals1 ,burnet's ,hamiltons1 ,godwin's ,commonwealth1 and ,carlyle's ,cromwell4 ,through these four or five months of ,royalist risings coalescing at last in a ,civil ,war as extensive as the first had been1 and much more entangled 7,april-,aug4 #afdh71 what had been the conduct of ,parliament8 ,it had been very odd indeed4 ,nothing could have been bolder than the attitude of the two ,houses1 and especially of the ,commons1 for a month or so after their famous ,no- ,address ,resolutions of ,jan4 #a-ae4 ,thus1 on the #aath of ,february1 the ,commons adopted1 by a majority of #hj to #ej1 a ,declaration1 which had been prepared in ,committee1 and chiefly by ,nathaniel ,fiennes and ,henry ,marten1 setting forth their ,reasons for breaking off communication with the ,king4 ,they published the document without consulting the other ,house4 ,it was the severest criticism of the ,king personally that had yet been put forth by either ,house of ,parliament1 severe even to atrocity4 ,his whole reign was reviewed remorselessly from its beginning1 and characterized as a continued track of breach of trust to the three kingdoms1 and there was even the horrible insinuation that he had connived with the ,duke of ,buckingham in poisoning his own father4 ,after this tremendous document-- so tremendous that two ,answers to it were published1 one from the ,king himself1 and the other written anonymously by ,hyde in ,jersey--who could have expected that the ,commons would again make friendly overtures to his ,majesty8 ,yet such was the fact4 ,the tergiversation1 however1 was gradual4 ,through the rest of ,february1 the whole of ,march and most of ,april1 the ,commons were still in their austere fit1 utterly ignoring the ,king1 and prosecuting punctiliously such pieces of business as the ,reply to the recent ,declarations and ,protests of the ,scots1 and the ,revision of the ,westminster ,assembly's ,confession of ,faith and ,larger ,catechism4 ,footnote3 ,the ,revision of the ,confession of ,faith by the two ,houses was completed ,june #bj1 #afdh1 when1 with the exception of certain portions about ,church-government held in reserve1 it was passed and ordered to be printed3 not1 however1 with the title ,confession of ,faith1 but as ,articles of ,christian ,religion approved and passed by both ,houses of ,parliament after advice had with the ,assembly of ,divines by authority of ,parliament sitting at ,westminster4 ,the ,revision1 though detailed1 was much a matter of form1 paragraph after paragraph passing without discussion4 ,on at least one point1 however1 there was a division in the ,commons 7,feb4 #ah1 #afdg-h74 ,it related to ,chap4 ,,xxiv4 of the ,confession1 entitled ,of ,marriage and ,divorce4 ,the question was whether the ,house should agree to the last clause of the #dth paragraph of that ,chapter--,the man may not marry any of his wife's kindred nearer in blood than he may of his own1 nor the woman of her husband's kindred nearer in blood than of her own4 ,for the ,yea there voted #dj 7,sir ,robert ,pye and ,sir ,anthony ,irby1 tellers72 for the ,no #ga 7,sir ,william ,armyn and ,mr4 ,knightley1 tellers72 in other words1 the ,house by a majority of #ca doubted the ecclesiastical doctrine of forbidden degrees of affinity in marriage4 ,the attendance during these months ranged from about #gj to #aij1 and the ,independents1 or friends of the ,army1 seemed still to command the majority4 ,on the #bdth of ,april1 however1 on a call of the ,house1 occasioned by the prospect of the ,scottish invasion and the signs of ,royalist movement in ,england1 no fewer than #cjf members appeared in their places1 ,many of these seem to have been ,presbyterian members1 long absent1 but now whistled back by their leaders for a fresh effort in behalf of ,royalty in connexion with ,presbytery4 ,at all events1 from this call of the ,house on ,april #bd the tide is turned1 and we find vote after vote showing renewed ,presbyterian ascendency with an inclination to the ,king4 ,thus1 on the #bhth of ,april1 it was carried by #afe votes to #ii1 that the ,house should declare that it would not alter the fundamental government of the kingdom1 by ,king1 ,lords1 and ,commons2 also1 by #ajh to #aje1 that the matter of the ,propositions sent to the ,king at ,hampton ,court by consent of both kingdoms should be the ground of a new debate for the settlement of the kingdom2 also1 by #adf to #aja1 that the ,no-,address ,resolutions of ,january should not hinder any member from propounding in the debate anything that might tend to an improvement of the said ,propositions4 ,here certainly was a change of policy2 and1 if there could be any doubt that it was effected by a sudden influx of ,presbyterians1 that doubt would be removed by a stupendous event which followed1 appertaining wholly to the ,religious question4 ,on the #ast of ,may 7the very day on which ,cromwell was ordered off to ,south ,wales by ,fairfax and the ,council of ,war7 there was brought up in the ,commons an ,ordinance for the ,suppression of ,blasphemies and ,heresies1 which the ,presbyterians had been long urging and labouring at in committees1 but which the ,independents and ,tolerationists had hitherto managed to keep back4 ,without a division it passed the ,house that day2 next day it passed the ,lords2 and1 accordingly1 under date ,may #b1 #afdh1 this is what stands in the ,lords ,journals as thenceforward to be the ,law of ,england3-- ,for the preventing of the growth and spreading of ,heresy and ,blasphemy3 ,be it ordained 444 ,that all such persons as shall1 from and after the date of this present ,ordinance1 willingly1 by preaching1 teaching1 printing1 or writing1 maintain and publish that there is no ,god1 or that ,god is not present in all places1 doth not know and foreknow all things1 or that ,he is not ,almighty1 that ,he is not perfectly ,holy1 or that ,he is not ,eternal1 or that the ,father is not ,god1 the ,son is not ,god1 or that the ,holy ,ghost is not ,god1 or that ,they ,three are not ,one ,eternal ,god2 or that shall in like manner maintain and publish that ,christ is not ,god equal with the ,father1 or shall deny the ,manhood of ,christ1 or that the ,godhead and ,manhood of ,christ are several natures1 or that the ,humanity of ,christ is pure and unspotted of all sin2 or that shall maintain and publish1 as aforesaid1 that ,christ did not die1 nor rise from the dead1 nor is ascended into ,heaven bodily1 or that shall deny ,his death is meritorious in the behalf of ,believers2 or that shall maintain and publish1 as aforesaid1 that ,jesus ,christ is not the ,son of ,god2 or that the ,holy ,scripture1 videlicet here comes in the entire list of the ,canonical ,books of the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 is not the ,word of ,god2 or that the bodies of men shall not rise again after they are dead2 or that there is no ,day of ,judgment after death3--,all such maintaining and publishing of such ,error or ,errors1 with obstinacy therein1 shall1 by virtue hereof1 be adjudged ,felony3 ,and all such persons here is explained the process by which they are to be accused and brought to trial44 and in case the indictment be found and the party upon his trial shall not abjure the said ,error1 and defence and maintenance of the same1 he ,,shall ,,suffer ,,the ,,pains ,,of ,,death1 ,,as ,,in ,,case ,,of ,,felony1 ,,without ,,benefit ,,of ,,clergy444 ,be it further ordained1 by the authority aforesaid1 ,that all and every person or persons that shall publish or maintain1 as aforesaid1 any of the several ,errors hereafter ensuing1 videlicet here a long enumeration of minor forms of ,religious ,error1 such as that man by nature hath free will to turn to ,god1 that ,god may be worshipped by pictures and images1 that there is a ,purgatory1 that man is bound to believe no more than by his reason he can comprehend1 that the baptizing of infants is unlawful1 that the observation of the ,lord's ,day is not obligatory1 or that the ,church-government by ,presbytery is ,anti- ,christian or unlawful1 shall be ordered to renounce their ,error or ,errors in public congregation1 and1 in case of refusal1 ,,committed ,,to ,,prison4444 ,imagine that going forth1 just as the ,second ,civil ,war had begun1 as the will and ordinance of ,parliament6 ,one wonders that the ,concordat between ,parliament and the ,army1 arranged by ,cromwell and the other ,army- chiefs in the preceding ,november1 was not snapped on the instant4 ,one wonders that the ,army did not wheel in mass round ,westminster1 haul the legislating idiots from their seats1 and then undertake in their own name both the war and the general business of the nation4 ,the behaviour of the ,army1 however1 was more patient and wise4 ,parliament could be reckoned with afterwards2 meanwhile let it pass what measures it liked1 so long as it did not absolutely throw up its trust and abandon all to the ,king6 ,till ,parliament should do that1 the fighting which the ,army had to do at any rate might as well be done in the name of the ,parliament6 ,really there seemed a chance that even the last extremity of faint- heartedness would be reached1 and that ,parliament would throw up its national trust4 ,here1 for example1 were some of its proceedings in ,june and ,july1 of which ,cromwell must have heard1 with rather strange feelings1 in the midst of his hard work in ,wales1 ,lambert in his watch against the ,scots in the north1 and ,fairfax and ,ireton in their siege of ,colchester4 ,june #c1 #g1 and #h1 the two ,houses1 of their own accord1 or on earnest ,petitions from the ,city1 agreed to drop all the impeachments and other proceedings voted in the preceding year at the instance of the ,army against members of their own body1 and against ,city officials implicated in the ,presbyterian tumults in ,london1 and in particular to invite the ,seven peccant ,peers and the survivors of the ,eleven peccant ,commoners to return to their places4 ,june #cj and ,july #c the proposal to re-open a ,treaty with the ,king was after much intermediate debating1 brought to a bearing by a formal agreement of the two ,houses to rescind their ,no- ,address ,resolutions of ,january1 and by a vote of the ,commons that the ,propositions to be submitted to the ,king for his assent before farther treaty should be these three--,presbytery for three years1 the ,militia with ,parliament for ten years1 and the ,recall by the ,king of all ,proclamations and ,declarations against the ,parliament4 ,even this1 so much more favourable to the ,king than former offers1 the ,lords thought too harsh2 and they refused 7,july #e7 to make the ,treaty conditional on the ,king's prior assent to the three ,propositions4 ,nor was this the only proof that the bravery of the ,lords had evaporated even more completely than that of the ,commons4 ,on ,july #ad1 when it was known that ,hamilton's ,army of ,scots was actually in ,england1 the ,commons did vote that the invaders were public enemies1 and that all ,englishmen who should abet them should be accounted traitors2 but the ,lords 7,july #ah7 refused to concur in that vote4 ,were the soldiers of ,parliament1 then1 to be fighting against invaders whom one of the ,houses did not regard as public enemies8--,in short1 the fact had come to be that1 in the beginning of ,august1 the forces of ,fairfax1 ,lambert1 and ,cromwell1 were conducting a war in the name of ,parliament which ,parliament and the ,city of ,london were taking every means to stop4 ,a ,petition of the ,lord ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,common ,council of the ,city1 presented to the ,lords ,aug4 #h 7the last of scores of ,petitions in the same sense that had for a month or two been poured in71 expressed the general ,presbyterian feeling4 ,the government of the ,church still unsettled2 blasphemy1 heresy1 schism1 and profaneness increased2 the relief of bleeding ,ireland obstructed2 the war1 to their great astonishment1 renewed2 the people of ,england thereby miserably impoverished and oppressed2 the blood of our fellow-subjects spilt like water upon the ground2 our ,brethren of ,scotland now entered into this kingdom in a hostile manner1 his ,highness the ,prince of ,wales commanding at sea a considerable part of the ,navy1 and other ships under his power1 having already made stay of many ,english ships with merchandise and provisions to a very great value3--these were the complaints2 and the ,petitioners humbly conceived there was no visible remedy but the speedy freeing of his ,majesty from restraint1 and a ,personal ,treaty with him for restoring him to his just rights4 ,the ,city was to have its will4 ,the ,commons 7,july #bh7 had abandoned1 by a majority of #ga to #fd1 their intention to require assent to the three ,propositions in preparation for a ,treaty1 and had agreed to a general and open ,treaty1 such as the ,lords desired2 communications on the subject had been made to the ,king2 and1 though his ,majesty would have preferred to treat in ,london1 he consented 7,aug4 #aj7 that the place should be ,newport in the ,isle of ,wight4--,note also two contemporary incidents of deep significance4 ,on the #bnd of ,august ,major ,robert ,huntingdon1 ,cromwell's former ,major1 presented to the ,lords1 in the form of a ,paper of ,sundry ,reasons inducing him to lay down his ,commission1 what was really a series of charges of ,high ,treason against ,cromwell2 the ,paper was that day duly entered in the ,lords ,journals for future occasion2 and it was with the utmost difficulty1 and much contrivance of the ,speaker1 that the same ,paper was kept out of the ,commons4 ,such was the first incident2 the other is thus given by ,rushworth under date ,aug4 #ad3 ,colonel ,denzil ,holles came this day to the ,house and sat4 ,this means that the chief of the ,eleven1 the ,arch- ,presbyterian of the ,house1 the man who hated ,cromwell worse than poison1 had come back at this juncture to re-assume the ,presbyterian leadership4 ,after that ,major ,huntingdon's charges against ,cromwell were not likely to be kept long out of the ,commons by any contrivance of the ,speaker4 ,footnote3 ,the facts in this account of the conduct of ,parliament from ,feb4 to ,aug4 #afdh are from the ,parliamentary ,history1 the ,lords and ,commons ,journals1 and ,rushworth4 ,the dates given will indicate the exact places in these authorities4 ,if ever a ,general fought for his country with the rope round his neck1 that ,general was ,cromwell1 as he now fought for ,england4 ,no one knew this better than himself1 when1 with his hardy troops hurried north from their severe service in ,wales1 he joined ,lambert among the ,yorkshire hills 7,aug4 #aj or thereabouts71 to deal with the army of ,hamilton and ,langdale4 ,let him fail in this enterprise1 let him succeed but doubtfully in it1 and1 in the relapse into ,royalism which would then be universal1 the first uproar of execration would be against him1 and ,london would either never see him again or see him dragged to death4 ,fail6-succeed but doubtfully6 ,when the wicked plot against the just and gnash upon him with their teeth1 doth not the ,lord laugh at them and see that their day is coming8 ,it was in this faith that ,cromwell1 descending westward from the ,yorkshire hills after his junction with ,lambert1 hurled himself1 with his little army of not more than #i1jjj in all1 right athwart the track of ,hamilton and his #bd1jjj of mixed ,scots and ,english advancing through ,lancashire4 ,the result was ,,the ,,three ,,days' ,,battle ,,of ,,preston 7,aug4 #ag- #ai71 in which the ,scots and their ,english allies were totally ruined4 ,about #c1jjj were slain2 #aj1jjj were taken prisoners2 of the host of fugitives only a portion succeeded in attaching themselves to ,monro1 who had been lying considerably to the rear of the main battle and now picked up its fragments for a retreat northwards2 the rest were dispersed miserably hither and thither1 so that for weeks afterwards poor ,scots were found begging about ,english farmhouses1 either pretending to be dumb lest their speech should betray them1 or trying vainly to pass for ,yorkshiremen4 ,hamilton1 with a fraction of the fugitives1 made his way into ,staffordshire1 but had to surrender himself a prisoner ,aug4 #be4 ,the collapse of the ,king's cause1 begun in ,lancashire ,aug4 #ag-ai1 was to be absolute within the next fortnight4 ,on the #bhth of ,august the ,prince of ,wales withdrew from his useless hovering about the south-east coast and sailed back with his fleet to ,holland2 whence most of the ships were recovered in due time1 the officers remaining in exile1 but the crews only too glad to return to their allegiance to ,parliament4 ,on the same day the town of ,colchester1 after a siege of more than six weeks1 during which the most hideous extremities of famine had been endured by the poor townsmen1 surrendered at mercy to ,fairfax4 ,above #c1jjj soldiers1 with their officers1 thus became prisoners4 ,two of the chief officers1 ,sir ,charles ,lucas and ,sir ,george ,lisle1 selected for special reasons1 were shot immediately after the surrender by order of the ,council of ,war2 the others1 including the ,earl of ,norwich and ,lord ,capel1 were reserved for the disposal of ,parliament4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #abbe-abdh2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #iib-ajjb2 ,lords and ,commons ,journals2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #bgi-bii4 ,thus1 in the end of ,august #afdh1 the ,,second ,,civil ,,war1 with the exception of a few relics1 was trampled out4 ,events then resolved themselves into two distinct courses1 running parallel for a time1 but one of which proved itself so much the more powerful that at last it disdained the pretence of parallelism with the other and overflooded the whole level4 ,in the first place1 there was the progress of that ,,treaty ,,of ,,newport to which the two ,houses had pledged themselves while the war was going on4 ,delays had occurred in arranging particulars with the ,king1 and it was not till ,sept4 #a that the ,commissioners of the two ,houses were appointed4 ,they were1 for the ,lords1 the ,earls of ,northumberland1 ,pembroke1 ,salisbury1 and ,middlesex1 and ,viscount ,saye and ,sele1 and1 for the ,commons1 ,viscount ,wenman 7of the ,irish ,peerage71 ,denzil ,holles1 ,glynn1 ,vane the younger1 ,william ,pierrepoint1 ,sir ,harbottle ,grimstone1 ,sir ,john ,potts1 ,john ,crewe1 ,samuel ,browne1 and ,john ,bulkley4 ,their instructions were to proceed to the ,isle of ,wight1 and there1 all together or any eight of them 7of whom two must be lords71 to treat with the ,king for forty days on the ,propositions formerly presented to him at ,hampton ,court1 taking these ,propositions in a fixed order and doing their best to get his ,majesty to agree to them1 but receiving any counter-proposals he might make1 and transmitting these to the two ,houses4 ,all demands on the ,king and all answers or proposals from him were to be in writing2 but the debates might be oral between the ,commissioners and his ,majesty4 ,not to partake in these debates1 but to be present at them by permission1 and to form a kind of ,council with whom the ,king might retire to consult on difficult points1 were to be a largish body of ,royalist lords1 divines1 lawyers1 and others1 to whom1 at his special request1 leave had been given to repair to the island and to be in attendance on him throughout the ,treaty4 ,among these were the ,duke of ,richmond1 the ,marquis of ,hertford1 the ,earls of ,lindsey and ,southampton1 ,bishops ,juxon1 ,duppa1 and ,dr4 ,saunderson1 ,sir ,orlando ,bridgman1 ,sir ,thomas ,gardiner1 and ,mr4 ,geoffrey ,palmer4 ,finally1 the ,king was to be on his parole not to attempt an escape during the ,treaty1 nor for twenty days afterwards4 ,more than one attempt of the kind had been made during the four months of the ,civil ,war4 ,the wonder is that1 while the ,prince of ,wales was off the ,english coast with his fleet1 a rescue of the ,king had not somehow been effected4 ,footnote3 ,parl4 ,hist ,,iii4 #ajja-d2 ,commons ,journals1 ,sept4 #a4 ,not till ,friday ,sept4 #ae did the ,parliamentary ,commissioners arrive in the ,isle of ,wight4 ,they were accompanied by ,messrs4 ,marshall1 ,nye1 ,vines1 ,seaman1 and ,caryl1 from the ,assembly of ,divines4 ,the ,treaty began on ,monday the #ahth1 in a house in the town of ,newport selected as the most suitable for the purpose4 ,at the head of a table1 under a canopy of state1 sat the ,king2 the lords1 divines1 and lawyers1 permitted to be present as listeners in his behalf1 stood grouped behind his chair2 the ,parliamentary ,commissioners sat at the sides of the table1 with a space between them and his ,majesty4 ,it was hoped at first by the ,commissioners that the ,treaty would be a short one4 ,that the ,king would accept the ,propositions one by one1 without criticism or demur1 as fast as they could be tabled1 was the desire1 above all1 of ,holles1 ,glynn1 and the other ,presbyterian ,commissioners4 ,to their surprise1 even to their horror1 ,charles had never been more captious or guarded in his highest kingliness than he was now found in the depths of his doubled ruin4 ,over the ,proposition first presented--that for annulling all declarations and acts against ,parliament--he was so dilatory that not till ,sept4 #be was it completely passed1 and then only with the proviso that his assent to it should have no force until the whole ,treaty should be concluded4 ,on the ,church question1 also brought forward the first day1 he was more hopelessly unimpressible4 ,the ,proposition on this question being complex1 he framed his first ,answer so as to include only some of the points and evade the others4 ,he consented to the establishment of ,presbytery for three years1 but not to the perpetual alienation of the ,bishops' lands2 and as to the abolition of ,episcopacy and the obligation of the ,covenant he said not a word4 ,then1 these points being pressed1 he argued and re- argued1 day after day1 conceding only that ,episcopacy should be limited1 and the like1 till the ,commissioners1 despairing of any full agreement on that ,proposition1 left it1 and passed to others 7,oct4 #i74 ,on some of these others1 including that on the ,militia1 he chose to acquiesce at once2 but a second block occurred on the ,proposition relating to ,delinquents 7,oct4 #ac-ag74 ,all this while1 the ,king was the sole speaker on his side1 retiring now and then to consult with his advisers1 and of course framing his written ,papers with their advice1 but always resuming the oral debate himself1 and showing an ability both in actual reasoning and in the conduct of the business generally which surprised some of the ,commissioners4 ,the necessity of continual reference to the two ,houses increased the delay4 ,there had been various debates in both on the progress of the ,treaty as reported by the ,commissioners1 and on the #abth of ,october the ,commons had voted the ,king's answer on the ,church question unsatisfactory4 ,the ,king1 in consequence1 revised his ,answer on this question1 and offered1 among other things1 to consent to the abolition of ,archbishops and all other grades of the hierarchy1 if the single office of ,bishops were preserved4 ,this revised ,answer the ,commons voted unsatisfactory1 ,oct4 #bf1 the ,lords agreeing substantially next day2 and on the #cjth of ,october the ,commons passed a similar vote respecting the ,answer on ,delinquents4 ,at this point1 therefore1 the ,treaty may be considered to have come to a stop4 ,at the same time there came to a stop a written controversy on the ,church question1 which had been going on collaterally between his ,majesty and the ,divines of the ,assembly attending the ,commissioners4 ,the controversy was a repetition of that between the ,king and ,henderson at ,newcastle4 ,it had begun ,oct4 #b1 and it was wound up by his ,majesty in a long last ,paper ,nov4 #a4 ,it was mainly on the ,episcopacy question that the ,treaty was wrecked2 or rather it was on this question that the ,king had chosen that there should be the appearance of wreck4 ,for1 in truth1 the ,treaty on his side1 like his former ,treaties1 had been all along a pretence4 ,though his doom was staring him in the face1 he could not see it1 but had again been mustering up wild hopes of some great turn of the wheel in his favour if he could but procrastinate enough4 ,had not the ,marquis of ,ormond1 for example1 effected a landing in ,wexford1 with a view to a junction with the ,irish ,roman ,catholic ,confederates8 ,might not something come out of that8 ,or might there not be some help yet from the ,prince of ,wales in ,holland1 or from the ,queen's and ,jermyn's plottings at ,paris1 or from the ,scots after all8 ,to take advantage of any or all of these contingencies1 a temporary refuge on the ,continent might be necessary2 and so1 when the time of his parole should be over1 a means of escape must be devised6 ,such having been ,charles's mood when he began the ,treaty1 one does not wonder at finding that he had been behaving with his usual duplicity while it was in progress4 ,to deal freely with you1 he had secretly written to one correspondent on the day when he had accepted the ,proposition on the ,militia question1 the great concession ,i made this day was merely in order to my escape1 of which if ,i had not hope1 ,i would not have done it4 ,again to the ,marquis of ,ormond in ,ireland1 ,though you will hear that this ,treaty is near1 or at least most likely to be1 concluded1 yet believe it not2 but pursue the way you are in with all possible vigour3 deliver also that my command to all your friends1 but not in public way4 ,with such a man1 now as ever1 a ,treaty was absurd4 ,parliament did not break off the ,treaty1 even when its failure had become apparent1 but allowed it to straggle on4 ,the term of forty days first fixed had been prolonged to ,nov4 #d1 and on that day most of the ,commissioners left ,newport on their return to ,london4 ,six of them1 however1 remained behind1 on the chance that his ,majesty might yet see his way to more complete concessions on the ,church question4 ,on this mere chance the ,treaty was prolonged to ,nov4 #ah1 and again to ,nov4 #be2 and1 as his ,majesty had begged ,parliament that he might have the assistance of such new advice on the ,church question as could be given by ,usher1 ex- ,bishops ,brownrigg1 ,prideaux1 and ,warner1 and ,drs4 ,ferne and ,morley1 leave had been granted to these divines to proceed to ,newport4 ,nothing to the purpose came of their advice2 for in the ,king's final letters from ,newport to the two ,houses1 dated ,nov4 #ah and ,nov4 #ba1 he is as firm as ever on the necessity and ,apostolical origin of the order of ,bishops1 quotes #a ,timothy v4 #bb and ,titus i4 #e in that behalf1 and protests that he can go no farther than his previous offer of a reduction of ,episcopacy to its barest ,apostolical simplicity4 ,on ,friday the #bdth of ,november these letters were voted unsatisfactory by both ,houses1 but it was resolved 7not without a division in the ,commons7 to allow the ,king two days more4 ,the ,treaty was to be considered at an end on the night of ,monday the #bgth1 and on the next day1 with or without satisfaction1 the ,commissioners still on duty were to take their leave4 ,by the ,king's parole he would be bound not to attempt an escape from the island till twenty days after that4 ,colonel ,hammond1 observing signs that the ,king meant to assume that the terms of his original parole had ceased to be binding1 had prudently insisted on its public renewal4 ,footnote3 ,for the account of the treaty of ,newport my authorities have been--,parl4 ,hist ,,iii4 #ajac-aacc1 with references at the chief dates to ,rushworth and the ,lords and ,commons ,journals2 ,works of ,king ,charles ,i4 7#afea71 pp4 #aia-bhf of third paging2 ,godwin1 ,,ii4 #fjh-fah4 ,meanwhile1 in utter disgust at this protracted play of negotiation between ,parliament and the ,king in the ,isle of ,wight1 there had been forming itself that other agency which was to interpose irresistibly1 and hurry all to a real catastrophe4 ,the reader knows the nature of the paction between the ,parliament and the ,army-chiefs which we have taken the liberty of calling by the name of ,the ,concordat 7ant1 pp4 #egc-d1 #ehc-d74 ,it was the agreement of the ,army-chiefs1 in ,nov4 #afdg1 to suppress for the time the democratic manifestations of the ,army and its pretensions to political dictation1 leaving the conduct of affairs wholly to ,parliament4 ,this ,concordat1 as we saw1 though it saved the country from the peril of an immediate democratic revolution1 was theoretically a clumsy one4 ,the political views of the ,army were singularly clear and direct4 ,a strictly constitutional government of ,king1 ,lords1 and ,commons1 with a large increase of the power of the ,commons1 guaranteed ,biennial ,parliaments1 and a thoroughly ,reformed ,system of ,representation--such had been the ideal of the ,army-chiefs in their ,heads of ,proposals of ,august #afdg2 the ,levellers had gone a good deal farther in their ,agreement of the ,people in ,nov4 #afdg1 and had proposed the abolition of hereditary privileges1 and the concentration of supreme power in a single ,representative ,house2 but in both documents alike ,liberty of ,conscience and ,worship was laid down as axiomatic1 with a demand that it should be so recognised in the future law of ,england1 for the benefit of ,episcopalian and ,papist no less than of ,presbyterian1 ,independent1 and ,sectary4 ,how could an ,army burning with these notions bind itself to be the silent servant of a ,parliament whose behaviour hitherto1 on the religious question generally1 and on the political question very often1 had been so muddled and fatuous8 ,better surely for the ,army to raise its own political flag and coerce ,parliament into the right way6 ,that this had not been done had been owing partly to the unwillingness of ,cromwell1 ,ireton1 and the other chiefs to take the responsibility all at once of heading a movement in which the ,levelling ,principle would be let loose1 but partly also because hopes had been conceived that the balance in ,parliament had been turned in favour of the ,independents4 ,for several months1 accordingly1 the ,army had not repented of the ,concordat4 ,especially in ,january #afdg-h1 when the two ,houses broke off their abortive ,treaty with the ,king on the ,four ,bills1 and passed their ,no- ,address ,resolutions1 their boldness won renewed confidence from the ,army4 ,but1 in the succeeding months1 when the rumour of the ,scottish ,engagement with the ,king began to rouse ,royalists and ,presbyterians alike for a new war1 and the absent ,presbyterians of the ,commons came back to their places to turn the votes1 and these votes tended to a renewed ,treaty with the ,king on the basis of a strict ,presbytery1 the disbandment of the ,army1 and the suppression of ,sects1--then what could the ,army do but spurn the ,concordat8 ,like their own previous dealings with the ,king himself in the hope of winning him over1 had not this ,concordat been1 after all1 but a piece of carnal and crooked policy8 ,to hold certain beliefs in the heart1 and yet to consent to be the dumb instrument of those whose views were wholly different1 or only half the same1 could not be right in a reasoning body of free men1 merely because they were called an ,army6 ,what had become of ,cromwell's principles1 avowed so frequently that the whole ,army had them by heart--the principle ,that every single man is judge of just and right as to the good or ill of a kingdom1 and the principle ,that the interest of honest men is the interest of the kingdom8 ,nay1 had not the ,levellers had more of the real root of the matter in them than it had been convenient to allow1 and had not the poor fellow who had been shot as a mutineer at the ,rendezvous at ,ware been in some sense a martyr8 ,now1 at all events1 would it not be necessary that at least something of the spirit of the ,levellers1 some of those proposals of theirs which had been lately suppressed as harsh and premature1 should be revived with new credit1 and adopted into the general creed of the ,army8 ,that such self-reproaches for past mistakes1 and such questionings as to the course of future duty1 had become universal in the ,army before the outbreak of the ,second ,civil ,war1 is proved by very abundant evidence1 but nowhere more strikingly than in the record of the famous ,prayer- meeting of the ,officers1 with ,cromwell among them1 held at ,windsor ,castle in ,march or ,april #afdh4 ,adjutant-general ,allen1 the writer of this record1 had a vivid recollection of this meeting eleven years afterwards1 and could then look back upon it as an undoubted turning-point in the history of the ,army and of the nation4 ,at that time1 he says1 the ,army was in a low1 weak1 divided1 perplexed condition in all respects and there were even some who1 in the prospect of the ,scottish invasion and a new war at such vast odds1 argued that the ,army ought to resist no longer1 but break up1 and change the policy of collective action into one of individual passive endurance4 ,others1 however1 still thought that more remained to be done in the way of active duty1 and it was at their instance that the meeting was called4 ,it lasted three days1 and with most remarkable results4 ,the first day was spent in prayer for light as to the causes of ,god's renewed anger and their own perplexities4 ,on the second day ,cromwell proposed1 as the best method of inquiry among themselves1 that they should all simultaneously engage in silent retrospection1 both upon their own past ways particularly as private ,christians1 and also upon their public actions as an ,army4 ,if they should each and all be led1 in such retrospection1 to fasten on some one precise point of time as that at which the ,lord had withdrawn ,his former countenance and things had begun to go wrong1 might there not be a lesson in that unanimity8 ,and lo6 on the third day it was so4 ,they had all1 in their silent review of the past1 fastened on one and the same point1 as that at which their departure from the straight path of truth and simplicity had begun4 ,it was a point beyond their ,concordat with the ,parliament1 and lay among those prior negotiations of the ,army-chiefs with the ,king personally out of which the ,concordat had seemed a natural escape4 ,it lay1 says ,allen1 in those cursed carnal conferences our conceited wisdom1 our fears1 and want of faith1 had prompted us1 the year before1 to entertain with the ,king and his ,party4 ,and with this unanimous agreement on the question where the steps of error had begun there came a unanimous consent as to the right course of future duty4 ,we were led and helped1 says ,allen1 to a clear agreement amongst ourselves1 not any dissenting1 ,that it was the duty of our day1 with the forces we had1 to go out and fight against those potent enemies which that year in all places appeared against us4442 and we were also enabled then1 after serious seeking ,his face1 to come to a very clear and joint resolution1 on many grounds at large there debated amongst us1 ,that it was our duty1 if ever the ,lord brought us back again in peace1 to call ,charles ,stuart1 that man of blood1 to an account for that blood he had shed and mischief he had done to his utmost against the ,lord's ,cause and ,people in these poor ,nations4 ,footnote3 ,see ,allen's striking narrative 7written in #afei7 quoted at length in ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #bfc-bff4 ,this momentous resolution of the ,army ,officers1 formed at ,windsor most probably in ,april #afdh1 or just before ,cromwell went off to suppress the ,royalist rising in ,wales1 had lain dormant1 but not wholly secret1 in the bosom of the ,army through all the four months of the renewed ,civil ,war 7,may-,aug474 ,not till the war was over1 however1 was the resolution formally announced4 ,even then it was done gradually4 ,the first hints came from those ,independents in the ,commons who were in the confidence of the ,armychiefs4 ,in the debates preceding the ,treaty of ,newport some of these ,independents had spoken with significant boldness1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,scott for one declaring that a peace with so perfidious and implacable a prince was an impossibility2 and1 in fact1 the ,treaty was carried by the ,presbyterians against the implied protest of the ,independents4 ,then1 just as the ,treaty was beginning1 there was presented to the ,house 7,sept4 #aa7 an extraordinary document purporting to be ,the humble ,petition of ,thousands of well-affected ,persons inhabiting the ,city of ,london1 ,westminster1 the ,borough of ,southwark1 ,hamlets1 and places adjacent4 ,this ,petition1 said to have been penned by ,henry ,marten1 was not merely a denunciation of the ,treaty2 it was a detailed democratic challenge4 ,it proclaimed the ,house of ,commons to be the ,supreme ,authority of ,england1 and declared that it was for this principle1 and nothing short of this1 that ,england had fought and struggled for six years2 and1 after a severe lecture to the ,house for its pusillanimity in never yet having risen to the full height of this principle1 it enumerated twenty-seven things which were expected from it when it should do so4 ,among these were the repudiation of any sham of a power either in the ,king or in the ,lords to resist the will of the ,commons1 the passing of a ,bill for ,annual ,parliaments1 the execution of justice on criminals of whatever rank1 the exemption of matters of ,religion and ,god's worship from the compulsive or restrictive power of any authority upon earth1 and the consequent repeal of the recent absurd ,ordinance appointing punishments concerning opinions on things supernatural1 styling some ,blasphemies1 others ,heresies4 ,such a ,petition1 signed by about #dj1jjj persons1 in or near ,london1 hitherto pre-eminently the ,presbyterian city1 was a signal for similar ,petitions from other parts4 ,on the #cjth of ,september there came a ,petition in the same sense from many thousands of the well-affected in ,oxfordshire1 and on the #ajth of ,october there were ,petitions from ,newcastle1 ,york1 and ,hull1 and from ,somerset4 ,footnote3 ,parl4 ,hist1 ,,iii4 #ajje-aa2 ,whitlocke1 ,,ii4 #dac1 #dai4 ,these civilian ,petitions having prepared the way1 the ,army itself spoke out at last4 ,since ,sept4 #af the headquarters of the ,army had been at ,st4 ,alban's2 and it was thence that on the #ahth of ,october letters from ,fairfax announced to the ,house of ,commons that ,petitions from the ,officers and ,soldiers of different regiments had been presented to him1 or were in preparation1 some of which were of a political nature4 ,one1 in particular1 from ,general ,ireton's regiment1 called for impartial and speedy justice upon public criminals1 and demanded that the same fault may have the same punishment in the person of ,king or ,lord as in the poorest ,commoner4 ,such petitions to ,fairfax appear to have dropped in upon him from regiment after regiment at ,st4 ,alban's during the next fortnight4 ,one ,petition1 however1 heard of in ,london ,oct4 #cj1 was from ,colonel ,ingoldsby's regiment1 then in garrison at ,oxford4 ,it also demanded immediate care that justice should be done upon the principal invaders of our liberties1 namely the ,king and his party2 it demanded1 moreover1 that sufficient caution and strait bonds should be given to future ,kings for the preventing the enslaving of the people2 and it went on to say that1 as the ,petitioners were almost past hope of these things from ,parliament1 and regarded the ,treaty then in progress as a delusion1 they could only pray his ,excellency to re-establish a ,general ,council of the ,army to consider of some effectual remedies4 ,this1 in fact1 was the practical conclusion on which the whole ,army was bent1 and to which all the regimental ,petitions pointed4 ,if ,fairfax had yet any hesitations about complying1 they must have been ended by what occurred in ,parliament immediately afterwards4 ,not only were the two ,houses still looking for some last chance from the ,treaty of ,newport1 and extending the time of the ,treaty again and again in the vain chose of this last chance2 but in another matter1 which lay wholly in their own power1 their half- heartedness became apparent4 ,at the very time when the ,independents of ,london and other places1 and the several regiments of ,fairfax's ,army1 were calling for exemplary justice on the chief ,delinquents in the late war1 what were the punishments with which the ,presbyterian majority in the ,parliament proposed to let off those of the ,delinquents who were then in custody8 ,for the ,duke of ,hamilton 7,earl of ,cambridge in the ,english ,peerage1 and so liable to the pains of ,english treason7 a fine of #ajj1jjjl41 with imprisonment till it should be paid2 and for the ,earls of ,holland and ,norwich1 ,lord ,capel1 ,lord ,loughborough1 and four others1 simple banishment6 ,resolutions to this effect passed the ,commons ,nov4 #aj1 and were sent up for the approval of the ,lords4 ,the ,army1 though prepared for almost anything from the half-heartedness of the ,parliament1 heard of this last exhibition of it with positive amazement4 ,what else1 it was asked1 now remained than that the ,army itself as a whole should step forward1 call its masters to a reckoning1 and either compel them to be the instruments of a better policy1 or take affairs into its own hands8 ,fairfax1 with all his prudence1 could not decline the responsibility3 and accordingly a ,general ,council of the ,officers of the ,army was held at ,st4 ,alban's under his presidency4 ,it had sat about a week when 7,nov4 #af7 a ,,grand ,,army ,,remonstrance1 to be presented to the ,house of ,commons1 was unanimously adopted4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #abig-h1 #ahaa-ab1 and #ahcj2 ,commons ,journals1 ,nov4 #aj #afah1 ,whitlocke1 ,,ii4 #dcf4 ,this ,,grand ,,army ,,remonstrance of ,nov4 #afdh is another of those documents from the pen of ,ireton which deserve to be rescued from the contemporary lumber with which they are associated1 and to be carefully studied on account of their supreme interest in ,english ,history4 ,the document is of most elaborate composition1 and of a length about equal to fifty pages of this volume2 for1 in fact1 though formally addressed to the ,house of ,commons1 it was intended as a kind of ,pamphlet to the ,english nation1 setting forth the ,army's views in a reasoned shape1 and the programme of action on which they had resolved3--,there is first an exposition of the rule ,salus ,populi lex suprema1 a rule admitted to be capable of abuse and misapplication1 but declared nevertheless to have a real meaning4 ,then there is a review of the relations between the ,parliament and the ,army from the time of what we have called the ,concordat4 ,fain1 it is added1 would the ,army have seen that ,concordat perpetual2 most reluctant were they to break it4 ,but what had happened8 ,had not ,parliament itself lapsed from those honest ,no-,address ,resolutions of ten months ago which expressed the true sense of the ,concordat8 ,had they not1 within a few months after passing those ,resolutions1 utterly forgotten them1 and run after that wretched rag of delusive hope called ,a ,personal ,treaty with the ,king8 ,nay1 though events had again proved that the fears that had partly swayed them in this direction were groundless--though the ,lord had again laid bare ,his arm1 and that small ,army which they had ceased to trust and had well-nigh deserted and cast off1 had been enabled to shiver all the banded strength of a second ,english ,insurrection1 aided by an invasion from ,scotland--even after this rebuke from ,god1 were they not still pursuing the same phantom of an ,accommodation8 ,here the ,remonstrants argue the whole subject most earnestly4 ,having laid down the principle that in every ,state the care of all matters of public concern must be in a ,supreme ,representative ,council or ,parliament1 freely elected by the whole people1 they maintain that any ,kingship or other such office instituted in any ,state must be regarded as a creation of such ,supreme ,council for special ends and within special limits1 and that any one holding such office who shall have been proved to have perseveringly abused his trust1 or sought to convert it into a personal possession1 may justly be called to account4 ,they appeal to the entire recollection of ,charles's reign whether he had not been such a false ,king1 a cause of woe and war from first to last1 a functionary guilty of the highest treason4 ,but1 if the past could be considered alone1 and there were reasonable chance for the present and the future1 they would not be relentless4 ,if there were good evidence of a proportionable remorse in him1 and that his coming in again were with a new or changed heart1 then1 they say1 his person might be capable of pity1 mercy1 and pardon1 and an accommodation with him1 with a full and free yielding on his part to all the aforesaid points of public and religious interest in contest1 might1 in charitable construction1 be just1 and possibly safe and beneficial4 ,but no such ground for charity1 leniency1 or tenderness had been afforded by ,charles4 ,even now1 while actually treating with the ,parliament after his complete second ruin1 was he not the same man as ever1 dissembling1 prevaricating1 secretly expecting something from ,ormond and the ,irish ,rebels8 ,if such a man were restored to power1 under whatever bonds1 promises1 guarantees1 the consequences were but too obvious4 ,all the credit1 all the huzzas1 of the new situation would be his2 he would figure for a while as the ,father of his ,people1 the ,restorer of would be forgotten1 or would be remembered only as implicated in the confusion that had ceased2 and in a short time there would be parties1 factions1 divisions1 and the beginnings of a new spider-web of ,court-government and ,absolutism4 ,have you not found him at this play all along8 ,and do not all men acknowledge him most exquisite at it8 ,so the ,remonstrance proceeds1 page after page1 in long1 complex1 wave-like sentences1 every sentence vital1 and the whole impressing one with the grave seriousness of spirit1 and also the political thoughtfulness1 with which it was drawn up4--,towards the end come the specific demands which the ,army made on the ,commons1 and which they were resolved to enforce4 ,these are divided into two sets3--,i4 ,immediate ,demands4 ,these are five4 ,first of all1 it is demanded ,that the capital and grand author of our troubles1 the ,person of the ,king1 by whose commissions1 commands1 or procurement1 and in whose behalf and for whose interest only1 of will and power1 all our wars and troubles have been1 with all the miseries attending them1 may be specially brought to justice for the treason1 blood1 and mischief he is therein guilty of4 ,next it is demanded that a limited time be set wherein the ,prince of ,wales and the ,duke of ,york may return to ,england and render themselves3 with the proviso that1 if they do not so return1 they are to be declared incapable for ever of any government or trust in the kingdom1 and are to be treated without mercy as enemies and traitors if ever afterwards they are found in ,england2 and also that1 if they do return within the limited time1 their cases are to be severally considered1 and their past delinquencies 7the ,prince's being greatest1 and in appearance next unto his father's7 either remitted or remembered for penalty as may be found fit2 but that in any case all the estates and revenue of the ,crown be sequestered for a good number of years1 and applied to public uses1 with reserve of a reasonable provision for the ,royal ,family and for old ,crown- servants4 ,then it is demanded that a competent number of the ,king's chief instruments in the two ,civil ,wars may be brought1 with him1 in capital punishment4 ,with this satisfaction to justice the ,remonstrants would be content2 and they recommend that there should be moderate and clement treatment of other ,delinquents willing to submit1 but with perpetual banishment and the confiscation of estates for those of them who should remain obdurate4 ,finally1 the special claims of the ,army are brought forward1 and it is demanded that there shall be full payment of their damages and arrearages4--,,ii4 ,prospective ,demands4 ,these point to the future ,political ,constitution of ,england4 ,under this head the ,army demand 7#a7 a termination of the existing ,parliament within a reasonable time2 7#b7 a guaranteed succession of subsequent ,parliaments1 annual or biennial1 to be elected on such a system of suffrage and of redistribution of constituencies as should make them really representative of the whole people2 7#c7 the temporary disfranchisement and disqualification of the ,king's adherents2 and 7#d7 a strict provision that ,parliament1 as the representative body of the people1 should henceforth be supreme in all things1 except such as would requestion the policy of the ,civil ,war itself1 and such as might trench on the foundations of common ,right1 ,liberty1 and ,safety4 ,in this last provision it is definitely stipulated as a necessary item that1 should ,kingship be kept up in ,england1 it should be as an elective office merely1 every successive holder of which should be chosen expressly by ,parliament1 and should have no veto or negative voice on laws passed by the ,parliament4 ,footnote3 ,see the entire ,remonstrance 7well worth reading7 in ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #ajgg ,this vast document1 signed officially by ,john ,rushworth1 by the appointment of his ,excellency the ,lord ,general and his ,general ,council of ,officers1 was brought to the ,commons1 with a brief note from ,fairfax himself1 on ,monday1 ,nov4 #bj4 ,it was presented in all form by a deputation of officers1 consisting of ,colonel ,ewer1 ,lieutenant-colonels ,kelsay1 ,axtell1 and ,cooke1 and three ,captains4 ,the ,house was thunderstruck1 and for some hours there was a high and fierce debate4 ,some of the ,independents among the members spoke manfully in favour of the ,remonstrance2 others were for temporizing2 but the more resolute ,presbyterians1 among whom ,prynne was conspicuous1 resented the ,remonstrance as an insolence subversive of the law of the land and the fundamental constitutions of the kingdom1 and protested that it became not the ,house of ,commons1 who are a part of the ,supreme ,council of the ,nation1 to be prescribed to1 or regulated and baffled by1 a ,council of ,sectaries in ,arms4 ,nothing of all this appears in the ,journals of the ,house1 but only this entry3 ,ordered1 ,that the debate upon the ,remonstrance of the ,general and his ,general ,council of ,officers be resumed on ,monday next4 ,that ,monday next was the #bgth of ,november1 the very day on which the ,houses had agreed that the negotiations with the ,king at ,newport should finally cease4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,nov4 #bj1 #afdh2 ,whitlocke1 same date2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #aabg-h 7where extracts are given from a contemporary account of the in the ,mercurius ,pragmaticus74 ,cromwell1 it is to be remembered1 was not at this time in the immediate scene of action4 ,after his victory over ,hamilton at ,preston 7,aug4 #ag-ai71 he had remained in the north1 to recover ,berwick and ,carlisle from the ,scots1 dispose of the remnant of the ,scottish invading forces under ,monro1 and take such other measures against the ,scottish ,government as that no more should be feared from that quarter4 ,his task had been easy4 ,the ,engagement with the ,king1 and the consequent invasion of ,england by a ,scottish army in the ,king's interest1 had been1 as we know 7ant1 p4 #ehi71 the acts only of the ,scottish party then in power1 the party of ,hamilton and ,lanark2 and they had been vehemently opposed and disowned by the party of ,argyle and ,loudoun1 backed by the popular sentiment and by nearly the entire body of the ,scottish clergy4 ,when1 therefore1 the news of the disaster at ,preston reached ,scotland1 the ,anti-,engagers rose everywhere against the ,government of the existing ,committee of ,estates1 assailed it with reproaches and execrations1 and prepared to call it to account4 ,lanark1 who had been left as the chief of the ,government after the capture of his brother1 endeavoured for a while to hold his ground4 ,he recalled ,monro and the relics of the ,scottish army from ,england1 and took the field with their joint forces4 ,meanwhile1 the zealous ,covenanting peasantry of the western shires1 nicknamed ,whigs or ,whigamores1 having obeyed the summons of ,argyle1 ,loudoun1 and the ,earls of ,eglinton and ,cassilis1 and marched eastward to assist their brethren round ,edinburgh1 the forces of the ,anti-,engagers had swelled into an army of more than #f1jjj men1 the command of which was assumed by old ,leslie1 ,earl of ,leven1 with ,david ,leslie under him4 ,for some time the two armies1 or portions of them1 moved about in ,east ,lothian1 and between ,edinburgh and ,stirling2 there were some skirmishes2 and a conflict seemed imminent4 ,in reality1 however1 most of the noblemen of the ,committee of ,estates had no heart for the enterprise into which ,lanark was leading them4 ,they saw it to be desperate1 not only from the strength of the ,whigamore rising in ,scotland itself1 but also because ,cromwell was at hand in the north of ,england1 in communication with ,argyle and the other ,whigamore chiefs1 and ready to cross the borders for their help1 if necessary4 ,accordingly1 after some negotiation1 a ,treaty was arranged 7,sept4 #bf74 ,by the terms of this ,treaty1 ,monro was to return to ,ireland with his special portion of the troops2 but otherwise both armies were to be disbanded1 ,lanark and all who had been concerned with him in the ,engagement retiring from all places of trust1 and the government of ,scotland to be confirmed in the hands of ,argyle and the ,whigamores1 who had already constituted themselves the new ,committee of ,estates de facto4 ,although this arrangement had been effected without ,cromwell's direct interference1 he was actually in ,scotland when it was made1 having crossed the ,tweed on the #blst of ,september with an army of horse and foot4 ,the next day he had been met by ,argyle1 ,lord ,elcho1 and others1 as a ,deputation from the new ,committee of ,estates1 bearing letters signed in the name of the ,committee by their ,chancellor ,loudoun4 ,the new ,government of ,scotland most handsomely surrendered to ,cromwell the towns of ,carlisle and ,berwick1 with apologies for the conduct of their predecessors in having seized them2 and ,cromwell1 delaying some days about ,berwick to see all duly performed there1 was able to write letters thence to ,fairfax and ,speaker ,lenthall 7,oct4 #b71 praising ,argyle and ,elcho1 and announcing that there was a very good understanding between the ,honest ,party of ,scotland and himself4 ,it was involved in this understanding1 however1 that ,cromwell should visit ,edinburgh1 and add the weight of his personal presence to the re-establishment of the ,argyle ,government on the ruins of that of the ,hamiltons4 ,on ,wednesday1 ,oct4 #d1 therefore1 he did enter ,edinburgh1 with his officers and guard1 and with ,sir ,arthur ,haselrig in their company4 ,they were escorted into the city with all ceremony by the authorities1 and lodged by them in ,moray ,house in the ,canongate1 the finest mansion at hand for their reception4 ,for four days the people of ,edinburgh1 waiting in crowds outside ,moray ,house1 had the opportunity of studying the features of the great ,english ,independent as he came out or went in1 passing the ,english sentries on guard at the gate4 ,for the ,whigamore nobles and those select citizens1 including the magistrates and city clergy1 who had the privilege of calling on him1 the opportunities were1 of course1 still closer2 and on the fourth day 7,saturday1 ,oct4 #g7 there was a sumptuous banquet in the ,castle to him and his officers1 at which the old ,earl of ,leven presided1 and the ,marquis of ,argyle and other lords of the ,committee of ,estates were present4 ,so ended ,cromwell's memorable first visit to ,edinburgh2 and1 his real object having been accomplished 7which was to pledge1 the new ,government of ,scotland1 and especially ,argyle1 to alliance in future with the advanced ,english party71 he began his return journey southwards on the same day1 only leaving ,lambert1 with two regiments of horse and two troops of dragoons1 to be at the service of the ,argyle ,government so long as they might be wanted4 ,a week later 7,oct4 #ad7 he was at ,carlisle1 seeing after the surrender of that town2 and in the beginning of ,november he was at ,pontefract in ,yorkshire4 ,here he was to be delayed a while4 ,the ,castle of ,pontefract1 a very strong place1 commanded by one ,morris1 still held out for the ,king1 and was the refuge of much of the fugitive ,cavalierism of the surrounding district1 now in a mood of actual desperation4 ,sallies from the ,castle for robbery and revenge had been frequent2 and1 just as ,cromwell was expected in the neighbourhood1 a party of the desperadoes1 riding out in disguise1 had gone as far as ,doncaster1 obtained admission to the lodging of ,colonel ,rainsborough there1 under pretence of bringing him letters from ,cromwell1 and left him stabbed dead 7,sunday1 ,oct4 #bi74 ,the business of pacifying ,yorkshire1 which otherwise might have been left to ,bainsborough1 thus devolved upon ,cromwell4 ,he summoned ,pontefract ,castle to surrender ,nov4 #i2 and1 the surrender having been refused1 he remained at ,pontefract all the rest of that month1 superintending the siege4 ,footnote3 ,burnet's ,hamiltons 7edit4 #aheb71 #dfe-dhb2 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #bii-ccc2 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #acad-ae4 ,the first open occurrence of the word ,whig in ,british ,history was1 ,i believe1 in the circumstances described in the text at p4#fba4 ,the original ,whigs were the zealous ,covenanting peasants1 or true-blue ,presbyterians1 of ,ayrshire1 ,lanarkshire1 and other western ,scottish counties2 and the nickname was derived1 it is supposed1 either from the sound ,whigh 7meaning ,gee-up7 used by the peasantry of those parts in driving their horses1 or simply from the word ,whey 7in ,anglo-,saxon hwg71 by comparison to the solemn ,presbyterians to the sour watery part of milk separated from the curd in making cheese4 ,thus1 through the three months in which the ,english ,army and ,independents were waxing more and more indignant at the ,treaty with the ,king at ,newport1 and determining to break it down1 and to bring the ,king to trial for his life with or without the concurrency of ,parliament1 ,cromwell1 as we said1 was away from the immediate scene of action4 ,there is not the least doubt1 however1 that he was aware generally of the proceedings of his friends in the south1 and that one of their encouragements was the knowledge that ,cromwell was with them4 ,there are1 however1 actual proofs4 ,thus1 about the middle of ,september1 or just after the presentation to the ,commons of the great ,london ,petition asking the ,commons to declare themselves the supreme authority of ,england1 one finds ,henry ,marten1 the framer of that ,petition1 on a journey to the north1 for the purpose of consulting with ,cromwell1 then on his way to ,scotland4 ,their consultation cannot have boon for nothing4 ,at all events1 after ,cromwell returned into ,england and engaged in the siege of ,pontefract ,castle1 his letters attest his interest in the proceedings of ,ireton and the other ,army officers at ,st4 ,alban's4 ,in one letter1 dated near ,pontefract1 ,nov4 #bj1 he expresses his own anger and that of his officers at the recent lenient votes of the ,commons in the case of the ,duke of ,hamilton and the other eminent ,delinquents4 ,on the same day he writes in the same sense to ,fairfax1 and forwards ,petitions from the regiments under his command in aid of those which ,fairfax had already received from the southern regiments4 ,when these letters were written ,cromwell had not heard of the adoption at ,st4 ,alban's of the ,grand ,army ,remonstrance drawn up by his son-in-law1 or at least did not know that on that very day it had been presented to the ,commons4 ,before the #beth of ,november1 however1 he had received this news too1 and had a full foresight of what it portended4 ,for that is the date of one of the most remarkable letters he ever wrote1 his letter from ,knottingley near ,pontefract to ,colonel ,robert ,hammond1 ,governor of the ,isle of ,wight4 ,this young ,colonel1 upon whom the sore trial had fallen of having the ,king for his prisoner1 was1 as we have said1 one of ,cromwell's especial favourites1 and the long letter which ,cromwell now addressed to him was in reply to one just received from ,hammond1 imparting to ,cromwell his doubts respecting the recent proceedings of the ,army1 and his own agony of mind in the difficult and complicated duties of his office in the ,isle of ,wight4 ,cromwell's letter1 so occasioned1 begins ,dear ,robin1 and is conceived throughout in terms of the most anxious affection1 struggling with a half-expressed purpose4 ,he reasons earnestly with ,hammond on his doubts and scruples1 sympathizing with them so far1 but at the same time combating them1 and suggesting such queries as these--first1 ,whether ,salus ,populi be a sound position8 secondly1 ,whether in the way in hand i4e4 the ,parliamentary rule as then experienced1 really and before the ,lord1 before whom ,conscience has to stand1 this be provided for8444 thirdly1 ,whether this ,army be not a lawful ,power1 called by ,god to oppose and fight against the ,king upon some stated grounds1 and1 being in power to such ends1 may not oppose one ,name of ,authority1 for these ends1 as well as another ,name8 i4e4 may not oppose ,parliament itself as well as the ,king4 ,he refers to the ,grand ,army ,remonstrance1 of the publication of which he has just heard4 ,we could perhaps have wished the stay of it till after the ,treaty1 he says1 for himself and the officers of his northern part of the ,army2 yet1 seeing it is come out1 we trust to rejoice in the will of the ,lord1 waiting ,his further pleasure4 ,again returning to the main topic1 ,hammond's scruples1 he pleads almost yearningly with him3 ,dear ,robin1 beware of men2 look up to the ,lord4 ,had ,hammond really reasoned himself1 with other good men1 into that excess of the passive-obedience principle which maintained that as much good might come to ,england by an accommodation with the ,king as by breaking with him utterly8 ,good by this ,man1 ,cromwell exclaims1 against whom the ,lord has witnessed1 and whom thou knowest6 ,then1 after a few more sentences3 ,this trouble ,i have been at1 he concludes1 because my soul loves thee1 and ,i would not have thee swerve1 or lose any glorious opportunity the ,lord puts into thy hand4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #abfe2 ,lords ,journals1 ,nov4 #ba 7,hammond's ,letter72 ,carlyle's ,cromwell1 ,i4 #ccc-cde4 ,cromwell's letter to ,hammond was too late for its purpose4 ,at ,fairfax's head-quarters at ,st4 ,alban's it had been resolved that1 until there should be a satisfactory answer from the ,commons to the ,army's ,remonstrance1 the ,army must secure the main object of that ,remonstrance by taking the ,king's person into its own custody4 ,for the management of this business it was most important that the officer in command in the ,isle of ,wight should be one of unflinching ,army principles4 ,hence1 as the amiable ,hammond's scruples were well known1 and had indeed been communicated by him to ,fairfax as well as to ,cromwell1 it had been resolved1 partly in pity to him1 partly in the interest of the business itself1 to withdraw him from the ,isle of ,wight at that critical moment4 ,accordingly1 on the #blst of ,november1 ,fairfax had penned a letter to ,hammond from ,st4 ,alban's1 requiring his presence with all possible speed at head-quarters1 and ordering him to leave the island meanwhile in charge of ,colonel ,ewer1 the bearer of the letter4 ,this letter did not reach ,hammond till ,nov4 #be 7the very day when ,cromwell was writing to him from ,yorkshire72 and it was not then delivered to him by ,colonel ,ewer in person1 but by a messenger4 ,the next day1 ,sunday1 ,nov4 #bf1 ,hammond wrote from ,carisbrooke ,castle to the two ,houses of ,parliament1 informing them of what had happened1 enclosing a copy of ,fairfax's letter1 and signifying his intention of obeying it4 ,this communication was brought to ,london with all haste by ,major ,henry ,cromwell1 ,oliver's second son1 then serving under ,hammond1 and was the subject of discussion in both ,houses on the #bgth4 ,fairfax's intervention between ,parliament and one of its servants was condemned as unwarrantable2 a letter to that effect1 but in mild terms1 was written to ,fairfax2 and ,major ,cromwell was sent back with a despatch from both ,houses to ,hammond1 instructing him to remain at his post4 ,before this despatch reached ,hammond1 however1 there had been a meeting between him and ,ewer1 and some intricate negotiations1 the result of which was that he and ,ewer left the island together1 ,nov4 #bh1 bound for the ,army's head-quarters 7then removed to ,windsor7--,hammond entrusting the charge of the island in his absence1 with strict care of the ,king's person1 to ,major ,rolph and ,captain ,hawes1 his subordinates at ,newport1 in conjunction with ,captain ,bowerman1 the commandant at ,carisbrooke ,castle4 ,ewer having thus succeeded in withdrawing ,hammond from his post1 and having doubtless made other necessary arrangements while he hovered about the island1 the execution of what remained was left to other hands1 and principally to ,lieutenant-colonel ,cobbet and a ,captain ,merryman4 ,footnote3 ,lords ,journals1 ,nov4 #bg and #cj2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #aacc et seq42 ,rushworth4 ,,vii4 #acch et seq4 ,in most modern accounts ,ewer simply comes to the ,isle of ,wight1 displaces ,hammond1 and removes the ,king4 ,not so by any means4 ,it was a complicated transaction of seven or eight days2 ,ewer was in the trans-action1 and perhaps the principal in it2 but1 except in his interview with ,hammond1 he keeps in the background4 ,not till the evening of ,thursday1 ,nov4 #cj1 does any suspicion of what was intended seem to have been aroused in the mind of the ,king4 ,he was then still in his lodgings in ,newport4 ,the ,treaty had come to an end three days before2 the ,parliamentary ,commissioners for the ,treaty had returned to ,london2 most of the ,royalist ,lords and other ,counsellors who had been assisting the ,king in the ,treaty had also gone2 only the ,duke of ,richmond1 the ,earls of ,lindsey and ,southampton1 and some few others1 remained4 ,the stir through the island attending the close of the ,treaty and the departure of so many persons had probably covered the coming and going of ,ewer1 his interview with ,hammond1 and certain arrivals and shiftings of troops which he had managed4 ,but on the ,thursday evening1 about eight o'clock1 the ,duke of ,richmond1 the ,earl of ,lindsey1 and a certain ,colonel ,cook1 who was with them1 were summoned from their lodgings in the town to the ,king's4 ,a warning had that moment been conveyed to his ,majesty that there were agents of the ,army at hand to carry him off4 ,immediately ,colonel ,cook went to ,major ,rolph's room1 and interrogated him on the subject4 ,the answers were cautious and unsatisfactory4 ,the fact was1 though ,major ,rolph dared not then divulge it1 that he and his fellow-deputies1 ,captain ,hawes and ,captain ,bowerman1 knew themselves to be superseded by ,lieutenant-colonel ,cobbet and ,captain ,merryman1 who had arrived that day with a fresh warrant from ,fairfax and the ,army ,council1 empowering them to finish what ,ewer had begun4 ,only inferring from ,rolph's uneasiness that something was wrong1 ,colonel ,cook returned to the ,king and the two ,lords4 ,there was farther consultation1 and a second call on ,rolph2 after which ,cook volunteered to go to ,carisbrooke ,castle for farther information4 ,it was an excessively dark night1 with high wind and plashing rain2 and the ,king consented to the ,colonel's going only after observing that he was young and might take no harm from it4 ,the ,colonel1 accordingly1 groped his way through the dark and rain over the mile and a half of road or cross-road intervening between ,newport and the ,castle4 ,his object was to see the commandant1 ,captain ,bowerman4 ,after some considerable time1 spent under the shelter of the gateway1 he was admitted and did see ,captain ,bowerman1 but only to find him sitting sulkily with about a dozen strange officers1 who were evidently his masters for the moment1 and prevented his being in the least communicative4 ,nothing was left for the ,colonel but to grope his way back to ,newport4 ,it was near midnight when1 with his clothes drenched with wet1 he reached the ,king's lodgings2 and there1 what a change6 ,guards all round the house2 guards at every window2 sentinels in the passages1 and up to the very door of the ,king's chamber1 armed with matchlocks and with their matches burning6 ,major ,rolph1 glad to be out of the business1 had gone to bed4 ,they managed to rouse him1 and to get the sentinels1 with their smoke1 removed to a more tolerable distance from the ,king's chamber-door4 ,then1 for an hour or more1 there was an anxious colloquy in the ,king's chamber1 the ,duke of ,richmond and the ,earl of ,lindsey urging some desperate attempt to escape1 but the ,king dubious and full of objections4 ,nothing could be done2 and1 about one o'clock1 the ,earl and the ,colonel retired1 leaving the ,king to rest1 with the ,duke in attendance upon him4 ,there were then several hours of hush within1 disturbed by sounds of moving and tramping without2 but between five and six in the morning there came a loud knocking at the door of the ,king's dressing-room4 ,when it had been opened1 after some delay1 a number of officers entered1 headed by ,colonel ,cobbet4 ,making their way into the ,king's chamber1 they informed him that they had instructions to remove him4 ,on his asking whither1 they answered1 ,to the ,castle2 and1 on his farther asking whether they meant ,carisbrooke ,castle1 they answered1 after some hesitation1 that their orders were to remove him out of the island altogether1 and that the place was to be ,hurst ,castle on the adjacent ,hampshire mainland4 ,remarking that they could not have named a worse place1 the ,king rose1 was allowed to summon the ,earl of ,lindsey and all the rest of his household1 and had breakfast4 ,at eight o'clock coaches and horses were ready1 and the ,king1 having chosen about a dozen of his most confidential servants to accompany him1 and taken a farewell of the rest of the sorrowing company1 placed himself in charge of ,colonel ,gobbet and the troop of horse waiting to be his escort4 ,having seated himself in his coach1 he invited ,mr4 ,harrington1 ,mr4 ,herbert1 and ,mr4 ,mildmay to places beside him4 ,colonel ,gobbet1 as the commander of the party1 was about to enter the coach also1 when his ,majesty put up his foot by way of barrier2 whereupon ,cobbet1 somewhat abashed1 contented himself with his horse4 ,the cavalcade then set out1 gazed after by all ,newport1 the ,duke of ,richmond allowed to accompany it for two miles4 ,a journey of some eight miles farther brought them to the western end of the island1 a little beyond ,yarmouth2 whence a vessel conveyed them1 over the little strip of intervening sea1 to ,hurst ,castle that same afternoon 7,dec4 #a74 ,the so-called ,castle was a strong1 solitary1 stone blockhouse1 which had been built1 in the time of ,henry ,,viii41 at the extremity of a long narrow spit of sand and shingle projecting from the ,hampshire coast towards the ,isle of ,wight4 ,it was a rather dismal place2 and the ,king's heart sank as he entered it1 and was confronted by a grim fellow with a bushy black beard1 who announced himself as the captain in command4 ,the possibility of private assassination flashed on the ,king's mind at the sight of such a jailor4 ,but1 ,colonel ,cobbet having superseded the rough phenomenon1 the ,king was reassured1 and things were arranged as comfortably as the conditions would permit4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #acdd-h 7narrative of ,colonel ,cook72 ,ib4 #acea and ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #aadg-h 7,letter to ,parliament from ,major ,rolph and ,captains ,hawes and ,bowerman72 and ,sir ,thomas ,herbert's ,memoirs of ,charles ,i4 #aab-abd4 ,the day of the ,king's abduction from ,newport has been variously dated by historians4 ,it was really ,friday1 ,dec4 #a4 ,meanwhile ,fairfax and the ,army1 by whose orders1 all punctually written and dated1 this abduction of the ,king had been effected1 were on the move to take advantage of it4 ,on ,monday the #bgth of ,november1 the ,commons1 instead of taking up the consideration of the ,grand ,army ,remonstrance as they had proposed1 had again adjourned the subject4 ,on ,wednesday the #bith1 accordingly1 there was a fresh manifesto from ,fairfax and his ,council of ,officers at ,windsor4 ,after complaining of the delays over the ,remonstrance and of the continued infatuation of the ,commons over the farce of the ,newport ,treaty1 they proceeded4 ,for the present1 as the case stands1 we apprehend ourselves obliged1 in duty to ,god1 this kingdom1 and good men therein1 to improve our utmost abilities1 in all honest ways1 for the avoiding those great evils we have remonstrated1 and for prosecution of the good things we have propounded2 and they concluded with this announcement1 ,for all these ends we are now drawing up with the ,army to ,london1 there to follow ,providence as ,god shall clear our way4 ,this document1 signed by ,rushworth1 reached the ,commons on the #cjth4 ,they affected to ignore it1 and still refused1 by a majority of #abe to #eh1 to proceed to the consideration of the ,army's ,remonstrance4 ,next day1 ,friday ,dec4 #a1 the tune was somewhat changed4 ,the advanced guards of the ,army were then actually at ,hyde ,park ,corner1 and the ,city and the two ,houses were in terror4 ,saturday1 ,dec4 #b1 consummated the business4 ,despite an order bidding him back1 ,fairfax was then in ,whitehall1 his head-quarters close to the two ,houses1 and his regiments of horse and foot distributed round about4 ,london and ,westminster were1 in fact1 once more in the ,army's possession4 ,nevertheless both ,houses met that day in due form1 and there was a violent debate in the ,commons over the ,treaty as affected by the new turn of affairs4 ,the debate broke off late in the afternoon1 when it was adjourned till ,monday by a majority of #acb to #ajb4 ,the news of the abduction of the ,king to ,hurst ,castle had not yet reached ,london1 and ,cromwell was still believed to be at ,pontefract4 ,footnote3 ,commons and ,lords ,journals of ,nov4 #bg to ,dec4 #b1 #afdh3 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #aacd-aadf2 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #acdi-ei4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,troubles ,,in ,,the ,,barbican ,,household3 ,,christopher ,,milton',s ,,composition ,,suit3 ,,mr4 ,,powell',s ,,composition ,,suit3 ,,death ,,of ,,mr4 ,,powell3 ,,his ,,will3 ,,death ,,of ,,milton',s ,,father--,,sonnet ,,xiv4 ,,and ,,ode ,,to ,,john ,,rous-,,italian ,,reminiscences3 ,,lost ,,letters ,,from ,,carlo ,,dati ,,of ,,florence3 ,,milton',s ,,reply ,,to ,,the ,,last ,,of ,,them--,,pedagogy ,,in ,,the ,,barbican3 ,,list ,,of ,,milton',s ,,known ,,pupils3 ,,lady ,,ranelagh--,,educational ,,reform ,,still ,a ,,question3 ,,hartlib ,,again3 ,,the ,,invisible ,,college3 ,,young ,,robert ,,boyle ,,and ,,william ,,petty-- ,,removal ,,from ,,barbican ,,to ,,high ,,holborn--,,meditations ,,and ,,occupations ,,in ,,the ,,house ,,in ,,high ,,holborn3 ,,milton',s ,,sympathies ,,with ,,the ,,army ,,chiefs ,,and ,,the ,,expectant ,,republicans--,,still ,,under ,,the ,,ban ,,of ,,the ,,presbyterians3 ,,testimony ,,of ,,the ,,london ,,ministers ,,against ,,heresies ,,and ,,blasphemies3 ,,milton ,,in ,,the ,,black ,,list--,,another ,,letter ,,from ,,carlo ,,dati3 ,,translation ,,of ,,nine ,,psalms ,,from ,,the ,,hebrew--,,milton ,,through ,,the ,,second ,,civil ,,war3 ,,his ,,personal ,,interest ,,in ,,it1 ,,and ,,delight ,,in ,,the ,,army',s ,,triumph3 ,,his ,,sonnet ,,to ,,fairfax--,,birth ,,of ,,milton',s ,,second ,,child3 ,,another ,,letter ,,from ,,carlo ,,dati4 ,the two years and four months of ,english ,history traversed in the last chapter were of momentous interest to ,milton at the time1 were preparing an official career of eleven years for him at the very centre of affairs1 and were to furnish him with matter for comment1 and indeed with risk and responsibility1 to the end of his days4 ,while they were actually passing1 however1 his life was rather private in its tenor1 and we have to seek him not so much in public manifestations as in his household and among his books4 ,,problems ,,in ,,the ,,barbican ,,household3 ,,christopher ,,milton',s ,,composition ,,suit3 ,,mr4 ,,powell',s ,,composition ,,suit3 ,,death ,,of ,,mr4 ,,powell3 ,,his ,,will3 ,,death ,,of ,,milton',s ,,father ,we left the household in ,barbican a rather overcrowded one1 consisting not merely of ,milton1 his wife1 their newly-born little girl1 his father1 and his two nephews1 but also of his ,royalist father-in-law ,mr4 ,powell1 with ,mrs4 ,powell1 and several of their children1 driven to ,london by the wreck of the family fortunes at ,oxford4 ,for some months1 we now find1 the state of poor ,mr4 ,powell's affairs continued to be a matter of anxiety to all concerned4 ,on the #fth of ,august1 #afdf1 or as soon as possible after ,mr4 ,powell's arrival in ,london1 he had applied1 as we saw1 to the ,committee at ,goldsmiths' ,hall for liberty to compound for that portion of his sequestered ,oxfordshire estates which was yet recoverable4 ,milton's younger brother1 ,christopher1 we saw1 was at the same time engaged in a similar troublesome business4 ,ho too was suing out pardon for his delinquency on condition of the customary fine on his property2 and1 according to his own representation to the ,goldsmiths' ,hall ,committee1 the sole property he had consisted of a single house in the city of ,london1 worth #djl4 a year4 ,the ,goldsmiths' ,hall ,committee being then overburdened with similar applications of ,delinquents from all parts of ,england1 the cases of ,mr4 ,powell and ,christopher ,milton had waited their turn4 ,the case of ,christopher ,milton came on first4 ,his delinquency had been very grave4 ,he had actually served as one of the ,king's ,commissioners for sequestrating the estates of ,parliamentarians in three ,english counties4 ,there seems1 therefore1 to have been a disposition at head-quarters to be severe with him4 ,on the #bdth of ,september the ,committee at ,goldsmiths' ,hall did fix his fine for his ,london property at #hjl4 7i4e4 a tenth of its whole value calculated at twenty years' purchase71 receiving the first moiety of #djl4 down1 and accepting ,william ,keech1 of ,fleet ,street1 ,london1 goldbeater1 as ,christopher's co-surety for the payment of the second moiety within three months4 ,but they do not seem to have been satisfied that the young barrister had given a correct account of his whole estate2 and it was intimated to him that1 while the #hjl4 would restore to him his ,london property1 the ,house of ,commons would look farther into his case1 and he might have more to pay on other grounds4 ,in fact1 his case was protracted not only through the rest of #afdf1 but for five years longer1 the ,goldsmiths' ,hall ,committee never letting him completely off all that while1 but instituting inquiries repeatedly in ,berks and ,suffolk1 with a view to ascertain whether he had not concealed properties in those counties in addition to the small ,london property for which he had compounded4 ,footnote3 ,it is rather difficult to follow ,christopher ,milton's case through the ,composition ,records and other notices respecting it2 but here is the substance of the first of them3-- ,aug4 #g1 #afdf1 ,delinquent's ,application to ,compound1 with statement of his property1 referred to ,sub-,committee 7,hamilton's ,milton ,papers1 #abh1 #abi72 ,aug4 and ,sept4 #afdf1 ,various proposals of the ,committee as to the amount of his fine--at #hjl4 or a tenth1 at #bjjl4 or a third-- ending1 ending ,sept4 #bd1 in the imposition of a fine of #hjl4 for his ,london property1 with a hint that there might be farther demand 7,hamilton1 #fb and #abi-cj1 and ,todd4 ,i4 #afb-c72 ,undated1 but seemingly after ,dec4 #afdf1 ,note of ,christopher ,milton as a defaulter for the latter moiety of his fine 7,hamilton1 #fb74 ,the case runs on through subsequent years to #afeb2 nay1 as late as ,feb4 #afeg-h there is trace of it 7,hamilton1 #acj1 ,document lxvi474 ,mr4 ,powell's case1 for different reasons1 was more complex4 ,on the #blst of ,nov4 #afdf1 or somewhat more than three months after he had petitioned the ,goldsmiths' ,hall ,committee for leave to compound1 he sent in the necessary ,particular of ,real and ,personal ,estate by which his composition was to be rated4 ,he had been living all the while in his son- in-law's house in ,barbican2 and the delay may have arisen from those circumstances of perplexity1 already known to the reader 7ant1 pp4 #dgc-dhc71 which rendered it difficult for him to estimate what the amount of his remaining property might really be4 ,in the ,particular now sent in1 though he still designates himself ,richard ,powell of ,forest-hill1 the ,forest-hill mansion and lands are totally omitted1 as no longer his property in any practical sense1 but transferred by legal surrender to his creditor ,sir ,robert ,pye4 ,all that he can put on paper as his own is now 7#a7 his small ,wheatley property of #djl4 a year2 7#b7 his personal estate in corn and household stuff1 left at ,forest-hill before the siege of ,oxford1 and estimated at #ejjl4 if it could be properly recovered and sold2 7#c7 his much more doubtful stock of timber and wood1 also left at ,forest-hill1 and worth #djjl4 on a similar supposition2 and 7#d7 debts owing to him to the amount of #ajjl4 ,against these calculated assets1 of about #a1hjjl4 altogether1 he pleads1 however1 a burden of #djjl41 with arrears of interest1 due to ,mr4 ,ashworth by mortgage of the ,wheatley property1 and also #a1bjjl4 of debts to various people1 and a special debt of #cjjl4 owing upon a statute to his son-in-law ,mr4 ,john ,milton4 ,as a reason for leniency1 the fact is moreover stated that he had lost #c1jjjl4 by the ,civil ,war4 ,actually1 if his account is correct1 he was insolvent2 or1 if his debt to his son-in-law were regarded as cancelled1 he had but about #bjjl4 left in the world4 ,in criticising his account1 however1 the ,committee would be sharp-sighted4 ,they would remember that it was his interest1 on the one hand1 to rate his debts and losses at the highest figure1 and1 on the other hand1 to represent at the lowest figure all his remaining property1 except those items of corn and household stuff1 and timber and wood1 which he held to have been illegally disposed of by ,parliamentary officials1 and for the recovery of which he might bring forward a claim against ,parliament4 ,how the ,committee1 or the sub-,committee to whom the case was referred ,nov4 #bf1 did proceed in their calculations can only be conjectured2 but the result was that they charged ,mr4 ,powell on his whole returned property1 without any allowance whatever for his debts4 ,this appears from three documents in the ,state ,paper ,office1 all of date ,dec4 #afdf4 ,on the #dth of that month ,mr4 ,powell went through the two formalities required by law of every ,delinquent before composition4 ,he subscribed the ,national ,covenant in the presence of ,william ,barton1 minister of ,john ,zachary 7the same clergyman who had administered the ,covenant to ,christopher ,milton seven months before72 and he took the so-called ,negative ,oath in presence of another witness4 ,on the same day1 before a third witness1 he took another and more special oath1 to the effect that the debts mentioned in his return to the ,goldsmiths' ,hall ,committee were genuine debts1 truly and really owing by him1 and that the estimate of his losses by the ,civil ,war there set down was also just4 ,nevertheless1 in the paper drawn up on the #hth of ,december by two of the ,goldsmiths' ,hall officials1 containing an abstract of ,mr4 ,powell's case1 in which his own statements are accepted1 and notice is taken of a request he had made for an allowance of #djjl4 off the value of the ,wheatley property on account of the mortgage to that amount with which it was burdened1 the fine is fixed by these ominous words at the close3 ,fine at #b yeeres value1 #ahjl4 ,the officials had been strict as ,shylock4 ,taking the ,wheatley property at ,mr4 ,powell's own valuation of #djl4 a year1 without allowing his claim of a half off for the ,ashworth mortgage1 they had added #ejl4 a year as the worth of the remaining #a1jjjl4 made up by the three other capital items in his return1 and thus appraised him as worth #ijl4 a year in all4 ,at the customary rate of two years' value1 his fine therefore was to be #ahjl4 ,the debts of the ,delinquent might amount to more than his estimated property1 as he said they did2 but that was a matter between himself and the world at large1 and not between him and the ,commissioners for ,compositions4 ,footnote3 ,the documents the substance of which is here given will be found in the ,appendix to ,hamilton's ,milton ,papers 7pp4 #gf-gh74--,the ,rev4 ,william ,barton seems to be the person of that name already known to us as author of that ,metrical ,version of the ,psalms which the ,lords favoured against ,rous's 7ant1 pp4 #dbe and #eab74 ,he may have been an acquaintance of ,milton's2 at all events1 as minister of a church in ,aldergate ,ward1 he was conveniently near to ,barbican4 ,either the decision of the ,goldsmiths' ,hall ,committee broke ,mr4 ,powell down unexpectedly1 or he had been ailing before it came4 ,it is possible1 indeed1 that he had been confined to ,milton's house during the negotiation1 signing the ,covenant and other necessary documents there1 and unable to walk even the little distance between ,barbican and ,goldsmiths' ,hall4 ,certain it is that he died there on or about the #ast of ,january1 #afdf-g1 leaving the following will1 executed but a day or two before3-- ,in the name of ,god1 ,amen6--,i1 ,richard ,powell1 of ,forresthill1 alias ,forsthill1 in the countie of ,oxon1 ,esquire1 being sick and weak of bodie1 but of perfect minde and memorie1 ,i praise ,god therefore1 this thirtieth daie of ,december in the yeare of our ,lord ,god one thousand six hundred fortie and six1 doe make and declare this my will and testament in manner and forme following3--,first and principallie1 ,i comend my soule to the hands of ,almighty ,god my ,maker1 trusting by the meritts1 death1 and passion of his sonn ,jesus ,christ1 my ,redeemer1 to have life everlasting2 and my bodie ,i comitt to the earth from whence it came1 to be decentlie interred according to the discretion of my ,executor hereafter named4--,and1 for my worldlie estate which ,god hath blessed rue withall1 ,i will and dispose as followeth3--,imprimis1 ,i give and bequeathe unto ,richard ,powell1 my eldest son1 my house at ,forresthill1 alias ,forsthill1 in the countie of ,oxford1 with all the household stuffe and goods there now remaining1 and compounded for by me since at ,goldsmiths' ,hall1 together with the woods and timber there remaining2 and all the landes to my said house of ,forresthill belonging and heretofore therewith used1 together with the fines and profitts of the said landes and tenements1 to the said ,richard ,powell and his heires and assignes for ever3 to this intent and purpose1 and it is the true meaning of this my last will1 that my landes and goods shalbe first employed for the satisfieing of my debts and funerall expenses1 and afterwards for the raiseing of portions for his brothers and sisters soe far as the estate will reach1 allowing as much out of the estate abovementioned unto my said sonn ,richard ,powell as shall equal the whole to be devided amongst his brothers and sisters1 that is to saie the one halfe of the estate to himselfe and the other halfe to be devided amongst his brothers and sisters that are not alredie provided for2 in which devision my will is that his sisters have a third parte more than his brothers4--,my will and desire is that my said sonn ,richard doe1 out of my said landes and personall estate herein mentioned1 satisfy his mother1 my dearely-beloved wife ,ann ,powell1 that bond ,i have entered into for the makeing her a joynture1 which my estate is not in a condition now to dischardge4--,and1 lastlie1 ,i doe by this my last will and testament make and ordaine my sonn ,richard ,powell my sole executor of this my last will1 and ,i doe hereby revoke all former wills by me made whatsoever4 ,and my will farther is that1 in case my sonn ,richard ,powell shall not accept the executorshipp1 then ,i doe hereby constitute and appointe1 and doe earnestly desire1 my dearely beloved wife ,ann ,powell to be my sole executrix1 and to take upon her the mannageing of my estate abovementioned to the uses and purposes herein expressed4 ,and1 in case she doe refuse the same1 then ,i desire my loveing friend ,master ,john ,ellston of ,forresthill to take the executorshipp uppon him and to performe this my will as is herebefore expressed2 to whom ,i give twentie shillings1 to buy him a ring4 ,and my earnest desire is that my wife and my sonn have no difference concerning this my will and estate4-- ,item1 ,i give and bequeathe to my sonn ,richard ,powell all my houses and landes at ,whately in the countie of ,oxford1 and all other my estate reall and personall in the kingdom of ,england and dominion of ,wales1 to the use1 intent1 and purpose above herein expressed3 ,and my desire is that my daughter ,milton be had a reguard to in the satisfieing of her portion1 and adding thereto in case my estate will beare it4 ,and1 for this estate last bequeathed1 in case my sonn take not upon him the executorshipp1 then my will is my beloved wife shall be sole executrix1 unto whom ,i give the landes and goods last abovementioned1 to the uses and purposes herein mentioned4 ,in case she refuses1 then ,i appoint ,master ,john ,ellstone my executor1 to the uses and purposes above-mentioned4--,in witness hereof ,i have hereto put my hand and seale the daie and yeare first above-written4--,for the further strengthening of this my last will1 ,i doe constitute and appoint my loveing friends1 ,sir ,john ,curson and ,sir ,robert ,pye the elder1 ,knights1 to be overseers of this my last will1 desireing them to be aiding and assisting to my executor to see my last will performed1 according to my true meaning herein expressed1 for the good and benefitt of my wife and children2 and ,i give them1 as a token of my love1 twentie shillings apiece1 to buy them each a ring1 for their paines taken to advise and further my executor to performe this my will4 ,,richard ,,powell4 ,subscribed1 sealed1 and acknowledged to be his last will1 in the presence of ,,james ,,lloyd1 ,,john ,,milton1 ,,henry ,,delahay4 ,footnote3 ,found by me at ,doctors' ,commons4--,the date assigned for ,mr4 ,powell's death depends on his widow's statement on oath1 four years afterwards 7,feb4 #bg1 #afej-a71 that said ,richard ,powell1 her late husband1 died near the first day of ,january1 in the year of our ,lord #afdf1 at the house of ,mr4 ,john ,milton situate in ,barbican1 ,london4 7,todd1 ,i4 #eg47 ,while this is clearly the will of a dying man whose property is in such a state of wreck and confusion that he knows not whether any provision whatever will arise out of it for his wife and family1 there are certain suggestions in it of a contrary tenor4 ,it is evident1 for example1 that ,mr4 ,powell had not given up all hope that his main property1 the mansion and lands of ,forest-hill1 might ultimately be recovered4 ,though these are entirely omitted in the ,particular of his ,estate given in a month before to the ,goldsmiths' ,hall ,committee for ,compositions1 they figure in his will so expressly that one sees the testator did not consider them quite lost4 ,this1 followed by the kindly mention of ,sir ,robert ,pye in the end of the will1 and the appointment of that knight as one of the overseers to assist the executor in carrying out the will1 confirms a guess which we have already hazarded 7ant1 pp4 #dge-f73 viz4 that the entry of ,sir ,robert ,pye into possession of the ,forest-hill estate during the siege of ,oxford was not the harsh exercise of his legal right to do so1 nor even only the natural act of a prudent creditor seeing no other way of recovering a large sum lent to a neighbour1 but in part also a friendly precaution in the interests of that neighbour himself and his family4 ,that ,forest-hill1 if it were to be alienated from the ,powells1 should pass into the possession of ,sir ,robert ,pye1 an old friend of the family1 might be for their advantage in the end4 ,though nominally proprietor1 he would regard himself as interim possessor for the ,powells2 and1 should they ever be able to reclaim their property1 and to pay the #a1djjl4 and arrears of interest for which it had been pledged1 they would find ,sir ,robert or his family more accommodating than strangers would have been4 ,something of this kind must have been in ,mr4 ,powell's mind when he made his will4 ,he clung to the ,forest-hill property2 it was worth much more really than the sum for which it had been alienated2 he looked forward to some arrangement in that matter between his heir and ,sir ,robert ,pye1 in which ,sir ,robert himself would advise and assist4 ,then1 as the smaller ,wheatley property was also really worth more than the #djl4 a year at which it was rated1 and as1 besides other chances only vaguely hinted1 the family had immediate claims for #ejjl4 on account of goods left at ,forest-hill1 #djjl4 on account of timber1 and l#jjl4 in miscellaneous debts1 why1 on the whole1 with patience and good management1 should there not be enough to discharge all obligations1 and still leave something over for the heir1 the widow1 and the other eight or nine children1 in the proportions indicated8 ,alas6 if this were the possibility1 it had to be arrived at1 the testator foresaw1 through a dense medium of present difficulties4 ,the very items of most importance in the meantime1 if his widow and children were to be saved from actual straits1 were the items of greatest uncertainty4 ,the household goods1 the timber1 and the debts due1 were estimated together at #a1jjjl4 of cash2 but it was cash which had to be rescued from the four winds4 ,nay1 most of it had to be rescued from worse than the four winds--from the ,parliamentary ,government itself1 and from its agents in ,oxfordshire4 ,the household stuff and goods at ,forest-hill6 ,had they not been sold in ,june last by the ,oxfordshire sequestrators to ,matthew ,appletree of ,london1 carted off by that dealer1 and dispersed no one knew whither8 ,the timber at ,forest-hill6 ,had not that also vanished1 most of it voted in ,july last by the two ,houses of ,parliament themselves to the people of ,banbury for repairs of their church and other buildings8 ,to be sure1 the ,goldsmiths' ,hall ,committee1 by accepting these portions of ,mr4 ,powell's property at his own valuation and including them in their calculation of his fine for ,delinquency1 had virtually pledged ,government that they should be restored4 ,but then the fine had not been paid4 ,notwithstanding the statement in ,mr4 ,powell's will that he had compounded for his property1 the case was not really so4 ,the ,committee had fixed his composition at #ahjl41 and so had admitted him to compound2 but1 as he had not yet paid the usual first moiety1 the transaction was really incomplete at his death4 ,who was to pursue the matter to completeness1 undertaking on the one hand to pay the composition to ,government1 and on the other obliging ,government to reproduce the value of the goods and timber that had been made away with by itself or by its ,oxfordshire agents8 ,all this too was in the testator's mind1 and hence his difficulty in fixing on an executor4 ,his eldest son and heir1 ,richard1 then a youth of five-and-twenty1 was to have the first option of this office2 if he shrank from it1 then the widow was to be the sole executrix2 but1 if she also shrank from it1 a certain ,master ,john ,ellston of ,forest-hill1 in whom ,mr4 ,powell had confidence1 was entreated to take it up4 ,this ,ellston1 it is implied1 understood the business1 and1 as acting for the family1 might expect the advice of ,sir ,robert ,pye and ,sir ,john ,curzon4 ,footnote3 ,the ,ellston of the will may be the ,eldridge mentioned in a previously quoted document 7ant1 p4 #dgh7 as having #ajjl4 worth of ,mr4 ,powell's timber on his premises4 ,if so1 ,mr4 ,hamilton 7#ib7 has miscopied ,eldridge for ,ellston or ,ellstone in that document4 ,the eldest son did shrink from the hard post of executor under the will2 but the widow did not4 ,this appears from the probate of the will1 dated ,march #bf1 #afdg1 when she appeared as executrix before ,sir ,nathaniel ,brent of the ,prerogative ,court1 took the oath1 and had the administration committed to her4 ,footnote3 ,probate attached to the will in ,doctors' ,commons4 ,there is a second ,probate in the margin1 dated ,may #aj1 #affb1 showing that then the eldest son1 ,richard ,powell1 at the age of forty-one1 reclaimed the executorship1 and was admitted to it1 the former ,probate being set aside4 ,this fact does not concern us at present4 ,it was1 as we shall find1 a legacy of trouble and vexation to her1 and collaterally to ,milton as her son-in-law1 for many years2 and1 as we shall also find1 she fought in it perseveringly and bravely4 ,the trouble and vexation1 however1 so far as records revive it1 do not begin within our limits in this volume4 ,for the present it is enough to add that1 some time after ,mr4 ,powell's death and burial1 his widow and children removed from ,milton's house in the ,barbican1 and quartered themselves elsewhere4 ,they can hardly have gone back to ,oxfordshire4 ,not only was ,forest-hill no home for them now1 but the smaller tenement and grounds at ,wheatley in the same county seem to have been equally unavailable4 ,there is documentary proof1 at least1 that immediately after ,mr4 ,powell's death1 in the same month of ,january #afdf-g1 his relative ,sir ,edward ,powell1 ,bart41 took formal possession of that property in consequence of his legal title to it from non-payment of the sum of #cjj which he had advanced to ,mr4 ,powell1 on that security1 five years before 7see ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dig74 ,footnote3 ,document1 dated ,aug4 #bh1 #afej1 among the ,composition ,papers given by ,hamilton 7#hf1 #hg74 ,this transaction1 by a relative1 may1 like the similar transaction by ,sir ,robert ,pye1 have had some meaning in favour of the ,powells2 but1 on the whole1 though ,mrs4 ,powell may have managed to dispose of some of her children1 especially the elder boys1 by appeal to relatives1 the probability is that she remained in ,london and kept most of them with her4 ,there is evidence that she had to live on in most straitened circumstances4 ,relatives probably did something for her2 and ,milton1 as we shall find1 performed his part4 ,little more than two months after the burial of ,mr4 ,powell1 and possibly before the removal of his widow and children from the house in ,barbican1 there was another funeral from that house4 ,it was that of ,milton's own father4 ,father-in-law and father had gone almost together1 and the house was in double mourning4 ,who can part with this father of one of the greatest of ,englishmen without a last look of admiration and regret8 ,nearly fifty years ago1 in the last years of ,elizabeth's reign1 we saw him1 an ingeniose man from ,oxfordshire1 detached from his ,roman ,catholic kindred there1 and setting up in ,london in the business of scrivenership1 with music for his private taste1 and a name of some distinction already among the musicians and composers of the time4 ,then came the happy days of his married life in ,bread ,street1 all through ,james's reign1 his business prospering and music still his delight1 but his three surviving children growing up about him1 and his heart full of generous resolves for their education1 and especially of pride in that one of them on whose high promise teachers and neighbours were always dilating4 ,then to ,cambridge ,university went this elder son1 followed in time by the younger1 the father consenting to miss their presence1 and instructing them to spare no use of his worldly substance for their help in the paths they might choose4 ,it had been somewhat of a disappointment to him when1 after seven years1 the elder had returned from the ,university with his original destination for the ,church utterly forsworn1 and with such avowed loathings of the whole condition of things in ,church and ,state as seemed to bar the prospect of any other definite profession4 ,there had been the recompense1 indeed1 of that son's graceful and perfected youth1 of the haughty nobleness of soul that blazed through his loathings1 and of his acquired reputation for scholarship and poetry4 ,and so1 in the country retreat at ,horton1 as age was beginning to come upon the good father1 and he was releasing himself from the cares of business1 how pleasant it had been for him1 and for the placid and invalid mother1 to have their elder son wholly to themselves1 their one daughter continuing meanwhile in ,london after her first husband's decease1 and then younger son also mainly residing there for his law-studies4 ,what though the son so domiciled with them was plowing up to manhood1 still without a profession1 still absorbed in books and poetry1 doing exactly as he liked1 and in fact more the ruler of them than they were of him8 ,who could interfere with such a son1 and why had ,god given them abundance but that such a son might have the leisure he desired8 ,all in all1 one cannot doubt that those years of retirement at ,horton had been the most peaceful on which the old man could look back4 ,but those years had come to an end4 ,the sad spring of #afcg had come2 the invalid wife had died2 and he had been left in widowhood4 ,little in the ten years of his life since then but a succession of shiftings and troubles6 ,for a while still at ,horton1 sauntering about the church and in daily communion with the grave it contained1 his younger son and that son's newly-wedded wife coming to keep him company while the elder was on his travels4 ,then1 after the elder son's return1 the outbreak of the political tumults1 and the sad convulsion of everything4 ,in this convulsion his two sons had taken opposite sides1 the elder even treasuring up wrath against himself by his vehement writings for the ,parliamentarians4 ,how should an old man judge in such a case8 ,the ,horton household now broken up1 he had gone for a time with ,christopher and his wife to ,reading1 but only to be tossed back to ,london and the safer protection of ,john4 ,we have seen him under that protection in ,aldersgate ,street1 all through the time of ,milton's marriage--misfortune and the ,divorce pamphlets4 ,there was some comfort1 on the old man's account1 in the picture given of him by his grandson ,phillips1 then in the same house1 as living through all that distraction wholly retired to his rest and devotion1 without the least trouble imaginable4 ,all the same one fancies him having his own thoughts in his solitary upper room1 contrasting the now with the then1 and feeling that he had become feeble and superfluous4 ,a cheerful change for him may have been the larger house in ,barbican1 with his son's forgiven wife in her proper place in it and more numerous pupils going in and out1 and at last the birth of the infant-girl that made his grandfatherhood complete in all its three branches4 ,he had been about eighteen months in this house4 ,the ,civil ,war had come to an end1 and the ,king had been surrendered by the ,scots at ,newcastle and shifted to the second stage of his captivity at ,holmby ,house1 and ,christopher ,milton had returned ruefully to ,london from ,exeter to sue out pardon for his delinquency1 and the impoverished ,powells also had come to the house from ,oxford4 ,old ,mr4 ,powell and old ,mr4 ,milton had been a good deal together1 and at length1 when ,mr4 ,powell was dying1 old ,mr4 ,milton may have assisted1 scrivener-like1 in the framing of his will4 ,only two months afterwards his own turn came4 ,no will of his has been found1 and probably he had made a will unnecessary by previous arrangements4 ,his ,bible and music-books left in his room may have been the mementoes of his last occupations4 ,he was buried1 ,march #ae1 #afdf-g1 in the chancel of the ,church of ,st4 ,giles1 ,cripplegate1 not far from ,barbican2 and the entry ,john ,milton1 ,gentleman1 #ae among the ,burialls in ,march #afdf may be still looked at with interest in the ,registers of that parish4 ,footnote3 ,to the courtesy of the ,rev4 ,p4 ,p4 ,gilbert1 ,m4,a41 ,vicar of the parish1 ,i owe a certified copy of the burial- entry4 ,nothing came from ,milton's pen on the occasion2 but one remembers his ,latin poem ,ad ,patrem1 written fifteen years before1 and the lines with which that poem closes may stand fitly here as the epitaph for the dead3-- ,at tibi1 care ,pater1 postquam non aqua merenti ,posse referre datur1 nec dona rependere factis1 ,sit memorasse satis1 repetitaque munera grato ,percensere animo1 fidque reponere menti4 ,et vos1 ,o nostri1 juvenilia carmina1 lusus1 ,si modo perpetuos sperare audebitis annos1 ,nec spisso rapient oblivia nigra sub ,orco1 ,forsitan has laudes decantatumque parentis ,nomen1 ad exmplum1 sero servabitis vo4 ,footnote3 ,it seems to me not improbable that the poem1 as originally written1 ended at the word menti4 and that the last six lines1 beginning ,et vos1 were an addition when ,milton published his ,poems in #afde his father then residing with him4 ,,sonnet ,,xiv1 ,,and ,,ode ,,to ,,john ,,rous4 ,since the removal from the ,aldersgate ,street house to that in ,barbican1 ,milton1 as we know1 had ceased from prose pamphleteering2 and all that he had done of a literary kind1 besides publishing his volume of collected ,poems1 had been his two ,divorce ,sonnets1 his ,sonnet to ,henry ,lawes1 and his ,sonnet with the scorpion tail1 entitled ,on the ,forcers of ,conscience4 ,to these have now to be added1 as written since ,aug4 #afdf1 two other scraps--viz43 the ,sonnet marked ,,xiv4 in most of our modern editions of his ,poems1 and the ,latin ,ode to ,john ,rous which generally appears at or near the end of the ,latin portion of these editions4 ,sonnet ,,xiv41 though printed without a heading by ,milton himself in the ,second or #afgc edition of his ,poems1 and often so printed still1 exists fortunately in two drafts in his own hand 7one of them erased7 among the ,milton ,,mss4 at ,cambridge1 and bears there this heading1 also in his own hand3 ,on the ,religious memory of ,mrs4 ,catherine ,thomson1 my ,christian friend1 deceased #af ,decemb4 #afdf4 ,we have no other information about this ,mrs4 ,catherine ,thomson than is conveyed by these words and the ,sonnet itself2 and the fact that we know of her existence only by chance suggests to us how many friends and acquaintances of ,milton there may have been in ,london whose very names have perished4 ,one may suppose her to have been a neighbour of ,milton's1 and rather elderly4 ,that he had no ordinary respect for her appears from the fact that he felt moved to write something in her memory4 ,if written exactly at the time of her death1 it was while his house was full of the ,powells1 and ,mr4 ,powell was grieving over the state of his affairs and perhaps known to be dying4 ,there is a suggestion1 however1 in the wording1 that it may have been written later4 ,when ,faith and ,love1 which parted from thee never1 ,had ripened thy just soul to dwell with ,god1 ,meekly thou didst resign this earthy load ,of death1 called life1 which us from ,life doth sever4 ,thy works1 and alms1 and all thy good endeavour1 ,stayed not behind1 nor in the grave were trod2 ,but1 as ,faith pointed with her golden rod1 ,followed thee up to joy and bliss for ever4 ,love led them on2 and ,faith1 who knew them best ,thy handmaids1 clad them o'er with purple beams ,and azure wings1 that up they flew so drest1 ,and speak the truth of thee on glorious themes ,before the ,judge1 who thenceforth bid thee rest ,and drink thy fill of pure immortal streams4 ,certainly written in ,barbican between the death of ,mr4 ,powell and that of ,milton's father1 but in a very different strain from the foregoing1 is the ,latin ,ode to ,rous1 the ,oxford ,librarian4 ,the circumstances were these3-- ,milton1 we have had proof already1 cared enough both about his opinions and about his literary reputation to adopt the common practice of sending presentation-copies of his books to persons likely to be interested in them4 ,he had sent out1 we have seen1 such presentation-copies of ,lawes's #afcg edition of his ,comus1 and of some of his pamphlets individually4 ,we find1 however1 that in #afde or #afdf1 when he had published no fewer than eleven pamphlets in all1 and when moreover his ,english and ,latin ,poems had been issued by ,moseley1 he must have taken some pains to secure that copies of the entire set of his writings1 as then extant1 should be in the hands of eminent book-collectors and scholars4 ,thus1 in the ,library of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 there is a small quarto volume containing ten of the pamphlets bound together in this order--,of ,reformation1 ,of ,prelatical ,episcopacy1 ,the ,reason of ,church- government1 ,animadversions upon the ,remonstrant's ,defence1 ,an ,apology against a modest ,confutation1 ,the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1 ,the ,judgment of ,martin ,bucer1 ,colasterion1 ,tetrachordon1 ,areopagitica2 and the volume exhibits 7in a slightly mutilated form1 owing to clipping in the re-binding7 this inscription in ,milton's autograph3 ,ad doctissimum virum1 ,patricium ,junium1 ,joannes ,miltonius hc sua1 unum in fasciculum conjecta1 mittit1 paucis hujusmodi lectoribus contentes 7,to the most learned man1 ,patrick ,young1 ,john ,milton sends these things of his1 thrown together into one volume1 content with few readers were they but of his sort7 ,the volume1 therefore1 though it has found its way to ,dublin1 originally belonged to the ,scotchman ,patrick ,young1 better known by his ,latinized name of ,patricius ,junius1 one of the most celebrated scholars of his time1 especially in ,greek1 and for more than forty years 7#afje8-afdi7 keeper of the ,king's ,library in ,st4 ,james's1 ,london4 ,milton1 it is clear1 did not intend the gift for the ,royal ,library1 unless ,young chose to put it there4 ,he meant it for ,young himself1 with whom he had probably some personal acquaintance1 and who was of ,presbyterian sympathies1 and in fact then under the orders of ,parliament4 ,footnote3 ,there is a facsimile of the inscription to ,young in ,sotheby's ,milton ,ramblings1 p4 #aba2 but ,i am indebted for a more particular account of the volume1 with a tracing of the inscription1 to the ,rev4 ,andrew ,campbell of ,dublin4 ,there is a memoir of ,young in ,wood's ,fasti1 ,i4 #cjh-i ,about the time when ,milton sent this collection of his pamphlets to ,patrick ,young1 or perhaps a little later1 he sent a similar gift to another librarian1 expressly in his official capacity4 ,this was ,john ,rous1 ,m4,a41 chief ,librarian of the ,bodleian at ,oxford from #afbj to #afeb1 ,milton1 there is reason to believe1 had known ,rous since the year #afce 7see ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #eij72 at all events an acquaintance had sprung up between them1 as could hardly fail to be the case between a reader like ,milton and the keeper of the great ,oxford ,library2 and1 as ,rous's political leanings1 ,oxonian though he was1 were distinctly ,parliamentarian1 there was no reason for coolness on that ground4 ,accordingly1 ,rous1 it appears1 had asked ,milton for a complete copy of his writings for the ,bodleian1 and had even been pressing in the request4 ,milton at length had despatched the required donation in the form of a parcel containing two volumes--the ,prose ,pamphlets bound together in one volume1 and the ,poems by themselves in the tinier volume as published by ,moseley4 ,on a blank leaf at the beginning of the larger volume he had written very carefully with his own hand a long ,latin inscription1 ,doctissimo viro1 proloque librorum stimatori1 ,joanni ,rousio c42 which may be given in translation as follows3 ,to the most learned man1 and excellent judge of books1 ,john ,rous1 ,librarian of the ,university of ,oxford1 on his testifying that this would be agreeable to him1 ,john ,milton gladly forwards these small works of his1 with a view to their reception into the ,university's most ancient and celebrated ,library1 as into a temple of perpetual memory1 and so1 as he hopes1 into a merited freedom from ill- will and calumny1 if satisfaction enough has been given at once to ,truth and to ,good ,fortune4 ,they are--',of ,reformation in ,england1' #b ,books2 ',of ,prelatical ,episcopacy1' #a ,book2 ',of the ,reason of ,church-government1' #b ,books2 ',animadversions on the ,remonstrant's ,defence1' #a ,book2 ',apology against the same1' #a ,book2 ',the ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce1' #b ,books2 ',the ,judgment of ,bucer on ,divorce1' #a ,book2 ',colasterion1' #a ,book2 ',tetrachordon3 ,an ,exposition of some chief places of ,scripture concerning ,divorce1' #d ,books2 ',areopagitica1 or a ,speech for the ,freedom of the ,press2' ',an ,epistle on ,liberal ,education2' and ',poems1 ,latin and ,english1' separately4 ,here1 it will be seen1 ,milton sends to ,rous the same pamphlets he had sent to ,patrick ,young1 and in the same order1 only adding the ,letter on ,education to ,hartlib1 and the ,moseley volume of ,poems4 ,now1 all the pieces so enumerated1 with the inscription1 had duly reached ,rous in the ,bodleian1 with one exception4 ,in the carriage of the parcel to ,oxford the tiny volume of ,poetry had somehow dropped out or been abstracted2 so that ,rous1 counting over the pieces by the inventory1 found himself in possession only of the eleven prose-pamphlets4 ,he had intimated this to ,milton1 and petitioned for another copy of the ,poems to make good the loss of the first4 ,milton complied2 but1 as the loss of the first copy had amused him1 he took the trouble of writing a mock-heroic ,latin ode on the subject to ,rous1 and causing this ode1 transcribed on a sheet of paper in a secretary hand of elaborate elegance1 to be inserted by the binder in the new copy1 between the ,english and the ,latin portions of the contents4 ,this is the ,ode to ,rous of which we have spoken as1 with the exception of ,sonnet ,,xiv41 the sole known production of ,milton's muse during those eight months of his ,barbican life which have brought us to our present point4 ,when he printed it in the second or #afgc edition of his ,poems1 he prefixed the exact date1 ,jan4 #bc1 #afdf 7i4e4 #afdf-g74 ,it was written1 therefore1 in the interval between ,mr4 ,powell's death and his father's--three weeks after the one1 and six or seven weeks before the other4 ,the manuscript copy sent to ,rous still exists in the ,bodleian in the volume into which it was inserted2 and in the same library they show also the volume of the eleven collected prose pamphlets1 with the previous inscription to ,rous in ,milton's autograph4 ,footnote3 ,warton's ,note on the ,ode to ,rous 7,todd's ,milton1 ,,iv4 #ejg-i72 ,milton's ,poems ed4 #afgh1 ,latin portion1 p4 #ij2 ,sotheby's ,milton ,ramblings1 pp4 #aac-aba1 where there is a fac-simile of the inscription in the ,bodleian volume of the prose pamphlets1 and also a fac-simile of a considerable portion of the ,latin ,ode to ,rous from the ,,ms4 copy in the other ,bodleian volume4 ,the inscription is indubitably ,milton's autograph2 ,mr4 ,sotheby thinks the ode also to be in his penmanship1 though not in his usual hand1 but in a beautiful secretary hand which he assumed for the special purpose4 ,judging from the fac-simile1 ,i doubt this1 and think the transcript may have been by some professional scribe4--,according to ,warton's account1 it is by accident that these two precious volumes have been preserved in the ,bodleian4 ,in #agbj a number of books1 whether as being duplicates or as being thought useless1 were weeded out of the ,library and thrown aside1 and a ,mr4 ,nathaniel ,crynes1 one of the ,esquire ,bidels and a book collector1 was permitted to have the pick of these for himself on the understanding that he was to leave the ,library a valuable bequest4 ,fortunately ,mr4 ,crynes did not care for the ,milton volumes1 and so they went back to the shelves4 ,the ode is headed ,ad ,joannem ,rousium1 ,oxoniensis ,academi ,bibliothecarium3 de ,libro ,poematum amisso1 quem ille sibi denuo mitti postulabat1 ut cum aliis nostris in ,bibliothec public reponeret1 ,ode 7,to ,john ,rous1 ,librarian of the ,university of ,oxford3 ,an ,ode on a lost ,book of ,poems1 of which he asked a fresh copy to be sent him1 that he might replace it beside our other books in the ,public ,library74 ,what strikes one first in reading the ,ode is the strange metrical structure4 ,evidently in a whim1 and to suit his mock-heroic purpose1 ,milton chose a peculiar form of mixed verse1 distantly suggested by the choruses of the ,greek dramatists1 and more closely by some precedents in ,latin poetry4 ,there are three ,strophes1 each followed by an ,antistrophe1 and the whole is wound up by a closing ,epodos4 ,in an appended prose note ,milton calls attention to this novelty1 and explains moreover that he had taken considerable liberties with the verse throughout1 pleasing his own ear1 and regarding rather the convenience of modern reading than ancient prosodic rules4 ,altogether1 in this respect1 the poem was a bold experiment1 for which ,milton has been taken to task by purists among his commentators down to our own time4 ,it is the matter1 however1 that interests us most here4 ,the ode opens half-humorously with an address to the little book he was sending to ,rous4 ,it is described as a pretty little book enough1 with two sets of contents and a double arrangement of paging to match1 neatly but simply bound 7fronde licet gemin1 munditieque nitens non operos71 and containing the juvenile productions of a certain ,poet of no superlative merit 7haud nimii poet71 written partly in ,britain and partly in ,italy1 partly in ,english and partly in ,latin4 ,footnote3 ,critics have objected to ,milton's volume1 phrase fronde licet gemin1 on the ground that fronte would be the better ,latin word for title- page4 ,but ,milton did not mean only that there were two title pages in the volume1 one to the ,english and one to the ,latin poems2 he meant also that these two sets of poems were paged separately throughout4 ,his phrase fronde gemin1 7with double leafing7 was therefore perfectly exact4 ,then the ,antistrophe asks what had become of the former copy of the same1 on its way to the sources of the ,thames and the great seat of learning there established4 ,the second ,strophe and ,antistrophe continue the strain1 with a hope that now at length the wretched civil tumults may cease in ,england and ,peace and ,literature come back1 but still with a return of the query what could possibly have become of the missing volume between ,london and ,oxford1 and into what clownish hands it might have fallen4 ,in the third ,strophe and ,antistrophe there is a compliment to ,rous as the faithful keeper of one of the most splendid libraries in the world1 with acknowledgment of his kindness in seeking to have the missing volume replaced1 so that it might have a chance of readers in such glorious company and in all-famous ,oxford4 ,the closing ,epode may be given in the skilful1 though rather lax1 rendering of ,cowper3-- ,ye1 then1 my ,works1 no longer vain ,and worthless deemed by me1 ,whate'er this sterile genius has produced1 ,expect at last1 the rage of envy spent1 ,an unmolested happy home1 ,gift of kind ,hermes and my watchful friend1 ,where never flippant tongue profane ,shall entrance find1 ,and whence the coarse unlettered multitude ,shall babble far remote4 ,perhaps some future distant age1 ,less tinged with prejudice1 and better taught1 ,shall furnish minds of power ,to judge more equally4 ,then1 malice silenced in the tomb1 ,cooler heads and sounder hearts1 ,thanks to ,rous1 if aught of praise ,i merit1 shall with candour weigh the claim4 ,,italian ,,reminiscences3 ,,lost ,,letters ,,from ,,carlo ,,dati ,,of ,,florence3 ,,milton',s ,,reply ,,to ,,the ,,last ,,of ,,them4 ,our next trace of ,milton1 through anything written by himself in his ,barbican abode1 belongs to ,april #afdg1 the month after his father's death4 ,we owe it also perhaps to the fact that the publication of his ,poems by ,moseley had given him an opportunity of distributing presentation-copies of some of his former writings4 ,a feature in that volume1 it may be remembered1 was its richness in ,italian reminiscences4 ,not only were there included among the ,english ,poems the five ,italian ,sonnets and the ,italian ,canzone which ,milton is believed to have written in ,italy2 not only were the encomiums of his ,italian friends1 ,manso of ,naples1 ,salzilli and ,selvaggi of ,rome1 and ,francini and ,dati of ,florence1 prefixed to the ,latin ,poems1 with a note of explanation2 not only among these ,latin poems did he print the three pieces to the singer ,leonora1 the ,scazontes to ,salzilli1 and the fine farewell to ,manso2 but in the ,epitaphium ,damonis1 or pastoral on ,charles ,diodati's death1 which ended the volume1 and which had been written immediately after his return to ,england1 there were references throughout to his ,italian experiences1 and passages of express mention of ,dati1 ,francini1 the ,florentine group generally1 and the venerable ,manso4 ,what more natural than to have sent copies of such a volume to the various ,italian friends named in it1 to remind them of the ,englishman to whom they had been so kind4 ,the venerable ,manso1 indeed1 was by this time dead2 ,salzilli seems to have been dead2 the great ,galileo1 whom ,milton had at least once visited near ,florence1 had died in #afdb2 but most of the ,florentine group were still alive4 ,to these last1 all of them poets themselves more or less1 ,milton might have been expected to send copies of his volume4 ,or1 if he did not trouble them with the ,english part1 which they could not read1 he might have sent them at least the ,latin part1 which had been separately paged1 and provided with a separate title and imprint1 precisely in order that it might be so detached4 ,for a reason which will appear ,milton did not even do this4 ,he seems1 however1 to have procured from the printer some copies of the last eleven pages of the ,latin part1 which contained the ,epitaphium ,damonis by itself1 and to have sent these to ,florence4 ,either so1 or by some prior transmission of this particular poem to his ,florentine friends1 unaccompanied by any letter1 copies of it had reached them4 ,this we learn from the sequel4 ,of all ,milton's ,florentine friends none had remembered him more faithfully than young ,carlo ,dati 7see ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #gbd-e74 ,only nineteen years of age when ,milton had visited ,florence in #afch-i1 but then a leading spirit in the literary ,academies of the city1 and especially enthusiastic in his attentions to strangers1 he had outgone all the others1 except ,francini1 in his admiration of the ,englishman who had come among them1 and in the extravagance of his parting adieu4 ,the admiration was real2 and1 after ,milton had gone1 young ,dati had often thought of him1 often talked of him among his companions of the ,delia ,crusca and of ,gaddi's more private ,academy of the ,svogliati1 often wondered what he was doing in his native land4 ,three times at intervals he had written to ,milton2 but all the letters had miscarried4 ,conceive1 then1 ,dati's pleasure1 when1 some time in #afdf 7if that is the correct supposition71 a copy of the ,epitaphium ,damonis reached him from ,london1 and he read the passage there in which ,milton had made such affectionate mention of his ,florentine friends of #afch-i1 and of himself and ,francini in particular4 ,immediately he wrote to ,milton a fourth time2 and this letter1 more fortunate than its predecessors1 did arrive at its destination4 ,milton1 on his part1 though the letter must have reached him about the time of his father's death1 had peculiar pleasure in receiving it and returning an answer4 ,the answer was in ,latin1 and may be translated as follows3-- ,to ,,charles ,,dati1 ,nobleman of ,florence4 ,with how great and what new pleasure ,i was filled1 my ,charles1 on the unexpected arrival of your letter1 since it is impossible for me to describe it adequately1 ,i wish you may in some degree understand from the very pain with which it was dashed1 such pain as is almost the invariable accompaniment of any great delight yielded to men4 ,for1 on running over that first portion of your letter1 in which elegance contends so finely with friendship1 ,i should have called my feeling one of unmixed joy1 and the rather because ,i see your labour to make friendship the winner4 ,immediately1 however1 when ,i came upon that passage where you write that you had sent me three letters before1 which ,i now know to have been lost1 then1 in the first place1 that sincere gladness of mine at the receipt of this one began to be infected and troubled with a sad regret1 and presently a something heavier creeps in upon me1 to which ,i am accustomed in very frequent grievings over my own lot3 the sense1 namely1 that those whom the mere necessity of neighbourhood1 or something else of a useless kind1 has closely conjoined with me1 whether by accident or by the tie of law 7sive casu1 sive lege1 conglutinavit71 they are the persons1 though in no other respect commendable1 who sit daily in my company1 weary me1 nay1 by heaven1 all but plague me to death whenever they are jointly in the humour for it1 whereas those whom habits1 disposition1 studies1 had so handsomely made my friends1 are now almost all denied me1 either by death or by most unjust separation of place1 and are so for the most part snatched from my sight that ,i have to live well nigh in a perpetual solitude4 ,as to what you say1 that from the time of my departure from ,florence you have been anxious about my health and always mindful of me4 ,i truly congratulate myself that a feeling has been equal and mutual in both of us1 the existence of which on my side only ,i was perhaps claiming to my credit4 ,very sad to me also1 ,i will not conceal from you1 was that departure1 and it planted stings in my heart which now rankle there deeper1 as often as ,i think with myself of my reluctant parting1 my separation as by a wrench1 from so many companions at once1 such good friends as they were1 and living so pleasantly with each other in one city1 far off indeed1 but to me most dear4 ,i call to witness that tomb of ,damon1 ever to be sacred and solemn to me1 whose adornment with every tribute of grief was my weary task1 till ,i betook myself at length to what comforts ,i could1 and desired again to breathe a little--,i call that sacred grave to witness that ,i have had no greater delight all this while than in recalling to my mind the most pleasant memory of all of you1 and of yourself especially4 ,this you must have read for yourself long ere now1 if that poem reached you1 as now first ,i hear from you it did4 ,i had carefully caused it to be sent1 in order that1 however small a proof of talent1 it might1 even in those few lines introduced into it emblem-wise1 ,footnote3 ,see the lines themselves in the translation of the ,epitaphium ,damonis1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ij4 be no obscure proof of my love towards you4 ,my idea was that by this means ,i should lure either yourself or some of the others to write to me2 for1 if ,i wrote first1 either ,i had to write to all1 or ,i feared that1 if ,i gave the preference to any one1 ,i should incur the reproach of such others as came to know it1 hoping as ,i do that very many are yet there alive who might certainly have a claim to this attention from me4 ,now1 however1 you first of all1 both by this most friendly call of your letter1 and by your thrice-repeated attention of writing before1 have freed the reply for which ,i have been some while since in your debt from any expostulation from the others4 ,footnote3 ,although ,i have supposed that the copies of the ,epitaphium ,damonis sent by ,milton to ,italy were from the sheets of the ,moseley volume of #afde as it was passing through the press1 the reader ought to note1 with me1 the possibility 7already hinted1 and now implied in this passage of the letter to ,dati7 that ,milton had sent copies in some form at an earlier date--say immediately after the poem was written1 and when his parting from his ,italian friends was quite recent4 ,there was1 ,i confess1 an additional cause for my silence in that most turbulent state of our ,britain1 subsequent to my return home1 which obliged me to divert my mind shortly afterwards from the prosecution of my studies to the defence anyhow of life and fortune4 ,what safe retirement for literary leisure could you suppose given one among so many battles of a civil war1 slaughters1 flights1 seizures of goods8 ,yet1 even in the midst of these evils1 since you desire to be informed about my studies1 know that we have published not a few things in our native tongue2 which1 were they not written in ,english1 ,i would willingly send to you1 my friends in ,florence1 to whose opinions ,i attach very much value4 ,the part of the ,poems which is in ,latin ,i will send shortly1 since you wish it2 and ,i would have done so spontaneously long ago1 but that1 on account of the rather harsh sayings against the ,pope of ,rome in some of the pages1 ,i had a suspicion they would not be quite agreeable to your ears4 ,now ,i beg of you that the indulgence you were wont to give1 ,i say not to your own ,dante and ,petrarch in the same case1 but with singular politeness to my own former freedom of speech1 as you know1 among you1 the same you1 ,dati1 will obtain 7for of yourself ,i am sure7 from my other friends whenever ,i may be speaking of your religion in our peculiar way4 ,i am reading with pleasure your description of the funeral ceremony to ,king ,louis1 in which ,i recognise your style 7,mercurium tuum7--not that one of street bazaars and mercantile concerns 7compitalem ilium et mercimoniis ad dictum7 which you say jestingly you have been lately practising1 but the right eloquent one which the ,muses like1 and which befits the president of a club of wits 7facundum ilium1 ,musis acceptum1 et ,mercurialium virorum prsidem74 ,footnote3 ,the production of ,dati to which ,milton refers1 and of which a copy had probably accompanied ,dati's letter1 was an ,italian tract or book1 entitled ,esequie del la ,maest ,christianiss3 di ,luigi ,,xiii4 il ,giusto1 ,re di ,francia e di ,navarra1 celebrate in ,firenze dall altezza serenissima di ,ferdinando ,granduca di ,tose41 e discritte da ,carlo ,dati3 #afdd4 ,louis ,,xiii4 of ,france had died ,may #ad1 #afdc1 and the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany had ordered a celebration in his honour at ,florence4--,the hint that ,dati was now engaged in mercantile business is confirmed by subsequent evidence4 ,it remains that we agree on some method and plan by which henceforth our letters may go between us by a sure route4 ,this does not seem very difficult1 when so many of our merchants have frequent and large transactions with you1 and their messengers run backwards and forwards every week1 and their vessels sail from port to port not much seldomer4 ,the charge of this ,i shall commit1 rightly ,i hope1 to ,bookseller ,james 7,jacobo ,bibliopol71 or to his master1 my very familiar acquaintance 7vel ejus hero mihi familiarissimo74 ,footnote3 ,i have translated this as well as ,i can1 but it is obscure4 ,did ,milton refer to some ,florentine ,jacopo1 a bookseller 7the publisher of ,dati's ,esequie871 and playfully entrust the arrangement of the future means of correspondence to ,dati himself1 as master of the services of this person8 ,meanwhile farewell1 my ,charles2 and give best salutations in my name to ,coltellini1 ,francini1 ,frescobaldi1 ,malatesta1 ,chimentelli the younger1 anyone else you know that remembers me with some affection1 and1 in fine1 to the whole ,gaddian ,academy4 ,again farewell6 ,london3 ,april #ba1 #afag4 ,footnote3 ,this letter to ,dati is the tenth of ,milton's ,epistol ,familiares1 as published by himself in #afgd1 and reprinted in the collected editions of his works4 ,by a curious chance1 however1 a ,,ms4 copy of it exists in ,milton's own hand--either a draft which ,milton kept at the time1 or perhaps the actual copy sent to ,dati4 ,it is one of some valuable ,milton documents in the possession of ,mr4 ,john ,fitchett ,marsh of ,warrington1 who has described it in his ,milton ,papers1 printed for the ,chetham ,society in #ahea1 and given there a fac-simile of the beginning and end of it4 ,there is a copy of this fac- simile in ,mr4 ,sotheby's ,milton ,ramblings 7p4 #abb74 ,mr4 ,marsh1 who is inclined to think that the ,,ms4 is the actual letter as it reached ,dati1 has favoured me with an exact list of some verbal variations in it from the printed copy4 ,they are slight1 but rather confirm the idea that the printed copy is from the draft which ,milton kept and that the ,,ms4 was the transcript actually dispatched to ,italy4 ,thus1 while the printed copy is headed merely ,carolo ,dato1 ,patricio ,florentino1 the ,,ms4 is headed ,carolo ,dato1 ,patricio ,florentino1 ,joannes ,miltonius1 ,londinensis1 ,s4,p4,d4 ,again1 at the close1 instead of the printed dating ,londino1 ,aprilis #ba1 #afdg1 the ,,ms4 presents the dating ,londini3 ,pascatis feria tertia1 ,,mdcxlvii1 7,london3 the third feast day of ,easter1 #afdg47 ,on this ,mr4 ,marsh1 in a note to me1 remarks ingeniously1 ,dating from the feast-day1 according to the ,roman ,catholic usage1 in writing to an ,italian friend1 indicates a tolerance and politeness worth noticing4 ,easter in #afdg fell on ,sunday1 ,april #ah1 so that the third day1 or ,easter-,tuesday1 was ,april #bj4 ,the printed copy is dated a day later4 ,there are passages in this letter which we can interpret now better than ,dati can have done then4 ,the sentences in which ,milton speaks of his hard fate in being tied by accident or law to the constant companionship of people with whom he had no sympathy1 while those whom he really cared for were distant or dead1 may have been read by ,dati with only a vague general construction of their meaning1 and perhaps would not have been written by ,milton to any one capable of a more exact construction from knowledge of the circumstances4 ,we can now discern in them1 however1 a reference by ,milton to his domestic troubles1 to the worry brought on him by the whole ,powell connexion1 and perhaps also to the recent loss of his father4 ,altogether the letter is a melancholy one4 ,one sees ,milton1 as he wrote it in ,barbican in the spring of #afdg1 the gloomy master of an uncomfortable household4 ,,pedagogy ,,in ,,the ,,barbican3 ,,list ,,of ,,milton',s ,,known ,,pupils3 ,,lady ,,ranelagh4 ,yet precisely this spring of #afdg1 if we are to believe his nephew ,phillips1 was ,milton's busiest time with his pupils4 ,and now1 says ,phillips1 after mentioning the death of ,milton's father1 and the departure at last of the ,powell kindred from the house in ,barbican1 the house looked again like a house of the ,muses only1 though the accession of scholars was not great4 ,possibly his proceeding thus far in the education of youth may have been the occasion of some of his adversaries calling him ,pedagogue and ,schoolmaster2 whereas it is well known he never set up for a public school to teach all the young fry of a parish1 but only was willing to impart his learning and knowledge to relations1 and the sons of some gentlemen that were his intimate friends1 besides that neither his converse1 nor his writings1 nor his manner of teaching ever savoured in the least anything of pedantry2 and probably he might have some prospect of putting in practice his academical institution1 according to the model laid down in his sheet ,of ,education6 ,taking this passage in connexion with prior passages already quoted from the same memoir1 we are to conclude that1 though ,milton's practice in teaching had begun as far back as #afci-dj1 when he gave lessons to his two nephews in his lodgings in ,st4 ,bride's ,churchyard1 and although the practice had been kept up all through the time of his residence in ,aldersgate ,street1 when his nephews boarded with him and other pupils were gradually added 7#afdj-de71 yet it was in the ,barbican house1 and there more especially in #afdg1 that his employment in pedagogy was most engrossing4 ,the house had been taken expressly that there might be accommodation for additional pupils1 and such pupils had come in--not in any considerable number1 nor yet miscellaneously from the neighbourhood1 but rather by way of favour on ,milton's part to select boys whose parents knew him well1 and were anxious that they should have the benefit of his instructions4 ,as to ,milton's theories and methods of education we are already sufficiently informed4 ,this may be the place1 however1 for a list of those who can be ascertained to have had the honour of being his pupils4 ,perhaps that honour may have been shared by as many as twenty or thirty youths in all1 afterwards distributed through ,english society in the seventeenth century1 and some of them living even into the eighteenth2 but ,i have been able to recover only the following3--,footnote3 ,it is to be understood that ,milton may have continued the practice of pedagogy1 in individual cases at least1 after the ,barbican period of its fullest force1 and hence that one or two of the pupils in my present list may not have been in the ,barbican house1 but may be strays afterwards undertaken by him1 on special request1 in those later days and those other houses into which we have yet to follow him4 ,as it is not worth while1 however1 to break up such a list1 ,i present all ,milton's known pupils1 of whatever date1 in one cluster4 ,,edward ,,phillips 7the elder nephew73--,not ten years old when he first received lessons from ,milton in the ,st4 ,bride's ,churchyard lodging1 this elder nephew1 after five years of board in ,aldersgate ,street1 and about a year and a half in ,barbican1 had reached his seventeenth year4 ,he had received the full benefit so far of his uncle's method of teaching2 and1 if he were to go to the ,university1 it was about time that he should be preparing4 ,about two years after our present date1 or in ,march #afdh-i1 by whatever management of his uncle1 or of his mother and step-father1 ,mrs4 and ,mr4 ,agar1 he did enrol himself in ,magdalen ,hall1 ,oxford4 ,the rest of his life will concern us hereafter4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,ath41 ,,iv4 #gfj1 and ,godwin's ,lives of the ,phillipses1 p4 #ab4 ,,john ,,phillips 7the younger nephew73--,this nameson of ,milton's1 first committed to his entire charge in the ,st4 ,bride's ,churchyard lodging1 had been as long under training as his elder brother1 and had now reached his sixteenth year4 ,he was to remain a more unmixed example of his uncle's training1 for he never went to any ,university4 ,he also will reappear in the subsequent course of his uncle's life4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,ath41 ,,iv4 #gfd1 and ,godwin4 ,,richard ,,heath1 ,,or ,,heth3--,that a person of this name was among ,milton's pupils1 rests on the evidence of one of ,milton's own ,epistol ,familiares1 dated ,dec4 #afeb1 and addressed ,richardo ,hetho4 ,as he was then a minister of the ,gospel somewhere1 it is to be inferred that he was one of the earliest pupils of the ,aldersgate ,street days4 ,i have not been able to identify him farther4 ----,,packer3--,mr4 ,packer1 who was his scholar1 is one of ,aubrey's ,jottings about ,milton1 written in #afhj or thereabouts4 ,this is a very insufficient clue4 ,a ,john ,packer1 who had taken the degree of ,doctor of ,physic at ,padua1 was incorporated in the same degree at ,oxford1 ,feb4 #ai1 #afef-g4 ,footnote3 ,aubrey's ,notes on ,milton's ,life 7,godwin's reprint1 p4 #cdi72 ,wood's ,fasti1 ,,ii4 #aif4 ,,cyriack ,,skinner3--,he was the third son of ,william ,skinner1 a ,lincolnshire squire 7son and heir of ,sir ,vincent ,skinner1 ,knt41 of ,thornton ,college1 co4 ,lincoln7 who had married ,bridget ,coke1 second daughter of the famous lawyer and judge1 ,sir ,edward ,coke4 ,as his father died in #afbg1 ,cyriack must have been at least twenty years of age in #afdg3 he had1 therefore1 been one of the ,aldersgate ,street pupils4 ,the fact that he was a grandson of the great ,coke was one of his distinctions through life2 but he was to become of some note in ,london society on his own' account4 ,the connexion formed between him and ,milton continued1 as we shall find1 unbroken and affectionate through future years4 ,indeed1 there came to be associations1 presumably through ,cyriack1 between ,milton and other persons of the name of ,skinner4 ,a ,daniel ,skinner1 and a ,thomas ,skinner1 presumably relatives of ,cyriack's1 are heard of as merchants in ,mark ,lane1 ,london1 from #afea onwards4 ,this ,daniel ,skinner1 merchant1 had a son1 ,daniel ,skinner1 junior1 whose acquaintance with ,milton in the end of his life led to curious and important results4 ,care must be taken1 even now1 not to confound this far future ,daniel ,skinner1 junior 7not born till about #afej71 with our present ,cyriack1 his senior1 and probable kinsman4 ,footnote3 ,aubrey's ,notes2 ,wood's ,ath41 ,,iii4 #aaai2 ,skinner's ,pedigree in ,introd4 to ,bishop ,sumner's ,translation of ,milton's ,treatise on ,christian ,doctrine 7#ahbe72 ,hamilton's ,milton ,papers1 #bi et seq4 and #aca-b4 ,wood 7,fasti1 ,i4 #dhf7 has confounded ,cyriack ,skinner in one particular with the much later ,daniel ,skinner junior1 and the mistake has been kept up4 ,,henry ,,laurence3--,there is no positive attestation1 as in the other cases1 that this person1 certainly intimate with ,milton in subsequent years1 began acquaintance with him as one of his pupils4 ,the presumption is so strong1 however1 that ,i risk including him4 ,he was the second son of ,henry ,laurence1 of ,st4 ,ives1 ,hunts1 member for ,westmoreland in the ,long ,parliament1 known in #afdg as a thoughtful man1 and author of ,a ,treatise of our ,communion and ,war with ,angels1 and afterwards a staunch ,oliverian1 ,president of ,cromwell's ,council 7#afed71 and one of his ,lords 7#afeg74 ,he had an elder son1 ,edward1 who was fourteen years of age in #afdg1 and died in #afeg1 when ,henry became the heir4 ,therefore1 if we are right in supposing ,henry to have been ,milton's pupil in the ,barbican1 he cannot have been older than twelve or thirteen at the time4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,ath41 ,,iv4 #fc1 #fd2 note by ,bliss4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,gardiner1 ,,of ,,essex3--,that a person of this name was among ,milton's pupils in the ,barbican1 either with the title already1 or having it to come to him1 seems to be implied in a statement of ,wood1 quoted in the next paragraph4 ,,richard ,,barry1 #b,,nd ,,earl ,,of ,,barrimore3--,to this end that he might put it in practice1 says ,wood1 after describing ,milton's system of education as explained in his ,letter to ,hartlib1 he took a larger house1 where the ,earl of ,barrimore sent by his aunt the ,lady ,ranelagh1 ,sir ,thomas ,gardiner of ,essex1 to be there with others 7besides his two nephews7 under his tuition4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,fasti 7edit4 by ,bliss71 ,i4 #dhc4 ,the sentence is exactly in the same form in earlier editions4 ,the pointing and structure of the sentence make it obscure2 but ,i take the meaning to be that ,wood had heard of two of ,milton's pupils in the ,barbican house specially worth naming on account of their rank--the ,earl of ,barrimore and ,sir ,thomas ,gardiner--and that he had also been informed that it was the ,earl of ,barrimore's aunt1 the ,lady ,ranelagh1 that had placed that young ,irish nobleman under ,milton's charge4 ,the full significance of this was clear when ,wood wrote1 for ,lady ,ranelagh was then still alive1 and known as one of the most remarkable women of her century2 but readers now may need to be informed who ,lady ,ranelagh was4--,her husband was ,arthur ,jones1 #bnd ,viscount ,ranelagh in the ,irish peerage2 but that was not her chief distinction4 ,by birth she was a ,boyle1 one of the daughters of that ,richard ,boyle1 an ,englishman of ,kent1 who1 having gone over to ,ireland in #aehh1 had risen there1 by his prudence and integrity through three reigns1 to be successively ,sir ,richard ,boyle1 ,lord ,boyle of ,youghall1 ,viscount ,dungarvan1 and ,earl of ,cork1 with the office of ,lord ,high ,treasurer of ,ireland1 and with vast estates both in ,ireland and ,england4 ,this great ,earl1 dying in good old age in #afdc1 after some final service against the ,irish ,rebellion1 left four sons mid six daughters surviving out of a total family of fifteen4 ,the eldest surviving son1 ,richard1 till then ,viscount ,dungarvan1 succeeded to the ,earldom of ,cork1 and was afterwards created ,lord ,clifford of ,lanesborough 7#afdd7 and ,earl of ,burlington 7#affd7 in the ,english peerage2 the second1 ,roger1 created ,baron ,broghill in his father's lifetime1 bore that title till the ,restoration1 with a high character for wisdom and literary talent1 which he maintained afterwards as ,earl of ,orrery2 the next1 ,francis1 after giving proof of his ,royalism both in ,england and in exile1 received a place with his brothers in the ,irish peerage as ,viscount ,shannon2 and the fourth and youngest1 born ,jan4 #be1 #afbf-g1 was called to the end of his days merely ,the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,robert ,boyle1 but became the most famous of them all as the divine philosopher1 and founder of ,english ,chemistry4 ,so also1 among the daughters1 though all were ladies of great piety and virtue and an ornament to their sex1 one was the paragon4 ,this was ,catharine1 ,viscountess ,ranelagh1 born ,march #bb1 #afad-ae1 or twelve years before her brother ,robert4 ,of her reputation for vast reach both of knowledge and apprehension1 universal affability1 and liberality both of mind and of purse1 there is the most glowing tradition1 interspersed with facts and anecdotes2 and the singularly strong mutual affection that subsisted between her and her brother ,robert till the close of their lives runs like a silver thread through that philosopher's biography4 ,at our present date she was yet a young woman1 but her influence among the members of her family was already recognised4 ,since the ,irish ,rebellion the fixed residence of herself and her husband had been in 7,pall ,mall87 ,london4 ,here her relatives from ,ireland and elsewhere gathered round her2 and here in #afdd her youngest brother1 the future chemist1 turning up brown and penniless1 a foreign-looking lad of eighteen1 after his six years of travel abroad1 had been received with open arms4 ,he had remained in her house about five months1 and then had retired to his estate of ,stalbridge in ,dorsetshire1 where he continued mainly till #afej1 corresponding with her from amid his speculative studies and his apparatus for chemical experiments4--,one other service1 if ,anthony ,wood's information is correct1 ,lady ,ranelagh must have rendered about the same time to another member of her family4 ,most of her sisters had married into noble ,english or ,irish houses2 but the eldest of them1 ,alice1 ,lady ,barrimore1 had been left a widow with three young children by the death of her husband1 ,david1 first ,earl of ,barrimore4 ,this death had occurred before that of her father the great ,earl of ,cork1 and in that ,earl's will1 dated ,nov4 #bd1 #afdb1 he had shown his concern for this unexpected widowhood of his eldest daughter by special bequests to her three children4 ,two of them1 being daughters1 were to receive #a1jjjl4 apiece2 and for the behoof of the only son there was this provision3 ,for that ,i have ever cordially desired the restitution and recovery of the ,earl of ,barrimore's noble and anciently honourable house1 that his posterity may raise the same to its former lustre and greatness again1 and in regard that in my judgment there is no way so likely and probable 7,god blessing it7 to redeem and bring home the encumbered and disjointed estate of the said ,earl1 and his house and posterity1 as by giving a noble1 virtuous1 and religious education to the said now young ,earl1 my grandchild1 who1 by good and honourable breeding1 may 7by ,god's grace7 either by the favour of the prince1 or by his service to the ,king and country1 or a good marriage1 redeem and bring home that ancient and honourable house1 which upon the marriage of my daughter unto the late ,earl ,i did with my own money freely clear3 ,i do hereby1 for his lordship's better maintenance and accommodation in the premises1 bequeath unto my said grandchild1 ,richard1 now ,earl of ,barrimore1 from the time of my decease1 for1 during1 and until he shall attain the full age of #bb years1 one yearly annuity of #bjjl4 ,this was the boy who1 a year or two afterwards1 was sent to ,milton's in the ,barbican for tuition4 ,his aunt ,ranelagh had heard of ,milton1 or had come to know him personally2 and she thought he was the very man to give the boy the training which his wise grandfather had desired for him4--,there will be proof in time that ,lady ,ranelagh did know ,milton well1 saw him often1 and entertained a high regard for him1 which he reciprocated4 ,meanwhile we may anticipate so far as to say that she was not content with having obtained ,milton's instructions for her nephew1 the ,earl of ,barrimore1 but secured them also for her only son1 ,richard ,jones1 afterwards third ,viscount and first ,earl of ,ranelagh4 ,this nobleman1 who lived to as late as #agab with considerable distinction of various kinds1 and on the site of whose last house at ,chelsea ,ranelagh ,gardens were established1 is also to be reckoned1 we shall find1 in the list of ,milton's pupils4 ,it is just possible he may have begun his lessons1 with his cousin ,barrimore1 in the ,barbican house2 but1 as he was but seven years of age in #afdg1 this is hardly probable4 ,footnote3 ,birch's ,life of ,robert ,boyle1 prefixed to the #agad edition of ,boyle's ,works in five volumes folio 7pp4 #a-bj72 ,collins's ,peerage by ,brydges1 ,,vii4 #acd et seq4 7,boyle1 ,lord ,boyle71 and ,,vi4 l#hd2 ,irish ,compendium or ,rudiments of ,honour 7#agef71 for ,barrimore family1 ,debrett's ,peerage1 for ,ranelagh family2 ,worthington's ,diary1 by ,crossley1 ,i1 #afd-g2 ,cunningham's ,handbook of ,london1 #cgc and #dah2 ,phillips' ,memoir of ,milton2 and four letters ,nobili ,adolescenti ,richardo ,jonslo in ,milton's ,epistol ,familiares4 ,,educational ,,reform ,,still ,a ,,question3 ,,hartlib ,,again3 ,,the ,,invisible ,,college3 ,,young ,,robert ,,boyle ,,and ,,william ,,petty4 ,there may be something in ,phillips's guess that his uncle1 about #afdg1 had some idea of putting in practice his system of ,pedagogy on a larger scale than a mere private house permitted1 by becoming the head of some such public ,academy as that which he had described three years before in his ,letter to ,hartlib4 ,the question of a ,reform of the apparatus for national ,education had never quite vanished from the public mind even in the midst of the engrossing struggle between the ,presbyterians and the ,independents1 and a fresh interest was imparted to the subject by the ,ordinance of ,parliament in ,may #afdg for a ,visitation and ,purgation of the ,university of ,oxford 7ant1 pp4 #ede-f74 ,hartlib1 for one1 was again on the top of the wave4 ,the claims of this indefatigable man to some reward for his long and various services had at length been brought before ,parliament4 ,on the #beth of ,june1 #afdf1 on the report of a ,committee1 the ,house of ,commons had voted him #ajjl4 and in ,april #afdg the two ,houses farther agreed in a resolution to pay him #cjjl4 in consideration of his good deserts and great services to the ,parliament1 with a recommendation that1 on account of his special merits from all that are well-wishers to the advancement of learning1 he should be provided with some post of emolument at ,oxford4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals of ,june #be1 #afdf1 and ,march #ca1 #afdg2 and ,lords ,journals of ,april #a1 #afdg4 ,nothing came of the last suggestion1 and ,hartlib lived on in ,london as before1 still only ventilating his ideas of ,educational ,reform in a general way1 amid the other novelties of all sorts which he patronized4 ,hartlib's hero-in-chief on the ,educational subject1 the great ,comenius1 though doubtless remembered1 had practically gone out of view4 ,labouring at ,elbing on that piece of mere drudgery for which ,oxenstiern and others had persuaded him to lay aside his ,pansophic dreams 7ant1 p4 #bbh71 he had indeed compiled1 in four years1 a large recast of his ,latin ,didactics under the title of ,novissima ,linguarum ,methodus1 and had returned to ,sweden in #afdf to present the mass of manuscript to his employer ,ludovicus de ,geer4 ,the ,swedish critics do not seem to have yet been satisfied with the performance1 and ,comenius had carried it away with him again for corrections and additions1 not any longer in ,elbing1 but in his old ,polish home4 ,footnote3 ,comenius's ,preface to the ,second ,part of his ,opera ,didactica1 between #afbg and #afeg4 ,no chance for ,hartlib1 then1 of co-operating again with ,comenius in the foundation of a ,pansophic ,college in ,london6 ,hartlib's faculty of making new acquaintances1 however1 was as versatile as his passion for new lights2 and a certain ,invisible ,college which had already some habitat in ,london1 had become the substitute in his fancies for the unbuilt ,pansophic ,temple of the distant ,slavonian sage4 ,since #afde there had been held1 sometimes in ,wood ,street1 sometimes in ,cheapside1 and sometimes in ,gresham ,college1 those humble weekly meetings of a few worthy persons inquisitive into ,natural ,philosophy1 out of which there grew at length the great ,royal ,society of ,london4 ,theodore ,haak1 a naturalized ,german1 had originated the club2 and among the first members were ,dr4 ,john ,wallis 7the clerk of the ,westminster ,assembly1 but with other things in his head than what went on there71 the afterwards famous ,wilkins1 and the physician ,dr4 ,jonathan ,goddard4 ,if ,hartlib1 the fellow-countryman and friend of ,haak1 was not an original member1 he knew of the meetings from the first2 and the ,invisible ,college of his imagination seems to have been that enlarged future association of all earnest spirits for the prosecution of real and fruitful knowledge of which this club might be the symbol and promise4 ,the ,invisible ,college1 at all events1 was the temporary form of his ever-varying1 and yet indestructible1 zeal for progress4 ,it figures much in his correspondence at this time with one new friend1 who1 though not more than twenty years of age1 had that in him which made his friendship as precious to ,hartlib as any he had yet formed4 ,this was young ,robert ,boyle1 recently returned to ,england from his foreign travels1 and dividing his time between philosophical retirement at his house in ,dorsetshire and occasional visits to ,london4 ,in a letter to a ,cambridge friend written in ,feb4 #afdf-g1 during one of those ,london visits1 ,boyle says3 ,i have been every day these two months upon visiting my own ruined cottage in the country2 but it is such a labyrinth1 this ,london1 that all my diligence could never yet find my way out on't4444 ,the cornerstones of the ,invisible1 or1 as they term themselves1 ,philosophical ,college1 do now and then honour me with their company1 which makes me as sorry for those pressing occasions that urge my departure as ,i am at other times angry with that solicitous idleness that ,i am necessitated to during my stay3 men of so capacious and searching spirits that school-philosophy is but the lowest region of their knowledge1 and yet1 though ambitious to lead the way to any generous design1 of so humble and teachable a genius as they disdain not to be directed by the meanest1 so he can but plead reason for his opinion1--persons that endeavour to put narrowmindedness out of countenance1 by the practice of so extensive a charity that it reaches unto everything called man1 and nothing less than an universal goodwill can content it4 444 ,i will conclude their praises with the recital of their chiefest fault1 which is very incident to almost all good things2 and that is that there is not enough of them4 ,the first extant letters of ,boyle to ,hartlib were written from his ,dorsetshire retreat immediately after this visit to ,london1 and are in reply to letters received there from ,hartlib4 ,a new system of ,real characters or ,universal ,writing2 ,pneumatical ,engines or ,wind-guns2 ,mr4 ,durie1 his ,church-conciliation ,scheme1 and a ,discourse on the ,teaching of ,logic he had brought out2 the ingenious ,utopian ,speculations of a certain young ,mr4 ,hall2 the ,copernican ,astronomy 7to which ,mr4 ,boyle was once very much inclined72 the ,french mathematicians1 ,mersenne and ,gassendi2 ,oughtred's ,clavis ,mathematica2 a ,cure for the ,stone suggested by ,hartlib1 or rather by ,mrs4 ,hartlib3 such are some of the topics of the correspondence1 but with the ,invisible ,college irradiating all4 ,thus1 ,may #h1 #afdg1 ,boyle1 writing to ,mr4 ,hartlib1 to congratulate him on the #cjjl4 he had been voted by ,parliament1 says3 ,you interest yourself so much in the ,invisible ,college1 and that whole society is so highly concerned in all the accidents of your life1 that you can send me no intelligence of your own affairs that does not1 at least relationally1 assume the nature of ,utopian4 ,in the same letter ,boyle expresses his anxiety to have a copy of a pamphlet of ,hartlib's which had just appeared4 ,he names it rather vaguely2 but ,i have ascertained it to be ,a ,briefe ,discourse concerning the ,accomplishment of our ,reformation3 tending to shew that by an ,office of ,publicke ,address in spirituall and temporall matters the ,glory of ,god and the ,happiness of this ,nation may be greatly advanced4 ,it consisted of a preface1 addressed by ,hartlib to ,parliament1 and #ei pages of text1 explaining the said ,office of ,public ,address to be a kind of universal ,register ,house whereunto all men might freely come to give information of the commodities they have to be imparted to others4 ,the pamphlet was out in ,may #afdg4 ,footnote3 ,birch's ,life of ,boyle1 pp4 #bj-be2 ,worthington's ,diary by ,crossley1 #a4 #cac2 and copy of ,hartlib's pamphlet in the ,british ,museum1 with ,,ms4 note of date of publication4 ,while ,hartlib was writing on all things and sundry to young ,boyle1 the ,education subject included1 there was another new acquaintance of his1 only three years older than ,boyle1 with whom he seems to have been discussing the ,education subject more expressly4 ,william ,petty1 afterwards so famous as the universal genius1 ,sir ,william ,petty1 had returned from ,france at the age of twenty-three4 ,the considerable stock of knowledge which he had taken abroad with him when he left his native ,hampshire1 eight years before1 a pushing boy of fifteen1 had been increased by his studies at foreign ,universities1 his readings with ,hobbes in ,paris1 his commercial dealings1 and his inquisitiveness into the processes of all trades and handicrafts by which men earn their livings4 ,he came back a tall1 slender youth1 with a very large head1 to be spoken of in ,london as an encyclopdia of information1 a wonderful mathematician and mechanician1 teeming with schemes of all sorts1 and yet shrewd1 practical1 and business-like4 ,he was an invaluable addition to the ,invisible ,college1 and a delightful discovery for ,hartlib2 and he took to ,hartlib at once1 as every one else did4 ,what occupied him especially at the moment was a machine for double writing1 i4e4 for making two copies of any writing at once4 ,he hoped to obtain a patent for this invention from ,parliament2 and such a patent1 for seventeen years1 he did obtain in ,march #afdg-h4 ,while the thing was in progress1 however1 ,hartlib was his chief confidant4 ,this appears from a tract of his1 of #bf pages1 published ,jan4 #h1 #afdg-h1 and entitled ,the ,advice of ,w4 ,p4 to ,mr4 ,samuel ,hartlib for the advancement of some particular parts of ,learning4 ,the invention for double writing is described in the tract1 but it also sets forth ,petty's ideas on ,hartlib's favourite subject of a ,reformation of ,schools4 ,in fact1 in any collection of seventeenth-century tracts on that subject1 it ought to be bound up with ,hartlib's own older tracts in exposition of ,comenius1 and with the ,letter on ,education which ,hartlib had elicited from ,milton in #afdd4 ,petty's notions1 as may be supposed1 differ considerably from ,milton's4 ,he is for a universal education in what he calls ,ergastula ,literaria or ,literary ,workhouses1 where children may be taught as well to do something toward their living as to read and write2 and1 though he does not undervalue reading and writing1 or book-culture generally1 he lays the stress rather on mathematical and physical science1 manual dexterity1 and acquaintance with useful arts and inventions4 ,besides reading and writing1 he would have all children taught drawing and designing2 he would rather discourage the learning of languages1 both because people may have all the books they want in their mother-tongue1 and because the use of real characters1 or an ideographic system of writing1 would lessen the necessity of knowing foreign tongues2 but1 so far as languages might have to be learnt1 their acquisition1 as well as that of the simple arts of reading and writing1 might be much facilitated by improved methods4 ,in short1 in ,petty's project of ,education1 with much of the same general spirit of innovation1 utilitarianism1 contempt of tradition1 as in ,milton's1 there is a characteristic difference of detail and even of principle4 ,you are to be made expert in graving1 etching1 carving1 embossing1 and moulding in sundry matters1 in grinding of glasses dioptrical and catoptrical1 in navarchy and making models for building and rigging of ships1 in anatomy1 making skeletons1 and excarnating bowels2 but you miss all that ,milton would have taught you of ,latin and ,greek1 ,poetry and ,philosophy1 ,italian and ,hebrew1 moral magnanimity and spiritual elevation1 the ,history of ,nations1 and the ways of ,god to men4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,ath41 ,,iv4 #bad2 ,worthington's ,diary by ,crossley1 ,i4 #bid- #h2 and ,pett's own ,tract4 ,on its title-page are the words ,london3 ,printed anno ,dom #afdh2 but a copy in the ,british ,museum bears the ,,ms4 note ,london1 #h ,january1 #afdg-h4 ,,removal ,,from ,,barbican ,,to ,,high ,,holborn4 ,it would have been no surprise if ,milton1 on the skirts of the ,invisible ,college as he was1 and in sympathy with many of their aims1 had exerted himself about this time in setting up a great ,academy for young gentlemen1 embodying some of the new utilitarian fancies even to the satisfaction of ,petty1 but fulfilling also his own higher ideal4 ,he was peculiarly fond of ,pedagogy2 and his notion of an institution combining the ,school with the ,university1 and so tending to the abolition of ,universities1 seems to have been coming more and more into favour4 ,not only1 however1 did ,milton abandon the experiment of which ,phillips thinks there was then some prospect2 but1 precisely in #afdg1 he broke up his actual pedagogic establishment in ,barbican1 and went into a new house1 where he either ceased to teach altogether1 or had no pupils remaining but his two nephews4 ,what may have been his reasons for the step we do not know2 but it is not unlikely that the change of his circumstances by his father's death had something to do with it4 ,no will of the ex-scrivener having been found1 it is not known what property he left2 but there is reason to believe that he left something considerable1 and that1 whatever it was1 it came more completely to the two sons1 and their sister ,mrs4 ,agar1 than while the old man lived4 ,footnote3 ,we may remember here ,phillips's and ,aubrey's hints as to the scrivener's prosperity in business4 ,phillips's information is that he gained a competent estate1 whereby he was enabled to make a handsome provision both for the education and maintenance of his children2 and he adds such particulars as that his mother1 ,mrs4 ,phillips1 had a considerable dowry given her on her first marriage1 and that the lease of the scrivener's house in ,bread ,street--the ,spread ,eagle1 where he had carried on his business1 and where his children had been born 7or at least of some house in that street7--became in time part of the poet's estate4 ,aubrey distinctly reckons the ,spread ,eagle house as the scrivener's property1 besides another house in the same street called ,the ,rose1 and other houses in other places4 ,christopher ,milton1 as we know1 owned a house in ,london called the ,cross ,keys1 worth #djl4 a year1 while his father was alive4 ,at all events1 the fact of ,milton's change of residence within a few months after his father's death is certified by ,phillips4 ,it was not long1 says ,phillips1 after the march of ,fairfax and ,cromwell through the ,city of ,london1 with the whole ,army1 to quell the insurrections ,browne and ,massey1 now malcontents also1 were endeavouring to raise in the ,city against the ,army's proceedings1 ere he left his great house in ,barbican1 and betook himself to a smaller in ,high ,holborn1 among those that open backward into ,lincoln's-,inn ,fields4 ,the date of that famous march of the ,army through ,london1 to tame the tumultuous ,presbyterianism of the ,city1 rescue ,parliament from its domination1 and compel a policy more favourable to ,independency and ,toleration1 was ,august #f and #g1 #afdg 7see ant1 pp4 #eec-d74 ,milton's removal from ,barbican may be assigned1 therefore1 to ,september or ,october in the same year4 ,change we1 then1 from those eastern purlieus of ,aldersgate ,street and ,barbican1 where we have been observing ,milton for seven years1 to a scene farther west1 more within the cognisance of ,londoners generally1 and nearer to those two ,houses of ,parliament which the ,army had rescued for the time from ,presbyterian leadership within and ,presbyterian mob-law without4 ,holborn was not then the dense continuity of houses it is now2 there were more spaces in it of gardens and greenery1 and the houses had not crept as far as ,oxford ,street2 but it was1 as now1 the familiar thoroughfare of relief from the narrower and noisier ,fleet ,street and ,strand1 and the part of it which ,milton had chosen was the most convenient4 ,the actual house which he took may be still extant1 wedged somewhere in the labyrinthine block between ,great ,turnstile and ,little ,turnstile2 but one could judge but poorly from present appearances how pleasant may have been its old outlook to the rear4 ,the fine open area of ,lincoln's-,inn ,fields was then only partly built round1 and was used as a lounge and bowling-green by the lawyers and citizens4 ,the houses in the neighbourhood were mostly new ones4 ,footnote3 ,cunningham's ,london3 ,holborn and ,lincoln's-,inn ,fields4 ,,meditations ,,and ,,occupations ,,in ,,the ,,house ,,in ,,high ,,holborn3 ,,milton',s ,,sympathies ,,with ,,the ,,army ,,chiefs ,,and ,,the ,,expectant ,,republicans4 ,when ,milton removed to ,high ,holborn1 with his wife1 their infant daughter1 and the two nephews1 the ,king was in the third and least disagreeable stage of his captivity4 ,his detention with the ,scots at ,newcastle1 and his subsequent residence under ,parliamentary custody at ,holmby ,house1 were affairs of the ,barbican period2 and1 by ,joyce's act of the previous ,june1 his ,majesty had been for some months in the keeping of the ,army1 very generously treated1 and permitted at last to reside1 with much of restored state-ceremony1 at his own palace of ,hampton ,court4 ,fairfax1 ,cromwell1 ,ireton1 and the other ,army-chiefs1 from their head- quarters at ,putney1 were negotiating with him2 and1 the march of the ,army through ,london having disabled the ultra-,presbyterians for the moment and transferred the ascendancy to the ,independents1 people were looking forward to a settlement on the basis of an established ,presbyterian ,church for the nation at large1 but with liberty of conscience and of worship for ,dissenters4 ,for ,milton1 among others1 this was a pleasant prospect4 ,his sympathies1 nay his personal interests1 were wholly with the ,independents2 all that the ,army had done had his approbation2 and1 whatever he might have had to say now 7with the strong new lights he had obtained since #afda7 as to the propriety of a ,presbyterian ,establishment on its own merits1 he was probably prepared to accept such an ,establishment1 if with a sufficient guarantee of ,toleration4 ,now1 although he cannot have retained1 more than other people1 any strong confidence in ,charles personally1 any real hope of his voluntary and unreserved assent to a system of kingly government limited by great constitutional checks1 yet a ,treaty with ,charles by the ,independents rather than the ,presbyterians must have seemed to him the most feasible way of reaching the end in view4 ,hence1 while the ,king was at ,hampton ,court1 and the ,army-chiefs1 with ,cromwell most prominent among them1 were plying his royal mind with arguments to bring him round1 there can have been no private person more interested in their endeavours1 more willing to believe them in the right1 than ,milton4 ,hardly had he been settled in his new house in ,high ,holborn1 however1 when there came the snap of all those negotiations by the ,king's flight from ,hampton ,court to the ,isle of ,wight 7,nov4 #aa1 #afdg74 ,then1 ,i conceive1 ,milton's mood changed1 in exact unison with the change of mood at the same time among the ,army-chiefs and other leading ,independents4 ,for a month or two1 indeed1 there may have been some interest1 some faint prolongation of hope1 in attending to the proceedings of ,parliament in pursuit of the ,king1 and their attempt to obtain his assent to the ,four ,bills4 ,but1 from the moment when that attempt failed1 and the two ,houses passed their indignant resolutions that there should be no more communications with the ,king 7,jan4 #afdg-h71 all hesitation must have ceased4 ,from that moment ,milton was a ,republican at heart4 ,from that moment he was one of those who1 with ,vane1 ,marten1 ,cromwell1 ,ireton1 and the ,army officers generally1 had forsworn all future allegiance to the ,man in the ,isle of ,wight1 and looked forward1 through whatever intermediate difficulties1 to his deposition and punishment1 and the conversion of ,england iinto some kind of free ,commonwealth4 ,in such a matter1 it could not1 of course1 be expected that a private citizen like ,milton1 who had no ambition to rank with ,lilburne and other ,london ,levellers of the coarser order1 would anticipate ,cromwell1 ,vane1 and ,ireton4 ,he expressly says himself that1 though he had been so prominent as a speculative politician1 had made certain great questions of the time more peculiarly his own1 had written largely on them and publicly identified his name with them1 yet he had not hitherto taken any direct part in the immediate practical question of the future constitution of the ,state1 but had left it to the appointed authorities ,footnote3 ,df4 ,sec4 pro ,pop4 ,angl41 published in #afed4 ,not the less are we to imagine that the time of his residence in ,high ,holborn1 while the ,king was a prisoner in the ,isle of ,wight1 was the time when those high and semi-poetic ,republican sentiments which seem always to have been congenial to him1 and which his classic readings may have nurtured1 took a definite shape applicable to ,england4 ,from the end of #afdg1 ,i should say1 ,milton has to be reckoned as a foremost spirit in the band of expectant ,english ,republicans4 ,whether the issue was to be a ,republic or not was a question which ,milton had to leave in the hands of the ,army and ,parliament4 ,while they were slowly working it out1 what could he do but occupy himself1 as patiently as possible1 with his books and studies8 ,there is evidence1 accordingly1 that three pieces of work1 already begun or projected by him in ,aldersgate ,street or ,barbican1 were prosecuted with some increased diligence in his house in ,high ,holborn4 ,one of these was the collection of materials for a ,thesaurus ,lingu ,latin1 or ,latin ,dictionary1 which he hoped some time to complete4 ,another was the composition of a ,history of ,england1 or ,history of ,britain1 from the earliest times to the ,norman ,conquest3--nay1 though that was the form it ultimately took1 the original project was nothing less than ,hume anticipated1 or a complete ,history of ,england1 brought down in a continuous thread from the remotest origins of the nation to ,milton's own time4 ,the third was the long-meditated ,body of ,divinity1 or ,methodical ,digest of ,christian ,doctrine4 ,here1 surely1 were three huge enough tasks of sheer hackwork hung round the neck of a poet6 ,milton's liking all his life for such labours of compilation1 however1 is as remarkable as his liking for pedagogy4 ,nor1 though we may regard the tasks as hackwork now1 were they so regarded by ,milton4 ,to amass gradually by readings in the ,latin classics a collection of idioms and choice references1 with a view to a ,dictionary that should be an improvement even on that of ,stephanus1 was a side-labour to which a scholar1 who was also a poet1 might well dedicate a bit of each day or a week or two at intervals4 ,to write a complete ,history of ,england1 or even to compile1 from ,geoffrey of ,monmouth1 ,bede1 and the old chroniclers1 a popular summary of the early legendary ,history of ,britain1 and of the ,history of the ,saxon ,kings and ,church1 was a blending of daily recreation with useful labour4 ,above all1 the compilation of a ,system of ,divinity was no mere dry drudgery for ,milton1 but a business of serious personal interest4 ,from an early date he had resolved on some such compendium for his own use2 he had ever since kept it in view and made notes for it2 but his notions of the form it should take had undergone a change4 ,i entered1 he says1 upon an assiduous course of study in my youth1 beginning with the books of the ,old and ,new ,testament in their original languages1 and going diligently through a few of the shorter ,systems of ,divines1 in imitation of whom ,i was in the habit of classing under certain heads whatever passages of ,scripture occurred for extraction1 to be made use of hereafter as occasion might require4 ,at length ,i resorted with increased confidence to some of the more copious ,theological ,treatises1 and to the examination of the arguments advanced by the conflicting parties respecting certain disputed points of faith4 ,apparently he was still in this stage of his design in the ,aldersgate period2 for then1 as we have seen 7ant1 pp4 #bed-e71 one of his exercises with his pupils on ,sundays was the dictation to them of a ,tractate on ,christian ,divinity digested from such approved ,protestant ,divines as ,amesius and ,wollebius4 ,but this method1 he tells us1 had ceased to satisfy him4 ,often he had found the theologians quibbling and sophistical1 more anxious to evade adverse reasonings and establish foregone conclusions than to arrive at the truth4 ,according to my judgment1 therefore1 he adds1 neither my creed nor my hope of salvation could be safely trusted to such guides2 and yet it appeared highly requisite to possess some methodical ,tractate of ,christian ,doctrine1 or at least to attempt such a disquisition as might be useful in establishing my faith or assisting my memory4 ,i deemed it therefore safest and most advisable to compile for myself1 by my own labour and study1 some original treatise which should be always at hand1 derived solely from the ,word of ,god itself1 and executed with all possible fidelity1 seeing ,i could have no wish to practise any imposition on myself in such a matter4 ,in all probability the preparations for the work on this new plan began in the house in ,high ,holborn4 ,for some years ,england had been in such a state of theological ferment that it was impossible not to inquire how much of the traditional ,orthodoxy had real warrant in the ,bible and how much was mere matter of inveterate opinion2 in one important particular ,milton1 to his own surprise1 had found himself standing out publicly as the champion of what was thought a horrible heresy2 might it not be well to go over the whole ground1 and fix one's whole ,christian creed so as to be able to give an account of it1 when called upon1 in every other particular8 ,the ,westminster ,assembly1 like other ,assemblies before it1 had laboured out a ,confession of ,faith which it wished to impose on the entire community2 but1 as it was only to the individual faith of each man that ,god had opened up the way of eternal salvation1 was it not the duty of every ,englishman to examine that ,confession before accepting it as his own1 or even to compile his own private ,confession first and let the comparison follow at leisure8 ,footnote3 ,phillips's ,memoir at several points2 ,milton's ,def4 ,sec42 and ,preface to his posthumous ,treatise on ,christian ,doctrine 7,sumner's ,translation1 #ahbe74 ,phillips mentions expressly the ,history of ,england as occupying ,milton in ,high ,holborn2 but the most interesting allusion to it is ,milton's own in his ,def4 ,sec41 where the words are ,ad historiam gentis1 ab ultim origine repetitam1 ad hc usque tempora1 si possem1 perpetuo filo deduoendam1 me converti4 ,,still ,,under ,,the ,,ban ,,of ,,the ,,presbyterians3 ,,testimony ,,of ,,the ,,london ,,ministers ,,against ,,heresies ,,and ,,blasphemies3 ,,milton ,,in ,,the ,,black ,,list4 ,alas6 ,milton1 busy with these occupations in his room looking out upon ,lincoln's-,inn ,fields1 could not shut out the continued hue and cry after him on account of his ,divorce heresy4 ,it was more than two years since his wife had returned to him2 he had then closed the controversy so far as it was a personal one2 he was now respectably in routine1 as a married man with one child4 ,but the world round about1 more especially the clerical part of it1 had not forgiven him his ,divorce ,pamphlets4 ,were they not still in circulation1 doing infinite harm8 ,had not their infamous doctrine become one of the heresies of the age1 counting other unblushing exponents1 and not a few practical adherents8 ,keep silence as he now might1 move as he might from ,aldersgate ,street to ,barbican and from ,barbican to ,high ,holborn1 would not his dark reputation dog him1 sit at his doorstep1 and gaze in at his windows8 ,actually it did4 ,the series of attacks on ,milton for his ,divorce ,doctrine1 begun by ,herbert ,palmer and other mouthpieces of the ,westminster ,assembly in #afdd1 and continued in that and subsequent years by the ,stationers' ,company1 ,featley1 ,paget1 ,prynne1 ,edwards1 ,baillie1 and others1 had not ceased at the close of #afdg4 ,one fresh attack1 of some significance in itself1 may be instanced as a sample of the rest4 ,london1 it is to be remembered1 was now under ,presbyterian ,church- government4 ,in every parish there was the ,parochial or ,congregational ,court1 consisting of the minister and lay-elders1 charged with all the ecclesiastical concerns of the parish1 and with the right of spiritual censure over the parishioners4 ,the parishes were also grouped into ,classes of ministers and lay-elders4 ,at last there had come into operation even the crowning device of ,provincial ,synods for all ,london1 in which representative ministers and elders met to discuss metropolitan ,church affairs generally and to revise the proceedings of ,classes and ,congregations4 ,the first of these ,provincial ,synods1 with ,dr4 ,gouge for ,prolocutor1 had met in ,st4 ,paul's in ,may #afdg1 and had continued its sittings twice a week in ,sion ,college till ,november #h1 #afdg1 when its half-year of office expired1 and it was succeeded by the ,second ,provincial ,synod1 under the ,prolocutorship of ,dr4 ,lazarus ,seaman4 ,now1 had ,london been perfect in its ,presbytery according to the extreme rigour of the ,scottish model1 ,milton could not possibly have escaped the clutch of one or other of these ,church-judicatories4 ,as a resident in ,barbican1 he had been1 ,i think1 in the parish of ,st4 ,botolph without ,aldersgate2 and1 when he removed to ,high ,holborn1 he came into the parish of ,st4 ,andrew1 ,holborn4 ,had the ,scottish strictness prevailed in ,london1 the minister of either of these parishes would have felt himself bound to bring ,milton before the parochial consistory for his ,divorce heresy ,footnote3 ,from ,newcourt's ,repertorium and ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #hab1 ,i learn that the ,curate or ,vicar of ,st4 ,botolph's1 ,aldersgate1 in the late rebellious times1 was ,george ,hall1 a son of ,bishop ,hall and himself promoted to the ,bishopric of ,chester after the ,restoration2 and the ,rector of ,st4 ,andrew's1 ,holborn1 before the civil troubles was ,dr4 ,john ,hacket1 already well known to us 7,vol4 ,,ii4 #bbe-h71 and also afterwards a ,bishop4 ,both of these1 as strenuous ,prelatists1 must have been dispossessed from their charges long before the time with which we are now concerned2 and ,i have not been able to ascertain who were their ,presbyterian successors at this exact date4--,there may be some significance in the fact that the parish minister before whom ,milton's brother ,christopher and his father-in-law ,mr4 ,powell performed the necessary ceremony of taking the ,covenant1 with a view to their admission to compound for their ,delinquency1 was ,william ,barton1 minister of ,john ,zachary 7ant1 p4 #dhe and p4 #fcd74 ,the parish of ,st4 ,john ,zachary was one of the parishes of ,aldersgate ,ward1 and the church stood at the north-west corner of ,maiden ,lane1 till it was burnt down in the ,great ,fire of #afff2 after which it was not rebuilt1 and the parish of ,st4 ,john ,zachary was united to that of ,st4 ,ann in the same ward4 ,had ,milton found ,mr4 ,barton of ,john ,zachary's a more convenient minister to have dealings with than other ministers of the ,aldersgate ,street and ,barbican neighbourhood2 and did he attend ,mr4 ,barton's church when he attended any8 ,if so1 and if we are right in identifying this ,william ,barton with the minister of the same name whose ,metrical ,version of the ,psalms was preferred by the ,lords to ,rous's 7see ant1 p4 #dbe71 their metrical sympathies may have had something to do with the connexion4--,the fact that a son of ,bishop ,hall's was ,curate or ,vicar of ,st4 ,botolph's1 ,aldersgate1 at the time when the ,bishop and another son of his were attacking ,milton for his part in the ,smectymnuan controversy1 and speaking of him as then living in a suburb sink about ,london1 and collecting gossip about him1 was not known to me when ,i was engaged on that part of the ,biography 7,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cij et seq472 but it may be worth remembering even now42 or1 if the duty had been neglected1 ,classis ,,iv41 to which the parish of ,st4 ,botolph belonged1 or ,classis ,,viii41 to which the parish of ,st4 ,andrew belonged1 would have interfered2 or1 finally1 in the case of so notorious an offender1 the ,provincial ,synod itself would not have been asleep4 ,true1 the censure that could have been inflicted would only have been spiritual2 but1 by zealous management1 especially if the culprit were obstinate1 such spiritual censure might have led to farther prosecution by the secular courts4 ,certainly1 if ,milton had been in ,scotland1 this would have happened4 ,certainly it would have happened in ,london if the ,english ,presbyterians had succeeded in subjecting that city to the grip of their absolute or ideal ,presbytery4 ,but they had not succeeded1 and it was their constant lamentation that they had not4 ,though the ,presbyterian organization of ,london had been voted on trial1 the ,congregationalist principle still asserted itself in the existence of many independent congregations and meeting-houses2 though sometimes interfering with the less respectable of these1 ,parliament and the law- courts had taken no steps for their general suppression2 and1 by belonging to one of them1 a ,londoner of peculiar opinions might have the comfort and respectability of being a church-goer like his neighbours1 and yet avoid unpleasant inquisitorship4 ,then1 again1 through what the ultra-,presbyterians regarded as the ,erastian backwardness of ,parliament1 those offences for which the parochial or other ,church-judicatories might inflict even spiritual censures had been very strictly defined4 ,only for certain faults of ignorance or of scandalous life1 enumerated and specified by ,act of ,parliament1 could the ,presbyterian ,church- judicatories debar from the communion2 in any case lying beyond that range they could not act without reference to the superior authority of a great ,parliamentary ,commission 7ant1 pp4 #cii1 #dje1 #dbc74 ,sore had been the complaints of the ,presbyterians over this limitation of the powers of ,church discipline1 as well as over the negligence of ,parliament in not having yet passed such an ,act against ,heresies and ,blasphemies as might enable the ,state to use the sterner discipline of fines1 imprisonment1 scourging1 and hanging1 in aid of true ,christianity4 ,even as things were1 however1 it may be wondered that some zealot did not try to bring ,milton's case within the powers actually assigned to the ,church-courts1 or to push it on the notice of the secular judges in virtue of such ,acts as did exist against ,heresy4 ,there was very good reason1 however1 for not making the experiment4 ,it had already been tried and bad failed4 ,twice had ,milton's case been brought before ,parliament1 and ,parliament had distinctly declined to trouble him4 ,evidently1 whatever the hotter ,presbyterians desired1 ,milton was safe in the respect entertained for him personally by some of those who were at the head of affairs1 or in an opinion prevailing in high quarters that the publication of a new speculation on ,divorce was not an offence for which a man otherwise eminent ought to be questioned at law4 ,what cannot be done in one way1 however1 may sometimes be done in another4 ,not only was ,london the central stronghold of ,english ,presbyterianism2 the power of ,presbyterianism there centralized was a kind of ,proteus4 ,one of its forms was the ,westminster ,assembly1 a large nucleus of which consisted of ministers from ,london and the suburbs2 another1 since ,may #afdg1 was the ,london ,provincial ,synod4 ,but1 in aid of these two bodies1 and including many that belonged to both1 there was a third1 of vaguer character1 in that ,sion ,college conclave which the ,london clergy had instituted of their own accord for the concoction of notions that might take shape in the ,assembly or the ,synod 7ant1 p4 #cid74 ,now1 in ,december #afdg1 this ,sion ,college conclave1 since they could do no more1 sent forth a ,presbyterian manifesto of some magnitude4 ,it was ,a ,testimony to the ,truth of ,jesus ,christ1 and to our ,solemn ,league and ,covenant2 as also against the ,errors1 ,heresies1 and ,blasphemies of these times1 and the ,toleration of them3 wherein is inserted a ,catalogue of the said ,errors1 c43 subscribed by the ,ministers of ,christ within the ,province of ,london1 ,dec4 #ad1 #afdg4 ,this ,testimony1 which was immediately published1 ,footnote3 ,london3 ,printed by ,a4 ,m4 for ,tho4 ,underhill at the ,bible in ,wood ,street3 #afdh4 bore the signatures of #eh ,london ministers in all1 of whom #da signed to the whole document1 while #ag1 being members of ,assembly1 abstained from signing to those parts that related particularly to the ,confession of ,faith and the ,directory of ,worship1 not because they did not thoroughly approve of those parts1 but because they thought themselves precluded1 by constitutional etiquette1 from publicly affirming portions of the ,assembly's work which still waited full ,parliamentary sanction4 ,all the #eh1 however1 subscribed to that main portion of the ,testimony which consisted in an enumeration1 and condemnation of certain abominable errors1 damnable heresies1 and horrid blasphemies4 ,among the seventeen members of ,assembly so subscribing were ,dr4 ,lazarus ,seaman of ,allhallows1 ,bread ,street 7,milton's native parish71 then ,prolocutor of the ,london ,provincial ,synod2 ,dr4 ,gouge of ,blackfriars1 ex-,prolocutor of the same2 ,dr4 ,hoyle of ,stepney1 ,dr4 ,tuckney1 and ,messrs4 ,gataker1 ,calamy1 ,ashe and ,case2 and among the forty-one others were ,samuel ,clarke of ,benetfink1 ,christopher ,love of ,anne's1 ,aldersgate1 ,john ,downam of ,allhallows1 ,thames ,street1 ,henry ,roborough1 one of the scribes of the ,assembly and minister of ,leonard's1 ,eastcheap1 and ,john ,wallis1 sub-clerk of the ,assembly1 now uniting as well as he could the duties of that office and the parish-cure of ,gabriel's1 ,fenchurch ,street1 with his mathematical proclivities and his association with the physicists of the ,invisible ,college4 ,and what were the errors1 heresies1 and blasphemies1 thus publicly certified against by these ,london divines and the rest8 ,they were classified with great punctuality under nineteen heads1 each head being subdivided into specific varieties of error1 and the chief heretics under each openly named4 ,first came ,anti-,scripturism1 or ,errors against the divine authority of ,holy ,scriptures1 associated with the names of ,john ,goodwill and ,laurence ,clarkson2 then1 in four heads and their subdivisions1 came ,anti-,trinitarianism1 or ,errors against the nature and essence of ,god1 against the ,trinity1 against the ,deity of the ,son of ,god1 and against the ,deity and divine worship of the ,holy ,ghost1 the culprits named for chief condemnation in this department being ,biddle and ,paul ,best2 and so on the catalogue proceeds through various forms of ,arminianism1 ,antinomianism1 ,seekerism1 ,anti-,sabbatarianism1 ,antipdobaptism1 ,anabaptism1 ,materialism or ,mortalism1 ending in ,tolerationism4 ,among the ,arminians denounced as notorious are ,paul ,best again1 ,paul ,hobson1 but especially ,john ,goodwin again1 and the ,episcopalian and ,royalist ,dr4 ,henry ,hammond1 whose ,practical ,catechism1 published in #afdd1 is cited as full of ,arminian error4 ,among the ,antinomians are denounced ,randall1 ,simson1 ,eaton1 ,crisp1 and ,erbury2 among the ,seekers1 ,saltmarsh and ,jos4 ,salmon2 among the ,anti- ,sabbatarians1 ,saltmarsh again2 among the ,antipdobaptists and ,anabaptists1 ,saltmarsh again1 ,tombes1 and ,webb4 ,in a special group1 as opposing magistracy and lawful oaths1 are mentioned ,roger ,williams1 ,samuel ,gorton1 and ,dr4 ,henry ,hammond again2 the chief representative of the tremendous doctrine of ,materialism or the ,denial of the ,immortality of the ,soul is ,r4 ,o41 the anonymous author of the tract on ,man's ,mortality2 and among the leading ,tolerationists or representatives of the grand error of ,liberty of ,conscience1 patronizing and promoting all other errors1 heresies1 and blasphemies whatsoever1 are named ,roger ,williams again and ,paul ,best again4--,one head or department in this long black list we have reserved4 ,it is the #agth in order1 including ,errors touching ,marriage and ,divorce4 ,here the anonymous author of a pamphlet called ,little ,nonsuch1 published in #afdf1 bears the brunt of the obloquy1 on account of the opinion that1 as that marriage is most just which is made without any ambitious or covetous end1 so1 if this liking and mutual correspondency happen betwixt the nearest of kindred1 then it is also the most natural1 the most lawful1 and according to the primitive 7,patriarchal7 purity and practice4 ,but ,milton comes in company with this ,little ,nonsuch1 as hardly less worthy of execration on account of his ,divorce ,doctrine4 ,the main proposition of his ,doctrine and ,discipline of ,divorce is extracted textually from page #f of the ,second or #afdd ,edition of that treatise1 to show what a dreadful doctrine had been there maintained2 but1 in case this should not seem enough1 the ,testifying ,divines1 in the marginal note where they give the reference1 add the words1 ,peruse the whole book4 ,they do not name ,milton fully1 but only by his initials ,j4 ,m41 as on the title-page of his ,treatise4 ,footnote3 ,there is a general account of this ,testimony of the ,london ministers in ,dec4 #afdg in ,neal's ,puritans1 ,,iii4 #cei-cfc2 but the account in the text is from the published copy of the ,testimony itself4 ,sold at the shop of that very ,underhill in ,wood ,street who had been the publisher of three of ,milton's own pamphlets in the ,smectymnuan ,controversy in #afda 7ant1 p4 #dej71 this ,testimony of the ,london ministers had an extensive circulation4 ,it was adopted1 in fact1 as the authorized manifesto of all the ,english ,presbyterianism then most militant for that full right of ecclesiastical and civil control over heresy and its dissemination which ,parliament hitherto had refused to recognise4 ,in a short time1 accordingly1 it received the adhesion of #fd ministers in ,gloucestershire1 #hd in ,lancashire1 #hc in ,devonshire1 and #ga in ,somersetshire4 ,nor was this subscription of the same printed document by #cfj of the most active ,presbyterian ministers throughout ,england a mere appeal to public opinion4 ,it was intended as an aid to ,presbyterianism in its anxious endeavour to obtain even yet all it wanted from ,parliament4 ,one observes1 for example1 that1 within a month after the manifesto of the ,london ministers had gone forth from ,sion ,college1 i4e4 on the #abth of ,january1 #afdg-h1 a petition was presented to ,parliament by the ,london ,provincial ,synod itself1 praying for various extensions and amendments of the ,presbyterian system in the ,city1 among which was the better establishment of ,church censures for notorious and scandalous offenders4 ,footnote3 ,neal's ,puritans1 ,,iii4 #cei-cfc2 and ,lords ,journals1 ,jan4 #ab1 #afdg-h2 but see also ,halley's ,lancashire and its ,puritanism 7#ahfi71 ,i4 #dfg et seq4 ,at least two of the heretics denounced in the ,sion ,college manifesto published replies4 ,the ,royalist ,dr4 ,henry ,hammond thought it worth while to defend his ,practical ,catechism in a tract called ,views of some ,exceptions1 c4 ,footnote3 ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iii4 #did-e4 ,john ,goodwin of ,coleman ,street1 who had been more largely attacked1 and who indeed had reason to believe that the manifesto was mainly directed against himself1 replied with his usual cool stoutness in a pamphlet called ,sion ,college ,visited4 ,he there rebukes his accusers for their uncharitableness1 unfairness1 and malice in seeking to exasperate the sword of the civil magistrate against pious and peaceable citizens who had done them no injury4 ,footnote3 ,jackson's ,life of ,goodwin4 #agb-age4 ,in effect1 this reply of ,goodwin's answered for the others as well as for himself4 ,milton1 at all events1 let the thing pass unnoticed4 ,entering his house in ,high ,holborn1 it may have been enough for him to repeat to himself1 by way of comment1 the lines he had already written-- ,i did but prompt the age to quit their clogs ,by the known rules of ancient liberty1 ,when straight a barbarous noise environs me ,of owls and cuckoos1 asses1 apes1 arid dogs2 or perhaps1 by way of more determinate conclusion1 his other and ever famous line1 ,new ,presbyter is but old ,priest writ large4 ,,another ,,letter ,,from ,,carlo ,,dati3 ,,translation ,,of ,,nine ,,psalms ,,from ,,the ,,hebrew4 ,exactly at this time1 when the repeated attentions of ,new ,presbyter in ,england must have been annoying ,milton1 he had a friendly gleam from the land of the ,old ,priest4 ,carlo ,dati had duly received his ,latin ,epistle of the previous ,april1 and had acknowledged it in a long ,italian letter1 dated ,nov4 #a1 #afdg1 but which may not have reached ,milton till ,jan4 #afdg- #h1 or even later4 ,the letter still exists in ,dati's own hand1 and the following is a translation of as much of it as can interest us here3-- ,all ,illmo4 ,sig4 ,gio4 ,miltoni1 ,londra meaning literally ,to the most illustrious ,signor ,john ,milton1 ,london2 but this is merely the polite ,italian form of correspondence1 and implies no more than ,to ,mr4 ,john ,milton1 ,london4 ,when all hope of receiving letters from you was dead in me1 most keen as was my desire for such1 lo6 there arrives one to delight me more than ,i can express with this most grateful pen4 ,o what feelings of boundless joy that little paper raise in my heart--a paper written by a friend so admirable and so dear2 bringing to me1 after so long a time and from so distant a land1 news of the welfare of one about whom ,i was as anxious as ,i was uncertain1 and assuring me that there remains so fresh and so kind a remembrance of myself in the noble soul of ,signor ,john ,milton6 ,already ,i knew what regard he had for my country2 which reckons herself fortunate in having in great ,england 7separated1 as the ,poet said1 from our world7 one who magnifies her glories1 loves her citizens1 celebrates her writers1 and can himself write and discourse with such propriety and grace in her beautiful idiom4 ,and precisely this it is that moves me to reply in ,italian to the exquisite ,latin letter of my honoured friend1 who has such a very singular faculty of reviving dead tongues and making foreign ones his own2 hoping that there may be something agreeable to him in the sound of a language which he speaks and knows so well4 ,i will take the same opportunity of earnestly begging you to be please to honour with your verses the glorious memory of ,signor ,francesco ,rovai1 a distinguished ,florentine poet prematurely dead1 and1 to the best of my belief1 well known to you3 this having already been done at my request by the very eminent ,nicolas ,heinsius and ,isaac ,vossius of ,holland1 peculiarly intimate and valued friends of mine1 and famous scholars of our age4 ,footnote3 ,about ,nicolas ,heinsius 7#afbj-afha7 and his intimacy with ,dati and the other ,florentine wits1 see ,vol4 ,i4 #gba #b4 ,both he and ,isaac ,vossius 7#afah-afhh7 will reappear in closer connexion with ,milton himself4 ,signor ,francesco was noble by birth1 endowed by nature with a genius of the highest kind1 which was enriched by culture and by unwearied study of the finest sciences4 ,he understood ,greek excellently1 spoke ,french1 and wrote ,latin and ,italian wonderfully4 ,he composed ,tragedies1 and excelled also in lyrical ,canzoni1 in which he praised heroes and discountenanced all vice1 particularly in one set of seven made against the seven capital sins4 ,he was well-bred1 courteous1 a favourite with our ,princes1 or uncorrupted manners1 and most religious4 ,he died young1 without having published his works3 a splendid obituary ceremonial is being prepared for him by his friends1 faulty only in the fact that the charge of the funeral oration has been imposed upon me4 ,should you be pleased to send me1 as ,i hope1 some fruit of your charming genius for such a purpose1 you will oblige me not only1 but all my country2 and1 when the ,poems of ,signor ,francesco are published1 with the eulogisms upon him1 ,i will see that copies are sent you4--,but1 since ,i have begin to speak of our language and our poets1 let me communicate to you one of the observations which1 in the leisure-hours left me from my mercantile business1 ,i occasionally amuse myself with making on our writers4 ,the other day1 while ,i was reflecting on that passage in ,petrarch's ,triomf' d',amor1 ,c4 #c3 ,dura legge d',amor6 m bench obliqua1 ,servar conviensi1 per ch' ella aggiunge ,di cielo in terra1 universale1 antiqua1 ,footnote3 ,hard law of ,love6 but1 however unjust1 it must be kept1 because it reaches from heaven to earth1 universal1 eternal4 ,i perceived that already the gifted ,castelvetro had noted in it some resemblance to the lines in ,horace1 ,ode ,i4 #cc3 ,sic visum ,veneri2 cui placet impares ,formas atque animos sub juga ahenea ,svo mittere cum joco1-- ,footnote3 ,so it seemed good to ,venus2 whose pleasure it is1 in savage jest1 to bind unlike forms and minds in a brazen yoke of union4 excellently imitated by the reviver of ,pindaric and ,anacreontic poesy1 ,gabriello ,chiubrera1 in ,canzonetta #ah3 ,ah6 che vien cenere ,penando un amator benche fedele6 ,cosi vuol ,venere1 ,nata nell' ocean1 nume crudele4 ,footnote3 ,ah that there should be ashes from the torture of a lover1 though faithful6 ,so ,venus wills it1 the ocean-born1 a cruel deity4 ,to me these verses look like a little bit taken from ,horace1 as the remainder is taken from ,tibullus1 not without a notable improvement2 for in ,tibullus1 ,eleg4 ,i4 #b1 one reads this threat against the revealers of ,love's secrets3-- ,nam1 fuerit quicumque loquax1 is sanguine natam1 ,is ,venerem e rapido sentiet esse mari4 ,footnote3 ,for whosoever is indiscreet with his tongue1 he shall feel that ,venus was born of blood and came from the rapid sea4 ,dati then suggests the reading of rabido in the last line and discusses the subject in six folio pages1 with passages from ,catullus1 ,ovid1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,seneca1 ,claudian1 ,homer1 ,tasso1 c42 and then proceeds as follows3 ,i communicate to you these considerations of mine1 sure of being excused1 and kindly advised by your exquisite learning in such matters as ,i submit1 urgently begging you to pardon me if excess of affection1 the sense of being so long without you1 and our great intimacy1 have made me exceed the limits proper for a letter4--,it is an extreme grief to me that the convulsions of the kingdom have disturbed your studies2 and ,i anxiously await your ,poems1 in which ,i believe ,i shall have large room for admiring the delicacy of your genius1 even if ,i except those which are in depreciation of my ,religion1 and which1 as coming from a friendly mouth1 may well be excused1 though not praised4 ,this will not hinder me from receiving the others1 conscious as ,i am of my own zeal for freedom4 ,meanwhile ,i beg ,heaven to make and keep you happy1 and to keep me in your remembrance1 giving me proofs thereof by your generous commands4 ,all friends about me send you salutations and very affectionate respects4 ,your most devoted1 ,florence1 #ast ,nov4 #afdg4 ,,carlo ,,dati ,footnote3 ,the original of this letter is in the possession of ,mr4 ,j4 ,fitchett ,marsh of ,warrington1 who has printed facsimiles of the opening and closing words 7,all' ,illmo4 ,sig4 ,gio4 ,miltoni1 ,londra1 and ,ser4 ,devotino4 ,carlo ,dati7 in his ,milton ,papers4 ,to ,mr4 ,marsh's kindness ,i owe the transcript from which ,i have made the translation2 and the words within brackets1 describing the omitted portion in the middle1 are ,mr4 ,marsh's own4 ,circumstanced as ,milton was when he received this letter1 he can hardly have been in a mood to respond sufficiently to its minute and overflowing dilettantismo4 ,the amiability and polite affectionateness1 perceptible even yet through the dilettantism1 may have been pleasant to him2 and he may have noted the subtle and delicate expression of sympathy with his domestic unhappiness which seems to be conveyed in the passages quoted1 as if by accident1 from ,petrarch1 ,horace1 ,chiabrera1 and ,tibullus4 ,dati may have been there replying to that portion of ,milton's letter in which he had vaguely intimated his private melancholy in being doomed to unfit companionship2 or he may have heard more particular rumours in ,florence of ,milton's marriage-mishap and its consequences4 ,at all events1 there is no trace of any answer by ,milton to this long epistle from ,dati1 or of any poetical contribution sent by him1 as ,dati had requested1 to the exequies of the interesting ,rovai4 ,about the time when ,milton should have been answering ,dati's epistle1 enclosing the requested tribute to the memory of ,rovai1 and also the exquisite comments which ,dati expected on his quotations from ,petrarch1 ,horace1 ,chiabrera1 and ,tibullus1 his occupation1 we find1 was very different4 ,april1 #afdh1 ,j4 ,m4 ,nine of the ,psalms done into ,metre1 wherein all but what is in a different character are the very words of the ,text translated from the ,original2 such is the heading prefixed by ,milton himself to the ,translations of ,psalms ,,lxxx4-,,lxxxviii4 which are now included among his ,poetical ,works4 ,footnote3 ,the heading stands so in the ,second ,edition of ,milton's ,miscellaneous ,poems1 published by himself in #afgh4 ,through some mornings and evenings of that month1 therefore1 we can see him1 in his house in ,high ,holborn1 with the ,hebrew ,bible before him1 making it his effort to translate1 as literally as possible1 these nine ,psalms into ,english verse4 ,on looking at the result1 as it now stands among his ,poems1 with ,hebrew words printed occasionally in the margin1 and every phrase for which there is not a voucher in the original printed carefully in italics1 one has little difficulty in perceiving one of the motives of ,milton in this metrical experiment4 ,it was his knowledge of the interest then felt in the chance of some ,english metrical version of the ,psalms that should supersede1 for popular purposes and in public worship1 the old version of ,sternhold and ,hopkins4 ,rous's version1 with amendments1 had been recommended by the ,westminster ,assembly1 and approved by the ,commons 7ant1 #dbe72 the ,lords were still standing out for ,barton's competing version 7ant1 #eab72 other versions were in the background1 but had been heard of4 ,in these circumstances1 might not a true poet1 attending to all the essential conditions1 and especially to the prime one of exactness to the ,hebrew original1 exhibit at least a specimen of a better version than any yet offered8 ,unfortunately1 if this was ,milton's intention1 it cannot be said that he succeeded4 ,by all the critics it is admitted that his version of those ,nine ,psalms is inferior to what we should have expected from him2 nor is it1 ,i think1 the mere prejudice of habit that leads those that have been accustomed to one particular revision of ,rous's version--that which has been the ,scottish authorized ,psalter since #afej--to prefer ,psalms ,,lxxx4- ,,lxxxviii4 as there given1 rude though the versification is1 to the ,translations of the same ,psalms proposed even by ,milton4 ,something of this impression may have prevailed even in #afdh1 if1 as is likely enough1 ,milton took the trouble of showing his translations to some who were interested in the question of the new ,psalter1 and wavering between ,rous's and ,barton's4 ,on the faith of dates1 however1 there is another interest to us now in these careful translations by ,milton of ,psalms ,,lxxx4-,,lxxxviii4 in ,april #afdh4 ,why did he choose those particular ,psalms8 ,not for metrical experiment only1 but also because their mood fitted him4 ,he needed the strong ,hebrew of those ,psalms himself1 and he drank it in afresh from the text that he might reproduce it for himself and others4 ,petrarch1 ,tibullus1 ,horace1 ,chiabrera6 silence all such for the time1 and let the ,hebrew ,psalmist speak6 ,thus 7,psalm ,,lxxx473-- ,turn us again2 thy grace divine ,to us1 ,o ,god1 vouchsafe2 ,cause thou thy face on us to shine1 ,and then we shall be safe4 ,or again1 with reference to the dangers then gathering round ,parliamentary ,england 7,psalm ,,lxxxiii473-- ,for they consult with all their might1 ,and all as one in mind ,themselves against thee they unite1 ,and in firm union bind4 ,the tents of ,edom1 and the brood ,of scornful ,ishmael1 ,moab1 with them of ,hagar's blood ,that in the desert dwell1 ,gebal and ,ammon1 there conspire1 ,and hateful ,amalec1 ,the ,philistims1 and they of ,tyre1 ,whose bounds the sea doth check4 ,with them great ,asshur also bands ,and doth confirm the knot ,all these have lent their armed hands ,to aid the sons of ,lot4 ,do to them as to ,midian bold ,that wasted all the coast1 ,to ,sisera1 and1 as is told ,thou didst do to ,jabin's host1 ,when at the brook of ,kishon old ,they were repulsed and slain1 ,at ,endor quite cut off1 and rolled ,as dung upon the plain4 ,or perhaps1 with closer personal reference1 such lines as these 7,psalm ,,lxxxvii473-- ,the ,lord shall write it in a scroll ,that ne'er shall be outworn1 ,when ,he the nations doth enroll1 ,that this man there was born3 ,both they who sing and they who dance ,with sacred songs are there2 ,in thee fresh brooks and soft streams glance1 ,and all my fountains clear4 ,,milton ,,through ,,the ,,second ,,civil ,,war3 ,,his ,,personal ,,interest ,,in ,,it1 ,,and ,,delight ,,in ,,the ,,army',s ,,triumph3 ,,his ,,sonnet ,,to ,,fairfax4 ,while these translations were being written1 there was the ominous rumour of the ,engagement between the ,scots and the ,king in the ,isle of ,wight1 terrifying all men's minds with the prospect of a ,second ,civil ,war4 ,we have seen what effects this prospect had on the ,english ,parliament--how the resolute mood of the winter of #afdg-h was changed into a mood of timidity2 how negotiations with the ,king were again talked of2 how the ,presbyterians recovered from their temporary submission to the ,independents1 and began to turn on them rather than on the ,king2 how1 in order to repudiate the ,republican sentiments appearing in the ,army and elsewhere1 the ,commons pledged themselves to a continuance of ,royalty and the ,house of ,lords1 and1 in order to please the ,english ,presbyterians and the ,scots1 the two ,houses passed at length the tremendous ,ordinance against ,heresies and ,blasphemies1 making the least of them punishable with imprisonment and the graver punishable with death4 ,this last ,ordinance1 passed ,may #b1 #afdh1 the very day before the meeting of the ,third ,provincial ,synod of ,london in ,sion ,college1 must have given great satisfaction to that body1 but may well have spread alarm through general society4 ,beyond a doubt1 most of those persons who had been denounced as notorious heretics and blasphemers in the ,sion ,college manifesto of the preceding ,december were1 by this ,ordinance1 liable to death if they did not recant4 ,with due zeal on the part of the prosecution1 nothing could have saved from the scaffold such of ,milton's co-heretics as ,biddle1 ,paul ,best1 the anonymous ,mortalist ,r4 #j4 7,richard ,overton1 or ,clement ,wrighter871 or even perhaps ,john ,goodwin4 ,milton's particular heresy not being specifically named in the ,ordinance1 it would have been more difficult to apply it to him2 but1 if the terrible ,presbyterian discipline which the ,ordinance favoured were once imposed upon ,london1 there would have been ingenuity enough to include ,milton somehow among those worthy of minor punishment4 ,the comfort was that1 before the ,ordinance could come into real effect1 before the terrible ,presbyterian discipline it promised could be set up1 the ,,second ,,civil ,,war had to be fought through4 ,how would that war end8 ,would it end in a triumph of ,presbyterianism in hypocritical reconciliation with ,royalty2 or1 despite the ugly mustering of forces in all parts of ,england to aid ,duke ,hamilton and his ,scottish invasion1 would it end1 after all1 in the triumph of that little ,english ,army of ,independents and ,sectaries which had always beaten before1 and might now1 though distrusted and discountenanced by its own masters1 prove once more its matchless mettle8 ,with what anxiety1 through ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 and ,august #afdh1 must ,milton1 with myriads of other ,englishmen1 have revolved these questions6 ,with what anxiety must he have watched ,fairfax's movements round ,london1 his preliminary smashings of the ,royalist ,insurrection in ,kent and ,essex1 and then the concentration of his efforts 7,june #ab7 on the siege of ,colchester6 ,with what anxiety must he have followed ,cromwell into ,wales1 heard of his doings against the insurgents there1 and then of his rapid march into the north 7,aug4 #c--aj71 to meet the invading ,scottish ,army under ,duke ,hamilton6 ,but ,o the relief at last6 ,o the news upon news of that glorious month of ,august #afdh6 ,hamilton and the ,scots utterly routed by ,cromwell in the three days' battle of ,preston 7,aug4 #ag-ai72 ,colchester at last surrendered to ,fairfax 7,aug #bh72 the ,prince of ,wales a fugitive back to ,holland with his useless fleet 7,aug4 #bh72 the little ,english ,army of ,independents and ,sectaries were more everywhere the victor1 and the ,parliament and the ,presbytery-besotted ,londoners ruefully accepting the victory when they would have been nearly as glad of a defeat6 ,no fear now of any very violent execution of the ,ordinance against ,heresies and ,blasphemies1 or of a ,presbyterian discipline of absolutely intolerable stringency6 ,the ,army and the ,independents were once more supreme4 ,the sole piece of ,milton's verse that has come down to us from the time of the ,second ,civil ,war is an expression of his joy at its happy conclusion4 ,it is in the form of a ,sonnet to ,fairfax4 ,the ,sonnet is generally printed with the mere heading ,to the ,lord ,general ,fairfax2 but in the original in ,milton's own hand among the ,cambridge ,,mss4 one reads this heading through a line of erasure2 ,on ye ,lord ,gen4 ,fairfax at ye seige of ,colchester4 ,this assigns the ,sonnet to the end of ,august1 or to ,september1 #aj-dh4 ,fairfax1 whose name in arms through ,europe rings1 ,and fills all mouths with envy or with praise1 ,and all her jealous monarchs with amaze1 ,and rumours loud that daunt remotest kings1 ,thy firm unshaken virtue ever brings ,victory home1 though new rebellions raise ,their ,hydra-heads1 and the false ,north displays ,her broken ,league to imp their serpent wings3 ,o yet a nobler task awaits thy hand1 ,for what can ,war but endless war still breed1 ,till ,truth and ,right from ,violence be freed1 ,and public ,faith cleared from the shameful brand ,of public ,fraud6 ,in vain doth ,valour bleed1 ,while ,avarice and ,rapine share the land4 ,footnote3 ,for obvious reason1 ,milton could not print this ,sonnet in the ,second or #afgc ,edition of his ,minor ,poems4 ,it was first printed by ,phillips at the end of his ,memoir of ,milton prefixed to the ,english translation of ,milton's ,state ,letters in #afhh2 and ,toland inserted it in his ,life of ,milton in #afih4 ,through the later months of #afdh ,milton's heart must have been wholly with ,fairfax and the other ,army-chiefs1 as he saw them driving things1 cautiously at first1 but more and more boldly by degrees1 into the exact course marked out by this ,sonnet4 ,their very professions were that1 having finished the war and crushed the ,hydra-heads of the new rebellions1 they must and would proceed to the yet nobler task of preventing future wars1 by freeing ,truth and ,right once for all from ,violence1 and clearing the public ,faith of ,england from the brand of public ,fraud4 ,hence1 from ,september to ,december1 the adoption by the ,army of that peculiarly intrepid policy which has been described in our last chapter4 ,though the ,parliament began their new ,treaty with the ,king in the ,isle of ,wight1 there were significant signs from the first that the ,army regarded the ,treaty with utter disdain2 as the ,treaty proceeded1 regiment after regiment spoke out1 each with its manifesto calling for justice on the ,king1 and otherwise more or less democratic2 and so till the ,army rose at last collectively1 issued its great ,remonstrance and programme of a ,democratic ,constitution 7,nov4 #af71 dragged the ,king from his unfinished ,treaty at ,newport to safer keeping in ,hurst ,castle 7,dec4 #a71 and itself marched into ,london to superintend the sequel 7,dec4 #b74 ,nominally in the centre of all this was the ,lord ,general ,fairfax1 with ,ireton as his chief adviser4 ,cromwell had not yet returned from his work in the north4 ,,birth ,,of ,,milton',s ,,second ,,child3 ,,another ,,letter ,,from ,,carlo ,,dati4 ,in the very midst of these thrilling public events there inserts itself a little domestic incident of ,milton's life in ,holborn4 ,oct4 #be1 #afdh1 his second child was born1 two years and three months after the first4 ,this also was a daughter1 and they called her ,mary after her mother4 ,from that date on to our limit of time in the present volume we have no distinct incident of the ,holborn household to record1 unless it be the receipt of another letter from ,carlo ,dati4 ,although the amiable young ,italian had received no answer to his last1 of ,nov4 #afdg1 there had meantime readied him1 by some slow conveyance1 those copies of the ,latin portion of ,milton's published volume of ,poems which had been promised him as long ago as ,april of the same year4 ,this occasioned the following letter3-- ,illmo4 ,sig4 e ,pron ,osso literally1 ,most ,illustrious ,sir and ,most ,honoured ,master1 but the phrase is merely one of custom4 ,as far back as the end of last year ,i replied to your very courteous and elegant letter1 thanking you affectionately for the kind remembrance you are pleased to entertain of me4 ,i wrote1 as ,i do now1 in ,italian1 knowing my language to be so dear and familiar to you that in your mouth it scarcely appears like a foreign tongue4 ,since then ,i have received two copies of your most erudite ,poems1 and there could not have reached me a more welcome gift2 for1 though small1 it is of infinite value1 as being a gem from the treasure of ,signor ,john ,milton4 ,and1 in the words of ,theocritus3-- ,greek3 h megala chariz eoro xiyn holigo1 panta de gimanta ta par' philon4 ,great grace may be ,in a slight gift3 all from a friend is precious4 ,i return you therefore my very best thanks1 and pray ,heaven to put it in my power to show my devoted appreciation of your merit4 ,there are some pieces of news which ,i will not keep from you1 because ,i am sure1 from your kindness1 they will be agreeable to you4 ,the most ,serene ,grand ,duke my master has been pleased to appoint me to the ,chair and ,lectureship of ,humanity in the ,florentine ,academy1 vacant by the death of the very learned ,signor ,giovanni ,doni of ,florence4 ,this is a most honourable office1 and has always been held by gentlemen and scholars of this country1 as by ,poliziano1 the two ,vettori1 and the two ,adriani1 luminaries in the world of letters4 ,last week1 on the death of the ,most ,serene ,prince ,lorenzo of ,tuscany1 uncle of the reigning ,grand ,duke1 ,i made the funeral oration2 when it is published1 it shall be my care to send you a copy4 ,i have on hand several works1 such as1 please ,god1 may lead to a better opinion of me among my learned and kind friends4 ,signor ,valerio ,chimentelli has been appointed by his ,highness to be ,professor of ,greek ,literature in ,pisa1 and there are great expectations from him4 ,signors ,frescobaldi1 ,coltellini1 ,francini1 ,galilei1 and many others unite in sending you affectionate salutations2 and ,i1 as under more obligation to you than any of the others1 remain ever yours to command4 ,no signature1 but addressed on the outside1 ,all ,illmo4 ,signor e ,pron ,osso1 ,il ,signor ,giovanni ,miltoni1 ,londra4 ,footnote3 ,the ,italian of this letter is printed in the ,appendix to ,mr4 ,mitford's ,life of ,milton prefixed to ,pickering's edition of ,milton's ,works1 and was communicated1 ,i believe1 by the late ,mr4 ,watts of the ,british ,museum from the original in that collection4 ,it is doubtless the copy which ,milton received4 ,of the ,doni mentioned in the letter1 as ,dati's predecessor in the chair of ,belles ,lettres at ,florence1 we had a glimpse ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #gdf4 ,he died1 ,mr4 ,watts says1 in ,dec4 #afdg1 and left to ,dati the charge of publishing his works4 ,frescobaldi1 ,coltellini1 and ,francini are already known 7,vol4 ,i4 #gbe-i72 the ,galilei mentioned is not the great ,galileo1 who had died in #afdb1 but his natural son ,vincenzo ,galilei1 also a man of talent4--,as we take leave of ,dati at this point1 for some time at least1 ,i may quote an interesting sentence1 respecting one of his intentions in later life1 from the notices of him in ,salvini's ,fasti ,consolari dell' ,accademia ,fiorentina 7#agag73 ,he had particularly in view the publication of the letters which he had received from various literary men1 such as ,john ,milton1 ,isaac ,vossius1 ,paganino ,gaudenzio1 ,giovanni ,rodio1 ,valerio ,chimentelli1 and ,nicolas ,heinsius3 from the last he had a very large number4 ,when he died1 ,jan4 #aa1 #afge1 a few months after ,milton1 he had not fulfilled this intention2 but it is likely1 as we have seen 7ant1 p4#fee71 that there has survived from among his papers only the one letter of ,milton to him which ,milton himself published4 ,florence1 ,dec4 #d1 #afdh4 ,while this letter was on its way to ,milton1 and possibly before it could have reached him1 there had enacted itself1 close within his view in ,high ,holborn1 that final catastrophe of a great political drama the boom of which was not to stop within the ,british ,islands1 but was to be heard in ,italy itself and all the foreign world4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,two ,,houses ,,in ,,the ,,grasp ,,of ,,the ,,army3 ,,final ,,efforts ,,for ,,the ,,king3 ,,pride',s ,,purge ,,and ,,its ,,consequences--,,the ,,king ,,brought ,,from ,,hurst ,,castle ,,to ,,windsor3 ,,ordinance ,,for ,,his ,,trial ,,passed ,,by ,,the ,,commons ,,alone3 ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,court--,,the ,,trial ,,in ,,westminster ,,hall3 ,,incidents ,,of ,,the ,,seven ,,successive ,,days3 ,,the ,,sentence--,,last ,,three ,,days ,,of ,,charles',s ,,life3 ,,his ,,execution ,,and ,,burial4 ,in taking the ,king out of the ,isle of ,wight1 and lodging him for a time in the solitary keep of ,hurst ,castle on the ,hampshire coast1 the ,army had proclaimed their intention of bringing him to public justice1 and it was that they might compel this result that they had marched into ,london with ,fairfax at their head4 ,as they desired that the proceedings should be regular1 they had resolved that the two ,houses of ,parliament1 or at least one of them1 should conduct the business4 ,,the ,,two ,,houses ,,in ,,the ,,grasp ,,of ,,the ,,army3 ,,their ,,final ,,efforts ,,for ,,the ,,king3 ,,pride',s ,,purge ,,and ,,its ,,consequences4 ,here was their difficulty4 ,on ,dec4 #b1 #afdh1 when the ,army took possession of ,london1 there were nineteen ,peers present in their places in the ,house of ,lords3 viz4 the ,earl of ,manchester1 as ,speaker2 the ,earls of ,pembroke1 ,rutland1 ,salisbury1 ,suffolk1 ,lincoln1 ,mulgrave1 ,middlesex1 ,stamford1 ,northumberland1 and ,nottingham2 ,viscount ,save and ,sele2 and ,lords ,howard1 ,maynard1 ,dacres1 ,montague1 ,north1 ,hunsdon1 and ,berkeley4 ,from such a body the ,army could not hope much4 ,three or four of them might be reckoned on as thorough-going2 but to most a crisis had come which was too terrible4 ,ah6 had they foreseen it six years before1 had they then foreseen that their own order and all the pleasantness of their aristocratic lives would go down in the contest to which they were lending themselves1 would their choice between the two sides have been the same8 ,to have sat on through those six years1 a mere residuary rag of the ,english ,peerage1 at variance with the ,king and the vast majority of their own order2 to have figured through the struggle as nominally the superior ,house1 but really the mere ciphers of the ,commons2 to have had to throw all their aristocratic dignity and all their permissible conservatism at last into the miserable form of partisanship with a despotic ,presbyterianism and zeal for the suppression of ,sects1 ,heresies1 and ,independency3--here was a retrospect for men of rank1 men of ambition1 men of pride in their pedigrees6 ,and now to have an ,army of these ,independents1 ,sectaries1 and ,heretics1 holding them by the throat1 and prepared to dictate to them the alternative of their own annihilation or their assent to a deed of horror6--,such being the position of the ,lords1 how was it with the ,commons8 ,in that ,house about #bfj members were still giving attendance1 or were at hand to attend when wanted4 ,on the #bnd of ,december there were #bcb in the ,house4 ,a staunch minority of these were ,independents in league with the ,army2 but the decided majority were men of the ,presbyterian party1 full of regrets at the failure of the ,treaty of ,newport1 but ready to resume negotiations with the ,king on the basis of the terms offered him in that ,treaty1 or indeed now on any other basis on which there could be agreement4 ,detestation of the ,army was1 therefore1 the ruling feeling in this ,house too3 but the detestation was mingled with dread4 ,with regiments at their doors1 with regiments posted here and there on the skirts of the ,city1 all alert against any symptom of a rising of the ,presbyterian ,londoners1 they could not hope now for any chance of seeing the ,army overmastered for them by the only means left-popular tumult and a carnage in the streets4 ,all that the ,commons could do1 therefore1 was to be sullen1 and offer a passive resistance4 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals of ,dec4 #b1 #afdh2 and ,records of ,divisions in ,commons ,journals through the previous month4 ,there were thirteen divisions in that month1 showing an attendance ranging from #hj to #bfa4 ,it was on ,monday the #dth and ,tuesday the #eth of ,december that the attitude which the two ,houses meant to take towards the ,army was definitely ascertained4 ,on the first of these days1 the news of the ,king's removal to ,hurst ,castle having meanwhile arrived1 there was a fierce debate in the ,commons over that act of the ,army1 the ,presbyterians protesting against its insolency1 and at length carrying1 by a majority of #acf votes to #ajb1 a ,resolution that it had been done without the knowledge or consent of the ,house4 ,on the same day the ,house proceeded to a debate1 continued all through the night1 and till nine o'clock next morning1 on the results of the ,treaty of ,newport4 ,the ,presbyterian speakers1 such as ,sir ,robert ,harley1 ,sir ,benjamin ,rudyard1 ,harbottle ,grimstone1 ,sir ,simonds ,d',ewes1 and ,clement ,walker1 contended that the ,king's concessions were satisfactory2 the negative was maintained by a succession of speakers1 among whom were the two ,vanes4 ,the ,presbyterians1 having originally put the question in this form1 ,whether the ,king's ,answers to the ,propositions of both ,houses be satisfactory1 did not risk a division on so wide an issue1 but thought it more prudent to divide on the previous question1 ,whether this question shall now be put4 ,having carried this in the negative by #add to #ic1 they were enabled to shape the question in this likelier form1 ,that the ,answers of the ,king to the ,propositions of both ,houses are a ground for the ,house to proceed upon for the ,settlement of the ,peace of the ,kingdom2 and it was on the question in this form that the debate was protracted through the night of the #dth and into the #eth4 ,the most extraordinary incident of the debate on the #eth was the appearance made by ,prynne4 ,he had been a member of the ,house only a month1 having taken his seat for ,newport in ,cornwall on the #gth of ,november2 and he now came forward1 the poor indomitable man1 with a speech of vast length and most elaborate composition1 in favour of that sovereign whose reign had been to him of all men ruinous and horrible4 ,with his face muffled to hide the scars of his old mutilations by the hangman's knife1 he stood up1 and1 after a touching recitation of all that he had suffered1 denounced the ,army and its outrages on ,parliamentary freedom1 expounded his views of ,presbyterianism and right constitutional government1 and pleaded earnestly for a reconciliation with ,charles4 ,his speech1 if it was actually delivered as it is printed1 must have occupied four or five hours in the delivery2 but one must suppose he gave only part of it and reserved the rest for the press4 ,he was heard1 he says1 with great attention1 and had the satisfaction not only of pleasing his own party1 but also of making converts4 ,at one time or another during the debate there had been1 he says1 as many as #cdj members present2 but many of these had been wearied out by the long night-sitting4 ,accordingly in the final vote on ,tuesday morning there were #abi for the affirmative in the question1 and only #hc for the negative3 i4e4 in a ,house of #bab there were three-fifths for a reconciliation with the ,king1 and two-fifths for complying with the ,army and bringing the ,king to justice4 ,the concurrence of the ,lords with the majority in the ,commons was a matter of course4 ,it was given the same day1 nem4 con41 ,manchester being in the chair1 and only fourteen other ,peers present4 ,by way of tempering the whole result as much as possible1 a ,committee was appointed by the ,commons to wait on ,fairfax and his officers that afternoon1 with a view to the keeping and preserving a good correspondence between ,parliament and the ,army4 ,footnote3 ,commons and ,lords ,journals of the days named2 ,clement ,walker's ,hist1 of ,indep4 ,part4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bh1 #bi2 and ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #aadg-abci4 ,of these #ib closely printed columns of the ,parl4 ,hist4 #hf are taken up with a reprint of ,prynne's speech1 as published by himself in the end of ,jan4 #afdh-i4 ,the editor remarks on the fact that1 with the exception of ,clement ,walker1 none of the contemporary writers mention ,prynne's speech at all4 ,this confirms the supposition that it cannot have been so large in delivery as it is in print4 ,yet that it must have been very large appears not only from ,prynne's own account1 but also from who says3 ,this he held on the affirmative with so many strong and solid reasons1 arguments1 and precedents both out of ,divinity1 ,law1 ,history1 and policy1 and with so clear a confutation of the opposite argument1 that no man took up the bucklers against him4 ,the ,army had their own plan for bringing about a good correspondence1 and they put it in operation on the two following days1 ,dec4 #f and #g4 ,not troubling themselves with the ,lords--who met for mere form on each of these days 7only seven present on the first and eight on the other7--they applied their plan to the ,commons4 ,it consisted in what was called ,,pride',s ,,purge1 the style of which was as follows3--,on the morning of the #fth1 when the members were going into the ,house1 they found all the entrances blocked by two or three regiments of soldiers1 under the command of ,colonels ,pride1 ,hewson1 and ,sir ,hardress ,waller4 ,every member1 as he came up1 was scrutinized by these armed critics1 and especially by ,colonel ,pride1 who had a list of names in his hand1 and some people about him to point out members he did not know4 ,if a member passed this scrutiny1 they let him in2 if not1 they begged him not to think of taking his place in the ,house1 and1 if he persisted1 hauled him back1 and locked him up in one of the empty law-courts conveniently near4 ,mr4 ,prynne1 who made a conspicuous resistance1 was locked up in this way2 ,sir ,robert ,harley1 ,sir ,william ,waller1 ,sir ,samuel ,luke1 ,sir ,robert ,pye1 ,general ,massey1 ,clement ,walker1 ,sir ,simonds ,d',ewes1 ,sir ,benjamin ,rudyard1 and others and others1 including even ,nathaniel ,fiennes1 who had shown momentary weakness1 were similarly disposed of2 till at length the members who had presented themselves were sifted into two divisions--a goodly band regularly within the ,house1 and forty-one fuming outside as prisoners in the law-courts4 ,messages passed and repassed between the two divisions1 and the ,house made some faint show of protest and of anxiety for the release of the arrested4 ,any decided motion to this effect1 however1 was prevented by a communication to the ,house from ,fairfax and his ,general ,council of ,officers4 ,colonel ,axtell and some other officers1 being admitted1 announced the message verbally1 and it was subsequently presented in writing by ,colonel ,whalley4 ,under the name of ,humble ,proposals and ,desires1 this paper reminded the ,house of their former votes for expelling and disabling ,denzil ,holles1 ,general ,massey1 and the rest of the ,presbyterian ,eleven impeached by the ,army in #afdg1 and demanded that these members1 irregularly and scandalously re-admitted to their places1 should be again excluded and held to trial4 ,it farther demanded that about #ij members1 alleged to have been more or less in complicity with the ,scots in their late invasion of ,england1 should be disabled2 it prayed for an immediate repeal of the ,votes on which the ,treaty of ,newport had proceeded1 and of the ,vote of the previous day for reliance on that ,treaty2 and it begged all truly patriotic members to form themselves visibly into a phalanx1 apart from the others1 that they might be counted and known4 ,in fact1 the message not only adopted ,pride's rough measure of that day as authorized by the whole ,army1 but represented it as only a friendly interposition1 doing for the ,house in part what the ,house must be anxious to do more fully for itself4 ,so the afternoon passed1 the forty-one1 still remaining in durance1 visited by various persons who had ,fairfax's or ,pride's permission1 and especially by ,hugh ,peters4 ,he took a list of their names1 discoursed with them1 released ,rudyard and ,fiennes1 and promised the rest that they should be removed to fit quarters for the night in ,wallingford ,house4 ,as night came on1 however1 and ,wallingford ,house was not available1 they were taken1 under guard1 to a common victualling-house near1 jocularly called ,hell2 and here1 some of them walking about1 and others stretched on benches and chairs1 or on the floor1 in two upper rooms1 they spent the night reading and singing psalms to ,god4 ,next day there were again requests from the ,house to ,fairfax for their release4 ,it could not be granted2 but they were marched through the streets to better accommodation in two inns in the ,strand1 called the ,swan and the ,king's ,head4 ,meanwhile ,pride's watch at the doors of the ,house had been effectively continued4 ,there were several new arrests on the #gth2 many members1 not arrested1 were forcibly turned back2 and many more1 among whom was ,denzil ,holies1 kept prudently out of the way4 ,altogether1 the number of the arrested was #dg1 and that of the excluded #if4 ,it was a purgation quite sufficient for the ,army's purpose4 ,this was proved by a vote actually taken in the ,house on the #gth1 after the purgation was complete4 ,the question being propounded1 ,that the ,house proceed with the ,proposals of the ,army1 it was carried by #ej to #bh that the question should be put and the ,proposals proceeded with4 ,as most of the minority in this division withdrew in consequence1 the ,house was reduced from that moment to just such a tight little ,parliamentary body as the ,army desired4 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals of days named2 ,rushw4 ,,vii4 #acec-acef2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #abdj-abdi 7a careful compilation of contemporary accounts74 ,cromwell was again among them4 ,he had returned to town on the evening of the #fth1 and he was in his place in the ,commons on the #gth1 receiving the thanks of the ,house1 through the ,speaker1 for his very great and eminently faithful services in ,wales1 ,scotland1 and the ,north of ,england4 ,he had not been concerned in the design of ,pride's ,purge1 and the business was half over before his arrival in town2 but he quite approved of what had been done1 and said he would maintain it4 ,the younger ,vane1 on the other hand1 had been so staggered by the proceeding that he had withdrawn from the scene1 to avoid further responsibility4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,dec4 #g2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #abdf2 and ,godwin1 ,,iii4 #ca4 ,for a fortnight after ,pride's ,purge1 the two ,houses1 reduced now to such dimensions as might suit the ,army's purpose1 went on transacting various business4 ,the attendance in the ,lords had dwindled to five1 four1 and even to three1 raised on one occasion to seven4 ,in the ,commons the attendance does not seem to have ever exceeded #ej or #fj4 ,it is in the proceedings of this ,house1 of course1 that one sees the steady direction of affairs towards the end prescribed by the ,army4 ,there were all kinds of items of employment during the fortnight1 including orders about the ,navy1 orders in mercantile matters1 discharges of some of the secluded and imprisoned members1 votes condemning those who continued contumacious and had ventured on protests in print1 receptions of petitions and addresses of confidence from various public bodies1 and attendance by such as chose on a special ,fast-day ,sermon preached by ,hugh ,peters4 ,but through these miscellaneous proceedings one notes the main track in such votes as these3--,dec4 #ab1 ,vote for repealing all former votes and acts condoning the faults of ,denzil ,holles and the rest of the impeached ,presbyterian leaders1 and on the same day a ,vote declaring the re-opening of a ,treaty with the ,king in the ,isle of ,wight to have been dishonourable and apparently destructive to the good of the kingdom2 ,dec4 #ac1 ,a farther ,vote1 in compliance with the ,army's ,proposals1 disowning entirely the ,treaty in the ,isle of ,wight1 and repealing the ,vote of the previous week for proceeding to a settlement on the grounds supplied by the ,king's ,answers in that ,treaty2 ,dec4 #bc1 ,resolution1 ,that it be referred to a ,committee to consider how to proceed in a way of justice against the ,king and other capital offenders1 and that the said ,committee do present their opinions thereupon to the ,house with all convenient speed4 ,the ,committee so appointed consisted of #ch members of the ,house1 among whom were ,st4 ,john1 ,whitlocke1 ,skippon1 ,lord ,grey1 ,lord ,lisle1 ,sir ,henry ,mildmay1 ,pennington1 and ,henry ,marten4 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals from ,dec4 #h to ,dec4 #bc2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #abdg-abec2 ,whitlocke1 ,dec4 #bc4 ,cromwell was not of the ,committee1 and some of those put upon it were not likely to attend4 ,indeed1 though the ,resolution passed without a division1 the reluctance of some who were present had appeared in the course of the debate4 ,they argued that there was no precedent in ,history for the judicial trial of a ,king1 and that1 if the ,army were determined that ,charles should be punished capitally1 the business should be left to the ,army itself as an exceptional and irregular power4 ,,the ,,king ,,brought ,,from ,,hurst ,,castle ,,to ,,windsor3 ,,ordinance ,,for ,,his ,,trial ,,passed ,,by ,,the ,,commons ,,alone3 ,,constitution ,,of ,,the ,,court4 ,some days before the ,resolution of ,dec4 #bc was adopted by the ,commons1 the ,army had taken steps for bringing the ,king nearer to ,london1 to abide the issue4 ,he had been in ,hurst ,castle for about a fortnight1 rather poorly lodged in the old apartments of the keep1 and complaining of the fogs that rose from the salt-water marshes around1 with their beds of ooze and sea-kelp4 ,his amusement had been in the sight of the passing ships1 in his daily walk along the narrow neck of shingle connecting the castle with the mainland1 and in the companionship of his select attendants in the evenings1 when the drawbridge was up1 the guard set1 the woodfires blazing indoors1 and the candles lit4 ,he had brought with him from ,newport fourteen personal attendants in all1 including his two gentlemen of the bedchamber1 ,mr4 ,james ,harrington 7afterwards known as the author of ,oceana7 and ,mr4 ,thomas ,herbert4 ,both these gentlemen1 though their principles and connexions were originally ,parliamentarian1 had1 in the course of their long attendance on the royal captive1 contracted a respectful affection for him4 ,harrington1 indeed1 had been speaking out so openly in praise of his ,majesty's conduct in the ,newport ,treaty1 and of the talent he had shown in his debates with the ,presbyterian divines1 that those who were in charge had thought it unsafe to let him remain in the service4 ,he had therefore been dismissed1 and the duty of immediate waiting on the ,king had been left entirely to ,mr4 ,herbert4 ,it was at midnight on the #afth or #agth of ,december that this gentleman1 asleep in the little room he occupied next to the ,king's chamber1 was roused by hearing the drawbridge outside let down1 and some horsemen enter the ,castle4 ,next morning he found that the ,king had heard the noise too1 and was curious to know the cause4 ,mr4 ,herbert went out to inquire1 and came back with the information that ,major ,harrison had arrived in the night4 ,nothing more was said at the moment1 and the ,king went to prayers2 but later in the day the ,king seemed very much discomposed1 and told ,herbert that ,harrison was the very man against whom he had most frequently received private warnings4 ,he had never1 to his knowledge1 seen the ,major1 but he had heard much of the wild enthusiasm of his character2 and1 if assassination were intended1 and this man were to be the agent1 what likelier place than the lonely sea-keep where they then were8 ,to relieve his ,majesty's mind if possible1 ,mr4 ,herbert went out to make farther inquiries4 ,he soon returned with the intelligence that the purpose of ,harrison's visit was to arrange for his ,majesty's removal to ,windsor ,castle4 ,nothing could be more agreeable to the ,king than the prospect of leaving the worst to enjoy the best ,castle in ,england2 and all fear vanished4 ,after two nights1 ,major ,harrison left the ,castle mysteriously as he had come1 and without having seen the ,king or spoken to any of his attendants4 ,he had made the necessary arrangements1 and the actual removal of the ,king was to be superintended by the same ,colonel ,cobbet who had managed his abduction from the ,isle of ,wight4 ,this officer1 arriving two days afterwards1 formally announced his business2 and1 his ,majesty being very willing1 there was no delay4 ,passing along the spit of land from ,hurst ,castle to ,milford1 they found a body of horse there waiting2 and1 under this convoy1 they rode inland through ,hampshire1 gradually leaving the sea behind4 ,by a route through the ,new ,forest and past ,romsey1 they reached ,winchester1 where they made some stay1 the ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,clergymen of the ,city1 and many of the gentry round1 coming in dutifully to pay their respects4 ,thence to ,new ,alresford1 and so to ,farnham in ,surrey4 ,it was on the road between these two towns that they passed another troop of horse drawn up in good order1 which immediately closed up in the rear and went on with them4 ,the ,king was particularly struck with the appearance of the commander of this troop1 a man gallantly mounted1 with a velvet montero on his head1 a new buff- coat1 and a crimson silk scarf round his waist1 who1 as the ,king passed at an easy pace1 saluted him splendidly alia soldado and received a gracious bow in return4 ,inquiring of ,mr4 ,herbert who he was1 the ,king was greatly surprised to learn he was the dreadful ,major ,harrison4 ,he looked a real soldier1 the ,king said1 and1 if there might be trust in men's faces1 was not the man to be an assassin4 ,on arriving at ,farnham1 where they spent the night in a private house1 the ,king took care to pay considerable attention to ,harrison4 ,standing by the fire before supper1 in a large wainscoted room full of people1 he singled out ,harrison at the other end1 beckoned him to come up1 took him by the arm1 and led him to a window-recess1 where they conversed for half an hour4 ,apparently ,harrison's words were not so satisfactory as his looks4 ,he disowned indignantly any such design against the ,king as had been imputed to him1 but added something to the effect that great and small alike must be subject to ,law1 and that ,justice could pay no respect to persons4 ,the ,king1 who had never yet brought himself to imagine the possibility of his public trial in any form1 saw no particular significance in ,harrison's words1 but thought them affectedly spoken1 and broke off the conversation4 ,he was very cheerful at supper1 greatly to the delight of his suite4 ,next day1 taking ,bagshot on the way and dining at ,lord ,newburgh's house there1 they arrived at ,windsor1 and were received by ,colonel ,whichcot1 the officer in command4 ,it was the very day1 ,saturday ,dec4 #bc1 on which the ,commons had appointed their ,committee for considering the means of bringing the ,king to justice1 and the ,committee were holding their first meeting in ,westminster that afternoon4 ,the news had probably not yet reached ,windsor1 or it remained unknown to the ,king4 ,he took up his abode in his royal apartments in the ,castle2 and the next day1 as he paused in his ,sunday walk round the exterior1 he looked with no especial anxiety ,londonwards1 but rejoiced once more in the view of the ,thames flowing by ,eton1 and the far expanse of lull and valley1 villages and fair houses1 noble even in its wintry leaflessness and the dull gloom of the ,december air4 ,footnote3 ,herbert's ,memoirs1 #abf-ade2 ,rushworth ,,vii4 #acga2 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 l#bf4 ,christmas-week having passed1 and the ,committee for justice on the ,king having had several meetings1 the ,commons1 on the #ast of ,january #afdh-i1 passed a ,resolution and an ,ordinance4 ,the ,resolution was ,that1 by the fundamental laws of this kingdom1 it is ,treason in the ,king of ,england for the time being to levy war against the ,parliament and ,kingdom of ,england2 the ,ordinance was one beginning ,whereas it is notorious that ,charles ,stuart1 the now ,king of ,england1 and ending with the appointment of a ,high ,court of ,justice for the ,trial of the ,king1 to consist of about #aej persons named as ,commissioners and ,judges expressly for the purpose4 ,five ,peers were named first on this ,commission2 then ,chief ,justices ,rolle and ,st4 ,john and ,chief ,baron ,wylde2 then ,fairfax1 ,cromwell1 ,ireton1 and many more members of the ,commons and ,army ,officers2 but a considerable proportion of those named were ,lawyers1 ,aldermen1 and ,citizens1 not members of the ,house4 ,any twenty of the ,commissioners were to be a quorum4--,on the following day 7,jan4 #b71 the ,resolution and ,ordinance having been sent up to the ,lords for their concurrence1 there was a scene of agony in that ,house4 ,as many as twelve ,peers had mustered for the occasion1 including four of the five whom the ,commons had named first in the dreadful ,commission4 ,unanimously and passionately all the ,peers present rejected both ,resolution and ,ordinance1 the ,earl of ,denbigh declaring he would be torn in pieces rather than have any share in so infamous a business1 and the ,earl of ,pembroke1 who came nearest to neutrality1 saying he loved not businesses of life and death4 ,having hurled this defiance at the ,commons1 the ,lords were powerless for more1 and adjourned for a week4 ,it was a week of rapid action and counter-defiance by the ,commons4 ,not a few of the feebler spirits1 indeed1 had taken leave of absence4 ,whitlocke1 for one1 had gone into the country4 ,the ,clerk of the ,house1 ,mr4 ,elsyng1 had feigned ill-health and resigned4 ,nevertheless1 with a temporary substitute to do ,mr4 ,elsyng's duty1 the ,house pushed on4 ,jan4 #c1 they sent two of their number to inspect the ,journals of the ,lords and ascertain formally the proceedings of that ,house on the preceding day4 ,when these were reported1 some were for impeaching the twelve ,peers as co-,delinquents with the ,king4 ,to the majority1 however1 such a course appeared quite unnecessary2 it was enough to declare that1 as the ,lords would not concur1 the ,commons would act without their concurrence4 ,jan4 #d1 after a debate with locked doors1 this momentous ,resolution was passed3 ,that the ,commons of ,england in ,parliament assembled do declare1 ,that the ,people are1 under ,god1 the original of all just power2 and do also declare1 ,that the ,commons of ,england in ,parliament assembled1 being chosen by and representing the ,people1 have the supreme power in this nation2 and do also declare1 ,that whatsoever is enacted1 or declared for law1 by the ,commons in ,parliament assembled hath the force of a law1 and all the ,people of this nation are concluded thereby1 although the consent and concurrence of the ,king1 or ,house of ,peers1 be not had thereunto4 ,the ,ordinance for a ,high ,court of ,justice for the ,king's trial had meanwhile been re-introduced1 with the omission of the five ,peers1 the three ,judges1 and some other reluctant persons named in the original ,ordinance1 and with the addition of two eminent lawyers not there named2 so that ,fairfax1 ,cromwell1 and ,treton now stood at the top of a total list of #ace judicial ,commissioners4 ,hurried through the proper three stages1 this ,bill became law by the authority of the ,commons alone1 ,jan4 #f1--,on the #ith of ,january1 when the ,peers re-assembled after their adjournment1 seven being present1 they made a faint attempt to recover influence4 ,they sketched out an ,ordinance to the effect that whatsoever ,king of ,england should in future levy war against the ,parliament and the ,kingdom should be guilty of ,high ,treason1 and they appointed a ,committee to prepare such an ,ordinance4 ,at the same time1 ignoring the virtual abolition of their ,house by the ,commons1 they endeavoured to renew communications between the two ,houses in the usual manner1 by sending a message about various matters of mere ordinary business that had been pending between the two4 ,this led to a curious proof that even in the thoroughgoing body that now constituted the ,commons there was still a difference between most thoroughgoing and moderately thoroughgoing4 ,there was first a division on the question whether the messengers from the ,lords should he received at all2 and1 while #ca voted for admitting them1 a minority of #ah1 with ,henry ,marten and ,ludlow for their tellers1 voted ,no4 ,then1 after the messengers had been received and had delivered their message1 it was debated whether they should be dismissed with the customary answer that the ,house would reply in due course by messengers of their own4 ,out of #eb present1 #ai voted ,no 7,ireton one of the tellers71 and #cc voted for keeping up the usual courtesy4 ,but1 though a majority were thus for treating the ,lords as still extant1 practically the whole ,house was in the same ultra- democratic temper4 ,that very day1 for example1 on the report of a ,committee1 orders were given for the engraving of a new ,great ,seal1 with instructions that on one side there should be a map of ,england and ,ireland1 with the ,islands of ,jersey and ,guernsey1 also the ,english and ,irish arms1 and the words ,the ,great ,seal of ,england3 #afdh1 and on the reverse a representation of the ,house of ,commons sitting1 and the motto ,in the ,first ,year of ,freedom by ,god's blessing restored3 #afdh4 ,the deviser of these emblems was the ,republican ,henry ,marten4 ,footnote3 ,lords and ,commons ,journals of days named2 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #acgi et seq42 ,parl4 ,hist4 ,,iii4 #abec-abeh2 ,whitlocke under dates given4 ,not even yet did ,charles realize the extent of his danger4 ,well-treated at ,windsor1 and allowed the liberty of walking on the terrace and in the grounds1 he had kept up his spirits wonderfully1 and had been heard to say he doubted not but within six months to see peace in ,england1 and1 in case of not restoring1 to be righted from ,ireland1 ,denmark1 and other places4 ,even after information of the proceedings of the ,commons and their rupture with the ,lords had reached him1 he scouted the idea of the public trial which was threatened4 ,they dared not do such a thing6 ,at the utmost1 he expected that the ,commons might venture to depose him1 confine him in the ,tower or elsewhere1 and call upon the ,prince of ,wales1 or perhaps the ,duke of ,york or the ,duke of ,gloucester1 to assume the succession6 ,footnote3 ,herbert's ,memoirs1 #ade-aef2 ,whitlocke1 ,,ii4 #dhh4 ,meanwhile the ,court appointed to try the ,king had met to constitute itself4 ,formal proclamation of its authority and of its business had been made in various public places in ,london2 and1 in a series of meeting held in the ,painted ,chamber in ,westminster1 preliminaries had been arranged4 ,not so many as half of the ,commissioners appointed by the ,ordinance seem to have attended at any of these meetings4 ,fairfax1 who was present at the first 7,jan4 #h71 recoiled then and there1 and never went back4 ,footnote3 ,in ,notes and ,queries for ,july #f1 #ahgb1 ,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,thorns gave a carefully prepared list of the #ace persons named ,king's ,judges by the ,second ,ordinance for the ,trial1 so printed as to show which of them really took part in the business thus assigned them1 and to what extent1 and which of them abstained wholly or withdrew before the close of the proceedings4 ,for ,president of the ,court1 with the title ,lord ,high ,president1 there was chosen ,john ,bradshaw1 one of the lawyers added in the second form of the ,ordinance1 to make up for the omission there of the three ,judges from the regular ,law-,courts who had been appointed in the first ,ordinance1 but had been excused4 ,he was over sixty years of age2 had been eminent for some time in his profession2 and had recently been one of a group of lawyers raised to the serjeantcy1 with a view to their promotion to the ,bench4 ,as counsel for the prosecution1 four lawyers1 not on the ,commission1 were appointed1 one of them ,john ,cook1 and another the learned ,dutchman ,dr4 ,dorislaus4 ,although these arrangements had been made before the #abth of ,january1 another week elapsed before the ,court was quite ready4 ,the vaults under the ,painted ,chamber1 which was to be the ordinary place of meeting of the ,court1 when not sitting in ,westminster ,hall for the open trial1 had to be searched and secured against any attempt of the ,guy ,fawkes kind2 a bullet-proof hat1 it is said1 had to be made for ,bradshaw3 the ,mace and ,sword of ,state had to be brought from their usual repositories2 c4 ,the two ,houses of ,parliament meanwhile met from day to day1 four or five ,peers still keeping up the pretence of their corporate existence1 and about #ej ,commoners transacting this or that business as it happened1 without the least reference to the ,peers4 ,prynne1 from his confinement in the ,king's ,head ,tavern in the ,strand1 had issued a defence of the ,king in the form of ,a ,brief ,memento to the ,present ,unparliamentary ,juncto2 and a good deal of the time of the ,commons was taken up with notices of this pamphlet and votes for the prosecution of its author4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii1 #achi-acid2 ,lords and ,commons ,journals2 and ,godwin's ,hist4 of the ,commonwealth1 ,,ii4 #fba and #ffd-ffh4 ,,the ,,trial ,,in ,,westminster ,,hall3 ,,incidents ,,of ,,the ,,seven ,,successive ,,days3 ,,the ,,sentence4 ,on ,friday1 ,jan4 #ai1 ,charles was brought from ,windsor in a coach1 guarded by a body of horse under ,harrison's command1 and conveyed through ,brentford and ,hammersmith to ,st4 ,james's ,palace4 ,that same night he was removed to ,whitehall2 and1 on the afternoon of ,saturday the #bjth1 he was taken thence to ,cotton ,house1 adjoining ,westminster ,hall4 ,this great hall1 used for ,strafford's trial1 had now been fitted up for the ,king's1 and the ,high ,court of ,justice were already assembled in it1 waiting their prisoner4 ,bradshaw was in the chair1 and sixty-six more of the ,commissioners were present4 ,among them were ,cromwell1 ,ireton1 ,henry ,marten1 ,edmund ,ludlow1 ,general ,hammond1 ,lord ,grey of ,groby1 several ,baronets and ,knights1 ,colonels ,ewer1 ,hawson1 ,robert ,lilburne1 ,okey1 ,pride1 ,hutchinson1 ,purefoy1 ,sir ,hardress ,waller1 and ,whalley1 with ,major ,harrison1 ,alderman ,pennington of ,london1 and three barristers4 ,the hall was crowded with spectators1 both on the floor and in the galleries2 and order was kept by a guard of red-coats under ,colonel ,axtell4 ,as the ,court was forming itself1 there had been a rather startling interruption by a woman's voice from one of the galleries4 ,it was that of ,lady ,fairfax1 who had gone in indignant curiosity1 and1 on hearing her husband's name read in the ,commission1 called out loudly to this effect1 ,he is not here1 and will never be2 you do him wrong to name him4 ,this interruption was over1 and the ,court composed1 when ,charles was brought in by ,colonel ,hacker1 and a select guard of officers armed with halberts4 ,the ,serjeant-at-,arms receiving him1 and preceding him with the mace1 he was conducted to the bar1 where a chair of crimson velvet had been set for him4 ,some of his own servants followed him and stood round him4 ,he looked sternly at the ,court and at the people in the galleries2 then sat down1 keeping on his hat2 then stood up1 and turned round to look at the soldiers and the multitude2 then sat down again1 still with his hat on4 ,he was now face to face with his judges4 ,he looked at them carefully1 and recognised about eight as personally known to him4 ,footnote3 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #acid-acii1 and ,herbert1 #aej-afa4 ,it is strange to find some points of contradiction between these two trustworthy accounts4 ,herbert1 after apparently implying that the ,king had been brought from ,windsor to ,st ,james's before the #aith1 makes his removal from ,st4 ,james's to ,whitehall occur on that day4 ,rushworth brings him to ,st4 ,james's exactly on the #aith1 and removes him to ,whitehall next morning4 ,again1 ,herbert makes the ,king conveyed from ,whitehall to ,cotton ,house in a sedan or close chair1 and describes the walk through the posted guards1 along ,king ,street and ,palace ,yard1 adding that only he himself was allowed to go with the ,king that way2 whereas ,rushworth says that the ,king was brought to ,cotton ,house from ,whitehall by water1 guarded by musketeers in boats4 ,rushworth's accounts1 written at the moment1 ought to be more accurate in such particulars1 and especially in dates1 than ,herbert's1 written from recollection2 but ,herbert can hardly have been wrong in the matter of the sedan chair4 ,perhaps1 while the ,king went in such a chair1 ,herbert accompanying him1 most of the ,king's servants went by water4 ,for the names of all the sixty-seven ,king's ,judges present on the first day of the ,trial see ,mr4 ,thomb's list in ,notes and ,queries1 ,july #f1 #ahgb4 ,the figure #bj there appended to a name intimates presence that day4-- ,among those of the #ace appointed ,judges who did not attend on that day or on any subsequent one1 and therefore must be supposed to have agreed with ,fairfax in disowning the entire business1 we may note ,skippon1 ,sir ,arthur ,haselrig1 ,sir ,william ,brereton1 ,desborough1 ,lambert1 ,overton1 ,lord ,lisle1 and ,algernon ,sidney4 ,the proceedings of the ,trial will be best exhibited in the following condensed account of the particulars of each day3-- ,saturday1 ,jan4 #bj3--,the ,president1 in a brief address to the ,king1 informed him of the business on which the ,court had met1 and called on him to hear the ,charge against him4 ,solicitor ,cook1 standing within the bar1 on the ,king's right1 then began to state the ,charge1 but was interrupted by the ,king1 who held out a stick which he had in his hand1 and laid it softly twice or thrice on the ,solicitor's shoulder1 bidding him stop4 ,bradshaw having interfered1 the ,solicitor continued his statement1 and delivered in his ,charge in writing1 which ,bradshaw called on the ,clerk of the ,court to read4 ,charles again interrupted1 and continued to interrupt2 but1 ,bradshaw telling him that he would be heard afterwards if he had anything to say1 the document was at length read4 ,it accused ,charles ,stuart1 ,king of ,england1 of having traitorously and maliciously levied war against the present ,parliament and the ,people therein represented2 and it supported the ,charge by a recitation of specific acts of the ,king done in the ,first ,civil ,war from ,june #afdb to #afdf1 and again more generally of acts done in #afdh before and during the ,second ,civil ,war4 ,charles had smiled often as the ,charge was read2 and1 when the ,president at the close asked what answer he had to give1 begged to know by what authority he had been brought thither4 ,he had been in treaty with ,parliament in the ,isle of ,wight2 he had been forcibly taken thence2 he saw no ,lords present2 the crown of ,england was hereditary and not elective2 in whose name was this ,court held8 ,in that of the ,commons of ,england1 ,bradshaw replied2 and there ensued a skirmish between him and the ,king on the question of authority1 which ,bradshaw ended by adjourning the ,court till ,monday at ten o'clock4 ,monday1 ,jan4 #bb3-;,after a consultation in the ,painted ,chamber1 the ,court met in ,westminster ,hall1 seventy members present1 and answering to their names4 ,the skirmish between ,bradshaw and the ,king was renewed3 ,bradshaw requiring the ,king's ,answer to the ,charge either by confessing or denying1 and the ,king refusing the ,court's jurisdiction1 not for his own sake alone1 he said1 but for the freedom and liberty of the people of ,england1 imperilled by the assumption of the ,court's legality4 ,sir1 ,i must interrupt you1 said ,bradshaw2 which ,i would not do1 but that what you do is not agreeable to the proceedings of any ,court of ,justice4 ,no ,court1 he said1 could permit its own authority to be questioned2 the ,king must not go out into such wide discourses2 he must give a punctual and direct answer4 ,no such answer would the ,king give2 he would have law and reason for his being in that place at all4 ,sir1 you are not to dispute our authority1 again interrupted ,bradshaw2 you are told it again by the ,court3 ,sir1 it will be taken notice of you that you stand in contempt of the ,court1 and your contempt will be recorded accordingly4 ,the ,king did not know how a ,king might be a delinquent by any law he ever heard of2 but any ,delinquent might put in a demurrer4 ,and so on and on for a considerable time1 the ,clerk of the ,court reading out the ,resolution of the ,court that the ,king should give his answer1 and the ,king still insisting on giving reasons why he would not4 ,serjeant1 take away the prisoner1 said the ,lord ,president at last2 and the ,king1 still talking1 was removed to ,cotton ,house4----,he left in writing1 for subsequent publication1 the reasons he wanted to state to the ,court that day4 ,the chief of them was that no earthly power could justly call a ,king to account4 ,he quoted1 as ,scripture authority1 ,eccles4 viii4 #d3 ,where the word of a ,king is1 there is power2 and who may say unto him1 ,what dost thou8 ,but he appealed also to the ,law and ,custom of ,england4 ,tuesday1 ,jan4 #bc3-,the ,court again met in ,westminster ,hall1 #fc ,commissioners present4 ,solicitor ,cook moved that1 the ,king having refused to plead either ,guilty or ,not ,guilty1 the rule for such cases of contumacy should be applied to him1 his refusal taken pro confesso1 and judgment pronounced4 ,the ,lord ,president1 calling the ,king's attention to this motion1 offered him another opportunity of pleading1 which he used only to return to the discourses of the two previous days4 ,clerk1 do your duty6 said ,bradshaw at last4 ,duty1 ,sir6 exclaimed the ,king2 and1 the ,clerk having again read out a paper requiring the ,king's positive answer to the ,charge1 and the ,king still refusing1 ,clerk1 record the default1 said ,bradshaw1 and1 gentlemen1 you that took charge of the prisoner1 take him back again4 ,that night1 like the preceding1 was spent in ,cotton ,house4 ,wednesday1 ,jan4 #bd1 and ,thursday1 ,jan4 #be3--,no public meetings of the ,court in ,westminster ,hall on these days2 but more private sessions in the ,painted ,chamber for the purpose of receiving the depositions of witnesses1--the ,court having determined that1 though not obliged to that course1 they would adopt it for their own satisfaction4 ,accordingly there were examined more than thirty witnesses from various parts of ,england-- ,w4 ,c41 of ,patrington in ,holderness1 in the county of ,york1 gentleman1 aged #db2 ,w4 ,b41 of ,wixhall1 in the county of ,salop1 gentleman2 ,h4 ,h41 of ,stratford-upon-,avon in ,warwickshire2 ,r4 ,l41 of ,cotton in ,nottinghamshire1 tiler2 ,j4 ,w41 of ,ross in ,herefordshire1 shoemaker2 ,s4 ,l41 of ,nottingham1 maltster1 aged #cj years2 ,a4 ,y41 citizen and barber-surgeon of ,london1 aged #bi2 ,h4 ,g41 of ,gray's ,inn1 in the county of ,middlesex1 gentleman2 c4 c4 ,they deposed to various acts of the ,king seen by themselves1 from the setting up of his standard at ,nottingham onwards4 ,papers in the ,king's own hand1 or by his authority1 were also produced and read4 ,finally1 the ,court1 taking into consideration the whole matter1 resolved to proceed to sentence on the ,king as a tyrant1 traitor1 and murderer1 and as a public enemy to the ,commonwealth of ,england4 ,friday1 ,jan4 #bf3--;,a private sitting of the ,court in the ,painted ,chamber1 in which the ,sentence was drafted1 agreed to1 and ordered to be engrossed4 ,saturday1 ,jan4 #bg3--;,first another private meeting in the ,painted ,chamber to settle the procedure of the ,court for the day1 and give ,president ,bradshaw instructions for his behaviour in any contingency that might arise1 one of them being that he should hear the ,king say what he would before the sentence1 and not after4 ,then1 about one o'clock1 an adjournment to full state in ,westminster ,hall4 ,the ,lord ,president was now robed in scarlet1 and there were #fg ,commissioners present4 ,the ,court having been opened1 ,charles1 whose presence had not been required on the three preceding days1 was brought in4 ,as he went to his place1 the soldiers in the ,hall called out ,justice1 ,justice1 and ,execution6 till the ,court commanded silence4 ,the ,king1 in his usual posture1 with his hat on1 immediately began to speak4 ,the ,president told him he would have liberty to do so1 but must hear the ,court first4 ,after some farther attempts to speak then1 the ,king submitted2 and ,bradshaw1 reminding him of what had passed in the first three meetings of the ,court1 related the subsequent action of the ,court1 and their conclusion on the whole matter1 and called upon him to say anything he pleased in bar of judgment1 provided it were in his own defence1 and not in renewed challenge of the ,court's jurisdiction4 ,with difficulty keeping off the forbidden topic1 ,charles dwelt on the dangers of a hasty sentence1 and urged a special request which he had reserved for the occasion4 ,it was that1 before sentence was read1 he should be permitted to have a conference with the ,lords and ,commons in the ,painted ,chamber4 ,bradshaw1 though he gave it as his opinion that the request only tended to delay1 and was in fact a farther declining of the jurisdiction of the ,court1 yet announced that the ,court would withdraw to consider it4 ,there was therefore a private consultation for half an hour in the ,court of ,wards1 the ,king meanwhile being removed from the ,great ,hall4 ,when the ,court had returned thither1 and the ,king had been brought back1 ,bradshaw intimated that the consultation had been pro forma only1 that the request could not be granted1 that the ,court must proceed to sentence4 ,there was another painful altercation1 the ,king pressing his request for delay1 and seeming to hint he had some important proposal to make to the ,lords and ,commons 7abdication in favour of the ,prince of ,wales1 it was afterwards guessed72 and ,bradshaw trying to stop him4 ,at length1 the ,king ceasing to interrupt1 ,bradshaw's words took continuous form for a minute or two in that kind of address which a ,judge makes to a capital criminal before passing sentence4 ,make an ,o yes1 he said in conclusion to the officers1 and command silence while the ,sentence is read4 ,the ,clerk then read out the sentence as it had been engressed on parchment1 as follows3--,whereas the ,commons of ,england in ,parliament1 c4 a statement of the purpose of the ,court1 an insertion of the ,charge against ,charles1 and a record of his refusal to plead and the consequent proceedings of the ,court1 this ,court doth adjudge that the said ,charles ,stuart1 as a ,tyrant1 ,traitor1 ,murderer1 and a ,public ,enemy1 shall be put to death by the severing of his head from his body4 ,the ,president then said1 ,the sentence now read and published is the act1 sentence1 judgement1 and resolution of the whole ,court2 whereupon all the ,commissioners stood up to express their assent4 ,his ,majesty then said1 ,will you hear me a word1 ,sir8 ,president3 ,sir1 you are not to be heard after the sentence4 ,king3 ,no1 ,sir8 ,president3 ,no1 ,sir1 by your favour4 ,sir4 ,guard1 withdraw your prisoner4 ,king3 ,i may speak after sentence1 by your favour1 ,sir2 ,i may speak after sentence1 ever4 ,by your favour1 hold the guard1 one must suppose1 now hustling around ,charles4 ,the sentence1 ,sir--,i say ,sir1 ,i do--,i am not suffered to speak2 ,expect what justice other people will have4 ,as he passed out with the guard1 there were again cries from the soldiers of ,justice1 ,justice1 and some brutes among them puffed their tobacco-smoke in front of him1 and threw their pipes in his way4 ,he was taken to ,whitehall and thence to ,st4 ,james's4 ,footnote3 ,abridged mainly from ,rushworth's collection of accounts in #cj folio pages 7,,vii4 #acie-adbe74 ,the sixty-seven of the ,king's judges who were present in ,westminster ,hall on the #bgth1 when the sentence was pronounced1 are to be regarded as the men most resolute in the business1 the committed ,regicides4 ,two of these 7,george ,fleetwood and ,thomas ,wayte7 came in at the last moment1 not having attended any of the previous meetings of the ,court from the beginning of the ,trial on the #bjth4 ,on the other hand1 some nine or ten who had been present on one1 two1 or even all of the three previous public days of the ,trial 7the #bjth1 #bbnd1 and #bcrd71 had dropped off before the sentence2 among them whome ,i note ,alderman ,isaac ,pennington4 ,he had been present all the three previous days2 but could not reconcile himself to the conclusion4 ,of the sixty-seven who did reconcile themselves to it1 fifty-one1 as ,i reckon1 are conspicuous for their unswerving steadiness throughout the proceedings1 never having missed a day in their attendance from the #bjth to the #bgth inclusively4 ,among these are ,bradshaw1 ,cromwell1 ,ireton1 ,marten1 ,general ,hammond1 ,ludlow1 ,lord ,grey of ,groby1 ,sir ,john ,danvers1 ,pride1 ,purefoy1 ,hewson1 ,hutchinson1 ,robert ,lilburne1 ,okey1 ,sir ,hardress ,waller1 ,whalley1 ,harrison1 ,sir ,m4 ,livesy1 and ,thomas ,scott4 ,several of those1 however1 who had missed one or even two of the days of the ,trial had done so accidentally1 or for some reason of business1 and not from flinching4 ,finally1 of the sixty-seven who were present at the sentence1 and stood up when it was pronounced to signify their concurrence1 several were either reluctant at the time1 or at all events afterwards wished people to believe that they were4 ,,last ,,three ,,days ,,of ,,charles',s ,,life3 ,,his ,,execution ,,and ,,burial4 ,the last two days and three nights of ,charles's life were spent by him in the utmost possible privacy4 ,from the first day of his trial1 by an order of the ,commons1 procured by the intercession of ,hugh ,peters1 he had been allowed to have ,dr4 ,juxon1 ex-,bishop of ,london1 constantly in attendance upon him2 and there was a fresh order continuing this favour after the sentence4 ,except ,juxon and the faithful gentleman of the bedchamber1 ,thomas ,herbert1 the ,king did not desire company2 and it was a relief to him when1 on the remonstrances of these two with ,hacker1 that officer desisted from his intention of placing two musketeers on guard in his chamber4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals of the #bjth and the #bgth1 and ,herbert1 #ahb-c4 ,on the evening of the #bgth1 the day of the sentence1 the ,king's nephew1 the ,prince ,elector1 who had special permission to see him1 came for the purpose1 accompanied by the ,duke of ,richmond1 the ,marquis of ,hertford1 the ,earls of ,southampton and ,lindsey1 and some other noblemen4 ,they had to be content with a message of thanks through ,herbert1 and went sorrowfully away4 ,the same evening there also arrived ,mr4 ,henry ,seymour1 with a letter from the ,prince of ,wales1 dated from the ,hague a few days before4 ,this messenger1 having been admitted by ,colonel ,hacker1 did see the ,king1 and knelt passionately at his feet1 while he read the letter1 and returned some verbal answer4 ,there then remained only ,herbert and ,juxon with the ,king2 but1 as the night came on1 ,herbert was sent out on a message4 ,he was to take a ring which the ,king gave him1 an emerald between two diamonds1 and deliver it to a lady living in ,channel ,row1 who would know what it meant4 ,the night was very dark2 but ,herbert1 having got the pass-word from ,colonel ,tomlinson1 who was in command outside1 made his way through the sentries to the house indicated4 ,he saw the lady1 and1 on delivering the ring1 received from her a sealed cabinet4 ,it was a box of diamonds and other jewels1 chiefly broken ,georges and ,garters1 which had been deposited with the lady1 who was the ,king's laundress and wife of ,sir ,william ,wheeler4 ,returning with it to ,st4 ,james's1 ,herbert found ,juxon just gone to his lodging near1 and the ,king alone4 ,herbert slept that night in the ,king's chamber1 as he had done since the beginning of the trial1 a pallet-bed having been brought in for the purpose by the ,king's order1 and placed near his own bed4 ,as always1 the wax-light in the silver basin was kept faintly burning4 ,footnote3 ,herbert1 #agj-agh2 and ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iv4 #bh-ca4 ,wood's account was derived from ,herbert himself1 and substantially is the same as ,herbert's own in his published ,memoirs1 but with additional particulars1 of which some are peculiarly interesting4 ,of the next day1 ,sunday the #bhth1 there is nothing to record1 save that in the morning the ,king opened the cabinet of jewels1 and that the rest of the day was passed in hearing a sermon from ,juxon on ,romans ii4 #af1 and in private readings and devotions4 ,clement ,walker1 indeed1 foists into this day a myth he had heard about a certain paper-book tendered to the ,king by some of the grandees of the ,army and ,parliament1 offering him his life and some shadow of regality on conditions of such a portentous character1 so destructive to the fundamental ,government1 ,religion1 ,laws1 ,liberties1 and ,properties of the ,people1 that his ,majesty firmly refused them4 ,the air was full of such myths4 ,footnote3 ,clement ,walker's ,hist4 of ,independency1 ,part ,,ii1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,on ,monday1 the #bith1 the two royal children then in ,england1 the ,princess ,elizabeth1 thirteen years old1 and the ,duke of ,gloucester1 a boy of eight1 came to ,st4 ,james's to bid their father farewell4 ,the ,princess1 as the elder1 and the more sensible of her father's condition1 was weeping excessively2 the younger boy1 seeing his sister weep1 took the like impression1 and sobbed in sympathy and fright4 ,he sat with them for some time at a window1 taking them on his knees and kissing them1 and talking with them of their duty to their mother1 and to their eldest brother the ,prince of ,wales1 who should be rightful ,king of ,england in long future years1 when they would hardly remember their dead father4 ,he distributed to them most of the jewels from the recovered casket2 and at last1 when the time allotted for the interview was over1 and the door was opened from without1 he rose hastily1 again kissed them and blessed them1 and then turned about to hide his own tears1 while they departed crying miserably4 ,footnote3 ,herbert1 #agh-ahj4 ,in one particular there is a discrepancy between ,herbert's account of the two days immediately succeeding ,charles's sentence and the account found in ,rushworth and others4 ,herbert says that on ,saturday1 after the sentence1 ,charles was taken from ,westminster ,hall back to ,whitehall1 whence after two hours' space he was removed to ,st4 ,james's4 ,accordingly it is at ,st4 ,james's1 as in the text1 that ,herbert represents ,charles as passing the ,saturday night and the ,sunday and ,monday4 ,in ,rushworth1 on the other hand1 the ,king remains at ,whitehall through ,saturday night and ,sunday2 and it is not till ,monday that he is removed to ,st4 ,james's1 where he sees his children4 ,herbert's surely is the better authority in this matter4 ,and what of surrounding ,london1 what of ,england1 what of the three kingdoms1 and the world beyond the seas8 ,a ,king condemned as a ,traitor and a ,murderer by a fraction of his subjects2 his children taking farewell of him2 his time on earth now measured by hours1 and the hours by the ticks of a clock2 the hum close at hand of carpenters at work in hideous1 unnameable preparations6 ,was there then to be no arrest1 might there be no delay8 ,would not the very stones of ,london rise and mutiny2 might not the land around1 even if led but by popular fury1 surge in to the rescue2 from beyond the seas might there not come execration sufficient1 and some foreign voice to stop8 ,nearly eight weeks1 it is to be remembered1 had elapsed since the ,army had assumed the absolute political mastery by ,pride's ,purge of the ,commons2 and somewhat more than three weeks since the small stump of the ,commons which they had fitted for their purpose had voted the ,peers a farce1 declared all power to reside in itself1 and appointed the ,high ,court of ,justice for the ,trial of the ,king4 ,if there was to be interposition for ,charles1 from within ,great ,britain or from abroad1 there had therefore been time for it before his ,trial actually began1 or at least before his ,sentence4 ,what had been the appearances8 ,among foreign powers and potentates a mere curious amazement1 a feeling that the strange ,islanders had gone mad1 too mad to be meddled with3 in ,france perhaps1 where ,mazarin had his own notions1 even a pleasure in the sense of being unable to interfere and a willingness to see the ,english fury burn itself out in its own way4 ,the ,french ,ambassador in ,england had1 indeed1 conveyed a letter from ,queen ,henrietta ,maria1 addressed to the ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons2 but the ,house had passed it by1 and left it unanswered4 ,then1 among the ,english ,royalists abroad6 ,among them1 of course1 a phrenzy unutterable1--passionate pacings of rooms and courtyards in the foreign towns that quartered them2 wild clamours of grief wherever a few of them were gathered together2 mingled sobbings1 curses1 prayers1 gnashings of teeth1 at the thought of what was passing in the home-island beyond their reach6 ,but what within that island itself8 ,what of ,england and ,london8 ,the population1 as we know1 consisted of three sections--the numerous ,independents and ,sectaries2 the multitudinous ,presbyterians2 and the suppressed and all but silenced ,prelatists1 or adherents of the old ,church of ,england1 ,what had been the signs from these three sections8 ,well1 while petitions had come in to the ,commons from the well-affected1 i4e4 the ,independents and ,sectaries1 of various counties1 praying for justice on ,delinquents of whatever rank1 and therefore virtually adhering to the ,army2 while the ,independents of the ,city of ,london itself had bestirred themselves in the same sense1 and1 in spite of the opposition of the ,lord ,mayor and most of the ,aldermen1 had carried at a ,guildhall meeting an ,address from the ,common ,council to the ,commons1 which the ,commons received with great form and much expression of thanks2 while all this had been done in the ,army's interest1 there had been much fainter counter-demonstrations1 from either the ,prelatists or the ,presbyterians1 than might have been expected4 ,the ,prelatists1 believing their interference would do harm1 had remained in dumb horror3 only ,dr4 ,john ,gauden and ,dr1 ,henry ,hammond had ventured on protestations in the ,king's behalf1 addressed to ,fairfax and the ,army ,council4 ,the ,presbyterians1 having more liberty in the way of speech1 had certainly not been silent4 ,what indignation among them1 what outcries1 during the last seven weeks1 over the suppression of all legal authority1 and the monstrous usurpation of power by the ,army-,grandees and their heretical adherents6 ,among the ,presbyterian multitudes of ,london there had been no protester in this sense more brave than ,prynne4 ,whatever could be done with pen and ink1 or by vehement verbal messages1 in addition to his published ,brief ,memento1 from his durance in the ,king's ,head ,tavern1 he had done1 and continued to do4 ,clement ,walker was hardly less active4 ,from the ,presbyterian ,clergy of the ,city also1 notwithstanding the exertions of ,hugh ,peters and others1 in private conferences with them1 to keep them from interfering1 there did come voices of remonstrance4 ,the ,westminster ,assembly1 or what of the body then remained sitting1 had signified their unanimous desire for the ,king's release2 and forty-seven ministers1 meeting at ,sion ,college1 had drawn up and signed a document1 addressed to ,fairfax1 in which they protested most earnestly1 in the name of ,religion and general morality1 and also of the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant1 against the usurpation of power by the ,army and the violence intended to the ,king's person4 ,there had been manifestations to the same effect from ,presbyterian ministers in various parts of the country1 in which1 it appears1 even some of the ,independent ministers had joined4 ,finally1 there was all ,presbyterian ,scotland4 ,what of it8 ,the ,scottish ,parliament had met in ,edinburgh on the #dth of ,january1 and had been greatly agitated by the news1 received from the ,earl of ,lothian1 ,sir ,john ,chiesley1 and ,william ,glendinning1 then acting as ,scottish ,commissioners in ,london1 how that above #afj members of the ,house of ,commons were extrudit the ,house by the blasphemous ,army1 and how there was no doubt but the ,king's life was in peril4 ,there had been an express to ,london in consequence1 with instructions to the ,commissioners to do their best1 by every form of entreaty and remonstrance1 to avert the dreaded catastrophe4 ,both before and during the ,trial1 accordingly1 these ,commissioners1 aided by ,mr4 ,blair and other ,commissioners of the ,scottish ,kirk1 had been going to and fro in ,london1 reasoning1 threatening1 and imploring4 ,charles ,stuart was ,king of ,scotland2 the whole ,scottish nation was loyal to ,monarchy in him and in his race2 from all the pulpits in ,scotland there were prayers for him1 and forgiveness of his past errors in pity of his present state2 would the ,english nation dare1 in defiance of all this1 and in outrage of the ,league and ,covenant1 to put him to death8 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,jan4 #ae1 #afdh-i2 ,neal's ,puritans1 ,,iii4 #dij-f2 ,whitlocke ,jan4 #c2 ,walker's ,history of ,independency1 ,part ,,ii4 #fa-hg2 ,balfour's ,annals1 ,,iii4 #cgc et seq4 ,life of ,robert ,blair 7,wodrow ,society71 pp4 #bac-bae4 ,all this before the ,king's trial had actually begun1 or at least before his sentence4 ,and what now that the sentence had been pronounced1 and ,charles in ,st4 ,james's was making ready for his doom8 ,the ,trial had been swift2 hardly more than the expectation of it can have reached foreign shores2 of the actual sentence many parts of ,england were yet ignorant4 ,only at the centre1 only in ,london itself1 could there be interference at this last moment4 ,to the last there were some efforts4 ,after the sentence the pleadings and protests of the ,scottish ,commissioners became nearly frantic in their vehemence1 the ,presbyterianism of ,london too numb for farther expression itself1 but speaking through the ,scots4 ,all to no effect4 ,nor was greater attention paid to the intercession of the only foreign ,power that then made an effort to save ,charles4 ,the ,states- ,general of ,holland had sent over a special embassy for the purpose2 but1 though the ,ambassadors were in ,london on the #bith and were received that day with most ceremonious respect by the ,commons as well as by the ,lords1 they knew that they had come on a vain errand4 ,why was all in vain8 ,for one very simple and yet very sufficient reason4 ,at the centre of ,england was a will that had made itself adamant1 by express vow and deliberation beforehand1 for the very hour which had now arrived1 and that1 amid all entreaties and pleadings of men1 women1 classes1 corporations1 and nations1 would go through with the business that had been begun4 ,relentings there were near the centre1 but not at the very centre4 ,fairfax had relented2 ,pennington had relented2 others who had taken part in the ,trial had relented2 ,vane1 ,st4 ,john1 ,skippon1 ,fiennes1 leaders hitherto1 had withdrawn from the work1 and were looking on moodily2 there was an agony over what was coming among many that had helped to bring it to pass4 ,only some fifty or sixty governing ,englishmen1 with ,,oliver ,,cromwell in the midst of them1 were prepared for every responsibility1 and stood inexorably to their task4 ,they were the will of ,england now1 and they had the ,army with them4 ,what proportion of ,england besides went with them it might be difficult to estimate4 ,one private ,londoner1 at all events1 can be named1 who approved thoroughly of their policy1 and was ready to testify the same4 ,while the sentenced ,king was at ,st4 ,james's there were lying on ,milton's writing- table in his house in ,high ,holborn at least the beginnings of a pamphlet on which he had been engaged during the ,king's ,trial1 and in which1 in vehement answer to the outcry of the ,presbyterians generally1 but with particular references also to the printed protests of ,prynne1 the appeals of the ,prelatists ,hammond and ,gauden1 and the interferences of the ,scots and the ,dutch1 he was to defend all the recent acts of the ,army1 ,pride's ,purge included1 justify the existing government of the ,army-chiefs and the fragment of ,parliament that assisted them1 inculcate ,republican beliefs on his countrymen1 and prove to them above all this proposition3 ,that it is lawful1 and hath been held so through all ages1 for any who have the power1 to call to account a ,tyrant1 or wicked ,king1 and1 after due conviction1 to depose and put him to death1 if the ordinary ,magistrate have neglected or denied to do it6 ,the pamphlet was not to come out in time to bear practically on the deed which it justified2 but1 while the ,king was yet alive1 it was planned1 sketched1 and in part written4 ,footnote3 ,commons ,journals1 ,jan1 #bb and #bi2 ,lords ,journals1 ,jan4 #bi2 ,rushworth1 ,,vii4 #adbf-g2 ,milton's ,tenure of ,kings and ,magistrates1 and his ,def4 ,sec4--,that ,milton's ,tenure of ,kings and ,magistrates1 though not published till after the ,king's death1 had been on hand before1 if not completed1 might be inferred from the pamphlet itself1 the language and tense of some parts of which are scarcely explicable otherwise4 ,but see his account of the composition of the pamphlet in his ,def4 ,sec4 ,he there says that the book did not come out till after the ,king's death1 and consequently had no direct influence in bringing about that fact2 but this very statement1 and the sentences which precede it1 confirm what is said in the text as to the time when the pamphlet was schemed and begun4 ,actually on ,monday1 ,jan4 #bi1 while the ,dutch ,ambassadors were having their audiences with the two ,houses1 the ,death-,warrant was out1 as follows3-- ,at the ,high ,court of ,justice for the ,trying and ,judging of ,charles ,stuart1 ,king of ,england1 ,january ,x,x,i,xth1 ,anno ,dom4 #afdh4 ,whereas ,charles ,stuart1 ,king of ,england1 is and standeth convicted1 attainted1 and condemned of ,high ,treason and other high ,crimes1 and sentence upon ,saturday last was pronounced upon him by this ,court to be put to death by the severing of his head from his body2 of which sentence execution yet remaineth to be done3 ,these are therefore to will and require you to see the said sentence executed in the open street before ,whitehall upon the morrow1 being the ,thirtieth day of this instant month of ,january1 between the hours of ,ten in the morning and ,five in the afternoon of the said day1 with full effect4 ,and for so doing this shall be your sufficient warrant4 ,and these are to require all ,officers and ,soldiers and other the good people of this ,nation to be assisting unto you in this service4 ,given under our hands and seals3-- ,jo4 ,bradshawe ,ri4 ,deane ,thos4 ,horton ,tho4 ,grey ,robert ,tichborne ,j4 ,jones ,o4 ,cromwell ,h4 ,edwardes ,john ,moore ,edw4 ,whalley ,daniel ,blagrave ,gilb4 ,millington ,m4 ,livesey ,owen ,rowe ,g4 ,fleetwood ,john ,okey ,william ,perfoy ,j4 ,alured ,j4 ,danvers ,ad4 ,scrope ,rob4 ,lilburne ,jo4 ,bourchier ,james ,temple ,will4 ,say ,h4 ,ireton ,a4 ,garland ,anth4 ,stapley ,tho4 ,mauleverer ,edm4 ,ludlowe ,gre4 ,norton ,har4 ,waller ,henry ,marten ,tho4 ,challoner ,john ,blakiston ,vint4 ,potter ,thomas ,wogan ,j4 ,hutchinson ,wm4 ,constable ,john ,venn ,willi4 ,goffe ,rich4 ,ingoldesby ,gregory ,clements ,tho4 ,pride ,will4 ,cawley ,jo4 ,downes ,pe4 ,temple ,j4 ,barkestead ,tho4 ,wayte ,t4 ,harrison ,isaa4 ,ewer ,tho4 ,scot ,j4 ,hewson ,john ,dixwell ,jo4 ,carew ,hen4 ,smyth ,valentine ,wauton ,miles ,corbet4 ,per4 ,pelham ,simon ,mayne ,to ,colonel ,francis ,hacker1 ,colonel ,huncks1 and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,phayre2 and to every of them4 ,footnote3 ,the original of this ,warrant1 a parchment eighteen inches wide and ten inches deep1 is in the possession of the ,house of ,lords1 having been produced before that body by ,colonel ,hacker in #affj1 and then retained4 ,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,thorns1 who has minutely inspected it1 made it the subject of a curious and interesting inquiry in ,notes and ,queries1 ,july #f and ,july #ac1 #ahgb4 ,he observes that the date of the ,warrant itself1 and the words upon ,saturday last for the day of the sentence1 are written over erasures and in a different hand from the rest1 and that the word ,thirtieth for the day of execution is inserted in a space too large for it2 and1 for this and other reasons1 he arrives at the conclusion that we see the document now in its second state1 and that a good number of the signatures were not attached to it on the #bith1 but had been attached to it on an earlier day when it was in its first state4 ,his conjecture1 on the whole1 is that it had been expected1 at the private meeting of the ,court on ,friday the #b;eth1 when the sentence was agreed upon1 that it might be pronounced that same day1 and executed the next day 7,saturday the #bgth71 and that a warrant to that effect had then been drawn up and signed2 but that1 this idea having been abandoned1 for whatever reason1 and the ,sentence not having been pronounced till ,saturday1 it was thought better1 at the meeting on ,monday the #bith1 still to use the first ,warrant with its signatures1 only with the dates altered1 and with additional signatures then obtained1 than to write out a fresh warrant and apply for second signatures from absentees who had signed the first4--,it is noteworthy that1 though sixty-seven of the ,commissioners had1 as we have seen1 virtually constituted themselves the ,regicides by being present in ,westminster ,hall on ,saturday when the ,sentence was pronounced1 and then standing up in assent to it1 nine of these did not attach their names to the ,warrant4 ,they were ,francis ,allen1 ,thomas ,andrews1 ,general ,hammond1 ,edmund ,harvey1 ,william ,heveningham1 ,cornelius ,holland1 ,john ,lisle1 ,nicholas ,love1 and ,colonel ,matthew ,tomlinson4 ,subtract these nine from the sixty-seven1 and the number of the signers to the ,warrant ought to be fifty-eight4 ,but they are fifty-nine4 ,who1 then1 is the fifty- ninth8 ,cromwell's young kinsman1 ,colonel ,richard ,ingoldsby1 who1 though a member of the ,court1 had attended none of its meetings till precisely that of the #bith1 the date of the ,warrant4 ,here comes in ,clarendon's famous story1 a distortion of some convenient rigmarole of ,ingoldsby's own in later times4 ,ingoldsby1 says ,clarendon1 always abhorring the action in his heart1 had purposely kept away from every meeting of the ,court1 till1 chancing to look into the ,painted ,chamber on the fatal #bith1 he was clutched by ,cromwell1 dragged to the table on which the ,warrant lay1 and compelled to sign it1 ,cromwell forcibly holding his hand and tracing the letters for him1 with loud laughter at the joke6 ,more by token1 as ,clarendon reports him1 if his name on the ,warrant were compared with what he had ever writ himself1 the difference would be seen6 ,unfortunately1 ,mr4 ,thoms1 who has made this comparison1 vouches that no difference can be detected1 and that the name ,rich4 ,ingoldsby in the ,warrant is as bold and free as signature can be1 and could never have been written by a hand held by another's4 ,ex uno omnes4 ,in the hard straits that were coming eleven years hence1 there were to be others of the signers of the ,warrant1 besides ,ingoldsby1 who were to aver that they did it under compulsion1 ,cromwell and ,henry ,marten sitting beside each other1 smearing each other's faces with ink in their fun1 and overbearing the scrupulous with jeers or threats4 ,the simple fact ,i believe to be 7and this ,i do believe7 that ,cromwell was anxious that the ,warrant should be well signed1 and reasoned1 or perhaps remonstrated1 with some waverers1 as he had done with young ,hammond of the ,isle of ,wight in a similar case two months before4 ,cromwell was now in his fiftieth year4 ,in the ,king's last hours he had offers of the spiritual services of ,messrs4 ,calamy1 ,vines1 ,caryl1 ,dell1 and other ,presbyterian ministers1 and hardly had these gone when ,mr4 ,john ,goodwin of ,coleman ,street came to ,st4 ,james's1 all by himself1 with the like offer4 ,they were all dismissed with thanks1 the ,king intimating that he desired no other attendance than that of ,bishop ,juxon4 ,late into the night of the #bith1 accordingly1 the ,bishop remained with the ,king in private4 ,after he had gone1 ,charles spent about two hours more in reading and praying1 and then lay down to sleep1 ,mr4 ,herbert lying on the pallet-bed close to his4 ,for about four hours he slept soundly2 but very early in the morning1 when it was still dark1 he awoke1 opened the curtain of his bed1 and called ,mr4 ,herbert4 ,the call disturbed ,herbert suddenly from a dreamy doze into which he had fallen after a very restless night2 and1 when he got up and was assisting the ,king to dress by the light of the wax-cake that had been kept burning in the chamber as usual1 the ,king observed a peculiarly scared look on his face4 ,herbert1 on being asked the cause1 told his ,majesty he had had an extraordinary dream4 ,the ,king desiring to know what it was1 ,herbert related it4 ,in his doze1 he said1 he had heard some one knock at the chamber-door4 ,thinking it might be ,colonel ,hacker1 and not willing to disturb the ,king till he himself heard the knock1 he had lain still4 ,a second time1 however1 the knock came2 and this time1 he thought1 his ,majesty had heard the knock1 and told him to open the door and see who it was4 ,he did go to the door1 and1 on opening it1 was surprised to see a figure standing there in pontifical habits whom he knew to be the late ,lord ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 ,dr4 ,laud4 ,he knew him well1 having often seen him in his life4 ,the figure said he had something to say to the ,king1 and desired to enter4 ,then1 as ,herbert thought1 the ,king having been told who it was1 and having given permission1 the ,archbishop had entered1 making a profound obeisance to the ,king in the middle of the room1 a second on coming nearer1 and at last falling on his knees as the ,king gave him his hand to kiss4 ,then the ,king raised him1 and the two went to the window together1 and discoursed there1 ,herbert keeping at a distance1 and not knowing of what they talked1 save that he noticed the ,king's face to be very pensive1 and heard the ,archbishop give a deep sigh4 ,after a little they ceased to talk1 and the ,archbishop1 again kissing the ,king's hand1 retired slowly1 with his face still to the ,king1 making three reverences as before4 ,the third reverence was so low that1 as ,herbert thought1 the ,archbishop had fallen prostrate on his face1 and he had been in the act of stepping to help him up when he had been awakened by the ,king's call4 ,the impression had been so lively that he had still looked about the room as if all had been real4--,herbert having thus told his dream1 the ,king said it was remarkable1 the rather because1 if ,laud had been alive1 and they had been talking together as in the dream1 it was very likely1 albeit he loved the ,archbishop well1 he might have said something to him that would have occasioned his sigh4 ,there was yet more conversation between the ,king and ,herbert by themselves1 the ,king selecting with some care the dress he was to wear1 and especially requiring an extra under-garment because of the sharpness of the weather1 lest he should shake from cold1 and people should attribute it to fear4 ,while they were still conversing1 poor ,herbert in such anguish as may be imagined1 ,dr4 ,juxon arrived1 at the precise hour the ,king had appointed the night before4 ,an hour or two still had to elapse before the last scene4 ,charles arranged with ,herbert about the distribution of some of his favourite books1 with some trinkets4 ,his ,bible1 with annotations in his own hand1 and some special accompanying instructions1 was to be kept for the ,prince of ,wales2 a large silver ring-sundial of curious device was to go to the ,duke of ,york2 a copy of ,king ,james's ,works1 with another book1 was left for the ,duke of ,gloucester2 for the ,princess ,elizabeth ,hooker's ,ecclesiastical ,polity1 ,bishop ,andrewes's ,sermons1 and some other things4 ,these arrangements made1 the ,king was for an hour alone with ,juxon1 during which time he received the ,communion4 ,then1 ,herbert having been re-admitted1 the ,bishop again went to prayer1 and read the #bgth chapter of ,matthew2 which1 by a coincidence in which the ,king found comfort1 chanced to be one of the lessons in the ,rubric for that day4 ,while they were yet thus religiously engaged1 there came ,colonel ,hacker's knock4 ,they allowed him to knock twice before admitting him2 and then1 entering with some trepidation1 he announced that it was time to go to ,whitehall4 ,the ,king told him to go forth1 and he would follow presently4 ,it was about ten o'clock in the morning 7,tuesday1 ,jan4 #cj7 when the procession was formed1 from ,st4 ,james's1 through the ,park1 to ,whitehall4 ,with ,bishop ,juxon on his right hand1 ,colonel ,tomlinson on his left1 ,herbert following close1 and a guard of halberdiers in front and behind1 the ,king walked1 at his usual very fast pace1 through the ,park1 soldiers lining the whole way1 with colours flying and drums beating1 and such a noise rising from the gathered crowd that it was hardly possible for any two in the procession to hear each other speak4 ,herbert had been told to bring with him the silver clock or watch that hung usually by the ,king's bedside1 and on their way through the ,park the ,king asked what o'clock it was and gave ,herbert the watch to keep4 ,a rude fellow from the mob kept abreast with the ,king for some time1 staring at his face as if in wonder1 till the ,bishop had him turned away4 ,there is a tradition that1 when the procession came to the end of the ,park1 near the present passage from ,spring ,gardens1 the ,king pointed to a tree1 and said that tree had been planted by his brother ,henry4 ,arrived at last at the stairs leading into ,whitehall1 he was taken1 through the galleries of the ,palace1 to the bed- chamber he had usually occupied while residing there2 and here he had some farther time allowed him for rest and devotion with ,juxon alone4 ,having sent ,herbert for some bread and wine1 he ate a mouthful of the bread and drank a small glass of claret4 ,here ,herbert broke down so completely that he felt he could not accompany the ,king to the scaffold1 and ,juxon had to take from him the white satin cap he had brought by the ,king's orders to be put on at the fatal moment4 ,at last1 a little after twelve o'clock1 ,hacker's signal was heard outside1 and ,juxon and ,herbert went on their knees1 affectionately kissing the ,king's hands4 ,juxon being old and feeble1 the ,king helped him to rise1 and then1 commanding the door to be opened1 followed ,hacker4 ,with soldiers for his guard1 he was conveyed1 along some of the galleries of the old ,palace1 now no longer extant1 to the ,new ,banqueting ,hall1 which ,inigo ,jones had built1 and which still exists4 ,besides the soldiers1 many men and women had crowded into the ,hall1 from whom1 as his ,majesty passed on1 there was heard a general murmur of commiseration and prayer1 the soldiers themselves not objecting1 but appearing grave and respectful4 ,through a passage broken in the wall of the ,banqueting ,hall1 or more probably through one of the windows dismantled for the purpose1 ,charles emerged on the scaffold1 in the open street1 fronting the site of the present ,horse ,guards4 ,the scaffold was hung with black1 and carpeted with black1 the block and the axe in the middle2 a number of persons already stood upon it1 among whom were several men with black masks concealing their faces2 in the street in front1 all round the scaffold1 were companies of foot and horse2 and beyond these1 as far as the eye could reach1 towards ,charing ,cross on the one side and ,westminster ,abbey on the other1 was a closely-packed multitude of spectators4 ,the ,king1 walking on the scaffold1 looked earnestly at the block1 and said something to ,hacker as if he thought it were too low2 after which1 taking out a small piece of paper1 on which he had jotted some notes1 he proceeded to address those standing near him4 ,what he said may have taken about ten minutes or a quarter of an hour to deliver1 and appears1 from the short-hand report of it which has been preserved1 to have been rather incoherent4 ,now1 ,sirs1 he said at one point1 ,i must show you both how you are out of the way1 and ,i will put you in the way4 ,first1 you are out of the way2 for certainly all the way you ever have had yet1 as ,i could find by anything1 is in the way of conquest4 ,certainly this is an ill way2 for conquest1 ,sirs1 in my opinion1 is never just1 except there be a good just cause1 either for matter of wrong1 or just title2 and then1 if you go beyond it1 the first quarrel that you have to it1 that makes it unjust at the end that was just at first4 ,a little farther on1 when he had begun a sentence1 ,for the ,king indeed ,i will not1 a gentleman chanced to touch the axe4 ,hurt not the axe1 he interrupted2 that may hurt me1 and then resumed4 ,as for the ,king1 the ,laws of the ,land will clearly instruct you for that2 therefore1 because it concerns my own particular1 ,i only give you a touch of it4 ,for the ,people3 and truly ,i desire their liberty and freedom as much as anybody whomsoever2 but ,i must tell you that their liberty and freedom consists in having of ,government those laws by which their life and their goods may be most their own4 ,it is not having share in ,government1 ,sirs2 that is nothing pertaining to them4 ,a subject and a sovereign are clean different things2 and therefore1 until they do that--,i mean1 that you put the ,people in that liberty1 as ,i say--certainly they will never enjoy themselves4 ,in conclusion he said he would have liked to have a little more time1 so as to have put what he meant to say in a little more order and a little better digested1 and gave the paper containing the heads of his speech to ,juxon4 ,as he had said nothing specially about ,religion1 ,juxon reminded him of the omission4 ,i thank you very heartily1 my ,lord1 said ,charles1 for that ,i had almost forgotten it4 ,in truth1 ,sirs1 my conscience in ,religion1 ,i think it very well known to the world2 and therefore ,i declare before you all that ,i die a ,christian1 according to the profession of the ,church of ,england as ,i found it left me by my father2 and this honest man 7the ,bishop7 ,i think will witness it4 ,there were some more words1 addressed particularly to ,hacker and the other officers2 and once more1 seeing a gentleman go too near the axe1 he called out1 ,take heed of the axe2 pray1 take heed of the axe4 ,then1 taking the white satin cap from ,juxon1 he put it on1 and1 with the assistance of ,juxon and the chief executioner1 pushed his hair all within it4 ,some final sentences of pious import then passed between the ,king and ,juxon1 and the ,king1 having taken off his cloak and ,george1 and given the latter to ,juxon1 with the word ,remember1 knelt down1 and put his neck on the block4 ,after a second or two he stretched out his hands1 and the axe descended1 severing the head from the body at one blow4 ,there was a vast shudder through the mob1 and then a universal groan4 ,footnote3 ,herbert's ,memoirs1 #ahc--aid2 ,wood's ,ath4 7repeating ,herbert71 ,,iv4 #cb--cf2 ,rushworth1 ,,vji #adbh-adca2 ,fuller's ,church ,hist4 7ed4 #ahdb7 ,,tti4 #ejj1 #eja2 ,disraeli's ,charts ,j4 7ed4 #ahca7 ,v4 #ddi-ej2 ,cunningham's ,london1 ,whitehall4 ,herbert only mentions the fact of his dream in the body of his ,memoir2 but the detailed account of it in his own words1 written in #afhj1 is given in the ,appendix1 #bag-bbb1 and in a note in ,wood's ,ath4 as above4--,the coherance of ,charles's last speech seems to have struck ,fuller1 who says that1 though taken in shorthand by one eminent therein1 it is done defectively4 ,i rather think it is punctually literal4 ,i find in the ,stationers' ,registers this entry1 under date ,jan4 #ca1 #afdh-i3 ,peter ,cole entered for his copy1 under the hand of ,mr4 ,mabbott1 ,king ,charles his ,speech upon the ,scaffold1 with the manner of his ,suffering1 on ,jan4 #cj1 #afdh4 ,i suppose this is the ,report afterwards repeated by ,rushworth1 though objected to by ,fuller4 ,was ,rush worth the reporter8 ,immediately after the execution ,juxon and the sorrowing ,herbert were allowed to take charge of the corpse4 ,embalmed1 coffined in wood and lead1 and covered with a velvet pall1 it lay for some days in ,st4 ,james's ,palace1 where crowds came to see it4 ,there was some difficulty about the place of burial4 ,charles himself having left no directions on the subject1 ,juxon and ,herbert thought that the fittest place would be ,king ,henry the ,seventh's ,chapel1 in ,westminster ,abbey1 containing as it did the tombs of his four immediate predecessors1 and those of his grandmother ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 and his brother ,prince ,henry4 ,the authorities1 however1 considering that this place was too public and would attract inconvenient crowds1 ,juxon and ,herbert next proposed the ,royal ,chapel in ,windsor1 where some of his earlier predecessors had been buried1 and among them ,henry ,,viii4 ,to this no objection was made1 and on the #gth of ,february the body was conveyed from ,st4 ,james's to ,windsor in a hearse drawn by six horses1 and followed by four mourning coaches4 ,colonel ,whichcot1 the ,governor of the ,castle1 having been shown the order1 allowed ,herbert and those with him to select whatever spot they chose4 ,they thought first of what was called the tomb-house1 built by ,cardinal ,wolsey1 and intended by him as a splendid sepulchre for his master1 ,henry ,,viii42 but they decided against it1 partly because it was not within the ,royal ,chapel1 but only adjoining it1 and partly because they were uncertain whether ,henry ,,viii4 7of whose exact place of burial the tradition had been lost7 might not actually have been buried in the tomb-house1 and they recollected that this particular predecessor of ,charles was not one of his favourites4 ,he had been heard1 in occasional discourses1 to express dislike of ,henry's conduct in appropriating ,church revenues and demolishing religious edifices4 ,they therefore fixed on the vault where ,edward ,,iv4 was interred1 on the north side of the choir1 near the altar4 ,the vault was opened for the purpose1 and preparations for the interment there were going on1 when 7,feb4 #h7 the ,duke of ,richmond1 the ,marquis of ,hertford1 and the ,earls of ,southampton and ,lindsey1 with ,dr4 ,juxon1 arrived from ,london1 specially authorized by the ,house of ,commons to attend the funeral1 and the ,duke empowered to arrange all wholly as he thought fit4 ,herbert and those with him having then resigned the duty into the hands of these great persons1 there was a new inquiry as to the best spot for the grave4 ,the tomb-house was again looked at1 and the choir of the ,chapel diligently re-investigated4 ,at length1 a spot in the choir having been detected where the pavement sounded hollow when struck- -being about the middle of the choir1 over against the eleventh seat on the ,sovereign's side--the stones and earth were removed1 and a vault was disclosed2 in which there were two leaden coffins close together1 one very large and the other small4 ,from the velvet palls covering them1 some portions in their original purple colour1 and others turned into fox- tawny or coal-black by the damp1 there was no doubt that they were the coffins of ,henry ,,viii4 and his third wife1 ,lady ,jane ,seymour4 ,as there was just room for one coffin more in the vault1 it was determined that the fact of its being the vault of ,henry ,,viii1 now accidentally discovered after so long a time1 should be no bar to the burial of ,charles in the otherwise suitable vacancy4 ,accordingly1 on ,friday the #ith of ,february1 the body was brought from the royal bed-chamber1 where it had been meanwhile lying1 to ,st4 ,george's ,hall1 and thence1 with slow and solemn pace1 to the ,chapel4 ,it was borne on the shoulders of some gentlemen in mourning2 the noblemen in mourning held up the pall2 and ,colonel ,whichcot1 with several gentlemen1 officers1 and attendants1 followed4 ,as they were moving from the ,hall to the ,chapel1 the sky1 which had been previously clear1 darkened with snow1 which fell so fast that1 before they reached the ,chapel1 the black velvet pall was white with the flakes4 ,the coffin having been set down near the vault1 ex-,bishop ,juxon would have read the burial-service over it according to the form of the ,book of ,common ,prayer2 but1 though permission to do so seemed to be implied in the wording of the order granted to the ,duke of ,richmond by the ,house of ,commons1 and though the noblemen present were desirous that it should be done1 ,colonel ,whichcot did not think himself entitled to allow any service except that of the new ,presbyterian ,directory4 ,without any service at all1 therefore1 save what may have been rendered by the tears and muttered words of those who stood by1 the coffin was deposited1 about three o'clock in the afternoon1 in the vacant space in the vault4 ,a kind of scarf or scroll of lead1 about five inches broad1 had been soldered to it1 bearing this inscription in capital letters3 ,,king ,,charles1 #afdh4 ,at the time of his death1 ,king ,charles was forty-eight years1 two months1 and eleven days old1 and he had reigned twenty-three years and ten months4 ,footnote3 ,herbert's ,memoirs1 #aid-baf2 ,commons ,journals1 ,feb4 #h2 ,fuller's1 ,church ,hist14 ,,iii4 #eja-d4--;,in ,march #ahac some workmen1 employed in making a passage from under the choir of the ,royal ,chapel at ,windsor to a mausoleum erected by ,george ,,iii4 in the tomb- house described in the text1 accidentally broke into the vault containing the bodies of ,charles ,i41 ,henry ,,viii41 and ,queen ,jane ,seymour4 ,the fact having been reported to the ,prince ,regent1 a careful examination was ordered4 ,it was made ,april #a1 #ahac1 in the presence of the ,prince ,regent himself1 the ,duke of ,cumberland1 ,count ,munster1 the ,dean of ,windsor1 ,sir ,henry ,halford 7,physician to the ,king and the ,prince ,regent71 and ,mr4 ,b4 ,c4 ,stevenson4 ,the coffin of ,charles ,i4 was examined with great minuteness1 and corresponded in every particular with the account given by ,herbert4 ,when the black velvet pall had been removed1 the coffin was found to be of plain lead1 with the leaden scroll encircling it1 bearing the inscription ,,king ,,charles1 #afdh1 in large legible characters4 ,a square opening was then cut in the upper lid1 so that the contents might be clearly seen4 ,an internal wooden coffin was found to be very much decayed1 and the body was found to be carefully wrapped up in cerecloth1 into the folds of which there had been poured abundantly some unctuous substance mixed with resin4 ,with considerable difficulty the cerecloth was removed from the face1 and then1 despite the discolouring and the decay of some parts1 the features of ,charles ,i41 as represented in coins and busts1 and especially in ,vandyke's portraits of him1 could be distinctly recognised4 ,there was the oval face1 with the peaked beard4 ,when1 by farther removal of the cerecloth1 they had disengaged the entire head1 they found it to be loose from the body4 ,on taking it out1 they saw that the muscles of the neck had evidently retracted themselves considerably1 and the fourth cervical vertebra was found to be cut through its substance transversely1 leaving the surfaces of the divided portions perfectly smooth and even--an appearance which could have been produced only by a heavy blow indicted by a very sharp instrument4 ,the hair1 which was thick at the back1 looked nearly black2 but1 when a portion of it was afterwards cleaned and dried1 the colour was found to be a beautiful dark brown1--that of the beard a redder brown4 ,the body was not examined below the neck2 and1 the head having been replaced1 the coffin was soldered up again and the vault closed4 7,see account by ,sir ,henry ,halford1 quoted by ,bliss in his edition of ,wood's ,ath4 ,,iv4 #ci-db47