,transcriber's note3 ,italic font is indicated by underscores4 ,,sociology1 ,,socialism1 ,,etc4 ,,the ,,annual ,,charities ,,register ,,and ,,digest3 being a ,classified ,register of ,charities in or available for the ,metropolis1 together with a ,digest of ,information respecting the ,legal and ,voluntary ,means for the ,prevention and ,relief of ,distress and the ,improvement of the ,condition of the ,poor4 #hvo1 #es4 net4 ,,unemployment3 a ,problem of ,industry4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,beveridge1 ,stowell ,civil ,law ,fellow of ,university ,college1 ,oxford1 #aijb-aiji4 #hvo1 #is4 net4 ,,experiments ,,in ,,industrial ,,organisation4 ,by ,,edward ,,cadbury4 ,with a ,preface by ,w4 ,j4 ,,ashley1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 net4 ,,town ,,planning1 with ,special ,reference to the ,birmingham ,schemes4 ,by ,,george ,,cadbury1 ,jun4 ,with ,diagrams1 ,photographs1 ,charts1 and ,maps4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,social ,,work4 ,by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,chadwick1 ,d4,d41 ,b4,sc41 ,vicar of ,st4 ,peter's1 ,st4 ,albans4 ,crown #hvo1 #as4 net4 ,,sociology ,,applied ,,to ,,practical ,,politics4 ,by ,j4 ,,beattie ,,crozier1 ,,ll4,d4 #hvo1 #is4 net4 ,,anti-,,christian ,,socialism4 ,by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,drawbridge1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo1 paper covers1 #f;d4 net2 cloth1 #as4 net4 ,,regeneration3 being an ,account of the ,social ,work of the ,salvation ,army in ,great ,britain4 ,by ,sir ,,rider ,,haggard4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,the ,,industrial ,,system4 ,by ,,john ,,atkinson ,,hobson1 ,m4,a4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,twentieth ,,century ,,socialism3 ,what ,it ,is ,not2 ,what ,it ,is2 ,how ,it ,may ,come4 ,by ,,edmond ,,kelly1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,socialism4 ,by ,,thomas ,,kirkup1 ,,ll4,d4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,,the ,,real ,,democracy 7,first ,essays of the ,rota ,club74 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,mann1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,sievers and ,r4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,cox4 ,crown #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,,charitable ,,relief4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,clement ,f4 ,,rogers1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,industrial ,,efficiency3 a ,comparative ,study of ,industrial ,life in ,england1 ,germany and ,america4 ,by ,,arthur ,,shadwell1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 net4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,the ,,industrial ,,revolution ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century ,,in ,,england4 ,popular ,addresses1 ,notes and other ,fragments4 ,by ,,arnold ,,toynbee4 ,with a ,reminiscence of the ,author by ,,lord ,,milner4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,the ,,family ,,and ,,the ,,nation3 a ,study in ,natural ,inheritance and ,social ,responsibility4 ,by ,,william ,,cecil ,,dampier ,,wheetham1 ,m4,a4 ,f4,r4,s41 and ,,catherine ,,durning ,,wheetham4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,heredity ,,and ,,society4 ,by ,,william ,,cecil ,,dampier ,,wheetham1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 and ,,catherine ,,durning ,,wheetham4 #hvo1 #fs4 net4 ,,trades ,,for ,,london ,,boys ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,enter ,,them4 ,compiled by the ,,apprenticeship ,,and ,,skilled ,,employment ,,association1 ,westminster4 #hvo1 paper covers1 #as4 net4 ,,trades ,,for ,,london ,,girls ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,enter ,,them4 ,compiled by the ,,apprenticeship ,,and ,,skilled ,,employment ,,association1 ,westminster4 #hvo1 #as4 net4 ,,by ,,sidney ,,webb4 ,,london ,,education4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,grants ,,in ,,aid3 ,a ,criticism and a ,proposal4 #hvo1 #es4 net4 ,,by ,,sidney ,,and ,,beatrice ,,webb4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,trade ,,unionism4 ,with ,map and full ,bibliography of the ,subject4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,industrial ,,democracy3 a ,study in ,trade ,unionism4 #hvo1 #abs4 net4 ,,english ,,poor ,,law ,,policy4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,the ,,break-,,up ,,of ,,the ,,poor ,,law3 being ,part ,i4 of the ,minority ,report of the ,poor ,law ,commission4 ,edited1 with ,introduction4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,the ,,public ,,organisation ,,of ,,the ,,labour ,,market3 being ,part ,,ii4 of the ,minority ,report of the ,poor ,law ,commission4 ,edited1 with ,introduction4 #hvo1 #es4 net4 ,,problems ,,of ,,modern ,,industry3 ,essays4 #hvo1 #es4 net4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,liquor ,,licensing ,,in ,,england1 ,,principally ,,from #agjj ,,to #ahcj4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,the ,,state ,,and ,,the ,,doctor4 #hvo1 #fs4 net4 ,,the ,,prevention ,,of ,,destitution4 #hvo1 #fs4 net4 ,,english ,,local ,,government ,,from ,,the ,,revolution ,,to ,,the ,,municipal ,,corporations ,,act4 #hvo4 ,,the ,,parish ,,and ,,the ,,county4 #afs4 net4 ,,the ,,manor ,,and ,,the ,,borough4 #b vols4 #bes4 net4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,king',s ,,highway4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,by ,,william ,,morris4 ,a ,,dream ,,of ,,john ,,ball1 ,,and ,a ,,king',s ,,lesson4 #afmo1 #bs4 net4 ,pocket ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 gilt top1 #bs4 net2 leather1 #cs4 net4 ,,news ,,from ,,nowhere2 or1 ,an ,epoch of ,rest4 ,being some ,chapters from an ,utopian ,romance4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 paper covers1 #as4 net2 gilt top1 cloth1 #bs4 net2 leather1 #cs4 net4 ,,longmans1 ,,green ,,and ,,co41 #ci ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london1 ,e4,c41 ,,new ,,york1 ,,bombay1 ,,calcutta1 ,,and ,,madras4 ,,practicable ,,socialism ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,the ,,making ,,of ,,the ,,body4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,with #aac ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #as4 #i;d4 ---------- ,,longmans1 ,,green ,,and ,,co41 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,bombay1 ,,calcutta1 ,,and ,,madras4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,illustration3 ,,portraits ,,of ,,canon ,,and ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett ,painted by ,sir ,hubert von ,herkomer1 ,r4,a42 given to them by many friends1 and presented by the ,right ,honourable ,herbert ,h4 ,asquith1 ,k4,c41 ,m4,p41 at ,toynbee ,hall1 on ,november #bjth1 #aijh4 ,,practicable ,,socialism ,,new ,,series ,,by ,,canon ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett 7,,the ,,late7 ,,and ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett ,,with ,,frontispiece ,,longmans1 ,,green ,,and ,,co4 #ci ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london ,,fourth ,,avenue #cj,,th ,,street1 ,,new ,,york ,,bombay1 ,,calcutta1 ,,and ,,madras #aiae ,,introduction4 ,the first edition of ,,practicable ,,socialism was printed in #ahhh1 the second in #ahid4 ,now1 twenty-one years afterwards1 a new series is issued1 but the most important of the two authors1 alas6 has left the world1 and it therefore falls to me to write the introduction alone4 ,in selecting the papers for this volume1 out of a very great deal of material1 the principle followed has been to print those which deal with reforms yet waiting to be fully accomplished4 ,it would have been easier and perhaps pleasanter to have taken the subjects dealt with in the previous volumes1 and by grouping subsequent papers together1 have shown how many of the reforms then indicated as desirable and 8practicable10 had now become accepted and practised4 ,but so to do would not have been in harmony with our feelings4 ,my husband counted the sin of 8numbering the people0 as due to a debased moral outlook1 and the contemplation of 8results0 as tending to hinder nobler efforts after that which is deeper than can be calculated4 ,of him it is truthful to quote 8,his soul's wings never furled04 ,the papers have been grouped in subject sections1 and though the ideas have for many years been set forth by him in various publications1 in most instances the writings here reproduced are under six years old4 ,in a few cases1 however1 ,i have used quite an old paper1 thinking it gave1 with hopeful vision1 thoughts which later lost their freshness as they became accomplished facts4 ,the book begins with ,the ,religion of the ,people and ,cathedral ,reform1 for ,canon ,barnett held with unvarying certainty that--to quote his own words--8there is no other end worth reaching than the knowledge of ,god1 which is eternal life10--and that 8organizations are only machinery of which the driving power is human love1 and of which the object is the increase of the knowledge of ,god04 ,to this test our plans and undertakings were constantly brought4 8,does our work give #8life' by bringing men nearer to ,god and nearer to one another40 8,in the knowledge of what #8life' is1 let us put our work to the test40 8,do the ,church ,services release divine hopes buried under the burden of daily cares80 8,do the new buildings refine manners80 8,does higher teaching tend to higher thoughts about duty80 8,does our relief system help to heal a broken dignity as well as to comfort a sufferer80 8,do our entertainments develop powers for enjoying the best in humanity past and present80 ,that the ,church should be reformed to make it the servant of all who would lead the higher life1 was the hope he cherished throughout many years spent in strenuous efforts to obtain a social betterment4 ,he writes3 8,the great mass of the people1 because they stand apart from all religious communions1 may have in them a religious sense1 but their thought of ,god is not worked through their emotions into their daily lives4 ,they do not know what they worship1 and so do not say with the psalmist1 #8,my soul is athirst for the living god1' or say with ,joseph1 #8,how can ,i do this great wickedness1 and sin against ,god8' ,the spiritualization of life being necessary to human peace and happiness1 the problem which is haunting this generation is how to spiritualize the forces which are shaping the future40 ,my husband urged that the reform of the ,church would tend to solve that problem4 8,the ,church by its history and organization has a power no other agency can wield4 ,if more freedom could be given to its system of government and services1 if it could be made directly expressive of the highest aspirations of the people1 it is difficult to exaggerate the effect it might have4 ,in every parish a force would be brought to bear which might kindle thought1 so that it would reach out to the highest object2 which might stir love1 so that men would forget themselves in devotion to the whole2 and which might create a hope wherein all would find rest4 ,the first need of the age is an increase of ,spirituality1 and the means of obtaining it is a ,reformed ,church40 ,the papers under ,recreation might almost as well have been placed in the ,education ,section1 so strongly did my husband feel that recreation should educate4 ,only a few months before his illness he wrote3 8,the claim of education is now primarily to fit a child to earn a living1 and therefore he is taught to read and write and learn a trade4 ,but if it were seen that it is equally important to fit a child to use well his leisure1 many changes would be made40 ,and such changes he argued would increase1 not lessen1 the joy of holidays1 an opinion which my experience as ,chairwoman of the ,country-side ,committee of the ,children's ,country ,holiday ,fund abundantly supports4 ,in the ,section for ,settlements and their work1 only three papers will be found1 for so much has been written and spoken of ,toynbee ,hall and kindred centres of usefulness1 that it seems almost unnecessary to reproduce the same thoughts4 ,yet in view of the fact that questions are often asked as to the genesis of the idea1 ,i have put in one of the first papers 7#ahhd7 that my husband wrote after we had had nine years' experience of the work of ,university men among the poorest and saddest people1 in which he suggested the scheme of ,toynbee ,hall1 and also a paper of mine written nine years after its foundation1 in which ,i chat of the ,beginnings of ,toynbee ,hall4 ,between the first and the third paper there is a stretch of twenty-one busy years1 #ahhd-aije1 and the article bears the marks of ,canon ,barnett's intense realization of the need of higher education1 and his almost passionate demand for it on behalf of the industrial classes4 8,social ,reform10 he writes1 8will soon be the all-absorbing interest as the modern realization of the claims of human nature and the growing power of the people will not tolerate many of the present conditions of industrial life4444 ,the well-being of the future depends on the methods by which reform proceeds4 ,reforms in the past have often been disappointing4 ,they have been made in the rights of one class1 and have ended in the assertion of rights over another class4 ,they have been made by force1 and produced reaction4 ,they have been done for the people1 not by the people1 and have never been assimilated4 ,the method by which knowledge and industry may co-operate has yet to be tried1 and one way in which to bring about such co-operation is the way of ,university ,settlements40 ,so many are the changes which affect ,poverty and ,labour1 so rapidly have they come about1 and so keen and living an interest did ,canon ,barnett feel with every step that the great army of the disinherited took towards social justice1 that it has been difficult to select which papers on which subject to reprint1 but ,i have chosen the most characteristic1 and also those connected with the reforms which most influenced character and life4 ,in this ,section also some of the many papers which ,canon ,barnett wrote on ,poor ,law ,reform have been admitted4 ,i know that the activities of the ,fabian ,society and the 8,break up of the ,poor ,law0 organization have rendered some of the ideas familiar1 but many of the ,reforms he advocated are not yet accomplished1 and to those who are conversant with the subject1 his large1 sane1 unsensational statement of the case1 as it appeared to him1 will be welcome1--all the more so because for nearly thirty years he was a member of the ,whitechapel ,board of ,guardians1 the ,founder of the ,poor ,law ,conferences1 and had both initiated and carried out large administrative reforms4 ,he also had a very deep and probing tenderness for the character of individual paupers1 and a sensitive shrinking from wounding their self-respect or lowering the dignity of their humanity1 an attitude of mind which influenced his relation to schemes sometimes made by paper legislators who considered the poor in 8the lump0 instead of 8one by one04 ,of the ,social ,service ,section there is but little to say4 ,the ,real ,social ,reformer contains guiding principles1 ,the ,mission of ,music is an interesting and curious output from a man with no ear for tune or time or harmony1 and ,the ,church on ,town ,planning is but an example of how eagerly he desired that the ,church should guide as well as minister to the people4 ,where ,charity ,fails is another plea that the kindly intentioned should not injure the character of the recipient1 and that the crucial question1 8,is our aim the self-extinction of our organization10 should be borne in mind by the ,governors and enthusiastic supporters of even the best philanthropic agencies4 ,the ,educational ,section might have been much larger1 but the papers selected bear on the three sides of the subject which my husband in recent years thought to be the most important4 ,the ,equipment of the ,teachers but carried on the ideals towards which he ever pressed1 from the days when as a ,curate at ,st4 ,mary's1 ,bryanston ,square1 he taught the monitors of the ,church ,schools1 through the days when the first ,london ,pupil ,teachers' ,centre had its birthplace in ,toynbee ,hall1 through the days when he established the ,scholarship ,committee whose work was to select suitable pupil teachers and support them through their ,university careers in ,oxford and ,cambridge1 through the days when he rejoiced at the abandonment of the vast system of pupil teachers1--to the days when he demanded that teachers for the poorest children should be called from the cultivated classes1 and take their calling as a mission1 to be recognized and remunerated1 as an honoured profession undertaken by those anxious to render ,social ,service4 ,the article ,justice to ,young ,workers deals with the vexed question of ,continuation ,schools1 attendance at which ,canon ,barnett thought should be compulsory1 since he believed that economic conditions would more readily change to meet legally established educational demands than was possible1 when1 in the interwoven complexity of business1 one unwilling or ten indifferent employers could throw any complicated voluntary organization out of gear4 ,the two articles on ,oxford and the ,working ,people and ,a ,race between ,education and ,ruin only inadequately represent the thought he gave to the matter1 or the deeply rooted1 great branched hopes he had entwined round the reform of the ,university1--but for many reasons he felt it wiser to stand aside and watch younger men wield the sword of the pen4 ,so his writings on this subject are few1 but that matters less than otherwise it would have done1 because the group of friends who have decided to establish 8,barnett ,house0 in his memory are among those in ,oxford who shared his work1 cared for his plans1 and believed in his visions1 created as they were on knowledge of the industrial workers and the crippling conditions of their lives4 ,so as 8,barnett ,house0 is established and grows strong1 and in conjunction with the ,toynbee ,hall ,social ,service ,fellowship will bring the ,university and ,industrial ,centres into closer and ever more sympathetic relationship1 it is not past the power of a faith1 however puny and wingless1 to imagine that the reforms my husband saw 8darkly0 may be seen 8face to face10 and in realization show once more how 8the ,word can be made flesh04 ,in some ,sections ,i have included papers from my pen1 not because ,i think they add much to the value of the book1 but because my husband insisted on the previous volumes of ,,practicable ,,socialism being composed of our joint writings as well as illustrative of our joint work1 or to use his words in the #ahhh volume3 8,each ,essay is signed by the writer1 but in either case they represent our common thought1 as all that has been done represents our common work04 ,,henrietta ,o4 ,,barnett4 #ag ,july1 #aiae4 ,,contents ,,page ,,religion4 #a4 ,religion of the ,people ,canon ,barnett #a #b4 ,cathedral ,reform ,canon ,barnett #ag #c4 ,cathedrals and ,modern ,needs ,canon ,barnett #cb ,,recreation4 #d4 ,the ,children's ,country ,holiday ,fun' ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett #da #e4 ,recreation of the ,people ,canon ,barnett #ec #f4 ,hopes of the ,hosts ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett #gj #g4 ,easter ,monday on ,hampstead ,heath ,canon ,barnett #gd #h4 ,holidays and ,schooldays ,canon ,barnett #gg ,the ,failure of ,holidays ,canon ,barnett #hc #i4 ,recreation in ,town and ,country ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett #hi ,,settlements4 #aj4 ,settlements of ,university ,men in ,canon ,barnett #if ,great ,towns #aa4 ,the ,beginnings of ,toynbee ,hall ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett #ajg #ab4 ,twenty-one ,years of ,university ,canon ,barnett #aba ,settlements ,,poverty ,,and ,,labour4 #ac4 ,the ,ethics of the ,poor ,law ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett #acb #ad4 ,poverty1 ,its ,cause and ,cure ,canon ,barnett #adc #ae4 ,babies of the ,state ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett #aej #af4 ,poor ,law ,reform ,canon ,barnett #afg #ag4 ,the ,unemployed ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett #agh #ah4 ,the ,poor ,law ,report ,canon ,barnett #ahd #ai4 ,widows with ,children under the ,poor ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett #bjc ,law #bj4 ,the ,press and ,charitable ,funds ,canon ,barnett #bae #ba4 ,what is ,possible in ,poor ,law ,reform ,canon ,barnett #bbb #bb4 ,charity up to ,date ,canon ,barnett #bcj #bc4 ,what ,labour ,wants ,canon ,barnett #bda #bd4 ,our ,present ,discontents ,canon ,barnett #bdf ,,social ,,service4 #be4 ,of ,town ,planning ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett #bfa #bf4 ,the ,mission of ,music ,canon ,barnett #bgf #bg4 ,the ,real ,social ,reformer ,canon ,barnett #bhh #bh4 ,where ,charity ,fails ,canon ,barnett #bid #bi4 ,landlordism up to ,date ,canon ,barnett #big #cj4 ,the ,church and ,town ,planning ,canon ,barnett #cja ,,education4 #ca4 ,the ,teachers' ,equipment ,canon ,barnett #cjg #cb4 ,oxford ,university and the ,working ,canon ,barnett #cad ,people #cc4 ,justice to ,young ,workers ,canon ,barnett #cbj #cd4 ,a ,race between ,education and ,ruin ,canon ,barnett #cbg ,,section ,i4 ,,religion4 ,the ,religion of the ,people--,cathedral ,reform--,cathedrals and ,modern ,needs4 ,,the ,,religion ,,of ,,the ,,people4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,july1 #aijg4 #a ,from the 8,hibbert ,journal04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,the people are not to be found in places of worship2 8the great masses10 as ,mr4 ,booth says1 8remain apart from all forms of religious communion04 ,this statement is admitted as true1 but yet another statement is continually made and also admitted1 that 8the people are at heart religious04 ,what is meant by this latter statement8 ,the people are certainly not inclined to assert their irreligion4 ,mr4 ,henderson1 who as a labour leader speaks with authority1 says1 8,i can find no evidence of a general desire among the workers to repudiate the principles of ,christianity04 ,and from my own experience in ,east ,london ,i can testify to the growth of greater tolerance and of greater respect for the representatives of religion4 ,processions with banners and symbols are now common1 parsons are elected on public bodies1 and religious organizations are enlisted in the army of reform4 ,but this feature of modern conditions is no proof that men and women are at heart religious4 ,it may only imply a more respectful indifference1 a growth in manners rather than in spiritual life4 ,does the statement mean that the people are kind1 and moved by the public spirit8 ,this again is true4 ,there is widely spread kindness3 rough lads are generous--one ,i knew gave up his place to make room for a mate whose need was greater2 weak and weary women watch all night by a neighbour's sick-bed2 a poor family heartily welcomes an orphan child2 workmen suffer and endure private loss for the sake of fellow-workmen4 ,the kindness is manifest2 but kindness is no evidence of the presence of religion4 ,kindness may1 indeed1 be a deposit of religion1 a habit inherited from forefathers who drew into themselves love from the ,source of love1 or it may be something learnt in the common endurance of hardships4 ,kindness1 generosity1 public spirit cannot certainly be identified with the religion which has made human beings feel joy in sacrifice and given them peace in the pains of death4 ,before1 however1 we conclude that the non-church-going people are religious or not religious1 it may be well to be clear as to what is meant by religion4 ,i would suggest as a definition that religion is thought about the ,higher-than-self worked through the emotions into the acts of daily life4 ,this definition involves three constituents3 7#a7 ,there must be use of thought--the power of mental concentration--so that the mind may break through the obvious and the conventional4 7#b7 ,there must be a sense of a not-self which is higher than self--knowledge of a ,most ,high whose presence convicts the self of shortcoming and draws it upward4 7#c7 ,there must be such a realization of this not-self--such a form1 be it image1 doctrine1 book1 or life--as will warm the emotions and so make the ,higher-than-self tell on every act and experience of daily life4 ,these constituents are1 ,i think1 to be found in all religions4 ,the religious man is he who1 knowing what is higher than himself1 so worships this ,most ,high that he is stirred to do ,his will in word and deed4 ,the ,mohammedan is he who1 recognizing the ,highest to be power1 worships the ,all-powerful of ,mohammed1 whom in fear he obeys1 and with the sword forces others to obey4 ,the ,christian is he who1 recognizing the ,most ,high to be love1 worships ,christ1 and for love of ,christ is loving to all mankind4 ,are these three constituents of religion to be found among the people8 #a4 ,they are using their powers of thought4 ,there is a distinct disposition to think about unseen things4 ,the ,press which circulates most widely has found copy in what it calls ,mr4 ,campbell's 8,new ,theology04 ,the 8,clarion0 newspaper has published week after week letters and articles which deal with the meaning of ,god4 ,there is increasing unrest under conditions which crib and cabin the mind2 men and women are becoming conscious of more things in heaven and earth than they can see and feel and eat4 ,they have a sense that the modern world has become really larger than the old world1 and they resent the teaching which commits them to one position or calling4 ,they have1 too1 become critical1 so that1 using their minds1 they measure the professions of church-goers4 ,mr4 ,haw has collected in his book1 8,christianity and the ,working ,classes10 many workmen's opinions on this subject4 ,witness after witness shows that he has been thinking1 comparing things heard and things professed with things done4 ,it is not just indifference or self-indulgence which alienates the people from church or chapel or mission2 it is the insincerity or inconsistency which they themselves have learnt to detect4 ,huxley said long ago that the greatest gift of science to the modern world was not to be found in the discoveries which had increased its power and its comfort1 so much as in the habit of more scientific thinking which it had made common4 ,the people share this gift and have become critical4 ,they criticize all professions1 theological or political4 ,they criticize the ,bible1 and the very children in the schools have become rationalists4 ,they also construct1 and there are few more interesting facts of the time than the strength of trades unions1 co-operative and friendly societies1 which they have organized4 ,even unskilled labour1 ever since the great ,dock strike1 has shown its power to conceive methods of amelioration1 and to combine for their execution4 ,the first constituent of religion1 the activity of thought1 is thus present amid the non-church-going population4 #b4 ,this thought is1 ,i think1 directed towards a ,higher-than-self2 it1 that is to say1 goes towards goodness4 ,i would suggest a few instances4 ,universal homage is paid to the character of ,christ4 ,he1 because of ,his goodness1 is exalted above all other reformers1 and writers who are bitter against ,christianity reverence ,his truth and good-will4 ,popular opinion respects a good man whatever be his creed or party2 it may not always be instructed as to the contents of goodness1 but at elections its votes incline to follow the lead of the one who seems good1 and that is sometimes the neighbouring publican whose kindness and courtesy are experienced4 ,in social and political thought the most significant and strongest mark is the ethical tendency4 ,few proposals have now a chance of a hearing if they do not appeal to a sense of justice4 ,right has won at any rate a verbal victory over might4 ,in late revivals there has been much insistence on the need of better living1 on temperance1 on payment of debts and fulfilment of duty1 and the reprints which publishers find it worth their while to publish are penny books of ,seneca1 ,marcus ,aurelius1 and other writers on morals4 ,people generally--unconsciously often--have a sense of goodness1 or righteousness1 as something which is higher than themselves4 ,they are in a way dissatisfied with their own selfishness1 and also with a state of society founded on selfishness4 ,there is a widely spread expectation of a better time which will be swayed by dominant goodness4 ,the people have thus1 in some degree1 the second constituent of religion1 in that they have the thought that the ,high and ,mighty which inhabits ,eternity is good4 #c4 ,when1 however1 we come to the third constituent1 we have at once to admit that the non-church-going population has no means of realizing the ,most ,high in a form which sustains and inspires its action4 ,it has no close or personal touch or communion with this goodness2 no form which1 like a picture or like a common meal1 by its associations of memory or hope rouses its feelings2 nothing which1 holding the thought1 stirs the emotions and works the thought into daily life4 ,the forms of religion1 the ,churches1 the doctrines1 the ritual1 the sacraments1 which meant so much to their fathers and to some of their neighbours1 mean nothing to them4 ,they have lost touch with the forms of religious thought as they have not lost touch with the forms of political thought4 ,forms are the clothes of thought4 ,forms are lifeless1 and thought is living4 ,unless the forms are worn every day they cease to fit the thought1 as left-off clothes cease to fit the body4 ,english citizens who have gone on wearing the old forms of political thought can therefore go on talking and acting as if the ,king ruled to-day as ,queen ,elizabeth ruled #cjj years ago1 but these non-church-going folk1 who for generations have left off wearing the forms of religious thought1 cannot use the words about the ,most ,high which the ,churches and preachers use4 ,they have breathed an atmosphere charged by science--they are rationalists1 they have a vision of morality and goodness exceeding that advocated by many of the ,churches4 ,they have themselves created great societies1 and their votes have made and unmade governments4 ,when1 therefore1 they regard the ,churches1 the doctrines of preachers1 and all the forms of religion1 not as those to whom by use they are familiar or by history illuminated1 but as strangers1 they see what seem to them stiff services1 irrational doctrine1 disorganized and unbusinesslike systems1 and the self-assertion of priests and ministers4 ,they1 with their yearnings to touch goodness1 find nothing in these forms which makes them say1 8,there1 that is what ,i mean10 and go on stirred in their hearts4 ,they who have learnt to think turn away sadly or scornfully from teaching such as that of the ,salvation ,army about blood and fire1 where emotion is without thought4 ,those who manage their own affairs resent membership in religious organizations where all is managed for them4 ,they want a name for the ,most ,high of whom they think as above and around themselves1 but somehow the doctrines about ,christ1 whom they respect for ,his work #bjjj years ago1 do not stir them up as if ,he were a present power4 ,the working classes1 says ,dr4 ,fairbairn in his 8,religion in ,history and ,modern ,life10 are alienated because 8the ,church has lost adaptation to the environment in which it lives04 ,perhaps1 however1 some one may say1 8,forms are unimportant04 ,this may be true so far as regards a few rarely constituted minds1 but the mass of men are seldom moved except through some human or humanized form4 ,the elector may have his principles1 but it is the candidate he cheers1 it is his photograph he carries1 it is his presence which rouses enthusiasm1 and it is politicians' names by which parties are called4 ,the ,russian peasant may say his prayers1 but it is the ikon--the image dear to his fathers--which rouses him to do or to die4 ,the ,jews had no likeness of ,jehovah1 but the book of the law represented to them the thought and memories of their heart1 and they bound its words to their foreheads1 their poets were stirred to write psalms in its praise1 and by the emotions it raised its teaching was worked into their daily acts4 ,a non-religious writer in the 8,clarion0 bears witness to the same fact when he says1 8,all effective movements must have creeds4 ,it is impossible to satisfy the needs of any human mind or heart without some form of belief40 ,the ,quaker who rejects so many forms has made a form of no-form1 and his simple manner of speech1 his custom of dress or worship1 often moves him to his actions4 ,mr4 ,gladstone bears testimony to the place of form in religion4 8,the ,church10 he says1 8presented to me ,christianity under an aspect in which ,i had not yet known it1 444 its ministry of symbols1 its channels of grace1 its unending line of teachers forming from the ,head a sublime construction based throughout on historic fact1 uplifting the idea of the community in which we live1 and of the access which it enjoys through the living way to the presence of the ,most ,high40 ,mr4 ,gladstone found in the ,anglican ,church a form of access to the ,most ,high1 and through this ,church the thoughts of the ,most ,high were worked into his daily life4 ,others through the ,bible1 the sacraments1 humanity1 or through some doctrine of ,christ have found like means of access4 ,forms are essential to religion4 ,forms1 indeed1 have often become the whole of religion1 so that people who have honoured images or words or names have forgotten goodness and justice--they wash the cup and platter and forget mercy and judgment2 they say 8,lord1 ,lord10 and do not the will of the ,lord4 ,forms have often become idols1 but the point ,i urge is that for the majority of mankind forms are necessary to religion4 8,tell me thy name10 was the cry of ,jacob1 when all night he wrestled with an unknown power which condemned his life of selfish duplicity2 and every crisis in ,israelitish history is marked by the revelation of a new name for the ,most ,high4 ,the ,samaritans do not know what they worship2 the ,jews know what they worship1--was the rebuke of ,christ to a wayward and ineffective nation4 ,even those ,athenians to whom ,god was the ,unknown ,god had to erect an altar to that ,god4 ,the great mass of the people1 because they have no form and stand apart from all religious communions1 may have in them a religious sense1 but their thought of ,god is not worked through their emotions into their daily lives4 ,they do not know what they worship1 and so do not say with the ,psalmist1 8,my soul is athirst for the living ,god10 or say with ,joseph1 8,how can ,i do this wickedness1 and sin against ,god80 ,they have much sentiment about brotherhood1 and they talk of the rights of all men2 but they are not driven as ,st4 ,paul was driven to the service of their brothers1 irrespective of class1 or nation1 or colour4 ,they have not the zeal which says1 8,woe is me if ,i preach not the ,gospel04 ,they endure suffering with patience and meet death with submission1 but they do not say1 8,i shall awake after ,his likeness and be satisfied04 ,the majority of ,english citizens would in an earthquake behave as brave men1 but they have not the faith of the negroes who in the midst of such havoc sang songs of praise4 ,the three constituents ,i included in the definition are all1 ,i submit1 necessary4 ,thought without form does not rouse the emotions4 ,form without thought is idolatry1 and is fatal to growth4 ,emotion without thought has no abiding or persistent force4 ,religion is the thought of a ,higher-than-self worked through the emotions into daily life4 ,with this definition in mind ,i now sum up my impressions4 ,the religion of the majority of the people is1 ,i think1 not such as enables them to say1 8,here ,i take my stand4 ,this course of life ,i can and will follow4 ,this policy must overcome the world40 ,it is not such either as keeps down pride and egotism1 and leads them to say as ,abram said to ,lot1 8,if you go to the right ,i will go to the left04 ,it does not make men and women anxious to own themselves debtors and to give praise4 ,it does not drive them to greater and greater experiments in love2 it does not give them peace4 ,it is not the spur to action or the solace in distress4 ,it has little recognition in daily talk or in the ,press4 ,one might1 indeed1 live many years1 meet many men1 and read many newspapers and not come into its contact or realize that ,england professes ,christianity4 ,when ,i ask my friends1 8,how does religion show itself in the actions of daily life80 ,i get no answer4 ,there seems to be no acknowledged force arising from the conception of the ,most ,high which restrains1 impels1 or rests men and women in their politics1 their business1 or their homes4 ,there are1 ,i suggest1 three infallible signs of the presence of religion--calm courage1 joyful humility1 and a sense of life stronger than death4 ,these signs are not obvious among the people4 ,the condition is not satisfactory4 ,it is not unlike that of ,rome in the first century4 ,the ,roman had then forsaken his old worship of the gods in the temples1 notwithstanding the official recognition of such worship and the many earnest attempts made for its revival4 ,there was then1 as now1 something in the atmosphere of thought which was stronger than ,state or ,church4 ,there was then1 as now1 an interest in teachers of goodness who held up a course of conduct far above the conventional1 and the thoughts of men played amid the new mysteries rising in the ,east4 ,the ,romans were restless1 without anchorage or purpose4 ,they were not satisfied with their bread and games2 they walked in a dense shadow1 and had no light from home4 ,into their midst came ,christianity1 giving a new name to the ,most ,high1 and stirring men's hearts to do as joyful service what the ,stoics had taught as dull duty4 ,in the midst of the ,english people of to-day there are ,churches and societies of numerous denominations4 ,their numbers are legion4 ,in one ,east-,london district about a mile square there were1 ,i think1 at one time over twenty different religious agencies4 ,their activity is twofold4 ,they work from without to within1 or from within to without--from the environment to the soul1 or from the soul to the environment4 #a4 ,the work from without to within1 resolves itself into an endeavour to draw the people to join some religious communion4 ,the environment which an organization provides counts for much1 and influences therefrom constantly pass into the inner life4 ,membership in a ,church or association with a mission often brings men and women into contact with a minister who offers an example of a life devoted to others' service4 ,it opens to them ways of doing good1 of teaching the children1 of visiting the poor1 and of joining in efforts for social reform4 ,it affords a constant support in a definite course of conduct1 and makes a regular call on the will to act up to the conventional standard1 and it brings to bear on everyday action an insistent social pressure which is some safety against temptation4 ,sneers about the dishonesty of religious professors are common1 but1 as a matter of fact1 the most honest and reputable members of the community are those connected with religious bodies4 ,those bodies have various characters1 with various forms of doctrine and of ritual4 ,human beings1 if they are true to themselves1 cannot all adopt like forms2 there are some men and women who find a language for their souls in a ritual of colour and sound1 there are others who can worship only in silence2 there are some who are moved by one form of doctrine1 and others who are moved by another form4 ,uniformity is unnatural to man1 and the ,act of ,religious ,uniformity has proved to be disastrous to growth of thought and goodwill4 ,progress through the ages is marked by the gradual evolution of the individual1 and the strongest society is that where there are the most vigorous individualities4 ,if this be admitted1 it must be admitted also that the growth of vigorous denominations1 and not uniformity1 is also the mark of progress4 ,but1 it may be said1 denominations are the cause of half the quarrels which divide society1 and of half the wars which have decimated mankind4 ,this is true enough4 ,the denominations are now hindering the way of education1 and it was as denominations that ,catholics and ,protestants drowned ,europe in thirty years of bloodshed4 ,it is1 however1 equally true to say that nationalities have been the cause of war1 and that the way of peace is hard1 because ,french1 ,germans1 and ,british are so patriotically concerned for their own rights4 ,nationalities1 however1 become strong during the period of struggle1 and they develop characteristics valuable for the whole human family2 but the end to which the world is moving is not a universal empire under the dominance of the strongest1 it is to a unity in which the strength of each nationality will make possible the federation of the world4 ,in the same way denominations pass through a period of strife2 they too develop their characteristics2 and the hope of religion is not in the dominance of any one denomination1 but in a unity to which each is necessary4 ,the world learnt slowly the lesson of toleration1 and at last the strong are feeling more bound to bear with those who differ from themselves4 ,there is1 however1 dawning on the horizon a greater lesson than that of toleration of differences3 it is that of respect for differences4 ,as that lesson prevails1 each denomination will not cease to be keen for its own belief2 it will also be keen to pay honour to every honest belief4 ,the neighbourhood of another denomination will be as welcome as the discovery of another star to the astronomer1 or as the finding of a new animal to the naturalist1 or as is the presence of another strong personality in a company of friends4 ,the ,church of the future cannot be complete without many chapels4 ,the flock of the ,good ,shepherd includes many folds4 ,the energy of innumerable ,churches and missions is daily strengthening denominations1 and they seem to me likely to stand out more and more clearly in the community4 ,one advantage ,i would emphasize4 ,each denomination may offer an example of a society of men and women living in reasonable accord with its own doctrine--not1 ,i ask you to reflect1 just a community of fellow-worshippers1 but1 like the ,quakers1 translating faith into matters of business and the home4 ,mediaeval ,christians sold all they had and lived as monks or nuns4 ,nineteenth century ,christians were kind to their poorer neighbours4 ,twentieth century ,christians might give an example of a society fitting a time which has learnt the value of knowledge and beauty1 and has seen that justice to the poor is better than kindness4 ,every generation must have its own form of ,christianity4 ,the earnest endeavour of so many active men and women to increase the strength of their own denomination has therefore much promise3 provided always1 let me say1 they do not win recruits by self-assertion1 by exaggeration1 or by the subtle bribery of treats and blankets4 ,each denomination honestly strengthened by additional members is the better able to manifest some aspect of the ,christian life1 and1 in response to the call of that life1 more inclined to reform the doctrines and methods which tend to alienate a scientific and democratic generation4 ,such denominations are1 ,i submit1 those most likely to reform themselves1 and as they come to offer various examples of a ,christian society1 where wealth is without self-assertion1 where poverty is without shame1 where unemployment and ignorance are prevented by just views of human claims1 and where joy is 8in widest commonalty spread10 all the members of the community will in such examples better find the name of the ,most ,high1 and feel the power of religion4 8,if10 says ,dr4 ,fairbairn1 8religion were truly interpreted in the lives of ,christian men1 there is no fear as to its being believed40 8,what is wanted is not more ,christians but better ,christians40 #b4 ,the activity of ministers and missionaries is1 as ,i have said1 twofold4 ,besides working from without to within by building up denominations1 it also works from within to without by converting individuals4 ,members of every ,church or mission are1 in ordinary phrase1 intent 8to save souls04 ,their work is not for praise1 and is sacred from any intrusion4 ,spirit wrestles with spirit1 and power passes by unknown ways4 ,souls are only kindled by souls4 ,conversion opens blind eyes to see the ,most ,high1 but it is not in human power to direct the ways of conversion4 ,the spirit bloweth where it listeth4 ,there are1 however1 other means by which eyes may be opened at any rate to see1 if only dimly1 and some of these means are under human control4 ,such a means is that which is called higher education or university teaching1 or the knowledge of the humanities4 ,i would therefore conclude by calling notice to the much or the little which is being done by this higher education4 ,the people are to a large extent blind because of the overwhelming glory of the present4 ,they see nothing beyond the marvellous revelations of science--its visions of possessions and of power1 and its triumphs over the forces of nature4 ,they are occupied in using the gigantic instruments which are placed at the command of the weakest1 and they are driven on by some relentless pressure which allows no pause on the wayside of the road of life4 ,they see power everywhere--power in the aggressive personalities which heap money in millions1 power in the laboratory1 power in the market-place1 power in the ,government2 but they do not see anything which satisfies the human yearning for something higher and holier2 they cannot see the ,god whose truth they feel and whose call they hear4 ,many of them look to the past and surround themselves with the forms of mediaeval days1 and some go to the country1 where1 in a land of tender shades and silences1 they try to commune with the ,most ,high4 ,but yet the words of ,john the ,baptist rise eternally true1 when he said to a people anxiously expectant1 some with their eyes on the past1 and some with their eyes on the future1 8,there standeth one among you04 ,the ,most ,high1 that is to say1 is to be found1 not in the past with its mysteries1 its philosophies1 and its dignity of phrase or ritual1 and not in the future with its vague hopes of an earthly ,paradise1 but in the present with its hard facts1 its scientific methods1 its strong individualities1 and the growing power of the ,state4 ,the kingdom of heaven is at hand2 the ,highest which every one seeks is in the present4 ,it is standing among us1 and the one thing wanted is the eye to see4 ,mr4 ,haldane1 in the address to the students of ,edinburgh ,university1 has described the character of the higher teaching as a gospel of the wide outlook1 as a means of giving a deeper sympathy and a keener insight1 as offering a vision of the eternal which is here and now showing its students what is true in present realities1 and inspiring them with a loyalty to the truth as devoted as that of tribesmen to their chief4 ,this sort of teaching1 he says1 brings down from the present realities1 or from a ,sinai ever accompanying mankind1 8the ,higher command10 with its eternal offer of life and blessing--that is to say1 it opens men's eyes to see in the present the form of the ,most ,high4 ,higher education is thus a part of religious activity4 ,i am glad to know that my conclusion is shared by ,dr4 ,fairbairn1 who1 speaking of the worker in our great cities1 and of his alienation from religion1 says1 8,the first thing to be done is to enrich and ennoble his soul1 to beget in him purer tastes and evoke higher capacities04 ,i will conclude by calling notice to the much or the little which is being done to open the people's eyes by means of higher education4 ,i fear it is 8the little04 ,there are many classes and many teachers for spreading skill1 there are some which increase interest in nature2 there are few--very few--which bring students into touch with the great minds and thoughts of all countries and all ages--very few1 that is1 classes for the humanities4 ,for want of this the souls of the people are poor1 and their capacities dwarfed2 they cannot see that modern knowledge has made the ,bible a modern book1 or how the bells of a new age have rung in the 8,christ that is to be04 ,for thirty-four years my wife and ,i have been engaged in social experiments4 ,many ways have been tried1 and always the recognized object has been the religion of the people--religion1 that is1 in the sense which ,i have defined as that faith in the ,highest which is the impulse of human progress1 man's spur to loving action1 man's rest in the midst of sorrow1 man's hope in death4 ,with the object of preparing the way to this religion1 schools have been improved1 houses have been built and open spaces secured4 ,holidays have been made more healthy1 and the best in art has been made more common4 ,but1 viewing all these efforts of many reformers1 ,i am prepared to say that the most pressing need is for higher education4 ,where such education is to begin1 what is the meaning of religious education in elementary schools1 and how it is to be extended1 is part of another subject4 ,it is enough now if1 having as my subject the religion of the people1 ,i state my opinion that there is no activity which more surely advances religion than the teaching which gives insight1 far sight1 and wide sight4 ,the people1 for want of religion1 are unstable in their policy1 joyless in their amusements1 and uninspired by any sure and certain hope4 ,they have not the sense of sin--in modern language1 none of that consciousness of unreached ideals which makes men humble and earnest4 ,they have not the grace of humility nor the force of a faith stronger than death4 ,it may seem a far cry from a teacher's class-room to the peace and power of a ,psalmist or of a ,st4 ,paul2 but1 as ,archbishop ,benson said1 8,christ is a present ,christ1 and all of us are ,his contemporaries04 ,and my own belief is that the eye opened by higher education is on the way to find in the present the form of the ,christ who will satisfy the human longing for the ,higher-than-self4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,cathedral ,,reform4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,december1 #ahih4 #a ,from 8,the ,nineteenth ,century and ,after04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,cathedrals have risen in popular estimation4 ,they represent the past to the small but slowly increasing number of people who now realize that there is a past out of which the present has grown4 ,they are recognized as interesting historical monuments2 their power is felt as an aid to worship1 and some worshippers who would think their honesty compromised by their presence at a church or a chapel1 say their prayers boldly in the 8national0 cathedral4 ,a trade-union delegate1 who had been present at the ,congress1 was surprised on the following ,sunday afternoon to recognize in ,st4 ,paul's some of his fellow delegates4 ,no reformer would now dare to propose that cathedrals should be secularized4 ,but neither would any one who considers the power latent in cathedral establishments for developing the spiritual side of human nature profess himself satisfied4 ,it is not enough that the buildings should be restored1 so that they may be to-day what they were #djj or #ejj years ago1 nor is it enough that active deans should increase sermons and services4 ,a cathedral has a unique position4 ,it holds the imagination of the people4 ,men who live in the prison of mean cares remember how as children their thoughts wandered free amid the lights and shadows of tombs1 pillars1 arches1 and recesses4 ,worshippers face to face with real sorrow1 who turn aside from the trivialities of ritual1 feel that there is in the solemn grandeur a power to lift them above their cares4 ,a cathedral indeed attracts to itself that spiritual longing which1 perhaps1 more than the longing for power or for liberty1 is the sign of the times4 ,this longing1 compared with rival longings1 may be as small as a mustard-seed1 but everywhere men are becoming conscious that things within their grasp are not the things they were made to reach4 ,there is a heaven for which they are fitted1 and which is not far from any one of them4 ,they like to hear large words1 and to move in large crowds4 ,they see that 8dreaming0 is valuable as well as 8doing04 ,they feel that there is a kinship between themselves and the hidden unknown greatness in which they live4 ,the ideal leader of the day is a mystic who can be practical4 ,men turning1 therefore1 from churches or chapels which are identified with narrow views1 and from a ritual which has occupied the more vacant minds1 are prepared to pay respect to the cathedral with its grand associations4 ,and the cathedrals which thus attract to themselves modern hope1 and become almost the symbol of the day's movement1 are equipped to respond to the demand4 ,they have both men and money4 ,they have men qualified to serve1 and a body of singers qualified to make common the best music1 and they have endowments varying from #djjj to #aj1jjj a year4 ,a cathedral is attractive by its grandeur and its beauty1 but it ought to be something more than an historic monument4 ,its staff is ample1 and is often active1 but it ought to be something more than a parish church4 ,its government1 however1 is so hampered that it can hardly be anything else1 and the energies of the chapter are spent in efforts to follow the orders of restoring architects4 ,the building is cleared of innovations introduced by predecessors1 who had in view use and not art4 ,its deficiencies are supplied1 the dreams and intentions of the early builders are discovered1 and at last a church is completed such as our ancestors would have desired4 ,the self-devotion of deans or canons in producing this result provokes admiration from those who in their hearts disapprove4 ,money is freely given1 and1 what is often harder to do1 donations are persistently begged4 ,the time and ability of men who have earned a reputation as workers1 thinkers1 or teachers1 are spent in completing a monument over which antiquaries will quarrel and round which parties of visitors will be taken at #f;d4 a head4 ,the building has little other use than as a parish church1 and the ideal1 before a chapter1 anxious to do its duty1 is to have frequent communions1 services1 and sermons1 as in the best worked parishes4 ,in some cases there is a large response4 ,the communicants are many1 but1 being unknown to one another and to the clergy1 they miss the strength they might have derived by communicating with their neighbours in their own churches4 ,the sermons are sometimes listened to by crowded congregations1 but the people are often drawn from other places of worship1 and miss the teaching given by one to whom they are best known4 ,but in most cases the response is small4 ,the daily services1 supported by a large and well-trained choir of men and boys1 preceded by a dignified procession of vergers and clergy1 often help only two or three worshippers4 ,many of the ,holy ,communions which are announced are not celebrated for want of communicants1 and the sermons are not always such as are suitable for the people4 ,there are1 indeed1 special but rare occasions when the cathedral shows its possibilities4 ,it may be a choir festival1 when #ejj or #fjj voices find space within its walls to give a service for people interested in the various parishes4 ,it may be some civic or national function1 when the ,corporation attends in state1 or some meeting of an association or friendly society1 when the church is filled by people drawn from a wide area4 ,on all those occasions the fitness of the grand building and fine music to meet the needs of the moment is recognized1 and the citizens are proud of their cathedral4 ,but generally they are not proud4 ,they think--when they care enough to think at all--that a building with such power over their imagination ought to be more used1 and that such well-paid officials ought to do more work4 8,one canon10 a workman remarked1 8ought to do all that is done1 and the money of the others could be divided among poor curates40 ,the members of the chapter would probably agree as to the need of reform4 ,it is not their conservatism1 it is the old statutes which stand in the way4 ,these statutes differ in the various cathedrals1 but all alike suffer from the neglect of the living hand of the popular will which in civil matters is always shaping old laws to present needs4 ,their object seems to be not so much to secure energetic action as to prevent aggression4 ,activity1 and not indolence1 was apparently the danger which threatened the ,church in those old days4 ,the ,bishop1 who is visitor and is called the head of the cathedral1 cannot officiate--as of right--in divine service2 he is not entitled to take part in the ,holy ,communion or to preach during ordinary service4 ,the ,dean governs the church1 and has altogether the regulation of the services2 but he can only preach at the ordinary services at three festivals during the year4 ,the ,canons1 who preach every ,sunday1 have no power over the order or method of the uses of the church4 ,the ,precentor1 who is authorized to select the music and is required to take care that the choir be instructed and trained in their parts1 must not himself give instruction and training4 ,the ,organist1 who has to train and instruct the boys1 has to do so in hours fixed by the ,precentor1 and in music chosen by him4 ,an establishment so constituted cannot have the vigour or elasticity or unity necessary to adapt cathedrals to modern needs4 ,it affords1 as ,trollope discovered1 and as most citizens are aware1 a field for the play of all sorts of petty rivalries and jealousies4 ,no official can move without treading on the other's rights4 ,bishops1 ,deans1 and ,canons hide their feelings under excessive courtesies4 ,precentors and ,organists try to settle their rights in the law courts1 and the trivialities of the ,cathedral ,close have become proverbial4 ,the apparent uselessness of buildings so prominent1 and of a staff so costly1 provokes violent criticism4 ,reformers become revolutionists as the ,dean1 ,chapter1 and choir daily summon congregations which do not appear1 and the officials become slovenly and careless as they daily perform their duties in an empty church4 ,sacraments may be offered in vain as well as taken in vain1 and institutions established for other needs which go on1 regardless of such needs1 are self-condemned4 ,if the army or navy or any department of the civil service were so constituted1 the demand for reform would be insistent4 8,we will not endure10 the public voice would proclaim1 8that an instrument on whose fitness we depend shall be so ineffective4 ,it is not enough that the members of the profession are prevented from injuring one another4 ,our concern is not their feelings1 but our protection40 ,it is characteristic of the indifference to religious interests that an instrument1 so costly and so capable of use as a cathedral establishment1 has been left to rust through so many years1 and that the troubles of a ,chapter should be matter for jokes and not for indignant anger4 ,a ,royal ,commission1 indeed1 was appointed in #ahgi4 ,it was in the earlier years presided over by ,archbishop ,tait1 who showed1 both by his constant presence and by his lively interest1 how deeply he had felt and how much he had reflected on this subject4 ,the ,commissioners had #abh meetings1 and issued their final report in #ahhe2 but notwithstanding the humble and almost pathetic appeal that something should be 8quickly done0 to remedy the abuses they had discovered1 and forward the uses which they saw possible1 nothing whatever has been done4 ,the position of the ,cathedrals still mocks the intelligence of the people they exist to serve1 and the hopes which the spread of education has developed4 ,the ,commissioners recognized the change which had been going on in the feeling with regard to the tie which binds together the cathedral and the people1 and their recommendations lead up1 as they themselves profess1 to 8the grand conception of the ,bishop of a diocese working from his cathedral as a spiritual centre1 of the machinery there supplied being intended to produce an influence far beyond the cathedral precincts1 of the capitular body being interested in the whole diocese1 and of the whole diocese having claims on the capitular body04 ,this conception1 apart from its technical phraseology1 may be taken as satisfactory4 8,a live ,cathedral in a live ,diocese0 is1 in the ,american phrase1 what all desire4 ,it may be questioned1 however1 in the light of thirteen years' further experience of growing humanity1 whether their recommendations would bring the conception much nearer to realization4 ,their recommendations are somewhat difficult to generalize4 ,the peculiarities and eccentricities in the constitution of each cathedral are infinite4 ,some are on the old foundation1 with their ,deans1 ,precentors1 ,chancellors1 and ,prebendaries4 ,some date from ,henry ,,viii1 and have only a ,dean and a small number of residentiary ,canons4 ,some possess statutes which are hopelessly obsolete1 and one claims validity for a new body of statutes adopted by itself4 ,some are under the control of the chapter only1 some have minor corporations4 ,some have striven to act up to the letter of old orders1 some have statutes which are of no legal authority4 ,but the difference of constitution of the several cathedrals was by no means the only difficulty with which the ,commissioners had to contend4 ,there is the difference in their local circumstances4 ,some1 as ,bristol and ,norwich1 are in the midst of large populations2 some1 as ,ely and ,st4 ,david's1 are in small towns or amid village people4 ,st4 ,paul's1 ,london1 stands in a position so peculiar that it does not admit of comparison with any other cathedral in the kingdom4 ,there is1 further1 the difference in wealth and the provision of residences for the capitular body2 some are rich1 and endowed with all that is necessary for the performance of their duties2 some are comparatively poor4 ,the ,commissioners have met these difficulties by considering each cathedral separately1 and by issuing on each a separate report with separate recommendations4 ,there is1 however1 a character and a principle common to all their recommendations1 by which a judgment may be formed as to how far they would1 if adopted1 fit cathedrals to the needs of the time4 ,i4--,,central ,,authority4 ,the ,commissioners were at the outset met by the fact that cathedral bodies are stationary institutions in a growing society4 ,they remain as they had been formed in distant days3 ships stranded high above the water-line1 in which the services went on as if the passengers and cargo had not long found other means of transit4 ,they felt that even if by the gigantic effort involved in parliamentary action the cathedrals were reformed in order to suit the changed society of the nineteenth century1 the reforms would not necessarily suit the twentieth century4 ,they saw that there must be a central authority always in touch with public opinion1 which would1 year by year1 or generation by generation1 shape uses to needs4 ,they at once therefore introduced the ,cathedral ,statutes ,bill1 by which a ,cathedral ,committee of the ,privy ,council was to be appointed4 ,the ,bill did not become law1 but the provision was admirable4 ,by this means1 just as the ,committee of ,council year by year now issues an ,education ,code1 by which changes suggested by experience or inquiry are introduced into the educational system of the country1 so this new ,committee of ,council was1 as occasion required1 to issue new statutes to control or develop the use of cathedrals4 ,a living rule was to take the place of the dead hand4 ,representative men1 and not the authority of an individual or of an old statute1 were henceforth to control this ,state provision for the religious interests of the people1 as a similar body1 with manifest advantage1 controls the ,state provision for the secular interests4 ,a ,committee of the ,privy ,council made up of the ,ministers of the day1 being professed ,christians1 together with some experts1 is probably the best central authority to be devised4 ,but when the ,commissioners further proposed that after the expiration of their commission it should remain with ,deans and ,chapters to submit proposals for reform in the use of their cathedrals1 they at once limited the utility of that central authority4 ,is it to be conceived that ,deans and ,chapters will promote necessary reforms8 ,can they be said to be in touch with the people8 ,will they1 if they make wise and far-reaching suggestions1 be trusted as representatives8 ,the ,commission aimed to create a living authority1 and then proposed to bind it hand and foot2 it set up a body of representative men capable of daring and of cautious action1 and then limited the sphere of such action by the decisions of ,chapters sometimes concerned for inaction4 ,the obvious criticism is a testimony to the progress of the last few years4 ,education and the extension of local government have made all parties recognise that the voice of the people ought to be trusted1 and can be trusted4 ,checks and safeguards are no longer thought to be so necessary4 ,interests once jealously preserved by the classes are now known to be safe in the hands of the masses4 ,the ,crown1 property1 order1 are all safe grounded on the people's will4 ,it seems therefore out of place1 in the eyes of the present generation1 to safeguard every change in the use of the cathedral by trusting to those proposed by ,dean and ,chapter4 ,the basis of government must be democratic4 ,the people1 and not any class1 must have the chief voice in their control4 ,the ,county ,councils1 by means of a committee of professed ,christians1 the ,diocesan ,council1 or any body to which the people of the neighbourhood have free access1 should be that empowered to bring suggestions before the central authority4 ,in the ,church of ,england1 of which every ,englishman is a member1 and whose ,prayer ,book is an ,act of ,parliament1 there is no new departure in making the ,county ,councils the originating bodies to suggest uses for the cathedral4 ,with the growing interest to which allusion has been made1 it is not hard to conceive that the call for suggestions would evoke deeper thought and remind members of secular bodies that progress without religion is very hollow4 ,parliament was never more dignified1 or better fitted for foreign or home policy1 than when it held ,church government to be its most important function4 ,county ,councils1 called on through their committees to submit suggestions for the better use of the cathedrals to the ,committee of ,privy ,council1 might be elevated by the call1 and at the same time offer advice valuable in itself1 and approved by the people as coming from their representatives4 ,the first essential cathedral reform is therefore a central authority as recommended by the ,commission1 which1 on the initiative of really representative bodies1 shall have power to make statutes and publish rules of procedure in the several cathedrals4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,bishop ,,and ,,his ,,cathedral4 ,the ,commissioners were evidently struck by the need of promoting 8earnest and harmonious co-operation between the ,bishop of the ,diocese and the ,cathedral ,body04 ,they have endeavoured1 as they reiterate1 8to define and establish the relation in which the ,bishop stands to the cathedral1 and have made provision for assuring to him his legitimate position and influence04 ,when1 however1 reference is made to the statutes by which they carry out their intention1 they seem very inadequate3 the ,bishop1 for instance1 is to 8have the highest place of dignity whenever he is present02 8to preach whenever he may think fit02 8to hold visitation and exercise any function of his episcopal office whenever it may seem good04 ,he is also empowered to nominate a certain number of preachers1 and is constituted the authority to give leave of absence to the ,dean or ,canons4 ,the ,dean1 however1 is left responsible for the services1 in control of the officials1 and at liberty to develop the use of the church4 ,it is difficult to see how1 by such changes1 the cathedral will become the spiritual centre from which the ,bishop will work his diocese1 and at the same time have harmonious relations with the ,dean and ,chapter4 ,if he uses his full powers3 gathers week by week diocesan organizations for worship1 for encouragement1 and for admonition2 if he is often present at the services1 if he arranges classes for the clergy1 devotional meetings for church workers2 if he institutes sermons and lectures on history or on the signs of the times--what is there left for the ,dean and ,canons to do8 ,if he does not do such things1 how can he make the cathedral the centre of spiritual life8 ,the ,commission was evidently hampered in its recommendation by the presence of two dignitaries with somewhat conflicting duties4 ,the simple solution is to make the ,bishop the ,dean4 ,he would then have1 as by right1 all the powers it is proposed to confer upon him2 he would exercise them at all times1 without fear of any collision1 and he would be in name and fact the sole authority in carrying out the statutes1 and in controlling all subordinate officials4 ,he would then be able to make the cathedral familiar to every soul in his diocese1 associate its building and services with every organization for the common good--secular and religious--with choral societies1 clubs1 governing bodies1 friendly societies1 missionary associations1 and such like4 ,he would1 in fact1 make the cathedral the centre of spiritual life1 and he would for ever abolish the petty rivalries and jealousies which grow up under divided control1 and which bring such discredit on cathedral management4 ,he would be master1 and it is for want of a master that each official is now so disposed to magnify the petty privileges of his own office4 ,there must be some one who is really big1 that others may feel their proper place4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,canons ,,and ,,their ,,utility4 ,the ,commission has little to suggest1 save that they should be compelled to reside for eight months of the year in the neighbourhood of the cathedral1 and during three months attend morning and evening service1 each one 8habited in a surplice with a hood denoting his degree04 ,they are also1 if called on1 8to give instruction in theological and religious subjects1 or discharge some missionary or other useful work04 ,these functions seem hardly sufficient for men who are to receive #hjj a year1 and it is difficult to see what virtue there is in mere technical residence1 or how daily attendance at service is compatible with the performance of regular duties as citizens or teachers4 ,the ,canons would better help in making the cathedral the centre of spiritual life if they were the ,suffragan ,bishops of the diocese4 ,they would in this case have to receive appointment by the ,bishop1 and take duties assigned by him4 ,one might be responsible for the order of the services1 for the care of the property of the cathedral1 and for the proper control of the officials4 ,he might1 indeed1 be called the ,dean4 ,another might be a lecturer or teacher for the instruction of the clergy1 and the others might assist the ,bishop in those functions which now so largely intrude on his time4 ,the ,bishop of the twentieth century looms large in the distance4 ,he has a place not given to any of his predecessors1 as a democratic age has greater need of leaders4 ,he is called to new duties and new functions1 and the danger is that he who might be lifting his clergy on to a higher plane1 meeting them soul to soul1 and comforting them by his contagious piety1 will be absorbed in organizing1 in business1 or in the performance of functions4 ,suffragan ,bishops attached to the cathedral would relieve him from 8such serving tables10 and leave him more free to be a father in ,god to the clergy4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,fabric ,,and ,,finance4 ,the care of the fabrics is more and more recognized as a national concern4 ,not long ago there was a proposal put forward by non-,christians for their preservation out of local or national resources4 ,the ,commissioners' suggestion that a report on their condition should be published at frequent intervals shows trust in the readiness of a voluntary response1 but it is hardly a businesslike recommendation4 ,the suggestion1 already made in this paper1 that some local representative body1 such as the ,county ,council1 should be the body authorized to initiate reforms in the use of the building1 would naturally lead to the same body becoming responsible for its proper care4 ,it is not hard to conceive of such a growing interest as would lead to a ready expenditure under the direction of the best advisers4 ,the mass of the people are now shut out from contribution2 their pence are not valued1 and even if their gift 8be half their living10 it opens to them no place on the restoration committee4 ,if the cathedral is to be the people's church1 its support must rest on the people1 and this is only possible by means of the local bodies which they control4 ,finance1 as might be expected in a commercial country1 takes up a large portion of the report4 ,failure is again and again attributed to poverty1 and a schedule shows what is wanting in each cathedral for the proper payment of officials4 ,the total per annum is an increase of #aj1hgf4 ,the ,commissioners' happy thought was1 8,why not get this amount from the ,ecclesiastical ,commissioners1 who have profited largely from cathedral property80 ,they forthwith made application and were duly snubbed4 ,but the suggestion already made in this paper1 for the more harmonious management of cathedrals by the absorption of the ,dean's functions in that of the ,bishop1 at once solves the financial difficulty4 ,the salaries now given to the ,deans--probably on an average at least #ajjj a year--would then be ready for redistribution1 and might follow the lines suggested by the ,commissioners1 and would supply other gaps due to the depreciation of agricultural values4 ,,conclusion4 ,the ,commissioners take into view many details connected with the other officials1 with the rivalry of ,precentor and ,organist1 with the meeting of the greater chapter1 and with the abolition of the minor corporations existing in some cathedrals alongside of the chapter corporation1 which are in their way important1 but which would all fall into place under a large scheme of reform4 ,the essentials of such a scheme are1 it is submitted1 7#a7 control by a distinguished body1 like that of the ,committee of the ,privy ,council1 which takes its initiative from a representative body like that of the ,county ,council2 7#b7 the reinstatement of the ,bishop as the chief officer of the cathedral1 with the ,canons as his suffragans4 ,the cathedrals seem to be waiting to be used by the new spiritual force which1 amid the wreck of so much that is old1 is surely appearing4 ,there is a widespread consciousness of their value--an unexpressed instinct of respect which is not satisfied by the disquisitions of antiquarians or the praises of artists4 ,common people as well as ,royal ,commissioners feel that cathedrals have a part to play in the coming time4 ,what that part is none can foretell1 but all agree that the cathedrals must be preserved and beautified1 that the teaching and the music they offer must be of the best1 offered at frequent and suitable times1 and that they must be used for the service of the great secular and religious corporations of the diocese4 ,under the scheme here proposed this would be possible4 ,the ,bishop1 as head of the cathedral1 would direct the order of the daily worship and teaching1 arrange for the giving of great musical works1 and invite on special occasions any active organization4 ,he would have as coadjutors able men chosen by himself1 who1 by lectures1 meetings1 and conferences1 would make the building alive with use4 ,he would have behind him the committee of the ,county ,councils or other local authority1 empowered to suggest changes in the statutes as new times brought new needs1 and ready with money as their interest was developed4 ,the scheme1 at any rate1 has the merit of utilizing two growing forces--that of the ,bishop1 and that of local government4 ,no scheme can secure that these forces will work to the best ends4 ,that1 as everything else1 must depend on the extent to which the growing forces are inspired by the spirit of ,christ4 ,a cathedral used as a ,bishop would use it would receive a new consecration by the manifold uses4 ,just as the silence of a crowd which might speak is more impressive than the silence of the dumb1 so is the quiet of a building which is much used more solemn than the quiet of a building kept swept and clean for show4 ,our cathedrals1 being centres of activity1 would more and more impress those who1 themselves anxious and careful about many things1 feel the impulse of the spiritual force of the time4 ,workmen and business-men would come to possess their souls in quiet meditation1 or to join unnoticed in services of worship which express aspirations often too full for words4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,cathedrals ,,and ,,modern ,,needs4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 #aiab4 #a ,from 8,the ,contemporary ,review04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,this generation is face to face with many and hard problems4 ,perhaps the hardest and the one which underlies all the others is that which concerns the spiritualizing of life4 ,discoveries and inventions have largely increased the attractions of the things which can be seen and heard1 touched1 and tasted4 ,rich and poor have alike found that the world is full of so many things that they ought to be all as happy as kings1 and the one ideal which seems to command any enthusiasm is a ,socialistic ,state1 where material things will be more equally divided among all classes4 ,but even so1 there is an underlying consciousness that possessions do not satisfy human nature4 ,millionaires are seen to miss happiness1 and something else than armaments are wanted to make the strength of a nation4 ,there is thus a widely-spread disposition to take more account of spiritual forces1 and people who have not themselves the courage to forsake all for the sake of an idea speak with sympathy of religion and patronize the ,salvation ,army4 ,there is much talk of 8rival ideals dominating action10 and the prevalent unrest seems to come from a demand1 not so much for more money as for more respect1 more recognition of equality1 more room for the exercise of admiration1 hope1 and love4 ,modern unrest is1 in fact1 a cry for light4 ,the problem which is haunting this generation is how to spiritualize the forces which are shaping the future2 how to inspire labour and capital with thoughts which will both elevate and control their actions2 how to enable rich and poor to move in a larger world1 seeing things which eyes cannot see2 how to open channels between eternal sources and every day's need2 how to give to all the sense of partnership in a progress which is fitting the earth for man's enjoyment and men for one another's comfort4 ,the spiritualization of life being necessary to human peace and happiness2 its accomplishment is the goal of all reformers1 and every reform may in fact be measured by its power to advance or hinder progress to that goal4 ,i would suggest that the cathedrals are especially designed to help in the solution of the problem4 ,their attractiveness is a striking fact1 and people who are too busy to read or to pray seem to find time to visit buildings where they will gain no advantage for their trade or profession1 not even fresh air for their bodies4 ,they are recognized as civic or national possessions1 and working people who stand aloof from places of worship1 or patronize meeting-houses1 are distinctly interested in their care and preservation4 ,they have an unfailing hold on the popular imagination1 so that it is always easy to gather a congregation to take part in a service1 or to listen to a lecture4 8,it was not so much what the lecturer said10 was the reflection of ,mr4 ,crooks after a lecture in ,westminster ,abbey on ,english ,history1 8as the place in which it was given40 ,the cathedrals have thus a peculiar position in the modern world1 and if it be asked to what the position is due ,i am inclined to answer3 to their unostentatious grandeur and to their testimony to the past4 ,they are high and mighty1 they lift their heads to heaven1 and they open their doors to the humblest4 ,they give the best away1 and ask for nothing1 neither praise nor notice4 ,they are buildings through which the stream of ages has flowed1 familiar to the people of old time as of the present1 bearing traces of ,norman strength and ,english aspirations1 of the enthusiasm of ,catholics and ,puritans1 of the hopes of the makers of the nation4 ,the cathedrals are thus in touch with the spiritual sides of life1 and make their appeal to the same powers which desire before all things to see the fair beauty of the ,lord1 and to commune with man's eternal mind4 ,but the cathedrals which make this appeal can hardly be said to be well used4 ,there are the somewhat perfunctory services morning and afternoon1 often suspended or degraded during holiday months when visitors are most numerous2 there are sermons rarely to be distinguished from those heard in a thousand parish churches2 there is a staff of eight or ten clergy who may be busy at good works1 but certainly do not make their cathedral position their platform2 and there are guides who for a small fee will conduct parties round the church4 ,among these guides are indeed to be found men who have made a study of the building1 and are able to talk of it as lovers1 but the guides for the most part give no other information than lists of names and dates1 sometimes relieved by a common-place anecdote4 ,the cathedrals are treated as museums1 and not so well as the ,forum of ,rome4 ,the question is3 ,can they be made of greater use in spiritualizing life8 ,i would offer some suggestions3-- #a4 ,cathedrals might1 ,i think1 be more generally used for civic1 county and national functions1 for intercession at times of crisis1 and for services in connexion with meetings of conferences and congresses4 ,the services might be especially adapted by music and by speech to deepen the effect of the building with its grandeur and memories4 ,the use in this direction has increased of late years1 and even when the service seems to be little more than a church parade1 those present are often helped by the reminder that their immediate concern has a place in a greater whole4 ,but the use might be largely extended1 so that every example of corporate life might be set in the framework which would give it dignity4 ,elections to civic councils might be better understood if the newly-elected bodies gathered in the grand central building where vulgar divisions would be hushed in the greatness1 and the ambitions of parties lifted up into an atmosphere in which the rivals of past days are recognized in their common service to the ,state4 ,the meetings of congresses and conferences--of scientific and trade societies--of leagues and unions for social reform would be helped by beginning their deliberations in a place which would both humble and widen the thoughts of the members4 ,intercessional services1 when guided by a few directing words1 at which men and women would gather to fix their minds on great ideals--on peace--on sympathy with the oppressed--on the needs of children and prisoners1 would gain force from the association of a building where generations have prayed and hoped and suffered4 ,and if1 as well as being more frequent1 such use were more carefully considered the effect would be much deeper4 ,it is not enough1 for instance1 that the service should always follow the old form1 and the music be elaborate and the sermon orthodox4 ,consideration might be given so that prayers1 and music1 and speech might all be made to work together with the influences of the building to touch the spiritual side of the object interesting to the congregation4 ,the soul of the least important member of a civic council or a society is larger than its programme4 ,the cathedral service might be1 by much consideration1 designed to help such souls to realize something of the vast horizons in which they move--something of the infinite issues attached to their resolutions and votes1 something of the company filling the past and the future of which they are members4 ,the cathedrals1 by such frequent and well-considered uses1 might do much to spiritualize life4 #b4 ,there are1 as ,i have said1 usually eight or ten clergy who form the cathedral staff4 ,many of them are chosen for their distinction in some form of spiritual service1 and all have devoted themselves to that service4 ,they may be in other ways delivering themselves of their duties1 but they as spiritual teachers cannot as a rule be said to identify themselves with the cathedral4 ,they do not use all their powers to make the building a centre of spiritual life4 ,i would suggest1 therefore1 that these clergy attached to the cathedral should have classes or lectures on theological1 social1 and historic subjects4 ,they should give their teaching freely in one of the chapels of the cathedral1 and the teaching should be so thorough as to command the attention of the neighbouring clergy and other thoughtful people4 ,they would also1 on occasions1 give lectures in the nave designed to guide popular thought to the better understanding of the live questions of the day1 or of the past4 ,and inasmuch as many of the clergy have been chosen for their skill in music1 which often at great cost holds a high place in cathedral worship1 ,i would suggest that regular teaching be given in the relation of music to worship4 ,words1 we are often told1 do not make music sacred1 and religion has probably suffered degradation from the attachment of high words to low music4 ,there is certainly no doubt that the music in many churches is both bad in character and pretentious4 ,if teaching were freely given by qualified teachers in the cathedrals1 if examples of the best were freely offered1 and if the place of music in worship were clearly shown1 then music might become a valuable agent in spiritualizing life4 ,perhaps1 however1 the clergy might urge that they could not by such teaching deliver themselves of their obligation to do spiritual work4 ,they would rather wrestle with souls and unite in prayer4 ,but surely if their teaching has for its aim the opening of men's minds to know the truth--the enlistment of men's hearts in others' service and the bringing of the understanding into worship1 then their teaching will end in the knowledge of others' souls and in acts of common devotion4 ,the cathedral staff might1 through the cathedral and the position it holds in a city1 do much to spiritualize life4 #c4 ,the great spiritual asset of the cathedral is1 however1 its association with the past1 and its living witness that the present is the child of the past4 ,this may be called a spiritual asset1 because it is this conception of the past which1 as is evident among the ,jews and ,japanese1 is able to inspire and control action4 ,the people who see as in a vision their country boldly standing and suffering for some great principles and hear the voices of the great dead calling them 8children10 have power and peace within their reach4 ,it is1 as ,i have said1 because of some dim consciousness of this truth that crowds of visitors flock into the buildings and spend a rare holiday in hanging upon the dry words of the guides4 ,it is easy to imagine how their readily-offered interest might be seized1 how guides with fresh knowledge and trained sympathy might make the building tell and illustrate the tale of the nation's growth1 how the different styles of architecture might be made to express different stages of thought1 how the whole structure might be shown to be a shell and rind covering living principles1 how every one might be lifted up and humbled as the building told him of ,england's search for justice1 freedom1 and truth4 ,it is easy to imagine how such a living interpretation might be given to the message of the building1 but much work would first be necessary4 ,the cathedral staff would have to be constant learners1 and take up different sides of interest4 ,they would themselves frequently accompany parties and individuals1 so that in intimate talk they would learn the mind of the people1 and they would be continually instructing the regular guides4 ,their special duty would be to give at certain times short talks on the history1 the architecture1 and the art1 so that visitors might be sure that at these times they would learn what light new knowledge was throwing on the familiar surroundings4 ,the power of the past is dormant1 it is buried beneath the insistent present1 but it is not dead1 and it is conceivable that thoughtful and devoted effort might rouse it to speak through the buildings which have witnessed the highest aspirations of successive ages4 ,if such effort succeeded1 and if the people of to-day could be helped to know and feel the ,england of old days1 they would be conscious of a spiritual force bearing them on to great deeds4 ,they would begin to understand how things which are not seen are stronger than things which are seen4 ,the cathedrals have in themselves a message which would help to spiritualize life1 but without interpreters the message can hardly be heard4 #d4 ,i would add one other suggestion arising from the monuments which in every cathedral attract so much notice4 ,they are the memorials of men and women notable in national or local history who belonged to various parties and classes1 to different forms of faith and different professions representing divers qualities and diverse forms of service4 ,it would not be difficult for each cathedral to make a calendar of worthies4 ,a lecture every month on one such worthy would give an opportunity for taking the minds of modern men into the surroundings of the past1 where they would see clearly the value of character4 ,familiarity with the lives of ,saints has been doubtless a great help to many lonely and anxious souls1 but this hardly applies to those who hear sermons on ,st4 ,jude1 and ,st4 ,bartholomew1 and other ,saints of whom little can be known4 ,if1 however1 from its great men and women each cathedral selected twelve1 for one of whom a day should be set apart each month1 the people in the locality would gradually become familiar with their characters and gain by communion with them4 ,thoughts are best revealed through lives1 and the attraction of personality was never more marked than at the present day4 ,through the lives of the great dead1 and through the persons of those who walked or worshipped within familiar walls1 it would be possible to make people understand great principles1 and gradually become conscious of the ,common ,source from which flows 8every good and perfect gift04 ,the dead speak from the walls of the cathedral1 but they have no interpreter1 and the mass of the people who are waiting for their message go away unsatisfied4 ,a power which would help to spiritualize life is unused4 ,but perhaps it may be urged that if all were done which has been suggested1 if the minds of visitors were kindled to admiration1 if the past were made to live and the dead to speak1 much more would be necessary to spiritualize life4 ,certainly the 8spirit bloweth where it listeth10 and only they who feel its breath are born again and enter a world of power1 of peace1 and of love4 ,but it may be claimed that some attitudes are better than others in which to feel this breath1 and that people whose pride has been brought low by the beauty of a great building1 or whose ears have been opened to the voices of the past1 will be more likely to bow before the ,holy ,spirit than those who have no thought beyond what they can see1 hear1 or touch4 ,the age1 we sometimes say1 is waiting for a great leader--a prophet who will make dead bones to live4 ,it is well to remember that for all redeemers the way has to be prepared1 and the coming spiritual leader will be helped if through our cathedrals people have developed powers of communion with the ,unseen4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,recreation4 ,the ,children's ,country ,holiday ,fun'--,recreation of the ,people--,hopes of the ,hosts--,easter ,monday on ,hampstead ,heath--,holidays and ,school days--,the ,failure of ,holidays--,recreation in ,town and ,country4 ,,the ,,children',s ,,country ,,holiday ,,fun'4#a ,,by ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,april1 #aiab4 #a ,from 8,the ,cornhill ,magazine04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,five thousand two hundred and eighty ,letters1 #hgb ,sketches1 #aii ,collections1 all in parcels neatly tied up1 the name1 age1 and sex of the writer1 artist1 or collector clearly written on the first page of the covering paper4 ,there they lie1 all around me1 stack upon stack4 ,the sketches are crude but extraordinarily vivid and unaffected2 the collections are very scrappy but show affectionate care2 the letters are written in childish unformed characters1 and are of varying lengths1 from a sheet of notepaper to ten pages of foolscap1 but one and all deal with the same subject4 ,what that subject is shall be told by a maiden of nine years old3-- 8,on one ,thursday morning my ,mother woke me and said1 #8,to-day is ,country ,holiday ,fun1' so ,i got up and put my cloes on04 ,on that ,thursday morning1 #bg ,july1 #bb1fbd happy children left ,london and its drab monotonous streets1 and went for a fortnight's visit into the country1 or by the sea4 ,oh6 the joy1 the preparation1 the excitement1 the hopes1 the fears1 the anxieties lest anything should prevent the start2 but at last1 by the superhuman efforts of all concerned1 the ,committee1 the ladies1 the teachers1 and the railway officials1 the whole gay1 glad1 big army of little people were successfully got off4 ,it is from these #bb1fbd children1 and #ba1gef more who took their places two weeks later1 that my #e1bhj letters come2 for only those who really choose to write are encouraged to do so4 ,in almost all cases the journey is fully described1 the ride in the 'bus1 the fear of being late1 the parcel and how 8it fell out10 the gentlemen at the station1 the porter who gave us a drink of water 8cause we were all hot10 the gentleman who gave the porter #f;d4 because he said3 8,this #f;d4 is for you for thinking as how the children would be thirsty04 ,the number that managed to get in each carriage1 the boy who lost his cap 8for the wind went so fast when my head was outside looking10 the hedges1 the cows1 the big boards with ---- ,pills written on them1 how 8it seemed as if ,i was going that way and the hills and cows and trees were going the other way04 ,it is all told with the fresh force of novelty and youth4 ,the names of the ,stations and the mileage is often noted1 as well as the noise4 8,we shouted for joy10 writes a boy of eleven4 8,we told them it was rude to holler so10 writes a more staid girl4 8,i got tired of singing and went to sleep10 records a boy of eight2 but the journey over there follows the description1 often given with some awe1 of how1-- 8,we all went and were counted together1 and there were the ladies waiting for us1 and the gentleman read out our names and our lady's name and then we went home with our right ladies10 and then1 almost without exception1 comes the bald but important statement1 8and then we had ,tea04 ,indeed1 all through the letters there is frequent mention of the gastronomic conditions1 which appear to occupy a large place among the memories of the country visit4 ,evidently the regularity of the meals makes a change which strikes the imagination4 8,i got up1 washed in hot water and had my breakfast4 ,it was duck's egg4 ,i then went out in the fields till dinner was ready4 ,i had a good dinner and then took a rest4 ,we had ,tea4 ,my lady gave us herrings and apple pie for tea1 then we went on the ,green and looked about and then came home and had supper and went to bed40 ,some letters1 especially those written after the first visit to the country1 contain nothing but the plain unvarnished tale of the supply of regular food4 ,one girl burns with indignation because 8,we girls was sent to bed at #gcj and got no supper1 but the boys was let up later and got bread and a big thick bit of cheese04 ,a boy of eight chronicles that 8,i had custard for my ,tea and some jelly which was called corn flour04 ,one small observer had apparently discovered the importance of meal-times even to the sea itself1 for he writes3 8,the sea always went out at dinner time and came back when ,tea was ready04 ,i can see my readers smile1 but to those of us who know intimately the lives of the poor1 the significance of meals and their regularity occupying so large a place in a child's mind is more pathetic than comic4 ,from all the letters the impression is gathered of the generosity of the poor hostesses to the ,london children4 ,for #es4 a week 7not #i;d4 a day7 a growing hungry boy or girl is taken into a cottager's home1 put in the best bed1 cared for1 fed three or four times a day1 and often entertained at cost of time1 thought1 or money4 8,i like the day which was ,bank lolyiday ,monday because it was a very joyafull day4 ,my ,lady took me to a ,flower ,show4 ,it was #c;d4 to go in but she paid1 and ,i had swings and saw the flowers1 and then we had bought ,tea1 and a man gave away ginger beer40 ,another girl of eleven writes3-- 8,my lady took me to ,windsor ,castle4 ,the first thing ,i saw was the ,thames4 ,i went and had a paddled and then ,i went in the ,castle and saw a lot of apple trees40 ,the visits to ,windsor are modern-day versions of the old story of the ,cat who went to see the ,king and saw only 8,mousey sitting under the ,chair10 for another child records3-- 8,there were plenty of orchards with apple trees in it4 ,but we would not pick them1 or else we would be locked up but ,i went in the ,castle and ,i saw a very large table with fifty chairs all round it and a piano and a looking glass covered up on the wall40 ,one boy who was taken to the lighthouse1 though only ten1 was evidently eager for useful information4 ,he writes3-- 8,i asked the man how many candlepowers it was but ,i forgot what he said----0 an experience not unknown to his elders and betters6 ,this child records that 8when playing on the beach ,i made ,buckingham ,palace but a big boy came along and trod it and so we went home to bed0--an unconscious repetition of the often-recorded conclusion of ,pepys' eventful days4 ,one of the small excursionists was taken by her hostess to see ,tonbridge1 and writes3 8,we went to the muzeam wear we saw jitnoes of different people04 ,the hospitality of the clergymen and their families and the goodness of doctors is also often mentioned4 ,some of the children write so vividly that the country vicarage and its sweet-smelling flowers1 the hot curate and the active ladies1 rise up as a picture1 the 8atmosphere0 of which is kindness and 8the values0 incalculable4 ,other children merely record the facts--in some cases anticipating time and establishing an order of clergywomen4 8,we asked the ,vicar ,miss ,leigh if we could swim and she said ,no because one boy caught a cold40 8,we all went to the ,reveren to a party40 8,saturday mornings we went to the ,rectory haveing games1 swings1 sea sawes and refreshments40 8,the party by the ,church was fine40 8,they had a ,church down there called the ,salvation ,army4 ,i thought there was only one ,salvation ,army40 ,one of the ,vicars hardly conveyed the impression he intended1 for the boy writes3-- 8,we went to ,church in the morning and in the afternoon for a walk as the ,clergyman told us not to go to ,sunday ,school as he wanted us to enjoy ourselves04 ,one wonders if the ,sunday ,school organization and the 8intolerable strain0 which would be put on it by ,london visitors was in that vicar's mind4 ,the letter that is sent by the ,countryside ,committee to the children before they leave ,london tells them in simple language something about the trees and flowers and creatures which they will see during their holiday1 and asks them to write on anything which they themselves have observed or which gave them pleasure to see4 ,this request is granted1 for the children wrote3-- 8,the trees seemed so happy they danced04 8,the wind was blowing and the branches of the trees was swinging themselves40 8,the rainbow is made of raindrops and the sun1 tears and smiles40 8,it was nice to sit on the grass and see the trees prancing in the breeze40 ,these extracts show1 in the four small mortals who had each spent the ten years of their lives in crowded streets1 an almost poetic capacity1 and the beginning of a power of nature sympathy that will be a source of unrecorded solace4 ,the sights of the night impress many children1 the sky seen for the first time uninterrupted by gas lamps4 8,when ,i 7aged eleven7 looked into the sky one night you could hardly see any of the blue for it was light up with stars40 8,i saw a star shoot out of the sky and then it settled in a different place40 8,one night ,i kept awake and looked for the stars and saw the ,big ,bear of stars40 8,at night the moon looked as if it were a ,queen and the stars were her ,attendants40 8,the clouds are making way for the moon to come out40 ,the sun1 its rising and setting1 is also frequently mentioned4 ,one child had developed patriotism to such an extent as to write3-- 8,one day ,i looked up to the ,sky and saw the sun was rising in the shape of the ,british ,isles04 ,alas6 ,what would the ,kaiser think8 ,another of my correspondents expressed surprise that 8the moon came from where the sky touched the ,earth10 an evidence of street-bound horizon4 ,in other letters the writers record3-- 8,i saw the sun set it was like a big silver ,eagle's wing laying on a cliff04 8,when the sun was setting out of the clouds came something that looked like a ,county ,council ,steamer04 ,that must have been a rather alarming sunset1 but hardly less so than 8the cloud which was like ,saint ,paul's ,cathedral coming down on our heads04 ,the animals gave great pleasure and created wonder3-- 8,the cows made a grunting noise1 the baa lambs made a pretty little shriek04 8,the cows ,i saw were lazy1 they were laying4 ,one was a bull who ,i daresay had been tossing somebody40 8,i heard a bird chirping it was make a noise like chirp chirp twee40 8,i saw a big dragon fly4 ,it was like a long caterpillar with long sparkling transparent wings40 8,the birds are not like ourn they are light brown40 8,there were wasps which was yellow and pretty but unkind40 8,i 7aged eleven7 saw a little blackbird--its head was off by a ,cat4 ,i made a dear little grave and so berreyed it under the ,tree40 ,the flowers1 of course1 come in for the greatest attention and after them the trees are most usually referred to3-- 8,i 7aged nine7 know all the flowers that lived in the garden1 but not all those who lived in the field04 8,stinging nettles are a nuisance to people who have holes in their boots40 8,the ,pond is all covered with ,rushes4 ,these had flowers like a rusty poker40 8,i picked lots of flowers and always brought them home--0 shows influence of the ,selborne ,society in teaching children not to pick and throw away what is alive and growing4 8,the ,cuckoo dines on other birds40 8,there was one bird called the squirrel40 8,only gentlemen are allowed to shoot pheasants as they are expensive40 8,we caught fish in the river some were small others about #b feet long40 8,butterflies dont do much work40 8,the trunk of the oak is used for constructing furniture1 coffins and other expensive objects40 ,but my readers will be weary1 so ,i will conclude with the pregnant remark of a little prig1 who writes3-- 8,i think the country was in a good condition for ,i found plenty of interesting things in it40 ,one or two of my small correspondents show an early disposition to see faults and remember misfortunes4 8,there was no strikes on down there but there was a large number of wasps10 was the reflection of one evidently conscious of the fly in every ointment4 ,another 7aged ten7 writes3-- 8,,dear ,,madam1--,when ,i was down in the country ,i was lying on the couch and a wasp stung me4 ,as ,i was on the common a man chased me1 and ,i fell head first and legs after into the prickles1 and the prickles dug me and hurt me4444 ,i was nearly scorched down in the country4444 ,one day when ,i fed the ,pigs the great big fat pig bit a lump out of my best pinafore4 ,one morning when ,i was in bed the little boy brought the cat up and put it on my face4 ,when ,i was down in the country the ,common caught a light for the sun was always too hot4 ,so ,i must close with my love40 ,was there ever such a catalogue of misfortunes compressed into one short fortnight8 ,still1 in the intervals she seems to have noticed a considerable number of trees1 of which she makes a list1 and adds3 8,i did enjoy myself04 ,poor little maiden6 ,perhaps her elders had graduated in the school of misfortunes1 and she had learnt the trick of complaining4 ,a good many children1 both boys and girls1 were very conscious of the absence of their home responsibilities4 8,i did not see a babbi4 ,i mean to mind it all the time40 8,the ladys girl dont mind the baby as much as me at home4 ,it stops in the garden40 ,it opens up a whole realm of matters for reflection3 the baby not dragged hither and thither in arms too small and weak for its comfort1 and then plumped down on cold or damp stones while its over-burdened nurse snatches a brief game or indulges in a scamper2 the clouding of the elder child's life by unremitting responsibilities1 and the effortful labour which sometimes wears out love1 though not so often as could be expected1 so marvellous is human nature1 and its capacity for care and tenderness4 8,i didn't have to mind no twins10 writes one small boy of nine1 8,i think thems a neusence4 ,i wish ,mother had not bought them40 ,but the baby left in a garden6 opening its blinking eyes to the wonders of sky and flowers and bees and creatures1 while its elder brothers and sister do their share of work and play4 ,this makes a foundation of quiet and pleasure on which to build the strenuous days and anxious years of the later life of struggle and effort4 ,the reiteration of the kindness of the cottage hostesses would be almost wearisome if one's imagination did not go behind it and picture the scenes1 the hard-worked country woman accepting the suggestion of a child guest with a lively appreciation of the usefulness of the #es4's which were to accrue1 but that thought receding as the enjoyment of the town child became infectious1 until the value given for the value received became forgotten1 and generous self-costing kindnesses were showered profusely4 8,my lady she was always doing kind to me40 8,mrs4 ,p4 washed my clothes before ,i came home to save ,mother doing it40 8,my lady told ,mr4 ,s4 to shake her tree for our apples40 8,the person that ,boarded me gave me nice thing to bring back40 ,in some cases the thrifty1 tidy ways of the country hostesses conveyed their lessons4 8,she use to make browan bread and ,she use to make her own cakes and apple turn overs and eggloes and current cake40 8,the wind came in my room and blew me in the night40 8,we always had table clothes where ,i was40 8,i washed myself well my lady liked it40 8,we cleaned our teeth down in the country ever morning40 ,sometimes examples on deeper matters were observed and approved of4 8,every morning and dinner and tea we say grace40 8,the lady told us ,sunday ,school was nice and we went40 8,we had ,church #c times4 ,morning noon and night0-- is not reported with entire approval1 but the letter ends3-- 8,i loved my holidays very much and hope that ,i can go next year to live with the same lady04 ,a boy writes3-- 8,the lady was very kind she never said any naughty words to me04 ,and another lad reports3-- 8,i was fed extremely well and treated with the best respect04 ,one little girl had clear views on the proper position of man4 8,my ladie10 she writes1 8had a big pig #d little ones1 #b cats4 some hens a bird in a cage a apple tree a little boy and a ,huband40 ,sometimes the history of the place has been impressed on the children4 8,i 7aged eleven7 was very glad ,i went to ,guildford because ,sir ,lancelot and ,elaine lived there but its name was then ,astolat40 8,when ,i 7aged eleven7 reached ,burnham ,thorp ,i felt the change of air and ,i heard the birds sing--and then ,i knew that ,i should see the place where our great ,english sailor ,lord ,nelson was born10-- he being a character so indissolubly associated with innocent country joys4 ,the letters both begin and end in a variety of ways1 for though ,i do not write all the letters which are issued to the children by the ,countryside ,committee of the ,children's ,country ,holiday ,fund1 it is considered better for me as ,chairwoman to sign them1 so as to give a more personal tone to the lengthy printed chat1 which the teachers themselves open1 kindly read and talk about to the children1 and a copy of which each child can have if it so wishes4 ,thus the reply letters are all sent to me1 and the vast majority begin 8,dear ,madam02 but some are less conventional1 and ,i have those commencing1 8,dear ,mrs4 ,barnett10 8,dear ,country ,holdday ,site ,commtie10 8,dear friend10 8,dear ,miss10 while the feeling of personal relation was evidently so real to one small boy that he began his epistle with 8,dear ,henrietta0--,i delight in that letter6 ,among the concluding words are the following3 8,your affectionate little friend10 8,your loving pupil10 8,from one who enjoyed10 8,yours gratefully10 8,yours truly ,friend04 ,some of the regrets at leaving the country are very pathetic3-- 8,i wish ,i was in the country now04 8,i shall never go again2 ,i am too old now40 8,i think in the fortnight ,i had more treats than ever before in all my life40 8,the blacking berries were red then and small4 ,they will be black now and big40 8,i wish ,i was with my lady's baker taking the bread round40 8,i enjoyed myself very much1 ,i cannot explain how much4 ,please ,god next year ,i will come again4 ,as ,i sit at school ,i always imagine myself roaming in the fields and watching the golden corn1 and when ,i think of it it makes me cry40 ,and those tears will find companions in some of the hearts which ache for the joyless lives of our town children1 weighted by responsibilities1 crippled by poverty1 robbed of their birthright of innocent fun4 ,the ecstatic joy of children in response to such simple pleasures tells volumes about their drab existence1 their appreciation of adequate food1 their warm recognition of kindness1 represent privation and surprise4 ,in a deeper sense than ,wordsworth used it1 8,their gratitude has left me mourning04 ,i know1 and no one better1 the countless servants of the people who are toiling to relieve the sorrows of the poor and their children1 but until the conditions of labour1 of education1 and of housing are fearlessly faced and radically dealt with1 their labour can only be palliative and their efforts barren of the best fruit2 but articles1 as well as holidays1 must finish1 and so ,i will conclude by another extract3-- 8,we had a bottle of ,tea and cake and it was #acb miles4 ,i saw all sorts of things and come to ,waterloo ,station and thank you very much40 ,,henrietta ,o4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,recreation ,,of ,,the ,,people4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,july1 #aijg4 #a ,from 8,the ,cornhill ,magazine04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,work may1 as ,carlyle says1 be a blessing1 but work is not undertaken for work's sake4 ,work is part of the universal struggle for existence4 ,men work to live4 ,but the animal world early found that existence does not consist in keeping alive4 ,all animals play4 ,they let off surplus energy in imitating their own activities1 and they recreate exhausted powers by change of occupation4 ,man1 as soon as he came into his inheritance of reason1 recognized play as an object of desire1 and as well as working for his existence1 and perhaps even before he worked to obtain power and glory1 he worked to obtain recreation4 ,a man1 according to ,schiller's famous saying1 is fully human only when he plays4 ,work1 then1 let it be admitted1 is undertaken not for work's sake but largely for the sake of recreation4 ,england has been made the workshop of the world1 its fair fields and lovely homesteads have been turned into dark towns and grimy streets1 partly in the hope that more of its citizens may have enjoyment in life4 ,men toil in close offices under dark skies1 not just to increase the volume of exports and imports1 and not always to increase their power1 or to win honour from one another2 they dream of happy hours of play1 they picture themselves travelling in strange countries or tranquilly enjoying their leisure in some villa or pleasant garden4 ,men spend laborious days as reformers1 on public boards or as public servants1 very largely so as to release their neighbours from the prison house of labour1 where so many1 giving their lives 8to some unmeaning taskwork1 die unfreed1 having seen nothing1 still unblest04 ,recreation is an object of work4 ,the recreations of the people consume much of the fruit of the labour of the people4 ,their play discloses what is in their hearts and minds and to what end they will direct their power4 ,their use of leisure is a sign-post showing whether the course of the nation is towards extinction in ignorance and self-indulgence1 or towards greater brightness in the revelation of character and the service of mankind4 ,by their idle words and by the acts of their idle times men are most fairly judged4 ,the recreation of the people is therefore a subject of greater importance than is always remembered4 ,the country is being lost or saved in its play1 and the use of holidays needs as much consideration as the use of workdays4 ,would that some ,charles ,booth could undertake an inquiry into 8the life and leisure of the people0 to put alongside that into their life and work6 ,without such an inquiry the only basis for the consideration which ,i invite is the impression left on the minds of individuals1 and all ,i can offer is the impression made on my mind by a long residence in ,east ,london4 ,people during the last quarter of a century have greatly increased their command of leisure4 ,the command1 as ,board of ,trade inspectors remind us1 is not sufficient as long as the rule of seventy or even sixty hours of work a week still holds in some trades4 ,but the weekly half-holiday has become almost universal1 some skilled trades have secured an eight or nine hours' day1 many workshops every year close for a week1 and the members of the building trades begin work late and knock off early during the winter months4 ,there is thus much leisure available for recreation4 ,what do the people do8 ,how do these crowds who swarm through the streets on ,saturday afternoons spend their holiday8 ,many visit the public-houses and try to drink themselves out of their gloom4 8,to get drunk10 we have been told1 is 8the shortest way out of ,manchester10 and many citizens in every city go at any rate some distance along this way4 ,they find they live a larger1 fuller life as1 standing in the warm bright bar1 they drink and talk as if they were 8lords04 ,the returns which suggest that the drink bill of a workman's family is #es4 or #fs4 a week prove how popular is this use of leisure1 and they who begin a holiday by drinking probably spend the rest of it in sleeping4 ,the identification of rest with sleep is very common1 and a workman who knows he has a fair claim to rest thinks himself justified in sleeping or dozing hour after hour during ,saturday and ,sunday4 8,what10 ,i once asked an engineer1 8should ,i find most of your mates doing if ,i called on ,sunday80 ,his answer was short3 8,sleeping04 ,another large body of workers as soon as they are free hurry off to some form of excitement4 ,they go in their thousands to see a football-match1 they yell with those who yell1 they are roused by the spectacle of battle1 and they indulge in hot 8sultry0 talk4 ,or they go to some race or trial of strength on which bets are possible4 ,they feel in the rise and fall of the chance of winning a new stirring of their dull selves1 and they dream of wealth to be enjoyed in wearing a coat with a fur collar and in becoming owners of sporting champions4 ,or they go to music halls--#a1bej1jjj go every week in ,london--where if the excitement be less violent it still avails to move their thoughts into other channels4 ,they see colour instead of dusky dirt1 they hear songs instead of the clash of machinery1 they are interested as a performer risks his life1 and the jokes make no demands on their thoughts4 ,the theatres probably are less popular1 at any rate among men1 but they attract great numbers1 especially to plays which appeal to generous impulses4 ,an audience enjoys the easy satisfaction of shouting down a villain4 ,the same sort of excitement is that provided on ,sunday mornings in the clubs1 where in somewhat sordid surroundings1 a few actors and singers try to stir the muddled feelings of their audience by appeals1 which are more or less vulgar4 ,there is finally another large body of released workers who simply go home4 ,they are more in number than is generally imagined1 and they constitute the solid part of the community4 ,they are not often found at meetings or clubs4 ,their opinions are not easily discovered4 ,large numbers never vote4 ,they go home from work1 they make themselves tidy1 they do odd jobs about the house1 they go out shopping with their wives1 they walk with the children1 they1 as a family party1 visit their friends1 they sleep1 and they read the weekly paper4 ,all this is estimable1 and the mere catalogue makes a picture pleasant to the middle-class imagination of what a workman's life should be4 ,the workers get repose1 but from a larger point of view it cannot be said they return to work invigorated by new thoughts and new experiences1 with new powers and new conceptions of life's use4 ,repose is sterilized recreation4 ,these1 it seems to me1 are the three main streams which flow from work to leisure--that towards drink1 that towards excitement1 and that towards home repose4 ,there are other workers--an increasing number1 but small in comparison with those in one of the main streams--who use their leisure to attend classes1 to study with a view to greater technical skill or to read the books now so easily bought4 ,there are some who take other jobs1 forgetting that the wages which buy eight hours' work should buy also eight hours' sleep and eight hours' play4 ,there are many who bicycle1 some it may be for the excitement of rapid motion1 but some also for the joy of visiting the country and of social intercourse4 ,there are many who play games and take vigorous exercise4 ,there are a few--markedly a few--who have hobbies or pursuits on which they exercise their less used powers of heart or head or limb4 ,such is the general impression which long experience has left on my mind as to the recreations of the people4 ,it is1 however1 possible to give a closer inspection to some popular forms of amusement4 ,consider first one of the seaside resorts during the month of ,august4 ,look at ,blackpool1 or ,margate1 or ,weston4 ,on the ,saturday before ,bank ,holiday #ajj1jjj was drawn out of the banks at ,blackburn and #bjj1jjj from the banks at ,oldham1 to be spent in recreation1 mostly at ,blackpool4 ,how was it spent8 ,the sight of the beach of one of these resorts is familiar4 ,there is the mass of people brightly coloured and loudly talking1 broken into rapidly changing groups4 ,there are the nigger singers1 the buffoons1 the acrobats2 there are the great restaurants and hotels inviting lavish expenditure on food4 ,there are bookstalls laden with trashy novels4 ,there are the overridden beasts and the overworked maid-servants2 there is the loafing on the pier1 and the sleep after heavy meals4 ,nothing especially wicked1 much that shows good-nature1 but everything so vulgar--so empty of interest1 so far below what thinking men and women should enjoy1 so unworthy the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of pounds earned by hard work4 ,consider again the music hall4 ,mr4 ,stead has lent his eyes4 8,if10 he says1 8,i had to sum up the whole performance in a single phrase ,i should say1 #8,drivel for dregs'4 ,for three and a half hours ,i sat patiently listening to the most insufferable banality and imbecility which ever fell on human ears4 ,there was neither beauty nor humour1 no appeal to taste or to intelligence1 nothing but vulgarity and stupidity to recreate the heirs of a thousand years of civilization and the citizens of an empire on which the sun never sets40 ,and in one year there are some #gj1jjj1jjj admissions to music halls in ,london6 ,consider1 too1 the football fields or the racecourses4 ,the crowd of spectators is often #ajj1jjj to #bjj1jjj persons4 ,what can they find worthy the interest of a reasonable creature8 ,would they be present if it were not for the excitement of gambling1 the mind-destroying pleasure of risking their money to get their neighbours' money8 8,if10 as ,sir ,james ,crichton-,browne says1 8you would see the ,english physiognomy at its worst1 go to the platform of a railway station on the day of a suburban race meeting when the special trains are starting4 ,on most of the faces you detect the grin of greed1 on many the leer of low cunning1 on some the stamp of positive rascality40 ,consider once more the crowds who go to the country in the summer4 8,one of the saddest sights of the ,lake ,district during the tourist season10 says ,canon ,rawnsley1 8is the aimless wandering of the hard-worked folk who have waited a whole year for their annual holiday1 and1 having obtained it1 do not know what to do with it4 ,they stand with ,skiddaw1 glorious in its purple mantle of heather1 on one side and the blue hills of ,borrowdale and the shining lake on the other1 and ask #8,which is the way to the scenery8'0 ,the people1 according to this observer1 are dull and bored amid the greatest beauty4 ,the excursionist finds nothing in nature which is his2 he reads the handwriting of truth and beauty1 but understands not what he reads4 ,but enough of impressions of popular recreations4 ,there are brighter sides to notice4 ,there is1 for instance1 health in the instinct which turns to the country for enjoyment4 ,there is hope in the prevalent good temper1 in the untiring energy and curiosity which is always seeking something new4 ,there are better things than have been mentioned and there are worse things1 but as a general conclusion it may1 ,i think1 be agreed that the recreations of the people are not such as recreate human nature for further progress4 ,the lavish expenditure of hardly earned wages on mere bodily comfort does not suggest that the people are cherishing high political ideals1 and the galvanized idleness which characterizes so much popular pleasure does not promise for the future an ,england which will be called blessed or be itself 8merrie04 ,england in her great days was 8,merrie ,england04 ,many of our forefathers' recreations were1 judged by our standard1 cruel and horribly brutal4 ,they had1 however1 certain notable characteristics4 ,they made greater demands both on body and mind4 ,when there were neither trains nor trams nor grand stands people had to take more exertion to get pleasure1 and they themselves joined in the play or in the sport4 ,their delight1 too1 was often in the fellowship they secured1 and 8fellowship10 as ,morris says1 8is life and lack of fellowship is death04 ,our fathers' sports1 even if they were cruel--and the 8,book of ,sports0 shows how many were not cruel but full of grace--had often this virtue of fellowship4 ,their pageants and spectacles--faithfully pictured by ,scott in his account of the revels of ,kenilworth1 were not just shows to be lazily watched2 they enlisted the interest and ingenuity of the spectators1 and stirred their minds to discover the meaning of some allegory or trace out some mystery4 ,the recreations which made ,england 8merrie0 were stopped in their development by the combined influence of puritanism and of the industrial revolution4 ,far be it from me to consider as evil either the one or the other4 ,in all progress there is destruction4 ,the puritan spirit put down cruel sports such as bull baiting and cock fighting1 and with them many innocent pleasures4 ,the industrial revolution drew the people from their homes in the fields and valleys1 established them in towns1 gave them higher wages and cheaper food4 ,under the combined influence work took possession of the nation's being4 ,it ruled as a tyrant1 and the gospel of work became the gospel for the people4 ,in the latter part of the nineteenth century signs of reaction are apparent4 ,sleary1 in ,dickens's 8,hard ,times10 urges on the economist the continual refrain3 8,the people1 ,squire1 must be amused10 and ,herbert ,spencer1 returning from ,america in #ahhb1 declares the need of the 8,gospel of ,recreation04 ,recreation has since increased in pace4 ,the right to shorter and shorter hours of labour is now admitted1 and the provision of amusement has become a great business4 ,the demand which has secured shorter hours may safely be left to rescue further leisure from work2 but demand has not1 as we have seen1 been followed by the establishment of healthy recreation4 ,a child knows a holiday is good1 but he needs also to know how to enjoy it or he will do mischief to himself or others4 ,the people also need1 as well as leisure1 the knowledge of what constitutes recreation4 ,the subject is not simple1 and ,professor ,karl ,groos1 in his book 8,the ,play of ,man10 has with ,teutonic thoroughness analysed the subject from the physiological1 the biological1 and the psychological standpoints4 ,the book is worthy of study by students1 but it seems to me that recreation must involve 7#a7 some excitement1 7#b7 some strengthening of the less used fibres of the mind or body1 7#c7 the activity of the imagination4 7#a7 ,recreation must involve some excitement1 some appeal to an existing interest1 some change1 some stirring of the wearied or sleeping embers of the mind4 ,routine work1 tending to become more and more routine1 wears life4 ,it is 8life of which our nerves are scant10 and recreation should revive the sources of life4 ,most people1 as ,mr4 ,balfour1 look askance at efforts which1 under the guise of amusing1 aim to impart useful culture4 ,recreation must be something other than repose--something more stirring than sleep or loafing--it must be something attractive and not something undertaken as a duty4 7#b7 ,recreation must involve the strengthening of the less used fibres of the mind and the body2 the embers which are stirred by excitement need to be fed with new fuel1 or the flames will soon sink into ashes4 ,gambling and drink1 sensational dramas1 and exciting shows stir but do not strengthen the mind4 ,mere change--the fresh excursion every day1 the spectacle of a contest--wears out the powers of being4 8,the crime of sense is avenged by sense which wears with time40 ,on the other hand1 games well played fulfil the condition1 and there is no more cheering sight than that of playing-fields where young and old are using their limbs intent on doing their best4 ,music1 foreign travel1 congenial society1 reading1 chess1 all games of skill1 also fulfil the condition1 as they make a claim on the activity of heart or mind1 and so strengthen their fibres4 ,a good drama is recreation if the spectator is called to give himself to thought and to feeling4 ,he then becomes in a sense a fellow creator with the author1 he has what ,professor ,groos says satisfies every one1 8the joy of being a cause10 or1 as he explains in another passage1 8it is only when emotion is in a measure our own work do we enjoy the result04 ,recreation must call out activity1 it fails if it gives and requires nothing4 ,we only have what we give4 ,he that would save his life loses it4 7#c7 ,the last and most notable mark of recreation is the use of the imagination4 ,recreation comes from within and not from without the man4 ,it depends on that a man is and not upon what a man has4 ,a child grows tired of his toys1 a man wearies of his possessions1 but there is no being tired of the imagination which leaps ahead and every day reveals something new4 ,sleary was wrong when he said1 8,people must be amused04 ,he should have said1 8,people must amuse themselves04 ,their recreation must1 that is1 come from the use of their own faculties of heart and mind4 8,the cultivation of the inner life10 it was truly said in a discussion on the hard lot of the middle classes1 8is the only cure for the commercial tyrannies and class prejudices of that class40 ,the ,japanese are the best holiday takers ,i have ever met2 they have in themselves a taste for beauty1 and they go to the country to enjoy the use of that taste4 ,a man who because he is interested in mankind sets himself on his holiday to observe and study the habits of man2 or1 because he cares for ,nature1 looks deeper into her secrets by the way of plants or rocks or stars2 or1 because he is familiar with history1 seeks in buildings and places illustrations of the past2 a holiday maker who in such ways uses his inner powers will come home refreshed4 ,his pleasure has come from within2 he1 on the other hand1 who has lounged about a pier1 moved from place to place1 travelled from sight to sight1 looking always for pleasure from outside himself1 will come home bored4 ,if such be the constituents of recreation one reflection stands out clearly1 and that is the importance of educating or directing the demand for amusement4 ,popular demand can only choose what it knows2 it could not choose the pictures for an art gallery or the best machines for the workshop1 neither can it settle the amusements which are recreative4 ,children and young people are with great care fitted for work and taught how to earn a living2 there is equal need that the people be fitted for recreation1 and taught how to enjoy their being4 ,they must know before they can choose4 ,education1 and not the ,house of ,lords1 is the safeguard of democratic government4 ,mr4 ,dill's 8,history of ,social ,life in the ,towns of the ,roman ,empire during the ,first and ,second ,centuries0 shows that there is a striking likeness between the condition of those times to that which prevails in ,england4 ,the millionaires made noble benefactions1 there were magnificent spectacles1 there were contests which roused lunatic excitement as one of the combatants succeeded in some brutal strife1 there was lavish provision of games and great enjoyment in feasting4 ,the amusement was provided by others' gifts1 and1 as ,mr4 ,dill remarks1 the people were more and more drawn from 8interest in the things of the mind04 ,the games of ,rome were steps in the decline and fall of ,rome4 ,the lesson which modern and ancient experience offers is that people must be as thoughtfully and as seriously prepared for their recreation as for their work4 ,the first illusion which must1 ,i think1 be destroyed is that a holiday means a vacation or an empty time4 ,it is not enough to close the school and let the children have no lessons4 ,it is not enough to enact an eight hours' day and leave the people without resources4 ,if the spirit of toil be turned out of men's lives and they be left swept and garnished1 there are spirits of leisure that will return which may be ten times worse4 ,it is a pathetic sight often presented in a playground1 when after some aimless running and pushing1 the children gradually grow listless1 fractious1 and quarrelsome4 ,they came to enjoy themselves and cannot4 ,many a boy for want of occupation for his leisure has taken to crime4 ,it is not always love of evil or even greed which makes him a thief1 it is in the pure spirit of adventure that he stalks his prey on the coster's cart1 risks his liberty and dodges the police4 ,it is because they have no more interesting occupation that eager little heads pop out of windows when the police make a capture1 and eager little tongues tell experiences of arrests which baby eyes have seen4 ,the empty holiday is a burden to a child1 and every one has heard of the bus driver who could think of nothing better to do on his off day than to ride on a bus beside a mate4 ,the idea that1 given leisure1 the people will find recreation is not justified4 ,a kitten may be satisfied with aimless play1 but a spark disturbs mankind's clod and his play needs direction4 ,the other illusion which must be dissipated is that amusement should call for no effort on the part of those to be amused4 ,it is the common mistake of benevolence that it tries to remove difficulties1 rather than strengthen people to surmount difficulties4 ,the gift which provides food is often destructive of the powers which earn food4 ,in the same way the benevolence which1 as among the ,romans1 provides shows1 entertainments1 and feasts1 destroys at last the capacity for pleasure4 ,toys often stifle children's imaginations and develop a greed for possession2 children enjoy more truly what they themselves help to create1 so that a bit of wood with inkspots for eyes1 which they themselves have made1 is more precious than an expensive doll4 ,grown people's amusements to be satisfying must also call out effort4 ,the shattering of these two illusions leaves society face to face with the obligation to teach people to play as well as to work4 ,it is not enough to give leisure and leave amusement to follow4 ,neither is it enough to provide popular amusement4 ,james ,i was not a great ,king but he was a collector of wisdom1 and he laid down for his son a guide for his games as well as for his work4 ,teachers and parents with greater experience might1 like the ,king1 guide their children4 7#a7 ,it is not1 ,i think1 waste of time to watch infants when at play1 to encourage their efforts1 to welcome their calls to look1 and to enter into their imaginings4 ,this watching1 so usual among the children of the richer classes1 is missed by the children of the poorer and often leaves a gap in their development4 7#b7 ,it would not either be wasted expenditure to employ game-teachers in the elementary schools1 who1 on ,saturdays and out of school hours would teach children games1 indoor and outdoor1 conduct small parties to places of interest1 and organize country walks or excursions such as are common in ,swiss schools4 7#c7 ,it is1 ,i think1 reasonable to ask that the great school buildings and playgrounds should be more continually at the children's service4 ,they have been built at great expense4 ,they are often the most airy and largest space in a crowded neighbourhood4 ,why should they be in the children's use for only some twenty-five hours a week8 ,why should they be closed during two whole months8 ,the experience gained in the vacation schools advocated by ,mrs4 ,humphry ,ward gives an object lesson in what might be done4 ,during the afternoon hours between five and seven1 and in the summer holidays1 the children1 with the greatest delight to themselves1 might be drawn to see new things1 to use new faculties of admiration or develop new tastes4 ,every child might thus be given a hobby4 ,recreation means1 as we have seen1 change4 ,if the children ended their school days with more interests1 with eyes opened to see in the country not only a nest to be taken but a brood of birds to be watched1 with hands capable not only to make things but to create beauty1 the limits within which they could find change would be greatly enlarged4 ,if ,i may now extend my suggestion to parents ,i would say that those of all classes might do more in planning holidays for their children4 ,there is now a strong disposition to leave all responsibility to the teachers1 and parents are in the danger of losing parental authority4 ,in the holidays is their chance of regaining authority2 for every day they could plan occupation1 put aside time to join in some common pursuit1 arrange visits1 and make themselves companions of their own children4 ,the teacher may be held responsible1 but his work is often spoiled in the idle hours of a holiday1 when bad books are read1 vulgar sights enjoyed1 low companions found1 and habits of loafing developed4 ,but it is not only teachers and parents by whom children are guided4 ,there is a host of men and women who plan treats1 excursions1 and country holidays4 ,their efforts could1 ,i think1 be made more valuable4 ,the monster day treats1 which give excitement and turn the children's minds in a direction towards the excitements of crowds and of stimulants from without1 might be exchanged for small treats where ten or twenty children in close companionship with their guide would enjoy one another's company1 find new interests1 and store up memories of things seen and heard4 ,tramps through ,england might be organized for elder boys and girls in which visits might be paid to historic fields and scenes of beauty1 and objects of interest sought4 ,children about to be sent to the country by a ,holiday ,fund might1 as is now very happily done by a committee in connexion with the ,children's ,country ,holiday ,fund1 by means of pictures and talk be taught what to look for and be encouraged to tell of their discoveries4 ,habits of singing might be developed1 as among the ,welsh or the ,swiss4 ,and in a thousand ways thought might be drawn to the observation of nature4 ,good people might1 if ,i may say so1 give up the provision of those entertainments which now1 absorbing so much of the energy of curates and laywomen1 seem only to prepare the children to look for the entertainment of the music halls4 ,they might instead teach children one by one to find amusement1 each one in his own being4 ,the hope of the future lies obviously in the training of the children1 but the elder members of the community might also have more chances of growth4 ,employers1 for instance1 might more generally substitute holidays of weeks for holidays of days1 and so encourage the workpeople to plan their reasonable use4 ,they might also enlarge their minds by informing them about the material on which they work1 whence it comes and whither it goes4 ,miss ,addams tells of a firm in ,ohio where the hands are gathered to hear the reports of the travellers as they return from ,constantinople1 ,italy1 or ,china1 and learn how the goods they have made are used by strange people4 ,in the same firm lantern lectures are given on the countries with which the firm has dealings1 and generally the hands are made partners in the thoughts of the heads4 8,this10 as ,miss ,addams says1 8is a crude example of the way in which a larger framework may be given to the worker's mind10 and she adds1 8as a poet bathes the outer world for us in the hues of human feeling1 so the workman needs some one to bathe his surrounding with a human significance40 ,employers also1 following the example of ,messrs4 ,cadbury1 might require their young people not only to attend evening classes to make them fitter for work1 but also to attend one class which will fit them to ride hobbies1 which will carry them from the strain and routine of work into other and recreating surroundings4 ,municipal bodies have in these latter days done much in the right direction by opening playing fields1 picture galleries1 and libraries1 and by giving free performances of high-class music4 ,they might perhaps do more to break up the monotony of the streets1 introducing more of the country into town1 and requiring dignity as well as healthiness in the great buildings4 ,such variety adds greatly to the joy of living1 diverts the minds of weary workers1 and stimulates the admiration which is one-third of life4 ,but1 after all1 improvement starts from individuals1 and it is the action of individual men and women which will reform popular reaction4 ,they must1 each one as if the reform depended on him alone1 be morally thoughtful about the amusements they encourage or patronize1 and be considerate in preparing for their own pleasure4 ,each one must develop his own being1 and stir up the faculties of his own mind4 ,each one must practise the muscles of his mind as a racer practises the muscles of his legs4 ,the most completely satisfying recreation is possibly in the intercourse of friends1 and it is a sad feature in ,english holidays that men and their wives1 who are naturally the closest friends1 seem to find so little pleasure in one another's company4 ,they walk one behind the other in the country1 they are rarely found together at places of entertainment1 and they are seldom seen talking with any vivacity4 ,the fault lies in the fact that they have not developed their own being1 they have neither interests nor hobbies nor ideas1 and so have nothing to talk about save wages1 household difficulties1 and the shortest way home4 ,enough1 however1 in the way of suggestion as to what may be done in guiding people towards recreation4 ,under guidance recreations would take another than their present character4 ,people1 having a wider range of interests1 would find change within those interests1 and cease to turn from sensation to sleep and from sleep to sensation4 ,people having active minds would look to exercise their minds in a game of skill1 in searching ,nature's secrets1 in spirited talk1 in some creative activity1 in following a thought-provoking drama1 in the use1 that is1 of their highest human faculties4 ,the forms of recreation would be changed4 ,much of the difficulty about what seems ,sunday desecration would then vanish4 ,the play of the people would no longer be fatal to the quiet of the day1 or inconsistent with the worship which demands the consecration of the whole being4 ,it is not recreation so much as the form of recreation which desecrates ,sunday4 ,this1 however1 is part of another subject4 ,as a conclusion of the whole matter ,i would say how it seems to me that ,merrie ,england need be not only in the past4 ,the present time is the best of times4 ,there are to-day resources for men's enjoyment such as never existed in any other age or country4 ,there are fresh and pure capacities in human nature which are evident in many signs of energy1 of admiration1 and of good will4 ,if the resources were used1 if the capacities were developed1 there would soon be popular recreations to attract human longings1 and encourage the hope of a future when the glory of ,england shall not be in its possessions of gold and territory1 but in a people happy in the full use of their powers of heart and of head4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,hopes ,,of ,,the ,,hosts4#a ,,by ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,january1 #ahhf4 #a ,from 8,the ,toynbee ,journal04 ,certainly a great deal of entertaining goes on in ,toynbee ,hall4 ,from the half-hours spent in the little room1 where its ,entertainment ,committee meets1 there issue some prominent if not exactly big results1 and1 perhaps1 its members are not without a hope that deep consequences as well may follow4 ,this method of helping people has not been without its critics1 one of whom uttered the opinion1 8that the ,toynbee ,hall plan was to save the people's souls alive by pictures1 pianos1 and parties10 and though the remark was made derisively1 there may be some doubt if it was altogether without truth3 only the speaker should have added that it was one of the ,toynbee ,hall plans1 instead of using only the definite article4 ,if the ,toynbee ,hall aim is to help to make it possible that men should carry out the command given long ago of 8,be ye perfect10 and if1 as a modern lover of righteousness has put it1 8the power of social life and manners is one of the great elements in our humanization1 and unless we cultivate it we are incomplete02 then it is not an error that 8pictures1 pianos1 and parties0 should be pressed into service to fill up some of the incompleteness in the ,east ,london dweller's life1 and to help him to 8save his soul alive04 ,it is one of the saddest facts of life in this crowded1 busy1 tiring1 and hurried part of ,london that it is more difficult to keep one's soul 7like one's plants7 alive than it is in gentler places1 where folk get the aid of some of nature's beauties1 and some moments of that outside quiet which help to make it possible to fancy 8the peace which passeth all understanding04 ,but because ,whitechapel is ,whitechapel and ,toynbee ,hall is in its midst1 more artificial methods for gaining and keeping life must be adopted4 ,it is true that the ,entertainment ,committee prefer those gatherings which can take place out of doors in the country1 where the guests gain all that comes from the charm of being graciously entertained under 8the wider sky02 but still town parties are not to be despised1 and1 judging from the glad acceptance of those many who 8cannot bid again10 they are generally enjoyed4 ,the method of food entertainment is very simple1 so simple that it sometimes wars against the generous instincts of the hosts2 but1 after careful thought1 it has been decided that the object of ,toynbee ,hall entertainments and parties will be more surely gained if 8plain living and high thinking0 can be maintained--not to mention the more mundane consideration that more friends can be welcomed as guests1 if each is not so expensive4 ,so the pleasure to be gained from rich or dainty food is neglected1 and the guests are summoned in order to give them pleasures by increasing their interests4 ,and among the means of doing this may be reckoned the fine thoughts of the great dumb teachers1 the artists1 of which those who care can learn as they turn over the portfolios1 look at the photograph books1 or study the gift pictures on the walls4 ,the great in the musical world are called upon for offerings as the musically generous among the friends of ,toynbee ,hall pass on the plaintive ideas of ,schumann1 or the grand soul-stirring aspirations of ,beethoven and ,mozart4 ,to give pleasure is now almost universally considered to be a righteous duty1 and when it is taken into consideration that the homes of most ,east ,londoners are too narrow1 their daily labour too great1 and their resources too limited to permit them taking pleasure by entertaining in their own houses1 it cannot but be considered as a gladdening sight when the ,toynbee reception rooms are full of a happy1 an amused1 and an enjoying company4 ,to increase interests is not perhaps as yet recognized as so deep a human need1 but it may be so1 none the less for this2 and to the young or to the much tempted1 this opportunity of increasing their interests is of untold value4 ,most young folk are better educated than their parents1 and1 with a keen sense of enjoyment1 a belief in their own powers of self-guidance1 and a happy blank on their page of disappointments1 they are eager for 8fuller life10 and will take its pleasure in some guise1 warn their elders never so wisely4 ,to give it them free from temptation1 and in such a form that when the first novelty is worn off1 it will still be true that 8the best is yet to be02 to increase interests1 until a self-centred and self-seeking existence shows itself in its true and despicable colours2 to increase scientific interests with microscopes1 magic lanterns1 and experiments2 literary interests with talks on books1 recitations from the poets1 scenes from ,shakespeare2 to increase musical interests with the aid of glee clubs1 string quartettes1 and solo and chorus songs2 to increase interests on all sides is the aim of the ,entertainment ,committee1 hoping that thus for some 8all earth will seem aglow where 'twas but plain earth before04 8,the cultivation of social life and manners is equal to a moral impulse1 for it works to the same end4444 ,it brings men together1 makes them feel the need of one another1 be considerate of one another1 understand one another40 ,so teaches ,matthew ,arnold4 ,and the introduction of the guests to each other is no neglected feature in the ,toynbee ,hall gatherings4 ,it is for this reason that guests of all classes are summoned together1 that the hand-worker may have sympathy with the head-labourer1 that the eager reformer may gather hints from the clear-visioned thoughts of the untried lad1 or that the boy living a club life far removed from women's power1 may be introduced to a 8ladye faire10 who may 7if she will7 become to him a 8sheltering cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night10 guiding him safely through stonier wastes than ever the old ,israelites weathered4 ,it is no slight duty this1 to introduce one human being to another--to help them to pass quickly along the dull road of acquaintanceship and out into the sweet valley of knowledge and friendship1 and there gain1 the comfort1 refreshment1 and inspiration1 without which it almost seems impossible to believe in and hold on to an ideal good4 ,the highest and noblest thing yet revealed to man is the human creature's soul1 8the very pulse of the machine10 and if ,toynbee ,hall parties do something to reveal the depths of one creature to another2 if they do a little to keep alive and weld into solidarity the floating hopes and aspirations1 which idly live in every human heart1 but1 alas6 so often die from loneliness2 if they do something to help people to care for one another and to see the higher vision2 and if those thus caring are stirred to take thought for the growth and development of the larger1 sadder world1 then1 perhaps1 the 8pictures1 pianos1 and parties0 will not so ill have played their part in the work of ,toynbee ,hall4 ,,henrietta ,o4 ,,barnett4 ,,easter ,,monday ,,on ,,hampstead ,,heath4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,april1 #aije4 #a ,from 8,the ,westminster ,gazette04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,bank ,holiday on ,hampstead ,heath sets moving many thoughts4 ,no drunkenness1 no bad temper1 no brutal rowdiness--but where are the family parties8 ,three-quarters of the people seem to be under twenty years of age4 ,where are the family groups such as are found in ,france or in the colder ,denmark making pleasure by talk1 or by gaiety1 singing1 or dancing1 or acting--finding interest in things beautiful or new8 ,there were1 indeed1 some families at ,hampstead1 and perambulators were driven through the thickest crowd1 every one making room for the baby4 ,but the father often looked bored and the mother worried4 ,they were doing their duty1 giving the children pleasure1 and getting fresh air4 ,the crowd was a young persons' crowd--boys by themselves1 girls by themselves1 and a smaller number paired4 ,they had come to be amused1 and the caterers of amusement had established by the roadside the shows and shooting-galleries and swings such as are to be found within the reach of most crowded neighbourhoods4 ,organ-grinders played1 sweets were exposed for sale1 and the ,heath ,road was as packed with people as ,petticoat ,lane on a ,sunday morning4 ,the people wandered over the ,heath1 but while they wandered they seemed listless1 or on the watch for anything to occupy their attention4 ,a few children dancing as every day they dance in ,whitechapel at once drew together a crowd4 ,golder's ,hill ,park1 which was never more radiant in its beauty1 was comparatively empty4 ,the road outside1 where public-houses had provided various attractions1 was packed1 not by people who were customers but by people watching one another and waiting for something to happen4 ,but inside the park1 where the ,county ,council's restaurant had spread its tables for tea1 where from the ,terrace there is a view of unequalled beauty1 where the gardens are rich in flowers1 there were only a few scattered groups4 ,the holiday is not a feast of brutality or drunkenness4 ,no one need have been offended by sight or sound4 ,the ,shows1 thanks to the ,county ,council regulations1 were all decent1 and there was everywhere the courtesy of good temper4 ,an observer1 thinking of twenty years ago1 would say1 8,what an improvement60 but his next thought would be1 8,how much better things are possible60 ,in the first place1 the arrangements for the supply of food might be different4 ,in ,golder's ,hill itself the regulation that no teas should be served on the grass for fear of its injury shows a curious ignorance of relative values when1 for the want of very slight protection1 boys are allowed to tear away the banks on the side of ,spaniard's ,road4 ,the injured grass would revive in a month2 the torn banks are irreparably damaged4 ,there is no reason why the ,london ,county ,council's restaurants both on ,golder's ,hill and in other parts of the ,heath should not attract people by the daintiness of their display1 and why the people should not be held by music and singing4 ,family parties would be more likely to frequent the place if the elders could be assured of pleasant resting-places4 ,how differently1 how very much better1 they manage feeding abroad6 ,people are always hungry and thirsty on holidays1 and from the public-house to the whelk-stall1 from the tea-gardens to the coffee-stand1 there was evidence of ,english incapacity to supply the most persistent of holiday needs4 ,the first improvement possible is1 therefore1 more dainty and more frequent provision of refreshment4 ,the next improvement1 which especially applies to ,golder's ,hill1 is the addition of objects of interest4 ,there might be an aviary1 the greenhouses might be filled with flowers and opened1 rooms in the house might be decorated with pictures of the neighbourhood or with a collection of local objects4 ,people who are unconsciously taking in memories through their eyes need some illusion2 they must think they are going to see something they understand1 if they are to be led to see the better things beyond their understanding4 ,then1 surely1 some more care might be taken of the tender places on the ,heath--there are acres of grass on which boys may play1 who might thereby be kept from scouring the surface of the light sand soil1 making highways through the gorse1 opening waterways to starve the trees4 ,these improvements are possible at once4 ,there are others longer in the doing which are also necessary4 ,people must be educated not only to be wage-earners but to enjoy their being4 ,they too much depend on stimulants1 on some outside excitement always liable to excess4 ,they might find pleasure in themselves1 in the use of their own faculties1 in their powers of observation or activity1 in their own intelligence and curiosity4 ,they might with better education be 8good company0 for themselves and for one another4 ,the people possess in ,hampstead ,heath a property a king might envy1 but they only partially enjoy its opportunities4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,holidays ,,and ,,schooldays4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,july1 #aiaa4 #a ,from 8,the ,daily ,telegraph04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,holidays1 as well as schooldays1 help to form the minds of the citizens4 ,habits1 tastes1 friendships1 are fixed in the hours when restraints are relaxed1 and the ,will takes its shape when it is most free4 ,our school holidays1 when in play we commanded or obeyed1 when we learnt to know the country sights and objects1 when1 with different companions1 we travelled to new places1 have been largely responsible for such satisfaction as we have found in life4 ,men and women are what their holidays have made them1 and a nation's use of its holidays may almost be said to determine its position in the world's order of greatness4 ,a nation whose pleasures are coarse and brutal1 whose people delight in the excitement of their senses by actions in which their minds take no part1 and where solitude is unendurable1 can hardly do great things4 ,it is not likely that it will be remembered1 as the poets are remembered1 by its care for any principle of action4 ,it will hardly be generous in its foreign policy or happy in its homes4 ,the use of holidays is thus most important1 and everywhere there are signs of their increase4 ,the schools for the richer classes lengthen the period of their vacations till they extend1 in some cases1 to a quarter of the year4 ,the ,king asked that his ,coronation year may be marked by an extra week of exemption from school4 ,business people shorten hours of business1 and workmen's organizations demand more time for holidays4 ,seaside resorts grow up which live mainly by the pleasures of the people1 and a vast and increasing body of workers find employment in the provision of amusement4 ,more time and more money are being given to holidays4 ,their use or misuse is a matter of importance1 and it is reasonable to demand that more thought should also be given to this subject4 ,people--this fact is often forgotten--need to be taught to play as they need to be taught to earn or to love4 ,leisure is as likely to produce weariness as joy1 and the ,devil still finds most of his occupation among the idlers4 ,the public schoolboy who has eight weeks' vacation1 and this year an extra week1 will hardly be happy if he acquires habits of loafing at the seaside shows or picks up acquaintance with despisers of knowledge1 or comes to think that learning is a 8grind10 and he certainly will not in after years bless his holiday givers4 ,the workman who obtains holidays and shorter hours will hardly be the better if he spends them in eating and sleeping1 or in exciting himself over a match or race where he does not even understand the skill1 or in watching an entertainment which calls for no effort of his mind4 ,rich people1 who can do what they like in the time they themselves choose1 add excitement to excitement2 they invent new methods of expenditure2 they go at increasing speed from place to place2 they come nearer and nearer to the brinks of vice2 they have what they like2 and yet1 like the millionaire in the ,american tale1 they are not happy4 ,people need to be taught the use of leisure4 ,the question is1 how is such teaching practicable8444 ,i would offer two suggestions3 one which may be applied to the schools of the rich and of the poor1 and the other to the free provision of means of recreation3-- #a4 ,as to schools4 ,the authorities may1 it seems to me1 keep in mind the fact that the children are meant to enjoy life as well as to make a living4 ,enjoyment comes largely by the use of the power of imagination4 ,we enjoy ourselves before the beauty of nature1 before a work of art1 in listening to music1 and in imagining the life of other climes and countries4 ,how little is done in any school to develop this power of imagination6 ,the great public schools1 though often they are established in buildings of much beauty1 rarely do anything to develop in the boys any understanding of the beauty4 ,there is but little art in the schoolrooms and little attempt to teach the value of pictures4 ,there are few flowers about the windows and very often the time given to music is grudged by the chief authorities4 ,the elementary schools have not even the advantage of beauty in their buildings1 and although the children may be taught art1 they have their lessons in rooms made ugly by decorations1 or wearying by untidiness4 ,what wonder is it that boys and girls become destructive of the beauty in the admiration of which they and others might have found pleasure8 ,the authorities might thus do something by the curriculum to make leisure time a happy time1 but they might do more by making holiday arrangements4 ,richer parents may justly be expected to care for their own children1 and many seize the opportunity of becoming their playmates1 so that holiday times develop the memories that bind together old and young4 ,but few parents can take themselves from business for eight or nine weeks together1 and not all parents have the knowledge or the sympathy to lead the young in their pleasures4 ,a solution might be the arrangement by the school authorities of travelling parties--such as those organized at ,manchester ,grammar ,school2 or of walking tours with some object1 such as the collection of specimens or the investigation of places of interest1--or of holiday homes in the school houses or elsewhere1 where1 under the guidance of sympathetic teachers1 the children could enjoy freer life and more varied interests than are possible in school1 or of the interchange of visits between the children of ,english and foreign homes4 ,once let it be realized that the long holiday period--if necessary for the teachers--is full of danger for the children1 and something will be done to make that period healthy as well as happy4 ,for the children in elementary schools it is easy to make arrangements4 ,during the three summer months the curriculum might be like that of the ,vacation ,schools4 ,the buildings1 often the only pleasant place in a crowded neighbourhood--would thus be in continuous use1 while the children and teachers could get away for their country or foreign holiday1 without breaking into any school routine4 ,the children would then go into the country prepared to see and enjoy its interests1 not only in the month of ,august1 but at times when they might play in the hayfields1 pick the spring flowers1 and hear the birds sing4 ,the teachers could have1 not four1 but six weeks' vacation1 in which there would be time for a foreign visit when the hotels were less crowded4 ,the children1 at the end of their fortnight in the country1 would return1 not just to loaf about the streets amid the dirt and the noise and degrading temptation1 but to take their places in the open and pleasant surroundings of the school1 with its manifold interests4 ,the end of the summer would1 if this arrangement could be carried out1 find teachers and children alike refreshed and ready for the hard work of the ordinary school routine2 and1 greatest gain of all1 the children would have learned how to enjoy their leisure4 ,they would have planted memories which would call for refreshment2 they would have developed powers of admiration which would need to be used2 they would have found interests to occupy their thoughts1 and they would look forward to holidays in which to go to the country--not to play 8,aunt ,sally10 or even to find fresh air from town pursuits1 but to visit old haunts1 discover more secrets of nature and taste its quiet4 ,they would1 as men and women1 make 8good company0 for one another1 and learn to require some distinction of quiet or beauty to make a ,british holiday4 ,they would find1 in the appreciation of ,english scenery1 new reasons for being patriots4 ,satisfying pleasure1 it must always be remembered1 comes from within1 and not from without a man4 ,outside stimulants always fail at last1 whether they be drink1 shows1 sensational tales1 or games of chance2 but the pleasures which come from the activity of head1 or heart1 or of limbs last as long as strength and life last4 ,this leads to the other practicable suggestion which ,i would offer4 ,the ,community might provide freely the means which would give the people the pleasures which come from culture4 ,much has been done in this direction4 ,open spaces in our great towns have been made more common1 but their use has not been developed as has been done in ,american cities1 where superintendents teach the children how to play1 and the playgrounds become centres of common enjoyments4 ,museums and picture galleries are sometimes provided1 but they are still rare and often dull4 ,personal guidance is necessary if the objects in a museum are to have any meaning for the ordinary visitor1 and the pictures in a gallery need to be changed frequently if attention is to be held4 ,the ,japanese wisely1 even in their private rooms1 have a succession of pictures1 relegating those not hung to the seclusion of the 8,godown04 ,music is given in the parks and sometimes in the town halls1 but the best is not made common1 and much is so poor that it fails to reach or express the thoughts which1 if deeply buried1 are to be found in the hearts of common people4 ,no attempts are made to open dull ears1 to listen to good music1 though teachers in public schools report how it is possible by a few talks to make athletes enthusiastic for ,beethoven4 ,the total amount of good free music is very small and certainly not enough to raise the common taste and attract minds capable of thought and admiration4 ,the duty of the ,community to provide means of recreation is recognized1 but too often it has seemed enough if it provides amusement which can be measured by popular applause4 ,the duty should1 ,i submit1 have for its aim the provision of such recreation as would gradually lead the people in the way of enjoyment1 and raise the character of all holidays by making them more satisfying to the higher demands of human nature4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,failure ,,of ,,holidays4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,may1 #aiab4 #a ,from 8,the ,daily ,telegraph10 ,may1 #aiab4 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,eight hundred thousand children are every ,august turned out of the airy and spacious ,schools which ,london has built for their use1 and for four weeks they can do what they like4 ,to the people whose opinions form public opinion1 8to do what one likes0 seems the very essence of a holiday4 ,the forgotten fact is that the majority of these children do not know what they like4 ,all children1 indeed1 need to be taught to enjoy themselves1 just as they are taught to earn for themselves2 and children whose parents are without money to take them to the country or the seaside1 where nature would give them playmates1 and without leisure to be referees in their first attempts at games1 miss the necessary teaching4 ,they get tired of trying to find out what they like1 tired of waiting for the sensation of a street fight or accident1 tired of aimless play in the parks1 tired even of doing what they had been told not to do4 ,a few--#dj1jjj of the #hjj1jjj--;are sent by the ,children's ,country ,holiday ,fund to spend a fortnight of the month in country cottages2 a few others go to stay with friends or accompany their parents1 but the greater number--it is said that #dhj1jjj children never sleep one night out of ,london during the year--have no other break than a day treat1 which1 with its intoxicating excitements and its distracting noises1 can hardly claim to be a lesson in the art of enjoyment or to be a fair introduction to country pleasures4 ,the ,august holiday under present conditions1 cannot be described as a time in which working-class children store up memories of childhood's joys1 nor does it prepare them as men and women to make good use of the leisure gained by shorter hours of labour4 ,the use of leisure has not1 ,i think1 been sufficiently considered from a ,national point of view4 ,it concerns the happiness1 the health1 and also the wealth of the nation4 ,if their leisure dissipates the strength of men's minds1 leaves them the prey to stimulants1 and at the same time absorbs the wages of work1 there is a continual loss1 which must at last be fatal4 ,the children's ,august holiday1 with its dullness and its dependence on chance excitements1 prepares the way for ,beanfeasts where parties of men find nothing better to do amid the beauty of the country than to throw stones at bottles1 or for the vulgar futilities of ,margate sands1 ,hampstead ,heath and the music hall1 or for the soul-numbing variety of sport4 ,the recent report issued by the ,london ,county ,council tells the result of an experiment in a better use of the holiday by means of ,vacation ,schools4 ,the word 8,school0 may suggest restraint1 and put off some of my readers1 who are apt to think of 8heaven as a place where there are no masters04 ,they will say1 8,let the children alone04 ,but they do not realize what 8letting alone0 means for children whose homes have no resources in space or interests4 ,they do not remember that the schoolhouse is the ,mansion of the neighbourhood1 and that the ,vacation ,school curriculum includes visits to the parks and to ,london sights1 such as the ,zoological ,gardens1 ,hampton ,court1 and the ,natural ,history ,museum2 manual occupations in which really useful things are made1 painting and cardboard modelling1 by which the children's own imaginations have play2 lessons on nature1 illustrated by plants and by pictures1 readings from interesting books1 about which the teachers are ready to talk1 and organized games4 ,when relieved from the trouble of having to choose at what to play1 the children find untroubled enjoyment4 ,vacation ,schools thus understood have no terror1 but let the children themselves give evidence whether they prefer to be let alone4 ,in a ,battersea ,vacation ,school there was an average attendance of #iaf per cent1 and on one day #aec children out of #aed on the roll voluntarily attended4 8,the high rate of actual attendance at the ,vacation ,schools1 which compares not unfavourably with that of the ordinary day schools1 in spite of the fact that compulsion is completely absent from the former1 may be taken as an indication that the ,london child does not know what to do during the long vacation1 and is anxious and ready to take advantage of any opportunity that may be afforded for work and play under conditions more healthy and congenial than the street or his home can offer40 ,in another school the teachers report3 8,we had been asked to do our best to keep up the numbers4 ,our difficulty was to keep them down40 8,the discipline of the boys specially surprised the staff2 a hint of possible expulsion was quite sufficient in dealing with two or three boys reported during the month40 ,the children1 by their attendance1 give the best evidence that the ,vacation ,school is in their opinion a good way of spending a holiday and the report gives greater detail as to the reason4 ,the teachers tell how 8listless manners give place to animation and energy1 and how the tendency prevalent among the boys to loaf or aimlessly to idle away their holidays was checked by the introduction of an objective1 the absence of which is chiefly responsible for the loafing tendency4444 ,the absence of restraint appears to lead to more honourable and more thoughtful conduct1 and little acts of courtesy and politeness increased in frequency as the holidays drew to an end4444 ,educationally the children benefit in increased manual dexterity1 by the creation of motive1 the training of the powers of observation1 and the development of memory and imagination4444 ,in many cases 444 new capabilities were discovered1 and talents awakened by the more congenial surroundings4 ,some children1 who at first appeared dull and inattentive1 brightened up and became most interested in one or more of their varied occupations4444 ,little chats on the ,excursions revealed a marked widening of outlook40 ,in such testimony as this it is quite easy to find the reason why the children so greatly enjoyed themselves4 ,they had a variety of new interests and they had the sense of 8life0 which comes in the exercise of new capacities4 ,they were never bored and they felt well4 ,the parents1 whose burden during holidays is often forgotten1 seem to have expressed great appreciation at the provision for the children's care1 and as for the teachers1 one goes so far as to say that 8the kind of experience gained is a teacher's liberal education and training04 ,the ,report as a result of such testimony1 naturally recommends an extension of the plan of ,vacation ,schools1 so that this summer a greater number may be provided4 ,i would1 however1 submit that the testimony justifies something more thorough4 ,the proposals of the ,report assume that holidays must fall in the month of ,august4 ,now there are many parents whose occupation keeps them in town during that month1 and who cannot therefore take their children to the country4 ,august too1 is the period when all health resorts are most crowded and expensive4 ,and lastly1 if holidays are taken only in this autumn season the country of the spring and summer1 with its haymaking1 its flowers and its birds1 remains unknown to the children4 ,the obvious change--so obvious that one wonders why it has not long ago been adopted--is to let some schools take their holidays in the months of ,june and ,july4 ,but ,i would myself suggest the best plan would be to keep all1 or most1 of the school in session during the whole summer1 establishing for the three months a summer curriculum on the lines of those adopted in the ,vacation ,schools4 ,the children would then be able to go with their friends1 or through the ,children's ,country ,holiday ,fund for their ,country ,holiday without any interference with the regular school regime2 and all1 while they were at home1 would have those resources in the school hours which have proved to be powerful to attract them from the streets4 ,the teachers1 free at last to take some of their holidays in ,june or ,july1 would be able to benefit by the lower charges1 to get1 perhaps1 a recreative holiday in the ,alps instead of one at the ,english seaside in the somewhat stale companionship of a party of fellow-teachers4 ,this more thorough plan would do for all ,london children everything which ,vacation ,schools attempt1 and it has the further advantage that it would put refreshing country visits within the reach of more children and teachers4 ,middle-class families recognize the necessity of an annual visit to the sea or country1 as a consequence of which great towns exist almost wholly as holiday resorts4 ,the necessity of the middle class is much more the necessity of the working class1 whose children have less room in their houses and fewer interests for their leisure4 ,a pressure which cannot be resisted will insist that for their health's sake and for the child's sake1 who is the father of the man1 the children shall have each year the opportunity of breathing for at least a fortnight country air1 and of learning to be ,nature's playmates4 ,the only practicable way in which such holidays may be provided is by the extension of the holiday period to include other than the month of ,august4 ,the plan ,i have suggested would make such extension practicable with the least possible interference with school work1 while it would secure for all children some guidance in the use and enjoyment of the leisure1 which the experiment of ,vacation ,schools has proved to be so acceptable4 ,that guidance1 by widening children's minds and awakening their powers of taking notice1 would make the country visits more full of interests1 and develop a love of ,nature1 to be a valuable resource in later life4 ,if the ,council's ,report succeeds in moving ,london opinion it may mark a new departure in the use and enjoyment of holidays4 ,it almost seems as if the education given at such cost ran to waste during the holidays4 ,there is a call for another ,charles ,booth1 to make an inquiry into 8the life and leisure of the people0 which might be as epoch-making as that into 8the life and labour of the people04 ,such an inquiry would show1 ,i believe1 the need of energetic effort if leisure is to be a source of strength and not of weakness to national life1 a way to recreation and not to demoralization4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,recreation ,,in ,,town ,,and ,,country4#a ,,recreation ,,and ,,character4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,october1 #aijf4 #a ,a paper written for the ,church ,congress1 and read at its meeting at ,barrow-in-,furness by the ,right ,reverend the ,lord ,bishop of ,truro1 the late ,c4 ,w4 ,stubbs4 ,a people's play is a fair test of a people's character4 ,men and women in their hours of leisure show their real admiration and their inner faith4 ,their 8idle words10 in more than one sense1 are those by which they are judged4 ,no one who has reached an age from which he can overlook fifteen or twenty years can doubt but that pleasure-seeking has greatly increased4 ,the railway statistics show that during the last year more people have been taken to seaside and pleasure resorts than ever before4 ,on ,bank ,holidays a larger number travel1 and more and more facilities are annually offered for day trips and evening entertainments4 ,the newspapers give many pages to recording games1 pages which are eagerly scanned even when1 as in the case of the 8,daily ,news10 the betting on their results is omitted4 ,face to face with these facts we need some principles to enable us to advise this pleasure-seeking generation what to seek and what to avoid4 ,to arrive at principles one has to probe below the surface1 to seek the cause of the pleasure given by various amusements4 ,briefly1 what persons of all ages seek in pleasure is 7#a7 excitement1 7#b7 interest1 7#c7 memories4 ,these are natural desires2 no amount of preaching or scolding1 or hiding them away will abolish them4 ,it is the part of wisdom to recognize facts and use them for the uplifting of human nature4 ,may ,i offer two principles for your consideration8 #a4 ,pleasure1 while offering excitement1 should not depend on excitement2 it should not involve a fellow-creature's loss or pain1 nor lay its foundation on greed or gain4 #b4 ,pleasure should not only give enjoyment1 it should also increase capacities for enjoyment4 ,it should strengthen a man's whole being1 enrich memory and call forth effort4 ,,the ,,quality ,,of ,,english ,,playing4 ,if these principles have a basis of truth1 the questions arise1 8,are the common recreations of the people such as to encourage our hope of ,english progress8 ,do they make us proud of the growth of national character1 and give us a ground of security for the high place we all long that ,england shall hold in the future80 ,the country may be lost as well as won on her playing fields4 ,recreation means the refreshment of the sources of life4 ,routine wears life1 and 8,it is life of which our nerves are scant04 ,the excitement which stirs the worn or sleeping centres of a man's body1 mind or spirit1 is the first step in such refreshment1 but followed by nothing else it defeats its own ends4 ,it uses strength and creates nothing1 and if unmixed with what endures it can but leave the partaker the poorer4 ,the fire must be stirred1 but unless fuel be supplied the flames will soon sink in ashes4 ,it behoves us then to accept excitement as a necessary part of recreation1 and to seek to add to it those things which lead to increased resources and leave purer memories4 ,such an addition is skill4 ,a wise manager of a boys' refuge once said to me that it was the first step upwards to induce a lad to play a game of skill instead of a game of chance4 ,another such addition is co-operation1 that is a call on the receiver to give something4 ,it is better for instance to play a game than to watch a game4 ,it may1 perhaps1 be helpful to recall the principle1 and let it test some of the popular pleasures4 ,,popular ,,pleasures4 ,pleasure1 while offering excitement1 should not depend on excitement2 it should not involve a fellow-creature's loss or pain1 nor lay its foundation on greed or gain4 ,this principle excludes the recreations which1 like drink or gambling1 stir without feeding1 or the pleasures which are blended with the sorrows of the meanest thing that feels4 ,it excludes also the dull ,museum which feeds without stirring1 and makes no provision for excitement4 ,tried by this standard1 what is to be said of ,margate1 ,blackpool1 and such popular resorts1 with their ribald gaiety and inane beach shows8 ,of music halls1 where the entertainment was described by ,mr4 ,stead as the 8most insufferable banality and imbecility that ever fell upon human ears10 disgusting him not so much for its immorality as by the vulgar stupidity of it all4 ,of racing1 the acknowledged interest of which is in the betting1 a method of self-enrichment by another's impoverishment1 which tends to sap the very foundations of honesty and integrity2 of football matches1 which thousands watch1 often ignorant of the science of the game1 but captivated by the hope of winning a bet or by the spectacle of brutal conflict2 of monster school-treats or excursions1 when numbers engender such monopolizing excitement that all else which the energetic curate or the good ladies have provided is ruthlessly swallowed up2 shooting battues1 where skill and effort give place to organization and cruelty2 of plays1 where the interest centres round the breaking of the commandments and 8fools make a mock of sin04 ,such pleasures may amuse for the time1 but they fail to be recreative in so far as they do not make life fuller1 do not increase the powers of admiration1 hope and love2 do not store the memory to be 8the bliss of solitude04 ,of most of them it can be easily foretold that the 8crime of sense will be avenged by sense which wears with time04 ,such pleasures cannot lay the foundation for a glad old age4 ,does this sound as if all popular pleasures are to be condemned8 ,no6 brought to the test of our second principle1 there are whole realms of pleasure-lands which the ,christian can explore and introduce to others1 to the gladdening1 deepening1 and strengthening of their lives4 ,may ,i read the principle again8 ,pleasure should not only give enjoyment1 it should also increase the capacity for enjoyment4 ,it should strengthen a man's whole being1 enrich memory and call forth effort and co-operation4 ,music1 games of skill1 books1 athletics1 foreign travel1 cycling1 walking tours1 sailing1 photography1 picture galleries1 botanical rambles1 antiquarian researches1 and many other recreations too numerous to mention call out the growth of the powers1 as well as feed what exists2 they excite active as well as passive emotions2 they enlist the receiver as a co-operator2 they allow the pleasure-seekers to feel the joy of being the creating children of a creating ,god4 ,as we consider the subject1 the chasm between right and wrong pleasures1 worthy and unworthy recreations1 seems to become deeper and broader1 often though crossed by bridges of human effort1 triumphs of dexterity1 evidences of skill wrought by patient practice1 which1 though calling for no thought in the spectator1 yet rouses his admiration and provides standards of executive excellence1 albeit directed in regrettable channels4 ,still1 broadly1 recreations may be divided between those which call for effort1 and therefore make towards progress1 and those which breed idleness and its litter of evils2 but 7and this is the inherent difficulty for reformers7 the mass of the people1 rich and poor alike1 will not make efforts1 and as the 8,times0 once so admirably put it--8,they preach to each other the gospel of idleness and call it the gospel of recreation04 ,the mass1 however1 is our concern4 ,those idle rich1 who seek their stimulus in competitive expenditure2 those ignorant poor1 who turn to the examples of brute force for their pleasure2 those destructive classes1 whose delight is in slaying or eliminating space2 they are all alike in being content to be 8,vacant of our glorious gains1 like a beast with lower pleasures1 like a beast with lower pains04 ,,our ,,church ,,and ,,recreation4 ,what can the clergymen and the clergy women do8 ,it is not easy to reply1 but there are some things they need not do4 ,they need not promote monster treats1 they need not mistake excitement for pleasure1 and call their day's outing a 8huge success10 because it was accompanied by much noise and the running hither and thither of excited children2 they need not use their ,institutes and ,schoolrooms to compete with the professional entertainer1 and feel a glow of satisfaction because a low programme and a low price resulted in a full room2 they need not accept the people's standard for songs and recitations1 and think they have 8had a capital evening10 when the third-rate song is clapped1 or the comic reading or dramatic scene appreciated by vulgar minds4 ,oh6 the waste of curates' time and brain in such 8parish work04 ,how often it has left me mourning4 ,what the clergymen and women can do is to show the people that they have other powers within them for enjoyment1 that effort promotes pleasure1 and that the use of limbs1 with 7not instead of7 brains1 and of imagination1 can be made sources of joy for themselves and refreshment for others4 ,too often1 toys1 playthings1 or appliances of one sort or another are considered necessary for pleasure both of the young and the mature4 ,might we not concentrate efforts to provide recreation on those methods which show how people can enjoy themselves1 their own powers and capacities8 ,such powers need cultivation as much as the powers of bread-winning1 and they include observation and criticism4 8,what did you think of it80 should be asked more frequently than 8,how did you like it80 ,the curiosity of children 7so often wearying to their elders7 is a natural quality which might be directed to observation of the wonders of ,nature1 and to the conclusion of a story other than its author conceived4 8,from change to change unceasingly1 the soul's wings never furled10 wrote ,browning2 and change brings food and growth to the soul2 but the limits of interest must be extended to allow of the flight of the soul1 and interests are often1 in all classes1 woefully restricted4 ,it is no change for a blind man to be taken to a new view4 ,christ had to open the eyes of the blind before they could see ,god's fair world1 and in a lesser degree we may open the eyes of the born blind to see the hidden glories lying unimagined in man and ,nature4 ,in friendship also there are sources of recreation which the clergy could do much to foster and strengthen1 and the introduction and opportunities which allow of the cultivation of friendship between persons of all classes with a common interest1 is peculiarly one which parsons have opportunities to develop4 ,and last but not least1 there are the joys which come from the cultivation of a garden--joys which continue all the year round1 and which can be shared by every member of the family of every age4 ,these might be more widely spread in town as well as country4 ,municipalities1 ,boards of ,guardians1 ,school ,managers1 and private owners often have both the control of people and land4 ,if the ,church would influence them1 more children and more grown-ups might get health and pleasure on the land4 ,i must not entrench on the subject of ,garden ,cities and ,garden ,suburbs--but the two subjects can be linked together1 inasmuch as the purest1 deepest1 and most recreative of pleasures can be found in the gardens which are the distinctive feature of the new cities and suburbs4 ,,the ,,clergy ,,and ,,the ,,press4 ,if the clergy knew more of the people's pleasures they would yearn more over their erring flocks and talk more on present-day subjects4 ,take horse-racing for instance1 who can defend it8 ,who can find one good result of it1 and its incalculable evils of betting1 lying1 cheating1 drinking8 ,yet the clergy are strangely loth to condemn it6 ,is it because ,king ,edward ,,vii 7,god bless him for his love of peace7 encourages the ,turf8 ,the ,king has again and again shown his care for his people's good1 and maybe he would modify his actions--and the world would follow his lead--if the ,church would speak out and condemn this baneful national pleasure4 ,it is not for me to preach to the clergy1 but they have so often preached to me to my edification1 that ,i would in gratitude give them in return an exhortation2 and so ,i beg you good men to give more thought to the people's pleasures2 and then give guidance from the ,pulpit and the ,press concerning them4 ,,henrietta ,o4 ,,barnett4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,settlements4 ,settlements of ,university ,men in ,great ,towns--,twenty-one ,years of ,university ,settlements--,the ,beginning of ,toynbee ,hall4 ,,settlements ,,of ,,university ,,men ,,in ,,great ,,towns4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 #a ,a paper read at a meeting in the rooms of ,mr4 ,sidney ,ball at ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,oxford1 ,november1 #ahhc4 8,something must be done0 is the comment which follows the tale of how the poor live4 ,those who make the comment have1 however1 their business--their pieces of ground to see1 their oxen to prove1 their wives to consider1 and so there is among them a general agreement that the 8,something0 must be done by ,law or by ,societies4 8,what can ,i do80 is a more healthy comment1 and it is a sign of the times that this question is being widely asked1 and by none more eagerly than by members of the ,universities4 ,undergraduates and graduates1 long before the late outcry1 had become conscious that social conditions were not right1 and that they themselves were called to do something4 ,it is nine years since four or five ,oxford undergraduates chose to spend part of their vacation in ,east ,london1 working as ,charity ,organization ,agents1 becoming members of clubs1 and teaching in classes or schools4 ,it is long since a well-known ,oxford man said1 8,the great work of our time is to connect centres of learning with centres of industry04 ,freshmen have become fellows1 since the ,master of ,balliol recommended his hearers1 at a small meeting in the ,college ,hall1 to 8find their friends among the poor04 ,thus slowly has men's attention been drawn to consider the social condition of our great towns4 ,the revelations of recent pamphlets have fallen on ears prepared to hear4 ,the fact that the wealth of ,england means only wealth in ,england1 and that the mass of the people live without knowledge1 without hope1 and often without health has come home to open minds and consciences4 ,if inquiry has shown that statements have been exaggerated1 and the blame badly directed1 it is nevertheless evident that the best is the privilege of the few1 and that the ,gospel--,god's message to this age--does not reach the poor4 ,a workman's wages cannot procure for him the knowledge which means fullness of life1 or the leisure in which he might 8possess his soul04 ,hardly by saving can he lay up for old age1 and only by charity can he get the care of a skilled physician4 ,if it be thus with the first-class workman1 the case of the casual labourer1 whose strength of mind and body is consumed by anxiety1 must be almost intolerable4 ,statistics1 which show the number in receipt of poor relief1 the families which occupy single rooms1 the death rate in poor quarters1 make a 8cry0 which it needs no words to express4 ,the thought of the condition of the people has made a strange stirring in the calm life of the ,universities1 and many men feel themselves driven by a new spirit1 possessed by a master idea4 ,they are eager in their talk and in their inquiries1 and they ask 8,what can we do to help the poor80 ,a ,college ,mission naturally suggests itself as a form in which the idea should take shape4 ,it seems as if all the members of a college might unite in helping the poor1 by adopting a district in a great town1 finding for it a clergyman and associating themselves in his work4 ,a ,mission1 however1 has necessarily its limitations4 ,the clergyman begins with a hall into which he gathers a congregation1 and which he uses as a centre for 8,mission0 work4 ,he himself is the only link between the college and the poor4 ,he gives frequent reports of his progress1 and enlists such personal help as he can1 always keeping it in mind that the 8district0 is destined to become a 8parish04 ,many districts thus created in ,east ,london now take their places among the regular parishes1 and the income of the clergyman is paid by the ,ecclesiastical ,commissioners1 the patronage of the living is probably with the ,bishop1 and the old connexion has become simply a matter of history4 ,apart from the doubt whether this multiplication of parochial organizations1 with its consequent division of interests1 represents a wise policy1 it is obvious that a college mission does not wholly cover the idea which possessed the college4 ,the social spirit fulfils itself in many ways1 and no one form is adequate to its total expression4 ,the idea was that all members of the college should unite in good work4 ,a college mission excludes ,nonconformists4 8,can we do nothing10 complained one1 8as we cannot join in building a church80 ,the idea was to bring to bear the life of the ,university on the life of the poor4 ,the tendency of a mission is to limit efforts within the recognized parochial machinery4 8,can ,i help10 ,i am often asked1 8in social work1 which is not necessarily connected with your church or creed80 ,a college mission may--as many missions have done--result in bringing devoted workers to the service of the poor--where a good man leads1 good must follow--but it is not1 ,i think1 the form best fitted to receive the spirit which is at present moving the ,universities4 ,as a form more adequate1 ,i would suggest a ,settlement of ,university men in the midst of some great industrial centre4 ,in ,east ,london large houses are often to be found2 they were formerly the residences of the wealthy1 but are now let out in tenements or as warehouses4 ,such a house1 affording sufficient sleeping rooms and large reception rooms1 might be taken by a college1 fitted with furniture1 and 7it may be7 associated with its name4 ,as director or head1 some graduate might be appointed1 a man of the right spirit1 trusted by all parties2 qualified by character to guide men1 and by education to teach4 ,he would be maintained by the college just as the clergyman of the mission district4 ,around such a man graduates and undergraduates would gather4 ,some working in ,london as curates1 barristers1 government clerks1 medical students1 or business men would be glad to make their home in the house for long periods4 ,they would find there less distraction and more interest than in a ,west-,end lodging4 ,others engaged elsewhere would come to spend some weeks or months of the vacation1 taking up such work as was possible1 touching with their lives the lives of the poor1 and learning for themselves facts which would revolutionize their minds4 ,there would be1 of course1 a graduated scale of payment so as to suit the means of the various settlers1 but the scale would have to be so fixed as to cover the expense of board and lodging4 ,let it1 however1 be assumed that the details have been arranged1 and that1 under a wise director1 a party of ,university men have settled in ,east ,london4 ,the director--welcomed here1 as ,university men are always welcomed--will have opened relations with the neighbouring clergy1 and with the various charitable agencies2 he will have found out the clubs and centres of social life1 and he will have got some knowledge of the bodies engaged in local government4 ,his large rooms will have been offered for classes1 directed by the ,university ,extension or ,popular ,concert ,societies1 and for meetings of instruction or entertainment4 ,he will have thus won the reputation of a man with something to give1 who is willing to be friendly with his neighbours4 ,at once he will be able to introduce the settlers to duties1 which will mean introductions to friendships4 ,those to whom it is given to know the high things of ,god1 he will introduce to the clergy1 who will guide them to find friends among those who1 in trouble and sickness1 will listen to a life-giving message4 ,honour men have confessed that they have found a key to life in teaching the ,bible to children1 and not once nor twice has it happened that old truths have seemed to take new meaning when spoken by a man brought fresh from ,oxford to face the poor4 ,those with the passion for righteousness the director will bring face to face with the victims of sin4 ,in the degraded quarters of the town1 in the wards of the workhouses1 they will find those to whom the friendship of the pure is strange1 and who are to be saved only by the mercy which can be angry as well as pitiful4 ,as ,i write1 ,i recall one who was brought to us by an undergraduate out of a wretched court1 overwhelmed by the look and words of his young enthusiasm4 ,i recall another who was taken from the police court by a ,cambridge man1 put to an ,industrial ,school1 and is now touchingly grateful1 not to him1 but to ,god for the service4 ,some1 whose spare time is in the day1 will become visitors for the ,charity ,organization ,society1 ,managers of ,industrial and ,public ,elementary ,schools1 ,members of the ,committees which direct ,sanitary1 ,shoe ,black1 and other ,societies1 and in these positions form friendships1 which to officials1 weary of the dull routine1 will let in light1 and to the poor1 fearful of law1 will give strength4 ,others who can spare time only in the evening will teach classes1 join clubs1 and assist in ,co-operative and ,friendly ,societies1 and they will1 perhaps1 be surprised to find that they know so much that is useful when they see the interest their talk arouses4 ,in one club1 ,i know1 whist ceases to be attractive when the gentleman is not there to talk4 ,there are friendly societies worked by artisans1 which owe their success to the inspiration of ,university men1 and there is one branch of the ,charity ,organization ,society which still keeps the mark impressed on it1 when a man of culture did the lowest work4 ,the elder settlers will1 perhaps1 take up official positions4 ,if they could be qualified1 they might be ,vestry-men and ,guardians1 or they might qualify themselves to become ,schoolmasters4 ,what ,university men can do in local government is written on the face of parishes redeemed from the demoralizing influence of out-relief1 and cleansed by well-administered law4 ,further reforms are already seen to be near1 but it has not entered into men's imaginations to conceive the change for good which might be wrought if men of culture would undertake the education of the people4 ,the younger settlers will always find occupation day or night in playing with the boys1 taking them in the daytime to open spaces1 or to visit ,london sights1 amusing them in the evening with games and songs4 ,unconsciously1 they will set up a higher standard of man's life1 and through friendship will commend to these boys respect for manhood1 honour for womanhood1 reverence for ,god4 ,work of such kind will be abundant1 and1 as it must result in the settlers forming many acquaintances1 the large rooms of the house will be much used for receptions4 ,parties will be frequent1 and whatever be the form of entertainment provided1 be it books or pictures1 lectures or reading1 dancing or music1 the guests will find that their pleasure lies in intercourse4 ,social pleasure is unknown to those who have no large rooms and no place for common meeting4 ,the parties of the ,settlement will thus be attractive just in so far as they are useful4 ,the more means of intercourse they offer1 the more will they be appreciated4 ,the pleasure which binds all together will give force to every method of good-doing1 be it the words of the preacher1 spoken to the crowd1 hushed1 perhaps1 by the presence of death1 or be it the laughter-making tale told during the ,saturday ramble in the country4 ,if something like this is to be the work of a ,college ,settlement1 8,how far10 it may be asked1 8is it adequate to the hope of the college to do something for the poor80 ,obviously1 it affords an outlet for every form of earnestness4 ,no man--call himself what he may--need be excluded from the service of the poor on account of his views4 ,no talent1 be it called spiritual or secular1 need be lost on account of its unfitness to existing machinery4 ,if there be any virtue1 if there be any good in man1 whatsoever is beautiful1 whatsoever is pure in things will find a place in the ,settlement4 ,there is yet a fuller answer to the question4 ,a ,settlement enables men to live within sight of the poor4 ,many a young man would be saved from selfishness if he were allowed at once to translate feeling into action4 ,it is the facility for talk1 and the ready suggestion that a money gift is the best relief1 which makes some dread lest1 after this awakening of interest1 there may follow a deeper sleep4 ,he who has1 even for a month1 shared the life of the poor can never again rest in his old thoughts4 ,if with these obvious advantages1 a ,settlement seems to want that something which association with religious forms gives to the mission1 ,i can only say that such association does not make work religious1 if the workers have not its spirit4 ,if the director be such a man as ,i can imagine1 and if there be any truth in the saying that 8,every one that loveth knoweth ,god10 then it must be that the work of settlers1 inspired and guided by love1 will be religious4 ,the man in ,east ,london1 who is the simplest worker for ,god ,i know1 has added members to many churches1 and has no sect or church of his own4 ,the true religious teacher is he who makes known ,god to man4 ,god is manifest to every age by that which is the ,best of the age4 ,the modern representatives of those who healed diseases1 taught the ignorant1 and preached the ,gospel to the poor1 are those who make common the ,best which can be known or imagined4 ,christ the ,son of ,god is still the 8,christ which is to be0--and even through our ,best ,he will be but darkly seen4 ,that such work as ,i have described would be useful in ,east ,london1 ,i myself have no doubt4 ,the needs of ,east ,london are often urged1 but they are little understood4 ,its inhabitants are at one moment assumed to be well paid workmen1 who will get on if they are left to themselves2 at another1 they are assumed to be outcasts1 starving for the necessaries of living4 ,it is impossible but that misunderstanding should follow ignorance1 and at the present moment the ,west-,end is ignorant of the ,east-,end4 ,the want of that knowledge which comes only from the sight of others' daily life1 and from sympathy with 8the joys and sorrows in widest commonalty spread10 is the source of the mistaken charity which has done much to increase the hardness of the life of the poor4 ,the much-talked of ,east ,london is made up of miles of mean streets1 whose inhabitants are in no want of bread or even of better houses2 here and there are the courts now made familiar by descriptions4 ,they are few in number1 and ,west-,end visitors who have come to visit their 8neighbours0 confess themselves--with a strange irony on their motives--8disappointed that the people don't look worse04 ,the settlers will find themselves related to two distinct classes of 8the poor10 and it will be well if they keep in mind the fact that they must serve both those who1 like the artisans1 need the necessaries for life1 and also those who1 like casual labourers1 need the necessaries for livelihood4 ,they will not of course come believing that their ,settlement will make the wicked good1 the dull glad1 and the poor rich1 but they may be assured that results will follow the sympathy born of close neighbourhood4 ,it will be something1 if they are able to give to a few the higher thoughts in which men's minds can move1 to suggest other forms of recreation1 and to open a view over the course of the river of life as it flows to the ,infinite ,sea4 ,it will be something if they create among a few a distaste for dirt and disorder1 if they make some discontented with their degrading conditions1 if they leaven public opinion with the belief that the law which provides cleanliness1 light and order should be applied equally in all quarters of the town4 ,it will be something1 if thus they give to the one class the ideal of life1 and stir up in the other those feelings of self-respect1 without which increased means of livelihood will be useless4 ,it will be more if to both classes they can show that selfishness or sin is the only really bad thing1 and that the best is not 8too good for human nature's daily food04 ,nothing that is divine is alien to man1 and nothing which can be learnt at the ,university is too good for ,east ,london4 ,many have been the schemes of reform ,i have known1 but1 out of eleven years' experience1 ,i would say that none touches the root of the evil which does not bring helper and helped into friendly relations4 ,vain will be higher education1 music1 art1 or even the ,gospel1 unless they come clothed in the life of brother men--8it took the ,life to make ,god known04 ,vain1 too1 will be sanitary legislation and model dwellings1 unless the outcast are by friendly hands brought in one by one to habits of cleanliness and order1 to thoughts of righteousness and peace4 8,what will save ,east ,london80 asked one of our ,university visitors of his master4 8,the destruction of ,west ,london0 was the answer1 and1 in so far as he meant the abolition of the influences which divide rich and poor1 the answer was right4 ,not until the habits of the rich are changed1 and they are again content to breathe the same air and walk the same streets as the poor1 will ,east ,london be 8saved04 ,meantime a ,settlement of ,university men will do a little to remove the inequalities of life1 as the settlers share their best with the poor and learn through feeling how they live4 ,it was by residence among the poor that ,edward ,denison learned the lessons which have taken shape in the new philanthropy of our days4 ,it was by visiting in ,east ,london that ,arnold ,toynbee fed the interest which in later years became such a force at ,oxford4 ,it was around a ,university man1 who chose to live as our neighbour1 that a group of ,east ,londoners gathered1 attracted by the hope of learning something and held together after five years by the joy which learning gives4 ,men like ,mr4 ,goschen and ,professor ,huxley have lately spoken out their belief that the intercourse of the highest with the lowest is the only solution of the social problem4 ,settlers may thus join the ,settlement1 looking back to the example of others and to the opinions of the wise--looking forward to the grandest future which has risen on the horizon of hope4 ,it may not be theirs to see the future realized1 but it is theirs to cheer themselves with the thought of the time when the disinherited sons of ,god shall be received into their ,father's house1 when the poor will know the ,higher ,life as it is being revealed to those who watch by the never silent spirit1 when daily drudgery will be irradiated with eternal thought1 when neither wealth nor poverty will hinder men in their pursuit of the ,perfect life1 because everything which is ,best will be made in love common to all4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,this paper was reprinted in ,february1 #ahhd1 when the following words and names were added4 ,the following members of the ,university have undertaken to receive the names of any graduates or undergraduates who feel disposed to join a 8,settlement0 shortly or at any future time3-- ,the ,rev4 the ,master of ,university4 ,the ,hon4 and ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,fremantle1 ,balliol4 ,a4 ,robinson1 ,esq41 ,new ,college4 ,a4 ,h4 ,d4 ,acland1 ,esq41 ,christ ,church4 ,a4 ,sidgwick1 ,esq41 ,c4,c4,c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,forbes1 ,esq41 ,balliol4 ,a4 ,l4 ,smith1 ,esq41 ,balliol4 ,t4 ,h4 ,warren1 ,esq41 ,magdalen4 ,s4 ,ball1 ,esq41 ,st4 ,john's4 ,c4 ,e4 ,dawkins1 ,esq41 ,balliol4 ,b4 ,king1 ,esq41 ,balliol4 ,m4 ,e4 ,sadler1 ,esq41 ,trinity4 ,h4 ,d4 ,leigh1 ,esq41 ,new ,college4 ,g4 ,c4 ,lang1 ,esq41 ,balliol4 ,names should be sent in as soon as possible4 ,,oxford1 ,feb41 #ahhd4 ,,the ,,beginnings ,,of ,,toynbee ,,hall4#a ,,by ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett4 #aijc4 #a ,from 8,towards ,social ,reform04 ,by kind permission of ,messrs4 ,fisher ,unwin4 8,how did the idea of a ,university ,settlement arise80 8,what was the beginning80 are questions so often asked by ,americans1 ,frenchmen1 ,belgians1 or the younger generations of earnest ,english people1 that it seems worth while to reply in print1 and to trundle one's mind back to those early days of effort and loneliness before so many bore the burden and shared the anxiety4 ,the fear is that in putting pen to paper on matters which are so closely bound up with our own lives1 the sin of egotism will be committed1 or that a special plant1 which is still growing1 may be damaged1 as even weeds are if their roots are looked at4 ,and yet in the tale which has to be told there is so much that is gladdening and strengthening to those who are fighting apparently forlorn causes that ,i venture to tell it in the belief that to some our experiences will give hope4 ,in the year #ahfi1 ,mr4 ,edward ,denison took up his abode in ,east ,london4 ,he did not stay long nor accomplish much1 but as he breathed the air of the people he absorbed something of their sufferings1 saw things from their standpoint1 and1 as his letters in his memoirs show1 made frequent suggestions for social remedies4 ,he was the first settler1 and was followed by the late ,mr4 ,edmund ,hollond1 to whom my husband and ,i owe our life in ,whitechapel4 ,he was ever on the outlook for men and women who cared for the people1 and hearing that we wished to come ,eastward1 wrote to ,dr4 ,jackson1 then ,bishop of ,london1 when the living of ,st4 ,jude's fell vacant in the autumn of #ahgb1 and asked that it might be offered to ,mr4 ,barnett1 who was at that time working as ,curate at ,st4 ,mary's1 ,bryanston ,square1 with ,mr4 ,fremantle1 now the ,dean of ,ripon4 ,i have the ,bishop's letter1 wise1 kind and fatherly1 the letter of a general sending a young captain to a difficult outpost4 8,do not hurry in your decision10 he wrote1 8it is the worst parish in my diocese1 inhabited mainly by a criminal population1 and one which has ,i fear been much corrupted by doles04 ,how well ,i remember the day ,mr4 ,barnett and ,i first came to see it6--a sulky sort of drizzle filled the atmosphere2 the streets1 dirty and ill kept1 were crowded with vicious and bedraggled people1 neglected children1 and overdriven cattle4 ,the whole parish was a network of courts and alleys1 many houses being let out in furnished rooms at #h;d4 a night--a bad system1 which lent itself to every form of evil1 to thriftless habits1 to untidiness1 to loss of self-respect1 to unruly living1 to vicious courses4 ,we did not 8hurry in our decision10 but just before ,christmas1 #ahgb1 ,mr4 ,barnett became vicar4 ,a month later we were married1 and took up our life-work on #f ,march1 #ahgc1 accompanied by our friend ,edward ,leonard1 who joined us1 8to do what he could02 his 8could0 being ultimately the establishment of the ,whitechapel ,committee of the ,charity ,organization ,society1 and a change in the lives and ideals of a large number of young people1 whom he gathered round him to hear of the ,christ he worshipped4 ,it would sound like exaggeration if ,i told my memories of those times4 ,the previous vicar had had a long and disabling illness1 and all was out of order4 ,the church1 unserved by either curate1 choir1 or officials1 was empty1 dirty1 unwarmed4 ,once the platform of popular preachers1 ,mr4 ,hugh ,allen1 and ,mr4 7now ,bishop7 ,thornton1 it had had huge galleries built to accommodate the crowds who came from all parts of ,london to hear them--galleries which blocked the light1 and made the subsequent emptiness additionally oppressive4 ,the schools were closed1 the schoolrooms all but devoid of furniture1 the parish organization nil2 no ,mothers' meeting1 no ,sunday ,school1 no communicants' class1 no library1 no guilds1 no music1 no classes1 nothing alive4 ,around this barren empty shell surged the people1 here to-day1 gone to-morrow4 ,thieves and worse1 receivers of stolen goods1 hawkers1 casual dock labourers1 every sort of unskilled low-class cadger congregated in the parish4 ,there was an ,irish quarter and a ,jews' quarter1 while whole streets were given over to the hangers-on of a vicious population1 people whose conduct was brutal1 whose ideal was idleness1 whose habits were disgusting1 and among whom goodness was laughed at1 the honest man and the right-living woman being scorned as impracticable4 ,robberies1 assaults1 and fights in the street were frequent2 and to me1 a born coward1 it grew into a matter of distress when we became sufficiently well known in the parish for our presence to stop1 or at least to moderate1 a fight2 for then it seemed a duty to join the crowd1 and not to follow one's nervous instincts and pass by on the other side4 ,i recall one breakfast being disturbed by three fights outside the ,vicarage4 ,we each went to one1 and the third was hindered by a hawker friend who had turned verger1 and who fetched the distant policeman1 though he evidently remained doubtful as to the value of interference4 ,we began our work very quietly and simply3 opened the church 7the first congregation was made up of six or seven old women1 all expecting doles for coming71 restarted the schools1 established relief committees1 organized parish machinery1 and tried to cauterise1 if not to cure1 the deep cancer of dependence which was embedded in all our parishioners alike1 lowering the best among them and degrading the worst4 ,at all hours1 and on all days1 and with every possible pretext1 the people came and begged4 ,to them we were nothing but the source from which to obtain tickets1 money1 or food2 and so confident were they that help would be forthcoming that they would allow themselves to get into circumstances of suffering or distress easily foreseen1 and then send round and demand assistance4 ,i can still recall my emotions when summoned to a sick woman in ,castle ,alley1 an alley long since pulled down1 where the houses1 three stories high1 were hardly six feet apart2 the sanitary accommodation--pits in the cellars2 and the whole place only fit for the condemnation it got directly ,cross's ,act was passed4 ,this alley1 by the way1 was in part the cause of ,cross's ,act1 so great an impression did it make on ,lord ,cross 7then ,mr4 ,cross7 when ,mr4 ,barnett induced him to come down and see it4 ,in this stinking alley1 in a tiny dirty room1 all the windows broken and stuffed up1 lay the woman who had sent for me4 ,there were no bedclothes2 she lay on a sacking covered with rags4 8,i do not know you10 said ,i1 8but ,i hear you want to see me40 8,no1 ma'am60 replied a fat beer-sodden woman by the side of the bed1 producing a wee1 new-born baby2 8we don't know yer1 but 'ere's the babby1 and in course she wants clothes1 and the mother comforts like4 ,so we jist sent round to the church40 ,this was a compliment to the organization which represented ,christ1 but one which showed how sunken was the character which could not make even the simplest provision for an event which must have been expected for months1 and which even the poorest among the respectable counts sacred4 ,the refusal of the demanded doles made the people very angry4 ,once the ,vicarage windows were broken1 once we were stoned by an angry crowd1 who also hurled curses at us as we walked down a criminal-haunted street1 and howled out as a climax to their wrongs 8,and it's us as pays 'em04 ,but we lived all this down1 and as the years went by reaped a harvest of love and gratitude which is one of the gladdest possessions of our lives1 and is quite disproportionate to the service we have rendered4 ,but this is the end of the story1 and ,i must go back to the beginning4 ,in a parish which occupies only a few acres1 and was inhabited by #h1jjj persons1 we were confronted by some of the hardest problems of city life4 ,the housing of the people1 the superfluity of unskilled labour1 the enforcement of resented education1 the liberty of the criminal classes to congregate and create a low public opinion1 the administration of the ,poor ,law1 the amusement of the ignorant1 the hindrances to local government 7in a neighbourhood devoid of the leisured and cultured71 the difficulty of uniting the unskilled men and women1 in trade unions1 the necessity for stricter ,factory ,acts1 the joylessness of the masses1 the hopefulness of the young--all represented difficult problems1 each waiting for a solution and made more complicated by the apathy of the poor1 who were content with an unrighteous contentment and patient with an ungodly patience4 ,these were not the questions to be replied to by doles1 nor could the problem be solved by kind acts to individuals nor by the healing of the suffering1 which was but the symptom of the disease4 ,in those days these difficulties were being dealt with mainly by good kind women1 generally elderly2 few men1 with the exception of the clergy and noted philanthropists1 as ,lord ,shaftesbury1 were interested in the welfare of the poor1 and economists rarely joined close experience with their theories4 8,if men1 cultivated1 young1 thinking men1 could only know of these things they would be altered10 ,i used to say1 with girlish faith in human goodwill--a faith which years has not shaken2 and in the spring of #ahge we went to ,oxford1 partly to tell about the poor1 partly to enjoy 8eights week0 with a group of young friends4 ,our party was planned by ,miss ,toynbee1 whom ,i had met when at school1 and whose brother ,arnold was then an undergraduate at ,pembroke4 ,our days were filled with the hospitality with which ,oxford still rejoices its guests2 but in the evenings we used to drop quietly down the river with two or three earnest men1 or sit long and late in our lodgings in the ,turl1 and discuss the mighty problems of poverty and the people4 ,how vividly ,canon ,barnett and ,i can recall each and all of the first group of 8thinking men10 so ready to take up enthusiasms in their boyish strength--,arnold ,toynbee1 ,sidney ,ball1 ,w4 ,h4 ,forbes1 ,arthur ,hoare1 ,leonard ,montefiore1 ,alfred ,milner1 ,philip ,gell1 ,john ,falk1 ,g4 ,e4 ,underhill1 ,ralph ,whitehead1 ,lewis ,nettleship6 ,some of these are still here1 and caring for our people1 but others have passed behind the veil1 where perhaps earth's sufferings are explicable4 ,we used to ask each undergraduate as he developed interest to come and stay in ,whitechapel1 and see for himself4 ,and they came1 some to spend a few weeks1 some for the ,long ,vacation1 while others1 as they left the ,university and began their life's work1 took lodgings in ,east ,london1 and felt all the fascination of its strong pulse of life1 hearing1 as those who listen always may1 the hushed1 unceasing moans underlying the cry which ever and anon makes itself heard by an unheeding public4 ,from that first visit to ,oxford in the 8eights week0 of #ahge1 date many visits to both the ,universities4 ,rarely a term passed without our going to ,oxford1 where the men who had been down to ,east ,london introduced us to others who might do as they had done4 ,sometimes we stayed with ,dr4 ,jowett1 the immortal ,master of ,balliol1 sometimes we were the guests of the undergraduates1 who would get up meetings in their rooms1 and organize innumerable breakfasts1 teas1 river excursions1 and other opportunities for introducing the subject of the duty of the cultured to the poor and degraded4 ,no organization was started1 no committee1 no society1 no club formed4 ,we met men1 told them of the needs of the out-of-sight poor2 and many came to see ,whitechapel and stayed to help it4 ,and so eight years went by--our ,oxford friends laughingly calling my husband the 8unpaid professor of social philosophy04 ,in ,june1 #ahhc1 we were told by ,mr4 ,moore ,smith that some men at ,st4 ,john's ,college at ,cambridge were wishful to do something for the poor1 but that they were not quite prepared to start an ordinary ,college ,mission4 ,mr4 ,barnett was asked to suggest some other possible and more excellent way4 ,the letter came as we were leaving for ,oxford1 and was slipped with others in my husband's pocket4 ,soon something went wrong with the engine and delayed the train so long that the passengers were allowed to get out4 ,we seated ourselves on the railway bank1 just then glorified by masses of large ox-eyed daisies1 and there he wrote a letter suggesting that men might hire a house1 where they could come for short or long periods1 and1 living in an industrial quarter1 learn to 8sup sorrow with the poor04 ,the letter pointed out that close personal knowledge of individuals among the poor must precede wise legislation for remedying their needs1 and that as ,english local government was based on the assumption of a leisured cultivated class1 it was necessary to provide it artificially in those regions where the line of leisure was drawn just above sleeping hours1 and where the education ended at thirteen years of age and with the three ,r's4 ,that letter founded ,toynbee ,hall4 ,insomnia had sapped my health for a long time1 and later1 in the autumn of that year1 we were sent to ,eaux ,bonnes to try a water-cure4 ,during that period the ,cambridge letter was expanded into a paper1 which was read at a college meeting at ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,oxford1 in ,november of the same year4 ,mr4 ,arthur ,sidgwick was present1 and it is largely due to his practical vigour that the idea of ,university ,settlements in the industrial working-class quarters of large towns fell not only on sympathetic ears1 but was guided until it came to fruition4 ,the first meeting of undergraduates met in the room of ,mr4 ,cosmo ,lang now 7#aijh71 about to become ,archbishop of ,york4 ,soon after the meeting a small but earnest committee was formed2 later on the committee grew in size and importance1 money was obtained on debenture bonds1 and a ,head sought who would turn the idea into a fact4 ,here was the difficulty4 ,such men as had been pictured in the paper which ,mr4 ,knowles had published in the 8,nineteenth ,century ,review0 of ,february1 #ahhd1 are not met with every-day2 and no inquiries seemed to discover the wanted man who would be called upon to give all and expect nothing4 ,mr4 ,barnett and ,i had spent eleven years of life and work in ,whitechapel4 ,we were weary4 ,my health stores were limited and often exhausted1 and family circumstances had given us larger means and opportunities for travel4 ,we were therefore desirous to turn our backs on the strain1 the pain1 the passion and the poverty of ,east ,london1 at least for a year or two1 and take repose after work which had aged and weakened us4 ,but no other man was to be found who would and could do the work2 and1 if this child-thought was not to die1 it looked as if we must undertake to try and rear it4 ,we went to the ,mediterranean to consider the matter1 and solemnly1 on a ,sunday morning1 made our decision4 ,how well ,i recall the scene as we sat at the end of the quaint harbour-pier at ,mentone1 the blue waves dancing at our feet1 everything around scintillating with light and movement in contrast to the dull and dulling squalor of the neighbourhood which had been our home for eleven years1 and which our new decision would make our home for another indefinite spell of labour and effort4 8,god help us10 we said to each other2 and then we wired home to obtain the refusal of the big ,industrial ,school next to ,st4 ,jude's ,vicarage1 which had recently been vacated1 and which we thought to be a good site for the first ,settlement1 and returned to try and live up to the standard which we had unwittingly set for ourselves in describing in the article the unknown man who was wanted for ,warden4 ,the rest of the story is soon told4 ,the ,committee did the work1 bought the land1 engaged the architect 7,mr4 ,elijah ,hoole71 raised the money1 and interested more and more men1 who came for varying periods1 either to live1 to visit1 or to see what was being done4 ------------------------------------ ,on #aj ,march1 #ahhc1 ,arnold ,toynbee had died4 ,he had been our beloved and faithful friend1 ever since1 as a lad of eighteen1 his own mind then being chiefly concerned with military interests and ideals1 he had heard1 with the close interest of one treading untrodden paths1 facts about the toiling1 ignorant multitude whose lives were stunted by labour1 clouded by poverty1 and degraded by ignorance4 ,he had frequently been to see us at ,st4 ,jude's1 staying sometimes a few nights1 oftener tempting us to go a day or two with him into the country2 and ever wooing us with persistent hospitality to ,oxford4 ,once in #ahgi he had taken rooms over the ,charity ,organization ,office in ,commercial ,road1 hoping to spend part of the ,long ,vacation1 learning of the people2 but his health1 often weakly1 could not stand the noise of the traffic1 the sullenness of the aspect1 nor the pain which stands waiting at every corner2 and at the end of some two or three weeks he gave up the plan and left ,east ,london1 never to return except as our welcome guest4 ,his share of the movement was at ,oxford1 where with a subtle force of personality he attracted original or earnest minds of all degrees1 and turned their thoughts or faces towards the ,east ,end and its problems4 ,through him many men came to work with us1 while others were stirred by the meetings held in ,oxford1 or by the pamphlet called the 8,bitter ,cry10 which1 in spite of its exaggerations1 aroused many to think of the poor2 or by the stimulating teaching of ,professor ,t4 ,h4 ,green1 and by the constant1 kindly sympathy of the late ,master of ,balliol1 who startled some of his hearers1 who had not plumbed the depths of his wide1 wise sympathy1 by advising all young men1 whatever their career1 8to make some of their friends among the poor04 ,the #ajth of ,march1 #ahhd1 was a ,sunday1 and on the afternoon of that day ,balliol ,chapel was filled with a splendid body of men who had come together from all parts of ,england in loving memory of ,arnold ,toynbee1 on the anniversary of his death4 ,dr4 ,jowett had asked my husband to preach to them1 and they listened1 separating almost silently at the chapel porch1 filled1 one could almost feel1 by the aspiration to copy him in caring much1 if not doing much1 for those who had fallen by the way or were 8vacant of our glorious gains04 ,we had often chatted1 those of us who were busy planning the new ,settlement1 as to what to call it4 ,we did not mean the name to be descriptive2 it should1 we thought1 be free from every possible savour of a ,mission1 and yet it should in itself be suggestive of a noble aim4 ,as ,i sat on that ,sunday afternoon in the chapel1 one of the few women among the crowd of strong-brained1 clean-living men assembled in reverent affection for one man1 the thought flashed to me1 8,let us call the ,settlement ,toynbee ,hall04 ,to ,mr4 ,bolton ,king1 the honorary secretary of the committee1 had come the same idea1 and it1 finding favour with the committee1 was so decided1 and our new ,settlement received its name before a brick was laid or the plans concluded4 ,on the first day of ,july1 #ahhd1 the workmen began to pull down the old ,industrial ,school1 and to adapt such of it as was possible for the new uses2 and on ,christmas ,eve1 #ahhd1 the first settlers1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,leigh1 of ,corpus1 and ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,grinling1 of ,hertford1 slept in ,toynbee ,hall1 quickly followed by thirteen residents1 some of whom had been living in the neighbourhood of ,whitechapel1 some for a considerable length of time1 either singly or in groups1 one party inhabiting a small disused public-house1 others in model dwellings or in lodgings1 none of them being altogether suitable for their own good or the needs of those whom they would serve4 ,those men had become settlers before the ,settlement scheme was conceived1 and as such were conversant with the questions in the air4 ,it was an advantage also1 that they were of different ages1 friends of more than one ,university generation1 and linked together by a common friendship to us4 ,the present ,dean of ,ripon had for many years lent his house at ,no4 #c1 ,ship ,street1 for our use1 and so had enabled us to spend some consecutive weeks of each summer at ,oxford2 and during those years we had learnt to know the flower of the ,university1 counting1 as boy friends1 some men who have since become world-widely known2 some who have done the finest work and 8scorned to blot it with a name02 and others who1 as civil servants1 lawyers1 doctors1 country gentlemen1 business men1 have in the more humdrum walks of life carried into practice the same spirit of thoughtful sympathy which first brought them to inquire concerning those less endowed and deprived of life's joys1 or those who1 handicapped by birth1 training1 and environment1 had fallen by the way4 ,as to what ,toynbee ,hall has done and now is doing1 it is difficult for any one1 and impossible for me1 to speak4 ,perhaps ,i cannot be expected to see the wood for the trees4 ,those who have cared to come and see for themselves what is being done1 to stay in the house and join in its work1 know that ,toynbee ,hall1 ,whitechapel1 is a place where twenty ,university men live in order to work for1 to teach1 to learn of the poor4 ,since #ahhd the succession of residents has never failed4 ,men of varied opinions and many views1 both political and religious1 have lived harmoniously together1 some staying as long as fifteen years1 others remaining shorter periods4 ,all have left behind them marks of their residence2 sometimes in the policy of the local ,boards1 of which they have become members2 or in relation to the ,student ,residences2 or the ,antiquarian1 ,natural ,history1 or ,travelling ,clubs which individuals among them have founded2 or by busying themselves with classes1 debates1 conferences1 discussions4 ,their activities have been unceasing and manifold1 but looking over many years and many men it seems to my inferior womanly mind that the best work has been done by those men who have cared most deeply for individuals among the poor4 ,out of such deep care has grown intimate knowledge of their lives and industrial position1 and from knowledge has come improvement in laws1 conditions1 or administration4 ,it is such care that has awakened in the people the desire to seek what is best4 ,it is the care of those1 who1 loving ,god1 have taught others to know ,him4 ,it is the care of those who1 pursuing knowledge and rejoicing in learning1 have spread it among the ignorant more effectively than books1 classes or lectures could have done4 ,it is the care for the degraded which alone rouses them to care for themselves4 ,it is the care for the sickly1 the weak1 the oppressed1 the rich1 the powerful1 the happy1 the teacher and taught1 the employed and the employer1 which enables introduction to be made and interpretation of each other to be offered and accepted4 ,from this seed of deep individual care has grown a large crop of friendship1 and many flowers of graceful acts4 ,it is the duty of ,toynbee ,hall1 situated as it is at the gate of ,east ,london1 to play the part of a skilful host and introduce the ,east to the ,west2 but all the guests must be intimate friends1 or there will be social blunders4 ,to quote some words out of a report1 ,toynbee ,hall is 8an association of persons1 with different opinions and different tastes2 its unity is that of variety2 its methods are spiritual rather than material2 it aims at permeation rather than conversion2 and its trust is in friends linked to friends rather than in organization04444 ,it was a crowded meeting of the ,universities ,settlements ,association that was held in ,balliol ,hall in ,march1 #ahib1 it being known that ,dr4 ,jowett1 who had recently been dangerously ill1 would take the chair4 ,he spoke falteringly 7for he was still weakly71 and once there came an awful pause that paled the hearers who loved him1 in fear for his well-being4 ,he told something of his own connexion with the movement2 of how he had twice stayed with us in ,whitechapel1 and had seen men's efforts to lift this dead weight of ignorance and pain4 ,he referred to ,arnold ,toynbee1 one of the 8purest-minded of men10 and one who 8troubled himself greatly over the unequal position of mankind04 ,he told of the force of friendship which was to him sacred1 and 8some of which should be offered to the poor04 ,he dwelt on his own hopes for ,toynbee ,hall1 and of its uses to ,oxford1 as well as to ,whitechapel2 and he spoke also of us and our work1 but those words were conceived by his friendship for and his faith in us1 and hardly represented the facts4 ,they left out of sight what the ,master of ,balliol could only imperfectly know--the countless acts of kindness1 the silent gifts of patient service1 and the unobtrusive lives of many men2 their reverence before weakness and poverty1 their patience with misunderstanding1 their faith in the power of the best1 their tenderness to children and their boldness against vice4 ,these are the foundations on which ,toynbee ,hall has been built1 and on which it aims to raise the ideals of human life1 and strengthen faith in ,god4 ,,henrietta ,o4 ,,barnett4 ,,twenty-,,one ,,years ,,of ,,university ,,settlements4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,june1 #aije4 #a ,from 8,the ,university ,review04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,twenty-five years ago many social reformers were set on bringing about a co-operation between the ,universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge and the industrial classes4 ,arnold ,toynbee thought he could study at ,oxford during term time and lecture in great cities during the vacation4 ,professor ,stuart thought that ,university teaching might be extended among working people by means of centres locally established4 ,there were others to whom it seemed that no way could be so effective as the way of residence1 and they advocated a plan by which members of the ,university should during some years live their lives among the poor4 ,present social reformers have1 however1 other business on hand4 ,they think that something practical is of first importance1 some alteration in the land laws1 which would make good houses more possible--some modification of the relation between labour and capital1 which would spread the national wealth over a larger number of people4 ,they see something which ,parliament or the municipal bodies could do1 which seems to be very good1 and they are not disposed to spend time on democratizing the old ,universities or on humanizing the working-man4 ,the present generation of reformers claim to be practical1 but one who belongs to the past generation and is not without sympathy with the present1 may also claim that much depends on the methods by which good objects are secured4 ,there is truth in the saying that means are more important than ends4 ,many present evils are due to the means--the force1 the flattery1 the haste--by which good men of old time achieved their ends4 8,god forgive all good men0 was the prayer of ,charles ,kingsley4 ,reformers may to-day pass laws which would exalt the poor and bring down the rich1 but if in the passing of such laws bitterness1 anger1 and uncharitableness were increased1 and if1 as the result1 the exalted poor proved incapable of using or of enjoying their power--another giant behaving like a giant--where would be the world's gain8 ,the important thing surely is not that the poor shall be exalted1 but that rich and poor shall equally feel the joy of their being and1 living together in peace and goodwill1 make a society to be a blessing to all nations4 ,co-operation between the ,universities and working men1 between knowledge and industry1 might--it seemed to the reformers of old days--make a force which would secure a reform not to be reformed1 a repentance not to be repented of1 a sort of progress whose means would justify its end4 ,the ,universities have the knowledge of human things4 ,their professors and teachers have1 in some measure1 the secret of living1 they know that life consists not in possessions1 and that society has other bonds than force or selfishness1 and they offer in their homes the best example of simple and refined living4 ,they have studied the art of expression1 and can put into words the thoughts of many hearts4 ,they look with the eye of science over the fields of history1 they appreciate tradition at its proper value1 and are familiar with the mistakes which1 in old times1 broke up great hopes4 ,their minds are trained to leap from point to point in thought4 ,they have followed the struggles of humanity towards its ideals1 they know something of what is in man1 and something of what he can possibly achieve4 ,if these national ,universities1 with their wealth of knowledge1 felt at the same time the pressure of those problems which mean suffering to the workmen1 they would be watch-towers from which watchmen would discern the signs of the times1 those movements on the horizon now as small as a man's hand but soon to cover the sky4 ,if by sympathy they felt the unrest1 which all over the world is giving cause for disquietude to those in authority1 they would give a form to the wants1 and show to those who cry1 and those who listen1 the meaning of the unrest4 ,if they were in touch with the industrial classes1 they would adapt their teaching to the needs and understandings of men1 struggling to secure their position in a changing industrial system1 and better acquainted with facts than with theories about facts4 ,a democratized ,university would be constrained to give forth the principles which underlie social progress1 to show the nation what is alterable and unalterable in the structure of society--what there is for pride or for shame in its past history1 what is the expenditure which makes or destroys wealth--it would be driven to help to solve the mystery of the unemployed1 why there should be so much unemployment when there must be so great a demand for employment if people are to be fitly clothed and fed and housed4 ,it would1 at any rate1 guide the nation to remedies which would not be worse than the disease4 8,how10 it was once asked of an ,oxford professor1 8can the ,university be adapted to take its place in modern progress40 ,his answer was 8,by establishing in its neighbourhood a great industrial centre40 ,the presence1 that is to say1 of workmen would bring the ,universities to face the realities of the day1 raise their policy to something more important than that of compulsory ,greek1 and direct their teaching to other needs than those felt by the limited class1 whose children become undergraduates or listeners to an 8extension lecturer04 ,a committee of the ,university dons has been described as a meeting where each member is only a critic1 where nothing simple or practical has a chance of adoption1 and only a paradox gets attention4 ,if labour were heard knocking at its doors1 and demanding that the national knowledge1 of which the ,universities are the trustees1 should be put at its service1 the same committee would cease criticizing and begin to be practical4 ,knowledge without industry is often selfishness4 ,if ,oxford and ,cambridge need what workmen can give1 the workmen have no less need of the ,universities4 ,workmen have the strength of character which comes of daily contact with necessity1 the discipline of labour1 sympathy with the sorrow and sufferings of neighbours with whose infirmities they themselves are touched4 ,the working classes have on their side the force of sacrifice and the power of numbers4 ,they have the future in their hands4 ,if they had their share of the knowledge stored in the ,national ,universities they would know better at what to aim1 what to do1 and how to do it4 ,they1 as it is1 are often blind and unreasoning4 ,blind to the things which really satisfy human nature while they eagerly follow after their husks1 unable to pursue a chain of thought while they readily act on some gaudy dogma1 inclined to think food the chief good1 selfishness the one motive of action1 and force the only remedy4 ,the speeches of candidates for workmen's constituencies--their promises--their jokes--their appeals are the measure of the industrial mind4 ,how would a ,parliament of workmen deal with those elements which make so large a part of the nation's strength--its traditions--its literature--its natural scenery--its art8 ,what sort of education would it foster8 ,would it recognize that the imagination is the joy of life and a commercial asset1 that unity depends on variety1 that respect and not only toleration is due to honest opponents8 ,how would it understand the people of ,india or deal reverently with the intricate motives1 the fears and hopes of other nations8 ,how would workmen themselves fulfil their place in the future if well-fed1 well-clothed1 and well-housed1 they had no other recreation than the spectacle of a football match8 ,industry without knowledge is often brutality4 ,workmen have the energy1 the honesty1 the fellow feeling1 the habit of sacrifice which are probably the best part of the national inheritance1 but as a class they have not knowledge of human things1 the delicate sense which sees what is in man--the judgment which knows the value of evidence--the feeling which would guide them to distinguish idols from ideals and set them on making a ,society in which every human being shall enjoy the fullness of his being4 ,they have not insight nor far-sight and their frequent attitude is that of suspicion4 ,if sometimes ,i am asked what ,i desire for ,east ,london ,i think of all the goodness1 the struggles1 the suffering ,i have seen--the sorrows of the poor and the many fruitless remedies--and ,i say 8more education10 8higher education04 ,people cannot really be raised by gifts or food or houses4 ,a healthy body may be used for low as for high objects4 ,people must raise themselves--that which raises a man like that which defiles a man comes from within a man4 ,people therefore must have the education which will reveal to them the powers within themselves and within other men1 their capacities for thinking and feeling1 for admiration1 hope and love4 ,they must be made something more than instruments of production1 they must be made capable of enjoying the highest things4 ,they need therefore something more than technical teaching1 it is not enough for ,england to be the workshop of the world1 it must export thoughts and hopes as well as machines4 ,the ,tower of ,london would be a better defence for the nation if it were a centre of teaching1 than as a barracks for soldiers4 ,the working class movement which is so full of promise for the nation seems to me likely to fail unless it be inspired by the human knowledge which the ,universities represent4 ,working-men without such knowledge will--to say nothing else--be always suspicious as to one another and as to the objects which they seek4 ,the old ,universities and industry must1 if this analysis be near the truth1 co-operate for social reform4 ,there are many ways to bring them together4 ,the ,university extension movement might be worked by the hands of the great labour organizations--legislation might adapt the constitution of the ,universities to the coming days of labour ascendancy--workmen might be brought up to graduate in colleges1 and they might1 as an experiment1 be allowed to use existing colleges during vacations4 ,but the subject of this paper is the 8way of ,settlements04 ,members of the ,universities1 it is claimed1 may for a few years settle in industrial centres1 and in natural intercourse come into contact with their neighbours4 ,there is nothing like contact for giving or getting understanding4 ,there is no lecture and no book so effective as life4 ,culture spreads by contact4 ,university men who are known as neighbours1 who are met in the streets1 in the clubs1 and on committees1 who can be visited in their own rooms1 amid their own books and pictures1 commend what the ,university stands for as it cannot otherwise be commended4 ,on the other hand workmen who are casually and frequently met1 whose idle words become familiar1 whose homes are known1 reveal the workman mind as it is not revealed by clever essayists or by orators of their own class4 ,the friendship of one man of knowledge and one man of industry may go but a small way to bring together the ,universities and the working classes1 but it is such friendship which prepares the way for the understanding which underlies co-operation4 ,if misunderstanding is war1 understanding is peace4 ,the men who settle may either take rooms by themselves1 or they may associate themselves in a ,settlement4 ,there is something to be said for each plan4 ,the advantage of ,settlement is that a body of ,university men living together keep up the distinctive characteristics of their training1 they better resist the tendency to put on the universal drab1 and they bring a variety into their neighbourhood4 ,they are helped1 too1 by the companionship of their fellows1 to take larger views of what is wanted1 their enthusiasm for progress is kept alive and at the same time well pruned by friendly and severe criticism4 ,but whether men live in lodgings or in ,settlements1 there is one necessary condition besides that of social interest if they are to be successful in uniting knowledge and industry in social reform4 ,they must live their own life4 ,there must be no affectation of asceticism1 and no consciousness of superiority4 ,they must show forth the taste1 the mind and the faith that is in them4 ,they have not come as 8missioners10 they have come to settle1 that is1 to learn as much as to teach1 to receive as much as to give4 ,settlements which have been started during the last twenty years have not always fulfilled this condition4 ,many have become centres of missionary effort4 ,they have often been powerful for good1 and their works done by active and devoted men or women have so disturbed the water1 that many unknown sick folk have been healed4 ,they1 however1 are primarily missions4 ,a ,settlement in the original idea was not a mission1 but a means by which ,university men and workmen might by natural intercourse get to understand one another1 and co-operate in social reform4 ,there are many instances of such understanding and co-operation4 ,twenty years ago primary education was much as it had been left by ,mr4 ,lowe4 ,some ,university men living in a ,settlement soon became conscious of the loss involved in the system1 they talked with neighbours who by themselves were unconscious of the loss till inspired1 and inspiring they formed an ,education ,reform ,league4 ,there were committees1 meetings1 and public addresses4 ,the league was a small affair1 and seems to be little among the forces of the time4 ,but every one of its proposals have been carried out4 ,some of its members in high official positions have wielded with effect the principles which were elaborated in the forge at which they and working men sweated together4 ,others of its members on local authorities or as citizens have never forgotten the inner meaning of education as they learnt it from their ,university friends4 ,another instance may be offered4 ,the relief of the poor is a subject on which the employing and the employed classes naturally incline to take different views4 ,they suspect one another's remedies4 ,the working men hate both the charity of the rich and the strict administration of the economist1 while they themselves talk a somewhat impracticable socialism4 ,university men who assist in such relief1 are naturally suspected as members of the employing class4 ,a few men1 however1 who as residents had become known in other relations1 and were recognized as human1 induced some workmen to take part in administering relief4 ,together they faced actual problems1 together they made mistakes1 together they felt sympathy with sorrow1 and saw the break-down of their carefully designed action4 ,the process went on for years1 the personnel of the body of fellow-workers has changed1 but there has been a gradual approach from the different points of view4 ,the ,university men have more acutely realized some of the causes of distress1 the need of preserving and holding up self-respect1 the pressure of the industrial system1 and the claim of sufferers from this system to some compensation4 ,they have learnt through their hearts4 ,the workmen1 on the other hand1 have realized the failure of mere relief to do permanent good1 the importance of thought in every case1 and the kindness of severity4 ,the result of this co-operation may be traced in the fact that workmen1 economists and socialists have been found advocating the same principle of relief1 and now more lately in the establishment of ,mr4 ,long's committee which is carrying those principles into effect4 ,far be it from me to claim that this committee is the direct outcome of the association of ,university and working-men1 or to assert that this committee has discovered the secret of poverty1 but it is certain that this committee represents the approach of two different views of relief1 and that among some of its active members are workmen and ,university men who as neighbours in frequent intercourse learnt to respect and trust one another4 ,there is one other instance which is also of interest4 ,local ,government is the corner-stone in the ,english ,constitution4 ,the people in their own neighbourhoods learn what self-government means1 as their own ,councils and ,boards make them happy or unhappy4 ,the government in industrial neighbourhoods is often bad1 sometimes because the members are self-seekers1 more often because they are ignorant or vainglorious4 ,how can it be otherwise8 ,if the industrial neighbourhood is self-contained1 as for example in ,east ,london1 it has few inhabitants with the necessary leisure for study or for frequent attendance at the meetings4 ,if it is part of a larger government--as in county boroughs--it is unknown to the majority of the community4 ,the consequence is that the neighbourhoods wanting most light and most water and most space have the least1 and that bodies whose chief concern should be health and education waste their time and their rates arranging their contracts so as to support local labour4 ,in a word1 industrial neighbourhoods suffer for want of a voice to express their needs and for the want of the knowledge which can distinguish man from man1 recognize the relative importance of spending and saving1 and encourage mutual self-respect4 ,university men may and in some measure have met this want4 ,they1 by residence1 have learnt the wants1 and their voice has helped to bring about the more equal treatment which industrial districts are now receiving4 ,they have often1 for instance1 been instrumental in getting the ,libraries' ,act adopted4 ,they have as members of local bodies learnt much and taught something4 ,they have always won the respect of their fellow-members1 and if not always successful in preventing the neighbourly kindnesses which seem to them to be 8jobs10 or in forwarding expenditure which seems to them the best economy1 they have kept up the lights along the course of public honour4 ,there are other examples in which results cannot be so easily traced4 ,there have been friendships formed at clubs which have for ever changed the respective points of view affecting both taste and opinion4 ,there have been new ideas born in discussion classes1 which1 beginning in special talk about some one subject1 have ended in fireside confidences over the deepest subjects of life and faith4 ,there have been common pleasures1 travels1 and visits in which every one has felt new interest1 seeing things with other eyes1 and learning that the best and most lasting amusement comes from mind activity4 ,the ,university man who has a friend among the poor henceforth sees the whole class differently through that medium1 and so it is with the workman who has a ,university man as his friend4 ,the glory of a ,settlement is not that it has spread opinions1 or increased temperance1 or relieved distress1 but that it has promoted peace and goodwill4 ,but enough has been said to illustrate the point that by the way of residence the forces of knowledge and industry are brought into co-operation4 ,the way1 if long1 is practicable4 ,more men might live among the poor4 ,the effort to do so involves the sacrifice of much which habits of luxury have marked as necessary4 ,it involves the daring to be peculiar1 which is often especially hard for the man who in the public school has learnt to support himself on school tradition4 ,nothing has been said as to the effect of ,settlements on ,oxford and ,cambridge4 ,there does not seem to be much change in the attitude of these ,universities to social reform1 and they are not apparently moved by any impulse which comes from workmen4 ,but judgment in this matter must be cautious as changes may be going on unnoticed4 ,it is certain1 at any rate1 that the individual members who have lived among the poor are changed4 ,if a greater number would live in the same way that experience could not fail ultimately to influence ,university life4 ,social reform will soon be the all-absorbing interest as the modern realization of the claims of human nature and the growing power of the people1 will not tolerate many of the present conditions of industrial life4 ,the well-being of the future depends on the methods by which reform proceeds4 ,reforms in the past have often been disappointing4 ,they have been made in the name of the rights of one class1 and have ended in the assertion of rights over another class4 ,they have been made by force and produced reaction4 ,they have been done for the people not by the people1 and have never been assimilated4 ,the method by which knowledge and industry may co-operate has yet to be tried1 and one way in which to bring about such co-operation is the way of ,university ,settlements4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,poverty ,,and ,,labour4 ,the ,ethics of the ,poor ,law--,poverty1 its ,cause and ,cure--,babies of the ,state--,poor ,law ,reform--,the ,unemployed--,the ,poor ,law ,report--,widows under the ,poor ,law--,the ,press and ,charitable ,funds--,what is ,possible in ,poor ,law ,reform--,charity ,up ,to ,date--,what ,labour wants--,our ,present ,discontents4 ,,the ,,ethics ,,of ,,the ,,poor ,,law4#a ,,by ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,october1 #aijg4 #a ,a ,paper read at the ,church ,congress at ,yarmouth4 ,for the purpose of this paper1 ,i propose to divide the history of the ,poor ,laws into five divisions1 and briefly to trace for #ejj years the growth of thought which inspired their inception and directed their administration4 ,during the first period1 from the reign of ,richard ,,ii 7#achh7 to that of ,henry ,,vii1 such laws as were framed were mainly directed against vagrancy4 ,there was no pretence that these enactments1 which controlled the actions of the 8valiant rogue0 or 8sturdy vagabond10 were instituted for the good of the individual4 ,it was for the protection of the community that they were framed1 the recognition that a man's poverty was the result of his own fault being the root of many statutes4 ,against begging severe penalties were enforced3 men were forbidden to leave their own dwelling-places1 and the workless wanderer met with no pity and scant justice4 ,later1 as begging seemed but little nearer to extinction1 the justices were instructed to determine definite areas in which beggars could solicit alms4 ,thus was inaugurated the first effort to make each district responsible for its own poor4 ,persons who were caught begging outside such areas were dealt with with a severity which now seems almost incredible4 ,for the first offence they were beaten1 for the second they had their ears mutilated 7so that all men could see they had thus transgressed71 and for the third they were condemned to suffer 8the execution of death as an enemy of the commonwealth04 ,later1 the further sting was added1 8without benefit of clergy04 ,put briefly1 these laws said1 8,poverty demands punishment04 ,but men could not deny that all the dependent poor were not so by choice4 ,in the reign of ,henry ,,viii 7#aecf71 discrimination was made between 8the poor impotent sick and diseased persons not being able to work1 who may be provided for1 holpen1 and relieved10 and 8such as be lusty and able to get their living with their own hands04 ,for the assistance of the former1 the clergy were bidden to exhort their people to give offerings into their hands so that the needy should be succoured4 ,this began what ,i may call the second period1 when pity scattered its ideas among the leaves of the statute book4 ,in the reign of ,edward ,,vi 7the child ,king71 the first recognition of the duty of rescuing children appears to be the subject of an ,act whereby persons were 8authorized to take neglected children between five and fourteen away from their parents to be brought up in honest labour04 ,this was followed by the declaration that the neglect of parental duties was illegal1 and punishments were specified for those who 8do run away from their parishes and leave their families04 ,put briefly1 these laws said1 8,poverty demands pity04 ,during the fifty years 7#aeeh-afjc7 when ,elizabeth held the sceptre1 important changes took place4 ,her realm1 we read1 was 8exceedingly pestered0 by 8disorderly persons1 incorrigible rogues1 and sturdy beggars10 while the lamentable condition of 8the poor1 the lame1 the sick1 the impotent and decayed persons0 was augmented by the suppression of the monasteries and other religious organizations which had hitherto done much to assuage their sufferings4 ,the noble band of men1 whom that great woman attracted and stimulated1 faced the subject as statesmen1 and the epoch-making enactment of #afja still bears fruit in our midst4 ,broadly1 the position of the supporters in relation to the supported was considered1 and for the advantage of both it was enacted that 8a stock of wool1 hemp1 flax1 iron1 and other stuff0 should be bought 8to be wrought by those of the needy able to labour10 so that they might maintain themselves4 8,houses of correction0 were established1 to which any person refusing to labour was to be committed1 where they were to be clothed 8in convenient apparel meet for such a body to weare10 and 8to be kept straitly in diet and punished from time to time04 ,in this ,act the duty of supporting persons in 8unfeigned misery0 was made compulsory1 power being given to tax the 8froward persons0 who 8resisted the gentle persuasions of the justices0 and 8withheld of their largesse04 ,thus the system of poor rating was established1 and the maintenance of the needy drifted out of the hands of the ,church into the hands of the ,state4 ,neither of the motives which had ruled action in the previous centuries was disclaimed4 ,that the idle poor deserve punishment1 and that the suffering poor demand pity1 were still held to be true1 but to these principles was added the new one that the ,state was responsible for both4 ,in order to ease the burdens of the charitable1 the idle must be compelled to support themselves1 and in the almost incredible event of any one who1 having this world's goods1 yet refused to be charitable1 provision was made to compel him to contribute1 so as to hinder injustice being done to the man who gave willingly4 ,put briefly1 these laws said1 8,poverty demands scientific treatment04 ,during the next two centuries great strides were made in the directions indicated by each of these three principles4 ,the right to punish persons who would not work 8for the ordinary wages0 was extended from that legalized in ,elizabeth's time of being 8openly whipped till his body was bloody10 to the drastic statute of the reign of ,charles ,,ii1 when it became lawful to transport the beggars and rogues 8to any of the ,english plantations beyond the seas10 while the effort to create the shame of pauperism was made by the legislators of ,william ,,iii1 who commanded that every recipient of public charity should wear 8a large #8,p' on the shoulder of the right sleeve of his habilement04 ,pity was shown to the old1 for whom refuges were provided and work such as they could perform arranged2 the lame were apprenticed2 the lives of the illegitimate protected2 the blind relieved2 the children whose parents could not or would not keep them were set to work or supported2 lunatics were protected2 and infectious diseases recognized4 ,the whole gamut of the woes of civilization as they gradually came into being were brought into relation with the ,state1 whose sphere of duty to relieve suffering or assuage the consequences of sin was ever enlarging1 until1 in the reign of ,george ,,iii1 we find it including penitentiaries1 and the apprenticing of lads to the ,king's ships4 ,the organization to meet these needs grew apace2 guardians were appointed1 unions were formed1 workhouses were built 7the first erected at ,bristol in #afig71 a system of inspection was instituted1 relieving officers were established1 areas definitely laid down1 and the function of officials prescribed4 ,but abuses crept in1 and in #afia we find that an ,act recites 8that overseers1 upon frivolous pretences1 but chiefly for their own private ends1 do give relief to what persons and number they think fit04 ,and yet another ,act was passed to enable parish authorities to be punished for paying the poor their pittances in bad coin4 ,still1 it is probable that out of the two principles 7roughly consistent with the unwritten laws of ,god in nature7 there would have been evolved some practicable method of ,state-administered relief1 had it not happened that the high cost of provisions 7following the war with ,france7 and the consequent sufferings of the 8industrious indigent0 so moved the magistrates at the end of the eighteenth century1 that in #agie they decided to give out-relief to every labourer in proportion to the number of his family and the price of wheat1 without reference to the fact of his being in or out of employment4 ,the effect was disastrous4 ,the rich found no call to give their charity1 and the poor no call to work4 ,the rates ate up the value of the land1 and farms were left without tenants1 because it became impossible to pay the rates1 which often reached #a per acre4 ,but an even worse effect was the demoralization of society4 ,the stimulus towards personal effort and self-control was removed1 for the idle and incompetent received from the rates what their labour or character failed to provide for them2 and wages were reduced because employers realized that their workmen would get relief4 ,drink and dissipation1 deception and dependence1 cheating and chicanery1 became common4 ,society threatened in those years to break up4 ,it is a curious comment that a humane poor law stands out as chief amid the dissolving forces1 so blind is pity if it be not instructed4 ,this condition of things pressed for reform1 and in #ahcb a ,poor ,law ,commission was appointed1 which has left an indelible mark on ,english life4 ,the ,commissioners1 like able physicians1 diagnosed the disease1 and dealt directly with its cause1 prescribing for its cure remedies which may be classed under two heads3-- ,i4--,the ,principle of ,national ,uniformity4 ,,ii4--,the ,principle of ,less ,eligibility4 ,the principle of national uniformity--that is1 identity of treatment of each class of destitute persons from one end of the kingdom to the other--had for its purpose the reduction of the 8perpetual shifting0 from parish to parish1 and the prevention of discontent in persons who saw the paupers of a neighbouring parish treated more leniently than themselves4 ,the principle of less eligibility1 or1 to put it in the words of the report1 that 8the situation of the individual relieved0 shall not 8be made really or apparently so eligible as the situation of the independent labourer of the lowest class10 had for its purpose the restoration of the dignity of work and the steadying of the labour market4 ,put briefly1 the ,commission said1 8,poverty demands principles40 ,the workhouse system1 with all its ramifications1 has grown out of these two principles1 and in its development it has1 if not wholly dropped the principles1 at least considerably confused them4 ,national uniformity no longer exists1 even as an ideal4 ,less eligibility is forgotten1 as boards vie with each other to produce more costly and up-to-date institutions4 ,out-relief is still given1 after investigation and to certain classes of applicants and under particular conditions2 but the creation of the spirit of institutionalism is the main result of the #ahcd commission4 ,and now1 to-day1 what do we see8 ,an army of #fjb1jid paupers1 some #bba1eca of whom are hidden away in monster institutions4 ,let us face the facts1 calmly realize that one person in every thirty-eight is dependent on the rates1 either wholly or partially4 ,where are the old1 the honoured old8 ,in their homes1 teaching their grand-children reverence for age and sympathy for weakness8 ,no2 sitting in rows in the workhouse wards waiting for death1 their enfeebled lives empty of interest1 their uncultivated minds feeding on discontent1 often made querulous or spiteful by close contact4 ,where are the able-bodied who are too ignorant and undisciplined to earn their own livelihood8 ,are they under training1 stimulated to labour by the gift of hope8 ,no2 for the most part they are in the workhouses4 ,have you ever seen them there8 ,resentment on their faces1 slackness in their limbs1 individuality merged in routine1 kept there1 often fed and housed in undue comfort1 but sinking1 ever sinking1 below the height of their calling as human beings and ,christ's brothers and sisters8 ,where are the #fi1jhj children who at the date of the last return were wholly dependent on the ,state8 ,in somebody's home8 ,sharing somebody's hearth8 ,finding their way into somebody's heart8 ,no2 #h1fei are boarded out1 but #ba1cff are still in workhouses and workhouse infirmaries1 and #bj1bbi in large institutions2 disciplined1 taught1 drilled1 controlled1 it is true1 often with kindliness and conscientious supervision1 but for the most part lacking in the music of their lives that one note of love1 which alone can turn all from discord to harmony4 ,where are the sick1 the imbecile1 the decayed1 worn out with their lifelong fight with poverty8 ,are they adequately classified8 ,are the consumptive in open-air sanitoria8 the imbeciles tenderly protected1 while encouraged to use their feeble brains8 ,no2 they are in infirmaries1 often admirably conducted1 but divorced from normal life and its refreshment or stimulus1 deprived of freedom1 put out of sight in vast mansions2 all sorts of distress often so intermingled as to aggravate disorders and embitter the sufferer's dreary days4 ,and yet we all know that the rates are very heavy1 and that the struggling poor are cruelly handicapped to keep the idle1 the old1 the young1 the sick4 ,we have all read of the culpable extravagance and dishonest waste which goes on behind the high walls of the palatial institutions governed by the 8guardians10 who should be the guardians of the public purse as well as of the helpless poor4 ,the village built for the children of the ,bermondsey ,union has cost over #cbj per bed1 and last year each child kept there cost #a #js4 #f;d4 per week4 ,it is said that the porcelain baths provided for the children of the ,mile ,end ,union were priced at from #ah to #bj each1 while it is stated that the cost of erecting and equipping the pauper village for the children chargeable to the ,liverpool ,select ,vestry worked out at #ccj per inmate4 ,for ,england and ,wales the pauper bill was in #aije #ac1hea1iha1 or #ae #acs4 #c;d4 for each pauper4 ,and are we satisfied with what we are purchasing with the money8 ,is even the ,socialist content with the giant workhouses--8',omes of rest for them as is tired of working10 as a tourist tram-conductor described the ,brighton ,workhouse8 ,with the children's pauper villages composed of electrically-lit villa residences8 ,with the huge barrack schools1 oppressively clean and orderly1 where many apparatus for domestic labour-saving are considered suitable for training girls to be workmen's wives8 ,are we1 as ,londoners1 proud to reply to the intelligent foreigner that the magnificent building occupying one of the best and most expensive sites on a main thoroughfare of ,west ,london is the 8rubbish heap of humanity10 where1 cast among enervating surroundings1 a full stop is put to any effortful progress for character building8 ,no2 and ,i know ,i shall find an echo of that emphatic 8,no0 in the heart of each of my hearers4 ,we1 as ,christians1 are not satisfied with the treatment of our dependent poor4 ,the spirit of repression which was paramount before ,elizabeth's time is with us still2 the spirit of humanitarianism which arose in her great reign is with us still2 but both have taken the form of institutionalism1 and with that no one who believes in the value of the individual can be rightfully satisfied2 for while the body is pampered no demands are made on the soul1 no calls for achievement1 for conquest of bad tendencies or idle habits4 ,broadly speaking1 the repression policy failed because it was not humanitarian2 the humanitarian policy failed because it was not scientific2 the scientific policy is failing because by institutionalism individualism is crushed out4 ,what is it we want8 ,there is discontent among the thoughtful who observe2 discontent among the workers who pay2 discontent among the paupers who receive4 ,but discontent is barren unless married to ideals1 and they must be founded on principles4 ,may ,i suggest one8 8,all ,state relief should be educational1 aiming by the strengthening of character to make the recipient independent40 ,if the applicant be idle1 the ,state must develop in him an interest in work4 ,it must1 therefore1 detain him perhaps for years in a workhouse or on a farm2 but not to do dull and dreary labour at stone-breaking or oakum-picking4 ,it must give him work which satisfies the human longing to make something1 and opens to him the door of hope4 ,if the applicant be ignorant and workless1 it must teach him1 establishing something like day industrial schools1 in which the man would learn and earn1 but in which he would feel no desire to stay when other work offers4 ,we must revive the spirit of the principle of #ahcd1 and see that the position of the pauper be not as eligible as that of the independent workman2 there must always be a centrifugal force from the centre of relief1 driving the relieved to seek work2 but this force need not be terror or repression4 ,a system of training1 a process of development1 would be equally effective in deterring imposition4 ,scientific treatment of the poor need not1 therefore1 be inconsistent with that which is most humane4 ,the same principle as to the primary importance of developing character must be kept in view1 though with somewhat different application1 when the people to be helped are the sick1 the old1 and the children4 ,thus the sick1 by convalescent homes1 by the best nursing and the most skilled attention1 should be as quickly as possible made fit for work4#b #b ,how does this harmonize with the practice of turning the lying-in mother out after fourteen days8 ,the children should be absorbed into the normal life of the population1 and helped to forget they are paupers4#c #c ,how does this harmonize with the practice of keeping them in barrack schools1 in pauper villages8 ,the aged should be left in their own homes1 supported by some system of ,state pensions1 unconsciously teaching lessons of patience to those who tend them1 and giving of their painfully obtained experience lessons of hope or warning4#d #d ,how does this harmonize with the fact that there are thousands of people over sixty years of age in our ,state institutions8 ,has it ever occurred to the statistical inquirers to ascertain the death-rate of babies in relation to the absence of their grand-parents8 ,the revelation to this age is the law of development1 and it can be seen in the laws which govern ,society as well as those which govern ,nature4 ,slowly has been evolved the knowledge of the duty of the ,state to its members4 ,repression of evil1 pity for suffering1 systematizing of relief2 each has given place to the other1 and all have left the ,christian conscience ill at ease4 ,development of character is before us1 and it is for the ,church to 8see visions0 and to open the eyes of the blind to its ideals4 ,what shall they be8 ,as teachers of the reality of the spiritual life ,i would ask you1 as clergy1 first1 to serve on poor-law boards1 and1 secondly1 to consider each individual as an individual capable of development2 each drunken man1 each lawless woman1 each feeble-minded creature1 each unruly child1 each plastic baby1 each old crone1 each desecrated body3 let us place each side by side with ,christ and their own possibilities1 and then vote and work to give each an upward push1 remembering that to allow freedom for choice and to withhold aid are often duties1 for on all individual souls is laid the command to 8work out their own salvation in fear and trembling04 ,put briefly1 ,christians must say1 8,poverty demands prayer04 ,,henrietta ,o4 ,,barnett4 ,,poverty1 ,,its ,,cause ,,and ,,its ,,cure4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 #a ,a ,paper read at the ,summer ,school for the ,study of ,social ,questions held at ,hayfield1 ,june #bbnd to #bith1 #aijg4 ,poverty is a relative term4 ,the citizen whose cottage home1 with its bright housewife and happy children1 is as light in our land1 is poor in comparison with the occupant of some stately mansion4 ,but his poverty is not an evil to be cured4 ,it is a sign that life does not depend on possessions1 and the existence of poor men alongside of rich men1 each of whom lives a full human life in different circumstances1 make up the society of the earthly paradise4 ,the poverty which has to be cured is the poverty which degrades human nature1 and makes impossible for the ordinary man his enjoyment of the powers and the tastes with which he was endowed at his birth4 ,this is the poverty familiar in our streets1 more familiar1 we are told1 than in the streets of any foreign town4 ,this is the poverty by which men and women and children are kept from nourishment and sent out to work weak in body and open to every temptation to drink4 ,this is the poverty which makes men slaves to work and uninterested in the magnificent drama of nature or life4 ,this is the poverty which lets thousands of our people sink into pauperism4 ,what is the cause and the cure of this poverty8 ,the cause may be said to be the sin or the selfishness of rich and poor1 and its cure to be the raising of all men to the level of ,christ4 ,the world might be as pleasant and as fruitful as ,eden1 but so long as some men are idle and some men are greedy1 poverty and other evils are sure to invade4 ,man is always stronger than his environment4 ,he may be a prisoner in the midst of pleasures1 and he may prove that walls cannot a prison make4 ,character may thus be truly said to be the one necessary equipment for climbing the hill of life1 and every remedy which is suggested for those who stumble and fall must be judged by its effect on character4 ,the dangers of the relief which weakens self-reliance have been recognized1 the kindness which removes every hindrance from the way has been seen to relax effort2 but even so there is no justification for law and custom to intrude obstacles to make the way harder or to bind on life's wayfarer extra burdens4 ,our subject thus presents two questions3 #a4 ,how is character to be strengthened8 #b4 ,how are the obstacles imposed by law and custom to be removed8 #a4 ,character largely depends on health and education4 ,children born of overworked parents2 fed on food which does not nourish2 brought up in close air and physicked over-much cannot have the physical strength which is the basis of courage4 ,the importance of health is recognized1 and every year more is done to spread knowledge and enforce sanitary law4 ,but the neglect of past generations has to be made up1 and few of us yet realize what is necessary4 ,the rate of infant mortality is a safe index of unhealthy conditions1 and until that is lowered we may be sure of a drift towards poverty4 ,there are two directions in which energy should push effort3 7a7 ,more space should be secured about houses so that in the fullest sense every inhabited house might be a 8living0 house1 with a sufficiency of air and space and water to enable every inmate to feel in himself the spring of being4 7b7 ,the ,medical ,officer of ,health should be responsible for the health of every one in his district4 ,he should be at the head of the ,poor ,law ,medical ,officers1 of the ,dispensary1 of the ,hospitals1 and of the ,infirmary4 ,he should be able not only to report on unhealthy areas but to order for every sick person the treatment which is necessary4 ,medical relief and direction should be a right1 not a favour grudgingly given through ,relieving ,officers4 ,he should be able to prevent mothers working under conditions prejudicial to the health of their children4 ,he should be the authorized recognized centre of information and direct the spread of knowledge4 ,disraeli1 years ago1 set up as a ,reform cry1 ,sanitas sanitatum1 omnia sanitas4 ,much money has been spent in the name of health1 and hospitals have been doubled in efficiency1 but because of physical weakness recruits are unfit for the army1 and family after family drop into poverty4 ,the need is some authority to bring the many efforts into order1 and that authority should be1 ,i submit1 a ,medical ,officer responsible for the health of every person in his district4 ,but when children are strong in body they do not necessarily become strong characters4 ,they must be educated4 ,perhaps it might be said that it would be a fair division of labour if1 while the school developed children's minds1 the home developed their characters4 ,but the fact must be faced that either through neglect or greed the home has largely failed in its part4 ,the schools of the richer classes recognize this fact and set themselves to develop character4 ,they produce1 as a rule1 self-reliant men and women1 wanting1 perhaps1 in sympathy and moral thoughtfulness1 careless1 perhaps1 of others' poverty1 not always intelligent1 but strong in qualities which keep them from poverty4 ,the schools of the industrial classes are models of order1 the teachers teach admirably and work hard1 the children satisfy examiners and inspectors1 their handwriting is good1 their pronunciation--in school--is careful1 they can answer questions on hygiene1 on thrift1 on history1 on chemistry1 and a half a dozen other subjects4 ,but they have not resourcefulness1 they are without interests which occupy their minds1 they shun adventure and seek safe places1 they have not the character which enjoys a struggle and resists the inroads of poverty1 they have little hold on ideals which force them to sacrifice1 they soon become untidy1 they are an easy prey to excitement1 and depend on others rather than on themselves4 ,the problem how to educate character is full of difficulties4 ,happily there are workmen's homes where1 by the example of the parents and by the order of the household1 children enter the world well equipped1 and become leaders in industry and politics1 but how in the twenty-seven hours of school time each week to educate mind and character is a problem not to be solved in a few words4 ,perhaps the first thing to be done is to extend the hours of school time2 children might come to the school buildings on ,saturdays1 and daily between five and seven1 to play ordered games1 and learn to take a beating without crying2 boys and girls might be compelled to attend continuation schools up to the age of eighteen1 and experience the joy of new interests2 the age of leaving might be raised2 the classes in the day schools might be smaller2 the subjects taught might be fewer2 the teachers might be left more responsible2 and the recreation of the children might be more considered4 ,persons1 not subjects1 make character4 ,the teachers in our elementary schools must1 therefore1 be more in number1 have more time to know their pupils1 and feel more responsible for each individual4 ,religion is1 of course1 the great character former1 but our unhappy divisions put the subject outside friendly discussion4 ,all that can be said is that the religious teacher who recognizes in all his ways that he is 8under ,authority0 unconsciously moulds character1 and all we can wish is that he may have more time and a smaller class4 ,we1 who set ourselves to root out poverty1 will do well to look above the cries and claims of religious denominations1 while we consider how our national schools may help to form the character1 without which neither health nor wealth1 nor even denominational equality1 will avail much4 #b4 ,it is time1 however1 to consider the second question4 ,character may overcome every obstacle1 and our memories tell of men like ,adam ,bede or ,abraham ,lincoln or some of the present labour members1 who have triumphed in the hardest circumstances4 ,circumstances must always be hard4 ,god has so ordered the world2 but there is no justification for law and custom to make them harder4 ,many men might have strength to get over what may be called natural difficulties1 but fail upon those which have been artificially made4 ,our second question1 therefore1 in considering the cure of poverty is3 ,how are the obstacles imposed by law and custom to be removed8 ,i take as an example the laws which govern the use of land4 ,the land laws were made by our forefathers1 because in those days such laws seemed the best to force from the land its greatest use to the community4 ,these laws made one man absolute owner1 so that by his energy the land might become most productive4 ,but times have changed1 and now these laws1 instead of making wealth1 seem to help in making poverty4 ,the country labourer may have strong arms2 he may have some ambition to use his arms and his knowledge to make a home in which to enjoy his old age2 but he sees land all around him which is serving the pleasures of the few1 and not the needs of the many2 he is shut out from applying his whole energy to its development1 for he cannot hope to get secure tenure of a small plot4 ,he leaves the country and goes to the town1 where his strong arms are welcomed4 ,but here1 again1 because the land is in the absolute control of its owner1 house is crowded against house1 so that health and enjoyment become almost impossible2 and here1 also1 because so large a portion of profit must go to the owner who has done no share of his work1 his wage must be reduced4 ,he gives in1 and his wife lets dirt and untidiness master his home1 and he at last comes into poverty4 ,law1 with good intention1 created the obstacle which he could not surmount4 ,law could remove the obstacle4 ,law for the common good could interfere with that absolute ownership which for the common good it in the old days created4 ,country men might have the possibility of holding land1 with security of tenure1 which they could cultivate for their own and their children's enjoyment4 ,town municipalities might be given the right to take possession of the land in their environment1 on which houses could be built with space for air and for gardens4 ,the subject is a large one1 but the point ,i would make is that poverty is increased by the obstacles which our land laws have put in the man's way4 ,the landlord prevents the application of energy to the soil1 and so taxes industry that a large share of others' earnings automatically reach his pocket4 ,the change of law may involve great cost to individuals1 or to the ,state4 ,but patriotism compels sacrifice1 and a people which willingly gives its hundreds of millions to be for ever sunk in a war1 may even more willingly surrender rights and pay taxes1 so that its fellow-citizens may develop the common-wealth1 and escape poverty4 ,custom is perhaps as powerful as law in putting obstacles in the way of life's wayfarers4 ,it is by custom that the poor are treated as belonging to a lower1 and the rich to a higher class2 that employers expect servility as well as work for the wages they pay2 that property is more highly regarded than a man's life2 that competition is held in a sort of way sacred4 ,it is custom which exalts inequality1 and makes every one desirous of securing others' service1 and to be called ,master4 ,many a man is1 ,i believe1 hindered in the race because he meets with treatment which marks him out as an inferior4 ,he is discouraged by discourtesy1 or he is tempted to cringe by assertions of inferiority4 ,charity to-day is often an insult to manhood4 ,many of our customs1 which survive from feudalism1 prevent the growth of a sense of self-respect and of human dignity4 ,men breathe air which relaxes their vigour1 they complain of neglect1 they seek favour1 they follow after rewards1 they give up1 and thus sink into poverty4 ,it may not seem a great matter1 but among the cures for poverty ,i may put greater courtesy2 a wider recognition of the equality in human nature2 a more set determination to regard all men as brothers4 ,it is not only gifts which demoralize2 it is the attitude of those who think that gifts are expected of them1 and of those who expect gifts4 ,gifts are only safe between those who recognize one another as equals4 ,the subject is so vast that one paper can hardly scratch the surface1 but ,i hope ,i have suggested some lines of thought4 ,in conclusion1 ,i would repeat that for the cure of poverty1 nothing avails but personal influence4 ,he does best who turns one sinner to righteousness1 that is1 who helps to make one poor man more earnest of purpose1 and one rich man more thoughtfully unselfish4 ,but circumstances also are important1 and he does second best who helps to alter the laws and customs which put stumbleblocks in the ways of the simple4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,babies ,,of ,,the ,,state4#a ,,by ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,july1 #aiji4 #a ,from 8,the ,cornhill ,magazine04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,without organization and without combination a widespread and effective strike has been slowly taking place--the strike of the middle and upper-middle class women against motherhood4 ,month by month short paragraphs can be seen in the newspapers chronicling in stern figures the stern facts of the decrease of the birth rate4 ,at the same time the marriage rate increases1 and the physical facts of human nature do not change4 ,the conclusion is1 therefore1 inevitable that the wives have struck against what used to be considered the necessary corollary of wifehood--motherhood4 ,the 8,cornhill ,magazine0 is not the place to discuss either the physics or the ethics of this subject1 but it is the place to suggest thoughts on the national and patriotic aspects of this regrettable fact4 ,the nation demands that its population should be kept up to the standard of its requirements2 the classes which1 for want of a better term1 might be called 8educated0 are refusing adequately to meet the need2 the classes whose want of knowledge forbids them to strike1 or whose lack of imagination prevents their realizing the pains1 responsibilities1 and penalties of family duties1 still obey brute nature and fling their unwanted children on to the earth4 8,horrible60 we either think or say1 and inclination bids us turn from the subject and think of something pleasanter4 ,but two considerations bring us sharply back to the point3 first1 that the nation1 and all that it stands for1 needs the young lives2 and1 secondly1 that the babies1 with their tiny clinging fingers1 their soft1 velvety skins1 their cooey sounds and bewitching gestures1 are guiltless of the mixed and often unholy motives of their creation4 ,they are on this wonderful world without choice1 bundles of potentialities awaiting adult human action to be developed or stunted4 ,how does the nation which wants the children treat them8 ,the annals of the police courts1 the experience of the attendance officers of the ,london ,county ,council1 the reports of the ,national ,society for ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,children1 the stories of the vast young army in truant or industrial schools1 the tales of the ,waifs and ,strays ,society and ,dr4 ,barnardo's organization are hideously eloquent of the cruelty1 the neglect1 and the criminality of thousands of parents4 ,for their action the ,state can hardly be held directly responsible 7a price has to be paid for liberty71 but for the care of the children whose misfortunes have brought them to be supported by the ,state the nation is wholly responsible4 ,their weal or woe is the business of every man or woman who reads these pages4 ,to ascertain the facts concerning their lives every tax-payer has dipped into his pocket to meet the many thousands of pounds which the ,royal ,commission on the ,poor ,laws has cost1 and yet the complication of the problem and the weight of the ,blue-books are to most people prohibitive1 and few have read them4 ,even the thoughtful often say3 8,i have got the ,reports1 and hope to tackle them some day1 but----10 and then follow apologies for their neglect owing to their size1 the magnitude of the subject1 or the pressure of other duties or pleasures4 ,meanwhile the children6 ,the children are growing up1 or are dying4 ,the children1 already handicapped by their parentage1 are further handicapped by the conditions under which the ,state is rearing them4 ,the children1 which the nation needs--the very life-blood of her existence1 for which she is paying1 are still left under conditions which for decades have been condemned by philanthropists and educationists1 as well as by the ,poor ,law ,inspectors themselves4 ,on #a ,january1 #aijh1 according to the ,local ,government ,board return3 #bcd1gib children were dependent on the ,state1 either wholly or partially4 ,of these3-- #bb1dhc were in workhouses and workhouse infirmaries2 #aa1fjb in district and separate1 often called 8barrack10 schools2 #ag1jij in village communities1 scattered1 receiving1 and other ,guardians' homes2 #aa1bea in institutions other than those mentioned above2 #h1efe boarded out in families of the industrial classes2 and #afc1hja receiving relief while still remaining with their parents4 ,it is a portentous array1 of nearly a quarter of a million of children1 and each has an individual character4 ,pageants are now the fashion4 ,let us stand on one side of the stage 7as did ,stow1 the historian1 in the ,whitechapel children's pageant7 and pass the verdict of the onlooker1 as1 primed with the figures and facts vouched for by the ,royal ,commissioners1 we see the children of the ,state exhibit themselves in evidence of the care of their guardians4 ,first the babies4 ,here they come1 thousands of them1 some born in the workhouse1 tiny1 pink crumpled-skinned mites of a few days old2 others toddlers of under three1 who have never known another home4 8,what a nice woman in the nurse's cap and apron6 ,i would trust her with any child4 ,the head official1 ,i suppose4 ,but her under staff6 ,what a terrible set6 ,those old women look idiotic and the young ones wicked4 ,the inmates told off to serve in the nurseries you say they are6 ,surely no one with common humanity or sense would put a baby who requires wise observation under such women60 8,alas6 but the ,guardians do40 ,the ,report states3-- 8,the whole nursery has often been found under the charge of a person actually certified as of unsound mind1 the bottles sour1 the babies wet1 cold1 and dirty4 ,the ,commission on the ,care and ,control of the ,feeble-minded draws attention to an episode in connexion with one feeble-minded woman who was set to wash a baby2 she did so in boiling water1 and it died40 ,but this is no new discovery made by the recent ,royal ,commission4 ,in #ahig ,dr4 ,fuller1 the ,medical ,inspector1 reported to the ,local ,government ,board that 8in sixty-four workhouses imbeciles or weak-minded women are entrusted with the care of infants1 as helps to the able-bodied or inferior women who are placed in charge by the matron1 without the constant supervision of a responsible officer04 8,we recognise10 acknowledges the ,report of the ,royal ,commissioners1 8that some improvement has since taken place2 but1 as we have ourselves seen1 pauper inmates1 many of them feeble-minded1 are still almost everywhere utilized for handling the babies4444 ,as things are1 the visitor to a workhouse nursery finds it too often a place of intolerable stench1 under quite insufficient supervision1 in which it would be a miracle if the babies continued in health40 8,how thin and pale and undersized many of them are6 ,surely they are properly fed and clothed and exercised60 8,in one large workhouse10 writes the ,commissioners1 8it was noticed that from perhaps about eighteen months to two and a half years of age the children had a sickly appearance4 ,they were having their dinner1 which consisted of large platefuls of potatoes and minced beef--a somewhat improper diet for children of that age40 8,even so elementary a requirement as suitable clothing is neglected40 8,the infants10 states a lady ,guardian1 8have not always a proper supply of flannel1 and their shirts are sometimes made of rough unbleached calico40 8,babies of twelve months or thereabouts have their feet compressed into tight laced-up boots over thick socks doubled under their feet to make them fit into the boots40 8,in some workhouses the children have no toys1 in others the toys remain tidily on a shelf out of reach1 so that there may be no litter on the floor40 8,in another extensive workhouse it was found that the babies of one or two years of age were preparing for their afternoon sleep4 ,they were seated in rows on wooden benches in front of a wooden table4 ,on the table was a long narrow cushion1 and when the babies were sufficiently exhausted they fell forward upon this to sleep6 ,the position seemed most uncomfortable and likely to be injurious40 ,in another place it was stated3-- 8,that the infants weaned1 but unable to feed themselves1 are sometimes placed in a row and the whole row fed with one spoon 444 from one plate of rice pudding4 ,the spoon went in and out of the mouths all along the row40 8,we were shocked10 continues the ,report1 8to discover that the infants in the nursery of the great palatial establishments in ,london and other large towns seldom or never got into the open air40 8,we found the nursery frequently on the third or fourth story of a gigantic block1 often without balconies1 whence the only means of access even to the workhouse yard was a flight of stone steps down which it was impossible to wheel a baby carriage of any kind4 ,there was no staff of nurses adequate to carrying fifty or sixty infants out for an airing4 ,in some of these workhouses it was frankly admitted that these babies never left their own quarters 7and the stench that we have described71 and never got into the open air during the whole period of their residence in the workhouse nursery40 ,in short1 8we regret to report10 say the ,commissioners1 8that these workhouse nurseries are1 in a large number of cases1 alike in structural arrangements1 equipment1 organization1 and staffing1 wholly unsuited to the healthy rearing of infants04 8,see1 here come the coffins60 ,coffins--tiny wooden boxes--of just cheap deal2 some with a wreath of flowers1 and followed by a weeping woman2 others just conveyed by officials--unwanted1 unregretted babies4 ,as far as one's eye can reach they come4 ,coffins and coffins1 and still more coffins2 almost as many coffins as there were babies8 ,not quite4 ,the ,report repeats the evidence of the ,medical ,inspector of the ,local ,government ,board for ,poor-,law purposes1 who some years ago made a careful inquiry and found that one baby out of every three died annually4 8,a long time ago10 did ,i hear you murmur1 8and things are better now08 ,would that it were so1 but a more recent inquiry made by the ,commissioners shows that 8out of every thousand children born in the ,poor-,law institutions forty to forty-five die within a week1 and out of #hdhc infants who were born during #aijg1 in the workhouses of the #dej ,unions inquired into1 no fewer than #ajej 7or #ac per cent7 actually died on the premises before attaining one year40 8,the infantile mortality in the population as a whole10 writes the authors of the ,minority ,report1 8exposed to all dangers of inadequate medical attendance and nursing1 lack of sufficient food1 warmth1 and care1 and parental ignorance and neglect1 is admittedly excessive4 ,the corresponding mortality among the infants in the ,poor-,law institutions1 where all these dangers may be supposed to be absent1 is between two and three times as great40 8,it must be the fault of the system1 it is often said1 that children1 like chickens1 cannot for long be safely aggregated together40 8,it is difficult to say whether it is the system or the administration which is most to blame1 but the facts are incontrovertible4 ,in some workhouses #dj per cent of the babies die within the year4 ,in ten others #dic babies were born1 and only fourteen1 or #c per cent1 perished before they had lived through four seasons4 ,in ten other workhouses #ccc infants saw the light1 and through the gates #aad coffins were borne1 or #cc per cent of the whole40 ,this variation would appear to point to faults of administration4 ,on the other hand1 the system is contrary to nature2 for the natural law limits families to a few children1 and usually provides that ,king ,baby should rule as sole monarch for eighteen months or two years4 ,on this the ,report says3-- 8,it has been suggested to us by persons experienced in the peculiar dangers of institutions for infants of tender years1 that the high death rate1 especially the excessive death rates after the first few weeks of life1 right up to the age of three or four1 may be due to some adverse influence steadily increasing in its deleterious effect the longer the child is exposed to it4 ,in the scarlet fever wards of isolation hospitals it has been suggested that the mere aggregation of cases may possibly produce1 unless there are the most elaborate measures for disinfection1 a dangerous #8intensification' of the disease4 ,in the workhouse nursery there is practically no disinfection4 ,the walls1 the floors1 the furniture1 must all become1 year after year1 more impregnated with whatever mephitic atmosphere prevails4 ,the very cots in which the infants lie have been previously tenanted by an incalculable succession of infants in all states of health and morbidity40 8,is the long undertaker's bill to be deplored1 considering the parentage of this class of children and the way the ,guardians rear them80 ,the nation wants the babies2 indeed1 to maintain its position it must have them1 and 8the tendency of nature is to return to the normal0--a scientific fact of profound civic importance4 ,besides1 the ,report says3-- 8,we find that it is generally assumed that the women admitted to the workhouse for lying-in are either feeble-minded girls1 persistently immoral women1 or wives deserted by their husbands4 ,whatever may have been the case in past years1 this is no longer a correct description of the patients in what have become1 in effect1 maternity hospitals4 ,out of all the women who gave birth to children in the ,poor-,law institutions of ,england and ,wales during #aijg1 it appears that about #cj per cent were married women4 ,in the ,poor-,law institutions of ,london and some other towns the proportion of married women rises to #dj and even to #ej per cent40 ,as to how the ,guardians rear the babies that is another matter4 ,but let us leave ,institutions with the high walls1 the monotony which stifles1 the organization which paralyses energy1 the control which alike saps freedom and initiation1 and the unfailing provision of food no one visibly earns1 so that we may go and visit some of the homes which the ,guardians subsidize1 and where they keep1 or partially keep1 out of the ratepayers' pockets #afc1hja children4 ,i4--,a clean home this1 mother out at work1 earning #ds4 #f;d4 by charing2 the ,guardians giving #gs4 #f;d4 ,four children 7thirteen1 nine1 six1 four71 left to themselves while she is out1 but evidently fond of home and each other4 ,a small kitchen garden which would abundantly pay for care1 but fatigue compels its neglect4 ,no meat is included in her budget1 and but #c;d4 a week for milk2 but #abs4 a week1 and #ds4 #f;d4 of it depending on her never ailing and her employers always requiring her1 is hardly adequate on which to pay rent and to keep five people1 providing the children with their sole items of life's capital--health1 height1 and strength4 ,,ii4--,a dirty home this1 in a filthy court4 ,the mother is out2 the children playing among the street garbage4 ,their clothes are ragged1 their heads verminous1 their poor faces sharp with that expression which always wanting and never being satisfied stamps indelibly on the human countenance4 ,one bed and a mattress pulled on to the floor is all that is provided for the restful sleep of six people2 and #cs4 a week is what a pitiful public subscribes via the rates to show its appreciation of such a home life4 ,waste and worse4 ,the ,majority ,report quotes with approval the words of ,dr4 ,mc,vail3 8,in many cases the amount allowed by the ,guardians for the maintenance of out-door pauper children cannot possibly suffice to keep them even moderately well04 ,this could be applied to ,case ,i4 8,many mothers having to earn their living 444 cannot attend to their children at home1 so that there is no proper cooking1 the house is untidy and uncomfortable1 and the living rooms and bedrooms unventilated and dirty40 ,this could be applied to ,case ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,a disgraceful home this1 best perhaps described in the words of the ,majority ,report3-- 8,a widow with three children1 a well-known drunken character1 was relieved with #cs41 one of her children earning #gs4 making a total of #ajs4 ,it was urged by the relieving officer that it was no case for out relief1 as it was encouraging drunkenness and immorality4444 ,it was held that the relief having been suspended for a month1 she had suffered sufficient punishment4 ,the officer said3 #8,she still drinks1' and that #ds4 relief was given on #ac ,december1 #8to tide her over the holidays'4 ,she had been before the police for drunkenness4 ,it was considered 7by the ,guardians7 to meet the disqualification of the case by reducing the relief to #cs4 instead of #ds40 ,,iv4 ,an immoral home this1 again best described in official words3-- 8,i saw in one instance out-relief children habitually sent out to pilfer in a small way1 others to beg1 some whose mothers were drunkards or living immoral lives4444 ,these definitely bad mothers were but a small minority of the mothers whom we visited1 but there were many of a negatively bad type1 people without standard1 whining1 colourless people1 often with poor health4 ,if out relief is given at all 444 those who give it must take the responsibility for its right use40 ,in #ahih1 when ,lord ,peel was the ,chairman of the ,state ,children's ,association1 its ,executive ,committee brought out a chart which showed that there were children nationally supported under the ,local ,government ,board1 under the ,home ,office1 under the ,education ,department1 under the ,metropolitan ,asylums ,board1 under the ,lunacy ,commissioners1 each using its own administrative organization4 ,at that time the same children were being dealt with by what may be called rival authorities1 without any machinery for co-operation or opportunities of interchange of knowledge or experience4 ,since then there has been but little change1 the ,reports point out forcibly the existence of the same conditions only worse1 inasmuch as more parents now seek free food and other assistance for their children from official hands4 ,face to face with such a serious confusion of evils1 affecting as they do the character of the people--the very foundation of our national greatness2 confronted with the complicated problem how to simplify machinery which has been growing for years1 and is further entangled with the undergrowth of vast numbers of officials and their vested interests2 distressed on the one hand by the clamour of that section of society who think that everything should be done by the ,state1 and on the other by the insistent demand of those who see the incalculable good which springs from volunteer effort or agencies1 the bewildered statesman might be sympathized with1 if not excused1 if he did feel inclined to agree with ,mr4 ,john ,burns's suggestion1 and leave it all to him4 8,i care for the people10 in effect he said1 8,i know their needs4 ,i have the officials to do the work4 ,i am the ,president of the ,local ,government ,board4 ,be easy1 leave it all to me1 ,i will report to the ,house once in three months4 ,all will be well40 ,it sounds a simple plan1 but1 before it can be even seriously advocated1 it would be as well to survey the recent history of the ,local ,government ,board1 and see if1 even under this ,president1 its past record gives hope for future effective achievement4 ,once more let us begin with-- 7a7 ,the ,babies4--,sir ,john ,simon1 ,chief ,medical ,officer of the ,local ,government ,board1 wrote forcibly on the subject more than a generation past4 ,dr4 ,fuller's ,report was made years ago4 ,again and again reform has been urged by ,poor ,law ,inspectors and workhouse officials1 who have asked for additional powers to obtain information or classification or detention4 ,what has the ,local ,government ,board done8 ,the following extract from the ,minority ,report can be the reply3-- 8,alike in the prevention of the continued procreation of the feeble-minded1 in the rescue of girl-mothers from a life of sexual immorality1 and in the reduction of infantile mortality in respectable but necessitous families1 the destitution authorities1 in spite of their great expenditure1 are to-day effecting no useful results4 ,with regard to the two first of these problems1 at any rate1 the activities of the ,boards of ,guardians are1 in our judgment1 actually intensifying the evil4 ,if the ,state had desired to maximize both feeble-minded procreation1 and birth out of wedlock1 there could not have been suggested a more apt device than the provision1 throughout the country1 of general mixed workhouses1 organized as they are now to serve as unconditional maternity hospitals4444 ,while thus encouraging 444 these evils they are doing little to arrest the appalling preventible mortality that prevails among the infants of the poor40 7b7 ,the ,children in the ,workhouses4--8,so long ago as #ahda the ,poor-,law ,commissioners pointed out forcibly the evils connected with the maintenance of children in workhouses40 ,in #ahif the ,departmental ,committee1 of which ,mr4 ,mundella was chairman1 and on which ,i had the honour of sitting1 brought before the public the opinion of inspectors1 guardians1 officials1 educationists and child-lovers1 all unanimous in condemning this system4 8,in the workhouse the children meet with crime and pauperism from day to day40 8,they are in the hands of adult paupers for their cleanliness1 and the whole thing is extremely bad40 8,the able-bodied paupers with whom they associate are a very bad class1 almost verging on criminal1 if not quite10 is some of the evidence quoted in the ,report1 and the ,committee unanimously signed the recommendation 8that no children be allowed to enter the workhouse10 and now1 thirteen years afterwards1 the same conditions prevail4 ,the ,majority ,report thus describes cases of children in workhouses3-- 8,the three-year-old children were in a bare and desolate room1 sitting about on the floor and on wooden benches1 and in dismal workhouse dress4 ,the older ones had all gone out to school 444 except a cripple1 and a dreary little girl who sat in a cold room with bare legs and her feet in a pail of water as a #8cure' for broken chilblains4444 ,the children's wards left on our minds a marked impression of confusion and defective administration4444 ,in appearance the children were dirty1 untidy1 ill-kept1 and almost neglected4 ,their clothes might be described with little exaggeration as ragged4444 ,the boys' day-room is absolutely dreary and bare1 and they share a yard and lavatories with the young men4444 ,an old man sleeps with the boys4 ,it is a serious drawback 7says the inspector7 that every ,saturday and ,sunday1 to say nothing of summer and winter holidays1 have for the most part to be spent in the workhouse1 where they either live amid rigid discipline and get no freedom1 or else if left to themselves are likely to come under the evil influence of adult inmates4 ,the ,local ,government ,board inspectors point out that1 even if the children go to the elementary schools for teaching1 the practice of rearing them in the workhouse exposes them to the contamination of communication with the adult inmates whose influence is often hideously depraving40 8,terrible60 my reader will say2 8but surely the reform requires legislation1 and the ,poor ,law is too large a subject to tinker on1 it must be dealt with after time has been given for due thought40 ,to this ,i would reply that even if it did require legislation there has been time enough to obtain it during all these years that the evils have existed2 but to quote the ,majority ,report3 8,so far as the #8in-and-out' children are concerned it is probable that no further power would be needed1 since the ,guardians already have power under the ,poor ,law ,act1 #ahii1 to adopt children until the age of eighteen40 ,this ,act1 ,i may say in passing1 was initiated1 drafted1 and finally secured1 not by the responsible authorities but by the efforts of the ,state ,children's ,association4 ,why1 then1 has not the ,local ,government ,board removed the children from the workhouses8 ,why1 indeed8 7c7 ,the ,ins and ,outs4--,in #ahif the ,departmental ,committee quoted the evidence of ,mr4 ,lockwood1 the ,local ,government ,board ,inspector1 who referred to 8cases of children who are constantly in and out of the workhouse1 dragged about the streets by their parents1 and who practically get no education at all10 and he puts in a table of 8particulars of eleven families representing the more prominent #8ins and outs'0 of one ,metropolitan ,west-end workhouse of whom 8one family of three children had been admitted and discharged sixty-two times in thirteen months40 ,other cases were given1 for instance3-- 8,d----1 a general labourer1 who has three boys and a girl1 who come in and out on an average once a week4 8,a family named ,w----4 ,the husband drunken1 and has been in an asylum2 the wife unable to live with him4 ,he would take his boys out in the early morning1 leave them somewhere1 meet them again at night1 and bring them back to the workhouse2 they had had nothing to eat1 and had wandered about in the cold all day40 8,this state of things is cruel and disastrous in every respect10 writes the ,committee in #ahif1 appointed1 be it remembered1 by the ,department to elicit facts and 8to advise as to any changes that may be desirable04 ,yet we find that in #aiji the same conditions exist4 ,to quote the ,report3-- 8,out of twenty special cases of which details have been obtained1 twelve families have been in and out ten or more times2 one child had been admitted thirty-nine times in eleven years2 another twenty-three times in six years4 ,the ,wandsworth ,union has a large number of dissolute persons in the workhouse with children in the intermediate schools4 ,the parents never go out without taking the children1 and seem to hold the threat of doing so as a rod over the heads of the ,guardians4 ,one mother frequently had her child brought out of his bed to go out into the cold winter night4 ,one boy who had been admitted twenty-five times in ten years had been sent more than once to ,banstead ,schools1 but had never stayed there long4 ,whenever he knew he was to go there he used to write to his mother in the workhouse1 when she would apply for her discharge and go out with him40 ,in the thirteen years which have passed since the issue of the two ,reports1 what has the ,local ,government ,board done8 ,it has induced some of the ,boards to establish receiving or intermediary houses at the cost1 in the ,metropolis1 of about #bjj1jjj1 but that is but attacking the symptom and leaving the disease untouched4 ,without an ideal for child-life or appreciation of child-nature1 it has been content to let this hideous state of things go on4 ,again to quote the ,report3-- 8,it has done nothing to prevent the children from being dragged in and out of the workhouse as it suits their parents' whim or convenience4 ,the man or woman may take the children to a succession of casual wards or the lowest common lodging-houses4 ,they may go out with the intention of using the children1 half-clad and blue with cold1 as a means of begging from the soft-hearted1 or they may go out simply to enjoy a day's liberty1 and find the children only encumbrances1 to be neglected and half-starved4444 ,the unfortunate boys and girls who are dragged backwards and forwards by parents of the #8in-and-out' class practically escape supervision4 ,they pass the whole period of school age alternately being cleansed and #8fed up' in this or that ,poor ,law institution1 or starving on scraps and blows amid filth and vice in their periodical excursions in the outer world1 exactly as it suits the caprice or convenience of their reckless and irresponsible parents40 ,and the ,local ,government ,board has stood it for years and stands by still and lets the evils go on4 ,meanwhile it is the children who suffer and die2 it is the children who are being robbed of their birthright of joy as they pass a miserable childhood in poverty in workhouses or in huge institutions2 it is the children whose potentialities for good1 and strength1 and usefulness are being allowed to wither and waste and turn into evil and pain4 ,it is the children who are needed for the nation2 it is the nation who supports them2 and it is the nation who must decide their future4 ,speaking for myself 7not in any official capacity71 twenty-two years' experience as manager of a barrack school1 two years' membership of the ,departmental ,committee1 twelve years' work as the honorary secretary of the ,state ,children's ,association have brought me to the well-grounded opinion that the children should be removed altogether from the care of the ,local ,government ,board and placed under the ,board of ,education4 ,this ,board's one concern is children4 ,its inspectors have to consider nothing beyond the children's welfare1 and its organization admits the latest development in the art of training1 both in day and boarding schools4 ,however much courtesy demanded moderation1 the fact remains that both the ,reports are a strong condemnation of the whole of the ,poor-,law work of the ,local ,government ,board1 both in principle and administration4 ,the condition of the aged1 the sick1 the unemployed1 the mentally defective1 the vagrant1 the out-relief cases1 as well as the children1 alike come in for strong expressions of disapproval or for proposals for reform so drastic as to carry condemnation4 ,if such a report had been issued on the work of the ,admiralty or the ,war ,office1 the whole country would have demanded immediate change4 8,they have tried and failed10 it would be said2 8let some one else try02 and a similar demand is made by those of us who have seen many generations of children exposed to these evils1 and waited1 and hoped1 and despaired1 and waited and hoped again4 ,but once more some of the best brains in the country have faced the problem of the poor1 and demanded reforms1 and so far as the children are concerned almost the identical reforms demanded thirteen years ago2 once more the nation has been compelled to turn its mind to this painful subject1 and there is again ground for hope that the lives of the wanted babies will be saved1 and their education be such as to fit them to contribute to the strength and honour of the nation4 ,,henrietta ,o4 ,,barnett4 ,,poor ,,law ,,reform4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,november1 #aiji4 #a ,from 8,the ,contemporary ,review04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,a compromise between kindliness and cruelty often stands--according to ,mr4 ,galsworthy--for social reform4 ,the ,poor ,law is an example of such compromise4 ,in kindliness it offers doles of out-relief to the destitute and builds institutions at extravagant cost4 ,in cruelty it disregards human feelings1 breaks up family life1 suspects poverty as a crime1 and degrades labour into punishment4 ,the ,poor ,law1 however1 receives almost universal condemnation4 ,its cost is enormous1 amounting to over fourteen millions a year4 ,the incidence is so unfair that its call on the rich districts is comparatively light1 and in poor districts inordinately heavy4 ,its administration is both confused and loose4 ,its relief follows no principle--out-relief is given in one district and refused in others2--its institutions sometimes attract and sometimes deter applications1 and its expenditure is often at the mercy of self-seeking ,guardians1 whose minds are set on securing cheap labour or even on secret commissions4 ,the poor1 whom at such vast cost and with such parade of machinery it relieves1 are often demoralized4 ,there is neither worth nor joy to be got out of the pauper1 who has learned to measure success in life by skill in evading inquiry4 ,and1 what is most striking of all1 the ,poor ,law has allowed a mass of poverty to accumulate which has led to the erection of charity upon charity1 and is still1 by its squalor1 its misery and hopelessness1 a disgrace and a danger to the nation4 ,the public1 recognizing the failure of the ,poor ,law1 has become indifferent to its existence1 and now only a small percentage of the electors record their votes at an election of the guardians of the poor4 ,the case for reform is clear4 ,what that reform should be is a question not to be answered in the compass of a short article4 ,the best ,i can do is to offer for the consideration of my readers some principles which ,i believe to underlie reform4 ,those principles once accepted1 it will be for every one to consider with what modifications or extensions they may be applied to the different circumstances of town and country1 young and old1 weak and strong4 ,the last great reform of the ,poor ,law was in #ahcd4 ,the ,reformers of those days took as their main principle that the position of the person relieved should be less attractive than that of the workman4 ,they were driven to adopt this principle by the condition to which the ,elizabethan ,poor ,law had brought the nation4 ,when1 under that ,poor ,law1 the ,state assumed the whole responsibility 8for the relief of the impotent and the getting to work of those able to work10 and when by ,gilbert's ,act in #aghb it was further enacted that 8out-relief should be made obligatory for all except the sick and impotent10 it followed that larger and larger numbers threw themselves on the rates4 ,relief offered a better living than work4 ,the number of workers decreased1 the number receiving relief increased4 ,ruin threatened the nation1 and so the ,reformers came in to enforce the principle that relief should offer a less attractive living than work4 ,the principle is good2 it is1 indeed1 eternally true1 because it is not by what comes from without1 but by what comes from within that a human being is raised4 ,it is not by what a man receives1 but by that he is enabled to do for himself that he is helped4 ,this principle was applied in #ahcd by requiring from every applicant evidence of destitution1 by refusing relief to able-bodied persons1 except on admission to workhouses1 and by making the relief as unpleasant or as 8deterrent0 as possible4 ,this harsh application of the principle may have been the best for the moment4 ,the nation required a sharp spur1 and no doubt under its pressure there was a marvellous recovery4 ,men who had been idle sought work1 and men who had saved realized that their savings would no longer be swallowed up in rates4 ,the spur and the whip had their effect1 but such effect1 whether on a beast or a man1 is always short-lived4 ,the tragedy of #ahcd is that the reforming spirit1 which so boldly undertook the immediate need1 did not continue to take in other needs as they arose4 ,it is1 indeed1 the tragedy of the history of the ,state1 of the ,church1 and of the individual1 that moments of reform are followed by periods of lethargy4 ,people will not recognize that reform must be a continuous act1 and that the only condition of progress is eternal vigilance4 ,indolence1 especially mental indolence1 is ,satan's handiest instrument1 and so after some great effort a pause is easily accepted as a right4 ,after the reform of #ahcd there was such a pause4 ,new needs soon came to the front1 and the face of society was gradually changed4 ,the strain of industrial competition threw more and more men on to the scrap heap1 too young to die1 too worn to work1 too poor to live4 ,the crowding of house against house in the towns reduced the vitality of the people so that children grew up unfit for labour1 and young people found less and less room for healthy activities of mind or body4 ,education1 made common and free1 set up a higher standard of respectability and called for more expenditure4 ,a growing sense of humanity among all classes made poverty a greater burden on social life1 provoking sometimes charity and sometimes indignation4 ,these1 and such as these1 were the changes going on in the latter part of the nineteenth century1 but the spirit of the reformers of #ahcd was dead1 and in their lethargy the people were content that the old principle should be applied without any change to meet new needs4 ,institutions were increased1 officials were multiplied1 and inspectors were appointed to look after inspectors4 ,any outcry was met by expedients4 ,mr4 ,chamberlain authorised municipal bodies to give work4 ,mr4 ,chaplain relaxed the out-relief order4 ,new luxuries were allowed in the workhouse1 the infirmaries were vastly improved1 and the children were1 to some extent1 removed from the workhouses and put1 often at great cost1 in village communities or like establishments4 ,but reliance was always placed on making relief disagreeable and deterrent4 ,one of the latest reforms has been the introduction of the cellular system in casual wards1 so that men are kept in solitary confinement1 while as task work they break a pile of stones and throw them through a narrow grating4 ,poverty1 indeed1 is met by a compromise between kindliness and cruelty4 ,the reformers of #ahcd looked out on a society weakened by idleness4 ,they faced a condition of things in which the chief thing wanted was energy and effort1 so they applied the spur4 ,the reformers of to-day look out on a very different society1 and they look with other eyes4 ,they see that the people who are weak and poor are not altogether suffering the penalty of their own faults4 ,it is by others' neglect that uninhabitable houses have robbed them of strength1 that wages do not provide the means of living1 and that education has not fitted them either to earn a livelihood or enjoy life4 ,the reformers of to-day1 under the subtle influence of the ,christian spirit1 have learnt that self-respect1 even more than a strong body1 is a man's best asset1 and that willing work rather than forced work makes national wealth4 ,sir ,harry ,johnson1 who speaks with rare authority1 has told us how negroes with a reputation for idleness respond to treatment which1 showing them respect1 calls out their hope and their manhood4 ,treat them1 he implies1 as children1 drive them as cattle1 and you are justified in your belief in their idleness4 ,treat them as men1 give them their wages in money1 open to them the hope of better things1 and they work as men4 ,the relief given in the casual ward may be sufficient for the body of the casual1 but the penal treatment1 the prison-like task and the solitary confinement make him set his teeth against work1 and he becomes the enemy of the society which has given him such treatment4 ,the ,reformers of to-day1 with their greater knowledge of human nature1 and in face of a society the fault of which is not just idleness1 will do well then to take another principle as the basis of their action4 ,such a principle is that relief must develop self-respect4 ,they will have1 indeed1 to remember that the form of relief must still be less attractive than that offered by work1 but less attractiveness must be attained not by an insolent inquisition of relief officers into the character of applicants1 not by treating inmates as prisoners1 and not by making work as distasteful as possible4 ,it might possibly be sufficient if relief1 so far as regarded the able-bodied1 took the form of training for work4 ,there is no degradation in requiring men and women to fit themselves to earn1--no loss of self-respect is brought on anyone by being called to be a learner2--but1 at the same time1 opportunities for learning are not attractive to idlers1 nor are they likely to encourage the reliance on relief which brought disaster on the nation before #ahcd4 ,the ,whitechapel ,guardians1 many years ago1 determined that the workhouse should more and more approximate to an adult industrial school4 ,they did away with stone breaking and oakum picking1 they abolished cranks turned by human labour1 they instituted trade work and appointed a mental instructor to teach the inmates in the evening4 ,they had no power of detention1 so the training was not of much use1 but as a deterrent the system was most effective1 and fewer able-bodied men came to ,whitechapel ,union than to neighbouring workhouses4 ,regard for the principle that relief must develop self-respect is not1 therefore1 inconsistent with the principle that relief must offer a position which is less attractive than that offered by work4 ,but let me suggest some further application of the principle4 #a4 ,it implies1 ,i think1 the abolition of ,boards of ,guardians and of all the special machinery for relief4 ,it implies1 perhaps1 the abolition of the ,poor ,law itself4 ,there is no class of 8the poor0 as there is a class of criminals4 ,poverty is not a crime1 and there are poor among the most honourable of the people4 ,poverty is a loose and wide term1 involving the greater number of the people4 ,there must1 therefore1 be some loss of self-respect in those of the poor who feel themselves set apart for special treatment4 ,one poor man goes to the hospital1 his neighbour--his brother1 it may be--goes to the ,poor ,law infirmary4 ,both are in the same position1 but the latter1 because he comes under the ,guardians1 loses his self-respect1 and has acquired a special term--he is 8a pauper04 ,those men and women who through weakness1 through ignorance or through character are unable to do their work and earn a living are1 as much as the rich and the strong1 members of the nation4 ,all form one body and depend on one another4 ,some for health's sake need one treatment and some another4 ,there is no reason in putting a few of them under a special law and calling them 8paupers10 the use of hard names is as inexpedient for the ,statute ,book as it is for ,christians4 ,reason says that all should be so treated that they may1 as rapidly as possible1 be restored to economic health by the use of all the resources of the ,state1 educational and social4 ,there is no place for a special law1 a specially elected body of administrators and a special rate4 ,a further objection to ,boards of ,guardians is that an election does not involve interests which are sufficiently wide or sufficiently familiar4 ,side issues have to be exalted so as to attract the electors' attention4 ,such a side issue was found in the religious question1 which gave interest to the old ,school ,board elections2 no such side issue has been found in ,guardian elections1 and so only a small minority of ratepayers record their votes4 ,experience1 therefore1 justifies the proposal that with a view to encouraging the growth of self-respect in the economically unhealthy members of the nation1 the present system of ,poor ,law machinery should be abolished4 #b4 ,the principle further implies that the same municipal body which is responsible for the health1 for the education1 and for the industrial fitness of some members of the community should be responsible in like manner for all the members1 whatever their position4 7a7 ,the ,sick4--,the ,county ,council appoints a medical officer of health and itself administers many asylums4 ,it establishes a sort of privileged class which receives its benefits and1 unless it extends its operations so that all who are sick may be reached1 must lower the self-respect of those who are excluded and driven to beg for relief4 ,the medical officer might be in fact what he is in name1 responsible for the health of the district1 and as the superior officer of the visiting doctors see that ill-health was prevented and cured4 ,the interest of the community is universal good health2 how unreasoning is the system which deters the sick man from trying to get well by making it necessary for him to endure the inquisition of the relieving officer before getting a doctor's visit6 ,the strength of the community is in the self-respect of its members2 how extravagant is the system which offers relief only on condition of some degradation4 7b7 ,the ,children4--,the ,county ,council is responsible for the education of the children2 it must--unless one set of children is to be kept in a less honourable position--extend its care over all the children4 ,there must be no such creature as a 8pauper child10 and no distinction between schools in which children are taught or boarded4 ,the child who has lost its parents1 the child who has been deserted1 the child who has no home1 must be started in life equipped with equal knowledge and on an equal footing with other children4 ,every child must be within reach of the best which the ,state can offer4 ,the inclusion of the care of all children under the same municipal authority would help to develop in all a sense of self-respect1 and at the same time enable the authority to make better use of the existing buildings in the classification of their uses1 apportioning some1 e4g41 as technical schools1 some as infirmaries1 and some for industrial training4 ,dr4 ,barnardo1 who has taught the nation how to care better for its children1 adopted some such method4 7c7 ,the ,able-,bodied4--,a greater difficulty occurs in applying the principle to the care of the able-bodied4 ,how1 it may be asked1 is the ,county ,council to deal with the unemployed and with the loafer so as to relieve them and at the same time develop their sense of respect8 ,the ,county ,council has lately been made responsible for dealing with the unemployed1 and experience has shown that at the bottom of the problem lies the custom of casual labour1 the use of boys in dissipating work1 and the ignorance of the people4 ,the ,council has in its hands the power of dealing with these causes4 ,it can establish labour registers1 it can prevent much child labour1 and it can provide education4 ,it may be necessary to increase its powers1 but already it can do something to prevent unemployment in the future4 ,the need1 however1 of the present unemployed is training4 ,the ,council might be empowered to open for them houses or farms of discipline1 in which such training could be given4 ,the man with a settled home could be admitted for a short period1 the loafer could be detained for three or four years4 ,the work in every case1 while less attractive than other work1 could be such as to interest the worker2 the discipline1 such as to involve no degradation2 and the door of hope could be studiously kept open4 ,the farms or houses could indeed be adult industrial schools offering a livelihood1 not indeed as attractive as that offered by work1 but such as any man might take with gain to his sense of self-respect4 ,the ,county ,council might thus take over the duties performed by ,guardians4 ,the same body which now looks after the housing and the cleanliness of the streets1 would possibly realize the cost of neglect in doing those duties1 if they also had the care of the broken in body and in heart4 ,in other words1 a more scientific expenditure of the rates might be expected to ensue if the body responsible for the relief of poverty were the same body as is now responsible for its prevention4 ,the claims of education would perhaps become more popular4 ,enough1 perhaps1 has now been said to suggest a line of reform1 and hours might be spent in discussing a thousand details1 each of which has its importance4 ,but not even a slight article could be complete without some reference to the mass of charity--#aj1jjj1jjj is said to be spent in ,london alone--which is annually poured out on the poor4 ,charity1 unless it be personal--from a friend to a friend--is often as degrading as ,poor ,law relief4 ,attempts have been made at organization1 and much has been done to bring about personal relationships between the ,haves and the ,have-nots4 ,years ago it was suggested that the ,charity ,organization ,society might take as a motto1 8,not relief1 but a friend04 ,much has been done1 but with a view to putting a further limit on the competition of charities and on the fostering of cringing habits1 some reformers suggest that a statutory body of representatives of charities should be formed in each district4 ,over these a ,county ,council official might preside4 ,at weekly meetings cases of distress which have been noticed by the doctors1 the school officers or any private person could be considered4 ,these cases would then be handed over to individuals or charities1 who would report progress at the next meeting1 or they would be undertaken by the presiding officer and dealt with efficiently by one of the committees of the ,county ,council4 8,the strength of a nation10 according to a saying of ,napoleon quoted by ,mr4 ,fisher1 8depends on its history40 ,no reform is likely to endure which does not fit in with the traditions of the past4 ,it might be possible to elaborate on paper a perfect scheme for the care of the weak and the sickly1 but it would not avail if it disregarded history4 ,here in ,england the ,state has1 during many centuries1 recognized its obligation for the well-being of all its members1 and it has performed its obligations by the service of individuals4 ,the ,state1 in more senses than one1 is identified with the ,church4 ,in the new times1 in the face of new needs and with the command of new knowledge1 it is still the ,state which must organize the means to restore the fallen and it must still use as its instruments the willing service of individual men and women4 ,the sketch of ,poor ,law reform which ,i have presumed to offer in this article fulfils1 ,i believe1 these requirements4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,unemployed4#a ,,by ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,november1 #aijd4 #a ,a ,paper read at a meeting in a ,west-,end drawing room and afterwards printed by request4 ,i am often asked to speak publicly1 and when ,i express wonder as ,i open my letters at my breakfast-table1 my family 7with that delightful candour which is so good for one's character7 say1 8,oh1 they ask you because you always make them hear and sometimes make them laugh04 ,ladies1 to-day ,i shall1 ,i hope1 make you hear1 but ,i cannot make you laugh4 ,those of us who have lived among the poor1 as my dear old friend ,emma ,cons and ,i have done1 in ,lambeth and ,whitechapel for over thirty years1 know that there is no joke connected with the unemployed4 ,those of us who went through the awful winter of #ahhf1 and saw the sad suffering which caused the still more sad sin1 as the people lied and cringed and begged and bullied to get a share--7what they considered a lawful share1 some called it 8,the ransom of the rich07 of the ,mansion ,house ,fund1 know that this condition of want of employment is not only an economic question1 but one involving deep and far-reaching moral issues1 and it is this problem that is before us now4 ,the number of unemployed in ,london is variously estimated1 some say #cj1jjj some #ajj1jjj1 no one can tell1 for it so much depends on what is meant by unemployed4 ,do we mean those workers in seasonal trades1 such as the painters whose labour ceases in the winter8 and the bricklayers' labourers who are stopped by a frost8 ,do we mean those thousands which ,mr4 ,charles ,booth calculates never have an income sufficient to keep the family in health1 who are always partially unemployed because their labour is of so inefficient a kind that they are not worth a 8living wage04 8,why10 one may ask the frequenters of the ,relief ,office1 8have you come to this80 the answer in a hundred different forms will be the same4 8,i fell out of work owing to bad trade--,i struggled for a year1 but things got worse and worse--,i am no longer fit for continuous work and ,i couldn't do it if ,i got it04 ,they have1 that is1 lost their power1 which makes efficient labour4 ,on this matter there is need of clear thinking1 but leaving for a moment or two the task of defining and classifying the unemployed1 let us realize the large army of men1 with the still larger army of women and children dependent on them1 who1 on this cold1 cheerless day are out of work--what do they want8 ,food1 fire1 shelter1--on this we all agree1 and the plan of some kind persons is to supply their needs4 ,thus ,soup ,kitchens1 ,free ,breakfasts1 ,shelters for the ,homeless1 ,meals for the ,children1 ,blankets for the ,old1 ,coals for the ,cold1 ,clothing for the ,destitute1 ,doles of all kinds for all kinds of people are begged for1 and we are told1 often with regrettable exaggeration1 that to support this charity or that organization will relieve the suffering which 7whatever our politics7 we all combine to deplore4 ,but those of us who have thought with our brains1 as well as with our hearts1 know that to ease the symptoms is not to cure the disease1 and that this social ulcer needs first an exhaustive diagnosis by the most experienced social physicians1 and then infinite patience and great firmness as we build up again the constitution of the unfit1 which1 through long years has become physically weakened and morally deteriorated4 ,i seem to hear my listeners say3 8,but at least it cannot do harm to feed the children10 and there ,i confess my economics break down6 ,i have lived long enough in ,whitechapel to see three generations1 and ,i have watched the underfed boy grow into the undersized man1 pushed aside by stronger arms in the labour market4 ,i have seen the underfed girl grown into the enfeebled woman1 producing in motherhood puny children4 ,but1 and it is a big but1 if you feed the children1 you must feed them adequately1 and feed them as individuals by individuals4 ,the practice of giving children two or three dinner tickets a week is bad economy1 bad for the children's digestion1 bad for the mother's housekeeping1 and bad for the father's sense of responsibility4 ,we should not like our own children to be fed thus1 and indeed if we would consider each child of the poor as we consider our own1 the problem of feeding the children would soon be solved4 ,i know you will think me ,utopian1 but if every one of us here were to have two or three children as kitchen guests daily6 ,well6 ,it perhaps would not do much1 but once we were told ten righteous men might have saved the city4 ,this is a long digression1 but the individual treatment of children is a subject that occupies much of my thought1 and one which ,i would ask you to consider carefully as throwing light on many loudly voiced schemes of reform1 which1 lacking the personal touch1 are apt to miss the deeper and spiritual forces by which character must be nourished if it is to grow4 ,now to return to the unemployed4 ,briefly they can be put into four classes3-- #a4 ,the skilled mechanic4 #b4 ,the unskilled labourer4 #c4 ,the casual worker4 #d4 ,the loafer4 ,concerning the first1 the ,chart published in the 8,labour ,gazette0 shows that the number approaches #g per cent as against nearly #e per cent last year4 ,this is the only class about which we have accurate figures1 but the returns of pauperism1 and the experience of charitable agencies combine in agreeing that there is more want of employment in the other three classes than is usual at this time of the year1 and that there are fewer 8bits of things0 to go to the pawnshop than usual1 because1 owing to the war1 and some think to the fiscal agitation1 the summer trade has been slack1 and wages low and uncertain4 ,no one can read the daily papers without seeing how many schemes are now being put forward to aid the unemployed1 and in the space of time given to me it is impossible to name all these1 let alone to discriminate between them1 but certain principles can be laid down4 7#a7 ,the form of help should be work4 7#b7 ,the work should be such as will uplift and not degrade character4 7#c7 ,the work should be paid sufficiently to keep up the home and adequately feed the family4 7#d7 ,the work1 if it be relief work--i4e41 that not required in the ordinary channels by ordinary employers--should not be more attractive than the worker's normal labour4 ,it should never be forgotten that provision of work may become as dangerous to character as doles of money have proved to be4 ,work is of so many sorts2 that which is effortful to some men may be child's play to others1 or it might be so carelessly supervised as to encourage the casual ways and self-indulgent habits which lie at the root of much poverty4 ,human nature in every walk of life has a tendency to take the easiest courses1 and many men are tempted to relax the efforts which the higher classes of employment demand4 8,why10 ,i said to a butler who had taken #hj a year in service1 8did you become a cabman80 8,well1 madam10 he said1 8in service one has always to be spruce40 ,in other words he had resented the control of order1 and so he had sunk from a skilled trade to a grade lower4 8,why10 ,i asked an old friend1 a ,carter ,paterson driver1 8did you leave your regular work80 8',tis like this10 he said1 8it means being out in all weathers1 now ,i can go home if things is too nasty outside40 ,he had yielded to the temptation of comfort and gone down a grade lower to casual work4 8,why did you go on the tramp80 was asked of a man in the casual ward4 8,if yer takes to the road10 he said with perfect candour1 8yer never knows what's before yer4 ,yer may be in luck or yer mayn't but it's all on the chance40 ,the spirit of gambling had got the better of him and he had gone down a grade lower4 ,these examples illustrate the importance of the principles laid down4 ,the help must be work and the work must be steady and continuous1 and capable1 by drawing forth each man's best powers1 to uplift him in character and maintain his own self-esteem4 ,the work must be of many kinds4 ,it is folly to expect the tailor1 the cigarette-maker1 the working jeweller1 to do only road sweeping and that badly1 and lastly the work1 while always strengthening character1 must be given only under such conditions as will not attract men to leave their regular calling1 which makes demands on their powers of self-discipline1 and throw themselves on what is charity1 even though offered in the form of labour4 ,last year the ,mansion ,house ,committee carried out on a small scale an experiment in relief1 which in many ways followed these principles4 ,it sent the men to ,labour ,colonies1 where they had good food and honest work1 away from the attractions of the streets1 and while they were away it provided the women and children with sufficient money for the upkeep of health and home4 ,it brought to individuals the care of individuals1 as week by week superintendents reported on the workers' work1 and visitors carried the money to the families4 ,it offered facilities for training men for emigration to the colonies1 or for migration to the country4 ,it provided employment which was not so attractive as to draw men from their regular work1 nor the loafer from the streets1 and it offered to every one hope and a way out in the future4 ,the experiment has shown what is possible1 and encourages those who worked it to believe that some year1 if not this year1 there will be humane and scientific dealing with the problem of unemployment4 8,oh1 yes10 ,i was told by a young married woman the other day1 8people talk so much of the unemployed now4 ,it is all the fashion1 but ,i think quite half of them could get work if they wanted to40 8,really10 ,i said1 recalling the hopeless eyes1 gaunt figures1 and worn boots of many an out-of-work friend1 the pathetic patience of their women and white faces of the children1 8,is that your experience80 8,oh1 no60 she replied1 8but ,i am sure ,i have heard it said--and ,i expect it is true40 ,i could have shaken her--but ,i did not--only that sort of thing is what discounts women's opinion so often with the men 7the governing sex71 and as it is1 ,i fear1 not uncommon1 it behoves us1 the thinking1 caring women1 to think more clearly1 and to care more deeply4 ,if we bore more continuously this sad suffering in mind1 if we studied1 and read1 and thought in the effort to probe its cause to its roots1 if we resolved by personal effort to find or provide labour for at least one family during the winter1 the problem would be nearer solution1 but we must see to it that reforms go on lines which recognize that character is more important than comfort1 and that a man is more wronged if ,society steals his responsibility than if it steals his coat4 ,,henrietta ,o4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,poor ,,law ,,report4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,april1 #aiji4 #a ,from 8,the ,contemporary ,review04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,the ,poor ,law has too long blocked the way of social progress1 and its ending or its mending has become a matter of urgent necessity4 ,the ,report just issued may thus mark the beginning of a new age4 ,the 8condition of the people0 is1 from some points of view1 even more serious than it was in #ahcd1 when the first ,commissioners brought out the ,report which called 8check0 to many processes of corruption4 ,in those days a lax system of relief had so tempted many strong men to idleness and so reduced incentives to investment1 that the nation was threatened with bankruptcy4 ,in these days1 when a confusion of methods alternates between kindliness and cruelty in their treatment of the poor2 when begging is encouraged by gifts1 public and private1 said to reach the amount of #hj1jjj1jjj a year2 when giving provokes distrust and leaves such evidence of human starvation and degradation as may daily be seen amid the splendours of the ,embankment1 it sometimes seems as if the nation were within measurable distance of something like a bankruptcy of character4 ,the present ,poor ,law system1 valuable as it was in checking 8various injurious practices10 has been applied to conditions and people who were not within its makers' range of vision1 and is now responsible for more trouble than is at once apparent4 ,it preaches by means of palatial institutions which every one sees1 and of officials who are more ubiquitous and powerful than parsons4 ,its sermon is3 8,look outside yourselves for the means of livelihood2 grudge if you are not satisfied04 ,it preaches selfishness and illwill2 it encourages a scramble for relief2 it discounts energy and trust4 ,the present ,poor ,law does not really relieve the poor1 and it does tend to weaken the national character4 ,the admirable statistical survey which introduces the ,report represents the failure of the present system in striking figures4 ,the number of paupers--markedly of males--is increasing4 ,in ,london alone #ae1hjj more paupers are being maintained than there were twenty years ago1 and the rate of pauperism through the country has reached #dg in the #ajjj4 ,the cost has also increased1 and the country is now spending more than double the amount on each individual which was spent in #ahgb1 8making a total which is now equivalent to nearly one half of the present expenditure on the ,army04 ,the increase goes on1 as the ,commissioners remark1 notwithstanding the millions of money now spent on education and sanitation1 and notwithstanding the rise in wages1 affording clear proof 8that something in our social organization is seriously wrong04 ,the ,commissioners are unanimous in their condemnation of the system which produces such results4 ,they have gathered evidence upon evidence of its failure1 and1 while they praise the devoted service of many ,guardians and officials1 both the ,majority and ,minority ,reports agree recommending radical changes4 ,the revelation of the abuse is itself a valuable contribution to the needs of the time4 ,the public1 unless they know the extent of the mischief1 will never be moved to the necessary effort of reform2 and teachers of the public1 through the ,pulpit and the ,press1 could hardly do better than publish extracts from the ,report showing the waste of money1 the demoralization1 the ill-will1 which gathers round workhouses1 casual wards and out relief4 ,the ordinary reader of this evidence might naturally inquire1 8,what has the ,local ,government ,board been doing to prevent the abuses which it must have known8 ,why1 if conviction was not possible1 was not ,parliament asked for further powers or for some reform8 ,what is the use of inspectors8 ,why should a controlling department exist if the nation is to stand convicted of such neglect1 and to be brought into such danger80 ,the ,report implies1 indeed1 some slight blame to the ,local ,government ,board1 because it did not at all times afford sufficient direction2 and the ,minority ,report1 in its more trenchant way1 sometimes emphasizes the confusion it has caused by its varying decisions2 but the thought naturally occurs that if the ,board had not been so strongly represented on the ,commission1 or if a body representative of the best guardians were called on to render a report1 the supreme authority which has so long known the evil and done so little for its reform would have been roundly condemned4 ,the ,commissioners1 however1 pass their judgment on the system1 and proceed to make their recommendations4 ,there are two sets1 those of the ,majority and those of the ,minority4 ,they extend over #abch large pages1 and deal with thousands of details4 ,a close examination is therefore impossible in a short article1 but there are certain tests by which the principal recommendations may be tried4 ,i would try just two such tests3 7#a7 ,do they make it possible to relieve needs without demoralizing character8 7#b7 ,do they stimulate energy without raising the devil in human nature8 ,the people who need relief are roughly divided into two great classes1 8the unable0 and 8the able04 ,the recommendations of the ,report--,majority and ,minority--as they affect these two classes may be tried by the suggested test4 ,,the ,,unable4 ,i4 8,the unable0 include the sick1 the old1 the children and infirm1 and--although on this matter the ,local ,government ,board gave uncertain guidance--widows with children4 ,the present system1 starting from the principle laid down in #ahcd1 aims at deterring people from application by a barbed-wire fence of regulations4 ,the sick can only have a doctor after inquiry by the relieving officer4 ,the old and infirm are herded in a general workhouse together with people whose contact often wounds their self-respect4 ,the children are isolated from other children1 and treated as a class apart4 ,widows with children can only get means of maintenance by applying at the relief table in company with the degraded1 by enduring the close inquisition of the relieving officer1 and then by attendance at the ,board of ,guardians1 where1 standing in the middle of the room1 they have to face their gaze1 answer their questions1 and at the end be grateful for a pittance of relief4 ,this system does not1 in the first place1 relieve the necessities of the poor4 ,many of the sick defer their application till their condition becomes serious1 or they set themselves to beg for hospital letters4 ,many of the old and infirm1 rather than submit to the iniquities of the workhouse1 live a life of semi-starvation4 ,few of the widows who receive a few shillings a week for the maintenance of their families1 are able unaided to look after their children and give them the necessary care and food4 8,a few ,boards10 says the ,minority ,report1 8restrict to the uttermost the grant of out relief to widows with children2 many refuse it to the widow with only one child or with only two children1 however young these may be2 others grant only the quite inadequate sum of #as4 or #as4 #f;d4 a week per child1 and nothing for the mother4 ,very few ,guardians face the problem of how the widow's children 444 can under these circumstances be properly reared4444 ,in at least #ajj1jjj cases their children are growing up stunted1 under-nourished1 and to a large extent neglected1 because the mother is so hard driven that she cannot properly attend to them4 ,the irony of the situation appears in the fact that if the mother thereupon dies the children will probably be #8boarded out' with a payment of #ds4 or #es4 per week each1 or three or four times as much as the ,guardians paid for them before1 or else be taken into the ,poor ,law school or cottage homes at a cost of #abs4 to #bas4 per week each40 ,the vast sum of money--this #bj1jjj1jjj a year--which is spent misses to a large extent its object to give relief1 and1 further than this1 causes widespread demoralization4 ,the sick who have overcome their shrinking to face the relieving officer to ask for a medical officer1 are found readily treading the same path to ask for other relief4 ,the workhouses--one of which1 lately built1 has cost #abf1fab1 or #bhf a bed--8are10 we read1 8largely responsible for the considerable increase of indoor pauperism10 and evidence is given 8that life in a workhouse deteriorates mentally1 morally1 and physically the habitual inmates04 ,it must be so1 indeed1 when young girls are put 8to sleep with women admitted by the master to be frequently of bad character04 ,out relief has been the battlefield of rival schools of administrators1 and the ,commissioners find in the system 8of trying to compensate for inadequacy of knowledge by inadequacy of relief0 two obvious points3 8,first1 that when the applicants are honest in their statements they must often suffer great privations2 and1 second1 that when they are dishonest1 relief must often be given quite unnecessarily04 ,evidence1 too1 is given of instances where out relief is being applied to subsidize dirt1 disease and immorality1 justifying the conclusion that it is 8a very potent influence in perpetuating pauperism and propagating disease04 ,when the ,commissioners have admitted that much has been done by wise ,boards of ,guardians in providing infirmaries for the sick which are as good as hospitals1 and in administering out relief with sympathy and discrimination1 the conclusion must still remain that the present system does not relieve the necessities of the poor1 while it tends to spread demoralization4 ,it fails under the suggested test4 ,the ,commissioners' proposed reforms must be tried by the same tests4 ,their proposals include 7#a7 the constitution of a new authority1 and 7#b7 the principles on which that authority is to act4 ,the principles--keeping in mind for the moment the class of 8the unable0--recommended by the ,majority and ,minority are practically identical4 ,in the words of the ,majority3-- #a4 ,the treatment of the poor who apply for public assistance should be adapted to the needs of the individual1 and if constitutional should be governed by classification4 #b4 ,the system of public assistance thus established should include processes of help which would be preventive1 curative and restorative4 #c4 ,every effort should be made to foster the instincts of independence and self-maintenance amongst those assisted4 ,the same principles appear when the ,minority ,report urges the 7#a7 8paramount importance of subordinating mere relief to the specialized treatment of each separate class1 with the object of preventing or curing its distress04 7#b7 8,the expediency of ultimately associating this specialized treatment of each class with the standing machinery for enforcing both before and after the period of distress the fulfilment of personal and family obligations40 ,the differences between the ,reports are manifest in that the ,minority is more anxious to secure a co-ordination of public authorities1 but both alike agree that relief must be thorough and regard primarily the necessities of the individual4 ,the general workhouse is therefore to be broken up1 and separate institutions set apart for children1 the old1 the sick1 mothers1 and feeble-minded4 ,out relief is to be given on uniform principles and under strict supervision1 whether by skilled officials or by a registrar4 7,the majority make the interesting--if it be practicable--suggestion that there shall be proscribed districts in which no out relief shall be given1 on account of their slum character47 ,the sick are to have the means of treatment brought within their reach1 whether it be by the officer of the ,health ,committee or by means of provident dispensaries4 ,the two ,reports often differ as to the means by which the ends are to be reached1 and the consideration of the means they propose would make matter for many articles4 ,but their main difference is as to the constitution of the authority which will apply their principles to practice4 ,they both agree in making the ,county ,council the source of the authority and in taking the county as the area4 ,the ,majority would create1 by a somewhat intricate system of co-optation and nomination1 a 8,public ,assistance ,authority10 with local 8assistance committees10 to deal with all cases of need4 ,the ,minority would authorize the existing committees of the ,council--the ,education1 the ,health1 the ,asylums1 and the ,parks ,committees--to deal with such cases of need as may meet them in their ordinary work4 ,the ,majority would create an ad hoc authority1 for the purpose of giving such relief2 the ,minority would leave relief to the direction of committees whose primary concern is education or health1 the feeble-minded or the old4 ,the ,majority is1 further1 at great pains to establish a ,voluntary ,aid ,council1 which shall be representative of the charitable funds and charitable bodies of the area4 ,this council is to have a recognized position1 and to work in close co-operation with the ,public ,assistance authority4 ,the ,minority1 though willing to use voluntary charity1 suggests no plan for its control or organization4 ,this omission in a scheme otherwise so complete is somewhat remarkable4 ,the administration of the ,poor ,law may account for most of the mischief in the condition of the people1 but the administration of charity is also to a large extent responsible4 ,this extent of charity is unknown4 ,in ,london alone it is said to amount to more than #g1jjj1jjj a year1 and much money is given of which no record is possible4 ,hitherto all attempts at organization have failed1 and it is quite clear that no organization can be enforced4 ,the ,majority ,report suggests a scheme by which charitable bodies and persons may be partly tempted and partly constrained to co-operate with official bodies4 ,mr4 ,nunn1 in an interesting note1 suggests a further development of a plan by which they might be given a more definite place in the organization of the future4 ,the establishment of ,public ,welfare ,societies in so many localities is a proof that charitable forces are drawing together1 and gives hope that if a place is found for them in the established system they may become powerful for good and not for mischief4 ,the recommendations1 however1 which we are now considering are not dependent on the establishment of a ,voluntary ,aid ,council2 they depend on the principles1 as to which both ,reports agree4 ,those principles satisfy the suggested test4 ,if relief in every case be subordinate to treatment1 if it be given with care and with full consideration for each individual1 there must be good hope that the relief will help and not demoralize1 stimulate and not antagonize the recipient4 ,everything1 however1 depends on securing an authority and administrators who are willing and able to apply the principles to action4 ,the ,majority aim1 by the substitution of nomination and co-optation for direct election1 to get an authority which will do with new wisdom the old duties of ,boards of ,guardians4 ,the ,minority evidently fear that1 if any body of people is established as a relief agency1 no change in the method of appointment will prevent the intrusion of the old abuses4 ,the ,majority believe that it is the persons on the present ,boards which have caused the breakdown1 and that if all ,boards were as good as the best ,boards there would have been no need for the ,commission4 ,the ,minority1 on the other hand1 believe that it is the system which is at fault1 and that a single authority created to deal with destitution only must fail when it is called on to deal with many-sided human nature in its various struggles and trials4 ,the difference is one on which much may be said on both sides4 ,it may be argued that a committee and officials whose special and daily duty it is to deal with cases of distress will become experts in such dealing2 and it may be equally argued that experts tend to think more of the perfection of their system than of the peculiar needs of individuals1 so that their action becomes rigid and incapable of growth4 ,the ,charity ,organization ,committees are such experts1 and although they have done service not always recognized1 they have become unpopular because they have seemed to be more careful as to their methods than as to the needs of the poor4 ,it may be argued that the ,education and ,health and other committees have neither the time nor the experience to administer relief to the cases of distress with which their duties bring them into contact2 and it may equally be argued that it is because they have in view education or health that their ways of relief will be elastic and human1 and therefore guided to the best ends4 ,it may be argued that1 as the important matter is to check the use of public funds by necessitous persons1 therefore it is the better plan to have in each county one authority skilled in dealing with such persons4 ,it may1 on the other hand1 be argued that as the more important matter is to prevent any one becoming a necessitous person1 therefore it is the better plan to let those authorities which have dealings with people as to education1 or health1 or any other object1 deal with them also when they are threatened or overtaken by distress4 ,knowledge is more necessary than skill1 and the people who need their neighbour's guidance do not form a special class in the community4 ,society is better regarded as a body of co-operators than as a community divided into 8an assistance body0 and 8the assisted04 ,the ,majority ,report in its recommendation is discounted by the fact that the ,boards of ,guardians--an ad hoc body--have failed2 and the ,minority ,report is discounted by the fact that there is a science of relief for which long training is necessary4 ,both alike seem conscious that success must really depend on the character of the administrators2 the ,majority therefore recommend many precautions as to the appointment of clerks and relieving officers2 the ,minority frankly leave the control of relief in the hands of a registrar1 whose duty it will be to register every case of relief recommended by any committee1 to assess the amount which ought to be repaid1 and to proceed to the recovery of the amount4 ,the registrar would therefore1 by means of his own officials1 make inquiries into the circumstances of every case1 and would put his administration of out relief or of1 as it is called1 8home aliment0 on a basis of uniform and judicial impartiality4 ,the ,minority ,report has the advantage of scientific precision1 but it is somewhat hard on the spirit of compromise so long characteristic of ,english procedure1 and it takes small account of the disturbance which may be caused by the vagaries of weak human nature1 and it leaves charity without any control4 ,the ,majority has the advantage of securing some continuity with present practices1 but in the ingenious attempt to conciliate diverse opinions and to put new pieces on to the old garment1 some rents seem to have been made which it will be hard to fill4 ,the public will1 during the next few months1 be called upon to decide as to the authority to direct the relief of the poor4 ,the decision cannot be easily made1 and ought not to be attempted without much time and thought4 ,one of the tests by which the two systems may be tried during the necessary delay is1 ,i submit1 whether 7#a7 an ad hoc committee with its subject expert officials or 7#b7 committees appointed for special objects with an independent expert official1 are the more likely to administer relief without spreading demoralization1 and to stimulate energy without rousing animosity4 ,,the ,,able4 ,,ii4 ,the failure of the present system with the able1 the vagrant1 the loafer1 and the unemployed1 who are physically and mentally strong1 is the most marked2 and reform is an immediate necessity4 ,the ,government can hardly go through another ,session without doing something to prevent the growth of pauperism among comparatively young men1 to check the habit of vagrancy which threatens to become violent1 and to meet the demands of the honest unemployed4 ,the present system deals with the able-bodied by means of the workhouse--the labour yard1 the casual ward1 the test workhouse--and also by means of out relief and the ,unemployed ,workmen's ,act4 ,the ,commission--,majority and ,minority--condemn each of these means4 ,the workhouse1 we are told1 creates the loafer4 8,the moment this class of man0--i4e41 the easy-going1 healthy fellow who feels no call to work--8becomes an inmate so surely does he deteriorate into a worse character still02 and we read also that 8the features in the present workhouse system make it not only repellent 7as is perhaps necessary71 but also1 as is unnecessary1 degrading4 ,of all the spectacles of human demoralization now existing in these islands1 there can scarcely be anything worse than the scene presented by the men's day ward of a large urban workhouse during the long hours of leisure on week-days or the whole of ,sundays4 ,through the clouds of tobacco-smoke that fill the long low room1 the visitor gradually becomes aware of the presence of one or two hundred wholly unoccupied males1 of every age between fifteen and ninety--strong and vicious men1 men in all stages of recovery from debauch1 weedy youths of weak intellect1 old men dirty and disreputable 444 worthy old men1 men subject to fits1 occasional monstrosities or dwarfs1 the feeble-minded of every kind1 the respectable labourer prematurely invalided1 the hardened1 sodden loafer1 and the temporarily unemployed man who has found no better refuge4 ,in such places there are congregated this winter certainly more than #aj1jjj healthy1 able-bodied men40 ,the labour yard1 we learn1 tends to become the habitual resort of the incapables1 and 8a stay there will demoralize even the best workmen04 8,in short10 says the ,minority ,report1 8whether as regards those whom it includes or those whom it excludes for relief1 the labour yard is a hopeless failure1 and positively encourages the worst kind of under-employment40 ,the expense of this failure is so great that in one yard the stone broken cost the ,guardians #g a ton4 ,casual wards have long been known as the nurseries of a certain class of vagrant--men and women who become familiar with their methods and settle down to their use4 ,they fail as resting-places for honest seekers after work as they travel from town to town1 and they fail also--even when made harsher than prisons--to stimulate energy4 ,poor ,law reformers1 like ,mr4 ,vallance1 have through many years called for their abolition4 ,test workhouses represent the supreme effort of the ingenuity of ,poor ,law officials1 and are still recommended to ,guardians4 ,in these establishments everything which could possibly attract is excluded4 ,the house is organized after the fashion of a prison1 although the officials have neither the training nor the knowledge considered to be necessary for men who hold their fellow-men in restraint2 hard and uncongenial work is enforced2 the diet is of the plainest1 and no association during leisure hours is permitted4 ,the test is so severe that the house is apt to remain empty till the ,guardians1 overborne by the expense1 admit inmates too weak to bear the strain1 who therefore break down the system4 ,the inspectors claim credit for success1 because applications are prevented1 but the ,minority ,report deals with this claim in an admirably written examination of the whole position4 ,it is no success1 for on account of the severity more men are driven on to the streets to provoke the charity of the unthinking2 and it is a failure if such treatment adds to the sum of envy1 hatred and malice4 ,the ,commissioners of #ahcd aimed at abolishing out-door relief for the able-bodied1 and to this end the central authority and its inspectorate has worked1 but exceptions have been allowed 8on account of sudden or urgent necessity10 and now it is reported that #aj1jjj different men1 mostly between the ages of twenty-five and fifty-five1 receive such relief in the course of the year1 while at least #aj1jjj or #bj1jjj more able-bodied men are allowed out relief by the special authority of the ,local ,government ,board4 ,these numbers tend to increase1 and will go on increasing1 because nothing is done to give them 8such physical or mental restorative treatment as will fit them for employment04 ,the means1 therefore1 by which the ,poor ,law has attempted to deal with the able-bodied may be said to have disastrously failed4 ,distress has grown1 and the people have been demoralized4 ,ill-will threatens to become violent4 ,the nation1 in a hurry to do something1 passed the ,unemployed ,act of #aije1 and the ,commissioners deal faithfully with the work of the ,distress ,committees created under that ,act4 ,there is much in the work which is suggestive1 and many recommendations1 such as those which affect the use of labour and farm colonies1 are founded on their experience4 ,but the ,commissioners are unanimous in the conclusion that relief works are economically useless4 8,either10 they say1 8ordinary work is undertaken1 in which case it is merely forestalled 444 or else it is sham work1 which we believe to be even more demoralizing than direct relief40 8,municipal relief works0 7to which the work given by district councils has approximated7 8have not assisted1 but rather prejudiced1 the better class of workman 444 they have encouraged the casual labourers by giving them a further supply of the casual work which is so dear to their hearts and so demoralizing to their character4 ,they have encouraged and not helped the incapables2 they have discouraged and not helped the capables40 ,the present system of dealing with the able-bodied1 whether by the means adopted by the ,poor ,law or by those introduced under the ,unemployed ,act1 fails under our test4 ,it does not relieve those who need relief1 it spreads wide demoralization1 and it stirs ill-will4 ,the ,commissioners recognize the failure1 and recommend a new system4 ,the two ,reports agree in their main recommendations4 ,there is need for a check to be placed on the employment of boys 8in uneducative and blind-alley occupations10 and for the better education of children1 both in elementary and continuation schools4 ,there should be a national system of labour exchanges working automatically all over the country1 so that workers permanently displaced might easily pass to new occupations1 travelling expenses1 if necessary1 being paid or advanced out of the common purse1 and so that the need of work might be tested by the offer of a situation4 ,the ,minority ,report would enforce on certain employers the use of the register4 ,both ,reports agree that the work given out by ,government departments and by local authorities might be regularized1 so that most public work would be done when there was least demand for labour by private employers4 ,if at any time afforestation was undertaken1 this also might be put on the market as the labour barometer showed labour to be in excess of the demand4 ,both agree also that there should be some scheme of unemployment insurance1 and that with this object subsidies might be given to the unemployment funds of trade unions4 ,these recommendations1 if adopted1 might be expected to do much to prevent many of the evils of casual labour and unemployment from falling on future generations2 but to meet existing needs the ,commissioners recommend emigration and industrial training in institutions1 some close to the homes of the workers1 some in the country1 some farm colonies from which workers would be free to come and go1 some detention colonies in which they would be detained for more or less long periods4 ,there would thus be established1 says the ,majority ,report1 in every county four organizations with the common object of maintaining or restoring the workmen's independence3 7a7 ,an organization for insurance against unemployment1 7b7 a labour exchange1 7c7 a voluntary aid committee1 7d7 an authority which will deal with individuals1 according to their needs1 by emigration1 by migration1 or by means of day training institutions1 farm colonies and detention colonies4 ,the ,minority would secure the same provision by means of one organization in each county4 ,the workman who1 being out of work or unfit for any work on the labour register1 or for whom no work is possible1 would be referred to the official who1 by inquiry1 would decide whether he should be trained1 mentally or physically1 in some near institution1 or whether he should be sent to some special and more distant labour colony1 his family receiving sufficient money for their daily support4 ,if1 having had a fair opportunity1 he refused to work1 or if he resumed the practice of mendicity or vagrancy1 he would1 by a magistrate's order1 be committed to a detention colony1 where1 again1 he would be given the opportunity during three or four years of gaining the power of self-support4 ,this in a few words represents the dealing practically recommended by both ,reports4 ,it meets the test which the present system fails to meet4 ,the relief is in every case provided which need demands1 and1 as it is accompanied by training1 demoralization is prevented4 ,at the same time1 as no relief is given without training1 every one is stimulated1 while no one can have a sense of injustice4 ,even those committed to detention colonies are so committed that they may have a chance of restoration4 ,the scheme1 it will be observed1 deals only with those mentally and physically fit to earn their own living4 ,those not so fit must be classed among the 8unable10 and receive treatment which may be compared with that recommended for the feeble-minded4 ,the two ,reports thus agree in their main recommendations1 though there are important differences which demand subsequent consideration4 ,the principal difference is that1 whereas the ,majority ,report would make the authority controlling the use of training institutions subject to the county council1 the ,minority would make it subject only to a central department1 such as the ,board of ,trade or a ,labour ,minister1 who would appoint an official in every county who would superintend the labour registry1 the organization for insurance against unemployment1 and also the use of the training institutions4 ,the weight of argument would seem to lie with the ,minority's recommendation4 ,one authority--with whom might easily be associated an advisory board from the employers and workmen of the district1 and a council representing local charities--having the control of the labour registry1 would be best fitted to deal with individuals wanting work2 and a national authority1 having knowledge of training institutions all over the country1 would have the best opportunity for putting a man in the institution most likely to meet his needs4 ,it might1 indeed1 be said in conclusion of the whole matter that the recommendations of the ,majority ,report as to the able-bodied might be adopted1 with the substitution of a national for a local authority in the control of the use and management of the training institutions2 or that those of the ,minority might be adopted1 with certain modifications and additions suggested in the ,majority ,report4 ,,the ,,first ,,thing ,,to ,,be ,,done4 ,when there is such a body of agreement1 when that body of agreement applies to the treatment of the able-bodied whose needs are most pressing1 and when the recommendations can be adopted with very little interference with existing machinery1 the obvious course seems to be the immediate dealing with the unemployed4 ,there is always a danger lest public interest should be diverted to discuss principles1 and it may be that the advocates of a 8new ,poor ,law0 and those advocating 8no ,poor ,law0 may fill the air with their cries while nothing is done for the poor1 just as the advocates of different principles of religious education have prevented knowledge reaching the children4 ,the first thing to do before this discussion begins1 and before the ,guardians and their friends1 obtrusively or subtly1 make their protest felt1 is1 ,i submit1 to take the action which affects the able-bodied4 ,there is no doubt that there should be some form of more continuous education enforced on boys and girls up to the age of eighteen4 ,there is no doubt that there should be labour registries1 some form of unemployment insurance1 and some regularization of industry1 which must be undertaken by a national authority4 ,it would not be unreasonable to ask that the same national authority should organize training institutions1 and through its own local official select individuals for training4 ,the ,guardians1 inasmuch as they would be relieved of the care of casual wards and of provision in their workhouses for the physically and mentally strong1 might fairly be called on to provide the necessary payment to keep the families during the period when the wage-earners were in training4 ,this treatment of the able-bodied in a thorough way is suggested by the ,report1 and offers a compact scheme of reform1 which may be carried through as a whole without dislocating existing machinery4 ,if this be successfully done1 then another step might later be taken in dealing with the children or with the sick2 and1 last of all1 when the public mind has become familiar with the respective needs of different classes1 it might be decided whether1 as the ,majority recommend1 there should be a special relieving body1 or whether1 as the ,minority recommend1 relief should be undertaken by other bodies in the course of their own particular work4 ,the public1 or at any rate the political1 mind is always most interested in machinery1 and when the cry of 8rights0 is raised passion is likewise roused4 ,if proposals are now made to abolish ,guardians the interest excited will distract attention1 and many forces will be moved for their protection4 ,the chief thing at present is1 it seems to me1 to draw the public mind to consider the condition of the people as it is laid bare in this ,report1 to make them feel ashamed that the ,poor ,law has allowed1 and even encouraged1 the condition1 and to be persistent in insisting on reform4 ,the way to reform is never the easy or short way2 it always demands sacrifice1 and the public will not make the hard sacrifice of thought till they feel the sufferings and wrongs of the people4 ,the public will1 ,i believe1 be made both to feel and to think if the first thing proposed is a complete scheme for dealing with the able-bodied on lines recommended by both ,reports4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,widows ,,with ,,children ,,under ,,the ,,poor ,,law4#a ,,by ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,september1 #aiaj4 #a ,a ,paper read at the ,church ,congress1 ,cambridge4 ,the last time that ,i addressed this ,congress of 8discreet and learned persons0 was three years ago at ,yarmouth1 when ,i read a paper on 8,the ,ethics of the ,poor ,law04 ,it was not a specially good nor interesting paper1 but it brought me both letters and interviews1 with the result that now the lives of many people1 both children and old folk1 are better and happier4 ,god grant that this evening's discussion may be as fruitful4 ,first let us face the magnitude of the subject for discussion--8,widows with ,children10 not out-of-works1 not illegitimate1 not deserted wives1 all these classes are excluded1 and our subject narrowed down to married women1 with their legitimate offspring1 who have lost the family's bread-winner4 ,of these1 to quote the ,poor ,law ,commissioners' ,report1#b in ,january1 #aijg1 there were #cd1gdi widows and #if1cdb children in receipt of relief4 ,the large majority of these persons were receiving assistance in their own homes1 there being only #abdj widows and #biih children in receipt of indoor relief in the workhouses4 #b ,majority ,report1 pp4 #ce1 #cf4 ,let us1 then1 follow some of these #if1cdb children into their homes1 and see what the nation is paying for3-- ,the first case is quoted from the ,majority ,report3#c-- 7#d7 8,widow with seven children1 none working4 ,received #ajs4 per week relief4 ,rent #e #ajs4 ,said to be paid by friends4 ,i visited the home1 and found it in a very dirty1 ,i might say filthy1 condition4 ,the woman is a sloven4 ,she went about the house in a dazed manner4 ,i tried to get particulars of the way she spent her money1 but found it impossible4 ,one of the children was at home from school ill1 but had not been seen by a doctor4 ,it is obvious 444 that a family of eight persons could not live on #ajs4 per week40 7#e7 8,mrs4 ,w41 a widow with five children1 receives #ajs4 per week4 ,she is a notorious drunkard1 and has lately been turned out of a house in a street where drunkards abound1 because her drunken habits disturbed the whole street4 ,when we called she refused to open the door2 the relieving officer concluded she was drunk40 #c ,majority ,report1 p4 #aej4 ,that the ,local ,government ,board inspectors are and have been fully aware that such conditions exist is shown again and again by their own words4 ,mr4 ,baldwyn ,fleming said3#d-- 8,there were many cases receiving outdoor relief where the circumstances 444 were very undesirable4444 ,the relieving officers were well acquainted with the cases40 #d ,ibid41 p4 #aea4 ,mr4 ,wethered reported3-- 8,some were clean and tidy1 but in very many instances the rooms were dirty1 ill kept1 and sometimes verminous04 ,mr4 ,bagenal's experience speaks of the out-relief class as 8,bankrupt in pocket and character10 and describes their homes in these words3-- 8,cleanliness and ventilation are not considered of any account4 ,the furniture is always of the most dilapidated kind4 ,the beds generally consist of dirty palliasses or mattresses with very scanty covering4 ,the atmosphere is offensive1 even fetid1 and the clothing of the individuals--old and young--is ragged and filthy4 ,the children are neglected1 and furnish the complaints of the ,national ,society for ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,children40 ,mr4 ,williams said3-- 8,i found far too much intemperance1 and sometimes even drunkenness1 in cases in which out-relief was being granted4444 ,closely allied to it were filth1 both of persons and surroundings1 and sadder even was the neglect and resultant cruelty to the children1 who were ill-fed and ill-clad40 8,exceptional cases60 ,i hear you say2 8why dwell on them80 ,so ,i will read you the words of the ,majority ,report1 ever ready to take the lenient view of the work of the ,guardians4 ,such cases1 it reports1 8occur with sufficient frequency to be a very potent influence in perpetuating pauperism and propagating disease04 ,perhaps1 however1 figures will convey more startlingly the facts4 ,in order to classify the investigators divided the mothers into four classes#e--;,i41 good2 ,,ii41 mediocre2 ,,iii41 very unsatisfactory1 i4e41 slovenly and slipshod2 ,,iv41 bad1 i4e41 drunkards1 immoral1 wilfully neglecting their children4 #e ,minority ,report1 p4 #gec4 ,the percentages in the rural districts were #ai per cent in the third class1 #f per cent in the fourth4 8,in the towns conditions were1 as a rule1 much worse40 ,in one urban union #ah per cent came under ,class ,,iv4 ,in another great union the appalling percentage rose to #bb per cent4 ,to sum up1 the number of children on out relief on #a ,january1 #aijh1 in 8very unsatisfactory0 homes in ,england and ,wales1 was more than #cj1jjj2 while #bj1jjj were being paid for in homes 8wholly unfit for children04 8,we can add nothing10 say the ,commissioners1 8to the force of these terrible figures40 ,neither are the evils only moral ones4 8,investigation10 write the authors of the ,minority ,report1 8as to the physical condition of these outdoor relief children in ,london1 ,liverpool1 and elsewhere brings to light innumerable cases of untreated sores and eczema1 untreated erysipelas and swollen glands1 untreated ringworm1 heart disease1 and phthisis10 a seed crop the products of which are the unemployed and unemployable4 ,but now ,i would propose that we leave these haunts of evil and go to see the home of a respectable widow who is endeavouring to bring up her children to be ,god-fearing and industrious4 8,mother a seamstress1 earning about #is4 a week1 and the ,board of ,guardians granting another #fs4 ,four children 7eleven1 nine1 six1 and two7 made happy by the motherly love of a steady1 methodical and careful woman1 who1 however1 cannot support them except by working unceasingly1 as well as by getting charitable help towards their clothes from the ,church1 country holidays from the ,children's ,country ,holiday ,fund1 official help in dinners from the ,educational ,authority1 and medical help from the health visitor or nurse engaged by the ,town ,council40 ,what a confusion of sources1 what want of inquiry1 what danger of overlapping2 five organizations to aid the same family1 three of them ,state supplied1 two supported by religious or philanthropic persons4 ,on this confusion1 which is not only extravagant to the ratepayers1 but corrupting to the character of the recipients1 the ,minority ,report lays great stress4 ,time forbids me to give more examples1 but with this vision of wholesome family affection let us read with attention the following words from the ,minority ,report3--#f 8,in the vast majority of cases the amount allowed by the ,guardians is not adequate04 8,the children are under-nourished1 many of them poorly dressed1 and many barefooted4444 ,the decent mother's one desire is to keep herself and her children out of the workhouse4 ,she will1 if allowed1 try to do this on an impossibly inadequate sum1 until both she and her children become mentally and physically deteriorated40444 8,it must be remembered10 adds a medical expert1 8that semi-starvation is not a painful process1 and its victims do not recognize what is happening40 #f ,minority ,report1 p4 #gdg4 ,do not all of us who know our parishes know that woman8 ,her poverty1 her strenuousness1 her patience1 her fatigue1 her hopefulness1 her periods of hopelessness1 and above1 below1 around all her ,mother-love and her faith in ,god--and what is the result of her efforts1 her heroism8 ,children strong1 healthy1 skilled1 able to support her in her old age and themselves rear a family worthy of such noble moral ancestry8 ,no6 her reward will be to see her children weakly men and undergrown girls1 all alike in having no stamina1 among the first to be pushed out of the labour market4 ,all the love1 all the industry1 all the heroism ever showered by devoted mothers cannot take the place of milk and bread and air and warmth4 ,but1 it may be asked1 8,why does this careful mother so dread the workhouse2 there1 at least1 although she herself would be deprived of her freedom1 she would know that her children were well cared for60 ,to reply to this question it will be necessary once more to turn to the ponderous ,blue ,book and search the #abch pages for descriptions of what goes on behind the great walls of those pauper palaces4 ,it is true that the widow has not read the reports nor even heard of the ,poor ,law ,commission and its colossal labours1 worthy of the gratitude and reverence of all who love their country4 ,but these things filter out though not couched in official language4 8,i can't a-bear of them to go1 ma'am10 says some work-beaten mother4 8,there's ,mrs4 ,jones1 she lost her baby when they had to go in1 as her husband was took with galloping consumption1 and her ,billy got bad eyes and ,susie seemed to lose all her gaiety like40 8,no6 ,i'd rather go hungry than see them that way and not be able to kiss 'em when they cries40 ,but is it true8 ,it is understandable that individual homes which the ,guardians only subsidize may not always be all that they could wish1 but when the children are entirely under their care surely what this poor woman alleges cannot be true4 ,alas6 it is far less than the truth4 ,let us read again and see how the children1 not being babies1 fare when they are kept in the workhouses4 ,the following are extracts3#g-- 8,the children are not kept separate from the adult inmates4 ,the children's wards left on our minds a marked impression of confusion and defective administration4444 ,the eyes of some of the children seemed suspiciously #8weak' and in two or three cases to be suffering from some serious inflammation40 8,the chief defect here1 as in so many workhouses1 is in the accommodation for the children4 ,the girls use the sewing-room as a day-room4 ,the older children go to school one and a half miles distant1 taking bread and butter or jam with them1 and dining on their return when the other inmates have their tea4 ,the dining-hall is used by all inmates at the same time4444 ,altogether1 there is great need for reform in the treatment of the children40 #g ,majority ,report1 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,it is true that children of school age maintained in the workhouses attend the public elementary schools1 save for #fea who are still educated within workhouse walls1 but the school hours account only for about one-third of the children's waking existence1 and during the other two-thirds1 which include the long winter evenings1 ,saturdays and ,sundays1 and all school holidays1 the workhouse is still their only home4 8,we cannot10 says the ,minority ,report1#h 8too emphatically express our disagreement with those who accept this the attendance of children reared in workhouses at public elementary schools as any excuse for retaining children in the workhouse at all4444 ,we paid special attention to this point of the provision for children on our visits to workhouses1 large and small1 in town and country1 in ,england1 ,wales1 ,scotland and ,ireland4 ,we saw hardly any workhouse or poorhouse in which the accommodation for children was at all satisfactory4 ,we unhesitatingly agree with the ,inspector of the ,local ,government ,board1 who gave it to us as his opinion that #8no serious argument in defence of the workhouse system is possible4 ,the person who would urge that the atmosphere and associations of a workhouse are a fit up-bringing for a child merely proves his incapacity to express an intelligent opinion upon the matter4'0 #h ,minority ,report1 pp4 #hjb1 #hjc4 8,we are strongly of opinion10 says the ,majority ,report1#i 8that effective steps should be taken to secure that the maintenance of children in the workhouse be no longer recognized as a legitimate way of dealing with them40 #i ,majority ,report1 p4 #ahg4 ,this evil is of long standing2 for a dozen years the pressing necessity for the removal from such surroundings of these ,state-dependent children has been represented to successive ,presidents of the ,local ,government ,board1 and to ,boards of ,guardians1 and the saddest fact of all is that1 at the date of the latest ,local ,government ,board ,return1 #bd1age children 7more than one-third of the total number who are entirely maintained out of the rates7 are still being reared in this unsuitable environment1 actually a larger number than in any preceding year since #ahii4 ,to all those gentlemen who have read the ,royal ,commissioners' ,report ,i must apologize for quoting it so largely4 ,those who have not read it will recognize something of the extreme interest of its contents and take it for their winter's reading4 ,but to return again to the ,widows and ,children on out relief4 ,the ,majority ,report says3-- 8,the ,guardians give relief without knowing whether the recipients can manage on it2 they go on giving it without knowing how they are managing on it40 8,in short1 there is a widespread system of trying to compensate for inadequacy of knowledge by inadequacy of relief40 ,this is a severe condemnation both of the ,guardians and the ,local ,government ,board1 whose inspectors we know had been long aware of the facts4 ,moved by the outcry caused by the publication of these revelations1 a circular on the 8,administration of ,outdoor ,relief0 was issued by the ,central ,authority last ,march to the ,boards of ,guardians1 calling on them for greater discrimination in the selection of cases and the adoption of uniform principles4 ,that these demands were not unnecessary is shown by the following instances of unequal treatment given in the ,reports3-- 8,in one case a widow with four dependent children1 and one boy earning #aes4 a week1 with a total income to the family of #bes41 received #gs4 from the ,guardians1 bringing their total up to #cbs4 a week for six persons4 ,one ,board gives #f;d4 and #e lb4 of flour per week for each child2 another family received #es4 a week1 bringing their total to #eas4 #f;d4 per week2 another #fs4 a week for the mother and three children 7all little tots7 with #8no other known income'40 ,the action of ,boards on this circular has been varied4 ,some have declared themselves 8satisfied with their proceedings10 and that 8no alteration is required04 ,others have set to work to settle a scale of payments for certain defined cases2 but though every one must rejoice that a circular 7though a belated one7 has been issued from the ,local ,government ,board1 and that the ,guardians are moving1 yet the proposals do not seem to me to meet the case4 ,the world cannot be divided into good or bad1 white or black--infinite are the shades of grey4 ,more1 much more1 than adequacy or uniformity of payment is required4 ,many classes of help are needed4 ,i would suggest as possible solutions of this difficult problem 7and my long experience of thirty-three years' life in ,whitechapel does not allow me to minimize the difficulty7 the following plans3-- ,i4--,the children could be boarded out with their own mothers4 ,we have to travel back to ,egypt to see how well it succeeded when tried on ,moses1 and it succeeded because it obtains for the child the one essential basis of all education--i4e4 ,love4 ,the plan is based on quite a simple principle4 ,women have to be engaged by the ,state to rear children--it is done in workhouses1 barrack schools1 scattered homes1 village communities1 and in boarding-out4 ,why should not some of the women so engaged be the children's own mothers8 ,the mother so employed must be of good character1 and have thrifty1 home-making virtues1 the same sort of qualities1 in short1 as are sought for in the foster parents of boarded-out children4 ,she would be moved into the country1 or into a healthy suburb1 and1 if her own family is not large enough adequately to employ her1 she could have one or two more children or babies sent to her4 ,she would be under close inspection1 and the ,boarding-out ,committee would make her feel that1 though the children were her own1 yet it was the duty of the ,state to see that she did her duty to them on a high plane4 ,for some families this seems to me the best of all possible solutions1 but ,i have to recognize that it is not practicable except for self-respecting worthy women4 ,,ii4--,to suit those affectionate mothers who are too untutored to do without set tasks of employment and daily supervision1 there might be some sort of modification of the plan4 ,some twenty of these women could be placed in small cottages1 or tenements in a quadrangle1 and employed for part of the day at one of the giant official institutions for the infirm or imbecile which are scattered all over the country4 ,the children could be kept at school for dinner1 and care taken that the women's hours of labour were short enough to enable them to home-make morning and evening when the children return from school4 ,,iii4--,for other women1 who1 as the ,report says1 are 8too ignorant to be effective mothers10 and yet whose only thought is their children1 teaching colonies might be established1 the mothers putting themselves into training1 with the hope of being ultimately counted as worthy to rear their own children at the expense of the ,state--a goal to strive for when they have mastered the skilled trade of 8mothering04 ,,iv4--,for women who are already employed at suitable work1 special arrangements could be made as the condition of their receiving out-relief1 either concerning their hours of labour or to secure the household assistance necessary to maintain their children as children of every class ought to be kept4 ,i can imagine certain employers1 such as the ever public-spirited ,mr4 ,cadbury1 being willing to arrange shifts of labour to suit these needs4 ,v4--,from other mothers the children should be removed altogether1 and for these children ,i should counsel emigration1 for all workers can cite cases of the ruin of young people1 when they reach wage-earning ages1 by bad parents claiming their rights over them4 ,to turn these suggestions into facts would take much work1 thought1 patience1 prayer4 8,each case10 as the ,majority report says1 8seems to call for special and individual attention40 ,but is it not worth while8 ,can we as ,christians allow the present condition of things to go on8 ,gentlemen1 there are #agh1ebj children in your parishes being more or less supported by the ,state4 ,do the clergy know them8 ,what have the clergy done about them8 ,have many joined the ,board of ,guardians8 ,have they remonstrated at the inadequacy of the relief given8 ,have they made themselves even acquainted with the facts of ,poor ,law administration in their unions8 ,the other day1 ,i1 by chance1 met a clergyman--a nice man1 vicar of a big church in a large watering-place4 ,his conversation showed he was alert and up-to-date on all controversial matters1 even to the place of a comma in the ,lord's ,prayer1 but to my questions as to how the ,poor ,law children were dealt with in his parish he had to reply1 and he did so unashamed1 8,i don't know04 ,i remember as a child thinking that it was a cruel injustice to punish the man for breaking the ,sabbath1 when he did not know that there was a law to command him to keep it1 and now1 looking back down the vista of many years' experience1 ,i understand that ,moses but expressed in a detail the law of ,god which affects the whole of social life4 ,the man was punished because he did not know4 ,at least he bore the penalty of his own ignorance1 but in this case it is the children who are punished because of our ignorance4 ,no6 the clergy have not known hitherto2 but now they can know4 ,the facts are before them in that vast and fascinating storehouse of knowledge bound in blue1 and1 having learnt1 they can speak2 and speaking1 what will they say8 ,will they blame the ,guardians8 ,will they scold the ,local ,government ,board8 ,will they shrug their shoulders and talk about 8the difficulties of social problems in a complex civilization10 or will each say to himself1 8,thou art the man0 whose fault this is1 and then speak and work to get things altered8 ,gentlemen1 you tell us often that children1 child-bearing1 child-teaching1 child-rearing1 child-loving is the vocation of my sex4 ,i agree with you4 ,i want no better calling myself than home-making and child protection1 and therefore you will not take it amiss that ,i1 a woman1 speak boldly for the children's sake4 ,you have joined in the neglect of these ,state-dependent children hitherto4 ,you have allowed them by your ignorance to be injured4 ,are you now going to injure them further by sitting helplessly down before these terrible revelations8 ,the whole world knows how ,england treats ,state-supported children1 its national assets1 the representatives of those the ,master took up in ,his arms--the whole world waits to see what ,england will do4 ,it is for you to lead4 ,are you going to accept the facts as irremediable1 or by getting them altered thus pay your vows to the ,lord8 ,,henrietta ,o4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,press ,,and ,,charitable ,,funds4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,july1 #aijf4 #a ,from 8,the ,independent ,review04 ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,fisher ,unwin ,co4 ,the ,press had been the ,church's ablest ally in its effort to fulfil the apostolic precept1 and teach the nation to remember the poor4 ,the social instinct may be native to humanity1 but it requires an impulse and a direction4 ,the ,press has again and again stirred such an impulse and given such direction4 ,charity was never more abundant1 and methods of relief were never more considered4 ,the ,press has been the ally of the ,church in creating the better world of the present4 ,but the ,press1 caught in these later years 7as so many persons and bodies have been caught7 by the lust of doing and the praise thereof1 has aspired to be an administrator of relief4 ,it has not been content with the rle of a prophet or of a teacher1 it has taken a place alongside of ,ladies ,bountiful1 ,relief ,committees1 and ,boards of ,guardians4 ,it has invaded another province1 and rival newspapers have had their own funds1 their own agents1 and their own systems of relief4 ,the result is probably an increase in the volume of money given by the readers of the papers4 ,a large fund may1 however1 be a fallacious test of sympathy4 ,the money subscribed under the pressure of appeal may have been diverted from other objects2 and gifts are sometimes made1 not for the relief of the poor so much as for the relief of the givers4 ,people have been known to give1 that they may enjoy themselves more comfortably2 and they may relieve their feelings by a gift1 so as to be free to spend a family's weekly income on their own dinner4 ,a large fund is not1 therefore1 a sufficient evidence of increased sympathy4 ,but let it be granted that the ,press action has brought more money to the service of the poor4 ,the question is3 ,has it been for good8 ,i4 ,the first characteristic of a ,press fund is that1 when a newspaper undertakes the administration of relief1 it has to create its own machinery4 ,it may begin by sending down to the distressed district a clever young man with a cab-load of tickets4 ,nothing seems easier than to give to those who ask1 and so money is poured into the hands of applicants1 or sent to the clergy for distribution4 ,a rough experience soon enforces the necessity of inquiry and organization4 ,in ,west ,ham1 in the winter of #aijd-e1 when the ,borough ,council was spending #bh1jjj on relief1 when the ,guardians had #bj1jjj persons on their out-relief lists and #acjj men in the stone yard1 the ,press funds were distributed without any inquiry or any attempt at co-operation4 ,i gather a few notes from reports made at the time by a resident in the district4 8,mr4 ,c---- received a large sum from the ,d4 ,t4 ,he relieved #djj regularly2 and there was no interchange of names40 8,i found one street in which nearly every one had relief40 8,i was asked to visit a starving case on ,sunday2 and found a good dinner stowed away under the table40 8,one man in receipt of #dgs4 a week in wages received twelve tickets from the ,d4 ,n4 on ,christmas ,eve1 and did not turn up to his work for four days1 though extra pay was offered for ,boxing ,day40 8,a man10 says a relieving officer1 8came to me on ,friday and had #cs4 ,he went to the ,town ,hall and got #ds4 ,his daughter got #cs4 from the same source2 his wife #es4 from a ,councillor1 and late the same night a goose40 ,another relieving officer reported3-- 8,outside my office a #d-lb4 loaf could be bought for #a;d41 and a #bs4 relief ticket for two pots of beer40 8,the public-houses did far better when the relief funds were at work40 8,my impression is1 that more than #ejj people who were in receipt of out relief in my district received relief from the funds2 but we were never consulted40 8,the relieving officers had to be under police protection for four months40 ,such an experience naturally forced the newspapers to consider their ways4 ,the system of doles was abandoned1 and local organizations were established to give relief in some approved method4 ,let it be granted1 without prejudice1 that the administration was made so effective as to justify a report of good work to the subscribers to the fund4 ,let it be granted that a large number of the unemployed were given work1 that families were emigrated1 and that the hands of existing agencies were strengthened4 ,there are still two criticisms which may be directed against the ,press position as an administrator of relief4 ,the first is1 that the experience by which it learns wisdom is disastrous to the people4 ,the waste of money is itself serious1 but that is a small matter alongside of the bitter feeling1 the suspicion1 the loss of heart1 the loss of self-respect1 the lying1 which are encouraged when gifts are obtained by clamour and deceit4 ,gifts may be poisons as well as food1 and gifts badly given make an epidemic of moral disease4 ,the second criticism is1 that the organization1 when it is created1 disturbs1 displaces1 and confuses other organizations1 while it is not itself permanent4 ,the ,press action leaves1 it may be said1 a trail of demoralization1 and does not remain sufficiently long in existence to clear up its own abuses4 ,,ii4 ,another characteristic of a ,press fund is1 that a newspaper raises its money by word pictures of family poverty4 ,its interviewers break in on the sacredness of home4 ,they come to the poor man's house without the sympathy of long experience1 without any friendly introduction1 with an eye only to the 8copy0 which may best provoke the gifts of their readers4 ,they write about the secrets of sorrow and suffering4 ,they make public the bitterness of heart which is precious to the soul1 and thus intermeddle with the grief which no stranger can understand4 ,their tales lower the standard of human dignity2 they make the poor who read the tales proud of conditions of which they should be ashamed1 and they make the rich think of the distress rather than of the self-respect of their neighbours4 ,the effects of the ,press method of raising money by uncovering the secrets of private sorrow may be summed up under three heads4 7a7 ,it increases poverty4 ,poverty comes to be regarded as a sort of domestic asset4 ,the family which can make the greatest show of suffering has the greatest chance of relief1 and examples are found of people who have made themselves poor1 or appear poor1 for the sake of the fund4 7b7 ,it degrades the poor4 ,a subtle effect of this advertisement of private suffering is1 that people so advertised lose their self-respect4 ,they1 as it were1 like to expose themselves1 and make a show of what ought to be hidden2 they glory in their shame1 and accept at others' hands what they themselves ought to earn4 ,they beg1 and are not ashamed2 they are idle1 and are not self-disgraced4 ,they are content to be pitied4 7c7 ,it hardens the common conscience4 ,a far-reaching effect of these tales of suffering heaped on suffering is1 that the public demands more and more sensation to move it to benevolence4 ,the natural human instinct which makes a man care for a man is weakened2 and he who yesterday shrank from the thought of a sorrowing neighbour1 is to-day hardly moved by a tale of starvation1 anguish1 and death4 ,feeling1 we are taught1 which is acted on and not actively used1 becomes dulled2 and the ,press tales which work on the feeling of their readers at last dry up the fountain of real charity4 ,the public in a way finds its interest1 if not its enjoyment1 in the news of others' suffering4 ,,iii4 ,a third characteristic of a ,press fund is1 the daily bold advertisement of the amount received4 ,rival funds boast themselves one against another2 and rivalry is successful in drawing in thousands and tens of thousands of pounds4 ,the magnitude of these sums is1 however1 always misleading2 and people for whom the money is subscribed think there is no end to the resources for their relief4 ,the demand is increased2 people pour in from the country to share the benefit2 workmen lay down their tools to put in their claims2 energy is relaxed2 greed is encouraged2 and1 when it is found that the relief obtained is small1 there are suspicion and discontent4 ,the failure of the funds which depend on advertisement suggests the wisdom of the ,divine direction1 that charity should be in secret4 ,such are some of the criticisms which ,i would offer on the ,press funds4 ,i grant that they apply to all 8funds02 and most of us who have tried to 8remember the poor0 have seen our work broken by the intrusion of some outside and benevolent agency4 ,the truth is1 that the only gift which deserves the credit of charity is the personal gift--what a man gives at his own cost1 desiring nothing in return1 neither thanks nor credit4 ,what a man gives1 directed by loving sympathy with a neighbour he knows and respects1 this is the charity which is blessed2 and its very mistakes are steps to better things4 ,a 8fund0 cannot easily have these qualities of charity4 ,its agents do not give at their own cost2 its gifts cannot be in secret2 it cannot walk along the path of friendship2 it is bound to investigate4 ,when1 therefore1 any 8fund0 assumes the ways of charity1 when it claims irresponsibility1 when it expects gratitude1 when it is unequal and irregular in its action1 it justifies the strange cry we have lately heard3 8,curse your charity04 ,a 8fund10 voluntary or legal--it seems to me--should represent an effort to do justice1 and should follow the ways of justice4 ,its object should be1 not to express pity1 or even sympathy1 and it should not ask for gratitude4 ,its object is to right wrong1 to redress the unfairness which follows the triumph of success1 and give to the weak and disherited a share in the prosperity they have done their part to create4 ,a 8fund0 because its object is to do justice1 ought to follow scientific lines2 it ought to be guided by sound judgment2 it ought to be administered by skilled officials2 and it ought to do nothing which can lower any man's strength and dignity4 ,on the contrary1 it ought to do everything to open to the lowest the way of honourable living4 ,its action must be just1 and seem to be just2 it must represent the mind1 not of one class only1 but of all classes4 ,there have been 8funds0 which more or less approach this ideal4 ,the ,mansion ,house ,fund of #aijc-d issued a ,report which stands as a model of what is possible2 and its ideal is that of the ablest ,poor ,law reformers4 ,press funds created by excitement1 and directed in a hurry1 will hardly reach such an ideal4 ,they will neither by their genesis nor by their action represent the ways of justice4 ,the ,press1 ,i submit1 deserts its high calling when it offers itself as a means by which its readers may easily do their duty to the poor4 ,the relief of the poor can never be easy--the easiest way is almost always the wrong way4 ,the ,press1 when it makes it possible for rich people to satisfy their consciences by a donation to its 8funds0 lets them escape their duty of effort1 of sacrifice1 and of personal sympathy4 ,it spoils the public1 as foolish parents spoil children by taking away the call to effort4 ,the ,press has great possibilities in teaching people to remember the poor4 ,it might educate the national conscience to make a national effort to remove the causes of want of employment1 physical weakness1 and drunkenness4 ,it might rouse the rich to the patriotism which the ,russian noble expressed1 when he said that 8the rights of property must give way to national needs04 ,it might set the public mind to think of a heart of the ,empire in which there should be no infant of days1 no young man without hope1 and no old man without the means of peace4 ,the ,press has done much4 ,it seems to me a loss if1 for the sake of the immediate earthly link1 if for the sake of creating a 8fund0 to relieve present distress1 it misses the eternal gain--the creation of a public mind which will prevent any distress4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,what ,,is ,,possible ,,in ,,poor ,,law ,,reform4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 #bb ,september1 #aiji4 #a ,from 8,the ,westminster ,gazette04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,the ,archbishop of ,canterbury did good service in the ,house of ,lords in forcing upon public attention the condition of the people as has been revealed by the ,poor ,law ,commission4 ,there was only a small attendance of ,peers to hear his statement1 and the public mind has hardly been stirred4 ,the imagination is not trained in ,england4 ,for want of it1 as ,lord ,goschen used to say1 our fathers lost ,america1 and for want of it we are likely to blunder into social trouble4 ,the ,lords1 who are so keen in defence of property1 do not realize that there are greater dangers to property in the presence of the unemployed than in the weapons forged by the ,budget1 and the public mind forgets in the summer the 8bitter cries0 which every winter rise from broken homes and shattered lives4 ,but the facts remain as they have been stated by the ,archbishop4 ,there is poverty2 there is distress2 the community suffers grievous loss while strong men lose their power to work and hearts are hardened by want4 ,all the time 8out relief is administered so as to foster and encourage dirt1 disease1 and immorality1 and the workhouse accommodation for the aged is in some cases so dreary as to be absolutely appalling1 while in others it is palatial04 ,the ,archbishop 8absolutely challenged the statement that these difficulties could be met except by a new system under a new law04 ,the whole evidence showed that things are radically wrong1 and rendered it impossible to argue that 8we are getting on well enough04 ,mr4 ,burns rests in the progress under the ,guardians' administration during the last sixty years4 8,in-door pauperism has dropped from #fb to #bf per #ajjj1 out-door pauperism from #ed to #af1 and child pauperism from #bf to #g per #ajjj10 while 8the cost per head of in-door paupers has risen from #g #ahs4 to #ac #es4 and out-door pauperism from #c #aas4 to #f #as4 #e;d40 ,striking figures1 but they do not alter the facts which the inquiries of the ,commissioners have brought to light4 ,there are still workhouses which are hot-beds of corruption2 there are still thousands of children brought up under pauper influences1 which the boasted education for a few hours a week in an elementary school cannot stem2 there are still feeble-minded people of both sexes who1 for want of care1 increase the number of lunatics and criminals2 there are still thousands of children who cannot be properly clothed or fed on the pittance of out relief2 there are still strong men and women1 stirred by a deterrent system to become enemies of society1 and to defy1 by idleness1 the authority which would1 by severity1 force them to work4 ,let any one whose mind ,mr4 ,burns's figures satisfy dip into the pages of the ,poor ,law ,commission ,report1 and certainly his heart will be indignant4 8,no greater indictment0 it has been truly said1 8has ever been published against our civilization40 ,progress indeed cannot be judged by comparative figures4 ,in #ahej it would have marked a great change if pauperism had dropped from #fb to #bf per #ajjj1 but in #aiaj it may be that #bf per #ajjj constitutes as heavy a burden4 ,truth depends on relation4 ,the social conscience has become much more sensitive4 ,this generation cannot brook wrongs which previous generations brooked4 ,our self-respect is wounded by the thought of poverty which our care might remove4 ,poverty itself is recognized to be something worse than want of food4 ,every citizen is necessary1 not only that he may work for the commonwealth1 but that he may contribute by his thoughtful interest to make government efficient and human4 ,the standard by which individual value is judged has been raised4 ,figures are not by themselves measures of progress1 because every unit in the course of years changes its value1 and to-day1 as compared with sixty years ago1 each man1 woman and child may be said to have a worth which has increased tenfold4 ,official figures do not recognize worth and are therefore irritating2 they increase and do not allay bitterness4 ,something then must be done1 and the debate in the ,house of ,commons suggests something which might be done immediately4 ,the ,prime ,minister and the ,government might at once adopt certain recommendations on which there is general agreement1 and which would not involve the immediate substitution of a new body of administration in the place of the ,guardians4 ,it might1 for instance1 #a4 establish compulsory continuation schools2 #b4 make adequate provision for the feeble-minded2 and #c4 develop some method of training for the able-bodied and able-minded who have lost their way in the industrial world4 ,there is general agreement as to the treatment of the feeble-minded1 as to the training of the young1 and as to the way of discipline for the unemployed4 ,the public has hardly recognized what is involved in the neglect of the measures recommended for the care of the feeble-minded4 ,they do not know how much crime1 how much poverty1 and how much drunkenness may be traced to this cause1 or they would not expect the laws which assume strong-mindedness to be effective4 ,what effect can prison have on characters too feeble to resolve on reformation8 ,what appeal to independence can have weight with those who cannot reason8 ,evidence abounds in the pages of ,reports1 and the best thought of the times has agreed on the recommendations4 ,if these recommendations were put into a ,bill and adopted a reform would be achieved which would cut deeply into the burden of unemployment and vice under which the nation now labours4 ,then again as to the training of the young4 ,compulsory continuation schools might be established4 ,it is grievous to reflect that while the country is expending #bc1jjj1jjj on education1 there should be a large body of men and women without any resource other than that of the mechanical use of their hands and without any interest to satisfy their minds4 ,it may be that something is wrong in our elementary schooling1 but it is hard to realize how the boy who leaves school to-day1 a good reader and writer1 and of clean habits1 can become the dull1 ignorant1 and almost helpless man of thirty or thirty-five who stands among the unemployed at the table of the ,relief ,committee4 ,nevertheless it is so1 and the tale of his descent has been often told4 ,the boy1 free of school1 throws off school pursuits as childish things4 ,he will have no more to do with books or with learning4 ,he takes a situation where he can get the largest wages1 and where least call is made on mental effort4 ,he has money to spend and he spends it on the pleasures which give the most excitement4 ,at the age of eighteen or twenty he is no longer wanted as a boy1 and he has no skill or intelligence which would fit him for well-paid work as a man4 ,he becomes a casual labourer1 or perhaps gets regular employment in some mechanical occupation4 ,before he is forty1 he is very frequently among the 8unemployed10 his hands capable only of doing one sort of work1 and his head incapable of thinking out ways or means4 ,his schooling has been practically wasted and he is again a burden on the community4 ,all inquiry goes to show that neglected boyhood is the chief source of 8the unemployed04 ,care in securing good places for boys when they leave school1 and offers of technical teaching may do something1 but these means do not serve to create the intelligent labourer1 on whom1 more than on the skilled artisan1 the wealth of the country depends4 8,no skilled labourer10 ,mr4 ,edison is reported to have said1 8is better than the ,english1 and no unskilled labourer is worse40 ,the intelligent labourer is one who does common work so as to save money2 one who can understand and repeat instructions2 one who can rise to an emergency2 one who serves others' interests and finds others' interests4 ,our labourers have not this intelligence because the boy's mind1 just opened at school1 has been allowed to close2 he has been taken away from learning just when it was becoming interesting4 ,the obvious remedy is compulsory continuation schools1 and these have been recommended again and again by investigators and committees4 ,let it be enacted that young persons under eighteen cannot be employed unless their employers allow time for attendance at such schools on three days a week1 and receive a certificate of attendance--let it be made obligatory on all young persons engaged in industrial work that they attend such schools4 ,great employers like ,messrs4 ,cadbury have found it in their interest to make such attendance compulsory on the young persons they employ4 ,a ,departmental ,committee would soon discover the best way of enforcing compulsion1 and the ,government by this simple means would do much to stop unemployment and poverty at its source4 ,some method of training the able-bodied and able-minded unemployed might be developed4 ,these form a distinct class4 ,they cannot be helped by relief1 and they are demoralized by relief works4 ,they passed through boyhood without getting the necessary equipment for life2 they have1 in a sort of way1 a claim for such equipment1 and failing such they must be a burden to the community4 ,there are some ready to respond at once2 there are others who1 by long neglect1 have become indolent and defiant4 ,the first need to be put on farms or in shops where they will receive training4 ,hollesley ,bay is an example of such a farm1 though the experiment has unfortunately been confused by the introduction of men who receive simple doles of work4 ,but among the hundreds of married men with decent homes1 and bearing good reports from employers1 there are many in whom capacity is dormant4 ,pathetic indeed is their appeal1 as worn in body and mind1 ragged in clothing1 they tell of work lost 8because motors have taken the place of horses10 8because machinery has been introduced10 because 8boys do men's work02 pathetic is the appeal of men who1 having lost their way in life1 can see nothing before them but endless casual jobs1 in which they will lose any strength they gain by the fresh air and food of ,hollesley4 ,if only they could be told that by learning to work and use their brains1 they would be given a chance on the land or in the ,colonies4 ,if only they could realize that they might1 as others have done1 become fit to occupy one of the cottages on the estate1 how surely they would throw their hearts into the work and feel the joy of seeing things grow under their hands4 ,there is no need of controversial legislation4 ,training farms or shops could be provided1 and if the decision be deferred as to whether the control of the training farm or shops should be local or national1 it might be agreed that the experiment should be made by the ,board of ,trade or the ,board of ,agriculture4 ,if the latter department took charge of the ,colony1 admitted only unemployed men fitted for agriculture1 trained them1 and put them in the way of taking up holdings1 an experiment would be tried of immense value for future legislature4 ,then1 as to the other able-bodied and able-minded unemployed who have become idle and almost enemies of society4 ,it has long been agreed that it is necessary to detain them for periods of three or four years1 during which they would be given the opportunity of learning to work4 ,the place of detention would not be a prison1 but a ,school of ,industry1 in which their capacities would be developed and their self-respect encouraged4 ,the organization of such a place of discipline might involve thought1 but its establishment need involve the ,government in no long controversy4 ,the ,poor ,law ,commission and the ,vagrancy ,commission are at one in urging the necessity1 and it must be obvious to anyone that until some means is discovered for removing from 8the unemployed0 the 8idle and vagrant class10 the public mind will never ,,agree ,,to ,,wise ,,dealing ,,with ,,the ,,problem4 ,here then is something possible1 something which even a ,government so burdened as the present might accomplish4 ,the direct effect would be great1 if boys were checked on their way to the ranks of the unemployed2 if some untrained men and women were taken from the streets and restored trained to the labour market2 if the feeble-minded and the idle were removed from unwise sympathy and unfair abuse4 ,the indirect effect would also be great1 as the conviction would spread that the ,government was indeed taking a matter in hand which has been year by year postponed4 ,there would be more hope of peace and good-will between rich and poor4 ,when so much is at once possible1 is it reasonable that nothing should be done till a complete scheme has been devised8 ,it does not seem to be over-sanguine to believe that there are earnest men among the younger ,m4,p4's who1 putting party aside1 will agree to do what has been shown to be possible for the young people1 the feeble-minded1 and the unemployed4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,charity ,,up ,,to ,,date4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,february1 #aiab4 #a ,from 8,the ,contemporary ,review04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,the tender mercies of the thoughtless1 as of the wicked1 are often cruel1 and charity when it ceases to be a blessing is apt to become a curse2 ,a ,mansion ,house fund we used in old days to count among the possible winter horrors of ,east ,london4 ,the boldly advertised details of destitution1 the publication of the sums collected1 the hurried distribution by irresponsible and ignorant agents1 and the absence of any policy1 stirred up wild expectation and left behind a trail of bitterness and degradation4 ,the people were encouraged in deception1 and were led on in the way which ends in wretchedness4 ,in #aijc a ,committee was formed which used a ,mansion ,house fund to initiate a policy of providing honourable and sufficiently paid work which would1 at the same time1 test the solid intention of unemployed and able-bodied applicants4 ,the report of that ,committee has been generally accepted1 and has indeed become the basis of subsequent action and recommendations4 ,it seemed to us ,east ,londoners as if the bad time had been passed1 and that henceforth charitable funds would flow in channels to increase fruitfulness and not in floods to make devastation4 ,the hope has been disappointed4 ,funds inaugurated by newspapers1 by agencies1 or by private persons have appeared in overwhelming force1 and have followed in the old bad ways4 ,the heart of the public has been torn by harrowing descriptions of poverty and suffering1 which the poor also read and feel ashamed4 ,the means of relief are often miserably inadequate4 ,a casual dinner eaten in the company of the most degraded cannot help the 8toiling widows and decent working-men10 8waiting in their desolate homes to know whether there is to be an end to their pains and privations04 ,two or three hours spent in fields hardly clear of ,london smoke1 after a noisy and crowded ride1 is not likely to give children the refreshment and the quiet which they need for a recreative holiday4 ,much of the charity of to-day1 it has to be confessed1 is mischievous1 if not even cruel1 and to its charge must be laid some of the poverty1 the degradation1 and the bitterness which characterize ,london1 where1 it is said1 eight million sterling are every year given away4 ,ruskin1 forty years ago1 when he was asked by an ,oxford man proposing to live in ,whitechapel what he thought ,east ,london most wanted1 answered1 8,the destruction of ,west ,london04 ,mr4 ,bernard ,shaw has lately1 in his own startling way1 stated a case against charity1 and we all know that the legend on the banner of the unemployed1 8,curse your charity10 represents widely spread opinion4 ,but--practically--what is the safe outlet for the charitable instinct8 ,the discussion of the abolition of charity is not practical4 ,people are bound to give their money to their neighbours4 ,human nature is solid--individuals are parts of a whole--and the knowledge of a neighbour's distress stirs the desire to give something1 as surely as the savour of food stirs appetite4 ,but as in the one case the satisfaction of the appetite is not enough unless the food builds up the body and strength1 so in the other case the charity which relieves the feelings of the giver is not enough unless it meets the neighbour's needs4 ,those needs are to-day very evident1 and very complex4 ,our rich and ease-loving society knows well that a family supported on twenty shillings a week cannot get sufficient food1 and that even forty shillings will not provide means for holidays--for travel or for study4 ,there will be children whose starved bodies will never make strong men and women2 and there will be men and women who live anxious and care-worn lives1 who cannot enjoy the beauties and wonders of the world in which they have been placed4 ,there are ghastly facts behind modern unrest1 which are hardly represented by tales of destitute children and the sight of ragged humanity congregated around the free shelters4 ,the needs are obvious1 and they are very complex4 ,the man whose ragged dress and haggard face cries out for food1 has within him a mind and a soul fed on the crumbs which fall from the thoughts of the times1 and he is a member of society from which he resents exclusion4 ,relief of a human being's need must take all these facts into account4 ,it must not give him food1 at the expense of lowering his self-respect2 it must not provide him with pleasure at the expense of degrading his capacity for enjoying his higher calling as a man1 and it must not be kind at the expense of making independence impossible4 ,the man who is stirred by the knowledge of his neighbour's needs must take a deal of trouble4 ,the only safe outlet for the charitable instinct is1 it may be said1 that which is made by thinking and study4 ,the charity which is thoughtless is charity out of date4 ,it is always hard to be up to date1 because to be so involves fresh thinking1 and it is so much easier to say what has been said by previous generations1 and to imitate the deeds of the dead benefactors4 ,they who would really serve their neighbour's needs by a gift must bring the latest knowledge of human nature to bear on the applicant's character1 and treat it in relation to the structure of society as that structure is now understood4 ,they must be students of personality and of the ,state4 ,they must consider the individual who is in need or the charitable body which makes an appeal1 as carefully as a physician considers his case2 they must get the facts for a right diagnosis1 and bring to the cure all the resources of civilization4 ,the great benefactors of old days were those who thought out their actions--as1 for instance1 when ,lady ,burdett-,coutts met the need of work by building amid the squalor of ,east ,london a market beautiful enough to be a temple1 or as ,lord ,shaftesbury when he inaugurated ragged schools--but new ages demand new actions1 and the spiritual children of the great dead are not they who act as they acted1 but those who give thought as they gave thought4 ,the charity which does not flow in channels made by thought is the charity which is mischievous4 ,people comfort themselves and encourage their indolence by saying they would rather give wrongly in ten cases than miss one good case4 ,the comfort is deceptive4 ,the gift which does not help1 hinders1 and it is the gifts of the thoughtless which open the pitfalls into which the innocent fall and threaten the stability of society4 ,such gifts are temptations to idleness1 and widen the breach between rich and poor4 ,when people of good-will1 in pursuit of a good object1 do good deeds which are followed by cries of distress and by curses there is a tragedy4 ,charity up to date1 whether it be from person to person or through some society or fund1 must be such as is approved by the same close thinking as business men give to their business1 or politicians to their policy4 ,the best form of giving must always1 ,i think1 be that from person to person4 ,would that it were more used--would that those whose feelings are stirred by the sight of many sick folk were content to try and heal one6 ,there are always individuals in need at our own door--neighbours1 workpeople1 relatives1 servants2 there is always among those we know some one whose home could be made brighter1 or whose sickness could be lightened2 there are tired people who could be sent on holiday1 boys or girls who could be better educated4 ,gifts which pass from person to person are something more than ordinary gifts4 8,the gift without the giver is bare10 and when the giver's thought makes itself felt1 the gift is enriched4 ,the best form of charity1 therefore1 is personal1 and if for some reason this be impossible1 then the next best is that which strengthens the hands of persons who are themselves in touch with neighbours in need1 such as are the almoners of the ,society for the ,relief of ,distress1 the members of the ,charity ,organization ,committees1 or the residents in ,settlements4 ,the personal gift1 inspired by good-will and directed by painstaking thought1 is the best form of charity1 but people who have learnt what organizations and associations can do will not be content unless those means also are applied to the relief of their neighbours4 ,the consequence is the existence of numberless societies for numberless objects4 8,which of them may be said to represent charity up to date80 ,the answer ,i submit is1 8,those which approve themselves to thoughtful examination04 ,appeals which touch the feelings of the readers1 with well-known names as patrons and hopeful forecasts1 should not be sufficient to draw support4 ,the would-be subscriber must leisurely apply his mind1 and weigh the proposals in the light of modern knowledge4 ,the giving a subscription involves a large responsibility2 it not only withdraws from use money which1 as wages1 would have employed useful labour1 but it may actually be a means of doing mischief4 ,as one familiar with the working of many charities1 ,i would appeal for more thoughtfulness on the part of all subscribers4 ,people must think for themselves and judge for themselves2 but perhaps1 out of a long experience1 ,i may suggest a few guiding principles4 ,i4 ,charities should aim at encouraging growth rather than at giving relief4 ,they should be inspired by hope rather than by pity4 ,they should be a means of education1 a means of enabling the recipient to increase in bodily1 mental1 or spiritual strength4 ,if ,i spend twenty shillings on giving a dinner or a night's lodging to twenty vagrants1 ,i have done nothing to make them stronger workers or better citizens1 ,i have only kept poverty alive2 but if ,i spend the same sum in sending one person to a convalescent hospital1 he will be at any rate a stronger man1 and if during his stay at the hospital his mind is interested in some subject--in something not himself--he will probably be a happier man4 ,societies which devote a large income to providing food and clothing do not in the long run reduce the number of those in want1 while ,societies which promote the clearing of unhealthy areas1 the increase of open space about town dwellings1 greater accessibility to books and pictures1 gradually raise people above the need of gifts of food and clothing4 ,hospitals which do much in restoring strength to the sick would do more if they used their reputation and authority to teach people how to avoid sickness1 and to make a public opinion which would prevent many diseases and accidents4 ,the distinguished philanthropist who used to say she would rather give a poor man a watch than a coat was1 ,i believe1 wiser than another philanthropist who condemned a poor woman for spending her money on buying a picture for her room4 ,it is more important to raise self-respect and develop taste than just to meet physical needs4 ,charities intruding themselves upon the intimacies of domestic life have by their patronage often dwarfed the best sort of growth4 ,warnings against patronizing the poor are frequent1 but many charities are by their very existence 8patronizing10 and many others1 by sending people to collect votes1 by requiring expressions of their gratitude1 and by the attitude of their agents1 do push upon the poor reminders of their obligations4 ,they belong to a past age1 and have no place in the present age1 where they foster only a cringing or rebellious attitude4 ,it has been well said that1 8a new spirit is necessary in dealing with the poor1 a spirit of humility and willingness to learn1 rather than generosity and anxiety to teach04 ,this is only another form of saying that charities must be educational1 because no one can educate who is not humble4 ,our schools1 perhaps1 will have further results when the teachers cease to call themselves 8masters60 ,,ii4 ,charities should1 ,i think1 look to1 if not aim at1 their own extinction4 ,their existence1 it must be remembered1 is due to some defect in the ,state organization or in the habits of the people4 ,schools1 for instance1 were established by the gifts of good-will to meet the ignorance from which people suffered1 and when the ,state itself established schools the gifts have been continued for the sake of methods and experiments to meet further needs which the ,state has not yet seen its way to meet4 ,charities1 in this case1 have looked1 or do look1 to their own extinction when the ,state1 guided by their example1 may take up their work4 ,they have been pioneers1 original1 daring by experiment to lead the way to undiscovered good4 ,relief societies have1 in like manner1 shown how the ,state may help the poor by means which respect their character1 by putting work within their reach1 by emigrating those fit for colonial life1 by giving orphan children more of the conditions of a family home4 ,there are others which have looked1 or still look1 to their extinction1 not in ,state action1 but in co-operation with other societies with which they now compete4 ,competition may be the strength of commerce1 but co-operation is certainly the strength of charity1 and wise are those charities which are content to sink themselves in common action and die that they may rise again in another body4 ,the ,charity ,organization ,societies in some of the great cities have in this way lost themselves1 to live again in ,social ,welfare ,councils and ,civic ,leagues4 ,there are1 finally1 other charities which1 by their own action1 tend to make themselves unnecessary4 ,the ,children's ,country ,holiday ,fund1 for instance1 by giving country holidays to town children1 and by making the parents contribute to the expense1 develop at once a new desire for the peace and beauty of the country and a new capacity for satisfying this desire4 ,when parents realize the necessity of such holiday and know how it can be secured1 this ,fund will cease to have a reason for existence4 ,charities are many which fulfil this condition1 but charities also are many which do not fulfil it4 ,they seem to wish to establish themselves in permanence1 and go on in rivalry with the ,state and with one another4 ,there is waste of money1 which might be used in pioneer work1 in doing what is equally well done by others2 there is competition which excites greed and imposition1 and there is overlapping4 ,very little thought is wanted to discover many such charities which now receive large incomes from the public4 ,a wise observer has said3 8,a charity ought every twenty-five years to head a revolution against itself04 ,only by some such means can it be brought into adjustment with the new needs of a new time1 only by some such means will it clear off excrescences and renew its youth4 ,but1 failing such power of self-reform1 it is worthy of consideration whether every twenty-five years each charity should not be compelled to justify its existence before some ,state ,commission4 ,,iii4 ,charities should keep in line with ,state activities4 ,the ,state--either by national or by municipal organization--has taken over many of the duties which meet the needs of the people4 ,ignorance1 poverty1 disease and dullness have all been met1 and the means by which they are being met are constantly developed4 ,the ,church1 it may be said1 has so far converted the ,state1 and a cheerful payer of rates may perhaps deserve the same ,divine commendation as the cheerful giver4 ,but ,state organizations1 however well considered and well administered1 will always want the human touch4 ,they will not1 like the charities1 be fitful because dependent on subscribers and committees1 but they will not1 like charities1 temper their actions to individual peculiarities and feelings4 ,charities1 therefore1 ,i think1 do well when they keep in line with ,state activities4 ,they may1 for instance1 working in co-operation with the ,guardians1 undertake the care of the families when the bread-winner is in the infirmary1 or superintend the management of industrial colonies to which the unemployed may be sent1 or provide enfeebled old people with pensions until the age when they are eligible for the ,state pension4 ,they may1 in connexion with the ,school and ,education authorities1 support the ,care ,committees who look after the interest of children in elementary schools1 or1 like ,mrs4 ,humphry ,ward's society1 give guidance in play during the children's leisure hours4 ,they may also1 in conjunction with the ,sanitary ,authorities1 work for the increase of health and the wiser use of playgrounds and means of recreation4 ,men and women of good-will may1 ,i believe1 find boundless opportunities if they will serve on ,municipal bodies or on the ,committees appointed by such bodies to complement their work4 ,it may1 indeed1 be a further indictment against charities that much of the good-will which might have improved and humanized ,state action has by them been diverted4 ,if1 for instance1 the passion of good-will which now finds an outlet in providing free shelters and dinners for the starving1 or orphanages for destitute children1 had gone to improve ,casual ,wards and ,barrack ,schools1 many evils would have been prevented4 ,at any rate1 it may be said that charities working alongside of the ,state organizations would become stronger1 and ,state organizations inspired by the charities would become more humane4 ,it costs more1 doubtless1 to work in co-operation with others1 and to subject self-will to the common will as a member of a ,board of ,guardians1 than to be an important member of a charitable committee1 but in charity it is cost which counts4 ,charity--to sum up my conclusion--represents a very important factor in the making of ,england of to-morrow4 ,the outbreak of giving1 of which there has been ample evidence this ,christmas1 may represent increased good-will and more vivid realization of responsibility for those afflicted in mind1 body1 or estate1 or it may represent the impatience of light-hearted people anxious to relieve themselves and get on to their pleasures4 ,society is out of joint because the wealth of the rich and the poverty of the poor have been brought into so great light4 ,it seems intolerable that when wealth has to invent new ways of expenditure1 there should be families where the earnings are insufficient for necessary food1 where the children cannot enjoy the gaiety of their youth1 where the boys and girls pass out through unskilled trades to pick up casual labour and casual doles4 ,the needs are many1 but the point ,i wish to urge is that charity which intends to help may hinder4 ,no gift is without result1 and some of the gifts are responsible for the suffering1 carelessness1 and bitterness of our times4 ,charity up to date is that which gives thought as well as money and service4 ,the cost is greater1 and many who will even deny themselves a pleasure so as to give a generous cheque cannot exercise the greater denial of giving their thought4 8,there is no glory10 said ,napoleon1 8where there is no danger20 and we may add1 there is no charity where there is no thought1 and thought is very costly4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,what ,,labour ,,wants4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,may1 #aiab4 #a ,from 8,the ,daily ,news04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,working men have become1 we are often told1 the governing class4 ,they form a large part1 perhaps the majority1 of the electorate1 and theirs is the obligation of making the laws and directing the policy on which depend the safety and honour of the nation4 ,they have come into an inheritance built up at great cost1 and on them lies the responsibility for its care and development4 ,working-men1 in order that they may fulfil their obligation and deliver themselves of their responsibility1 may rightly1 ,i think1 urge a moral claim on the community for the opportunities by which to fit themselves for the performance of their duties4 ,they enjoy by the sacrifice of their ancestors the inestimable privilege of freedom1 but the value of freedom depends on the power to take advantage of its possibilities3 the right to run in a race is all very well1 but it is not of great use if the runner's legs and arms are crippled4 ,freedom1 in fact1 implies the capacity to do or enjoy something worth doing or enjoying4 ,the working classes1 who1 as members of a free nation1 have been entrusted with the government of the nation1 cannot do what is worth doing or what they are called to do if their bodies are weakened by ill health and their minds cribbed and cabined by ignorance4 ,how can they whose childhood has been spent in the close1 smoky1 and ftid air of the slums1 whose bodies have been weakened in unhealthy trade1 take their share in the support or defence of the nation8 ,how can they who have learned no history1 whose minds have had no sympathetic training1 whose eyes have never been opened to the enjoyment of beauty1 understand the needs of the people or grasp the mission of the ,empire8 ,working men have thus a moral claim that they shall have the opportunity to secure health and knowledge1 sanitary dwellings1 open spaces1 care in sickness and the prevention of disease1 schools1 university teaching1 and easy access to all those means of life which make for true enjoyment4 ,but when such opportunities have been provided1 poverty often prevents their use4 ,this excuse does not1 indeed1 hold universally1 and it is much to be wished that the ,labour ,press and other makers of ,labour opinion would more often urge the importance of taking advantage of the provided means for health and knowledge4 ,they may have reason for stirring men against the unfairness of an economic system and uniting them in a strike against the ways of capital1 but success would be of little value unless the men themselves become stronger and wiser4 ,many workmen--for example1 those engaged in the building trades--have abundant leisure during the winter4 ,it would be well1 if they1 as well as those who consume hours in attending football matches1 would spend some time in developing their capacities of mind and body4 ,labour indeed needs a chaplain who will preach that power comes from what a man is1 and not only from what a man has4 ,the ,labour ,press1 with its voice reiterating complaints1 and its eyes fixed on 8possessions10 makes reading as dreary as the pages of a society or financial journal4 ,but this is digression1 and the fact remains that poverty does in the case of thousands and hundreds of thousands of families prevent the possibility of using the means necessary for the development of their capacities4 ,a wage of #bjs4 a week cannot permit schooling for the children up to the age of fifteen2 it will not1 indeed1 provide sufficient food for the healthy life even of a small family4 ,it can give no margin for the little recreations by which the powers of the mind are renewed1 and does not allow for the leisure during growing years which is necessary to the making of the mind4 ,it leaves the breadwinner fretted by anxiety lest in days of sickness or unemployment the wolf may enter the door and destroy the home4 ,the mass of labourers are1 in a word1 too poor to be healthy or wise2 they are not fit to take a part in government1 and they have not the opportunity to make themselves fit4 ,their work is often costly though it is cheap1 and their votes are worthless though gained by much canvassing4 ,wages which are not a living wage unfit workmen for their duty in the government of the nation4 ,does this fact justify a moral claim for a living wage to be fixed and enforced by the community8 ,ought a wage sufficient for the support of manhood to be a first charge on the product of labour and capital8 ,the answer has in effect been given by the establishment of ,wages ,boards4 ,there are now four trades in which a wage judged by a representative committee to be a living wage is enforced1 and the same principle has lately been applied to the mining industry4 ,the extension to other trades--if the experiment succeeds--can only be a matter of time4 ,the claim of labour has been admitted1 and the immediate question is1 what is likely to be the result4 ,employers who are forced to give a higher wage will certainly require a higher standard of work4 ,from one point of view this is all to the good4 ,the acceptance of low-class work is as costly to the nation as it is degrading to the worker2 it is a common loss when workers make constant mistakes for want of intelligence1 and prove themselves to be not worthy a living wage4 ,every one is the better for the discipline which is required by the service of men2 it is likely to make the nation richer and the workers more self-respecting1 if they are free to fit themselves to take their part in government4 ,it will1 in economic language1 probably tend to decrease the cost of production1 and therefore the cost of living4 ,but there is another point of view4 ,the raising of the standard of work will at once throw out the less able1 the unskilful1 the ignorant1 and the lazy4 ,is this for good or for evil8 8,for good10 is the answer ,i offer4 ,it is well to face facts4 ,legislation and philanthropy have often done mischief by treating the unemployed as one class4 ,if they are recognized as those not worth a living wage then it is clear that either they must be fitted to earn such a wage1 or be segregated in colonies where their labour will be subsidized4 ,they have a claim on such treatment4 ,some by the want of care in their youth1 or by some change of fashion1 have no marketable skill4 ,it seems only fair that they should have the chance of acquiring some other skill4 ,some1 because they are lazy and work-shy1 are inclined to prey upon their poor working neighbours4 ,it seems only fair that they should be taken off the market and shut up till they learn habits of industry4 ,some1 because they are weak in body or mind1 can never earn sufficient for their upkeep4 ,it seems only fair that they should be kept1 not in workhouses or on inadequate out relief1 but in colonies where their labour would go towards their own support1 and sympathetic guardianship1 by necessary subsidies1 prevent them from starving4 ,labour has a moral claim that labourers be given the opportunity of becoming free men--free to use and enjoy their manhood4 ,english people made great sacrifices to secure freedom for the negroes1 and religious people1 to accomplish this object1 dared to interfere in politics4 ,the position to-day is more serious when those who are not free are called on to be governors of the nation1 and religious people may again do well to interfere in politics to secure that working men may have the opportunity of developing the capacities which they have received for the service of mankind4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,our ,,present ,,discontents4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,february1 #aiac4 #a ,from 8,the ,nineteenth ,century and ,after04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 8,history10 we are told1 8has often been the record of statesmen's illusions10 and to one into whose mind over thirty years' memories of ,east ,london have been burnt1 it seems as if this generation concerning itself about foreign aggression1 and the grouping of ,european ,powers1 were walking in the vain shadow of such an illusion4 ,it is spending millions annually on armaments against a possible enemy1 and grudges a comparatively small sum against the evils which are even now eating into the strength of the nation4 ,strikes and rumours of strikes are shaking the foundations of the wealth by which our ,dreadnoughts are built and our great ,empire secured--political apathy and indifference to the commonwealth mock fervid appeals for patriotic self-sacrifice--railing accusations are hurled by the rich that workmen loaf and drink1 and by the tyranny of trades unions ruin trade2 and the equally railing accusations are urged by workmen that the rich in their luxury are content to plunder the poor and live in callous indifference to the wrongs they see2 and to crown all the other evidences of discontent1 violent speeches and lawless conduct are weakening the old calm confidence in the stability of the social structure which has been built up by the elaborate care of many generations4 ,an enemy has got a footing in the heart of the ,empire1 and is causing this disturbance4 ,he has evaded our fleet and our forts1 and he has the power to destroy our power4 ,the nation1 like a dreamer awakening1 is shaking itself as it becomes conscious of another danger than that of foreign fleets and armies4 ,it is beginning to be anxious about its social condition and is asking somewhat fitfully1 ,what is to be done8 ,what is the cause of the present discontent8 ,what are the remedies8 ,many causes are suggested4 ,it may be that education1 having developed the people's capacities for enjoyment1 has increased the area of discontent1 and those who used to sit placidly in the shadow now demand a ray of the abundant sunshine4 ,it may be that the frantic pace at which the modern world moves has stimulated the demand for excitement and made men impatient for change2 it may be that the popular philosophy of the street and the ,press1 eclipsing older philosophies of the ,church and the chair1 impels men and nations to put their own interests before other interests--to retaliate blow for blow1 and to become proud of pride4 ,when nations1 classes1 or individuals seek first to protect themselves1 then the other things1 greed1 panic1 suspicion1 and strife1 are soon added4 ,all these causes may operate1 but they would not1 ,i think1 be dangerous1 if it were not for the fact of poverty4 ,ideas1 philosophies1 and feelings have only stirred mankind when they have been able to appeal to facts1 and agitators would now agitate in vain if conditions did not agitate more eloquently4 ,mean streets and ailing bodies jar upon the more widely spread sense of joy1 and the long hours of labour and the small wages stir an anger which becomes ready to upset society in order that the greater number might profit in the scramble4 ,poverty1 as far as ,i can see1 is the root cause of the prevailing discontent1 the door by which the enemy enters and the fortress from which he sends out suspicion and strife to compass the nation's ruin4 ,poverty6 ,and our national income is #a1hdd1jjj1jjj1 and the nation's accumulated wealth is the almost inconceivable sum of #ac1gfb1jjj1jjj4 ,the voice of the times--would that it had a ,gladstone for its interpreter--is one that calls every one1 be he patriot or business man1 or even a pleasure-lover1 to set himself to help in the eviction of poverty4 ,if there be any fighting spirit--any chivalry left1 here is the object for its attack2 if there be any enlightened selfishness1 here is the field for its exercise4 ,poverty1 if it be not destroyed1 will destroy the ,england of our hopes and our dreams4 ,the curious thing is that the public mind which speaks through the ,press hardly realizes what is meant by poverty4 ,there is much talk on the subject--numberless volumes are issued1 and charities are multiplied1 but what is in the minds of speakers1 writers1 and givers is obviously destitution4 ,they think of the ragged1 broken creatures kept waiting outside the doors of the shelter1 and they have mental pictures of squalid rooms and starving children4 ,many and many a time visitors have come to ,whitechapel expecting to see whole streets occupied by the ragged and the wretched1 and they have been almost disappointed to find such misery the exception4 ,there are1 indeed1 many thousands of people destitute1 but they form only a fraction of the poor1 and could1 as the ,poor ,law ,commissioners have shown1 be lifted out of the condition by action at once drastic and humane4 ,why that action has not even been attempted is one of the many questions which the ,local ,government ,board has to answer4 ,but my present point is that1 if all the destitute were removed1 the poverty which is at the back of our present discontent would remain4 ,mr4 ,seebohm ,rowntree1 whose opinion has been supported by subsequent social explorers and by scientific research1 concludes that #cs4 a week for an adult and #bs4 #c;d4 for a child is necessary to keep the body in physical repair1 the food being chosen simply to get the most nutrition for the least money1 without any regard to appetite or pleasure4 ,the rent for a family1 even if one room be considered sufficient1 can hardly be less than #ds4 a week in a town1 and if household sundries are to include fuel1 light1 and clothing for a family of five persons1 #ds4 #aa;d4 is a moderate sum4 ,it thus seems as if the smallest income on which it would be possible for an average family to exist is #bas4 #h;d4 a week4 ,mr4 ,charles ,booth1 ,mr4 ,rowntree1 and other subsequent investigators have shown that #cj per cent4 of the town population have an income below or hardly above that sum1 and as the wages of agricultural labourers average in ,england #ahs4 #c;d4 a week1 in ,scotland #ais4 #c;d41 and in ,ireland #ajs4 #aa;d41 it is fair to conclude that the estimate of the towns may be applied to the whole kingdom1 and that at least #ab1jjj1jjj of the #de1jjj1jjj people are living on incomes below the poverty line4 ,mr4 ,chiozza ,money1 in his 8,riches and ,poverty0 approaching the subject from another side1 justifies the conclusion4 ,he shows that a population amounting to #ci1jjj1jjj persons is dependent on incomes of less than #afj a year--say #fjs4 a week1 and absorbs #ice1jjj1jjj of the national income2 that #d1ajj1jjj persons depend on incomes between #afj and #gjj per annum1 and absorb #bge1jjj1jjj of the national income2 and that the comparatively small number of #a1djj1jjj dependent on incomes over #gjj a year absorb the mighty sum of #fcd1jjj1jjj4 ,in other words1 more than one-third of the entire income of the ,united ,kingdom is enjoyed by one-thirtieth of its people4 ,in the light of these facts it is not incredible that #cj per cent of the population live in the grip of actual poverty4 8,the ,united ,kingdom contains10 it may be said in truth and shame1 8a great multitude of poor people veneered with a thin layer of the comfortable and rich40#b ,the broad fact which stands out of these figures is that1 when #bas4 #h;d4 is taken as the sum necessary so that an average family may keep body and soul together1 #ab1jjj1jjj people must give up in despair1 and many other millions1 depending on wages of #cjs4 or even #djs4 a week1 live anxious days4 ,and this despair or anxiety is not on account of life1 in all its multitudinous aspects1 but only as to the maintenance of simple physical efficiency4 #b ,these and other figures are put together very lucidly by ,mr4 ,will ,reason in a little shilling book1 8,poverty0 published by ,headly ,bros41 which ,i commend to all as a good introduction to the subject4 ,let us1 says ,mr4 ,rowntree1 clearly understand what physical efficiency means4 ,a family living upon the scale allowed for in this estimate must never spend a penny on railway fare or omnibus4 ,they must never go into the country unless they walk4 ,they must never purchase a halfpenny newspaper or buy a ticket for a popular concert4 ,they must write no letters to absent children1 for they cannot afford to pay the postage4 ,they must never contribute anything to their church or chapel or give any help to a neighbour which costs them money4 ,they cannot save nor can they join sick clubs or trade unions1 because they cannot pay the necessary subscriptions4 ,the children must have no pocket-money for dolls1 marbles1 and sweets4 ,the father must smoke no tobacco and must drink no beer4 ,the mother must never buy any pretty clothes for herself or for her children4 ,should a child fall ill1 it must be attended by the parish doctor2 should it die1 it must be buried by the parish4 ,finally1 the wage-earner must never be absent from his work for a single day4 ,a few parents of heroic mould may have succeeded in bringing up children to healthy and useful manhood and womanhood on small wages4 ,tales of such are repeated in select circles1 but these families generally belong to a generation less open to temptation than the present4 ,there are now few1 very few1 parents who1 with an uncertain wage of #cjs4 a week1 never spend a penny for the sake of pleasure1 taste1 or friendship4 ,the result is that their own or their children's physical health and well-being are sacrificed4 ,the boys are rejected when they offer themselves as soldiers1 the infant mortality is high1 and the girls unprotected are more ready to become the victims of vice4 ,the saddest of all experiences of life among the poor is the gradual declension of respectable families into the ranks of the destitute1 when loss of work finds them without resources in body or skill4 ,it is the poverty of the great multitude of the working people and not the destitution of the very poor which is the force of the present discontent4 ,this is not realized even by ,mrs4 ,george ,kerr1 whose book1 8,the ,path of ,social ,progress10 seems to me one of the best of those lately published on the subject4 ,she speaks of ,dr4 ,chalmers as having advocated a policy 8which still holds the field10 and is the 8only scheme which actually did diminish poverty04 ,but this policy aimed at diminishing a poverty which was practically destitution1 and its method was to strengthen the people in habits which would enable them to live independent lives on wages of #bjs4 a week4 ,mrs4 ,kerr herself talks of the importance of a wife averaging her husband's wages1 so that if her husband as a painter earns #cfs4 a week for four months the family expenditure ought to be limited within #ahs4 a week1 and she evidently condemns as waste the purchase of a perambulator or bicycle4 ,the methods she advocates by which character may be raised and strengthened are admirable1 and the lead given by ,dr4 ,chalmers cannot be too closely followed1 but they have reference to destitution and not to the poverty from which working people suffer whose wages reach a more or less uncertain #cjs4 or #djs4 a week4 ,destitution1 in the crusade against which philanthropists and ,poor ,law reformers are so well engaged1 does not indeed affect the present discontent1 except in so far as the presence of the destitute is a warning to the workman of his possible fate4 ,a mechanic is1 perhaps1 earning #cjs4 a week1 or even more2 he1 by great frugality on his own part1 or by almost miraculous management on his wife's part1 just succeeds in keeping his family in health2 he sees the destitute in their wretchedness1 he hears of many who are herded in the prison-like workhouses1 and he feels that if he loses his work1 if illness overtakes him or his wife1 their fate must be his fate4 ,the destitute may be a burden to the nation1 but they are also a danger1 in so far as they by their examples rouse a dangerous mood in thousands of workpeople whose wages hardly lift them out of the reach of poverty1 and give them no opportunity by saving to make the future secure4 ,the cure of destitution1 necessary though it be on humane and economic grounds1 is not the remedy for the present discontent4 ,if all people incapable of earning a living were cared for under the best conditions1 if by careful selection according to the straitest sect of the eugenists all the people engaged in work were fit for their work1 if by better education and more scientific physical training every child were fully developed1 or if by moral and religious impulse all citizens were to become frugal and self-restrained1 there would still be the poverty which is the source of danger so long as the share of the national income which comes to the workers is so small4 ,the greatest need of the greatest number is a larger income4 ,it is1 ,i think1 fair to say that on their present income the majority of our people can neither enjoy themselves rationally nor give an intelligent vote as joint governors of the nation4 ,they have not the freedom which takes pride in self-government4 ,there are1 it must be evident1 few signs of rational enjoyment in the vastly increased pleasure-seeking of to-day4 ,the people crowd into the country1 but only a few people find anything in nature which is theirs4 ,they pass by the memorials of great men and great events1 and seldom feel a thrill of national pride4 ,they wander aimlessly1 helplessly through museums and picture-galleries1 the things they see calling out little response in their minds4 ,they have a limited and often perverted taste for music1 and have so little conversation that on holidays they are silent or shout senseless songs4 ,they get a short-lived excitement out of sport1 so that for a whole countryside the event of a year is a football match and the chief interest of a ,press recording the affairs of the ,empire is the betting news4 ,the recreations of the people and their ,bank ,holiday pleasures1 at a time when the universal mind is stirring with a consciousness of new capacity1 and the world is calling more loudly than ever that its good things should be enjoyed1 give cause for some anxiety4 ,where there is no rational enjoyment there is likely to be discontent and mischief4 ,the people cannot enjoy themselves so as to satisfy their nature because of poverty4 ,they began to work before they had time to enjoy learning and before they had become conscious of their capacities and tastes4 ,they have been crushed from their youth upwards by the necessity of earning a livelihood1 and have never had the leisure to look at the beautiful world in which they have been placed4 ,they have from their childhood been caught in the industrial machine1 and have been swept away from the things which as men and women they were meant to enjoy4 ,they have been too poor to find their pleasure in hope or in memory1 enough for them if they have been able to snatch at the present and passing excitement4 ,poverty is the enemy of rational enjoyment1 and it also prevents the freedom which has pride in self-government4 ,the people cannot be said to be keen to take a part in the government of their country1 they are almost ready to accept a despot if they could secure for themselves more health and comfort4 ,there is evident failure to grasp great principles in politics1 and a readiness to accept in their stead a popular cry4 ,parties are judged by their promises1 and national interests are often put below private interests2 motives which are untrue to human nature are charged against opponents1 and the 8mob spirit0 has an easy victory over individual judgment4 ,the votes of the people may be at any moment fatal to the commonwealth4 ,poverty is to a large extent the cause of this weakness in self-government and of the consequent danger to the nation4 ,people whose minds have been crushed under the daily anxiety about the daily bread have little thought for any object but 8how to live10 and thus they are apt to lose the power of vision4 ,they see money as the only good1 and they are disposed to measure beauty1 tradition1 and work in its terms4 ,the pictures of 8the happy homes of ,england0 and the tales of her greatness have for them little meaning4 8,what are our homes that we should fight for them80 8,what has ,england done for us80 ,the welfare of the nation is nothing alongside that of their own class2 their chief want is security from starvation4 ,some conception of the nation as a whole is necessary to kindle interest in self-government1 and modern poverty is gradually blotting out the old conception which grew up when people loved the countryside1 where the fields laughed and sang with corn and the cottages nestled in gardens1 and when they had leisure to enjoy the tales of their fathers' great deeds4 ,some knowledge is also necessary if those who give votes have to decide on policies which affect international relations1 and hold firmly to principles in dark as well as in bright times4 ,but how can the men and women have such knowledge who have been driven by the poverty of their homes to go to work as children1 and have had no leisure in which to read history or to dream dreams8 ,of course they vacillate and of course they fall victims to shallow philosophy4 ,the people1 in a word1 because of poverty1 are not free4 ,they are 8cogs in a great machine which uses human lives as the raw stuff out of which to fashion material wealth04 ,they are by fear of starvation compelled to be instruments of production almost as much as if they were under a law of slavery4 ,they do not live for an end in themselves1 but for an end for which others desire to use them4 ,the poverty of the multitude of workpeople1 which limits their capacities for enjoyment and for self-government1 and is divided only by a very thin partition from the destitution of squalor and starvation1 is1 ,i believe1 the chief source of our present discontent1 and of the bitterness which makes that discontent dangerous4 ,the 8cares of this life0 equally with 8the deceitfulness of riches0 are apt to choke that communion with an ideal which is the source of healthy progress4 ,schemes of relief and charity do not aim to reach this poverty4 ,what1 then1 is to be done8 8,give more education1 and better education10 is the reply of the best reformers4 8,let there be smaller classes in the elementary school1 so that each child's personality may be developed by the teacher's personality40 8,let more attention be given to physical training40 8,let compulsory continuous education prevent the appalling wastage which leaves young people to find their interests in the excitement of the street40 ,yes1 a system of more and of better education would send out men and women stronger to labour and more fit both for the enjoyment and business of life4 ,but poverty still stands in the way of such a system of education4 ,the family budget of the mass of the people cannot keep the boy or girl away from work up to the age of fifteen or sixteen1 nor can it allow the space and leisure necessary for study1 for reading1 and for intellectual recreation4 ,what1 then1 is to be done8 ,the answer demands the best thought of our best statesmen4 ,there are1 doubtless1 many things possible1 and no one thing will be sufficient4 ,but by some means or other the great national income must be so shared that the #ci1jjj1jjj of poor may have a larger proportion4 ,we have lately been warned against careless talk about rights4 ,it may1 therefore1 be inaccurate to say that #ci1jjj1jjj out of #de1jjj1jjj citizens have a right to more than half of the eighteen hundred million pounds of income4 ,but it is as inaccurate to say that #f1jjj1jjj citizens have a right to the half of the eighteen hundred million pounds which they now receive4 ,what are called 8rights0 have been settled by law on principles which seemed to the lawmakers of the time the best for the commonwealth4 ,it is law made by our ancestors by which it is possible to transfer the property of the dead to the living1 providing thereby a foundation on which stands the mighty accumulation of #ac1gfb1jjj1jjj4 ,it is1 indeed1 by such laws that the capitalist who has saved a small sum is able to go on increasing that sum to millions4 ,there is no natural right by which the poor may be said to have a claim on wealth or the rich to possess wealth4 ,law which has determined the lines which the present distribution of the national income follows might determine others which would make the poor richer and the rich poorer4 ,law has lately1 by a system of insurance and pensions1 given some security for illness1 old age1 and unemployment2 it has in some trades fixed a minimum wage4 ,this principle might be extended4 ,the consequent better organization of labour and its improved capacity would secure larger wages for efficient workers and probably reduce the cost of production for the benefit of consumers1 but doubtless the number of the unemployed would be increased4 ,their inefficiency would not earn the minimum wage4 ,for these1 training or a refuge would have to be provided in farm colonies1 industrial schools1 or detention colonies1 in accordance with the suggestion of the ,poor ,law ,commissioners4 ,the law might1 by taxing the holders of the accumulated wealth of the nation1 subsidize education1 so that no child by want of food and clothing should be driven from school before the age of fifteen or sixteen4 ,it might1 by securing for the poor as well as for the rich an abundant provision of air-space and water for the healthy and adequate care and attention for the sick1 reduce the death-rate among the #ci1jjj1jjj poor people to the level of that which now obtains among the #f1jjj1jjj richer people4 8,health before all things0 has long been on the banner of politicians1 and though much has been done much more remains to be done4 ,there is no reason why the death-rate of a poor district should be higher than that of a rich district4 ,law1 to offer one other example1 might do more 8to nationalize luxuries04 ,in an article on 8,practicable ,socialism10 which1 as the first-fruits of an experience gained by my wife and myself in ten years of ,whitechapel life1 the ,editor of this ,review accepted in ,april1 #ahhc1 ,i suggested that legislation might provide for the people not what they want but what they need4 ,much has been done in this direction during the last thirty years2 but still there is not the free and sufficient provision of the best music in summer and winter1 of the best art1 of the best books--there is not even the adequate supply of baths and flower-gardens1 which would bring within the reach of the many the enjoyments which are the surest recreations of life4 ,it is thus possible to give examples of laws which would bring to the poor the use of a larger share of the national income4 ,it is not easy to frame laws which1 while they remove the burden and the danger of poverty1 may by encouraging energy and self-respect develop industrial resourcefulness4 ,but it ought not to be beyond statesmen's power to devise such measures4 ,the point1 however1 which ,i desire to make clear is that if the poor are to become richer the rich must become poorer4 ,increase of production followed by an increased national income has under the present laws--as has been shown in the booming trade of recent years--meant that the rich have become richer4 ,the present income is sufficient to assure the greater health and well-being of the whole population1 but the rich must submit to receive a smaller proportion4 ,this proposition rouses much wrath4 ,its advocates are charged with preaching spoliation and robbery1 with setting class against class1 and with destroying the basis on which national prosperity is settled4 ,the taxation which compels the rich to reduce their expenditure on holidays and luxuries may seem hard1 and the fear lest the tax which this year takes #e per cent of their income will be further increased may induce panic among certain classes2 but it is harder for the poor to go on suffering for want of the means of life1 and there is more reason for panic in the thought that the mass of the people remain indifferent to the national greatness4 ,the tax1 it must be remembered1 which reduces the expenditure of the rich on things which perish in their using--on out-of-season foods1 on aimless locomotion1 and the excitements of ostentation--and at the same time makes it possible for the poor to spend more on food and clothing1 increases the work of working people4 ,the millions of money1 for example1 taken from the rich to supply pensions for the poor have enabled the old people to spend money on food and clothing1 which has been better for the nation's trade than money spent on luxuries4 ,it is a striking fact that if the people used what is held to be a bare sufficiency of woollen and cotton goods1 the demand for these goods would be increased threefold to sixfold4 ,the transference1 therefore1 of more of the national income from the few rich to the many poor need not alarm patriots4 ,the tax-collectors' interference with the use of the accumulated wealth1 now controlled by a comparatively small number of the people1 is much less dangerous to the national prosperity than the discontent which arises from poverty4 ,a proposition which offers security for the nation at the cost of some sacrifice by a class should1 it might be expected1 be met to-day by the more powerful members of society as willingly as in old days the nobles met the call to battle4 ,but the powerful members of modern society hate the doctrine of taxation1 and the hatred becomes a sort of instinct which draws them towards any alternative policy which may put off the evil day4 ,if they give1 their gifts are generous1 frequently very generous1 but often unconsciously they have regarded them as a sort of ransom which they threaten they will not pay if taxes are imposed1 doing thereby injustice to their generosity4 ,the rich do not realize the meaning of poverty1 its wounds to human nature1 or its dangers to the nation4 ,poverty1 ,i would submit is at the root of our present discontent1 not the poverty which the ,poor ,law and charity are to relieve1 but the poverty of the great mass of the workers4 ,out of this poverty rises the enemy which threatens our peace and our greatness1 and this poverty is due not to want of trade or work or wealth1 but to the want of thought as to the distribution of our enormous national income4 ,when the meaning of poverty is realized1 the courage and the sacrifice which in the past have so often dared loss to avert danger will hardly fail because the loss to be faced is represented by the demand-note of the tax-collector4 ,gifts cannot avert the danger1 repression will increase the danger1 and the preachers who believe in the coming of the ,kingdom must for the old text1 8,god loveth a cheerful giver10 substitute as its equivalent1 8,god loveth a cheerful taxpayer04 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,section ,v4 ,,social ,,service4 ,of ,town ,planning--,the ,mission of ,music--,the ,real ,social ,reformer--,where ,charity ,fails--,landlordism ,up-to-date--,the ,church and ,town ,planning4 ,,of ,,town ,,planning4#a ,,by ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,january1 #aiaa4 #a ,from 8,the ,cornhill ,magazine04 ,by kind permission of the ,editor4 ,much has been said lately about town planning4 ,conferences have been held1 speeches have been made1 articles have been written1 papers have been read1 and columns of newspaper-notices have appeared1 and yet ,i am daring to occupy eleven pages of the ,,cornhill ,,magazine to try and add a few more remarks to what has already been so well and so forcibly put forth4 ,but in apology for the presumption1 it can be said that what ,i want to say does not entrench upon the province of the architect1 the surveyor1 or the artist4 ,the questions of traffic-congestion1 density of population1 treatment of levels1 arrangement of trams1 water or gas1 relation of railway termini or docks to thoroughfares1 organization of periodic excess of street usage1 relative positions of municipal buildings1 harmony of material and design1 standardization of streets and road grading1 appreciation of scale2 on these matters ,i will not write1 for on them contributions1 interesting1 dull1 suggestive1 or learned1 have been abundantly produced1 and 8are they not written in the ,book of the ,chronicles0 of the great ,conference held last month under the auspices of the ,royal ,institute of ,british ,architects8 ,and are not their potentialities visible beneath the legal phraseology of ,mr4 ,john ,burns' ,town-planning ,act of last ,parliament8 ,it is so delightful to realize that some of the best brains of this and other countries are turning their thoughts to the solution of what ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,horsfall 7who for many years was a voice crying in the wilderness7 demanded as the elemental right of every human being1 8the conditions of a healthy life04 ,it is comforting to know that others are doing the thinking1 especially when one is old1 and can recall one's passionate1 youthful indignation at the placid acceptance of stinking courts and alleys as the normal homes for the poor1 when the memory is still vivid of the grand day when one portion of the network of such courts1 in ,st4 ,jude's parish1 was swept away1 and a grave1 tall1 carefully planned tenement building1 erected by the public-spirited kindness of the late ,mr4 ,george ,m4 ,smith1 arose in its stead1 8built to please ,barnett as an experiment04 ,some five-and-twenty years ago1 when old ,petticoat ,lane was pulled down1 my husband sent in to the ,local ,authority a suggestion of laying the area out so that ,commercial ,road should be continued right through to ,bishopsgate2 the letter and plans were merely acknowledged and the proposal ignored4 ,five years ago we filled one of the rooms in the ,whitechapel ,exhibition with plans of how ,east ,london might be improved1 but it elicited only little interest1 local or otherwise2 and now last month1 but a few years later1 all the walls of ,burlington ,house were covered with town-planning exhibits1 drawings1 plans1 and designs1 and its floor space amply supplied with models from all parts of the world4 ,and the thought given is so fresh1 so unconventional1 and so full of characteristics1 that one came away from a careful study of that great ,exhibition with a clear sense of the individualities of the various nations1 as they had stated their ideals for their towns4 ,some in broad avenues1 great piazzas1 parallel streets1 careful to adopt ,christopher ,wren's ideal1 that 8gardens and unnecessary vacuities 444 be placed out of the town04 ,some in fairy cities1 girt with green girdles of open space1 tree-lined roads1 parks designed for quiet as well as for play1 waterways used for pleasure locomotion as well as for business traffic1 contours considered as producers of beauty1 the view as well as the shelter planned for4 ,some with scrupulous care for the history of the growth of the city1 its natural features1 the footmarks left by its wars1 each utilized with due regard to modern requirements and the tendencies of the future4 ,some glorying in the preservation of every scrap which could record age or civic history1 others blatantly determined to show that the old was folly1 and that only of the brand-new can it be said 8the best is yet to be04 ,the imagination is stirred by the opportunities which the ,colonies possess1 and envy is mixed with gratitude that they will have the chance of creating glorious cities warned by the ,old ,country's mistakes1 and realizing by the progress of economic science that the flow of humanity is ever towards aggregation4 ,the 8,back-to-the-land0 cry falls on ninety irresponsive ears to ten responsive ones1 for the large majority of human beings desire to live in juxtaposition with mankind4 ,it behoves thinkers all the more1 therefore1 to plan beautiful cities1 places to live as well as to work in1 and enough of them to prevent a few becoming so large as to absorb more than a healthy share of national life and wealth4 ,but if all of us may think imperially1 it is given to most of us only to act locally1 and1 therefore1 ,i will convey your minds and mine back from the visions of town planning amid the plains of ,canada1 the fiords and mountains of ,british ,columbia1 the high lands and broad velds of ,africa1 the varied beauties of wood1 hill1 and sea of ,australia and ,new ,zealand1 back from the stimulating1 almost intoxicating1 vision of the work lying before our great ,colonies1 to the sobering atmosphere of a ,london or a ,manchester suburb1 with its miles of mean streets already built1 or its open fields and new-made roads1 laid out as if under the ruler of the office-boy4 ,whoever undertakes the area to be laid out1 whether it is the municipality or a public land company1 should see that the planning is done on a large scale4 ,the injury wrought to towns hitherto has been often due to the narrowness of personal interests and the limitation of the acres dealt with1 both of which dim the far sight4 ,the almost unconscious influence of dealing with a wide area is shown in existing schemes1 which have been undertaken by owners of large estates1 whether the area be planned for an industrial village1 such as ,mr4 ,lever's at ,port ,sunlight1 or for a housing-reform scheme like ,mr4 ,cadbury's at ,bournville2 or to accommodate the leisured1 as the ,duke of ,devonshire's at ,eastbourne1 or the artistic1 as ,mr4 ,comyns ,carr's at ,bedford ,park2 or to create a fresh commercial city1 as conceived by ,mr4 ,ebenezer ,howard at ,letchworth2 or to house all classes in attractive surroundings as at the ,hampstead ,garden ,suburb4 ,whatever be the purpose1 the fact of a large area has influenced them all4 ,it has had1 as it were1 something of the same effect as the opportunity of the ,sistine ,chapel had on ,michael ,angelo4 ,the population to be accommodated was large enough to require its own places of worship1 public halls1 or clubs1 its schools1 and recreation-grounds4 ,so the lines were drawn with a generous hand1 and human needs considered1 with a view to their provision within the confines of the estate1 instead of being treated as the organ-grinder1 and advised to seek satisfaction in the next street--or accommodation on neighbouring land4 ,the idea of town or suburb planning has not yet found its way into the minds which dominate local ,public ,authorities1 but a few examples will doubtless awaken them to the benefits of the ,act1 if not from the sthetic1 yet from the economic point of view1 and then borough or ward boundaries will become as unnoticeable for town-planning purposes as ecclesiastical parish ones now are for educational administration4 ,foremost among the problems will be the allotment of different positions of the area under consideration to different classes of society1 or perhaps it would be better to say different standards of income4 ,no one can view with satisfaction any town1 whether in ,england1 ,america1 or the ,colonies1 where the poor1 the strenuous1 and the untutored live as far as possible removed from the rich1 the leisured1 and the cultivated4 ,the divorce is injurious to both4 ,too commonly is it supposed that the poor only suffer from the separation1 but those who have the privilege of friendships among the working-people know that the wealthy lose more by not making their acquaintance than can possibly be computed4 8,i often advise you to make friends10 said the late ,dr4 ,jowett to a body of undergraduates assembled in ,balliol ,hall to hearken to my husband and ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,loch1 as they spoke of the inhabitants of ,east or ,south ,london in the early 'seventies1 but 8now ,i will add further advice3 ,make some of your friends among the poor40 ,excellent as the advice is1 it is hardly possible to follow when certain classes live at one end of the town1 and other classes dwell in the extreme opposite district4 ,it may be given to the few to create artificial methods of meeting1 but to the large mass of people1 so long as they live in separate neighbourhoods1 they must remain ignorant of each other to a very real1 if undefinable1 loss--the loss of understanding1 mutual respect1 and that sense of peace which comes when one sits in the parlour and knows the servants are doing their best1 or works in the kitchen and knows that those who govern are directed by a large-hearted sympathy4 ,again and again in #aije-f1 when the idea of provision being made for all classes of society in the ,hampstead ,garden ,suburb was being submitted to the public1 ,i was told that the cultivated would never live voluntarily in the neighbourhood of the industrial classes1 but ,i was immensely surprised when ,i laid the scheme before a leading workman and trade-unionist to be told3-- 8,it is all very nice as you say it1 ,mrs4 ,barnett1 but ,i'm mistaken if you will find any self-respecting workman who cares to bring his family to live alongside of the rich4 ,they're a bad example with their pleasure-loving sons and idle1 vain daughters1 always thinking of dressing1 and avoiding work and natural duties as if they were sins40 ,the acceptance of society newspaper paragraphs and divorce reports as accurate and exhaustive accounts of the lives of the leisured1 even by thinking workmen1 serves as an additional evidence of the need of common neighbourhood to correct so dangerous and disintegrating a view4 ,there can be no doubt but that ,part ,,iii of the ,housing ,act of #ahij is1 in so far as it affects recent town development1 responsible for much of this lamentable ignorance1 for under its powers provision can only be made to house the industrial classes1 and thus whole neighbourhoods have grown up1 as large in themselves as a small provincial town occupied by one class1 or those classes the range of whose difference is represented by requiring two or three bedrooms1 a 8kitchen10 or a 8parlour cottage04 ,that this segregation of classes into distinct areas is unnecessary as well as socially dangerous1 is evidenced by many small ,english towns1 such as ,wareham1 ,godalming1 ,huntingdon1 where the grouping together of all sorts of people has taken place under normal conditions of growth1 as well as in the ,garden ,suburb at ,hampstead1 where the areas to house people of various degrees of income were clearly defined in the original plan1 and have been steadfastly adhered to4 ,in that estate the rents range from tenements of #cs4 #c;d4 a week to houses standing in their own gardens of rentals to #bej a year1 united by cottages1 villas1 and houses priced at every other figure within that gamut4 ,the inhabitants can dwell there as owners1 or by renting their dwellings1 or through the welcoming system and elastic doors of the co-partners1 or as weekly tenants in the usual way4 ,no sort of difficulty has arisen1 and the often-expressed fears have proved groundless4 ,indeed1 the result of the admixture of all classes has been a kindlier feeling and a richer sympathy1 as people of varied experience1 different educational standards1 and unequal incomes feel themselves drawn together in the enjoyment of good music1 in the discussion of social problems1 in the preparation by their children of such a summer's day festival as the 8,masque of ,fairthorpe10 or to enjoy the unaffected pleasure of the public open spaces and wall-less gardens4 ,in ,england we have not yet reached the gorgeous1 riotous generosity of the ,americans1 who plan parks by the mile1 and cheerfully spend1 as ,boston did1 #g1ejj1jjj for a girdle of parks1 woods1 meadows1 sea and lake embankments2 or vote1 as ,chicago did1 #c1fjj1jjj for the creation of a connected system of twenty-two parks2 but we in humbler ,england have some ground for congratulation1 that1 as a few years ago a flowerless open space was counted adequate1 now a well-kept garden is desired2 but on the definition of their uses and the difficulties of their upkeep something has yet to be said4 ,every one has seen derelict open spaces1 squares1 crescents1 three-angled pieces of ground deliberately planned to create beauty1 but allowed to become the resting places of too many weary cats or disused household utensils1 the grass neither mown1 protected1 nor re-sown4 8,the children like it kept so10 people say1 but ,i doubt if they do4 ,in ,westminster there are two open spaces1 one planted and cared for1 the other just an unkept open space4 ,both face south1 both overlook the river1 both are open free1 but the children flock into the garden1 leaving the open space drearily empty4 ,it is to be regretted1 for their noise1 even when it is happy shouting and not discordant wrangling1 is disturbing to those whose strenuous lives necessitate that they take their exercise or rest without disturbance4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the children are entitled to their share of the garden1 and those 8passionless reformers10 order1 beauty1 colour1 may perhaps speak their messages more effectually into ears when they are young4 ,the solution of the difficulty has been found by the ,germans in their thoughtful planning of parks1 and few things were more delightful in the ,town-planning ,exhibition than the photographs of the children paddling in the shallow pools1 making castles 7,i saw no sign of fortifications67 in the sand1 playing rough running games on gravel slopes1 or quieter make-believes in the spinneys1 all specially provided in specially allocated children's areas4 ,isolated instances of such provision are existent in our ,english parks1 but the principle1 that some people are entitled to public peace as well as others to public play1 is not yet recognized1 and that there should be zones in which noise is permitted1 and zones in which silence must be maintained is as yet an inconceivable restriction4 ,so the children usually shout1 race1 scream1 or squabble amid the grown-ups1 kept even in such order as they are by the fear of the park-keeper1 whom their consciences encourage them to credit with supernatural powers of observation4 ,he is usually a worthy1 patient man1 but an expensive adjunct1 and one who could sometimes be dispensed with if the children's 8sphere of influence0 were clearly defined4 ,the promiscuous presence of children affects also both the standard of cost of the upkeep of open spaces1 although the deterioration of their standard is more often due to the lapse of the authority who created them4 ,it is because the changes of circumstances so frequently affect disastrously the appearance of public spaces that ,i would offer for consideration the suggestion that they should be placed under the care of the municipality1 under stringent covenants concerning their uses1 purposes1 maintenance1 and reservation for the inhabitants of special dwellings4 ,this step would not1 of course1 be necessary where the owner or company still holds the land1 but in cases where the houses for which the square or joint garden was provided have each strayed into separate ownership1 and their ground-rents treated only as investments1 then everyone's duty usually becomes no one's duty1 and the garden drops into a neglected home for 8unconsidered trifles04 ,i could quote instances of this1 not only in ,east ,london1 but in ,clifton1 ,reading1 ,ventnor1 ,york1 or give brighter examples of individual effort and enthusiasm which have awakened the interest of the neighbours to take pride in the appearance1 and pay towards the upkeep1 of their common pleasance4 ,the arguments in favour of the municipality having the care of these publicly enjoyed or semi-private open spaces would be the advantages of a higher gardening standard1 the economy of interchange of roots1 seeds1 and tools1 the benefit of a staff large enough to meet seasonal needs1 the stimulating competition of one garden against another1 and the additional gift of beauty to the passers-by1 who could thus share without intrusion the fragrance of the flowers and the melody of symphonies in colour4 8,but how can the public enjoy the gardens when they are usually behind walls80 ,i hear that delightful person1 the deadly practical man1 murmur2 and this brings me to another question1 8,are walls round open spaces necessary80 ,english people seem to have adopted the idea that it is essential to surround their parks and gardens with visible barriers1 perhaps because ,england is surrounded by the sea--a very visible line of demarcation2 but1 in the stead of a dancing joy1 a witchful barrier1 uniting while it separates1 they have put up grim hard walls1 ugly dividing fences1 barriers which challenge trespass1 and make even the law-abiding citizen desire to climb over and see what is on the other side4 ,it is extraordinary how firmly established is the acceptance of the necessity of walls and protection4 ,nearly thirty-five years ago1 when the first effort was made to plant ,mile ,end ,road with trees1 and to make its broad margins gracious with shrubs and plants1 we were met by the argument that they would not be safe without high railings4 ,i recall the croakings of those who combated the proposal to open ,leicester ,square to the public1 and who of us has not listened to the regrets of the landowner on the expense entailed by his estate boundary fences8 ,if you say1 8,why make them so high1 or keep them up so expensively1 as you do not preserve your game8 ,why not have low hedges or short open fences1 over which people can see and enjoy your property80 he will look at you with a gentle pity1 thinking of you as a deluded idealist1 or perhaps his expression will change into something not so gentle as it dawns on him that1 though one is the respectable wife of a respectable ,canon1 yet one may be holding 8some of those--,socialist theories04 ,not long ago ,i went at the request of a gentleman who owned property1 with his agent to see if suggestions could be made to improve the appearance of his estate and the happiness of his tenants4 ,the gardens were small enough to be valueless1 but between and around each were walls1 many in bad repair4 8,the first thing ,i should do would be to pull down those walls1 and let the air in2 things will then grow1 self-respect as well as flowers10 ,i said4 8,what60 exclaimed the agent1 8pull down the walls8 ,why1 what would the men have to lean against80 thus conjuring up the vision one has so often seen of men leaning listlessly against the public-house walls1 a sight which the possession of a garden1 large enough to be profitable as well as pleasurable1 ought to do much to abolish4 ,it is difficult to find arguments for walls4 ,in many towns of ,america the gardens are wall-less1 the public scrupulously observing the rights of ownership4 ,in the ,hampstead ,garden ,suburb all the gardens are wall-less1 both public and private4 ,the flowers bloom with the voluptuous abundance produced by virgin soil1 but they remain untouched1 not only by the inhabitants1 which1 of course1 is to be expected1 but by the thousands of visitors who come to see the realization of the much-talked-of scheme1 and respect the property as they share its pleasures4 ,in town-planning literature and talk much is said about houses1 roads1 centre-points to design1 architectural features1 treatment of junctions1 and many other items both important and interesting2 but the tone of thought pervading all that ,i have yet read is that it is the healthy and happy1 the respectable and the prosperous1 for whom all is to be arranged4 ,it takes all sorts to make a world1 and the town planner who excludes in his arrangements the provision for the lonely1 the sick1 the sorrowful1 and the handicapped will lose from the midst of the community some of its greatest moral teachers4 ,the children should be specially welcomed amid improved or beautiful surroundings1 for the impressions made in youth last through life1 and on the standards adopted by the young will depend the nation's welfare4 ,a vast army of children are wholly supported by the ,state1 some #ajj1jjj1 while to them can be added nearly #bjj1jjj more for whom the public purse is partly responsible4 ,in town planning the needs of these children should be considered1 and the claims of the sick openly met4 ,hospitals are intended to help the sick poor1 so1 in planning the town or its growth1 suitable sites should be chosen in relation to the population who require such aid2 but in ,london many hospitals are clustered in the centre of the town1 are enlarged1 rebuilt1 or improved on the old positions1 though the people's homes and workshops have been moved miles away2 thus the sick suffer in body and become poorer in purse1 as longer journeys have to be undertaken after accidents1 or when as out-patients they need frequent attention4 ,the wicked1 the naughty1 the sick1 the demented1 the sorrowful1 the blind1 the halt1 the maimed1 the old1 the handicapped1 the children are facts--facts to be faced1 facts which demand thought1 facts which should be reckoned with in town planning--for all1 even the first-named1 can be helped by being surrounded with 8whatsoever things are pure1 whatsoever things are lovely1 and whatsoever things are of good report04 ,every one who has been to ,canada must have been struck with the evidence of faith in educational appreciation which the ,canadians give in the preparation of their vast teaching centres4 8,what impressed me greatly10 said ,mr4 ,henry ,vivian in his speech at the dinner given in his honour on his return from the ,dominion1 8was the preparation that the present people have made for the education of the future people10 and he described the planning of one ,university1 whose buildings1 sports-grounds1 roads1 hostels1 and gardens were to cover #acjj acres4 ,compare that with the statement of the ,secretary of a ,borough ,council ,education ,authority1 who told me the other day1 with congratulatory pleasure1 that long negotiations had at last obtained one acre and a quarter for the building of a secondary school and a hoped-for three acres some distance off for the boys' playground4 ,the town planning of the future will make1 it is to be hoped1 generous provision for educational requirements1 and not only for the inhabitants of the immediate locality4 ,as means of transit become both cheaper and easier1 it will be recognized as a gain for young people to go out of town to study1 into purer air1 away from nerve-wearing noise1 amid flowers and trees1 and with an outlook on a wider sky1 itself an elevating educational influence both by day and night4 ,the need of what may be called artificial town addition can only concern the elder nations1 who have1 scattered over their lands1 splendid buildings in the centre of towns that have ceased to grow4 ,as an example1 ,i would quote ,ely4 ,what a glorious ,cathedral6 kept in dignified elderly repair1 its ,deans1 ,canons1 ,minors1 lay-clerks1 and choir1 all doing their respective daily duties in leading worship2 but1 alas6 there the population is so small 7#ggac souls7 that the response by worshippers is necessarily inadequate--the output bears no proportion to the return4 ,beauty1 sweetness1 and light are wasted there and ,west ,ham exists1 with its #bfg1jjj inhabitants1 its vast workshops and factories1 its miles of mean streets of drab-coloured 8brick boxes with slate lids0--and no ,cathedral1 no group of kind1 leisured clergy to leaven the heavy dough of mundane1 cheerless toil4 ,if town planning could be treated nationally1 it might be arranged that ,government factories could be established in ,ely4 ,army clothiers1 stationery manufactories1 gunpowder depts would bring the workers in their train4 ,a suitable expenditure of the ,public ,works ,loans money would cause the cottages to appear2 schools would then arise1 shops and lesser businesses1 which population always brings into existence1 would be started2 and the ,cathedral would become a ,house of ,prayer1 not only to the few religious ones who now rejoice in the services1 but for the many whose thoughts would be uplifted by the presence in their midst of the stately witness of the ,law of ,love1 and whose lives would be benefited by the helpful thought and wise consideration of those whose profession it is to serve the people4 ,pending great changes1 something might perhaps be done if individual owners and builders would consider the appearance1 not only of the house they are building1 but of the street or road of which it forms a part4 ,a few months ago1 in the bright sunshine1 ,i stood on a hill-top1 facing a delightful wide view1 on a newly developed estate1 and1 pencil in hand1 wrote the colours and materials of four houses standing side by side4 ,this is the list3-- ,no4 #a ,,house4--,roof1 grey slates2 walls1 white plaster with red brick2 yellow-painted woodwork2 red chimneys4 ,no4 #b ,,house4--,roof1 purpley-red tiles2 walls1 buff rough cast2 brown-painted woodwork2 yellow chimneys4 ,no4 #c ,,house4--,roof1 orangey-red tiles2 walls1 grey-coloured rough cast2 white-painted woodwork2 red chimneys4 ,no4 #d ,,house4--,roof1 crimson-red tiles2 walls1 stone-coloured rough cast2 peacock-blue paint2 red chimneys4 ,this bare list tells of the inharmonious relation of colours1 but it cannot supply the variety of tones of red1 nor yet the mixture of lines1 roof-angles1 balcony or bow projections1 one of which ran up to the top of a steep-pitched roof1 and was castellated at the summit4 ,the road was called 8,bon-,accord04 ,one has sometimes to thank local authorities for unconscious jokes4 ,my space is filled1 and even a woman's monologue must conclude some time6 ,but one paragraph more may be taken to put in a plea for space for an ,open-air ,museum4 ,it need not be a large and exhaustive one1 for there is something to be said for not making museums 8too bright and good for human nature's daily food04 ,there might be objects of museum interest scattered in groups about the green girdle which the young among my readers will1 ,i trust1 live to see round all great towns2 or an open-air exhibit on a limited subject might be provided1 as the late ,mr4 ,burt arranged so charmingly at ,swanage2 or the ,shakespeare ,gardens1 already started in some of the ,london ,county ,council parks1 might be further developed2 or the more ambitious schemes of ,stockholm and ,copenhagen intimated2 but whichever model is adopted the idea of open-air museums 7which might be stretched to include bird sanctuaries7 is one which should find a place in the gracious environment of our well-ordered towns when they have come under the law and the gospel of the ,town-planning ,act4 ,,henrietta ,o4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,mission ,,of ,,music4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,july1 #ahii4 #a ,from 8,international ,journal of ,ethics04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 8,we must have something light or comic40 ,so say those who provide music for the people1 and their words represent an opinion which is almost universal with regard to the popular taste4 ,the uneducated1 it is thought1 must be unable to appreciate that which is refined or to enjoy that which does not make them laugh and be merry4 ,opinions exist1 especially with regard to the tastes and wants of the poor1 by the side of facts altogether inconsistent with those opinions4 ,there are facts within the knowledge of some who live in the ,east ,end of ,london which are sufficient1 at any rate1 to shake this general opinion as to the people's taste in music4 ,in ,whitechapel1 where so many philanthropists have tried 8to patch with handfuls of coal and rice0 the people's wants1 the signs of ignorance are as evident as the signs of poverty4 ,there is an almost complete absence of those influences which are hostile to the ignorance1 not1 indeed1 of the mere elements of knowledge 7the ,board ,schools are now happily everywhere prominent71 but to the ignorance of joy1 truth1 and beauty4 ,utility and the pressure of work have crowded house upon house2 have filled the shops with what is only cheap1 driven away the distractions of various manners and various dresses1 and made the place weary to the body and depressing to the mind4 ,nevertheless1 in this district a crowd has been found willing1 on many a winter's night1 to come and listen to parts of an oratorio or to selections of classical music4 ,the oratorios have sometimes been given in a church by various bodies of amateurs who have practised together for the purpose2 the concerts have been given in schoolrooms on ,sunday evenings by professionals of reputation4 ,to the oratorios men and women have come1 some of them from the low haunts kept around the city by its carelessly administered charity1 all of them of the class which1 working for its daily bread1 has no margin of time for study4 ,amid those who are generally so independent of restraint1 who cough and move as they will1 there has been a death-like stillness as they have listened to some fine solo of ,handel's4 ,on faces which are seldom free of the marks of care1 except in the excitement of drink1 a calm has seemed to settle and tears to flow1 for no reason but because 8it is so beautiful60 ,sometimes the music has appeared to break gradually down barriers that shut out some poor fellow from a fairer past or a better future than his present3 the oppressive weight of the daily care lifts1 other sights are in his vision1 and at last1 covering his face or sinking on his knees1 he makes prayers which cannot be uttered4 ,sometimes it has seemed to seize one on business bent1 to transport him suddenly to another world1 and1 not knowing what he feels1 has forced him to say1 8,it was good to be here04 ,a church filled with hundreds of ,east ,londoners1 affected1 doubtless1 in different ways1 but all silent1 reverent1 and self-forgetful1 is a sight not to be forgotten or to be held to have no meaning4 ,to the concerts have crowded hard-headed1 unimaginative men1 described in a local paper as being 8friends of ,bradlaugh04 ,these have listened to and evidently taken in difficult movements of ,beethoven1 ,schumann1 and ,chopin4 ,the loud applause which has followed some moments of strained1 rapt attention has proclaimed the universal feeling4 ,with a knowledge of the character of the music1 the applications for admission have increased1 and the announcement of a hope that the concerts might be continued the following winter1 and possibly also extended to weekday evenings1 has brought from some of those present an expression of their desire for other high-class music4 ,the poor quarters of cities have been too long treated as if their inhabitants were deficient in that which is noblest in human nature4 ,human beings want not something which will do1 but the best4 ,if it be asked what proof there be that such music has a permanent effect on the hearers1 the only answer is that people do not always know how they have been most influenced4 ,it is the air unconsciously breathed which affects the cure much more often than the medicine so consciously taken4 ,music may most deeply and permanently affect those who themselves can express no appreciation with their words or show results in their lives4 ,like the thousand things which surrounds the child and which he never notices1 music may largely serve in the formation of character and the satisfaction of life4 ,that the performance of this music in the ,east ,end is not followed by expressions of intelligent appreciation or by immediate change of life is no proof of its failure to influence4 ,the fact that crowds come to listen is sufficient to make the world reconsider its opinion that the people care only for what is light or laugh-compelling4 ,there is evidently in the highest music something which finds a response in many minds not educated to understand its mysteries nor interested in its creation4 ,this suggests that music has in the present time a peculiar mission4 8,man doth not live by bread alone10 expresses a truth which even those will allow who profess themselves careless about present-day religion4 ,there is in human beings1 in those whom the rich think to satisfy by increased wages and improved dwellings1 a need of something beyond4 ,the man who has won an honourable place1 who by punctuality1 honesty1 and truthfulness has become the trusted servant of his employer1 is often weary with the very monotony of his successful life4 ,he has bread in abundance1 but1 unsatisfied1 he dreams of filling quite another place in the world1 perhaps as the leader daring much for others1 perhaps as the patriot suffering much for his class and country1 or perhaps as the poet living in others' thoughts4 ,there flits before him a vision of a fuller life1 and the vision stirs in him a longing to share such life4 ,the woman1 too1 who in common talk is the model wife and mother1 whose days are filled with work1 whose talk is of her children's wants1 whose life seems so even and uneventful1 so complete in its very prosaicness1 she1 if she could be got to speak out the thoughts which flit through her brain as she silently plies her needle or goes about her household duties1 would tell of strange longings for quite another sort of life1 of passions and aspirations which have been scarcely allowed to take form in her mind4 ,there is no one to whom 8omens that would astonish have not predicted a future and uncovered a past04 ,beyond the margin of material life is a spiritual life4 ,this life has been and may still be believed to be the domain of religion1 that which science has not known and can never know1 which material things have not helped and can never help4 ,it has been the glory of religion to develop the longing to be something higher and nobler by revealing to men the ,god1 ,who is higher than themselves4 ,religion having abdicated this domain to invade that of science has to-day suffered by becoming the slave of sthetic and moral precepts4 ,her professors often yield themselves to the influence of form and colour or boast only of their morality and philanthropy4 ,it is no wonder1 therefore1 that many who are in earnest and feel that neither ritualism nor philanthropy have special power to satisfy their natures1 reject religion4 ,but they will not1 if they are fair to themselves1 object to the strengthening of that power which they must allow to have been a source of noble endeavour and of the very science whose reign they acknowledge4 ,the sense of something better than their best1 making itself felt not in outward circumstance but inwardly in their hearts1 has often been the spring of effort and of hope4 ,it is because the forms of present-day religion give so little help to strengthen this sense1 that so many now speak slightingly of religion and profess their independence of its forms4 ,religion1 in fact1 is suffering for want of expression4 ,in other times men felt that the words of the ,prayer ,book and phrases now labelled 8theological0 did speak out1 or at any rate did give some form to their vague1 indistinct longing to be something else and something more2 while the picture of ,god1 drawn from the ,bible history and ,bible words1 gave an object to their longing1 making them desire to be like ,him and to enjoy ,him for ever4 ,in these days1 however1 historical criticism and scientific discoveries have made the old expressions seem inadequate to state man's longings or to picture ,god's character4 ,the words of prayers1 whether the written prayers of the ,english ,church or that rearrangement of old expressions called 8extempore prayer10 do not at once fit in with the longings of those to whom1 in these later days1 sacrifice has taken other forms and life other possibilities4 ,the descriptions of ,god1 involving so much that is only marvellous1 jar against minds which have had hints of the grandeur of law and which have been awed not by miracles but by holiness4 ,the petitions for the joys of heaven do not always meet the needs of those who have learnt that what they are is of more consequence than what they have1 and the anthropomorphic descriptions of the character of ,god make ,him seem less than many men who are not jealous1 nor angry1 nor revengeful4 ,words and thoughts alike often fail to satisfy modern wants4 ,while prayers are being said1 the listless attitude and wandering gaze of those in whose souls are the deepest needs and loftiest aspirations1 proclaim the failure4 ,religion has not failed1 but only its power of expressing itself4 ,there lives still in man that which gropes after ,god1 but it can find no form in which to clothe itself4 ,the loss is no light one4 ,expression is necessary to active life1 and without it1 at any rate1 some of the greater feelings of human nature must suffer loss of energy and be isolated in individuals4 ,free exercise will give those feelings strength2 the power of utterance will teach men that they are not alone when they are their best selves4 ,the world has been moved to many a crusade by a picture of suffering humanity1 and the darkness of heathenism calls forth missionaries of one ,church and another4 ,almost as moving a picture might be drawn of those who wanting much can express nothing4 ,here are men and women1 bone of our bone1 flesh of our flesh3 they have that within them which raises them above all created things1 powers by which they are allied to all whom the world honours1 faculties by which they might find unfailing joy4 ,but they have no form of expression and so they live a lower life1 walking by sight1 not by faith1 giving rein to powers which find their satisfaction near at hand1 and developing faculties in the use of which there is more of pain than joy4 ,the power which has been the spring of so much that is helpful to the world seems to be dead in them2 that sense which has enabled men to stand together as brothers1 trusting one another as common possessors of a ,divine spark1 seems to be without existence4 ,a few may go on walking grimly the path of duty1 but for the mass of mankind life has lost its brightness4 ,dullness unrelieved by wealth1 and loneliness undispersed by dissipation1 are the common lot4 ,in a sense more terrible than ever1 men are like children walking in the night with no language but a cry4 ,he that will give them the means once more to express what they really are and what they really want will break the bondage4 ,the fact that the music of the great masters does stir something in most men's natures should be a reason for trying whether music might not1 at any rate partially1 express the religious life of the present day4 ,there is much to be said in favour of such an experiment4 ,on the one side there is the failure of existing modes of expression4 ,the prettinesses of ritualism and the social efforts of ,broad ,churchism1 even for the comparatively small numbers who adopt these forms of worship1 do not meet those longings of the inner life which go beyond the love of beauty and beyond the love of neighbours4 ,the vast majority of the people belong to neither ritualism nor ,broad ,churchism2 they live1 at best1 smothering their aspirations in activity2 at worst1 in dissipation1 having forsaken duty as well as ,god4 ,their morality has followed their religion4 ,in the ,east ,end of ,london this is more manifest1 not because the people of the ,east are worse than the people of the ,west1 but because the people of the ,east have no call to seem other than they are4 ,amid many signs hopeful for the future there is also among ,east ,londoners1 unblushingly declared at every street-corner1 the self-indulgence which robs the young and weak of that which is their right1 education and protection2 the vice which saps a nation's strength is boasted of in the shop and flaunted in the highways1 and the selfishness which is death to a man is often the professed ground of action4 ,morality for the mass of men has been dependent on the consciousness of ,god1 and with the lack of means of expression the consciousness of ,god seems to have ceased4 ,on this ground alone there would be reason for making an experiment with music1 if only because it offers itself as a possible means of that expression which the consciousness of ,god supports4 ,and1 on the other side1 there is the natural fitness of music for the purpose4 ,in the first place1 the great musical compositions may be asserted to be1 not arrangements which are the results of study and the application of scientific principles1 but the results of inspiration4 ,the master1 raised by his genius above the level of common humanity to think fully what others think only in part1 and to see face to face what others see only darkly1 puts into music the thoughts which no words can utter and the descriptions which no tongue can tell4 ,what he himself would be1 his hopes1 his fears1 his aspirations1 what he himself sees of that holiest and fairest which has haunted his life1 he tells by his art4 ,like the prophets1 having had a vision of ,god1 his music proclaims what he himself would desire to be1 and expresses the emotions of his higher nature4 ,if this be a correct account of the meaning of those great masterpieces which may every day be performed in the ears of the people1 it is easy to see how they may be made to serve the purpose in view4 ,the greatest master is a man with much in him akin to the lowest of the human race4 ,the homage all pay to the great is but the assertion of this kinship1 the assertion of men's claim to be like the great when the obstructions of their mal-formation and mal-education shall be trained away4 ,men generally will1 therefore1 find in that which expresses the thoughts of the greatest the means of expressing their own thoughts4 ,the music which enfolds the passions that have never found utterance1 that have never been realized by the ordinary man1 will somehow appeal to him and make him recognize his true self and his true object4 ,music being itself the expression of the wants of man1 all who share in man's nature will find in it an expression for longings and visions for which no words are adequate4 ,it will be what prayers and meditations now so often fail to be1 a means of linking men with the source of the highest thoughts and efforts1 and of enabling them to enjoy ,god1 a joy which so few now understand4 ,more than this1 the best existing expression of that which men have found to be good has been by parables1 whose meanings have not been limited to time or place but are of universal application4 ,heard by different people and at different times1 parables have given to all alike a conception of that which eye cannot see nor voice utter2 each hearer in each age has gained possibly a different conception1 but in the use of the same words all have felt themselves to be united4 ,the parable of the prodigal son has represented the ,god who has been won to love by the sacrifice of ,christ and also the ,god who freely forgives4 ,such forms of expression it is most important to have in an age when movement is so rapid that things become old as soon as they are new1 separating to-morrow those who have stood together to-day1 and when at the same time the longing for unity is so powerful that the thought of it acts as a charm on men's minds4 ,in some degree all art is a parable1 as it makes known in a figure that which is unknown1 revealing the truth the artist has felt to others just in so far as they by education and surroundings have been qualified to understand it4 ,titian's picture of the ,assumption helped the medival saint to worship better the ,virgin ,mother1 and also helps those of our day to realize the true glory of womanhood4 ,but music1 even more than painting and poetry1 fulfils this condition4 ,it reveals that which the artist has seen1 and reveals it with no distracting circumstance of subject1 necessary to the picture or the poem4 ,the hearer who listens to a great composition is not drawn aside to think of some historical or romantic incident2 he is free to think of that of which such incidents are but the clothes4 ,age succeeds to age2 the music which sounded in the ears of the fathers sounds also in the ears of the children4 ,place and circumstance force men asunder1 but still for those of every party or sect and for those in every quarter of the world the great works of the masters of music remain4 ,the works may be performed in the ,west ,end or in the ,east ,end--the hearers will have different conceptions1 will see from different points of view the vision which inspired the master1 but will nevertheless have the sense that the music which serves all alike creates a bond of union4 ,music then would seem fitted to be in this age the expression of that which men in their inmost hearts most reverence4 ,creeds have ceased to express this and have become symbols of division rather than of unity6 ,music is a parable1 telling in sounds which will not change of that which is worthy of worship1 telling it to each hearer just in so far as he by nature and circumstance is able to understand it1 but giving to all that feeling of common life and assurance of sympathy which has in old times been the strength of the ,church4 ,by music1 men may be helped to find ,god who is not far from any one of us1 and be brought again within reach of that tangible sympathy1 the sympathy of their fellow-creatures4 ,there is1 however1 still one other requisite in a perfect form of religious expression4 ,the age is new and thoughts are new1 but nevertheless they are rooted in the past4 ,more than any one acknowledges is he under the dominion of the buried ages4 ,he who boasts himself superior to the superstitions of the present is the child of parents whose high thoughts1 now transmitted to their child1 were intertwined with those superstitions4 ,any form of expression therefore which aims at covering emotions said to be new must1 like these emotions1 have associations with the past4 ,a brand new form of worship1 agreeable to the most enlightened reason and surrounded with that which the present asserts to be good1 would utterly fail to express thoughts and feelings1 which1 if born of the present1 share the nature of parents who lived in the past4 ,it is interesting to notice how machines and institutions which are the product of the latest thought bear in their form traces of that which they have superseded2 the railway carriage suggests the stage-coach1 and the ,house of ,commons reminds us of the ,saxon ,witanagemot4 ,the absolutely new would have no place in this old world1 and a new form of expression could not express the emotions of the inner life4 ,music which offers a form in which to clothe the yearnings of the present has been associated with the corresponding yearnings of the past1 and would seem therefore to fulfil the necessary condition4 ,those who to-day feel music telling out their deepest wants and proclaiming their praise of the good and holy1 might recognize in the music echoes of the songs which broke from the lips of ,miriam and ,david1 of ,ambrose and ,gregory1 and of those simple peasants who one hundred years ago were stirred to life on the moors of ,cornwall and ,wales4 ,the fact that music has been thus associated with religious life gives it an immense1 if an unrecognized power4 ,the timid are encouraged and the bold are softened6 ,when the congregation is gathered together and the sounds rise which are full of that which is and perhaps always will be 8ineffable10 there float in1 also1 memories of other sounds1 poor perhaps and uncouth1 in which simple people have expressed their prayers and praises2 the atmosphere1 as it were1 becomes religious1 and all feel that the music is not only beautiful1 but the means of bringing them nearer to the ,god after ,whom they have sought so long and often despaired to find4 ,for these reasons music seems to have a natural fitness for becoming the expression of the inner life4 ,the experiment1 at any rate1 may be easily tried4 ,there is in every parish a church with an organ1 and arrangements suitable for the performance of grand oratorios2 there are concert halls or schoolrooms suitable for the performance of classical music4 ,there are many individuals and societies with voices and instruments capable of rendering the music of the masters4 ,most of them have1 we cannot doubt1 the enthusiasm which would induce them to give their services to meet the needs of their fellow-creatures4 ,money has been and is freely subscribed for the support of missions seeking to meet bodily and spiritual wants2 music will as surely be given by those who have felt its power to meet that need of expression which so far keeps the people without the consciousness of ,god4 ,members of ethical societies1 who have taught themselves to fix their eyes on moral results1 may unite with members of churches who care also for religious things4 ,certain it is that people who are able to realize grand ideals will be likely in their own lives to do grand things1 and doing them make the world better and themselves happier4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,real ,,social ,,reformer4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,january1 #aiaj4 #a ,from 8,the ,manchester ,weekly ,times04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,the world is out of joint4 ,reformers have in every age tried to put it right4 ,but still ,society jerks and jolts as it journeys over the road of life4 ,the rich fear the poor1 the poor suspect the rich1 there is strife and misunderstanding2 children flicker out a few days' life in sunless courts1 and honoured old age is hidden in workhouses2 people starve while food is wasted in luxurious living1 and the cry always goes up1 8,who will show us any good80 ,the response to that cry is the appearance of the ,social ,reformer4 ,philanthropists have brought forward scheme after scheme to relieve poverty1 and politicians have passed laws to remove abuses4 ,their efforts have been magnificent and the immediate results not to be gainsaid1 but in counting the gains the debit side must not be forgotten4 ,philanthropists weaken as well as strengthen society2 law hinders as well as helps4 ,when a body of people assume good doing as a special profession1 there will always be a tendency among some of their neighbours to go on more unconcerned about evil1 and among others to offer themselves as subjects for this good doing4 ,the world may be better for its philanthropists1 but when after such devotion it remains so terribly out of joint the question arises whether good is best done by a class set apart as ,social ,reformers4 ,there is an often-quoted saying of a monk in the twelfth century3 8,the age of the ,son is passing1 the age of the ,spirit is coming04 ,he saw that the need of the world would not always be for a leader or for a class of leaders1 but rather for a widely diffused spirit4 ,the present moment is remarkable for the number of societies1 leagues1 and institutions which are being started4 ,there never were so many leaders offering themselves to do good1 so many schemes demanding support4 ,the ,charities ,register reveals agencies which are ready to deal with almost any conceivable ill1 and it would seem that anyone desiring to help a neighbour might do so by pressing the button of one of these agencies4 ,the agencies for each service are1 indeed1 so many1 that other societies are formed now for their organization1 and the would-be good-doer is thus relieved even from inquiring as to that which is the best fitted for his purpose4 ,the hope of the monk is deferred1 and it seems as if it were the leaders and not the spirit of the people which is to secure social reform4 ,the question therefore presses itself whether the best social reformers are the philanthropists4 ,specialists always make a show of activity1 but such a show is often the cover of widely spread indolence4 ,specialists in religion--the ecclesiastics--were never more active than when during the fifteenth century they built churches and restored the cathedrals1 but underneath this activity was the popular indifference which almost immediately woke to take vengeance on such leaders4 ,specialists in social reform to-day--the philanthropists--raise great schemes1 but many of their supporters are at heart indifferent4 ,it really saves them trouble to create societies and to make laws4 ,it is easier to subscribe money--even to sit on a committee--than to help one's own neighbour4 ,it is easier to promote ,socialism than to be a ,socialist4 ,activity in social reform movements may be covering popular indifference1 and there is already a sign of the vengeance which awakened indifference may take in the cry dimly heard1 8,curse your charity04 ,better1 it may be agreed1 than great schemes--voluntary or legal--is the individual service of men and women who1 putting heart and mind into their efforts1 and co-operating together1 take as their motto 8,one by ,one02 but again the same question presses itself in another form3 ,should the individual who aspires to serve his generation separate himself from the ordinary avocations of ,society1 and become a visitor or teacher8 ,should the business man divide his social reforming self from his business self1 and keep1 as he would say1 his charity and his business apart8 ,the world is rich in examples of devoted men and women who have given up pleasure and profit to serve others' needs4 ,the modern ,press gives every day news of both the benefactions and the good deeds of business men who1 as business men1 think first1 not of the kingdom of heaven1 but of business profits4 ,this specialization of effort--as the specialization of a class--has its good results2 but is it the best1 the only way of social reform8 ,is it not likely to narrow the heart of the good-doer and make him overkeen about his own plan8 ,will not the charity of a stranger1 although it be designed in love and be carried out with thought1 almost always irritate8 ,is it not the conception of society1 which assumes one class dependent on the benevolence of another class1 medival rather than modern8 ,can limbs which are out of joint be made to work smoothly by any application of oil and not by radical resetting8 ,is it reasonable that business men should look to cure with their gifts the injuries they have inflicted in their business1 that they should build hospitals and give pensions out of profits drawn from the rents of houses unfit for human habitation1 and gained from wages on which no worker could both live and look forward to a peaceful old age8 ,is it possible for a human being to divide his nature so as to be on the one side charitable and on the other side cruel8 ,the question therefore as to the best ,social ,reformer1 still waits an answer4 ,before attempting an answer it may be as well to glance at the moral causes to which social friction is attributed4 ,popular belief assumed that the designed selfishness of classes or of individuals lies at the root of every trouble4 ,bitter and fiery words are therefore spoken4 ,capitalists suspect the aspiring tyranny of trade unions to be compassing their ruin1 workmen talk of the other classes using 8their powers as selfish and implacable enemies of their rights04 ,rich people incline to assume that the poor have designs on their property1 and the poor suspect that every proposal of the rich is for their injury4 ,the philosophy of life is very simple4 8,every one seeketh reward10 and the daily ,press gives ample evidence as to the way every class acts on that philosophy4 ,but nevertheless experience reveals the good which is in every one4 ,mr4 ,galsworthy in his play1 8,the ,silver ,box10 pictures the conflict between rich and poor1 between the young and the old4 ,the pain each works on the other is grievous1 there is hardness of heart and selfishness1 but the reflection left by the play is not that anyone designed the pain of the other1 but that for want of thought each misunderstood the other1 and each did the wrong thing4 ,the family whose members are so smugly content with the virtue which has secured wealth and comfort1 whose charities are liberally supported1 and kindness frequently done1 where hospitality is ready1 would feel itself unfairly charged if it were abused because it lived on abuses1 and opposed any change which might affect the established order4 ,the labour agitator1 on the other hand1 feels himself unfairly charged when he is attacked as designing change for his own benefit and accused of enmity because of his strong language4 ,it may be that his words do mischief1 but in his heart he is kindly and generous4 ,there are criminals in every class1 rich men who prey on poor men1 and poor men who prey on rich men1 but the criminal class is limited and the mass of men do not intend evil4 ,the chief cause of social friction is1 it may be said1 not designed selfishness so much as the want of moral thoughtfulness4 ,the rogue of the piece is not the criminal1 but--you--,i--every one4 ,the recognition of this fact suggests that the best ,social ,reformer is not the philanthropist or the politician so much as the man or the woman who brings moral thoughtfulness into every act and relation of daily life4 ,there is abundance of what may be called financial thoughtfulness1 and people take much pains1 not always with success--to inquire into the soundness of their investments and the solvency of their debtors4 ,the ,social ,reformer who feels the obligation of moral thoughtfulness will take as much pains to inquire whether his profits come by others' loss4 ,he may not always succeed1 but he will seek to know if the workers employed by his capital receive a living wage and are protected from the dangers of their trade4 ,he will look to it that his tenants have houses which ought to make homes4 ,there is much time spent in shopping1 and women take great pains to learn what is fashionable or suited to their means4 ,if they were morally thoughtful they would take as much pains to learn what sweated labour had been used so that things might be cheap2 what suffering others had endured for their pleasure4 ,they might not always succeed1 but the fact of seeking would have its effect1 and they would help to raise public opinion to a greater sense of responsibility4 ,pleasure-seekers are proverbially free-handed1 they throw their money to passing beggars1 they patronize any passing show which promises a moment's amusement2 greater moral thoughtfulness would not prevent their pleasure1 but it would prevent them from making children greedy1 so that they might enjoy the fun of watching a scramble1 and from listening to songs or patronizing shows which degrade the performer4 ,gwendolen1 in ,george ,eliot's 8,daniel ,deronda10 did not realize that the cruelty of gambling is taking profit by another's loss1 and so she laid the foundation of a tragedy4 ,pleasure-seekers who make the same mistake are responsible for some of the tragedies which disturb society4 ,the ,social ,reformers who will do most to fit together the jarring joints of ,society are1 therefore1 the man and woman who1 without giving up their duties or their business1 who without even taking up special philanthropic work are morally thoughtful as to their words and acts4 ,they are1 in old language1 they who are in the world and not of the world4 ,if any one says that such moral thoughtfulness spells bankruptcy1 there are in the examples of business men and manufacturers a thousand answers1 but reformers who have it in mind to lead the world right do not begin by asking as to their own reward4 ,it is enough for them that as the ills of society come not from the acts of criminals who design the ills1 but from the thousand and million unconsidered acts of men and women who pass as kindly and respectable people1 they on their part set themselves to consider every one of their acts in relation to others' needs4 ,the real ,social ,reformer is therefore the business man1 the customer1 the pleasure-seeker1 who in his pursuits thinks first of the effect of those pursuits on the health and wealth of his partners in such pursuits4 ,the spirit of moral thoughtfulness widely spread among rich and poor1 employers and employed1 better than the power of any leader or of any law1 will most surely set right a world which is out of joint4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,where ,,charity ,,fails4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,january1 #aijg4 #a ,from 8,pearson's ,weekly04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,i do not think that anyone will dispute the fact that our charity1 taken as a whole1 is administered in a somewhat wasteful and haphazard fashion4 ,at the same time1 however1 ,i question whether the public is alive to the full extent of the evil arising from the utter lack of system in our administration of charity4 ,for it is not merely the question of the waste of the public's money1 though that is bad enough2 it is the far graver matter of the depreciation of our greatest national asset1 character1 by injudicious and indiscriminate philanthropy4 ,owing to the absence of any supreme charitable board or authority1 and the lack of co-operation between charitable bodies1 it is very tempting to a poor man to tell a lie to draw relief from many sources4 ,he gets his food and loses his character4 ,indeed1 ,i have no hesitation in saying that the present system directly encourages mendacity and mendicity1 and1 unless remedied1 must inevitably affect the moral fibre of the nation4 ,the want of co-operation already alluded to is1 of course1 at the root of the evil1 so far as waste of money is concerned1 and ,i am often asked why charitable bodies will not co-operate4 ,my answer is that it is very often a case of pride in results4 ,officials do not wish to share the credit of their work2 they want to be able to claim to their subscribers that they have spent more money or relieved more cases than their rival round the corner1 just as hospitals are led to regard the number of patients they treat as the criterion of their usefulness4 ,however1 although ,i hold that hospitals might well extend their sphere from the cure to the prevention of disease1 by taking more part in teaching people the laws of health and influencing them to keep such laws in their homes1 ,i am not concerned with that question here1 and mention hospitals only to introduce my first suggestion for charity reform4 ,the operations for the ,king's ,hospital ,fund have shown what can be done to check waste by bringing about a saving of #bj1jjj a year in the hospitals' bills for provisions1 etc4 ,until the ,king's ,hospital ,fund was instituted there was no general knowledge of the comparative expenditure of hospitals on food1 etc41 with the result that some paid exorbitant prices for certain articles and some for others4 ,the action of the ,king's ,fund has equalized expenditure1 with the result ,i have stated4 ,now it occurs to me that another board like the ,king's ,hospital ,fund would be able to bring about a similar saving in the administration of other charities which now compete to the loss of money subscribed by the public for the public1 and1 as ,i have said1 to the detriment of character4 ,such a ,board would check waste and extravagance engendered by competition1 and it could be brought into being as swiftly and effectively as was the ,king's ,hospital ,fund4 ,so much for an immediate measure1 but ,i suggest as a more certain method that every twenty-five years or so there should be an inquiry by some authority1 either national or local1 into every philanthropic institution4 ,the terms of reference of such inquiry might be3 firstly1 the economic and business-like character of the management2 secondly1 the way in which co-operation was welcomed1 and whether something more could not be done for further co-operation2 and lastly1 the institution might be tried by the standard of its usefulness to its surroundings4 ,for1 remember1 every charity which really exists for the public good ought to test itself by this question1 8,is our aim that of self-extinction80 ,the truest charity1 that is to say1 should aim to remove the causes1 not the symptoms of evil4 ,but many shirk this self-inquisition1 and linger on breeding mendicity1 after their place has been taken by ,state or municipal organizations1 or after they have ceased to fulfil any useful purpose4 ,it may be that this public authority ,i suggest would not at once effect very much1 but a public inquiry provides facts for public opinion to work upon1 and thus inevitably brings reform4 ,my final words1 however1 must again be as to the mischief liable to be done to character by thoughtless charity4 ,people should think most carefully and solemnly before they give1 lest they do more harm than good1 and until our charity is properly organized and supervised1 ,i fear that much money will be wasted on undeserving cases and in unnecessary and extravagant expenses of administration4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,landlordism ,,up ,,to ,,date4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,august1 #aiab4 #a ,from 8,the ,westminster ,gazette04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 8,the position of landlord and tenant is often one of opposing interests40 ,this remark from the first number of the 8,record0 of the ,hampstead ,garden ,suburb must commend itself as true to all readers of the daily ,press4 ,the 8,record10 however1 in two most interesting articles1 shows that with landlordism up to date it need no longer be true4 ,the ,hampstead ,garden ,suburb ,trust1 of which ,mr4 ,alfred ,lyttelton is president1 and ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett hon4 manager1 is the landlord of #bfc acres--shortly to be increased by another #djj acres1 most of which will be worked in conjunction with the ,co-,partnership ,tenants4 ,to meet the needs of the #be1jjj people who will ultimately be housed on this unique estate the whole has been laid out with a view to the comfort of the people1 including in the idea of 8comfort0 not only well-built houses with gardens1 but also the opportunities for the interknowledge of various classes which alike enriches the minds of rich and poor4 ,a visit to the estate suggests the multitudinous interests which have been considered4 ,the houses are grouped around a central square1 on which stand the church1 the chapel1 and the institute1 and it is so planned that from the cottages at #es4 #f;d4 a week1 as from the mansions with rentals of from #ajj to #bej a year1 the inhabitants alike enjoy beauty either of gardens1 tree-planted streets1 public open spaces1 or glimpses over the distant country4 ,the ,hampstead ,garden ,suburb ,trust1 as the leading article in the 8,record0 says1 8has done what any other far-seeing and enlightened landlord has done10 with the difference that its pecuniary interest in the financial success of the scheme is limited by a self-obtained ,act of ,parliament to #e per cent4 ,in a summary1 which it is well to quote1 the doings of this up-to-date landlord are gathered together3-- 8,as a landlord the ,trust has laid out and maintains the open spaces1 the tennis courts1 the wall-less gardens with their brilliant flowers1 the restful nooks1 the village green1 which1 with the secluded woods1 can be enjoyed in common by rich and poor1 simple and learned1 young and old1 sources of #8joy in widest commonalty spread'4 8,as a landlord the ,trust has given the sites for both the ,established ,church and the ,free ,church1 each standing on the ,central ,square in equally prominent positions1 worthy of the beautiful buildings their respective organizations have erected4 8,as a landlord the ,trust has given the site for the elementary school1 and has spared no pains to obtain a building adapted to the best and most carefully thought-out methods of modern education4 8,as a landlord the ,trust has built the first section of the ,institute1 with the conviction that their hope of bringing into friendly relations all classes of their tenants will be furthered by the provision of a centre where residents and neighbours can be drawn together by intellectual interests4 ,although the ,institute is not yet two years old1 the ,trust has already organized and maintained many activities1 a full report of which is to be found in subsequent pages of the #8,record'4 8,as a landlord the ,trust has built three groups of buildings which they counted necessary towards the completion of their civic ideal3 7a7 ,staff cottages1 so that the men employed on the estate should be housed suitably and economically2 7b7 a group of homes where the ,state-supported children and others needing care and protection should live under suitable and adequate administration1 and share the privileges and pleasures of the suburb2 7c7 motor-houses1 with dwellings for the drivers1 so that the richer people may have their luxury1 and the poorer their habitations near their work4 8,as a landlord the ,trust conceives ideas for the public good and presses them on companies and others in the hope of their achievement4 ,it was thus that the ,improved ,industrial ,dwellings ,company1 ,limited1 built 7from ,mr4 ,baillie ,scott's designs7 the beautiful quadrangle of ,waterlow ,court1 where working ladies find the advantages of both privacy and a common life4 8,as a landlord the ,trust is pushing forward negotiations with a view to obtaining a first-rate ,secondary ,school1 the directors believing that the provision of high-class education meets a need not usually considered when an estate is being developed1 and that the school site should not be limited to the minimum necessary ground subsequently bought at an inflated price4 8,as a landlord the ,trust welcomes the public spirit and civic generosity of any of their tenants1 taking special pride1 perhaps1 in the beautiful shops1 the #8,haven of ,rest' for the old and work-weary1 and the club house 7so admirably planned and alive with social and pleasurable activities71 the tennis courts1 the bowling greens1 the children's gardens1 the skating rink--each and all established and held for co-operative pleasure and joint use by their chief tenants1 the co-partners40 ,this record of what has already been done prepares the reader to read with new interest the second article1 8,an ,ideal--and ,after10 by ,mr4 ,raymond ,unwin1 who now stands at the head of 8town-planners04 ,he shows the great principles which have to be considered in planning town extensions1 which principles have generally been forgotten in the growth of ,london suburbs4 ,he then gives a plan of the #dab acres which lie between the ,finchley and the ,great ,north ,road1 and are about to be incorporated in the ,hampstead ,garden ,suburb4 ,he shows what direction the roads should take so as to secure readiness of access to the railway stations1 and at the same time leave the ,central ,square with its fine buildings dominating and giving beauty to the whole neighbourhood4 ,he shows also how other heights should be occupied by churches or public buildings1 and he proposes that another centre 7and another will be needed when it is remembered that the estate is nearly four miles long7 8should approximate more nearly to the ,market ,place or ,forum1 where the main lines of traffic will meet1 and to which access from all parts will be made easy04 ,the articles make fascinating reading and lay hold of that pioneer instinct which has helped to make ,englishmen such good ,colonists4 ,if the reading arouses some indignation at the lost chances of ,london1 the fact that ,mr4 ,unwin1 on behalf of the ,trust1 and the co-partnership tenants are dealing with this great estate1 in conjunction with the ,finchley ,district ,council1 gives some hope4 ,in years to come our children will see that the ,hampstead ,garden ,suburb ,trust as a pioneer landlord did notable work in avoiding current mistakes and in pointing the way for other metropolitan districts to follow4 ,out of eighty-two authorities in ,greater ,london only twenty-seven have so far started to avail themselves of the powers of the ,housing and ,town-,planning ,act1 and meanwhile the jerry-builder is at large1 uncontrolled1 and very actively at work4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,the ,,church ,,and ,,town ,,planning4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,august1 #aiab4 #a ,from 8,the ,guardian04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,every year we are told that so many churches have been added to ,london4 ,every year a volume is published by the ,bishop of ,london's ,fund with pictures of these churches--buildings of conventional character1 showing in their mean lines and sterile decoration the trail of the order to limit their cost to #hjjj or #ijjj4 ,every year we see ,london extending itself in long straight ranks of small houses1 where no tower or spire suggests to men the help which comes of looking up1 and no hall or public building calls them to find strength in meeting together4 ,town-planning is much discussed1 and the discussion has taken shape in an ,act of ,parliament2 but meantime the opportunities are being lost for doing what the discussions and the ,act declare to be necessary for health and happiness4 ,hendon is probably the most highly favoured building land nearest to ,london4 ,it has undulating ground1 where gentle hills offer a wide prospect towards the west2 it has fine trees whose preservation might secure grace and dignity to the neighbourhood2 and it has also a large sheet of water1 the reservoir of the ,brent1 whose banks offer to young and old recreation for body and for spirit4 ,a few years ago town-planning might have secured all these advantages1 and at the same time provided houses and buildings which would have helped to make social life a fair response to the physical surroundings4 ,but while talk is spent on the advantages of variety in buildings1 of the importance of securing a vista which street inhabitants may enjoy1 and of the value of trees and open spaces1 straight roads are being cut at right angles across the hills1 trees are being felled1 and nothing has been done to prevent what will soon become slum property extending alongside the lake4 ,willesden1 as it may be seen from ,dollis ,hill--a chess-board of slate roofs--is an object lesson as to the future of ,london if builders and owners and local authorities go on laying out estates with no thought but for the rights of private owners4 ,what1 however1 it may be asked1 can the ,church do8 8,agitate--protest80 ,yes1 the ,church1 familiar with the lives of inhabitants of mean streets1 can speak with authority4 ,it can tell how minds and souls are dwarfed for want of outlook1 how pathetic is the longing for beauty shown in the coloured print on the wall of the little dark tenement1 how hard it is to make a home of a dwelling exactly like a hundred other dwellings1 how often it is the dullness of the street which encourages carelessness of dirt and resort to excitement--how1 in fact1 it is the mean house and mean street which prepare the way for poverty and vice4 ,the voice of joy and health is not heard even in the dwellings of the righteous4 ,the ,church might help town-planning as it might help every other social reform1 by charging the atmosphere of life with unselfish and sympathetic thought4 ,but the question ,i would raise is whether the ,church is not called to take more direct action in the matter of town-building4 ,its policy at present seems to build a church for every #d1jjj or #e1jjj persons as they settle on the outskirts of ,london4 ,the site is generally one given by a landlord whose interests do not always take in those of the whole neighbourhood4 ,the building itself aims primarily at accommodating so many hundreds of people at a low cost per seat1 and outside features are regarded as involving expenses too great for present generosity4 ,this policy which has not been changed since ,bishop ,blomfield set the example of building the ,east ,london district churches1 is1 ,i believe1 prejudicial to ,church interests1 as it certainly is to the dignity of the neighbourhood in which they stand4 ,the ,church might help much in town-planning if it would change its policy1 and1 instead of dropping unconsidered and trifling buildings at frequent intervals over a new suburb1 build one grand and dominant building on some carefully chosen site to which the roads would lead4 ,the ,directors of the ,hampstead ,garden ,suburb as a private company have shown what is possible4 ,they have crowned the hill at the base of which #bj1jjj people will soon be gathered1 with the ,church1 the ,chapel1 and the public ,institute4 ,this hill dominates the landscape for miles round1 and is the obvious centre of a great community of people4 ,the ,church by adopting a like policy would at once give a character to a new suburb1 the convergence of roads would be marked1 and order would be brought into the minds of builders planning out their different properties4 ,the architects would be conscious of the centre of the circle in which they worked1 and the houses would fall into some relation with the central building4 ,every one would feel such a healthy pride in the grandeur of the central church that it would be more difficult for things mean and unsightly to be set up in its neighbourhood4 ,the church buildings in the ,city of ,london1 or those which are seen towering over some of the newer avenues in ,paris1 or those familiar in our country towns and in villages1 often seem as if they had brought together the inhabitants and were presiding over their lives4 ,they look like leaders and suggest that the world is a world of order4 ,the ,bishop of ,london's ,fund1 or the authorities who direct the principal building policy1 and spend annually thousands of pounds in its pursuit1 have thus a great opportunity of giving direction to the expansion of ,london4 ,they might by care in the selection of sites1 and by generous expenditure at the direction of a large-visioned architect1 do for the growing cities or towns of to-day what the builders of the past did for the cities and towns of their time4 ,the ,church by its direct action might thus give a great impetus to town planning1 the need of which is in the mouths of all reformers4 ,but it may be asked whether the ,church ought to contribute to the making of beauty at the cost of its own efficiency4 ,has not the ,state one duty and the ,church another8 ,without answering the question it is ,i think easy to show that a new policy would cost less money1 and be more efficient in promoting worship4 ,it is obviously no more costly to build one magnificent building for #be1jjj or #cj1jjj than to build three ordinary buildings at #hjjj or #ijjj each1 while the maintenance of the three1 with the constant expense of repairs1 must be considerably greater4 ,and if it be asked whether one grand and generous and dignified building will attract more worshippers than three of the ordinary type1 my answer is 8,yes1 and the worshippers will be assisted to a reverent mind and attitude04 ,i speak what ,i know as a vicar for thirty years of a district church in ,east ,london4 ,the building was always requiring repair1 its fittings were oppressively cheap1 and there were twelve other churches within much less than 8a ,sabbath day's journey04 ,there is no doubt that the people preferred and were more helped by worship in the finer and better served parish churches4 ,i used to feel what an advantage it would have been if the parish church1 endowed and glorified with some of the money spent on the district churches1 could have been the centre of a large staff of clergy1 and have offered freely to all comers the noblest aids to worship4 ,a feeling of patronage is incompatible with a feeling of worship1 and the district church1 with its constant need of money and its mean appearance1 is always calling for the patronage of the people4 ,the grandly built and imposing building1 which gives the best and asks for nothing1 provokes not patronage but reverence4 ,there is1 ,i believe1 great need for such places of worship1 as there is also need for meeting halls where in familiar talk and with simple forms of worship the clergy might lead and teach the people2 but ,i do not see the need for the cheap churches1 which are not dignified enough to increase habits of reverence1 and often pretend to an importance which provokes impertinence4 ,the ,church has been powerful because it has called on its members to put their best thought and their best gifts into the buildings raised for the worship of ,god4 ,it owes much to the stately churches and sumptuous cathedrals1 for the sake of which men of old made themselves poor2 and to-day the hearts of many1 who are worn by the disease of modern civilization1 are comforted and uplifted as in the greatness of these buildings they forget themselves4 ,the ,church is as unwise as it is unfaithful when it puts up cheap and mean structures4 ,it is not by making excuses--whether for its members who keep the best for their own dwellings or for itself when it takes an insignificant place in the streets--that the ,church will command the respect of the people4 ,it must prove its faith by the boldness of its demand4 ,but ,i have said enough to show that the ,bishop of ,london's ,fund would serve its own object of providing the best aid to worship1 if it would respond to the call of the present and seize the opportunity of taking a lead in town-planning4 ,church policy--as ,state policy--is often best guided by the calls which rise for present needs1 and if our leaders1 distrusting 8their own inventions10 would set themselves to assist in town-planning it might be given them to do the best for the ,church as well as for the health and wealth of the people4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,education4 ,the ,teacher's ,equipment--,oxford ,university and the ,working ,people1 two articles--,justice to ,young ,workers--,a ,race between ,education and ,ruin4 ,,the ,,teacher',s ,,equipment4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,march1 #aiaa4 #a ,from 8,the ,westminster ,gazette04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,liberals must be somewhat disappointed that a ,liberal ,government has done so little for education4 ,the reforms for which they stand--their hopes for the nation--depend on the increase of knowledge and intelligence among the people4 ,the establishment of ,free ,trade1 wise economy and wise expenditure1 and the support of the statesmanship which makes for peace1 all presuppose an instructed electorate4 ,but the present ,government has passed no measure to strengthen the foundation on which ,liberalism rests2 attempts1 indeed1 were made to settle the religious difficulty1 but ever since those attempts were wrecked by the ,house of ,lords1 ,ministers have been content to do nothing1 although outside the religious controversy they might have launched other attempts laden with important reforms and safe to reach their port4 ,the administration of the law as it stands has doubtless been vigorous2 able and public-spirited officials have seen that everything which the law requires has been done1 and every possible development effected1 but the ,liberal ,government has done nothing to improve the ,law4 ,minister of ,education succeeds ,minister of ,education1 years of opportunity roll by1 while children still leave school at an age when their education has hardly begun1 while compulsory continuation schools still wait to be started1 while great--not to say vast--endowments are absorbed in the objects of the wealthier classes1 while the provision for the equipment of teachers is unsatisfactory4 ,the equipment of the teachers is confessedly the most important item in any programme of education1 as it is upon the teacher rather than upon the building or the curriculum that the real progress of education depends4 ,that equipment1 as far as elementary schools are concerned1 is now given in training colleges1 and especially in residential colleges4 ,young men and women1 that is to say1 who have been through a secondary school1 and also shown some aptitude for teaching1 receive1 largely at ,government expense1 two years' instruction and training in colleges which are managed either by religious denominations or by local educational authorities4 ,in the colleges the staff is mostly occupied in giving the knowledge which forms part of a general education1 and very little time is spent in training or in the study of problems of the child life4 ,,training ,,colleges4 ,the system is unsatisfactory on many grounds4 7#a7 ,the rivalry between denominational and undenominational colleges stirs the keenest partisanship4 ,when in his annual statement ,mr4 ,runciman began to talk about the number of students in the different colleges he had1 he said with some irony1 8to drop the subject1 knowing how far the religious controversy is likely to interest this ,house04 7#b7 ,the system is most costly1 and every year1 including building grants1 an amount of something like half a million of money is paid for the training--or1 to speak more accurately1 for the ordinary education of young men and women who may feel no call for teaching and cannot be really bound to take it up for their life's work4 7#c7 ,it breeds a feeling of indignation among those who do not get employment1 and there is now an agitation because the ,state does not find work for those whom it has selected to receive a special training1 and bound1 even though it be by an ineffective bond1 to follow a particular calling4 7#d7 ,it brings together a body of students whose outlook to the future is identical1 it encourages1 therefore1 narrow views1 and breeds the exclusive professional spirit in a profession whose usefulness depends on its power to assimilate the thought of the time and to sacrifice its interest for wider interests4 ,the training college system as a means of equipping teachers for their work is not satisfactory1 and the ,archbishop of ,canterbury was well justified when he said3 8,the thing which mattered most in the educational work in ,england to-day was the question of the training colleges04 ,,their ,,reform ,,or ,,their ,,abolition4 ,the reforms suggested generally follow the lines of further expenditure on buildings or on staff1 but such expenditure would not remove the objections4 ,the money annually spent is very large--equal to the gross income of ,oxford ,university--and if more were spent there is no very effective way of securing that the best among the teachers so trained would remain in the profession2 the men would still take up more remunerative work1 and the women would still marry4 ,the rivalry between denominational and undenominational would continue1 and the protest of conscientious objectors--religious or secular--as each further expense was proposed would increase difficulties4 ,if the number turned out of the training colleges were larger there would be a more widely spread sense of wrong among the unemployed1 who would with difficulty recognize that something else was wanting in a teacher than the certificate of a training college4 ,but most fatal of all to the proposed extension or improvement of the system1 is the objection that the more and the stronger the colleges become1 the more deeply would the professional spirit be entrenched1 and the more powerful would be the influence of the teaching class in asserting its rights4 ,,substitution ,,of ,a ,,better ,,way ,,of ,,training4 ,the reform might1 ,i submit1 follow the line of restriction and proceed towards the ultimate abolition of the residential colleges in their present form4 ,the way is comparatively simple4 ,let the children from elementary schools be helped--as1 indeed1 they now are--by scholarships to enter secondary schools1 and go on to ,university colleges1 or to the ,universities4 ,equal opportunity for getting the best knowledge would thus be open to children of all classes4 ,let any over the age of nineteen who have passed through a college connected with some ,university1 or otherwise approved as giving an education of a general and liberal character1 be eligible to apply for a teachership1 and if1 after a period of trial in a school--say for three or six months--they1 on the report of the inspector and master1 have shown an aptitude for teaching1 then let them1 at the expense of the ,state1 be given a year's real training in the theory and practice of teaching4 ,teachers are1 it must be remembered1 born and not made4 ,one man or woman who1 without any experience1 is placed over a class will at once command attention1 while another with perhaps greater ability will create confusion4 ,those who are not born to it may indeed learn the tricks of discipline1 and1 like a drill-sergeant1 command obedience and keep order4 ,many of the complaints which are heard about the unintelligence and the want of interest in children who have come from schools where to the visitor's eye everything seems right are due1 ,i believe1 to the fact that the teachers have not been born to the work4 ,they have trusted to the rules they have learnt and not to the gift of power which is in themselves4 ,they teach as the scribes and not with authority4 ,let1 therefore1 the men and women who have this power be those whom the ,state will train2 let it give them not1 as at present1 a few weeks in a practising school1 but experience in a variety of schools in town and in country1 and under masters with different systems2 let them be made familiar with the last thoughts on child life1 and with all the many different theories of education4 ,the ,state will in this way draw from all classes in the community the men and the women best fitted to teach1 and it will give them a training worthy the name4 ,the teachers will have the best equipment for their work4 ,the advantages of this proposal to get rid of the training colleges as they now are may be summarized3 7#a7 ,there will be an end of the religious difficulty where at present it is most threatening4 ,the children with scholarships will go to the schools and ,university colleges they elect just as do the children who are aiming at other careers4 ,the ,state in the training it provides will have nothing to do with the special training required for giving religious knowledge--as such training would naturally be given by the different denominations at their own expense4 7#b7 ,the half million of money annually spent on training colleges would not be required for the training now proposed4 ,it cannot1 however1 be said that the money would be returned to the taxpayers2 education--if the nation is to be saved--must become more and more costly1 but it may be said that the greater part of this sum and the existing buildings would be used for the general education of persons taken from all classes of the community and preparing to walk in all sorts of careers4 7#c7 ,there would be no body of men and women with the grievance that1 having been selected at an early age1 trained as teachers1 and bound to a profession1 no work was provided4 ,every one would have had the best sort of education for any career1 and only one year1 after a fair time for choice and probation1 would have been given to special training4 7#d7 ,the danger of professionalism would be lessened4 ,men and women educated in schools and colleges alongside of other students with other aims1 would1 by their association1 gain a wider outlook on life1 and would be freed from the influences which tend now to force them into an organization for the defence of their rights4 ,if afterwards they did join such organizations they would do so with a wider consciousness of their relation to a body larger than their own1 and to a knowledge greater than they themselves had acquired4 ,a substantial number of young persons do even under present conditions spend their three years with the ,government scholarship at ,universities or ,university colleges1 and the experience thus gained illustrates the advantage to intending students of mixing with persons intended for other careers4 ,here1 then1 ,i submit1 is a way of reform in what is confessedly the most important part of our system of education4 ,it might be undertaken at no extra expense1 and with small dislocation of existing institutions4 ,the one thing necessary is zeal for education among our political leaders4 ,the best students of the social problem tell us the remedy for the unrest is education1 and anyone considering the signs of the times in ,england will say also that there must be more education if employers and employed1 if statesmen and people1 if the pulpit and the pew are to understand one another4 ,the chief ,minister in any ,government1 the ,minister on whose zeal and ability all the others depend for the ultimate success of their work1 is the ,minister of ,education4 ,if he is zealous he will find a way of equipping the teachers4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,oxford ,,university ,,and ,,the ,,working ,,people4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,,first ,,article4 ,february1 #aiji4 #a ,from 8,the ,westminster ,gazette04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,oxford last year invited seven working men to act with seven members of the ,university on a ,committee appointed to consider what the ,university can do for the education of working people4 ,the step is notable--,oxford and ,cambridge have long done something to make it possible for the sons of workmen1 by means of scholarships1 to enter the colleges1 to take degrees1 and1 as members of the ,university1 to climb to a place among the professional classes4 ,oxford1 in appointing this ,committee1 has taken a new departure1 and aimed to put its resources at the disposal of people who continue to be members of the working classes4 ,the report of the ,committee1 of which the ,dean of ,christ ,church was ,chairman1 and ,mr4 ,shackleton1 ,m4,p41 ,vice-,chairman1 forms a most interesting pamphlet1 which may be obtained for a shilling from any bookseller or the ,clarendon ,press4 ,it tells of the purpose1 the history1 and the endowments of the ,university1 and it also gathers together evidence of the demand which is being raised by working people for something more than education in 8bread and butter0 subjects4 ,this evidence is summed up in the following report3-- ,the ideal expressed in ,john ,milton's definition of education1 8that which fits a man to perform justly1 skilfully1 and magnanimously1 all the duties of all offices10 is one which is1 we think1 very deeply embedded in the minds of the working classes1 and we attribute part of the failure of higher education among them in the past1 to the feeling that1 by means of it their ablest members were being removed to spheres where they would not be available for the service of their fellows4 ,what they desire is not that men should escape from their class1 but that they should remain in it and raise the whole level4 ,the eleven millions who weave our clothes1 build our houses1 and carry us safely on our journeys demand university education in order that they may face with wisdom the unsolved problems of their present position1 not in order that they may escape to another4444 ,to-day in their strivings for a fuller life1 they ask that men of their own class should co-operate as students with ,oxford in order that1 with minds enlarged by impartial study1 they in their turn may become the public teachers and leaders1 the philosophers and economists of the working classes4 ,the movement1 which is thus formulated in a report signed by seven representative workmen1 is fraught with incalculable possibilities4 ,the sum of happiness in the nation might be vastly increased1 and politics might be guided by more persistent wisdom4 ,the great sources of happiness which rise within the mind and are nourished by contact with other minds are largely out of reach of the majority of the people4 ,these sources might be brought within their reach4 ,the working classes whose minds are strengthened by the discipline of work1 might have the knowledge which would interest them in the things their hands make2 they might1 in the long monotonies of toil1 be illuminated by the thoughts of the great1 and inspired by ideals2 they might be introduced to the secrets of beauty1 and taught the joy of admiration4 ,they might be released from the isolation of ignorance1 so that1 speaking a common language1 and sharing common thoughts1 they would have the pleasure of helping and being helped in discussions with members of other classes on all things under the sun4 ,the workman knows about livelihood2 he might know also about life1 if the great avenues of art1 literature1 and history1 down which come the thoughts and ideals of ages1 were open to him4 ,he might be happy in reading1 in thinking1 or in admiring1 and not be driven to find happiness in the excitement of sport or drink4 ,the mass of the people it is often said are dumb1 so that they cannot tell their thoughts2 deaf1 so that they cannot understand the language of modern truth2 and blind1 so that they cannot see the beauty of the world4 ,the speaker1 in ,mr4 ,lowes ,dickenson's dialogue1 condemns this generation when he says1 8their idea of being better off is to eat and drink to excess1 to dress absurdly1 and to play stupidly and cruelly04 ,the majority of the people1 it must be admitted1 cannot have the best sort of happiness1 that which comes from within themselves1 from the exercise of their own thoughts1 and from the use of their own faculties4 ,for want of knowledge the sum of happiness is decreased1 and for want of the same knowledge the dangers of war and social troubles are increased4 ,the working people have now become the governing class in the nation4 ,up to now1 the acting governors--the majority which controls the ,government--have cajoled them by party cries1 by appeals to passion1 and by the familiar blandishments of expert canvassers1 to fall in with their policy4 ,but every year working people are forming their own opinions1 and making their opinions felt1 both in home and foreign policy4 ,they will break in upon the international equilibrium1 so delicately poised amid passions and prejudices2 they will decide the use of the ,dreadnoughts and the armies of the world2 they will settle questions of property and of tariff2 they will form the authority which will have to control individual action for the good of the whole4 ,how can they possibly carry this responsibility if they have no wider outlook on life1 no greater knowledge of men1 no more power of foresight1 no more respect for tradition than that which they already possess8 ,how shortsighted is the policy which spends millions on armaments1 and leaves them to become destructive in ignorant hands4 ,how important for national security is a knowledge 8in widest commonalty spread04 ,oxford1 to a large extent1 possesses this knowledge and the means of its distribution4 8,the national ,universities1 which are the national fountainheads of national culture10 as one workman has said1 have been regarded as the legitimate preserves of the leisured class4 ,they have helped the rich to enjoy and defend their possessions1 they have given them out of their resources the power to see and to reason2 they have made them wise in their own interests2 they have given to one class1 and to the recruits who have been drawn to that class from the ranks of the workman1 the knowledge in which is happiness and power4 ,the question arises1 should ,oxford1 can ,oxford1 give the same gifts to working people while they remain working people8 ,the answer of the report is an unequivocal 8,yes04 ,in the first place the ,university has inherited the duty of educating the poor4 ,its colleges have in many cases been founded for poor scholars1 and its tradition is that poverty shall be no bar to learning4 ,in the next place its long-established custom1 of bringing men into association in pursuit of knowledge1 is one which peculiarly fits it to help workmen1 whose strength lies in that power of association which has covered some districts of ,england with a network of institutions--industrial1 social1 political1 and religious4 ,men who have joined in the discussions of the workshop1 been members of the committee of a co-operative store1 and acted as officials of a friendly society1 have had in some ways a better preparation for absorbing the teaching of the ,university on life1 than is given in the forms and playing field of a public school4 ,the tutor of a class of thirty-nine working people at ,n---- who read with him1 the regular session through1 a course of ,economic ,history1 reports that the work was excellent1 and a visitor from ,oxford was impressed 8by the high level of the discussion and the remarkable acumen displayed in asking questions04 ,in the last place1 the ,university has the money4 ,the total net receipts of the ,universities and colleges--apart from a sum of #agh1jjj collected from the members of the ,universities and colleges--is #bfe1jjj4 ,of this sum1 #ej1jjj is given in scholarships and exhibitions to boys who for the most part have been trained in the schools of the richer classes1 and of this sum #cd1jjj is given yearly without reference to the financial means of the recipient4 ,the report does not analyse the expenditure of this large income1 except in so far as to suggest that some of the scholarship and fellowship money might be diverted to the more direct service of working people's education4 ,common sense1 however1 suggests that there must be many possible economies in the management of estates1 in the overlapping of lecturers1 and in the expense on buildings4 ,the experience of the ,ecclesiastical ,commission has shown how much may be gained if estates are removed from the care of many amateur corporations1 and placed under a centralized and efficient management4 ,the knowledge1 too1 that some colleges have ten times the income of others1 without corresponding difference in the educational output1 suggests that money may be saved4 ,oxford seems to be compelled1 both by its traditions1 its customs1 and its money to do something for the education of the working people4 ,the question whether it can do so1 is answered by the scheme which the report recommends2 that a committee be formed in ,oxford1 consisting of working-class representatives1 in equal numbers with members of the ,university2 that this ,committee should draw up a two years' curriculum1 select the tutors1 who must also have work in ,oxford1 and settle the localities in which classes shall be held2 that students at these classes be admitted to the diploma course2 that half of the teachers' salary be paid by the ,university1 and the other half by the ,committee of the locality in which the classes are held4 ,the report1 with a view to bringing working people under the influence of ,oxford itself1 further recommends that colleges be asked to set aside a number of scholarships or exhibitions1 to enable selected students from the tutorial classes to reside in ,oxford1 either in ,colleges1 in ,university ,halls1 as non-collegiate students1 or at ,ruskin ,hall4 ,these recommendations have certain advantages and certain shortcomings1 the consideration of which must be deferred to another article4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,oxford ,,university ,,and ,,the ,,working ,,people4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,,second ,,article4 ,february1 #aiji4 #a ,from 8,the ,westminster ,gazette04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,the points in the scheme which ,oxford proposes to adopt for bringing its resources to the services of working people are3 ,the appointment of representative workmen on the ,committee responsible for the object4 ,the offer of a working ,university tutor to a locality where a class of thirty workpeople has been formed1 willing to adopt one of the two years' courses which the committee has approved4 ,the recognition of the students of these classes as eligible for a diploma in ,economics1 ,political ,science1 etc4 ,the open door1 so that students selected from the classes may be able to enter and to reside in the ,university4 ,two questions arise3 ,will the scheme attract workmen8 ,will it get the sympathetic1 if not the enthusiastic1 support of the ,university8 #a4 ,will it attract workmen8 ,workmen1 apart from the demand that they1 as a class1 should share in the joy and the power of knowledge1 have learnt that they must have educated men of their own class to direct their own organizations4 ,there are #a1aec trade unions1 #chi friendly societies1 #b1fdf co-operative societies1 and many other councils or congresses1 most of which employ paid officers who are daily discharging duties of the utmost responsibility and delicacy1 and which make demands on their judgment of men and knowledge of economic and political principles1 as great or greater than those made on the ,civil servant in ,india or in this country4 ,workmen want officials who1 familiar with their point of view1 will have the knowledge and experience to convince educated opponents of the justice of their contentions4 ,the education which ,oxford can give by broadening a man's knowledge and strengthening his judgment1 would make him a more efficient servant of his own society1 and a more potent influence on the side of industrial peace4 ,will workmen accept the offer which ,oxford makes8 ,much shyness and prejudice have to be overcome4 ,oxford is often associated with opinions foreign to the democratic ideal4 ,the manners of ,university men sometimes suggest that they are superior persons1 and a reputation for expensive trifling is widely spread4 ,workmen are afraid that their young men in the ,university atmosphere may be alienated from their class1 grow ashamed of their belongings1 and put on artificial manners4 ,they doubt whether the teaching may not be of a kind directed in the interest of property1 and they fear lest there may be too many temptations to idleness and to play4 ,they do not want1 as one ,labour leader has said1 8good democratic stuff spoiled by ,oxford lecturers1 who may give our people a shoddy notion of respectability1 and a superficial idea of things which can be shown by the airs and graces of book learning04 ,oxford is thus suspect2 but1 on the other hand1 the place has immense attraction1 as is proved by the fact that so many ,trade ,unions send their men to study at ,ruskin ,college4 8,what10 it was asked of one of their students1 8do you get here you could not have got in a college in your own town80 8,i get ,oxford10 was his reply2 and it is evident in much talk that1 even when ,oxford is 8suspect10 it has a great hold on the workman's mind4 ,there may be shyness1 but it is only shyness that may be overcome by trust4 ,the place of workmen1 therefore1 on the ,university committees must be an assured place1 and not one allowed as a favour or on sufferance4 ,their voices must be heard as to the subjects to be taught1 and as to the teachers who are chosen2 they must be able to make their influence felt in the ,university1 which1 as it is national1 is their ,university4 ,the local centres where classes are given must1 in the same way1 be locally controlled and independent of ,university control4 ,the committees of these centres must have full choice of the place and time of their meetings1 select from the list the courses of study to be followed1 and approve the tutor4 ,they must1 indeed1 have the same character as club or co-operative classes1 while1 through the ,oxford tutor1 the course of studies and the examination1 light is let in from the ,university4 ,the life must be in the local centres1 but it must draw its air from ,oxford4 ,the problem as to the admission of working people to residence is more difficult4 ,the proposal is that1 by means of scholarships1 they should be enabled to live in colleges or in halls1 or as non-collegiate students4 ,the difficulty would be got over if enough students could come to be a support to one another4 ,there must always be a fear lest1 if they be few in number1 they may either lose their independence or else go to the extreme of protest4 ,the ,university can1 however1 get over this difficulty by providing sufficient money to bring up a sufficient number of men1 who will strengthen one another and influence the corporate life of the place4 ,the question whether students should reside in colleges1 in halls1 or in lodgings may be left to solve itself4 ,if they are to reside in colleges1 the present system of erecting new buildings1 with suites of expensive rooms1 might well be checked4 ,simpler buildings1 adapted to the needs of workmen students1 would save money1 bring together types of men in one community1 and not detract from the beauty of the city4 ,the schemes will1 ,i believe1 attract workmen if the ,university takes pain to subordinate itself1 and trusts to truth rather than to power4 ,workmen1 if once their suspicion--justified1 it must be allowed--be allayed1 will find that there is in ,oxford more sympathy with their point of view than can possibly be found in any other ,english community4 ,oxford men have1 as a rule1 open minds1 and many of their younger ,fellows are close and devoted students of social questions4 ,many working men have already experienced what ,mr4 ,crooks experienced when1 at a meeting in a college hall1 having hurled some stinging sentences at the superiority which ,university men assumed1 his remarks were received1 8not with boot-jacks1 but with cheers0 ,friendships between working men and members of the ,university are soon formed--both are used to living in associations1 both have a love of free discussion1 both1 to a larger extent than other ,englishmen1 are believers in equality4 ,the scheme1 if the ,university wishes it1 will attract workmen4 #b4 ,the other question is1 ,will the scheme win the support of the ,university8 ,a statute has already been passed appointing a committee consisting of working-class representatives1 and it has been agreed that tutorial-class students may be admitted to the diploma course4 ,the ,university can hardly do more4 ,it cannot alter its constitution1 which to a large extent leaves the government in the hands of college nominees1 with an ultimate appeal to members of the ,university1 scattered throughout the country4 ,its total income is only #bd1jjj a year1 and it has no power to enforce adequate contributions from the colleges1 although their total income from endowments is #bfe1jjj a year4 ,the ,university itself1 unless it be reformed by ,act of ,parliament1 or unless the colleges voluntarily endow it with the power and the means1 can do very little to carry out the scheme4 ,will the ,colleges act in the matter8 ,will they pass over to the control of the ,university a fair portion of the money they now spend either on scholarships and fellowships confined to boys from a few schools1 or on the maintenance of choirs and tutors1 or on new buildings8 ,it is not enough that one or two colleges make a grant to support some workmen's centre4 ,workmen will resent the patronage of a college4 ,the money must be transferred to the ,university1 the tutors must have a ,university standing1 and the scholarships1 which enable men to reside in ,oxford1 must be both ample and numerous4 ,the ,university has1 so far as it can1 acted on the recommendation of the report4 ,will the ,colleges rise to the opportunity1 and enable ,oxford to give the people the knowledge they need1 for the satisfaction of their own lives and the security of the nation8 ,the ,colleges as yet have given little sign of a will to do anything but strengthen their own independence1 and make provision for students prepared in the public schools4 ,in one or two instances1 fellowships have been given to men who have become lecturers under the ,university ,extension ,scheme1 but the example has not been followed4 ,for many years pupil teachers from the elementary schools have come to ,oxford for their training2 one or two colleges have given scholarships2 but again the example has not spread1 and the inspector has had to complain of the scant provision which has been made for the men's advantage4 ,a plan was once initiated by which parties of teachers and others were accommodated in colleges during the long vacation1 and tasted some of the advantages of ,oxford life and teaching4 ,the plan worked excellently2 it removed the reproach that for six months in the year the greatest educational capital of the nation is allowed to lie idle4 ,but there was little enthusiasm2 the energy of the few residents who were responsible was1 after a few years1 worn out1 if not by opposition1 by apathy4 ,the colleges have as yet shown little power of adapting themselves to the education of the new governing class4 ,it may be that they will be roused by this report1 and that something adequate may be done4 ,the point ,i would urge is that the something be adequate--a few classes scattered about the country1 a few men admitted to ,oxford1 will court a failure1 and justify condemnation of the attempt4 ,the colleges have their opportunity1 but beyond the colleges is my friend ,bishop ,gore1 now ,bishop of ,oxford1 with his demand for a ,commission1 and beyond the ,bishop is the rising power of labour1 with its tendency1 if it be not checked by ,university influence1 to use all national endowments for material rather than spiritual ends4 ,the ,bishop's case for a commission is broadly based on the impossibility of working the present constitution of the ,university for its efficient government2 on the mischievous waste which spends the resources of fine minds and unique surroundings on boys1 many of whom are capable of doing little more than play2 on the folly of subsidizing with scholarships and fellowships one set of schools1 and one or two types of knowledge2 on the expensive habits which the system fostered4 ,the case was not answered1 and cannot be answered4 ,the report of the committee is the first response to its call1 and1 as the ,bishop said in a speech at ,toynbee ,hall1 it has given him a hope for which he has long waited4 ,the next response ought to be an appeal from the ,university itself for a ,commission which will enable it to order the resources of ,oxford as a whole1 and apply its powers so as to carry out fully the recommendations of the report4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,justice ,,to ,,young ,,workers4 ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 #h ,november1 #aiji4 ,thirty years ago the 8bitter cry0 of the poor disturbed the public mind4 ,housing has since been improved4 ,technical teaching has since been established4 ,the expenditure on the ,poor ,law has been greatly increased4 ,general ,booth has raised the money for his social scheme4 ,philanthropy has redoubled its efforts1 and taken new forms4 ,but still the 8bitter cry0 is raised4 ,the number of the unemployed is greater than ever4 ,there is more vagrancy1 which the ,prison ,commissioners complain is adding to the inmates of the prisons1 and the amount spent on poor relief goes up by leaps and bounds4 ,royal ,commissions1 ,departmental ,committees1 philanthropic conferences1 scientific professors have been facing the problem which every year becomes more threatening to the national welfare4 ,their recommendations are many4 ,the striking fact is that in one recommendation they all concur4 ,the one thing which they agree to be necessary is further training for young people between the ages of thirteen and seventeen4 ,the report of the ,consultative ,committee of the ,board of ,education1 lately published1 gives the final word on the subject4 ,the reports begin by showing that out of the #b1jjj1jjj children in ,england and ,wales who have passed their fourteenth birthday1 and are still under seventeen years of age1 only one in four receives on week-days any continued education4 8,the result is a tragic waste of early promise40 ,the children go out of the elementary schools1 which have been built up at immense expense1 and before they reach the age of seventeen1 when the technical schools may be entered1 many have acquired desultory habits1 and lost the power of study4 ,released from school1 they become idle and lawless1 or they enter 8blind alley0 employments1 and for the sake of high immediate wages1 miss the chance of ultimate responsible employment4 ,the ,committee agree with the ,poor ,law ,commissioners1 8that the results of the large employment of boys in occupations which offer no opportunity of employment as men are disastrous10 and go on to quote the ,minority ,report3 8,the nation cannot long persist in ignoring the fact that the unemployed1 and particularly the under-employed1 are thus being daily created under our eyes out of bright young things1 for whose training we make no provision04 ,the ,committee having brought out this extravagant waste of money and effort and young life1 sets itself to consider a remedy4 ,it suggests improvements in the day schools by giving a larger place in the curriculum to subjects which train the hand and eye1 and develop the constructive powers4 ,it further suggests that steps should be taken to prolong the school life of children1 and it will be a surprise to many readers that under the age of thirteen years #e1cjj every year pass out of school1 and that the extension of the age to fourteen would involve the addition of #aej1jjj children to the registers4 ,these numbers do not include the scholars now partially exempted from school attendance by the wisdom or unwisdom of managers1 who may be estimated as numbering some #dh1jjj children1 between thirteen and fourteen years of age4 ,the ,committee add their opinion that the law which permits half-time in the textile districts should be materially changed1 and it goes on to recommend that 8no children under sixteen should be allowed to leave the day school unless they could show to the satisfaction of the local education authority that they were going to be suitably occupied1 and that such exemptions should only continue so long as they remained in suitable employment04 ,this recommendation follows on evidence of how large a proportion of boys and girls enter forms of employment 8which discourage the habit of steady work1 lessen the power of mental concentration1 and are economically injurious to the community1 and deteriorating in their effect on individual character04 ,employment or apprenticeship ,committees have been formed1 whose members spare no pains in advising the older scholars1 and the parents of such scholars1 in the choice of an occupation4 ,they have done enough to show how much more might be done could the advice be driven home with more system and authority4 ,if the recommendation were made the law1 no child under sixteen would be allowed to enter upon industrial life without sufficient guidance1 both as to the choice of a place1 and as to continued education4 8,continued education10 whatever be the improvements in the day school or the laudation of exemption from attendance1 comes thus to be regarded as the one thing necessary4 8,it is clear to the ,committee that the lack of continued educational care during the years of adolescence is one of the deeper causes of national unemployment40 ,continuation schools have greatly developed during late years4 ,they are more frequent1 they offer teaching which is more attractive and more adapted to the social needs of the neighbourhoods in which they have been opened4 ,educational authorities and private organizations have taken pains to commend the schools and make them known4 ,employers have in some cases required attendance at continuation schools as a condition of employment1 and in other cases have encouraged attendance by giving off-time1 by payment of fees1 and by the offer of prizes4 ,workpeople have taken pleasure in visiting the schools1 and when they are represented on the management1 get rid of some suspicions1 often to become enthusiastic supporters4 ,continuation schools may thus be said to have passed the period of experiment1 and it is now recognized that the curriculum should neither be that of the old night-school1 nor of the modern recreation evening4 ,it should aim rather at providing a good general education1 to equip men and women for intelligent citizenship1 as well as to supply workers with technical knowledge1 and with that adaptability which is one of the most valuable possessions of workpeople under modern conditions4 ,it cannot too often be repeated that the aim of education is not to make machines1 but to make men and women4 ,people who know how to think and to reason1 who have capacities for enjoyment which do not need the stimulus of excitement1 will be more valuable citizens1 and when they lose one form of work1 will more readily take to another4 ,the right sort of continuation school is now known4 ,such schools increase yearly in number1 and the attendances also increase1 but the ,committee has been led to the conclusion that voluntary methods alone will not solve the problem4 ,there must be recourse to compulsory powers4 ,in many districts the authorities are apathetic1 in other districts voluntary methods are powerless against the ignorance and indifference of the people4 ,the majority of employers1 moreover1 are indifferent1 failing to recognize that closer care for the educational interest of their young employs would enhance their own profit1 and the pupils are often too tired to attend any school4 ,the law at present says1 8,children are compelled to attend school till the age of thirteen10 it therefore creates the impression that at the age of thirteen the obligation ceases4 ,the law alone can remove this impression1 and it must in the future say3 8,young people are compelled to attend continuation schools till the age of seventeen04 ,the ,committee1 in coming to the conclusion that a compulsory system is necessary1 has been confirmed in the conclusion by the elaborate organization of day and evening schools 7continuation7 in ,germany and ,switzerland1 and by the movement in ,france for the extension of educational opportunities during the years following the conclusion of the day-school course4 ,the ,committee has also discovered signs of the growth of opinion in ,england in favour of such a course1 and this ,government has already adopted it in the ,scotch ,act of #aijh4 ,out of eighty-nine witnesses examined on this question sixty declared themselves in favour of this compulsion1 and of the twenty-nine who objected1 many modified their objections4 ,the ,committee felt themselves justified in recommending that the example of the ,scotch ,act be followed1 and that every local education authority should be required to establish suitable continuation classes1 and that attendance should be made compulsory for all young persons under seventeen1 when the local education authority make by-laws to that effect4 ,the obligation for the satisfactory working of the compulsion would be thrown primarily on the employer4 ,every employer would be bound to supply the officer of the education authority with the names of young people in his employ2 to arrange the hours of work so as to make it possible for them to attend classes on certain days or nights without causing the overstrain of their bodies2 it would be his duty to inspect the attendance cards of pupils at the classes2 and he would be forbidden under penalties to keep in his employment anyone not in regular attendance4 ,the local authority would be called on to draw up its by-laws with due regard to the character of the employment in various districts1 so as to cause as little inconvenience as possible to trade1 and avoid any physical overstrain to pupils4 ,all street selling by boys and girls under seventeen would be prohibited1 except in the case of those who were formerly licensed1 and this licence would be forfeited unless the holders' attendance card proved the necessary attendance at the continuation school4 ,the ,committee make special suggestions as to girls in urban districts1 and generally as regards rural districts4 ,various needs demand various provisions4 ,the point1 however1 which stands out most clearly is that after all needs have been weighed1 and after all objections have been considered1 a system of compulsory continuation classes is recommended both in the interests of the young people1 who1 for want of such classes1 miss the fruit of their education1 and in the interest of the community1 who have to bear the burden of the unemployed4 ,germany and ,switzerland have established compulsory continuation schools2 ,scotland has now followed their example4 ,the ,consultative ,committee has now shown that ,england is ready1 and has suggested a practicable scheme4 ,will the men and women whose hearts are torn1 and whose national pride is wounded by the sight of so many workers unable to earn a living wage1 and whose reason tells them that their unemployed are often incompetent1 because their training stopped and licence began at thirteen years of age1 and whose minds have now been informed by figures that it is for want of care during the most critical period of their lives that loafers and vagrants are made--will the men and women who thus feel and know make the ,government understand that this one thing it is necessary shall be taken in hand without further delay8 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,a ,,race ,,between ,,education ,,and ,,ruin4#a ,,by ,,canon ,,barnett4 ,march1 #aiab4 #a ,from 8,the ,westminster ,gazette04 ,by permission of the ,editor4 ,i4 8,twenty years too late0 is the reflection suggested by the report of the success of the ,universities' ,experiment of ,tutorial ,classes for ,working ,people4 ,the present industrial situation needs1 it may be agreed1 a working-class able to take large and generous views1 capable of shaping not only a class but a national policy1 trained to separate the essential from the unessential1 and to act consistently on principles tried and proved in the history of the past4 ,the old ,universities have the resources for giving the people this equipment4 ,they have wealth2 they have teachers penetrated by the traditions accumulated in ,oxford and ,cambridge2 they exist1 we are told1 to give liberal culture a broader outlook1 a historical perspective4 ,the ,universities1 roused by the ,workers' ,education ,association1 have1 by means of the ,tutorial ,classes1 achieved notable success4 ,they have offered to groups of twenty or thirty working people in the great towns means by which they might enter a larger life1 feel the years which are behind1 and get a grasp of eternal principles4 ,the means have been seized with surprising eagerness4 ,men after a hard day's work have been found week after week at the tutors' tables for the study of economics1 political philosophy1 or history2 they have kept up attendance for three years1 and they have learnt1 to quote the words of some who attended a summer meeting in ,balliol ,college1 8the wonderful development which has taken place in my mind0 now 8that my prejudices have been dispelled and mental horizon widened0--that 8study is a pleasure rather than a task04 ,the students1 in a word1 receive a share of that larger education which the ,universities exist to give4 ,but success over so small an area1 affecting only a few thousand men1 but serves to show what might have been if the movement had commenced twenty years earlier4 ,the working people have now come into power1 and they have many wrongs to put right4 ,the anxious question is1 ,will they use their power more wisely and more generously than the capitalist class8 ,there is not much sign of a wide and generous outlook in a policy which assumes that war is the necessary attitude of employed and employers4 ,there is not much evidence of an inspiring vision of society when there is so little recognition of the interdependence of all sorts and conditions of men4 ,there is not much grasp of principle among those who begin a strike1 which must involve untold suffering1 as if it were a holiday4 ,the working people may have wrongs to bear1 they may have splendid qualities of faithfulness to comrades and endurance under hardships1 but they can hardly be said to have that knowledge of humanity which makes them humble before the best1 with a capacity for judgment and a standard by which to apply it4 ,the race in all nations seems to be one between ,education and ,ruin4 ,the ,universities who are especially responsible for national education have too late begun to share their resources with working people1 and the success of their long-delayed start has only served to encourage the formation of the rival ,central ,labour ,college4 ,this ,college is thus described by ,mr4 ,rowland ,kenney3 8,it makes no pretence of giving a #8broad' education4444 ,its teaching is frankly partisan4 ,history is dealt with as a record of the struggles which have taken place in social groups1 because of the conflicting interests of the various classes that have from time to time divided society4444 ,its key to the interpretation of ,sociology is class interest2 dividing the social groups into the owners and non-owners of property1 it points out the common interest of all those who work for wages4444 ,it absolutely cuts out any idea of conciliation as a final solution of labour problems40 ,the ,college1 in the name of education1 appears to be using its forces to block the way to peace and goodwill which it is largely the object of education to keep open4 ,it preaches a class war1 treats every member of the middle class as 8suspect10 and bitterly opposes the ,workers' ,education ,association because its ,council includes ,university men4 ,this ,college is said to supply the brains behind the labour revolt4 ,the ,universities1 hating to be reformed1 and allowing the misuse of their resources by undergraduates1 sometimes described by ,rhodes scholars as 8,british babes10 have been unable to do their part for the nation4 ,they have stood aside from elementary education1 only coldly tolerating the establishment of training colleges in their neighbourhood1 and only timidly following a few of their members when they have led the way in the extension of ,university teaching4 ,it may almost be said that they have lost influence over public opinion1 and that their mission of raising the tone of democracy1 of clarifying human sympathies and elevating human preferences have passed to other hands4 ,a recent visitor to ,india remarked on his return that many of its difficulties seemed due to its government by 8unreformed ,oxford10 and reflecting on the strike1 one is led to say that some of its most disturbing features are due to unreformed ,universities4 ,,ii4 ,there is something more needed1 if not demanded1 than a rise of wages4 ,a few more shillings a week would soon be absorbed by men whose first use of leisure is in the enjoyment of somewhat sordid forms of sport4 ,the men are hardly to be blamed for what are condemned as low tastes and brutal pleasures4 ,they are what their environment has made them1 and a mining village is not likely to develop a love of home-making1 a taste for beauty1 or any joy in the use of the higher faculties of admiration1 hope1 and love4 ,the long1 grimy rows of houses1 without any distinctive features by which a man might recognize and become proud of his home4 ,the absence of gardens which would call him to enjoy nature and be its fellow-worker2 the want of a bathroom other than a tub in the sitting-room1 by which to feel clean from the dirt of the day2 the meanness of such public buildings as are provided--the church1 the library1 or the meeting-hall--do not provoke his soul to admiration or stir up a thirst for knowledge2 such surroundings are likely to make the miner content with his pigeons1 his dogs1 and his football matches4 ,why1 it may be asked1 have not more owners done what some owners have done1 and make a ,bournville or a ,port ,sunlight for the workpeople4 ,if out of the average #aj per cent profits1 it is impossible to provide an appreciable addition to the men's weekly wages1 it is not impossible to provide better and pleasanter housing4 ,why is it that owners and managers1 who by many acts have shown themselves to be people of goodwill1 have been content that workmen should live under conditions which unfit them to enjoy the best things3 why is it that with all their charity they miss their opportunity8 ,the fault lies1 ,i believe1 largely with the ,church--,established and ,free4 ,the ,church has too often gone on preaching a medival system1 it has not moved with the times1 and does not recognize that goodwill to-day must find other ways of charity than those trodden by our fathers1 when they built almshouses and provided food or clothing4 ,it has allowed a business man to be hard in his business1 if he is easy in response to charitable appeals4 ,but times have changed1 and we no longer hope for a society in which rich people are kind to poor people2 we rather think of a society where employers and employed share justly the profits of work2 where there is no dependent class1 and all find pleasure in the gifts of character which follow the full growth of manhood in rich and poor4 ,if the ,church recognized some such conception of society it would aim to humanize business relations and teach investors to ask1 as ,bishop ,stubbs 7whose 8,social ,creed10 lately published in the 8,times10 well repays study7 suggests1 8,not only whether a business is safe to pay1 but whether the business deserves to pay04 ,coal-owners1 under the ,church's influence1 might substitute for such villages as ,tonypandy1 villages such as ,earswick1 and then every increase of wages would mean that widening of human interests which helps to satisfy the individual and to increase the stability of the nation4 ------------------------------------ ,the strike is doing vast mischief1 as it dislocates trade1 spreads poverty1 and embitters class relationships4 ,but all its mischief may be outweighed if it forces people to think4 ,our prosperity1 the triumphs of machinery1 the daily provision of opinions by an ubiquitous ,press1 have encouraged a self-satisfied and easy-going spirit4 ,we do not take pains to make up our minds2 we do not try to think our rivals' thoughts2 employers do not put themselves in the men's place1 and the men do not put themselves in the employers' place2 none of us put ourselves in the ,germans' place when they are angry at our policy4 ,the greatest danger of the time is the forgetfulness of danger1 the light-heartedness of the people1 and the want of seriousness which prefers enjoyment to study1 and the carelessness which1 for example1 goes on refusing to consider the ,insurance ,act1 saying1 8,it will never come into force04 ,people will not think4 ,the ,tariff ,reform agitation has done untold good in making1 at any rate1 a few people think out the meaning of ,free ,trade4 ,the strike will do good if it makes people--masters and men--think out the interdependence of trade--whence it is that profits come--what is the relation between home and foreign trade--what is the duty which a trade bears to the ,state--what is the justification for a strike or a lock-out which cripples the ,state--and what are the calls for ,state interference4 ,professor ,william ,james declares that the secret and glory of our ,english-speaking race 8consists in nothing but two common habits carried into public life--habits more precious1 perhaps1 than any that the human race has gained4444 ,one of them is the habit of trained and disciplined good temper towards the opposite party when it fairly wins its innings4 ,the other is that of fierce and merciless resentment towards every man or set of men who break the public peace40 ,the strike and its sufferings will not be in vain if by making us think it strengthens our hold on those heirlooms4 ,,samuel ,a4 ,,barnett4 ,,printed ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,,by ,,the ,,university ,,press1 ,,aberdeen ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,the following changes have been made to the text as printed3 #a4 ,footnotes have been placed close to their respective markers and renumbered sequentially within each chapter4 #b4 ,page #e3 ',when1 however we come to the third constituent' 444 ,a comma has been inserted after 'however'4 ,there is extra space in the line as printed1 where a comma would be expected4 #c4 ,page #cb 7footnote73 ',fom' changed to ',from'4 #d4 ,page #ej3 ,changed ' to 0 after 'respect'4 ,quote opens with 8 #e4 ,page #ed3 ,changed 'some unmeaning task1 work die unfreed1' to '444 taskwork1 die unfreed'4 ,the reference is to the poem ',a ,summer ,night' by ,matthew ,arnold3 ',their lives to some unmeaning taskwork give1' 444 #f4 ,page #ie 7bottom line73 ',henrietta ,a4 ,barnett' changed to ',henrietta ,o4 ,barnett'4 #g4 ,page #acg3 'labouror' changed to 'labourer'4 ,the spelling has been checked in a facsimile 7not e-text7 of the #ahcd document being quoted #h4 ,page #ada3 'satifies' changed to 'satisfies'4 #i4 ,page #aef3 ',the corresponding mortality 444 it between two and three times' changed to 'is between 444'4 #aj4 ,page #bje3 ,removed quote mark before ',mr4 ,williams said3' #aa4 ,page #bab3 'motthering' changed to 'mothering'4 #ab4 ,page #bcj3 ,footnote index #a inserted in front of ',from 8,the ,contemporary ,review0'4 #ac4 ,page #bdi3 'between #afj and #bjj per annum' changed to 'between #afj and #gjj'4 ,figures verified from the work cited3 ,riches and ,poverty1 by ,e4 ,chiozza ,money 7#aije71 p4 #db4 #ad4 ,page #bga3 ,inserted comma after ',why' in ',why what would the men have to lean against8' #ae4 ,page #cbh3 '#ecjj' changed to '#e1cjj'4 #af4 ,page #ccb 7bottom line73 ',samuel ,h4 ,barnett' changed to ',samuel ,a4 ,barnett'4 ,the following anomalies in the printed text are noted1 but no change has been made3 #a4 ,inconsistent hyphenations1 spellings and punctuation have been retained as printed1 where not definitely erroneous4 ,these are discrete essays1 written at different times by two hands and reprinted from a range of publications4 #b4 ,in the children's writings quoted in ,chapter #d1 all non-standard spelling1 punctuation and grammar have been retained as printed4 #c4 ,table of contents3 ,chapter #cc begins on page #cbg1 not #cbj as printed4 ,chapter #cd begins on page #ccc1 not #cbg4