,,spani% ,,pa9t+ ,,text ,,by ,a4 ,,de ,,b]uete ,y ,,moret 7,,director ,,( ,,! ,,prado ,,museum1 ,,madrid7 #aiba ,,edit$ ,,by ,,ge(frey ,,holme 8,,! ,,/udio10 ,,ltd41 ,,london1 ,,p>is1 ,,new ,,york ,,li/ ,,( ,,arti/s ,,^: ,,works ,,are ,,reproduc$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,volume ,,9 ,,col\rs ,,plate ,el ,greco 7,dom5ico ,!otocopuli7 ,la ,gloria de ,felipe ,,ii 7,! 8,glory0 ( ,philip ,,ii7 ,,iii ,francisco de ,ribalta ,san ,p$ro 7,sa9t ,pet]7 ,,vii ,don ,diego ,rodriguez de ,silva y ,velzquez ,v5us y ,cupido 7,v5us & ,cupid7 ,,xii ,francisco de ,goya y ,luci5tes ,el ,columpio 7,! ,sw+7 ,,xxiv ,joaqun ,sorolla ,sali5do del ,bao 7,aft] ,ba?+7 ,,xxxiii ,luis ,masri]a ,sombras ,reflejadas 7,reflect$ ,%ad[s7 ,,xxxvi ,jos ,p9azo ,crepusculo 7,twilight7 ,,xxxix ,jos ,b5lliure ,gil ,haci5do ,bolillos 7,lace-mak+7 ,,xlii ,f]n&o ,alv>ez de ,sotomayor ,paisanas ,gallegos 7,galician ,peasant-wom57 ,,xlv ,francisco ,san*a ,un ,pueblo ,&aluz 7,an ,&alusian ,village7 ,,xlviii ,,9 ,,monotone ,h]n&o ,yez de la ,alm$9a ,santa ,catal9a 7,sa9t ,ca!r9e7 ,i ,juan ,pantoja de la ,cruz ,philip ,,ii ,,ii ,el ,greco 7,dom5ico ,!otocopuli7 ,san ,pablo 7,sa9t ,paul7 ,,iv ,el ,enti]ro del ,conde de ,organ 7,! ,burial ( ! ,c\nt ( ,orgaz7 ,v ,retrato de un ,caball]o 7,portrait ( a ,nobleman7 ,,vi ,francisco de ,zurb>n ,el ,beato ,dom9ico ,enrique ,suson 7,! ,dom9ican1 ,h5ry ,suson7 ,,viii ,don ,diego ,rodriguez de ,silva y ,velzquez ,calabacillas el ,bufon 7,calabacillas1 ! ,buffoon7 ,,ix ,las ,m59as 7,! ,maids ( ,hon\r7 ,x 8 8 8 8 7detail7 ,,xi ,philip ,,iv ,,xiii ,infante ,baltas> ,c>los ,,xiv 8 8 8 7detail7 ,,xv ,la ,dama del ,abanico 7,! ,lady ) a ,fan7 ,,xvi ,fray ,juan ,rizi de ,guev>a ,un ,caball]o ,jov5 7,a ,"y ,cavali]7 ,,xvii ,b>tolom ,e/eban ,murillo ,moises toc&o la ,roca 7,moses /rik+ ! ,rock7 ,,xviii ,el ,milagro de los ,panes y los ,peces 7,! ,miracle ( ! ,loaves & ,fi%es7 ,,xix ,san ,felix de ,cantalisi y el ,nio ,jesu 7,/4 ,felix ( ,cantalisi & ! ,infant ,*ri/7 ,,xx ,la ,c>idad de ,santo ,tomas de ,villanueva ( ,villanueva7 ,,xxi ,don ,juan ,c>reo de ,mir&a ,retrato de una ,dama 7,portrait ( a ,"y ,lady7 ,,xxii ,claudio ,coello ,don ,juan de ,al>con ,,xxiii ,francisco de ,goya y ,luci5tes ,la ,cucaa 7,! ,greasy ,pole7 ,,xxv ,autorretrato 7,portrait ( ! ,pa9t]7 ,,xxvi ,conde de ,f]nan-,nuez 7detail7 ,,xxvii ,infante ,don ,c>los ,m>ia ,isidro ,,xxviii ,la ,condesa de ,*9*\ 7detail7 ,,xxix ,el ,duque de ,san ,c>los ,,xxx ,edu>do ,rosales ,muj] sali5do del ,bao 7,woman leav+ ! ,ba?7 ,,xxxi ,m>iano ,=tuny ,el ,patio de la ,alb]ca en la ,alhambra 7,! ,alb]ca ,c\rt 9 ! ,alhambra7 ,,xxxii ,ignacio ,zuloaga ,la ,seorita ,s\ty ,,xxxiv ,edu>do ,m>t9ez ,vazquez ,una ,aldea de la ,si]ra de ,gr$os 7,avila7 7,a ,village 9 ! ,si]ra de ,gr$os1 ,avila7 ,,xxxv ,gonzalo ,bilbao ,las ,cig>r]as 7,! ,cig>-mak]s7 ,,xxxvii ,ramn de ,zubiaurre ,retrato de mi ,esposa 7,portrait ( my ,wife7 ,,xxxviii ,antonio ,ortiz ,e*age ,sup]/icion 7,sup]/ition7 ,,xl ,jos ,guterrez ,solana ,c>naval en la ,aldea 7,! ,village ,c>nival7 ,,xli ,claudio ,ca/elu*o ,nios ,gitanos en la ,playa 7,gipsy ,*ildr5 on ! ,bea*7 ,,xliii ,juan ,c>dona ,alt> de ,mayo 7,may ,alt>7 ,,xliv ,c>los ,vazquez ,una ,dolorosa 7,our ,lady ( ,sorr[s7 ,,xlvi ,jos ,m ,lopez ,mezquita ,pil>cita ,,xlvii ,jos de ,m>ti ,g>ces ,int]ior ,,xlix ,nicols ,rauri* ,t]ruos 7,r\gh gr\nd7 ,l ,jos ,ramn ,z>agoza ,viejos ,bretones 7,old ,bretons7 ,,li ,conde de ,agui> ,retrato de un ,tor]o 7,portrait ( a ,bullfight]7 ,,lii ,,spani% ,,pa9t+--,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,exhibition ,,at ,,burl+ton ,,h\se1 ,,london ,,novemb]1 #aibj ,,to ,,janu>y1 #aiba ,! exhibition ( ,spani% ,pa9t+ held 9 ,london 9 ! gall]ies ( ! ,royal ,academy f ,novemb] to ,janu>y la/1 excit$ a lively int]e/ 9 ! ,engli% public & inspir$ num]\s articles on ! subject 9 ,engli% j\rnals & reviews4 ,if all ( ^! 7 n 9 accord on c]ta9 issues & critics adopt$ v>i\s po9ts ( view1 x may /ill be said t ! cr[ds ( visitors :i* x attract$ & ! manifold expressions ( op9ion x evok$ supply ! cle>e/ evid5ce t ! exhibition ar\s$ ! curiosity ( ! ,engli% public1 & consequ5tly may be reg>d$ z a triumph = ,spani% art & a success = its promot]s4 ,! reasons und]ly+ ! int]e/ :i* ,spani% art awak5s to-day 9 enlight5$ circles 7?is is ! second exhibition ( ! k9d :i* ,spa9 has ( late witness$ beyond h] bord]s1 recall+ t ( ,p>is 9 #aibj7 are wor?y ( reflection & may be said to h inspir$ ! ,royal ,academy's exhibition4 ,spa9--h] life1 hi/ory1 cu/oms1 art--is (t5 reg>d$ subjectively z ?\gh envelop$ 9 a haze1 or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( leg5d1 :i*1 h[ev] accommodat+ x may be to lit]>y expression1 is by no means con=mable to ! facts ( hi/ory or pres5t realities4 ,view$ 9 ?is picturesque mann] & because ( ! isolation 9 :i* ! c\ntry rema9$ = g5]ations1 & p]haps /ill rema9s1 x has attract$ ! att5tion ( writ]s & poets1 & ev5 sci5ti/s & philosoph]s1 unfamili> ) _! !me & dubi\s 9 _! ass]tions4 ,d\btless ! typical1 ! true native _s has n be5 misund]/ood by ! outside _w4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ,c]vantes & ,velzquez1 _! names are h\sehold words 9 e l&4 ,b ! k9d ( k to :i* we allude is n usually imp>t$ by su* l(ty spirits1 :o speak to humanity f ! heights1 )\t di/9ctions ( race or fronti]4 ,t :i* !y accompli% is only a "p ( ! national a*ievem5t4 ,x is ! m$ium 9 :i* x is fa%ion$1 ! environm5t 9 :i* x comes into be+1 its arti/ic matrix1 :i* det]m9es ! precise type ( racial endeav\r4 ,to its national "* ! new ,spa9 cleaves1 & by its light h] ideas w be readju/$1 h] hi/ory int]pret$1 h] pres5t respect$ z 9 l9e ) h] tradition1 :i*1 9 ! sph]e ( ?+s arti/ic1 ,spani>ds reg>d z a pot5t factor 9 ! advancem5t ( _w art4 ,spa9 is famili>ly spok5 ( z a c\ntry ( di/9ctive "*1 & is s n only because ( its geographical situation1 :i* has kept x some:at ap>t f frequ5t$ r\tes1 b because x aspires to su* a reputation4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is incessantly productive ( art1 its output exhibit+ a specific "* ( its own1 obvi\s & intelligible to ^? :o exam9e x ) suffici5t c>e4 ,und\bt$ly x has be5 influ5c$ at c]ta9 p]iods by extrane\s curr5ts1 b dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! true ,spani% s*ool 0 creat$1 x 0 notably indep5d5t & unique4 ,its productions1 ^! national qualities :i* above all det]m9e t :i* is call$ a s*ool1 possess a "* ( _! own1 a special det]m9ative ess5ce1 :i* c only be expla9$ by metaphysical processes4 ,b at ! same "t !y display ext]nal manife/ations1 an ultimate expression1 a spee*1 an idiom1 s to speak1 peculi>ly national4 ,& ?is spee* 9 art is q z fundam5tal z ! _s :i* det]m9es ! nature ( ! creation4 ,all-p[]ful1 or at lea/ v great1 is ! spiritual capacity = creat+ mighty works 9 m5te4 ,b ! v>i\s s*ools ( art came into be+ n only because !y en%r9$ an idea1 b because !y 7 able to give x =m4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! expression1 n ( ! idea1 ( =m1 n ( ess5ce1 ^! x is to :i* ! critic %\ld address himself 9 ! fir/ in/ance :5 he desires to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! works ( "o s*ool & ano!r1 & :5 try+ to di/+ui% ! "w typical ( "o arti/ f t ( o!rs ( ! same s*ool1 :o h be5 less successful 9 foll[+ a common ma/]4 ,! creative idea1 ! _s :i* animates e "w1 is di/9ct1 accord+ to ! p]iod ( its orig91 ev5 9 ! case ( ! productions ( ! same race at diff]5t p]iods2 b 9 expression its =m is always simil>1 its ideas ! same4 ,z 9 lit]ature writ]s ( "o nationality h to employ a common tongue1 s 9 pa9t+ an expression equally conclusive1 a palette1 a te*nique1 an idiom q z def9itive1 det]m9es ! compositions typical ( ea* race4 ,if we f9d scatt]$ ?r\gh\t a museum :]e !re are examples ( all s*ools1 a ,sa9t by ,greco1 an ascetic figure by ,rib]a1 a portrait by ,velzquez1 an image by ,zurb>n1 a vision>y subject by ,valdes ,leal1 a ,virg9 by ,murillo1 & a woman by ,goya1 x is probable t ^! works w contra/ ) "o ano!r too =cibly1 or at lea/ w n bl5d h>moni\sly4 ,ea* ( !m belongs to an epo*1 & possesses a di/9ct creative & /hetic _s4 ,b1 ev5 s1 we w f9d t al?\gh ! works belong to diff]5t s*ools1 & v>iations & dissimil>ities ab\nd1 all h "o spee*1 "o ultimate idiom 9 common2 9 a ^w1 all h be5 pa9t$ 9 ,spani%4 ,x is n easy to /ate precisely 9 :at ?is ultimate expression consi/s1 b on g5]al l9es x is possible to affirm ( ,spani% arti/s t _! "w is *>act]is$ by a decid$ t5d5cy t[>ds s9c]ity1 simplicity ( composition & tonal h>monies 9 grey4 ,velzquez appe>s to h fix$ ! "* ( ! ,spani% palette & te*nique3 ! scale ( v subtle greys1 ! h>monies ( grey & silv]1 ! use ( c]ta9 c>m9es & violets1 fir/ enc\nt]$ 9 ! "w ( ,greco1 7 te/$ & employ$ by him1 z 7 ^? col\r$ e>?s especially indig5\s to ,spa91 ! e>? ( ,seville & ! prep>ation ( animal *>coal1 ! use ( :i* is noticeable 9 8 canvases4 ,^! det]m9$ ! mat]ial elem5ts by ! aid ( :i* 0 develop$ a me?od ( pa9t+ z simple z *>act]i/ic4 ,velzquez1 l ! pa9t]s ( ! great ,italian s*ool & ! s*ools ( ! ,nor?1 grew tir$ ( conv5tionalism 9 col\r & p]spective1 &1 employ+ an exub]ant palette & gift$ ) vision ( extraord9>y ke5ness1 turn$ to ! natural1 &1 ) ! lesson ( ,greco be=e him1 & by aid ( 8 own gifts ( obs]vation1 s9c]ity1 & a supreme simplicity1 did n employ m ?an ! necess>y col\rs to obta9 ^? gradations ( tone :i* to our eyes appe> s natural & pres5t ! h>mony af=d$ by reality1 ! ma/] by *oice & temp]am5t incl9+ to ^? 9 :i* 7 comb9$ all ! %ades ( grey4 ,he creat$ by 8 unique palette ! true & unmi/akable ,spani% /yle4 ,goya1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] him1 dur+ ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5?1 a p]iod :5 ! national *>act]i/ics t5d$ t[>ds insipidity1 ma9ta9$ ?is traditional _s & ?us sav$ ,spani% pa9t+ f becom+ conf\nd$ ) ! works ( 8 contempor>ies 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! ye>s :i* foll[$ ^? ( ,goya1 ! rema9d] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ^? ye>s ( easy communication1 ( rapid transit1 ( frequ5t travell+1 ( int]national /udy & resid5ce abroad1 s mu* m advanc$ 9 "s respects1 7 less ri* = ,spani% pa9t+4 ,spani% arti/s1 abs5t f _! c\ntry1 engag$ 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( "w & in/ruction1 lo/ some?+ ( _! =m] qualities4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 9 :i* !re seems to h be5 born into ! _w a new ass]tion & exaltation ( nationality1 ,spani>ds h rega9$ _! anci5t _s1 & :ile aspir+ to absolute mod]nity1 rema9 fai?ful to a tradition :i* is peculi>ly _! own1 :i* makes = national individuality1 & has caus$ !m to be reg>d$ ) t int]e/ :i* always accrues to ! orig9al1 ! *>act]i/ic1 ! intellig5t1 & consequ5tly ar\ses att5tion & anticipation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,engl& has ev] foll[$ ! progress ( ,spani% art ) en?usiasm & int]e/4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! majority ( ! works ( art :i* left ,spa9 f\nd a re/+ place 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,london )9 rec5t ye>s ?ree exhibitions ( ,spani% pa9t+ ante-dat$ t ( #aibj--"o 9 ! ,new ,gall]y 7#ahia71 ano!r 9 ! ,guildhall 7#aija71 & ! la/ 9 ! ,grafton ,gall]y 7#aiac74 ,all ( !m 7 ri* 9 results1 m especially ! ?ird1 :i* 0 rem>kable = its mod]n section4 ,! diff]5ce 9 "* betwe5 ! exhibition ( #aiac & t ( ! ,royal ,academy 9 #aibj consi/s m especially 9 ! display ( works belong+ to ,engli% collections1 ! latt] be+ compos$ = ! mo/ "p ( examples s5t f ,spa9 z an act ( homage to ! ,engli% p1 & to assure !m once m ( ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual bond or tie betwe5 ! two c\ntries1 :i* ) ! passage ( "t aspire to a m intimate relation%ip4 ,x 0 at fir/ ! int5tion ( ! organis]s ( ! exhibition ( #aibj n to s5d z repres5tative ( ! old] art any except ! works ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies & a few pictures by ,goya1 z examples ( ! gold5 age ( ,spani% pa9t+1 & especially 9 view ( ! exceptional int]e/ 9 ,goya4 ,b x 0 ultimately decid$ to furni% an exhibit completely repres5tative ( all epo*s4 ,at ! same "t ! ,spani% ,committee recognis$ t ! section devot$ to ,primitive ,art--9 :i* among ! _m arti/s repres5t$ ! mo/ rem>kable 0 ,rib]a--0 lack+ 9 di/9ction4 ,?is x regrett$ & felt a pleasure 9 its ability to comp5sate = ! omission by provid+ a full repres5tation ( ! great] ,spani% pa9t]s1 & 9 be+ able to l5d t5 ,grecos & tw5ty-"o ,goyas1 pres]v$ 9 ,spa91 to ,burl+ton ,h\se1 a ?+ until n[ impossible ( accompli%m5t & :i* x w n be easy to repeat4 ,! works ( ! primitive p]iod plac$ on view1 ?\gh all ( peculi> int]e/1 & sev]al ( /rik+ "*1 7 /ill inadequate to give a j idea ( ! developm5t ( e>ly art 9 ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula4 ,! fir/ essays ( ,spani% art 7 inde$ lack+ 9 national *>act]i/ics4 ,at a "t :5 ,italy & ,fl&]s produc$ pa9t]s ( di/9ctive note1 ,spa91 & p]haps ! :ole ,p59sula--= 9 ?is connection we mu/ n =get ,portugal--fill$ its *ur*es1 mona/]ies & conv5ts ) panels & alt>pieces4 ,) ! exception ( ! names ( sev]al arti/s n[ id5tifi$1 all ( its productions are ( d\btful pat]nity1 its /yle is borr[$ & 9 g5]al is di/+ui%$ only by ! possession ( regional *>act]i/ics ( a m9or k9d4 ,!re=e ! pa9t+s on panel t x produc$ are to-day ref]r$ to1 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r1 z belong+ to ! ,ca/ilian1 ,portuguese1 ,catalan1 ,aragonese or ,val5cian ,s*ools4 ,= ?is !re is an hi/orical reason4 ,! ,p59sula1 at ! "t 9 :i* its e>ly art 0 produc$1 0 divid$ into diff]5t k+doms & /ates1 ea* absolutely indep5d5t & hav+ its own hi/ory & traditions4 ,?us ! k+dom ( ,aragon1 ) ,val5cia1 0 intimately connect$ ) ! ,m$it]ranean1 & came )9 ! sph]e ( ,italian influ5ce4 ,ca/ile 0 m closely relat$ to ! /ates ( ,fl&]s & ! ,rh9e1 admitt+ & develop+ ,flemi% & ,g]man t5d5cies4 ,catalonia possess$ an art v simil> to t ( ,prov5ce4 ,b ,i believe t all ?is "w1 *aotic1 lack+ 9 national expression1 & 9 det]m9ative *>act]i/ics1 pres5ts a difficult problem = its inve/igators4 ,add to ?is t ^! panels & alt>pieces 7 (t5 ! jo9t "w ( sev]al arti/s1 "o pa9t+ co/umes1 o!rs specialis+ 9 heads & h&s1 o!rs 9 drap]y1 /ill o!rs 9 backgr\nds1 s t ! :ole result$ frequ5tly 9 a composition confus$ & equivocal4 ,all t c be said ) any degree ( c]ta9ty is t ! production ( ?is "t 0 l>ge1 ri* & ( great m]it1 s f> z t c be atta9$ by a race ( col\ri/s :o 7 lack+ 9 discipl9e & insight4 ,?is manife/ation ( pictorial art did n obtrude itself 9 any decid$ mann] until ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,to discov] its orig9 we may h to comp>e x ) ! m9iatures 9 ! manuscripts ( ,san ,isidor1 or ! ar*aic mural decorations traceable by ,byzant9e art1 & x w\ld seem to possess a great] ar*ological ?an arti/ic int]e/4 ,spani% art dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury & until two c5turies lat] is s incomplete 9 its details1 pres5ts s _m div]se aspects1 & ! circum/ances ( its rise & t5d5cy are s vague1 t to v5ture any g5]al op9ions reg>d+ x w\ld be unwise4 ,its /udy has rec5tly be5 conf9$ to %ort monographs by v>i\s critics & s*ol>s1 bo? ,spani% & =eign1 :i* d n g beyond ! discussion ( specific works & arti/s1 & ! p>ticul> inve/igation ( obscure titles & docum5ts exhum$ f ! ar*ives4 ,! arrival ( ,/>n9a & ! ,flor5t9e ,dello at ! ,c\rt ( ,juan ,i ( ,ca/ile 9 ! second half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 appe>s to h giv5 a v great impetus to t /yle to :i* ! ,spani% pa9t]s 7 gr[+ accu/om$4 ,b ?is ,italianism not)/&+1 ,flemi% influ5ces p5etrat$1 if m lately1 /ill m rapidly into ,spa94 ,! e>ly ,spani>ds pursu$ & s\ght a realism 9 art :i* !y 7 unable to f9d 9 t ( ,italy1 h5ce _! pr$ilection = ! /yle & mann] ( ! ,flemi% & ,g]man pa9t]s & ^? ( o!r c\ntries :om !y came to call pa9t]s ( ! ,nor?4 ,! appe>ance ( ,van ,eyck 9 ! ,p59sula 9 #adbh1 & t ( o!r ,flemi% pa9t]s :o arriv$ !re ab\t t "t1 ar\s$ a true en?usiasm & imp>t$ to ,spani% art a t5d5cy to copy fai?fully f nature :i* h5ce=? came to be "o ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* h nev] left x4 ,among ^! pa9t]s ( ! ,nor? x is /range to f9d1 a little be=e ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 an arti/ call$ ,jorge ,+ls 7,george ! ,engli%man71 s nam$1 )\t d\bt1 f 8 orig91 :o did "s important "w1 especially 9 ! hospital ( ,buitrago1 ! /udy ( :i* we he>tily comm5d to ! ,engli% public & critics4 ,we %\ld l to h s5t ?is "w to ! exhibition ( ! ,royal ,academy1 b its enorm\s dim5sions1 z well z o!r circum/ances1 r5d]$ ?is impracticable4 ,dur+ ?is epo*1 ! composition ( ,spani% works beg9s to %[ ! use ( col\rs prep>$ ) oil1 ?us p]mitt+ ! developm5t ( a te*nique m 9 con=mity ) ! ,spani% temp]am5t4 ,consequ5tly ! new m$ium appe>s 9 ! works ( _m ma/]s1 among ! fir/ ( ^! record$ be+ ,la ,virg5 de los ,consell]s1 pa9t$ & sign$ by ,luis ,dalmau 9 #adde4 ,&alusia1 a region :i* has come 9 m rec5t times to be reg>d$ z ! cradle ( ,spani% arti/s1 produc$ at ?is "t n a few pa9t]s4 ,! "w1 ,sa9t ,mi*ael1 ( ! ma/] ,b>tolom de ,crd5as1 :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,academy1 p]ta9s to ?is ri* & fl\ri%+ p]iod1 :i* gave an impetus to ! =ces !n impell+ all ,spani% life t[>d ! national union :i* came to pass 9 ! reign ( ! ,ca?olic k+s4 ,two new c5tres ( activity arose at ?is epo*1 :i* greatly fo/]$ ! rise ( ,spani% civilisation & fav\r$ ! developm5t ( pictorial art--two cities glori\s & hi/orical 9 ,spa9--,tol$o & ,salamanca4 ,side by side ) ?is budd+ art--:i* 0 9 a c]ta9 s5se inspir$ by ! s*ools ( ! nor?1 b nev]!less began to display a national t5d5cy--a few isolat$ arti/s1 ei!r by pref]5ce or tra9+1 /ill reta9$ ! ,italian /yle4 ,we recall ! ,santa ,catal9a ( ,h]n&o ,yez de la ,alm$9a 7,plate ,i471 %[n at ! exhibition1 a "w :i* has n be5 suffici5tly appreciat$ & mu/ be reg>d$ z a beautiful example ( t p]iod4 ,aris+ at ! close ( ! epo* ( national unity1 ! ,h\se ( ,au/ria1 9 ! p]son ( its mo/ exalt$ repres5tative1 ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 comm5c$ to gov]n ! de/9ies ( ,spa94 ,! victori\s expansion ( ,spani% arms1 bo? 9 ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h b little influ5ce ^u arti/ic ef=t1 & none ( ! ,spani% pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod are reg>d$ z ! equals ( _! ,italian1 ,flemi%1 ,g]man or ,dut* contempor>ies4 ,& our arti/s1 at a "t :5 ! entire national =tunes 7 haz>d$ 9 campaign aft] campaign1 _h en\gh to d to ma9ta9 an epo* ( ge/ation1 to compreh5d ! laws & trace ! spiritual curr5t ( ! ,r5aissance :i* n[ dawn$ ^u ! _w ( culture4 ,?is great movem5t fail$ also to take a national direction ) ,spani% arti/s1 & ! few books & treatises on art pr9t$ 9 ,spa9 dur+ ?is p]iod are poor 9 conception & lack+ 9 in=mation4 ,ev5 to m5tion ! names ( ! pa9t]s ( ! p]iod1 x w\ld be necess>y to burd5 ?is critical sket* ) a li/ ( arti/s ( second>y importance4 ,9 8 art ,alonso ,b]ruguete 0 c]ta9ly ,italian1 b 9 spite ( ?is1 he gave to 8 works a m>k$ national /amp1 ma9ta9+ 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! ,p59sula a patriotic inspiration :i* result$ lat] 9 a sep>ate s*ool ( culture4 ,val5cia1 ) arti/s tra9$ 9 ,italy1 0 prep>+ a great reputation = ! future1 & !n a pa9t] ( individuality1 isolat$ 9 a m9or prov9ce1 & hav+ few relations ) ! ,c\rt1 creat$ ) 8 bru% an au/]e art1 a little dry & /iff1 ascetic 9 its inspiration & sc>cely sugge/ive at fir/ sight1 b /rik+ 9 its individuality1 & reflect+ t _s ( ,spani% !ology & my/icism :i* 0 to dawn some:at lat]4 ,i ref] to ,luis de ,morales1 ! mak] ( all ^! ,dolorosas & ,ecce ,homos1 s unmi/akable & s mu* e/eem$ 9 ,spa94 ,we come n[ to ! reign ( ! son ( ,*>les ,v1 ,philip ,,ii1 a man ^: memory has _h to endure mu* criticism1 b to :om1 f ! po9t ( view ( art1 8 c\ntry owes n a few ( ^? works :i* x treasures mo/4 ,! portraits ( ,moro1 a weal? ( ,flemi% & ,italian pa9t+s &1 among o!rs1 a v complete collection ( ,titians1 are due to ! comm&s ( ,philip ,,ii1 :o1 be=e he %ut himself up 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ! ,escurial1 & dur+ 8 visits to ,italy1 ,g]many & ,fl&]s1 0 ga!r+ *oice examples ( ! art ( t "t1 & ( ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ x1 in/all+ 9 ! ca/les ( ,spa9 ^? pa9t+s :i* are to-day ! mo/ important ( ! =eign collections h\s$ 9 ! ,prado ,museum4 ,b mean:ile ! true national output ( ^? ye>s1 mo/ly ( religi\s pictures1 0 de/9$ = ! *ur*es & conv5ts1 & mu/ no long] be reg>d$ z ( m9or importance4 ,mean:ile1 also1 by royal comm&1 !re arriv$ 9 ,spa9 ! works ( =eign ma/]s1 & 9 ,c\rt circles !re arose a /yle ( pa9t+ exclusively devot$ to ! g5re ( ! portrait1 & :i* is kn[n to-day z ! s*ool ( portraiti/s ( ,philip ,,ii & ,philip ,,iii4 ,its orig9 is kn[n to u4 ,x is due to ! tea*+ :i* our pa9t]s receiv$ f t fam\s ,holl&]1 ,antonis ,moor1 :o _h s close a relation ) our c\ntry t 8 "n has become hispanicis$1 & :o is equally well kn[n to-day by 8 ,dut* "n1 z by ! m ,spani%-s\nd+ ,antonio ,moro4 ,patronis$ by ,philip ,,ii1 he gave in/ruction to c]ta9 ,spani% pa9t]s1 especially to "o1 ,alonso ,san*ez ,coello1 :o 0 8 disciple & successor 9 art4 ,ano!r ,spani% foll[] ( 81 besides ,coello1 0 ,pantoja de la ,cruz1 & ! ?ird & la/ ( ^? :o ma9ta9$ ?is s*ool & :o complet$ its cycle1 0 ,b>tolom ,gonzlez1 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! reign ( ,philip ,,iv4 ,o!r portrait pa9t]s1 disciples & imitators ( ^! might be m5tion$1 b ! arti/s allud$ to typify ?is s*ool1 brief 9 its developm5t1 v di/+ui%$ & typical1 ?\gh1 z we h said1 n ( ,spani% orig94 ,_! *>act]i/ics are q unmi/akable4 ,!y pa9t a life-l portrait1 dry1 h>d1 m9ute 9 execution1 & complete 9 all its details1 to ! treatm5t ( :i* !y pay mu* att5tion1 especially z reg>ds p]sonality4 ,b al?\gh skilful & s9c]e1 _! s*ool deg5]at$ & ! la/ ( its manife/ations is practically an imitation ( ! fir/1 possess+ little excell5ce & scanty inspiration4 ,portrait pa9t]s ( ! ,c\rt1 z we h indicat$1 ! works ( ^! m51 ?\gh 9 g5]al replete ) /rong p]sonality1 especially z reg>ds ! royal family portraits1 h be5 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & 7 practically conf9$ to ! palaces ( o!r reign+ h\ses4 ,9 ! ,london exhibition we 7 able to /udy ! mo/ important ( ^! sev]al works1 = example t ( ,pantoja1 ,portrait ( ,philip ,,ii 7,plate ,,ii471 :o is repres5t$ z eld]ly & on foot1 a full-l5g? portrait :i* fai?fully reflects ! appe>ance ( ?is mon>*1 & :i* is h\s$ 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ! ,escurial4 ,x appe>$ at ! ,royal ,academy1 be+ l5t = ! purpose by ,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,!re 7 o!rs1 ! prop]ty ( ,8 ,britannic ,maje/y1 :i* are h\s$ 9 ,buck+ham ,palace1 ! portraits by ,sn*ez ,coello ( ! ,ar*dukes ( ,au/ria1 ,w5ceslaus1 ,rudolf & ,erne/1 ! ,portrait ( ! ,infante ,don ,diego1 & t ( ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria4 ,t by ,pantoja1 ,portrait ( a ,lady ( ! ,palavic9o ,family 7reg>d+ ! au?or%ip ( :i* v>i\s d\bts h aris571 ?\gh n ( arti/ic importance1 c]ta9ly pres5ts a critical problem1 = :ile ! art ( portrait pa9t+ 0 be+ develop$ 9 ,spa91 9 o!r c\ntries & p>ticul>ly 9 ,italy1 ! disciples ( ! s*ool ( ,moor creat$ works :i* might at times be conf\nd$ ) ^? ( ,spani% pa9t]s4 ,b>tolom ,gonzlez 0 also repres5t$ by ! portrait ( ! ,c>d9al ,infante ,don ,f]n&o ( ,au/ria1 l5t by ! ,m>quis de ,viana4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ab\t ! ye> #aege !re came f ,italy to ! city ( ,tol$o1 a "y arti/1 sc>cely ?irty ye>s ( age1 born 9 ! isl& ( ,crete1 ( ,greek p>5ts4 ,he 0 call$ ,dom5ico ,!otocopuli1 & 0 kn[n !n1 z he is to-day ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 z ,el ,greco 78! ,greek407 ,!re 0 res]v$ = ?is man ! mission ( %ap+ &1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 p]fect+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 works1 a te*nique1 especially z reg>ds execution1 p]=mance & "*1 :i* is manife/ 9 all 8 creations1 & ! great en?usiasm :i* ! lov]s ( ,spani% ,art ev9ce = x is natural & explicable4 ,! fame :i* ! fir/ works ( ,el ,greco ar\s$ 9 ,tol$o rea*$ ! ,c\rt1 & ,philip ,,ii comm&$ him to "w 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ! ,escurial on pictures = ! ,*ur*4 ,!y 7 at issue f "t to "t1 ! ,k+ & ! pa9t]1 & d n q seem to h und]/ood "o ano!r4 ,philip ,,ii1 us$ to an ,italian & ,flemi% arti/ic atmosph]e1 & an en?usia/ic admir] ( ,titian1 0 unable to compreh5d ! "w ( ,el ,greco1 :i*1 ?\gh ( ! ,v5etian tradition1 repres5t$ an innovation pr(\nd & complete1 & to-day1 z f\r c5turies ago1 x p]plexes _m p4 ,b lov]s ( ,spa91 ^? :o appreh5d h] true g5ius & h /udi$ h] *>act]i/ics & idiosyncrasies1 see 9 ,el ,greco "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ figures 9 int]national art4 ,9 ! _s :i* appe>s 9 8 works1 ! g5ius ) :i* !y h be5 p]=m$1 ! m>vell\s te*nique develop$ 9 !m1 & ! workman%ip :i* gives su* brilliance & quality to ! col\r1 s t x appe>s at times to h be5 execut$ ) enamels1 he triumphs1 dis>m+ criticism1 mak+ u n only =get1 b ev5 applaud ! extravagances & lack ( proportion ( :i* 8 works are full4 ,! "w ( ,el ,greco may be divid$ into two di/9ct gr\ps3 "o compris+ human figures 9 g5]al1 portraits2 ! o!r div9e figures1 images1 & religi\s pa9t+s4 ,9 "o "w1 ! mo/ complete & important ( all1 ! ,burial ( ! ,c\nt ( ,orgaz 7,plate ,v471 ^! two aspects are jo9$4 ,! upp] portion1 ! heav5ly1 :i* x w\ld seem ! pa9t] suffus$ ) 8 idealism1 is peopl$ ) div9e figures1 symbolic & incorporeal4 ,9 ! l[] "p1 :i* repres5ts an e>?ly sc5e1 ! =m & col\r+ h ! qualities ( ?+s t]re/rial4 ,9 ! exhibition ( ! ,royal ,academy1 9 ! salon set ap>t = ! works ( ,el ,greco1 !re 7 ga!r$ t5 examples eloqu5t ( ^! two phases ( 8 ef=t4 ,8 ,self-portrait & ,a ,tr9it>ian exhibit ! second2 ,! ,annunciation & ! ,*ri/ embrac+ ! ,cross ! fir/4 ,ano!r canvas :i* occurs to "o z af=d+ a good example ( 8 brilliance ( col\r+ & individuality is ! picture full ( m9iature figures1 ,! 8,glory0 ( ,philip ,,ii 7,plate ,,iii471 s5t to ,london by ,8 ,maje/y ,k+ ,alfonso ,,xiii4 ,9 ?is collection ( 8 works1 z inde$1 9 all ^? f ! bru% ( ?is ma/]1 "o c\ld /udy ! orig9 ( ! greyi% tonality *>act]i/ic ( ! ,spani% s*ool :i* he 0 ! fir/ to introduce & give effect to1 & to :i* ,velzquez1 9 lat] ye>s1 gave def9ite =m1 ?us f\nd+ a te*nical *>act]i/ic ( ! s*ool4 ,x may int]e/ ^? curi\s reg>d+ su* problems ( pa9t+ t ! %ad[s :i* ab\nd 9 ! works ( ,el ,greco1 ?\gh int5se1 are nev] black1 & ?is l5ds to !m a s+ul> pr(undity & atmosph]e4 ,f ?is relation ( ! light & %ade1 nev] atta9+ a pure black or :ite1 !re results a wond]ful transp>5cy & corporality1 & all ?is is atta9$ ) fluid col\rs1 9 mo/ in/ances blurr$ & rubb$ & ne>ly always r s(t1 slight only 9 ! bright] places & 9 ! po9ts ( light4 ,he obs]ves & und]/&s t ! reproduction ( ^! ?+s 9 ! art ( ! pa9t] is n due to fai?ful copy+ alone4 ,! atmosph]e1 ! light1 ! reflections1 :i* ^! objects display to our sight1 *ange accord+ to conditions1 & are repres5t$ on canvas n z !y actually appe>1 b accord+ to ! aspect !y pres5t to ! vision1 modifi$ by ext]nal ag5cies4 ,only ?us is x possible to obta9 ! impression ( tru?1 ( movem5t1 ( dep?4 ,9 ! "w ( ! copyi/ ! objects & figures are petrifications1 rigid & dead1 9 "o & ! same plane1 9 :i*1 p]haps1 ! ability ( ! arti/ c m readily be appreciat$1 b :i* nev] gives ! impression ( movem5t or ( life4 ,di/9ctive z a creator1 orig9ator & ma/] ( te*nique1 /atem5ts reg>d+ ,el ,greco's arti/ic antec$5ts are debatable1 z = example ! relation%ip to o!r ma/]s ( ,byzant9ism :i* "s pr(ess to be able to disc]n 9 8 pictures4 ,b x rema9s cle> t 9 8 typical works he is above all ! true int]pret] ( ! ,spa9 t 0 noble1 pi\s & my/ical1 & ! mo/ sympa!tic del9eator ( ! _s ( ! "t 9 :i* he liv$4 ,we believe t x is correct to reg>d him z ! adopt$ son ( ! ,spa9 ( 8 day4 ,al?\gh 8 "w has be5 discuss$ s9ce ! times ( ,philip ,,ii1 to-day x ought to be reg>d$ z consecrat$4 ,x is n only among pa9t]s t we %\ld seek ! true influ5ce ( ,el ,greco4 ,x is m ext5sive1 & embraces div]se manife/ations1 !re=e ! causes :i* animate x are div]se4 ,& s1 9 ! /udios ( pa9t]s1 9 ! /udies ( ! cultur$1 among wise & ref9$ critics1 among lit]ati1 we may discov] ! mo/ f]v5t & impassion$ lov]s ( ,el ,greco4 ,!re exi/s1 )\t d\bt1 an invisible bond betwe5 ?is pa9t] & ! _w ( mod]n intellectualism1 & ?is is ow+ 9 great "p to ! en?usiasm :i* 8 works ar\se1 to ! peculi> my/]y 9 :i* !y are envelop$--:i* we d n f9d 9 any o!r pa9t]--to ! sugge/ive p[] :i* he wields1 to some?+ :i* impassions & completely subdues u4 ,x is = ?is reason t disciples ( ,el ,greco1 :o 9 pa/ ye>s 7 sc>ce1 are to-day a legion 9 numb]1 & _! pictures1 once unkn[n & )\t value1 are n[ celebrat$ & occupy prom95t positions 9 museums & private collections4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nei!r ,tri/an1 nor ,mayno1 nor ,jorge ,manuel ,!otocopuli are figures suffici5tly important to all[ u to say t ,el ,greco1 _! ma/]1 f\nd$ a s*ool1 mu* less t he =m$ ) !m ! s-call$ ,tol$an s*ool1 :i*1 9 reality1 _h no exi/5ce & did n give rise to an output f t city possess+ ^? m>k$ *>act]i/ics :i* w\ld place x 9 ! category ( a s*ool4 ,x has to be record$ t 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,philip ,,ii br\ght f ,italy sev]al ,italian decorative arti/s to pa9t 9 fresco ! ext5sive walls ( ! ,mona/]y ( ! ,escurial4 ,he may h wi%$ to br+ ) him = ! purpose "s celebrat$ =eign ma/]s1 b ?is 0 n possible1 = ! mo/ important epo* ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance _h come to an end2 & in/ead ( great ma/]s1 !re came o!rs1 decad5ts1 facile 8hacks10 :o 9 a %ort "t cov]$ ^! enorm\s wall-spaces ) compositions ( scanty inspiration4 ,we m5tion ! visit ( ^! pa9t]s to ,spa91 n because ( any importance x has 9 itself1 b 9 ord] to %[ t ,spani% pa9t]s1 ev5 ^? ( /&+1 h 9 all times be5 lack+ 9 ! qualities :i* especially *>act]ise ! decorative pa9t]4 ,philip ,,ii might h enc\rag$ ,spani% arti/s4 ,b :om--,morales1 ,el ,greco1 ! arti/s ( ! ,c\rt1 ! less] foll[]s ( ,el ,greco 9 ,tol$o8 ,no1 none ( ^! appe> to h be5 qualifi$ to br+ su* a task to a conclusion4 ,?is & no?+ else 0 ! cause ( ! com+ ( ! ,italians2 & = ! re/ ! ,k+ fav\r$ ! works ( v>i\s ,spani>ds1 plac+ _m examples ( _! "w 9 8 palaces & 9 ! religi\s h\ses he f\nd$4 ,& s ,spani% pa9t+ rema9$ 9 ?is p>ticul> position to ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury & dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! sev5te5?1 :i* is reg>d$ z its gold5 c5tury1 :51 9 ! mid/ ( fruitful inv5tion !re arose f\r great figures1 ea* to-day _w-r5[n$--,rib]a1 ,zurb>n1 ,velzquez & ,murillo4 ,:at c5tres ( arti/ic life did ,spa9 possess at ?is "t8 ,two1 fundam5tally2 ^? two cities :i* h s9ce produc$ ! greate/ numb] ( pa9t]s & ! mo/ able--,seville1 ! capital ( ,&alusia1 ! op5 gate to ! ,new ,_w1 & ,val5cia1 a ,m$it]ranean port expos$ to ! influ5ces ( t :i* _h be5 ! classical _w1 & 9 close & direct communication ) ,italy1 :i* bequea!d to x ! la/ sp>ks ( ! m>vell\s life ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,val5cia1 ,francisco ,ribalta1 a consci5ti\s pa9t]1 :o _h /udi$ 9 ,italy1 introduc$ a /yle ( col\r+ aft] ! mann] ( ,rib]a4 ,9 ,seville1 frequ5t$ by all ! ,&alusian intellectuals1 ,pa*eco1 a mo/ cultur$ arti/1 came lat] on to be ! ma/] ( ,velzquez & ,zurb>n4 ,9 ! exhibition ) :i* we are conc]n$ ,ribalta & ,pa*eco1 m fam\s = ! disciples !y left ?an = ! works !y produc$1 7 repres5t$1 ! fir/ by ,sa9t ,pet] 7,plate ,,vii47 & 8 portrait ( himself z ,sa9t ,luke pa9t+ ! ,virg92 & ! second by ! ,portrait ( a ,knight ( ,santiago4 ,a disciple ( ,ribalta1 ! figure ( ,rib]a rises sudd5ly l t ( a great ma/]1 ) all ! di/9ction :i* ! title implies4 ,go+ to ,italy :ile yet v "y1 he pass$ ! great] "p ( 8 life !re1 & 0 kn[n z 8,lo ,spagnoletto0 7! little ,spani>d74 ,! ,italians h tri$ to appropriate ?is arti/ to !mselves1 b 8 truly ,spani% "* is s manife/ t no "o c ent]ta9 any d\bt ^u ! po9t4 ,on arriv+ 9 ,italy1 he /udi$ ! works ( ,raphael & ,correggio1 f9d+ 8 true mti] at la/ 9 ! en]gy & ! *i>oscuro ( ,c>avaggio1 :o !n oppos$ a reali/ic /yle to ! pseudo-classicism s noticeable at ?is "t4 ,rib]a1 ^: "w exhibits ! attributes ( ,spani% te*nique1 & :o above all excell$ 9 draw+1 a quality :i* di/+ui%$ him :ile /ill v "y1 naturally f\nd 9 ,c>avaggio1 ! ma/] ( ! *i>oscuro1 m inspiration ?an 9 o!rs ( ! classical pa9t]s & ^? ,bolognese eclectics :o 7 aft]w>ds 8 imitators & rivals4 ,he w5t to ,naples1 :]e he quickly a*iev$ a fame :i* spread ?r\gh\t ,italy & ,spa91 8 native l&1 ) :i* he _h nev] lo/ ! mo/ intimate relations z an arti/1 & "h1 9 ,naples1 flatt]$ by =tune & ) ri*es heap$ ^u him1 he cont9u$ to produce 8 admirable canvases1 until ! s$uction ( 8 daught]1 ! mo/ beautiful ( all 8 models1 by ! second ,don ,john ( ,au/ria1 ! natural son ( ,philip ,,iv1 ha/5$ 8 end4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* he repres5t$ tatt]demalions1 begg>s1 m>tyrs1 sa9ts1 sc5es ( viol5ce1 ( torture1 ( asceticism1 m>ks1 z ev]yone kn[s1 ! /yle ( ,rib]a 9 its m sup]ficial s5se1 & !re is sc>cely a sc5e ( horror nor a picture ( exagg]at$ t5ebrosity belong+ to t p]iod & ( ,spani% t5d5cy1 :i* has n be5 attribut$ to him by p]sons ( slight exp]i5ce1 s typical ( him are ^! qualities1 9 :i*1 moreov]1 he has no equal4 ,q z exceptional are 8 vig\r1 8 skilful modell+--:i* has ! appe>ance ( sculpture--& ! anatomical con/ruction ( 8 figures1 ! effects ( light+ :i* he kn[s h[ to a*ieve1 & ! exact appe>ance ( reality1 acc5tuat$1 b nev] repugnant1 :i* he accompli%es4 ,always 9 t\* ) reality1 two /yles are app>5t 9 8 "w3 "o1 9 :i* he appe>s to h revell$ 9 viol5ce ( contra/1 seek+ out sc5es ( grief1 old age or dea?2 & ano!r1 less frequ5t x is true1 9 :i* he repres5ts ! m s]5e & placid aspects ( reality4 ,x is a pity t ! ,london exhibition did n h a full & brilliant display ( ! "w ( ?is ma/]1 z !reby 8 fame1 :i* to-day is1 9 our judgm5t1 less ?an he m]its1 = reasons express$ above1 might h be5 securely f\nd$4 ,x is necess>y to m5tion among ! ,val5cians ( ?is p]iod ,esp9osa & ,orr5te4 ,9 ,seville1 z we h said1 ,pa*eco 0 at ! height ( 8 fame1 ! ma/] ( all1 ! f\nt ( culture4 ,b ! te*nique ( ?is s*ool at t "t 0 "u ! influ5ce ( a man ( a p]plex+ & /ubborn g5ius1 little suit$ by "* z a guide = y\?1 b /ill animat$ by ! ,spani% _s1 subtle 9 te*nique & possess+ a notable =ce ( expression4 ,! "y m5 foll[$ 8 /yle1 :i* 0 9 consonance ) ! progressive t5d5cy ( _! ye>s4 ,we ref] to ,h]r]a el ,viejo 7! eld]7 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable pa9t]s ,spa9 has ev] produc$4 ,b x is a curi\s circum/ance t ^? disciples :o work$ 9 ! ateli] ( ,h]r]a1 unable to get mu* guidance f ! ma/]1 soon betook !mselves to ! h\se ( ,pa*eco1 :o1 intellig5t & compreh5sive1 did n attempt to misdirect ! temp]am5t & ! incl9ations ( 8 "y pupils1 b set !m to ! task ( fai?fully int]pret+ nature4 ,zurb>n & ,velzquez1 ! mo/ notable by f> ( all _! contempor>ies1 prote/$ aga9/ ! conv5tionalisms ( s*ola/icism4 ,!y did n seek to embelli% ! rude =m1 :i* ! liv+ model frequ5tly pres5ts to ! eyes ( ! arti/ 9 se>* ( a high] ideal1 b to copy x z !y beheld x1 z x 0 pres5t$ to !m1 )\t di/ortion or falsity1 0 ! purpose :i* !y ma9ta9$ fai?fully all _! lives4 ,pa*eco appreciat$ ! tal5t & outlook ( ^! "y m51 he protect$ x z mu* z he c\ld1 & above all cultivat$ ^? qualities :i* seem$ to him ! mo/ /rik+4 ,velzquez said to him3 8,i hold to ! pr9ciple t nature ought to be ! *ief ma/] & swe> nei!r to draw nor to pa9t any?+ :i* is n be=e me02 & ,pa*eco1 enc\rag$ by ! t5d5cy t[>ds a frankly naturali/ic /yle :i* 8 disciple %[$1 & obs]v+ ! qualities :i* he ev9c$1 made ,velzquez 8 son-9-law be=e he _h arriv$ at ! age ( n9ete54 ,among su* t5d5cies ! art ( ,zurb>n & ,velzquez 0 evolv$4 ,! works ( _! y\? 7 almo/ alike4 ,!y are suffici5tly di/+ui%$ lat] because1 :ile ! fir/ h>dly ev] left ! neighb\rhood ( ,seville1 exp&+ b little1 ,velzquez1 z is kn[n1 develop$ a :ole pictorial te*nique4 ,zurb>n 0 born 9 #aeih4 ,he 0 !re=e a ye> old] ?an ,velzquez4 ,by bir? he did n belong to ,seville1 b to ! prov9ce ( ,e/remadura4 ,b ?is not)/&+1 he grew up among ! arti/ic influ5ces ( ,&alusia1 = ! "y pa9t] arriv$ 9 ,seville at ! age ( sixte5 ye>s1 s t he is reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ figures ( ! ,sevillean ,s*ool4 ,= tw5ty-five ye>s ! arti/ 0 fam\s = 8 figures ( virg9s & sa9ts1 reali/ic 9 "*1 p[]ful1 well drawn1 vigor\s & conceiv$ )\t exagg]ation1 full ( life & individuality4 ,we m5tion z a "w great 9 conception ! ,apo!osis ( ,sa9t ,?omas1 h\s$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,seville4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,zurb>n ! refractory1 :o refus$ to be inspir$ ei!r by =eign or national influ5ces4 ,?is l5t him individuality & r5d]$ 8 productions a s]ies ( cont9u\s l9ks betwe5 :i* b little diff]5ce c be rem>k$4 ,he is fam\s1 moreov]1 = 8 religi\s pa9t+s1 8 mona/ic visions4 ,^! figures ( monks 9 :ite %eets1 :i* ar\se admiration & appe> to be c>v$1 su* is ! relief ( _! drap$ folds1 are *>act]i/ic & full ( gr&eur1 feel+ & au/]ity1 & ought to be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( actual docum5ts ( ! mona/ic life ( ! ,spa9 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! te*nique ( ,zurb>n is ! lum9osity r5d]$ by means ( /rong contra/s ( light & %ade4 ,high lights )\t crudity & %ad[s )\t blackness are noticeable1 z 9 ! works ( ,rib]a4 ,! grey tones are nev] heavy1 & _! quality1 h>moni\s 9 its bl5d+1 dim9i%es ! h>dness ( ! l9es ( pr(ile1 suppress+ all rigidity4 ,zurb>n is1 moreov]1 a pa9t] easily und]/ood1 :o r>ely has rec\rse to a symbolism m or less appropriate = ! expression ( ?\ght1 & 8 ideal aspirations always pres5t1 9 all t ref]s to =m1 a manife/ passion = reality4 ,?is ma/] 0 well repres5t$ at ! ,royal ,academy4 ,p]haps !re 0 no?+ ( great di/9ction1 b ! n9e works f 8 bru%1 all ( "o k9d1 7 9 g5]al v typical & individual1 compris+ images1 sa9ts & figures reali/ic 9 "* 7,plate ,,viii474 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h allud$ to ! mann] ( ,velzquez's appe>ance 9 ,seville & ! influ5ces "u :i* he comm5c$ 8 appr5tice%ip4 ,a multitude ( /udies s]i\sly execut$1 "s 9 black *alk1 "s 9 col\r1 7 8 fir/ essays4 ,:ile /ill a y\? he pa9t$ a numb] ( ^? works :i* /ill a/oni% by _! reality1 by _! ma/]ly draw+--a quality ) :i* he 0 naturally end[$--by _! sculptural relief1 & by _! sobriety4 ,two works may s]ve z typical ( ^!1 bo? well-kn[n 9 ,engl&1 :]e !y n[ are1 ,! ,old ,woman ,fry+ ,eggs 9 ,sir ,h]b]t ,cook's collection1 & ! ,wat]-,c>ri] ( ,seville1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 :i* we quote z an example ( ! /yle & resolution :i* ! arti/ be/[$ dur+ ^! ye>s ^u works ( a popul> "*1 & :i*1 to judge f its subject & models1 0 !n a novelty 9 a s*ool ( pa9t+ :i* _h produc$ sc>cely any?+ except portraits & pa9t+s ( a religi\s k9d4 ,o!r works ( a naturali/ic t5d5cy1 vulg>ly call$ bodegones1 or 8eat+-h\se0 sket*es1 & "s ( a religi\s "*1 complete ! production ( ^? fir/ ye>s ( ,velzquez1 :i* 0 s limit$ 9 8 lat] ye>s1 t he mu/ be describ$ z a pa9t] ^: output 0 relatively small4 ,:5 ! arti/ 0 tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age1 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,pa*eco1 a man ( influ5ce1 advis$ him to leave ,seville1 & himself introduc$ him to ! ,c\rt ( ,philip ,,iv1 9 ^: s]vice ,velzquez rema9$ = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he 0 imm$iately grant$ a position & sal>y at ! ,c\rt1 & 8 fir/ portraits ( ! ,sov]eign & memb]s ( ! ,royal ,family ar\s$ surprise & admiration4 ,^!1 & 8 fir/ subject compositions pa9t$ 9 ,madrid1 especially t kn[n z ,los ,borra*os 78,! ,top]s071 9 _! high excell5ce %[ ! culm9ation ( all ! qualities f\nd 9 ! works pa9t$ 9 ,seville dur+ 8 fir/ ye>s ( appr5tice%ip4 ,nev] has ! ,spani% pic>esque _s1 :i* =ms su* a brilliant page 9 ! lit]ature ( ^? times1 be5 giv5 a m g5u9e repres5tation ?an is to be obs]v$ 9 ! canvas j m5tion$4 ,if ,velzquez _h di$ aft] pa9t+ ,los ,borra*os1 ?is "w alone w\ld h suffic$ to h giv5 him supremacy & ! title ( lead] ( a s*ool previ\sly indef9ite & lack+ a fix$ & individual po9t ( view4 ,a little lat]1 at ! comm& ( 8 ,k+1 ,velzquez w5t = ! fir/ "t to ,italy4 ,! influ5ce :i* ,italian art ex]cis$ ^u him has be5 ! subject ( discussion4 ,x is n possible 9 an essay su* z ?is to try to elucidate ?is po9t1 b x appe>s manife/ t if ,italian art 0 naturally absorb$ by 8 tal5t1 x did n greatly affect 8 native qualities2 & to judge f 8 subsequ5t "w1 x w\ld seem t he %[$ a con/ant & s+le-m9d$ solicitude to a*ieve an int]pretation always actively fai?ful to nature4 ,! picture ,las ,lanzas 78,! ,lances072 ! eque/rian portraits ( k+s1 pr9ces & o!rs1 9 :i* ^! p]sonages appe> dress$ 9 hunt+ co/ume2 ^? ( ! buffoons ( ! ,c\rt2 ! ,sc5es ( ! ,*ase 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,el ,p>do2 & "s o!rs ( a diff]5t type1 su* z ! ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 9 ! ,prado ,museum1 make up ! tale ( 8 output aft] 8 brief /ay 9 ,italy1 & compose :at critics h call$ ! second /yle ( ,velzquez1 m ample & gr& ?an t ( 8 y\?1 &1 z "t advances1 enri*+ all ! works :i* come f 8 bru% ) ^? def9ite grey h>monies :i* are occasionally almo/ silv]y 9 tone1 s *>act]i/ic & s unmi/akable4 ,! pa9t] 0 = a second "t 9 ,italy 9 ! p]iod ( 8 maturity4 ,he !n pa9t$ ! portrait ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,x1 & execut$ a bu/ ( ,jun de ,p>eja1 :i* 0 on view 9 ! exhibition at ,burl+ton ,h\se4 ,return+ soon aft]w>ds to ,spa91 he !re address$ himself to ! accompli%m5t ( 8 great] works1 :i* truly reveal a sup]ior art1 some:at enigmatical 9 its v simplicity1 a sublime /yle :i* at fir/ sight does n seem to require mu* compreh5sion & ! view-po9t ( :i* has giv5 to ! ,spani% ,s*ool ( all times1 z well z to o!r s*ools1 ri* legacies1 excell5t examples & notable fruits4 ,!re belongs to ?is epo* ( 8 arti/ry ! portraits ( k+s & pr9ces1 ! second s]ies ( ! c\rt dw>fs1 ev5 m ri* & a/oni%+ ?an ^? ( ! p]iod ( 8 middle ye>s1 "s religi\s pictures1 my?ological works &1 la/ly1 ! two great works ,las ,hil&]as 78,! ,sp9n]s07 & ,las ,m59as 78,! ,maids ( ,hon\r07 7,plates ,x4 & ,,xi471 supreme monum5ts ( a s*ool1 models ( syn!tic art1 ( a/oni%+ simplicity 9 _! composition1 ( delicate h>mony1 eloqu5t ( ! /udy ( values1 ma/]pieces1 9 %ort1 ( sublime pa9t+1 :i*1 ( an app>5t mode/y1 are1 not)/&+1 magical works1 spontane\s creations1 :i* %ew nei!r ex]tion1 weakness1 nor we>9ess1 & :i* seem to u ! result ( an art s]5e & calm1 contr>y to ! influ5ces ( great ideali/ic conceptions1 b :i*1 ess5tially objective1 reproduce ! natural ) a tru? :i* is unsurpass$4 ,9 ! exhibition at ,burl+ton ,h\se ,velzquez 0 n adequately repres5t$4 ,b !re 7 reasons = ?is4 ,! und\bt$ pictures f 8 bru% :i* are privately own$ 9 ,engl&1 & to "s ( :i* we h already allud$1 are well-kn[n & h figur$ 9 rec5t exhibitions ( ,spani% art1 s t x 0 n deem$ necess>y to expose !m aga92 :ile ( ^? 9 ,spa91 ! great] "p is h\s$ 9 ! ,prado ,museum 7& c\ld n ( c\rse be s5t to ,engl&71 & ^? belong+ to private p]sons are v sc>ce4 ,! examples f ,engli% collections 7 ! magnific5t portrait ( ,jun de ,p>eja1 ! ,pa9t]1 f ,long=d ,ca/le2 ! bu/ ( ,a ,spani% ,g5tleman1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton2 ,calabacillas1 ! ,buffoon 7,plate ,,ix47 :i* has rec5tly pass$ into ,sir ,h]b]t ,cook's collection2 ,! ,kit*5 ,maid1 9 ,sir ,otto ,beit's collection--all repres5tative ( a p]iod ( ! arti/--z well z ! portrait ( ,don ,baltas> ,c>los1 ,infante ( ,spa91 :i* ,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ ( ,engl& l5t f ,buck+ham ,palace4 ,( ?is la/ special m5tion mu/ be made4 ,9 our judgm5t x is an und\bt$ ,velzquez &1 moreov]1 a mo/ beautiful example4 ,e "p ( ! arm\r1 ( ! legs1 ( ! body1 &1 above all1 ! adju/m5t ( ! figure & ! design are typical ( ,velzquez4 ,h[ has x come to be reg>d$ 9 ,engl& z a "w ( ,mazo1 :]e ! ma/] is s ju/ly e/eem$ & :]e1 ow+1 d\btless to en?usiasm = ,velzquez1 ne>ly all ! pictures ( ,mazo are attribut$ to ,velzquez8 ,or is x t "s h arriv$ at false conclusions conc]n+ ,mazo & ,velzquez1 & :5 !y are confront$ by an orig9al & und\bt$ ,velzquez1 are dubi\s ( x because x does n appe> suffici5tly typical ( ,mazo8 ,x has n1 to ! be/ ( our belief1 else:]e be5 obs]v$ t ! head ( ?is portrait is some:at fa9t & flat4 ,f ,spa9 !re 7 s5t ,! ,h& ( an ,ecclesia/ic1 l5t by ,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 a fragm5t1 )\t d\bt1 f a portrait ( :i* ! rema9d] 0 lo/ 9 ! burn+ ( ! ,alcaz> ( ,madrid4 ,! special int]e/ ( ! said fragm5t is t ! h& holds a pap] on :i* is ! signature ( ,velzquez1 assur$ly1 "o ( ! ?ree au!ntic signatures ( ?is arti/ :i* rema9 to u1 ! o!rs be+ f\nd on ! portrait ( ,philip ,,iv1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 & t ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,x1 9 ! ,doria ,gall]y at ,rome4 ,conc]n+ ! portrait ( ,pulido ,p>eja 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 we h already writt5 at "s l5g? on ano!r occasion1 ) ! int5tion ( prov+ t ?is portrait is by ,mazo1 & t ! signature is consequ5tly apocryphal4 ,! ,portrait ( ! ,arti/1 f ! ,f9e ,art ,museum1 ,val5cia1 is a beautiful example1 if some:at damag$ & black5$1 & ! o!r ?ree works %[n h be5 m frequ5tly exhibit$ & /udi$ ?an ^? :i* are ( und\bt$ au!nticity4 ,among o!rs ( out/&+ int]e/ is ! ,head ( a ,cl]ic1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,c\nt ( ,fu5cl>a1 :i*1 al?\gh its attribution is n unque/ion$1 is rememb]$ above all z a beautiful piece ( "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we mu/ n[ comm5ce ! r complex /udy ( ^? pa9t+s :i* compose ! ,madrid ,s*ool4 ,we say complex1 because1 compos$ z x 0 ( pa9t]s :o came f "o or ! o!r "p ( ! ,p59sula1 x does n possess a precise & regional "*1 b is ! resultant ( ! "w ( _m arti/s ^: names we mu/ n =get1 z1 = example1 ,c>du*o1 ,caxes & ,n>di1 ( ,italian orig91 :o1 or p]haps _! fa!rs1 7 br\ght to ,spa9 z decorative pa9t]s4 ,x seems natural t !y %\ld h _h imitators or disciples1 z x 0 precisely 9 ! c\ntry ( _! adoption t arti/s ( ?is g5re 7 awant+4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 !y 7 absorb$ by ! environm5t1 & produc$ & a*iev$ a sob] & reali/ic /yle1 =getful ( ! circum/ances ( _! appr5tice%ip1 &1 we may say1 hispanicis$4 ,velzquez 0 ! *ief repres5tative ( ! ,madrid s*ool1 its creator1 &1 m1 its prototype1 m>k+ ! apogee ( ,spani% pa9t+4 ,8 aim 0 always to simplify1 a purpose :i* is cle>ly obvi\s f ! me?ods he employ$ f 8 y\? to 8 la/ "w1 con/antly simplify+ 8 te*nique &1 consequ5tly1 8 palette4 ,to ! /udy ( 8 palette alone we h d$icat$ a "w ( a purely te*nical "* 7( :i* ,,! ,,/udio ( ,novemb] #aibj pr9t$ an extract7 :i* space does n p]mit u to reproduce "h1 b :i* we take occasion to ref] to s9ce ! simplification ( ! palette ( ?is arti/1 ! creator ( a s*ool1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ( exceptional importance1 z *>act]i/ic ( almo/ all lat] ,spani% arti/ic a*ievem5t1 end[+ x ) great individuality & di/+ui%+ x f all o!r s*ools4 ,?is circum/ance is wor?y ( recognition by all :o wi% to arrive at ! true significance ( ,spani% pa9t+1 s f> z its outw>d manife/ations are conc]n$4 ,be=e deal+ ) ! cont9uators ( ,velzquez1 we mu/ briefly ref] to pa9t+ 9 ,&alusia1 :]e ,murillo appe>s z a great =ce 9 ,seville1 ye>s aft] ,velzquez _h be5 s 9 ,madrid4 ,murillo1 at fir/ a disciple ( 8 k9sman ,ca/illo1 0 soon aft]w>ds a foll[] ( ,p$ro ,moya4 ,! pa9t] pass$ dur+ 8 y\? ?r\gh a :ole gamut ( influ5ces1 t ( ,van ,dyck especially1 alt]nat+ at times ) t ( ,rib]a4 ,at tw5ty-f\r he 0 9 ,madrid1 :]e ,velzquez work$ & taught1 ?\gh only = a %ort "t4 ,:5 he return$ to ,seville he did n =get ! lessons ( ,velzquez1 & f ?is p]iod date ^? popul> figures1 full ( "*1 :i* began to br+ him fame4 ,lat]1 ,murillo alt]$ 8 me?ods1 & = ! re/ ( 8 life employ$ a /yle suave & s(t z ! ,&alusian acc5t1 graceful & sugge/ive4 ,8 religi\s works1 8 ,virg9s1 &1 above all1 8 ,conceptions 7 soon fam\s1 &1 an incessant work]1 he left a multitude ( pa9t+s :i* be> a p]sonal & unmi/akable /amp1 & reveal an adequate te*nique1 ample 9 treatm5t1 9 a tonality ( v>y+ greys1 w>m & gl[+ & )\t exagg]ation4 ,b 9 tru? ! art ( ,murillo is ( less int]e/ ?an =m]ly1 ow+ to pres5t-day pref]5ces1 :i* seek spirituality 9 art1 a =ce & ev5 a re/lessness :i* we d n f9d 9 ! "w ( ?is arti/4 ,b 8 fame 9 8 own day 0 v great1 & = a long "t he 0 consid]$ z ! =emo/ ( ,spani% pa9t]s4 ,:at gave him su* a great reputation8 ,! illu/ri\s ,spani% critic1 ,seor ,cosso1 has ask$ ! same "q reg>d+ ! causes und]ly+ a /yle s direct & simple4 ,murillo's subject-matt]1 says ,seor ,cosso1 9 ! backgr\nd z 9 ! ?+ portray$1 repres5ts always ! s(t & agreeable side ( life4 ,9 ! sph]e ( spontane\s creation1 9 t :i* does n require pr(undity1 nor reflection1 ,murillo always ex]ts an irresi/ible attraction4 ,8 ,conceptions are beautiful b sup]ficial4 ,!re is 9 !m no m skilful gr\ndwork1 dramatic impulse1 nor exaltation ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,to compreh5d & enjoy !m x is n necess>y to ?9k1 _! contemplation leaves ! behold] tranquil1 !y d n possess ! p[] to di/ract1 !y h no w>m?1 nor t di/9ction :i* makes a "w unique1 & z !y hold j t degree ( cultur$ m$iocrity :i* 9 ?\ght & feel+ is ! patrimony ( ! majority ( p1 !y are able to please accord+ly4 ,if !re be add$ to ?is a pi\s & poetic s5tim5t & ! cele/ial & suave expression ( 8 figures1 x is easy to und]/& ! great1 indisputable & j popul>ity :i* ,murillo has enjoy$4 ,velzquez ?\ght pr(\ndly1 b ) ideality2 ,murillo has n idealism1 nor is he pr(\nd4 ,bo? are reali/s1 & if "o repres5ts ! mascul9e feel+ 9 ,spani% pa9t+1 ! o!r %[s at its highe/ ! fem99e t5d5cy4 ,at ! ,royal ,academy sev5 pictures ( ,murillo1 "s ( real importance1 7 %[n4 ,among/ ^! religi\s subjects pr$om9at$1 ,san ,le&ro & ,san ,bu5av5tura1 f ! ,museum ( ,seville1 & ,! ,triumph ( ! ,holy ,eu*>i/1 l5t by ,"l ,f>+don4 ,among ! portraits 7 t ( ! arti/1 ! prop]ty ( ,e>l ,sp5c]2 ,gabriel ,e/eban ,murillo1 s5t by ! ,duke ( ,alba & ,b]wick2 & ,don ,diego ,flix de ,esquivel y ,aldama1 f a private collection 9 ,madrid4 ,9 allud+ to ! ,sevillean s*ool1 we mu/ m5tion a contempor>y ( ,murillo1 ?\gh some:at 8 junior1 ( s+ul> tal5t4 ,8 "n is little kn[n outside ( ,spa91 & ?is is d\btless ! reason :y s few ( 8 pictures h left ! c\ntry4 ,we believe x a mi/ake to allude to him1 z is sometimes done1 z "o ( ^? ,spani% pa9t]s ^: "w is no long] ( int]e/1 su* is 8 expression1 8 di/9ctive note1 8 creative boldness & individuality4 ,we ref] to ,valdes ,leal4 ,8 h>% outlook1 8 frequ5t inaccuracies1 8 ?\ght1 pr(\nd & almo/ always obscure1 & above all1 8 subjects1 at times macabre & biz>re1 at times graceful1 provide reasons = 8 unpopul>ity1 no less ?an ! /ill scanty k we possess reg>d+ ?is s+ul> man1 ! circum/ances ( ^: "w & life are pres5t$ to u almo/ 9 a leg5d>y mann]1 z 9 ! case ( 8 fri5d & patron1 ,don ,jun de ,maara1 :o has be5 inc>nat$ 9 ! popul> imag9ation z ! ,don ,jun ( tradition4 ,9 ,granada1 ,alonso ,cano1 z great a sculptor z pa9t]1 ma9ta9$1 ) o!r arti/s ( less] note & /&+1 a fl\ri%+ s*ool :i* _h l9ks ) t ( ,seville4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we turn aga9 to ,madrid1 to ! ,c\rt :]e ,velzquez1 z we h indicat$1 /amp$ su* "* on pa9t+ & in=m$ x ) su* excell5ce t arti/s flock$ f all p>ts ( ! ,p59sula to ! capital4 ,?is result$ 9 ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( art--end+ ) ! sev5te5? c5tury--fruitful & v>i\s1 :i* is associat$ ) ! ,s*ool ( ,madrid4 ,x is n precisely ! s*ool ( ,velzquez1 al?\gh equivocally s call$4 ,velzquez _h disciples :o foll[$ him1 imitat+ & copy+ him1 z 8 s]vant ,p>eja1 ! mulatto1 did4 ,b ?is not)/&+1 o!r pa9t]s ( tal5t work$ dur+ ^! ye>s 9 ! capital1 help+ to =m ! s*ool1 ev5 if !y did n foll[ him 9 any decid$ mann]4 ,nev]!less1 he is its greate/ figure1 = he x 0 :o ga9$ ! title ( a s*ool = ! "w ( 8 contempor>ies1 & = ! g5]ation :i* foll[$ him4 ,! impulse :i* he gave by 8 te*nique & ! composition ( 8 palette1 simple & sob]1 are *>act]i/ic ( all ?is p]iod4 ,8 son-9-law1 ,mazo1 foll[$ him bl9dly1 &1 work+ 9 8 /udio1 0 con/antly impress$ by ! productions ( 8 ma/]1 mak+ use ( ! same me?ods--! same canvas1 col\rs1 bru%es1 &1 giv+ re9 to an extraord9>ily imitative tal5t1 he tri$ to make1 & occasionally produc$1 actual facsimiles ( 8 ma/]'s works4 ,! /udy ( ?is curi\s problem ( pa9t+1 ( ! di/9ctive note1 ! incl9ation ( ! "t1 z %[n 9 ! art ( fa!r-9-law & son-9-law1 has be5 ! subject ( sev]al works f our p54 ,we h n insi/$ on ! po9t 9 ^!1 nor h we space to d s 9 ?is brief syn!sis2 b we flatt] ourselves t sev]al pa9t+s1 especially ^? :i* belong to museums1 h come to be m correctly attribut$ to ,mazo r ?an to ,velzquez1 & t ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ^! problems h come to di/+ui% ! ext]nal aspect ( ! "w ( ! "o f t ( ! o!r1 sub/antial & inimitable4 ,we mu/ rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ,mazo _h1 besides ! m]e qualities ( an imitator1 a tal5t ( 8 own ( s+ul> excell5ce1 t ( a l&scape pa9t]1 :i* repres5t$ a relative novelty 9 ! art ( ,spa9 at t p]iod4 ,aft] ,velzquez ! mo/ important pa9t] ( ! ,s*ool ( ,madrid is1 beyond dispute1 ,c>reo4 ,?\gh 8 religi\s canvases are num]\s1 ,c>reo 01 above all1 a portrait pa9t]4 ,! relative influ5ce ( ! "w ( ,van ,dyck1 :i* ext5d$ z f> z ,seville1 also rea*$ ,madrid1 & ,c>reo came "u x at times & discreetly made use ( x4 ,we say discreetly1 = he _h lo/ 8 national qualities4 ,he borr[$ f ,velzquez ! basic col\rs ( 8 palette1 b s\ght to enri* !m ) c]ta9 w>m1 gold5 tones1 & he 0 enam\r$ ( russets &1 above all1 ( c>m9es1 g5]ally ^? :i* approximate to ! col\r+ ( ! ,flem+s1 b :i* appe> cloy+ beside ! works ( ,van ,dyck4 ,! portraits by ,c>reo 7 repres5t$ at ! exhibition by t ( ,a ,"y ,lady 7,plate ,,xxii71 belong+ to ! ,duke ( ,m$9aceli1 :i* might almo/ be describ$ z a black-&-:ite f its col\r+ & ! evid5t purpose ( ! arti/ to pres]ve ?is tonality ?r\gh\t ! "w2 t ( ,! ,que5 ( ,spa91 ,da ,m>iana de ,au/ria1 ! prop]ty ( ,don ,ramn de la ,sota1 a mo/ beautiful example1 f :i*1 )\t d\bt1 h be5 tak5 ! _m repetitions :i* are kn[n ( x besides o!r v>iants2 & t ( ,! ,m>*ioness ( ,santa ,cruz1 :i* is ( great importance & v *>act]i/ic4 ,( religi\s pictures x is necess>y to m5tion ,! ,app>ition ( ! ,virg9 to ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 s5t f ,bilbao by ,don ,antonio ,plas5cia4 ,! two bro!rs ,rizi1 ,juan & ,francisco1 7 ( ,italian orig92 bo? 7 decorative pa9t]s & work$ 9 ! /yle ( ,c>du*o & ,caxes4 ,juan1 ! eld]1 0 a monk1 & 0 "o ( ! prototypes ( ! ,s*ool ( ,madrid1 foll[+ ,velzquez 9 8 "w1 sob]ly & simply4 ,francisco seems at times to display ! qualities ( 8 ,italian orig91 & ?\gh suffici5tly ,spani%1 gave to 8 creations a c]ta9 quality :i* may h influ5c$ ! ,spani% decorative pa9t]s ( ! "t4 ,x is a curi\s problem ( influ5ce4 ,9 any case ?is arti/1 :o a*iev$ fame 9 8 "t1 is an int]e/+ /udy to-day1 & x w\ld seem t ! critic mu/ scrut9ize ! beg9n+s ( ! "q be=e he tries to expla9 its results4 ,p]$a1 ,collantes & ,leon>do are also notable1 if lack+ ! "* ( _! s*ool1 :i* cle>ly %[s !m to be among ! disciples ( ,c>reo1 among :om1 p]haps1 ! mo/ notable 7 ,c]ezo & ,cabezal]o1 :o un=tunately di$ "y4 ,c]ezo seems to be ! mo/ /rik+ figure ( ^? ye>s1 & 8 brilliant col\r & f9e /yle initiat$ a t5d5cy :i* made = ! enri*m5t ( ! ,spani% palette1 ! sobriety ( :i* we admire 9 ! ma/]s1 b :i* deg5]ates into a c]ta9 pov]ty at times 9 ! h&s ( _! disciples4 ,) ,c]ezo we %\ld m5tion ,antolnez1 :o also di$ be=e he rea*$ arti/ic maturity4 ,we n[ rea* t era ( pa9t+ :i* fl\ri%$ at ! ,c\rt ( ,spa9 dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a long li/ ( names ( arti/s c\ld be made1 all e/imable & "s rem>kable1 :o exhibit$ ! prov]bial vig\r & picturesque temp]am5t ( ! race1 :i*1 skilfully direct$1 & hav+ receiv$ a noble & traditional t5d5cy1 comm5c$ its onw>d progress )\t falt]+4 ,we m5tion1 h[ev]1 only ,claudio ,coello1 :o seems to close ?is p]iod4 ,a disciple ( ,rizi1 ^: decorative t5d5cy he foll[$1 he 0 m an arti/ 9 a g5]al s5se ?an a portrait pa9t]1 & above all he produc$ _m religi\s subjects4 ,by 8 "w ,! ,sacr$ ,=m1 :i* is kept 9 ! ,escurial1 he seems to be seal$ to ! ,s*ool ( ,madrid4 ,?is picture is obvi\sly a result ( ! atmosph]e & ! ta/e ( ! p]iod 9 its fidelity to "* & its happy solution ( problems ( p]spective & effects ( light4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ,spa9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 a p]iod ( mis=tune4 ,! reasons = ?is are simple & evid5t4 ,grace & good ta/e--9 ! be/ s5se ( ! t]m--lightness1 came to be ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is c5tury1 & ^! qualities 7 display$ 9 a p]fect mann] 9 ,fr5* art4 ,& x 0 precisely ^! attributes :i* ,spani% arti/s mo/ lack$1 & /ill lack4 ,!y are robu/1 /rong & s9c]e1 b )\t gracefulness1 facility ( expression or volatility4 ,a propos ( ?is1 x mu/ be recall$ t ,spani% arti/ic expression appe>s to h be5 m or less influ5c$ 9 its developm5t by =eign t5d5cies :i* 7 all[$ to "w freely & ) absolute spontaneity4 ,! eighte5? c5tury 0 a p]iod 9 :i* ! mo/ p[]ful ext]nal influ5ces1 especially ! ,fr5*1 ! lea/ adaptable to ! ,spani% temp]am5t1 _h full play4 ,^! ext]nal influ5ces 7 :olly orda9$ by ! rule ( ! ,h\se ( ,b\rbon1 & inc>nat$ 9 ! fir/ ( its mon>*s1 ,philip ,v1 nephew ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 :o1 d\btless mean+ well1 seem$ to ?9k x possible to transplant ,v]sailles1 ) its m>vell\s _s & exquisite culture1 to ! ,ca/ilian cities1 :i* 7 /ill dom9at$ by ! sobriety & asceticism ( ! my/ics ( pa/ c5turies4 ,z reg>ds pa9t+1 ^! influ5ces comm5c$ ) ! arrival at ! ,c\rt ( ,lucas ,jordn1 :o repres5t$ ! influ5ce ( ! great ,italian decorative arti/s4 ,aft]w>ds came ,tipolo1 :o left _m m>vell\s works1 q inimitable by ,spani% arti/s4 ,! ,b\rbons introduc$ ,van ,loo1 ,ranc1 ,h\asse & o!r ,fr5* repres5tatives ( ! art ( ! "t2 & la/ly came ,m5gs1 br++ ) him a _s :olly di/9ct f t ( ! ,fr5*1 a /yle erudite & academic :i* 0 n suffici5tly p[]ful to create an arti/ic output ( any importance 9 ,spa91 b :i* possess$ mu* de/ructive p[]1 al?\gh t 0 limit$ z reg>ds "t to ab\t a c5tury1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! national production 0 weak1 despite ! numb] ( arti/s1 ( :om ^? mo/ wor?y to be m5tion$ are ,maella1 ! ,bayeus & ,p>et4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( ,spani% pa9t+ :51 )\t prec$5t1 reason or motive1 appe>$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,aragon1 a region :i* ye>s aft]w>ds came to typify ! resi/ance to =eign invasion1 a figure ( great significance 9 ,spani% art1 & wor?y ( comp>ison ) ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! prec$+ c5turies--,francisco de ,goya4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! long life ( ,goya co9cides ) an epo* :i* divides two ages4 ,! critic is some:at at a loss h[ to place 8 "w & p]sonality1 to conclude :e!r he is ! la/ ( ! old ma/]s or ! fir/ ( ! mod]ns4 ,8 greatness is s obvi\s1 8 p]=mance s va/ & its gradual evolution s manife/1 t we may be ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ t ! fir/ portion ( 8 ef=t belongs to ! old ord] ( ?+s1 :ile ! second mu/ be associat$ ) ! orig9s ( mod]n pa9t+4 ,9 8 advance1 9 ! mann] & developm5t ( x1 x is noticeable--z we h already said 9 c]ta9 ( our works :i* deal ) ,goya--t he sub/itut$ = ! picturesque1 agreeable & sugge/ive note ( 8 y\ng] days1 ano!r m int5se & m embracive4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,fr5* invasion ( ! ,p59sula1 ! horrors ( :i* he exp]i5c$ & depict$1 influ5c$ him pr(\ndly 9 ! alt]ation ( 8 /yle4 ,!re is a ,goya ( ! eighte5? c5tury & a ,goya ( ! n9ete5?4 ,b ?is is n entirely due to v>iation 9 te*nique1 to m]e arti/ic developm5t1 x is m ju/ly to be trac$ to a *ange 9 creative outlook1 9 "*1 9 view-po9t1 :i* und]w5t a rude & viol5t trans=mation4 ,comp>e ! subjects ( 8 tape/ries or ( 8 fe/ive canvases1 joyful & gallant1 facile 9 conception & at times almo/ trivial1 ) ! tragic & macabre sc5es ( 8 old age1 & ) ! draw+s ( ?is p]iod & ! compositions kn[n z 8,! ,disa/]s ( ,w>40 ,8 _s 0 =tifi$ & n\ri%$ by ! w>m? ( 8 imag9ation1 & assi/$ by an adequate te*nique1 m>vell\sly suit$ to ! expression ( 8 ideas1 he produc$ ! colossal art ( 8 lat] ye>s4 ,if 8 p]=mance is /udi$ ) ref]5ce to ! vicissitudes & ! adv5tures ( :i* x is eloqu5t1 ! influ5ce ^u 8 works ( ! times 9 :i* !y 7 creat$ is obvi\s4 ,! *anges 9 8 life1 ! transf]5ce f ^? gay & tranquil ye>s to o!rs full ( ! horrors ( blood & fire1 ( %ame & bani%m5t1 t5d$1 )\t d\bt1 to discipl9e 8 _s & excite 8 intellig5ce4 ,8 natural bias to ! fanta/ic & 8 t5d5cy to adapt ! _w to 8 visions seiz$ ^u ! propiti\s occasion 9 a "t ( invasion & w> to exalt itself1 or1 z he himself express$ x1 8! dream ( reason produces prodigies40 ,an arti/ & creator m z reg>ds expression ?an =m1 especially 9 ! second phase ( 8 "w1 unequal 9 a*ievem5t & at times inaccurate1 he sacrific$ mu* to dive/ himself ( ^! faults4 ,he delib]ately set himself to discipl9e 8 ideas & develop t degree ( boldness ) :i* he long$ to infuse !m4 ,b he 0 n q able to subject himself to reality1 &1 z he 0 =getful & indol5t1 t :i* naturally dom9at$ him began to %[ itself 9 q o!r productions ( consummate ma/]y4 ,?is art1 imag9ative 9 expression & idea1 is m /rik+ z reg>ds its individual & orig9al qualities1 ?an = any degree ( discipl9e :i* x %[s4 ,to foll[ ,goya ?r\gh\t ! vicissitudes ( 8 long life is n a matt] ( difficulty4 ,! man to :om mod]n ,spani% art owes its be+ 0 born 9 ! little village ( ,fu5detodos & liv$ :il/ a *ild at ,s>agossa4 ,he came to ,madrid at an e>ly age1 & be=e 8 ?irtie? ye> w5t to ,rome ) ! object ( p]fect+ himself 9 8 art4 ,b he fail$ to obta9 mu* direction at ! academies 9 ,p>ma1 & hav+ b little en?usiasm = ! ,italian ma/]s ( t "t1 return$ to ,spa91 settl+ at ,madrid4 ,until ?is "t ! arti/ _h n ev9c$ any exceptional gifts4 ,goya 0 n precoci\s4 ,! fir/ works to assi/ 8 reputation 7 a s]ies ( c>toons = tape/ries to be wov5 at ! ,royal ,factory4 ,!y 7 de/9$ = ! walls ( ! royal palaces ( ,aranjuez1 ! ,escurial & ! ,prado1 :i* ,c>los ,,iv desir$ to r5ovate accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! "t4 ,^! works1 :i* br\ght fame to ,goya1 %[$ two di/9ctive qualities4 ,"o ( !m ev9ces ! orig9ality ( 8 subjects1 9 :i* appe> gallants1 blacksmi?s1 begg>s1 lab\r]s1 popul> types 9 %ort1 :o = ! fir/ "t appe>$ 9 ! decoration ( ,spani% palaces & ca/les1 :i*1 until !n1 _h kn[n only religi\s pa9t+s1 milit>y sc5es1 ! portraits ( ! ,royal ,family & /ately hidalgos4 ,goya1 9 ?is s5se1 democratiz$ art4 ,! o!r note to be obs]v$ 9 8 "w is a c]ta9 di/9ction ( craftsman%ip1 ! al]tness :i* x reveals1 :i* is1 p]haps1 due to ! lightness ( 8 col\r+4 ,on canvases prep>$ ) tones ( a light r$ hue1 :i* he reta9$ z ! basis ( 8 picture1 he sket*$ 8 figures & backgr\nds ) light bru%es & velatures1 reta9+1 :]e possible1 ! tone ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is light t\*1 r5d]$ necess>y by ! ext5sive "* ( ! design & ! rapidity ) :i* x _h to be execut$1 gave to ! arti/ a fre$om & quickness 9 all he drew1 & f x 8 lat] works1 mu* m important ?an ^! e>ly essays ?\gh !y 71 pr(it$ n a little4 ,already dur+ ^! e>li] ye>s he _h comm5c$ to pa9t portraits :i* did mu* to enhance 8 reputation1 & %ortly aft]w>ds he ent]$ ! royal s]vice z fir/ pa9t] to ! ,c\rt1 :]e he address$ himself to ! execution ( t va/ collection ( works ( all k9ds :i* ar\se su* int]e/ to-day4 ,! li/ is int]m9able & embraces ! portraits ( ,c>los ,,iv & ( ! ,que5 ,m>ia ,l\isa1 ^? ( ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,family1 ( all ! ari/ocracy1 ( ! ,albas1 ,osunas1 ,b5av5tes1 ,montellanos1 ,pignatellis1 ,f]nn-,nezs1 ! greate/ wits & intellectuals ( ! day1 especially ^? ( ,jovellanos1 ,morat91 & ,melndez ,valds1 ?ree m5 :o pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! ?\ght ( ,goya 9 a progressive & almo/ revolution>y mann]1 9 spite ( 8 connection ) ! ,c\rt & ! ari/ocracy4 ,he also pa9t$ _m portraits ( popul> p]sons1 bo? m5 & wom51 among :om may be m5tion$ ,la ,tirana1 ! booksell] ( ! ,calle de ,c>retas1 & t mo/ my/]i\s & adv5tur\s ( femmes galantes ( :om1 n[ clo!d1 n[ nude1 ! arti/ has bequea!d to u ^? s\v5irs :i* hang on ! walls ( ! ,prado ,museum4 ,9 ^! ! arti/ has = all "t fix$ & immortaliz$ ! f9e/ physical type ( ,spani% womanhood1 9 :i* an occasional lack ( p]fect proportion is comp5sat$ = by elegance1 grace1 & unexagg]at$ curve & figure1 )\t d\bt "o ( ! mo/ exquisite fem99e types :i* has be5 produc$ by any race4 ,besides ^!1 ! arti/ produc$ _m less] canvases conta9+ t9y figures full ( wond]ful grace & gallantry1 & hav+ rural backgr\nds1 frequ5tly ( ! banks ( ! ,manzan>es1 & o!rs ( l>g] proportions & scope1 among ! mo/ excell5t ( :i* is t ( ! family ( ,c>los ,,iv1 treasur$ 9 ! ,prado ,museum z "o ( its mo/ preci\s jewels4 ,along ) ,! ,burial ( ! ,c\nt ( ,orgaz 7,plate ,v47 & ,las ,m59as 7,plate ,x471 ?is picture may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ complete & a/oni%+ :i* ,spani% art has giv5 u4 ,x is n a 8picture0 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 b an absolute solution ( ! problem ( h[ col\r h>monies are to be atta9$1 & a mo/ /rik+ essay 9 impressionism1 9 :i* an inf9ity ( bold & v>i$ %ades & col\rs bl5d 9 a magnific5t symphony4 ,goya1 triumphant & rejoic+ 9 a life ample & satisfy+1 receiv$ on all sides ! flatt]ies ( ! great1 &1 c>ess$ by reign+ beauties1 liv$ 9 ! tranquil pursuit ( 8 art1 :i*1 ?\gh int5se1 0 yet graceful & gallant1 &1 z we h said1 /ill adh]$ to ! mann] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 a pr(\nd %ock agitat$ ! national life--! w> ) ,napoleon & ! ,fr5* invasion4 ,! fir/ pa9t] to ! ,c\rt ( ,c>los ,,iv1 a fugitive1 deaf1 & already old1 life1 z he !n exp]i5c$ x1 might h seem$ to him a happy dream ) a t]rible awak5+4 ,8 possessions1 8 pictures1 & 8 models 7 disp]s$ & maltreat$2 ! ,c\rt seem$ to h f9i%$ its c>e]1 = 8 royal ma/] 0 bani%$ by =ce1 _m ( ! nobility 7 condemn$ to dea?1 & ,c\ntesses1 ,du*esses & ,maids ( ,hon\r vani%$ l ! easy & enjoyable exi/5ce he _h kn[n4 ,above all1 ,s>agossa1 t h]oic city1 beleagu]$ on e side1 0 clos$ to him2 a deplet$ army def5d$ ! /rategical po9ts ( ! ,p59sula1 & ! p--! p :om ,goya lov$ & :o _h s (t5 s]v$ him z models = 8 damsels1 8 bull-fight]s1 8 w5*es1 8 little *ildr5--7 w&]+ ov] ! l5g? & bread? ( ,spa91 only to be %ot z gu]illas & /one-?r[]s by ! soldi]s ( ,napoleon4 ,x 0 at ?is mom5t t ! true developm5t ( ! arti/ began4 ,! pa9t]1 l 8 race1 0 n to be conqu]$4 ,! old ,goya rema9$1 /rong 9 ! creation ( a l(ty art4 ,! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 7 full inde$1 & repres5t$ its mo/ vigor\s phase1 ! mo/ en]getic 9 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 a*ievem5t4 ,sc5es ( w> & disa/] occupi$ almo/ ! :ole ( ?is important p]iod1 full ( a pr(\nd pessimism1 :i* /ill does n lack a c]ta9 graceful /yle1 & displays unceas+ly "s ( ! sadde/ ?\ghts :i* man has ev] kn[n4 ,^! works ( ,goya are n ( any p>ty1 are n political nor sect>ian4 ,!y are simply human4 ,= 8 greatness is all-embracive & 8 might endur+4 ,typical ( 8 "w 9 ?is la/ respect are ,! ,fusili]s1 ( #ahjh1 & 8 less] ef=ts1 ^? sc5es ( brig&age1 madness1 plague & fam9e :i* occur s frequ5tly 9 8 pa9t+s dur+ ! ye>s :i* foll[$ ! w>4 ,we d n mean to make any h>d & fa/ ass]tion t ,goya w\ld n h develop$ 9 int5sity ( feel+ if he _h n p]sonally exp]i5c$ & suff]$ ! horrors ( ! invasion1 b m]ely to indicate t x 0 ?is :i* br\ght ab\t ! revulsion )9 him & p[]fully exalt$ him4 ,8 la/ ye>s 9 ,madrid1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,bordeaux1 :]e he di$1 7 always *>act]iz$ by ! note ( pessimism1 & at times1 ( horror1 z is %[n 9 ! pa9t+s :i* once decorat$ 8 h\se & are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,prado ,museum4 ,n a few portraits ( ^! ye>s also %[ t ! arti/ ga9$ 9 int5sity & 9 individual /yle4 ,x is precisely ^! works1 s advanc$ = _! "t & s progressive1 t provid$ inspiration to pa9t]s l ,manet1 :o a*iev$ su* progress 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & :o 7 enam\r$ ( ! visions ( ,goya1 ( 8 te*nique & 8 me?ods1 naturali/ic1 p]haps1 b always replete ) obs]vation & individual expression4 ,we mu/ n =get to m5tion t ,goya produc$ a decorative ma/]piece ( extraord9>y di/9ction & supreme orig9ality--! mural pa9t+ ( ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,antonio ( ,florida1 9 ,madrid4 ,nor is x less fitt+ to record 8 fecundity 9 ! art ( et*+1 9 :i*1 z 9 8 pa9t+1 x is easy to obs]ve ! developm5t ( _! au?or f a /yle gallant & spirit$ to an int]pretation ( deep int5sity1 su* z is to be witness$ 9 ! collection ( 8,! ,caprices0 & 8,! ,follies10 if ^! are comp>$ ) ! s-call$ 8,prov]bs0 & especially ) 8,! ,disa/]s ( ,w>40 ,! pictures repres5t+ ,goya at ,burl+ton ,h\se 7 compos$ ( "s tw5ty works4 ,among ^? :i* belong$ to 8 fir/ p]iod 7 ! portraits ( ! ,m>*ioness ( ,lazan1 ! ,du*ess ( ,alba1 l5t by ! ,duke ( ,alba1 8,la ,tirana10 f ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,f]n&o1 ! ,c\ntess ( ,h>o1 belong+ to ! ,du*ess ( ,san ,c>los1 f\r ( ! small] pa9t+s ( rural sc5es1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,duke ( ,montellano1 & ,an ,amor\s ,p>ley 78,coloquio ,galante071 ! prop]ty ( ! ,m>quis de la ,romana1 ! prototype ( ! ,spani% feel+ = gallantry 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,z repres5tative ( ! second phase1 ( t :i* holds a note int5se & pessimi/ic1 may be tak5 ,a ,pe/ ,h\se1 l5t by ! ,m>quis de la ,romana1 & ^? truly dramatic sc5es1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,m>quis ( ,villagonzalo4 ,( portraits ( ! arti/ by himself two 7 exhibit$1 "o small 9 size pa9t$ 9 8 y\? 7,plate ,,xxvi471 9 :i* ! full figure is %[n1 & ! o!r a head1 done 9 #ahae1 :i* gives u a good idea ( ! expression & temp]am5t ( ?is extraord9>y man4 ,! influ5ce ( ! art ( ,goya 0 n imm$iate4 ,a contempor>y ( 8 is to be rememb]$ 9 ,e/eve1 :o assi/$ him & copi$ f him4 ,lat]1 an arti/ ( consid]able tal5t1 ,leon>do ,al5za1 :o di$ v "y & _h no "t to develop 8 art1 0 happily inspir$ by him4 ,) reg>d to ,lucas1 a well-kn[n pa9t] ^: production 0 v l>ge1 & :o fl\ri%$ _m ye>s lat]1 & is n[ kn[n to h foll[$ ,goya1 he c sc>cely be consid]$ z "o ( 8 cont9uators1 b r z an imitator--by no means ! same ?+4 ,= he imitat$ ,goya1 z1 on o!r occasions1 he imitat$ ,velzquez & o!r arti/s4 ,lucas is mu* m praisewor?y :5 he foll[s 8 own in/9cts & does orig9al "w4 ,8 picture ,! ,auto de ,f1 ! prop]ty ( ,m4 ,labat1 :i* 0 %[n at ! ,london exhibition 9 ! room d$icat$ to arti/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is "o ( ! be/ t we "k ( f 8 bru%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ! eighte5? c5tury 0 = ,spani% pa9t+ an epo* ( ext]nal influ5ces1 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 especially its second half1 mu/ be *>act]iz$ z "o :i* s\ght = =eign direction4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! great] numb] ( pa9t]s ( tal5t s\ght = inspiration f =eign ma/]s4 ,?is 0 a grave mi/ake1 n because 9 ,spa9 !re 7 arti/s ( mu* ability or ev5 good in/ructors1 b because ?is exodus ( ,spani% pa9t]s 0 a sign t !y _h lo/ fai? & confid5ce 9 !mselves & 7 /rang]s to t native =ce :i* 9 ! end triumphs 9 pa9t+ z 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,fir/ ,p>is1 !n ,rome1 ! two mo/ important c5tres ( ! art ( ?is p]iod1 7 und\bt$ly c5tres ( a lam5table di/ortion ( ,spani% art4 ,! organiz+ committee did n wi% ! ,london exhibition to be lack+ 9 examples ( ?is p]iod ( prolific production1 to :i* !y d$icat$ a room 9 :i* 7 %[n examples ( ! pa9t]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we m5tion "s ( ! _m arti/s ( tal5t ( ! ,spa9 ( ^? days1 & indicate _! individual *>act]i/ics2 b we are unable to allude to _! g5]al outlook & ! *>act]ization ( _! s*ools1 :i* we d n ?9k exi/$ among !m to any great ext5t4 ,! mo/ fam\s pa9t] :o succe$$ ,goya 0 ,v9c5te ,lpez1 bett] kn[n = 8 portraits ?an = 8 o!r canvases1 a skilful arti/ ) a p]fect k ( te*nique1 consci5ti\s1 fecund1 m9ute 9 detail1 :o has left u ! reflection ( a :ole g5]ation4 ,classicism arriv$ 9 ,spa9 ) all ! lu/re ( ! triumphs ( ,l\is ,david1 "u ^: direction ,jos de ,madrazo plac$ himself1 ! fir/ ( ^? arti/s ( ?is type to ma9ta9 a position ( dignity ?r\gh\t ?ree arti/ic g5]ations4 ,he held an important place among contempor>y pa9t]s at a difficult "t dur+ :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! political disord] :i* reign$1 ! commissions usually giv5 by ! *ur*es & religi\s communities ceas$1 private p]sons acquir$ few pa9t+s1 & ! academies decreas$ 9 ! numb] ( _! /ud5ts4 ,x 0 a "t 9 :i* art (f]$ b little :]e)al to its vot>ies4 ,b ?is p]iod ( p>alysis 0 ( %ort duration4 ,! pictorial temp]am5t1 :i* inali5ably belongs to ,spa91 & ! appe>ance ( romanticism1 ) a t5d5cy con=mable to ! _s ( ,spa91 & :i* _h = a long "t giv5 a brilliant impulse to h] m5 ( lett]s1 reviv$ pa9t+1 :i* =got its p]iod ( exhau/ion4 ,! frigid classicism1 ill-suit$ to ! national g5ius1 n[ pass$ away4 ,jos de ,madrazo 0 succe$$ 9 pre/ige & surpass$ 9 ability by 8 son ,f$]ico de ,madrazo4 ,by 8 portraits he has bequea!d to u fai?ful r5d]+s ( all ! p]sonages ( 8 day1 :i* compete ) ^? ( ! great] =eign portrait pa9t]s among 8 contempor>ies4 ,/udy+ at fir/ "u classical influ5ces1 b reg>d$ z romantics 9 _! lat] developm5t1 7 rem>kable portrait pa9t]s l ,esquivel & ,gutirrez de la ,vega1 & a l&scape pa9t] ( especial int]e/1 ,prez ,villamil1 :o may 9 a mann] be comp>$ to ! great ,engli% l&scape pa9t] ,turn]1 ?\gh he _h no opportunities = com+ 9 contact ) him or any k ( 8 "w4 ,bo? m51 ea* 9 8 own environm5t1 brea!d ! same atmosph]e2 &1 al?\gh re>$ 9 l&s remote f "o ano!r1 ?\ght 9 a l mann] because !y bo? reflect$ ! p]iod 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,becqu] & o!rs adequately ma9ta9$ ! descriptive note :i* n[ ent]$ into ! mak+ ( popul> subjects4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( pa9t+ 9 ,spa9 :5 !re appe>$ ! fruitful & extraord9>ily popul> g5re ( hi/orical pa9t+4 ,9 its orig9 x 0 n ,spani% b 0 introduc$ f o!r c\ntries1 especially f ,france2 b its ,spani% aff9ities are manife/ 9 its examples1 mo/ ( :i* are canvases ( great size1 impos+1 dramatic1 &1 9 g5]al1 effective4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ?is p]iod culture1 :i* 9 ,spa9 _h =m]ly be5 ! pres]ve ( a limit$ class1 n[ spread itself m widely1 & 9 ! sph]e ( art 0 greatly fo/]$ by exhibitions ( pa9t+1 op5 to all & sundry1 )\t di/9ction ( social /atus4 ,pictures & sculpture1 :i* 9 o!r times _h be5 d$icat$ solely to art & to religi\s piety1 ! possessions ( k+s & gr&ees1 n[ came into public view1 7 allud$ to 9 publications ( all k9ds1 & ! p1 en?usia/ic & critical1 7 br\ght face to face ) _! native art4 ,_m arti/s1 p]ceiv+ ?is1 hop$ to ga9 popul> applause1 & consequ5tly work$ ^u _! subjects z seem$ mo/ agreeable to ! masses4 ,! hi/orical picture 9 su* circum/ances seem$ to (f] ! greate/ possibilities = a*iev+ a popul> reputation4 ,gisb]t pa9t$ ! popul> h]oes ( ! pa/ & 0 reg>d$ z ! repres5tative ( ^? revolution>y t5d5cies 9 art :i* 7 to triumph sev]al ye>s lat]4 ,alisal1 ,m]cade1 ,palm>oli1 ,luis ,alv>ez1 c>eful & excell5t arti/s1 pa9t$ bo? hi/orical & g5re pictures4 ,f ?is gr\p arose a mo/ rem>kable figure :o di$ :il/ /ill v "y1 b :o has left u a mo/ /rik+ example ( 8 workman%ip4 ,?is 0 ,edu>do ,rosales1 ! pa9t] ( ,! ,dea? ( ,isabel ! ,ca?olic4 ,rosales repres5t$ ! ,spani% tradition 9 pa9t+4 ,av]se to =eign influ5ces1 he /udi$ & f\nd 9 ! great ma/]s ! s\rces ( 8 art1 & 8 works1 bo? 9 ,spa9 & beyond x1 excit$ ! greate/ int]e/ 9 8 "t4 ,! picture above m5tion$1 sob] & simple 9 /yle1 ?\gh x mu/ be class$ z g5re pa9t+1 has /ill _m admirable & endur+ qualities4 ,! pity is t ?is gr\p ( arti/s did n foll[ him2 =1 flatt]$ by ! public acclamation1 !y ent]$ ^u ! second p]iod ( hi/orical pa9t+1 less effective ?an ! fir/ & always conv5tional1 :i* la/$ _m ye>s1 inde$ almo/ to ! pres5t "t4 ,= an atmosph]e inimical to ! traditions ( ,spani% pa9t+ arose1 9 :i* ?is type ( hi/orical composition fl\ri%$ at a "t :5 x _h be5 condemn$ & =gott5 9 o!r c\ntries1 :]e x 0 =c$ to give place to ^? t5d5cies 9 :i* mod]n pa9t+ _h its orig94 ,rigurosam5te1 a contempor>y ( ,rosales1 0 ano!r exceptional arti/ ( unusual gifts1 likewise ,m>iano ,=tuny1 :o un=tunately di$ 9 8 y\?4 ,=tuny1 ?\gh he may appe> q o!rwise to-day1 0 9 8 own "t consid]$ a progressive innovator4 ,:5 he visit$ ,madrid = ! fir/ "t1 drawn ?i!r by y\?ful en?usiasm1 he did s ) no o!r idea ?an t ( copy+ f ,velzquez4 ,b see+ 9 ! ,prado ,museum ! works ( ,goya1 :i* 7 totally new to him1 he receiv$ a revelation4 ,he copi$ f ,goya1 & lat]1 go+ to ,africa1 he pa9t$ _m /udies & pictures replete ) light4 ,light z a pictorial factor1 z an elem5t 9 a picture1 ! /udy ( light1 ! reflection ( x 9 8 own works--t is ! progressive elem5t :i* we f9d 9 ,=tuny4 ,! rapid success ( 8 fir/ works1 _! triumph 9 ,p>is & ,rome1 0 due to an agreeable /yle1 graci\s 9 t\*1 sugge/ive1 :i* appeal$ to collectors & deal]s4 ,at ! same "t we d n believe ?is to h be5 altoge!r 8 ideal1 s9ce a few ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 8 ?irty-sev5? ye>1 we see him betak+ himself to ! %ores ( ,italy1 :]e he made new /udies ( light & air4 ,0 x res]v$ to ,=tuny to be "o ( ^? ( :om x w be said t he assi/$ ! developm5t ( ! /udy ( atmosph]e & light8 ,we firmly believe ?is to be s1 b ! "w ( ! critic has no?+ to d ) prophecy1 & we mu/ deal only ) t :i* ,=tuny has left u1 :i* is inde$ suffici5t4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 9 judg+ 8 "w to-day t its defects1 or :at seem to be its defects1 7 ^? ( 8 "t & 7 n p]sonal1 & t :at is p]sonal to him 0 8 good ta/e1 8 ma/]y1 & a s]ies ( innovations & bold essays 9 col\r obvi\s to ^? :o /udy 8 works4 ,=tuny 0 n a ,spani% pa9t] 9 ! s5se t he did n pres]ve ! traditions ( our ,s*ool4 ,he c]ta9ly took ! elem5ts ( 8 palette f ,goya1 b 8 traits ( mann] %[ no sign ( ! typical qualities ( ,spani% pa9t+4 ,x is fitt+ to allude "h to arti/s ( diff]5t types & tal5ts 9 "s ( ! cities ( ,spa91 & o!rs liv+ abroad1 :o lab\r$ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--! ,madrazos1 ,raimundo & ,ric>do1 sons ( ,don ,f$]ico de ,madrazo1 :o /udi$ "u ! direction ( ,=tuny2 ,plas5cia1 ,domnguez & ,f]rn1 :o di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 "w ( a decorative "* 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,francisca ! ,great 9 ,madrid2 ,pradilla & ,villegas1 :o h obta9$ ! greate/ triumphs dur+ a long c>e]2 ! bro!rs ,mlida1 ,enrique & ,arturo1 ! fir/ work+ 9 ,p>is = _m ye>s1 & ! second a fam\s decorative arti/2 ,egusquiza1 pa9t] & engrav]2 ,mor5o ,c>bon]o1 :o1 m a hi/orical & portrait pa9t]1 f\nd a popul>ity = 8 pictures inspir$ by episodes 9 lit]ature1 especially ^? ( ,quixote1 9 :i* he has co9cid$ ) ,jimnez ,ar&a4 ,we may also m5tion a gr\p ( arti/s1 all ( ,val5cia1 a city :i* 9 times pa/1 z 9 ! pres5t1 enjoy$ notable arti/ic prosp]ity3 ,sala1 ,muoz ,degra91 ,p9azo ,cam>l5*1 ,jos ,b5lliure & _m o!rs4 ,ne>ly all ( !m 7 repres5t$ at ! ,exhibition at ,burl+ton ,h\se 9 ! ,salon set ap>t = ! pa9t]s ( ?is epo*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! /udy ( nature 9 ! =m ( l&scape arose z a cre$1 ! arti/ com+ face to face ) ! sc5e :i* he desir$ to transf] to 8 canvas4 ,x has be5 said 8:at ! l&scape is1 s is he :o praises x40 ,until !n ! l&scape _h be5 no?+ b a backgr\nd = a composition or figure1 & ^? :o call$ !mselves l&scape pa9t]s1 :5 !y und]took to pa9t a sc5e us$ x z a peg on :i* to hang poetical ideas1 embelli%+ x1 b nev] treat+ x z a true r5d]+ ( nature4 ,n[ ! arti/ came to ! c\ntry1 felt ! influ5ce ( nature1 & fai?fully copi$ x4 ,! object ( 8 "w 0 to be z natural z possible1 )\t embelli%+ or poetiz+ 8 subject1 b to portray x1 z "o might say4 ,?is 0 a new idea to ! pa9t]s ( ! "t4 ,prez ,villamil1 a foll[] ( romanticism 9 pa9t+1 also practis$ l&scape art 9 ,spa9 until x und]w5t ! *ange m5tion$ above ?r\gh ! arrival ( a ,belgian1 ,*>les de ,haes1 :o succe$$ ,prez ,villamil z pr(essor ( l&scape at ! ,s*ool ( ,pa9t+4 ,haes broke ) tradition4 ,he w\ld h no conv5tionalisms1 no /udi$ compositions1 nor preconceptions4 ,he took 8 pupils to ! c\ntry & !re told !m to copy ,nature h]self1 leav+ !m )\t any fur!r inspiration ?an t ) :i* ,god _h end[$ !m4 ,to-day ! /udies ( ?is ma/] & ( 8 disciples1 g5]ally execut$ 9 /rong contra/s ( light1 seek+1 d\btless1 ! effectiv5ess ?us produc$1 appe> to u1 al?\gh !y h a s5se ( lum9osity1 poor 9 col\r1 obscure & h>d4 ,b :at progress is repres5t$ 9 !m 9 comp>ison ) all =m] art6 ,& x is cle> t !y express ! t5d5cy :i*1 mod]n 9 t "t1 ev]y:]e gov]n$ ! advance ( art4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds a ,spani% l&scape pa9t]1 n a disciple ( ,haes1 ,m>tn ,rico1 a companion ( ,=tuny1 b :o1 hav+ liv$ long] ?an he & rea*$ a m mature age1 advanc$ a fur!r /ep 9 ! art ( l&scape pa9t+4 ,if ! *ief aim ( ?is pa9t] _h n be5 ! rapid translation ( 8 gifts into money1 & _h he n /riv5 to please ! public1 he might h a*iev$ la/+ fame4 ,casimiro ,saiz1 ,muoz ,degra9--:om we h m5tion$ already z a pa9t] ( ! figure--,urgell1 ,gom> & o!rs devot$ !mselves to l&scape2 b ! mo/ sali5t examples ( ,spani% l&scape pa9t+ are to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( ?ree arti/s :o develop$ ) ! rapid evolution ( _! "t--,b]uete1 ,regoyos & ,rusiol4 ,( ^! ?ree s9c]e & individual pa9t]s1 ,b]uete1 9 8 y\? a disciple ( ,haes1 & lat] ( ,rico1 ev9c$ a v decid$ mod]n t5d5cy4 ,he devot$ ! ye>s ( 8 maturity to ! mak+ ( a l>ge numb] ( pictures ( ,spani% cities1 especially ( ,ca/ile1 pa9t+s tru?ful & s9c]e 9 "*1 & reveal+ a v p]sonal outlook4 ,regoyos 0 influ5c$ by impressionism1 to :i* he 0 /rongly attract$1 & 9 ! ,nor? ( ,spa9 he inspir$ _m by 8 num]\s works4 ,rusiol is1 p]haps1 m a poet ?an a pa9t]4 ,he /ill lives & works4 ,he us$ to f9d 9 ! gloomy & des]t$ g>d5s ( ,spa9 subjects = 8 pictures4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable figures 9 ,catalonia to-day1 bo? z a litt]ateur & pa9t]1 he has also s\ght inspiration 9 ! sc5es & c\ntryside ( ?is1 8 native prov9ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,spani% pa9t+ 0 completely mod]niz$ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?ree great int]national ev5ts took place dur+ t p]iod--! ?ree exhibitions 9 ,p>is ( ! ye>s #ahgh1 #ahhi & #aijj4 ,at ^! ,spani% pa9t+ 0 fully repres5t$4 ,at ! fir/ 0 %[n a v>i$ collection ( ! works ( ,=tuny--"o ( ! mo/ fam\s arti/s ( 8 "t--:o _h di$ %ortly be=e4 ,9 ! second we exp]i5c$ a rebuff1 = a numb] ( hi/orical pa9t+s ( enorm\s proportions1 full ( ! inspiration ( ! pa/1 7 n admitt$1 nor1 inde$1 7 "s ( ^! wor?y to hang 9 ! exhibition4 ,b 9 ! ye>s betwe5 #ahhi & #aijj ! developm5t ( ,spani% pa9t+ 0 mo/ m>k$1 & 9 ! la/ ( ! exhibitions allud$ to ! ,spani% salons reveal$ a high level ( excell5ce & a significant mod]nity4 ,moreov]1 !re em]g$ ! p]sonality ( a "y pa9t]1 hi!rto unkn[n1 :o by unanim\s cons5t 0 reg>d$ z well-nigh qualify+ = ! highe/ hon\rs4 ,?is 0 a man ^: "n %ortly aft]w>ds became fam\s ?r\gh\t ! _w--,joaqun ,sorolla1 "o ( ^? p]sonalities :o f "t to "t arise 9 ,spa9 q unexpect$ly4 ,sorolla1 :o 0 ( humble orig91 0 born 9 ,val5cia1 & 9 8 y\? 0 naturally influ5c$ by ! pa9t+s ( ! old ma/]s 9 8 native city4 ,he w5t to ,madrid1 lat] to ,italy1 & f9ally to ,p>is1 :]e 8 "w ( a :olly reali/ic "* 0 admir$1 = actuality 0 to ?is pa9t] z ! brea? ( life4 ,a ,fr5* advocate ( naturalism has said 8"o rule alone guides ! art ( pa9t+1 ! law ( values1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! light plays ^u an object1 9 :i* ! light di/ributes col\r ov] x2 ! light1 & only ! light is t :i* fixes ! position ( ea* object2 x is ! life ( e sc5e reproduc$ 9 pa9t+40 ,?is /atem5t ,sorolla seems to h tak5 greatly to he>t1 ev5 :ile he 0 /ill "u ! influ5ce ( old traditions & /&>ds ( ?\ght4 ,possess+ a temp]am5t ( mu* =cefulness1 & ( great productive exub]ance1 en?usia/ic ab\t ! sc5]y ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & especially enam\r$ ( ! ri*ness ( col\r ( 8 native soil1 ! ruddy e>? plant$ ) orange-trees1 ! blue sea & ! dazzl+ sky1 ,sorolla1 oblivi\s ( :at he _h done be=e1 felt a p[]ful impulse to pa9t t :i* 0 ri* 9 col\r1 s greatly 0 he mov$ by ! ea/]n _s4 ,! coa/s ( ,val5cia1 ! lives ( ! fi%]m51 ^? *ildr5 ( ! sea1 ! bullocks draw+ ! boats1 ! sc5es b5ea? ! cliffs & o!r analog\s subjects1 pa9t$ 9 full sunlight--! sunlight ( ,july & ,augu/ = pref]5ce--^! are ! subjects on :i* ,sorolla lab\r$ = sev]al ye>s1 produc+ canvas aft] canvas1 n[ fam\s bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,we d n say t ?is outlook is ideal1 b ! /udy ( light & atmosph]e 0 a contribution to ! hi/ory ( mod]n art1 & 0 among ! elem5ts :i* w be h&$ d[n to po/]ity z ! orig9al note ( ! pa9t]s ( ! la/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,( ^! ,sorolla 0 "o ( ! mo/ =ceful1 & we lay /ress ^u 8 "w1 z 9 our judgm5t its importance dem&s especial notice4 ,we h n allud$ to 8 great tal5t z a portrait pa9t]1 nor to ! decorative works :i* he has d$icat$ to ! ,hispanic ,society ( ,am]ica 9 ,new ,york1 & :i*1 al?\gh !y are complet$1 are n yet in/all$ 9 place4 ,"s few ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,sorolla1 !re arose almo/ simultane\sly two ,spani% pa9t]s ( o!r t5d5cies1 equally notewor?y1 & ^: names are univ]sally kn[n--,zuloaga & ,anglada4 ,zuloaga mu/ be reg>d$ 9 a v diff]5t mann] f ,sorolla4 ,9 no s5se does he g to nature m]ely to copy x 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x pres5ts itself to our vision1 b he seeks1 bo? 9 nature & humanity1 = types1 = *>act]i/ic figures ( a repres5tative & reali/ic k9d4 ,8 "w has develop$ ) robu/ness & =ce1 & attracts ! att5tion ( ! mod]n critic eag] = *>act]i/ic & s+ul> qualities4 ,to 8 reception 9 ! univ]sal _w ( art x is n necess>y to allude "h4 ,! reviews & p]iodicals ( all c\ntries h comm5t$ ) praise ^u ! a*ievem5ts ( ?is ma/]1 :o is /ill busily at "w1 con/antly engag$ 9 ! repres5tation ( popul> types 9 ! *>act]i/ic co/ume ( _m regions1 especially 8 own p1 ! ,basques1 & ! ,ca/ilians1 = :om he appe>s to h a special pr$ilection4 ,^? l&scapes :i* he takes = ! backgr\nds ( 8 pictures also seem to be inspir$ by t love ( "* :i* animates all 8 productions4 ,9 8 late/ phase1 too1 he has execut$ num]\s portraits ( p ( diff]5t social categories4 ,9 te*nique x is noticeable t ,zuloaga /rives to pres]ve ^? tonalities :i* *>act]ize ! ,spani% ,s*ool2 & ! /udy he has made ( ! works ( ,velzquez & ,goya is manife/$ 9 ! lively rem9isc5ces ( ^! ma/]pieces display$ at times 9 8 pictures1 :i* exhibit1 nev]!less1 a relative mod]nity4 ,anglada is1 9 our view1 completely di/9ct f ,sorolla & ,zuloaga4 ,enam\r$ ( ! *>m ( col\r1 8 "w has no connection ) s*ools or traditions4 ,alo( f e influ5ce1 he aspires to no?+ s mu* z ri* col\r-s*emes & h>monies1 & seeks inspiration 9 night-b\nd g>d5s1 brightly illum9at$1 9 subjects :i* reflect electric light1 & 9 figures :i* appe> all ! m di/9ct z ! backgr\nd is (t5 ! sea b5ea? ! radiance ( ! ,m$it]ranean light4 ,^! unusual s\rces ( inspiration appe> /range at fir/ sight2 b x is noticeable t !y manife/ on ! "p ( ! pa9t] always ! same idea ( seek+ = ri* col\r+4 ,we mu/ reg>d ,anglada z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & mo/ orig9al ( mod]n pa9t]s4 ,x is a great pity t he 0 n repres5t$ at ,burl+ton ,h\se4 ,8 abs5ce1 l t ( ,s]t1 ! great decorative pa9t]1 ,beltran1 ,miguel ,nieto & o!rs1 0 acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! pictures 7 receiv$ too late to be includ$ 9 ! ,exhibition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! salons set ap>t = mod]n pa9t+ at ! ,london ,exhibition seem to u to h be5 dispos$ & arrang$ ) c>e4 ,!re 7 %[n 9 ! fir/ ( ^! rooms works by ,sorolla1 8 disciple ,b5$ito1 "o ( ! mo/ e/eem$ portrait pa9t]s 9 ,madrid1 ,z>agoza1 ,moiss1 ,c>los ,vzquez1 & "s l&scapes by ,rusiol4 ,! second room 0 9 complete h>mony ) ! fir/1 & 9 x we obs]v$ ! works ( arti/s1 "s ( :om are /ill "y1 b nev]!less ma/]s ( /rong prop5sity & p]fect equilibrium2 ! great composition by ,gonzalo ,bilbao1 ,! ,cig>-mak]s 7,plate ,,xxxvii472 ! /rik+ portraits ( ,*i*>ro & ,sotomayor2 ! unmi/akably ,spani% canvases ( ,mezquita & ,rodriguez ,aco/a2 & ! picturesque & sugge/ive note ( ! ,val5cian figures by ,p9azo ,m>t9ez4 ,! neighb\r+ room 0 d$icat$ to ^? :o may be call$ pa9t]s ( "*1 = su* 0 ! exclusive note ( all ! works %[n !re4 ,x w\ld n be easy to say :o occupi$ ! place ( hon\r "h1 ,zuloaga1 ,rom]o de ,torres1 an arti/ ( ,cordova1 :o has tri$ to create a type ( female beauty fam\s ?r\gh\t ,spa91 ! bro!rs ,zubiaurre1 peculi>ly ,basque 9 feel+1 & n[ well kn[n ev]y:]e1 ,salav]ria1 ,ortiz ,e*age1 ,arre1 ,juan ,luis y ,arteta1 a delicate & emotional pa9t] :o has f\nd on ! ,basque %ores subjects = pictures unusually simple1 9 :i* is display$ a delicacy ( te*nical expression toge!r ) ! significance ( an idea1 inspir$1 l 8 subjects1 by a simple poetry4 ,foll[+ ^!1 9 /ill o!r rooms1 7 hung works simil> 9 type1 b bold]1 p]haps1 su* z ^? ( ,solana1 ^: ?ree canvases1 pa9t$ 9 l[ tones1 7 ( great int]e/ & excit$ mu* rem>k 9 ! exhibition2 ,vzquez ,daz1 s v>i\s 9 8 subjects1 b always individual2 ,maeztu1 ! consi/5t expon5t ( a colossal & decorative /yle2 ,ca/elu*o1 ,urgell1 ,guezala2 & ,a/ruc y ,san*a1 :o comb9es c>icature ( consummate ma/]y ) ! pa9t+ ( l&scapes ( manife/ orig9ality4 ,9 ano!r room 7 exhibit$ small] l&scapes4 ,^! includ$ examples ( ,rusiol1 ,b]uete1 ,regoyos1 ,meifr51 ,=ns1 ,rauri*1 ,colom1 ,grosso & ,mir4 ,among ! "w ( o!r "y pa9t]s ( promise b z yet little kn[n1 we mu/ m5tion ! seascapes ( ,v]dugo ,l&i & ,nogue4 ,! next salon1 kn[n z ! ,lecture ,room1 =m$ a k9d ( ov]fl[ = ! la/1 & conta9$ pictures by ,h]moso1 ,g>nelo1 ,simonet1 ,mor]a1 ,m>9 ,bages1 ,canals1 ,c>dona1 ,villegas ,brieva1 ,oroz1 ,madrazo-,o*oa1 ,cov>si1 ,b]mejo1 & _m o!r arti/s1 a li/ ( :om w\ld be mu* too ext5sive = inclusion "h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we d n ?9k t ! ass]tion t ,spani% pa9t+ has be5 a p[]ful factor 9 ! hi/ory & developm5t ( univ]sal art w be reg>d$ by anyone z a discov]y1 nor w su* a /atem5t appe> z a result ( patriotic en?usiasm4 ,spani% pa9t+ to-day foll[s its brilliant traditions2 & al?\gh we believe ?is pres5t p]iod to be "o ( ge/ation1 x occasionally reveals qualities ( spl5d\r & greatness4 ,x is indubitably lack+ 9 m>k$ & decid$ outlook1 b x is1 nev]!less1 univ]sally respect$ & suff]s1 at ! mo/1 m]ely f ! exig5cies ( ! "t4 ,moreov]1 n a few critics ( di/9ction 9 ! ,p59sula1 :o conc]n !mselves ) ! /udy ( p>ticul> movem5ts1 see 9 x a t5d5cy to ! =mation ( regional gr\ps4 ,! c5tral "o naturally has its focus 9 ,madrid1 & radiates !nce ov] ! :ole ( ,spa92 b a l>ge output is always =?com+ f ! cities ( ,seville & ,val5cia1 :i* appe>1 by ! light ( tradition1 z ! mo/ brilliant c5tres ( pictorial art4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 two o!r regions :i* h produc$ ri* & fl\ri%+ art--,catalonia & ! ,basque prov9ces1 ) _! two capital cities1 ,b>celona & ,bilbao4 ,catalan art is no new ?+ 9 ,spani% tradition1 & is 9 a measure desc5d$ f t :i* 0 =m]ly ! art ( ! ,k+dom ( ,aragon be=e ! national union4 ,! ,catalans h conf9$ x entirely to _! t]ritory1 h cultivat$ x ) en?usiasm1 & h creat$ a ,catalan s*ool ( ,spani% ,art4 ,x is a great pity t !y h n tri$ to pres]ve a m national _s & h frequ5tly s\ght inspiration f =eign s\rces1 especially f ,france4 ,b1 ?is not)/&+1 ,catalan a*ievem5t is inde$ mo/ wor?y ( praise4 ,! arti/ic production ( ! ,basque prov9ces is =cible & orig9al4 ,! ,basques1 ) a scanty pictorial tradition1 h %rewdly s\ght = inspiration 9 ! ,spani% sph]e )\t di/9ction ( locality1 & h produc$ an art ( und\bt$ int]e/4 ,b ap>t f ?is !re exi/s at ! pres5t "t a movem5t ( worldwide "*1 :i* seems to h a lit]>y orig9 & :i* may1 p]haps1 be call$1 = want ( a bett] "n1 ! new _s4 ,?\gh /ill 9 a *aotic /ate1 ?is movem5t1 v>i$ 9 its aspects1 may 9 all l&s be id5tifi$ by an und]ly+ int5tion to revolutionize ev]y?+1 creat+ a new /hetic code & turn+ its back on ! pa/ & on all tradition4 ,x is n our int5tion to deal ) ?is movem5t or to discuss its importance4 ,spa9 does n appe> to be ! c\ntry be/ fitt$ to lead x4 ,its hi/ory seems to %[ t :ile x is ready ( acceptance1 x is n to be hurri$ 9 its advance2 nor is x eag] to seize ^u radical ideas4 ,b ?is not)/&+1 x has pa9t]s :o und]/& & cultivate art ( ?is k9d1 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t "o ( ! out/&+ figures 9 ! ultramod]n movem5t is ! ,spani>d ,picasso1 :o has %[n once m t 9 all phases ( arti/ic ef=t ! ,spani% temp]am5t significantly reveals itself4 ,a4 ,,de ,,b]uete ,y ,,moret4 7,translat$ by ,lewis ,sp5ce7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,,ya,,ez ,,de ,,la ,,alm$9a 7,collection ( ! ,m>quis de ,casa-,arqu$91 ,madrid7 8,,anta ,,catal9a0 78,,sa9t ,,ca!r9e07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,,pantoja ,,de ,,la ,,cruz 7,collection ( ,h4,m4 ,! ,k+ ( ,spa97 8,,philip ,,ii0 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,,el ,,greco 7,collection ( ,h4,m4 ,! ,k+ ( ,spa97 8,,la ,,gloria ,,de ,,felipe ,,ii0 78,,! #8,,glory' ,,( ,,philip ,,ii07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv ,,el ,,greco 7,prov9cial ,museum1 ,tol$o7 8,,san ,,pablo0 78,,sa9t ,,paul07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v ,,el ,,greco ,photo3 ,mor5o1 ,madrid 7,*ur* ( ,santo ,tom1 ,tol$o7 8,,el ,,enti]ro ,,del ,,conde ,,de ,,orgaz0 7,,detail47 78,,! ,,burial ,,( ,,c\nt ,,( ,,orgaz07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,,el ,,greco 7,prado ,museum1 ,madrid7 8,,retrato ,,de ,,un ,,caball]o0 78,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,nobleman07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii ,,francisco ,,de ,,ribalta 7,f9e ,art ,museum1 ,val5cia7 8,,san ,,p$ro0 78,,sa9t ,,pet]07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii ,,zurb>an 7,prov9cial ,museum1 ,seville7 8,,el ,,beato ,,dom9ico ,,enrique ,,suzon0 78,,! ,,dom9ican1 ,,h5ry ,,suzon07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix ,,velazquez 7,collection ( ,sir ,h]b]t ,cook1 ,b>t47 8,,calabacillas ,,el ,,bufon0 78,,calabacillas1 ,,! ,,buffoon07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x ,,velazquez ,photo3 ,&]son 8,,las ,,m59as0 7,,! ,,maids ,,( ,,hon\r7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi ,,velazquez 7,prado ,museum1 ,madrid7 8,,las ,,m59as0 7,,detail7 78,,! ,,maids ,,( ,,hon\r07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii ,,velazquez 7,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,by p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,?os4 ,agnew ,sons7 8,,v5us ,y ,,cupido0 78,,v5us ,,& ,,cupid07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii ,,velazquez ,photo3 ,mansell 7,national ,gall]y1 ,london7 8,,philip ,,iv0 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv ,,velazquez 8,,infante ,,baltas> ,,c>los0 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv ,,velazquez ,photo3 ,&]son 7,prado ,museum1 ,madrid7 8,,infante ,,baltas> ,,c>los0 7,,detail7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi ,,velazquez ,photo3 ,mansell 7,wallace ,collection1 ,london7 8,,la ,,dama ,,del ,,abanico0 78,,! ,,lady ,,) ,a ,,fan07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii ,,fray ,,juan ,,rizi 7,collection ( ,sir ,h]b]t ,cook1 ,b>t47 8,,un ,,caball]o ,,jov50 78,a ,,"y ,,cavali]07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii ,,murillo ,photo3 ,&]son ,photo3 ,&]son 7,la ,c>idad1 ,seville7 8,,moises ,,toc&o ,,la ,,roca0 78,,moses ,,/rik+ ,,! ,,rock07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix ,,murillo ,photo3 ,&]son 7,la ,c>idad1 ,seville7 8,,el ,,milagro ,,de ,,los ,,panes ,y ,,los ,,peces0 78,,! ,,miracle ,,( ,,! ,,loaves ,,& ,,fi%es07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx ,,murillo ,photo3 ,&]son 7,prov9cial ,museum1 ,seville7 8,,san ,,felix ,,de ,,cantalisi ,y ,,el ,,ni,o ,,jesus0 78,,/4 ,,felix ,,( ,,cantalisi ,,& ,,! ,,infant ,,*ri/07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,,murillo ,photo3 ,mansell 7,wallace ,collection1 ,london7 8,,la ,,c>idad ,,de ,,santo ,,tomas ,,de ,,villanueva0 78,,! ,,*>ity ,,( ,,/4 ,,?omas ,,( ,,villanueva07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii ,,c>re,o ,,de ,,mir&a 7,collection ( ! ,duke ( ,m$9aceli1 ,madrid7 8,,retrato ,,de ,,una ,,dama0 78,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,"y ,,lady07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,,claudio ,,coello 7,collection ( ,don ,aureliano de ,b]uete y ,moret1 ,madrid7 8,,don ,,juan ,,de ,,al>con0 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,,goya 7,collection ( ! ,duke ( ,montellano1 ,madrid7 8,,el ,,columpio0 78,,! ,,sw+07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv ,,goya 7,collection ( ! ,duke ( ,montellano1 ,madrid7 8,,la ,,cuca,a0 78,,! ,,greasy ,,pole07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,,goya 7,collection ( ! ,c\nt ( ,villagonzalo1 ,madrid7 8,,autorretrato0 78,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t]07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,,goya 7,f]nan-,nuez ,collection1 ,madrid7 8,,conde ,,de ,,f]nan-,,nu,,ez0 7,,detail7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii ,,goya 7,prado ,museum1 ,madrid7 8,,infante ,,don ,,c>los ,,m>ia ,,isidro0 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix ,,goya 7,private ,collection1 ,madrid7 8,,la ,,condesa ,,de ,,*9*\0 7,,detail7 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx ,,goya 7,collection ( ! ,c\nt ( ,villagonzalo1 ,madrid7 8,,el ,,duque ,,de ,,san ,,c>los0 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi ,,edu>do ,,rosales 8,,muj] ,,sali5do ,,del ,,ba,o0 78,,woman ,,leav+ ,,! ,,ba?07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii ,,m>iano ,,=tuny 7,collection ( ,capt4 ,samuels7 8,,el ,,patio ,,de ,,la ,,alb]ca ,,en ,,la ,,alhambra0 78,,! ,,alb]ca ,,c\rt ,,9 ,,! ,,alhambra07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,,joaqu9 ,,sorolla 8,,sali5do ,,del ,,ba,o0 78,,aft] ,,ba?+07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv ,,ignacio ,,zuloaga 8,,la ,,se,,orita ,,s\ty0 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv ,e4 ,,m>t9ez ,,vazquez 8,,una ,,aldea ,,de ,,la ,,si]ra ,,de ,,gr$os 7,,avila70 78,a ,,village ,,9 ,,! ,,si]ra ,,de ,,gr$os 7,,avila707 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi ,,luis ,,masri]a 8,,sombras ,,reflejadas0 78,,reflect$ ,,%ad[s07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii ,,gonzalo ,,bilbao 8,,las ,,cig>r]as0 78,,! ,,cig>-,,mak]s07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii ,,ramon ,,de ,,zubiaurre 8,,retrato ,,de ,,mi ,,esposa0 78,,portrait ,,( ,,my ,,wife07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix ,,jos ,,p9azo 8,,crepusculo0 78,,twilight07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xl ,a4 ,,ortiz ,,e*ag,e 8,,sup]/icion0 78,,sup]/ition07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli ,j4 ,,guti]rez ,,solana 8,,c>naval ,,en ,,la ,,aldea0 78,,! ,,village ,,c>nival07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlii ,,jose ,,b5lliure ,,gil 8,,haci5do ,,bolillos0 78,,lace-,,mak+07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii ,c4 ,,ca/elu*o 8,,ni,,os ,,gitanos ,,en ,,la ,,playa0 78,,gipsy ,,*ildr5 ,,on ,,! ,,bea*07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliv ,,juan ,,c>dona 8,,alt> ,,de ,,mayo0 78,,may ,,alt>07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlv ,f4 ,,alv>ez ,,de ,,sotomayor 8,,paisanas ,,gallegas0 78,,galician ,,peasant-,,wom507 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi ,,c>los ,,vazquez 8,,una ,,dolorosa0 78,,our ,,lady ,,( ,,sorr[s07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii ,,jos ,ma ,,lopez ,,mezquita 8,,pil>cita0 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii ,,francisco ,,san*a 8,,un ,,pueblo ,,&aluz0 78,,an ,,&alusian ,,village07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix ,,jos ,,de ,,m>ti ,,g>ces 8,,int]ior0 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,l ,,nicolas ,,rauri* 8,,t]ru,,os0 78,,r\gh ,,gr\nd07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,li ,,jos ,r4 ,,z>agoza 8,,viejos ,,bretones0 78,,old ,,bretons07 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lii ,,conde ,,de ,,agui> 8,,retrato ,,de ,,un ,,tor]o0 78,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,bullfight]07