---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' "* z italic4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are indicat$ ) #8' &1 if multiple *>act]s are rais$1 !y are bracket$ ) #8 '4 ,bold fonts are us$ 9 ! index entries to indicate ! prim>y entries 9 ! text4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! p>agraphs 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,!re is an editorial li/ ( corrections & additions4 ,^!1 along ) ! errors !y m5tion1 are reta9$ 9 ?is v]sion4 ,m9or errors1 deem$ attributable to ! pr9t]1 h be5 correct$4 ,please see ! transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = details4 8,e4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,gibb ,,memorial0 ,,s]ies4 ,,vol4 ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,ka%f ,,al-,,ma,j,b ,,! ,,olde/ ,,p]sian ,,treatise ,,on ,,fiism ,,by #8,,al ,b4 #8,,u?m,n ,,al-,,jull,b ,,al-,,hujw,r ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,text ,,( ,,! ,,lahore ,,edition1 ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,mss4 ,,9 ,,! ,,india ,,(fice ,,& ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,,by ,,reynold ,a4 ,,ni*olson1 ,,litt4,d4 ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,p]sian ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge2 ,,=m]ly ,,fell[ ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college4 ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,! ,,tru/ees ,,( ,,! 8,e4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,gibb ,,memorial04 ,,volume ,,xvii4 ,,leyd53 ,e4 ,j4 ,,brill1 ,,imprim]ie ,,ori5tale4 ,,london3 ,,luzac ,,co41 #df ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet4 #aiaa4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,/eph5 ,,au/9 ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,,h]t=d4 8,e4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,gibb ,,memorial0 ,,s]ies4 ,,publi%$1 #a4 ,! ,bb>-nma1 reproduc$ 9 facsimile f a ,,ms4 belong+ to ! late ,sir ,slr ,jang ( ayd>bd1 & edit$ ) ,preface & ,indexes1 by ,mrs4 ,bev]idge1 #aije4 7,out ( pr9t47 #b4 ,an abridg$ translation ( ,ibn ,isf&iyr's ,hi/ory ( ab>i/n1 by ,edw>d ,g4 ,br[ne1 #aije4 ,price #hs4 #c4 ,translation ( al-,khazraj's ,hi/ory ( ! ,rasl ,dyna/y ( ,yaman1 ) introduction by ! late ,sir ,j4 ,r$h\se1 n[ edit$ by ,e4 ,g4 ,br[ne1 ,r4 ,a4 ,ni*olson1 & ,a4 ,rog]s4 ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii ( ! ,translation1 #aijf1 #aijg4 ,price #gs4 ea*4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 conta9+ ! ,annotations1 #aijh4 ,price #es4 7,vol4 ,,iv1 conta9+ ! ,text1 9 ! ,press47 #d4 ,umayyads & ,abbsids3 be+ ! ,f\r? ,"p ( ,jurj ,zaydn's ,hi/ory ( ,islamic ,civilisation1 translat$ by ,pr(essor ,d4 ,s4 ,m>goli\?1 ,d4,litt41 #aijg4 ,price #es4 #e4 ,! ,travels ( ,ibn ,jubayr1 ! late ,dr4 ,william ,wright's edition ( ! ,arabic text1 revis$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje1 #aijg4 ,price #fs4 #f4 ,yqt's ,diction>y ( ,le>n$ ,m51 entitl$ ,ir%du'l-arb il ma#8rifati'l-adb1 or ,mu#8jamu'l-,udab3 edit$ f ! ,bodleian ,,ms4 by ,pr(essor ,d4 ,s4 ,m>goli\?1 ,d4,litt4 ,vols4 ,i1 ,,ii1 #aijg1 '#ji4 ,price #hs4 ea*4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 "p #a1 #aiaj4 ,price #es4 7,fur!r volumes 9 prep>ation47 #g4 ,! ,tajribul-,umam ( ,ibn ,miskawayh3 reproduc$ 9 facsimile f ,,mss4 ,nos4 #caaf-caba ( y ,s(ia1 ) ,preface & ,summ>y by ! ,pr9cipe di ,teano4 ,vol4 ,i 7to ,a4,h4 #cg71 #aiji4 ,price #gs4 7,fur!r volumes 9 prep>ation47 #h4 ,! ,m>zubn-nma ( ,sadud-,dn-i-,w>wn1 edit$ by ,mrz ,muammad ( ,qazwn1 #aiji4 ,price #hs4 #i4 ,textes p]sans relatifs la secte des ourofs publis1 traduits1 et annots p> ,clm5t ,hu>t1 suivis d'une tude sur la religion des ourofs p> 8,feyles\f ,riz01 #aiji4 ,price #hs4 #aj4 ,! ,mujam f ,mayri ,a%ril-,ajam ( ,%ams-i-,qays1 edit$ f ! ,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 7,or4 #bhad7 by ,edw>d ,g4 ,br[ne & ,mrz ,muammad ( ,qazwn1 #aiji4 ,price #hs4 #aa4 ,! ,*ahr ,maqla ( ,nim-i-,ar-i-,sam>q&1 edit$1 ) notes 9 ,p]sian1 by ,mrz ,muammad ( ,qazwn1 #aiaj4 ,price #hs4 #ab4 ,introduction l',hi/oire des ,mongols de ,fadl ,allah ,ra%id ed-,d9 p> ,e4 ,blo*et1 #aiaj4 ,price #hs4 #ac4 ,! ,dwn ( assn b4 ,?bit 7d4 ,a4,h4 #ed71 edit$ by ,h>twig ,hirs*feld1 ,ph4,d41 #aiaj4 ,price #es4 #ad4 ,! ,tarkh-i-,guzda ( amdullh ,mu/awf ( ,qazwn1 reproduc$ 9 facsimile f an old ,,ms41 ) ,introduction1 ,indices1 etc41 by ,edw>d ,g4 ,br[ne4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,text4 #aiaj4 ,price #aes4 #ae4 ,! ,e>lie/ ,hi/ory ( ! ,bbs1 compos$ be=e #aheb1 by jji ,mrz ,jn ( ,k%n1 edit$ f ! unique ,p>is ,,ms4 7,suppl4 ,p]san1 #ajga7 by ,edw>d ,g4 ,br[ne4 ,price #hs4 #af4 ,! ,tarkh-i-,jabn-gu% ( ,alud-,dn ,a ,malik-i-,juwayn1 edit$ f sev5 ,,mss4 by ,mrz ,muammad ( ,qazwn4 ,price #hs4 #ag4 ,a translation ( ! ,ka%f al-,majb ( ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb al-,hujwr1 ! olde/ ,p]sian manual ( fiism1 by ,r4 ,a4 ,ni*olson4 ,price #hs4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,mongols1 f ! ,jmiut-,tawrkh ( ,ra%dud-,d9 ,falullh1 beg9n+ ) ! acc\nt ( ,ogoty1 edit$ by ,e4 ,blo*et1 compris+3-- ,tome ,i3 ,hi/oire des tribus turques et mongoles1 des anctres de ,t*9kkiz-,khan depuis ,along-,goa1 et de ,t*9kkiz-,khan4 ,tome ,,ii3 ,hi/oire des successeurs de ,t*9kkiz-,khan1 d',ougde ,tm\r-,kaan1 des fils apanags de ,t*9kkiz-,khan1 et des g\v]neurs ,mongols de ,p]se d',h\lag\ ,ghazan4 7,s\s presse47 ,tome ,,iii3 ,hi/oire de ,ghazan1 d',oldjat\1 et de ,ab\-,sad4 ,an abridg$ translation ( ! ,iyul-,mulk1 a ,p]sian ,hi/ory ( ,s/n by ,%h usayn1 f ! ,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 7,or4 #bggi71 by ,a4 ,g4 ,ellis4 ,! geographical "p ( ! ,nuzhatul-,qulb ( amdullh ,mu/awf ( ,qazwn1 ) a translation1 by ,g4 ,le ,/range4 ,! ,futu ,mir wal-,maghrib wal-,&alus ( ,abul-,qsim ,abdur-,ramn b4 ,abdullh b4 ,abdul-akam al-,qura% al-,mir 7d4 ,a4,h4 #beg71 edit$ by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,c4 ,torrey4 ,! ,qbs-nma1 edit$ 9 ! orig9al ,p]sian by ,e4 ,edw>ds4 ,tarkhu ,mir1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 by ,ab ,um> ,muammad b4 ,ysuf al-,k9d 7d4 ,a4,h4 #cej71 edit$ f ! unique ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,add4 #bc1cbd7 by ,a4 ,rhuvon ,gue/4 7,9 ! ,press47 ,! ,ansb ( z-,samn1 reproduc$ 9 facsimile f ! ,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 7,or4 #bc1cee71 ) ,indices by ,h4 ,loewe4 7,9 ! ,press47 ,! poems ( f\r e>ly ,arabic poets4 ,9 two p>ts3--7#a7 ,! ,dwns ( mir b4 a-ufayl & ,abd b4 al-,abra1 edit$ by ,sir ,*>les ,j4 ,lyall1 ,k4,c4,s4,i42 7#b7 ,! ,dwns ( a-ufayl b4 ,awf & irimm b4 akm1 edit$ by ,f4 ,kr5k[4 ,! ,kitbul-,raddi al ahli l-bidai wal-ahwi ( ,makl b4 al-,mufaal al-,nasaf 7d4 ,a4,h4 #cah71 edit$ f ! ,bodleian ,,ms4 ,pocock #bga1 ) introductory ,essay on ! ,sects ( ,islam1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,?at*]1 ,m4,a4 ,a monograph on ! ,s\!rn ,dialects ( ,kurdi%1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,soane4 ,?is ,volume is "o ( a ,s]ies publi%$ by ! ,tru/ees ( ! 8,e4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,gibb ,,memorial04 ,! ,funds ( ?is ,memorial are d]iv$ f ! int]e/ accru+ f a sum ( money giv5 by ! late ,,mrs4 ,,gibb ( ,glasg[1 to p]petuate ! ,memory ( h] belov$ son ,,elias ,,john ,,wilk9son ,,gibb1 & to promote ^? rese>*es into ! ,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1 ,philosophy1 & ,religion ( ! ,turks1 ,p]sians1 & ,arabs to :i*1 f 8 y\? upw>ds1 until 8 premature & deeply lam5t$ dea? 9 8 #de? ye> on ,decemb] #e1 #aija1 8 life 0 devot$4 99 8,! work] pays 8 debt to ,dea?2 ,8 "w lives on1 nay1 quick5e?40 ,! foll[+ memorial v]se is contribut$ by ,abdul-aqq mid ,bey ( ! ,imp]ial ,ottoman ,embassy 9 ,london1 "o ( ! ,f\nd]s ( ! ,new ,s*ool ( ,turki% ,lit]ature1 & = _m ye>s an intimate fri5d ( ! deceas$4 8,e4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,gibb ,,memorial40 ,,orig9al ,,tru/ees4 ,,jane ,,gibb1 di$ ,novemb] #bf1 #aijd1 ,e4 ,g4 ,,br[ne1 ,g4 ,,le ,,/range1 ,h4 ,f4 ,,am$roz1 ,a4 ,g4 ,,ellis1 ,r4 ,a4 ,,ni*olson1 ,e4 ,,d5ison ,,ross1 ,,& ,,ida ,w4 ,e4 ,,ogilvy ,,gregory 7=m]ly ,,gibb71 appo9t$ #aije4 ,,cl]k ,,( ,,! ,,tru/4 ,,julius ,,b]tram1 #ad ,suffolk ,/reet1 ,pall ,mall1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4 ,,publi%]s ,,= ,,! ,,tru/ees4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,brill1 ,,leyd54 ,,luzac ,,co41 ,,london4 ,,corrections ,,& ,,additions4 ,page #b1 p5ult4 ,= 7p4 #c7 read 7p4 #a74 p4 #c1 l9e #ad & l4 #cj4 ,= 7p4 #c7 read 7p4 #a74 p4 #d1 l4 #ah4 ,= 7p4 #c7 read 7p4 #a74 p4 #d1 l4 #bf4 ,= j z ! veil de/roys revelation 7muk%afat7 read j z veil+ de/roys ! unveil$ object 7muk%af74 p4 #f1 l4 #d & l4 #af4 ,= 7p4 #c7 read 7p4 #a74 p4 #ea1 l4 #f4 ,= ,p>g read ,burk or ,purg1 & correct ! note accord+ly4 ,see ,guy ,le ,/range1 ,! ,l&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,caliphate1 p4 #bib4 p4 #ed1 l4 #bh4 ,= ! infecti\s cank]s ( ! age read ! cank]s :i* infect age aft] age4 p4 #he1 l4 #ai4 ,= 7sib al-qulb7 read 7il-qulb74 1 8sob]10 is ! anti!sis ( maghlb1 8enraptur$40 p4 #abg1 l4 #ag4 ,= ,,al-,,9,k read ,,al-,,an,k4 p4 #acj1 l4 #bg4 ,al?\gh "s writ]s give 8,abu l-asan0 z ! kunya ( ,nr1 ! balance ( au?ority is 9 fav\r ( 8,abu l-usayn04 p4 #aca1 n4 #b4 ,add1 ,see ,goldzih] 9 ,,zdmg41 #fa1 #ge ff41 & a passage 9 ,yqt's ,ir%d al-,arb1 ed4 by ,m>goli\?1 vol4 iii1 pt4 i1 #aec1 #c ff42 cit$ by ,goldzih] 9 ,,jras4 = #aiaj1 p4 #hhh4 p4 #adj1 l4 #ai4 ,= ,,ab ,,mu,,ammad ,,abdall,h read ,,ab ,,abdall,h4 p4 #aee1 l4 #bf4 ,omit ,b4 be=e ,,dulaf4 p4 #afi1 l4 #a4 ,omit ,b4 be=e ,,al4 p4 #agc1 l4 #aa4 ,= ,pd%h-i read ,pdi%h-i4 p4 #ahb1 l4 #bf4 ,%hmurgh is probably a mi/ake = siyh murgh1 8a blackbird40 ,cf4 my edition ( ! ,tadhkirat al-,awliy1 ii1 #bei1 #bc4 p4 #beg1 l4 #a4 ,= tal read tal4 p4 #cbc1 l4 #aj4 ,= ,mi read ,ma4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt]4 ,,pages4 ,translator's ,preface xvii-xxiv ,au?or's ,introduction #a-i ,i4 ,on ! ,affirmation ( ,k #aa-ah ,,ii4 ,on ,pov]ty #ai-bi ,,iii4 ,on fiism #cj-dd ,,iv4 ,on ! ,we>+ ( ,pat*$ ,frocks #de-eg ,v4 ,on ! ,diff]5t ,op9ions held conc]n+ ,pov]ty #eh-fa & ,purity ,,vi4 ,on ,blame 7,malmat7 #fb-i ,,vii4 ,conc]n+ _! ,imms :o belong$ to ! #gj-d ,companions ,,viii4 ,conc]n+ _! ,imms :o belong$ to ! ,h\se #ge-hj ( ! ,prophet ,,ix4 ,conc]n+ ! ,p ( ! ,v]&a 7,ahl-i #ha-b uffa7 ,x4 ,conc]n+ _! ,imms :o belong$ to ! #hc-g ,foll[]s 7al-,tbin7 ,,xi4 ,conc]n+ _! ,imms :o liv$ subsequ5tly to #hh-afj ! ,foll[]s d[n to our day ,,xii4 ,conc]n+ ! pr9cipal fs ( rec5t times #afa-ga ,,xiii4 ,a brief acc\nt ( ! mod]n fs 9 diff]5t #agb-e c\ntries ,,xiv4 ,conc]n+ ! ,doctr9es held by ! diff]5t #agf-bff sects ( fs ,,xv4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,fir/ ,veil3 ,conc]n+ ! #bfg-gg ,gnosis ( ,god 7marifat ,allah7 ,,xvi4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,second ,veil3 ,conc]n+ #bgh-he ,unification 7tawd7 ,,xvii4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,?ird ,veil3 ,conc]n+ ,fai? #bhf-ij ,,xviii4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,f\r? ,veil3 ,conc]n+ #bia-i ,purification f ,f\lness ,,xix4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,fif? ,veil3 ,conc]n+ #cjj-ac ,pray] 7al-alt7 ,,xx4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,six? ,veil3 ,conc]n+ ,alms #cad-ai 7al-zakt7 ,,xxi4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,sev5? ,veil3 ,on ,fa/+ #cbj-e 7al-awm7 ,,xxii4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,eigh? ,veil3 ,conc]n+ ! #cbf-cc ,pilgrimage ,,xxiii4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,n9? ,veil3 ,conc]n+ #ccd-ff ,companion%ip1 toge!r ) its ,rules & ,pr9ciples ,,xxiv4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,t5? ,veil3 expla9+ _! #cfg-ib phraseology & ! def9itions ( _! t]ms & ! v]ities ( ! ideas :i* are signifi$ ,,xxv4 ,! ,uncov]+ ( ! ,elev5? ,veil3 ,conc]n+ #cic-dbj ,audition 7sam7 ,,preface4 ,?is translation ( ! mo/ anci5t & celebrat$ ,p]sian treatise on fiism w1 ,i hope1 be f\nd useful n only by ! small numb] ( /ud5ts famili> ) ! subject at fir/ h&1 b also by _m read]s :o1 )\t be+ ,ori5tali/s !mselves1 are int]e/$ 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( my/icism & may wi% to comp>e or contra/ ! div]se yet simil> manife/ations ( ! my/ical _s 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,buddhism1 & ,islam4 ,! orig9 ( fiism & its relation to ^! great religions _c prop]ly be consid]$ "h1 & ,i dismiss su* que/ions ! m readily because ,i int5d to deal ) !m on ano!r occasion4 ,x is n[ my duty to give "s acc\nt ( ! au?or ( ! ,ka%f al-,majb1 & to indicate ! "* ( 8 "w4 ,abu l-asan ,al b4 ,u?mn b4 ,al al-,ghaznaw al-,jullb al-,hujwr#a 0 a native ( ,ghazna 9 ,afghani/an4#b ,( 8 life v little is kn[n beyond :at he relates incid5tally 9 ! ,ka%f al-,majb4 ,he /udi$ fiism "u ,abu l-,fal ,muammad b4 al-asan al-,khuttal#c 7p4 #aff71 :o 0 a pupil ( ,abu l-asan al-ur 7ob4 #cga ,a4,h471 & "u ,abu l-,abbs ,amad b4 ,muammad al-,a%qn or al-,%aqn#d 7p4 #afh74 ,he also receiv$ in/ruction f ,abu l-,qsim ,gurgn#e 7p4 #afi7 & ,khwja ,muaff>#f 7p4 #agj71 & he m5tions a great numb] ( ,%aykhs :om he _h met & conv]s$ ) 9 ! c\rse ( 8 w&]+s4 ,he travell$ f> & wide ?r\gh ! ,muammadan empire f ,syria to ,turki/n & f ! ,indus to ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,among ! c\ntries & places :i* he visit$ 7 dh>byajn 7pp4 #eg & #daj71 ! tomb ( ,byazd at ,bism 7p4 #fh71 ,damascus1 ,ramla1 & ,bayt al-,j9n 9 ,syria 7pp4 #id1 #afg1 #cdc71 s & ,uzk& 7p4 #bcd71 ! tomb ( ,ab ,sad b4 ,abi l-,khayr at ,mihna 7p4 #bce71 ,m]v 7p4 #dja71 & ! ,jabal al-,buttam to ! ea/ ( ,sam>c& 7p4 #djg74 ,he seems to h settl$ = a "t 9 ,irq1 :]e he ran deeply into debt 7p4 #cde74 ,x may be inf]r$ f a passage on p4 #cfd t he _h a %ort & unpleasant exp]i5ce ( m>ri$ life4 ,f9ally1 accord+ to ! ,riy al-,awliy1 he w5t to reside at ,lahore & end$ 8 days 9 t city4 ,8 own /atem5t1 h[ev]1 %[s t he 0 tak5 !re z a prison] aga9/ 8 w 7p4 #ia71 & t 9 compos+ ! ,ka%f al-,majb he 0 inconv5i5c$ by ! loss ( ! books :i* he _h left at ,ghazna4 ,! date ( 8 dea? is giv5 z #def ,a4,h4 7#ajfc-d ,a4,d47 or #dfd ,a4,h4 7#ajga-b ,a4,d471 b x is likely t he surviv$ ,abu l-,qsim al-,qu%ayr1 :o di$ 9 #dfe ,a4,h4 7#ajgb ,a4,d474 ,rieu's obs]vation 7,cat4 ( ! ,p]sian ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 i1 #cdc7 t ! au?or classes ,qu%ayr ) ! fs :o _h pass$ away be=e ! "t at :i* he 0 writ+1 is n q accurate4 ,! au?or says 7p4 #afa73 8,"s ( ^? :om ,i %all m5tion 9 ?is *apt] are already deceas$1 & "s are /ill liv+40 ,b ( ! t5 fs 9 "q only "o1 namely1 ,abu l-,qsim ,gurgn1 is ref]r$ to 9 t]ms :i* leave no d\bt t he 0 alive :5 ! au?or wrote4 ,9 ! ,safnat al-,awliy1 ,no4 #ga1 x is /at$ t ,abu l-,qsim ,gurgn di$ 9 #dej ,a4,h4 ,if ?is date 7 correct1 ! ,ka%f al-,majb mu/ h be5 writt5 at lea/ fifte5 ye>s be=e ,qu%ayr's dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 my ,,ms4 ( ! ,%adh>t al-,dhahab records ! dea? ( ,abu l-,qsim ,gurgn "u ! ye> #dfi ,a4,h41 a date :i* appe>s to me m probable1 & 9 t case ! /atem5t t ! au?or surviv$ ,qu%ayr may be accept$1 al?\gh ! evid5ce on :i* x re/s is ma9ly negative1 = we _c lay mu* /ress on ! fact t ,qu%ayr's "n is sometimes foll[$ by ! ,moslem equival5t = 8( bless$ memory04 ,i conjecture1 !n1 t ! au?or di$ betwe5 #dfe & #dfi ,a4,h4#g ,8 bir? may be plac$ 9 ! la/ decade ( ! t5? or ! fir/ decade ( ! elev5? c5tury ( our era1 & he mu/ h be5 9 ! prime ( y\? :5 ,sultan ,mamd di$ 9 #dba ,a4,h4 7#ajcj ,a4,d474 ,! ,risla-i ,abdliyya1#h a fifte5? c5tury treatise on ! ,muammadan sa9ts by ,yaqb b4 ,u?mn al-,ghaznaw1 conta9s an anecdote1 = :i* x w\ld be haz>d\s to claim any hi/orical value1 to ! effect t al-,hujwr once argu$ 9 ,mamd's pres5ce ) an ,indian philosoph] & utt]ly discomfit$ him by an exhibition ( miracul\s p[]s4 ,be t z x may1 he 0 v5]at$ z a sa9t long aft] 8 dea?1 & 8 tomb at ,lahore 0 be+ visit$ by pilgrims :5 ,bakhtw> ,khn wrote ! ,riy al-,awliy 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,footnote #a3 ,jullb & ,hujwr 7 two suburbs ( ,ghazna4 ,evid5tly he resid$ = "s "t 9 ea* ( !m4 ,footnote #b3 ,notices occur 9 ! ,nafat al-,uns1 ,no4 #cgg2 ! ,safnat al-,awliy1 ,no4 #bih 7,e?'s ,cat4 ( ! ,p]sian ,,mss4 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,india ,(fice1 i1 col4 #cjd72 ! ,riy al-,awliy1 ,or4 #agde1 f4 #adj;a 7,rieu's ,cat4 ( ! ,p]sian ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 iii1 #ige74 ,9 ! khtimat al-ab on ! la/ page ( ! ,lahore edition ( ! ,ka%f al-,majb he is call$ arat-i ,dt ,ganj-bakh% ,al al-,hujwr4 ,footnote #c3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #cgf4 ,?r\gh al-,khuttal1 al-ur1 & ,ab ,bakr al-,%ibl ! au?or ( ! ,ka%f al-,majb is spiritually connect$ ) ,junayd ( ,baghdd 7ob4 #big ,a4,h474 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid41 ,no4 #cge4 ,! nisba ,%aqqn or ,%aqn is d]iv$ f ,%aqqn1 a village ne> ,n%pr4 ,footnote #e3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #cfg4 ,footnote #f3 ,ibid41 ,no4 #cfh4 ,footnote #g3 ,! date #dfe ,a4,h4 is giv5 by zd 9 8 biographical "w on ! fam\s m5 ( ,balgrm1 entitl$ ,ma?ir al-,kirm4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,e?'s ,cat4 ( ! ,p]sian ,,mss4 9 ! ,india ,(fice ,libr>y1 ,no4 #aggd 7#b74 ,! au?or ( ?is treatise does n call al-,hujwr ! bro!r ( ,ab ,sad b4 ,abi l-,khayr1 z ,e? says1 b 8 spiritual bro!r 7bird>-i aqqat74 ,9 ! introduction to ! ,ka%f al-,majb al-,hujwr compla9s t two ( 8 =m] works _h be5 giv5 to ! public by p]sons :o eras$ 8 "n f ! title-page1 & pret5d$ t !y !mselves 7 ! au?ors4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! repetition ( ?is fraud1 he has ins]t$ 8 own "n 9 _m passages ( ! pres5t "w4 ,8 writ+s1 to :i* he has occasion to ref] 9 ! ,ka%f al-,majb1 are-- #a4 ,a dwn 7p4 #b74 #b4 ,m9hj al-dn1 on ! me?od ( fiism 7p4 #b74 ,x compris$ a detail$ acc\nt ( ! ,ahl-i uffa 7p4 #hj7 & a full biography ( usayn b4 ,manr al-allj 7p4 #aec74 #c4 ,asrr al-khiraq wa l-mant1 on ! pat*$ frocks ( ! fs 7p4 #ef74 #d4 ,kitb-i fan baq1 compos$ 89 ! vanity & ra%ness ( y\?0 7p4 #fj74 #e4 ,a "w1 ( :i* ! title is n m5tion$1 9 explanation ( ! say+s ( usayn b4 ,manr al-allj 7p4 #aec74 #f4 ,kitb al-bayn li-ahl al-iyn1 on union ) ,god 7p4 #bei74 #g4 ,bar al-qulb 7p4 #bei74 #h4 ,al-,riyat li-uqq ,allah1 on ! ,div9e unity 7p4 #bhj74 #i4 ,a "w1 ( :i* ! title is n m5tion$1 on fai? 7p4 #bhf74 ,none ( ^! books has be5 pres]v$4 ,! ,ka%f al-,majb1#i :i* belongs to ! lat] ye>s ( ! au?or's life1 &1 p>tly at any rate1 to ! p]iod ( 8 resid5ce 9 ,lahore1 0 writt5 9 reply to c]ta9 que/ions address$ to him by a fell[-t[nsman1 ,ab ,sad al-,hujwr4 ,its object is to set =? a complete sy/em ( fiism1 n to put toge!r a great numb] ( say+s by diff]5t ,%aykhs1 b to discuss & exp\nd ! doctr9es & practices ( ! fs4 ,! au?or's attitude ?r\gh\t is t ( a tea*] in/ruct+ a pupil4 ,ev5 ! biographical section ( ! "w 7pp4 #gj-age7 is l>gely expository4 ,be=e /at+ 8 own view ! au?or g5]ally exam9es ! curr5t op9ions on ! same topic & refutes !m if necess>y4 ,! discussion ( my/ical problems & controv]sies is enliv5$ by _m illu/rations drawn f 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,ka%f al-,majb is m int]e/+ ?an ! ,risla ( ,qu%ayr1 :i* is s valuable z a collection ( say+s1 anecdotes1 & def9itions1 b :i* foll[s a some:at =mal & academic me?od on ! or?odox l9es4 ,no "o c read ! pres5t "w )\t detect+1 beh9d ! s*ola/ic t]m9ology1 a truly ,p]sian flav\r ( philosophical speculation4 ,footnote #i3 ,its full title is ,ka%f al-majb li-arbb al-qulb 7jj ,khalfa1 v1 #bae74 ,al?\gh he 0 a ,sunn & a anafite1 al-,hujwr1 l _m fs be=e & aft] him1 manag$ to reconcile 8 !ology ) an advanc$ type ( my/icism1 9 :i* ! !ory ( 8annihilation0 7fan7 holds a dom9ant place1 b he sc>cely goes to su* extreme l5g?s z w\ld ju/ify u 9 call+ him a pan!i/4 ,he /r5u\sly resi/s & pron\nces h]etical ! doctr9e t human p]sonality c be m]g$ & ext+ui%$ 9 ! be+ ( ,god4 ,he comp>es annihilation to burn+ by fire1 :i* transmutes ! quality ( all ?+s to its own quality1 b leaves _! ess5ce un*ang$4 ,he agrees ) 8 spiritual director1 al-,khuttal1 9 adopt+ ! !ory ( ,junayd t 8sobriety0 9 ! my/ical acceptation ( ! t]m is pref]able to 8intoxication04 ,he w>ns 8 read]s (t5 & emphatically t no fs1 n ev5 ^? :o h atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( hol9ess1 are exempt f ! obligation ( obey+ ! religi\s law4 ,9 o!r po9ts1 su* z ! excitation ( ec/asy by music & s++1 & ! use ( erotic symbolism 9 poetry1 8 judgm5t is m or less cauti\s4 ,he def5ds al-allj f ! *>ge ( be+ a magician1 & ass]ts t 8 say+s are pan!i/ic only 9 appe>ance1 b condemns 8 doctr9es z uns\nd4 ,x is cle> t he is anxi\s to repres5t fiism z ! true int]pretation ( ,islam1 & x is equally c]ta9 t ! int]pretation is incompatible ) ! text4#aj ,not)/&+ ! homage :i* he pays to ! ,prophet we _c sep>ate al-,hujwr1 z reg>ds ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( 8 tea*+1 f 8 old] & y\ng] contempor>ies1 ,ab ,sad b4 ,abi l-,khayr & ,abdallh ,anr4#aa ,^! ?ree my/ics develop$ ! di/9ctively ,p]sian !osophy :i* is reveal$ 9 full-bl[n spl5d\r by ,f>d al-dn ,ar & ,jall al-dn ,rm4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! au?or's view z to ! wor?lessness ( outw>d =ms ( religion is express$ ) /rik+ boldness 9 8 *apt] on ! ,pilgrimage 7pp4 #cbf-i74 ,footnote #aa3 ,_m passages f ! ,ka%f al-,majb are quot$1 ^w = ^w1 9 ,jm's ,nafat al-,uns1 :i* is a mod]niz$ & enl>g$ rec5sion ( ,abdallh ,anr's abaqt al-fiyya4 ,! mo/ rem>kable *apt] 9 ! ,ka%f al-,majb is ! f\rte5?1 8,conc]n+ ! ,doctr9es held by ! diff]5t sects ( fs10 9 :i* ! au?or enum]ates twelve my/ical s*ools & expla9s ! special doctr9e ( ea*4#ab ,s f> z ,i "k1 he is ! fir/ writ] to d ?is4 ,only "o ( ! s*ools m5tion$ by him1 namely1 t ( ! ,malmats1 seems to be notic$ 9 e>li] books on fiism2 su* brief ref]5ces to ! o!r s*ools z occur 9 lat] books1 = example 9 ! ,tadhkirat al-,awliy1 are probably made on 8 au?ority4 ,! "q may be ask$1 8,did ^! s*ools really exi/1 or 7 !y inv5t$ by al-,hujwr 9 8 desire to sy/ematize ! !ory ( fiism80 ,i see no adequate gr\nd at pres5t = ! latt] hypo!sis1 :i* involves ! assumption t al-,hujwr made precise /atem5ts t he mu/ h kn[n to be false4 ,x is v likely1 h[ev]1 t 9 8 acc\nt ( ! special doctr9es :i* he attributes to ! f\nd] ( ea* s*ool he has (t5 express$ 8 own views ^u ! subject at issue & has confus$ !m ) ! orig9al doctr9e4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! s*ools & doctr9es1 ?\gh lack+ fur!r corroboration1#ac does n seem to me incr$ible2 on ! contr>y1 x accords ) :at happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,mutazilites & o!r ,muammadan s*ismatics4 ,c]ta9 doctr9es 7 produc$ & elaborat$ by well-kn[n ,%aykhs1 :o publi%$ !m 9 ! =m ( tracts or 7 cont5t to lecture on !m until1 by a famili> process1 ! new doctr9e became ! pre-em95t feature ( a p>ticul> s*ool4 ,o!r s*ools might !n accept or reject x4 ,9 "s in/ances %>p controv]sy arose1 & ! novel tea*+ ga9$ s little approval t x 0 conf9$ to ! s*ool ( its au?or or 0 embrac$ only by a small m9ority ( ! f bro!rhood4 ,m frequ5tly x w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 be drawn into ! common /ock & r$uc$ to its prop] level4 ,dr4 ,goldzih] has obs]v$ t fiism _c be reg>d$ z a regul>ly organiz$ sect )9 ,islam1 & t its dogmas _c be compil$ into a regul> sy/em4#ad ,t is p]fectly true1 b aft] all[+ = all div]g5ces !re rema9s a fairly def9ite body ( doctr9e :i* is held 9 common by fs ( _m diff]5t %ades & is ! result ( gradual agglom]ation f _m diff]5t m9ds4 ,footnote #ab3 ,a summ>y ( ^! doctr9es w be f\nd 9 ! ab/ract ( a pap] on 8,! ,olde/ ,p]sian ,manual ( fiism0 :i* ,i read at ,ox=d 9 #aijh 7,trans4 ( ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 i1 #bic-g74 ,footnote #ac3 ,"s ( al-,hujwr's twelve sects reappe> at a lat] epo* z ord]s ( d]vi%es1 b ! p$igree ( ^? ord]s :i* trace _! desc5t f anci5t fs is usually fictiti\s4 ,footnote #ad3 ,,jras41 #aijd1 p4 #acj4 ,x is probable t oral tradition 0 ! ma9 s\rce f :i* al-,hujwr d]iv$ ! mat]ials = 8 "w4 ,( extant treatises on fiism he m5tions by "n only ! ,kitb al-,luma by ,ab ,nar al-,s>rj1 :o di$ 9 #cgg or #cgh ,a4,h4 ,?is book is writt5 9 ,arabic & is ! olde/ specim5 ( its class4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,ellis1 :o has rec5tly acquir$ ! sole copy t is at pres5t kn[n to ,ori5tali/s1 ,i h be5 able to v]ify ! read+ ( a passage quot$ by al-,hujwr 7p4 #cda71 & to assure myself t he 0 well acqua9t$ ) 8 pr$ecessor's "w4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ,ka%f al-,majb is p>tially bas$ on t ( ! ,kitb al-,luma1 ! two books resemble ea* o!r 9 _! g5]al plan1 & "s details ( ! =m] are evid5tly borr[$ f ! latt]4 ,al-,hujwr ref]s 9 8 notice ( ,marf al-,k>kh 7p4 #aad7 to ! biographies ( fs compil$ by ,ab ,abd al-,ramn al-,sulam & ,abu l-,qsim al-,qu%ayr4 ,al?\gh he does n give ! titles1 he is presumably ref]r+ to ,sulam's abaqt ,al-fiyya & ,qu%ayr's ,risla4#ae ,! ,ka%f al-,majb conta9s a ,p]sian r5d]+ ( "s passages 9 ! ,risla ( ,qu%ayr1 ) :om al-,hujwr seems to h be5 p]sonally acqua9t$4 ,a citation f ,abdallh ,anr occurs on p4 #bf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,cf41 h[ev]1 p4 #aad1 note4 ,manuscripts ( ! ,ka%f al-,majb are pres]v$ 9 sev]al ,european libr>ies4#af ,x has be5 li?ograph$ at ,lahore1 & ,pr(essor ,s*ukovski ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg is n[1 z ,i und]/&1 engag$ 9 prep>+ a critical text4 ,! ,lahore edition is inaccurate1 especially 9 ! spell+ ( names1 b mo/ ( its mi/akes are easy to em5d1 & ! text agrees closely ) two ,,mss4 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,india ,(fice 7,nos4 #aggc & #aggd 9 ,e?'s ,catalogue71 ) :i* ,i h comp>$ x4 ,i h also consult$ a good ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,rieu's ,catalogue1 i1 #cdb74 ,! foll[+ abbreviations are us$3 ,l4 to d5ote ! ,lahore edition1 ,i4 to d5ote ! ,india ,(fice ,,ms4 #aggc 7e>ly sev5te5? c5tury71 ,j4 to d5ote ! ,india ,(fice ,,ms4 #aggd 7late sev5te5? c5tury71 & ,b4 to d5ote ! ,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 ,or4 #bai 7e>ly sev5te5? c5tury74 ,9 my translation ,i h1 ( c\rse1 correct$ ! ,lahore text :]e necess>y4 ,:ile ! d\btful passages are few 9 numb]1 !re are1 ,i confess1 _m places 9 :i* a consid]able ef=t is requir$ 9 ord] to grasp ! au?or's mean+ & foll[ 8 argum5t4 ,! logic ( a ,p]sian f mu/ sometimes appe> to ,european read]s curi\sly illogical4 ,o!r ob/acles might h be5 remov$ by means ( annotation1 b ?is exp$i5t1 if adopt$ consi/5tly1 w\ld h swoll5 ! volume to a =midable size4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,e?'s ,cat4 ( ! ,p]sian ,,mss4 9 ! ,india ,(fice ,libr>y1 i1 col4 #igj1 :]e o!r ,,mss4 are m5tion$1 & ,blo*et1 ,cat4 des manuscrits p]sans de la ,biblio?que ,nationale1 i1 #bfa 7,no4 #dja74 ,! ,engli% v]sion is ne>ly complete1 & no?+ ( importance has be5 omitt$1 ?\gh ,i h n hesitat$ to abridge :5 opportunity (f]$4 ,arabi/s w rem>k an occasional discrepancy betwe5 ! ,arabic say+s pr9t$ 9 italics & ! translations accompany+ !m3 ?is is due to my hav+ translat$1 n ! orig9al ,arabic1 b ! ,p]sian p>aphrase giv5 by al-,hujwr4 ,,reynold ,a4 ,,ni*olson4 ,,ka%f ,,al-,,ma,j,b4 ,,introduction4 ,,9 ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,god1 ,,! ,,m]ciful1 ,,! ,,compassionate4 ,o ,"l1 be/[ on u m]cy f ,?yself & provide = u a "r c\rse ( action6 ,praise be to ,god1 :o ha? reveal$ ! secrets ( ,8 k+dom to ,8 ,sa9ts1 & ha? disclos$ ! my/]ies ( ,8 p[] to ,8 intimates1 & ha? %$ ! blood ( ,lov]s ) ! sword ( ,8 glory1 & ha? let ! he>ts ( ,gno/ics ta/e ! joy ( ,8 communion6 ,he x is t br+e? dead he>ts to life by ! radiance ( ! p]ception ( ,8 et]nity & ,8 maje/y1 & reanimates !m ) ! com=t+ _s ( k by divulg+ ,8 ,names4 ,& peace be ^u ,8 ,apo/le1 ,muammad1 & 8 family & 8 companions & 8 wives6 ,al b4 ,u?mn b4 ,al al-,jullb al-,ghaznaw al-,hujwr 7may ,god be well pleas$ ) him67 says z foll[s3-- ,i h ask$ ,god's bless+1 & h cle>$ my he>t ( motives relat$ to self1 & h set to "w 9 accordance ) y\r invitation--may ,god make y happy6--& h firmly resolv$ to fulfil all y\r wi%es by means ( ?is book4 ,i h entitl$ x 8,! ,revelation ( ,! ,my/]y04 ,kn[+ :at y desire1 ,i h arrang$ ! book 9 divisions suitable to y\r purpose4 ,n[ ,i pray ,god to aid & prosp] me 9 its completion1 & ,i dive/ myself ( my own /r5g? & ability 9 ^w & de$4 ,x is ,god t gives success4 ,,section4 ,two consid]ations h impell$ me to put my "n at ! beg9n+ ( ! book3 "o p>ticul>1 ! o!r g5]al4#ag ,z reg>ds ! latt]1 :5 p]sons ignorant ( ?is sci5ce see a new book1 9 :i* ! au?or's "n is n set d[n 9 sev]al places1 !y attribute 8 "w to !mselves1 & ?us ! au?or's aim is defeat$1 s9ce books are compil$1 compos$1 & writt5 only to ! end t ! au?or's "n may be kept alive & t read]s & /ud5ts may pron\nce a bless+ on him4 ,?is mis=tune has already befall5 me twice4 ,a c]ta9 individual borr[$ my poetical works1 ( :i* !re 0 no o!r copy1 & reta9$ ! manuscript 9 8 possession1 & circulat$ x1 & /ruck out my "n :i* /ood at its head1 & caus$ all my lab\r to be lo/4 ,may ,god =give him6 ,i also compos$ ano!r book1 entitl$ 8,! ,highway ( ,religion0 7,m9hj al-,dn71 on ! me?od ( fiism--may ,god make x fl\ri%6 ,a %all[ pret5d]1 ^: words c>ry no weight1 eras$ my "n f ! title page & gave out to ! public t he 0 ! au?or1 not)/&+ t connoisseurs laugh$ at 8 ass]tion4 ,god1 h[ev]1 br\ght home to him ! unbless$ness ( ?is act & eras$ 8 "n f ! regi/] ( ^? :o seek to ent] ! ,div9e portal4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! au?or's mean+ appe>s to be t "o consid]ation has a special ref]5ce to connoisseurs & compet5t p]sons1 :ile ! o!r has a g5]al ref]5ce to ! public at l>ge4 ,z reg>ds ! p>ticul> consid]ation1 :5 p see a book1 & "k t its au?or is skill$ 9 ! bran* ( sci5ce ( :i* x treats1 & is ?or\ghly v]s$ !re91 !y judge its m]its m fairly & apply !mselves m s]i\sly to read & rememb] x1 s t bo? au?or & read] are bett] satisfi$4 ,! tru? is be/ kn[n to ,god4 ,,section4 ,9 us+ ! words 8,i h ask$ ,god's bless+0 7p4 #c71 ,i wi%$ to obs]ve ! respect due to ,god1 :o said to ,8 ,apo/le3 8,:5 y read ! ,koran1 take refuge ) ,god f ! /on$ ,devil0 7,kor4 xvi1 #ajj74 8,to ask bless+0 means 8to commit all "o's affairs to ,god & to be sav$ f ! v>i\s sorts ( contam9ation04 ,! ,prophet us$ to tea* 8 foll[]s to ask a bless+ 7i/ikhrat7 j z he taught !m ! ,koran4 ,:5 a man recognizes t 8 welf>e does n dep5d on 8 own ef=t & =esight1 b t e good & evil t happ5s to him is decre$ by ,god1 :o kn[s be/ :at is salut>y = him1 he _c d o!rwise ?an surr5d] himself to ,de/9y & implore ,god to deliv] him f ! wick$ness ( 8 own s\l4 ,,section4 ,z to ! words 8,i h cle>$ my he>t ( all motives relat$ to self0 7p4 #c71 no bless+ arises f any?+ 9 :i* selfi% int]e/ has a "p4 ,if ! selfi% man succe$s 9 8 purpose1 x br+s him to p]dition1 = 8! accompli%m5t ( a selfi% purpose is ! key ( ,hell02 & if he fails1 he w nev]!less h remov$ f 8 he>t ! means ( ga9+ salvation1 = 8resi/ance to selfi% prompt+s is ! key ( ,p>adise01 z ,god ha? said3 8,:oso refra9s 8 s\l f lu/1 v]ily ,p>adise %all be 8 abode0 7,kor4 lxxix1 #dj-a74 ,p act f selfi% motives :5 !y desire aught except to please ,god & to escape f ,div9e puni%m5t4 ,9 f9e1 ! follies ( ! s\l h no limit & its manuvres are hidd5 f sight4 ,if ,god w1 a *apt] on ?is subject w be f\nd at its prop] place 9 ! pres5t book4 ,,section4 ,n[ z to ! words 8,i h set to "w 9 accordance ) y\r invitation1 & h firmly resolv$ to fulfil all y\r wi%es by means ( ?is book0 7p4 #c71 s9ce y ?\ght me wor?y ( be+ ask$ to write ?is book = y\r in/ruction1 x 0 incumb5t on me to comply ) y\r reque/4 ,accord+ly x behov$ me to make an unconditional resolution t ,i w\ld c>ry out my und]tak+ completely4 ,:5 anyone beg9s an ent]prise ) ! int5tion ( f9i%+ x1 he may be excus$ if imp]fections appe> 9 8 "w2 & = ?is reason ! ,prophet said3 8,! believ]'s int5tion is bett] ?an 8 p]=mance40 ,great is ! p[] ( int5tion1 ?r\gh :i* a man advances f "o category to ano!r )\t any ext]nal *ange4 ,= example1 if anyone endures hung] = a :ile )\t hav+ int5d$ to fa/1 he gets no recomp5se 7?awb7 = x 9 ! next _w2 b if he =ms 9 8 he>t ! int5tion ( fa/+1 he becomes "o ( ! fav\rites ( ,god 7muq>rabn74 ,aga91 a travell] :o /ays = a "t 9 a city does n become a resid5t until he has =m$ ! int5tion to reside !re4 ,a good int5tion1 !re=e1 is prelim9>y to ! due p]=mance ( e act4 ,,section4 ,:5 ,i said t ,i _h call$ ?is book 8,! ,revelation ( ! ,my/]y0 7p4 #c71 my object 0 t ! title ( ! book %\ld proclaim its cont5ts to p]sons ( insight4 ,y mu/ "k t all mank9d are veil$ f ! subtlety ( spiritual tru? except ,god's sa9ts & ,8 *os5 fri5ds2 & inasmu* z ?is book is an elucidation ( ! ,way ( ,tru?1 & an explanation ( my/ical say+s1 & an uplift+ ( ! veil ( mortality1 no o!r title is appropriate to x4 ,ess5tially1 unveil+ 7ka%f7 is de/ruction ( ! veil$ object1 j z ! veil de/roys revelation 7muk%afat71 & j z1 = in/ance1 "o :o is ne> _c be> to be f>1 & "o :o is f> _c be> to be ne>2 or z an animal :i* is g5]at$ f v9eg> dies :5 x falls into any o!r sub/ance1 :ile ^? animals :i* are g5]at$ f o!r sub/ances p]i% if !y are put 9 v9eg>4 ,! spiritual pa? is h>d to travel except = ^? :o 7 creat$ = t purpose4 ,! ,prophet said3 8,ev]yone f9ds easy t = :i* he 0 creat$40 ,!re are two veils3 "o is ! 8veil ( cov]+0 7ijb-i rayn71 :i* c nev] be remov$1 & ! o!r is ! 8veil ( cl\d+0 7ijb-i ghayn71 :i* is quickly remov$4 ,! explanation is z foll[s3 "o man is veil$ f ! ,tru? by 8 ess5ce 7dht71 s t 9 8 view tru? & falsehood are ! same4 ,ano!r man is veil$ f ! ,tru? by 8 attributes 7ifat71 s t 8 nature & he>t cont9ually seek ! ,tru? & flee f falsehood4 ,!re=e ! veil ( ess5ce1 :i* is t ( 8cov]+0 7rayn71 is nev] remov$4 ,rayn is synonym\s ) khat9 7seal+7 & ab 7impr9t+74 ,?us ,god ha? said3 8,by no means3 b _! de$s h spread a cov]+ 7rna7 ov] _! he>ts0 7,kor4 lxxxiii1 #ad72 !n ,he made ! s5se ( ?is manife/ & said3 8,v]ily x is all "o to ! unbeliev]s :e!r ?\ w>ne/ !m or no2 !y w n believe0 7,kor4 ii1 #e72 !n he expla9$ ! cause !re(1 say+3 8,god ha? seal$ up _! he>ts0 7,kor4 ii1 #f74 ,b ! veil ( attributes1 :i* is t ( 8cl\d+0 7ghayn71 may be remov$ at times1 = ess5ce does n admit ( alt]ation1 b ! alt]ation ( attributes is possible4 ,! f ,%aykhs h giv5 _m subtle h9ts on ! subject ( rayn & ghayn4 ,junayd said3 ,al-rayn m9 jumlat al-waant wa l-ghayn m9 jumlat al-khaart1 8,rayn belongs to ! class ( abid+ ?+s & ghayn to ! class ( transi5t ?+s40 ,waan is p]man5t & khaar is adv5titi\s4 ,= example1 x is impossible to make a mirror out ( a /one1 ?\gh _m poli%]s assemble to try _! skill on x1 b a ru/y mirror c be made bright by poli%+2 d>kness is innate 9 ! /one1 & brightness is innate 9 ! mirror2 s9ce ! ess5ce is p]man5t1 ! tempor>y attribute does n endure4 ,accord+ly1 ,i h compos$ ?is book = poli%]s ( he>ts :i* are infect$ by ! veil ( 8cl\d+0 b 9 :i* ! sub/ance ( ! light ( ! ,tru? is exi/5t1 9 ord] t ! veil may be lift$ f !m by ! bless+ ( read+ x1 & t !y may f9d _! way to spiritual reality4 ,^? ^: be+ is comp\nd$ ( d5ial ( ! tru? & p]petration ( falsehood w nev] f9d _! way ?i!r1 & ?is book w be ( no use to !m4 ,,section4 ,n[ ) ref]5ce to my words 8kn[+ :at y desire1 ,i h arrang$ ! book 9 divisions suitable to y\r purpose0 7p4 #c71 a que/ion] _c be satisfi$ until he makes 8 want kn[n to ! p]son :om he int]rogates4 ,a "q presupposes a difficulty1 & a difficulty is insoluble until its nature is asc]ta9$4 ,fur!rmore1 to answ] a "q 9 g5]al t]ms is only possible :5 he :o asks x has full k ( its v>i\s dep>tm5ts & coroll>ies1 b ) a beg9n] "o ne$s to g into detail1 & (f] div]se explanations & def9itions2 & 9 ?is case especially1 see+ t y--,god grant y happ9ess6--desir$ me to answ] y\r que/ions 9 detail & write a book on ! matt]4 ,,section4 ,i said1 8,i pray ,god to aid & prosp] me0 7p4 #c71 because ,god alone c help a man to d good de$s4 ,:5 ,god assi/s anyone to p]=m acts des]v+ recomp5se1 ?is is truly 8success giv5 by ,god0 7tawfq74 ,! ,koran & ! ,sunna atte/ ! g5u95ess ( tawfq1 & ! :ole ,moslem community are unanim\s !re91 except "s ,mutazilites & ,qad>ites1 :o ass]t t ! expression tawfq is void ( mean+4 ,c]ta9 f ,%aykhs h said1 ,al-tawfq huwa l-qudrat ala l-at inda l-i/iml1 8,:5 a man is ob$i5t to ,god he receives f ,god increas$ /r5g?40 ,9 %ort1 all human action & inaction is ! act & creation ( ,god3 !re=e ! /r5g? :]eby a man r5d]s ob$i5ce to ,god is call$ tawfq4 ,! discussion ( ?is topic1 h[ev]1 w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,please ,god1 ,i w n[ return to ! task :i* y h propos$1 b be=e ent]+ on x ,i w set d[n y\r "q 9 its exact =m4 ,,section4 ,! que/ion]1 ,ab ,sad al-,hujwr1 said3 8,expla9 to me ! true mean+ ( ! ,pa? ( fiism & ! nature ( ! #8/ations' 7maqmt7 ( ! fs1 & expla9 _! doctr9es & say+s1 & make cle> to me _! my/ical allegories1 & ! nature ( ,div9e ,love & h[ x is manife/$ 9 human he>ts1 & :y ! intellect is unable to rea* ! ess5ce !re(1 & :y ! s\l recoils f ! reality !re(1 & :y ! _s is lull$ 9 ! purity !re(2 & expla9 ! practical aspects ( fiism :i* are connect$ ) ^! !ories40 ,,answ]4 ,! p]son que/ion$1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb al-,hujwr--may ,god h m]cy on him6--says3-- ,"k t 9 ?is our "t ! sci5ce ( fiism is obsolete1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! :ole p is occupi$ ) foll[+ its lu/s & has turn$ its back on ! pa? ( quietism 7ri71 :ile ! ulam & ^? :o pret5d to le>n+ h =m$ a conception ( fiism :i* is q contr>y to its fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,high & l[ alike are cont5t ) empty pr(essions3 bl9d con=mity has tak5 ! place ( spiritual en?usiasm4 ,! vulg> say1 8,we "k ,god10 & ! elect1 satisfi$ if !y feel 9 _! he>ts a long+ = ! next _w1 say1 8,?is desire is vision & ard5t love40 ,ev]yone makes pret5sions1 none atta9s to reality4 ,! disciples1 neglect+ _! ascetic practices1 indulge 9 idle ?\ghts1 :i* !y call 8contemplation04 ,i myself 7! au?or proce$s7 h already writt5 sev]al books on fiism1 b all to no purpose4 ,"s false pret5d]s pick$ out passages "h & !re 9 ord] to deceive ! public1 :ile !y eras$ & de/roy$ ! re/2 o!rs did n mutilate ! books1 b left !m unread2 o!rs read !m1 b did n compreh5d _! mean+1 s !y copi$ ! text & committ$ x to memory & said3 8,we c disc\rse on my/ical sci5ce40 ,n[adays true spiritualism is z r>e z ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one 7kibrt-i am>72 = x is natural to seek ! m$ic9e t fits ! disease1 & nobody wants to mix pe>ls & coral ) common rem$ies l %al?#ah & daw al-misk4#ai ,9 "t pa/ ! works ( em95t fs1 fall+ into ! h&s ( ^? :o c\ld n appreciate !m1 h be5 us$ to make l9+ = caps or b9d+ = ! poems ( ,ab ,nuws & ! pleasantries ( ,ji4 ,! royal falcon is sure to get its w+s clipp$ :5 x p]*es on ! wall ( an old woman's cottage4 ,our contempor>ies give ! "n ( 8law0 to _! lu/s1 pride & ambition !y call 8hon\r & le>n+01 hypocrisy t[>ds m5 8fe> ( ,god01 concealm5t ( ang] 8clem5cy01 disputation 8discussion01 wrangl+ & fooli%ness 8dignity01 ins9c]ity 8r5unciation01 cupidity 8devotion to ,god01 _! own s5seless fancies 8div9e k01 ! motions ( ! he>t & affections ( ! animal s\l 8div9e love01 h]esy 8pov]ty01 scepticism 8purity01 disbelief 9 positive religion 7z&aqa7 8self-annihilation01 neglect ( ! ,law ( ! ,prophet 8! my/ic ,pa?01 evil communication ) "t-s]v]s 8ex]cise ( piety04 ,z ,ab ,bakr al-,wsi said3 8,we are afflict$ ) a "t 9 :i* !re are nei!r ! religi\s duties ( ,islam nor ! morals ( ,paganism nor ! virtues ( ,*ivalry0 7alm-i dhawi l-uruwwa74 ,& ,mutanabb says to ! same effect3--#bj 8,god curse ?is _w6 ,:at a vile place = any camel-rid] to alight 96 ,= "h ! man ( l(ty _s is always torm5t$40 ,footnote #ah3 ,an electu>y us$ z a rem$y = p>alysis ( ! tongue or m\?4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see ,dozy1 ,supplm5t1 "u daw4 ,footnote #bj3 ,mutanabb1 ed4 by ,diet]ici1 p4 #ffb1 l4 #d f foot4 ,,section4 ,"k t ,i h f\nd ?is univ]se an abode ( ,div9e my/]ies1 :i* are deposit$ 9 creat$ ?+s4 ,sub/ances accid5ts1 elem5ts1 bodies1 =ms1 & prop]ties--all ^! are veils ( ,div9e my/]ies4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ,unification 7tawd7 x is poly!ism to ass]t t any su* veils exi/1 b 9 ?is _w ev]y?+ is veil$1 by its be+1 f ,unification1 & ! _s is held captive by admixture & association ) ph5om5al be+4 ,h5ce ! intellect c h>dly compreh5d ^? ,div9e my/]ies1 & ! _s c b dimly p]ceive ! m>vels ( ne>ness to ,god4 ,man1 enam\r$ ( 8 gross environm5t1 rema9s sunk 9 ignorance & apa?y1 mak+ no attempt to ca/ (f ! veil t has fall5 ^u him4 ,bl9d to ! beauty ( ,on5ess1 he turns away f ,god to seek ! vanities ( ?is _w & all[s 8 appetites to dom9e] ov] 8 reason1 not)/&+ t ! animal s\l1 :i* ! ,koran 7xii1 #ec7 describes z 8comm&+ to evil0 7ammratun bi l-s71 is ! greate/ ( all veils betwe5 ,god & ,man4 ,n[ ,i w beg9 & expla9 to y1 fully & lucidly1 :at y wi% to "k conc]n+ ! 8/ations0 & ! 8veils01 & ,i w int]pret ! expressions ( ! te*nicologi/s 7ahl-i ani71 & add !reto "s say+s ( ! ,%aykhs & anecdotes ab\t !m1 9 ord] t y\r object may be accompli%$ & t any le>n$ doctors ( law or o!rs :o look into ?is "w may recognize t ! ,pa? ( fiism has a firm root & a fruitful bran*1 s9ce all ! f ,%aykhs h be5 possess$ ( k & h enc\rag$ _! disciples to acquire k & to p]sev]e 9 do+ s4 ,!y h nev] be5 addict$ to frivolity & levity4 ,_m ( !m h compos$ treatises on ! me?od ( fiism :i* cle>ly prove t _! m9ds 7 fill$ ) div9e ?\ghts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,affirmation ,,( ,,k4 ,god ha? said1 describ+ ! savants 7ulam73 8,( ^? :o s]ve ,god only ! savants fe> ,him0 7,kor4 xxxv1 #be74 ,! ,prophet said3 8,to seek k is obligatory on e ,moslem man & woman20 & he said also3 8,seek k ev5 9 ,*9a40 ,k is imm5se & life is %ort3 !re=e x is n obligatory to le>n all ! sci5ces1 su* z ,a/ronomy & ,m$ic9e1 & ,ari?metic1 etc41 b only s mu* ( ea* z be>s ^u ! religi\s law3 en\gh a/ronomy to "k ! times 7( pray]7 9 ! night1 en\gh m$ic9e to ab/a9 f :at is injuri\s1 en\gh ari?metic to und]/& ! division ( inh]itances & to calculate ! duration ( ! idda1#ba etc4 ,k is obligatory only 9 s f> z is requisite = act+ rightly4 ,god condemns ^? :o le>n useless k 7,kor4 ii1 #if71 & ! ,prophet said3 8,i take refuge ) ,!e f k t pr(ite? naught40 ,mu* may be done by means ( a little k1 & k %\ld n be sep>at$ f action4 ,! ,prophet said3 8,! devotee )\t div9ity is l a donkey turn+ a mill10 because ! donkey goes r\nd & r\nd ov] its own tracks & nev] makes any advance4 ,"s reg>d k z sup]ior to action1 :ile o!rs put action fir/1 b bo? p>ties are wrong4 ,unless action is comb9$ ) k1 x is n des]v+ ( recomp5se4 ,pray]1 = in/ance1 is n really pray]1 unless p]=m$ ) k ( ! pr9ciples ( purification & ^? :i* conc]n ! qibla1#bb & ) k ( ! nature ( int5tion4 ,simil>ly1 k )\t action is n k4 ,le>n+ & committ+ to memory are acts = :i* a man is rew>d$ 9 ! next _w2 if he ga9$ k )\t action & acquisition on 8 "p1 he w\ld get no rew>d4 ,h5ce two classes ( m5 fall into error3 fir/ly1 ^? :o claim k = ! sake ( public reputation b are unable to practise x1 & 9 reality h n atta9$ x2 & secondly1 ^? :o pret5d t practice suffices & t k is unnecess>y4 ,x is told ( ,ibrhm b4 ,adham t he saw a /one on :i* 0 writt51 8,turn me ov] & read60 ,he obey$1 & f\nd ?is inscription3 8,?\ do/ n practise :at ?\ kn[e/2 :y1 !n1 do/ ?\ seek :at ?\ kn[e/ n80 nas b4 ,mlik says3 8,! wise aspire to "k1 ! fooli% to relate40 ,he :o uses 8 k z a means ( w9n+ p[] & hon\r & weal? is no savant4 ,! highe/ p9nacle ( k is express$ 9 ! fact t )\t x none c "k ,god4 ,footnote #ba3 ,! p]iod )9 :i* a woman1 :o has be5 divorc$ or ^: husb& has di$1 may n m>ry aga94 ,footnote #bb3 ,! po9t to :i* a ,moslem turns 8 face :5 wor%ipp+1 viz4 ! ,kaba4 ,,section4 ,k is ( two k9ds3 ,div9e & ,human4 ,! latt] is wor?less 9 comp>ison ) ! =m]1 because ,god's k is an attribute ( ,himself1 subsi/+ 9 ,him1 ^: attributes are inf9ite2 :]eas our k is an attribute ( ourselves1 subsi/+ 9 u1 ^: attributes are f9ite4 ,k has be5 def9$ z 8compreh5sion & inve/igation ( ! object kn[n01 b ! be/ def9ition ( x is ?is3 8,a quality :]eby ! ignorant are made wise40 ,god's k is t by :i* ,he kn[s all ?+s exi/5t & non-exi/5t3 ,he does n %>e x ) ,man3 x is n capable ( division nor sep>able f ,himself4 ,! pro( ( x lies 9 ! disposition ( ,8 actions 7t>tb-i fila%71 s9ce action dem&s k 9 ! ag5t z an indisp5sable condition4 ,! ,div9e k p5etrates :at is hidd5 & compreh5ds :at is manife/4 ,x behoves ! seek] to ,contemplate ,god 9 e act1 kn[+ t ,god sees him & all t he does4 ,/ory4 ,!y relate t a lead+ man 9 ,bara w5t to 8 g>d54 ,by *ance 8 eye fell ^u ! beautiful wife ( 8 g>d5]4 ,he s5t ! fell[ away on "s bus9ess & said to ! woman3 8,%ut ! gates40 ,%e repli$3 8,i h %ut !m all except "o1 :i* ,i _c %ut40 ,he ask$3 8,:i* "o is t80 8,! gate10 said %e1 8t is betwe5 u & ,god40 ,on receiv+ ?is answ] ! man rep5t$ & begg$ to be =giv54 tim al-,aamm said3 8,i h *os5 f\r ?+s to "k1 & h disc>d$ all ! k 9 ! _w besides40 ,he 0 ask$3 8,:at are !y80 8,"o10 he answ]$1 8is ?is3 ,i "k t my daily bread is apportion$ to me1 & w nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$2 consequ5tly ,i h ceas$ to seek to augm5t x4 ,secondly1 ,i "k t ,i owe to ,god a debt :i* no o!r p]son c pay in/ead ( me2 !re=e ,i am occupi$ ) pay+ x4 ,?irdly1 ,i "k t !re is "o pursu+ me 7i4e4 ,dea?7 f :om ,i _c escape2 accord+ly ,i h prep>$ myself to meet him4 ,f\r?ly1 ,i "k t ,god is obs]v+ me2 !re=e ,i am a%am$ to d :at ,i ought n40 ,,section4 ,! object ( human k %\ld be to "k ,god & ,8 ,comm&m5ts4 ,k ( 8"t0 7ilm-i waqt7#bc1 & ( all outw>d & inw>d circum/ances ( :i* ! due effect dep5ds on 8"t01 is incumb5t ^u ev]yone4 ,?is is ( two sorts3 prim>y & second>y4 ,! ext]nal division ( ! prim>y class consi/s 9 mak+ ! ,moslem's pr(ession ( fai?1 ! int]nal division consi/s 9 ! atta9m5t ( true cognition4 ,! ext]nal division ( ! second>y class consi/s 9 ! practice ( devotion1 ! int]nal division consi/s 9 r5d]+ "o's int5tion s9c]e4 ,! outw>d & inw>d aspects _c be divorc$4 ,! exot]ic aspect ( ,tru? )\t ! esot]ic is hypocrisy1 & ! esot]ic )\t ! exot]ic is h]esy4 ,s1 ) reg>d to ! ,law1 m]e =mality is defective1 :ile m]e spirituality is va94 ,footnote #bc3 8,"t0 7waqt7 is us$ by ,muammadan my/ics to d5ote ! spiritual /ate 9 :i* anyone f9ds himself1 & by :i* he is dom9at$ at ! mom5t4 ,! expression ilm-i waqt occurs aga9 9 ! notice ( ,ab ,sulaymn al-,drn 7*apt] x1 ,no4 #ag71 :]e waqt is expla9$ z mean+ 8! pres]vation ( "o's spiritual /ate04 ,accord+ to a def9ition giv5 by ,sahl b4 ,abdallah al-,tu/>1 waqt is 8se>* = k ( ! /ate1 i4e4 ! decision 7ukm7 ( a man's /ate1 :i* exi/s betwe5 him & ,god 9 ?is _w & h]eaft]04 ,! ,k ( ! ,tru? 7aqqat7 has ?ree pill>s-- 7#a7 ,k ( ! ,ess5ce & ,unity ( ,god4 7#b7 ,k ( ! ,attributes ( ,god4 7#c7 ,k ( ! ,actions & ,wisdom ( ,god4 ,! ,k ( ! ,law 7,%>at7 also has ?ree pill>s-- 7#a7 ,! ,koran4 7#b7 ,! ,sunna4 7#c7 ,! ,cons5sus 7ijm7 ( ! ,moslem community4 ,k ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce involves recognition1 on ! "p ( "o :o is reasonable & has rea*$ pub]ty1 t ,god exi/s ext]nally by ,8 ess5ce1 t ,he is inf9ite & n b\nd$ by space1 t ,8 ess5ce is n ! cause ( evil1 t none ( ,8 creatures is l unto ,him1 t ,he has nei!r wife nor *ild1 & t ,he is ! ,creator & ,su/a9] ( all t y\r imag9ation & intellect c conceive4 ,k ( ! ,div9e ,attributes requires y to "k t ,god has attributes exi/+ 9 ,himself1 :i* are n ,he nor a "p ( ,him1 b exi/ 9 ,him & subsi/ by ,him1 e4g4 ,k1 ,p[]1 ,life1 ,w1 ,he>+1 ,sight1 ,spee*1 etc4 ,k ( ! ,div9e ,actions is y\r k t ,god is ! ,creator ( mank9d & ( all _! actions1 t ,he br\ght ! non-exi/5t univ]se into be+1 t ,he pr$e/9es good & evil & creates all t is b5eficial & injuri\s4 ,k ( ! ,law involves y\r kn[+ t ,god has s5t u ,apo/les ) miracles ( an extraord9>y nature2 t our ,apo/le1 ,muammad 7on :om be peace671 is a true ,mess5g]1 :o p]=m$ _m miracles1 & t :atev] he has told u conc]n+ ! ,unse5 & ! ,visible is entirely true4 ,,section4 ,!re is a sect ( h]etics call$ ,sophi/s 7,sfisiyn71 :o believe t no?+ c be kn[n & t k itself does n exi/4 ,i say to !m3 8,y ?9k t no?+ c be kn[n2 is y\r op9ion correct or n80 ,if !y answ] 8,x is correct01 !y !reby affirm ! reality ( k2 & if !y reply 8,x is n correct01 !n to argue aga9/ an av[$ly incorrect ass]tion is absurd4 ,! same doctr9e is held by a sect ( h]etics :o are connect$ ) fiism4 ,!y say t1 inasmu* z no?+ is kn[able1 _! negation ( k is m p]fect ?an ! affirmation ( x4 ,?is /atem5t proce$s f _! folly & /upidity4 ,! negation ( k mu/ be ! result ei!r ( k or ( ignorance4 ,n[ x is impossible = k to d5y k2 !re=e k _c be d5i$ except by ignorance1 :i* is ne>ly ak9 to infidelity & falsehood2 = !re is no connexion betwe5 ignorance & tru?4 ,! doctr9e 9 "q is oppos$ to t ( all ! f ,%aykhs1 b is commonly attribut$ to ! fs 9 g5]al by p :o h he>d x & embrac$ x4 ,i commit !m to ,god1 ) ,:om x re/s :e!r !y %all cont9ue 9 _! error4 ,if religion takes hold ( !m1 !y w behave m discreetly & w n misjudge ! ,fri5ds ( ,god 9 ?is way & w look m anxi\sly to :at conc]ns !mselves4 ,al?\gh "s h]etics claim to be fs 9 ord] to conceal _! own f\lness "u ! beauty ( o!rs1 :y %\ld x be suppos$ t all fis are l ^! pret5d]s1 & t x is "r to treat !m all ) disda9 & contumely8 ,an individual :o wi%$ to pass = le>n$ & or?odox1 b really 0 devoid ( k & religion1 once said to me 9 ! c\rse ( debate3 8,!re are twelve h]etical sects1 & "o ( !m fl\ri%es among/ ^? :o pr(ess fiism0 7mutaawwifa74 ,i repli$3 8,if "o sect belongs to u1 elev5 belong to y2 & ! fs c protect !mselves f "o bett] ?an y c f elev540 ,all ?is h]esy spr+s f ! corruption & deg5]acy ( ! times1 b ,god has always kept ,8 ,sa9ts hidd5 f ! multitude & ap>t f ! ungodly4 ,well said t em95t spiritual guide1 ,al b4 ,bundr al-ayraf#bd3 8,! depravity ( m5's he>ts is 9 proportion to ! depravity ( ! age40 ,n[ 9 ! foll[+ section ,i w cite "s say+s ( ! fs z an admonition to ^? sceptics t[>ds :om ,god is fav\rably incl9$4 ,footnote #bd3 ,a fam\s f ( ,n%pr1 :o di$ 9 #cei ,a4,h4 7,nafat1 ,no4 #aah74 ,,section4 ,muammad b4 ,fal al-,balkh says3 8,k is ( ?ree k9ds--f ,god1 ) ,god1 & ( ,god40 ,k ( ,god is ! sci5ce ( ,gnosis 7ilm-i marifat71 :]eby ,he is kn[n to all ,8 prophets & sa9ts4 ,x _c be acquir$ by ord9>y means1 b is ! result ( ,div9e guidance & in=mation4 ,k f ,god is ! sci5ce ( ! ,sacr$ ,law 7ilm-i %>at71 :i* ,he has comm&$ & made obligatory ^u u4 ,k ) ,god is ! sci5ce ( ! 8/ations0 & ! 8,pa?0 & ! degrees ( ! sa9ts4 ,gnosis is uns\nd )\t acceptance ( ! ,law1 & ! ,law is n practis$ rightly unless ! 8/ations0 are manife/$4 ,ab ,al ,?aqaf#be says3 ,al-ilm ayt al-qalb m9 al-jahl wa-nr al-ayn m9 al-ulmat1 8,k is ! life ( ! he>t1 :i* deliv]s x f ! dea? ( ignorance3 x is ! light ( ! eye ( fai?1 :i* saves x f ! d>kness ( infidelity40 ,! he>ts ( infidels are dead1 because !y are ignorant ( ,god1 & ! he>ts ( ! he$less are sick1 because !y are ignorant ( ,8 ,comm&m5ts4 ,ab ,bakr ,w>rq ( ,tirmidh says3 8,^? :o are satisfi$ ) disputation 7kalm7 ab\t k & d n practise asceticism 7zuhd7 become z9dqs 7h]etics72 & ^? :o are satisfi$ ) jurisprud5ce 7fiqh7 & d n practise ab/95ce 7w>a7become wick$40 ,?is means t ,unification 7tawd71 )\t works1 is pr$e/9ation 7jabr71 :]eas ! ass]tor ( ,unification ought to hold ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation b to act z ?\gh he believ$ 9 free w1 tak+ a middle c\rse betwe5 free w & pr$e/9ation4 ,su* is ! true s5se ( ano!r say+ utt]$ by ! same spiritual guide1 viz43 8,unification is bel[ pr$e/9ation & above free w40 ,footnote #be3 ,also a native ( ,n%pr4 ,he di$ 9 #cbh ,a4,h4 7,nafat1 ,no4 #bdh74 ,lack ( positive religion & ( morality arises f he$lessness 7ghaflat74 ,well said t great ma/]1 ,yay b4 ,mudh al-,rz3 8,avoid ! society ( ?ree classes ( m5--he$less savants1 hypocritical ,koran-read]s1 & ignorant pret5d]s to fiism40 ,! he$less savants are !y :o h set _! he>ts on worldly ga9 & paid c\rt to gov]nors & tyrants1 & h be5 s$uc$ by _! own clev]ness to sp5d _! "t 9 subtle disputations1 & h attack$ ! lead+ au?orities on religion4 ,! hypocritical ,koran-read]s are !y :o praise :atev] is done 9 accordance ) _! desire1 ev5 if x is bad1 & blame :atev] !y dislike1 ev5 if x is good3 !y seek to +ratiate !mselves ) ! p by act+ hypocritically4 ,! ignorant pret5d]s to fiism are !y :o h nev] associat$ ) a spiritual director 7pr71 nor le>n$ discipl9e f a %aykh1 b )\t any exp]i5ce h ?r[n !mselves among ! p1 & h donn$ a blue mantle 7kabd71 & h trodd5 ! pa? ( unre/ra9t4 ,ab ,yazd ,bism says3 8,i /rove 9 ! spiritual combat = ?irty ye>s1 & ,i f\nd no?+ h>d] to me ?an k & its pursuit40 ,x is m easy = human nature to walk on fire ?an to foll[ ! road ( k1 & an ignorant he>t w m readily cross ! ,bridge 7ir7 a ?\s& times ?an le>n a s+le piece ( k2 & ! wick$ man w\ld r pit* 8 t5t 9 ,hell ?an put "o item ( k into practice4 ,accord+ly y mu/ le>n k & seek p]fection !re94 ,! p]fection ( human k is ignorance ( ,div9e k4 ,y mu/ "k en\gh to "k t y d n "k4 ,t is to say1 human k is alone possible to ,man1 & humanity is ! greate/ b>ri] t sep>ates him f ,div9ity4 ,z ! poet says3-- ,al-ajzu an d>aki l-idrki idrku ,wa l-waqfu f uruqi l-akhyri i%rku4 8,true p]ception is to despair ( atta9+ p]ception1 ,b n to advance on ! pa?s ( ! virtu\s is poly!ism40 ,he :o w n le>n & p]sev]es 9 8 ignorance is a poly!i/1 b to ! le>n]1 :5 8 k becomes p]fect1 ! reality is reveal$1 & he p]ceives t 8 k is no m ?an inability to "k :at 8 end %all be1 s9ce realities are n affect$ by ! names be/[$ ^u !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,pov]ty4 ,"k t ,pov]ty has a high rank 9 ! ,way ( ,tru?1 & t ! poor are greatly e/eem$1 z ,god said3 87,give alms7 unto ! poor1 :o are kept fight+ 9 ,god's cause & _c g to & fro on ! e>?2 :om ! ignorant deem ri* =asmu* z !y refra9 7f begg+740#bf ,& aga93 8,_! sides are lift$ f _! b$s :ile !y call on _! ,"l 9 fe> & hope0 7,kor4 xxxii1 #af74 ,moreov]1 ! ,prophet *ose pov]ty & said3 8,o ,god1 make me live l[ly & die l[ly & rise f ! dead among/ ! l[ly60 ,& he also said3 8,on ! day ( ,resurrection ,god w say1 #8,br+ ye ,my lov$ ones nigh unto ,me2' !n ! angels w say1 #8,:o are ,?y lov$ ones8' & ,god w answ] !m1 say+1 #8,! poor & de/itute4'0 ,!re are _m v]ses ( ! ,koran & ,traditions to ! same effect1 :i* on acc\nt ( _! celebrity ne$ n be m5tion$ "h4 ,among ! ,refugees 7,muhjirn7 9 ! ,prophet's "t 7 poor m5 7fuq>7 :o sat 9 8 mosque & devot$ !mselves to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 & firmly believ$ t ,god w\ld give !m _! daily bread1 & put _! tru/ 7tawakkul7 9 ,him4 ,! ,prophet 0 enjo9$ to consort ) !m & take due c>e ( !m2 = ,god said3 8,d n repulse ^? :o call on _! ,"l 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! ev5+1 desir+ ,8 fav\r0 7,kor4 vi1 #eb74 ,h5ce1 :5ev] ! ,prophet saw "o ( !m1 he us$ to say3 8,may my fa!r & "m be y\r sacrifice6 s9ce x 0 = y\r sakes t ,god reproa*$ me40 ,footnote #bf3 ,kor4 ii1 #bgd4 ,god1 !re=e1 has exalt$ ,pov]ty & has made x a special di/9ction ( ! poor1 :o h r5\nc$ all ?+s ext]nal & int]nal1 & h turn$ entirely to ! ,caus]2 ^: pov]ty has become _! pride1 s t !y lam5t$ its go+ & rejoic$ at its com+1 & embrac$ x & deem$ all else contemptible4 ,n[1 ,pov]ty has a =m 7rasm7 & an ess5ce 7aqqat74 ,its =m is de/itution & indig5ce1 b its ess5ce is =tune & free *oice4 ,he :o reg>ds ! =m re/s 9 ! =m &1 fail+ to atta9 8 object1 flees f ! ess5ce2 b he :o has f\nd ! ess5ce av]ts 8 gaze f all creat$ ?+s1 &1 9 complete annihilation1 see+ only ! ,all-,"o he ha/5s t[>ds ! fullness ( et]nal life 7ba-fan-yi kull &> ruyat-i kull ba-baq-yi kull %itft74 ,! poor man 7faqr7 has no?+ & c suff] no loss4 ,he does n become ri* by hav+ any?+1 nor indig5t by hav+ no?+3 bo? ^! conditions are alike to him 9 respect ( 8 pov]ty4 ,x is p]mitt$ t he %\ld be m joyful :5 he has no?+1 = ! ,%aykhs h said3 8,! m /rait5$ "o is 9 circum/ances1 ! m expansive 7*e]ful & happy7 is "o's 7spiritual7 /ate10 because x is unlucky = a d]vi% to h prop]ty3 if he 8imprisons0 any?+ 7d> b& kunad7 = 8 own use1 he himself is 8imprison$0 9 ! same proportion4 ,! fri5ds ( ,god live by means ( ,8 secret b\nties4 ,worldly weal? holds !m back f ! pa? ( quietism 7ri74 ,/ory4 ,a d]vi% met a k+4 ,! k+ said3 8,ask a boon ( me40 ,! d]vi% repli$3 8,i w n ask a boon f "o ( my slaves40 8,h[ is t80 said ! k+4 ,! d]vi% said3 8,i h two slaves :o are ?y ma/]s3 covet\sness & expectation40 ,! ,prophet said3 8,pov]ty is glori\s to ^? :o are wor?y ( x40 ,its glory consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! poor man's body is div9ely pres]v$ f base & s9ful acts1 & 8 he>t f evil & contam9at+ ?\ghts1 because 8 outw>d p>ts are absorb$ 9 7contemplation (7 ! manife/ bless+s ( ,god1 :ile 8 inw>d p>ts are protect$ by invisible grace1 s t 8 body is spiritual 7rn7 & 8 he>t div9e 7rabbn74 ,!n no relation subsi/s betwe5 him & mank9d3 ?is _w & ! next weigh less ?an a gnat's w+ 9 ! scales ( 8 pov]ty3 he is n conta9$ 9 ! two worlds = a s+le mom5t4 ,,section4 ,! f ,%aykhs diff] 9 op9ion z to :e!r pov]ty or weal? is sup]ior1 bo? be+ reg>d$ z human attributes2 = true weal? 7gh97 belongs to ,god1 :o is p]fect 9 all ,8 attributes4 ,yay b4 ,mudh al-,rz1 ,amad b4 ,abi l-awr1 ri? al-,musib1 ,abu l-,abbs b4 ,a1 ,ruwaym1 ,abu l-asan b4 ,simn1#bg & among ! mod]ns ! ,gr& ,%aykh ,ab ,sad ,falallah b4 ,muammad al-,mayhan1 all hold ! view t weal? is sup]ior to pov]ty4 ,!y argue t weal? is an attribute ( ,god1 :]eas pov]ty _c be ascrib$ to ,him3 !re=e an attribute common to ,god & ,man is sup]ior to "o t is n applicable to ,god4 ,i answ]3 8,?is community ( designation is m]ely nom9al1 & has no exi/5ce 9 reality3 real community involves mutual resemblance1 b ! ,div9e attributes are et]nal & ! human attributes are creat$2 h5ce y\r pro( is false40 ,i1 :o am ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 decl>e t weal? is a t]m t may fitly be appli$ to ,god1 b "o to :i* ,man has no "r2 :ile pov]ty is a t]m t may prop]ly be appli$ to ,man1 b n to ,god4 ,metaphorically a man is call$ 8ri*01 b he is n really s4 ,aga91 to give a cle>] pro(1 human weal? is an effect due to v>i\s causes1 :]eas ! weal? ( ,god1 :o ,himself is ! ,au?or ( all causes1 is n due to any cause4 ,!re=e !re is no community 9 reg>d to ?is attribute4 ,x is n all[able to associate any?+ ) ,god ei!r 9 ess5ce1 attribute1 or "n4 ,! weal? ( ,god consi/s 9 ,8 indep5d5ce ( anyone & 9 ,8 p[] to d :atsoev] ,he wills3 su* ,he has always be5 & su* ,he %all be = ev]4 ,man's weal?1 on ! o!r h&1 is1 = example1 a means ( livelihood1 or ! pres5ce ( joy1 or ! be+ sav$ f s91 or ! solace ( contemplation2 :i* ?+s are all ( ph5om5al nature & subject to *ange4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #bia1 :]e 8 8"n ( hon\r0 is giv5 z ,abu l-usayn4 ,fur!rmore1 "s ( ! vulg> pref] ! ri* man to ! poor1 on ! gr\nd t ,god has made ! =m] ble/ 9 bo? worlds & has be/[$ ! b5efit ( ri*es on him4 ,"h !y mean by 8weal?0 abundance ( worldly goods & enjoym5t ( pleasures & pursuit ( lu/s4 ,!y argue t ,god has comm&$ u to be ?ankful = weal? & pati5t 9 pov]ty1 i4e4 pati5t 9 adv]sity & ?ankful 9 prosp]ity2 & t prosp]ity is ess5tially bett] ?an adv]sity4 ,to ?is ,i reply t1 :5 ,god comm&$ u to be ?ankful = prosp]ity ,he made ?ankfulness ! means ( increas+ our prosp]ity2 b :5 ,he comm&$ u to be pati5t 9 adv]sity ,he made pati5ce ! means ( draw+ nigh unto ,himself4 ,he said3 8,v]ily1 if ye return ?anks1 ,i w give y an increase0 7,kor4 xiv1 #g71 & also1 8,god is ) ! pati5t0 7,kor4 ii1 #adh74 ,! ,%aykhs :o pref] weal? to pov]ty d n use ! t]m 8weal?0 9 its popul> s5se4 ,:at !y int5d is n 8acquisition ( a b5efit0 b 8acquisition ( ! ,b5efactor02 to ga9 union 7) ,god7 is a diff]5t ?+ f ga9+ =getfulness 7( ,god74 ,%aykh ,ab ,sad#bh--;,god h m]cy on him6--says3 8,pov]ty is weal? 9 ,god0 7al-faqr huwa l-gh9 billh71 i4e4 ev]la/+ revelation ( ! ,tru?4 ,i answ] to ?is1 t revelation 7muk%afat7 implies ! possibility ( a veil 7ijb72 !re=e1 if ! p]son :o enjoys revelation is veil$ f revelation by ! attribute ( weal?1 he ei!r becomes 9 ne$ ( revelation or he does n2 if he does n1 ! conclusion is absurd1 & if he does1 ne$ is incompatible ) weal?2 !re=e t t]m _c /&4 ,besides1 no "o has 8weal? 9 ,god0 unless 8 attributes are p]man5t & 8 object is inv>iable2 weal? _c co9cide ) ! subsi/5ce ( an object or ) ! affirmation ( ! attributes ( human nature1 inasmu* z ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( mortality & ph5om5al be+ are ne$ & indig5ce4 ,"o ^: attributes /ill survive is n ri*1 & "o ^: attributes are annihilat$ is n entitl$ to any "n :atev]4 ,!re=e 8! ri* man is he :o is enri*$ by ,god0 7al-ghan man aghnhu llh71 because ! t]m 8ri* 9 ,god0 ref]s to ! ag5t 7fil71 :]eas ! t]m 8enri*$ by ,god0 d5otes ! p]son act$ ^u 7mafl72 ! =m] is self-subsi/5t1 b ! latt] subsi/s ?r\gh ! ag5t2 accord+ly self-subsi/5ce is an attribute ( human nature1 :ile subsi/5ce ?r\gh ,god involves ! annihilation ( attributes4 ,i1 !n1 :o am ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 ass]t t true weal? is incompatible ) ! survival 7baq7 ( any attribute1 s9ce human attributes h already be5 %[n to be defective & subject to decay2 nor1 aga91 does weal? consi/ 9 ! annihilation ( ^! attributes1 because a "n _c be giv5 to an attribute t no long] exi/s1 & he ^: attributes are annihilat$ _c be call$ ei!r 8poor0 or 8ri*02 !re=e ! attribute ( weal? is n transf]able f ,god to ,man1 & ! attribute ( pov]ty is n transf]able f ,man to ,god4 ,footnote #bh3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xii1 ,no4 #e4 ,all ! f ,%aykhs & mo/ ( ! vulg> pref] pov]ty to weal? = ! reason t ! ,koran & ! ,sunna expressly decl>e x to be sup]ior1 & h]e9 ! majority ( ,moslems are agre$4 ,i f9d1 among ! anecdotes :i* ,i h read1 t on "o occasion ?is "q 0 discuss$ by ,junayd & ,ibn ,a4 ,! latt] ma9ta9$ ! sup]iority ( ! ri*4 ,he argu$ t at ! ,resurrection !y w\ld be call$ to acc\nt = _! weal?1 & t su* an acc\nt 7isb7 entails ! he>+ ( ! ,div9e ,^w1 )\t any m$iation1 9 ! =m ( reproa* 7xb73 & reproa* is address$ by ! ,belov$ to ! lov]4 ,junayd answ]$3 8,if ,he w call ! ri* to acc\nt1 ,he w ask ! poor = _! excuse2 & ask+ an excuse is bett] ?an call+ to acc\nt40 ,?is is a v subtle po9t4 ,9 true love excuse is 8o!rness0 7bgnag7 & reproa* is contr>y to unity 7yagnag74 ,lov]s reg>d bo? ^! ?+s z a blemi%1 because excuse is made = "s disob$i5ce to ! comm& ( ! ,belov$ & reproa* is made on ! same score2 b bo? are impossible 9 true love1 = !n nei!r does ! ,belov$ require an expiation f ! lov] nor does ! lov] neglect to p]=m ! w ( ! ,belov$4 ,e man is 8poor01 ev5 ?\gh he be a pr9ce4 ,ess5tially ! weal? ( ,solomon & ! pov]ty ( ,solomon are "o4 ,god said to ,job 9 ! extremity ( 8 pati5ce1 & likewise to ,solomon 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 dom9ion3 8,good s]vant t ?\ art60#bi ,:5 ,god's pleasure 0 accompli%$1 x made no diff]5ce betwe5 ! pov]ty & ! weal? ( ,solomon4 ,footnote #bi3 ,kor4 xxxviii1 #bi1 #dd4 ,! au?or says3 8,i h he>d t ,abu l-,qsim ,qu%ayr--,god h m]cy on him6--said3 #8,p h spok5 mu* conc]n+ pov]ty & weal?1 & h *os5 "o or ! o!r = !mselves1 b ,i *oose :i*ev] /ate ,god *ooses = me & keeps me 92 if ,he keeps me ri* ,i w n be =getful1 & if ,he wi%es me to be poor ,i w n be covet\s & rebelli\s4'0 ,!re=e1 bo? weal? & pov]ty are ,div9e gifts3 weal? is corrupt$ by =getfulness1 pov]ty by covet\sness4 ,bo? conceptions are excell5t1 b !y diff] 9 practice4 ,pov]ty is ! sep>ation ( ! he>t f all b ,god1 & weal? is ! preoccupation ( ! he>t ) t :i* does n admit ( be+ qualifi$4 ,:5 ! he>t is cle>$ 7( all except ,god71 pov]ty is n bett] ?an weal? nor is weal? bett] ?an pov]ty4 ,weal? is abundance ( worldly goods & pov]ty is lack ( !m3 all goods belong to ,god3 :5 ! seek] bids f>ewell to prop]ty1 ! anti!sis disappe>s & bo? t]ms are transc5d$4 ,,section4 ,all ! f ,%aykhs h spok5 on ! subject ( pov]ty4 ,i w n[ cite z _m ( _! say+s z x is possible to include 9 ?is book4 ,"o ( ! mod]ns says3 ,laysa l-faqr man khal m9 al-zd3 innama l-faqr man khal m9 al-murd1 8,! poor man is n he ^: h& is empty ( provisions1 b he ^: nature is empty ( desires40 ,= example1 if ,god gives him money & he desires to keep x1 !n he is ri*2 & if he desires to r5\nce x1 he is ri* no less1 because pov]ty consi/s 9 ceas+ to act on "o's own initiative4 ,yay b4 ,mudh al-,rz says3 ,al-faqr khawf al-faqr1 8,x is a sign ( true pov]ty t1 al?\gh "o has rea*$ ! p]fection ( sa9t%ip & contemplation & self-annihilation1 "o %\ld always be dread+ its decl9e & dep>ture40 ,& ,ruwaym says3 ,m9 nat al-faqr ifu sirrihi wa-iynatu nafsihi wa-adu f>atihi1 8,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! poor man t 8 he>t is protect$ f selfi% c>es1 & t 8 s\l is gu>d$ f contam9ations1 & t he p]=ms ! obligatory duties ( religion30 t is to say1 8 inw>d m$itations d n int]f]e ) 8 outw>d acts1 nor vice v]s2 :i* is a sign t he has ca/ (f ! attributes ( mortality4 ,bi%r f says3 ,afal al-maqmt itiqd al-abr ala l-faqr ila l-qabr1 8,! be/ ( #8/ations' is a firm resolution to endure pov]ty cont9ually40 ,n[ pov]ty is ! annihilation ( all 8/ations03 !re=e ! resolution to endure pov]ty is a sign ( reg>d+ works & actions z imp]fect1 & ( aspir+ to annihilate human attributes4 ,b 9 its obvi\s s5se ?is say+ pron\nces pov]ty to be sup]ior to weal?1 & expresses a det]m9ation nev] to ab&on x4 ,sibl says3 ,al-faqr man l ya/aghn bi-%ay9 dna llh1 8,! poor man does n re/ cont5t ) any?+ except ,god10 because he has no o!r object ( desire4 ,! lit]al mean+ is t y w n become ri* except by ,him1 & t :5 y h ga9$ ,him y h become ri*4 ,y\r be+1 !n1 is o!r ?an ,god2 & s9ce y _c ga9 weal? except by r5\nc+ 8o!r01 y\r 8y-ness0 is a veil betwe5 y & weal?3 :5 t is remov$1 y are ri*4 ,?is say+ is v subtle & obscure4 ,9 ! op9ion ( advanc$ spirituali/s 7ahl-i aqqat7 x means3 ,al-faqr an l yu/aghn anhu1 8,pov]ty consi/s 9 nev] be+ indep5d5t ( pov]ty40 ,?is is :at ! ,pr1 i4e4 ,ma/] ,abdallh ,anr#cj--may ,god be well-pleas$ ) him6--meant :5 he said t our sorr[ is ev]la/+1 t our aspiration nev] rea*es its goal1 & t our sum 7kulliyyat7 nev] becomes non-exi/5t 9 ?is _w or ! next1 because = ! fruition ( any?+ homog5eity is necess>y1 b ,god has no cong5]1 & = turn+ away f ,him =getfulness is necess>y1 b ! d]vi% is n =getful4 ,:at an endless task1 :at a difficult road6 ,! dead 7fn7 nev] become liv+ 7bq71 s z to be unit$ ) ,him2 ! liv+ nev] become dead1 s z to approa* ,8 pres5ce4 ,all t ,8 lov]s d & suff] is entirely a probation 7minat72 b 9 ord] to console !mselves !y h inv5t$ a f9e-s\nd+ phraseology 7ibrat muzakhraf7 & h produc$ 8/ations0 & 8/ages0 & a 8pa?04 ,_! symbolic expressions1 h[ev]1 beg9 & end 9 !mselves1 & _! 8/ations0 d n rise beyond _! own g5us1 :]eas ,god is exempt f e human attribute & relation%ip4 ,abu l-asan ,nr says3 ,nat al-faqr al-sukn inda l-adam wa l-badhl inda l-wujd2 & he says also3 ,al-iirb inda l-wujd1 8,:5 he gets no?+ he is sil5t1 & :5 he gets some?+ he reg>ds ano!r p]son z bett] entitl$ to x ?an himself1 & !re=e gives x away40 ,! practice enunciat$ 9 ?is say+ is ( great importance4 ,!re are two mean+s3 7#a7 ,8 quiesc5ce :5 he gets no?+ is satisfaction 7ri71 & 8 lib]ality :5 he gets some?+ is love 7maabbat71 because 8satisfi$0 means 8accept+ a robe ( hon\r0 7qbil-i khilat71 & ! robe ( hon\r is a tok5 ( proximity 7qurbat7 :]eas ! lov] 7muibb7 rejects ! robe ( hon\r inasmu* z x is a tok5 ( sev]ance 7furqat72 & 7#b7 8 quiesc5ce :5 he gets no?+ is expectation ( gett+ some?+1 & :5 he has got x1 t 8some?+0 is o!r ?an ,god3 he _c be satisfi$ ) any?+ o!r ?an ,god2 !re=e he rejects x4 ,bo? ^! mean+s are implicit 9 ! say+ ( ! ,gr& ,%aykh1 ,abu l-,qsim ,junayd3 ,al-faqr khuluww al-qalb an al-a%kl1 8,:5 8 he>t is empty ( ph5om5a he is poor40 ,s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ph5om5a is 8o!r0 7?an ,god71 rejection is ! only c\rse possible4 ,%ibl says3 ,al-faqr bar al-bal wa-baluhu kulluhu izzun1 8,pov]ty is a sea ( tr\ble1 & all tr\bles = ,8 sake are glori\s40 ,glory is a portion ( 8o!r04 ,! afflict$ are plung$ 9 tr\ble & "k no?+ ( glory1 until !y =get _! tr\ble & reg>d ! ,au?or !re(4 ,!n _! tr\ble is *ang$ into glory1 & _! glory into a spiritual /ate 7waqt71 & _! spiritual /ate into love1 & _! love into contemplation1 s t f9ally ! bra9 ( ! aspirant becomes :olly a c5tre ( vision ?r\gh ! pr$om9ance ( 8 imag9ation3 he sees )\t eye1 & he>s )\t e>4 ,aga91 x is glori\s = a man to be> ! burd5 ( tr\ble laid ^u him by 8 ,belov$1 = 9 tru? mis=tune is glory1 & prosp]ity is humiliation4 ,glory is t :i* makes "o pres5t ) ,god1 & humiliation is t :i* makes "o abs5t f ,god3 ! affliction ( pov]ty is a sign ( 8pres5ce01 :ile ! delight ( ri*es is a sign ( 8abs5ce04 ,!re=e "o %\ld cl+ to tr\ble ( any description t involves contemplation & intimacy4 ,junayd says3 ,y ma%> al-fuq> innakum turafna billh wa-tukra-mna lillh fa-nur kayfa taknna maa a llh idh khalawtum bihi1 8,o ye t are poor1 ye are kn[n ?r\gh ,god1 & are hon\r$ = ! sake ( ,god3 take he$ h[ ye behave :5 ye are alone ) ,him10 i4e4 if p call y 8poor0 & recognize y\r claim1 see t y p]=m ! obligations ( ! pa? ( pov]ty2 & if !y give y ano!r "n1 inconsi/5t ) :at y pr(ess1 d n accept x1 b fulfil y\r pr(essions4 ,! base/ ( m5 is he :o is ?\ght to be devot$ to ,god1 b really is n2 & ! noble/ is he :o is n ?\ght to be devot$ to ,god1 b really is4 ,! =m] resembles an ignorant physician1 :o pret5ds to cure p1 b only makes !m worse1 & :5 he falls ill himself ne$s ano!r physician to prescribe = him2 & ! latt] is l "o :o is n kn[n to be a physician1 & does n conc]n himself ) o!r folk1 b employs 8 skill 9 ord] to ma9ta9 8 own heal?4 ,"o ( ! mod]ns has said3 ,al-faqr adamun bil wujd91 8,pov]ty is n-be+ )\t exi/5ce40 ,to int]pret ?is say+ is impossible1 because :at is non-exi/5t does n admit ( be+ expla9$4 ,on ! surface x w\ld seem t1 accord+ to ?is dictum1 pov]ty is no?+1 b su* is n ! case2 ! explanations & cons5sus ( ! ,sa9ts ( ,god are n f\nd$ on a pr9ciple t is ess5tially non-exi/5t4 ,! mean+ "h is n 8! n-be+ ( ! ess5ce01 b 8! n-be+ ( t :i* contam9ates ! ess5ce02 & all human attributes are a s\rce ( contam9ation3 :5 t is remov$1 ! result is annihilation ( ! attributes 7fan-yi ifat71 :i* deprives ! suff]] ( ! in/rum5t :]eby he atta9s1 or fails to atta91 8 object2 b 8 n-go+ to ! ess5ce 7adam-i rawi% ba-ayn7 seems to him annihilation ( ! ess5ce & ca/s him into p]dition4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! celebrat$ my/ic ( ,h]t1 :o di$ 9 #dha ,a4,h4 ,see ,pr(essor ,br[ne's ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bfi4 ,i h met ) "s s*ola/ic philosoph]s :o1 fail+ to und]/& ! drift ( ?is say+1 laugh$ at x & decl>$ x to be nons5se2 & also ) c]ta9 pret5d]s 7to fiism7 :o made nons5se ( x & 7 firmly conv9c$ ( its tru?1 al?\gh !y _h no grasp ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,bo? p>ties are 9 ! wrong3 "o ignorantly d5ies ! tru?1 & ! o!r makes ignorance a /ate 7( p]fection74 ,n[ ! expressions 8n-be+0 7adam7 & 8annihilation0 7fan71 z !y are us$ by fs1 d5ote ! disappe>ance ( a blamewor?y in/rum5t 7lat-i madhmm7 & disapprov$ attribute 9 ! c\rse ( seek+ a praisewor?y attribute2 !y d n signify ! se>* = non-reality 7adam-i man7 by means ( an in/rum5t :i* exi/s4 ,d]vi%hood 9 all its mean+s is a metaphorical pov]ty1 & amid/ all its subord9ate aspects !re is a transc5d5t pr9ciple4 ,! ,div9e my/]ies come & g ov] ! d]vi%1 s t 8 affairs are acquir$ by himself1 8 actions attribut$ to himself1 & 8 ideas atta*$ to himself4 ,b :5 8 affairs are fre$ f ! bonds ( acquisition 7kasb71 8 actions are no m attribut$ to himself4 ,!n he is ! ,way1 n ! wayf>]1 i4e4 ! d]vi% is a place ov] :i* some?+ is pass+1 n a wayf>] foll[+ 8 own w4 ,accord+ly1 he nei!r draws any?+ to himself nor puts any?+ away f himself3 all t leaves any trace ^u him belongs to ! ess5ce4 ,i h se5 false fs1 m]e tongue/]s 7arbb al-lisn71 ^: imp]fect appreh5sion ( ?is matt] seem$ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! ess5ce ( pov]ty1 :ile _! lack ( desire = ! reality ( pov]ty seem$ to d5y ! attributes ( its ess5ce4 ,!y call$ by ! "n ( 8pov]ty0 & 8purity0 _! failure to seek ,tru? & ,reality1 & x look$ z ?\gh !y affirm$ _! own fancies b d5i$ all else4 ,e "o ( !m 0 9 "s degree veil$ f pov]ty1 because ! conceit ( fiism 7p9dr-i n ad?7 betok5s p]fection ( sa9t%ip1 & ! claim to be suspect$ ( fiism 7tawall-yi tuhmat-i n ad?7 is ! ultimate goal1 i4e4 ?is claim belongs only to ! /ate ( p]fection4 ,!re=e ! seek] has no *oice b to j\rney 9 _! pa? & to trav]se _! 8/ations0 & to "k _! symbolic expressions1 9 ord] t he may n be a plebeian 7mm7 among ! elect4 ,^? :o are ignorant ( g5]al pr9ciples 7awmm-i ul7 h no gr\nd to /& on1 :]eas ^? :o are ignorant only z reg>ds ! d]ivative bran*es are support$ by ! pr9ciples4 ,i h said all ?is to enc\rage y to und]take ?is spiritual j\rney & occupy y\rself ) ! due fulfilm5t ( its obligations4 ,n[ 9 ! *apt] on fiism ,i w expla9 "s ( ! pr9ciples & allegories & my/ic say+s ( ?is sect4 ,!n ,i w m5tion ! names ( _! holy m51 & aft]w>ds elucidate ! diff]5t doctr9es held by ! fi ,%aykhs4 ,9 ! next place1 ,i w treat ( ! ,v]ities1 ,sci5ces1 & ,laws ( fiism4 ,la/ly1 ,i w set =? _! rules ( discipl9e & ! significance ( _! 8/ations01 9 ord] t ! tru? ( ?is matt] may become cle> to y & to all my read]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,fiism4 ,god1 ,almighty & ,glori\s1 has said3 8,& ^? :o walk meekly on ! e>?1 & :5 ! ignorant speak to !m answ] #8,peace'10 7%all be rew>d$ ) ! highe/ place 9 ,p>adise74#ca ,& ! ,apo/le has said3 8,he t he>s ! voice ( fs 7ahl al-taawwuf7 & does n say ,am5 to _! pray] is inscrib$ be=e ,god among ! he$less40 ,! true mean+ ( ?is "n has be5 mu* discuss$ & _m books h be5 compos$ on ! subject4 ,"s ass]t t ! f is s call$ because he we>s a wooll5 g>m5t 7jma-i f72 o!rs t he is s call$ because he is 9 ! fir/ rank 7aff-i awwal72 o!rs say x is because ! fs claim to belong to ! ,ab-i uffa1#cb ) :om may ,god be well-pleas$6 ,o!rs1 aga91 decl>e t ! "n is d]iv$ f af 7purity74 ,^! explanations ( ! true mean+ ( fiism are f> f satisfy+ ! requirem5ts ( etymology1 al?\gh ea* ( !m is support$ by _m subtle argum5ts4 af 7purity7 is univ]sally prais$1 & its opposite is kad>4 ,! ,apo/le--on :om be peace6--said3 8,! afw 7pure "p1 i4e4 ! be/7 ( ?is _w is gone1 & only its kad> 7impurity7 rema9s40 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! p ( ?is p]suasion h purg$ _! morals & conduct1 & h s\ght to free !mselves f natural ta9ts1 on t acc\nt !y are call$ fs2 & ?is designation ( ! sect is a prop] "n 7az zmi-yi alm71 inasmu* z ! dignity ( ! fs is too great = _! transactions 7mumalt7 to be hidd51 s t _! "n %\ld ne$ a d]ivation4 ,9 ?is age1 h[ev]1 ,god has veil$ mo/ p f fiism & f its vot>ies1 & has conceal$ its my/]ies f _! he>ts4 ,accord+ly "s imag9e t x consi/s m]ely 9 ! practice ( outw>d piety )\t inw>d contemplation1 & o!rs suppose t x is a =m & a sy/em )\t ess5ce & root1 to su* an ext5t t !y h adopt$ ! view ( sc(f]s 7ahl-i hazl7 & !ologians 7ulam71 :o reg>d only ! ext]nal1 & h condemn$ fiism altoge!r1 mak+ no attempt to discov] :at x really is4 ,! p 9 g5]al1 bl9dly con=m+ to ?is op9ion1 h eras$ f _! he>ts ! que/ = inw>d purity & h disc>d$ ! t5ets ( ! ,anci5ts & ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet4 ,v]ily1 purity is *>act]i/ic ( ! iddq1#cc if ?\ desire/ a true f--because purity 7af7 has a root & a bran*3 its root be+ sev]ance ( ! he>t f 8o!rs0 7aghyr71 & its bran* t ! he>t %\ld be empty ( ?is deceitful _w4 ,bo? ^! are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greate/ iddq1 7! ,caliph7 ,ab ,bakr ,abdallh b4 ,ab ,qufa1 ) :om may ,god be well-pleas$6 ,he is ! lead] 7imm7 ( all ! folk ( ?is ,pa?4 ,footnote #ca3 ,kor4 xxv1 #fd4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! "n zaddq 7an ,aramaic ^w mean+ 8righte\s07 0 giv5 to ! ascetics & spiritual adepts among ! ,mani*ans4 ,its ,arabic equival5t1 siddq1 :i* means 8v]aci\s01 is a t]m t is frequ5tly appli$ to fs4 ,! au?or !n relates h[1 on ,muammad's decease1 :5 ,um> ?reat5$ to decapitate anyone :o ass]t$ t ! ,prophet 0 dead1 ,ab ,bakr /epp$ =? & cri$ ) a l\d voice3 8,:oev] wor%ips ,muammad1 let him "k t ,muammad is dead2 b :oev] wor%ips ,muammad's ,"l1 let him "k t ,,he is liv+ & die? n40 ,^? :o reg>d$ ,muammad ) ! eye ( mortality ceas$ to v5]ate him z soon z he dep>t$ f ?is _w1 b to ^? :o reg>d$ him ) ! eye ( reality 8 pres5ce & abs5ce 7 alike1 because !y attribut$ bo? to ,god2 & look$1 n at ! p>ticul> *ange :i* _h come to pass1 b at ! ,au?or ( all *ange2 & v5]at$ ,muammad only 9 proportion z ,god hon\r$ him2 & did n atta* _! he>ts to anyone 7except ,god72 & did n op5 _! eyes to gaze ^u mank9d1 inasmu* z 8he t beholde? mank9d wane?1 b he t returne? unto ,god reigne?0 7man naara ila l-khalq halak wa-man rajaa ila l-aqq malak74 ,& ,ab ,bakr %[$ t 8 he>t 0 empty ( ?is deceitful _w1 = he gave away all 8 weal? & 8 cli5ts 7mawl71 & clad himself 9 a wooll5 g>m5t 7gilm71 & came to ! ,apo/le1 :o ask$ him :at he _h left = 8 family4 ,ab ,bakr repli$3 8,only ,god & ,8 ,apo/le40 ,all ?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! s9c]e f4 ,i said t af 7purity7 is ! opposite ( kad> 7impurity71 & kad> is "o ( ! qualities ( ,man4 ,! true f is he t leaves impurity beh9d4 ,?us1 human nature 7ba%>iyyat7 prevail$ 9 ! wom5 ( ,egypt z !y gaz$1 enraptur$1 on ! wondr\s beauty ( ,ysuf 7,joseph71 on :om be peace6 ,b aft]w>ds ! prepond]ance 0 rev]s$1 until at la/ !y beheld him ) _! human nature annihilat$ 7ba-fan-yi ba%>iyyat7 & cri$3 8,?is is no human be+0 7,kor4 xii1 #ca74 ,!y made him _! object & gave expression to _! own /ate4 ,h5ce ! ,%aykhs ( ?is ,pa?--,god h m]cy on !m6--h said3 ,laysa l-af m9 ifat al-ba%> lianna l-ba%> mad> wal-mad> l yakhl m9 al-kad>1 8,purity is n "o ( ! qualities ( ,man1 = ,man is clay1 & clay involves impurity1 & ,man _c escape f impurity40 ,!re=e purity be>s no lik5ess to acts 7afl71 nor c ! human nature be de/roy$ by means ( ef=t4 ,! quality ( purity is unrelat$ to acts & /ates1 & its "n is unconnect$ ) names & nicknames--purity is *>act]i/ic ( ! lov]s 7( ,god71 :o are suns )\t cl\d--because purity is ! attribute ( ^? :o love1 & ! lov] is he t is dead 7fn7 9 8 own attributes & liv+ 7bq7 9 ! attributes ( 8 ,belov$1 & _! 8/ates0 resemble ! cle> sun 9 ! op9ion ( my/ics 7arbb-i l74 ,! belov$ ( ,god1 ,muammad ! ,*os5 ,"o1 0 ask$ conc]n+ ! /ate ( ri?a4 ,he answ]$3 ,abd naww>a llh qalbahu bi l-mn1 8,he is a man ^: he>t is illum9$ by ! light ( fai?1 s t 8 face %9es l ! moon f ! effect !re(1 & he is =m$ by ! ,div9e light40 ,an em95t f says3 iy al-%ams wal-qam> idha %t>ak namdhajun m9 af al-ubb wa l-tawd idha %tabak1 8,! comb9ation ( ! light ( ! sun & moon1 :5 !y are 9 conjunction1 is l ! purity ( ,love & ,unification :5 ^! are m+l$ toge!r40 ,assur$ly1 ! light ( ! sun & moon is wor?less beside ! light ( ! ,love & ,unification ( ,god ,almighty1 & !y %\ld n be comp>$2 b 9 ?is _w !re is no light m conspicu\s ?an ^? two lum9>ies4 ,! eye _c see ! light ( ! sun & moon ) complete demon/ration4 ,dur+ ! sway ( ! sun & moon x sees ! sky1 :]eas ! he>t 7dil7 sees ! empyrean 7ar%7 by ! light ( k & unification & love1 & :ile /ill 9 ?is _w explores ! _w to come4 ,all ! ,%aykhs ( ?is ,pa? are agre$ t :5 a man has escap$ f ! captivity ( 8/ations0 7maqmt71 & gets rid ( ! impurity ( 8/ates0 7awl71 & is lib]at$ f ! abode ( *ange & decay1 & becomes end[$ ) all praisewor?y qualities1 he is disjo9$ f all qualities4 ,t is to say1 he is n held 9 bondage by any praisewor?y quality ( 8 own1 nor does he reg>d x1 nor is he made self-conceit$ !reby4 ,8 /ate is hidd5 f ! p]ception ( intellig5ces1 & 8 "t is exempt f ! influ5ce ( ?\ghts4 ,8 pres5ce 7ur7 ) ,god has no end & 8 exi/5ce has no cause4 ,& :5 he arrives at ?is degree1 he becomes annihilat$ 7fn7 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next1 & is made div9e 7rabbn7 9 ! disappe>ance ( humanity2 & gold & e>? are ! same 9 8 eyes1 & ! ord9ances :i* o!rs f9d h>d to keep become easy to him4 ,"h foll[s ! /ory ( ri?a1 :o decl>$ t he _h true fai? 9 ,god4 ,! ,prophet ask$3 8,:at is ! reality ( ?y fai?80 ri?a repli$3 8,i h cut (f & turn$ myself away f ?is _w1 s t its /ones & its gold & its silv] & its clay are equal 9 my sight4 ,& ,i h pass$ my nights 9 wakefulness & my days 9 ?ir/ until me?9ks ,i see ! ,?rone ( my ,"l manife/1 & ! p ( ,p>adise visit+ "o ano!r1 & ! p ( ,hell wre/l+ ) "o ano!r0#cd 7or1 accord+ to an alt]native read+3 8mak+ sudd5 attacks on "o ano!r074#ce ,! ,prophet said1 repeat+ ! words ?rice3 8,?\ kn[e/1 !re=e p]sev]e40 ,footnote #cd3 ,yataran4 ,b4 has yatadawn1 & 9 m>g4 yatasran4 ,! true read+ is yatawawn1 8b>k+ 7or #8gr[l+'7 at "o ano!r40 ,cf4 ,lisn1 xix1 #cdc1 #c4 ,footnote #ce3 ,yataghw>n4 ,?is is ! read+ ( ,j41 ,i4 has yataw>n1 ,l4 yatawadn1 ,b4 yataghmazn1 & 9 m>g4 yatafwazn4 8f0 is a "n :i* is giv51 & has =m]ly be5 giv51 to ! p]fect sa9ts & spiritual adepts4 ,"o ( ! ,%aykhs says3 ,man affhu l-ubb fa-huwa f9 wa-man affhu l-abb fa-huwa fiyyun1 8,he t is purifi$ by love is pure1 & he t is absorb$ 9 ! ,belov$ & has ab&on$ all else is a #8f'40 ,! "n has no d]ivation answ]+ to etymological requirem5ts1 inasmu* z fiism is too exalt$ to h any g5us f :i* x might be d]iv$2 = ! d]ivation ( "o ?+ f ano!r dem&s homog5eity 7mujnasat74 ,all t exi/s is ! opposite ( purity 7af71 & ?+s are n d]iv$ f _! opposites4 ,to fs ! mean+ ( fiism is cle>] ?an ! sun & does n ne$ any explanation or indication4 ,s9ce 8f0 admits ( no explanation1 all ! _w are int]pret]s !re(1 :e!r !y recognize ! dignity ( ! "n or no at ! "t :5 !y le>n its mean+4 ,! p]fect1 !n1 among !m are call$ f1 & ! inf]ior aspirants 7libn7 among !m are call$ ,mutaawwif2 = taawwuf belongs to ! =m tafaul1 :i* implies 8tak+ tr\ble0 7takalluf71#cf & is a bran* ( ! orig9al root4 ,! diff]5ce bo? 9 mean+ & 9 etymology is evid5t4 ,purity 7af7 is a sa9t%ip ) a sign & a relation 7riwyat71 & fiism 7taawwuf7 is an uncompla9+ imitation ( purity 7ikyatun lil-af bil %ikyat74 ,purity1 !n1 is a respl5d5t & manife/ idea1 & fiism is an imitation ( t idea4 ,its foll[]s 9 ?is degree are ( ?ree k9ds3 ! f1 ! ,mutaawwif1 & ! ,mu/awif4 ,! f is he t is dead to self & liv+ by ! ,tru?2 he has escap$ f ! grip ( human faculties & has really atta9$ 7to ,god74 ,! ,mutaawwif is he t seeks to rea* ?is rank by means ( self-mortification 7mujhadat7 & 9 8 se>* rectifies 8 conduct 9 accordance ) _! 7! fs'7 example4 ,! ,mu/awif is he t makes himself l !m 7! fs7 = ! sake ( money & weal? & p[] & worldly advantage1 b has no k ( ^! two ?+s4#cg ,h5ce x has be5 said3 ,al-mu/awif inda l-fiyyat ka-l-dhubb wa-inda ghayrihim ka-l-dhib1 8,! ,mu/awif 9 ! op9ion ( ! fs is z despicable z flies1 & 8 actions are m]e cupidity2 o!rs reg>d him z be+ l a wolf1 & 8 spee* unbridl$ 7b afsr71 = he only desires a morsel ( c>rion40 ,!re=e ! f is a man ( union 7ib wul71 ! ,mutaawwif a man ( pr9ciples1 7ib ul71 & ! ,mu/awif a man ( sup]fluities 7ib ful74 ,he t has ! portion ( union loses all end & object by ga9+ 8 end & rea*+ 8 object2 he t has ! portion ( pr9ciple becomes firm 9 ! 8/ates0 ( ! my/ic pa?1 & /eadfa/ly devot$ to ! my/]ies !re(2 b he t has ! portion ( sup]fluity1 is left devoid ( all 7wor? hav+71 & sits d[n at ! gate ( =mality 7rasm71 & !reby he is veil$ f reality 7man7 & ?is veil r5d]s bo? union & pr9ciple invisible to him4 ,! ,%aykhs ( ?is p]suasion h giv5 _m subtle def9itions ( fiism :i* _c all be enum]at$1 b we %all m5tion "s ( !m 9 ?is book1 if ,god w1 :o is ! ,au?or ( success4 ,footnote #cf3 ,examples ( ?is signification ( ! =m tafaul are giv5 9 ,wright's ,arabic ,gramm>1 vol4 i1 p4 #cg1 ,rem4 b4 ,footnote #cg3 ,viz41 purity 7af7 & fiism 7taawwuf74 ,,section4 ,dhu l-,nn1 ! ,egyptian1 says3 ,al-f idh naaqa bna nuquhu an al-aqiq wa-9 sakata naaqat anhu l-jawri bi-qa al-aliq1 8,! f is he ^: language1 :5 he speaks1 is ! reality ( 8 /ate1 i4e4 he says no?+ :i* he is n1 & :5 he is sil5t 8 conduct expla9s 8 /ate1 & 8 /ate proclaims t he has cut all worldly ties20 i4e4 all t he says is bas$ on a s\nd pr9ciple & all t he does is pure deta*m5t f ! _w 7tajrd72 :5 he speaks 8 spee* is entirely ! ,tru?1 & :5 he is sil5t 8 actions are :olly 8pov]ty0 7faqr74 ,junayd says3 ,al-taawwuf natun uqma l-abd fhi qla natun li-l-abd am li-l-aqq faqla nat al-aqq aqqatan wa-nat al-abd rasman1 8fiism is an attribute :]e9 is ,man's subsi/5ce40 ,!y said3 8,is x an attribute ( ,god or ( mank9d80 ,he repli$3 8,its ess5ce is an attribute ( ,god & its =mal sy/em is an attribute ( mank9d20 i4e4 its ess5ce involves ! annihilation ( human qualities1 :i* is br\ght ab\t by ! ev]la/+ness ( ! ,div9e qualities1 & ?is is an attribute ( ,god2 :]eas its =mal sy/em involves on ! "p ( ,man ! cont9uance ( self-mortification 7mujhadat71 & ?is cont9uance ( self-mortification is an attribute ( ,man4 ,or ! words may be tak5 9 ano!r s5se1 namely1 t 9 real ,unification 7tawd7 !re are1 correctly speak+1 no human attributes at all1 because human attributes are n con/ant b are only =mal 7rasm71 hav+ no p]man5ce1 = ,god is ! ag5t4 ,!re=e !y are really ! attributes ( ,god4 ,?us 7to expla9 :at is meant71 ,god comm&s ,8 s]vants to fa/1 & :5 !y keep ! fa/ ,he gives !m ! "n ( 8fa/]0 7im71 & nom9ally ?is 8fa/+0 7awm7 belongs to ,man1 b really x belongs to ,god4 ,accord+ly ,god told ,8 ,apo/le & said3 ,al-awm l wa-ana ajz bihi1 8,fa/+ is m9e10 because all ,8 acts are ,8 possessions1 & :5 m5 ascribe ?+s to !mselves1 ! attribution is =mal & metaphorical1 n real4 ,& ,abu l-asan ,nr says3 ,al-taawwuf t>ku kulli a9 li-l-nafs1 8fiism is ! r5unciation ( all selfi% pleasures40 ,?is r5unciation is ( two k9ds3 =mal & ess5tial4 ,= example1 if "o r5\nces a pleasure1 & f9ds pleasure 9 ! r5unciation1 ?is is =mal r5unciation2 b if ! pleasure r5\nces him1 !n ! pleasure is annihilat$1 & ?is case falls "u ! head ( true contemplation 7mu%hadat74 ,!re=e r5unciation ( pleasure is ! act ( ,man1 b annihilation ( pleasure is ! act ( ,god4 ,! act ( ,man is =mal & metaphorical1 :ile ! act ( ,god is real4 ,?is say+ 7( ,nr7 elucidates ! say+ ( ,junayd :i* has be5 quot$ above4 ,& ,abu l-asan ,nr also says3 ,al-fiyyat humu lladhna afat arwuhum fa-r fi l-aff al-awwal bayna yadayi l-aqq1 8,! fs are !y ^: spirits h be5 fre$ f ! pollution ( humanity1 purifi$ f c>nal ta9t1 & releas$ f concupisc5ce1 s t !y h f\nd re/ ) ,god 9 ! fir/ rank & ! highe/ degree1 & h fl$ f all save ,him40 ,& he also says3 ,al-f alladh l yamlik wa-l yumlak1 8,! f is he t has no?+ 9 8 possession nor is himself possess$ by any?+40 ,?is d5otes ! ess5ce ( annihilation 7fan71 s9ce "o ^: qualities are annihilat$ nei!r possesses nor is possess$1 inasmu* z ! t]m 8possession0 c prop]ly be appli$ only to exi/5t ?+s4 ,! mean+ is1 t ! f does n make 8 own any good ( ?is _w or any glory ( ! next _w1 = he is n ev5 9 ! possession & control ( himself3 he refra9s f desir+ au?ority ov] o!rs1 9 ord] t o!rs may n desire submission f him4 ,?is say+ ref]s to a my/]y ( ! f's :i* !y call 8complete annihilation0 7fan-yi kull74 ,if ,god w1 we %all m5tion 9 ?is "w1 = y\r in=mation1 ! po9ts :]e9 !y h fall5 into error4 ,ibn al-,jall#ch says3 ,al-taawwuf aqqatun l rasm lahu1 8fiism is an ess5ce )\t =m10 because ! =m belongs to mank9d 9 respect to _! conduct 7mumalt71 :ile ! ess5ce !re( is peculi> to ,god4 ,s9ce fiism consi/s 9 turn+ away f mank9d1 x is necess>ily )\t =m4 ,& ,ab ,amr ,dima%q says3 ,al-taawwuf ruyat al-kawn bi-ayn al-naq1 bal gha al-arf an al-kawn1 8fiism is3 to see ! imp]fection ( ! ph5om5al _w 7& ?is %[s t human attributes are /ill exi/5t71 nay1 to %ut ! eye to ! ph5om5al _w0 7& ?is %[s t human attributes are annihilat$2 because ! objects ( sight are ph5om5a1 & :5 ph5om5a disappe>1 sight also disappe>s74 ,%utt+ ! eye to ! ph5om5al _w leaves ! spiritual vision subsi/5t1 i4e4 :oev] becomes bl9d to self sees by means ( ,god1 because ! seek] ( ph5om5a is also a self-seek]1 & 8 action proce$s f & ?r\gh himself1 & he _c f9d any way ( escap+ f himself4 ,accord+ly "o sees himself to be imp]fect1 & "o %uts 8 eye to self & does n see2 & al?\gh ! se] sees 8 imp]fection1 nev]!less 8 eye is a veil1 & he is veil$ by 8 sight1 b he :o does n see is n veil$ by 8 bl9dness4 ,?is is a well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple 9 ! ,pa? ( aspirants to fiism & my/ics 7arbb-i man71 b to expla9 x "h w\ld be unsuitable4 ,& ,ab ,bakr ,%ibl says3 ,al-taawwuf %irkun liannahu iynat al-qalb an ruyat al-ghayr wa-l ghayr1 8fiism is poly!ism1 because x is ! gu>d+ ( ! he>t f ! vision ( #8o!r'1 & #8o!r' does n exi/40 ,t is to say1 vision ( o!r 7?an ,god7 9 affirm+ ! ,unity ( ,god is poly!ism1 & :5 8o!r0 has no value 9 ! he>t1 x is absurd to gu>d ! he>t f remembrance ( 8o!r04 ,& usr says3 ,al-taawwuf af al-sirr m9 kudrat al-mukhlafat1 8fiism is ! he>t's be+ pure f ! pollution ( discord40 ,! mean+ !re( is t he %\ld protect ! he>t f discord ) ,god1 because love is concord1 & concord is ! opposite ( discord1 & ! lov] has b "o duty 9 ! _w1 namely1 to keep ! comm&m5t ( ! belov$2 & if ! object ( desire is "o1 h[ c discord arise8 ,& ,muammad b4 ,al b4 al-usayn b4 ,al b4 ,ab lib--may ,god be pleas$ ) !m all6--says3 ,al-taawwuf khulqun fa-man zda alayka fi l-khulq zda alayka fi l-taawwuf1 8fiism is goodness ( disposition3 he t has ! bett] disposition is ! bett] f40 ,n[ goodness ( disposition is ( two k9ds3 t[>ds ,god & t[>ds m54 ,! =m] is acquiesc5ce 9 ! ,div9e decrees1 ! latt] is endurance ( ! burd5 ( m5's society = ,god's sake4 ,^! two aspects ref] to ! seek] 7lib74 ,god is indep5d5t ( ! seek]'s acquiesc5ce or ang]1 & ^! two qualities dep5d on consid]ation ( ,8 ,unity4 ,& ,ab ,muammad ,murtai% says3 ,al-f l yasbiqu himmatuhu khawatahu1 8,! f is he ^: ?\ght keeps pace ) 8 foot10 i4e4 he is entirely pres5t3 8 s\l is :]e 8 body is1 & 8 body :]e 8 s\l is1 & 8 s\l :]e 8 foot is1 & 8 foot :]e 8 s\l is4 ,?is is ! sign ( pres5ce )\t abs5ce4 ,o!rs say1 on ! contr>y3 8,he is abs5t f himself & pres5t ) ,god40 ,x is n s3 he is pres5t ) himself & pres5t ) ,god4 ,! expression d5otes p]fect union 7jam al-jam71 because !re c be no abs5ce f self s long z "o reg>ds "o's self2 :5 self-reg>d has ceas$1 !re is pres5ce 7) ,god7 )\t abs5ce4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> s5se ! say+ closely resembles t ( ,%ibl3 ,al-f l y> fi l-drayn maa llh ghayra llh1 8,! f is he t sees no?+ except ,god 9 ! two worlds40 ,9 %ort1 human exi/5ce is 8o!r01 & :5 a man does n see 8o!r0 he does n see himself2 & becomes totally void ( self1 :e!r 8self0 is affirm$ or d5i$4 ,& ,junayd says3 ,al-taawwuf mabniyyun al ?amn khil al-sakh wa l-ri wa l-abr wa l-i%rat wa l-ghurbat wa-labs al-f wa l-siyat wa l-faqr amma l-sakh fa-li-,ibrhm wa-amma l-ri fa-li-,isml wa-amma l-abr fa-li-,ayyb wa-amma l-i%rat fa-li-,zak>iyy wa-amma l-ghurbat fa-li-,yay wa-amma labs al-f fa-li-,ms wa-amma l-siyat fa-li-s wa-amma l-faqr fa-li-,muammad alla llhu alayhi wa-sallama wa-alayhim ajman1 8fiism is f\nd$ on eight qualities exemplifi$ 9 eight ,apo/les3 ! g5]osity ( ,abraham1 :o sacrific$ 8 son2 ! acquiesc5ce ( ,i%mael1 :o submitt$ to ! comm& ( ,god & gave up 8 de> life2 ! pati5ce ( ,job1 :o pati5tly endur$ ! affliction ( worms & ! jeal\sy ( ! ,m]ciful2 ! symbolism ( ,za*>ias1 to :om ,god said1 #8,?\ %alt n speak unto m5 = ?ree days save by signs' 7,kor4 iii1 #cf71 & aga9 to ! same effect1 #8,:5 he call$ ^u 8 ,"l ) a secret invocation' 7,kor4 xix1 #b72 ! /rang]hood ( ,john1 :o 0 a /rang] 9 8 own c\ntry & an ali5 to 8 own k9 among/ :om he liv$2 ! pilgrimhood ( ,jesus1 :o 0 s deta*$ !re9 f worldly ?+s t he kept only a cup & a comb--! cup he ?rew away :5 he saw a man dr9k+ wat] 9 ! palms ( 8 h&s1 & ! comb likewise :5 he saw ano!r man us+ 8 f+]s in/ead ( a too?pick2 ! we>+ ( wool by ,moses1 ^: g>m5t 0 wooll52 & ! pov]ty ( ,muammad1 to :om ,god ,almighty s5t ! key ( all ! treasures t are ^u ! face ( ! e>?1 say+3 #8,lay no tr\ble on ?yself1 b procure e luxury by means ( ^! treasures2' & he answ]$3 #8,o ,"l1 ,i desire !m n2 keep me "o day full-f$ & "o day hungry4'0 ,^! are v excell5t pr9ciples ( conduct4 ,footnote #ch3 ,s ,j4 ,! ,lahore edition has ,ibn al-,jall1 ,i4 ,ibn al-,jullb4 ,see ,*apt] ,x1 ,no4 #cd4 ,& ur says3 ,al-f la yjadu bada adamihi wa-l yudamu bada wujdihi1 8,! f is he ^: exi/5ce is )\t non-exi/5ce & 8 non-exi/5ce )\t exi/5ce10 i4e4 he nev] loses t :i* he f9ds1 & he nev] f9ds t :i* he loses4 ,ano!r mean+ is ?is1 t 8 f9d+ 7yft7 has no n-f9d+ 7n-yft71 & 8 n-f9d+ has no f9d+ at any "t1 s t !re is ei!r an affirmation )\t negation or a negation )\t affirmation4 ,! object ( all ^! expressions is t ! f's /ate ( mortality %\ld entirely lapse1 & t 8 bodily feel+s 7%awhid7 %\ld disappe> & 8 connexion ) ev]y?+ be cut (f1 9 ord] t ! my/]y ( 8 mortality may be reveal$ & 8 v>i\s p>ts unit$ 9 8 ess5tial self1 & t he may subsi/ ?r\gh & 9 himself4 ,! effect ( ?is c be %[n 9 two ,apo/les3 fir/ly1 ,moses1 9 ^: exi/5ce !re 0 no non-exi/5ce1 s t he said3 8,o ,"l1 enl>ge my brea/ & make my affair easy unto me0 7,kor4 xx1 #bf1 #bg72 secondly1 ! ,apo/le 7,muammad71 9 ^: non-exi/5ce !re 0 no exi/5ce1 s t ,god said3 8,did n ,we enl>ge ?y brea/80 7,kor4 xciv1 #a74 ,! "o ask$ = adornm5t & s\ght hon\r1 b ! o!r 0 adorn$1 s9ce he _h no reque/ to make = himself4 ,& ,al b4 ,bundr al-ayraf ( ,n%pr says3 ,al-taawwuf isq al-ruyat li-l-aqq hiran wa-b9an1 8fiism is ?is1 t ! f %\ld n reg>d 8 own ext]ior & int]ior1 b %\ld reg>d all z belong+ to ,god40 ,?us1 if y look at ! ext]ior1 y w f9d an outw>d sign ( ,god's bless+1 &1 z y look1 outw>d actions w n h ! weight ev5 ( a gnat's w+ beside ! bless+ ( ,god1 & y w cease f reg>d+ ! ext]ior2 & aga91 if y look at ! int]ior1 y w f9d an inw>d sign ( ,god's aid1 &1 z y look1 inw>d actions w n turn ! scale by a s+le gra9 9 comp>ison ) ! aid ( ,god1 & y w cease f reg>d+ ! int]ior1 & w see t all belongs to ,god2 & :5 y see t all is ,god's1 y w see t y y\rself h no?+4 ,muammad b4 ,amad al-,muqr#ci says3 ,al-taawwuf i/iqmat al-awl maa l-aqq1 8fiism is ! ma9t5ance ( "r /ates ) ,god10 i4e4 8/ates0 d n s$uce ! f f 8 7"r7 /ate1 nor ca/ him into wrong1 s9ce he ^: he>t is devot$ to ! ,au?or ( /ates 7muawwil-i awl7 is n ca/ d[n f ! rank ( rectitude nor h9d]$ f atta9+ to ! ,tru?4 ,footnote #ci3 ,di$ 9 #cff ,a4,h4 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #ccb4 ,,section4 ,maxims ( ,conduct 7mumalt74 ,ab af addd ( ,n%pr says3 ,al-taawwuf kulluhu dbun li-kulli waqt9 adabun wa-li-kulli maqm9 adabun wa-li-kulli l9 adabun fa-man lazima db al-awqt balagha mablagh al-rijl fa-man ayyaa l-db fa-huwa badun m9 ay?u yaunnu l-qurb wa-m>ddun m9 ay?u yaunnu l-qabl1 8fiism consi/s entirely ( behavi\r2 e "t1 place1 & circum/ance h _! own propriety2 he t obs]ves ! proprieties ( ea* occasion atta9s to ! rank ( holy m52 & he t neglects ! proprieties is f> remov$ f ! ?\ght ( ne>ness 7to ,god7 & is exclud$ f imag9+ t he is acceptable to ,god40 ,! mean+ ( ?is is ak9 to ! dictum ( ,abu l-asan ,nr3 ,laysa l-taawwuf rusman wa-l ulman wa-lk9nahu akhlqun1 8fiism is n compos$ ( practices & sci5ces1 b x is morals10 i4e4 if x consi/$ ( practices1 x c\ld be acquir$ by ef=t1 & if x consi/$ ( sci5ces1 x c\ld be ga9$ by in/ruction3 h5ce x is morals1 & x is n acquir$ until y dem& f y\rself ! pr9ciples ( morals1 & make y\r actions squ>e ) !m1 & fulfil _! j claims4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 practices 7rusm7 & morals 7akhlq7 is ?is1 t practices are c]emonial actions proce$+ f c]ta9 motives1 actions devoid ( reality1 s t _! =m is at v>iance ) _! _s1 :]eas morals are praisewor?y actions )\t c]emony or motive1 actions devoid ( pret5sion1 s t _! =m is 9 h>mony ) _! _s4 ,murtai% says3 ,al-taawwuf usn al-khulq1 8fiism is good nature40 ,?is is ( ?ree sorts3 fir/ly1 t[>ds ,god1 by fulfill+ ,8 ,comm&m5ts )\t hypocrisy2 secondly1 t[>ds m51 by pay+ respect to "o's sup]iors & behav+ ) k9dness to "o's inf]iors & ) ju/ice to "o's equals1 & by n seek+ recomp5se & ju/ice f m5 9 g5]al2 & ?irdly1 t[>ds "o's self1 by n foll[+ ! fle% & ! devil4 ,:oev] makes himself "r 9 ^! ?ree matt]s is a good-natur$ man4 ,?is :i* ,i h m5tion$ agrees ) a /ory told ( i%a ! v]aci\s 7iddiqa7--may ,god be well-pleas$ ) h]6 ,%e 0 ask$ conc]n+ ! nature ( ! ,apo/le4 8,read f ! ,koran10 %e repli$1 8= ,god has giv5 in=mation 9 ! place :]e ,he says3 #8,use indulg5ce & ord] :at is good & turn away f ! ignorant' 7,kor4 vii1 #aih740 ,& ,murtai% also says3 ,hdh madhhabun kulluhu jiddun fa-l takhlihu bi-%ay9 m9 al-hazl1 8,?is religion ( fiism is :olly e>ne/1 !re=e d n mix je/ ) x1 & d n take ! conduct ( =mali/s 7mut>assimn7 z a model1 & %un ^? :o bl9dly imitate !m40 ,:5 ! p see ^! =mali/s among ! aspirants to fiism 9 our "t1 & become aw>e ( _! danc+ & s++ & visit+ ! c\rt ( sultans & qu>rell+ = ! sake ( a pittance or a m\?ful ( food1 _! belief 9 ! :ole body ( fs is corrupt$1 & !y say3 8,^! are ! pr9ciples ( fiism1 & ! t5ets ( ! anci5t fs 7 j ! same40 ,!y d n recognize t ?is is an age ( weakness & an epo* ( affliction4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce gre$ incites ! sultan to acts ( tyranny1 & lu/ incites ! savant to commit adult]y & =nication1 & o/5tation incites ! ascetic to hypocrisy1 & vanity incites ! f also to dance & s+--y mu/ "k t ! evil lies 9 ! m5 :o hold ! doctr9es1 n 9 ! pr9ciples on :i* ! doctr9es are bas$2 & t if "s sc(f]s disguise _! folly 9 ! e>ne/ness ( true my/ics 7arr71 ! e>ne/ness ( ! latt] is n !reby turn$ to folly4 ,& ,ab ,al ,q>mni#dj says3 ,al-taawwuf huwa l-akhlq al-raiyyat1 8fiism is good morals40 ,approv$ actions are su* t ! creature 9 all circum/ances approves ( ,god1 & is cont5t & satisfi$4 ,abu l asan ,nr says3 ,al-taawwuf huwa l-urriyyat wa-l-futuwwat wa-t>k al-taklf wa-l-sakh wa-badhl al-duny1 8fiism is lib]ty1 s t a man is fre$ f ! bonds ( desire2 & g5]osity10 i4e4 he is purg$ f ! conceit ( g5]osity2 8& ab&onm5t ( useless tr\ble10 i4e4 he does n /rive aft] appurt5ances & rew>ds2 8& munific5ce10 i4e4 he leaves ?is _w to ! p ( ?is _w4 ,footnote #dj3 ,,ij4 ,qazwn4 ,b4 ,ab ,al ,kirmn%h ,quray%4 ,! ,%aykh 9 "q is probably ,muaff> ,kirmn%h ,q>mn 7,nafat1 ,no4 #bgj74 ,& ,abu l-asan ,f%anja#da--may ,god h m]cy on him6--says3 ,al-taawwuf al-yawma smun wa-l aqqatun wa-qad kna aqqatan wa-la sman1 8,to-day fiism is a "n )\t a reality1 b =m]ly x 0 a reality )\t a "n10 i4e4 9 ! "t ( ! ,companions & ! ,anci5ts--may ,god h m]cy on !m6--?is "n did n exi/1 b ! reality !re( 0 9 ev]yone2 n[ ! "n exi/s1 b n ! reality4 ,t is to say1 =m]ly ! practice 0 kn[n & ! pret5ce unkn[n1 b n[adays ! pret5ce is kn[n & ! practice unkn[n4 ,footnote #da3 ,g5]ally writt5 8,f%anj04 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #bgi4 ,i h br\ght toge!r & exam9$ 9 ?is *apt] on fiism a numb] ( ! say+s ( ! ,%aykhs1 9 ord] t ?is ,pa? may become cle> to y--,god grant y felicity6--& t y may say to ! sceptics3 8,:at d y mean by d5y+ ! tru? ( fiism80 ,if !y d5y only ! "n x is no matt]1 s9ce ideas are unrelat$ to ?+s :i* be> names2 & if !y d5y ! ess5tial ideas1 ?is am\nts to a d5ial ( ! :ole ,sacr$ ,law ( ! ,apo/le & 8 prais$ qualities4 ,& ,i enjo9 y 9 ?is book--,god grant y ! felicity ) :i* ,he has bless$ ,8 ,sa9ts6--to hold ^! ideas 9 due reg>d & satisfy _! j claims1 s t y may refra9 f idle pret5sions & h an excell5t belief 9 ! fs !mselves4 ,x is ,god t gives success4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,we>+ ,,( ,,pat*$ ,,frocks 7,muraqqat74 ,"k t ! we>+ ( a muraqqaa 7pat*$ frock7 is ! badge ( aspirants to fiism4 ,! we>+ ( ^! g>m5ts is a ,sunna 7cu/om ( ! ,prophet71 = ! ,apo/le said3 ,alaykum bi-labs al-f tajidna alwat al-mn f qulbikum4 ,&1 fur!r1 "o ( ! ,companions says3 ,kna l-nab salla llh alayhi wa-sallama yalbasu l-f wa-y>kabu l-imr4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! ,apo/le said to i%a3 ,l tuayyii l-?awb att turaqqihi4 ,he said3 8,see t ye we> wooll5 raim5t1 t ye may feel ! sweetness ( fai?40 ,& x is relat$ t ! ,apo/le wore a g>m5t ( wool & rode on an ass1 & t he said to i%a3 8,o i%a1 d n let ! g>m5t be de/roy$1 b pat* x40 ,um>1 ! son ( ,khab1 wore1 x is said1 a muraqqaa ) ?irty pat*es ins]t$ on x4 ,( ,um>1 too1 we are told t he said3 8,! be/ g>m5t is t :i* gives ! lea/ tr\ble0 7ki manat-i n sabukt> buvad74 ,x is relat$ ( ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 ,al1 t he _h a %irt ( :i* ! sleeves 7 level ) 8 f+]s1 & if at any "t he wore a long] %irt he us$ to te> (f ! ends ( its sleeves4 ,! ,apo/le also 0 comm&$ by ,god to %ort5 8 g>m5ts1 = ,god said3 8,& purify ?y g>m5ts0 7,kor4 lxxiv1 #d71 i4e4 %ort5 !m4 ,& asan ( ,bara says3 8,i saw sev5ty comrades :o f\ght at ,badr3 all ( !m _h wooll5 g>m5ts2 & ! greate/ iddq 7,ab ,bakr7 wore a g>m5t ( wool 9 8 deta*m5t f ! _w0 7tajrd74 asan ( ,bara says fur!r3 8,i saw ,salmn 7al-,fris7 we>+ a wooll5 frock 7gilm7 ) pat*es40 ,! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 ,um> b4 al-,khab1 & ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 ,al1 & ,h>im b4 ayyn relate t !y saw ,uways ,q>an ) a wooll5 g>m5t on :i* pat*es 7 ins]t$4 asan ( ,bara & ,mlik ,dnr & ,sufyn ,?awr 7 own]s ( wooll5 pat*$ frocks4 ,& x is relat$ ( ! ,imm ,ab anfa ( ,kfa--?is is writt5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,%aykhs compos$ by ,muammad b4 ,al akm ,tirmidh--t he at fir/ clo!d himself 9 wool & 0 on ! po9t ( retir+ f ! _w1 :5 he saw 9 a dream ! ,apo/le1 :o said3 8,x behoves !e to live amid/ ! p1 because ?\ art ! means :]eby my ,sunna w be reviv$40 ,!n ,ab anfa refra9$ f solitude1 b he nev] put on a g>m5t ( any value4 ,& ,dwud 1 :o 0 "o ( ! v]itable adepts among ! aspirants to fiism 7yak az muaqqiqn-i mutaawwifa71 enjo9$ ! we>+ ( wool4 ,& ,ibrhm ! son ( ,adham came to visit ! mo/ v5]able ,imm ,ab anfa1 clad 9 a g>m5t ( wool4 ,! latt]'s disciples look$ at him ) contempt & disp>agem5t1 until ,ab anfa said3 8,our "l ,ibrhm b4 ,adham has come40 ,! disciples said3 8,! ,imm utt]s no je/s3 h[ has he ga9$ ?is lord%ip80 ,ab anfa repli$3 8,by cont9ual devotion4 ,he has be5 occupi$ 9 s]v+ ,god :ile we h be5 engag$ 9 s]v+ our own bodies4 ,?us he has become our "l40 ,x may well be ! case t at ! pres5t day "s p]sons we> pat*$ frocks & religi\s habits 7muraqqat khiraq7 = ! sake ( public hon\r & reputation1 & t _! he>ts belie _! ext]nal g>b2 = !re may be b "o *ampion 9 a ho/1 & 9 e sect ! g5u9e adepts are few4 ,p1 h[ev]1 reckon z fs all :o resemble ! fs ev5 9 a s+le rule4 ,! ,apo/le said3 ,man ta%abbaha bi-qawm9 fa-huwa m9hum1 8,he t makes himself ak9 to a p>ty ei!r 9 conduct or 9 belief1 is "o ( t p>ty40 ,b :ile "s reg>d only ! outw>d =ms ( _! practice1 o!rs direct att5tion to _! _s ( inw>d purity4 ,^? :o wi% to associate ) aspirants to fiism fall into f\r classes3 7#a7 ,he ^: purity1 enlight5m5t1 subtlety1 ev5 balance ( temp]am5t1 & s\ndness ( "* give him insight into ! he>ts ( ! fs1 s t he p]ceives ! ne>ness ( _! spiritual adepts to ,god & ! l(t9ess ( _! em95t m54 ,he jo9s himself to !m 9 hope ( atta9+ to ! same degree1 & ! beg9n+ ( 8 novitiate is m>k$ by revelation ( 8/ates0 7ka%f-i awl71 & purgation f desire1 & r5unciation ( self4 7#b7 ,he ^: heal? ( body & cont95ce ( he>t & quiet peace ( m9d enable him to see _! outw>d practice1 s t he fixes 8 gaze on _! obs]vance ( ! holy law & ( ! diff]5t sorts ( discipl9e1 & on ! excell5ce ( _! conduct3 consequ5tly he seeks to associate ) !m & give himself up to ! practice ( piety1 & ! beg9n+ ( 8 novitiate is m>k$ by self-mortification 7mujhadat7 & good conduct4 7#c7 ,he ^: humanity & cu/om ( social int]c\rse & goodness ( disposition cause him to consid] _! actions & to see ! virtue ( _! outw>d life3 h[ !y treat _! sup]iors ) respect & _! inf]iors ) g5]osity & _! equals z comrades1 & h[ untr\bl$ !y are by ?\ghts ( worldly ga9 & cont5t$ ) :at !y h2 he seeks _! society1 & r5d]s easy to himself ! h>d pa? ( worldly ambition1 & makes himself at leisure "o ( ! good4 7#d7 ,he ^: /upidity & feebl5ess ( s\l--8 love ( p[] )\t m]it & ( di/9ction )\t k--lead him to suppose t ! outw>d actions ( ! fs are ev]y?+4 ,:5 he ent]s _! company !y treat him k9dly & indulg5tly1 al?\gh !y are conv9c$ t he is entirely ignorant ( ,god & t he has nev] /riv5 to advance ^u ! my/ic pa?4 ,!re=e he is hon\r$ by ! p z if he 7 a real adept & is v5]at$ z if he 7 "o ( ,god's sa9ts1 b 8 object is only to assume _! dress & hide 8 de=mity "u _! piety4 ,he is l an ass lad5 ) books 7,kor4 lxxii1 #e74 ,9 ?is age ! majority are impo/ors su* z h be5 describ$4 ,accord+ly1 x behoves y n to seem to be any?+ except :at y really are4 ,x is inw>d gl[ 7urqat7 t makes ! f1 n ! religi\s habit 7khirqat74 ,to ! true my/ic !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! mantle 7ab7 worn by d]vi%es1 & ! coat 7qab7 worn by ord9>y p4 ,an em95t ,%aykh 0 ask$ :y he did n we> a pat*$ frock 7muraqqaa74 ,he repli$3 8,x is hypocrisy to we> ! g>b ( ! fs & n to be> ! burd5s :i* fiism entails40 ,if1 by we>+ ?is g>b1 y wi% to make kn[n to ,god t y are "o ( ! elect1 ,god kn[s t already2 & if y wi% to %[ to ! p t y belong to ,god1 %\ld y\r claim be true1 y are guilty ( o/5tation2 & %\ld x be false1 ( hypocrisy4 ,! fs are too great to ne$ a special g>m5t = ?is purpose4 ,purity 7af7 is a gift f ,god1 :]eas wool 7f7 is ! clo?+ ( animals4 ,! f ,%aykhs enjo9$ _! disciples to we> pat*$ frocks1 & did ! same !mselves1 9 ord] t !y might be m>k$ m51 & t all ! p might keep wat* ov] !m3 ?us if !y committ$ a transgression1 e tongue w\ld rebuke !m1 & if !y wi%$ to s9 :ile clad 9 ?is g>m5t1 !y w\ld be held back by %ame4 ,9 %ort1 ! muraqqaa is ! g>b ( ,god's sa9ts4 ,! vulg> use x m]ely z a means ( ga9+ worldly reputation & =tune1 b ! elect pref] contumely to hon\r1 & affliction to prosp]ity4 ,h5ce x is said 8! muraqqaa is a g>b ( happ9ess = ! vulg>1 b a mail-coat 7jaw%an7 ( affliction = ! elect40 ,y mu/ seek :at is spiritual1 & %un :at is ext]nal4 ,! ,div9e is veil$ by ! human1 & t veil is annihilat$ only by pass+ ?r\gh ! 8/ates0 & 8/ages0 ( ! my/ic ,way4 ,purity 7af7 is ! "n giv5 to su* annihilation4 ,h[ c he :o has ga9$ x *oose "o g>m5t r ?an ano!r1 or take pa9s to adorn himself at all8 ,h[ %\ld he c>e :e!r p call him a f or by "s o!r "n8 ,,section4 ,muraqqaz %\ld be made ) a view to ease & lightness1 & :5 ! orig9al clo? is torn a pat* %\ld be ins]t$4 ,!re are two op9ions ( ! ,%aykhs z to ?is matt]4 ,"s hold t x is improp] to sew ! pat* on neatly & accurately1 & t ! ne$le %\ld be drawn ?r\gh ! clo? at r&om1#db & t no tr\ble %\ld be tak54 ,o!rs aga9 hold t ! /it*es %\ld be /raight & regul>1 & t x is "p ( ! practice ( ! d]vi%es to keep ! /it*es /raight & to take pa9s !re92 = s\nd practice indicates s\nd pr9ciples4 ,footnote #db3 ,lit]ally1 89 :atev] place x raises its head40 ,n[ ,i1 :o am ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 ask$ ! ,gr& ,%aykh1 ,abu l-,qsim ,gurgn at s1 say+3 8,:at is ! lea/ ?+ necess>y = a d]vi% 9 ord] t he may become wor?y ( pov]ty80 ,he repli$3 8,a d]vi% mu/ n h less ?an ?ree ?+s3 fir/1 he mu/ "k h[ to sew on a pat* rightly2 second1 he mu/ "k h[ to li/5 rightly2 ?ird1 he mu/ "k h[ to set 8 foot on ! gr\nd rightly40 ,a numb] ( d]vi%es 7 pres5t ) me :5 he said ?is4 ,z soon z we came to ! door ea* "o began to apply ?is say+ to 8 own case1 & "s ignorant fell[s fa/5$ on x ) avidity4 8,?is10 !y cri$1 8is pov]ty inde$10 & mo/ ( !m 7 ha/5+ to sew pat*es on nicely & to set _! feet on ! gr\nd correctly2 & ev]yone ( !m imag9$ t he knew h[ to li/5 to say+s on fiism4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce my he>t 0 devot$ to t ,sayyid1 & ,i 0 unwill+ t 8 words %\ld fall to ! gr\nd1 ,i said3 8,come1 let ea* ( u say some?+ ^u ?is subject40 ,s ev]yone /at$ 8 views1 & :5 my turn came ,i said3 8,a "r pat* is "o t is /it*$ = pov]ty1 n = %[2 if x is /it*$ = pov]ty1 x is "r1 ev5 ?\gh x be /it*$ wrong4 ,& a "r ^w is "o t is he>d esot]ically 7ba-l71 n wilfully 7ba-munyat71 & is appli$ e>ne/ly1 n frivol\sly1 & is appreh5d$ by life1 n by reason4 ,& a "r foot is "o t is put on ! gr\nd ) true rapture1 n playfully & =mally40 ,"s ( my rem>ks 7 report$ to ! ,sayyid 7,abu l-,qsim ,gurgn71 :o said3 8,al has spok5 well--,god rew>d him60 ,! aim ( ?is sect 9 we>+ pat*$ frocks is to alleviate ! burd5 ( ?is _w & to be s9c]e 9 pov]ty t[>ds ,god4 ,x is relat$ 9 ! g5u9e ,traditions t ,jesus1 son ( ,m>y--,god bless him6--0 we>+ a muraqqaa :5 he 0 tak5 up to heav54 ,a c]ta9 ,%aykh said3 8,i dream$ t ,i saw him clad 9 a wooll5 pat*$ frock1 & light 0 %9+ f e pat*4 ,i said3 #8,o ,messiah1 :at are ^! lights on ?y g>m5t8' ,he answ]$3 #8,! lights ( necess>y grace2 = ,i sew$ on ea* ( ^? pat*es ?r\gh necessity1 & ,god ,almighty ha? turn$ into a light e tribulation :i* ,he inflict$ on my he>t4'0 ,i saw 9 ,transoxania an old man :o belong$ to ! sect ( ,malmats4 ,he nei!r ate nor wore any?+ 9 :i* human be+s _h a h&4 ,8 food consi/$ ( ?+s ?r[n away by m51 su* z putrid vegetables1 s\r g\rds1 rott5 c>rots1 & ! l4 ,8 clo!s 7 made ( rags :i* he _h pick$ up f ! road & wa%$3 ( ^! he _h made a muraqqaa4 ,& ,i h he>d t among ! my/ics ( rec5t times !re 0 an old man ( fl\ri%+ condition 7qaw l7 & ( excell5t "*1 liv+ at ,m>v al-,rd1 :o _h sewn s _m pat*es1 )\t tak+ pa9s1 on 8 pray]-rug & cap1 t scorpions br\ght =? _! "y 9 !m4 ,& my ,%aykh--may ,god be well pleas$ ) him6--wore = fifty-"o ye>s a s+le cloak 7jubba71 on :i* he us$ to sew pieces ( clo? )\t tak+ any pa9s4 ,i h f\nd ! foll[+ tale among ! anecdotes ( ! 7holy7 m5 ( ,irq4 ,!re 7 two d]vi%es1 "o a vot>y ( ! contemplative life 7ib mu%hadat71 & ! o!r a vot>y ( ! purgative life 7ib mujhadat74 ,! =m] nev] clo!d himself except 9 ! pieces ( clo? :i* 7 torn (f by d]vi%es 9 a /ate ( ec/asy 7sam7 f _! own g>m5ts1 :ile ! o!r us$ = ! same purpose only ! pieces torn (f by d]vi%es :o 7 ask+ =giv5ess3 ?us ! outw>d g>b ( ea* 0 9 h>mony ) 8 inw>d disposition4 ,?is is obs]vance ( ! 8/ate0 7ps d%tan-i l74 ,%aykh ,muammad b4 ,khaff wore a co>se wooll5 frock 7pals7 = tw5ty ye>s1 & e ye> he us$ to und]go f\r fa/s ( =ty days' duration 7*illa71 & e =ty days he w\ld compose a "w on ! my/]ies ( ! ,sci5ces ( ! ,div9e ,v]ities4 ,9 8 "t !re 0 an old man1#dc "o ( ! adepts le>n$ 9 ! ,way 7arqat7 & ! ,tru? 7aqqat71 :o resid$ at ,p>g#dd 9 ,frs & 0 call$ ,muammad b4 ,zak>iyy4#de ,he _h nev] worn a muraqqaa4 ,n[ ,%aykh ,muammad b4 ,khaff 0 ask$3 8,:at is involv$ 9 we>+ a muraqqaa1 & :o is p]mitt$ to d s80 ,he repli$3 8,x involves ^? obligations :i* are fulfill$ by ,muammad b4 ,zak>iyy 9 8 :ite %irt1 & ! we>+ ( su* a frock is p]mitt$ to him40 ,footnote #dc3 ,?is /ory is relat$ 9 ,ar's ,tadhkirat al-,awliy 7pt4 ii1 p4 #abe1 l4 #ag sqq471 :]e x is expressly said t ! old man 0 n 8le>n$ 9 ! ,way04 ,footnote #dd3 ,i4 9 m>g9 has ,p>k4 ,! ,nuzhat al-,quhb gives ! "n z 7,b>k71 & ref]s x to a village 9 ! di/rict ( ,kirmn4 ,footnote #de3 ,b41 ,i41 & ,j4 h ,dhak>iyy 7,zak>iyya71 ,l4 4 ,! ,,mss4 ( ! ,tadhkirat al-,awliy v>y betwe5 ,dhakr & 4 ,,section4 ,x is n ! way ( ! fs to ab&on _! cu/oms4 ,if !y seldom we> g>m5ts ( wool at ! pres5t day1 !re are two reasons = ?is fact3 7#a7 t wools h det]iorat$ 7pa%mh %rda %uda a/7 & ! animals 7:i* produce wool7 h be5 c>ri$ (f f "o place to ano!r by raid]s2 & 7#b7 t a sect ( h]etics has adopt$ ! wooll5 g>m5t z a badge 7%ir74 ,& x is praisewor?y to dep>t f ! badge ( h]etics1 ev5 al?\gh "o dep>ts at ! same "t f a traditional practice 7sunna74 ,to take pa9s 7takalluf7 9 sew+ muraqqaz is consid]$ all[able by ! fs because !y h ga9$ a high reputation among ! p2 & s9ce _m imitate !m & we> muraqqaz1 & are guilty ( improp] acts1 & s9ce ! fs dislike ! society ( o!rs ?an !mselves--= ^! reasons !y h inv5t$ a g>b :i* none b !mselves c sew1 & h made x a m>k ( mutual acqua9tance & a badge4 ,s mu* s t :5 a c]ta9 d]vi% came to "o ( ! ,%aykhs we>+ a g>m5t on :i* ! pat* _h be5 sewn ) too wide /it*es 7kha ba-pahn w>da bd7 ! ,%aykh bani%$ him f 8 pres5ce4 ,! argum5t is t purity 7af7 is f\nd$ on delicacy ( nature & f95ess ( temp]am5t1 & und\bt$ly crook$ness 9 "o's nature is n good4 ,x is natural to disapprove ( incorrect actions1 j z x is natural to d]ive no pleasure f incorrect poetry4 ,o!rs1 aga91 d n tr\ble !mselves ab\t clo!s at all4 ,!y we> ei!r a religi\s habit 7ab7 or an ord9>y coat 7qab71 :i*ev] ,god may h giv5 !m2 & if ,he keeps !m nak$1 !y rema9 9 t /ate4 ,i1 :o am ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 approve ( ?is doctr9e1 & ,i h practis$ x 9 my j\rneys4 ,x is relat$ t ,amad b4 ,kharya wore a coat :5 he visit$ ,ab ,yazd1 & t ,%h b4 ,%uj wore a coat :5 he visit$ ,ab af4 ,?is 0 n _! usual dress1 = sometimes !y wore a muraqqaa & sometimes a wooll5 g>m5t or a :ite %irt1 z x might happ54 ,! human s\l is habituat$ to ?+s1 & fond ( cu/om1 & :5 any?+ has become habitual to ! s\l x soon gr[s natural1 & :5 x has gr[n natural x becomes a veil4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le said3 ,khayr al-iym awm akh ,dwud alayhi l-salm1 8,! be/ ( fa/s is t ( my bro!r ,david40 ,!y said3 8,o ,apo/le ( ,god1 :at k9d ( fa/ is t80 ,he repli$3 8,david us$ to keep 8 fa/ "o day & break x on ! next day10 9 ord] t 8 s\l %\ld n become accu/om$ ei!r to keep+ ! fa/ or to break+ x1 = fe> t he might be veil$ !reby4 ,&1 z reg>ds ?is matt]1 ,ab mid ,d/n#df ( ,m]v 0 ! mo/ s\nd4 ,8 disciples us$ to put a g>m5t on him1 b ^? :o want$ x us$ to seek him out :5 he 0 at leisure & alone1 & dive/ him ( x2 & he w\ld nev] say to ! p]son :o put x on him3 8,:y d y put x on80 nor to ! p]son :o took x (f3 8,:y d y take x (f80 ,moreov]1 at ! pres5t day !re is at ,ghazna--may ,god protect x6--an old man ) ! sobriquet ,muayyad1 :o has no *oice or discrim9ation ) respect to 8 clo!s2 & he is s\nd 9 t degree4 ,footnote #df3 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #cej4 ,n[1 z to _! g>m5ts be+ mo/ly blue 7kabd71 "o ( ! reasons is t !y h made w&]+ 7siyat7 & travell+ ! f\ndation ( _! ,pa?2 & on j\rneys a :ite g>m5t does n reta9 its orig9al appe>ance1 & is n easily wa%$1 & besides1 ev]yone covets x4 ,ano!r cause is ?is1 t a blue dress is ! badge ( ! b]eav$ & afflict$1 & ! app>el ( m\rn]s2 & ?is _w is ! abode ( tr\ble1 ! pavilion ( affliction1 ! d5 ( sorr[1 ! h\se ( p>t+1 ! cradle ( tribulation3 ! 7f7 disciples1 see+ t _! he>t's desire is n to be ga9$ 9 ?is _w1 h clad !mselves 9 blue & h sat d[n to m\rn union 7) ,god74 ,o!rs behold 9 ! practice 7( devotion7 only imp]fection1 9 ! he>t only evil1 9 life only loss ( "t3 !re=e !y we> blue2 = loss 7fawt7 is worse ?an dea? 7mawt74 ,"o we>s blue = ! dea? ( a de> fri5d1 ano!r = ! loss ( a *]i%$ hope4 ,a d]vi% 0 ask$ :y he wore blue4 ,he repli$3 8,! ,apo/le left ?ree ?+s3 pov]ty1 k1 & ! sword4 ,! sword 0 tak5 by pot5tates1 :o misus$ x2 k 0 *os5 by savants1 :o 7 satisfi$ ) m]ely tea*+ x2 pov]ty 0 *os5 by d]vi%es1 :o made x a means ( enri*+ !mselves4 ,i we> blue z a sign ( m\rn+ = ! calamity ( ^! ?ree classes ( m540 ,once ,murtai% 0 walk+ 9 "o ( ! qu>t]s ( ,baghdd4 ,be+ ?ir/y1 he w5t to a door & ask$ = a dr9k ( wat]4 ,! daught] ( ! h\sehold] br\ght him "s wat] 9 a jug4 ,murtai% 0 smitt5 ) h] beauty & w\ld n leave ! spot until ! ma/] ( ! h\se came to him4 8,o sir10 cri$ ,murtai%1 8%e gave me a dr9k ( wat] & robb$ me ( my he>t40 ,! h\sehold] repli$3 8,%e is my daught]1 & ,i give h] to y 9 m>riage40 ,s ,murtai% w5t into ! h\se1 & ! w$d+ 0 imm$iately solemniz$4 ,! bride's fa!r1 :o 0 a weal?y man1 s5t ,murtai% to ! ba?1 :]e !y took (f 8 pat*$ frock 7muraqqaa7 & clo!d him 9 a night-dress4 ,at nightfall he rose to say 8 pray]s & engage 9 solit>y devotion4 ,sudd5ly he call$ out1 8,br+ my pat*$ frock40 ,!y ask$1 8,:at ails y80 ,he answ]$1 8,i he>d a voice )91 :isp]+3 #8,on acc\nt ( "o disob$i5t look ,we h remov$ ?y muraqqaa1 ! g>b ( piety1 f ?y body3 if ?\ looke/ aga9 ,we %all remove ! raim5t ( intimacy f ?y he>t4'0 ,only two k9ds ( m5 are fitt$ to we> ! muraqqaa3 7#a7 ^? :o are cut (f f ! _w1 & 7#b7 ^? :o feel a long+ = ! ,"l 7mu%tqn-i mawl74 ,! f ,%aykhs obs]ve ! foll[+ rule4 ,:5 a novice jo9s !m1 ) ! purpose ( r5\nc+ ! _w1 !y subject him to spiritual discipl9e = ! space ( ?ree ye>s4 ,if he fulfil ! requirem5ts ( ?is discipl9e1 well & good2 o!rwise1 !y decl>e t he _c be admitt$ to ! ,pa? 7arqat74 ,! fir/ ye> is devot$ to s]vice ( ! p1 ! second ye> to s]vice ( ,god1 & ! ?ird ye> to wat*+ ov] 8 own he>t4 ,he c s]ve ! p only :5 he places himself 9 ! rank ( s]vants & all o!r p 9 ! rank ( ma/]s1 i4e4 he mu/ reg>d all1 )\t any discrim9ation1 z be+ bett] ?an himself1 & mu/ consid] x 8 duty to s]ve all alike2 n 9 su* a way z to deem himself sup]ior to ^? :om he s]ves1 = ?is is manife/ p]dition & evid5t fraud1 & is "o ( ! infecti\s cank]s ( ! age 7az ft-i zamna &> zamna yak na/74 ,& he c s]ve ,god ,almighty only :5 he cuts (f all 8 selfi% int]e/s relat+ ei!r to ?is _w or to ! next1 & wor%ips ,god absolutely = ,8 sake alone1 inasmu* z :oev] wor%ips ,god = any ?+'s sake wor%ips himself & n ,god4 ,& he c wat* ov] 8 he>t only :5 8 ?\ghts are collect$ & c>es are dismiss$ f 8 he>t1 s t 9 ! pres5ce ( intimacy 7) ,god7 he pres]ves 8 he>t f ! assaults ( he$lessness4 ,:5 ^! ?ree qualifications are possess$ by ! novice1 he may we> ! muraqqaa z a true my/ic1 n m]ely z an imitator ( o!rs4 ,n[ z to ! p]son :o inve/s ! novice ) ! muraqqaa1 he mu/ be a man ( rectitude 7mu/aqm al-l7 :o has trav]s$ all ! hills & dales ( ! ,pa?1 & ta/$ ! rapture ( 8/ates0 & p]ceiv$ ! nature ( actions1 & exp]i5c$ ! sev]ity ( ! ,div9e maje/y & ! clem5cy ( ! ,div9e beauty4 ,fur!rmore1 he mu/ exam9e ! /ate ( 8 disciples & judge :at po9t !y w ultimately rea*3 :e!r !y w retire 7rjin71 or /& /ill 7wqifn71 or atta9 7blighn74 ,if he kn[s t "s day !y w ab&on ?is ,pa?1 he mu/ =bid !m to ent] ^u x2 if !y w come to a /&1 he mu/ enjo9 !m to practise devotion2 & if !y w rea* ! goal1 he mu/ give !m spiritual n\ri%m5t4 ,! f ,%aykhs are physicians ( m5's s\ls4 ,:5 ! physician is ignorant ( ! pati5t's malady he kills him by 8 art1 because he does n "k h[ to treat him & does n recognize ! symptoms ( dang]1 & prescribes food & dr9k unsuitable to 8 disease4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,! %aykh 9 8 tribe is l ! prophet 9 8 nation40 ,accord+ly1 z ! prophets %[$ insight 9 _! call to ! p1 & kept ev]yone 9 8 due degree1 s ! ,%aykh likewise %\ld %[ insight 9 8 call1 & %\ld give to ev]yone 8 prop] spiritual food1 9 ord] t ! object ( 8 call may be secur$4 ,! adept1 !n1 :o has atta9$ ! p]fection ( sa9t%ip takes ! "r c\rse :5 he inve/s ! novice ) ! muraqqaa aft] a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s dur+ :i* he has educat$ him 9 ! necess>y discipl9e4 ,9 respect ( ! qualifications :i* x dem&s1 ! muraqqaa is comp>able to a w9d+-%eet 7kafan73 ! we>] mu/ resign all 8 hopes ( ! pleasures ( life1 & purge 8 he>t ( all s5sual delights1 & devote 8 life entirely to ! s]vice ( ,god & completely r5\nce selfi% desires4 ,!n ! ,director 7,pr7 ennobles him by clo?+ him 9 t robe ( hon\r1 :ile he on 8 "p fulfils ! obligations :i* x involves1 & /rives ) all 8 might to p]=m !m1 & deems x unlawful to satisfy 8 own wi%es4 ,_m allegories 7i%rt7 h be5 utt]$ conc]n+ ! muraqqaa4 ,%aykh ,ab ,mam> ( ,ifahn has writt5 a book on ! subject1 & ! g5]ality ( aspirants to fiism display mu* extravagance 7ghuluww7 9 ?is matt]4 ,my aim1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t "w is n to relate say+s1 b to elucidate ! difficulties ( fiism4 ,! be/ allegory conc]n+ ! muraqqaa is ?is1 t its coll> 7qabba7 is pati5ce1 its two sleeves fe> & hope1 its two gussets 7tirz7 contraction & dilation1 its belt self-abnegation1 its hem 7kurs7#dg s\ndness 9 fai?1 its fr+e 7f>wz7 s9c]ity4 ,bett] /ill is ! foll[+3 8,its coll> is annihilation ( int]c\rse 7) m571 its two sleeves are obs]vance 7if7 & cont95ce 7imat71 its two gussets are pov]ty & purity1 its belt is p]si/5ce 9 contemplation1 its hem 7kurs7 is tranquillity 9 7,god's7 pres5ce1 & its fr+e is settlem5t 9 ! abode ( union40 ,:5 y h made a muraqqaa l ?is = y\r spiritual self x behoves y to make "o = y\r ext]ior also4 ,i h compos$ a sep>ate book on ?is subject1 entitl$ 8,! ,my/]ies ( ,pat*$ ,frocks & ,means ( ,livelihood0 7,asrr al-khiraq wa-l-mant71 ( :i* ! novice %\ld get a copy4 ,footnote #dg3 ,?is conjectural translation ( kurs 0 sugge/$ to me by ,colonel ,rank+4 ,! diction>ies give no explanation ( ! ^w z x is us$ "h4 ,if ! novice1 hav+ donn$ ! muraqqaa1 %\ld be =c$ to te> x "u compulsion ( ! temporal au?ority1 ?is is p]missible & excusable2 b %\ld he te> x ( free w & delib]ately1 !n accord+ to ! law ( ! sect he is n all[$ to we> a muraqqaa 9 future1 & if he d s1 he /&s on ! same foot+ z ^? 9 our "t :o are cont5t to we> muraqqaz = outw>d %[1 ) no spiritual mean+4 ,z reg>ds ! r5d+ ( g>m5ts ! true doctr9e is ?is1 t :5 fs pass f "o /age to ano!r !y imm$iately *ange _! dress 9 ?ankfulness = hav+ ga9$ a high] /age2 b :]eas e o!r g>m5t is ! dress ( a s+le /age1 ! muraqqaa is a dress :i* comprises all ! /ages ( ! ,pa? ( pov]ty & purity1 & !re=e to disc>d x is equival5t to r5\nc+ ! :ole ,pa?4 ,i h made a slight allusion to ?is "q1 al?\gh ?is is n ! prop] place = x1 9 ord] to settle ! p>ticul> po9t at issue2 b1 please ,god1 ,i w give a detail$ explanation ( ! pr9ciple 9 ! *apt] on r5d+ 7kh>q71 & 9 ! revelation ( ! my/]y ( 8audition0 7sam74 ,fur!rmore1 x has be5 said t "o :o inve/s a novice ) ! muraqqaa %\ld possess su* sov]eign my/ical p[]s t any /rang] on :om he looks k9dly %\ld become a fri5d1 & any s9n] :om he clo!s 9 ?is g>m5t %\ld become a sa9t4 ,once ,i 0 travell+ ) my ,%aykh 9 dh>byajn1 & we saw two or ?ree p]sons we>+ muraqqaz1 :o 7 /&+ beside a :eat-b>n & hold+ up _! skirts 9 ! hope t ! f>m] w\ld ?r[ !m "s :eat4 ,on see+ ?is ! ,%aykh exclaim$3 8,^? are !y :o h pur*as$ error at ! price ( true guidance1 b _! traffic has n be5 pr(itable0 7,kor4 ii1 #ae74 ,i ask$ him h[ !y _h fall5 into ?is calamity & disgrace4 ,he said3 8,_! spiritual directors 7 gre$y to ga!r disciples1 & !y !mselves are gre$y to collect worldly goods40 ,x is relat$ ( ,junayd t he saw at ! ,bb al-q#dh a beautiful ,*ri/ian y\? & said3 8,o ,"l1 p>don him = my sake1 = ,?\ ha/ creat$ him exce$+ fair40 ,aft] a :ile ! y\? came to ,junayd & made pr(ession ( ,islam & 0 enroll$ among ! sa9ts4 ,ab ,al ,siyh 0 ask$3 8,:o is p]mitt$ to inve/ novices ) ! muraqqaa80 ,he repli$3 8,t "o :o ov]sees ! :ole k+dom ( ,god1 s t no?+ happ5s 9 ! _w )\t 8 k40 ,footnote #dh3 ,a gate 9 ! ea/]n qu>t] ( ,baghdd4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,op9ions ,,held ,,conc]n+ ,,pov]ty ,,& ,,purity4 ,! ,doctors ( ! ,my/ic ,pa? are n agre$ z to ! respective m]its ( ,pov]ty 7faqr7 & ,purity 7afwat74 ,"s hold t ,pov]ty is m p]fect ?an ,purity4 ,pov]ty1 !y say1 is complete annihilation 9 :i* e ?\ght ceases to exi/1 & ,purity is "o ( ! 8/ations0 7maqmt7 ( ,pov]ty3 :5 annihilation is ga9$1 all 8/ations0 vani% into no?+4 ,?is is ultimately ! same "q z t t\*+ ,pov]ty & ,weal?1 :i* has already be5 discuss$4 ,^? :o set ,purity above ,pov]ty say t ,pov]ty is an exi/5t ?+ 7%ay a/ mawjd7 & is capable ( be+ nam$1 :]eas ,purity is ! be+ pure 7af7 f all exi/+ ?+s3 af is ! ess5ce ( annihilation 7fan71 & ,pov]ty is ! ess5ce ( subsi/5ce 7baq73 !re=e ,pov]ty is "o ( ! names ( 8/ations01 b ,purity is "o ( ! names ( p]fection4 ,?is matt] has be5 disput$ at great l5g? 9 ! pres5t age1 & bo? p>ties h resort$ to f>-fet*$ & amaz+ v]bal subtleties2 b x w be all[$ on all sides t ,pov]ty & ,purity are n m]e words & no?+ else4 ,! disputants h made up a doctr9e out ( words & h neglect$ to appreh5d mean+s3 !y h ab&on$ discussion ( ! ,tru?4 ,negation ( arbitr>y w !y call negation ( ess5ce1 & affirmation ( desire !y reg>d z affirmation ( ess5ce4 ,! ,my/ic ,pa? is f> remov$ f su* idle fictions4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,sa9ts ( ,god atta9 to a place :]e place no long] exi/s1 :]e all degrees & 8/ations0 disappe>1 & :]e outw>d expressions fall (f f ! und]ly+ realities1 s t nei!r 8spiritual delight0 7%urb7 is left1 nor 8ta/e0 7dhawq71 nor 8sobriety0 7aw71 nor 8effacem5t0 7maw74 ,^! controv]siali/s1 h[ev]1 seek a =c$ "n ) :i* to cloak ideas t d n admit ( be+ nam$ or ( be+ us$ z attributes2 & ev]yone applies to !m :atev] "n he ?9ks mo/ e/imable4 ,n[1 9 deal+ ) ! ideas !mselves1 ! "q ( sup]iority does n arise1 b :5 names are giv5 to !m1 "o w necess>ily be pref]r$ to ano!r4 ,accord+ly1 to "s p ! "n ( ,pov]ty seem$ to be sup]ior & ( great] wor? because x is connect$ ) r5unciation & humility1 :ile o!rs pref]r$ ,purity1 & held x ! m hon\rable because x comes ne>] to ! notion ( disc>d+ all t contam9ates & annihilat+ all t has a ta9t ( ! _w4 ,!y adopt$ ^! two names z symbols ( an inexpressible idea1 9 ord] t !y might conv]se ) ea* o!r on t subject & make _! own /ate fully kn[n2 & !re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 ?is sect 7! fs71 al?\gh "s use ! t]m 8,pov]ty0 & o!rs ! t]m 8,purity0 to express ! same idea4 ,) ! v]bali/s 7ahl-i ibrat71 on ! contr>y1 :o are ignorant ( ! true mean+ ( ^! ideas1 ! :ole "q is an affair ( words4 ,to conclude1 :oev] has made t idea 8 own & fix$ 8 he>t ^u x1 he$s n :e!r !y call him 8,poor0 7faqr7 or 8,pure0 7f71 s9ce bo? ^! appellations are =c$ names = an idea t _c be br\ght "u any "n4 ,?is controv]sy dates f ! "t ( ,abu l-asan ,sumnn4 ,he1 on occasions :5 he 0 9 a /ate ( revelation 7ka%f7 ak9 to subsi/5ce 7baq71 us$ to set ,pov]ty above ,purity2 & on be+ ask$ by spirituali/s 7arbb-i man7 :y he did s1 he repli$3 8,inasmu* z ,i naturally delight 9 annihilation & abasem5t1 & no less 9 subsi/5ce & exaltation1 ,i pref] ,purity to ,pov]ty :5 ,i am 9 a /ate ak9 to annihilation1 & ,pov]ty to ,purity :5 ,i am 9 a /ate ak9 to subsi/5ce2 = ,pov]ty is ! "n ( subsi/5ce & ,purity t ( annihilation4 ,9 ! latt] /ate ,i annihilate f myself ! sight 7consci\sness7 ( subsi/5ce1 & 9 ! =m] /ate ,i annihilate f myself ! sight ( annihilation1 s t my nature becomes dead bo? to annihilation & to subsi/5ce40 ,n[ ?is1 reg>d$ z an explanation 7ibrat71 is an excell5t say+1 b nei!r annihilation nor subsi/5ce c be annihilat$3 e subsi/5t ?+ t suff]s annihilation is annihilat$ f itself1 & e annihilat$ ?+ t becomes subsi/5t is subsi/5t f itself4 ,annihilation is a t]m ( :i* x is impossible to speak hyp]bolically4 ,if a p]son says t annihilation is annihilat$1 he c only be express+ hyp]bolically ! non-exi/5ce ( any ve/ige ( ! idea ( annihilation2 b s long z any ve/ige ( exi/5ce rema9s1 annihilation has n yet come to pass2 & :5 x has be5 atta9$1 ! 8annihilation0 !re( is no?+ b self-conceit flatt]$ by mean+less phrases4 ,9 ! vanity & ra%ness ( y\? ,i compos$ a disc\rse ( ?is k9d1 entitl$ ! 8,book ( ,annihilation & ,subsi/5ce0 7,kitb-i ,fan ,baq71 b 9 ! pres5t "w ,i w set =? ! :ole matt] ) caution1 please ,god ! ,almighty & ,glori\s4 ,?is is ! di/9ction betwe5 ,purity & ,pov]ty 9 ! spiritual s5se4 ,x is o!rwise :5 ,purity & ,pov]ty are consid]$ 9 _! practical aspect1 namely1 ! d5ud+ "o's self ( worldly ?+s 7tajrd7 & ! ca/+ away ( all "o's possessions4 ,"h ! real po9t is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pov]ty 7faqr7 & ,l[l9ess 7maskanat74 ,"s ,%aykhs ass]t t ! ,poor 7faqr7 are sup]ior to ! ,l[ly 7miskn71 because ,god has said1 8! poor :o are /rait5$ 9 ! way ( ,allah1 unable to g to & fro on ! e>?0 7,kor4 ii1 #bgd73 ! ,l[ly possess means ( livelihood1 :i* ! ,poor r5\nce3 !re=e ,pov]ty is hon\r & ,l[l9ess abasem5t1 =1 accord+ to ! rule ( ! ,my/ic ,pa?1 he :o possesses ! means ( livelihood is base1 z ! ,apo/le said3 8,woe befall ^? :o wor%ip ! dnr & ! dirhem1 woe befall ^? :o wor%ip g>m5ts ) a nap60 ,he :o r5\nces ! means ( livelihood is hon\r$1 inasmu* z he dep5ds on ,god1 :ile he :o has means dep5ds on !m4 ,o!rs1 aga91 decl>e ! ,l[ly to be sup]ior1 because ! ,apo/le said3 8,let me live l[ly1 & let me die l[ly1 & raise me f ! dead among ! l[ly60 :]eas1 speak+ ( ,pov]ty1 he said1 8,pov]ty is ne> to be+ unbelief40 ,on ?is acc\nt ! ,poor are dep5d5t on a means1 b ! ,l[ly are indep5d5t4 ,9 ! doma9 ( ,sacr$ ,law1 "s div9es hold t ! ,poor are ^? :o h a suffici5cy 7s4ib bulgha71 & ! ,l[ly ^? :o are free f worldly c>es 7muj>rad72 b o!r div9es hold ! conv]se ( ?is view4 ,h5ce ! "n 8f0 is giv5 to ! ,l[ly by foll[]s ( ! ,pa? 7ahl-i maqmt7 :o adopt ! =m] op9ion3 !y pref] ,purity 7afwat7 to ,pov]ty4 ,^? fs :o accept ! latt] view pref] ,pov]ty to ,purity1 = a simil> reason4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,on ,,blame 7,malmat74 ,! pa? ( ,blame has be5 trodd5 by "s ( ! f ,%aykhs4 ,blame has a great effect 9 mak+ love s9c]e4 ,! foll[]s ( ! ,tru? 7ahl-i aqq7 are di/+ui%$ by _! be+ ! objects ( vulg> blame1 especially ! em95t ones ( ?is community4 ,! ,apo/le1 :o is ! exempl> & lead] ( ! adh]5ts ( ! ,tru?1 & :o m>*es at ! head ( ! lov]s 7( ,god71 0 hon\r$ & held 9 good repute by all until ! evid5ce ( ! ,tru? 0 reveal$ to him & inspiration came ^u him4 ,!n ! p loos$ _! tongues to blame him4 ,"s said1 8,he is a soo?say]20 o!rs1 8,he is a poet20 o!rs1 8,he is a madman20 o!rs1 8,he is a li>20 & s =?4 ,& ,god says1 describ+ ! true believ]s3 8,!y fe> n ! blame ( anyone2 t is ! grace ( ,god :i* ,he be/[s on :omsoev] ,he pleases2 ,god is b\nte\s & wise0 7,kor4 v1 #ei74 ,su* is ! ord9ance ( ,god1 t ,he causes ^? :o disc\rse ( ,him to be blam$ by ! :ole _w1 b pres]ves _! he>ts f be+ preoccupi$ by ! _w's blame4 ,?is ,he does 9 ,8 jeal\sy3 ,he gu>ds ,8 lov]s f glanc+ aside to 8o!r0 7ghayr71 le/ ! eye ( any /rang] %\ld behold ! beauty ( _! /ate2 & ,he gu>ds !m also f see+ !mselves1 le/ !y %\ld reg>d _! own beauty & fall into self-conceit & arrogance4 ,!re=e ,he ha? set ! vulg> ov] !m to loose ! tongues ( blame aga9/ !m1 & ha? made ! 8blam+ s\l0 7nafs-i lawwma7 "p ( _! composition1 9 ord] t !y may be blam$ by o!rs = :atev] !y d1 & by !mselves = do+ evil or = do+ good imp]fectly4 ,n[ ?is is a firm pr9ciple 9 ! ,way to ,god1 = 9 ?is ,pa? !re is no ta9t or veil m difficult to remove ?an self-conceit4 ,god 9 ,8 k9dness ha? b>r$ ! way ( error aga9/ ,8 fri5ds4 ,_! actions1 h[ev] good1 are n approv$ by ! vulg>1 :o d n see !m z !y really are2 & !y !mselves d n reg>d _! works ( mortification1 h[ev] num]\s1 z proce$+ f _! own /r5g? & p[]3 consequ5tly !y are n pleas$ ) !mselves & are protect$ f self-conceit4 ,:oev] is approv$ by ,god is disapprov$ by ! vulg>1 & :oev] is elect$ by himself is n among ! elect ( ,god4 ,?us ,ibls 0 approv$ by mank9d & accept$ by ! angels1 & he 0 pleas$ ) himself2 b s9ce ,god 0 n pleas$ ) him1 _! approval only br\ght a curse ^u him4 ,adam1 on ! o!r h&1 0 disapprov$ by ! angels1 :o said3 8,wilt ,?\ place !re on ! e>? "o :o w d evil !re980 7,kor4 ii1 #bh71 & 0 n pleas$ ) himself1 = he said3 8,o ,"l1 we h done ourselves a wrong0 7,kor4 vii1 #bb72 b s9ce ,god 0 pleas$ ) him1 ! disapproval ( ! angels & 8 own displeasure bore ! fruit ( m]cy4 ,let all m51 !re=e1 "k t ^? accept$ by u are reject$ by ! p1 & t ^? accept$ by ! p are reject$ by u4 ,h5ce ! blame ( mank9d is ! food ( ! fri5ds ( ,god1 because x is a tok5 ( ,div9e approval2 x is ! delight ( ! sa9ts ( ,god1 because x is a sign ( ne>ness to ,him3 !y rejoice 9 x ev5 z o!r m5 rejoice 9 popul>ity4 ,!re is a ,tradition1 :i* ! ,apo/le receiv$ f ,gabriel1 t ,god said3 8,my fri5ds 7sa9ts7 are "u ,my cloak3 save ,me1 none kn[e? !m except ,my fri5ds40 ,,section4 ,n[ blame 7malmat7 is ( ?ree k9ds3 x may result 7#a7 f foll[+ ! "r way 7malmat-i r/ raftan71 or 7#b7 f an int5tional act 7malmat-i qad k>dan71 or 7#c7 f ab&onm5t ( ! law 7malmat-i t>k k>dan74 ,9 ! fir/ case1 a man is blam$ :o m9ds 8 own bus9ess & p]=ms 8 religi\s duties & does n omit any practice ( devotion3 he is entirely indiff]5t to ! behavi\r ( ! p t[>ds him4 ,9 ! second case a man is greatly hon\r$ by ! p & po9t$ out among !m3 8 he>t incl9es to ! hon\r 9 :i* he is held1 & becomes atta*$ to ^? by :om x is be/[$3 he wi%es to make himself indep5d5t ( !m & devote himself :olly to ,god2 !re=e he purposely incurs _! blame by committ+ "s act :i* is (f5sive to !m b :i* is no violation ( ! law3 9 consequ5ce ( 8 behavi\r !y wa% _! h&s ( him4 ,9 ! ?ird case1 a man is driv5 by 8 natural infidelity & errone\s beliefs to ab&on ! sacr$ law & abjure its obs]vances1 & say to himself1 8,i am tread+ ! pa? ( blame30 9 ?is case 8 behavi\r dep5ds on himself alone4 ,he :o foll[s ! "r way & refuses to act hypocritically1 & refra9s f o/5tation1 pays no he$ to ! blame ( ! vulg>1 b inv>iably takes 8 own c\rse3 x is all "o to him :at "n !y call him by4 ,i f9d among ! anecdotes 7( holy m57 t "o day ,%aykh ,ab hir aram 0 se5 9 ! baza>1 rid+ a donkey & att5d$ by "o ( 8 disciples4 ,"s p]son cri$ out1 8,"h comes t old free?9k]60 ,! indignant disciple ru%$ at ! speak]1 try+ to /rike him1 & ! :ole baza> 0 fill$ ) tumult4 ,! ,%aykh said to 8 disciple3 8,if y w be quiet1 ,i w %[ y some?+ t w save y f tr\ble ( ?is sort40 ,:5 !y return$ home1 he bade ! disciple br+ a c]ta9 box1 :i* conta9$ lett]s1 & told him to look at !m4 8,obs]ve10 he said1 8h[ ! writ]s address me4 ,"o calls me #8! ,%aykh ( ,islam'1 ano!r #8! pure ,%aykh'1 ano!r #8! ascetic ,%aykh'1 ano!r #8! ,%aykh ( ! two ,sanctu>ies'1 & s on4 ,!y are all titles1 !re is no m5tion ( my "n4 ,i am none ( ^! ?+s1 b e p]son gives me ! title :i* accords ) 8 belief conc]n+ me4 ,if t poor fell[ did ! same j n[1 :y %\ld y qu>rel ) him80 ,he :o incurs blame purposely & resigns hon\r & )draws f au?ority is l ! ,caliph ,u?mn :o1 al?\gh he possess$ f\r hundr$ slaves1 "o day came =? f 8 plantation ( date-palms c>ry+ a bundle ( firewood on 8 head4 ,on be+ ask$ :y he did ?is1 he answ]$3 8,i wi% to make trial ( myself40 ,he w\ld n let ! dignity :i* he enjoy$ h9d] him f any "w4 ,a simil> tale relat$ ( ! ,imm ,ab anfa w be f\nd 9 ?is treatise4 ,& a /ory is told ab\t ,ab ,yazd1 t1 :5 he 0 ent]+ ,rayy on 8 way f ! ijz1 ! p ( t city ran to meet him 9 ord] t !y might %[ him hon\r4 ,_! att5tions di/ract$ him & turn$ 8 ?\ghts away f ,god4 ,:5 he came to ! baza>1 he took a loaf f 8 sleeve & began to eat4 ,!y all dep>t$1 = x 0 ! mon? ( ,raman4 ,he said to a disciple :o 0 travell+ ) him3 8,y see6 z soon z ,i p]=m a s+le article ( ! law1#di !y all reject me40 ,9 ^? days x 0 necess>y1 = incurr+ blame1 to d some?+ disapprov$ or extraord9>y2 b 9 our "t1 if anyone desires blame1 he ne$ only l5g!n a little 8 volunt>y pray]s or fulfil ! religi\s practices :i* are prescrib$3 at once ev]ybody w call him a hypocrite & impo/or4 ,footnote #di3 ,ab ,yazd1 be+ at t "t on a j\rney1 0 n legally b\nd to obs]ve ! fa/4 ,he :o ab&ons ! law & commits an irreligi\s act1 & says t he is foll[+ ! rule ( 8blame01 is guilty ( manife/ wrong & wick$ness & self-indulg5ce4 ,!re are _m 9 ! pres5t age :o seek popul>ity by ?is means1 =gett+ t "o mu/ already h ga9$ popul>ity be=e delib]ately act+ 9 su* a way z to make ! p reject him2 o!rwise1 8 mak+ himself unpopul> is a m]e pretext = w9n+ popul>ity4 ,on a c]ta9 occasion ,i 0 9 ! company ( "o ( ^! va9 pret5d]s4 ,he committ$ a wick$ act & excus$ himself by say+ t he did x = ! sake ( blame4 ,"o ( ! p>ty said1 8,t is nons5se40 ,he heav$ a sigh4 ,i said to him3 8,if y claim to be a ,malmat & are firm 9 y\r belief1 ?is g5tleman's disapproval ( :at y h done ought to enc\rage y to p]sev]e2 & s9ce he is second+ y 9 y\r *os5 c\rse1 :y are y s unfri5dly & angry ) him8 ,y\r behavi\r is m l pret5ce ?an pursuit ( blame4 ,:oev] claims to be guid$ by ! ,tru? mu/ give "s pro( ( 8 ass]tion1 & ! pro( consi/s 9 obs]v+ ! ,sunna 7,ord9ances ( ! ,prophet74 ,y make ?is claim1 & yet ,i see t y h fail$ to p]=m an obligatory religi\s duty4 ,y\r conduct puts y outside ! pale ( ,islam40 ,,section4 ,! doctr9e ( ,blame 0 spread abroad 9 ?is sect by ! ,%aykh ( 8 age1 amdn ,qar4 ,he has _m f9e say+s on ! subject4 ,x is record$ t he said3 ,al-malmat t>k al-salmat1 8,blame is ! ab&onm5t ( welf>e40 ,if anyone purposely ab&ons 8 own welf>e & girds himself to endure mis=tune1 & r5\nces 8 pleasures & famili> ties1 9 hope t ! glory ( ,god w be reveal$ to him1 ! m he is sep>at$ f mank9d ! m he is unit$ to ,god4 ,accord+ly1 ! vot>ies ( ,blame turn _! backs on t ?+1 namely welf>e 7salmat71 to :i* ! p ( ?is _w turn _! faces1 = ! aspirations ( ! =m] are ,unit>ian 7wadn74 ,amad b4 ,ftik relates t usayn b4 ,manr1 9 reply to ! "q 8,:o is ! f80 said3 8,he :o is s+le 9 ess5ce0 7wadn al-dht74 amdn also said conc]n+ ,blame3 8,x is a h>d way = ! vulg> to foll[1 b ,i w tell "o "p !re(3 ! ,malmat is *>act]iz$ by ! hope ( ! ,murjites & ! fe> ( ! ,qad>ites40 ,?is say+ has a hidd5 mean+ :i* dem&s explanation4 ,x is ! nature ( man to be det]r$ by popul>ity m ?an any o!r ?+ f seek+ access to ,god4 ,consequ5tly he :o fe>s ?is dang] is always /riv+ to avoid x1 & !re are two p]ils :i* confront him3 fir/ly1 ! fe> t he may be veil$ f ,god by ! fav\r ( 8 fell[-creatures2 & secondly1 ! fe> ( committ+ "s act = :i* ! p w blame him & !reby fall into s94 ,accord+ly1 ! ,malmat mu/1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 take c>e to h no qu>rel ) ! p = :at !y say ( him1 ei!r 9 ?is _w or ! next1 & = ! sake ( 8 own salvation he mu/ commit "s act :i*1 legally1 is nei!r a great s9 7kabra7 nor a trivial (f5ce 7aghra71 9 ord] t ! p may reject him4 ,h5ce 8 fe> 9 matt]s ( conduct is l ! fe> ( ! ,qad>ites1 & 8 hope 9 deal+ ) ^? :o blame him is l ! hope ( ! ,murjites4 ,9 true love !re is no?+ sweet] ?an blame1 because blame ( ! ,belov$ makes no impression on ! lov]'s he>t3 he he$s n :at /rang]s say1 = 8 he>t is ev] fai?ful to ! object ( 8 love4 8',tis sweet to be revil$ = passion's sake40 ,?is sect 7! fs7 are di/+ui%$ above all creatures 9 ! univ]se by *oos+ to be blam$ 9 ! body on acc\nt ( ! welf>e ( _! s\ls2 & ?is high degree is n atta9$ by ! ,*]ubim or any spiritual be+s1 nor has x be5 rea*$ by ! ascetics1 devotees1 & seek]s ( ,god belong+ to ! nations ( antiquity1 b x is res]v$ = ^? ( ?is nation :o j\rney on ! pa? ( entire sev]ance f ! ?+s ( ! _w4 ,9 my op9ion1 to seek ,blame is m]e o/5tation1 & o/5tation is m]e hypocrisy4 ,! o/5tati\s man purposely acts 9 su* a way z to w9 popul>ity1 :ile ! ,malmat purposely acts 9 su* a way t ! p reject him4 ,bo? h _! ?\ghts fix$ on mank9d & d n pass beyond t sph]e4 ,! d]vi%1 on ! contr>y1 nev] ev5 ?9ks ( mank9d1 & :5 8 he>t has be5 brok5 away f !m he is z indiff]5t to _! reprobation z to _! fav\r3 he moves unfett]$ & free4 ,i once said to a ,malmat ( ,transoxania1 ) :om ,i _h associat$ long en\gh to feel at my ease3 8,o bro!r1 :at is y\r object 9 ^! p]v]se actions80 ,he repli$3 8,to make ! p non-exi/5t 9 reg>d to myself40 8,! p10 ,i said1 8are _m1 & dur+ a lifetime y w n be able to make !m non-exi/5t 9 reg>d to y\rself2 r make y\rself non-exi/5t 9 reg>d to ! p1 s t y may be sav$ f all ?is tr\ble4 ,"s :o are occupi$ ) ! p imag9e t ! p are occupi$ ) !m4 ,if y wi% no "o to see y1 d n see y\rself4 ,s9ce all y\r evils arise f see+ y\rself1 :at bus9ess h y ) o!rs8 ,if a sick man ^: rem$y lies 9 ab/95ce seeks to indulge 8 appetite1 he is a fool40 ,o!rs1 aga91 practise ! me?od ( ,blame f an ascetic motive3 !y wi% to be despis$ by ! p 9 ord] t !y may mortify !mselves1 & x is _! greate/ delight to f9d !mselves wret*$ & abas$4 ,ibrhm b4 ,adham 0 ask$1 8,h y ev] atta9$ y\r desire80 ,he answ]$3 8,yes1 twice2 on "o occasion ,i 0 9 a %ip :]e nobody knew me4 ,i 0 clad 9 common clo!s & my hair 0 long1 & my guise 0 su* t all ! p 9 ! %ip mock$ & laugh$ at me4 ,among !m 0 a buffoon1 :o 0 always com+ & pull+ my hair & te>+ x out1 & treat+ me ) contumely aft] ! mann] ( 8 k9d4 ,at t "t ,i felt entirely satisfi$1 & ,i rejoic$ 9 my g>b4 ,my joy rea*$ its highe/ pit* "o day :5 ! buffoon rose f 8 place & sup] me m9xit4 ,on ! second occasion ,i arriv$ at a village 9 heavy ra91 :i* _h soak$ ! pat*$ frock on my body1 & ,i 0 ov]come by ! w9try cold4 ,i w5t to a mosque1 b 0 refus$ admittance4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ at ?ree o!r mosques :]e ,i s\ght %elt]4 ,9 despair1 z ! cold /r5g!n$ its grip on my he>t1 ,i ent]$ a ba?h\se & drew my skirt close up to ! /ove4 ,! smoke envelop$ me & black5$ my clo!s & my face4 ,!n also ,i felt entirely satisfi$40 ,once ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 f\nd myself 9 a difficulty4 ,aft] _m devotional ex]cises und]tak5 9 ! hope ( cle>+ x away1 ,i repair$--z ,i _h done ) success on a =m] occasion--to ! tomb ( ,ab ,yazd1 & /ay$ beside x = a space ( ?ree mon?s1 p]=m+ e day ?ree ablutions & ?irty purifications 9 ! hope t my difficulty might be remov$4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]2 s ,i dep>t$ & j\rney$ t[>ds ,khursn4 ,"o night ,i arriv$ at a village 9 t c\ntry :]e !re 0 a conv5t 7khnaqh7 inhabit$ by a numb] ( aspirants to fiism4 ,i 0 we>+ a d>k-blue frock 7muraqqa-i khi%an71 su* z is prescrib$ by ! ,sunna2#ej b ,i _h ) me no?+ ( ! f's regul> equipm5t 7lat-i ahl-i rasm7 except a /aff & a lea!rn wat]-bottle 7rakwa74 ,i appe>$ v contemptible 9 ! eyes ( ^! fs1 :o did n "k me4 ,!y reg>d$ only my ext]nal habit & said to "o ano!r1 8,?is fell[ is n "o ( u40 ,& s 9 tru? x 03 ,i 0 n "o ( !m1 b ,i _h to pass ! night 9 t place4 ,!y lodg$ me on a ro(1 :ile !y !mselves w5t up to a ro( above m9e1 & set be=e me dry bread :i* _h turn$ gre51 :ile ,i 0 draw+ into my no/rils ! sav\r ( ! vi&s ) :i* !y regal$ !mselves4 ,all ! "t !y 7 address+ d]isive rem>ks to me f ! ro(4 ,:5 !y f9i%$ ! food1 !y began to pelt me ) ! sk9s ( ! melons :i* !y _h eat51 by way ( %[+ h[ pleas$ !y 7 ) !mselves & h[ lightly !y ?\ght ( me4 ,i said 9 my he>t3 8,o ,"l ,god1 7 x n t !y are we>+ ! dress ( ,?y fri5ds1 ,i w\ld n h borne ?is f !m40 ,& ! m !y sc(f$ at me ! m glad became my he>t1 s t ! endurance ( ?is burd5 0 ! means ( deliv]+ me f t difficulty :i* ,i h m5tion$2 & =?) ,i p]ceiv$ :y ! ,%aykhs h always giv5 fools leave to associate ) !m & = :at reason !y submit to _! annoyance4 ,footnote #ej3 ,i4 adds 9 m>g9 8= travell]s04 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,_! ,,im,,ms ,,:o ,,belong$ ,,to ,,! ,,companions4 #a4 ,,! ,,caliph ,,ab ,,bakr1 ,,! ,,v]aci\s 7al-iddq74 ,he is plac$ by ! f ,%aykhs at ! head ( ^? :o h adopt$ ! contemplative life 7mu%hadat71 on acc\nt ( ! fewness ( ! /ories & traditions :i* he relat$2 :ile ,um> is plac$ at ! head ( ^? :o h adopt$ ! purgative life 7mujhadat71 because ( 8 rig\r & assiduity 9 devotion4 ,x is writt5 among ! g5u9e ,traditions1 & is well kn[n to s*ol>s1 t :5 ,ab ,bakr pray$ at night he us$ to recite ! ,koran 9 a l[ voice1 :]eas ,um> us$ to recite 9 a l\d voice4 ,! ,apo/le ask$ ,ab ,bakr :y he did ?is4 ,ab ,bakr repli$3 8,he ) :om ,i conv]se w he>40 ,um>1 9 8 turn1 repli$3 8,i wake ! dr[sy & drive away ! ,devil40 ,! "o gave a tok5 ( contemplation1 ! o!r ( purgation4 ,n[ purgation1 comp>$ ) contemplation1 is l a drop ( wat] 9 a sea1 & = ?is reason ! ,apo/le said t ,um>1 ! glory ( ,islam1 0 only 7equival5t to7 a s+le "o ( ! good de$s ( ,ab ,bakr 7hal anta ill asanatun m9 asanti ,ab ,bakr74 ,x is record$ t ,ab ,bakr said3 8,our abode is transitory1 our life !re9 is b a loan1 our brea?s are numb]$1 & our indol5ce is manife/40 ,by ?is he signifi$ t ! _w is too wor?less to engage our ?\ghts2 = :5ev] y occupy y\rself ) :at is p]i%able1 y are made bl9d to t :i* is et]nal3 ! fri5ds ( ,god turn _! backs on ! _w & ! fle% :i* veil !m f ,him1 & !y decl9e to act z if !y 7 own]s ( a ?+ t is really ! prop]ty ( ano!r4 ,& he said3 8,o ,god1 give me pl5ty ( ! _w & make me desir\s ( r5\nc+ x60 ,?is say+ has a hidd5 s5se1 viz43 8,fir/ be/[ on me worldly goods t ,i may give ?anks = !m1 & !n help me to ab/a9 f !m = ,?y sake1 s t ,i may h ! treble m]it ( ?anksgiv+ & lib]ality & ab/95ce1 & t my pov]ty may be volunt>y1 n compulsory40 ,^! words refute ! ,director ( my/ical practice1 :o said3 8,he ^: pov]ty is compulsory is m p]fect ?an he ^: pov]ty is volunt>y2 = if x be compulsory1 he is ! creature 7anat7 ( pov]ty1 & if x be volunt>y1 pov]ty is 8 creature2 & x is bett] t 8 actions %\ld be free f any attempt to ga9 pov]ty = himself ?an t he %\ld seek to acquire x by 8 own ef=t40 ,i say 9 answ] to ?is3 ,! creature ( pov]ty is mo/ evid5tly t p]son :o1 :ile enjoy+ indep5d5ce1 is possess$ by ! desire = pov]ty1 & lab\rs to recov] x f ! clut*es ( ! _w2 n t p]son :o1 9 ! /ate ( pov]ty1 is possess$ by ! desire = indep5d5ce & has to g to ! h\ses ( evildo]s & ! c\rts ( gov]nors = ! sake ( e>n+ money4 ,! creature ( pov]ty is he :o falls f indep5d5ce to pov]ty1 n he :o1 be+ poor1 seeks to become p[]ful4 ,ab ,bakr is ! =emo/ ( all mank9d aft] ! prophets1 & x is n p]missible t anyone %\ld take prec$5ce ( him1 = he set volunt>y pov]ty above compulsory pov]ty4 ,?is doctr9e is held by all ! f ,%aykhs except ! spiritual ,director :om we h m5tion$4 ,zuhr relates t1 :5 ,ab ,bakr receiv$ ! oa?s ( allegiance z ,caliph1 he m\nt$ ! pulpit & pron\nc$ an oration1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he said3 8,by ,god1 ,i nev] covet$ ! comm& nor desir$ x ev5 = a day or a night1 nor ev] ask$ ,god = x op5ly or 9 secret1 nor d ,i take any pleasure 9 hav+ x40 ,n[1 :5 ,god causes anyone to atta9 p]fect s9c]ity & exalts him to ! rank ( fixity 7tamkn7 he waits = ,div9e inspiration1 t x may guide him2 & accord+ z he is bidd51 he w be ei!r a begg> or a pr9ce1 )\t ex]cis+ 8 own *oice & w4 ,?us ,ab ,bakr1 ! ,v]aci\s1 resign$ himself to ! w ( ,god f fir/ to la/4 ,h5ce ! :ole sect ( fs h made him _! patt]n 9 /ripp+ !mselves ( worldly ?+s1 9 fixity 7tamkn71 9 eag] desire = pov]ty1 & 9 long+ to r5\nce au?ority4 ,he is ! ,imm ( ! ,moslems 9 g5]al1 & ( ! fs 9 p>ticul>4 #b4,,! ,,caliph ,,um> ,b4 ,,al-,,kha,b4 ,he 0 specially di/+ui%$ by sagacity & resolution1 & is ! au?or ( _m f9e say+s on fiism4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,! ,tru? speaks by ! tongue ( ,um>20 & aga91 8,!re h be5 inspir$ relat]s 7muadda?un7 9 ! peoples ( antiquity1 & if !re be any su* 9 my p1 x is ,um>40 ,um> said3 8,retirem5t 7uzlat7 is a means ( reliev+ "o's self ( bad company40 ,retirem5t is ( two sorts3 fir/ly1 turn+ "o's back on mank9d 7ir az khalq71 & secondly1 entire sev]ance f !m 7inqi az %n74 ,turn+ "o's back on mank9d consi/s 9 *oos+ a solit>y retreat1 & 9 r5\nc+ ! society ( "o's fell[-creatures ext]nally1 & 9 quiet contemplation ( ! faults 9 "o's own conduct1 & 9 seek+ release = "o's self f int]c\rse ) m51 & 9 mak+ all p secure f "o's evil actions4 ,b sev]ance f mank9d is a spiritual /ate1 :i* is n connect$ ) any?+ ext]nal4 ,:5 a p]son is sev]$ f mank9d 9 _s1 he kn[s no?+ ( creat$ be+s & no ?\ght !re( c take possession ( 8 m9d4 ,su* a p]son1 al?\gh he is liv+ among ! p1 is isolat$ f !m1 & 8 _s dwells ap>t f !m4 ,?is is a v exalt$ /ation4 ,um> foll[$ ! "r pa? h]e91 = ext]nally he liv$ among ! p z _! ,comm&] & ,caliph4 ,8 words %[ cle>ly t al?\gh spirituali/s may outw>dly mix ) mank9d1 _! he>ts always cl+ to ,god & return to ,him 9 all circum/ances4 ,!y reg>d any int]c\rse !y may h ) m5 z an affliction s5t by ,god2 & t int]c\rse does n div]t !m f ,god1 s9ce ! _w nev] becomes pure 9 ! eyes ( ^? :om ,god loves4 ,um> said3 8,an abode :i* is f\nd$ ^u affliction _c possibly be )\t affliction40 ,! fs make him _! model 9 we>+ a pat*$ frock 7muraqqaa7 & rigor\sly p]=m+ ! duties ( religion4 #c4 ,,! ,,caliph ,,u?m,n ,b4 ,,aff,n4 ,x is relat$ by ,abdallh b4 ,rab & ,ab ,qatda z foll[s3 8,we 7 ) ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 ,u?mn1 on ! day :5 8 h\se 0 attack$4 ,8 slaves1 see+ ! cr[d ( rebels ga!r$ at ! door1 took up arms4 ,u?mn said3 #8,:oev] ( y does n take up arms is a free man4' ,we w5t =? f ! h\se 9 fe> ( our lives4 asan b4 ,al met u on ! way1 & we return$ ) him to ,u?mn1 t we might "k on :at bus9ess he 0 go+4 ,aft] he _h salut$ ,u?mn & condol$ ) him he said3 #8,o ,pr9ce ( ! ,fai?ful1 ,i d>e n draw sword aga9/ ,moslems )\t ?y comm&4 ,?\ art ! true ,imm4 ,give ! ord] & ,i w def5d !e4' ,u?mn repli$3 #8,o my c\s91 g back to ?y h\se & sit !re until ,god %all br+ ,8 decree to pass4 ,we d n wi% to %$ blood4'0 ,^! words betok5 resignation 9 ! h\r ( calamity1 & %[ t ! speak] _h atta9$ ! rank ( fri5d%ip ) ,god 7khullat74 ,simil>ly1 :5 ,nimrod lit a fire & put ,abraham 9 ! sl+ 7pala7#ea ( a catapult1 ,gabriel came to ,abraham & said1 8,do/ ?\ want any?+80 ,he answ]$1 8,f !e1 no40 ,gabriel said1 8,!n ask ,god40 ,he answ]$1 8,s9ce ,he kn[s 9 :at plight ,i am ,i ne$ n ask ,him40 ,"h ,u?mn 0 9 ! position ( ! ,fri5d 7,khall7#eb 9 ! catapult1 & ! s$iti\s mob 0 9 ! place ( ! fire1 & asan 0 9 ! place ( ,gabriel2 b ,abraham 0 sav$1 :ile ,u?mn p]i%$4 ,salvation 7najt7 is connect$ ) subsi/5ce 7baq7 & de/ruction 7halk7 ) annihilation 7fan73 on ?is topic some?+ has be5 said above4 ,! fs take ,u?mn z _! exempl> 9 sacrific+ life & prop]ty1 9 resign+ _! affairs to ,god1 & 9 s9c]e devotion4 ,footnote #ea3 ,arabic kiffat4 ,see ,dozy1 ,supplm5t1 ii1 #dgf4 ,footnote #eb3 ,abraham is call$ by ,moslems 8! ,fri5d ( ,god0 7al-,khall74 #d4 ,,! ,,caliph ,,al ,b4 ,,ab ,,lib4 ,8 r5[n & rank 9 ?is ,pa? 7( fiism7 7 v high4 ,he expla9$ ! pr9ciples 7ul7 ( ,div9e tru? ) exce$+ subtlety1 s t ,junayd said3 8,al is our ,%aykh z reg>ds ! pr9ciples & z reg>ds ! endurance ( affliction10 i4e4 9 ! !ory & practice ( fiism2 = fs call ! !ory ( ?is ,pa? 8pr9ciples0 7ul71 & its practice consi/s entirely 9 ! endurance ( affliction4 ,x is relat$ t "s "o begg$ ,al to give him a precept 7waiyyat74 ,al repli$3 8,d n let y\r wife & *ildr5 be y\r *ief c>es2 = if !y be fri5ds ( ,god1 ,god w look aft] ,8 fri5ds1 & if !y are enemies ( ,god1 :y %\ld y take c>e ( ,god's enemies80 ,?is "q is connect$ ) ! sev]ance ( ! he>t f all ?+s save ,god1 :o keeps ,8 s]vants 9 :atev] /ate ,he wille?4 ,?us ,moses left ! daught] ( ,%uayb#ec 9 a mo/ mis]able plight & committ$ h] to ,god2 & ,abraham took ,hag> & ,i%mael & br\ght !m to a b>r5 valley & committ$ !m to ,god4 ,bo? ^! prophets1 in/ead ( mak+ wife & *ild _! *ief c>e1 fix$ _! he>ts on ,god4 ,?is say+ resembles ! answ] :i* ,al gave to "o :o ask$ :at is ! pure/ ?+ t c be acquir$4 ,he said3 8,x is t :i* belongs to a he>t made ri* by ,god0 7ghan al-qalb billh74 ,! he>t t is s enri*$ is n made poor by hav+ no worldly goods nor glad by hav+ !m4 ,?is subject really turns on ! !ory reg>d+ pov]ty & purity1 :i* has be5 already discuss$4 ,al is a model = ! fs 9 respect to ! tru?s ( outw>d expressions & ! subtleties ( inw>d mean+s1 ! /ripp+ "o's self ( all prop]ty ei!r ( ?is _w or ( ! next1 & consid]ation ( ! ,div9e provid5ce4 ,footnote #ec3 ,moses is said to h m>ri$ "o ( ! daught]s ( ,%uayb4 ,see ,kor4 xxviii1 #bb-h1 :]e ,%uayb1 h[ev]1 is n m5tion$ by "n4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,_! ,,im,,ms ,,:o ,,belong$ ,,to ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,prophet4 #a4 ,,asan ,b4 ,,al4 ,he 0 pr(\ndly v]s$ 9 fiism4 ,he said1 by way ( precept3 8,see t ye gu>d y\r he>ts1 = ,god kn[s y\r secret ?\ghts40 8,gu>d+ ! he>t0 consi/s 9 n turn+ to o!rs 7?an ,god7 & 9 keep+ "o's secret ?\ghts f disob$i5ce to ! ,almighty4 ,:5 ! ,qad>ites got ! upp] h&1 & ! doctr9e ( ,rationalism became widely spread1 asan ( ,bara wrote to asan b4 ,al begg+ = guidance1 & ask+ him to /ate 8 op9ion on ! p]plex+ subject ( pr$e/9ation & on ! dispute :e!r m5 h any p[] to act 7i/iat74 asan b4 ,al repli$ t 9 8 op9ion ^? :o did n believe 9 ! det]m9ation 7qad>7 ( m5's good & evil actions by ,god 7 infidels1 & t ^? :o imput$ _! s9s to ,god 7 miscreants1 i4e4 ! ,qad>ites d5y ! ,div9e provid5ce1 & ! ,jab>ites impute _! s9s to ,god2 h5ce m5 are free to acquire _! actions accord+ to ! p[] giv5 !m by ,god1 & ?us our religion takes ! middle c\rse betwe5 free-w & pr$e/9ation4 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t :5 asan b4 ,al 0 seat$ at ! door ( 8 h\se 9 ,kfa1 a ,b$\9 came up & revil$ him & 8 fa!r & 8 "m4 asan rose & said3 8,o ,b$\91 p]haps y are hungry or ?ir/y1 or :at ails y80 ,! ,b$\9 took no he$1 b cont9u$ to abuse him4 asan ord]$ 8 slave to br+ a purse ( silv]1 & gave x to ! fell[1 say+3 8,o ,b$\91 excuse me1 = !re is no?+ else 9 ! h\se2 _h !re be5 m1 ,i %\ld n h grudg$ x to y40 ,on he>+ ?is1 ! ,b$\9 exclaim$3 8,i be> witness t ?\ art ! gr&son ( ! ,apo/le ( ,god4 ,i came hi!r to make trial ( ?y mildness40 ,su* are ! true sa9ts & ,%aykhs :o c>e n :e!r !y are prais$ or blam$1 & li/5 calmly to abuse4 #b4 ,,usayn ,b4 ,,al ,he is ! m>tyr ( ,k>bal1 & all fs are agre$ t he 0 9 ! "r4 ,s long z ! ,tru? 0 app>5t1 he foll[$ x2 b :5 x 0 lo/ he drew ! sword & nev] re/$ until he sacrific$ 8 de> life = ,god's sake4 ,! ,apo/le di/+ui%$ him by _m tok5s ( fav\r4 ,?us ,um> b4 al-,khab relates t "o day he saw ! ,apo/le crawl+ on 8 knees1 :ile usayn rode on 8 back hold+ a /r+1 ( :i* ! o!r end 0 9 ! ,apo/le's m\?4 ,um> said3 8,:at an excell5t camel ?\ ha/1 ,o fa!r ( ,abdallh60 ,! ,apo/le repli$3 8,:at an excell5t rid] is he1 ,o ,um>60 ,x is record$ t usayn said3 8,?y religion is ! k9de/ ( bre?r5 t[>ds !e10 because a man's salvation consi/s 9 foll[+ religion1 & 8 p]dition 9 disobey+ x4 #c4 ,,al ,b4 ,,usayn ,b4 ,,al1 ,,call$ ,,zayn ,,al-,,bid,n4 ,he said t ! mo/ bless$ man 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next is he :o1 :5 he is pleas$1 is n l$ by 8 pleasure into wrong1 & :5 he is angry1 is n c>ri$ by 8 ang] beyond ! b\nds ( "r4 ,?is is ! "* ( ^? :o h atta9$ p]fect rectitude 7kaml-i mu/aqmn74 usayn us$ to call him ,al ! ,y\ng] 7,al ,agh>74 ,:5 usayn & 8 *ildr5 7 kill$ at ,k>bal1 !re 0 none left except ,al to take c>e ( ! wom52 & he 0 ill4 ,! wom5 7 br\ght unveil$ on camels to ,yazd b4 ,muwiya--may ,god curse him1 b n 8 fa!r6--at ,damascus4 ,"s "o said to ,al3 8,h[ are ye ?is morn+1 ,o ,al & ,o memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,m]cy80 ,al repli$3 8,we are 9 ! same position among our p z ! p ( ,moses among ,ph>aoh's folk1 :o slaught]$ _! sons & took _! wom5 alive2 we d n "k morn+ f ev5+ on acc\nt ( ! reality ( our affliction40 ,! au?or !n relates ! well-kn[n /ory ( ,hi%m b4 ,abd al-,malik's enc\nt] ) ,al b4 usayn at ,mecca--h[ ! ,caliph1 :o desir$ to kiss ! ,black ,/one b 0 unable to rea* x1 saw ! cr[d imm$iately make way = ,al & retire to a respectful di/ance2 h[ a man ( ,syria ask$ ! ,caliph to tell him ! "n ( ?is p]son :o 0 held 9 s great v5]ation2 h[ ,hi%m feign$ ignorance1 = fe> t 8 p>tisans %\ld be %ak5 9 allegiance to himself2 & h[ ! poet ,f>azdaq /epp$ =w>d & recit$ ! spl5did encomium beg9n+--#ed 8,?is is he ^: footpr9t is kn[n to ! valley ( ,mecca1 ,he :om ! ,temple kn[s1 & ! unhall[$ t]ritory & ! holy gr\nd4 ,?is is ! son ( ! be/ ( all ! s]vants ( ,god1 ,?is is ! pi\s1 ! elect1 ! pure1 ! em95t40 ,hi%m 0 enrag$ & ?rew ,f>azdaq into prison4 ,al s5t to him a purse conta9+ #ab1jjj dirhems2 b ! poet return$ x1 ) ! message t he _h utt]$ _m lies 9 ! panegyrics on pr9ces & gov]nors :i* he 0 accu/om$ to compose = money1 & t he _h address$ ^! v]ses to ,al z a p>tial expiation = 8 s9s 9 t respect1 & z a pro( ( 8 affection t[>ds ! ,h\se ( ! ,prophet4 ,al1 h[ev]1 begg$ to be excus$ f tak+ back :at he _h already giv5 away2 & ,f>azdaq at la/ cons5t$ to receive ! money4 ,footnote #ed3 ,tw5ty-five v]ses are quot$4 #d4 ,,ab ,,ja,,f> ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,al ,b4 ,,usayn ,,al-,b,,qir4 ,"s say t 8 8"n ( hon\r0 0 ,ab ,abdallh4 ,8 nickname 0 ,bqir4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 k ( ! ab/ruse sci5ces & = 8 subtle indications z to ! mean+ ( ! ,koran4 ,x is relat$ t on "o occasion a k+1 :o wi%$ to de/roy him1 summon$ him to 8 pres5ce4 ,:5 ,bqir appe>$1 ! k+ begg$ 8 p>don1 be/[$ gifts ^u him1 & dismiss$ him c\rte\sly4 ,on be+ ask$ :y he _h act$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! k+ repli$3 8,:5 he came 91 ,i saw two lions1 "o on 8 "r h& & "o on 8 left1 :o ?reat5$ to de/roy me if ,i %\ld attempt to d him any h>m40 ,9 8 explanation ( ! v]se1 8,:osoev] believes 9 ! ght & believes 9 ,god0 7,kor4 ii1 #beg71 ,bqir said3 8,any?+ t div]ts !e f contemplation ( ! ,tru? is ?y ght40 ,"o ( 8 intimate fri5ds relates t :5 a portion ( ! night _h pass$ & ,bqir _h f9i%$ 8 litanies1 he us$ to cry al\d to ,god3 8,o my ,god & my ,"l1 night has come1 & ! p[] ( mon>*s has ceas$1 & ! />s are %9+ 9 ! sky1 & all mank9d are asleep & sil5t1 & ! ,ban ,umayya h gone to re/ & %ut _! doors & set gu>ds to wat* ov] !m2 & ^? :o desir$ any?+ f !m h =gott5 _! bus9ess4 ,?\1 ,o ,god1 art ! ,liv+1 ! ,la/+1 ! ,see+1 ! ,kn[+4 ,sleep & slumb] _c ov]take ,!e4 ,he :o does n ackn[l$ge t ,?\ art su* z ,i h describ$ is unwor?y ( ,?y b\nty4 ,o ,?\ :om no ?+ )holds f any o!r ?+1 ^: et]nity is n impair$ by ,day & ,night1 ^: doors ( ,m]cy are op5 to all :o call ^u ,!e1 & ^: entire treasures are lavi%$ on ^? :o praise ,!e3 ,?\ do/ nev] turn away ! begg>1 & no creature 9 e>? or heav5 c prev5t ! true believ] :o implores ,!e f ga9+ access to ,?y c\rt4 ,o ,"l1 :5 ,i rememb] dea? & ! grave & ! reckon+1 h[ c ,i take joy 9 ?is _w8 ,!re=e1 s9ce ,i ackn[l$ge ,!e to be ,"o1 ,i besee* ,!e to give me peace 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 )\t torm5t1 & pleasure 9 ! h\r ( reckon+1 )\t puni%m5t40 #e4 ,,ab ,,mu,,ammad ,,ja,,f> ,b4 ,,mu,,ammad ,,diq4 ,he is celebrat$ among ! f ,%aykhs = ! subtlety ( 8 disc\rse & 8 acqua9tance ) spiritual tru?s1 & he has writt5 fam\s books 9 explanation ( fiism4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,:oev] kn[s ,god turns 8 back on all else40 ,! gno/ic 7rif7 turns 8 back on 8o!r0 7?an ,god7 & is cut (f f worldly ?+s1 because 8 k 7marifat7 is pure nesci5ce 7nakirat71 inasmu* z nesci5ce =ms "p ( 8 k1 & k =ms "p ( 8 nesci5ce4 ,!re=e ! gno/ic is sep>at$ f mank9d & f ?\ght ( !m1 & he is jo9$ to ,god4 8,o!r0 has no place 9 8 he>t1 t he %\ld pay any he$ to !m1 & _! exi/5ce has no wor? = him1 t he %\ld fix ! remembrance ( !m 9 8 m9d4 ,& x is relat$ t he said3 8,!re is no "r s]vice )\t rep5tance1 because ,god ha? put rep5tance be=e s]vice1 & ha? said1 ,^? :o rep5t & s]ve0 7,kor4 ix1 #aac74 ,rep5tance 7tawbat7 is ! fir/ ( ! 8/ations0 9 ?is ,pa?1 & s]vice 7ibdat7 is ! la/4 ,:5 ,god m5tion$ ! disob$i5t ,he call$ !m to rep5tance & said1 8,rep5t unto ,god toge!r0 7,kor4 xxiv1 #ca72 b :5 ,he m5tion$ ! ,apo/le ,he ref]r$ to 8 8s]vant%ip0 7ubdiyyat71 & said1 8,he reveal$ to ,8 s]vant t :i* ,he reveal$0 7,kor4 liii1 #aj74 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t ,dwud came to ,jaf> diq & said3 8,o son ( ! ,apo/le ( ,god1 c\nsel me1 = my m9d is d>k5$40 ,jaf> repli$3 8,o ,ab ,sulaymn1 ?\ art ! ascetic ( ?y "t3 :at ne$ ha/ ?\ ( c\nsel f me80 ,he answ]$3 8,o son ( ! ,apo/le1 ?y family are sup]ior to all mank9d1 & x is incumb5t on !e to give c\nsel to all40 8,o ,ab ,sulaymn10 cri$ ,jaf>1 8,i am afraid t at ! ,resurrection my gr&sire w lay hold on me1 say+1 #8,:y did/ n ?\ fulfil ! obligation to foll[ 9 my /eps8' ,?is is n a matt] t dep5ds on au!ntic & sure aff9ity 7to ,muammad71 b on good conduct 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,tru?40 ,dwud began to weep & exclaim$3 8,o ,"l ,god1 if "o ^: clay is m\ld$ ) ! wat] ( ,prophecy1 ^: gr&sire is ! ,apo/le1 & ^: "m is ,fima 7,batl7--if su* a "o is di/ract$ by d\bts1 :o am ,i t ,i %\ld be pleas$ ) my deal+s 7t[>ds ,god780 ,"o day ,jaf> said to 8 cli5ts3 8,come1 let u take a pl$ge t :oev] among/ u %all ga9 deliv]ance on ! ,day ( ,resurrection %all int]c$e = all ! re/40 ,!y said3 8,o son ( ! ,apo/le1 h[ can/ ?\ h ne$ ( our int]cession s9ce ?y gr&sire int]c$es = all mank9d80 ,jaf> repli$3 8,my actions are su* t ,i %all be a%am$ to look my gr&sire 9 ! face on ! ,la/ ,day40 ,to see "o's faults is a quality ( p]fection1 & is *>act]i/ic ( ^? :o are e/abli%$ 9 ! ,div9e pres5ce1 :e!r !y be prophets1 sa9ts1 or apo/les4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,:5 ,god wi%es a man well1 ,he gives him insight into 8 faults40 ,:oev] b[s 8 head ) humility1 l a s]vant1 ,god w exalt 8 /ate 9 bo? worlds4 ,n[ ,i %all m5tion briefly ! ,p ( ! ,v]&a 7,ahl-i uffa74 ,9 a book entitl$ 8,! ,highway ( ,religion0 7,m9hj al-,dn71 :i* ,i compos$ be=e ! pres5t "w1 ,i h giv5 a detail$ acc\nt ( ea* ( !m1 b "h x w suffice to m5tion _! names & 8names ( hon\r04 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,! ,,v]&a 7,ahl-i uffa74 ,"k t all ,moslems are agre$ t ! ,apo/le _h a numb] ( ,companions1 :o abode 9 8 ,mosque & engag$ 9 devotion1 r5\nc+ ! _w & refus+ to seek a livelihood4 ,god reproa*$ ! ,apo/le on _! acc\nt & said3 8,d n drive away ^? :o call unto _! ,"l at morn & eve1 desir+ ,8 face0 7,kor4 vi1 #eb74 ,_! m]its are proclaim$ by ! ,book ( ,god1 & 9 _m traditions ( ! ,apo/le :i* h come d[n to u4 ,x is relat$ by ,ibn ,abbs t ! ,apo/le pass$ by ! ,p ( ! ,v]&a1 & saw _! pov]ty & _! self-mortification & said3 8,rejoice6 = :oev] ( my community p]sev]es 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ye are1 & is satisfi$ ) 8 condition1 he %all be "o ( my comrades 9 ,p>adise40 ,among ! ,ahl-i uffa#ee 7 ,bill b4 ,rab1 ,salmn al-,fris1 ,ab ,ubayda b4 al-,j>r1 ,abu l-,yaqn ,ammr b4 ,ysir1 ,abdallh b4 ,masd al-,hudhal1 8 bro!r ,utba b4 ,masd1 ,miqdd b4 al-,aswad1 ,khabbb b4 al-,aratt1 uhayb b4 ,s9n1 ,utba b4 ,ghazwn1 ,zayd b4 al-,khab1 bro!r ( ! ,caliph ,um>2 ,ab ,kab%a1 ! ,apo/le's cli5t2 ,abu l-,m>?ad ,k9na b4 al-usayn al-,adaw2 ,slim1 cli5t ( ,hudhayfa al-,yamn2 ,ukk%a b4 ,mian2 ,masd b4 ,rab al-,fris2 ,ab ,dh>r ,jundab b4 ,junda al-,ghifr2 ,abdallh b4 ,um>2 afwn b4 ,bay2 ,ab ,d>d ,uwaym b4 mr2 ,ab ,lubba b4 ,abd al-,mundhir2 & ,abdallh b4 ,badr al-,juhan4 ,footnote #ee3 ,i h correct$ _m ( ! foll[+ names1 :i* are errone\sly writt5 9 ! ,p]sian text1 by ref]5ce to v>i\s ,arabic works4 ,%aykh ,ab ,abd al-,ramn ,muammad b4 al-usayn al-,sulam1#ef ! traditioni/ 7naqql7 ( fiism & transmitt] ( ! say+s ( ! f ,%aykhs1 has writt5 a sep>ate hi/ory ( ! ,ahl-i uffa1 9 :i* he has record$ _! virtues & m]its & names & 8names ( hon\r04 ,he has includ$ among !m ,misa b4 ,u??a b4 ,abbd1 :om ,i dislike because he began ! sl&]s ab\t i%a1 ! ,"m ( ! ,believ]s4 ,ab ,hurayra1 & ,?awbn1 & ,mudh b4 al-ri?1 & ,sib b4 ,khalld1 & ,?bit b4 ,wadat1 & ,ab s ,uwaym b4 ,sida1 & ,slim b4 ,umayr b4 ,?bit1 & ,abu l-,yas> ,kab b4 ,amr1 & ,wahb b4 ,maqal1 & ,abdallh b4 ,unays1 & ajjj b4 ,um> al-,aslam belong$ to ! ,ahl-i uffa4 ,n[ & !n !y _h rec\rse to "s means ( livelihood 7taalluq ba-sabab k>d&71 b all ( !m 7 9 "o & ! same degree 7( dignity74 ,v]ily1 ! g5]ation ( ! ,companions 0 ! be/ ( all g5]ations2 & !y 7 ! be/ & mo/ excell5t ( mank9d1 s9ce ,god be/[$ on !m companion%ip ) ! ,apo/le & pres]v$ _! he>ts f blemi%4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see ,brockelmann1 i1 #bjj4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,conc]n+ ,,_! ,,im,,ms ,,:o ,,belong$ ,,to ,,! ,,foll[]s 7al-,tbin74 #a4 ,,uways ,,al-,,q>an4 ,he liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,apo/le1 b 0 prev5t$ f see+ him1 fir/ly by ! ec/asy :i* ov]ma/]$ him1 & secondly by duty to 8 "m4 ,! ,apo/le said to ! ,companions3 8,!re is a man at ,q>an1 call$ ,uways1 :o at ! ,resurrection w int]c$e = a multitude ( my p1 z _m z ! %eep ( ,raba & ,muar40 ,!n turn+ to ,um> & ,al1 he said3 8,y w see him4 ,he is a l[ly man1 ( middle height1 & hairy2 on 8 left side !re is a :ite spot1 z l>ge z a dirhem1 :i* is n f leprosy 7p/71 & he has a simil> spot on ! palm ( 8 h&4 ,:5 y see him1 give him my greet+1 & bid him pray = my p40 ,aft] ! ,apo/le's dea? ,um> came to ,mecca1 & cri$ out 9 ! c\rse ( a s]mon3 8,o m5 ( ,najd1 are !re any natives ( ,q>an among/ y80 ,!y answ]$1 8,yes02 :]eupon ,um> s5t = !m & ask$ !m ab\t ,uways4 ,!y said3 8,he is a madman :o dwells 9 solitude & associates ) no "o4 ,he does n eat :at m5 eat1 & he feels no joy or sorr[4 ,:5 o!rs smile he weeps1 & :5 o!rs weep he smiles40 ,um> said3 8,i wi% to see him40 ,!y repli$3 8,he lives 9 a des]t1 f> f our camels40 ,um> & ,al set out 9 que/ ( him4 ,!y f\nd him pray+1 & wait$ until he 0 f9i%$4 ,he salut$ !m & %[$ !m ! m>ks on 8 side & ! palm ( 8 h&4 ,!y ask$ 8 bless+ & gave him ! ,apo/le's greet+1 & enjo9$ him to pray = ! ,moslem p4 ,aft] !y _h /ay$ ) him = a :ile1 he said3 8,y h tak5 tr\ble 7to see me72 n[ return1 = ! ,resurrection is ne>1 :5 we %all see ea* o!r )\t hav+ to say f>ewell4 ,at pres5t ,i am engag$ 9 prep>+ = ! ,resurrection40 ,:5 ! m5 ( ,q>an came home1 !y exhibit$ great respect = ,uways4 ,he left 8 native place & came to ,kfa4 ,"o day he 0 se5 by ,h>im b4 ayyn1 b aft] t nobody saw him until ! p]iod ( civil w>4 ,he f\ght = ,al1 & fell a m>tyr at ! battle ( iffn4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,safety lies 9 solitude10 because ! he>t ( ! solit>y is free f ?\ght ( 8o!r01 & 9 no circum/ances does he hope = any?+ f mank9d4 ,let none imag9e1 h[ev]1 t solitude 7wadat7 m]ely consi/s 9 liv+ alone4 ,s long z ! ,devil associates ) a man's he>t1 & s5sual passion holds sway 9 8 brea/1 & any ?\ght ( ?is _w or ! next occurs to him 9 su* a way z to make him consci\s ( mank9d1 he is n truly 9 solitude2 s9ce x is all "o :e!r he takes pleasure 9 ! ?+ itself or 9 ! ?\ght ( x4 ,accord+ly1 ! true solit>y is n di/urb$ by society1 b he :o is preoccupi$ seeks 9 va9 to acquire fre$om f ?\ght by seclud+ himself4 ,9 ord] to be cut (f f mank9d "o mu/ become intimate ) ,god1 & ^? :o h become intimate ) ,god are n hurt by int]c\rse ) mank9d4 #b4 ,,h>im ,b4 ,,ayy,n4 ,he w5t to visit ,uways ,q>an1 b on arriv+ at ,q>an he f\nd t ,uways 0 no long] !re4 ,deeply disappo9t$1 he return$ to ,mecca1 :]e he le>n$ t ,uways 0 liv+ at ,kfa4 ,he repair$ ?i!r1 b c\ld n discov] him = a long "t4 ,at la/ he set out = ,bara & on ! way he saw ,uways1 clad 9 a pat*$ frock1 p]=m+ an ablution on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates4 ,z soon z he came up f ! %ore ( ! riv] & comb$ 8 be>d1 ,h>im advanc$ to meet him & salut$ him4 ,uways said3 8,peace be ) !e1 ,o ,h>im b4 ayyn60 ,h>im cri$3 8,h[ did y "k t ,i am ,h>im80 ,uways answ]$3 8,my _s knew ?y _s40 ,he said to ,h>im3 8,keep wat* ov] ?y he>t0 7alayka bi-qalbika71 i4e4 8,gu>d ?y he>t f ?\ghts ( #8o!r'04 ,?is say+ has two mean+s3 7#a7 8,make ?y he>t ob$i5t to ,god by self-mortification01 & 7#b7 8,make ?yself ob$i5t to ?y he>t04 ,^! are two s\nd pr9ciples4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( novices 7murdn7 to make _! he>ts ob$i5t to ,god 9 ord] to purge !m f famili>ity ) va9 desires & passions1 & sev] !m f unseemly ?\ghts1 & fix !m on ! me?od ( ga9+ spiritual heal?1 on ! keep+ ( ! comm&m5ts1 & on contemplation ( ! signs ( ,god1 s t _! he>ts may become ! %r9e ( ,love4 ,to make "o's self ob$i5t to "o's he>t is ! bus9ess ( adepts 7kmiln71 ^: he>ts ,god has illum9$ ) ! light ( ,beauty1 & deliv]$ f all causes & means1 & inve/$ ) ! robe ( proximity 7qurb71 & !reby has reveal$ to !m ,8 b\nties & has *os5 !m to contemplate ,him & to be ne> ,him3 h5ce ,he has made _! bodies accordant ) _! he>ts4 ,! =m] class are ma/]s ( _! he>ts 7ib al-qulb71 ! latt] are "u ! dom9ion ( _! he>ts 7maghlb al-qulb72 ! =m] reta9 _! attributes 7bqi l-ifat71 ! latt] h lo/ _! attributes 7fni l-ifat74 ,! tru? ( ?is matt] goes back to ! words ( ,god3 ,ill bdaka m9humu l-mukhlana1 8,except su* ( !m z are ,?y purifi$ 7*os57 s]vants0 7,kor4 xv1 #dj74 ,"h "s read mukhlina in/ead ( mukhlana4 ,! mukhli 7purify+ "o's self7 is active1 & reta9s 8 attributes1 b ! mukhla 7purifi$7 is passive1 & has lo/ 8 attributes4 ,i w expla9 ?is "q m fully else:]e4 ,! latt] class1 :o make _! bodies accordant ) _! he>ts1 & ^: he>ts abide 9 contemplation ( ,god1 are ( high] rank ?an ^? :o by _! own ef=t make _! he>ts comply ) ! ,div9e comm&m5ts4 ,?is subject has its f\ndation 9 ! pr9ciples ( sobriety 7ahw7 & intoxication 7sukr71 & 9 ^? ( contemplation 7mu%hadat7 & self-mortification 7mujhadat74 #c4 ,,asan ,,( ,,ba,,ra4 ,8 8"n ( hon\r0 0 ,ab ,al2 accord+ to o!rs1 ,ab ,muammad or ,ab ,sad4 ,he is held 9 high reg>d & e/eem by ! fs4 ,he gave subtle directions relat+ to ! sci5ce ( practical religion 7ilm-i mumalat74 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t a ,b$\9 came to him & ask$ him ab\t pati5ce 7abr74 asan repli$3 8,pati5ce is ( two sorts3 fir/ly1 pati5ce 9 mis=tune & affliction2 & secondly1 pati5ce to refra9 f ! ?+s :i* ,god has comm&$ u to r5\nce & has =bidd5 u to pursue40 ,! ,b$\9 said3 8,?\ art an ascetic2 ,i nev] saw anyone m ascetic ?an ?\ art40 8,o ,b$\960 cri$ asan1 8my asceticism is no?+ b desire1 & my pati5ce is no?+ b lack ( =titude40 ,! ,b$\9 begg$ him to expla9 ?is say+1 8= said he ?\ ha/ %ak5 my belief40 asan repli$3 8,my pati5ce 9 mis=tune & my submission proclaim my fe> ( ,hell-fire1 & ?is is lack ( =titude 7jaza72 & my asceticism 9 ?is _w is desire = ! next _w1 & ?is is ! qu9tess5ce ( desire4 ,h[ excell5t is he :o takes no ?\ght ( 8 own int]e/6 s t 8 pati5ce is = ,god's sake1 n = ! sav+ ( himself f ,hell2 & 8 asceticism is = ,god's sake1 n = ! purpose ( br++ himself into ,p>adise4 ,?is is ! m>k ( true s9c]ity40 ,& x is relat$ t he said3 8,association ) ! wick$ produces suspicion ( ! good40 ,?is say+ is v apt & suitable to ! p ( ! pres5t age1 :o all disbelieve 9 ! hon\r$ fri5ds ( ,god4 ,! reason ( _! disbelief is t !y associate ) pret5d]s to fiism1 :o h only its ext]nal =ms2 & p]ceiv+ _! actions to be p]fidi\s1 _! tongues false1 _! e>s li/5+ to idle quatra9s1 _! eyes foll[+ pleasure & lu/1 & _! he>ts set on amass+ unlawful or dubi\s lucre1 !y fancy t aspirants to fiism behave 9 ! same mann]1 or t ?is is ! doctr9e ( ! fs !mselves1 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ! fs act 9 ob$i5ce to ,god1 & speak ! ^w ( ,god1 & keep ! love ( ,god 9 _! he>ts & ! voice 7sam7 ( ,god 9 _! e>s1 & ! beauty ( ,div9e contemplation 9 _! eyes1 & all _! ?\ghts are fix$ on ! ga9+ ( holy my/]ies 9 ! place :]e ,vision is v\*saf$ to !m4 ,if evildo]s h appe>$ among !m & h adopt$ _! practices1 ! evil mu/ be ref]r$ to ^? :o commit x4 ,anyone :o associates ) ! wick$ memb]s ( a community does s ?r\gh 8 own wick$ness1 = he w\ld associate ) ! good if !re 7 any good 9 him4 #d4 ,,sa,d ,b4 ,,al-,,musayyib4 ,x is said t he 0 a man ( dev\t nature :o made a %[ ( hypocrisy1 n a hypocrite :o pret5d$ to be dev\t4 ,?is way ( act+ is approv$ 9 fiism & is held laudable by all ! ,%aykhs4 ,he said3 8,be cont5t ) a little ( ?is _w :ile ?y religion is safe1 ev5 z "s are cont5t ) mu* !re( :ile _! religion is lo/10 i4e4 pov]ty )\t injury to religion is bett] ?an ri*es ) he$lessness4 ,x is relat$ t :5 he 0 at ,mecca a man came to him & said3 8,tell me a lawful ?+ 9 :i* !re is no?+ unlawful40 ,he repli$3 8,praise 7dhikr7 ( ,god is a lawful ?+ 9 :i* !re is no?+ unlawful1 & praise ( aught else is an unlawful ?+ 9 :i* !re is no?+ lawful10 because y\r salvation lies 9 ! =m] & y\r p]dition 9 ! latt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,_! ,,im,,ms ,,:o ,,liv$ ,,subsequ5tly ,,to ,,! ,,foll[]s 7al-,tbin7 ,,d[n ,,to ,,our ,,day4 #a4 ,,ab,b ,,al-,,ajam4 ,8 conv]sion 7tawbat7 0 begun by asan ( ,bara4 ,at fir/ he 0 a usur] & committ$ all sorts ( wick$ness1 b ,god gave him a s9c]e rep5tance1 & he le>n$ f asan some?+ ( ! !ory & practice ( religion4 ,8 native tongue 0 ,p]sian 7ajam71 & he c\ld n speak ,arabic correctly4 ,"o ev5+ asan ( ,bara pass$ by ! door ( 8 cell4 abb _h utt]$ ! call to pray] & 0 /&+1 engag$ 9 devotion4 asan came 91 b w\ld n pray "u 8 lead]%ip1 because abb 0 unable to speak ,arabic flu5tly or recite ! ,koran correctly4 ,! same night1 asan dream$ t he saw ,god & said to ,him3 8,o ,"l1 :]e9 does ,?y good pleasure consi/80 & t ,god answ]$3 8,o asan1 y f\nd ,my good pleasure1 b did n "k its value3 if ye/]night y _h said y\r pray]s aft] abb1 & if ! rightness ( 8 int5tion _h re/ra9$ y f tak+ (f5ce at 8 pronunciation1 ,i %\ld h be5 well pleas$ ) y40 ,x is common k among fs t :5 asan ( ,bara fl$ f ajjj he ent]$ ! cell ( abb4 ,! soldi]s came & said to abb3 8,h y se5 asan any:]e80 abb said3 8,yes40 8,:]e is he80 8,he is 9 my cell40 ,!y w5t into ! cell1 b saw no "o !re4 ,?9k+ t abb 0 mak+ fun ( !m1 !y abus$ him & call$ him a li>4 ,he swore t he _h spok5 ! tru?4 ,!y return$ twice & ?rice1 b f\nd no "o1 & at la/ dep>t$4 asan imm$iately came out & said to abb3 8,i "k x 0 ow+ to ?y b5$ictions t ,god did n discov] me to ^! wick$ m51 b :y did/ ?\ tell !m ,i 0 "h80 abb repli$3 8,o ,ma/]1 x 0 n on acc\nt ( my b5$ictions t !y fail$ to see !e1 b ?r\gh ! bless$ness ( my speak+ ! tru?4 ,_h ,i told a lie1 we bo? %\ld h be5 %am$40 abb 0 ask$3 8,) :at ?+ is ,god pleas$80 ,he answ]$3 8,) a he>t :i* is n sulli$ by hypocrisy10 because hypocrisy 7nifq7 is ! opposite ( concord 7wifq71 & ! /ate ( be+ well pleas$ 7ri7 is ! ess5ce ( concord4 ,!re is no connexion betwe5 hypocrisy & love1 & love subsi/s 9 ! /ate ( be+ well pleas$ 7) :atev] is decre$ by ,god74 ,!re=e acquiesc5ce 7ri7 is a *>act]i/ic ( ,god's fri5ds1 :ile hypocrisy is a *>act]i/ic ( ,8 enemies4 ,?is is a v important matt]4 ,i w expla9 x 9 ano!r place4 #b4 ,m,,lik ,b4 ,d,n,r4 ,he 0 a companion ( asan ( ,bara4 ,dnr 0 a slave1 & ,mlik 0 born be=e 8 fa!r's emancipation4 ,8 conv]sion began z foll[s4 ,"o ev5+ he _h be5 enjoy+ himself ) a p>ty ( fri5ds4 ,:5 !y 7 all asleep a voice came f a lute :i* !y _h be5 play+3 8,o ,mlik6 :y do/ ?\ n rep5t80 ,mlik ab&on$ 8 evil ways & w5t to asan ( ,bara1 & %[$ himself /eadfa/ 9 rep5tance4 ,he atta9$ to su* a high degree t once :5 he 0 9 a %ip1 & 0 suspect$ ( /eal+ a jewel1 he no soon] lift$ 8 eyes to heav5 ?an all ! fi%es 9 ! sea came to ! surface1 e "o c>ry+ a jewel 9 its m\?4 ,mlik took "o ( ! jewels1 & gave x to ! man ^: jewel 0 miss+2 !n he set foot on ! sea & walk$ until he rea*$ ! %ore4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,! de$ t ,i love be/ is s9c]ity 9 do+10 because an action only becomes an action 9 virtue ( its s9c]ity4 ,s9c]ity be>s ! same relation to an action z ! _s to ! body3 z ! body )\t ! _s is a lifeless ?+1 s an action )\t s9c]ity is utt]ly unsub/antial4 ,s9c]ity belongs to ! class ( int]nal actions1 :]eas acts ( devotion belong to ! class ( ext]nal actions3 ! latt] are complet$ by ! =m]1 :ile ! =m] d]ive _! value f ! latt]4 ,al?\gh a man %\ld keep 8 he>t s9c]e = a ?\s& ye>s1 x is n s9c]ity until 8 s9c]ity is comb9$ ) action2 & al?\gh he %\ld p]=m ext]nal actions = a ?\s& ye>s1 8 actions d n become acts ( devotion until !y are comb9$ ) s9c]ity4 #c4 ,,ab ,,al,m ,,ab,b ,b4 ,,sal,m#eg ,,al-,r4 ,he 0 a companion ( ,salmn ,fris4 ,he relat$ t ! ,apo/le said3 8,! believ]'s int5tions are bett] ?an 8 acts40 ,he _h flocks ( %eep1 & 8 home 0 on ! bank ( ! ,euphrates4 ,8 religi\s ,pa? 7arq7 0 retirem5t f ! _w4 ,a c]ta9 ,%aykh relates z foll[s3 8,once ,i pass$ by him & f\nd him pray+1 :ile a wolf look$ aft] 8 %eep4 ,i resolv$ to pay him a visit1 s9ce he appe>$ to me to h ! m>ks ( greatness4 ,:5 we _h ex*ang$ greet+s1 ,i said3 #8,o ,%aykh6 ,i see ! wolf 9 accord ) ! %eep4' ,he repli$3 #8,t is because ! %eph]d is 9 accord ) ,god4' ,) ^? words he held a wood5 b[l "u a rock1 & two f\nta9s gu%$ f ! rock1 "o ( milk & "o ( honey4 #8,o ,%aykh6' ,i cri$1 z he bade me dr9k1 #8h[ ha/ ?\ atta9$ to ?is degree8' ,he answ]$3 #8,by ob$i5ce to ,muammad1 ! ,apo/le ( ,god4 ,o my son6 ! rock gave wat] to ! p ( ,moses1#eh al?\gh !y disobey$ him1 & al?\gh ,moses is n equal 9 rank to ,muammad3 :y %\ld n ! rock give milk & honey to me1 inasmu* z ,i am ob$i5t to ,muammad1 :o is sup]ior to ,moses8' ,i said3 #8,give me a ^w ( c\nsel4' ,he said3 #8,d n make y\r he>t a c(f] ( covet\sness & y\r belly a vessel ( unlawful ?+s4'0 ,footnote #eg3 ,l4 ,aslam4 ,footnote #eh3 ,kor4 vii1 #afj4 ,my ,%aykh _h fur!r traditions conc]n+ him1 b ,i c\ld n possibly set d[n m ?an ?is 7&> waqt-i man q bd b% az n mumk9 na-%ud71 my books hav+ be5 left at ,ghazna--may ,god gu>d x6--:ile ,i myself _h become a captive among uncong5ial folk 7d> miyn-i nj9sn7 9 ! di/rict ( ,lahwur1 :i* is a dep5d5cy ( ,mltn4 ,god be prais$ bo? 9 joy & sorr[6 #d4 ,,ab ,,zim ,,al-,,madan4 ,he 0 /eadfa/ 9 pov]ty1 & ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( self-mortification4 ,amr b4 ,u?mn al-,makk1 :o %[s great zeal on 8 behalf 7&> amr-i way ba-jidd b%ad71 relates t on be+ ask$ :at he possess$ he answ]$3 8,satisfaction 7ri7 ) ,god & indep5d5ce ( mank9d40 ,a c]ta9 ,%aykh w5t to see him & f\nd him asleep4 ,:5 he awoke he said3 8,i dream$ j n[ t ! ,apo/le gave me a message to !e1 & bade me in=m !e t x is bett] to fulfil ! duty :i* is ow$ to "o's "m ?an to make ! pilgrimage4 ,return1 !re=e1 & try to please h]40 ,! p]son :o tells ! /ory turn$ back & did n g to ,mecca4 ,?is is all t ,i h he>d ab\t ,ab zim4 #e4 ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,w,,si4 ,he associat$ ) _m ( ! ,foll[]s & ) "s ( ! anci5t ,%aykhs1 & _h a p]fect k ( fiism4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,i nev] saw any?+ )\t see+ ,god !re940 ,?is is an advanc$ /age 7maqm7 ( ,contemplation4 ,:5 a man is ov]come ) love = ! ,ag5t1 he atta9s to su* a degree t 9 look+ at ,8 act he does n see ! act b ! ,ag5t only & entirely1 j z :5 "o looks at a picture & sees only ! pa9t]4 ,! true mean+ ( ^! words is ! same z 9 ! say+ ( ,abraham1 ! ,fri5d ( ,god 7,khall7 & ! ,apo/le1 :o said to ! sun & moon & />s3 8,?is is my ,"l0 7,kor4 vi1 #gf-h71 = he 0 !n ov]come ) long+ 7%awq71 s t ! qualities ( 8 belov$ appe>$ to him 9 ev]y?+ t he saw4 ,! fri5ds ( ,god p]ceive t ! univ]se is subject to ,8 might & captive to ,8 dom9ion1 & t ! exi/5ce ( all creat$ ?+s is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! p[] ( ! ,ag5t !re(4 ,:5 !y look !reon ) long+1 !y d n see :at is subject & passive & creat$1 b only ! ,omnipot5t1 ! ,ag5t1 ! ,creator4 ,i %all treat ( ?is 9 ! *apt] on ,contemplation4 ,"s p]sons h fall5 into error1 & h alleg$ t ! words ( ,muammad b4 ,wsi1 8,i saw ,god !re910 involve a place ( division & desc5t 7makn-i tajziya ull71 :i* is %e] infidelity1 because place is homog5e\s ) t :i* is conta9$ 9 x1 & if anyone supposes t place is creat$ ! conta9$ object mu/ also be creat$2 or if ! latt] be et]nal ! =m] also mu/ be et]nal3 h5ce ?is ass]tion entails two evil consequ5ces1 bo? ( :i* are infidelity1 viz41 ei!r t creat$ ?+s are et]nal 7qadm7 or t ! ,creator is non-et]nal 7muda?74 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,muammad b4 ,wsi said t he saw ,god 9 ?+s1 he meant1 z ,i h expla9$ above1 t he saw 9 ^? ?+s ! signs & evid5ces & pro(s ( ,god4 ,i %all discuss 9 ! prop] place "s subtle po9ts connect$ ) ?is "q4 #f4 ,,ab ,,an,,fa ,,nu,m,n ,b4 ,,?,,bit ,,al-,,kh>r,z4 ,he is ! ,imm ( ,imms & ! exempl> ( ! ,sunnites4 ,he 0 firmly gr\nd$ 9 works ( mortification & devotion1 & 0 a great au?ority on ! pr9ciples ( fiism4 ,at fir/ he wi%$ to g into seclusion & ab&on ! society ( mank9d1 = he _h made 8 he>t free f e ?\ght ( human p[] & pomp4 ,"o night1 h[ev]1 he dream$ t he 0 collect+ ! bones ( ! ,apo/le f ! tomb1 & *oos+ "s & disc>d+ o!rs4 ,he awoke 9 t]ror & ask$ "o ( ! pupils ( ,muammad b4 ,srn#ei 7to int]pret ! dream74 ,?is man said to him3 8,y w atta9 a high rank 9 k ( ! ,apo/le & 9 pres]v+ 8 ord9ances 7sunnat71 s t y w sift :at is g5u9e f :at is spuri\s40 ,ano!r "t ,ab anfa dream$ t ! ,apo/le said to him3 8,y h be5 creat$ = ! purpose ( reviv+ my ord9ances40 ,he 0 ! ma/] ( _m ,%aykhs1 e4g4 ,ibrhm b4 ,adham & ,fuayl b4 ,iy & ,dwud & ,bi%r f4 ,footnote #ei3 ,a well-kn[n div9e1 :o di$ 9 #aaj ,a4,h4 ,see ,ibn ,khallikn1 ,no4 #egf4 ,an extant "w on ! int]pretation ( dreams is attribut$ to him 7,brockelmann1 i1 #ff74 ,9 ! reign ( ! ,caliph ,manr a plan 0 =m$ to appo9t to ! (fice ( ,cadi "o ( ! foll[+ p]sons3 ,ab anfa1 ,sufyn ,?awr1 ,misar b4 ,kidm1 & ,%uray4 ,:ile !y 7 j\rney+ toge!r to visit ,manr1 :o _h summon$ !m to 8 pres5ce1 ,ab anfa said to 8 companions3 8,i w reject ?is (fice by means ( a c]ta9 trick1 ,misar w feign to be mad1 ,sufyn w run away1 & ,%uray w be made ,cadi40 ,sufyn fl$ & emb>k$ 9 a %ip1 implor+ ! capta9 to conceal him & save him f execution4 ,! o!rs 7 u%]$ into ! pres5ce ( ! ,caliph4 ,manr said to ,ab anfa3 8,y mu/ act z ,cadi40 ,ab anfa repli$3 8,o ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 ,i am n an ,arab1 b "o ( _! cli5ts2 & ! *iefs ( ! ,arabs w n accept my decisions40 ,manr said3 8,?is matt] has no?+ to d ) l9eage3 x dem&s le>n+1 & y are ! mo/ em95t doctor ( ! day40 ,ab anfa p]si/$ t he 0 unfit to hold ! (fice4 8,:at ,i h j said %[s x10 he exclaim$2 8= if ,i h spok5 ! tru? ,i am disqualifi$1 & if ,i h told a falsehood x is n "r t a li> %\ld be judge ov] ,moslems1 & t y %\ld entru/ him ) ! lives1 prop]ty1 & hon\r ( y\r subjects40 ,he escap$ 9 ?is way4 ,!n ,misar came =w>d & seiz$ ! ,caliph's h& & said3 8,h[ are y1 & y\r *ildr51 & y\r bea/s ( burd580 8,away ) him10 cri$ ,manr1 8he is mad60 ,f9ally1 ,%uray 0 told t he mu/ fill ! vacant (fice4 8,i am melan*olic10 said he1 8& light-witt$10 :]eupon ,manr advis$ him to dr9k ptisanes & potions 7adah-yi muwfiq nabdhh-yi mu?alla?7 until 8 intellect 0 fully re/or$4 ,s ,%uray 0 made ,cadi1 & ,ab anfa nev] spoke a ^w to him aga94 ,?is /ory illu/rates n only ! sagacity ( ,ab anfa1 b also 8 adh]5ce to ! pa? ( righte\sness & salvation1 & 8 det]m9ation n to let himself be delud$ by seek+ popul>ity & worldly r5[n4 ,x %[s1 moreov]1 ! s\ndness ( blame 7malmat71 s9ce all ^! ?ree v5]able m5 resort$ to "s trick 9 ord] to avoid popul>ity4 ,v diff]5t are ! doctors ( ! pres5t age1 :o make ! palaces ( pr9ces _! qibla & ! h\ses ( evildo]s _! temple4 ,once a doctor ( ,ghazna1 :o claim$ to be a le>n$ div9e & a religi\s lead]1 decl>$ x h]esy to we> a pat*$ frock 7muraqqaa74 ,i said to him3 8,y d n call x h]etical to we> robes ( brocade1#fj :i* are made entirely ( silk &1 besides be+ 9 !mselves unlawful = m5 to we>1 h be5 begg$ ) importunity1 :i* is unlawful1 f evildo]s ^: prop]ty is absolutely unlawful4 ,:y1 !n1 is x h]etical to we> a lawful g>m5t1 procur$ f a lawful place1 & pur*as$ ) lawful money8 ,if y 7 n rul$ by inborn conceit & by ! error ( y\r s\l1 y w\ld express a m judici\s op9ion4 ,wom5 may we> a dress ( silk lawfully1 b x is unlawful = m51 & only p]missible 7mub7 = lunatics4 ,if y ackn[l$ge ! tru? ( bo? ^! /atem5ts y are excus$ 7= condemn+ ! pat*$ frock74 ,god save u f lack ( fairness60 ,footnote #fj3 ,! text has jma-i a%% dbaq4 ,app>5tly ! =m] ^w %\ld be writt5 8kha%%04 ,x is describ$ 9 ,vull]s's ,p]sian ,diction>y z 8a k9d ( g>m5t04 ,yay b4 ,mudh al-,rz relates z foll[s3 8,i dream$ t ,i said to ! ,apo/le1 #8,o ,apo/le ( ,god1 :]e %all ,i seek !e8' ,he answ]$3 #8,9 ! sci5ce ( ,ab anfa4'0 ,once1 :5 ,i 0 9 ,syria1 ,i fell asleep at ! tomb ( ,bill ! ,muezz91#fa & dream$ t ,i 0 at ,mecca1 & t ! ,apo/le came 9 ?r\gh ! gate ( ! ,ban ,%ayba1 t5d]ly clasp+ an old man to 8 bosom 9 ! same fa%ion z p are wont to c>ry *ildr52 & t ,i ran to him & kiss$ ! back ( 8 foot1 & /ood m>vell+ :o ! old man might be2 & t ! ,apo/le 0 miracul\sly aw>e ( my secret ?\ght & said to me1 8,?is is ?y ,imm & ! ,imm ( ?y c\ntryman10 mean+ ,ab anfa4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is dream ,i h great hopes = myself & also = ! p ( my c\ntry4 ,x has conv9c$ me1 moreov]1 t ,ab anfa 0 "o ( ^? :o1 hav+ annihilat$ _! natural qualities1 cont9ue to p]=m ! ord9ances ( ! sacr$ law1 z appe>s f ! fact t he 0 c>ri$ by ! ,apo/le4 ,if he _h walk$ by himself1 8 attributes mu/ h be5 subsi/5t1 & su* a "o may ei!r miss or hit ! m>k2 b inasmu* z he 0 c>ri$ by ! ,apo/le1 8 attributes mu/ h be5 non-exi/5t :ile he 0 su/a9$ by ! liv+ attributes ( ! ,apo/le4 ,! ,apo/le _c err1 & x is equally impossible t "o :o is su/a9$ by ! ,apo/le %\ld fall into error4 ,footnote #fa3 ,bill b4 ,rab1 ! ,prophet's ,muezz91 0 buri$ at ,damascus4 ,:5 ,dwud _h acquir$ le>n+ & become a fam\s au?ority1 he w5t to ,ab anfa & said to him3 8,:at %all ,i d n[80 ,ab anfa repli$3 8,practise :at y h le>n$1 = !ory )\t practice is l a body )\t a _s40 ,he :o is cont5t ) le>n+ alone is n le>n$1 & ! truly le>n$ man is n cont5t ) le>n+ alone4 ,simil>ly1 ,div9e guidance 7hidyat7 involves self-mortification 7mujhadat71 )\t :i* contemplation 7mu%hadat7 is unatta9able4 ,!re is no k )\t action1 s9ce k is ! product ( action1 & is br\ght =? & develop$ & made pr(itable by ! bless+s ( action4 ,! two ?+s _c be divorc$ 9 any way1 j z ! light ( ! sun _c be sep>at$ f ! sun itself4 #g4 ,,abdall,h ,b4 ,,mub,,rak ,,al-,,m>waz4 ,he 0 ! ,imm ( 8 "t & consort$ ) _m em95t ,%aykhs4 ,he is ! au?or ( celebrat$ works & fam\s miracles4 ,! occasion ( 8 conv]sion is relat$ z foll[s3 ,he 0 9 love ) a girl1 & "o night 9 w9t] he /ation$ himself at ! foot ( ! wall ( h] h\se1 :ile %e came on to ! ro(1 & !y bo? /ay$ gaz+ at ea* o!r until daybreak4 ,:5 ,abdallh he>d ! call to morn+ pray]s he ?\ght x 0 "t = ev5+ pray]s2 & only :5 ! sun began to %9e did he discov] t he _h sp5t ! :ole night 9 raptur\s contemplation ( 8 belov$4 ,he took w>n+ by ?is1 & said to himself3 8,%ame on !e1 ,o son ( ,mubrak6 ,do/ ?\ /& on foot all night = ?9e own pleasure1 & yet become furi\s :5 ! ,imm reads a long *apt] ( ! ,koran80 ,he rep5t$ & devot$ himself to /udy1 & ent]$ ^u a life ( asceticism1 9 :i* he atta9$ su* a high degree t once 8 "m f\nd him asleep 9 ! g>d51 :ile a great snake 0 driv+ ! gnats away f him ) a spray ( basil :i* x held 9 its m\?4 ,!n he left ,m]v & liv$ = "s "t 9 ,baghdd1 associat+ ) ! f ,%aykhs1 & also resid$ = "s "t at ,mecca4 ,:5 he return$ to ,m]v1 ! p ( ! t[n receiv$ him ) fri5d%ip & f\nd$ = him a pr(essorial *air & a lecture hall 7d>s majlis nihd&74 ,at t epo* half ! population ( ,m]v 7 foll[]s ( ,tradition & ! o!r half adh]5ts ( ,op9ion1 j z at ! pres5t day4 ,!y call$ him ,ra al-f>qayn because ( 8 agreem5t ) bo? sides1 & ea* p>ty claim$ him z "o ( !mselves4 ,he built two conv5ts 7rib7 at ,m]v--"o = ! foll[]s ( ,tradition & "o = ! foll[]s ( ,op9ion--:i* h reta9$ _! orig9al con/itution d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,aft]w>ds he w5t back to ! ijz & settl$ at ,mecca4 ,on be+ ask$ :at wond]s he _h se51 he repli$3 8,i saw a ,*ri/ian monk 7rhib71 :o 0 emaciat$ by self-mortification & b5t d\ble by fe> ( ,god4 ,i ask$ him to tell me ! way to ,god4 ,he answ]$1 #8,if y knew ,god1 y w\ld "k ! way to ,him4' ,!n he said1 #8,i wor%ip ,him al?\gh ,i d n "k him1 :]eas y disobey ,him al?\gh y "k ,him1' i4e4 #8k entails fe>1 yet ,i see t y are confid5t2 & infidelity entails ignorance1 yet ,i feel fe> )9 myself4' ,i laid ?is to he>t1 & x re/ra9$ me f _m ill de$s40 ,x is relat$ t ,abdallh b4 ,mubrak said3 8,tranquillity is unlawful to ! he>ts ( ! ,sa9ts ( ,god10 = !y are agitat$ 9 ?is _w by seek+ ,god 7alab7 & 9 ! next _w by rapture 7arab72 !y are n p]mitt$ to re/ "h1 :ile !y are abs5t f ,god1 nor !re1 :ile !y enjoy ! pres5ce1 manife/ation1 & vision ( ,god4 ,h5ce ?is _w is ev5 z ! next _w 9 _! eyes1 & ! next _w ev5 z ?is _w1 because tranquillity ( he>t dem&s two ?+s1 ei!r atta9m5t ( "o's aim or indiff]5ce to ! object ( "o's desire4 ,s9ce ,he is n to be atta9$ 9 ?is _w or ! next1 ! he>t c nev] h re/ f ! palpitation ( love2 & s9ce indiff]5ce is unlawful to ^? :o love ,him1 ! he>t c nev] h re/ f ! agitations ( seek+ ,him4 ,?is is a firm pr9ciple 9 ! pa? ( spiritual adepts4 #h4 ,,ab ,,al ,,al-,,fu,,ayl ,b4 ,,iy4 ,he is "o ( ! paup]s 7alk7 ( ! fs1 & "o ( _! mo/ em95t & celebrat$ m54 ,at fir/ he us$ to practise brig&age betwe5 ,m]v & ,bw>d1 b he 0 always incl9$ to piety1 & inv>iably %[$ a g5]\s & magnanim\s disposition1 s t he w\ld n attack a c>avan 9 :i* !re 0 any woman1 or take ! prop]ty ( anyone ^: /ock 0 small2 & he let ! travell]s keep a portion ( _! prop]ty1 accord+ to ! means ( ea*4 ,"o day a m]*ant set out f ,m]v4 ,8 fri5ds advis$ him to take an escort1 b he said to !m3 8,i h he>d t ,fuayl is a ,god-fe>+ man20 & in/ead ( do+ z !y wi%$ he hir$ a ,koran-read] & m\nt$ him on a camel 9 ord] t he might read ! ,koran al\d day & night dur+ ! j\rney4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ! place :]e ,fuayl 0 ly+ 9 ambu%1 ! read] happ5$ to be recit+3 8,is n ! "t yet come unto ^? :o believe1 t _! he>ts %\ld humbly submit to ! admonition ( ,god80 7,kor4 lvii1 #ae74 ,fuayl's he>t 0 s(t5$4 ,he rep5t$ ( ! bus9ess 9 :i* he 0 engag$1 & hav+ a writt5 li/ ( ^? :om he _h robb$ he satisfi$ all _! claims ^u him4 ,!n he w5t to ,mecca & resid$ !re = "s "t & became acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 sa9ts ( ,god4 ,aft]w>ds he return$ to ,kfa1 :]e he associat$ ) ,ab anfa4 ,he has h&$ d[n relations :i* are held 9 high e/eem by ,traditioni/s1 & he is ! au?or ( l(ty say+s conc]n+ ! v]ities ( fiism & ,div9e ,k4 ,x is record$ t he said3 8,:oev] kn[s ,god z ,he ought to be kn[n wor%ips ,him ) all 8 might10 because ev]yone :o kn[s ,god ackn[l$ges ,8 b\nty & b5efic5ce & m]cy1 & !re=e loves ,him2 & s9ce he loves ,him he obeys ,him s f> z he has ! p[]1 = x is n difficult to obey ^? :om "o loves4 ,accord+ly1 ! m "o loves1 ! m "o is ob$i5t1 & love is increas$ by true k4#fb ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,! _w is a madh\se1 & ! p !re9 are madm51 we>+ %ackles & *a9s40 ,lu/ is our %ackle & s9 is our *a94 ,footnote #fb3 ,"h ! au?or relates two anecdotes illu/rat+ ! devotion ( ,muammad4 ,fal b4 ,rab relates z foll[s3 8,i accompani$ ,hrn al-,ra%d to ,mecca4 ,:5 we _h p]=m$ ! pilgrimage1 he said to me1 #8,is !re any man ( ,god "h t ,i may visit him8' ,i repli$1 #8,yes1 !re is ,abd al-,razzq ann4'#fc ,we w5t to 8 h\se & talk$ ) him = a :ile4 ,:5 we 7 ab\t to leave1 ,hrn bade me ask him :e!r he _h any debts4 ,he said1 #8,yes1' & ,hrn gave ord]s t !y %\ld be paid4 ,on com+ out1 ,hrn said to me1 #8,o ,fal1 my he>t /ill desires to see a man great] ?an ?is "o4' ,i conduct$ him to ,sufyn b4 ,uyayna4#fd ,our visit end$ 9 ! same way4 ,hrn gave ord]s to pay 8 debts & dep>t$4 ,!n he said to me1 #8,i recollect t ,fuayl b4 ,iy is "h2 let u g & see him4' ,we f\nd him 9 an upp] *amb]1 recit+ a v]se ( ! ,koran4 ,:5 we knock$ at ! door1 he cri$1 #8,:o is !re8' ,i repli$1 #8,! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful4' #8,:at h ,i to d ) ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful8' said he4 ,i said1 #8,is !re n an ,apo/olic ,tradition to ! effect t no "o %all seek to abase himself 9 devotion to ,god8' ,he answ]$1 #8,yes1 b acquiesc5ce 9 ,god's w 7ri7 is ev]la/+ glory 9 ! op9ion ( quieti/s3 y see my abasem5t1 b ,i see my exaltation4' ,!n he came d[n & op5$ ! door1 & ext+ui%$ ! lamp & /ood 9 a corn]4 ,hrn w5t 9 & tri$ to f9d him4 ,_! h&s met4 ,fuayl exclaim$1 #8,alas6 nev] h ,i felt a s(t] h&3 't w be v wond]ful if x escape f ! ,div9e torm5t4' ,hrn began to weep1 & wept s viol5tly t he swoon$4 ,:5 he came to himself1 he said1 #8,o ,fuayl1 give me a ^w ( c\nsel4' ,fuayl said3 #8,o ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 ?y ance/or 7,abbs7 0 ! uncle ( ,muaf4 ,he ask$ ! ,prophet to give him dom9ion ov] m54 ,! ,prophet answ]$1 8,o my uncle1 ,i w give !e dom9ion = "o mom5t ov] ?yself10 i4e4 "o mom5t ( ?y ob$i5ce to ,god is bett] ?an a ?\s& ye>s ( m5's ob$i5ce to !e1 s9ce dom9ion br+s rep5tance on ! ,day ( ,resurrection' 7al-imrat yawm al-qiymat nadmat74 ,hrn said1 #8,c\nsel me fur!r4' ,fuayl cont9u$3 #8,:5 ,um> b4 ,abd al-,azz 0 appo9t$ ,caliph1 he summon$ ,slim b4 ,abdallh & ,raj b4 ayt1 & ,muammad b4 ,kab al-,qura1 & said to !m1 8,:at am ,i to d 9 ?is affliction8 = ,i c\nt x an affliction1 al?\gh p 9 g5]al consid] x to be a bless+40 ,"o ( !m repli$3 8,if ?\ w\ld/ be sav$ to-morr[ f ! ,div9e puni%m5t1 reg>d ! eld]s ( ! ,moslems z ?y fa!rs1 & _! "y m5 z ?y bro!rs1 & _! *ildr5 z ?y *ildr54 ,! :ole t]ritory ( ,islam is ?y h\se1 & its p are ?y family4 ,visit ?y fa!r1 & hon\r ?y bro!r1 & deal k9dly ) ?y *ildr548' ,!n ,fuayl said3 #8,o ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 ,i fe> le/ t h&some face ( ?9e fall into ,hell-fire4 ,fe> ,god1 & p]=m ?y obligations to ,him bett] ?an ?is4' ,hrn ask$ ,fuayl :e!r he _h any debts4 ,he answ]$1 #8,yes1 ! debt :i* ,i owe to ,god1 namely1 ob$i5ce to ,him2 woe is me1 if ,he call me to acc\nt = x6' ,hrn said1 #8,o ,fuayl1 ,i am speak+ ( debts to m54' ,he repli$1 #8,god be prais$6 ,8 b\nty t[>ds me is great1 & ,i h no reason to compla9 ( ,him to ,8 s]vants4' ,hrn (f]$ him a purse ( a ?\s& d9>s1 say+1 #8,use ! money = "s purpose ( ?9e own4' ,fuayl said1 #8,o ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 my c\nsels h done !e no good4 ,"h aga9 ?\ art behav+ wrongly & unju/ly4' ,hrn exclaim$1 #8,h[ is t8' ,fuayl said1 #8,i wi% !e to be sav$1 b ?\ w\ld/ ca/ me into p]dition3 is n ?is unju/8' ,we took leave ( him ) te>s 9 our eyes1 & ,hrn said to me1 #8,o ,fal1 ,fuayl is a k+ inde$4'0 ,footnote #fc3 ,he di$ 9 #baa ,a4,h4 ,see ,ibn ,khallikn1 ,no4 #dji4 ,footnote #fd3 ,di$ 9 #afh ,a4,h4 ,see ,ibn ,khallikn1 ,no4 #bff4 ,all ?is %[s 8 hatr$ ( ! _w & its p1 & 8 contempt = its gauds1 & 8 refusal to abase himself be=e worldl+s = ! sake ( worldly ga94 #i4 ,,abu ,l-,,fay ,,dhu ,l-,n,n ,b4 ,,ibr,h,m ,,al-,,mi,r4 ,he 0 ! son ( a ,nubian1 & 8 "n 0 ,?awbn4 ,he is "o ( ! be/ ( ?is sect1 & "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( _! hidd5 spirituali/s 7ayyrn71 = he trod ! pa? ( affliction & travell$ on ! road ( blame 7malmat74 ,all ! p ( ,egypt 7 lo/ 9 d\bt z to 8 true /ate1 & did n believe 9 him until he 0 dead4 ,on ! night ( 8 decease sev5ty p]sons dream$ t !y saw ! ,apo/le1 :o said3 8,i h come to meet ,dhu l-,nn1 ! fri5d ( ,god40 ,& aft] 8 dea? ! foll[+ words 7 f\nd inscrib$ on 8 =ehead3 ,?is is ! belov$ ( ,god1 :o di$ 9 love ( ,god1 sla9 by ,god4 ,at 8 fun]al ! birds ( ! air ga!r$ above 8 bi]1 & wove _! w+s toge!r s z to %ad[ x4 ,on see+ ?is1 all ! ,egyptians felt remorse & rep5t$ ( ! inju/ice :i* !y _h done to him4 ,he has _m f9e & admirable say+s on ! v]ities ( my/ical k4 ,he says1 = example3 8,! gno/ic 7rif7 is m l[ly e day1 because he is approa*+ ne>] to 8 ,"l e mom5t10 inasmu* z he !reby becomes aw>e ( ! awfulness ( ! ,div9e ,omnipot5ce1 & :5 ! maje/y ( ,god has tak5 possession ( 8 he>t1 he sees h[ f> he is f ,god & t !re is no way ( rea*+ ,him2 h5ce 8 l[l9ess is increas$4 ,?us ,moses said1 :5 he conv]s$ ) ,god3 8,o ,"l1 :]e %all ,i seek ,!e80 ,god answ]$3 8,among ^? ^: he>ts are brok540 ,moses said3 8,o ,"l1 no he>t is m brok5 & despair+ ?an m9e40 ,god answ]$3 8,!n ,i am :]e ?\ art40 ,accord+ly1 anyone :o pret5ds to "k ,god )\t l[l9ess & fe> is an ignorant fool1 n a gno/ic4 ,! sign ( true k is s9c]ity ( w1 & a s9c]e w cuts (f all second>y causes & sev]s all ties ( relation%ip1 s t no?+ rema9s except ,god4 ,dhu l-,nn says3 8,s9c]ity 7idq7 is ! sword ( ,god on ! e>?3 x cuts ev]y?+ t x t\*es40 ,n[ s9c]ity reg>ds ! ,caus]1 & does n consi/ 9 affirmation ( second>y causes4 ,to affirm ! latt] is to de/roy ! pr9ciple ( s9c]ity4 ,among ! /ories told ( ,dhu l-,nn ,i h read t "o day he 0 sail+ ) 8 disciples 9 a boat on ! ,riv] ,nile1 z is ! cu/om ( ! p ( ,egypt :5 !y desire recreation4 ,ano!r boat 0 com+ up1 fill$ ) m]ry--mak]s1 ^: unseemly behavi\r s disgu/$ ! disciples t !y begg$ ,dhu l-,nn to implore ,god to s9k ! boat4 ,dhu l-,nn rais$ 8 h&s & cri$3 8,o ,"l1 z ,?\ ha/ giv5 ^! p a pleasant life 9 ?is _w1 give !m a pleasant life 9 ! next _w too60 ,! disciples 7 a/oni%$ by 8 pray]4 ,:5 ! boat came ne>] & ^? 9 x saw ,dhu l-,nn1 !y began to weep & ask p>don1 & broke _! lutes & rep5t$ unto ,god4 ,dhu l-,nn said to 8 disciples3 8,a pleasant life 9 ! next _w is rep5tance 9 ?is _w4 ,y & !y are all satisfi$ )\t h>m to anyone40 ,he act$ ?us f 8 extreme affection t[>ds ! ,moslems1 foll[+ ! example ( ! ,apo/le1 :o1 not)/&+ ! ill-treatm5t :i* he receiv$ f ! infidels1 nev] ceas$ to say3 8,o ,god6 direct my p1 = !y "k n40 ,dhu l-,nn relates t z he 0 j\rney+ f ,j]usalem to ,egypt he saw 9 ! di/ance "s "o advanc+ t[>ds him1 & felt impell$ to ask a "q4 ,:5 ! p]son came ne> he p]ceiv$ t x 0 an old woman c>ry+ a /aff 7ukkza#fe71 & we>+ a wooll5 tunic 7jubba74 ,he ask$ h] :5ce %e came4 ,%e answ]$3 8,f ,god40 8,& :i!r goe/ ?\80 8,to ,god40 ,dhu l-,nn drew =? a piece ( gold :i* he _h ) him & (f]$ x to h]1 b %e %ook h] h& 9 8 face & cri$3 8,o ,dhu l-,nn1 ! notion :i* ?\ ha/ =m$ ( me arises f ! feebl5ess ( ?y intellig5ce4 ,i "w = ,god's sake1 & accept no?+ unless f ,him4 ,i wor%ip ,him alone & take f ,him alone40 ,) ^! words %e w5t on h] way4 ,footnote #fe3 ,accord+ to a m>g9al gloss 9 ,i1 ukkza is a tripod on :i* a lea!rn wat]-bottle is susp5d$4 ,! old woman's say+ t %e work$ = ,god's sake is a pro( ( h] s9c]ity 9 love4 ,m5 9 _! deal+s ) ,god fall into two classes4 ,"s imag9e t !y "w = ,god's sake :5 !y are really work+ = !mselves2 & ?\gh _! "w is n done ) any worldly motive1 !y desire a recomp5se 9 ! next _w4 ,o!rs take no ?\ght ( rew>d or puni%m5t 9 ! next _w1 any m ?an ( o/5tation & reputation 9 ?is _w1 b act solely f rev]5ce = ! comm&m5ts ( ,god4 ,_! love ( ,god requires !m to =get e selfi% int]e/ :ile !y d ,8 bidd+4 ,! =m] class fancy t :at !y d = ! sake ( ! next _w !y d = ,god's sake1 & fail to recognize t ! dev\t h a great] self-int]e/ 9 devotion ?an ! wick$ h 9 s91 because ! s9n]'s pleasure la/s only = a mom5t1 :]eas devotion is a delight = ev]4 ,besides1 :at ga9 accrues to ,god f ! religi\s ex]cises ( mank9d1 or :at loss f _! non-p]=mance8 ,if all ! _w act$ ) ! v]acity ( ,ab ,bakr1 ! ga9 w\ld be :olly !irs1 & if ) ! falsehood ( ,ph>aoh1 ! loss w\ld be :olly !irs1 z ,god ha? said3 8,if ye d good1 x is to y\rselves1 & if ye d evil1 x is to y\rselves0 7,kor4 xvii1 #g72 & also3 8,:oev] ex]ts himself 9 religion does s = 8 own advantage4 ,v]ily1 ,god is indep5d5t ( creat$ be+s0 7,kor4 xxix1 #e74 ,!y seek = !mselves an ev]la/+ k+dom & say1 8,we are work+ = ,god's sake02 b to tread ! pa? ( love is a diff]5t ?+4 ,lov]s1 9 fulfill+ ! ,div9e comm&m5t1 reg>d only ! accompli%m5t ( ! ,belov$'s w1 & h no eyes = any?+ else4 ,a simil> topic w be discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on ,s9c]ity 7ikhl74 #aj4 ,,ab ,,is,q ,,ibr,h,m ,b4 ,,adham ,b4 ,,man,r4 ,he 0 unique 9 8 ,pa?1 & ! *ief ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he 0 a disciple ( ! ,apo/le ,khir4 ,he met a l>ge numb] ( ! anci5t f ,%aykhs1 & associat$ ) ! ,imm ,ab anfa1 f :om he le>n$ div9ity 7ilm74 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 life he 0 ,pr9ce ( ,balkh4 ,"o day he w5t to ! *ase1 & hav+ become sep>at$ f 8 suite 0 pursu+ an antelope4 ,god caus$ ! antelope to address him 9 elegant language & say3 8,wa/ ?\ creat$ = ?is1 or wa/ ?\ comm&$ to d ?is80 ,he rep5t$1 ab&on$ ev]y?+1 & ent]$ on ! pa? ( asceticism & ab/95ce4 ,he made ! acqua9tance ( ,fuayl b4 ,iy & ,sufyn ,?awr1 & consort$ ) !m4 ,aft] 8 conv]sion he nev] ate any food except :at he _h e>n$ by 8 own lab\r4 ,8 say+s on ! v]ities ( fiism are orig9al & exquisite4 ,junayd said3 8,ibrhm is ! key ( ! 7my/ical7 sci5ces40 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,take ,god z ?y companion & leave mank9d alone10 i4e4 :5 anyone is rightly & s9c]ely turn$ t[>ds ,god1 ! rightness ( 8 turn+ t[>ds ,god requires t he %\ld turn 8 back on mank9d1 inasmu* z ! society ( mank9d has no?+ to d ) ?\ghts ( ,god4 ,companion%ip ) ,god is s9c]ity 9 fulfill+ ,8 comm&s1 & s9c]ity 9 devotion spr+s f purity ( love1 & pure love ( ,god proce$s f hatr$ ( passion & lu/4 ,:oev] is famili> ) s5sual affections is sep>at$ f ,god1 & :oev] is sep>at$ f s5sual affections is dwell+ ) ,god4 ,!re=e ?\ art all mank9d 9 reg>d to ?yself3 turn away f ?yself1 & ?\ ha/ turn$ away f all mank9d4 ,?\ do/ wrong to turn away f mank9d & t[>ds ?yself1 & to be conc]n$ ) ?yself1 :]eas ! actions ( all mank9d are det]m9$ by ! provid5ce & pr$e/9ation ( ,god4 ,! outw>d & inw>d rectitude 7i/iqmat7 ( ! seek] is f\nd$ on two ?+s1 "o ( :i* is !oretical & ! o!r practical4 ,! =m] consi/s 9 reg>d+ all good & evil z pr$e/9$ by ,god1 s t no?+ 9 ! univ]se passes into a /ate ( re/ or motion until ,god has creat$ re/ or motion 9 t ?+2 ! latt] consi/s 9 p]=m+ ! comm& ( ,god1 9 rightness ( action t[>ds ,him1 & 9 keep+ ! obligations :i* he ,has impos$4 ,pr$e/9ation c nev] become an argum5t = neglect+ ,8 comm&s4 ,true r5unciation ( mank9d is impossible until ?\ ha/ r5\nc$ ?yself4 ,z soon z ?\ ha/ r5\nc$ ?yself1 all mank9d are necess>y = ! fulfilm5t ( ! w ( ,god2 & z soon z ?\ ha/ turn$ to ,god1 ?\ art necess>y = ! accompli%m5t ( ! decree ( ,god4 ,h5ce x is n p]missible to be satisfi$ ) mank9d4 ,if ?\ wilt be satisfi$ ) any?+ except ,god1 at lea/ be satisfi$ ) ano!r 7ghayr7 = satisfaction ) ano!r is to reg>d unification 7tawd71 :]eas satisfaction ) ?yself is to affirm ! nullity ( ! ,creator 7tatl74 ,= ?is reason ,%aykh ,abu l-asan ,sliba#ff us$ to say t x is bett] = novices to be "u ! au?ority ( a cat ?an "u _! own au?ority1 because companion%ip ) ano!r is = ,god's sake1 :ile companion%ip ) "o's self is calculat$ to fo/] ! s5sual affections4 ,?is topic w be discuss$ 9 ! prop] place4 ,ibrhm b4 ,adham tells ! foll[+ /ory3 8,:5 ,i rea*$ ! des]t1 an old man came up & said to me1 #8,o ,ibrhm1 d y "k :at place ?is is1 & :]e y are j\rney+ )\t provisions & on foot8' ,i knew t he 0 ,satan4 ,i produc$ f ! bosom ( my %irt f\r dniqs--! price ( a basket :i* ,i _h sold 9 ,kfa--& ca/ !m away & made a v[ t ,i w\ld p]=m a pray] ( f\r hundr$ g5uflexions = e mile t ,i travell$4 ,i rema9$ f\r ye>s 9 ! des]t1 & ,god 0 giv+ me my daily bread )\t any ex]tion on my "p4 ,dur+ t "t ,khir consort$ ) me & taught me ! ,great ,"n ( ,god4 ,!n my he>t became :olly empty ( #8o!r' 7ghayr740 ,footnote #ff3 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #cdg1 :]e he is call$ ,abu l-usayn ,sliba4 #aa4 ,,bi%r ,b4 ,,al-,,ri? ,,al-,f4 ,he associat$ ) ,fuayl & 0 ! disciple ( 8 own mat]nal uncle1 ,al b4 ,kha%ram4 ,he 0 v]s$ 9 ! pr9cipal1 z well z ! d]ivative1 sci5ces4 ,8 conv]sion began z foll[s4 ,"o day1 :5 he 0 drunk1 he f\nd on ! road a piece ( pap] on :i* 0 writt53 8,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful40 ,he pick$ x up ) rev]5ce1 p]fum$ x1 & laid 9 a clean place4 ,! same night he dream$ t ,god said to him3 8,o ,bi%r1 z ?\ ha/ made ,my "n sweet1 ,i swe> by ,my glory t ,i w make ?y "n sweet bo? 9 ?is _w & ! next40 ,!reupon he rep5t$ & took to asceticism4 ,s int5sely 0 he absorb$ 9 contemplation ( ,god t he nev] put any?+ on 8 feet4 ,:5 he 0 ask$ ! reason ( ?is1 he said3 8,! ,e>? is ,8 c>pet1 & ,i deem x wrong to tread on ,8 c>pet :ile !re is any?+ betwe5 my foot & ,8 c>pet40 ,?is is "o ( 8 peculi> practices3 9 ! conc5tration ( 8 m9d on ,god a %oe seem$ to him a veil 7betwe5 him & ,god74 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,:oev] desires to be hon\r$ 9 ?is _w & exalt$ 9 ! next _w1 let him %un ?ree ?+s3 let him n ask a boon ( anyone1 nor speak ill ( anyone1 nor accept an invitation to eat ) anyone40 ,no man :o kn[s ! way to ,god w ask a boon ( human be+s1 s9ce to d s is a pro( ( 8 ignorance ( ,god3 if he knew ! ,giv] ( all boons1 he w\ld n ask a boon f a fell[-creature4 ,aga91 ! man :o speaks ill ( anyone is criticiz+ ! decree ( ,god1 inasmu* z bo? ! individual himself & 8 actions are creat$ by ,god2 & on :om c ! blame = an action be ?r[n except on ! ag5t8 ,?is does n apply1 h[ev]1 to ! blame :i* ,god has comm&$ u to be/[ ^u infidels4 ,?irdly1 z to 8 say+1 8,d n eat ( m5's food10 ! reason is t ,god is ! ,provid]4 ,if ,he makes a creature ! means ( giv+ y daily bread1 d n reg>d t creature1 b consid] t ! daily bread :i* ,god has caus$ to come to y does n belong to him b to ,god4 ,if he ?9ks t x is 81 & t he is !reby conf]r+ a fav\r on y1 d n accept x4 ,9 ! matt] ( daily bread "o p]son does n conf] on ano!r any fav\r at all1 because1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! or?odox1 daily bread is food 7ghidh71 al?\gh ! ,mutazilites hold x to be prop]ty 7milk72 & ,god1 n any creat$ be+1 n\ri%es mank9d ) food4 ,?is say+ may be expla9$ o!rwise1 if x be tak5 9 a pr(ane s5se 7majz74 #ab4 ,,ab ,,yaz,d ,,ayf,r ,b4 ,s ,,al-,,bis,m4 ,he is ! greate/ ( ! ,%aykhs 9 /ate & dignity1 s t ,junayd said3 8,ab ,yazd holds ! same rank among u z ,gabriel among ! angels40 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 a ,magian1 & 8 fa!r 0 "o ( ! notables ( ,bism4 ,he is ! au?or ( _m tru/wor?y relations conc]n+ ! ,traditions ( ! ,apo/le1 & he is "o ( ! t5 celebrat$ ,imms ( fiism4 ,no "o be=e him p5etrat$ s deeply into ! arcana ( ?is sci5ce4 ,9 all circum/ances he 0 a lov] ( !ology & a v5]ator ( ! sacr$ law1 not)/&+ ! spuri\s doctr9e :i* has be5 foi/$ on him by "s p]sons ) ! object ( support+ _! own h]esies4 ,f ! fir/1 8 life 0 bas$ on self-mortification & ! practice ( devotion4 ,x is record$ t he said3 8,= ?irty ye>s ,i 0 active 9 self-mortification1 & ,i f\nd no?+ h>d] ?an to le>n div9ity & foll[ its precepts4 ,b = ! disagreem5t ( div9es ,i %\ld h utt]ly fail$ 9 my endeav\r4 ,! disagreem5t ( div9es is a m]cy save on ! po9t ( ,unification40 ,?is is true inde$1 = human nature is m prone to ignorance ?an to k1 & :ile _m ?+s c be done easily ) ignorance1 n a s+le /ep c be made easily ) k4 ,! bridge ( ! sacr$ law is mu* n>r[] & m dang]\s ?an ! ,bridge 7ir7 9 ! next _w4 ,!re=e x behoves !e s to act 9 all circum/ances t1 if ?\ %\ld/ n atta9 a high degree & an em95t /ation1 ?\ may/ at any rate fall )9 ! pale ( ! sacr$ law4 ,ev5 if ?\ lose all else1 ?y practices ( devotion w rema9 ) !e4 ,neglect ( ^? is ! wor/ mis*ief t c happ5 to a novice4 ,x is relat$ t ,ab ,yazd said3 8,p>adise ha? no value 9 ! eyes ( lov]s1 & lov]s are veil$ 7f ,god7 by _! love10 i4e4 ,p>adise is creat$1 :]eas love is an uncreat$ attribute ( ,god4 ,:oev] is deta9$ by a creat$ ?+ f t :i* is uncreat$1 is )\t wor? & value4 ,creat$ ?+s are wor?less 9 ! eyes ( lov]s4 ,lov]s are veil$ by love1 because ! exi/5ce ( love involves duality1 :i* is incompatible ) unification 7tawd74 ,! way ( lov]s is f on5ess to on5ess1 b !re is 9 love ?is defect1 t x ne$s a desir] 7murd7 & an object ( desire 7murd74 ,ei!r ,god mu/ be ! desir] & ,man ! desir$1 or vice v]s4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ,man's be+ is fix$ 9 ,god's desire1 b if ,man is ! desir] & ,god ! object ( desire1 ! creature's se>* & desire c f9d no way unto ,him3 9 ei!r case ! cank] ( be+ rema9s 9 ! lov]4 ,accord+ly1 ! annihilation ( ! lov] 9 ! ev]la/+ness ( love is m p]fect ?an 8 subsi/5ce ?r\gh ! ev]la/+ness ( love4 ,x is relat$ t ,ab ,yazd said3 8,i w5t to ,mecca & saw a ,h\se /&+ ap>t4 ,i said1 #8,my pilgrimage is n accept$1 = ,i h se5 _m /ones ( ?is sort4' ,i w5t aga91 & saw ! ,h\se & also ! ,"l ( ! ,h\se4 ,i said1 #8,?is is n yet real unification4' ,i w5t a ?ird "t1 & saw only ! ,"l ( ! ,h\se4 ,a voice 9 my he>t :isp]$1 #8,o ,byazd1 if ?\ did/ n see ?yself1 ?\ w\ld/ n be a poly!i/ 7mu%rik7 ?\gh ?\ sawe/ ! :ole univ]se2 & s9ce ?\ see/ ?yself1 ?\ art a poly!i/ ?\gh bl9d to ! :ole univ]se4' ,!reupon ,i rep5t$1 & once m ,i rep5t$ ( my rep5tance1 & yet once m ,i rep5t$ ( see+ my own exi/5ce40 ,?is is a subtle tale conc]n+ ! s\ndness ( 8 /ate1 & gives an excell5t indication to spirituali/s4 #ac4 ,,ab ,,abdall,h ,,al-,,ri? ,b4 ,,asad ,,al-,,mu,,sib4 ,he 0 le>n$ 9 ! pr9cipal & d]ivative sci5ces1 & 8 au?ority 0 recogniz$ by all ! !ologians ( 8 day4 ,he wrote a book1 entitl$ ,riyat1#fg on ! pr9ciples ( fiism1 z well z _m o!r works4 ,9 e bran* ( le>n+ he 0 a man ( l(ty s5tim5t & noble m9d4 ,he 0 ! *ief ,%aykh ( ,baghdd 9 8 "t4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 ,al-ilm bi-arakt al-qulb f mulaat al-ghuyb a%raf m9 al-amal bi-arakt al-jawri1 i4e4 he :o is acqua9t$ ) ! secret motions ( ! he>t is bett] ?an he :o acts ) ! motions ( ! limbs4 ,! mean+ is t k is ! place ( p]fection1 :]eas ignorance is ! place ( se>*1 & k at ! %r9e is bett] ?an ignorance at ! door3 k br+s a man to p]fection1 b ignorance does n ev5 all[ him to ent] 7on ! way to p]fection74 ,9 reality k is great] ?an action1 because x is possible to "k ,god by means ( k1 b impossible to atta9 to ,him by means ( action4 ,if ,he c\ld be f\nd by action )\t k1 ! ,*ri/ians & ! monks 9 _! au/]ities w\ld behold ,him face to face & s9ful believ]s w\ld h no vision ( ,him4 ,!re=e k is a ,div9e attribute & action a human attribute4 ,"s relat]s ( ?is say+ h fall5 into error by read+ al-amal bi-arakt al-qulb1#fh :i* is absurd1 s9ce human actions h no?+ to d ) ! motions ( ! he>t4 ,if ! au?or uses ?is expression to d5ote reflection & contemplation ( ! inw>d feel+s1 x is n /range1 = ! ,apo/le said3 8,a mom5t's reflection is bett] ?an sixty ye>s ( devotion10 & spiritual actions are 9 tru? m excell5t ?an bodily actions1 & ! effect produc$ by inw>d feel+s & actions is really m complete ?an ! effect produc$ by outw>d actions4 ,h5ce x is said3 8,! sleep ( ! sage is an act ( devotion & ! wakefulness ( ! fool is a s910 because ! sage's he>t is controll$ 7by ,god7 :e!r he sleeps or wakes1 & :5 ! he>t is controll$ ! body also is controll$4 ,accord+ly1 ! he>t t is controll$ by ! sway ( ,god is bett] ?an ! s5sual "p ( ,man :i* controls 8 outw>d motions & acts ( self-mortification4 ,x is relat$ t ri? said "o day to a d]vi%1 ,kun lillh wa-ill l takun1 8,be ,god's or be no?+10 i4e4 ei!r be subsi/5t ?r\gh ,god or p]i% to ?9e own exi/5ce2 ei!r be unit$ ) ,purity 7afwat7 or sep>at$ by ,pov]ty 7faqr72 ei!r 9 ! /ate describ$ by ! words 8,b[ ye d[n to ,adam0 7,kor4 ii1 #cb7 or 9 ! /ate describ$ by ! words 8,did !re n come ov] ,man a "t :5 he 0 n any?+ wor?y ( m5tion80 7,kor4 lxxvi1 #a74 ,if ?\ wilt give ?yself to ,god ( ?y own free *oice1 ?y resurrection w be ?r\gh ?yself1 b if ?\ wilt n1 !n ?y resurrection w be ?r\gh ,god4 ,footnote #fg3 ,its full title is ,riyat li-uqq ,allah1 8,! obs]vance ( :at is due to ,god40 ,footnote #fh3 ,?is read+ is giv5 9 ! abaqt al-fiyya ( ,ab ,abd al-,ramn al-,sulam 7,briti% ,museum ,,ms41 ,add4 #ah1ebj1 f4 #ac;a74 #ad4 ,,ab ,,sulaym,n ,d,,wud ,b4 ,,nu,,ayr ,,al-4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,ab anfa & a contempor>y ( ,fuayl & ,ibrhm b4 ,adham4 ,9 fiism he 0 a disciple ( abb ,r4 ,he 0 deeply v]s$ 9 all ! sci5ces & unrivall$ 9 jurisprud5ce 7fiqh72 b he w5t into seclusion & turn$ 8 back on au?ority1 & took ! pa? ( asceticism & piety4 ,x is relat$ t he said to "o ( 8 disciples3 8,if ?\ desire/ welf>e1 bid f>ewell to ?is _w1 & if ?\ desire/ grace 7k>mat71 pron\nce ! takbr#fi ov] ! next _w10 i4e4 bo? ^! are places ( veil+ 7places :i* prev5t !e f see+ ,god74 ,e k9d ( tranquillity 7f>ghat7 dep5ds on ^! two c\nsels4 ,:oev] w\ld be tranquil 9 body1 let him turn 8 back on ?is _w2 & :oev] w\ld be tranquil 9 he>t1 let him cle> 8 he>t ( all desire = ! next _w4 ,x is a well-kn[n /ory t ,dwud us$ con/antly to associate ) ,muammad b4 al-asan1#gj b w\ld nev] receive ! ,cadi ,ab ,ysuf4 ,on be+ ask$ :y he hon\r$ "o ( ^! em95t div9es b refus$ to admit ! o!r to 8 pres5ce1 he repli$ t ,muammad b4 al-asan _h become a !ologian aft] be+ ri* & weal?y1 & !ology 0 ! cause ( 8 religi\s advancem5t & worldly abasem5t1 :]eas ,ab ,ysuf _h become a !ologian aft] be+ poor & despis$1 & _h made !ology ! means ( ga9+ weal? & p[]4 ,x is relat$ t ,marf ,k>kh said3 8,i nev] saw anyone :o held worldly goods 9 less acc\nt ?an ,dwud 2 ! _w & its p _h no value :atsoev] 9 8 eyes1 & he us$ to reg>d d]vi%es 7fuq>7 z p]fect al?\gh !y 7 corrupt40 ,footnote #fi3 ,! takbr1 i4e4 ! words ,allah akb>1 8,god is mo/ great10 is pron\nc$ f\r times 9 ,moslem fun]al pray]s4 ,footnote #gj3 ,muammad b4 al-asan & ,ab ,ysuf 7 celebrat$ lawy]s ( ! anafite s*ool4 ,see ,brockelmann1 i1 #aga4 #ae4 ,,abu ,l-,,asan ,,s> ,b4 ,,mughallis ,,al-,,saqa4 ,he 0 ! mat]nal uncle ( ,junayd4 ,he 0 well v]s$ 9 all ! sci5ces & em95t 9 fiism1 & he 0 ! fir/ ( ^? :o h devot$ _! att5tion to ! arrangem5t ( 8/ations0 7maqmt7 & to ! explanation ( spiritual 8/ates0 7awl74 ,mo/ ( ! ,%aykhs ( ,irq are 8 pupils4 ,he _h se5 abb ,r & associat$ ) him4 ,he 0 a disciple ( ,marf ,k>kh4 ,he us$ to c>ry on ! bus9ess ( a huck/] 7saqa-fir%7 9 ! baza> at ,baghdd4 ,:5 ! baza> caught fire1 he 0 told t 8 %op 0 burnt4 ,he repli$3 8,!n ,i am fre$ f ! c>e ( x40 ,aft]w>ds x 0 discov]$ t 8 %op _h n be5 burnt1 al?\gh all ! %ops surr\nd+ x 7 de/roy$4 ,on see+ ?is1 ,s> gave all t he possess$ to ! poor & took ! pa? ( fiism4 ,he 0 ask$ h[ ! *ange 9 him began4 ,he answ]$3 8,"o day abb ,r pass$ my %op1 & ,i gave him a cru/ ( bread1 tell+ him to give x to ! poor4 ,he said to me1 #8,may ,god rew>d !e6' ,f ! day :5 ,i he>d ?is pray] my worldly affairs nev] prosp]$ aga940 ,x is relat$ t ,s> said3 8,o ,god1 :atev] puni%m5t ,?\ may/ inflict ^u me1 d n puni% me ) ! humiliation ( be+ veil$ f ,!e10 because1 if ,i am n veil$ f ,!e1 my torm5t & affliction w be light5$ by ! remembrance & contemplation ( ,!e2 b if ,i am veil$ f ,!e1 ev5 ,?y b\nty w be deadly to me4 ,!re is no puni%m5t 9 ,hell m pa9ful & h>d to be> ?an t ( be+ veil$4 ,if ,god 7 reveal$ 9 ,hell to ! p ( ,hell1 s9ful believ]s w\ld nev] ?9k ( ,p>adise1 s9ce ! sight ( ,god w\ld s fill !m ) joy t !y w\ld n feel bodily pa94 ,& 9 ,p>adise !re is no pleasure m p]fect ?an unveil$ness 7ka%f74 ,if ! p !re enjoy$ all ! pleasures ( t place & o!r pleasures a hundr$fold1 b 7 veil$ f ,god1 _! he>ts w\ld be utt]ly brok54 ,!re=e x is ! cu/om ( ,god to let ! he>ts ( ^? :o love ,him h vision ( ,him always1 9 ord] t ! delight !re( may enable !m to endure e tribulation2 & !y say 9 _! orisons3 8,we deem all torm5ts m desirable ?an to be veil$ f ,!e4 ,:5 ,?y beauty is reveal$ to our he>ts1 we take no ?\ght ( affliction40 #af4 ,,ab ,,al ,,%aq,q ,b4 ,,ibr,h,m ,,al-,,azd4 ,he 0 v]s$ 9 all ! sci5ces--legal1 practical1 & !oretical--& compos$ _m works on v>i\s bran*es ( fiism4 ,he consort$ ) ,ibrhm b4 ,adham & _m o!r ,%aykhs4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,god ha? made ! pi\s liv+ 9 _! dea?1 & ha? made ! wick$ dead dur+ _! lives10 i4e41 ! pi\s1 ?\gh !y be dead1 yet live1 s9ce ! angels utt] bless+s on _! piety until !y are made immortal by ! recomp5se :i* !y receive at ! ,resurrection4 ,h5ce1 9 ! annihilation wr\ght by dea? !y subsi/ ?r\gh ! ev]la/+ness ( retribution4 ,once an old man came to ,%aqq & said to him3 8,o ,%aykh1 ,i h s9n$ mu* & n[ wi% to rep5t40 ,%aqq said3 8,?\ ha/ come late40 ,! old man answ]$3 8,no1 ,i h come soon4 ,:oev] comes be=e he is dead comes soon1 ?\gh he may h be5 long 9 com+40 ,x is said t ! occasion ( ,%aqq's conv]sion 0 ?is1 t "o ye> !re 0 a fam9e at ,balkh1 & ! p 7 eat+ "o ano!r's fle%4 ,:ile all ! ,moslems 7 bitt]ly di/ress$1 ,%aqq saw a y\? laugh+ & mak+ m]ry 9 ! baza>4 ,! p said3 8,:y d y laugh8 ,are n y a%am$ to rejoice :5 ev]yone else is m\rn+80 ,! y\? said3 8,i h no sorr[4 ,i am ! s]vant ( a man :o owns a village z 8 private prop]ty1 & he has reliev$ me ( all c>e = my livelihood40 ,%aqq exclaim$3 8,o ,"l ,god1 ?is y\? rejoices s mu* 9 hav+ a ma/] :o owns a s+le village1 b ,?\ art ! ,k+ ( k+s1 & ,?\ ha/ promis$ to give u our daily bread2 & nev]!less we h fill$ our he>ts ) all ?is sorr[ because we are engross$ ) worldly ?+s40 ,he turn$ to ,god & began to walk 9 ! way ( ! ,tru?1 & nev] tr\bl$ himself aga9 ab\t 8 daily bread4 ,aft]w>ds he us$ to say3 8,i am ! pupil ( a y\?2 all t ,i h le>n$ ,i le>n$ f him40 ,8 humility l$ him to say ?is4 #ag4 ,,ab ,,sulaym,n ,,abd ,,al-,,ra,m,n ,b4,,atiyya ,,al-,d,r,n4 ,he 0 held 9 hon\r by ! fs & 0 7call$7 ! sweet basil ( he>ts 7rayn-i dilh74 ,he is di/+ui%$ by 8 sev]e au/]ities & acts ( self-mortification4 ,he 0 v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( 8"t0 7ilm-i waqt7#ga & 9 k ( ! cank]s ( ! s\l1 & _h a ke5 eye = its hidd5 sn>es4 ,he spoke 9 subtle t]ms conc]n+ ! practice ( devotion1 & ! wat* t %\ld be kept ov] ! he>t & ! limbs4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,:5 hope pr$om9ates ov] fe>1 "o's #8"t' is spoilt10 because 8"t0 is ! pres]vation ( "o's 8/ate0 7l71 :i* is pres]v$ only s long z "o is possess$ by fe>4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 fe> pr$om9ates ov] hope1 belief 9 ,unity 7tawd7 is lo/1 inasmu* z excessive fe> spr+s f despair1 & despair ( ,god is poly!ism 7%irk74 ,accord+ly1 ! ma9t5ance ( belief 9 ,unity consi/s 9 "r hope1 & ! ma9t5ance ( 8"t0 9 "r fe>1 & bo? are ma9ta9$ :5 hope & fe> are equal4 ,ma9t5ance ( belief 9 ,unity makes "o a believ] 7mum971 :ile ma9t5ance ( 8"t0 makes "o pi\s 7mu74 ,hope is connect$ entirely ) contemplation 7mu%hadat71 9 :i* is involv$ a firm conviction 7itiqd72 & fe> is connect$ entirely ) purgation 7mujhadat71 9 :i* is involv$ an anxi\s unc]ta9ty 7iirb74 ,contemplation is ! fruit ( purgation1 or1 to express ! same idea diff]5tly1 e hope is produc$ by despair4 ,:5ev] a man1 on acc\nt ( 8 actions1 despairs ( 8 future welf>e1 t despair %[s him ! way to salvation & welf>e & ,div9e m]cy1 & op5s to him ! door ( gladness1 & cle>s away s5sual corruptions f 8 he>t1 & reveals to x ! ,div9e my/]ies4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see note on p4 #ac4 ,amad b4 ,abi l-awr relates t "o night1 :5 he 0 pray+ 9 private1 he felt great pleasure4 ,next day he told ,ab ,sulaymn1 :o repli$3 8,?\ art a weak man1 = ?\ /ill ha/ mank9d 9 view1 s t ?\ art "o ?+ 9 private & ano!r 9 public40 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! two worlds t is suffici5tly important to hold man back f ,god4 ,:5 a bride is unveil$ to ! p1 ! reason is t ev]yone may see h] & t %e may be hon\r$ ! m ?r\gh be+ se51 b x is n prop] t %e %\ld see anyone except ! bridegroom1 s9ce %e is disgrac$ by see+ anyone else4 ,if all mank9d %\ld see ! glory ( a pi\s man's piety1 he w\ld suff] no h>m1 b if he sees ! excell5ce ( 8 own piety he is lo/4 #ah4 ,,ab ,,ma,f ,,ma,r,f ,b4 ,f,r,z ,,al-,,k>kh4 ,he is "o ( ! anci5t & pr9cipal ,%aykhs1 & 0 fam$ = 8 g5]osity & dev\tness4 ,?is notice ( him %\ld h come e>li] 9 ! book1 b ,i h plac$ x "h 9 accordance ) two v5]able p]sons :o wrote be=e me1 "o ( !m a relat] ( traditions & ! o!r an indep5d5t au?ority 7ib taarruf7--,i mean ,%aykh ,ab ,abd al-,ramn al-,sulam1 :o 9 8 "w adopts ! arrangem5t :i* ,i h foll[$1 & ! ,ma/] & ,imm ,abu l-,qsimal-,qu%ayr1 :o has put ! notice ( ,marf 9 ! same ord] 9 ! introductory portion ( 8 book4#gb ,i h *os5 ?is arrangem5t because ,marf 0 ! ma/] ( ,s> ,saqa & ! disciple ( ,dwud 4 ,at fir/ ,marf 0 a non-,moslem 7bgna71 b he made pr(ession ( ,islam to ,al b4 ,ms al-,ri1 :o held him 9 ! highe/ e/eem4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,!re are ?ree signs ( g5]osity--to keep fai? )\t resi/ance1 to praise )\t be+ incit$ !reto by lib]ality1 & to give )\t be+ ask$40 ,9 m5 all ^! qualities are m]ely borr[$1 & 9 reality !y belong to ,god1 :o acts ?us t[>ds ,8 s]vants4 ,god keeps unresi/+ fai? ) ^? :o love ,him1 & al?\gh !y %[ resi/ance 9 keep+ fai? ) ,him1 ,he only increases ,8 k9dness t[>ds !m4 ,! sign ( ,god's keep+ fai? is ?is1 t 9 et]nity pa/ ,he call$ ,8 s]vant to ,8 pres5ce )\t any good action on ! "p ( ,8 s]vant1 & t to-day ,he does n bani% ,8 s]vant on acc\nt ( an evil action4 ,he alone praises )\t ! incitem5t ( lib]ality1 = ,he has no ne$ ( ,8 s]vant's actions1 & nev]!less extols him = a little ?+ t he has done4 ,he alone gives )\t be+ ask$1 = ,he is g5]\s & kn[s ! /ate ( ev]yone & fulfils 8 desire unask$4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,god gives a man grace & makes him noble1 & di/+ui%es him by ,8 fav\r1 & acts t[>ds him 9 ! ?ree ways m5tion$ above1 & :5 t man1 z f> z lies 9 8 p[]1 acts 9 ! same way t[>ds 8 fell[-creatures1 !n he is call$ g5]\s & gets a reputation = g5]osity4 ,abraham ! ,apo/le possess$ ^! ?ree qualities 9 v tru?1 z ,i %all expla9 9 ! prop] place4 ,footnote #gb3 ,?is /atem5t is n accurate4 ,! notice ( ,marf ,k>kh is ! f\r? 9 ,qu%ayr's li/ ( biographies at ! beg9n+ ( 8 treatise on fiism1 & /&s betwe5 ! notices ( ,fuayl b4 ,iy & ,s> ,saqa4 ,9 ! abaqt al-fiyya1 by ,ab ,abd al-,ramn al-,sulam1 ! notice ( ,marf comes t5? 9 ord]1 b occupies ! same position z x does "h 9 s f> z x is prec$$ by ! article on ,ab ,sulaymn ,drn & is foll[$ by ! article on tim al-,aamm4 ,x appe>s f ! next s5t5ce t al-,hujwr int5d$ to place ! life ( ,marf betwe5 ^? ( ,dwud & ,s> ,saqa 7,nos4 #ad & #ae71 b nei!r ( ! two above-m5tion$ au?orities has adopt$ ?is arrangem5t4 #ai4 ,,ab ,,abd ,,al-,,ra,m,n ,,tim ,b4 ,,ulw,n#gc ,,al-,a,,amm4 ,he 0 "o ( ! great m5 ( ,balkh & "o ( ! anci5t ,%aykhs ( ,khursn1 a disciple ( ,%aqq & ! tea*] ( ,amad ,kharya4 ,9 all 8 circum/ances1 f beg9n+ to end1 he nev] once act$ untru?fully1 s t ,junayd said3 8tim al-,aamm is ! v]aci\s "o 7iddq7 ( our "t40 ,he has l(ty say+s on ! subtleties ( disc]n+ ! cank]s ( ! s\l & ! weaknesses ( human nature1 & is ! au?or ( fam\s works on e?ics 7ilm-i mumalt74 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,lu/ is ( ?ree k9ds--lu/ 9 eat+1 lu/ 9 speak+1 & lu/ 9 look+4 ,gu>d ?y food by tru/ 9 ,god1 ?y tongue by tell+ ! tru?1 & ?9e eye by tak+ example 7ibrat740 ,real tru/ 9 ,god proce$s f "r k1 = ^? :o "k ,him aright h confid5ce t ,he w give !m _! daily bread1 & !y speak & look ) "r k1 s t _! food & dr9k is only love1 & _! spee* is only ec/asy1 & _! look+ is only contemplation4 ,accord+ly1 :5 !y "k aright !y eat :at is lawful1 & :5 !y speak aright !y utt] praise 7( ,god71 & :5 !y look aright !y behold ,him1 because no food is lawful except :at ,he has giv5 & p]mits to be eat51 & no praise is rightly (f]$ to anyone 9 ! eighte5 ?\s& worlds except to ,him1 & x is n all[able to look on any?+ 9 ! univ]se except ,8 beauty & maje/y4 ,x is n lu/ :5 ?\ receive/ food f ,him & eate/ by ,8 leave1 or :5 ?\ speake/ ( ,him by ,8 leave1 or :5 ?\ see/ ,8 actions by ,8 leave4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is lu/ :5 ( ?y own w ?\ eate/ ev5 lawful food1 or ( ?y own w ?\ speake/ ev5 praise ( ,him1 or ( ?y own w ?\ looke/ ev5 = ! purpose ( seek+ guidance4 ,footnote #gc3 ,,lij4 h 9999,arabic 4 #bj4 ,,ab ,,abdall,h ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,idr,s ,,al-,,%,,fi4 ,:ile he 0 at ,m$na he 0 a pupil ( ! ,imm ,mlik1 & :5 he came to ,irq he associat$ ) ,muammad b4 al-asan4 ,he always _h a natural desire = seclusion1 & us$ to seek an intimate compreh5sion ( ?is way ( life1 until a p>ty ga!r$ r\nd him & foll[$ 8 au?ority4 ,"o ( !m 0 ,amad b4 anbal4 ,!n ,%fi became occupi$ ) seek+ position & ex]cis+ 8 au?ority z ,imm1 & 0 unable to retire f ! _w4 ,at fir/ he 0 n fav\rably dispos$ t[>ds aspirants to fiism1 b aft] see+ ,sulaymn ,r & obta9+ admission to 8 society1 he cont9u$ to seek ! tru? :]ev] he w5t4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,:5 y see a div9e busy+ himself ) indulg5ces 7rukha7 no good ?+ w come f him10 i4e4 div9es are ! lead]s ( all classes ( m51 & no "o may take prec$5ce ( !m 9 any matt]1 & ! way ( ,god _c be trav]s$ )\t precaution & ! utmo/ self-mortification1 & to seek indulg5ces 9 div9ity is ! act ( "o :o flees f self-mortification & pref]s an alleviation = himself4 ,ord9>y p seek indulg5ces to keep !mselves )9 ! pale ( ! sacr$ law1 b ! elect practise self-mortification to feel ! fruit !re( 9 _! he>ts4 ,div9es are among ! elect1 & :5 "o ( !m is satisfi$ ) behav+ l ord9>y p1 no?+ good w come f him4 ,moreov]1 to seek indulg5ces is to ?9k lightly ( ,god's comm&m5t1 & div9es love ,god3 a lov] does n ?9k lightly ( ! comm& ( 8 belov$4 ,a c]ta9 ,%aykh relates t "o night he dream$ ( ! ,prophet & said to him3 8,o ,apo/le ( ,god1 a tradition has come d[n to me f !e t ,god ha? ^u ! e>? sa9ts ( div]se rank 7awtd awliy abrr740 ,! ,apo/le said t ! relat] ( ! tradition _h transmitt$ x correctly1 & 9 answ] to ! ,%aykh's reque/ t he might see "o ( ^! holy m51 he said3 8,muammad b4 ,idrs is "o ( !m40 #ba4 ,,! ,,im,m ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,anbal4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ by dev\tness & piety1 & 0 ! gu>dian ( ! ,traditions ( ! ,apo/le4 fs ( all sects reg>d him z bless$4 ,he associat$ ) great ,%aykhs1 su* z ,dhu l-,nn ( ,egypt1 ,bi%r al-f1 ,s> al-,saqa1 ,marf al-,k>kh1 & o!rs4 ,8 miracles 7 manife/ & 8 intellig5ce s\nd4 ,! doctr9es attribut$ to him to-day by c]ta9 ,an?ropomorphi/s are inv5tions & =g]ies2 he is to be acquitt$ ( all notions ( t sort4 ,he _h a firm belief 9 ! pr9ciples ( religion1 & 8 cre$ 0 approv$ by all ! div9es4 ,:5 ! ,mutazilites came into p[] at ,baghdd1 !y wi%$ to extort f him a confession t ! ,koran 0 creat$1 & ?\gh he 0 a feeble old man !y put him to ! rack & gave him a ?\s& la%es4 ,9 spite ( all ?is he w\ld n say t ! ,koran 0 creat$4 ,:ile he 0 und]go+ puni%m5t 8 izr became unti$4 ,8 own h&s 7 fett]$1 b ano!r h& appe>$ & ti$ x4 ,see+ ?is evid5ce1 !y let him g4 ,he di$1 h[ev]1 ( ! w\nds inflict$ on t occasion4 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? "s p]sons visit$ him & ask$ :at he _h to say ab\t ^? :o flogg$ him4 ,he answ]$3 8,:at %\ld ,i h to say8 ,!y flogg$ me = ,god's sake1 ?9k+ t ,i 0 wrong & t !y 7 "r4 ,i w n claim r$ress f !m at ! ,resurrection = m]e bl[s40 ,he is ! au?or ( l(ty say+s on e?ics4 ,:5 que/ion$ on any po9t relat+ to practice he us$ to answ] ! "q himself1 b if x 0 a po9t ( my/ical !ory 7aqiq7 he w\ld ref] ! que/ion] to ,bi%r f4 ,"o day a man ask$ him3 8,:at is s9c]ity 7ikhl780 ,he repli$3 8,to escape f ! cank]s ( "o's actions10 i4e4 let ?y actions be free f o/5tation & hypocrisy & self-int]e/4 ,! que/ion] !n ask$3 8,:at is tru/ 7tawakkul780 ,ahmad repli$3 8,confid5ce 9 ,god1 t ,he w provide ?y daily bread40 ,! man ask$3 8,:at is acquiesc5ce 7ri780 ,he repli$3 8,to commit ?y affairs to ,god40 8,& :at is love 7maabbat780 ,ahmad said3 8,ask ?is "q ( ,bi%r f1 = ,i w n answ] x :ile he is alive40 ,amad b4 anbal 0 con/antly expos$ to p]secution3 dur+ 8 life by ! attacks ( ! ,mutazilites1 & aft] 8 dea? by ! suspicion ( %>+ ! views ( ! ,an?ropomorphi/s4 ,consequ5tly ! or?odox ,moslems are ignorant ( 8 true /ate & hold him suspect4 ,b he is cle> ( all t is alleg$ aga9/ him4 #bb4 ,,abu ,l-,,asan ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,abi ,l-,,aw,r4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ! ,syrian ,%aykhs & is prais$ by all ! lead+ fs4 ,junayd said3 8,amad b4 ,abi l-awr is ! sweet basil ( ,syria 7raynat al-,%m740 ,he 0 ! pupil ( ,ab ,sulaymn ,drn1 & associat$ ) ,sufyn b4 ,uyayna & ,m>wn b4 ,muwiya ! ,koran-read] 7al-,qr74#gd ,he _h be5 a w&]+ devotee 7sayy74 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,?is _w is a dunghill & a place :]e dogs ga!r2 & "o :o l+]s !re is less ?an a dog1 = a dog takes :at he wants f x & goes1 b ! lov] ( ! _w nev] dep>ts f x or leaves x at any "t10 ,at fir/ he 0 a /ud5t & atta9$ ! rank ( ! ,imms1 b aft]w>ds he ?rew all 8 books into ! sea1 & said3 8,ye 7 excell5t guides1 b x is impossible to occupy "o's self ) a guide aft] "o has rea*$ ! goal10 because a guide is ne$$ only s long z ! disciple is on ! road3 :5 ! %r9e comes into sight ! road & ! gate are wor?less4 ,! ,%aykhs h said t ,amad did ?is 9 ! /ate ( intoxication 7sukr74 ,9 ! my/ic ,pa? he :o says 8,i h arriv$0 has gone a/ray4 ,s9ce arriv+ is non-accompli%m5t1 occupation is 7sup]flu\s7 tr\ble1 & fre$om f occupation is idl5ess1 & 9 ei!r case ! pr9ciple ( union 7wul7 is non-exi/5ce1 = bo? occupation & its opposite are human qualities4 ,union & sep>ation alike dep5d on ! et]nal w & provid5ce ( ,god4 ,h5ce x is impossible to atta9 to union ) ,him4 ,! t]ms 8ne>ness0 & 8neighb\rhood0 are n applicable to ,god4 ,a man is unit$ to ,god :5 ,god holds him 9 hon\r1 & sep>at$ f ,god :5 ,god holds him 9 contempt4 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 say t possibly t em95t ,%aykh 9 us+ ! ^w 8union0 7wul7 may h meant 8discov]y ( ! way to ,god01 = ! way to ,god is n f\nd 9 books2 & :5 ! road lies pla9 be=e "o no explanation is necess>y4 ,^? :o h atta9$ true k h no use = spee*1 & ev5 less = books4 ,o!r ,%aykhs h done ! same ?+ z ,amad b4 ,abi l-awr1 = example ! ,gr& ,%aykh ,ab ,sad ,falallh b4 ,muammad al-,mayhan1 & !y h be5 imitat$ by a numb] ( =mali/s ^: only object is to gratify _! indol5ce & ignorance4 ,x w\ld seem t ^? noble ,%aykhs act$ z !y did f ! desire ( sev]+ all worldly ties & mak+ _! he>ts empty ( all save ,god4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is prop] only 9 ! intoxication ( comm5cem5t 7ibtid7 & 9 ! f]v\r ( y\?4 ,^? :o h become fix$ 7mutamakk97 are n veil$ 7f ,god7 by ! :ole univ]se3 h[1 !n1 by a %eet ( pap]8 ,x may be said t ! de/ruction ( a book signifies ! impossibility ( express+ ! real mean+ 7( an idea74 ,9 t case ! same impossibility %\ld be pr$icat$ ( ! tongue1 because spok5 words are no bett] ?an writt5 ones4 ,i imag9e t ,amad b4 ,abi l-awr1 f9d+ no li/5] 9 8 fit ( ec/asy1 wrote d[n an explanation ( 8 feel+s on pieces ( pap]1 & hav+ amass$ a l>ge quantity1 did n reg>d !m z suitable to be divulg$ & accord+ly ca/ !m into ! wat]4 ,x is also possible t he _h collect$ _m books1 :i* div]t$ him f 8 devotional practices1 & t he got rid ( !m = ?is reason4 ,footnote #gd3 ,m>wn b4 ,muwiya al-,fazr ( ,kfa di$ 9 #aic ,a4,h4 ,see ,dhahab's abaqt al-uff1 ed4 by ,w/5feld1 p4 #fc1 ,no4 #dd4 ,al-,qr is probably a mi/ranscription ( al-,fazr4 #bc4 ,,ab ,,mid ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,kha,r,,ya ,,al-,,balkh4 ,he adopt$ ! pa? ( blame 7malmat7 & wore a soldi]'s dress4 ,8 wife1 ,fima1 daught] ( ! ,amr ( ,balkh1 0 r5[n$ z a f4 ,:5 %e desir$ to rep5t 7( h] =m] life71 %e s5t a message to ,amad bidd+ him ask h] 9 m>riage ( h] fa!r4 ,amad refus$1 :]eupon %e s5t ano!r message 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,o ,amad1 ,i ?\ght y w\ld h be5 too manly to attack ^? :o travel on ! way to ,god4 ,be a guide 7rhb>71 n a brig& 7rhbur740 ,amad ask$ h] 9 m>riage ( h] fa!r1 :o gave h] to him 9 ! hope ( receiv+ 8 bless+4 ,fima r5\nc$ all traffic ) ! _w & liv$ 9 seclusion ) h] husb&4 ,:5 ,amad w5t to visit ,byazd %e accompani$ him1 & on see+ ,byazd %e remov$ h] veil & talk$ to him )\t emb>rassm5t4 ,amad became jeal\s & said to h]3 8,:y do/ ?\ take ?is fre$om ) ,byazd80 ,%e repli$3 8,because y are my natural sp\se1 b he is my religi\s consort2 ?r\gh y ,i come to my desire1 b ?r\gh him to ,god4 ,! pro( is t he has no ne$ ( my society1 :]eas to y x is necess>y40 ,%e cont9u$ to treat ,byazd ) ! same boldness1 until "o day he obs]v$ t h] h& 0 /a9$ ) h5na & ask$ h] :y4 ,%e answ]$3 8,o ,byazd1 s long z y did n see my h& & ! h5na ,i 0 at my ease ) y1 b n[ t y\r eye has fall5 on me our companion%ip is unlawful40 ,!n ,amad & ,fima came to ,n%pr & abode !re4 ,! p & ,%aykhs ( ,n%pr 7 well pleas$ ) ,amad4 ,:5 ,yay b4 ,mudh al-,rz pass$ ?r\gh ,n%pr on 8 way f ,rayy to ,balkh1 ,amad wi%$ to give him a banquet1 & consult$ ) ,fima z to :at ?+s 7 requir$4 ,%e told him to procure s _m ox5 & %eep1 su* & su* a quantity ( sweet h]bs1 condim5ts1 c&les1 & p]fumes1 & add$1 8,we mu/ also kill tw5ty donkeys40 ,amad said3 8,:at is ! s5se ( kill+ donkeys80 8,oh60 said %e1 8:5 a noble comes z gue/ to ! h\se ( a noble ! dogs ( ! qu>t] h some?+ too40 ,byazd said ( h]3 8,:oev] wi%es to see a man disguis$ 9 wom5's clo!s1 let him look at ,fima60 ,& ,ab af addd says3 8,b = ,amad b4 ,kharya g5]osity w\ld n h be5 display$40 ,he has l(ty say+s to 8 cr$it1 & faultless utt]ances 7anfs-i muhadhdhab71 & is ! au?or ( fam\s works 9 e bran* ( e?ics & ( brilliant disc\rses on my/icism4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,! way is manife/ & ! tru? is cle>1 & ! %eph]d has utt]$ 8 call2 aft] ?is if anyone loses himself1 x is ?r\gh 8 own bl9dness10 i4e41 x is wrong to seek ! way1 s9ce ! way to ,god is l ! blaz+ sun2 d ?\ seek ?yself1 = :5 ?\ ha/ f\nd ?yself ?\ art come to ?y j\rney's end1 inasmu* z ,god is too manife/ to admit ( ,8 be+ s\ght4 ,he is record$ to h said3 8,hide ! glory ( ?y pov]ty10 i4e41 d n say to p1 8,i am a d]vi%10 le/ ?y secret be discov]$1 = x is a great grace be/[$ on !e by ,god4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,a d]vi% invit$ a ri* man to a repa/ 9 ! mon? ( ,raman1 & !re 0 no?+ 9 8 h\se except a loaf ( dry bread4 ,on return+ home ! ri* man s5t to him a purse ( gold4 ,he s5t x back1 say+1 #8,?is s]ves me "r = reveal+ my secret to "o l y4' ,! g5u95ess ( 8 pov]ty l$ him to act ?us40 #bd4 ,,ab ,,tur,b ,,ask> ,b4 ,,al-,,usayn ,,al-,,nakh%ab ,,al-,,nasaf4 ,he 0 "o ( ! *ief ,%aykhs ( ,khursn1 & 0 celebrat$ = 8 g5]osity1 asceticism1 & dev\tness4 ,he p]=m$ _m miracles1 & exp]i5c$ m>vell\s adv5tures )\t numb] 9 ! des]t & else:]e4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ not$ travell]s among ! fs1 & us$ to cross ! des]ts 9 complete dis5gagem5t f worldly ?+s 7ba-tajrd74 ,8 dea? took place 9 ! des]t ( ,bara4 ,aft] _m ye>s _h elaps$ he 0 f\nd /&+ erect ) 8 face t[>ds ! ,kaba1 %rivell$ up1 ) a bucket 9 front ( him & a /aff 9 8 h&2 & ! wild bea/s _h n t\*$ him or come ne> him4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,! food ( ! d]vi% is :at he f9ds1 & 8 clo?+ is :at cov]s him1 & 8 dwell+-place is :]ev] he alights10 i4e4 he does n *oose 8 own food or 8 own dress1 or make a home = himself4 ,! :ole _w is afflict$ by ^! ?ree items1 & p]sonal initiative !re9 keeps u 9 a /ate ( di/raction 7ma%ghl7 :ile we make ef=ts to procure !m4 ,?is is ! practical aspect ( ! matt]1 b 9 a my/ical s5se ! food ( ! d]vi% is ec/asy1 & 8 clo?+ is piety1 & 8 dwell+-place is ! ,unse51 = ,god ha? said1 8,if !y /ood firm 9 ! "r pa?1 ,we %\ld wat] !m ) abundant ra90 7,kor4 lxxii1 #af72 & aga91 8& fair app>el2 b ! g>m5t ( piety1 t is bett]0 7,kor4 vii1 #be72 & ! ,apo/le said1 8,pov]ty is to dwell 9 ! ,unse540 #be4 ,,ab ,,zak>iyy ,,ya,y ,b4 ,,mu,,dh ,,al-,r,z4 ,he 0 p]fectly gr\nd$ 9 ! true !ory ( hope 9 ,god1 s t ur says3 8,god _h two ,yays1 "o a prophet & ! o!r a sa9t4 ,yay b4 ,zak>iyy trod ! pa? ( fe> s t all pret5d]s 7 fill$ ) fe> & despair$ ( _! salvation1 :ile ,yay b4 ,mudh trod ! pa? ( hope s t he ti$ ! h&s ( all pret5d]s to hope40 ,!y said to ur3 8,! /ate ( ,yay b4 ,zak>iyy is well kn[n1 b :at 0 ! /ate ( ,yay b4 ,mudh80 ,he repli$3 8,i h be5 told t he 0 nev] 9 ! /ate ( ignorance 7jhiliyyat7 & nev] committ$ any ( ! great] s9s 7kabra740 ,9 ! practice ( devotion he %[$ an int5se p]sev]ance :i* 0 beyond ! p[] ( anyone else4 ,"o ( 8 disciples said to him3 8,o ,%aykh1 ?y /ation is ! /ation ( hope1 b ?y practice is ! practice ( ^? :o fe>40 ,yay answ]$3 8,"k1 my son1 t to ab&on ! s]vice ( ,god is to g a/ray40 ,fe> & hope are ! two pill>s ( fai?4 ,x is impossible t anyone %\ld fall into error ?r\gh practis+ ei!r ( !m4 ,^? :o fe> engage 9 devotion ?r\gh fe> ( sep>ation 7f ,god71 & ^? :o hope engage 9 x ?r\gh hope ( union 7) ,god74 ,)\t devotion nei!r fe> nor hope c be truly felt1 b :5 devotion is !re ?is fe> & hope are altoge!r metaphorical2 & metaphors 7ibrat7 are useless :]e devotion 7ibdat7 is requir$4 ,yay is ! au?or ( _m books1 f9e say+s1 & orig9al precepts4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,%aykhs ( ?is sect1 aft] ! ,or?odox ,caliphs1 to m\nt ! pulpit4 ,i am v fond ( 8 say+s1 :i* are delicately m\ld$ & pleasant to ! e> & subtle 9 sub/ance & pr(itable 9 devotion4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,?is _w is an abode ( tr\bles 7a%ghl7 & ! next _w is an abode ( t]rors 7ahwl71 & ,man nev] ceases to be amid/ tr\bles or t]rors until he f9ds re/ ei!r 9 ,p>adise or 9 ,hell-fire40 ,happy ! s\l t has escap$ f tr\bles & is secure f t]rors1 & has deta*$ its ?\ghts f bo? worlds1 & has atta9$ to ,god6 ,yay held ! doctr9e t weal? is sup]ior to pov]ty4 ,hav+ contract$ _m debts at ,rayy1 he set out = ,khursn4 ,:5 he arriv$ at ,balkh ! p ( t city deta9$ him = "s "t 9 ord] t he might disc\rse to !m1 & !y gave him a hundr$ ?\s& dirhems4 ,on 8 way back to ,rayy he 0 attack$ by brig&s1 :o seiz$ ! :ole sum4 ,he came 9 a de/itute condition to ,n%pr1 :]e he di$4 ,he 0 always hon\r$ & held 9 respect by ! p4 #bf4 ,,ab ,,af ,,amr ,b4 ,s,,lim#ge ,,al-,n,,%,p,r ,,al-,,add,d4#gf ,he 0 an em95t f1 :o is prais$ by all ! ,%aykhs4 ,he associat$ ) ,ab ,abdallh al-,abw>d & ,amad b4 ,kharya4 ,%h ,%uj came f ,kirmn to visit him4 ,he did n "k ,arabic1 & :5 he w5t to ,baghdd to visit ! ,%aykhs !re1 8 disciples said to "o ano!r3 8,x is a great %ame t ! ,gr& ,%aykh ( ,khursn %\ld ne$ an int]pret] to make him und]/& :at !y say40 ,h[ev]1 :5 he met ! ,%aykhs ( ,baghdd1 includ+ ,junayd1 9 ! ,%nziyya ,mosque1 he conv]s$ ) !m 9 elegant ,arabic1 s t !y despair$ ( rivall+ 8 eloqu5ce4 ,!y ask$ him3 8,:at is g5]osity80 ,he said3 8,let "o ( y beg9 & decl>e :at x is40 ,junayd said3 8,9 my op9ion g5]osity consi/s 9 n reg>d+ y\r g5]osity & 9 n ref]r+ x to y\rself40 ,ab af repli$3 8,h[ well ! ,%aykh has spok56 b 9 my op9ion g5]osity consi/s 9 do+ ju/ice & 9 n dem&+ ju/ice40 ,junayd said to 8 disciples3 8,rise6 = ,ab af has surpass$ ,adam & all 8 desc5dants 79 g5]osity740 ,8 conv]sion is relat$ z foll[s4 ,he 0 enam\r$ ( a girl1 & on ! advice ( 8 fri5ds s\ght help f a c]ta9 ,jew liv+ 9 ! city 7%ri/n7 ( ,n%pr4 ,! ,jew told him t he mu/ p]=m no pray]s = =ty days1 & n praise ,god or d any good de$ or =m any good int5tion2 he w\ld !n devise a means :]eby ,ab af %\ld ga9 8 desire4 ,ab af compli$ ) ^! in/ructions1 & aft] =ty days ! ,jew made a talisman z he _h promis$1 b x prov$ ineffectual4 ,he said3 8,y h und\bt$ly done "s good de$4 ,?9k60 ,ab af repli$ t ! only good ?+ ( any sort t he _h done 0 to remove a /one :i* he f\nd on ! road le/ "s "o might /umble on x4 ,! ,jew said to him3 8,d n (f5d t ,god :o has n let su* a small act ( y\rs be wa/$ ?\gh y h neglect$ ,8 comm&s = =ty days40 ,ab af rep5t$1 & ! ,jew became a ,moslem4 ,footnote #ge3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #dd1 has 8,salama04 ,qu%ayr calls him ,um> b4 ,maslama4 ,footnote #gf3 ,s ,,lij4 ,b4 has 8al-addd01 :i* is ! =m g5]ally us$ by 8 biograph]s4 ,ab af cont9u$ to ply ! trade ( a blacksmi? until he w5t to ,bw>d & took ! v[s ( disciple%ip to ,ab ,abdallh ,bw>d4 ,"o day1 aft] 8 return to ,n%pr1 he 0 sitt+ 9 8 %op li/5+ to a bl9d man :o 0 recit+ ! ,koran 9 ! baza>4 ,he became s absorb$ 9 li/5+ t he put 8 h& into ! fire &1 )\t us+ ! p9c]s1 drew out a piece ( molt5 iron f ! furnace4 ,on see+ ?is ! appr5tice fa9t$4 ,:5 ,ab af came to himself he left 8 %op & no long] e>n$ 8 livelihood4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,i left "w & return$ to x2 !n "w left me & ,i nev] return$ to x aga910 because :5 anyone leaves a ?+ by "o's own act & ef=t1 ! leav+ ( x is no bett] ?an ! tak+ ( x1 inasmu* z all acquir$ acts 7aksb7 are contam9at$1 & d]ive _! value f ! spiritual influ5ce :i* fl[s f ! ,unse5 )\t ef=t on our "p2 :i* influ5ce1 :]ev] x desc5ds1 is unit$ ) ! *oice ( ,man & loses its pure spirituality4 ,!re=e ,man _c prop]ly take or leave any?+2 x is ,god :o 9 ,8 provid5ce gives & takes away1 & ,man only takes :at ,god has giv5 or leaves :at ,god has tak5 away4 ,?\gh a disciple %\ld /rive a ?\s& ye>s to w9 ! fav\r ( ,god1 x w\ld be wor? less ?an if ,god receiv$ him into fav\r = a s+le mom5t1 s9ce ev]la/+ future happ9ess is involv$ 9 ! fav\r ( pa/ et]nity1 & ,man has no means ( escape except by ! unalloy$ b\nty ( ,god4 ,hon\r$1 !n1 is he f ^: /ate ! ,caus] has remov$ all second>y causes4 #bg4 ,,ab ,,li ,,amd,n ,b4 ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,um,,ra ,,al-,,qa,r4 ,he belong$ to ! anci5t ,%aykhs1 & 0 "o ( ^? :o 7 scrupul\sly dev\t4 ,he atta9$ ! highe/ rank 9 jurisprud5ce & div9ity1 9 :i* sci5ces he 0 a foll[] ( ,?awr4#gg ,9 fiism he 0 a disciple ( ,ab ,turb ,nakh%ab & ,al ,narbd4 ,:5 he became r5[n$ z a !ologian1 ! ,imms & notables ( ,n%pr urg$ him to m\nt ! pulpit & prea* to ! p1 b he refus$1 say+3 8,my he>t is /ill atta*$ to ! _w1 & !re=e my words w make no impression on ! he>ts ( o!rs4 ,to speak unpr(itable words is to despise !ology & d]ide ! sacr$ law4 ,spee* is p]missible to him alone ^: sil5ce is injuri\s to religion1 & ^: speak+ w\ld remove ! injury40 ,on be+ ask$ :y ! say+s ( ! e>ly ,moslems 7 m b5eficial ?an ^? ( 8 contempor>ies to m5's he>ts1 he repli$3 8,because !y disc\rs$ = ! glory ( ,islam & ! salvation ( s\ls & ! satisfaction ( ! ,m]ciful ,god1 :]eas we disc\rse = ! glory ( ourselves & ! que/ ( worldly ga9 & ! fav\r ( mank9d40 ,:oev] speaks 9 accordance ) ,god's w & by ,div9e impulsion1 8 words h a =ce & vig\r t makes an impression on ! wick$1 b if anyone speaks 9 accordance ) 8 own w1 8 words are weak & tame & d n b5efit 8 he>]s4 ,footnote #gg3 ,! words madhhab-i ,?awr d%t may ref] ei!r to ,ab ,?awr ,ibrhm b4 ,khlid1 a pupil ( al-,%fi1 :o di$ 9 #bdf ,a4,h41 or to ,sufyn al-,?awr4 ,see ,ibn ,khallikn1 ,no4 #adc4 #bh4 ,,abu ,l-,,s> ,,man,r ,b4 ,,amm,r4 ,he belong$ to ! s*ool ( ,irq1 b 0 approv$ by ! p ( ,khursn4 ,8 s]mons 7 unequall$ = beauty ( language & elegance ( exposition4 ,he 0 le>n$ 9 all ! bran*es ( div9ity1 9 traditions1 sci5ces1 pr9ciples1 & practices4 ,"s aspirants to fiism exagg]ate 8 m]its beyond measure4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,glory be to ,him :o ha? made ! he>ts ( gno/ics vessels ( praise 7dhikr71 & ! he>ts ( ascetics vessels ( tru/ 7tawakkul71 & ! he>ts ( ^? :o tru/ 7mutawakkiln7 vessels ( acquiesc5ce 7ri71 & ! he>ts ( d]vi%es 7fuq>7 vessels ( cont5tm5t1 & ! he>ts ( worldl+s vessels ( covet\sness60 ,x is wor? :ile to consid] t :]eas ,god has plac$ 9 e memb] ( ! body & 9 e s5se a homog5e\s quality1 e4g41 9 ! h&s t ( seiz+1 9 ! feet t ( walk+1 9 ! eye see+1 9 ! e> he>+1 ,he has plac$ 9 ea* individual he>t a div]se quality & a diff]5t desire1 s t "o is ! seat ( k1 ano!r ( error1 ano!r ( cont5tm5t1 ano!r ( covet\sness1 & s on3 h5ce ! m>vels ( ,div9e action are 9 no?+ manife/$ m cle>ly ?an 9 human he>ts4 ,& x is relat$ t he said3 8,all mank9d may be r$uc$ to two types--! man :o kn[s himself1 & ^: bus9ess is self-mortification & discipl9e1 & ! man :o kn[s 8 ,"l1 & ^: bus9ess is to s]ve & wor%ip & please ,him40 ,accord+ly1 ! wor%ip ( ! =m] is discipl9e 7riyat71 :ile ! wor%ip ( ! latt] is sov]eignty 7riysat73 ! =m] practises devotion 9 ord] t he may atta9 a high degree1 b ! latt] practises devotion hav+ already atta9$ all4 ,:at a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two6 ,"o subsi/s 9 self-mortification 7mujhadat71 ! o!r 9 contemplation 7mu%hadat74 ,& x is relat$ t he said3 8,!re are two classes ( m53 ^? :o h ne$ ( ,god--& !y hold ! highe/ rank f ! /&po9t ( ! sacr$ law--& ^? :o pay no reg>d to _! ne$ ( ,god1 because !y "k t ,god has provid$ = _! creation & livelihood & dea? & life & happ9ess & mis]y3 !y ne$ ,god alone1 & hav+ him are indep5d5t ( all else40 ,! =m]1 ?r\gh see+ _! own ne$1 are veil$ f see+ ! ,div9e provid5ce1 :]eas ! latt]1 ?r\gh n see+ _! own ne$1 are unveil$ & indep5d5t4 ,! =m] enjoy felicity1 b ! latt] enjoy ! ,giv] ( felicity4 #bi4 ,,ab ,,abdall,h ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,im ,,al-,,9,k4 ,he liv$ to a great age & associat$ ) ! anci5t ,%aykhs1 & 0 acqua9t$ ) ^? :o belong$ to ! ?ird g5]ation aft] ! ,prophet 7atb al-tbin74 ,he 0 a contempor>y ( ,bi%r & ,s>1 & a pupil ( ri? ,musib4 ,he _h se5 ,fuayl & consort$ ) him4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,! mo/ b5eficial pov]ty is t :i* y reg>d z hon\rable1 & ) :i* y are well pleas$10 i4e41 ! hon\r ( ! vulg> consi/s 9 affirmation ( second>y causes1 b ! hon\r ( ! d]vi% consi/s 9 d5y+ second>y causes & 9 affirm+ ! ,caus]1 & 9 ref]r+ ev]y?+ to ,him1 & 9 be+ well pleas$ ) ,8 decrees4 ,pov]ty is ! non-exi/5ce ( second>y causes1 :]eas weal? is ! exi/5ce ( second>y causes4 ,pov]ty deta*$ f a second>y cause is ) ,god1 & weal? atta*$ to a second>y cause is ) itself4 ,!re=e second>y causes involve ! /ate ( be+ veil$ 7f ,god71 :ile _! abs5ce involves ! /ate ( unveil$ness4 ,?is is a cle> explanation ( ! sup]iority ( pov]ty to weal?4 #cj4 ,,ab ,,mu,,ammad ,,abdall,h ,b4 ,,khubayq4 ,he 0 an ascetic & scrupul\sly dev\t4 ,he has relat$ tru/wor?y traditions1 & 9 jurisprud5ce1 z well z 9 ! practice & !ory ( div9ity1 he foll[$ ! doctr9e ( ,?awr1 ) ^: pupils he _h associat$4 ,x is record$ t he said3 8,:oev] desires to be liv+ 9 8 life1 let him n admit covet\sness to dwell 9 8 he>t10 because ! covet\s man is dead 9 ! toils ( 8 covet\sness1 :i* is l a seal on 8 he>t2 & ! seal$ he>t is dead4 ,bless$ is ! he>t t dies to all save ,god & lives ?r\gh ,god1 inasmu* z ,god has made ,8 praise 7dhikr7 ! glory ( m5's he>ts1 & covet\sness _! disgrace2 & to ?is effect is ! say+ ( ,abdallh b4 ,khubayq3 8,god creat$ m5's he>ts to be ! homes ( ,8 praise1 b !y h become ! homes ( lu/2 & no?+ c cle> !m ( lu/ except an agitat+ fe> or a re/less desire40 ,fe> & desire 7%awq7 are ! two pill>s ( fai?4 ,:5 fai? is settl$ 9 ! he>t1 praise & cont5tm5t accompany x1 n covet\sness & he$lessness4 ,lu/ & covet\sness are ! result ( %unn+ ! society ( ,god4 ,! he>t t %uns ! society ( ,god kn[s no?+ ( fai?1 s9ce fai? is intimate ) ,god & av]se to associate ) aught else4 #ca4 ,,abu ,l-,q,,sim ,,al-,,junayd ,b4 ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,al-,,junayd ,,al-,,baghd,d4 ,he 0 approv$ by ext]nali/s & spirituali/s alike4 ,he 0 p]fect 9 e bran* ( sci5ce1 & spoke ) au?ority on !ology1 jurisprud5ce1 & e?ics4 ,he 0 a foll[] ( ,?awr4 ,8 say+s are l(ty & 8 inw>d /ate p]fect1 s t all fs unanim\sly ackn[l$ge 8 lead]%ip4 ,8 "m 0 ! si/] ( ,s> ,saqa1 & ,junayd 0 ! disciple ( ,s>4 ,"o day ,s> 0 ask$ :e!r ! rank ( a disciple is ev] high] ?an t ( 8 spiritual director4 ,he repli$3 8,yes2 !re is manife/ pro( ( ?is3 ! rank ( ,junayd is above m9e40 ,x 0 ! humility & insight ( ,s> t caus$ him to say ?is4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,junayd refus$ to disc\rse to 8 disciples s long z ,s> 0 alive1 until "o night he dream$ t ! ,apo/le said to him3 8,o ,junayd1 speak to ! p1 = ,god ha? made ?y words ! means ( sav+ a multitude ( mank9d40 ,:5 he awoke ! ?\ght occurr$ to him t 8 rank 0 sup]ior to t ( ,s>1 s9ce ! ,apo/le _h comm&$ him to prea*4 ,at daybreak ,s> s5t a disciple to ,junayd ) ! foll[+ message3 8,y w\ld n disc\rse to y\r disciples :5 !y urg$ y to d s1 & y reject$ ! int]cession ( ! ,%aykhs ( ,baghdd & my p]sonal entreaty4 ,n[ t ! ,apo/le has comm&$ y1 obey 8 ord]s40 ,junayd said3 8,t fancy w5t out ( my head4 ,i p]ceiv$ t ,s> 0 acqua9t$ ) my outw>d & inw>d ?\ghts 9 all circum/ances1 & t 8 rank 0 high] ?an m9e1 s9ce he 0 acqua9t$ ) my secret ?\ghts1 :]eas ,i 0 ignorant ( 8 /ate4 ,i w5t to him & begg$ 8 p>don1 & ask$ him h[ he knew t ,i _h dream$ ( ! ,apo/le4 ,he answ]$3 #8,i dream$ ( ,god1 :o told me t ,he _h s5t ! ,apo/le to bid y prea*4'0 ,?is anecdote conta9s a cle> indication t spiritual directors are 9 e case acqua9t$ ) ! inw>d exp]i5ces ( _! disciples4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,! spee* ( ! prophets gives in=mation conc]n+ pres5ce 7ur71 :ile ! spee* ( ! sa9ts 7iddqn7 alludes to contemplation 7mu%hadat740 ,true in=mation is d]iv$ f sight1 & x is impossible to give true in=mation ( any?+ t "o has n actually witness$1 :]eas allusion 7i%rat7 involves ref]5ce to ano!r ?+4 ,h5ce ! p]fection & ultimate goal ( ! sa9ts is ! beg9n+ ( ! /ate ( ! prophets4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 prophet 7nab7 & sa9t 7wal71 & ! sup]iority ( ! =m] to ! latt]1 is pla91 not)/&+ t two h]etical sects decl>e ! sa9ts to surpass ! prophets 9 excell5ce4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,i 0 eag]ly desir\s ( see+ ,ibls4 ,"o day1 :5 ,i 0 /&+ 9 ! mosque1 an old man came ?r\gh ! door & turn$ 8 face t[>ds me4 ,horror seiz$ my he>t4 ,:5 he came ne> ,i said to him1 #8,:o art ?\8 = ,i _c be> to look on !e1 or ?9k ( !e4' ,he answ]$1 #8,i am he :om y desir$ to see4' ,i exclaim$1 #8,o accurs$ "o6 :at h9d]$ !e f b[+ d[n to ,adam8' ,he answ]$1 #8,o ,junayd1 h[ c y imag9e t ,i %\ld b[ d[n to anyone except ,god8' ,i 0 amaz$ at 8 say+ ?is1 b a secret voice :isp]$3 #8,say to him1 ,?\ lie/4 ,had/ ?\ be5 an ob$i5t s]vant ?\ w\ld/ n h transgress$ ,8 comm&4' ,ibls he>d ! voice 9 my he>t4 ,he cri$ out & said1 #8,by ,god1 y h burnt me6' & vani%$40 ,?is /ory %[s t ,god pres]ves ,8 sa9ts 9 all circum/ances f ! guile ( ,satan4 ,"o ( ,junayd's disciples bore him a grudge1 & aft] leav+ him return$ "o day ) ! int5tion ( te/+ him4 ,junayd 0 aw>e ( ?is & said1 reply+ to 8 "q3 8,d y want a =mal or a spiritual answ]80 ,! disciple said3 8,bo?40 ,junayd said3 8,! =mal answ] is t if y _h te/$ y\rself y w\ld n h ne$$ to te/ me4 ,! spiritual answ] is t ,i depose y f y\r sa9t%ip40 ,! disciple's face imm$iately turn$ black4 ,he cri$1 8,! delight ( c]ta9ty 7yaqn7 is gone f my he>t10 & e>ne/ly begg$ to be =giv51 & ab&on$ 8 fooli% self-conceit4 ,junayd said to him3 8,did n y "k t ,god's sa9ts possess my/]i\s p[]s8 ,y _c endure _! bl[s40 ,he ca/ a brea? at ! disciple1 :o =?) resum$ 8 =m] purpose & rep5t$ ( criticiz+ ! ,%aykhs4 #cb4 ,,abu ,l-,,asan ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,mu,,ammad ,,al-,n,r4 ,he has a peculi> doctr9e 9 fiism & is ! model ( a numb] ( aspirants to fiism1 :o foll[ him & are call$ ,nrs4 ,! :ole body ( aspirants to fiism is compos$ ( twelve sects1 two ( :i* are condemn$ 7m>dd71 :ile ! rema9+ t5 are approv$ 7maqbl74 ,! latt] are ! ,musibs1 ! ,qars1 ! ayfrs1 ! ,junayds1 ! ,nrs1 ! ,sahls1 ! akms1 ! ,kh>rzs1 ! ,khaffs1 & ! ,sayyrs4 ,all ^! ass]t ! tru? & belong to ! mass ( or?odox ,moslems4 ,! two condemn$ sects are1 fir/ly1 ! ulls1#gh :o d]ive _! "n f ! doctr9e ( inc>nation 7ull7 & incorporation 7imtizj71 & ) :om are connect$ ! ,slim sect ( an?ropomorphi/s2#gi & secondly1 ! alljs1 :o h ab&on$ ! sacr$ law & h adopt$ h]esy1 & ) :om are connect$ ! ,ibats#hj & ! ,friss4#ha ,i %all include 9 ?is book a *apt] on ! twelve sects & %all expla9 _! diff]5t doctr9es4 ,footnote #gh3 ,b4 has 8! ulmns01 i4e4 ! foll[]s ( ,ab ulmn ( ,damascus4 ,see ,%ahri/n1 ,ha>brck]'s translation1 ii1 #dag4 ,footnote #gi3 ,! ,slims are describ$ 7ibid47 z 8a numb] ( s*ola/ic !ologians 7mutakallimn7 belong+ to ,bara04 ,footnote #hj3 8,ibat0 or 8,ib0 signifies 8"o :o reg>ds ev]y?+ z p]missible04 ,footnote #ha3 ,see ! elev5? section ( ! f\rte5? *apt]4 ,nr took a praisewor?y c\rse 9 reject+ flatt]y & indulg5ce & 9 be+ assidu\s 9 self-mortification4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,i came to ,junayd & f\nd him seat$ 9 ! pr(essorial *air 7muadd>74 ,i said to him3 #8,o ,abu l-,qsim1 ?\ ha/ conceal$ ! tru? f !m & !y h put !e 9 ! place ( hon\r2 b ,i h told !m ! tru? & !y h pelt$ me ) /ones1'0 because flatt]y is compliance ) "o's desire & s9c]ity is opposition to x1 & m5 hate anyone :o opposes _! desires & love anyone :o complies ) _! desires4 ,nr 0 ! companion ( ,junayd & ! disciple ( ,s>4 ,he _h associat$ ) _m ,%aykhs1 & _h met ,amad b4 ,abi l-awr4 ,he is ! au?or ( subtle precepts & f9e say+s on v>i\s bran*es ( ! my/ical sci5ce4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,union ) ,god is sep>ation f all else1 & sep>ation f all else is union ) ,him10 i4e41 anyone ^: m9d is unit$ ) ,god is sep>at$ f all besides1 & vice v]s3 !re=e union ( ! m9d ) ,god is sep>ation f ! ?\ght ( creat$ ?+s1 & to be rightly turn$ away f ph5om5a is to be rightly turn$ t[>ds ,god4 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t once ,nr /ood 9 8 *amb] = ?ree days & nights1 nev] mov+ f 8 place or ceas+ to wail4 ,junayd w5t to see him & said3 8,o ,abu l-asan1 if ?\ kn[e/ t cry+ al\d to ,god is ( any use1 tell me1 9 ord] t ,i too may cry al\d2 b if ?\ kn[e/ t x avails naught1 surr5d] ?yself to acquiesc5ce 9 ,god's w1 9 ord] t ?y he>t may rejoice40 ,nr /opp$ wail+ & said3 8,?\ tea*e/ me well1 ,o ,abu l-,qsim60 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,! two r>e/ ?+s 9 our "t are a le>n$ man :o practises :at he kn[s & a gno/ic :o speaks f ! reality ( 8 /ate10 i4e41 bo? le>n+ & gnosis are r>e1 s9ce le>n+ is n le>n+ unless x is practis$1 & gnosis is n gnosis unless x has reality4 ,nr ref]r$ to 8 own age1 b ^! ?+s are r>e at all times1 & !y are r>e to-day4 ,anyone :o %\ld occupy himself 9 seek+ = le>n$ m5 & gno/ics w\ld wa/e 8 "t & w\ld n f9d !m4 ,let him be occupi$ ) himself 9 ord] t he may see le>n+ ev]y:]e1 & let him turn f himself to ,god 9 ord] t he may see gnosis ev]y:]e4 ,let him seek le>n+ & gnosis 9 himself1 & let him dem& practice & reality f himself4 ,x is relat$ t ,nr said3 8,^? :o reg>d ?+s z det]m9$ by ,god turn to ,god 9 ev]y?+10 because !y f9d re/ 9 reg>d+ ! ,creator1 n creat$ objects1 :]eas !y w\ld always be 9 tribulation if !y consid]$ ?+s to be ! causes ( actions4 ,to d s is poly!ism1 = a cause is n self-subsi/5t1 b dep5ds on ! ,caus]4 ,:5 !y turn to ,him !y escape f tr\ble4 #cc4 ,,ab ,,u?m,n ,,sa,d ,b4 ,,ism,l ,,al-,r4 ,he is "o ( ! em95t fs ( pa/ times4 ,at fir/ he associat$ ) ,yay b4 ,mudh2 !n he consort$ = a :ile ) ,%h ,%uj ( ,kirmn1 & accompani$ him to ,n%pr on a visit to ,ab af1 ) :om he rema9$ to ! end ( 8 life4 ,x is relat$ on tru/wor?y au?ority t he said3 8,9 my *ildhood ,i 0 cont9ually seek+ ! ,tru?1 & ! ext]nali/s inspir$ me ) a feel+ ( abhorr5ce4 ,i p]ceiv$ t ! sacr$ law conceal$ a my/]y "u ! sup]ficial =ms :i* are foll[$ by ! vulg>4 ,:5 ,i grew up ,i happ5$ to he> a disc\rse by ,yay b4 ,mudh ( ,rayy1 & ,i f\nd !re ! my/]y t 0 ! object ( my se>*4 ,i cont9u$ to associate ) ,yay until1 on he>+ reports ( ,%h ,%uj ,kirmn f a numb] ( p]sons :o _h be5 9 8 company1 ,i felt a long+ to visit him4 ,accord+ly ,i quitt$ ,rayy & set out = ,kirmn4 ,%h ,%uj1 h[ev]1 w\ld n admit me to 8 society4 #8,y h be5 nurs$1' said he1 #89 ! doctr9e ( hope 7raj71 on :i* ,yay takes 8 /&4 ,no "o :o has imbib$ ?is doctr9e c tread ! pa? ( purgation1 because a me*anical belief 9 hope produces indol5ce4' ,i bes\ght him e>ne/ly1 & lam5t$ & /ay$ at 8 door = tw5ty days4 ,at l5g? he admitt$ me1 & ,i rema9$ 9 8 society until he took me ) him to visit ,ab af at ,n%pr4 ,on ?is occasion ,%h ,%uj 0 we>+ a coat 7qab74 ,:5 ,ab af saw him he rose f 8 seat & advanc$ to meet him1 say+1 #8,i h f\nd 9 ! coat :at ,i s\ght 9 ! cloak 7ab74' ,dur+ our resid5ce 9 ,n%pr ,i conceiv$ a /rong desire to associate ) ,ab af1 b 0 re/ra9$ f devot+ myself to att5dance on him by my respect = ,%h ,%uj4 ,mean:ile ,i 0 implor+ ,god to make x possible = me to enjoy ! society ( ,ab af )\t hurt+ ! feel+s ( ,%h ,%uj1 :o 0 a jeal\s man2 & ,ab af 0 aw>e ( my wi%es4 ,on ! day ( our dep>ture ,i dress$ myself = ! j\rney1 al?\gh ,i 0 leav+ my he>t ) ,ab af4 ,ab af said famili>ly to ,%h ,%uj1 #8,i am pleas$ ) ?is y\?2 let him /ay "h4' ,%h ,%uj turn$ to me & said1 #8,d z ! ,%aykh bids !e4' ,s ,i rema9$ ) ,ab af & exp]i5c$ _m wond]ful ?+s 9 8 company40 ,god caus$ ,ab ,u?mn to pass ?r\gh ?ree 8/ations0 by means ( ?ree spiritual directors1 & ^! 8/ations01 :i* he indicat$ z belong+ to !m1 he also made 8 own3 ! 8/ation0 ( hope ?r\gh associat+ ) ,yay1 ! 8/ation0 ( jeal\sy ?r\gh associat+ ) ,%h ,%uj1 & ! 8/ation0 ( affection 7%afaqat7 ?r\gh associat+ ) ,ab af4 ,x is all[able = a disciple to associate ) five or six or m directors & to h a diff]5t 8/ation0 reveal$ to him by ea* "o ( !m1 b x is bett] t he %\ld n confuse 8 own 8/ation0 ) !irs4 ,he %\ld po9t to _! p]fection 9 t 8/ation0 & say3 8,i ga9$ ?is by associat+ ) !m1 b !y 7 sup]ior to x40 ,?is is m 9 accordance ) good mann]s1 = spiritual adepts h no?+ to d ) 8/ations0 & 8/ates04 ,to ,ab ,u?mn 0 due ! divulgation ( fiism 9 ,n%pr & ,khursn4 ,he consort$ ) ,junayd1 ,ruwaym1 ,ysuf b4 al-usayn1 & ,muammad b4 ,fal al-,balkh1 & no ,%aykh ev] d]iv$ z mu* spiritual advantage f 8 directors z he did4 ,! p ( ,n%pr set up a pulpit t he might disc\rse to !m on fiism4 ,he is ! au?or ( sublime treatises on v>i\s bran*es ( ?is sci5ce4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,x behoves "o :om ,god ha? hon\r$ ) gnosis n to di%on\r himself by disob$i5ce to ,god40 ,?is ref]s to actions acquir$ by ,man & to 8 cont9ual ef=t to keep ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 because1 ev5 ?\gh y recognize t x is wor?y ( ,god n to di%on\r by disob$i5ce anyone :om ,he has hon\r$ ) gnosis1 yet gnosis is ,god's gift & disob$i5ce is ,man's act4 ,x is impossible t "o :o is hon\r$ ) ,god's gift %\ld be di%on\r$ by 8 own act4 ,god hon\r$ ,adam ) k3 ,he did n di%on\r him on acc\nt ( 8 s94 #cd4 ,,ab ,,abdall,h ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,ya,y ,,al-,,jall4 ,he associat$ ) ,junayd & ,abu l-asan ,nr & o!r great ,%aykhs4 ,x is record$ t he said3 8,! m9d ( ! gno/ic is fix$ on 8 ,"l2 he does n pay att5tion to any?+ else10 because ! gno/ic kn[s no?+ except gnosis1 & s9ce gnosis is ! :ole capital ( 8 he>t1 8 ?\ghts are entirely b5t on vision 7( ,god71 = di/raction ( ?\ght produces c>es1 & c>es keep "o back f ,god4 ,he tells ! foll[+ /ory3 8,"o day ,i saw a beautiful ,*ri/ian boy4 ,i 0 amaz$ at 8 lovel9ess & /ood /ill opposite him4 ,junayd pass$ by me4 ,i said to him1 #8,o ma/]1 w ,god burn a face l ?is 9 ,hell-fire8' ,he answ]$3 #8,o my son1 ?is is a trick ( ! fle%1 n a look by :i* "o takes w>n+4 ,if y look ) due consid]ation1 ! same m>vel is exi/5t 9 e atom ( ! univ]se4 ,y w soon be puni%$ = ?is want ( respect4' ,:5 ,junayd turn$ away f me ,i imm$iately =got ! ,koran1 & x did n come back to my memory until ,i _h = ye>s implor$ ,god to help me & _h rep5t$ ( my s94 ,n[ ,i d>e n pay he$ to any creat$ object or wa/e my "t by look+ at ?+s40 #ce4 ,,ab ,,mu,,ammad ,,ruwaym ,b4 ,a,,mad4 ,he 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,junayd4 ,9 jurisprud5ce he foll[$ ,dwud4#hb & he 0 deeply v]s$ 9 ! sci5ces relat+ to ! int]pretation & read+ ( ! ,koran4 ,he 0 fam$ = ! l(t9ess ( 8 /ate & ! exalt$ness ( 8 /ation1 & = 8 j\rneys 9 deta*m5t f ! _w 7tajrd71 & = 8 sev]e au/]ities4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life he hid himself among ! ri* & ga9$ ! ,caliph's confid5ce1 b su* 0 ! p]fection ( 8 spiritual rank t he 0 n !reby veil$ f ,god4 ,h5ce ,junayd said3 8,we are devotees occupi$ 7) ! _w71 & ,ruwaym is a man occupi$ 7) ! _w7 :o is devot$ 7to ,god740 ,he wrote sev]al works on fiism1 "o ( :i*1 entitl$ ,ghala al-,wjidn1#hc des]ves p>ticul> m5tion4 ,i am exce$+ly fond ( x4 ,"o day he 0 ask$1 8,h[ are y80 ,he repli$3 8,h[ is he ^: religion is 8 lu/ & ^: ?\ght is 7fix$ on7 8 worldly affairs1 :o is nei!r a pi\s ,god-fe>+ man nor a gno/ic & "o ( ,god's elect80 ,?is ref]s to ! vices ( ! s\l t is subject to passion & reg>ds lu/ z its religion4 ,s5sual m5 consid] anyone to be dev\t :o complies ) _! incl9ations1 ev5 ?\gh he be a h]etic1 & anyone to be irreligi\s :o ?w>ts _! desires1 ev5 ?\gh he be a pieti/4 ,?is is a widely spread disease at ! pres5t "t4 ,god save u f associat+ ) any su* p]son6 ,ruwaym d\btless gave ?is answ] 9 ref]5ce to ! inw>d /ate ( ! que/ion]1 :i* he truly diagnos$1 or x may be t ,god _h tempor>ily all[$ him to fall into t condition1 & t he describ$ himself z he !n 0 9 reality4 ,footnote #hb3 ,dwud ( ,ifahn1 ! f\nd] ( ! hirite s*ool 7,brockelmann1 i1 #ahc74 ,footnote #hc3 i4e4 8,! ,error ( ,ec/atic ,p]sons04 #cf4 ,,ab ,,ya,q,b ,y,,suf ,b4 ,,al-,,usayn ,,al-,r,z4 ,he 0 "o ( ! anci5t ,%aykhs & great ,imms ( 8 age4 ,he 0 a disciple ( ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian1 & consort$ ) a l>ge numb] ( ,%aykhs & p]=m$ s]vice to !m all4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,! meane/ ( mank9d is ! covet\s d]vi% & he :o loves 8 belov$1 & ! noble/ ( !m is ! v]aci\s 7al-iddq740 ,covet\sness r5d]s ! d]vi% ignom9i\s 9 bo? worlds1 because he is already despicable 9 ! eyes ( worldl+s1 & only becomes m despicable if he builds any hopes on !m4 ,weal? ) hon\r is f> m p]fect ?an pov]ty ) disgrace4 ,covet\sness causes ! d]vi% to incur ! imputation ( %e] m5dacity4 ,aga91 he :o loves 8 belov$ is ! meane/ ( mank9d1 s9ce ! lov] ackn[l$ges himself to be v despicable 9 comp>ison ) 8 belov$ & abases himself be=e h]1 & ?is also is ! result ( desire4 ,s long z ,zulaykh desir$ ,ysuf1 %e became e day m mean3 :5 %e ca/ desire away1 ,god gave h] beauty & y\? back to h]4 ,x is a law t :5 ! lov] advances1 ! belov$ retires4 ,if ! lov] is satisfi$ ) love alone1 !n ! belov$ draws ne>4 ,9 tru?1 ! lov] has hon\r only :ile he has no desire = union4 ,unless 8 love div]ts him f all ?\ght ( union or sep>ation1 8 love is weak4 #cg4 ,,abu ,l-,,asan ,,sumn,n ,b4 ,,abdall,h ,,al-,,khaww4 ,he 0 held 9 great e/eem by all ! ,%aykhs4 ,!y call$ him ,sumnn ! ,lov] 7al-,muibb71 b he call$ himself ,sumnn ! ,li> 7al-,kadhdhb74 ,he suff]$ mu* p]secution at ! h&s ( ,ghulm al-,khall1#hd :o _h made himself kn[n to ! ,caliph & c\rti]s by 8 pret5d$ piety & fiism4 ,?is hypocrite spoke evil ( ! ,%aykhs & d]vi%es1 hop+ to br+ ab\t _! bani%m5t f ,c\rt & to e/abli% 8 own p[]4 ,=tunate inde$ 7 ,sumnn & ^? ,%aykhs to h only "o adv]s>y ( ?is sort4 ,9 ! pres5t day !re are a hundr$ ,ghulm al-,khalls = e true spirituali/1 b :at matt]8 ,c>rion is fit food = vultures4 ,:5 ,sumnn ga9$ em95ce & popul>ity 9 ,baghdd1 ,ghulm al-,khall began to intrigue4 ,a woman _h fall5 9 love ) ,sumnn & made proposals to him1 :i* he refus$4 ,%e w5t to ,junayd1 begg+ him to advise ,sumnn to m>ry h]4 ,on be+ s5t away by ,junayd1 %e came to ,ghulm al-,khall & accus$ ,sumnn ( hav+ attempt$ h] virtue4 ,he li/5$ eag]ly to h] sl&]s1 & induc$ ! ,caliph to comm& t ,sumnn %\ld be put to dea?4 ,:5 ! ,caliph 0 ab\t to give ! ^w to ! execution] 8 tongue /uck 9 8 ?roat4 ,! same night he dream$ t 8 empire w\ld la/ no long] ?an ,sumnn's life4 ,next day he ask$ 8 p>don & re/or$ him to fav\r4 ,sumnn is ! au?or ( l(ty say+s & subtle indications conc]n+ ! real nature ( love4 ,on 8 way f ! ijz ! p ( ,fayd reque/$ him to disc\rse to !m ab\t ?is subject4 ,he m\nt$ ! pulpit1 b :ile he 0 speak+ all 8 he>]s dep>t$4 ,sumnn turn$ to ! lamps & said3 8,i am speak+ to y40 ,imm$iately all ! lamps collaps$ & broke into small bits4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,a ?+ c be expla9$ only by :at is m subtle ?an itself3 !re is no?+ subtl] ?an love3 by :at1 !n1 %all love be expla9$80 ,! mean+ ( ?is is t love _c be expla9$ because explanation is an attribute ( ! expla9]4 ,love is an attribute ( ! ,belov$1 !re=e no explanation ( its real nature is possible4 ,footnote #hd3 ,ab ,abdallh ,amad b4 ,muammad b4 ,ghlib b4 ,khlid al-,bar al-,bhil1 g5]ally kn[n z ,ghulm ,khall1 di$ 9 #bge ,a4,h4 ,he is describ$ by ,abu l-,mas9 7,nujm1 ii1 #gi1 #a ff47 z a traditioni/1 ascetic1 & sa9t4 ,accord+ to ! ,tadhkirat al-,awliy 7ii1 #dh1 #d ff471 he repres5t$ to ! ,caliph t ,junayd1 ,nr1 ,%ibl1 & o!r em95t fs 7 free?9k]s & h]etics1 & urg$ him to put !m to dea?4 #ch4 ,,abu ,l-,,faw,,ris ,,%,h ,,%uj ,,al-,,kirm,n4 ,he 0 ( royal desc5t4 ,he associat$ ) ,ab ,turb ,nakh%ab & _m o!r ,%aykhs4 ,some?+ has be5 said ( him 9 ! notice ( ,ab ,u?mn al-r4 ,he compos$ a celebrat$ treatise on fiism z well z a book entitl$ ,mirt al-ukam4#he ,x is record$ t he said3 8,! em95t h em95ce until !y see x1 & ! sa9ts h sa9t%ip until !y see x10 i4e41 :oev] reg>ds 8 em95ce loses its reality1 & :oev] reg>ds 8 sa9t%ip loses its reality4 ,8 biograph]s relate t = =ty ye>s he nev] slept2 !n he fell asleep & dream$ ( ,god4 8,o ,"l10 he cri$1 8,i 0 seek+ ,!e 9 nightly vigils1 b ,i h f\nd ,!e 9 sleep40 ,god answ]$3 8,o ,%h1 y h f\nd ,me by means ( ^? nightly vigils3 if y _h n s\ght ,me !re1 y w\ld n h f\nd ,me "h40 ,footnote #he3 i4e4 8,! ,mirror ( ! ,sages04 #ci4 ,,amr ,b4 ,,u?m,n ,,al-,,makk4 ,he 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal fs1 & is ! au?or ( celebrat$ works on ! my/ical sci5ces4 ,he became a disciple ( ,junayd aft] he _h se5 ,ab ,sad ,kh>rz & _h associat$ ) ,nibj4#hf ,he 0 ! ,imm ( 8 age 9 !ology4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,ec/asy does n admit ( explanation1 because x is a secret betwe5 ,god & ! true believ]s40 ,let m5 seek to expla9 x z !y w1 _! explanation is n t secret1 inasmu* z all human p[] & ef=t is divorc$ f ! ,div9e my/]ies4 ,x is said t :5 ,amr came to ,ifahn a "y man associat$ ) him aga9/ ! wi% ( 8 fa!r4 ,! "y man fell into a sickness4 ,"o day ! ,%aykh ) a numb] ( fri5ds came to visit him4 ,he begg$ ! ,%aykh to bid ! s+] 7qawwl7 *ant a few v]ses1 :]eupon ,amr desir$ ! s+] to *ant-- ,m l m>itu wa-lam yaudn id ,m9kum wa-yamrau abdukum fa-adu4 8,h[ is x t :5 ,i fell ill none ( y visit$ me1 ,?\gh ,i visit y\r slave :5 he falls ill80 ,on he>+ ?is ! invalid left 8 b$ & sat d[n1 & ! viol5ce ( 8 malady 0 dim9i%$4 ,he said3 8,give me "s m40 ,s ! s+] *ant$-- ,wa-a%addu m9 m>a alayya uddukum ,wa-uddu abdikum alayya %addu4 8,y\r neglect is m griev\s to me ?an my sickness2 ,x w\ld grieve me to neglect y\r slave40 ,! "y man's sickness dep>t$ f him4 ,8 fa!r p]mitt$ him to associate ) ,amr & rep5t$ ( ! suspicion :i* he _h h>b\r$ 9 8 he>t1 & ! y\? became an em95t f4 ,footnote #hf3 ,sad 7,ab ,abdallh7 b4 ,yazd al-,nibj4 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #hf4 #dj4 ,,ab ,,mu,,ammad ,,sahl ,b4 ,,abdall,h ,,al-,,tu/>4 ,8 au/]ities 7 great & 8 devotions excell5t4 ,he has f9e say+s on s9c]ity & ! defects ( human actions4 ,! =mal div9es say t he comb9$ ! ,law & ! ,tru? 7jamaa bayn al-%>at wa l-aqqat74 ,?is /atem5t is errone\s1 = ! two ?+s h nev] be5 divid$4 ,! ,law is ! ,tru?1 & ! ,tru? is ! ,law4 ,_! ass]tion is f\nd$ on ! fact t ! say+s ( ?is ,%aykh are m intelligible & easy to appreh5d ?an is sometimes ! case4 ,inasmu* z ,god has jo9$ ! ,law to ! ,tru?1 x is impossible t ,8 sa9ts %\ld sep>ate !m4 ,if !y be sep>at$1 "o mu/ inevitably be reject$ & ! o!r accept$4 ,rejection ( ! ,law is h]esy1 & rejection ( ! ,tru? is infidelity & poly!ism4 ,any 7prop]7 sep>ation betwe5 !m is made1 n to e/abli% a diff]5ce ( mean+1 b to affirm ! ,tru?1 z :5 x is said3 8,! words !re is no god save ,allah are ,tru?1 & ! words ,muammad is ! ,apo/le ( ,allah are ,law40 ,no "o c sep>ate ! "o f ! o!r )\t impair+ 8 fai?1 & x is va9 to wi% to d s4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,law is a bran* ( ! ,tru?3 k ( ,god is ,tru?1 & ob$i5ce to ,8 comm& is ,law4 ,^! =mali/s d5y :atev] does n suit _! fancy1 & x is dang]\s to d5y "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,way to ,god4 ,praise be to ,allah = ! fai? :i* ,he has giv5 u6 ,& x is relat$ t he said3 8,! sun does n rise or set ^u anyone on ! face ( ! e>? :o is n ignorant ( ,god1 unless he pref]s ,god to 8 own s\l & _s & to 8 pres5t & future life10 i4e41 if anyone cleaves to self-int]e/1 t is a pro( t he is ignorant ( ,god1 because k ( ,god requires ab&onm5t ( =e?\ght 7tadbr71 & ab&onm5t ( =e?\ght is resignation 7taslm71 :]eas p]sev]ance 9 =e?\ght arises f ignorance ( pr$e/9ation4 #da4 ,,ab ,,mu,,ammad ,,abdall,h ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,al-,,fa,l ,,al-,,balkh4 ,he 0 approv$ by ! p ( ,irq z well z by ^? ( ,khursn4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,amad b4 ,kharya1 & ,ab ,u?mn ( ra _h a great affection = him4 ,hav+ be5 expell$ f ,balkh by fanatics on acc\nt ( 8 love ( fiism1 he w5t to ,sam>c&1 :]e he pass$ 8 life4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,he t has mo/ k ( ,god is he t /rives h>de/ to fulfil ,8 comm&m5ts1 & foll[s mo/ closely ! cu/om ( ,8 ,prophet40 ,! ne>] "o is to ,god ! m eag] "o is to d ,8 bidd+1 & ! f>!r "o is f ,god ! m av]se "o is to foll[ ,8 ,apo/le4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,i wond] at ^? :o cross des]ts & wild]nesses to rea* ,8 ,h\se & ,sanctu>y1 because ! traces ( ,8 prophets are to be f\nd !re3 :y d n !y cross _! own passions & lu/s to rea* _! he>ts1 :]e !y w f9d ! traces ( _! ,"l80 ,t is to say1 ! he>t is ! seat ( k ( ,god & is m v5]able ?an ! ,kaba1 to :i* m5 turn 9 devotion4 ,m5 are ev] look+ t[>ds ! ,kaba1 b ,god is ev] look+ t[>ds ! he>t4 ,:]ev] ! he>t is1 my ,belov$ is !re2 :]ev] ,8 decree is1 my desire is !re2 :]ev] ! traces ( my prophets#hg are1 ! eyes ( ^? :om ,i love are direct$ !re4 ,footnote #hg3 ,s 9 all ! texts4 #db4 ,,ab ,,abdall,h ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,al ,,al-,,tirmidh4 ,he is ! au?or ( _m excell5t books :i*1 by _! eloqu5ce1 decl>e ! miracles v\*saf$ to him1 e4g41 ! ,khatm al-,wilyat1#hh ! ,kitb al-,nahj1#hi ! ,nawdir al-,ul1#ij & _m m1 su* z ! ,kitb al-,tawd#ia & ! ,kitb ,adhb al-,qabr#ib3 x w\ld be t$i\s to m5tion !m all4 ,i hold him 9 great v5]ation & am entirely devot$ to him4 ,my ,%aykh said3 8,muammad is a union pe>l t has no l 9 ! :ole _w40 ,he has also writt5 works on ! =mal sci5ces1 & is a tru/wor?y au?ority = ! traditions ( ! ,prophet :i* he relat$4 ,he began a comm5t>y on ! ,koran1 b did n live long en\gh to f9i% x4 ,! complet$ portion is widely circulat$ among !ologians4 ,he /udi$ jurisprud5ce ) an intimate fri5d ( ,ab anfa4 ,! inhabitants ( ,tirmidh call him ,muammad akm1 & ! akms1 a f sect 9 t region1 are 8 foll[]s4 ,_m rem>kable /ories are told ( him1 z = in/ance t he associat$ ) ! ,apo/le ,khir4 ,8 disciple1 ,ab ,bakr ,w>rq1 relates t ,khir us$ to visit him e ,sunday1 & t !y conv]s$ ) ea* o!r4 ,x is record$ t he said3 8,anyone :o is ignorant ( ! nature ( s]vant%ip 7ubdiyyat7 is yet m ignorant ( ! nature ( lord%ip 7rubbiyyat710 i4e41 :oev] does n "k ! way to k ( himself does n "k ! way to k ( ,god1 & :oev] does n recognize ! contam9ation ( human qualities does n recognize ! purity ( ! ,div9e attributes1 inasmu* z ! outw>d is connect$ ) ! inw>d1 & he :o claims to possess ! =m] )\t ! latt] makes an absurd ass]tion4 ,k ( ! nature ( lord%ip dep5ds on hav+ "r pr9ciples ( s]vant%ip1 & is n p]fect )\t !m4 ,?is is a v pr(\nd & in/ructive say+4 ,x w be fully expla9$ 9 ! prop] place4 ,footnote #hh3 8,! ,seal ( ,sa9t%ip40 ,footnote #hi3 8,! ,book ( ! ,highway40 ,footnote #ij3 8,*oice ,pr9ciples40 ,footnote #ia3 8,! ,book ( ,unification40 ,footnote #ib3 8,! ,book ( ! ,torm5t ( ! ,tomb40 #dc4 ,,ab ,,bakr ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,um> ,,al-,,w>r,q4 ,he 0 a great ,%aykh & ascetic4 ,he _h se5 ,amad b4 ,kharya & associat$ ) ,muammad b4 ,al4 ,he is ! au?or ( books on rules ( discipl9e & e?ics4 ,! f ,%aykhs h call$ him 8,! ,in/ructor ( ! ,sa9ts0 7muaddib al-awliy74 ,he relates ! foll[+ /ory3 8,muammad b4 ,al h&$ to me "s ( 8 writ+s ) ! reque/ t ,i %\ld ?r[ !m into ! ,oxus4 ,i _h n ! he>t to d s1 b plac$ !m 9 my h\se & came to him & told him t ,i _h c>ri$ out 8 ord]4 ,he ask$ me :at ,i _h se54 ,i repli$1 #8,no?+4#8 ,he said1 #8,y h n obey$ me2 return & ?r[ !m into ! riv]4' ,i return$1 d\bt+ ! promis$ sign1 & ca/ !m into ! riv]4 ,! wat]s p>t$ & a *e/ appe>$1 ) its lid op54 ,z soon z ! pap]s fell into x1 ! lid clos$ & ! wat]s jo9$ aga9 & ! *e/ vani%$4 ,i w5t back to him & told him :at _h occurr$4 ,he answ]$1 #8,n[ y h ?r[n !m 94' ,i begg$ him to expla9 ! my/]y4 ,he said3 #8,i compos$ a "w on !ology & my/icism :i* c\ld h>dly be compreh5d$ by ! intellect4 ,my bro!r ,khir desir$ x ( me1 & ,god bade ! wat]s br+ x to him4'0 ,x is relat$ t ,ab ,bakr ,w>rq said3 8,!re are ?ree classes ( m5--div9es 7ulam7 & pr9ces 7um>7 & d]vi%es 7fuq>74 ,:5 ! div9es are corrupt1 piety & religion are vitiat$2 :5 ! pr9ces are corrupt1 m5's livelihood is spoil$2 & :5 ! d]vi%es are corrupt1 m5's morals are deprav$40 ,accord+ly1 ! corruption ( ! div9es consi/s 9 covet\sness1 t ( ! pr9ces 9 inju/ice1 & t ( ! d]vi%es 9 hypocrisy4 ,pr9ces d n become corrupt until !y turn _! backs on div9es1 & div9es d n become corrupt until !y associate ) pr9ces1 & d]vi%es d n become corrupt until !y seek o/5tation1 because ! inju/ice ( pr9ces is due to want ( k1 & ! covet\sness ( div9es is due to want ( piety1 & ! hypocrisy ( d]vi%es is due to want ( tru/ 9 ,god4 #dd4 ,,ab ,,sa,,id ,a,,mad ,b4 ,s ,,al-,,kh>r,z4 ,he 0 ! fir/ :o expla9$ ! doctr9e ( annihilation 7fan7 & subsi/5ce 7baq74 ,he is ! au?or ( brilliant compositions & sublime say+s & allegories4 ,he _h met ,dhu l-,nn ( ,egypt1 & associat$ ) ,bi%r & ,s>4 ,x is relat$ t conc]n+ ! words ( ! ,apo/le1 8,he>ts are naturally dispos$ to love him :o acts k9dly t[>ds !m10 he said3 8,oh6 ,i wond] at him :o sees none act+ k9dly t[>ds him except ,god1 h[ he does n incl9e to ,god ) 8 :ole be+10 inasmu* z true b5efic5ce belongs to ! ,"l ( ph5om5al objects & is conf]r$ only ^u ^? :o h ne$ ( x2 h[ c he :o ne$s b5efic5ce f o!rs be/[ x ^u anyone8 ,god is ! ,k+ & ,"l ( all & ha? ne$ ( none4 ,recogniz+ ?is1 ! fri5ds ( ,god behold 9 e gift & b5efit ! ,giv] & ,b5efactor4 ,_! he>ts are :olly tak5 captive by love ( ,him & turn$ away f ev]y?+ else4 #de4 ,,abu ,l-,,asan ,,al ,b4 ,,mu,,ammad ,,al-,i,,fah,n4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 8 "n is ,al b4 ,sahl4 ,he 0 a great ,%aykh4 ,junayd & he wrote exquisite lett]s to "o ano!r1 & ,amr b4 ,u?mn ,makk w5t to ,ifahn to visit him4 ,he consort$ ) ,ab ,turb & ,junayd4 ,he foll[$ a praisewor?y ,pa? 9 fiism & "o t 0 peculi>ly 8 own4 ,he 0 adorn$ ) acquiesc5ce 9 ,god's w & self-discipl9e1 & 0 pres]v$ f mis*iefs & contam9ations4 ,he spoke eloqu5tly on ! !ory & practice ( my/icism1 & lucidly expla9$ its difficulties & symbolical allusions4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,pres5ce 7ur7 is bett] ?an c]ta9ty 7yaqn71 because pres5ce is an abid+ /ate 7waant71 :]eas c]ta9ty is a transi5t "o 7khaart710 i4e41 pres5ce makes its abode 9 ! he>t & does n admit =getfulness1 :ile c]ta9ty is a feel+ t comes & goes3 h5ce ^? :o are 8pres5t0 7irn7 are 9 ! sanctu>y1 & ^? :o h c]ta9ty 7mq9n7 are only at ! gate4 ,! subject ( 8abs5ce0 & 8pres5ce0 w be discuss$ 9 a sep>ate *apt] ( ?is book4 ,& he said also3 8,f ! "t ( ,adam to ! ,resurrection p cry1 #8,! he>t1 ! he>t6' & ,i wi% t ,i might f9d "s "o to describe :at ! he>t is or h[ x is1 b ,i f9d none4 ,p 9 g5]al give ! "n ( #8he>t' 7dil7 to t piece ( fle% :i* belongs to madm5 & ec/atics & *ildr51 :o really are )\t he>t 7bdil74 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is he>t1 ( :i* ,i he> only ! "n80 ,t is to say1 if ,i call intellect ! he>t1 x is n ! he>t2 & if ,i call _s ! he>t1 x is n ! he>t2 & if ,i call k ! he>t1 x is n ! he>t4 ,all ! evid5ces ( ! ,tru? subsi/ 9 ! he>t1 yet only ! "n ( x is to be f\nd4 #df4 ,,abu ,l-,,asan ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,ism,l ,,khayr ,,al-,,nass,j4 ,he 0 a great ,%aykh1 & 9 8 "t disc\rs$ ) eloqu5ce on e?ics & prea*$ excell5t s]mons4 ,he di$ at an advanc$ age4 ,bo? ,%ibl & ,ibrhm ,khaww 7 conv]t$ 9 8 place ( meet+4 ,he s5t ,%ibl to ,junayd1 wi%+ to obs]ve ! respect due to ! latt]4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,s>1 & 0 contempor>y ) ,junayd & ,abu l-asan ,nr4 ,junayd held him 9 high reg>d1 & ,ab amza ( ,baghdd treat$ him ) ! utmo/ consid]ation4 ,x is relat$ t he 0 call$ ,khayr al-,nassj f ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,he left ,sm>r1 8 native t[n1 ) ! int5tion ( p]=m+ ! pilgrimage4 ,at ! gate ( ,kfa1 :i* lay on 8 r\te1 he 0 seiz$ by a weav] ( silk1 :o cri$ out3 8,y are my slave1 & y\r "n is ,khayr40 ,deem+ ?is to come f ,god1 he did n contradict ! weav]1 & rema9$ _m ye>s 9 8 employm5t4 ,:5ev] 8 ma/] said 8,khayr60 he answ]$1 8,at ?y s]vice0 7labbayk71 until ! man rep5t$ ( :at he _h done & said to ,khayr3 8,i made a mi/ake2 y are n my slave40 ,s he dep>t$ & w5t to ,mecca1 :]e he atta9$ to su* a degree t ,junayd said3 8,khayr is ! be/ ( u0 7,khayr khayrun74 ,he us$ to pref] to be call$ ,khayr1 say+3 8,x is n "r t ,i %\ld alt] a "n :i* has be5 be/[$ on me by a ,moslem40 ,!y relate t :5 ! h\r ( 8 dea? approa*$1 x 0 "t = ! ev5+ pray]4 ,he op5$ 8 eyes & look$ at ! ,angel ( ,dea? & said3 8,/op6 ,god save !e6 ,?\ art only a s]vant :o has receiv$ ,8 ord]s1 & ,i am ! same4 ,t :i* ?\ art comm&$ to d 7viz4 to take my life7 w n escape !e1 b t :i* ,i am comm&$ to d 7viz4 to p]=m ! ev5+ pray]7 w escape me3 !re=e let me d z ,i am bidd51 & !n d z ?\ art bidd540 ,he !n call$ = wat] & cleans$ himself1 & p]=m$ ! ev5+ pray] & gave up 8 life4 ,on ! same night he 0 se5 9 a dream & 0 ask$3 8,:at has ,god done to !e80 ,he answ]$3 8,d n ask me ( ?is1 b ,i h ga9$ release f y\r _w40 ,x is relat$ t he said 9 8 place ( meet+3 8,god ha? exp&$ ! brea/s ( ! pi\s ) ! light ( c]ta9ty1 & ha? op5$ ! eyes ( ! possessors ( c]ta9ty ) ! light ( ! v]ities ( fai?40 ,c]ta9ty is indisp5sable to ! pi\s1 ^: he>ts are exp&$ ) ! light ( c]ta9ty1 & ^? :o h c]ta9ty _c d )\t ! v]ities ( fai?1 inasmu* z _! intellectual vision consi/s 9 ! light ( fai?4 ,accord+ly1 :]e fai? is c]ta9ty is !re1 & :]e c]ta9ty is piety is !re1 = !y g h& 9 h& ) ea* o!r4 #dg4 ,,ab ,,amza ,,al-,,khur,s,n4 ,he is "o ( ! anci5t ,%aykhs ( ,khursn4 ,he associat$ ) ,ab ,turb1 & _h se5 ,kh>rz4#ic ,he 0 firmly gr\nd$ 9 tru/ 9 ,god 7tawakkul74 ,x is a well-kn[n /ory t "o day he fell into a pit4 ,aft] ?ree days _h pass$ a p>ty ( travell]s approa*$4 ,ab amza said to himself3 8,i w call out to !m40 ,!n he said3 8,no2 x is n good t ,i seek aid f anyone except ,god1 & ,i %all be compla9+ ( ,god if ,i tell !m t my ,god has ca/ me into a pit & implore !m to rescue me40 ,:5 !y came up & saw an op5 pit 9 ! middle ( ! road1 !y said3 8,= ! sake ( obta9+ ,div9e recomp5se 7?awb7 we mu/ cov] ?is pit le/ anyone %\ld fall into x40 ,ab amza said3 8,i became deeply agitat$ & ab&on$ hope ( life4 ,aft] !y block$ ! m\? ( ! pit & dep>t$1 ,i pray$ to ,god & resign$ myself to die1 & hop$ no m ( mank9d4 ,:5 night fell ,i he>d a movem5t at ! top ( ! pit4 ,i look$ att5tively4 ,! m\? ( ! pit 0 op51 & ,i saw a huge animal l a dragon1 :i* let d[n its tail4 ,i knew t ,god _h s5t x & t ,i %\ld be sav$ 9 ?is way4 ,i took hold ( its tail & x dragg$ me out4 ,a heav5ly voice cri$ to me1 #8,?is is an excell5t escape ( ?9e1 ,o ,ab amza6 ,we h sav$ !e f dea? by means ( a dea?'0 7i4e4 a deadly mon/]74 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,no4 #dd4 ,he 0 ask$1 8,:o is ! /rang] 7gh>b780 ,he repli$1 8,he :o %uns society10 because ! d]vi% has no home or society ei!r 9 ?is _w or ! next1 & :5 he is dissociat$ f ph5om5al exi/5ce he %uns ev]y?+1 & !n he is a /rang]2 & ?is is a v l(ty degree4 #dh4 ,,abu ,l-,,abb,s ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,masr,q4 ,he 0 "o ( ! great m5 ( ,khursn1 & ! ,sa9ts ( ,god are unanim\sly agre$ t he 0 "o ( ! ,awtd4 ,he associat$ ) ! ,qub1 :o is ! pivot ( ! univ]se4 ,on be+ ask$ to say :o ! ,qub 01 he did n decl>e 8 "n b h9t$ t ,junayd 0 t p]sonage4 ,he _h done s]vice to ! ,=ty :o possess ! rank ( fixity 7ib tamkn7 & receiv$ in/ruction f !m4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,if anyone takes joy 9 aught except ,god1 8 joy produces sorr[1 & if anyone is n intimate ) ! s]vice ( 8 ,"l1 8 intimacy produces lonel9ess 7wa%at710 i4e41 all save ,him is p]i%able1 & :oev] rejoices 9 :at is p]i%able1 :5 t p]i%es becomes /rick5 ) sorr[2 & except ,8 s]vice all else is va91 & :5 ! vil5ess ( creat$ objects is made manife/1 8 intimacy 7) !m7 is :olly turn$ to lonel9ess3 h5ce1 ! sorr[ & lonel9ess ( ! entire univ]se consi/ 9 reg>d+ t :i* is o!r 7?an ,god74 #di4 ,,ab ,,abdall,h ,,mu,,ammad#id ,b4 ,,ism,l ,,al-,,maghrib4 ,9 8 "t he 0 an approv$ tea*] & a c>eful gu>dian ( 8 disciples4 ,bo? ,ibrhm ,khaww & ,ibrhm ,%aybn 7 pupils ( 84 ,he has l(ty say+s & %9+ evid5ces1 & he 0 p]fectly gr\nd$ 9 deta*m5t f ?is _w4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,i nev] saw anyone m j ?an ! _w3 if y s]ve h] %e w s]ve y1 & if y leave h] %e w leave y10 i4e4 z long z y seek h] %e w seek y1 b :5 y turn away f h] & seek ,god %e w flee f y1 & worldly ?\ghts w no m cl+ to y\r he>t4 ,footnote #id3 ,,lb4 h 8,amad04 #ej4 ,,ab ,,al ,,al-,,asan ,b4 ,,al ,,al-,j,,zaj,n4 ,he wrote brilliant works on ! sci5ce ( e?ics & ! detection ( spiritual cank]s4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh1 & a contempor>y ( ,ab ,bakr ,w>rq4 ,ibrhm ,sam>q& 0 a pupil ( 84 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,all mank9d are gallop+ on ! race-c\rses ( he$lessness1 rely+ ^u idle fancies1 :ile !y suppose !mselves to be v]s$ 9 ! ,tru? & to be speak+ f ,div9e revelation40 ,?is say+ alludes to natural self-conceit & to ! pride ( ! s\l4 ,m51 ?\gh !y are ignorant1 h a firm belief 9 _! ignorance1 especially ignorant f's1 :o are ! vile/ creatures ( ,god1 j z wise fs are ! noble/4 ,! latt] possess ! ,tru? & are )\t conceit1 :]eas ! =m] possess conceit & are )\t ! ,tru?4 ,!y graze 9 ! fields ( he$lessness & imag9e t x is ! field ( sa9t%ip4 ,!y rely on fancy & suppose x to be c]ta9ty4 ,!y g ab\t ) =m & ?9k x is reality4 ,!y speak f _! own lu/ & ?9k x is a ,div9e revelation4 ,?is !y d because conceit is n expell$ f a man's head save by vision ( ! maje/y or ! beauty ( ,god3 = 9 ! manife/ation ( ,8 beauty !y see ,him alone1 & _! conceit is annihilat$1 :ile 9 ! revelation ( ,8 maje/y !y d n see !mselves1 & _! conceit does n intrude4 #ea4 ,,ab ,,mu,,ammad ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,al-,,usayn ,,al-,,jurayr4 ,he 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,junayd1 & also associat$ ) ,sahl b4 ,abdallh4 ,he 0 le>n$ 9 e bran* ( sci5ce & 0 ! ,imm ( 8 day 9 jurisprud5ce1 besides be+ well acqua9t$ ) !ology4 ,8 rank 9 fiism 0 su* t ,junayd said to him3 8,tea* my pupils discipl9e & tra9 !m60 ,he succe$$ ,junayd & sat 9 8 *air4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,! p]man5ce ( fai? & ! subsi/5ce ( religions & ! heal? ( bodies dep5d on ?ree qualities3 satisfaction 7iktif7 & piety 7ittiq7 & ab/95ce 7itim73 if "o is satisfi$ ) ,god1 8 consci5ce becomes good2 & if "o gu>ds himself f :at ,god has =bidd51 8 "* becomes upright2 & if "o ab/a9s f :at does n agree ) him1 8 con/itution is br\ght into good ord]4 ,! fruit ( satisfaction is pure k ( ,god1 & ! result ( piety is excell5ce ( moral "*1 & ! end ( ab/95ce is equilibrium ( con/itution40 ,! ,apo/le said1 8,he t prays mu* by night1 8 face is fair by day10 & he also said t ! pi\s %all come at ! ,resurrection 8) respl5d5t faces on ?rones ( light04 #eb4 ,,abu ,l-,,abb,s ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,sahl ,,al-,,mul4 ,he 0 always held 9 great respect by 8 contempor>ies4 ,he 0 v]s$ 9 ! sci5ces ( ,koranic exegesis & criticism1 & exp\nd$ ! subtleties ( ! ,koran ) an eloqu5ce & insight peculi> to himself4 ,he 0 an em95t pupil ( ,junayd1 & _h associat$ ) ,ibrhm ,mri/n4 ,ab ,sad ,kh>rz reg>d$ him ) ! utmo/ v5]ation1 & us$ to decl>e t no "o des]v$ ! "n ( f except him4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,acquiesc5ce 9 natural habits prev5ts a man f atta9+ to ! exalt$ degrees ( spirituality10 because natural dispositions are ! in/rum5ts & organs ( ! s5sual "p 7nafs71 :i* is ! c5tre ( 8veil+0 7ijb7 :]eas ! spiritual "p 7aqqat7 is ! c5tre ( revelation4 ,natural dispositions become atta*$ to two ?+s3 fir/ly1 to ?is _w & its accessories1 & secondly1 to ! next _w & its circum/ances3 to ! =m] 9 virtue ( homog5e\sness1 & to ! latt] ?r\gh imag9ation & 9 virtue ( het]og5e\sness & non-cognition4 ,!re=e !y are atta*$ to ! notion ( ! next _w1 n to its true idea1 = if !y knew x 9 reality1 !y w\ld break (f connexion ) ?is _w1 & nature w\ld !n h lo/ all h] p[] & spiritual ?+s w\ld be reveal$4 ,!re c be no h>mony betwe5 ! next _w & human nature until ! latt] is annihilat$1 because 89 ! next _w is t :i* ! he>t ( man nev] conceiv$04 ,! wor? 7khaar7 ( ! next _w lies 9 ! fact t ! way to x is full ( dang] 7khaar74 ,a ?+ t only comes into "o's ?\ghts 7khawir7 has little wor?2 & inasmu* z ! imag9ation is incapable ( kn[+ ! reality ( ! next _w1 h[ c human nature become famili> ) ! true idea 7ayn7 !re(8 ,x is c]ta9 t our natural faculties c be acqua9t$ only ) ! notion 7p9d%t7 ( ! next _w4 #ec4 ,,abu ,l-,,mugh,,? ,,al-,,usayn ,b4 ,,man,r ,,al-,,all,j4 ,he 0 an enam\r$ & intoxicat$ vot>y ( fiism4 ,he _h a /rong ec/asy & a l(ty _s4 ,! f ,%aykhs are at v>iance conc]n+ him4 ,"s reject him1 :ile o!rs accept him4 ,among ! latt] class are ,amr b4 ,u?mn al-,makk1 ,ab ,yaqb ,nahrajr1 ,ab ,yaqb ,aqa1 ,al b4 ,sahl ,ifahn1 & o!rs4 ,he is accept$1 moreov]1 by ,ibn ,a1 ,muammad b4 ,khaff1 ,abu l-,qsim ,narbd1 & all ! mod]ns4 ,o!rs1 aga91 susp5d _! judgm5t ab\t him1 e4g4 ,junayd & ,%ibl & ,jurayr & ur4 ,"s accuse him ( magic & matt]s com+ "u t head1 b 9 our days ! ,gr& ,%aykh ,ab ,sad b4 ,abi l-,khayr & ,%aykh ,abu l-,qsim ,gurgn & ,%aykh ,abu l-,abbs ,%aqn look$ ^u him ) fav\r1 & 9 _! eyes he 0 a great man4 ,! ,ma/] ,abu l-,qsim ,qu%ayr rem>ks t if al-allj 0 a g5u9e spirituali/ he is n to be bann$ on ! gr\nd ( popul> condemnation1 & if he 0 bann$ by fiism & reject$ by ! ,tru? he is n to be approv$ on ! gr\nd ( popul> approval4 ,!re=e we leave him to ! judgm5t ( ,god1 & hon\r him accord+ to ! tok5s ( ! ,tru? :i* we h f\nd him to possess4 ,b ( all ^! ,%aykhs only a few d5y ! p]fection ( 8 m]it & ! purity ( 8 spiritual /ate & ! abundance ( 8 ascetic practices4 ,x w\ld be an act ( di%one/y to omit 8 biography f ?is book4 ,"s p]sons pron\nce 8 outw>d behavi\r to be t ( an infidel1 & disbelieve 9 him & *>ge him ) trick]y & magic1 & suppose t usayn b4 ,manr allj is t h]etic ( ,baghdd :o 0 ! ma/] ( ,muammad b4 ,zak>iyy#ie & ! companion ( ,ab ,sad ! ,c>ma?ian2 b ?is usayn ^: "* is 9 dispute 0 a ,p]sian & a native ( ,bay1 & 8 rejection by ! ,%aykhs 0 due1 n to any attack on religion & doctr9e1 b to 8 conduct & behavi\r4 ,at fir/ he 0 a pupil ( ,sahl b4 ,abdallh1 :om he left1 )\t ask+ p]mission1 9 ord] to atta* himself to ,amr b4 ,u?mn ,makk4 ,!n he left ,amr b4 ,u?mn1 aga9 )\t ask+ p]mission1 & s\ght to associate ) ,junayd1 b ,junayd w\ld n receive him4 ,?is is ! reason :y he is bann$ by all ! ,%aykhs4 ,n[1 "o :o is bann$ on acc\nt ( 8 conduct is n bann$ on acc\nt ( 8 pr9ciples4 ,d y n see t ,%ibl said3 8,al-allj & ,i are ( "o belief1 b my madness sav$ me1 :ile 8 intellig5ce de/roy$ him08 ,_h 8 religion be5 suspect$1 ,%ibl w\ld n h said3 8,al-allj & ,i are ( "o belief40 ,& ,muammad b4 ,khaff said3 8,he is a div9ely le>n$ man0 7lim-i rabbn74 ,al-allj is ! au?or ( brilliant compositions & allegories & poli%$ say+s 9 !ology & jurisprud5ce4 ,i h se5 fifty works by him at ,baghdd & 9 ! neighb\r+ di/ricts1 & "s 9 ,khzi/n & ,frs & ,khursn4 ,all 8 say+s are l ! fir/ visions ( novices2 "s ( !m are /rong]1 "s weak]1 "s easi]1 "s m unseemly ?an o!rs4 ,:5 ,god be/[s a vision on anyone1 & he endeav\rs to describe :at he has se5 ) ! p[] ( ec/asy & ! help ( ,div9e grace1 8 words are obscure1 especially if he expresses himself ) ha/e & self-admiration3 !n !y are m repugnant to ! imag9ations1 & incompreh5sible to ! m9ds1 ( ^? :o he> !m1 & !n p say1 8,?is is a sublime utt]ance10 ei!r believ+ x or n1 b equally ignorant ( its mean+ :e!r !y believe or d5y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 p]sons ( true spirituality & insight h visions1 !y make no ef=t to describe !m1 & d n occupy !mselves ) self-admiration on t acc\nt1 & are c>eless ( praise & blame alike1 & are undi/urb$ by d5ial & belief4 ,footnote #ie3 ,! fam\s physician ,ab ,bakr ,muammad b4 ,zak>iyy al-,rz1 :o di$ ab\t #cbj ,a4,h4 ,see ,brockelmann1 i1 #bcc4 ,x is absurd to *>ge al-allj ) be+ a magician4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,muammadan or?odoxy1 magic is real1 j z miracles are real2 b ! manife/ation ( magic 9 ! /ate ( p]fection is infidelity1 :]eas ! manife/ation ( miracles 9 ! /ate ( p]fection is k ( ,god 7marifat71 because ! =m] is ! result ( ,god's ang]1 :ile ! latt] is ! coroll>y ( ,8 be+ well pleas$4 ,i w expla9 ?is m fully 9 ! *apt] on ! affirmation ( miracles4 ,by cons5t ( all ,sunnites :o are end[$ ) p]spicacity1 no ,moslem c be a magician & no infidel c be held 9 hon\r1 = contr>ies nev] meet4 usayn1 z long z he liv$1 wore ! g>b ( piety1 consi/+ 9 pray] & praise ( ,god & cont9ual fa/s & f9e say+s on ! subject ( ,unification4 ,if 8 actions 7 magic1 all ?is c\ld n possibly h proce$$ f him4 ,consequ5tly1 !y mu/ h be5 miracles1 & miracles are v\*saf$ only to a true sa9t4 ,"s or?odox !ologians reject him on ! gr\nd t 8 say+s are pan!i/ic 7ba-mani-yi imtizj ittid71 b ! (f5ce lies solely 9 ! expression1 n 9 ! mean+4 ,a p]son ov]come ) rapture has n ! p[] ( express+ himself correctly2 besides1 ! mean+ ( ! expression may be difficult to appreh5d1 s t p mi/ake ! writ]'s int5tion1 & repudiate1 n 8 real mean+1 b a notion :i* !y h =m$ = !mselves4 ,i h se5 at ,baghdd & 9 ! adjo9+ di/ricts a numb] ( h]etics :o pret5d to be ! foll[]s ( al-allj & make 8 say+s an argum5t = _! h]esy 7z&aqa7 & call !mselves alljs4 ,!y spoke ( him 9 ! same t]ms ( exagg]ation 7ghuluww7 z ! ,rfis 7,%ites7 apply to ,al4 ,i w refute _! doctr9es 9 ! *apt] conc]n+ ! diff]5t f sects4 ,9 conclusion1 y mu/ "k t ! say+s ( al-allj %\ld n be tak5 z a model1 inasmu* z he 0 an ec/atic 7maghlb &> l-i khud71 n firmly settl$ 7mutamakk971 & a man ne$s to be firmly settl$ be=e 8 say+s c be consid]$ au?oritative4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh he is de> to my he>t1 yet 8 8pa?0 is n s\ndly e/abli%$ on any pr9ciple1 & 8 /ate is n fix$ 9 any position1 & 8 exp]i5ces are l>gely m+l$ ) error4 ,:5 my own visions began ,i d]iv$ mu* support f him1 t is to say1 9 ! way ( evid5ces 7b>hn74 ,at an e>li] "t ,i compos$ a book 9 explanation ( 8 say+s & demon/rat$ _! sublimity by pro(s & argum5ts4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ano!r "w1 entitl$ ,m9hj1 ,i h spok5 ( 8 life f beg9n+ to end2 & n[ ,i h giv5 "s acc\nt ( him 9 ?is place4 ,h[ c a doctr9e ^: pr9ciples require to be corroborat$ ) s mu* caution be foll[$ & imitat$8 ,tru? & idle fancy nev] agree4 ,he is cont9ually seek+ to fa/5 ^u "s errone\s !ory4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 ,al-als9at mu/aniqt tata nuqih mu/ahlikt1#if i4e4 8speak+ tongues are ! de/ruction ( sil5t he>ts04 ,su* expressions are entirely mis*iev\s4 ,expression ( ! mean+ ( reality is futile4 ,if ! mean+ exi/s x is n lo/ by expression1 & if x is non-exi/5t x is n creat$ by expression4 ,expression only produces an unreal notion & leads ! /ud5t mortally a/ray by caus+ him to imag9e t ! expression is ! real mean+4 ,footnote #if3 ,lit]ally1 8,! tongues desire to speak1 7b7 "u _! spee* !y desire to p]i%40 #ed4 ,,ab ,,is,q ,,ibr,h,m ,b4 ,a,,mad ,,al-,,khaww4 ,he atta9$ a high degree 9 ! doctr9e ( tru/ 9 ,god 7tawakkul74 ,he met _m ,%aykhs1 & _m signs & miracles 7 v\*saf$ to him4 ,he is ! au?or ( excell5t works on ! e?ics ( fiism4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,all k is compris$ 9 two s5t5ces3 #8d n tr\ble y\rself ) any?+ t is done = y1 & d n neglect any?+ t y are b\nd to d = y\rself1'0 i4e41 d n tr\ble y\rself ) de/9y1 = :at is de/9$ f et]nity w n be *ang$ by y\r ef=ts1 & d n neglect ,8 comm&m5t1 = y w be puni%$ if y neglect x4 ,he 0 ask$ :at wond]s he _h se54 8,_m wond]s10 he repli$1 8b ! mo/ wond]ful 0 t ! ,apo/le ,khir begg$ me to let him associate ) me1 & ,i refus$4 ,n t ,i desir$ any bett] companion1 b ,i fe>$ t ,i %\ld dep5d on him r ?an on ,god1 & t my tru/ 9 ,god w\ld be impair$ by consort+ ) him1 & t 9 consequ5ce ( p]=m+ a "w ( sup]]ogation ,i %\ld fail to p]=m a duty incumb5t on me40 ,?is is ! degree ( p]fection4 #ee4 ,,ab ,,amza ,,al-,,baghd,d ,,al-,,bazz,z4 ,he 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal f s*ola/ic !ologians 7mutakallimn74 ,he 0 a pupil ( ri? ,musib1 & associat$ ) ,s> & 0 contempor>y ) ,nr & ,khayr ,nassj4 ,he us$ to prea* 9 ! ,rufa mosque at ,baghdd4 ,he 0 v]s$ 9 ,koranic exegesis & criticism1 & relat$ ,apo/olic ,traditions on tru/wor?y au?ority4 ,x 0 he :o 0 ) ,nr :5 ! latt] 0 p]secut$ & :5 ,god deliv]$ ! fs f dea?4 ,i w tell ?is /ory 9 ! place :]e ,nr's doctr9e is expla9$4 ,x is record$ t ,ab amza said3 8,if ?y #8self' 7nafs7 is safe f !e1 ?\ ha/ done all t is due to x2 & if mank9d are safe f !e1 ?\ ha/ paid all t is due to !m10 i4e41 !re are two obligations1 "o :i* ?\ owe/ to ?y 8self0 & "o :i* ?\ owe/ to o!rs4 ,if ?\ refra9 ?y 8self0 f s9 & seek = x ! pa? ( future salvation1 ?\ ha/ fulfill$ ?y obligation t[>ds x2 & if ?\ make o!rs secure f ?y wick$ness & d n wi% to injure !m1 ?\ ha/ fulfill$ ?y obligation t[>ds !m4 ,endeav\r t no evil may befall ?y 8self0 or o!rs f !e3 !n occupy ?yself ) fulfill+ ?y obligation to ,god4 #ef4 ,,ab ,,bakr ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,m,s ,,al-,w,,si4 ,he 0 a pr(\nd !osophi/1 praisewor?y 9 ! eyes ( all ! ,%aykhs4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>ly disciples ( ,junayd4 ,8 ab/ruse mann] ( expression caus$ 8 say+s to be reg>d$ ) suspicion by =mali/s 7iriyn74 ,he f\nd peace 9 no city until he came to ,m]v4 ,! inhabitants ( ,m]v welcom$ him on acc\nt ( 8 amiable disposition--= he 0 a virtu\s man--& li/5$ to 8 say+s2 & he pass$ 8 life !re4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,^? :o rememb] _! praise ( ,god 7dhikr7 are m he$less ?an ^? :o =get _! praise10 because if anyone =gets ! praise1 x is no matt]2 b x does matt] if he rememb]s ! praise & =gets ,god4 ,praise is n ! same ?+ z ! object ( praise4 ,neglect ( ! object ( praise comb9$ ) ?\ght ( ! praise approximates to he$lessness m closely ?an neglect ( ! praise )\t ?\ght4 ,he :o =gets1 9 8 =getfulness & abs5ce1 does n ?9k t he is pres5t 7) ,god71 b he :o rememb]s1 9 8 remembrance & abs5ce f ! object ( praise1 ?9ks t he is pres5t 7) ,god74 ,accord+ly1 to ?9k t "o is pres5t :5 "o is n pres5t comes ne>] to he$lessness ?an to be abs5t )\t ?9k+ t "o is pres5t1 = conceit 7p9d%t7 is ! ru9 ( ^? :o seek ! ,tru?4 ,! m conceit1 ! less reality1 & vice v]s4 ,conceit really spr+s f ! suspici\sness 7tuhmat7 ( ! intellect1 :i* is produc$ by ! insatiable desire 7nahmat7 ( ! l[] s\l2 & holy aspiration 7himmat7 has no?+ 9 common ) ei!r ( ^! qualities4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( remembrance ( ,god 7dhikr7 is ei!r 9 abs5ce 7ghaybat7 or 9 pres5ce 7ur74 ,:5 anyone is abs5t f himself & pres5t ) ,god1 t /ate is n pres5ce1 b contemplation 7mu%hadat72 & :5 anyone is abs5t f ,god & pres5t ) himself1 t /ate is n remembrance ( ,god 7dhikr71 b abs5ce2 & abs5ce is ! result ( he$lessness 7ghaflat74 ,! tru? is be/ kn[n to ,god4 #eg4 ,,ab ,,bakr ,b4 ,,dulaf ,b4 ,,ja,,d> ,,al-,,%ibl4 ,he 0 a great & celebrat$ ,%aykh4 ,he _h a blameless spiritual life & enjoy$ p]fect communion ) ,god4 ,he 0 subtle 9 ! use ( symbolism1 :]e=e "o ( ! mod]ns says3 8,! wond]s ( ! _w are ?ree3 ! symbolical utt]ances 7i%rt7 ( ,%ibl1 & ! my/ical say+s 7nukat7 ( ,murtai%1 & ! anecdotes 7ikyt7 ( ,jaf>48#ig ,at fir/ he 0 *ief *amb]la9 to ! ,caliph1 b he 0 conv]t$ 9 ! assembly-room 7majlis7 ( ,khayr al-,nassj & became a disciple ( ,junayd4 ,he made ! acqua9tance ( a l>ge numb] ( ,%aykhs4 ,x is relat$ t he expla9$ ! v]se 0,tell ! believ]s to refra9 _! eyes0 7,kor4 xxiv1 #cj7 z foll[s3 8,o ,muammad1 tell ! believ]s to refra9 _! bodily eyes f :at is unlawful1 & to refra9 _! spiritual eyes f ev]y?+ except ,god10 i4e4 n to look at lu/ & to h no ?\ght except ! vision ( ,god4 ,x is a m>k ( he$lessness to foll[ "o's lu/s & to reg>d unlawful ?+s1 & ! greate/ calamity t befalls ! he$less is t !y are ignorant ( _! own faults2 = anyone :o is ignorant "h %all also be ignorant h]eaft]3 8,^? :o are bl9d 9 ?is _w %all be bl9d 9 ! next _w0 7,kor4 xvii1 #gd74 ,9 tru?1 until ,god cle>s ! desire ( lu/ out ( a man's he>t ! bodily eye is n safe f its hidd5 dang]s1 & until ,god e/abli%es ! desire ( ,himself 9 a man's he>t ! spiritual eye is n safe f look+ at o!r ?an ,him4 ,footnote #ig3 ,see ,no4 #eh34 ,x is relat$ t "o day :5 ,%ibl came into ! baza>1 ! p said1 8,?is is a madman40 ,he repli$3 8,y ?9k ,i am mad1 & ,i ?9k y are s5sible3 may ,god increase my madness & y\r s5se60 i4e41 inasmu* z my madness is ! result ( int5se love ( ,god1 :ile y\r s5se is ! result ( great he$lessness1 may ,god increase my madness 9 ord] t ,i may become ne>] & ne>] to ,him1 & may ,he increase y\r s5se 9 ord] t y may become f>!r & f>!r f ,him4 ,?is he said f jeal\sy 7ghayrat7 t anyone %\ld be s beside "o's self z n to sep>ate love ( ,god f madness & n to di/+ui% betwe5 !m 9 ?is _w or ! next4 #eh4 ,,ab ,,mu,,ammad ,,ja,,f> ,b4 ,,nu,,ayr ,,al-,,khuld4 ,he is ! well-kn[n biograph] ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ em95t & olde/ ( ,junayd's pupils1 he 0 pr(\ndly v]s$ 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( fiism & paid ! utmo/ respect to ! ,%aykhs4 ,he has _m sublime say+s4 ,9 ord] to avoid spiritual conceit1 he attribut$ to diff]5t p]sons ! anecdotes :i* he compos$ 9 illu/ration ( ea* topic4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,tru/ 9 ,god is equanimity :e!r y f9d any?+ or no10 i4e41 y are n made glad by hav+ daily bread or sorr[ful by n hav+ x1 because x is ! prop]ty ( ! ,"l1 :o has a bett] "r ?an y ei!r to pres]ve or to de/roy3 d n int]f]e1 b let ! ,"l dispose ( ,8 own4 ,jaf> relates t he w5t to ,junayd & f\nd him suff]+ f a fev]4 8,o ,ma/]10 he cri$1 8tell ,god 9 ord] t ,he may re/ore !e to heal?40 ,junayd said3 8,la/ night ,i 0 ab\t to tell ,him1 b a voice :isp]$ 9 my he>t1 #8,?y body belongs to ,me3 ,i keep x well or ill1 z ,i please4 ,:o art ?\1 t ?\ %\ld/ int]f]e ) ,my prop]ty4'0 #ei4 ,,ab ,,al ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,al-,q,,sim ,,al-,r,,db,r4 ,he 0 a great f & ( royal desc5t4 ,_m signs & virtues 7 v\*saf$ to him4 ,he disc\rs$ lucidly on ! arcana ( fiism4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,he :o desires 7murd7 desires = himself only :at ,god desires = him1 & he :o is desir$ 7murd7 does n desire any?+ 9 ?is _w or ! next except ,god40 ,accord+ly1 he :o is satisfi$ ) ! w ( ,god mu/ ab&on 8 own w 9 ord] t he may desire1 :]eas ! lov] has no w ( 8 own t he %\ld h any object ( desire4 ,he :o desires ,god desires only :at ,god desires1 & he :om ,god desires desires only ,god4 ,h5ce satisfaction 7ri7 is "o ( ! 8/ations0 7maqmt7 ( ! beg9n+1 & love 7maabbat7 is "o ( ! 8/ates0 7awl7 ( ! end4 ,! 8/ations0 are connect$ ) ! realization ( s]vant%ip 7ubdiyyat71 :ile ec/asy 7ma%rab7 leads to ! corroboration ( ,lord%ip 7rubbiyyat74 ,?is be+ s1 ! desir] 7murd7 subsi/s 9 himself1 & ! desir$ 7murd7 subsi/s 9 ,god4 #fj4 ,,abu ,l-,,abb,s ,q,,sim ,b4 ,,al-,,mahd#ih ,,al-,,sayy,r4 ,he associat$ ) ,ab ,bakr ,wsi & d]iv$ in/ruction f _m ,%aykhs4 ,he 0 ! mo/ accompli%$ 7araf7 ( ! fs 9 companion%ip 7ubat7 & ! mo/ sp>+ 7azhad7 ( !m 9 fri5d%ip 7ulfat74 ,he is ! au?or ( l(ty say+s & praisewor?y compositions4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,unification 7al-tawd7 is ?is3 t no?+ %\ld occur to y\r m9d except ,god40 ,he belong$ to a le>n$ & influ5tial family ( ,m]v4 ,hav+ inh]it$ a l>ge =tune f 8 fa!r1 he gave ! :ole ( x 9 return = two ( ! ,apo/le's hairs4 ,?r\gh ! bless+ ( ^? hairs ,god be/[$ on him a s9c]e rep5tance4 ,he fell into ! company ( ,ab ,bakr ,wsi1 & atta9$ su* a high degree t he became ! lead] ( a f sect4 ,:5 he 0 on ! po9t ( dea?1 he gave directions t ^? hairs %\ld be plac$ 9 8 m\?4 ,8 tomb is /ill to be se5 at ,m]v1 & p come ?i!r to seek :at !y desire2 & _! pray]s are grant$4 ,footnote #ih3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #afg1 has 8,qsim b4 al-,qsim al-,mahd04 #fa4 ,,ab ,,abdall,h ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,khaf,f4 ,he 0 ! ,imm ( 8 age 9 div]se sci5ces4 ,he 0 r5[n$ = 8 mortifications & = 8 conv9c+ elucidation ( my/ical tru?s4 ,8 spiritual atta9m5ts are cle>ly %[n by 8 compositions4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) ,ibn ,a & ,%ibl & usayn b4 ,manr & ,jurayr1 & associat$ at ,mecca ) ,ab ,yaqb ,nahrajr4 ,he made excell5t j\rneys 9 deta*m5t f ! _w 7tajrd74 ,he 0 ( royal desc5t1 b ,god be/[$ on him rep5tance1 s t he turn$ 8 back on ! glories ( ?is _w4 ,he is held 9 high e/eem by spirituali/s4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,unification consi/s 9 turn+ away f nature10 because ! natures ( mank9d are all veil$ f ! b\nties & bl9d to ! b5efic5ce ( ,god4 ,h5ce no "o c turn to ,god until he has turn$ away f nature1 & ! 8natural0 man 7ib ab7 is unable to appreh5d ! reality ( ,unification1 :i* is reveal$ to y only :5 y see ! corruption ( y\r own nature4 #fb4 ,,ab ,,u?m,n ,,sa,d ,b4 ,,sall,m ,,al-,,maghrib4 ,he 0 an em95t spirituali/ ( ! class :o h atta9$ 8fixity0 7ahl-i tamkn71 & 0 pr(\ndly v]s$ 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,he practis$ au/]ities1 & is ! au?or ( _m notable say+s & excell5t pro(s conc]n+ ! obs]vation ( spiritual blemi%es 7ruyat-i ft74 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,:5ev] anyone pref]s association ) ! ri* to sitt+ ) ! poor ,god afflicts him ) spiritual dea?40 ,! t]ms 8association0 7ubat7 & 8sitt+ )0 7mujlasat7 are employ$1 because a man turns away f ! poor only :5 he has sat ) !m1 n :5 he has associat$ ) !m2 = !re is no turn+ away 9 association4 ,:5 he leaves (f sitt+ ) ! poor 9 ord] to associate ) ! ri*1 8 he>t becomes dead to supplication 7niyz7 & 8 body is caught 9 ! toils ( covet\sness 7z74 ,s9ce ! result ( turn+ away f mujlasat is spiritual dea?1 h[ %\ld !re be any turn+ away f ubat8 ,! two t]ms are cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r 9 ?is say+4 #fc4;,,abu ,l-,q,,sim ,,ibr,h,m ,b4 ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,ma,m,d ,,al-,,na,r,b,d4 ,he 0 l a k+ 9 ,n%pr1 save t ! glory ( k+s is 9 ?is _w1 :ile 8 0 9 ! next _w4 ,orig9al say+s & exalt$ signs 7 v\*saf$ to him4 ,himself a pupil ( ,%ibl1 he 0 ! ma/] ( ! lat] ,%aykhs ( ,khursn4 ,he 0 ! mo/ le>n$ & dev\t man ( 8 age4 ,x is record$ t he said3 8,?\ art betwe5 two relation%ips3 "o to ,adam1 ! o!r to ,god4 ,if ?\ claim relation%ip to ,adam1 ?\ wilt ent] ! ar5as ( lu/ & ! places ( corruption & error2 = by ?is claim ?\ seeke/ to realize ?y humanity 7ba%>iyyat74 ,god ha? said3 #8,v]ily1 he 0 unju/ & fooli%' 7,kor4 xxxiii1 #gb74 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?\ claim relation%ip to ,god1 ?\ wilt ent] ! /ations ( revelation & evid5ce & protection 7f s97 & sa9t%ip2 = by ?is claim ?\ seeke/ to realize ?y s]vant%ip 7ubdiyyat74 ,god ha? said3 #8,! s]vants ( ! ,m]ciful are ^? :o walk on ! e>? meekly' 7,kor4 xxv1 #fd748 ,relation%ip to ,adam ends at ! ,resurrection1 :]eas ! relation%ip ( be+ a s]vant ( ,god subsi/s always & is unalt]able4 ,:5 a man ref]s himself to himself or to ,adam1 ! utmo/ t he c rea* is to say3 0,v]ily1 ,i h injur$ myself8 7,kor4 xxviii1 #ae72 b :5 he ref]s himself to ,god1 ! son ( ,adam is 9 ! same case z ^? ( :om ,god ha? said3 0,o ,my s]vants1 !re is no fe> = y ?is day0 7,kor4 xliii1 #fh74 #fd4 ,,abu ,l-,,asan ,,al ,b4 ,,ibr,h,m ,,al-,u,r4 ,he is "o ( ! great ,imms ( ! fs & 0 unrivall$ 9 8 "t4 ,he has l(ty say+s & admirable explanations 9 all spiritual matt]s4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,leave me alone 9 my affliction6 ,are n ye *ildr5 ( ,adam1 :om ,god =m$ ) ,8 own h& & brea!d a _s into him & caus$ ! angels to b[ d[n to him8 ,!n ,he comm&$ him to d some?+1 & he disobey$4 ,if ! fir/ ( ! w9e-j> is dregs1 :at w its la/ be80 ,t is to say3 8,:5 a man is left to himself he is all disob$i5ce1 b :5 ,div9e fav\r comes to 8 help he is all love4 ,n[ reg>d ! beauty ( ,div9e fav\r & comp>e ) x ! ugl9ess ( ?y behavi\r1 & pass ?y :ole life 9 ?is40 ,i h m5tion$ "s ( ! anci5t fs ^: example is au?oritative4 ,if ,i _h notic$ !m all & _h set =? _! lives 9 detail & _h includ$ ! anecdotes respect+ !m1 my purpose w\ld n h be5 accompli%$1 & ?is book w\ld h run to great l5g?4 ,n[ ,i w add "s acc\nt ( ! mod]n fs4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,f,s ,,( ,,rec5t ,,times4 ,y mu/ "k t 9 our days !re are "s p]sons :o _c endure ! burd5 ( discipl9e 7riyat7 & seek au?ority 7riysat7 )\t discipl9e1 & ?9k t all fs are l !mselves2 & :5 !y he> ! say+s ( ^? :o h pass$ away & see _! em95ce & read ( _! devotional practices !y exam9e !mselves1 & f9d+ t !y are f> inf]ior to ! ,%aykhs ( old !y no long] attempt to emulate !m1 b say3 8,we are n z !y1 & !re is none l !m 9 our "t40 ,_! ass]tion is absurd1 = ,god nev] leaves ! e>? )\t a pro( 7ujjat7 or ! ,moslem community )\t a sa9t1 z ! ,apo/le said3 8,"o sect ( my p %all cont9ue 9 goodness & tru? until ! h\r ( ! ,resurrection40 ,& he said also3 8,!re %all always be 9 my p =ty :o h ! nature ( ,abraham40 ,"s ( ^? :om ,i %all m5tion 9 ?is *apt] are already deceas$1 & "s are /ill liv+4 #a4 ,,abu ,l-,,abb,s ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,mu,,ammad ,,al-,,qa,b4 ,he associat$ ) ! lead+ ,%aykhs ( ,transoxania4 ,he 0 fam$ = 8 l(ty spiritual end[m5ts1 8 true sagacity1 8 abundant evid5ces1 ascetic practices1 & miracles4 ,ab ,abdallh ,khayy1 ! ,imm ( ab>i/n1 says ( him3 8,x is "o ( ,god's b\nties t ,he has made a p]son :o 0 nev] taught able to answ] our que/ions ab\t any difficulty t\*+ ! pr9ciples ( religion & ! subtleties ( ,unification40 ,al?\gh ,abu l-,abbs ,qab 0 illit]ate 7umm71 he disc\rs$ 9 sublime fa%ion conc]n+ ! sci5ce ( fiism & !ology4 ,i h he>d _m /ories ( him1 b my rule 9 ?is book is brevity4 ,"o day a camel1 ) a heavy burd51 0 go+ ?r\gh ! m>ket-place at mul1 :i* is always muddy4 ,! camel fell & broke its leg4 ,:ile ! lad 9 *>ge ( x 0 lam5t+ & lift+ 8 h&s to implore ! help ( ,god1 & ! p 7 ab\t to take ! load (f its back1 ! ,%aykh pass$ by1 & ask$ :at 0 ! matt]4 ,on be+ in=m$1 he seiz$ ! camel's bridle & turn$ 8 face to ! sky & said3 8,o ,"l6 make ! leg ( ?is camel :ole4 ,if ,?\ wilt n d s1 :y ha/ ,?\ let my he>t be melt$ by ! te>s ( a lad80 ,! camel imm$iately got up & w5t on its way4 ,x is /at$ t he said3 8,all mank9d1 :e!r !y w or no1 mu/ reconcile !mselves to ,god1 or else !y w suff] pa910 because1 :5 y are reconcil$ to ,him 9 affliction1 y see only ! ,au?or ( affliction1 & ! affliction itself does n come2 & if y are n reconcil$ to ,him1 affliction comes & y\r he>t is fill$ ) angui%4 ,god hav+ pr$e/9$ our satisfaction & dissatisfaction1 does n alt] ,8 pr$e/9ation3 !re=e our satisfaction ) ,8 decrees is a "p ( our pleasure4 ,:5ev] anyone reconciles himself to ,him1 t man's he>t is rejoic$2 & :5ev] anyone turns away f ,him1 t man is di/ress$ by ! com+ ( de/9y4 #b4 ,,ab ,,al ,,asan ,b4 ,,mu,,ammad ,,al-,,daqq,q4 ,he 0 ! lead+ au?ority 9 8 dep>tm5t 7( sci5ce7 & _h no rival among 8 contempor>ies4 ,he 0 lucid 9 exposition & eloqu5t 9 spee* z reg>ds ! revelation ( ! way to ,god4 ,he _h se5 _m ,%aykhs & associat$ ) !m4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,narbdi#ii & us$ to be a prea*] 7tadhkr k>d74 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,:oev] becomes intimate ) anyone except ,god is weak 9 8 7spiritual7 /ate1 & :oev] speaks ( anyone except ,god is false 9 8 spee*10 because intimacy ) anyone except ,god spr+s f n kn[+ ,god suffici5tly1 & intimacy ) ,him is fri5dlessness 9 reg>d to o!rs1 & ! fri5dless man does n speak ( o!rs4 ,footnote #ii3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xi1 ,no4 #fc4 ,i he>d an old man relate t "o day he w5t to ! place :]e al-,daqqq held 8 meet+s1 ) ! int5tion ( ask+ him ab\t ! /ate ( ^? :o tru/ 9 ,god 7mutawakkiln74 ,al-,daqqq 0 we>+ a f9e turban manufactur$ 9 ab>i/n1 :i* ! old man covet$4 ,he said to al-,daqqq3 8,:at is tru/ 9 ,god80 ,! ,%aykh repli$3 8,to refra9 f covet+ p's turbans40 ,) ^! words he flung 8 turban 9 front ( ! que/ion]4 #c4 ,,abu ,l-,,asan ,,al ,b4 ,a,,mad ,,al-,,khurq,n4 ,he 0 a great ,%aykh & 0 prais$ by all ! ,sa9ts 9 8 "t4 ,%aykh ,ab ,sad visit$ him1 & !y conv]s$ ) ea* o!r on e topic4 ,:5 he 0 ab\t to take leave he said to al-,khurqn3 8,i *oose y to be my successor40 ,i h he>d f asan ,muaddib1 :o 0 ! s]vant ( ,ab ,sad1 t :5 ,ab ,sad came into ! pres5ce ( al-,khurqn1 he did n speak ano!r ^w1 b li/5$ & only spoke by way ( answ]+ :at 0 said by ! latt]4 asan ask$ him :y he _h be5 s sil5t4 ,he repli$3 8,"o int]pret] is en\gh = "o !me40 ,& ,i he>d ! ,ma/]1 ,abu l-,qsim ,qu%ayr1 say3 8,:5 ,i came to ,khurqn1 my eloqu5ce dep>t$ & ,i no long] _h any p[] to express myself1 on acc\nt ( ! v5]ation ) :i* t spiritual director inspir$ me2 & ,i ?\ght t ,i _h be5 depos$ f my own sa9t%ip40 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,!re are two ways1 "o wrong & "o "r4 ,! wrong way is ,man's way to ,god1 & ! "r way is ,god's way to ,man4 ,:oev] says he has atta9$ to ,god has n atta9$2 b :5 anyone says t he has be5 made to atta9 to ,god1 "k t he has really atta9$40 ,x is n a "q ( atta9+ or n atta9+1 & ( salvation or non-salvation1 b "o ( be+ caus$ to atta9 or n to atta91 & ( be+ giv5 salvation or be+ n giv5 salvation4 #d4 ,,ab ,,abdall,h ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,al1 ,,g5]ally ,,kn[n ,,z ,,al-,d,,/,n4 ,he resid$ at ,bism4 ,he 0 le>n$ 9 v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce1 & is ! au?or ( poli%$ disc\rses & f9e symbolical indications4 ,he f\nd an excell5t successor 9 ,%aykh ,sahlag1 :o 0 ! ,imm ( ^? p>ts4 ,i h he>d f ,sahlag "s ( 8 spiritual utt]ances 7anfs71 :i* are v sublime & admirable4 ,he says1 = example3 8,unification1 com+ f !e1 is exi/5t 7mawjd71 b ?\ 9 unification art non-exi/5t 7mafqd710 i4e4 unification1 :5 x proce$s f !e1 is faultless 7duru/71 b ?\ art faulty 9 unification1 because ?\ do/ n fulfil its requirem5ts4 ,! l[e/ degree 9 unification is ! negation ( ?y p]sonal control ov] any?+ t ?\ ha/1 & ! affirmation ( ?y absolute submission to ,god 9 all ?y affairs4 ,%aykh ,sahlag relates z foll[s3 8,once ! locu/s came to ,bism 9 su* numb]s t e tree & field 0 black ) !m4 ,! p cri$ al\d = help4 ,! ,%aykh ask$ me3 #8,:at is all ?is po!r8' ,i told him t ! locu/s _h come & t ! p 7 di/ress$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,he rose & w5t up to ! ro( & look$ t[>ds heav54 ,! locu/s imm$iately began to fly away4 ,by ! h\r ( ! aft]noon pray] n "o 0 left1 & nobody lo/ ev5 a blade ( grass40 #e4 ,,ab ,,sa,d ,,fa,,lall,h ,b4 ,,mu,,ammad ,,al-,,mayhan4 ,he 0 ! sultan ( 8 age & ! ornam5t ( ! ,my/ic ,pa?4 ,all 8 contempor>ies 7 subject to him1 "s ?r\gh _! s\nd p]ception1 & "s ?r\gh _! excell5t belief1 & "s ?r\gh ! /rong influ5ce ( _! spiritual feel+s4 ,he 0 v]s$ 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,he _h a wond]ful religi\s exp]i5ce & an extraord9>y p[] ( read+ m5's secret ?\ghts4 ,besides ?is he _h _m rem>kable p[]s & evid5ces1 ( :i* ! effects are manife/ at ! pres5t day4 ,9 e>ly life he left ,mihna 7,mayhana7 & came to ,s>akhs 9 ord] to /udy4 ,he atta*$ himself to ,ab ,al ,zhir1 f :om he le>n$ 9 "o day z mu* z is conta9$ 9 ?ree lectures1 & he us$ to sp5d 9 devotion ! ?ree days t he _h sav$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! sa9t ( ,s>akhs at t "t 0 ,abu l-,fal asan4 ,"o day1 :5 ,ab ,sad 0 walk+ by ! riv] ( ,s>akhs1 ,abu l-,fal met him & said3 8,y\r way is n t :i* y are tak+3 take y\r own way40 ,! ,%aykh did n atta* himself to him1 b return$ to 8 native t[n & engag$ 9 asceticism & au/]ities until ,god op5$ to him ! door ( guidance & rais$ him to ! highe/ rank4 ,i he>d ! foll[+ /ory f ,%aykh ,ab ,muslim ,fris3 8,i _h always10 he said1 8be5 on unfri5dly t]ms ) ! ,%aykh4 ,once ,i set out to pay him a visit4 ,my pat*$ frock 0 s dirty t x _h become l lea!r4 ,:5 ,i ent]$ 8 pres5ce1 ,i f\nd him sitt+ on a c\*1 dress$ 9 a robe ( ,egyptian l954 ,i said to myself3 #8,?is man claims to be a d]vi% 7faqr7 ) all ^! worldly encumbrances 7aliq71 :ile ,i claim to be a d]vi% ) all ?is deta*m5t f ! _w 7tajrd74 ,h[ c ,i agree ) ?is man8' ,he read my ?\ghts1 & rais+ 8 head cri$3 #8,o ,ab ,muslim1 9 :at dwn h y f\nd t ! "n ( d]vi% is appli$ to anyone ^: he>t subsi/s 9 ! contemplation ( ,god8' i4e4 ^? :o contemplate ,god are ri* 9 ,god1 :]eas d]vi%es 7fuq>7 are occupi$ ) self-mortification4 ,i rep5t$ ( my conceit & ask$ ,god to p>don me = su* an unseemly ?\ght40 ,& x is relat$ t he said3 8fiism is ! subsi/5ce ( ! he>t ) ,god )\t any m$iation40 ,?is alludes to contemplation 7mu%hadat71 :i* is viol5ce ( love1 & absorption ( human attributes 9 realiz+ ! vision ( ,god1 & _! annihilation by ! ev]la/+ness ( ,god4 ,i w discuss ! nature ( contemplation 9 ! *apt] :i* treats ( ! ,pilgrimage4 ,on "o occasion ,ab ,sad set out f ,n%pr t[>ds s4 ,:ile he 0 pass+ ?r\gh a m\nta9\s rav9e 8 feet felt cold 9 8 boots4 ,a d]vi% :o 0 !n ) him says3 8,i ?\ght ( te>+ my wai/-clo? 7fa7 into two halves & wrapp+ !m r\nd 8 feet2 b ,i c\ld n br+ myself to d x1 z my fa 0 a v f9e "o4 ,:5 we arriv$ at s ,i att5d$ 8 meet+ & ask$ him to tell me ! diff]5ce betwe5 sugge/ions ( ! ,devil 7wasws7 & ,div9e inspiration 7ilhm74 ,he answ]$3 #8,x 0 a ,div9e inspiration t urg$ y to te> y\r fa into two pieces = ! sake ( w>m+ my feet2 & x 0 a diabolic sugge/ion t h9d]$ y f do+ s4'0 ,he p]=m$ a :ole s]ies ( miracles ( ?is k9d :i* are wr\ght by spiritual adepts4 #f4 ,,abu ,l-,,fa,l ,,mu,,ammad ,b4 ,,al-,,asan ,,al-,,khuttal4 ,he is ! tea*] :om ,i foll[ 9 fiism4 ,he 0 v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ,koranic exegesis & 9 traditions 7riwyt74 ,9 fiism he held ! doctr9e ( ,junayd4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ur#ajj & a companion ( ,srawn1 & 0 contempor>y ) ,ab ,amr ,qazwn & ,abu l-asan b4 ,sliba4 ,he sp5t sixty ye>s 9 s9c]e retirem5t f ! _w1 = ! mo/ "p on ,m\nt ,lukm4 ,he display$ _m signs & pro(s 7( sa9t%ip71 b he did n we> ! g>b or adopt ! ext]nal fa%ions ( ! fs1 & he us$ to treat =mali/s ) sev]ity4 ,i nev] saw any man :o inspir$ me ) great] awe ?an he did4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,! _w is b a s+le day1 9 :i* we are fa/+10 i4e41 we get no?+ f x1 & are n occupi$ ) x1 because we h p]ceiv$ its corruption & its 8veils0 & h turn$ our backs ^u x4 ,once ,i 0 p\r+ wat] on 8 h&s 9 ord] t he might purify himself4 ,! ?\ght occurr$ to me3 8,inasmu* z ev]y?+ is pr$e/9$1 :y %\ld free m5 make !mselves ! slaves ( spiritual directors 9 ! hope ( hav+ miracles v\*saf$ to !m80 ,! ,%aykh said3 8,o my son1 ,i "k :at y are ?9k+4 ,be assur$ t !re is a cause = e decree ( ,provid5ce4 ,:5 ,god wi%es to be/[ a cr[n & a k+dom on a gu>dsman's son 7awn-ba*a71 ,he gives him rep5tance & employs him 9 ! s]vice ( "o ( ,8 fri5ds1 9 ord] t ?is s]vice may be ! means ( 8 obta9+ ! gift ( miracles40 ,_m su* f9e say+s he utt]$ to me e day4 ,he di$ at ,bayt al-,j9n1 a village situat$ at ! head ( a m\nta9 pass betwe5 ,bniys#aja & ! riv] ( ,damascus4 ,:ile he lay on 8 dea?-b$1 8 head re/+ on my bosom 7& at t "t ,i 0 feel+ hurt1 z m5 (t5 d1 by ! behavi\r ( a fri5d ( m9e71 he said to me3 8,o my son1 ,i w tell !e "o article ( belief :i*1 if ?\ holde/ x firmly1 w deliv] !e f all tr\bles4 ,:atev] good or evil ,god creates1 d n 9 any place or circum/ance qu>rel ) ,8 action or be aggriev$ 9 ?y he>t40 ,he gave no fur!r injunction1 b yield$ up 8 s\l4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xi1 ,no4 #fd4 ,footnote #aja3 ,l4 ,bniyn1 ,,ij4 ,mniyn4 #g4 ,,abu ,l-,q,,sim ,,abd ,,al-,,k>,m ,b4 ,,haw,,z9 ,,al-,,qu%ayr4 ,9 8 "t he 0 a wond]4 ,8 rank is high & 8 position is great1 & 8 spiritual life & manifold virtues are well kn[n to ! p ( ! pres5t age4 ,he is ! au?or ( _m f9e say+s & exquisite works1 all ( !m pr(\ndly !osophical1 9 e bran* ( sci5ce4 ,god r5d]$ 8 feel+s & 8 tongue secure f an?ropomorphism 7a%w74 ,i h he>d t he said3 8,! f is l ! disease call$ birsm1 :i* beg9s ) delirium & ends 9 sil5ce2 = :5 y h atta9$ #8fixity' y are dumb48 fiism 7afwat7 has two sides3 ec/asy 7wajd7 & visions 7numd74 ,visions belong to novices1 & ! expression ( su* visions is delirium 7hadhayn74 ,ec/asy belongs to adepts1 & ! expression ( ec/asy1 :ile ! ec/asy cont9ues1 is impossible4 ,s long z !y are only seek]s !y utt] l(ty aspirations1 :i* seem delirium ev5 to ^? :o aspire 7ahl-i himmat71 b :5 !y h atta9$ !y cease1 & no m express any?+ ei!r by ^w or sign4 ,simil>ly1 s9ce ,moses 0 a beg9n] 7mubtad7 all 8 desire 0 = vision ( ,god2 he express$ 8 desire & said1 0,o ,"l1 %[ me t ,i may behold ,!e0 7,kor4 vii1 #aci74 ,?is expression ( an unatta9$ desire seem$ l delirium4 ,our ,apo/le1 h[ev]1 0 an adept 7muntah7 & firmly e/abli%$ 7mutamakk974 ,:5 8 p]son arriv$ at ! /ation ( desire 8 desire 0 annihilat$1 & he said1 8,i _c praise ,!e duly40 #h4 ,,abu ,l-,,abb,s ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,mu,,ammad ,,al-,,a%q,n4 ,he 0 an ,imm 9 e bran* ( ! fundam5tal & d]ivative sci5ces1 & consummate 9 all respects4 ,he _h met a great numb] ( em95t fs4 ,8 doctr9e 0 bas$ on 8annihilation0 7fan71 & 8 recondite mann] ( expression 0 peculi>ly 8 own2 b ,i h se5 "s fools :o imitat$ x & adopt$ 8 ec/atic phrases 7%ah74 ,x is n laudable to imitate ev5 a spiritual mean+3 m>k1 !n1 h[ wrong x mu/ be to imitate a m]e expression6 ,i 0 v intimate ) him1 & he _h a s9c]e affection = me4 ,he 0 my tea*] 9 "s sci5ces4 ,dur+ my :ole life ,i h nev] se5 anyone1 ( any sect1 :o held ! religi\s law 9 great] v5]ation ?an he4 ,he 0 deta*$ f all creat$ ?+s1 & only an ,imm ( pr(\nd insight c\ld d]ive in/ruction f him1 on acc\nt ( ! subtlety ( 8 !ological expositions4 ,he always _h a natural disgu/ ( ?is _w & ! next1 & 0 con/antly exclaim+3 ,a%tah adaman l wujd lahu1 8,i long = a non-exi/5ce t has no exi/5ce40 ,& he us$ to say 9 ,p]sian3 8,e man has an impossible desire1 & ,i too h an impossible desire1 :i* ,i surely "k w nev] be realiz$1 namely1 t ,god %\ld br+ me to a non-exi/5ce t w nev] return to exi/5ce40 ,he wi%$ ?is because 8/ations0 & miracles are all c5tres ( veil+ 7i4e4 !y veil man f ,god74 ,man has fall5 9 love ) t :i* veils him4 ,non-exi/5ce 9 desire ( vision is bett] ?an tak+ delight 9 veils4 ,inasmu* z ,almighty ,god is a ,be+ t is n subject to n-be+1 :at loss w\ld ,8 k+dom suff] if ,i become a non5tity t %all nev] be end[$ ) exi/5ce8 ,?is is a s\nd pr9ciple 9 a real annihilation4 #i4 ,,abu ,l-,q,,sim ,b4 ,,al ,b4 ,,abdall,h ,,al-,,gurg,n 7may ,god prolong 8 life = ! b5efit ( u & ( all ,moslems674 ,9 8 "t he 0 unique & incomp>able4 ,8 beg9n+ 7ibtid7 0 v excell5t & /rong1 & 8 j\rneys 7 p]=m$ ) punctili\s obs]vance 7( ! sacr$ law74 ,at t "t ! he>ts ( all initiates 7ahl-i d>gh7 7 turn$ t[>ds him1 & all seek]s 7libn7 _h a firm belief 9 him4 ,he possess$ a m>vell\s p[] ( reveal+ ! inw>d exp]i5ces ( novices 7ka%f-i wqia-i murdn71 & he 0 le>n$ 9 v>i\s bran*es ( k4 ,all 8 disciples are ornam5ts ( ! society 9 :i* !y move4 ,please ,god1 he w h an excell5t successor1 ^: au?ority ! :ole body ( fs w recognize1 namely1 ,ab ,al al-,fal b4 ,muammad al-,frmadh 7may ,god l5g!n 8 days671#ajb :o has n omitt$ to fulfil 8 duty t[>ds 8 ma/]1 & has turn$ 8 back on all 7worldly7 ?+s1 & ?r\gh ! bless+s ( t 7r5unciation7 has be5 made by ,god ! spiritual m\?piece 7zabn-i l7 ( t v5]able ,%aykh4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #dbh4 ,"o day ,i 0 seat$ 9 ! ,%aykh's pres5ce & 0 rec\nt+ to him my exp]i5ces & visions1 9 ord] t he might te/ !m1 = he _h unrivall$ skill 9 ?is4 ,he 0 li/5+ k9dly to :at ,i said4 ,! vanity & en?usiasm ( y\? made me eag] to relate ^? matt]s1 & ! ?\ght occurr$ to me t p]haps ! ,%aykh1 9 8 novitiate1 did n enjoy su* exp]i5ces1 or he w\ld n %[ s mu* humility t[>ds me & be s anxi\s to inquire conc]n+ my spiritual /ate4 ,! ,%aykh p]ceiv$ :at ,i 0 ?9k+4 8,my de> fri5d10 he said1 8y mu/ "k t my humility is n on acc\nt ( y or y\r exp]i5ces1 b is %[n t[>ds ,him :o br+s exp]i5ces to pass4 ,!y are n peculi> to y\rself1 b common to all seek]s ( ,god40 ,on he>+ him say ?is ,i 0 utt]ly tak5 aback4 ,he saw my confusion & said3 8,o my son1 ,man has no fur!r relation to ?is ,pa? except t1 :5 he is atta*$ to x1 he imag9es t he has f\nd x1 & :5 he is depos$ f x he clo!s 8 imag9ation 9 words4 ,h5ce bo? 8 negation & 8 affirmation1 bo? 8 non-exi/5ce & exi/5ce1 are imag9ation4 ,man nev] escapes f ! prison ( imag9ation4 ,x behoves him to /& l a slave at ! door & put away f himself e relation 7nisbat7 except t ( manhood & ob$i5ce40 ,aft]w>ds ,i _h mu* spiritual conv]sation ) him1 b if ,i 7 to ent] ^u ! task ( sett+ =? 8 extraord9>y p[]s my purpose w\ld be defeat$4 #aj4 ,,ab ,a,,mad ,,al-,,mu,,aff> ,b4 ,a,,mad ,b4 ,,amd,n4 ,:ile he 0 seat$ on ! cu%ion ( au?ority 7riysat71 ,god op5$ to him ! door ( ?is my/]y 7fiism7 & be/[$ on him ! cr[n ( miracles4 ,he spoke eloqu5tly & disc\rs$ ) sublimity on annihilation & subsi/5ce 7fan baq74 ,! ,gr& ,%aykh1 ,ab ,sad1 said3 8,i 0 l$ to ! c\rt 7( ,god7 by ! way ( s]vant%ip 7b&ag71 b ,khwja ,muaff> 0 conduct$ ?i!r by ! way ( lord%ip & dom9ion 7khwjag710 i4e4 8,i atta9$ contemplation 7mu%hadat7 by means ( self-mortification 7mujhadat71 :]eas he came f contemplation to self-mortification04 ,i h he>d t he said3 8,t :i* great my/ics h discov]$ by trav]s+ des]ts & wild]nesses ,i h ga9$ 9 ! seat ( p[] & pre-em95ce 7bli% adr740 ,"s fooli% & conceit$ p]sons h attribut$ ?is say+ ( 8 to arrogance1 b x is nev] arrogant to decl>e "o's true /ate1 especially :5 ! speak] is a spirituali/4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,muaff> has an excell5t & hon\r$ successor 9 ,khwja ,amad4 ,"o day1 :5 ,i 0 9 8 company1 a c]ta9 pret5d] ( ,n%pr happ5$ to use ! expression3 8,he becomes annihilat$ & !n becomes subsi/5t40 ,khwja ,muaff> said3 8,h[ c subsi/5ce 7baq7 be pr$icat$ ( annihilation 7fan78 ,annihilation means #8n-be+'1 :ile subsi/5ce ref]s to #8be+'3 ea* t]m negates ! o!r4 ,we "k :at annihilation is1 b :5 x is n1 if x becomes #8be+'1 its id5tity 7ayn7 is lo/4 ,ess5ces are n capable ( annihilation4 ,attributes1 h[ev]1 c be annihilat$1 & s c second>y causes4 ,!re=e1 :5 attributes & second>y causes are annihilat$1 ! ,object inve/$ ) attributes & ! ,au?or ( second>y causes cont9ues to subsi/3 ,8 ess5ce does n admit ( annihilation40 ,i d n recollect ! precise words 9 :i* ,muaff> express$ 8 mean+1 b ?is 0 ! purport ( !m4 ,n[ ,i w expla9 m cle>ly :at he int5d$1 9 ord] t x may be m g5]ally und]/ood4 ,a man's w 7ikhtiyr7 is an attribute ( himself1 & he is veil$ by 8 w f ! w ( ,god4 ,!re=e a man's attributes veil him f ,god4 ,necess>ily1 ! ,div9e w is et]nal & ! human w ph5om5al1 & :at is et]nal _c be annihilat$4 ,:5 ! ,div9e w 9 reg>d to a man becomes subsi/5t 7baq ybad71 8 w is annihilat$ & 8 p]sonal initiative disappe>s4 ,b ,god kn[s be/4 ,"o day ,i came into 8 pres5ce1 :5 ! wea!r 0 extremely hot1 we>+ a travell]'s dress & ) my hair 9 disord]4 ,he said to me3 8,tell me :at y wi% at ?is mom5t40 ,i repli$ t ,i wi%$ to he> "s music 7sam74 ,he imm$iately s5t = a s+] 7qawwl7 & a numb] ( musicians4 ,be+ "y & en?usia/ic & fill$ ) ! ard\r ( a novice1 ,i became deeply agitat$ z ! /ra9s ( ! music fell on my e>4 ,aft] a :ile1 :5 my transports subsid$1 he ask$ me h[ ,i lik$ x4 ,i told him t ,i _h enjoy$ x v mu*4 ,he answ]$3 8,a "t w come :5 ?is music w be no m to y ?an ! croak+ ( a rav54 ,! influ5ce ( music only la/s s long z !re is no contemplation1 & z soon z contemplation is atta9$ music has no p[]4 ,take c>e n to accu/om y\rself to ?is1 le/ x gr[ "p ( y\r nature & keep y back f high] ?+s40 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,a ,,brief ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,f,s ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,c\ntries4 ,i h n space en\gh to give biographies ( !m all1 & if ,i omit "s ! object ( ?is book w n be accompli%$4 ,n[1 !re=e1 ,i w m5tion only ! names ( individual fs & lead+ spirituali/s :o h liv$ 9 my "t or are /ill alive1 exclud+ ! =mali/s 7ahl-i rusm74 #a4 ,,syria ,,& ,,ir,q4 ,%aykh ,zak b4 al-,al 0 an em95t ,%aykh4 ,i f\nd him to be l a fla% ( love4 ,he 0 end[$ ) wond]ful signs & evid5ces4 ,%aykh ,ab ,jaf> ,muammad b4 al-,mib al-aydaln 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal aspirants to fiism4 ,he disc\rs$ eloqu5tly on !osophy & _h a great fondness = usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj71 "s ( ^: works ,i h read to him4 ,%aykh ,abu l-,qsim ,sudd#ajc 0 a director :o mortifi$ himself & l$ an excell5t spiritual life4 ,he c>$ t5d]ly = d]vi%es & _h a goodly belief 9 !m4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,,ij4 ,suds1 ,b4 ,sundus4 #b4 ,f,,rs4 ,! ,gr& ,%aykh1 ,abu l-asan b4 ,sliba1#ajd spoke ) ! utmo/ elegance on fiism & ) extreme lucidity on ,unification 7tawd74 ,8 say+s are well kn[n4 ,! ,%aykh & ,director 7mur%id7 ,ab ,isq b4 ,%ahriyr 0 "o ( ! mo/ v5]able fs & _h complete au?ority4 ,%aykh ,abu l-asan ,al b4 ,bakrn 0 a great mutaawwif1 & ,%aykh ,ab ,muslim 0 highly e/eem$ 9 8 "t4 ,%aykh ,abu l-,fat b4 ,sliba is an excell5t & hopeful successor to 8 fa!r4 ,%aykh ,ab lib 0 a man enraptur$ by ! words ( ! ,tru?4 ,i h se5 all ^! except ! ,gr& ,%aykh1 ,ab ,isq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #cdg1 :]e he is call$ ,abu l-usayn ,sliba4 #c4,,quhi/,n1 ,,dh>b,,yaj,n1 ,,ab>i/,n1 ,,& ,,ki%4#aje ,%aykh ,f>aj1#ajf kn[n z ,akh ,zanjn1 0 a man ( excell5t disposition & admirable doctr9e4 ,%aykh ,badr al-,dn is "o ( ! great m5 ( ?is sect1 & 8 good de$s are _m4 ,pd%h-i ,tib 0 pr(\ndly v]s$ 9 my/icism4 ,%aykh ,ab ,abdallh ,junayd 0 a rev]$ director4 ,%aykh ,ab hir ,mak%f 0 "o ( ! em95t ( t "t4 ,khwja usayn ,simnn is an enraptur$ & hopeful man4 ,%aykh ,sahlag 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal f paup]s 7alk74 ,amad1 son ( ,%aykh ,khurqn1 0 an excell5t successor to 8 fa!r4 ,adb ,kum& 0 "o ( ! *ief m5 ( ! "t4 ,footnote #aje3 ,b4 ,kumi%4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,! texts h 9999,arabic or 9999,arabic1 b see ,nafat1 ,no4 #aga4 #d4 ,,kirm,n4 ,khwja ,al b4 al-usayn al-,srgn 0 ! w&]+ devotee 7sayy7 ( 8 age & made excell5t j\rneys4 ,8 son1 akm1 is held 9 hon\r4 ,%aykh ,muammad b4 ,salama 0 among ! em95t ( ! "t4 ,be=e him !re h be5 hidd5 sa9ts ( ,god1 & hopeful y\?s & /ripl+s are /ill to be f\nd4 #e4 ,,khur,s,n 7:]e n[ is ! %ad[ ( ,god's fav\r74 ,! ,%aykh & ,mujtahid ,abu l-,abbs 0 ! he>t ( spiritualism 7sirr-i man7 & _h a goodly life4 ,khwja ,ab ,jaf> ,muammad b4 ,al al-awr is "o ( ! em95t !osophi/s ( ?is sect4 ,khwja ,ab ,jaf> ,tur%z 0 highly e/eem$4 ,khwja ,mamd ( ,n%pr 0 reg>d$ z an au?ority by 8 contempor>ies4 ,he 0 eloqu5t 9 disc\rse4 ,%aykh ,muammad ,ma%q _h an excell5t spiritual /ate & 0 agl[ ) love4 ,khwja ,ra%d ,muaff>1 ! son ( ,ab ,sad1 w1 x may be hop$1 become an example to all fs & a po9t to :i* _! he>ts w turn4 ,khwja ,%aykh ,amad ammd ( ,s>akhs 0 ! *ampion ( ! "t4 ,he 0 9 my company = a :ile1 & ,i witness$ _m wondr\s exp]i5ces t he _h4 ,%aykh ,amad ,najjr ,sam>q&1 :o resid$ at ,m]v1 0 ! sultan ( 8 age4 ,%aykh ,abu l-asan ,al b4 ,ab ,al al-,aswad 0 an excell5t successor to 8 fa!r1 & 0 unique 9 ! sublimity ( 8 aspiration & ! sagacity ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,x w\ld be difficult to m5tion all ! ,%aykhs ( ,khursn4 ,i h met ?ree hundr$ 9 t prov9ce alone :o _h su* my/ical end[m5ts t a s+le man ( !m w\ld h be5 en\gh = ! :ole _w4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! sun ( love & ! =tune ( ! f ,pa? is 9 ! asc5dant 9 ,khursn4 #f4 ,,transoxiana4 ,! ,khwja & ,imm1 hon\r$ by high & l[1 ,ab ,jaf> ,muammad b4 al-usayn#ajg al-aram1 is an ec/atic 7mu/ami7 & enraptur$ man1 :o has a great affection t[>ds ! seek]s ( ,god4 ,khwja ,ab ,muammad ,bngh>#ajh _h an excell5t spiritual life1 & !re 0 no weakness 9 8 devotional practices4 ,amad lq 0 ! ,%aykh ( 8 "t4 ,he r5\nc$ =ms & habits4 ,khwja rif 0 unp>allel$ 9 8 day4 ,al b4 ,isq 0 v5]at$ & _h an eloqu5t tongue4 ,i h se5 all ^! ,%aykhs & asc]ta9$ ! 8/ation0 ( ea* ( !m4 ,!y 7 all pr(\nd !osophi/s4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,,ij4 ,al-asan4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,?is nisba is v>i\sly writt5 8,bngh>0 & 8,byghaz04 #g4;,,ghazna4 ,abu l-,fal b4 al-,asad 0 a v5]able director1 ) brilliant evid5ces & manife/ miracles4 ,he 0 l a fla% ( ! fire ( love4 ,8 spiritual life 0 bas$ on concealm5t 7talbs74 ,isml al-,%% 0 a highly e/eem$ director4 ,he foll[$ ! pa? ( 8blame0 7malmat74 ,%aykh ,slr-i ab> 0 "o ( ! f div9es & _h an excell5t /ate4 ,%aykh ,ab ,abdallh ,muammad b4 al-akm1 kn[n z ,murd1 0 a ,god-intoxicat$ man1 & 0 n rivall$ by any contempor>y 9 8 own l9e4 ,8 /ate 0 hidd5 f ! vulg>1 b 8 signs & evid5ces 7 conspicu\s1 & 8 /ate 0 bett] 9 companion%ip 7ubat7 ?an 9 casual meet+ 7ddr74 ,%aykh ,sad b4 ,ab ,sad al-,ayyr 0 a record] 7fi7 ( ,apo/olic ,traditions4 ,he _h se5 _m ,%aykhs & 0 a man ( p[]ful spirituality & great k1 b he took ! way ( concealm5t & did n exhibit 8 true "*4 ,khwja ,abu l-,al ,abd al-,ram b4 ,amad al-,sughd is hon\r$ by all fs1 & my he>t is well-dispos$ t[>ds him4 ,8 spiritual /ate is excell5t1 & he is acqua9t$ ) v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,%aykh ,awad ,qasw>at b4 ,muammad al-,j>dz has a b\ndless affection = fs & holds e "o ( !m 9 rev]5ce4 ,he has se5 _m ,%aykhs4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! firm convictions ( ! p & div9es ( ,ghazna1 ,i h good hope t h]eaft] p]sons w appe> 9 :om we %all believe1 & t ^? wret*es 7p>g&agn7 :o h f\nd _! way into ?is city & h made ! ext]nals ( fiism abom9able w be cle>$ out1 s t ,ghazna w once m become ! abode ( sa9ts & v5]able m54 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,doctr9es ,,held ,,by ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,sects ,,( ,f,s4 ,i h already /at$1 9 ! notice ( ,abu l-asan ,nr1 t ! fs are divid$ into twelve sects1 ( :i* two are reprobat$ & t5 are approv$4 ,e "o ( ^! t5 sects has an excell5t sy/em & doctr9e z reg>ds bo? purgation 7mujhadat7 & contemplation 7mu%hadat74 ,al?\gh !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! devotional practices & ascetic discipl9es1 !y agree 9 ! fundam5tals & d]ivatives ( ! religi\s law & ,unification4 ,ab ,yazd said3 8,! disagreem5t ( div9es is a m]cy except z reg>ds ! deta*m5t 7tajrd7#aji ( ,unification02 & !re is a fam\s tradition to ! same effect4 ,! real ess5ce ( fiism lies amid/ ! traditions 7akhbr7 ( ! ,%aykhs1 & is divid$ only metaphorically & =mally4 ,!re=e ,i w briefly divide _! say+s 9 explanation ( fiism & unfold ! ma9 pr9ciple on :i* ! doctr9e ( ea* "o ( !m is bas$1 9 ord] t ! /ud5t may readily und]/& ?is matt]4 ,footnote #aji3 i4e4 ! deta*m5t ( all ph5om5al attributes f ! ,unity ( ,god4 #a4,,! ,,mu,,sib,s4 ,!y are ! foll[]s ( ,ab ,abdallh ri? b4 ,asad al-,musib1 :o by cons5t ( all 8 contempor>ies 0 a man ( approv$ spiritual influ5ce & mortifi$ passions 7maqbl al-nafas maqtl al-nafs71 v]s$ 9 !ology1 jurisprud5ce1 & my/icism4 ,he disc\rs$ on deta*m5t f ! _w & ,unification1 :ile 8 outw>d & inw>d deal+s 7) ,god7 7 beyond reproa*4 ,! peculi>ity ( 8 doctr9e is ?is1 t he does n reckon satisfaction 7ri7 among ! 8/ations0 7maqmt71 b includes x 9 ! 8/ates0 7awl74 ,he 0 ! fir/ to hold ?is view1 :i* 0 adopt$ by ! p ( ,khursn4 ,! p ( ,irq1 on ! contr>y1 ass]t$ t satisfaction is "o ( ! 8/ations01 & t x is ! extreme ( tru/ 9 ,god 7tawakkul74 ,! controv]sy betwe5 !m has gone on to ! pres5t day4#aaj ,disc\rse on ! true nature ( ,satisfaction & ! explanation ( ?is doctr9e4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i w e/abli% ! true nature ( satisfaction & set =? its v>i\s k9ds2 !n1 secondly1 ,i w expla9 ! real mean+ ( 8/ation0 7maqm7 & 8/ate0 7l7 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,satisfaction is ( two k9ds3 7a7 ! satisfaction ( ,god ) ,man1 & 7b7 ! satisfaction ( ,man ) ,god4 ,div9e satisfaction really consi/s 9 ,god's will+ t ,man %\ld be recomp5s$ 7= 8 good works7 & 9 ,8 be/[+ grace 7k>mat7 ^u him4 ,human satisfaction really consi/s 9 ,man's p]=m+ ! comm& ( ,god & submitt+ to ,8 decree4 ,accord+ly1 ! satisfaction ( ,god prec$es t ( ,man1 = until ,man is div9ely aid$ he does n submit to ,god's decree & does n p]=m ,8 comm&1 because ,man's satisfaction is connect$ ) ,god's satisfaction & subsi/s !reby4 ,9 %ort1 human satisfaction is equanimity 7i/iw-yi dil7 t[>ds ,fate1 :e!r x )holds or be/[s1 & spiritual /eadfa/ness 7i/iqmat7 9 reg>d+ ev5ts1 :e!r !y be ! manife/ation ( ,div9e ,beauty 7jaml7 or ( ,div9e ,maje/y 7jall71 s t x is all "o to a man :e!r he is consum$ 9 ! fire ( wra? or illum9at$ by ! light ( m]cy1 because bo? wra? & m]cy are evid5ces ( ,god1 & :atev] proce$s f ,god is good 9 ,8 eyes4 ,! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 ,husayn b4 ,al1 0 ask$ ab\t ! say+ ( ,ab ,dh>r ,ghifr3 8,i love pov]ty bett] ?an ri*es1 & sickness bett] ?an heal?40 usayn repli$3 8,god h m]cy on ,ab ,dh>r6 b ,i say t :oev] surveys ! excell5t *oice made by ,god = him does n desire any?+ except :at ,god has *os5 = him40 ,:5 a man sees ,god's *oice & ab&ons 8 own *oice1 he is deliv]$ f all sorr[4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n hold good 9 abs5ce f ,god 7ghaybat72 x requires pres5ce ) ,god 7ur71 because 8satisfaction expels sorr[s & cures he$lessness01 & purges ! he>t ( ?\ghts relat+ to o!r ?an ,god & frees x f ! bonds ( tribulation2 = x is *>act]i/ic ( satisfaction to deliv] 7rahndan74 ,footnote #aaj3 ,accord+ to ,qu%ayr 7#aje1 #ba ff47 ! ,irqs held ! doctr9e :i* is "h ascrib$ to ! ,khursns1 & vice v]s4 ,f ! /&po9t ( e?ics1 satisfaction is ! acquiesc5ce ( "o :o kn[s t giv+ & )hold+ are 9 ,god's k1 & firmly believes t ,god sees him 9 all circum/ances4 ,!re are f\r classes ( quieti/s3 7#a7 ^? :o are satisfi$ ) ,god's gift 7a71 :i* is gnosis 7marifat72 7#b7 ^? :o are satisfi$ ) happ9ess 7num71 :i* is ?is _w2 7#c7 ^? :o are satisfi$ ) affliction 7bal71 :i* consi/s ( div]se probations2 & 7#d7 ^? :o are satisfi$ ) be+ *os5 7iif71 :i* is love 7maabbat74 ,he :o looks away f ! ,giv] to ! gift accepts x ) 8 s\l1 & :5 he has s accept$ x tr\ble & grief vani% f 8 he>t4 ,he :o looks away f ! gift to ! ,giv] loses ! gift & treads ! pa? ( satisfaction by 8 own ef=t4 ,n[ ef=t is pa9ful & griev\s1 & gnosis is only realiz$ :5 its true nature is div9ely reveal$2 & inasmu* z gnosis1 :5 s\ght by ef=t1 is a %ackle & a veil1 su* gnosis is non-cognition 7nakirat74 ,aga91 he :o is satisfi$ ) ?is _w1 )\t ,god1 is involv$ 9 de/ruction & p]dition1 because ! :ole _w is n wor? s mu* t a fri5d ( ,god %\ld set 8 he>t on x or t any c>e = x %\ld ent] 8 m9d4 ,happ9ess is happ9ess only :5 x leads to ! ,giv] ( happ9ess2 o!rwise1 x is an affliction4 ,aga91 he :o is satisfi$ ) ! affliction t ,god s5ds is satisfi$ because 9 ! affliction he sees ! ,au?or !re( & c endure its pa9 by contemplat+ ,him :o s5t x2 nay1 he does n acc\nt x pa9ful1 su* is 8 joy 9 contemplat+ 8 ,belov$4 ,f9ally1 ^? :o are satisfi$ ) be+ *os5 by ,god are ,8 lov]s1 ^: exi/5ce is an illusion alike 9 ,8 ang] & ,8 satisfaction2 ^: he>ts dwell 9 ! pres5ce ( ,purity & 9 ! g>d5 ( ,intimacy2 :o h no ?\ght ( creat$ ?+s & h escap$ f ! bonds ( 8/ations0 & 8/ates0 & h devot$ !mselves to ! love ( ,god4 ,_! satisfaction involves no loss1 = satisfaction ) ,god is a manife/ k+dom4 ,,section4 ,x is relat$ 9 ! ,traditions t ,moses said3 8,o ,god1 %[ me an action ) :i*1 if ,i did x1 ,?\ w\ld/ be satisfi$40 ,god answ]$3 8,?\ can/ n d t1 ,o ,moses60 ,!n ,moses fell pro/rate1 wor%ipp+ ,god & supplicat+ ,him1 & ,god made a revelation to him1 say+3 8,o son ( ,imrn1 ,my satisfaction ) !e consi/s 9 ?y be+ satisfi$ ) ,my decree10 i4e4 :5 a man is satisfi$ ) ,god's decrees x is a sign t ,god is satisfi$ ) him4 ,bi%r f ask$ ,fuayl b4 ,iy :e!r r5unciation 7zuhd7 or satisfaction 0 bett]4 ,fuayl repli$3 8,satisfaction1 because he :o is satisfi$ does n desire any high] /age10 i4e4 !re is above r5unciation a /age :i* ! r5\nc] desires1 b !re is no /age above satisfaction t ! satisfi$ man %\ld wi% = x4 ,h5ce ! %r9e is sup]ior to ! gate4 ,?is /ory %[s ! correctness ( ,musib's doctr9e1 t satisfaction belongs to ! class ( 8/ates0 & ,div9e gifts1 n to ! /ages t are acquir$ 7by ef=t74 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! satisfi$ man %\ld h a desire4 ,! ,apo/le us$ to say 9 8 pray]s3 8,o ,god1 ,i ask ( ,!e satisfaction aft] ! go+ =? ( ,?y ord9ance 7al-ri bad al-qa710 i4e4 8keep me 9 su* a condition t :5 ! ord9ance comes to me f ,!e1 ,de/9y may f9d me satisfi$ ) its com+04 ,"h x is affirm$ t satisfaction prop]ly is po/]ior to ! adv5t ( ,de/9y1 because1 if x prec$$1 x w\ld only be a resolution to be satisfi$1 :i* is n ! same ?+ z actual satisfaction4 ,abu l-,abbs b4 ,a says3 8,satisfaction is ?is1 t ! he>t %\ld consid] ! et]nal *oice ( ,god on behalf ( ,8 creature10 i4e4 :atev] befalls him1 he %\ld recognize x z ! et]nal w ( ,god & ,8 pa/ decree1 & %\ld n be di/ress$1 b %\ld accept x *e]fully4 ri? ,musib1 ! au?or ( ! doctr9e1 says3 8,satisfaction is ! quiesc5ce 7sukn7 ( ! he>t "u ! ev5ts :i* fl[ f ! ,div9e decrees40 ,?is is s\nd doctr9e1 because ! quiesc5ce & tranquillity ( ! he>t are n qualities acquir$ by ,man1 b are ,div9e gifts4 ,& z an argum5t = ! view t satisfaction is a 8/ate01 n a 8/ation01 !y cite ! /ory ( ,utba al-,ghulm1 :o "o night did n sleep1 b kept say+3 8,if ,?\ *a/ise me ,i love ,!e1 & if ,?\ h m]cy on me ,i love ,!e10 i4e4 8! pa9 ( ,?y *a/isem5t & ! pleasure ( ,?y b\nty affect ! body alone1 :]eas ! agitation ( love resides 9 ! he>t1 :i* is n injur$ !reby04 ,?is corroborates ! view ( ,musib4 ,satisfaction is ! result ( love1 inasmu* z ! lov] is satisfi$ ) :at is done by ! ,belov$4 ,ab ,u?mn r says3 8,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ,god has nev] put me 9 any /ate t ,i dislik$1 or transf]r$ me to ano!r /ate t ,i res5t$40 ,?is indicates cont9ual satisfaction & p]fect love4 ,! /ory ( ! d]vi% :o fell into ! ,tigris is well kn[n4 ,see+ t he c\ld n swim1 a man on ! bank cri$ out to him3 8,%all ,i tell "s "o to br+ y a%ore80 ,! d]vi% said1 8,no40 8,!n d y wi% to be dr[n$80 8,no40 8,:at1 !n1 d y wi%80 ,! d]vi% repli$3 8,t :i* ,god wi%es4 ,:at h ,i to d ) wi%+80 ,! f ,%aykhs h utt]$ _m say+s on satisfaction1 :i* diff] 9 phraseology b agree 9 ! two pr9ciples t h be5 m5tion$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 a 8,/ate0 7l7 & a 8,/ation0 7maqm74 ,y mu/ "k t bo? ^! t]ms are 9 common use among fs1 & x is necess>y t ! /ud5t %\ld be acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,i mu/ discuss ?is matt] "h1 al?\gh x does n belong to ! pres5t *apt]4 8,/ation0 7maqm7 d5otes anyone's 8/&+0 9 ! ,way ( ,god1 & 8 fulfilm5t ( ! obligations app]ta9+ to t 8/ation0 & 8 keep+ x until he compreh5ds its p]fection s f> z lies 9 a man's p[]4 ,x is n p]missible t he %\ld quit 8 8/ation0 )\t fulfill+ ! obligations !re(4 ,?us1 ! fir/ 8/ation0 is rep5tance 7tawbat71 !n comes conv]sion 79bat71 !n r5unciation 7zuhd71 !n tru/ 9 ,god 7tawakkul71 & s on3 x is n p]missible t anyone %\ld pret5d to conv]sion )\t rep5tance1 or to r5unciation )\t conv]sion1 or to tru/ 9 ,god )\t r5unciation4 8,/ate0 7l71 on ! o!r h&1 is some?+ t desc5ds f ,god into a man's he>t1 )\t 8 be+ able to repel x :5 x comes1 or to attract x :5 x goes1 by 8 own ef=t4 ,accord+ly1 :ile ! t]m 8/ation0 d5otes ! way ( ! seek]1 & 8 progress 9 ! field ( ex]tion1 & 8 rank be=e ,god 9 proportion to 8 m]it1 ! t]m 8/ate0 d5otes ! fav\r & grace :i* ,god be/[s ^u ! he>t ( ,8 s]vant1 & :i* are n connect$ ) any mortification on ! latt]'s "p4 8,/ation0 belongs to ! category ( acts1 8/ate0 to ! category ( gifts4 ,h5ce ! man t has a 8/ation0 /&s by 8 own self-mortification1 :]eas ! man t has a 8/ate0 is dead to 8self0 & /&s by a 8/ate0 :i* ,god creates 9 him4 ,"h ! ,%aykhs are at v>iance4 ,"s hold t a 8/ate0 may be p]man5t1 :ile o!rs reject ?is view4 ri? ,musib ma9ta9$ t a 8/ate0 may be p]man5t4 ,he argu$ t love & long+ & 8contraction0 7qab7 & 8expansion0 7bas7 are 8/ates03 if !y _c be p]man5t1 !n ! lov] w\ld n be a lov]1 & until a man's 8/ate0 becomes 8 attribute 7ifat7 ! "n ( t 8/ate0 is n prop]ly appli$ to him4 ,x is = ?is reason t he holds satisfaction to be "o ( ! 8/ates01 & ! same view is indicat$ by ! say+ ( ,ab ,u?mn3 8,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ,god has nev] put me 9 a #8/ate' t ,i dislik$40 ,o!r ,%aykhs d5y t a 8/ate0 c be p]man5t4 ,junayd says3 8#8,/ates' are l fla%es ( lightn+3 _! p]man5ce is m]ely a sugge/ion ( ! l[] s\l 7nafs740 ,"s h said1 to ! same effect3 8#8,/ates' are l _! "n10 i4e4 !y vani% almo/ z soon z !y desc5d 7taillu7 on ! he>t4 ,:atev] is p]man5t becomes an attribute1 & attributes subsi/ 9 an object :i* mu/ be m p]fect ?an ! attributes !mselves2 & ?is r$uces ! doctr9e t 8/ates0 are p]man5t to an absurdity4 ,i h set =? ! di/9ction betwe5 8/ate0 & 8/ation0 9 ord] t y may "k :at is signifi$ by ^! t]ms :]ev] !y occur 9 ! phraseology ( ! fs or 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,9 conclusion1 y mu/ "k t satisfaction is ! end ( ! 8/ations0 & ! beg9n+ ( ! 8/ates03 x is a place ( :i* "o side re/s on acquisition & ef=t1 & ! o!r side on love & rapture3 !re is no 8/ation0 above x3 at ?is po9t mortifications 7muj_ht7 cease4 ,h5ce its beg9n+ is 9 ! class ( ?+s acquir$ by ef=t1 its end 9 ! class ( ?+s div9ely be/[$4 ,!re=e x may be call$ ei!r a 8/ation0 or a 8/ate04 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ,musib z reg>ds ! !ory ( fiism4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 he made no diff]5ce1 except t he us$ to w>n 8 pupils aga9/ expressions & acts :i*1 ?\gh s\nd 9 pr9ciple1 might be ?\ght evil4 ,= example1 he _h a 8k+-bird0 7%hmurgh71 :i* us$ to utt] a l\d note4 ,"o day ,ab amza ( ,baghdd1 :o 0 ri?'s pupil & an ec/atic man1 came to see him4 ,! bird pip$1 & ,ab amza gave a %riek4 ri? rose up & seiz$ a knife1 cry+1 8,?\ art an infidel10 & w\ld h kill$ him if ! disciples _h n sep>at$ !m4 ,!n he said to ,ab amza3 8,become a ,moslem1 ,o miscreant60 ,! disciples exclaim$3 8,o ,%aykh1 we all "k him to be "o ( ! elect sa9ts & ,unit>ians3 :y does ! ,%aykh reg>d him ) suspicion80 ri? repli$3 8,i d n suspect him3 8 op9ions are excell5t1 & ,i "k t he is a pr(\nd ,unit>ian1 b :y %\ld he d some?+ :i* resembles ! actions ( ^? :o believe 9 inc>nation 7ulliyn7 & has ! appe>ance ( be+ d]iv$ f _! doctr9e8 ,if a s5seless bird pipes aft] its fa%ion1 caprici\sly1 :y %\ld he behave z ?\gh its note 7 ! voice ( ,god8 ,god is indivisible1 & ! ,et]nal does n become inc>nate1 or unit$ ) ph5om5a or comm+l$ ) !m40 ,:5 ,ab amza p]ceiv$ ! ,%aykh's insight1 he said3 8,o ,%aykh1 al?\gh ,i am "r 9 !ory1 nev]!less1 s9ce my action resembl$ ! actions ( h]etics1 ,i rep5t & )draw40 ,may ,god keep my conduct above suspicion6 ,b ?is is impossible :5 "o associates ) worldly =mali/s ^: enmity is ar\s$ by anyone :o does n submit to _! hypocrisy & s94 #b4 ,,! ,,qa,r,s4 ,!y are ! foll[]s ( ,ab li amdn b4 ,amad b4 ,umra al-,qar1 a celebrat$ div9e & em95t f4 ,8 doctr9e 0 ! manife/ation & divulgation ( 8blame0 7malmat74 ,he us$ to say3 8,god's k ( !e is bett] ?an m5's k10 i4e4 ?y deal+s ) ,god 9 private %\ld be bett] ?an ?y deal+s ) m5 9 public1 = ?y preoccupation ) m5 is ! greate/ veil betwe5 !e & ,god4 ,i h giv5 "s acc\nt ( al-,qar 9 ! *apt] on 8,blame04 ,he relates ! foll[+ /ory3 8,"o day1 :ile ,i 0 walk+ 9 ! riv]-b$ 9 ! ra qu>t] ( ,n%pr1 ,i met ,n1 a brig& fam\s = 8 g5]osity1 :o 0 ! capta9 ( all ! brig&s ( ,n%pr4 ,i said to him1 #8,o ,n1 :at is g5]osity8' ,he repli$1 #8,my g5]osity or y\rs8' ,i said1 #8,describe bo?4' ,he repli$3 #8,i put (f ! coat 7qab7 & we> a pat*$ frock & practise ! conduct appropriate to t g>m5t1 9 ord] t ,i may become a f & refra9 f s9 because ( ! %ame t ,i feel be=e ,god2 b y put (f ! pat*$ frock 9 ord] t y may n be deceiv$ by m51 & t m5 may n be deceiv$ by !e3 accord+ly1 my g5]osity is =mal obs]vance ( ! religi\s law1 :ile y\r g5]osity is spiritual obs]vance ( ! ,tru?4'0 ,?is is a v s\nd pr9ciple4 #c4 ,,! ,,ayf,r,s4 ,!y are ! foll[]s ( ,ab ,yazd ayfr b4 s b4 ,sur%n al-,bism1 a great & em95t f4 ,8 doctr9e is rapture 7ghalabat7 & intoxication 7sukr74 ,raptur\s long+ = ,god & intoxication ( love _c be acquir$ by human be+s1 & x is idle to claim1 & absurd to imitate1 any?+ t lies beyond ! range ( acquisition4 ,intoxication is n an attribute ( ! sob]1 & ,man has no p[] ( draw+ x to himself4 ,! intoxicat$ man is enraptur$ & pays no he$ to creat$ ?+s1 t he %\ld manife/ any quality involv+ consci\s ef=t 7taklif74 ,! f ,%aykhs are agre$ t no "o is a prop] model = o!rs unless he is /eadfa/ 7mu/aqm7 & has escap$ f ! circle ( 8/ates02 b !re are "s :o all[ t ! way ( rapture & intoxication may be trodd5 ) ef=t1 because ! ,apo/le said3 8,weep1 or else make z ?\gh ye wept60 ,n[1 to imitate o!rs = ! sake ( o/5tation is %e] poly!ism1 b x is diff]5t :5 ! object ( ! imitator is t ,god may p]*ance raise him to ! rank ( ^? :om he has imitat$1 9 accordance ) ! say+ ( ! ,apo/le3 8,:oev] makes himself l unto a p is "o ( !m40 ,& "o ( ! ,%aykhs said3 8,contemplations 7mu%_ht7 are ! result ( mortifications 7muj_ht740 ,my own view is t1 al?\gh mortifications are always excell5t1 intoxication & rapture _c be acquir$ at all2 h5ce !y _c be induc$ by mortifications1 :i* 9 !mselves nev] become a cause ( intoxication4 ,i w n[ set =? ! diff]5t op9ions ( ! ,%aykhs conc]n+ ! true nature ( intoxication 7sukr7 & sobriety 7aw71 9 ord] t difficulties may be remov$4 ,disc\rse on ,intoxication & ,sobriety4 ,y mu/ "k t 8intoxication0 & 8rapture0 are t]ms us$ by spirituali/s to d5ote ! rapture ( love = ,god1 :ile ! t]m 8sobriety0 expresses ! atta9m5t ( t :i* is desir$4 ,"s place ! =m] above ! latt]1 & "s hold ! latt] to be sup]ior4 ,ab ,yazd & 8 foll[]s pref] intoxication to sobriety4 ,!y say t sobriety involves ! fixity & equilibrium ( human attributes1 :i* are ! greate/ veil betwe5 ,god & ,man1 :]eas intoxication involves ! de/ruction ( human attributes1 l =esight & *oice1 & ! annihilation ( a man's self-control 9 ,god1 s t only ^? faculties survive 9 him t d n belong to ! human g5us2 & !y are ! mo/ complete & p]fect4 ,?us ,david 0 9 ! /ate ( sobriety2 an act proce$$ f him :i* ,god attribut$ to him & said1 8,david kill$ ,golia?0 7,kor4 ii1 #beb73 b our ,apo/le 0 9 ! /ate ( intoxication2 an act proce$$ f him :i* ,god attribut$ to ,himself & said1 8,?\ did/ n ?r[1 :5 ?\ ?rewe/1 b ,god ?rew0 7,kor4 viii1 #ag74 ,h[ great is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two m56 ,! attribution ( a man's act to ,god is bett] ?an ! attribution ( ,god's act to a man1 = 9 ! latt] case ! man /&s by himself1 :ile 9 ! =m] case he /&s ?r\gh ,god4 ,junayd & 8 foll[]s pref] sobriety to intoxication4 ,!y say t intoxication is evil1 because x involves ! di/urbance ( "o's normal /ate & loss ( sanity & self-control2 & inasmu* z ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s is s\ght ei!r by way ( annihilation or subsi/5ce1 or ( effacem5t or affirmation1 ! pr9ciple ( v]ification _c be atta9$ unless ! seek] is sane4 ,bl9dness w nev] release anyone f ! bondage & corruption ( ph5om5a4 ,! fact t p rema9 9 ph5om5a & =get ,god is due to _! n see+ ?+s z !y really are2 = if !y saw1 !y w\ld escape4 ,see+ is ( two k9ds3 he :o looks at any?+ sees x ei!r ) ! eye ( subsi/5ce 7baq7 or ) ! eye ( annihilation 7fan74 ,if ) ! eye ( subsi/5ce1 he p]ceives t ! :ole univ]se is imp]fect 9 comp>ison ) 8 own subsi/5ce1 = he does n reg>d ph5om5a z self-subsi/5t2 & if he looks ) ! eye ( annihilation1 he p]ceives t all creat$ ?+s are non-exi/5t beside ! subsi/5ce ( ,god4 ,9 ei!r case he turns away f creat$ ?+s4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! ,apo/le said 9 8 pray]3 8,o ,god1 %[ u ?+s z !y are10 because :oev] ?us sees !m f9ds re/4 ,n[1 su* vision _c be prop]ly atta9$ except 9 ! /ate ( sobriety1 & ! intoxicat$ h no k !re(4 ,= example1 ,moses 0 intoxicat$2 he c\ld n endure ! manife/ation ( "o epiphany1 b fell 9 a swoon 7,kor4 vii1 #aci73 b our ,apo/le 0 sob]2 he beheld ! same glory cont9u\sly1 ) ev]-increas+ consci\sness1 all ! way f ,mecca1 until he /ood at ! space ( two b[-l5g?s f ! ,div9e pres5ce 7,kor4 liii1 #i74 ,my ,%aykh1 :o foll[$ ! doctr9e ( ,junayd1 us$ to say t intoxication is ! playgr\nd ( *ildr51 b sobriety is ! dea?-field ( m54 ,i say1 9 agreem5t ) my ,%aykh1 t ! p]fection ( ! /ate ( ! intoxicat$ man is sobriety4 ,! l[e/ /age 9 sobriety consi/s 9 reg>d+ ! p[]lessness ( humanity3 !re=e1 a sobriety t appe>s to be evil is bett] ?an an intoxication t is really evil4 ,x is relat$ t ,ab ,u?mn ,maghrib1 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 life1 pass$ tw5ty ye>s 9 retirem5t1 liv+ 9 des]ts :]e he nev] he>d ! s\nd ( a human voice1 until 8 frame 0 wa/$ & 8 eyes became z small z ! eye ( a sack-ne$le4 ,aft] tw5ty ye>s he 0 comm&$ to associate ) mank9d4 ,he resolv$ to beg9 ) ! p ( ,god :o dwelt beside ,8 ,temple1 s9ce by do+ s he w\ld ga9 a great] bless+4 ,! ,%aykhs ( ,mecca 7 aw>e ( 8 com+ & w5t =? to meet him4 ,f9d+ him s *ang$ t he h>dly seem$ to be a human creature1 !y said to him3 8,o ,ab ,u?mn1 tell u :y y w5t & :at y saw & :at y ga9$ & :]e=e y h come back40 ,he repli$3 8,i w5t because ( intoxication1 & ,i saw ! evil ( intoxication1 & ,i ga9$ despair1 & ,i h come back on acc\nt ( weakness40 ,all ! ,%aykhs said3 8,o ,ab ,u?mn1 x is n lawful = anyone aft] y to expla9 ! mean+ ( sobriety & intoxication1 = y h done ju/ice to ! :ole matt] & h %[n =? ! evil ( intoxication40 ,intoxication1 !n1 is to fancy "o's self annihilat$ :ile ! attributes really subsi/2 & ?is is a veil4 ,sobriety1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! vision ( subsi/5ce :ile ! attributes are annihilat$2 & ?is is actual revelation4 ,x is absurd = anyone to suppose t intoxication is ne>] to annihilation ?an sobriety is1 = intoxication is a quality t exce$s sobriety1 & s long z a man's attributes t5d to increase he is )\t k2 b :5 he beg9s to dim9i% !m1 seek]s 7( ,god7 h "s hope ( him4 ,x is relat$ t ,yay b4 ,mudh wrote to ,ab ,yazd3 8,:at d y say ( "o :o dr9ks a s+le drop ( ! ocean ( love & becomes intoxicat$80 ,byazd wrote 9 reply3 8,:at d y say ( "o :o1 if all ! oceans 9 ! _w 7 fill$ ) ! w9e ( love1 w\ld dr9k !m all & /ill cry = m to slake 8 ?ir/80 ,p imag9e t ,yahy 0 speak+ ( intoxication1 & ,byazd ( sobriety1 b ! opposite is ! case4 ,! man ( sobriety is he :o is unable to dr9k ev5 "o drop1 & ! man ( intoxication is he :o dr9ks all & /ill desires m4 ,w9e be+ ! in/rum5t ( intoxication1 b ! enemy ( sobriety1 intoxication dem&s :at is homog5e\s ) itself1 :]eas sobriety takes no pleasure 9 dr9k+4 ,!re are two k9ds ( intoxication3 7#a7 ) ! w9e ( affection 7mawaddat7 & 7#b7 ) ! cup ( love 7maabbat74 ,! =m] is 8caus$0 7mall71 s9ce x arises f reg>d+ ! b5efit 7nimat72 b ! latt] has no cause1 s9ce x arises f reg>d+ ! b5efactor 7munim74 ,he :o reg>ds ! b5efit sees ?r\gh himself & !re=e sees himself1 b he :o reg>ds ! b5efactor sees ?r\gh ,him & !re=e does n see himself1 s t1 al?\gh he is intoxicat$1 8 intoxication is sobriety4 ,sobriety also is ( two k9ds3 sobriety 9 he$lessness 7ghaflat7 & sobriety 9 love 7maabbat74 ,! =m] is ! greate/ ( veils1 b ! latt] is ! cle>e/ ( revelations4 ,! sobriety t is connect$ ) he$lessness is really intoxication1 :ile t :i* is l9k$ ) love1 al?\gh x be intoxication1 is really sobriety4 ,:5 ! pr9ciple 7al7 is firmly e/abli%$1 sobriety & intoxication resemble "o ano!r1 b :5 ! pr9ciple is want+1 bo? are baseless4 ,9 %ort1 :]e true my/ics tread1 sobriety & intoxication are ! effect ( diff]5ce 7ikhtilf71 & :5 ! ,sultan ( ,tru? displays 8 beauty1 bo? sobriety & intoxication appe> to be intrud]s 7ufayl71 because ! b\nd>ies ( bo? are jo9$1 & ! end ( ! "o is ! beg9n+ ( ! o!r1 & beg9n+ & end are t]ms t imply sep>ation1 :i* has only a relative exi/5ce4 ,9 union all sep>ations are negat$1 z ! poet says-- 8,:5 ! morn+-/> ( w9e rises1 ,! drunk5 & ! sob] are z "o40 ,at ,s>akhs !re 7 two spiritual directors1 namely1 ,luqmn & ,abu l-,fal asan4 ,"o day ,luqmn came to ,abu l-,fal & f\nd him ) a piece 7( manuscript7 9 8 h&4 ,he said3 8,o ,abu l-,fal1 :at are y seek+ 9 ?is pap]80 ,abu l-,fal repli$3 8,! same ?+ z y are seek+ )\t a pap]40 ,luqmn said3 8,!n :y ?is diff]5ce80 ,abu l-,fal answ]$3 8,y see a diff]5ce :5 y ask me :at ,i am seek+4 ,become sob] f intoxication & get rid ( sobriety1 9 ord] t ! diff]5ce may be remov$ f y & t y may "k :at y & ,i are 9 se>* (40 ,! ayfrs & ,junayds are at v>iance to ! ext5t :i* has be5 indicat$4 ,z reg>ds e?ics1 ! doctr9e ( ,byazd consi/s 9 %unn+ companion%ip & *oos+ retirem5t f ! _w1 & he enjo9$ all 8 disciples to d ! same4 ,?is is a praisewor?y & laudable ,pa?4 #d4 ,,! ,,junayd,s4 ,!y are ! foll[]s ( ,abu l-,qsim al-,junayd b4 ,muammad1 :o 9 8 "t 0 call$ ! ,peacock ( ! ,div9es 7s al-,ulam74 ,he is ! *ief ( ?is sect & ! ,imm ( _! ,imms4 ,8 doctr9e is bas$ on sobriety & is oppos$ to t ( ! ayfrs1 z has be5 expla9$4 ,x is ! be/ kn[n & mo/ celebrat$ ( all doctr9es1 & all ! ,%aykhs h adopt$ x1 not)/&+ t !re is mu* diff]5ce 9 _! say+s on ! e?ics ( fiism4 ,want ( space =bids me to discuss x fur!r 9 ?is book3 ^? :o wi% to become bett] acqua9t$ ) x mu/ seek in=mation else:]e4 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t :5 usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj7 9 8 rapture broke (f all relations ) ,amr b4 ,u?mn 7al-,makk7 & came to ,junayd1 ,junayd ask$ him = :at purpose he _h come to him4 usayn said3 8,= ! purpose ( associat+ ) ! ,%aykh40 ,junayd repli$3 8,i d n associate ) madm54 ,association dem&s sanity2 if t is want+1 ! result is su* behavi\r z y\rs 9 reg>d to ,sahl b4 ,abdallh ,tu/> & ,amr40 usayn said3 8,o ,%aykh1 sobriety & intoxication are two attributes ( ,man1 & ,man is veil$ f 8 ,"l until 8 attributes are annihilat$40 8,o son ( ,manr10 said ,junayd1 8y are 9 error conc]n+ sobriety & intoxication4 ,! =m] d5otes s\ndness ( "o's spiritual /ate 9 relation to ,god1 :ile ! latt] d5otes excess ( long+ & extremity ( love1 & nei!r ( !m c be acquir$ by human ef=t4 ,o son ( ,manr1 9 y\r words ,i see mu* fooli%ness & nons5se40 #e4 ,,! ,n,r,s4 ,!y are ! foll[]s ( ,abu l-asan ,amad b4 ,muammad ,nr1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t & illu/ri\s f div9es4 ,! pr9ciple ( 8 doctr9e is to reg>d fiism 7taawwuf7 z sup]ior to pov]ty 7faqr74 ,9 matt]s ( conduct he agrees ) ,junayd4 ,x is a peculi>ity ( 8 8pa?0 t 9 companion%ip 7ubat7 he pref]s 8 companion's claim to 8 own1 & holds companion%ip )\t pref]5ce 7?r7 to be unlawful4 ,he also holds t companion%ip is obligatory on d]vi%es1 & t retirem5t 7uzlat7 is n praisewor?y1 & t ev]yone is b\nd to pref] 8 companion to himself4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,bew>e ( retirem5t6 = x is 9 connexion ) ,satan2 & cleave to companion%ip1 = !re9 is ! satisfaction ( ! ,m]ciful ,god40 ,n[ ,i w expla9 ! true nature ( pref]5ce1 & :5 ,i come to ! *apt] on companion%ip & retirem5t ,i w set =? ! my/]ies ( ! subject 9 ord] to make x m g5]ally in/ructive4 ,disc\rse on ,pref]5ce 7?r74 ,god said3 8,& !y pref] !m to !mselves1 al?\gh !y are indig5t0 7,kor4 lix1 #i74 ,?is v]se 0 reveal$ conc]n+ ! poor m5 among ! ,companions 9 p>ticul>4 ,! true nature ( pref]5ce consi/s 9 ma9ta9+ ! rights ( ! p]son ) :om "o associates1 & 9 subord9at+ "o's own int]e/ to ! int]e/ ( "o's fri5d1 & 9 tak+ tr\ble ^u "o's self = ! sake ( promot+ 8 happ9ess1 because pref]5ce is ! r5d]+ ( help to o!rs1 & ! putt+ into practice ( t :i* ,god comm&$ to ,8 ,apo/le3 8,use indulg5ce & comm& :at is j & turn away f ! ignorant0 7,kor4 vii1 #aih74 ,?is w be expla9$ m fully 9 ! *apt] on ! rules ( companion%ip4 ,n[1 pref]5ce is ( two k9ds3 fir/ly1 9 companion%ip1 z has be5 m5tion$2 & secondly1 9 love4 ,9 pref]r+ ! claim ( "o's companion !re is a sort ( tr\ble & ef=t1 b 9 pref]r+ ! claim ( "o's belov$ !re is no?+ b pleasure & delight4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 ,ghulm al-,khall p]secut$ ! fs1 ,nr & ,raqqm & ,ab amza 7 arre/$ & convey$ to ! ,caliph's palace4 ,ghulm al-,khall urg$ ! ,caliph to put !m to dea?1 say+ t !y 7 h]etics 7zandiqa71 & ! ,caliph imm$iately gave ord]s = _! execution4 ,:5 ! execution] approa*$ ,raqqm1 ,nr rose & (f]$ himself 9 ,raqqm's place ) ! utmo/ *e]fulness & submission4 ,all ! spectators 7 a/\nd$4 ,! execution] said3 8,o "y man1 ! sword is n a ?+ t p desire to meet s eag]ly z y h welcom$ x2 & y\r turn has n yet arriv$40 ,nr answ]$3 8,yes2 my doctr9e is f\nd$ on pref]5ce4 ,life is ! mo/ preci\s ?+ 9 ! _w3 ,i wi% to sacrifice = my bre?r5's sake ! few mom5ts t rema94 ,9 my op9ion1 "o mom5t ( ?is _w is bett] ?an a ?\s& ye>s ( ! next _w1 because ?is is ! place ( s]vice 7khidmat7 & t is ! place ( proximity 7qurbat71 & proximity is ga9$ by s]vice40 ,! t5d]ness ( ,nr & ! f95ess ( 8 say+ a/oni%$ ! ,caliph 7:o 0 in=m$ by a c\ri] ( :at _h pass$7 to su* a degree1 t he susp5d$ ! execution ( ! ?ree fs & *>g$ ! *ief ,cadi1 ,abu l-,abbs b4 ,al1 to inquire into ! matt]4 ,! ,cadi1 hav+ tak5 !m to 8 h\se & que/ion$ !m conc]n+ ! ord9ances ( ! ,law & ! ,tru?1 f\nd !m p]fect1 & felt remorse = 8 indiff]5ce to _! fate4 ,!n ,nr said3 8,o ,cadi1 ?\gh y h ask$ all ^! que/ions1 y h n yet ask$ any?+ to ! po9t1 = ,god has s]vants :o eat ?r\gh ,him1 & dr9k ?r\gh ,him1 & sit ?r\gh ,him1 & live ?r\gh ,him1 & abide 9 contemplation ( ,him3 if !y 7 cut (f f contemplat+ ,him !y w\ld cry out 9 angui%40 ,! ,cadi 0 amaz$ at ! subtlety ( 8 spee* & ! s\ndness ( 8 /ate4 ,he wrote to ! ,caliph3 8,if ! fs are h]etics1 :o 9 ! _w is a ,unit>ian80 ,! ,caliph call$ !m to 8 pres5ce & said3 8,ask a boon40 ,!y repli$3 8,! only boon we ask ( !e is t ?\ %\ld/ =get u1 & nei!r make u ?y fav\rites nor bani% u f ?y c\rt1 = ?y fav\r & displeasure are alike to u40 ,! ,caliph wept & dismiss$ !m ) hon\r4 ,x is relat$ t ,nfi#aaa said3 8,ibn ,um>#aab desir$ to eat a fi%4 ,i s\ght ?r\gh ! t[n1 b did n f9d "o until sev]al days _h pass$4 ,hav+ procur$ x1 ,i gave ord]s t x %\ld be plac$ on a cake ( bread & pres5t$ x to him4 ,i notic$ an expression ( joy on 8 face z he receiv$ x1 b sudd5ly a begg> came to ! door ( 8 h\se & he ord]$ ! fi% to be giv5 to him4 ,! s]vant said3 #8,o ma/]1 y h be5 desir+ a fi% = sev]al days2 let u give ! begg> some?+ else4' ,ibn ,um> repli$3 #8,?is fi% is unlawful to me1 = ,i h put x out ( my m9d on acc\nt ( a ,tradition :i* ,i he>d f ! ,apo/le3 ,:5ev] anyone feels a desire & repels x & pref]s ano!r to himself1 he %all be =giv54'8 ,footnote #aaa3 ,a well-kn[n traditioni/1 :o di$ ab\t #abj ,a4,h4 ,footnote #aab3 ,abdallh1 son ( ! ,caliph ,um>4 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t t5 d]vi%es lo/ _! way 9 ! des]t & 7 ov]tak5 by ?ir/4 ,!y _h only "o cup ( wat]1 & ev]yone pref]r$ ! claim ( ! o!rs1 s t none ( !m w\ld dr9k & !y all di$ except "o1 :o !n drank x & f\nd /r5g? to escape4 ,"s p]son said to him3 8,_h y n drunk1 x w\ld h be5 bett]40 ,he repli$3 8,! ,law oblig$ me to dr9k2 if ,i _h n1 ,i %\ld h kill$ myself & be5 puni%$ on t acc\nt40 ,! o!r said3 8,!n did y\r fri5ds kill !mselves80 8,no10 said ! d]vi%2 8!y refus$ to dr9k 9 ord] t _! companions might dr9k1 b :5 ,i alone surviv$ ,i 0 legally oblig$ to dr9k40#aac ,footnote #aac3 ,"h foll[ two /ories illu/rat+ ! same topic3 ! fir/ relates h[ ,al slept 9 ! ,prophet's b$ on ! night ( ! latt]'s emigration f ,mecca1 :5 ! infidels 7 seek+ to slay him2 ! second1 h[ on ! battle-field ( ,uud ! w\nd$ ,moslems1 ?\gh p>*$ ) ?ir/1 pref]r$ to die r ?an dr9k ! wat] :i* _! comrades ask$ =4 ,among ! ,israelites !re 0 a devotee :o _h s]v$ ,god = f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,"o day he said3 8,o ,"l1 if ,?\ had/ n creat$ ^! m\nta9s1 w&]+ = religion's sake 7siyat7 w\ld h be5 easi] = ,?y s]vants40 ,! ,div9e comm& came to ! ,apo/le ( t "t to say to ! devotee3 8,:at bus9ess h y to int]f]e 9 ,my k+dom8 ,n[1 s9ce y h int]f]$1 ,i blot y\r "n f ! regi/] ( ! ble/ & inscribe x 9 ! regi/] ( ! damn$40 ,on he>+ ?is1 ! devotee trembl$ ) joy & b[$ to ! gr\nd 9 ?anksgiv+4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,o fool1 x is n necess>y to b[ d[n 9 ?anksgiv+ = damnation40 8,my ?anksgiv+10 ! devotee repli$3 8is n = damnation1 b because my "n is at lea/ inscrib$ 9 "o ( ,8 regi/]s4 ,b1 ,o ,apo/le1 ,i h a boon to ask4 ,say unto ,god1 #8,s9ce ,?\ wilt s5d me to ,hell1 make me s l>ge t ,i may take ! place ( all s9ful ,unit>ians1 & let !m g to ,p>adise4'0 ,god comm&$ ! ,apo/le to tell ! devotee t ! probation :i* he _h und]gone 0 n = ! purpose ( humiliat+ him1 b to reveal him to ! p1 & t on ! ,day ( ,resurrection bo? he & ^? = :om he _h int]c$$ w\ld be 9 ,p>adise4 ,i ask$ ,amad ammd ( ,s>akhs :at 0 ! beg9n+ ( 8 conv]sion4 ,he repli$3 8,once ,i set out f ,s>akhs & took my camels into ! des]t & /ay$ !re = a consid]able "t4 ,i 0 always wi%+ to be hungry & 0 giv+ my portion ( food to o!rs1 & ! words ( ,god--#8,!y pref] !m to !mselves1 al?\gh !y are indig5t' 7,kor4 lix1 #i7--7 ev] fre% 9 my m9d2 & ,i _h a firm belief 9 ! fs4 ,"o day a hungry lion came f ! des]t & kill$ "o ( my camels & retir$ to "s ris+ gr\nd & ro>$4 ,all ! wild bea/s 9 ! neighb\rhood1 he>+ him ro>1 ga!r$ r\nd him4 ,he tore ! camel to pieces & w5t back to ! high] gr\nd )\t hav+ eat5 any?+4 ,! o!r bea/s--foxes1 jackals1 wolves1 etc4--began to eat1 & ! lion wait$ until !y _h gone away4 ,!n he approa*$ 9 ord] to eat a morsel1 b see+ a lame fox 9 ! di/ance he )drew once m until ! new-com] _h eat5 8 fill4 ,aft] t1 he came & ate a morsel4 ,z he dep>t$ he spoke to me1 :o _h be5 wat*+ f af>1 & said3 #8,o ,amad1 to pref] o!rs to "o's self 9 ! matt] ( food is an act only wor?y ( dogs3 a man sacrifices 8 life & 8 s\l4' ,:5 ,i saw ?is evid5ce ,i r5\nc$ all worldly occupations1 & t 0 ! beg9n+ ( my conv]sion40 ,jaf> ,khuld says3 8,"o day1 :5 ,abu l-asan ,nr 0 pray+ to ,god 9 solitude ,i w5t to ov]he> him1 = he 0 v eloqu5t4 ,he 0 say+1 #8,o ,"l1 9 ,?y et]nal k & p[] & w ,?\ do/ puni% ! p ( ,hell1 :om ,?\ ha/ creat$2 & if x be ,?y inexorable w to make ,hell full ( mank9d1 ,?\ art able to fill t ,hell & all its limbos ) me alone & to s5d !m to ,p>adise4' ,i 0 amaz$ by 8 spee*1 b ,i dream$ t "s "o came to me & said3 #8,god bids !e tell ,abu l-asan t he has be5 =giv5 on acc\nt ( 8 compassion = ,god's creatures & 8 rev]5ce = ,god4'0 ,he 0 call$ ,nr because :5 he spoke 9 a d>k room ! :ole room 0 illum9at$ by ! light 7nr7 ( 8 spirituality4 ,& by ! light ( ! ,tru? he us$ to read ! inmo/ ?\ghts ( 8 disciples1 s t ,junayd said3 8,abu l-asan is ! spy on m5's he>ts 7jss al-qulb748 ,?is is 8 peculi> doctr9e4 ,x is a s\nd pr9ciple1 & "o ( great importance 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o h insight4 ,no?+ is h>d] to a man ?an spiritual sacrifice 7badhl-i r7 & to refra9 f ! object ( 8 love1 & ,god ha? made ?is sacrifice ! key ( all good1 z ,he said3 0,ye %all nev] atta9 to righte\sness until ye give 9 alms ( t :i* ye love0 7,kor4 iii1 #hf74 ,:5 a man's _s is sacrific$1 ( :at value are 8 weal? & 8 heal? & 8 frock & 8 food8 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( fiism4 ,"s "o came to ,ruwaym & ask$ him = direction4 ,ruwaym said3 8,o my son1 ! :ole affair consi/s 9 spiritual sacrifice4 ,if y are able = ?is1 x is well2 if n1 d n occupy y\rself ) ! futilities 7turraht7 ( ! fs10 i4e4 all except ?is is futile2 & ,god said3 8,d n call dead ^? :o are sla9 9 ! way ( ,god4 ,nay1 !y are liv+0 7,kor4 ii1 #adi74 ,et]nal life is ga9$ by spiritual sacrifice & by r5unciation ( self-int]e/ 9 fulfill+ ,god's comm&m5t & by ob$i5ce to ,8 fri5ds4 ,b f ! /&po9t ( gnosis 7marifat7 pref]5ce & free *oice are sep>ation 7tafriqat71 & real pref]5ce consi/s 9 union ) ,god1 = ! true basis ( self-int]e/ is self-ab&onm5t4 ,s long z ! seek]'s progress is connect$ ) acquisition 7kasb7 x is p]nici\s1 b :5 ! attract+ influ5ce 7jadhb7 ( ! ,tru? manife/s its dom9ion all 8 actions are conf\nd$1 & he loses all p[] ( expression2 nor c any "n be appli$ to him or any description be giv5 ( him or any?+ be imput$ to him4 ,on ?is subject ,%ibl says 9 v]se-- 8,i am lo/ to myself & unconsci\s1 ,& my attributes are annihilat$4 ,to-day ,i am lo/ to all ?+s3 ,naught rema9s b a =c$ expression40 #f4 ,,! ,,sahl,s4 ,!y are ! foll[]s ( ,sahl b4 ,abdallh ( ,tu/>1 a great & v5]able f1 :o has be5 already m5tion$4 ,8 doctr9e inculcates endeav\r & self-mortification & ascetic tra9+1 & he us$ to br+ 8 disciples to p]fection 9 self-mortification 7mujhadat74 ,x is relat$ 9 a well-kn[n anecdote t he said to "o ( 8 disciples3 8,/rive to say cont9u\sly = "o day1 #8,o ,allah6 ,o ,allah6 ,o ,allah6' & d ! same next day & ! day aft] t10 until he became habituat$ to say+ ^? words4 ,!n he bade him repeat !m at night also1 until !y became s famili> t he utt]$ !m ev5 dur+ 8 sleep4 ,!n he said3 8,d n repeat !m any m1 b let all y\r faculties be engross$ 9 rememb]+ ,god40 ,! disciple did ?is1 until he became absorb$ 9 ! ?\ght ( ,god4 ,"o day1 :5 he 0 9 8 h\se1 a piece ( wood fell on 8 head & broke x4 ,! drops ( blood :i* trickl$ to ! gr\nd bore ! leg5d 8,allah6 ,allah6 ,allah60 ,! 8pa?0 ( ! ,sahls is to educate disciples by acts ( self-mortification1 & au/]ities2 t ( ! amdns#aad is to s]ve & rev]5ce d]vi%es2 & t ( ! ,junayds is to keep wat* ov] "o's spiritual /ate 7murqaba-i b974 ,footnote #aad3 ,! foll[]s ( amdn al-,qar1 :o are g5]ally call$ ,qars4 ,! object ( all au/]ities & acts ( self-mortification is resi/ance to ! l[] s\l 7nafs71 & until a man kn[s 8 l[] s\l 8 au/]ities are ( no use to him4 ,n[1 !re=e1 ,i w expla9 ! k & true nature ( ! l[] s\l1 & 9 ! next place ,i w lay d[n ! doctr9e conc]n+ self-mortification & its pr9ciples4 ,disc\rse t\*+ ! true nature ( ! ,l[] ,s\l 7nafs7 & ! mean+ ( ,passion 7haw74 ,y mu/ "k t nafs1 etymologically1 is ! ess5ce & reality ( any?+1 b 9 popul> language x is us$ to d5ote _m contradictory mean+s1 e4g4 8_s01 8virility0 7muruwwat71 8body01 & 8blood04 ,! my/ics ( ?is sect1 h[ev]1 are agre$ t x is ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( evil1 b :ile "s ass]t t x is a sub/ance 7ayn7 locat$ 9 ! body1 z ! _s 7r7 is1 o!rs hold x to be an attribute ( ! body1 z life is4 ,b !y all agree t ?r\gh x base qualities are manife/$ & t x is ! imm$iate cause ( blamewor?y actions4 ,su* actions are ( two k9ds1 namely1 s9s 7ma7 & base qualities 7akhlq-i dan71 l pride1 envy1 av>ice1 ang]1 hatr$1 etc41 :i* are n comm5dable 9 law & reason4 ,^! qualities c be remov$ by discipl9e 7riyat73 e4g41 s9s are remov$ by rep5tance4 ,s9s belong to ! class ( ext]nal attributes1 :]eas ! qualities above m5tion$ belong to ! class ( int]nal attributes4 ,simil>ly1 discipl9e is an ext]nal act1 & rep5tance is an int]nal attribute4 ,a base quality t appe>s )9 is purg$ by excell5t outw>d attributes1 & "o t appe>s )\t is purg$ by laudable inw>d attributes4 ,bo? ! l[] s\l & ! _s are subtle ?+s 7laif7 exi/+ 9 ! body1 j z devils & angels & ,p>adise & ,hell exi/ 9 ! univ]se2 b ! "o is ! seat ( good1 :ile ! o!r is ! seat ( evil4 ,h5ce1 resi/ance to ! l[] s\l is ! *ief ( all acts ( devotion & ! cr[n ( all acts ( self-mortification1 & only !reby c ,man f9d ! way to ,god1 because submission to ! l[] s\l involves 8 de/ruction & resi/ance to x involves 8 salvation4#aae ,footnote #aae3 ,"h ! au?or cites ,kor4 lxxix1 #dj1 #da2 ii1 #ha 7"p ( ! v]se72 xii1 #ec2 & ! ,traditions3 8,:5 ,god wi%es well unto ,8 s]vant ,he causes him to see ! faults ( 8 s\l10 & 8,god said to ,david1 #8,o ,david1 hate ?y s\l1 = ,my love dep5ds on ?y hatr$ ( x4'0 ,n[1 e attribute ne$s an object :]eby x subsi/s1 & k ( t attribute1 namely1 ! s\l1 is n atta9$ save by k ( ! :ole body1 :i* k 9 turn dem&s an explanation ( ! qualities ( human nature 7insniyyat7 & ! my/]y !re(1 & is incumb5t ^u all seek]s ( ! ,tru?1 because :oev] is ignorant ( himself is yet m ignorant ( o!r ?+s2 & inasmu* z a man is b\nd to "k ,god1 he mu/ fir/ "k himself1 9 ord] t by rightly p]ceiv+ 8 own temporality he may recognize ! et]nity ( ,god1 & may le>n ! ev]la/+ness ( ,god ?r\gh 8 own p]i%abl5ess4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,he :o kn[s himself already kn[s 8 ,"l10 i4e41 if he kn[s himself z p]i%able he kn[s ,god z ev]la/+1 or if he kn[s himself z humble he kn[s ,god z ,almighty1 or if he kn[s himself z a s]vant he kn[s ,god z ! ,"l4 ,!re=e "o :o does n "k himself is deb>r$ f k ( all ?+s4 ,z reg>ds ! k ( human nature & ! v>i\s op9ions held on t topic1 "s ,moslems ass]t t ,man is no?+ b _s 7r71 ( :i* ?is body is ! cuirass & temple & resid5ce1 9 ord] to pres]ve x f be+ injur$ by ! natural hum\rs 7abyi71 & ( :i* ! attributes are s5sation & intellig5ce4 ,?is view is false1 because a body f :i* ! s\l 7jn7 has dep>t$ is /ill call$ 8a human be+0 7insn72 if ! s\l is jo9$ ) x x is 8a live human be+01 & if ! s\l is gone x is 8a dead human be+04 ,moreov]1 a s\l is locat$ 9 ! bodies ( animals1 yet !y are n call$ 8human be+s04 ,if ! _s 7r7 7 ! cause ( human nature1 x w\ld foll[ t ! pr9ciple ( human nature mu/ exi/ 9 e creature possess$ ( a s\l 7jn-dr72 :i* is a pro( ( ! falsity ( _! ass]tion4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h /at$ t ! t]m 8human nature0 is applicable to ! _s & ! body toge!r1 & t x no long] applies :5 "o is sep>at$ f ! o!r2 e4g41 :5 two col\rs1 black & :ite1 are comb9$ on a horse1 x is call$ 8piebald0 7ablaq71 :]eas ! same col\rs1 ap>t f ea* o!r1 are call$ 8black0 & 8:ite04 ,?is too is false1 9 accordance ) ,god's ^w3 8,did !re n come ov] ,man a space ( "t dur+ :i* he 0 n a ?+ wor?y ( m5tion80 7,kor4 lxxvi1 #a73 9 ?is v]se ,man's clay1 )\t s\l--= ! s\l _h n yet be5 jo9$ to 8 body--is call$ 8,man04 ,o!rs av] t 8,man0 is an atom1 c5tr$ 9 ! he>t1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( all human attributes4 ,?is also is absurd1 = if anyone is kill$ & 8 he>t is tak5 out ( 8 body he does n lose ! "n ( 8human be+02 moreov]1 x is agre$ t ! he>t 0 n 9 ! human body be=e ! s\l4 ,"s pret5d]s to fiism h fall5 into error on ?is subject4 ,!y decl>e t 8,man0 is n t :i* eats & dr9ks & suff]s decay1 b a ,div9e my/]y1 ( :i* ?is body is ! ve/ure1 situat$ 9 ! int]fusion ( ! natural hum\rs 7imtizj-i ab7 & 9 ! union 7ittid7 ( body & _s4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t by univ]sal cons5t ! "n ( 8human be+0 belongs to sane m5 & mad1 & to infidels & immoral & ignorant p]sons1 9 :om !re is no su* 8my/]y0 & :o suff] decay & eat & dr9k2 & t !re is n any?+ call$ 8,man0 9 ! body1 ei!r :ile x exi/s or aft] x has ceas$ to exi/4 ,god ,almighty has giv5 ! "n ( 8,man0 to ! sum ( ! sub/ances :i* ,he comp\nd$ 9 u1 exclud+ ^? ?+s :i* are n to be f\nd 9 "s human be+s1 e4g4 9 ! v]ses 8,& ,we h creat$ ,man ( ! *oice/ clay10 etc4 7,kor4 xxiii1 #ab-ad74 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ,god1 :o is ! mo/ v]aci\s ( all :o speak ! ,tru?1 ?is p>ticul> =m1 ) all its +r$i5ts & ) all ! *anges :i* x und]goes1 is 8,man04 ,9 l mann]1 c]ta9 ,sunns h said t ,man is a liv+ creature ^: =m has ^! *>act]i/ics1 & t dea? does n deprive him ( ?is "n1 & t he is end[$ ) a def9ite physiognomy 7rat-i mahd7 & a di/9ct organ 7lat-i mawsm7 bo? ext]nally & int]nally4 ,by 8a def9ite physiognomy0 !y mean t he has ei!r good or ill heal?1 & by 8a di/9ct organ0 t he is ei!r mad or sane4 ,x is g5]ally all[$ t ! m s\nd 7a7 a ?+ is1 ! m p]fect x is 9 con/itution4 ,y mu/ "k1 !n1 t 9 ! op9ion ( my/ics ! mo/ p]fect composition ( ,man includes ?ree elem5ts1 viz4 _s1 s\l1 & body2 & t ea* ( ^! has an attribute :i* subsi/s !re91 ! attribute ( _s be+ intellig5ce1 ( s\l1 passion1 & ( body1 s5sation4 ,man is a type ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,! univ]se is ! "n ( ! two worlds1 & 9 ,man !re is a ve/ige ( bo?1 = he is compos$ ( phlegm1 blood1 bile1 & melan*oly1 :i* f\r hum\rs correspond to ! f\r elem5ts ( ?is _w1 viz4 wat]1 e>?1 air1 & fire1 :ile 8 s\l 7jn71 8 l[] s\l 7nafs71 & 8 body correspond to ,p>adise1 ,hell1 & ! place ( ,resurrection4 ,p>adise is ! effect ( ,god's satisfaction1 & ,hell is ! result ( ,8 ang]4 ,simil>ly1 ! _s ( ! true believ] reflects ! peace ( k1 & 8 l[] s\l ! error :i* veils him f ,god4 ,z1 at ! ,resurrection1 ! believ] mu/ be releas$ f ,hell be=e he c rea* ,p>adise & atta9 to real vision & pure love1 s 9 ?is _w he mu/ escape f 8 l[] s\l be=e he c atta9 to real disciple%ip 7irdat71 ( :i* ! _s is ! pr9ciple1 & to real proximity 7to ,god7 & gnosis4 ,h5ce1 :oev] kn[s ,him 9 ?is _w & turns away f all besides & foll[s ! highway ( ! sacr$ law1 at ! ,resurrection he w n see ,hell & ! ,bridge 7ir74 ,9 %ort1 ! believ]'s _s calls him to ,p>adise1 ( :i* x is a type 9 ?is _w1 & 8 l[] s\l calls him to ,hell1 ( :i* x is a type 9 ?is _w4 ,!re=e x behoves ^? :o seek ,god nev] to relax _! resi/ance to ! l[] s\l1 9 ord] t !reby !y may re9=ce ! _s & ! intellig5ce1 :i* are ! home ( ! ,div9e my/]y4 ,,section4 ,z reg>ds :at has be5 said by ! ,%aykhs conc]n+ ! l[] s\l1 ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian says3 8,vision ( ! l[] s\l & its prompt+s is ! wor/ ( veils10 because ob$i5ce to x is disob$i5ce to ,god1 :i* is ! orig9 ( all veils4 ,ab ,yazd ,bism says3 8,! l[] s\l is an attribute :i* nev] re/s save 9 falsehood10 i4e4 x nev] seeks ! ,tru?4 ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh says3 8,y wi% to "k ,god :ile y\r l[] s\l subsi/s 9 y2 b y\r l[] s\l does n "k itself1 h[ %\ld x "k ano!r80 ,junayd says3 8,to fulfil ! desires ( y\r l[] s\l is ! f\ndation ( infidelity10 because ! l[] s\l is n connect$ )1 & is always /riv+ to turn away f1 ! pure tru? ( ,islam2 & he :o turns away d5ies1 & he :o d5ies is an ali5 7bgna74 ,ab ,sulaymn ,drn says3 8,! l[] s\l is trea*]\s & h9d]+ 7"o :o seeks to please ,god72 & resi/ance to x is ! be/ ( actions40 ,n[ ,i come to my ma9 purpose1 :i* is to set =? ! doctr9e ( ,sahl conc]n+ ! mortification & discipl9e ( ! l[] s\l1 & to expla9 its true nature4 ,disc\rse on ! ,mortification ( ! ,l[] ,s\l4 ,god has said3 8,^? :o /rive to ! utmo/ 7j_h7 = ,our sake1 ,we w guide !m into ,our ways0 7,kor4 xxix1 #fi74 ,& ! ,prophet said3 8,! 7mujhid7 is he :o /ruggles ) all 8 might aga9/ himself 7jhada nafsahu7 = ,god's sake40 ,& he also said3 8,we h return$ f ! less] w> 7al-jihd al-agh>7 to ! great] w> 7al-jihd al-akb>704 ,on be+ ask$1 8,:at is ! great] w>80 he repli$1 8,x is ! /ruggle aga9/ "o's self0 7mujhadat al-nafs74 ,?us ! ,apo/le adjudg$ ! mortification ( ! l[] s\l to be sup]ior to ! ,holy ,w> aga9/ unbeliev]s1 because ! =m] is m pa9ful4 ,y mu/ "k1 !n1 t ! way ( mortification is pla9 & manife/1 = x is approv$ by m5 ( all religions & sects1 & is obs]v$ & practis$ by ! fs 9 p>ticul>2 & ! t]m 8mortification0 7mujhadat7 is curr5t among fs ( e class1 & ! ,%aykhs h utt]$ _m say+s on ?is topic4 ,sahl b4 ,abdallh ,tu/> c>ries ! pr9ciple to an extreme po9t4 ,x is relat$ t he us$ to break 8 fa/ only once 9 fifte5 days1 & he ate b little food 9 ! c\rse ( 8 long life4 ,:ile all my/ics h affirm$ ! ne$ ( mortification1 & h decl>$ x to be an indirect means 7asbb7 ( atta9+ contemplation 7mu%hadat71 ,sahl ass]t$ t mortification is ! direct cause 7illat7 ( ! latt]1 & he attribut$ to se>* 7alab7 a p[]ful effect on atta9m5t 7yft71 s t he ev5 reg>d$ ! pres5t life1 sp5t 9 se>*1 z sup]ior to ! future life ( fruition4 8,if10 he said1 8y s]ve ,god 9 ?is _w1 y w atta9 proximity to ,him 9 ! next _w3 )\t t s]vice !re w\ld n be ?is proximity3 x foll[s t self-mortification1 practis$ ) ! aid ( ,god1 is ! direct cause ( union ) ,god40 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 hold t !re is no direct cause ( union ) ,god1 & :oev] atta9s to ,god does s by ,div9e grace 7fal71 :i* is indep5d5t ( human actions4 ,!re=e1 !y argue1 ! object ( mortification is to correct ! vices ( ! l[] s\l1 n to atta9 real proximity1 & inasmu* z mortification is ref]r$ to ,man1 :ile contemplation is ref]r$ to ,god1 x is impossible t "o %\ld be caus$ by ! o!r4 ,sahl1 h[ev]1 cites 9 fav\r ( 8 view ! words ( ,god3 8,^? :o /rive to ! utmo/ = ,our sake1 ,we w guide !m into ,our ways0 7,kor4 xxix1 #fi71 i4e4 :oev] mortifies himself w atta9 to contemplation4 ,fur!rmore1 he cont5ds t inasmu* z ! books reveal$ to ! ,prophets1 & ! ,sacr$ ,law1 & all ! religi\s ord9ances impos$ on mank9d involve mortification1 !y mu/ all be false & va9 if mortification 7 n ! cause ( contemplation4 ,aga91 bo? 9 ?is _w & ! next1 ev]y?+ is connect$ ) pr9ciples & causes4 ,if x is ma9ta9$ t pr9ciples h no causes1 !re is an end ( all law & ord]3 nei!r c religi\s obligations be ju/ifi$ nor w food be ! cause ( repletion & clo!s ! cause ( w>m?4 ,accord+ly1 to reg>d actions z be+ caus$ is ,unification 7tawd71 & to rebut ?is is ,nullification 7tal74 ,he :o ass]ts x is prov+ ! exi/5ce ( contemplation1 & he :o d5ies x is d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( contemplation4 ,does n tra9+ 7riyat7 alt] ! animal qualities ( a wild horse & sub/itute human qualities 9 _! /ead1 s t he w pick up a :ip f ! gr\nd & give x to 8 ma/]1 or w roll a ball ) 8 foot8 ,9 ! same way1 a boy )\t s5se & ( =eign race is taught by tra9+ to speak ,arabic1 & take a new language 9 ex*ange = 8 "m tongue2 & a savage bea/ is tra9$ to g away :5 leave is giv5 to x1 & to come back :5 x is call$1 pref]r+ captivity to fre$om4#aaf ,!re=e1 ,sahl & 8 foll[]s argue1 mortification is j z necess>y = ! atta9m5t ( union ) ,god z diction & composition are necess>y = ! elucidation ( ideas2 & z "o is l$ to k ( ! ,creator by assurance t ! univ]se 0 creat$ 9 "t1 s "o is l$ to union ) ,god by k & mortification ( ! l[] s\l4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,"h foll[s an acc\nt ( ! mortification :i* ! ,prophet impos$ on himself4 ,i w n[ /ate ! argum5ts ( ! oppos+ p>ty4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! v]se ( ! ,koran 7xxix1 #fi7 cit$ by ,sahl is a hy/]on prot]on1 & t ! mean+ ( x is1 8,^? :om ,we guide into ,our ways /rive to ! utmo/ = ,our sake40 ,& ! ,apo/le said3 8,n "o ( y %all be sav$ by 8 works40 8,o ,apo/le10 !y cri$1 8n ev5 ?\80 8,n ev5 ,i10 he said1 8unless ,god encompass me ) ,8 m]cy40 ,n[1 mortification is a man's act1 & 8 act _c possibly become ! cause ( 8 salvation1 :i* dep5ds on ! ,div9e ,w1 z ,god ha? said3 8,:omsoev] ,god wi%es to lead aright1 ,he w op5 8 brea/ to receive ,islam1 b :omsoev] ,he wi%es to lead a/ray1 ,he w make 8 brea/ /rait & n>r[0 7,kor4 vi1 #abe74 ,by affirm+ ,8 w1 ,he d5ies ! 7effect ( !7 religi\s ord9ances :i* h be5 laid ^u mank9d4 ,if mortification 7 ! cause ( union ,ibls w\ld n h be5 damn$1 or if neglect ( mortification 7 ! cause ( damnation ,adam w\ld nev] h be5 bless$4 ,! result hangs on pr$e/9$ grace 79yat71 n on abundance ( mortification4 ,x is n ! case t he :o mo/ ex]ts himself is ! mo/ secure1 b t he :o has mo/ grace is ne>e/ to ,god4 ,a monk wor%ipp+ 9 8 cell may be f> f ,god1 & a s9n] 9 ! tav]n may be ne> to ,him4 ,! noble/ ?+ 9 ! _w is ! fai? ( a *ild :o is n subject to ! religi\s law 7mukallaf7 & 9 ?is respect belongs to ! same category z madm53 if1 !n1 mortification is n ! cause ( ! noble/ ( all gifts1 no cause is necess>y = any?+ t is inf]ior4 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 say t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two p>ties 9 ?is controv]sy lies 9 expression 7ibrat74 ,"o says1 8,he :o seeks %all f9d10 & ! o!r says1 8,he :o f9ds %all seek40 ,seek+ is ! cause ( f9d+1 b x is no less true t f9d+ is ! cause ( seek+4 ,! "o p>ty practises mortification = ! purpose ( atta9+ contemplation1 & ! o!r p>ty practises contemplation = ! purpose ( atta9+ mortification4 ,! fact is t mortification /&s 9 ! same relation to contemplation z ,div9e bless+ 7tawfq71 :i* is a gift f ,god1 to ob$i5ce 7at73 z x is absurd to seek ob$i5ce )\t ,div9e bless+1 s x is absurd to seek ,div9e bless+ )\t ob$i5ce1 & z !re c be no mortification )\t contemplation1 s !re c be no contemplation )\t mortification4 ,man is guid$ to mortification by a fla% ( ! ,div9e ,beauty1 & inasmu* z t fla% is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( mortification1 ,div9e guidance 7hidyat7 prec$es mortification4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! argum5t ( ,sahl & 8 foll[]s t failure to affirm mortification involves ! d5ial ( all ! religi\s ord9ances :i* h come d[n 9 ! books reveal$ to ! ,prophets1 ?is /atem5t requires correction4 ,religi\s obligations 7taklf7 dep5d on ,div9e guidance 7hidyat71 & acts ( mortification only s]ve to affirm ! pro(s ( ,god1 n to effect real union ) ,him4 ,god has said3 8,& ?\gh ,we _h s5t d[n ! angels unto !m & ! dead _h spok5 unto !m & ,we _h ga!r$ be=e !m all ?+s toge!r1 !y w\ld n h believ$ unless ,god _h s will$0 7,kor4 vi1 #aaa71 = ! cause ( belief is ,our w1 n evid5ces or mortification4 ,accord+ly1 ! revelations ( ! ,prophets & ! ord9ances ( religion are a means 7asbb7 ( atta9+ to union1 b are n ! cause 7illat7 ( union4 ,s f> z religi\s obligations are conc]n$1 ,ab ,bakr 0 9 ! same position z ,ab ,jahl1 b ,ab ,bakr1 hav+ ju/ice & grace1 atta9$1 :]eas ,ab ,jahl1 hav+ ju/ice )\t grace1 fail$4 ,!re=e ! cause ( atta9m5t is atta9m5t itself1 n ! act ( seek+ atta9m5t1 = if ! seek] 7 "o ) ! object s\ght ! seek] w\ld be "o1 & 9 t case he w\ld n be a seek]1 because he :o has atta9$ is at re/1 :i* ! seek] _c be4 ,aga91 9 ref]5ce to _! argum5t t ! qualities ( a horse are alt]$ by mortification1 y mu/ "k t mortification is only a means ( br++ out qualities t are already lat5t 9 ! horse b d n appe> until he has be5 tra9$4 ,mortification w nev] turn a donkey into a horse or a horse into a donkey1 because ?is involves a *ange ( id5tity2 & s9ce mortification has n ! p[] ( trans=m+ id5tity x _c possibly be affirm$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,ov] t spiritual director1 namely1 ,sahl1 !re us$ to pass a mortification ( :i* he 0 indep5d5t & :i*1 :ile he 0 9 ! reality !re(1 he 0 unable to express 9 words4 ,he 0 n l "s :o h made x _! religion to talk ab\t mortification )\t practis+ x4 ,h[ absurd t :at ought to consi/ :olly 9 action %\ld become no?+ b words6 ,9 %ort1 ! fs are unanim\s 9 recogniz+ ! exi/5ce ( mortification & discipl9e1 b hold t x is wrong to pay reg>d to !m4 ,^? :o d5y mortification d n mean to d5y its reality1 b only to d5y t any reg>d %\ld be paid to x or t anyone %\ld be pleas$ ) 8 own actions 9 ! place ( hol9ess1 inasmu* z mortification is ! act ( ,man1 :ile contemplation is a /ate 9 :i* "o is kept by ,god1 & a man's actions d n beg9 to h value until ,god keeps him ?us4 ,! mortification ( ^? :om ,god loves is ! "w ( ,god 9 !m )\t *oice on _! "p3 x ov]:elms & melts !m away2 b ! mortification ( ignorant m5 is ! "w ( !mselves 9 !mselves by _! own *oice3 x p]turbs & di/resses !m1 & di/ress is due to evil4 ,!re=e1 d n speak ( ?9e own actions :ile ?\ can/ avoid x1 & nev] 9 any circum/ances foll[ ?y l[] s\l1 = x is ?y ph5om5al be+ t veils !e f ,god4 ,if ?\ w]t veil$ by "o act alone1 ?\ mighte/ be unveil$ by ano!r1 b s9ce ?y :ole be+ is a veil ?\ wilt n become wor?y ( subsi/5ce 7baq7 until ?\ art :olly annihilat$4 ,x is relat$ 9 a well--kn[n anecdote t usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj7 came to ,kfa & lodg$ 9 ! h\se ( ,muammad b4 al-usayn al-,alaw4 ,ibrhm ,khaww also came to ,kfa1 &1 hav+ he>d ( al-allj1 w5t to see him4 ,al-allj said3 8,o ,ibrhm1 dur+ ^! =ty ye>s ( y\r connexion ) fiism1 :at h y ga9$ f x80 ,ibrhm answ]$3 8,i h made ! doctr9e ( tru/ 9 ,god 7tawakkul7 peculi>ly my own40 ,al-allj said3 8,y h wa/$ y\r life 9 cultivat+ y\r spiritual nature3 :at has become ( annihilation 9 ,unification 7al-fan fi l-tawd780 i4e4 8tru/ 9 ,god is a t]m d5ot+ y\r conduct t[>ds ,god & y\r spiritual excell5ce 9 reg>d to rely+ on ,him3 if a man sp5ds 8 :ole life 9 rem$y+ 8 spiritual nature1 he w ne$ ano!r life = rem$y+ 8 mat]ial nature1 & 8 life w be lo/ be=e he has f\nd a trace or ve/ige ( ,god04 ,& a /ory is told ( ,%aykh ,ab ,al ,siyh ( ,m]v1 t he said3 8,i saw my l[] s\l 9 a =m resembl+ my own1 & "s "o _h seiz$ x by its hair & gave x into my h&s4 ,i b\nd x to a tree & 0 ab\t to de/roy x1 :5 x cri$ out1 #8,o ,ab ,al1 d n tr\ble y\rself4 ,i am ,god's army 7la%k>-i khudyam73 y _c r$uce me to naught4'0 ,& x is relat$ conc]n+ ,muammad b4 ,ulyn ( ,nas1 an em95t companion ( ,junayd1 t he said3 8,9 my novitiate1 :5 ,i _h become aw>e ( ! corruptions ( ! l[] s\l & acqua9t$ ) its places ( ambu%1 ,i always felt a viol5t hatr$ ( x 9 my he>t4 ,"o day some?+ l a "y fox came =? f my ?roat1 & ,god caus$ me to "k t x 0 my l[] s\l4 ,i ca/ x "u my feet1 & at e kick t ,i gave x1 x grew bigg]4 ,i said3 #8,o!r ?+s are de/roy$ by pa9 & bl[s3 :y do/ ?\ increase8' ,x repli$3 #8,because ,i 0 creat$ p]v]se3 t :i* is pa9 to o!r ?+s is pleasure to me1 & _! pleasure is my pa94'0 ,%aykh ,abu l-,abbs ,%aqn1 :o 0 ! ,imm ( 8 "t1 said3 8,"o day ,i came into my h\se & f\nd a yell[ dog ly+ !re1 asleep4 ,?9k+ x _h come 9 f ! /reet1 ,i 0 ab\t to turn x out4 ,x crept "u my skirt & vani%$40 ,%aykh ,abu l-,qsim ,gurgn1 :o to-day is ! ,qub--may ,god prolong 8 life6--relates1 speak+ ( 8 novitiate1 t he saw 8 l[] s\l 9 ! =m ( a snake4 ,a d]vi% said3 8,i saw my l[] s\l 9 ! %ape ( a m\se4 #8,:o art ?\8' ,i ask$4 ,x answ]$3 #8,i am ! de/ruction ( ! he$less1 = ,i urge !m to evil1 & ! salvation ( ^? :o love ,god1 = if ,i 7 n ) !m 9 my corruption !y w\ld be puff$ up ) pride 9 _! purity4'0 ,all ^! /ories prove t ! l[] s\l is a real sub/ance 7ayn71 n a m]e attribute1 & t x has attributes :i* we cle>ly p]ceive4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,?y wor/ enemy is ?y l[] s\l1 :i* is betwe5 ?y two sides40 ,:5 y h obta9$ k ( x y recognize t x c be ma/]$ by discipl9e1 b t its ess5ce & sub/ance d n p]i%4 ,if x is rightly kn[n & "u control1 ! seek] ne$ n c>e ?\gh x cont9ues to exi/ 9 him4 ,h5ce ! purpose ( mortify+ ! l[] s\l is to de/roy its attributes1 n to annihilate its reality4 ,n[ ,i w discuss ! true nature ( passion & ! r5unciation ( lu/s4 ,disc\rse on ! true nature ( ,passion 7haw74 ,y mu/ "k t1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( "s1 passion is a t]m appli$ to ! attributes ( ! l[] s\l1 b1 accord+ to o!rs1 a t]m d5ot+ ! natural volition 7irdat-i ab7 :]eby ! l[] s\l is controll$ & direct$1 j z ! _s is controll$ by ! intellig5ce4 ,e _s t is devoid ( ! faculty ( intellig5ce is imp]fect1 & simil>ly e l[] s\l t is devoid ( ! faculty ( passion is imp]fect4 ,man is cont9ually be+ call$ by intellig5ce & passion into contr>y ways4 ,if he obeys ! call ( intellig5ce he atta9s to fai?1 b if he obeys ! call ( passion he arrives at error & infidelity4 ,!re=e passion is a veil & a false guide1 & man is comm&$ to resi/ x4 ,passion is ( two k9ds3 7#a7 desire ( pleasure & lu/1 & 7#b7 desire ( worldly hon\r & au?ority4 ,he :o foll[s pleasure & lu/ haunts tav]ns1 & mank9d are safe f 8 mis*ief1 b he :o desires hon\r & au?ority lives 9 cells 7awmi7 & mona/]ies1 & n only has lo/ ! "r way himself b also leads o!rs into error4 ,"o ^: e act dep5ds on passion1 & :o f9ds satisfaction 9 foll[+ x1 is f> f ,god al?\gh he be ) y 9 a mosque1 b "o :o has r5\nc$ & ab&on$ x is ne> to ,god al?\gh he be 9 a *ur*4 ,ibrhm ,khaww relates ?is anecdote3 8,once ,i he>d t 9 ,rm !re 0 a monk :o _h be5 sev5ty ye>s 9 a mona/]y4 ,i said to myself3 #8,wond]ful6 ,=ty ye>s is ! t]m ( mona/ic v[s3 :at is ! /ate ( ?is man t he has rema9$ !re = sev5ty ye>s8' ,i w5t to see him4 ,:5 ,i approa*$1 he op5$ a w9d[ & said to me3 #8,o ,ibrhm1 ,i "k :y y h come4 ,i h n /ay$ "h = sev5ty ye>s because ( mona/ic v[s1 b ,i h a dog f\l ) passion1 & ,i h tak5 my abode 9 ?is mona/]y = ! purpose ( gu>d+ ! dog 7sagbn71 & prev5t+ x f do+ h>m to o!rs4' ,on he>+ him say ?is ,i exclaim$3 #8,o ,"l1 ,?\ art able to be/[ righte\sness on a man ev5 ?\gh he be involv$ 9 %e] error4' ,he said to me3 #8,o ,ibrhm1 h[ long w y seek m58 ,g & seek y\rself1 & :5 y h f\nd y\rself keep wat* ov] y\rself1 = ?is passion clo!s itself e day 9 ?ree hundr$ & sixty div]se g>m5ts ( godhead & leads m5 a/ray4'8 ,9 %ort1 ! devil _c ent] a man's he>t until he desires to commit a s93 b :5 a c]ta9 quantity ( passion appe>s1 ! devil takes x & decks x out & displays x to ! man's he>t2 & ?is is call$ diabolic sugge/ion 7wasws74 ,x beg9s f passion1 & 9 ref]5ce to ?is fact ,god said to ,ibls :5 he ?reat5$ to s$uce all mank9d3 0,v]ily1 ?\ ha/ no p[] ov] ,my s]vants0 7,kor4 xv1 #db71 = ! devil 9 reality is a man's l[] s\l & passion4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le said3 8,!re is no "o :om 8 devil 7i4e4 8 passion7 has n subdu$ except ,um>1 = he has subdu$ 8 devil40 ,passion is m+l$ z an +r$i5t 9 ! clay ( ,adam2 :oev] r5\nces x becomes a pr9ce & :oev] foll[s x becomes a captive4 ,junayd 0 ask$3 8,:at is union ) ,god80 ,he repli$3 8,to r5\nce passion10 = ( all ! acts ( devotion by :i* ,god's fav\r is s\ght none has great] value ?an resi/ance to passion1 because x is easi] = a man to de/roy a m\nta9 ) 8 nails ?an to resi/ passion4 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian said3 8,i saw a man fly+ ?r\gh ! air1 & ask$ him h[ he _h atta9$ to ?is degree4 ,he answ]$3 #8,i set my feet on passion 7haw7 9 ord] t ,i might asc5d into ! air 7haw74'0 ,x is relat$ t ,muammad b4 ,fal al-,balkh said3 8,i m>vel at "o :o goes ) 8 passion into ,god's ,h\se & visits ,him3 :y does n he trample on 8 passion t he may atta9 to ,him80 ,! mo/ manife/ attribute ( ! l[] s\l is lu/ 7%ahwat74 ,lu/ is a ?+ t is disp]s$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! human body1 & is s]v$ by ! s5ses4 ,man is b\nd to gu>d all 8 memb]s f x1 & he %all be que/ion$ conc]n+ ! acts ( ea*4 ,! lu/ ( ! eye is sight1 t ( ! e> is he>+1 t ( ! nose is smell1 t ( ! tongue is spee*1 t ( ! palate is ta/e1 t ( ! body 7jasad7 is t\*1 & t ( ! m9d is ?\ght 7&%dan74 ,x behoves ! seek] ( ,god to sp5d 8 :ole life1 day & night1 9 ridd+ himself ( ^! incitem5ts to passion :i* %[ !mselves ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & to pray ,god to make him su* t ?is desire w be remov$ f 8 inw>d nature1 s9ce :oev] is afflict$ ) lu/ is veil$ f all spiritual ?+s4 ,if anyone %\ld repel x by 8 own ex]tions1 8 task w\ld be long & pa9ful4 ,! "r way is resignation 7taslm74 ,x is relat$ t ,ab ,al ,siyh ( ,m]v said3 8,i _h gone to ! ba? & 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( ! ,prophet ,i 0 us+ a razor 7pubis tond5d caus74 ,i said to myself3 #8,o ,ab ,al1 amputate ?is memb] :i* is ! s\rce ( all lu/s & keeps !e afflict$ ) s mu* evil4' ,a voice 9 my he>t :isp]$3 #8,o ,ab ,al1 wilt ?\ int]f]e 9 ,my k+dom8 ,are n all ?y limbs equally at ,my disposal8 ,if ?\ d ?is1 ,i swe> by ,my glory t ,i w put a hundr$fold lu/ & passion 9 e hair 9 t place4'0 ,al?\gh a man has no p[] ov] :at is vici\s 9 8 con/itution1 he c get an attribute *ang$ by ,div9e aid & by resign+ himself to ,god's w & by dive/+ himself ( 8 own p[] & /r5g?4 ,9 reality1 :5 he resigns himself1 ,god protects him2 & ?r\gh ,god's protection he comes ne>] to annihilat+ ! evil ?an he does ?r\gh self-mortification1 s9ce flies are m easily driv5 away ) an umbrella 7mikanna7 ?an ) a fly-:isk 7midhabba74 ,unless ,div9e protection is pr$e/9$ to a man1 he _c ab/a9 f any?+ by 8 own ex]tion1 & unless ,god ex]ts ,himself t[>ds a man1 t man's ex]tion is ( no use4 ,all acts ( ex]tion fall "u two heads3 _! object is ei!r to av]t ! pr$e/9ation ( ,god or to acquire some?+ 9 spite ( pr$e/9ation2 & bo? ^! objects are impossible4 ,x is relat$ t :5 ,%ibl 0 ill1 ! physician advis$ him to be ab/95t4 8,f :at %all ,i ab/a980 said he1 8f t :i* ,god be/[s ^u me1 or f t :i* ,he does n be/[8 ,x is impossible to ab/a9 f ! =m]1 & ! latt] is n 9 my h&s40 ,i w discuss ?is "q c>efully on ano!r occasion4 #g4 ,,! ,,ak,m,s4 ,!y are ! foll[]s ( ,ab ,abdallh ,muammad b4 ,al al-akm al-,tirmidh1 :o 0 "o ( ! religi\s lead]s ( 8 "t & ! au?or ( _m works on e bran* ( exot]ic & esot]ic sci5ce4 ,8 doctr9e 0 bas$ on sa9t%ip 7wilyat71 & he us$ to expla9 ! true nature ( sa9t%ip & ! degrees ( ! sa9ts & ! obs]vance ( ! prop] arrangem5t ( _! ranks4 ,z ! fir/ /ep t[>ds und]/&+ 8 doctr9e1 y mu/ "k t ,god has sa9ts 7awliy71 :om ,he has *os5 out ( mank9d1 & ^: ?\ghts ,he has )drawn f worldly ties & deliv]$ f s5sual temptations2 & ,he has /ation$ ea* ( !m 9 a p>ticul> degree1 & has op5$ unto !m ! door ( ^! my/]ies4 ,mu* might be said on ?is topic1 b ,i mu/ briefly set =? sev]al po9ts ( capital importance4 ,disc\rse on ! ,affirmation ( ,sa9t%ip 7wilyat74 ,y mu/ "k t ! pr9ciple & f\ndation ( fiism & k ( ,god re/s on sa9t%ip1 ! reality ( :i* is unanim\sly affirm$ by all ! ,%aykhs1 ?\gh e "o has express$ himself 9 diff]5t language4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,muammad b4 ,al 7al-akm7 lies 9 ! fact t he appli$ ?is t]m to ! !ory ( fiism4 ,walyat means1 etymologically1 8p[] to dispose0 7taarruf71 & wilyat means 8possession ( comm&0 7imrat74 ,walyat also means 8lord%ip0 7rubbiyyat72 h5ce ,god ha? said3 8,9 ?is case ! lord%ip 7al-walyat7 belongs to ,god :o is ! ,tru?0 7,kor4 xviii1 #db71 because ! unbeliev]s seek ,8 protection & turn unto ,him & r5\nce _! idols4 ,& wilyat also means 8love0 7maabbat74 ,wal may be ! =m fal ) ! mean+ ( mafl1 z ,god ha? said3 8,& ,he takes *>ge ( 7yatawall7 ! righte\s0 7,kor4 vii1 #aie71 = ,god does n leave ,8 s]vant to 8 own actions & attributes1 b keeps him "u ,8 protection4 ,& wal may be ! =m fal1 equival5t to fil1 ) an int5sive =ce1 because a man takes c>e 7tawall kunad7 to obey ,god & con/antly to fulfil ! obligations t he owes to ,him4 ,?us wal 9 ! active mean+ is 8"o :o desires0 7murd71 :ile 9 ! passive mean+ x d5otes 8"o :o is ! object ( ,god's desire0 7murd74 ,all ^! mean+s1 :e!r !y signify ! relation ( ,god to ,man or t ( ,man to ,god1 are all[able1 = ,god may be ! protector ( ,8 fri5ds1 inasmu* z ,he promis$ ,8 protection to ! ,companions ( ! ,apo/le1 & decl>$ t ! unbeliev]s _h no protector 7mawl74#aag ,&1 moreov]1 ,he may di/+ui% !m 9 an exclusive way by ,8 fri5d%ip1 z ,he ha? said1 8,he loves !m & !y love ,him0 7,kor4 v1 #ei71 s t !y turn away f ! fav\r ( mank9d3 ,he is _! fri5d 7wal7 & !y are ,8 fri5ds 7awliy74 ,& ,he may conf] on "o a 8fri5d%ip0 7wilyat7 t enables him to p]sev]e 9 ob$i5ce to ,him1 & keeps him free f s91 & on ano!r a 8fri5d%ip0 t emp[]s him to loose & b9d1 & makes 8 pray]s answ]$ & 8 aspirations effectual1 z ! ,apo/le said3 8,!re is _m a "o ) dirty hair1 du/-/a9$1 clad 9 two old g>m5ts1 :om m5 nev] he$2 b if he 7 to swe> by ,god1 ,god w\ld v]ify 8 oa?40 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ! ,caliphate ( ,um> b4 al-,khab1 ! ,nile1 9 accordance ) its usual habit1 ceas$ to fl[2 = 9 ! "t ( ,paganism !y us$ annually to adorn a maid5 & ?r[ h] into ! riv] to make x fl[ aga94 ,um> !re=e wrote on a piece ( pap]3 8,o riv]1 if ?\ ha/ /opp$ ( ?y own w1 ?\ doe/ wrong1 & if by comm& ( ,god1 ,um> bids !e fl[48 ,:5 ?is pap] 0 ?r[n 91 ! ,nile resum$ its c\rse4 ,footnote #aag3 ,kor4 xlvii1 #ab4 ,my purpose 9 discuss+ sa9t%ip & affirm+ its reality is to %[ y t ! "n ( sa9t 7wal7 is prop]ly appli$ to ^? 9 :om ! above-m5tion$ qualities are actually pres5t 7l7 & n m]ely reput$ 7ql74 ,c]ta9 ,%aykhs =m]ly compos$ books on ?is subject1 b !y became r>e & soon disappe>$4 ,n[ ,i w comm5d to y ! explanation giv5 by t v5]able spiritual director :o is ! au?or ( ! doctr9e--= my own belief 9 x is great]--9 ord] t mu* in/ruction may be ga9$1 n only by y\rself1 b also by e seek] ( fiism :o may h ! good =tune to read ?is book4 ,,section4 ,y mu/ "k t ! ^w wal is curr5t among ! vulg>1 & is to be f\nd 9 ! ,koran & ! ,apo/olic ,traditions3 e4g41 ,god ha? said1 0,v]ily1 on ! fri5ds 7awliy7 ( ,god no fe> %all come1 & !y %all n grieve8 7,kor4 x1 #fc72 & aga91 0,god is ! fri5d 7wal7 ( ^? :o believe0 7,kor4 ii1 #beh74 ,& ! ,apo/le said3 8,among ! s]vants ( ,god !re are "s :om ! prophets & m>tyrs deem happy40 ,he 0 ask$3 8,:o are !y8 ,describe !m to u t p]*ance we may love !m40 ,he repli$3 8,^? :o love "o ano!r1 ?r\gh ,god's m]cy1 )\t weal? & )\t seek+ a livelihood3 _! faces are lum9\s1 & !y sit on ?rones ( light2 !y are n afraid :5 m5 are afraid1 nor d !y grieve :5 m5 grieve40 ,!n he recit$3 8,v]ily1 on ! fri5ds ( ,god no fe> %all come1 & !y %all n grieve0 7,kor4 x1 #fc74 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,apo/le said t ,god said3 8,he :o hurts a sa9t 7wal7 has all[$ himself to make w> on ,me40 ,^! passages %[ t ,god has sa9ts 7awliy7 :om ,he has specially di/+ui%$ by ,8 fri5d%ip & :om ,he has *os5 to be ! gov]nors ( ,8 k+dom & has m>k$ out to manife/ ,8 actions & has peculi>ly fav\r$ ) div]se k9ds ( miracles 7k>mt7 & has purg$ ( natural corruptions & has deliv]$ f subjection to _! l[] s\l & passion1 s t all _! ?\ghts are ( ,him & _! intimacy is ) ,him alone4 ,su* h be5 9 pa/ ages1 & are n[1 & %all be h]eaft] until ! ,day ( ,resurrection1 because ,god has exalt$ ?is 7,moslem7 community above all o!rs & has promis$ to pres]ve ! religion ( ,muammad4 ,inasmu* z ! traditional & intellectual pro(s ( ?is religion are to be f\nd among ! div9es 7ulam71 x foll[s t ! visible pro( is to be f\nd among ! ,sa9ts & elect ( ,god4 ,"h we h two p>ties oppos$ to u1 namely1 ! ,mutazilites & ! rank & file ( ! ,an?ropomorphi/s 7a%wiyya74 ,! ,mutazilites d5y t "o ,moslem is specially privileg$ m ?an ano!r2 b if a sa9t is n specially privileg$1 nei!r is a prophet specially privileg$2 & ?is is infidelity4 ,! vulg> ,an?ropomorphi/s all[ t special privileges may be conf]r$1 b ass]t t su* privileg$ p]sons no long] exi/1 al?\gh !y did exi/ 9 ! pa/4 ,x is all ! same1 h[ev]1 :e!r !y d5y ! pa/ or ! future1 s9ce "o side ( d5ial is no bett] ?an ano!r4 ,god1 !n1 has caus$ ! prophetic evid5ce 7burhn-i nabaw7 to rema9 d[n to ! pres5t day1 & has made ! ,sa9ts ! means :]eby x is manife/$1 9 ord] t ! signs ( ! ,tru? & ! pro( ( ,muammad's v]acity may cont9ue to be cle>ly se54 ,he has made ! ,sa9ts ! gov]nors ( ! univ]se2 !y h become entirely devot$ to ,8 bus9ess1 & h ceas$ to foll[ _! s5sual affections4 ,?r\gh ! bless+ ( _! adv5t ! ra9 falls f heav51 & ?r\gh ! purity ( _! lives ! plants spr+ up f ! e>?1 & ?r\gh _! spiritual influ5ce ! ,moslems ga9 victories ov] ! unbeliev]s4 ,among !m !re are f\r ?\s& :o are conceal$ & d n "k "o ano!r & are n aw>e ( ! excell5ce ( _! /ate1 b 9 all circum/ances are hidd5 f !mselves & f mank9d4 ,traditions h come d[n to ?is effect1 & ! say+s ( ! ,sa9ts proclaim ! tru? !re(1 & ,i myself--,god be prais$6--h _h ocul> exp]i5ce 7khab>-i iyn7 ( ?is matt]4 ,b ( ^? :o h p[] to loose & to b9d & are ! (fic]s ( ! ,div9e c\rt !re are ?ree hundr$1 call$ ,akhyr1 & =ty1 call$ ,abdl1 & sev51 call$ ,abrr1 & f\r1 call$ ,awtd1 & ?ree1 call$ ,nuqab1 & "o1 call$ ,qub or ,ghaw?4 ,all ^! "k "o ano!r & _c act save by mutual cons5t4 ,"h ! vulg> may object to my ass]tion t !y "k "o ano!r to be sa9ts1 on ! gr\nd t1 if su* is ! case1 !y mu/ be secure z to _! fate 9 ! next _w4 ,i reply t x is absurd to suppose t k ( sa9t%ip involves security4 ,a believ] may h k ( 8 fai? & yet n be secure3 :y %\ld n ! same hold good ( a sa9t :o has k ( 8 sa9t%ip8 ,nev]!less1 x is possible t ,god %\ld miracul\sly cause ! sa9t to "k 8 security 9 reg>d to ! future life1 :ile ma9ta9+ him 9 a /ate ( spiritual s\ndness & pres]v+ him f disob$i5ce4 ,! ,%aykhs diff] on ?is "q = ! reason :i* ,i h expla9$4 ,^? belong+ to ! f\r ?\s& :o are conceal$ d n admit t ! sa9t c "k himself to be su*1 :]eas ^? ( ! o!r class take ! contr>y view4 ,ea* op9ion is support$ by _m lawy]s & s*ola/ics4 ,ab ,isq ,isf>9#aah & "s ( ! anci5ts hold t a sa9t is ignorant ( 8 sa9t%ip1 :ile ,ab ,bakr b4 ,frak#aai & o!rs ( ! pa/ g5]ation hold t he is consci\s ( x4 ,i ask ! =m] p>ty1 :at loss or evil does a sa9t suff] by kn[+ himself8 ,if !y allege t he is conceit$ :5 he kn[s himself to be a sa9t1 ,i answ] t ,div9e protection is a necess>y condition ( sa9t%ip1 & "o :o is protect$ f evil _c fall into self-conceit4 ,x is a v common notion 7sukhan-i sakht miyna7 t a sa9t1 to :om extraord9>y miracles 7k>mt7 are cont9ually v\*saf$1 does n "k himself to be a sa9t or ^! miracles to be miracles4 ,bo? p>ties h adh]5ts among ! common p1 b op9ion is ( no acc\nt4 ,footnote #aah3 ,see ,ibn ,khallikn1 ,no4 #d4 ,footnote #aai3 ,see ,ibn ,khallikn1 ,no4 #fba2 ,brockelmann1 i1 #aff4 ,! ,mutazilites1 h[ev]1 d5y special privileges & miracles1 :i* con/itute ! ess5ce ( sa9t%ip4 ,!y affirm t all ,moslems are fri5ds 7awliy7 ( ,god :5 !y are ob$i5t to ,him1 & t anyone :o fulfils ! ord9ances ( ! ,fai? & d5ies ! attributes & vision ( ,god & all[s believ]s to be et]nally damn$ 9 ,hell & ackn[l$ges only su* obligations z are impos$ by ,reason1 )\t reg>d to ,revelation1 is a 8fri5d0 7wal74 ,all ,moslems agree t su* a p]son is a 8fri5d01 b a fri5d ( ! ,devil4 ,! ,mutazilites also ma9ta9 t1 if sa9t%ip involv$ miracles1 all believ]s mu/ h miracles v\*saf$ to !m1 because !y all %>e 9 fai? 7mn71 & if !y %>e 9 :at is fundam5tal !y mu/ likewise %>e 9 :at is d]ivative4 ,!y say1 fur!r1 t miracles may be v\*saf$ bo? to believ]s & to infidels1 e4g4 :5 anyone is hungry or fatigu$ on a j\rney "s p]son may appe> 9 ord] to give him food or m\nt him on an animal = rid+4 ,if x 7 possible1 !y add1 = anyone to trav]se a great di/ance 9 "o night1 ! ,apo/le mu/ h be5 t man2 yet1 :5 he set out = ,mecca1 ,god said1 8,& !y 7! animals7 c>ry y\r burd5s to a l& :i* ye w\ld n h rea*$ save ) sore tr\ble to y\rselves0 7,kor4 xvi1 #g74 ,i reply3 8,y\r argum5ts are wor?less1 = ,god said1 #8,glory to ,him :o transport$ ,8 s]vant by night f ! sacr$ mosque to ! f>!r mosque'0 7,kor4 xvii1 #a74 ,miracles are special1 n g5]al2 b x w\ld h be5 a g5]al in/ance if all ! ,companions _h be5 miracul\sly convey$ to ,mecca1 & ?is w\ld h de/roy$ all ! pr9ciples ( fai? 9 ! unse54 ,fai? is a g5]al t]m1 applicable to ! righte\s & ! wick$ alike1 :]eas sa9t%ip is special4 ,! j\rney ( ! ,companions to ,mecca falls "u ! =m] category1 b inasmu* z ! case ( ! ,apo/le 0 a special "o1 ,god convey$ him 9 "o night f ,mecca to ,j]usalem1 & !nce to a space ( two b[-l5g?s f ! ,div9e pres5ce2 & he return$ ere ! night 0 f> sp5t4 ,aga91 to d5y special privileges is manife/ly unreasonable4 ,z 9 a palace !re are *amb]la9s1 janitors1 grooms1 & vizi]s1 :o1 al?\gh !y are equally ! k+'s s]vants1 are n equal 9 rank1 s all believ]s are equal 9 respect ( _! fai?1 b "s are ob$i5t1 "s wise1 "s pi\s1 & "s ignorant4 ,,section4 ,! ,%aykhs1 e "o1 h giv5 h9ts z to ! true mean+ ( sa9t%ip4 ,n[ ,i w br+ toge!r z _m ( ^! select$ def9itions z possible4 ,ab ,al ,jzajn says3 8,! sa9t is annihilat$ 9 8 own /ate & subsi/5t 9 ! contemplation ( ! ,tru?3 he _c tell any?+ conc]n+ himself1 nor c he re/ ) anyone except ,god10 because a man has k only ( 8 own /ate1 & :5 all 8 /ates are annihilat$ he _c tell any?+ ab\t himself2 & he _c re/ ) anyone else1 to :om he might tell 8 /ate1 because to communicate "o's hidd5 /ate to ano!r is to reveal ! secret ( ! ,belov$1 :i* _c be reveal$ except to ! ,belov$ himself4 ,moreov]1 9 contemplation x is impossible to reg>d aught except ,god3 h[1 !n1 c he be at re/ ) mank9d8 ,junayd said3 8,! sa9t ha? no fe>1 because fe> is ! expectation ei!r ( "s future calamity or ( ! ev5tual loss ( "s object ( desire1 :]eas ! sa9t is ! son ( 8 "t 7ibn waqtihi73 he has no future t he %\ld fe> any?+2 & z he ha? no fe> s he ha? no hope1 s9ce hope is ! expectation ei!r ( ga9+ an object ( desire or ( be+ reliev$ f a mis=tune1 & ?is belongs to ! future2 nor does he grieve1 because grief arises f ! rig\r ( "t1 & h[ %\ld he feel grief :o is 9 ! radiance ( satisfaction 7ri7 & ! g>d5 ( concord 7muwfaqat780 ,! vulg> imag9e ?is say+ to imply t1 inasmu* z ! sa9t feels nei!r fe> nor hope nor grief1 he has security 7amn7 9 _! place2 b he has n security1 = security arises f n see+ t :i* is hidd51 & f turn+ "o's back on 8"t02 & ?is 7abs5ce ( security7 is *>act]i/ic ( ^? :o pay no reg>d to _! humanity 7ba%>iyyat7 & are n cont5t ) attributes4 ,fe> & hope & security & grief all ref] to ! int]e/s ( ! l[] s\l1 & :5 t is annihilat$ satisfaction 7ri7 becomes an attribute ( ,man1 & :5 satisfaction has be5 atta9$ 8 /ates become /eadfa/ 7mu/aqm7 9 vision ( ! ,au?or ( /ates 7muawwil71 & 8 back is turn$ on all /ates4 ,!n sa9t%ip is reveal$ to 8 he>t & its mean+ is made cle> to 8 inmo/ ?\ghts4 ,ab ,u?mn ,maghrib says3 8,! sa9t is sometimes celebrat$ 7ma%hr71 b he is n s$uc$ 7maftn710 & ano!r says3 8,! sa9t is sometimes hidd5 7ma/r71 b he is n celebrat$40 ,s$uction consi/s 9 falsehood3 inasmu* z ! sa9t mu/ be v]aci\s1 & miracles _c possibly be p]=m$ by a li>1 x foll[s t ! sa9t is incapable ( be+ s$uc$4 ,^! two say+s ref] to ! controv]sy :e!r ! sa9t kn[s himself to be su*3 if he kn[s1 he is celebrat$1 & if he does n "k1 he is s$uc$2 b ! explanation ( ?is is t$i\s4 ,x is relat$ t ,ibrhm b4 ,adham ask$ a c]ta9 man :e!r he desir$ to be "o ( ,god's sa9ts1 & on 8 reply+ 8,yes01 said3 8,d n covet any?+ 9 ?is _w or ! next1 & devote ?yself entirely to ,god1 & turn to ,god ) all ?y he>t40 ,to covet ?is _w is to turn away f ,god = ! sake ( t :i* is transitory1 & to covet ! next _w is to turn away f ,god = ! sake ( t :i* is ev]la/+3 t :i* is transitory p]i%es & its r5unciation becomes naught1 b t :i* is ev]la/+ _c p]i%1 h5ce its r5unciation also is imp]i%able4 ,ab ,yazd 0 ask$3 8,:o is a sa9t80 ,he answ]$3 8,t "o :o is pati5t "u ! comm& & prohibition ( ,god10 because ! m a man loves ,god ! m does 8 he>t rev]e :at ,he comm&s & ! f>!r is 8 body f :at ,he =bids4 ,x is relat$ t ,ab ,yazd said3 8,once ,i 0 told t a sa9t ( ,god 0 9 su* & su* a t[n4 ,i set out to visit him4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ at 8 mosque he came =? f 8 *amb] & spat on ! floor ( ! mosque4 ,i turn$ back )\t salut+ him1 & said to myself3 #8,a sa9t mu/ keep ! religi\s law 9 ord] t ,god may keep him 9 8 spiritual /ate4 ,_h ?is man be5 a sa9t 8 respect = ! mosque w\ld h prev5t$ him f spitt+ on its floor1 or ,god w\ld h pres]v$ him f m>r+ ! grace v\*saf$ to him4' ,! same night ,i dream$ t ! ,apo/le said to me1 #8,o ,ab ,yazd1 ! bless+ ( t :i* ?\ ha/ done is come to !e4' ,next day ,i atta9$ to ?is degree :i* ye behold40 ,& ,i h he>d t a man :o came to visit ,%aykh ,ab ,sad ent]$ ! mosque ) 8 left foot =emo/4 ,! ,%aykh gave ord]s t he %\ld be dismiss$1 say+3 8,he :o does n "k h[ to ent] ! h\se ( ! ,fri5d is n suitable = u40 ,"s h]etics :o h adopt$ ?is p]il\s doctr9e ass]t t s]vice ( ,god 7khidmat7 is necess>y only :ile "o is becom+ a sa9t1 b t aft] "o has become a sa9t s]vice is aboli%$4 ,?is is cle>ly wrong4 ,!re is no 8/ation0 on ! way to ! ,tru? :]e any obligation ( s]vice is aboli%$4 ,i w expla9 ?is matt] fully 9 its prop] place4 ,disc\rse on ! ,affirmation ( ,miracles 7k>mt74 ,y mu/ "k t miracles may be v\*saf$ to a sa9t s long z he does n infr+e ! obligations ( ! religi\s law4 ,bo? p>ties ( ! or?odox ,moslems agree on ?is po9t1 nor is x intellectually impossible1 because su* miracles are a species ( t :i* is pr$e/9$ by ,god1 & _! manife/ation does n contradict any pr9ciple ( ! religi\s law1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is x repugnant to ! m9d to conceive !m z a g5us4 ,a miracle is a tok5 ( a sa9t's v]acity1 & x _c be manife/$ to an impo/or except z a sign t 8 pret5sions are false4 ,x is an extraord9>y act 7fil nqi-i dat71 p]=m$ :ile he is /ill subject to ! obligations ( religion2 & :oev] is able1 ?r\gh k giv5 him by ,god1 to di/+ui% by ! me?od ( d$uction :at is true f :at is false1 he too is a sa9t4 ,"s ,sunns ma9ta9 t miracles are e/abli%$1 b n to ! degree ( an evid5ti>y miracle 7mujizat#abj73 !y d n admit1 = example1 t pray]s may be answ]$ & fulfill$1 & s =?1 contr>y to cu/om4 ,i ask 9 reply3 8,:at d y consid] wrong 9 ! p]=mance by a true sa9t1 :ile he is subject to religi\s obligations1 ( an act :i* violates cu/om80 ,if !y say t x is n a species ( t :i* is pr$e/9$ by ,god1 ?is /atem5t is errone\s2 & if !y say t x is a species ( t :i* is pr$e/9$1 b t its p]=mance by a true sa9t involves ! annulm5t ( prophecy & ! d5ial ( special privileges to ! prophets1 ?is ass]tion also is inadmissible1 s9ce ! sa9t is specially di/+ui%$ by miracles 7k>mt7 & ! prophet by evid5ti>y miracles 7mujizt72 & inasmu* z ! sa9t is a sa9t & ! prophet is a prophet1 !re is no lik5ess betwe5 !m to ju/ify su* precaution4 ,! pre-em95ce ( ! prophets dep5ds on _! exalt$ rank & on _! be+ pres]v$ f ! defilem5t ( s91 n on miracles or evid5ti>y miracles or acts :i* violate cu/om4 ,all ! prophets are equal s f> z !y all h ! p[] ( work+ su* miracles 7ijz71 b "s are sup]ior to o!rs 9 degree4 ,s9ce1 !n1 not)/&+ ?is equality 9 reg>d to _! actions1 "s prophets are sup]ior to o!rs1 :y %\ld n miracles 7k>mt7 :i* violate cu/om be v\*saf$ also to ! sa9ts1 al?\gh ! prophets are sup]ior to !m8 ,& s9ce1 9 ! case ( ! prophets1 an act :i* violates cu/om does n cause "o ( !m to be m exalt$ or m specially privileg$ ?an ano!r1 s1 9 ! case ( ! sa9ts1 a simil> act does n cause a sa9t to be m specially privileg$ ?an a prophet1 i4e4 ! sa9ts d n become l 9 k9d 7hamsn7 to ! prophets4 ,?is pro( w cle> away1 = reasonable m51 any difficulties t ?is matt] may h pres5t$ to !m4 8,b suppose10 x may be said1 8t a sa9t ^: miracles violate cu/om %\ld claim to be a prophet40 ,i reply t ?is is impossible1 because sa9t%ip involves v]acity1 & he :o tells a falsehood is no sa9t4 ,moreov]1 a sa9t :o pret5ds to prophesy ca/s an imputation on 7! g5u95ess (7 evid5ti>y miracles1 :i* is infidelity4 ,miracles 7k>mt7 are v\*saf$ only to a pi\s believ]1 & falsehood is impiety4 ,t be+ s1 ! miracles ( ! sa9t confirm ! evid5ce ( ! prophet4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! two classes ( miracles4 ,! apo/le e/abli%es 8 prophecy by e/abli%+ ! reality ( evid5ti>y miracles1 :ile ! sa9t1 by ! miracles :i* he p]=ms1 e/abli%es bo? ! prophecy ( ! apo/le & 8 own sa9t%ip4 ,!re=e ! v]aci\s sa9t says ! same ?+ z ! v]aci\s prophet4 ,! miracles ( ! =m] are id5tical ) ! evid5ti>y miracles ( ! latt]4 ,a believ]1 see+ ! miracles ( a sa9t1 has m fai? 9 ! v]acity ( ! prophet1 n m d\bt1 because !re is no contradiction betwe5 ! claims made by !m4 ,simil>ly1 9 law1 :5 a numb] ( heirs are agre$ 9 _! claim1 if "o ( !m e/abli%es 8 claim ! claim ( ! o!rs is e/abli%$2 b n s if _! claims are contradictory4 ,h5ce1 :5 a prophet adduces evid5ti>y miracles z evid5ce t 8 prophecy is g5u9e1 & :5 8 claim is confirm$ by a sa9t1 x is impossible t any difficulty %\ld arise4 ,footnote #abj3 ,! "n mujizat is giv5 to a miracle p]=m$ by a prophet1 :ile "o p]=m$ by a sa9t is call$ k>mat4 ,disc\rse on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,evid5ti>y ,miracles 7mujizt7 & ,miracles 7k>mt74 ,inasmu* z x has be5 %[n t nei!r class ( miracles c be wr\ght by an impo/or1 we mu/ n[ di/+ui% m cle>ly betwe5 !m4 ,mujizt involve publicity & k>mt secrecy1 because ! result ( ! =m] is to affect o!rs1 :ile ! latt] are peculi> to ! p]son by :om !y are p]=m$4 ,aga91 ! do] ( mujizt is q sure t he has wr\ght an extraord9>y miracle1 :]eas ! do] ( k>mt _c be sure :e!r he has really wr\ght a miracle or :e!r he is ins5sibly deceiv$ 7i/idrj74 ,he :o p]=ms mujizt has au?ority ov] ! law1 & 9 arrang+ x he d5ies or affirms1 accord+ z ,god comm&s him1 t he is ins5sibly deceiv$4#aba ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o p]=ms k>mt has no *oice b to resign himself 7to ,god's w7 & to accept ! ord9ances t are laid ^u him1 because ! k>mt ( a sa9t are nev] 9 any way incompatible ) ! law laid d[n by a prophet4 ,x may be said3 8,if evid5ti>y miracles are ! pro( ( a prophet's v]acity1 & if nev]!less y ass]t t miracles ( ! same k9d may be p]=m$ by "o :o is n a prophet1 !n !y become ord9>y ev5ts 7mutd73 !re=e y\r pro( ( ! reality ( mujizt annuls y\r argum5t e/abli%+ ! reality ( k>mt40 ,i reply3 8,?is is n ! case4 ,! k>mat ( a sa9t is id5tical )1 & displays ! same evid5ce z1 ! mujizat ( a prophet3 ! quality ( ijz 7inimitability7 exhibit$ 9 ! "o in/ance does n impair ! same quality 9 ! o!r in/ance40 ,:5 ! infidels put ,khubayb on ! gall[s at ,mecca1 ! ,apo/le1 :o 0 !n seat$ 9 ! mosque at ,m$na1 saw him & told ! ,companions :at 0 be+ done to him4 ,god also lift$ ! veil f ! eyes ( ,khubayb1 s t he saw ! ,apo/le & cri$1 8,peace be ) !e60 & ,god caus$ ! ,apo/le to he> 8 salutation1 & caus$ ,khubayb to he> ! ,apo/le's answ]4 ,n[1 ! fact t ! ,apo/le at ,m$na saw ,khubayb at ,mecca 0 an evid5ti>y miracle1 & ! fact t ,khubayb at ,mecca saw ! ,apo/le at ,m$na 0 likewise an extraord9>y act4 ,accord+ly !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 abs5ce 9 "t & abs5ce 9 space2 = ,khubayb's miracle 7k>mat7 0 wr\ght :5 he 0 abs5t f ! ,apo/le 9 space1 & ! miracles ( lat] days 7 wr\ght by ^? :o 7 abs5t f ! ,apo/le 9 "t4 ,?is is a cle> di/9ction & a manife/ pro( t k>mt _c possibly be 9 contradiction ) ijz 7miracles p]=m$ by a prophet74 ,k>mt are n e/abli%$ unless !y be> te/imony to ! tru? ( "o :o has p]=m$ a mujizat1 & !y are n v\*saf$ except to a pi\s believ] :o be>s su* te/imony4 ,k>mt ( ,moslems are an extraord9>y miracle 7mujizat7 ( ! ,apo/le1 = z 8 law is p]man5t s mu/ 8 pro( 7ujjat7 also be p]man5t4 ,! sa9ts are witnesses to ! tru? ( ! ,apo/le's mission1 & x is impossible t a miracle 7k>mat7 %\ld be wr\ght by an unbeliev] 7bgna74 ,footnote #aba3 ,b4 omits ! words 8t he is ins5sibly deceiv$04 ,on ?is topic a /ory is relat$ ( ,ibrhm ,khaww1 :i* is v apposite "h4 ,ibrhm said3 8,i w5t d[n into ! des]t 9 my usual /ate ( deta*m5t f worldly ?+s 7tajrd74 ,aft] ,i _h gone "s di/ance a man appe>$ & begg$ me to let him be my companion4 ,i look$ at him & 0 consci\s ( a feel+ ( repugnance4 ,he said to me3 #8,o ,ibrhm1 d n be vex$4 ,i am a ,*ri/ian1 & "o ( ! bians among !m4 ,i h come f ! conf9es ( ,rm 9 ! hope ( be+ ?y companion4' ,:5 ,i knew t he 0 an unbeliev]1 ,i rega9$ my equanimity1 & felt x m easy to take him z my companion & to fulfil my obligations t[>ds him4 ,i said3 #8,o monk1 ,i fe> t ?\ wilt suff] f want ( meat & dr9k1 = ,i h no?+ ) me4' #8,o ,ibrhm1' said he1 #8is ?y fame 9 ! _w s great1 & art ?\ /ill conc]n$ ab\t meat & dr9k8' ,i m>vell$ at 8 boldness & accept$ him z my companion 9 ord] to te/ 8 claim4 ,aft] j\rney+ sev5 days & nights we 7 ov]tak5 by ?ir/4 ,he /opp$ & cri$3 #8,o ,ibrhm1 !y trumpet ?y praise ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,n[ let me see :at privileges ( intimacy 7gu/khh7 ?\ ha/ 9 ?is c\rt 7i4e4 to :at ext5t ?\ art a fav\rite ) ,god71 = ,i c endure no m4' ,i laid my head on ! e>? & cri$3 #8,o ,"l1 d n %ame me be=e ?is unbeliev]1 :o ?9ks well ( me6' ,:5 ,i rais$ my head ,i saw a di% on :i* 7 plac$ two loaves ( bread & two cups ( wat]4 ,we ate & drank & w5t on our way4 ,aft] sev5 days _h pass$ ,i resolv$ to te/ him ere he %\ld aga9 put me to ! pro(4 #8,o monk1' ,i said1 #8n[ x is ?y turn4 ,let me see ! fruits ( ?y mortification4' ,he laid 8 head on ! e>? & mutt]$ some?+4 ,imm$iately a di% appe>$ conta9+ f\r loaves & f\r cups ( wat]4 ,i 0 amaz$ & griev$1 & ,i despair$ ( my /ate4 #8,?is has appe>$1' ,i said1 #8= ! sake ( an unbeliev]3 h[ c ,i eat or dr9k !re(8' ,he bade me ta/e1 b ,i refus$1 say+1 #8,?\ art n wor?y ( ?is1 & x is n 9 h>mony ) ?y spiritual condition4 ,if ,i reg>d x z a miracle 7k>mat71 miracles are n v\*saf$ to unbeliev]s2 & if ,i reg>d x z a contribution 7manat7 f !e1 ,i mu/ suspect !e ( be+ an impo/or4' ,he said3 #8,ta/e1 ,o ,ibrhm6 ,i give !e joy ( two ?+s3 fir/ly1 ( my conv]sion to ,islam 7"h he utt]$ ! pr(ession ( fai?71 & secondly1 ( ! great hon\r 9 :i* ?\ art held by ,god4' #8,h[ s8' ,i ask$4 ,he answ]$3 #8,i h no miracul\s p[]s1 b my %ame on acc\nt ( !e made me lay my head on ! e>? & beg ,god to give me two loaves & two cups ( wat] if ! religion ( ,muammad is true1 & two m loaves & cups if ,ibrhm ,khaww is "o ( ,god's sa9ts4'0 ,!n ,ibrhm ate & drank1 & ! man :o _h be5 a monk rose to em95ce 9 ,islam4 ,n[1 ?is violation ( cu/om1 al?\gh atta*$ to ! k>mat ( a sa9t1 is id5tical ) ! evid5ti>y miracles :i* are wr\ght by prophets1 b x is r>e t 9 a prophet's abs5ce an evid5ce %\ld be v\*saf$ to ano!r p]son1 or t 9 ! pres5ce ( a sa9t "s portion ( 8 miracul\s p[]s %\ld be transf]r$ to ano!r p]son4 ,9 fact1 ! end ( sa9t%ip is only ! beg9n+ ( prophecy4 ,t monk 0 "o ( ! hidd5 7sa9ts71 l ,ph>aoh's magicians4 ,ibrhm confirm$ ! ,prophet's p[] to violate cu/om1 & 8 companion also 0 endeav\r+ bo? to confirm prophecy & to glorify sa9t%ip2 a purpose :i* ,god 9 ,8 et]nal provid5ce fulfill$4 ,?is is a cle> diff]5ce betwe5 k>mat & ijz4 ,! manife/ation ( miracles to ! sa9ts is a second miracle1 = !y ought to be kept secret1 n int5tionally divulg$4 ,my ,%aykh us$ to say t if a sa9t reveals 8 sa9t%ip & claims to be a sa9t1 ! s\ndness ( 8 spiritual /ate is n impair$ !reby1 b if he takes pa9s to obta9 publicity he is l$ a/ray by self-conceit4 ,disc\rse on ! p]=mance ( miracles belong+ to ! evid5ti>y class by ^? :o pret5d to god%ip4 ,! ,%aykhs ( ?is sect & all or?odox ,moslems are agre$ t an extraord9>y act resembl+ a prophetic miracle 7mujizat7 may be p]=m$ by an unbeliev]1 9 ord] t by means ( 8 p]=mance he may be %[n beyond d\bt to be an impo/or4 ,?us1 = example1 ,ph>aoh liv$ f\r hundr$ ye>s )\t once fall+ ill2 & :5 he climb$ up to any high gr\nd ! wat] foll[$ him1 & /opp$ :5 he /opp$1 & mov$ :5 he mov$4 ,nev]!less1 intellig5t m5 did n hesitate to d5y 8 pret5sions to god%ip1 inasmu* z e intellig5t p]son ackn[l$ges t ,god is n inc>nate 7mujassam7 & composite 7murakkab74 ,y w judge by analogy ! wondr\s acts relat$ ( ,%addd1 :o 0 ! "l ( ,iram1 & ,nimrod4 ,simil>ly1 we are told on tru/wor?y au?ority t 9 ! la/ days ,dajjl w come & w claim god%ip1 & t two m\nta9s w g ) him1 "o on 8 "r h& & ! o!r on 8 left2 & t ! m\nta9 on 8 "r h& w be ! place ( felicity1 & ! m\nta9 on 8 left h& w be ! place ( torm5t2 & t he w call ! p to himself & w puni% ^? :o refuse to jo9 him4 ,b ?\gh he %\ld p]=m a hundr$fold am\nt ( su* extraord9>y acts1 no intellig5t p]son w\ld d\bt ! falsity ( 8 claim1 = x is well kn[n t ,god does n sit on an ass & is n bl9d4 ,su* ?+s fall "u ! pr9ciple ( ,div9e deception 7i/idrj74 ,s1 aga91 "o :o falsely pret5ds to be an apo/le may p]=m an extraord9>y act1 :i* proves him an impo/or1 j z a simil> act p]=m$ by a true apo/le proves him g5u9e4 ,b no su* act c be p]=m$ if !re be any possibility ( d\bt or any difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ! true claimant f ! impo/or1 = 9 t case ! pr9ciple ( allegiance 7bayat7 w\ld be nullifi$4 ,x is possible1 moreov]1 t some?+ ( ! same k9d z a miracle 7k>mat7 may be p]=m$ by a pret5d] to sa9t%ip :o1 al?\gh 8 conduct is bad1 is blameless 9 8 religion1 inasmu* z by t miracul\s act he confirms ! tru? ( ! ,apo/le & manife/s ! grace ( ,god v\*saf$ to him & does n attribute ! act 9 "q to 8 own p[]4 ,"o :o speaks ! tru?1 )\t evid5ce1 9 ! fundam5tal matt] ( fai? 7mn71 w always speak ! tru?1 ) evid5ce & firm belief1 9 ! matt] ( sa9t%ip1 because 8 belief is ( ! same quality z ! belief ( ! sa9t2 & ?\gh 8 actions d n squ>e ) 8 belief1 8 claim ( sa9t%ip is n demon/rably contradict$ by 8 evil conduct1 any m ?an 8 claim ( fai? c\ld be4 ,9 fact1 miracles 7k>mt7 & sa9t%ip are ,div9e gifts1 n ?+s acquir$ by ,man1 s t human actions 7kasb7 _c become ! cause ( ,div9e guidance4 ,i h already said t ! sa9ts are n pres]v$ f s9 7mam71 = s9lessness belongs to ! prophets1 b !y are protect$ 7maf7 f any evil t involves ! d5ial ( _! sa9t%ip2 & ! d5ial ( sa9t%ip1 aft] x has come into be+1 dep5ds on some?+ inconsi/5t ) fai?1 namely1 apo/asy 7riddat73 x does n dep5d on s94 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ,muammad b4 ,al akm ( ,tirmidh1 & also ( ,junayd1 ,abu l-asan ,nr1 ri? ,musib1 & _m o!r my/ics 7ahl-i aqiq74 ,b ^? :o atta* importance to conduct 7ahl-i mumalt71 l ,sahl b4 ,abdallh ( ,tu/>1 ,ab ,sulaymn ,drn1 amdn ,qar1 & o!rs1 ma9ta9 t sa9t%ip involves unceas+ ob$i5ce 7at71 & t :5 a great s9 7kabra7 occurs to ! m9d ( a sa9t he is depos$ f 8 sa9t%ip4 ,n[1 z ,i h /at$ be=e1 !re is a cons5sus ( op9ion 7ijm7 among ,moslems t a great s9 does n put anyone outside ! pale ( fai?2 & "o sa9t%ip 7wilyat7 is no bett] ?an ano!r4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! sa9t%ip ( k ( ,god 7marifat71 :i* is ! f\ndation ( all miracles v\*saf$ by ,div9e grace 7k>ma?71 is n lo/ ?r\gh s91 x is impossible t :at is inf]ior to t 9 excell5ce & grace 7k>mat7 %\ld disappe> because ( s94 ,! controv]sy among ! ,%aykhs on ?is matt] has run to great l5g?1 & ,i d n int5d to record x "h4 ,x is mo/ important1 h[ev]1 t y %\ld "k ) c]ta9ty 9 :at /ate ?is miracul\s grace is manife/$ to ! sa9t3 9 sobriety or intoxication1 9 rapture 7ghalabat7 or composure 7tamkn74 ,i h fully expla9$ ! mean+ ( intoxication & sobriety 9 my acc\nt ( ! doctr9e ( ,ab ,yazd4 ,he & ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian & ,muammad b4 ,khaff & usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj7 & ,yay b4 ,mudh ,rz & o!rs hold t miracles are n v\*saf$ to a sa9t except :5 he is 9 ! /ate ( intoxication1 :]eas ! miracles ( ! prophets are wr\ght 9 ! /ate ( sobriety4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to _! doctr9e1 ?is is a cle> di/9ction betwe5 mujizt & k>mt1 = ! sa9t1 be+ enraptur$1 pays no he$ to ! p & does n call ^u !m to foll[ him1 :ile ! prophet1 be+ sob]1 ex]ts himself to atta9 8 object & *all5ges ! p to rival :at he has done4 ,moreov]1 ! prophet may *oose :e!r he w manife/ or conceal 8 extraord9>y p[]s1 b ! sa9ts h no su* *oice2 sometimes a miracle is n grant$ to !m :5 !y desire x1 & sometimes x is be/[$ :5 !y d n desire x1 = ! sa9t has no propag&a1 s t 8 attributes %\ld be subsi/5t1 b he is hidd5 & 8 prop] /ate is to h 8 attributes annihilat$4 ,! prophet is a man ( law 7ib %>71 & ! sa9t is a man ( inw>d feel+ 7ib sirr74 ,accord+ly1 a miracle 7k>mat7 w n be manife/$ to a sa9t unless he is 9 a /ate ( abs5ce f himself & bewild]m5t1 & unless 8 faculties are entirely "u ! control ( ,god4 ,:ile sa9ts are ) !mselves & ma9ta9 ! /ate ( humanity 7ba%>iyyat71 !y are veil$2 b :5 ! veil is lift$ !y are bewild]$ & amaz$ ?r\gh realiz+ ! b\nties ( ,god4 ,a miracle _c be manife/$ except 9 ! /ate ( unveil$ness 7ka%f71 :i* is ! rank ( proximity 7qurb72 & :oev] is 9 t /ate1 to him wor?less /ones appe> ev5 z gold4 ,?is is ! /ate ( intoxication ) :i* no human be+1 ! prophets alone except$1 is p]man5tly end[$4 ,?us1 "o day1 ri?a 0 transport$ f ?is _w & _h ! next _w reveal$ to him2 he said3 8,i h cut myself loose f ?is _w1 s t its /ones & its gold & its silv] & its clay are all "o to me40 ,next day he 0 se5 t5d+ asses1 & on be+ ask$ :at he 0 do+1 he said3 8,i am try+ to get ! food t ,i ne$40 ,!re=e1 ! sa9ts1 :ile !y are sob]1 are z ord9>y m51 b :ile !y are intoxicat$ _! rank is ! same z t ( ! prophets1 & ! :ole univ]se becomes l gold unto !m4 ,%ibl says-- 8,gold :]ev] we g1 & pe>ls ,:]ev] we turn1 & silv] 9 ! wa/e40 ,i h he>d ! ,ma/] & ,imm ,abu l-,qsim ,qu%ayr say3 8,once ,i ask$ b>n ab\t ! beg9n+ ( 8 spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,he told me t on "o occasion he want$ a /one f ! riv]-b$ at ,s>akhs4 ,e /one t he t\*$ turn$ into a gem1 & he ?rew !m all away40 ,?is 0 because /ones & gems 7 ! same to him1 or r1 gems 7 ( less value1 s9ce he _h no desire = !m4 ,& ,i h he>d ,khwja ,imm ,khaz9 at ,s>akhs relate z foll[s3 8,9 my boyhood ,i w5t to a c]ta9 place to get mulb]ry leaves = silkworms4 ,:5 x 0 midday ,i climb$ a tree & began to %ake ! bran*es4 ,:ile ,i 0 ?us employ$ ,%aykh ,abu l-,fal b4 al-asan pass$ by1 b he did n see me1 & ,i _h no d\bt t he 0 beside himself & t 8 he>t 0 ) ,god4 ,sudd5ly he rais$ 8 head & cri$ ) ! boldness ( intimacy3 #8,o ,"l1 x is m ?an a ye> s9ce ,?\ ha/ giv5 me a small piece ( silv] 7dng7 t ,i might h my hair cut4 ,is ?is ! way to treat ,?y fri5ds8' ,no soon] _h he spok5 ?an ,i saw all ! leaves & b\ghs & roots ( ! trees turn$ to gold4 ,abu l-,fal exclaim$3 #8,h[ /range6 ,! lea/ h9t t ,i utt] is a backslid+ 7hama tar-i m r a/74 ,"o _c say a ^w to ,!e = ! sake ( reliev+ "o's m9d4'0 ,x is relat$ t ,%ibl ca/ f\r hundr$ dnrs into ! ,tigris4 ,:5 ask$ :at he 0 do+1 he repli$3 8,/ones are bett] 9 ! wat]40 8,b :y10 !y said1 8don't y give ! money to ! poor80 ,he answ]$3 8,glory to ,god6 :at plea c ,i urge be=e ,him if ,i remove ! veil f my own he>t only to place x on ! he>ts ( my bro!r ,moslems8 ,x is n religi\s to wi% !m worse ?an myself40 ,all ^! cases belong to ! /ate ( intoxication1 :i* ,i h already expla9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,junayd & ,abu l-,abbs ,sayyr & ,ab ,bakr ,wsi & ,muammad b4 ,al ( ,tirmidh1 ! au?or ( ! doctr9e1 hold t miracles are manife/$ 9 ! /ate ( sobriety & composure 7aw tamkn71 n 9 ! /ate ( intoxication4 ,!y argue t ! sa9ts ( ,god are ! gov]nors ( ,8 k+dom & ! ov]se]s ( ! univ]se1 :i* ,god has committ$ absolutely to _! *>ge3 !re=e _! judgm5ts mu/ be ! s\nde/ ( all1 & _! he>ts mu/ be ! mo/ t5d]ly dispos$ ( all t[>ds ! creatures ( ,god4 ,!y are mature 7rasdagn72 & :]eas agitation & intoxication are m>ks ( inexp]i5ce1 ) maturity agitation is transmut$ into composure4 ,!n1 & only !n1 is "o a sa9t 9 reality1 & only !n are miracles g5u9e4 ,x is well kn[n among fs t e night ! ,awtd mu/ g r\nd ! :ole univ]se1 & if !re %\ld be any place on :i* _! eyes h n fall51 next day "s imp]fection w appe> 9 t place2 & !y mu/ !n in=m ! ,qub1 9 ord] t he may fix 8 att5tion on ! weak spot1 & t by 8 bless+ ! imp]fection may be remov$4 ,z reg>ds ! ass]tion t gold & e>? are "o to ! sa9t1 ?is indiff]5ce is a sign ( intoxication & failure to see truly4 ,m excell5t is ! man ( true sight & s\nd p]ception1 to :om gold is gold & e>? is e>?1 b :o recognizes ! evil ( ! =m] & says3 8,o yell[ ore6 ,o :ite ore6 beguile "s "o else1 = ,i am aw>e ( y\r corrupt$ness40 ,he :o sees ! corrupt$ness ( gold & silv] p]ceives !m to be a veil 7betwe5 himself & ,god71 & ,god w rew>d him = hav+ r5\nc$ !m4 ,contr>iwise1 he to :om gold is ev5 z e>? is n made p]fect by r5\nc+ e>?4 ri?a1 be+ intoxicat$1 decl>$ t /ones & gold 7 alike to him1 b ,ab ,bakr1 be+ sob]1 p]ceiv$ ! evil ( lay+ h&s on worldly weal?1 & knew t ,god w\ld rew>d him = reject+ x4 ,!re=e he r5\nc$ x1 & :5 ! ,apo/le ask$ him :at he _h left = 8 family he answ]$1 8,god & ,8 ,apo/le40 ,& ! foll[+ /ory is relat$ by ,ab ,bakr ,w>rq ( ,tirmidh3 8,"o day ,muammad b4 ,al 7al-akm7 said t he w\ld take me some:]e4 ,i repli$3 #8,x is = ! ,%aykh to comm&4' ,soon aft] we set out ,i saw an exce$+ly dreadful wild]ness1 & 9 ! mid/ !re( a gold5 ?rone plac$ "u a gre5 tree beside a f\nta9 ( runn+ wat]4 ,seat$ on ! ?rone 0 a p]son clad 9 beautiful raim5t1 :o rose :5 ,muammad b4 ,al approa*$1 & bade him sit on ! ?rone4 ,aft] a :ile1 p came f e side until =ty 7 ga!r$ toge!r4 ,!n ,muammad b4 ,al wav$ 8 h&1 & imm$iately food appe>$ f heav51 & we ate4 ,aft]w>ds ,muammad b4 ,al ask$ a "q ( a man :o 0 pres5t1 & he 9 reply made a long disc\rse ( :i* ,i did n und]/& a s+le ^w4 ,at la/ ! ,%aykh begg$ leave & took 8 dep>ture1 say+ to me3 #8,g1 = ?\ art ble/4' ,on our return to ,tirmidh1 ,i ask$ him :at 0 t place & :o 0 t man4 ,he told me t ! place 0 ! ,des]t ( ! ,israelites 7th-i ,ban ,isrl7 & t ! man 0 ! ,qub on :om ! ord] ( ! univ]se dep5ds4 #8,o ,%aykh1' ,i said1 #8h[ did we rea* ! ,des]t ( ! ,israelites f ,tirmidh 9 su* a brief "t8' ,he answ]$3 #8,o ,ab ,bakr1 x is ?y bus9ess to arrive 7rasdan71 n to ask que/ions 7pursdan74'8 ,?is is a m>k1 n ( intoxication1 b ( sanity4 ,n[ ,i w m5tion "s miracles & /ories ( ! fs1 & l9k !reto c]ta9 evid5ce :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! ,book 7! ,koran74 ,disc\rse conc]n+ _! ,miracles4 ,! reality ( miracles hav+ be5 e/abli%$ by logical argum5t1 y mu/ n[ become acqua9t$ ) ! evid5ce ( ! ,koran & ! g5u9e ,traditions ( ! ,apo/le4 ,bo? ,koran & ,tradition proclaim ! reality ( miracles & extraord9>y acts wr\ght by sa9ts4 ,to d5y ?is is to d5y ! au?ority ( ! sacr$ texts4 ,"o example is ! text1 0,& ,we caus$ ! cl\ds to ov]%ad[ y & ! manna & ! quails to desc5d ^u y0 7,kor4 ii1 #ed74 ,if any sceptic %\ld ass]t t ?is 0 an evid5ti>y miracle 7mujizat7 ( ,moses1 ,i raise no objection1 because all ! miracles ( ! sa9ts are an evid5ti>y miracle ( ,muammad2 & if he says t ?is miracle 0 wr\ght 9 ! abs5ce ( ,moses1 al?\gh x occurr$ 9 8 "t1 & t !re=e x 0 n necess>ily wr\ght by him1 ,i reply t ! same pr9ciple holds good 9 ! case ( ,moses1 :5 he quitt$ 8 p & w5t to ,m\nt ,s9ai1 z 9 ! case ( ,muammad2 = !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 be+ abs5t 9 "t & be+ abs5t 9 space4 ,we are also told ( ! miracle ( af b4 ,b>khiy1 :o br\ght ! ?rone ( ,bilqs to ,solomon 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye 7,kor4 xxvii1 #dj74 ,?is _c h be5 a mujizat1 = af 0 n an apo/le2 _h x be5 a mujizat1 x mu/ h be5 wr\ght by ,solomon3 !re=e x 0 a k>mat4 ,we are told also ( ,m>y t :5ev] ,za*>ias w5t into h] *amb] he f\nd w9t] fruits 9 summ] & summ] fruits 9 w9t]1 s t he said3 8#8,:5ce had/ ?\ ?is8' ,%e answ]$1 #8,x is f ,god'0 7,kor4 iii1 #cb74 ,ev]yone admits t ,m>y 0 n an apo/le4 ,fur!rmore1 we h ! /ory ( ! m5 ( ! cave 7ab al-kahf71 h[ _! dog spoke to !m1 & h[ !y slept & turn$ ab\t 9 ! cave 7,kor4 xviii1 #ag74 ,all ^! 7 extraord9>y acts1 & s9ce !y c]ta9ly 7 n a mujizat1 !y mu/ h be5 a k>mat4 ,su* miracles 7k>mat7 may be1 = example1 ! answ]+ ( pray]s ?r\gh ! accompli%m5t ( wi%es conceiv$ by "o :o is subject to ! religi\s law 7ba-ul-i umr-i ma:m &> zamn-i taklf71 or ! trav]s+ ( great di/ances 9 a %ort "t1 or ! appe>ance ( food f an unaccu/om$ place1 or p[] to read ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 etc4 ,among ! g5u9e ,traditions is ! /ory ( ! cave 7ad? al-ghr71 :i* is told z foll[s4 ,"o day ! ,companions ( ! ,apo/le begg$ him to relate to !m "s m>vell\s tale ( ! anci5t peoples4 ,he said3 8,once ?ree p]sons 7 go+ to a c]ta9 place4 ,at ev5tide !y took %elt] 9 a cave1 & :ile !y 7 asleep a rock fell f ! m\nta9 & block$ ! m\? ( ! cave4 ,!y said to "o ano!r1 #8,we %all nev] escape f "h unless we make our dis9t]e/$ actions plead = u be=e ,god4' ,s "o ( !m began3 #8,i _h a fa!r & "m & ,i _h no worldly goods except a goat1 ^: milk ,i us$ to give to !m2 & e day ,i us$ to ga!r a bundle ( firewood & sell x & sp5d ! money 9 provid+ food = !m & myself4 ,"o night ,i came home r late1 & be=e ,i milk$ ! goat & /eep$ _! food 9 ! milk !y _h fall5 asleep4 ,i kept ! b[l 9 my h& & /ood !re1 )\t hav+ eat5 any?+1 until morn+1 :5 !y awoke & ate2 !n ,i sat d[n4' #8,o ,"l' 7he cont9u$71 #8if ,i speak ! tru? conc]n+ ?is matt]1 s5d u deliv]ance & come to our aid6'0 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,!reupon ! rock mov$ a little & a crevice appe>$4 ,! next man said3 #8,!re 0 a beautiful bl9d girl1 ) :om ,i 0 deeply 9 love1 b %e w\ld n li/5 to my suit4 ,i manag$ to s5d to h] a hundr$ & tw5ty dnrs ) a promise t %e %\ld keep ! money if %e w\ld be m9e = "o night4 ,:5 %e came ! fe> ( ,god seiz$ my he>t4 ,i turn$ f h] & let h] keep ! money4' ,he add$1 #8,o ,god1 if ,i speak ! tru?1 deliv] u6'0 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,!n ! rock mov$ a little fur!r & ! crevice wid5$1 b !y c\ld n yet g =?4 ,! ?ird man said3 #8,i _h "s lab\r]s work+ = me4 ,:5 ! "w 0 done !y all receiv$ _! wages except "o1 :o disappe>$4 ,) 8 wages ,i b\ght a %eep4 ,next ye> !re 7 two1 & 9 ! ye> aft] t !re 7 f\r1 & !y soon became a l>ge flock4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ! lab\r] return$ & ask$ me = 8 wages4 ,i said to him1 8,g & take all ^! %eep2 !y are y\r prop]ty40 ,he ?\ght ,i mu/ be mock+ him1 b ,i assur$ him t x 0 true1 & he w5t (f ) ! :ole flock4' ,! n>rator add$1 #8,o ,"l1 if ,i speak ! tru?1 deliv] u6'0 8,he _h sc>cely f9i%$10 said ! ,apo/le1 8:5 ! rock mov$ away f ! m\? ( ! cave & let ! ?ree m5 come =?40#abb ,x is relat$ t ,ab ,sad ,kh>rz said3 8,= a long "t ,i us$ to eat only once 9 ?ree days4 ,i 0 j\rney+ 9 ! des]t1 & on ! ?ird day ,i felt weak ?r\gh hung]4 ,a voice f heav5 cri$ to me1 #8,do/ ?\ pref] food t w quiet ?y l[] nature1 or an exp$i5t t w enable !e to ov]come ?y weakness )\t food8' ,i repli$1 #8,o ,god1 give me /r5g?6' ,!n ,i rose & travell$ twelve /ages )\t meat or dr9k40 ,x is well kn[n t at ! pres5t day ! h\se ( ,sahl b4 ,abdallh at ,tu/> is call$ ! ,h\se ( ! ,wild ,bea/s 7bayt al-sib71 & ! p ( ,tu/> are agre$ t _m wild bea/s us$ to come to him1 & t he f$ & t5d$ !m4 ,abu l-,qsim ( ,m]v tells ! foll[+ /ory3 8,z ,i 0 walk+ on ! sea%ore ) ,ab ,sad ,kh>rz1 ,i saw a y\? clad 9 a pat*$ frock & c>ry+ a bucket 7rakwa71 to :i* an ink-bottle 0 fa/5$4 ,kh>rz said3 #8,:5 ,i look at ?is y\? he seems to be "o ( ! adepts 7rasdagn71 b :5 ,i look at 8 ink-bottle ,i ?9k he is a /ud5t4 ,let me "q him4' ,s he acco/$ ! y\? & said1 #8,:at is ! way to ,god8' ,! y\? answ]$3 #8,!re are two ways to ,god3 ! way ( ! vulg> & ! way ( ! elect4 ,?\ ha/ no k ( ! latt]1 b ! way ( ! vulg>1 :i* ?\ pursue/1 is to reg>d ?9e own actions z ! cause ( atta9+ to ,god1 & to suppose t an ink-bottle is "o ( ! ?+s t int]f]e ) atta9m5t4'0 ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian says3 8,once ,i emb>k$ 9 a %ip voyag+ f ,egypt to ,jidda4 ,among ! pass5g]s 0 a y\? we>+ a pat*$ frock4 ,i 0 eag] to be 8 companion1 b he inspir$ me ) su* awe t ,i did n v5ture to address him1 = 8 spiritual /ate 0 v exalt$ & he 0 con/antly engag$ 9 devotion4 ,"o day a c]ta9 man lo/ a purse ( jewels1 & suspicion fell on ?is y\?4 ,!y 7 ab\t to maltreat him1 b ,i said1 #8,let me "q him c\rte\sly4' ,i told him t he 0 suspect$ ( !ft & t ,i _h sav$ him f maltreatm5t4 #8,& n[1' ,i said1 #8:at is to be done8' ,he look$ t[>ds ,heav5 & spoke a few words4 ,! fi%es came to ! surface ( ! sea1 ea* ) a jewel 9 its m\?4 ,he took a jewel & gave x to 8 accus]2 !n he set 8 foot on ! wat] & walk$ away4 ,!reupon ! real ?ief dropp$ ! purse1 & ! p 9 ! %ip rep5t$40 ,ibrhm ,raqq#abc is relat$ to h said3 8,9 my novitiate ,i set out to visit ,muslim ,maghrib4 ,i f\nd him 9 8 mosque1 act+ z prec5tor4 ,he pron\nc$ al-amd incorrectly4 ,i said to myself1 #8,my tr\ble has be5 wa/$4' ,next day1 :5 ,i 0 go+ to ! bank ( ! ,euphrates to p]=m ! religi\s ablution1 ,i saw a lion asleep on ! road4 ,i turn$ back1 & 0 fac$ by ano!r lion :i* _h be5 foll[+ me4 ,he>+ my cry ( despair1 ,muslim came =? f 8 cell4 ,:5 ! lions saw him !y humbl$ !mselves be=e him4 ,he took ! e> ( ea* "o & rubb$ x1 say+1 #8,o dogs ( ,god1 h n ,i told y t y mu/ n int]f]e ) my gue/s8' ,!n he said to me3 #8,o ,ab ,isq1 ?\ ha/ busi$ ?yself ) correct+ ?y ext]ior = ! sake ( ,god's creatures1 h5ce ?\ art afraid ( !m2 b x has be5 my bus9ess to correct my int]ior = ,god's sake1 h5ce ,8 creatures are afraid ( me4'0 ,"o day my ,%aykh set out f ,bayt al-,j9n to ,damascus4 ,heavy ra9 _h begun to fall1 & ,i 0 walk+ ) difficulty 9 ! mire4 ,i notic$ t ! ,%aykh's %oes & clo!s 7 p]fectly dry4 ,on my po9t+ ?is out to him1 he said3 8,yes2 ,god has pres]v$ me f mud ev] s9ce ,i put unque/ion+ tru/ 9 ,him & gu>d$ my int]ior f ! desolation ( cupidity40 ,once an exp]i5ce occurr$ to me :i* ,i c\ld n unravel4 ,i set out to visit ,%aykh ,abu l-,qsim ,gurgn at s4 ,i f\nd him alone 9 8 *amb] 9 ! mosque1 & he 0 exp\nd+ precisely ! same difficulty to a pill>1 s t ,i 0 answ]$ )\t hav+ ask$ ! "q4 8,o ,%aykh10 ,i cri$1 8to :om art ?\ say+ ?is80 ,he repli$3 8,o son1 ,god j n[ caus$ ?is pill> to speak & ask me ?is "q40 ,9 ,f>ghna1 at a village call$ ,a%ltak1#abd !re 0 an old man1 "o ( ! ,awtd ( ! e>?4 ,8 "n 0 ,bb ,um>#abe--;all ! d]vi%es 9 t c\ntry give ! title ( ,bb to _! great ,%aykhs--& he _h an old wife call$ ,fima4 ,i w5t f ,uzk& to see him4 ,:5 ,i ent]$ 8 pres5ce he said3 8,:y h y come80 ,i repli$3 8,9 ord] t ,i might see ! ,%aykh 9 p]son & t he might look on me ) k9dness40 ,he said3 8,i h be5 see+ y cont9ually s9ce su* & su* a day1 & ,i wi% to see y z long z y are n remov$ f my sight40 ,i comput$ ! day & ye>3 x 0 ! v day on :i* my conv]sion began4 ,! ,%aykh said3 8,to trav]se di/ance 7sip>dan-i masfat7 is *ild's play3 h5ce=? pay visits by means ( ?\ght 7himmat72 x is n wor? :ile to visit any p]son 7%akh71 & !re is no virtue 9 bodily pres5ce 7ur-i a%b740 ,!n he bade ,fima br+ some?+ to eat4 ,%e br\ght a di% ( new grapes1 al?\gh x 0 n ! season = !m1 & "s fre% ripe dates1 :i* _c possibly be procur$ 9 ,f>ghna4 ,on ano!r occasion1 :ile ,i 0 sitt+ alone1 z is my cu/om1 beside ! tomb ( ,%aykh ,ab ,sad at ,mihna1 ,i saw a :ite pigeon fly "u ! clo? 7fa7 cov]+ ! sepul*re4 ,i suppos$ t ! bird _h escap$ f its own]1 b :5 ,i look$ "u ! clo? no?+ 0 to be se54 ,?is happ5$ aga9 next day1 & also on ! ?ird day4 ,i 0 at a loss to und]/& x1 until "o night ,i dream$ ( ! sa9t & ask$ him ab\t my exp]i5ce4 ,he answ]$3 8,t pigeon is my good conduct 7af-yi mumalat71 :i* comes e day to my tomb to fea/ ) me 7ba-mundamat-i man740#abf ,i might adduce _m m ( ^! tales )\t exhau/+ !m1 b my purpose 9 ?is book is to e/abli% ! pr9ciples ( fiism4 ,z reg>ds d]ivatives & matt]s ( conduct books h be5 compil$ by ! traditioni/s 7naqqln71 & ^! topics are dissem9at$ f ! pulpit by prea*]s 7mudhakkirn74 ,n[ ,i w give1 9 "o or two sections1 an adequate acc\nt ( c]ta9 po9ts be>+ on ! pres5t discussion1 9 ord] t ,i may n h to return to x aga94 ,footnote #abb3 ,"h foll[ 7#a7 a ,tradition1 relat$ by ,ab ,hurayra1 ( ?ree infants :o 7 miracul\sly end[$ ) spee*3 7a7 ,jesus1 7b7 a *ild :o exculpat$ ! monk ,jurayj 7,george7 :5 he 0 falsely accus$ by a h>lot1 7c7 a *ild :o div9$ ! *>act]s ( a horseman & a woman4 7#b7 ,a /ory ( ,zida1 ! h&maid ( ! ,caliph ,um>3 h[ a knight desc5d$ f heav5 & gave h] a message f ,riwn1 ! keep] ( ,p>adise1 to ! ,prophet2 & h[1 :5 %e c\ld n lift a bundle ( firewood f a rock on :i* %e _h laid x1 ! ,prophet bade ! rock g ) h] & c>ry ! firewood to ,um>'s h\se4 7#c7 ,a /ory ( ,al b4 al-aram1 :o1 hav+ be5 s5t on a w>like exp$ition by ! ,prophet1 walk$ dry-%od across a riv] ) 8 company4 7#d7 ,a /ory ( ,abdallh b4 ,um>1 at ^: bidd+ a lion decamp$ & left ! way op5 = a p>ty ( travell]s4 7#e7 ,a /ory ( a man :o 0 se5 sitt+ 9 ! air1 & :5 ,abraham ask$ him by :at means he _h obta9$ su* p[]1 repli$ t he _h r5\nc$ ! _w & t ,god _h be/[$ on him an a]ial dwell+-place :]e he 0 n di/urb$ by any ?\ght ( mank9d4 7#f7 ,a /ory ( ! ,caliph ,um>1 :o 0 on ! po9t ( be+ kill$ by a ,p]sian1 :5 two lions sudd5ly appe>$ & caus$ ! assass9 to desi/4 7#g7 ,a /ory ( ,khlid b4 ,wald1 :o said 8,bismillah0 & drank a deadly poison1 :i* did him no h>m4 7#h7 ,a /ory1 relat$ by asan ( ,bara1 ( a negro :o turn$ ! walls ( a tav]n into gold4 7#i7 ,a /ory1 relat$ by ,ibrhm b4 ,adham1 ( a %eph]d :o smote a rock ) 8 /aff & caus$ wat] to gu% =?4 7#aj7 ,a /ory ( a cup :i* pron\nc$ ! words 8,glory to ,god0 9 ! he>+ ( ,ab ,d>d & ,salmn ,fris4 ,footnote #abc3 ,di$ 9 #cbf ,a4,h4 ,see ,abu l-,mas91 ,nujm1 ii1 #bhd1 #ac4 ,footnote #abd3 ,l4 4 ,,ij4 4 ,footnote #abe3 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #cea4 ,footnote #abf3 ,"h ! au?or tells ! /ory1 :i* has already be5 relat$ 7p4 #adb supra71 ( ,ab ,bakr ,w>rq1 :o 0 comm&$ by ,muammad b4 ,al ( ,tirmidh to ?r[ "s ( ! latt]'s my/ical writ+s into ! ,oxus4 ,disc\rse on ! ,sup]iority ( ! ,prophets to ! ,sa9ts4 ,y mu/ "k t1 by univ]sal cons5t ( ! f ,%aykhs1 ! sa9ts are at all times & 9 all circum/ances subord9ate to ! prophets1 ^: missions !y confirm4 ,! prophets are sup]ior to ! sa9ts1 because ! end ( sa9t%ip is only ! beg9n+ ( prophecy4 ,e prophet is a sa9t1 b "s sa9ts are n prophets4 ,! prophets are con/antly exempt f ! attributes ( humanity1 :ile ! sa9ts are s only tempor>ily2 ! fleet+ /ate 7l7 ( ! sa9t is ! p]man5t /ation 7maqm7 ( ! prophet2 & t :i* to ! sa9ts is a /ation 7maqm7 is to ! prophets a veil 7ijb74 ,?is view is held unanim\sly by ! ,sunn div9es & ! f my/ics1 b x is oppos$ by a sect ( ! a%wiyya--! ,an?ropomorphi/s 7mujassima7 ( ,khursn--:o disc\rse 9 a self-contradictory mann] conc]n+ ! pr9ciples ( ,unification 7tawd71 & :o1 al?\gh !y d n "k ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( fiism1 call !mselves sa9ts4 ,sa9ts !y are inde$1 b sa9ts ( ! ,devil4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! sa9ts are sup]ior to ! prophets1 & x is a suffici5t pro( ( _! error t !y decl>e an ignoramus to be m excell5t ?an ,muammad1 ! ,*os5 ( ,god4 ,! same vici\s op9ion is held by ano!r sect ( ,an?ropomorphi/s 7mu%abbiha71 :o pret5d to be fs1 & admit ! doctr9es ( ! inc>nation ( ,god & ,8 desc5t 7into ! human body7 by transmigration 7intiql71 & ! division 7tajziya7 ( ,8 ess5ce4 ,i w treat fully ( ^! matt]s :5 ,i give my promis$ acc\nt ( ! two reprobat$ sects 7( fs74 ,! sects to :i* ,i am n[ ref]r+ claim to be ,moslems1 b !y agree ) ! ,brahmans 9 d5y+ special privileges to ! prophets2 & :oev] believes 9 ?is doctr9e becomes an infidel4 ,moreov]1 ! prophets are propag&i/s & ,imms1 & ! sa9ts are _! foll[]s1 & x is absurd to suppose t ! foll[] ( an ,imm is sup]ior to ! ,imm himself4 ,9 %ort1 ! lives1 exp]i5ces1 & spiritual p[]s ( all ! sa9ts toge!r appe> z no?+ comp>$ ) "o act ( a true prophet1 because ! sa9ts are seek]s & pilgrims1 :]eas ! prophets h arriv$ & h f\nd & h return$ ) ! comm& to prea* & to conv]t ! p4 ,if any "o ( ! above-m5tion$ h]etics %\ld urge t an ambassador s5t by a k+ is usually inf]ior to ! p]son to :om he is s5t1 z e4g4 ,gabriel is inf]ior to ! ,apo/les1 & t ?is is aga9/ my argum5t1 ,i reply t an ambassador s5t to a s+le p]son %\ld be inf]ior to him1 b :5 an ambassador is s5t to a l>ge numb] ( p]sons or to a p1 he is sup]ior to !m1 z ! ,apo/les are sup]ior to ! nations4 ,!re=e "o mom5t ( ! prophets is bett] ?an ! :ole life ( ! sa9ts1 because :5 ! sa9ts rea* _! goal !y tell ( contemplation 7mu%hadat7 & obta9 release f ! veil ( humanity 7ba%>iyyat71 al?\gh !y are ess5tially m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 contemplation is ! fir/ /ep ( ! apo/le2 & s9ce ! apo/le's />t+-place is ! sa9t's goal1 !y _c be judg$ by ! same /&>d4 ,d n y p]ceive t1 accord+ to ! unanim\s op9ion ( all ! sa9ts :o seek ,god1 ! /ation ( union 7jam7 belongs to ! p]fection ( sa9t%ip8 ,n[1 9 ?is /ation1 a man atta9s su* a degree ( raptur\s love t 8 intellig5ce is enraptur$ 9 gaz+ ^u ! act ( ,god 7fil71 & 9 8 long+ = ! ,div9e ,ag5t 7fil7 he reg>ds ! :ole univ]se z t & sees no?+ b t4 ,?us ,ab ,al ,rdbr says3 8,7 ! vision ( t :i* we s]ve to vani% f u1 we %\ld lose ! "n ( s]vant%ip 7ubdiyyat70 = we d]ive ! glory ( wor%ip 7ibdat7 solely f vision ( ,him4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! /ate ( ! prophets1 inasmu* z sep>ation 7tafriqa7 is inconceivable 9 relation to !m4 ,!y are entirely 9 ! ess5ce ( union1 :e!r !y affirm or d5y1 :e!r !y approa* or turn away1 :e!r !y are at ! beg9n+ or at ! end4 ,abraham1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 /ate1 look$ on ! sun & said3 8,?is is my ,"l10 & he look$ on ! moon & />s & said3 8,?is is my ,"l0 7,kor4 vi1 #gf-h71 because 8 he>t 0 ov]:elm$ by ! ,tru? & he 0 unit$ 9 ! ess5ce ( union4 ,!re=e he saw naught else1 or if he saw aught else he did n see x ) ! eye ( 8o!rness0 7ghayr71 b ) ! eye ( union 7jam71 & 9 ! reality ( t vision he disav[$ 8 own & said3 8,i love n ^? t set0 7,kor4 vi1 #gf74 ,z he began ) union1 s he end$ ) union4 ,sa9t%ip has a beg9n+ & an end1 b prophecy has n4 ,! prophets 7 prophets f ! fir/1 & %all be to ! la/1 & be=e !y exi/$ !y 7 prophets 9 ! k & w ( ,god4 ,ab ,yazd 0 ask$ ab\t ! /ate ( ! prophets4 ,he repli$3 8,f> be x f me to say6 ,we h no p[] to judge ( !m1 & 9 our notions ( !m we are :olly ourselves4 ,god has plac$ _! d5ial & affirmation 9 su* an exalt$ degree t human vision _c rea* unto x40 ,accord+ly1 z ! rank ( ! sa9ts is hidd5 f ! p]ception ( mank9d1 s ! rank ( ! prophets is hidd5 f ! judgm5t ( ! sa9ts4 ,ab ,yazd 0 ! pro( 7ujjat7 ( 8 age1 & he says3 8,i saw t my _s 7sirr7 0 borne to ! heav5s4 ,x look$ at no?+ & gave no he$1 ?\gh ,p>adise & ,hell 7 display$ to x1 = x 0 fre$ f ph5om5a & veils4 ,!n ,i became a bird1 ^: body 0 ( ,on5ess & ^: w+s 7 ( ,ev]la/+ness1 & ,i cont9u$ to fly 9 ! air ( ! ,absolute 7huwiyyat71 until ,i pass$ into ! sph]e ( ,purification 7tanzh71 & gaz$ ^u ! field ( ,et]nity 7azaliyyat7 & beheld !re ! tree ( ,on5ess4 ,:5 ,i look$ ,i myself 0 all ^?4 ,i cri$3 #8,o ,"l1 ) my egoism 7man-yi man7 ,i _c atta9 to ,!e1 & ,i _c escape f my selfhood4 ,:at am ,i to d8' ,god spake3 #8,o ,ab ,yazd1 ?\ mu/ w9 release f ?y 8?\-ness0 by foll[+ ,my belov$ i4e4 7,muammad74 ,sme> ?9e eyes ) ! du/ ( 8 feet & foll[ him cont9ually4#80 ,?is is a long n>rative4 ,! fs call x ! ,asc5sion 7mirj7 ( ,byazd2#abg & ! t]m 8asc5sion0 d5otes proximity to ,god 7qurb74 ,! asc5sion ( prophets takes place outw>dly & 9 ! body1 :]eas t ( sa9ts takes place inw>dly & 9 ! _s4 ,! body ( an apo/le resembles ! he>t & _s ( a sa9t 9 purity & ne>ness to ,god4 ,?is is a manife/ sup]iority4 ,:5 a sa9t is enraptur$ & intoxicat$ he is )drawn f himself by means ( a spiritual ladd] & br\ght ne> to ,god2 & z soon z he returns to ! /ate ( sobriety all ^? evid5ces h tak5 %ape 9 8 m9d & he has ga9$ k ( !m4 ,accord+ly1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o is c>ri$ ?i!r 9 p]son & "o :o is c>ri$ ?i!r only 9 ?\ght 7fikrat71 = ?\ght involves duality4 ,footnote #abg3 ,a full acc\nt ( ,byazd's asc5sion is giv5 9 ! ,tadhkirat al-,awliy1 i1 #agb ff4 ,disc\rse on ! ,sup]iority ( ! ,prophets & ,sa9ts to ! ,angels4 ,! :ole community ( or?odox ,moslems & all ! f ,%aykhs agree t ! prophets & su* ( ! sa9ts z are gu>d$ f s9 7maf7 are sup]ior to ! angels4 ,! opposite view is held by ! ,mutazilites1 :o decl>e t ! angels are sup]ior to ! prophets1 be+ ( m exalt$ rank1 ( m subtle con/itution1 & m ob$i5t to ,god4 ,i reply t ?is is n z y imag9e1 = an ob$i5t body1 an exalt$ rank1 & a subtle con/itution _c be causes ( sup]iority1 :i* belongs only to ^? on :om ,god has be/[$ x4 ,ibls _h all ! qualities t y m5tion1 yet he is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to h become accurs$4 ,! sup]iority ( ! prophets is indicat$ by ! fact t ,god comm&$ ! angels to wor%ip ,adam2 = ! /ate ( "o :o is wor%ipp$ is high] ?an ! /ate ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,if !y argue t1 j z a true believ] is sup]ior to ! ,kaba1 an inanimate mass ( /one1 al?\gh he b[s d[n be=e x1 s ! angels may be sup]ior to ,adam1 al?\gh !y b[$ d[n be=e him1 ,i reply3 8,no "o says t a believ] b[s d[n to a h\se or an alt> or a wall1 b all say t he b[s d[n to ,god1 & x is admitt$ by all t ! angels b[$ d[n to ,adam 7,kor4 ii1 #cb74 ,h[1 !n1 c ! ,kaba be comp>$ to ,adam8 ,a travell] may wor%ip ,god on ! back ( ! animal :i* he is rid+1 & he is excus$ if 8 face be n turn$ t[>ds ! ,kaba2 &1 9 l mann]1 "o :o has lo/ 8 be>+s 9 a des]t1 s t he _c tell ! direction ( ! ,kaba1 w h done 8 duty 9 :atev] direction he may turn to pray4 ,! angels (f]$ no excuse :5 !y b[$ d[n to ,adam1 & ! "o :o made an excuse = himself became accurs$40 ,^! are cle> pro(s to any p]son ( insight4 ,aga91 ! angels are equal to ! prophets 9 k ( ,god1 b n 9 rank4 ,! angels are )\t lu/1 covet\sness1 & evil2 _! nature is devoid ( hypocrisy & guile1 & !y are in/9ctively ob$i5t to ,god2 :]eas lu/ is an imp$im5t 9 human nature2 & m5 h a prop5sity to commit s9s & to be impress$ by ! vanities ( ?is _w2 & ,satan has s mu* p[] ov] _! bodies t he circulates ) ! blood 9 _! ve9s2 & closely atta*$ to !m is ! l[] s\l 7nafs71 :i* incites !m to all mann] ( wick$ness4 ,!re=e1 "o ^: nature has all ^! *>act]i/ics & :o1 9 spite ( ! viol5ce ( 8 lu/1 refra9s f immorality1 & not)/&+ 8 covet\sness r5\nces ?is _w1 &1 ?\gh 8 he>t is /ill tempt$ by ! ,devil1 turns back f s9 & av]ts 8 face f s5sual depravity 9 ord] to occupy himself ) devotion & p]sev]e 9 piety & mortify 8 l[] s\l & cont5d aga9/ ! ,devil1 su* a "o is 9 reality sup]ior to ! angel :o is n ! battle-field ( lu/1 & is naturally )\t desire ( food & pleasures1 & has no c>e = wife & *ild & k9sfolk1 & ne$ n h rec\rse to means & in/rum5ts1 & is n absorb$ 9 corrupt ambitions4 ,a ,gabriel1 :o wor%ips ,god s _m ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! hope ( ga9+ a robe ( hon\r1 & ! hon\r be/[$ on him 0 t ( act+ z ,muammad's groom on ! night ( ! ,asc5sion--h[ %\ld he be sup]ior to "o :o discipl9es & mortifies 8 l[] s\l by day & night 9 ?is _w1 until ,god looks on him ) fav\r & grants to him ! grace ( see+ ,himself & deliv]s him f all di/ract+ ?\ghts8 ,:5 ! pride ( ! angels pass$ all b\nds1 & e "o ( !m vaunt$ ! purity ( 8 conduct & spoke ) an unbridl$ tongue 9 blame ( mank9d1 ,god resolv$ t ,he w\ld %[ to !m _! real /ate4 ,he !re=e bade !m *oose ?ree ( ! *ief among !m1 9 :om !y _h confid5ce1 to g to ! e>? & be its gov]nors & re=m its p4 ,s ?ree angels 7 *os51 b be=e !y came to ! e>? "o ( !m p]ceiv$ its corruption & begg$ ,god to let him return4 ,:5 ! o!r two arriv$ on ! e>? ,god *ang$ _! nature s t !y felt a desire = food & dr9k & 7 incl9$ to lu/1 & ,god puni%$ !m on t acc\nt1 & ! angels 7 =c$ to recognize ! sup]iority ( mank9d to !mselves4#abh ,9 %ort1 ! elect among ! true believ]s are sup]ior to ! elect among ! angels1 & ! ord9>y believ]s are sup]ior to ! ord9>y angels4 ,accord+ly ^? m5 :o are pres]v$ 7mam7 & protect$ 7maf7 f s9 are m excell5t ?an ,gabriel & ,mi*ael1 & ^? :o are n ?us pres]v$ are bett] ?an ! ,record+ ,angels 7afaa7 & ! noble ,scribes 7kirm-i ktibn74 ,footnote #abh3 ,see ,kor4 ii1 #if ff4 ,some?+ has be5 said on ?is subject by e "o ( ! ,%aykhs4 ,god aw>ds sup]iority to :om ,he pleases1 ov] :om ,he pleases4 ,y mu/ "k t sa9t%ip is a ,div9e my/]y :i* is reveal$ only ?r\gh conduct 7rawi%74 ,a sa9t is kn[n only to a sa9t4 ,if ?is matt] c\ld be made pla9 to all reasonable m5 x w\ld be impossible to di/+ui% ! fri5d f ! foe or ! spiritual adept f ! c>eless worldl+4 ,!re=e ,god s will$ t ! pe>l ( ,8 love %\ld be set 9 ! %ell ( popul> contempt & be ca/ into ! sea ( affliction1 9 ord] t ^? :o seek x may haz>d _! lives on acc\nt ( its preci\sness & dive to ! bottom ( ?is ocean ( dea?1 :]e !y w ei!r w9 _! desire or br+ _! mortal /ate to an end4 #h4,,! ,,kh>r,z,s4 ,!y are ! foll[]s ( ,ab ,sad ,kh>rz1 :o wrote brilliant works on fiism & atta9$ a high degree 9 deta*m5t f ! _w4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to expla9 ! /ate ( annihilation & subsi/5ce 7fan baq71 & he compreh5d$ 8 :ole doctr9e 9 ^! two t]ms4 ,n[ ,i w decl>e _! mean+ & %[ ! errors into :i* "s h fall5 9 ?is respect1 9 ord] t y may "k :at 8 doctr9e is & :at ! fs int5d :5 !y employ ^! curr5t expressions4 ,disc\rse on ,subsi/5ce 7baq7 & ,annihilation 7fan74 ,y mu/ "k t annihilation & subsi/5ce h "o mean+ 9 sci5ce & ano!r mean+ 9 my/icism1 & t =mali/s 7hiriyn7 are m puzzl$ by ^! words ?an by any o!r te*nical t]ms ( ! fs4 ,subsi/5ce 9 its sci5tific & etymological acceptation is ( ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 a subsi/5ce t beg9s & ends 9 annihilation1 e4g4 ?is _w1 :i* _h a beg9n+ & w h an end1 & is n[ subsi/5t2 7#b7 a subsi/5ce t came into be+ & w nev] be annihilat$1 viz4 ,p>adise & ,hell & ! next _w & its inhabitants2 7#c7 a subsi/5ce t always 0 & always w be1 viz4 ! subsi/5ce ( ,god & ,8 et]nal attributes4 ,accord+ly1 k ( annihilation lies 9 y\r kn[+ t ?is _w is p]i%able1 & k ( subsi/5ce lies 9 y\r k t ! next _w is ev]la/+4 ,b ! subsi/5ce & annihilation ( a /ate 7l7 d5otes1 = example1 t :5 ignorance is annihilat$ k is necess>ily subsi/5t1 & t :5 s9 is annihilat$ piety is subsi/5t1 & t :5 a man acquires k ( 8 piety 8 =getfulness 7ghaflat7 is annihilat$ by remembrance ( ,god 7dhikr71 i4e41 :5 anyone ga9s k ( ,god & becomes subsi/5t 9 k ( ,him he is annihilat$ f 7entirely loses7 ignorance ( ,him1 & :5 he is annihilat$ f =getfulness he becomes subsi/5t 9 remembrance ( ,him1 & ?is involves ! disc>d+ ( blamewor?y attributes & ! sub/itution ( praisewor?y attributes4 ,a diff]5t signification1 h[ev]1 is atta*$ to ! t]ms 9 "q by ! elect among ! fs4 ,!y d n ref] ^! expressions to 8k0 7ilm7 or to 8/ate0 7l71 b apply !m solely to ! degree ( p]fection atta9$ by ! sa9ts :o h become free f ! pa9s ( mortification & h escap$ f ! prison ( 8/ations0 & ! vicissitude ( 8/ates01 & ^: se>* has end$ 9 discov]y1 s t !y h se5 all ?+s visible1 & h he>d all ?+s audible1 & h discov]$ all ! secrets ( ! he>t2 & :o1 recogniz+ ! imp]fection ( _! own discov]y1 h turn$ away f all ?+s & h purposely become annihilat$ 9 ! object ( desire1 & 9 ! v ess5ce ( desire h lo/ all desires ( _! own1 = :5 a man becomes annihilat$ f 8 attributes he atta9s to p]fect subsi/5ce1 he is nei!r ne> nor f>1 nei!r /rang] nor intimate1 nei!r sob] nor intoxicat$1 nei!r sep>at$ nor unit$2 he has no "n1 or sign1 or br&1 or m>k4 ,9 %ort1 real annihilation f any?+ involves consci\sness ( its imp]fection & abs5ce ( desire = x1 n m]ely t a man %\ld say1 :5 he likes a ?+1 8,i am subsi/5t !re910 or :5 he dislikes x1 t he %\ld say1 8,i am annihilat$ !refrom02 = ^! qualities are *>act]i/ic ( "o :o is /ill seek+4 ,9 annihilation !re is no love or hate1 & 9 subsi/5ce !re is no consci\sness ( union or sep>ation4 ,"s wrongly imag9e t annihilation signifies loss ( ess5ce & de/ruction ( p]sonality1 & t subsi/5ce indicates ! subsi/5ce ( ,god 9 ,man2 bo? ^! notions are absurd4 ,9 ,india ,i _h a dispute on ?is subject ) a man :o claim$ to be v]s$ 9 ,koranic exegesis & !ology4 ,:5 ,i exam9$ 8 pret5sions ,i f\nd t he knew no?+ ( annihilation & subsi/5ce1 & t he c\ld n di/+ui% ! et]nal f ! ph5om5al4 ,_m ignorant fs consid] t total annihilation 7fan-yi kulliyyat7 is possible1 b ?is is a manife/ error1 = annihilation ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a mat]ial sub/ance 7nat7 c nev] take place4 ,i ask ^! ignorant & mi/ak5 m53 8,:at d y mean by ?is k9d ( annihilation80 ,if !y answ]1 8,annihilation ( sub/ance0 7fan-yi ayn71 t is impossible2 & if !y answ]1 8,annihilation ( attributes10 t is only possible 9 s f> z "o attribute may be annihilat$ ?r\gh ! subsi/5ce ( ano!r attribute1 bo? attributes belong+ to ,man2 b x is absurd to suppose t anyone c subsi/ ?r\gh ! attributes ( ano!r individual4 ,! ,ne/orians ( ,rm & ! ,*ri/ians hold t ,m>y annihilat$ by self-mortification all ! attributes ( humanity 7awf-i nst7 & t ! ,div9e subsi/5ce became atta*$ to h]1 s t %e 0 made subsi/5t ?r\gh ! subsi/5ce ( ,god1 & t ,jesus 0 ! result !re(1 & t he 0 n orig9ally compos$ ( ! /uff ( humanity1 because 8 subsi/5ce is produc$ by realization ( ! subsi/5ce ( ,god2 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 he & 8 "m & ,god are all subsi/5t ?r\gh "o subsi/5ce1 :i* is et]nal & an attribute ( ,god4 ,all ?is agrees ) ! doctr9e ( ! an?ropomorphi/ic sects ( ! a%wiyya1 :o ma9ta9 t ! ,div9e ess5ce is a locus ( ph5om5a 7maall-i awdi?7 & t ! ,et]nal may h ph5om5al attributes4 ,i ask all :o proclaim su* t5ets3 8,:at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ! view t ! ,et]nal is ! locus ( ! ph5om5al & ! view t ! ph5om5al is ! locus ( ! ,et]nal1 or betwe5 ! ass]tion t ! ,et]nal has ph5om5al attributes & ! ass]tion t ! ph5om5al has et]nal attributes80 ,su* doctr9es involve mat]ialism 7dahr7 & de/roy ! pro( ( ! ph5om5al nature ( ! univ]se1 & compel u to say t bo? ! ,creator & ,8 creation are et]nal or t bo? are ph5om5al1 or t :at is creat$ may be comm+l$ ) :at is uncreat$1 & t :at is uncreat$ may desc5d into :at is creat$4 ,if1 z !y _c help admitt+1 ! creation is ph5om5al1 !n _! ,creator also mu/ be ph5om5al1 because ! locus ( a ?+ is l its sub/ance2 if ! locus 7maall7 is ph5om5al1 x foll[s t ! cont5ts ( ! locus 7ll7 are ph5om5al too4 ,9 f9e1 :5 "o ?+ is l9k$ & unit$ & comm+l$ ) ano!r1 bo? ?+s are 9 pr9ciple z "o4 ,accord+ly1 our subsi/5ce & annihilation are attributes ( ourselves1 & resemble ea* o!r 9 respect ( _! be+ our attributes4 ,annihilation is ! annihilation ( "o attribute ?r\gh ! subsi/5ce ( ano!r attribute4 ,"o may speak1 h[ev]1 ( an annihilation t is indep5d5t ( subsi/5ce1 & also ( a subsi/5ce t is indep5d5t ( annihilation3 9 t case annihilation means 8annihilation ( all remembrance ( o!r01 & subsi/5ce means 8subsi/5ce ( ! remembrance ( ,god0 7baq-yi dhikr-i aqq74 ,:oev] is annihilat$ f 8 own w subsi/s 9 ! w ( ,god1 because ?y w is p]i%able & ! w ( ,god is ev]la/+3 :5 ?\ /&e/ by ?9e own w ?\ /&e/ by annihilation1 b :5 ?\ art absolutely controll$ by ! w ( ,god ?\ /&e/ by subsi/5ce4 ,simil>ly1 ! p[] ( fire transmutes to its own quality any?+ t falls into x1 & surely ! p[] ( ,god's w is great] ?an t ( fire2 b fire affects only ! quality ( iron )\t *ang+ its sub/ance1 = iron c nev] become fire4 ,,section4 ,all ! ,%aykhs h giv5 subtle indications on ?is subject4 ,ab ,sa'd ,kh>rz1 ! au?or ( ! doctr9e1 says3 8,annihilation is annihilation ( consci\sness ( manhood 7ubdiyyat71 & subsi/5ce is subsi/5ce 9 ! contemplation ( ,godhead 7ilhiyyat710 i4e41 x is an imp]fection to be consci\s 9 "o's actions t "o is a man1 & "o atta9s to real manhood 7b&ag7 :5 "o is n consci\s ( !m1 b is annihilat$ s z n to see !m1 & becomes subsi/5t ?r\gh behold+ ! action ( ,god4 ,h5ce all "o's actions are ref]r$ to ,god1 n to "o's self1 & :]eas a man's actions t are connect$ ) himself are imp]fect1 ^? :i* are atta*$ to him by ,god are p]fect4 ,!re=e1 :5 anyone becomes annihilat$ f ?+s t dep5d on himself1 he becomes subsi/5t ?r\gh ! beauty ( ,godhead4 ,ab ,yaqb ,nahrajr says3 8,a man's true s]vant%ip 7ubdiyyat7 lies 9 annihilation & subsi/5ce10 because no "o is capable ( s]v+ ,god ) s9c]ity until he r5\nces all self-int]e/3 !re=e to r5\nce humanity 7damiyyat7 is annihilation1 & to be s9c]e 9 s]vant%ip is subsi/5ce4 ,& ,ibrhm b4 ,%aybn says3 8,! sci5ce ( annihilation & subsi/5ce turns on s9c]ity 7ikhl7 & unity 7wid--iyyat7 & true s]vant%ip2 all else is error & h]esy10 i4e41 :5 anyone ackn[l$ges ! unity ( ,god he feels himself ov]p[]$ by ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 & "o :o is ov]p[]$ 7maghlb7 is annihilat$ 9 ! might ( 8 vanqui%]2 & :5 8 annihilation is rightly fulfill$ on him1 he confesses 8 weakness & sees no res\rce except to s]ve ,god1 & tries to ga9 ,8 satisfaction 7ri74 ,& :oev] expla9s ^! t]ms o!rwise1 i4e4 annihilation z mean+ 8annihilation ( sub/ance0 & subsi/5ce z mean+ 8subsi/5ce ( ,god 79 ,man701 is a h]etic & a ,*ri/ian1 z has be5 /at$ above4 ,n[ ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 decl>e t all ^! say+s are ne> to ea* o!r 9 mean+1 al?\gh !y diff] 9 expression2 & _! real gi/ is ?is1 t annihilation comes to a man ?r\gh vision ( ! maje/y ( ,god & ?r\gh ! revelation ( ,div9e omnipot5ce to 8 he>t1 s t 9 ! ov]:elm+ s5se ( ,8 maje/y ?is _w & ! next _w are oblit]at$ f 8 m9d1 & 8/ates0 & 8/ations0 appe> contemptible 9 ! sight ( 8 aspir+ ?\ght1 & :at is %[n to him ( miracul\s grace vani%es into no?+3 he becomes dead to reason & passion alike1 dead ev5 to annihilation itself2 & 9 t annihilation ( annihilation 8 tongue proclaims ,god1 & 8 m9d & body are humble & abas$1 z 9 ! beg9n+ :5 ,adam's po/]ity 7 drawn =? f 8 lo9s )\t admixture ( evil & took ! pl$ge ( s]vant%ip to ,god 7,kor4 vii1 #aga74 ,su* are ! pr9ciples ( annihilation & subsi/5ce4 ,i h discuss$ a portion ( ! subject 9 ! *apt] on ,pov]ty & fiism1 & :]ev] ^! t]ms occur 9 ! pres5t "w !y be> ! mean+ :i* ,i h expla9$4 #i4,,! ,,khaf,f,s4 ,!y are ! foll[]s ( ,ab ,abdallh ,muammad b4 ,khaff ( ,%rz1 an em95t my/ic 9 8 "t & ! au?or ( celebrat$ treatises on v>i\s bran*es ( fiism4 ,he 0 a man ( great spiritual influ5ce1 & 0 n l$ by 8 lu/s4 ,i h he>d t he contract$ f\r hundr$ m>riages4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t he 0 ( royal desc5t1 & t aft] 8 conv]sion ! p ( ,%rz paid great c\rt to him1 & ! daught]s ( k+s & nobles desir$ to m>ry him = ! sake ( ! bless+ :i* w\ld accrue to !m4 ,he us$ to comply ) _! wi%es1 & !n divorce !m be=e consummation ( ! m>riage4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life =ty wives1 :o 7 /rang]s to him 7bgna71 two or ?ree at a "t1 us$ to s]ve him z b$-mak]s 7khdimn-i fir%71 & "o ( !m--%e 0 ! daught] ( a vizi]--liv$ ) him = =ty ye>s4 ,i h he>d f ,abu l-asan ,al b4 ,bakrn ( ,%rz t "o day sev]al ( 8 wives 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 & ea* "o 0 tell+ "s /ory ab\t him4 ,!y all agre$ sese nunquam eum vidisse libid9i obsequ5tem4 ,hi!rto ea* ( !m _h believ$ t %e 0 peculi>ly treat$ 9 ?is respect1 & :5 !y le>n$ t ! ,%aykh's behavi\r 0 ! same t[>ds !m all1 !y 7 a/oni%$ & d\bt$ :e!r su* 0 truly ! case4 ,accord+ly1 !y s5t two ( _! numb] to "q ! vizi]'s daught]1 :o 0 8 fav\rite1 z to 8 deal+s ) h]4 ,%e repli$3 8,:5 ! ,%aykh w$d$ me & ,i 0 in=m$ t he w\ld visit me t night1 ,i prep>$ a f9e repa/ & adorn$ myself assidu\sly4 ,z soon z he came & ! food 0 br\ght 91 he call$ me to him & look$ = a :ile fir/ at me & !n at ! food4 ,!n he took my h& & drew x into 8 sleeve4 ,f 8 brea/ to 8 navel !re 7 fifte5 knots 7aqd7 gr[+ out ( 8 belly4 ,he said1 #8,ask me :at ^! are'2 s ,i ask$ him & he repli$1 #8,!y are knots made by ! tribulation & angui% ( my ab/95ce 9 r5\nc+ a face l ?is & vi&s l ^!4' ,he said no m1 b dep>t$2 & t is all my intimacy ) him40 ,! =m ( 8 doctr9e 9 fiism is 8abs5ce0 7ghaybat7 & 8pres5ce0 7ur74 ,i w expla9 x z f> z possible4 ,disc\rse on ,abs5ce 7ghaybat7 & ,pres5ce 7ur74 ,^! t]ms1 al?\gh app>5tly oppos$ to ea* o!r1 express ! same mean+ f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 8,pres5ce0 is 8pres5ce ( ! he>t01 z a pro( ( intuitive fai? 7yaqn71 s t :at is hidd5 f x has ! same =ce z :at is visible to x4 8,abs5ce0 is 8abs5ce ( ! he>t f all ?+s except ,god0 to su* an ext5t t x becomes abs5t f itself & abs5t ev5 f its abs5ce1 s t x no long] reg>ds itself2 & ! sign ( ?is /ate is )drawal f all =mal au?ority 7ukm-i rusm71 z :5 a prophet is div9ely pres]v$ f :at is unlawful4 ,accord+ly1 abs5ce f "o's self is pres5ce ) ,god1 & vice v]s4 ,god is ! "l ( ! human he>t3 :5 a div9e rapture 7jadhbat7 ov]p[]s ! he>t ( ! seek]1 ! abs5ce ( 8 he>t becomes equival5t to its pres5ce 7) ,god72 p>tn]%ip 7%irkat7 & division 7qismat7 disappe>1 & relation%ip to 8self0 comes to an end1 z "o ( ! ,%aykhs has said 9 v]se-- 8,?\ art ! ,"l ( my he>t1 ,)\t any p>tn]3 h[1 !n1 c x be divid$80 ,inasmu* z ,god is sole "l ( ! he>t1 ,he has absolute p[] to keep x abs5t or pres5t z ,he w1 &1 9 reg>d to ! ess5ce ( ! case1 ?is is ! :ole argum5t = ! doctr9e ( ,8 fav\rites2 b :5 a di/9ction is made1 ! ,%aykhs hold v>i\s op9ions on ! subject1 "s pref]r+ 8pres5ce0 to 8abs5ce01 :ile o!rs decl>e t 8abs5ce0 is sup]ior to 8pres5ce04 ,!re is ! same controv]sy z t conc]n+ sobriety & intoxication1 :i* ,i h expla9$ above2 b ^! t]ms indicate t ! human attributes are /ill subsi/5t1 :]eas 8abs5ce0 & 8pres5ce0 indicate t ! human attributes are annihilat$3 !re=e ! latt] t]ms are 9 reality m sublime4 8,abs5ce0 is pref]r$ to 8pres5ce0 by ,ibn ,a1 usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj71 ,ab ,bakr ,%ibl1 ,bundr b4 al-usayn1 ,ab amza ( ,baghdd1 ,sumnn ,muibb1 & a numb] ( ! ,%aykhs ( ,irq4 ,!y say3 8,?\ ?yself art ! greate/ ( all veils betwe5 !e & ,god3 :5 ?\ ha/ become abs5t f ?yself1 ! evils implicit 9 ?y be+ are annihilat$ 9 !e1 & ?y /ate und]goes a fundam5tal *ange3 ! #8/ations' ( novices become a veil to !e1 & ! #8/ates' ( ^? :o seek ,god become a s\rce ( mis*ief to !e2 ?9e eye is clos$ to ?yself & to all t is o!r ?an ,god1 & ?y human attributes are consum$ by ! flame ( proximity to ,god 7qurbat74 ,?is is ! same /ate ( #8abs5ce' 9 :i* ,god drew !e =? f ! lo9s ( ,adam1 & caus$ !e to he> ,8 exalt$ ^w1 & di/+ui%$ !e by ! honor>y robe ( ,unification & ! g>m5t ( contemplation2 s long z ?\ w]t abs5t f ?yself1 ?\ w]t pres5t ) ,god face to face1 b :5 ?\ became/ pres5t ) ?9e own attributes1 ?\ became/ abs5t f ?y proximity to ,god4 ,!re=e ?y #8pres5ce' is ?y p]dition4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ,god's ^w1 #8,& n[ are ye come unto u alone1 z ,we creat$ y at fir/'0 7,kor4 vi1 #id74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ri? ,musib1 ,junayd1 ,sahl b4 ,abdallh1 ,ab ,jaf> addd1#abi amdn ,qar1 ,ab ,muammad ,jurayr1 ur1 ,muammad b4 ,khaff1 :o is ! au?or ( ! doctr9e1 & o!rs hold t 8pres5ce0 is sup]ior to 8abs5ce04 ,!y argue t inasmu* z all excell5ces are b\nd up ) 8pres5ce01 & z 8abs5ce0 f "o's self is a way lead+ to 8pres5ce0 ) ,god1 ! way becomes an imp]fection aft] y h arriv$ at ! goal4 8,pres5ce0 is ! fruit ( 8abs5ce01 b :at light is to be f\nd 9 8abs5ce0 )\t 8pres5ce08 ,a man mu/ ne$s r5\nce he$lessness 9 ord] t1 by means ( ?is 8abs5ce01 he may atta9 to 8pres5ce02 & :5 he has atta9$ 8 object1 ! means by :i* he atta9$ x has no long] any wor?4 8,! #8abs5t' "o is n he :o is abs5t f 8 c\ntry1 ,b he :o is abs5t f all desire4 ,! #8pres5t' "o is n he :o ha? no desire1 ,b he :o ha? no he>t 7no ?\ght ( worldly ?+s71 ,s t 8 desire is ev] fix$ on ,god40 ,footnote #abi3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #bja4 ,x is a well-kn[n /ory t "o ( ! disciples ( ,dhu l-,nn set out to visit ,ab ,yazd4 ,:5 he came to ,ab ,yazd's cell & knock$ at ! door ,ab ,yazd said3 8,:o art ?\1 & :om do/ ?\ wi% to see80 ,he answ]$3 8,ab ,yazd40 ,ab ,yazd said3 8,:o is ,ab ,yazd1 & :]e is he1 & :at ?+ is he8 ,i h be5 seek+ ,ab ,yazd = a long :ile1 b ,i h n f\nd him40 ,:5 ! disciple return$ to ,dhu l-,nn & told him :at _h pass$1 ,dhu l-,nn said3 8,my bro!r ,ab ,yazd is lo/ ) ^? :o are lo/ 9 ,god40 ,a c]ta9 man came to ,junayd & said3 8,be pres5t ) me = a mom5t t ,i may speak to !e40 ,junayd answ]$3 8,o "y man1 y dem& ( me some?+ t ,i h long be5 seek+4 ,= _m ye>s ,i h be5 wi%+ to become pres5t ) myself a mom5t1 b ,i _c2 h[1 !n1 c ,i become pres5t ) y j n[80 ,!re=e1 8abs5ce0 involves ! sorr[ ( be+ veil$1 :ile 8pres5ce0 involves ! joy ( revelation1 & ! =m] /ate c nev] be equal to ! latt]4 ,%aykh ,ab ,sad says on ?is subject-- ,taqa%%aa ghaymu l-hajri an qam>i l-ubbi ,wa-asf>a nru l-ubi an ulmati l-ghaybi4 8,! cl\ds ( sep>ation h be5 cle>$ away f ! moon ( love1 ,& ! light ( morn+ has %one =? f ! d>kness ( ! ,unse540 ,! di/9ction made by ! ,%aykhs betwe5 ^! two t]ms is my/ical1 & on ! surface m]ely v]bal1 = !y seem to be approximately ! same4 ,to be pres5t ) ,god is to be abs5t f "o's self--:at is ! diff]5ce8--& "o :o is n abs5t f himself is n pres5t ) ,god4 ,?us1 =asmu* z ! impati5ce ( ,job 9 8 affliction did n proce$ f himself1 b on ! contr>y he 0 !n abs5t f himself1 ,god did n di/+ui% 8 impati5ce f pati5ce1 & :5 he cri$1 8,evil ha? befall5 me0 7,kor4 xxi1 #hc71 ,god said1 8,v]ily1 he 0 pati5t40 ,?is is evid5tly a judgm5t f\nd$ on ! ess5tial nature ( ! case 7ukm ba-ayn74 ,x is relat$ t ,junayd said3 8,= a "t ,i 0 su* t ! inhabitants ( heav5 & e>? wept ov] my bewild]m5t 7ayrat72 !n1 aga91 ,i became su* t ,i wept ov] _! abs5ce 7ghaybat72 & n[ my /ate is su* t ,i h no k ei!r ( !m or ( myself40 ,?is is an excell5t indication ( 8pres5ce04 ,i h briefly expla9$ ! mean+ ( 8pres5ce0 & 8abs5ce0 9 ord] t y may be acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,khaffs1 & may also "k 9 :at s5se ^! t]ms are us$ by ! fs4 #aj4 ,,sayy,r,s4 ,!y are ! foll[]s ( ,abu l-,abbs ,sayyr1 ! ,imm ( ,m]v4 ,he 0 le>n$ 9 all ! sci5ces & associat$ ) ,ab ,bakr ,wsi4 ,at ! pres5t day he has num]\s foll[]s 9 ,nas & ,m]v4 ,8 s*ool ( fiism is ! only "o t has kept its orig9al doctr9e un*ang$1 & ! cause ( ?is fact is t ,nas & ,m]v h nev] be5 )\t "s p]son :o ackn[l$g$ 8 au?ority & took c>e t 8 foll[]s %\ld ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( _! f\nd]4 ,! ,sayyrs ( ,nas c>ri$ on a discussion ) ^? ( ,m]v by means ( lett]s1 & ,i h se5 "p ( ?is correspond5ce at ,m]v2 x is v f9e4 ,_! expositions are bas$ on 8union0 7jam7 & 8sep>ation0 7tafriqa74 ,^! words are common to all sci5ti/s & are employ$ by speciali/s 9 e bran* ( le>n+ z a means ( r5d]+ _! explanations intelligible1 b !y be> diff]5t mean+s 9 ea* case4 ,?us1 9 ari?metic jam d5otes ! addition & tafriqa ! subtraction ( numb]s2 9 gramm> jam is ! agreem5t ( words 9 d]ivation1 :ile tafriqa is ! diff]5ce 9 mean+2 9 law jam is analogy 7qiys7 & tafriqa ! *>act]i/ics ( an au?oritative text 7ift-i nu71 or jam is ! text & tafriqa ! analogy2 9 div9ity jam d5otes ! ess5tial & tafriqa ! =mal attributes ( ,god4#acj ,b ! fs d n use ^! t]ms 9 any ( ! significations :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,n[1 !re=e1 ,i w expla9 ! mean+ atta*$ to !m by ! fs & ! v>i\s op9ions ( ! ,%aykhs on ?is subject4 ,footnote #acj3 ,= ! di/9ction betwe5 ift-i dht & ift-i fil see ,dozy1 ,supplm5t1 ii1 #haj4 ,disc\rse on ,union 7jam7 & ,sep>ation 7tafriqa74 ,god unit$ all mank9d 9 ,8 call1 z ,he says1 8,& ,god calls to ! abode ( peace02 !n ,he sep>at$ !m 9 respect ( ,div9e guidance1 & said1 8& guides :om ,he wille? into ! "r way0 7,kor4 x1 #bf74 ,he call$ !m all1 & bani%$ "s 9 accordance ) ! manife/ation ( ,8 w2 ,he unit$ !m all & gave a comm&1 & !n sep>at$ !m1 reject+ "s & leav+ !m )\t succ\r1 b accept+ o!rs & grant+ to !m ,div9e aid2 !n once m he unit$ a c]ta9 numb] & sep>at$ !m1 giv+ to "s immunity f s9 & to o!rs a prop5sity t[>ds evil4 ,accord+ly ! real my/]y ( union is ! k & w ( ,god1 :ile sep>ation is ! manife/ation ( t :i* ,he comm&s & =bids3 e4g41 ,he comm&$ ,abraham to behead ,i%mael1 b will$ t he %\ld n d s2 & ,he comm&$ ,ibls to wor%ip ,adam1 b will$ ! contr>y2 & ,he comm&$ ,adam n to eat ! corn1 b will$ t he %\ld eat x2 & s =?4 ,union is t :i* ,he unites by ,8 attributes1 & sep>ation is t :i* ,he sep>ates by ,8 acts4 ,all ?is involves cessation ( human volition & affirmation ( ! ,div9e w s z to exclude all p]sonal initiative4 ,z reg>ds :at has be5 said on ! subject ( union & sep>ation1 all ! ,sunns1 except ! ,mutazilites1 are 9 agreem5t ) ! f ,%aykhs1 b at ?is po9t !y beg9 to div]ge1 "s apply+ ! t]ms 9 "q to ! ,div9e ,unity 7tawd71 "s to ! ,div9e attributes1 & "s to ! ,div9e acts4 ,^? :o ref] to ! ,div9e ,unity say t !re are two degrees ( union1 "o 9 ! attributes ( ,god & ! o!r 9 ! attributes ( ,man4 ,! =m] is ! my/]y ( ,unification 7tawd71 9 :i* human actions h no "p :atev]2 ! latt] d5otes ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,div9e ,unity ) s9c]e conviction & unfail+ resolution4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,ab ,al ,rdbr4 ,^?1 aga91 :o ref] ^! t]ms to ! ,div9e attributes say t union is an attribute ( ,god1 & sep>ation an act ( ,god 9 :i* ,man does n co-op]ate1 because ,god has no rival 9 ,godhead4 ,!re=e union c be ref]r$ only to ,8 sub/ance & attributes1 = union is equality 9 ! fundam5tal matt] 7al-taswiyat fi l-al71 & no two ?+s are equal 9 respect ( et]nity except ,8 sub/ance & ,8 attributes1 :i*1 :5 !y are sep>at$ by expository analysis 7ibrat tafl71 are n unit$4 ,?is means t ,god has et]nal attributes1 :i* are peculi> to ,him & subsi/ ?r\gh ,him2 & t ,he & ,8 attributes are n two1 = ,8 ,unity does n admit diff]5ce & numb]4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 union is impossible except 9 ! s5se indicat$ above4 ,sep>ation 9 pr$icam5t 7al-tafriqat fi l-ukm7 ref]s to ! actions ( ,god1 all ( :i* are sep>ate 9 ?is respect4 ,! pr$icam5t ( "o is be+ 7wujd72 ( ano!r1 n-be+ 7adam71 b a n-be+ t is capable ( be+2 ( ano!r1 annihilation 7fan71 & ( ano!r subsi/5ce 7baq74 ,!re are "s1 aga91 :o ref] ^! t]ms to k 7ilm7 & say t union is k ( ! ,div9e ,unity & sep>ation k ( ! ,div9e ord9ances3 h5ce !ology is union & jurisprud5ce is sep>ation4 ,"o ( ! ,%aykhs has said1 to ! same effect3 8,union is t on :i* !ologians 7ahl al-ilm7 are agre$1 & sep>ation is t on :i* !y diff]40 ,aga91 all ! f my/ics1 :5ev] !y use ! t]m 8sep>ation0 9 ! c\rse ( _! expositions & indications1 atta* to x ! mean+ ( 8human actions0 7maksib71 e4g4 self-mortification1 & by 8union0 !y signify 8div9e gifts0 7mawhib71 e4g4 contemplation4 ,:atev] is ga9$ by means ( mortification is 8sep>ation01 & :atev] is solely ! result ( ,div9e fav\r & guidance is 8union04 ,x is ,man's glory t1 :ile 8 actions exi/ & mortification is possible1 he %\ld escape by ,god's goodness f ! imp]fection ( 8 own actions1 & %\ld f9d !m to be absorb$ 9 ! b\nties ( ,god1 s t he dep5ds entirely on ,god & commits all 8 attributes to ,8 *>ge & ref]s all 8 actions to ,him & none to himself1 z ,gabriel told ! ,apo/le t ,god said3 8,my s]vant cont9ually seeks access to ,me by means ( works ( sup]]ogation until ,i love him2 & :5 ,i love him1 ,i am 8 e> & 8 eye & 8 h& & 8 he>t & 8 tongue3 ?r\gh ,me he he>s & sees & speaks & grasps10 i4e41 9 rememb]+ ,me he is enraptur$ by ! remembrance 7dhikr7 ( ,me1 & 8 own 8acquisition0 7kasb7 is annihilat$ s z to h no "p 9 8 remembrance1 & ,my remembrance ov]p[]s 8 remembrance1 & ! relation%ip ( humanity 7damiyyat7 is entirely remov$ f 8 remembrance3 !n ,my remembrance is 8 remembrance1 & 9 8 rapture he becomes ev5 z ,ab ,yazd 9 ! h\r :5 he said3 8,glory to me6 h[ great is my maje/y60 ,^! words 7 ! outw>d sign ( 8 spee*1 b ! speak] 0 ,god4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,apo/le said3 8,god speaks by ! tongue ( ,um>40 ,! fact is t :5 ! ,div9e omnipot5ce manife/s its dom9ion ov] humanity1 x transports a man out ( 8 own be+1 s t 8 spee* becomes ! spee* ( ,god4 ,b x is impossible t ,god %\ld be m+l$ 7imtizj7 ) creat$ be+s or made "o 7ittid7 ) ,8 works or become inc>nate 7ll7 9 ?+s3 ,god is exalt$ f> above t1 & f> above t :i* ! h]etics ascribe to ,him4 ,x may happ51 !n1 t ,god's love holds absolute sway ov] ! he>t ( ,8 s]vant1 & t 8 reason & natural faculties are too weak to su/a9 its rapture & int5sity1 & t he loses all control ( 8 p[] to act 7kasb74 ,?is /ate is call$ 8union04#aca ,h]e) are connect$ all extraord9>y miracles 7ijz7 & acts ( miracul\s grace 7k>mt74 ,all ord9>y actions are 8sep>ation01 & all acts :i* violate cu/om are 8union04 ,god be/[s ^! miracles on ,8 prophets & sa9ts1 & ref]s ,8 actions to !m & !irs to ,himself1 z ,he ha? said3 8,v]ily1 !y :o swe> fealty unto !e1 swe> fealty unto ,god0 7,kor4 xlviii1 #aj71 & aga93 8,:osoev] obeys ! ,apo/le has obey$ ,god0 7,kor4 iv1 #hb74 ,accord+ly1 ,8 sa9ts are unit$ 7mujtami7 by _! inw>d feel+s 7asrr7 & sep>at$ 7muft>iq7 by _! outw>d behavi\r1 s t _! love ( ,god is /r5g!n$ by ! int]nal union1 & ! "r fulfilm5t ( _! duty z s]vants ( ,god is assur$ by _! ext]nal sep>ation4 ,a c]ta9 great ,%aykh says-- 8,i h realiz$ t :i* is )9 me1 & my tongue ha? conv]s$ ) ,!e 9 secret1 ,& we are unit$ 9 "o respect1 b we are sep>at$ 9 ano!r4 ,al?\gh awe has hidd5 ,!e f ! glances ( m9e eye1 ,ec/asy has made ,!e ne> to my inmo/ p>ts40#acb ,! /ate ( be+ inw>dly unit$ he calls 8union01 & ! secret conv]sation ( ! tongue he calls 8sep>ation02 !n he indicates t bo? union & sep>ation are 9 himself1 & attributes ! basis 7qida7 ( !m to himself4 ,?is is v subtle4 ,footnote #aca3 ,"h ! au?or illu/rates ! mean+ ( 8union0 & 8sep>ation0 by ! action ( ,muammad :5 he ?rew gravel 9 ! eyes ( ! unbeliev]s at ,badr1 & by t ( ,david :5 he slew ,golia?4 ,see p4 #ahe supra4 ,footnote #acb3 ,! la/ words are corrupt & unmetrical 9 all ! texts4 ,i h f\nd ! true read+1 1 9 a ,,ms4 ( ! ,kitb al-,luma by ,ab ,nar al-,s>rj1 :i* has rec5tly come into ! possession ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,ellis4 ,,section4 ,"h ,i mu/ notice a matt] ( controv]sy betwe5 u & ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! manife/ation ( union is ! d5ial ( sep>ation1 because ! two t]ms contradict ea* o!r1 & t :5 anyone passes "u ! absolute sway ( ,div9e guidance he ceases to act & to mortify himself4 ,?is is %e] nullification 7tal71 = a man mu/ nev] cease to practise devotion & mortify himself z long z he has ! possibility & p[] ( do+ s4 ,moreov]1 union is n ap>t f sep>ation1 z light is ap>t f ! sun1 & accid5t f sub/ance1 & attribute f object3 !re=e1 nei!r is self-mortification ap>t f ,div9e guidance1 nor ! ,tru? f ! ,law1 nor discov]y f se>*4 ,b mortification may prec$e or foll[ ,div9e guidance4 ,9 ! =m] case a man's tribulation is increas$1 because he is 9 8abs5ce0 7ghaybat71 :ile 9 ! latt] case he has no tr\ble or pa91 because he is 9 8pres5ce0 7harat74 ,^? to :om negation is ! s\rce 7ma%rab7 ( actions1 & to :om x seems to be ! sub/ance 7ayn7 ( action1 commit a grave error4 ,a man1 h[ev]1 may atta9 su* a degree t he reg>ds all 8 qualities z faulty & defective1 = :5 he sees t 8 praisewor?y qualities are vici\s & imp]fect1 8 blamewor?y qualities w necess>ily appe> m vici\s4 ,i adduce ^! consid]ations because "s ignorant p]sons1 :o h fall5 into an error t is closely ak9 to infidelity1 ass]t t no result :atev] dep5ds ^u our ex]tion1 & t inasmu* z our actions & devotions are faulty & our mortifications are imp]fect a ?+ left undone is bett] ?an a ?+ done4 ,to ?is argum5t ,i reply3 8,y are agre$ 9 suppos+ t ev]y?+ done by u has an en]gy 7fil71 & y decl>e t our en]gies are a c5tre ( defect & a s\rce ( evil & corruption3 consequ5tly y mu/ also suppose t ?+s left undone by u h an en]gy2 & s9ce 9 bo? cases !re is an en]gy involv+ defect1 h[ c y reg>d t :i* we leave undone z bett] ?an t :i* we d80 ,?is notion evid5tly is a noxi\s delusion4 ,"h we h an excell5t crit]ion to di/+ui% ! believ] f ! infidel4 ,bo? agree t _! en]gies are inh]5tly defective1 b ! believ]1 9 accordance ) ,god's comm&1 deems a ?+ done to be bett] ?an a ?+ left undone1 :ile ! infidel1 9 accordance ) 8 d5ial ( ! ,creator 7tal71 deems a ?+ left undone to be bett] ?an a ?+ done4 ,union1 !n1 involves ?is--t1 al?\gh ! imp]fection ( sep>ation is recogniz$1 its au?ority 7ukm7 %\ld n be let g2 & sep>ation involves ?is--t1 al?\gh "o is veil$ f ! sight ( union1 he nev]!less ?9ks t sep>ation is union4 ,muzayy9 ! ,eld]#acc says 9 ?is s5se3 8,union is ! /ate ( privilege 7khuiyyat7 & sep>ation is ! /ate ( a s]vant 7ubdiyyat71 ^! /ates be+ indissolubly comb9$ ) ea* o!r10 because x is a "w ( ! privileg$ /ate to fulfil ! duties ( s]vant%ip2 !re=e1 al?\gh ! t$i\sness & pa9fulness ( self-mortification & p]sonal ef=t may be remov$ f "o :o p]=ms all t is requir$ ( him 9 ?is respect1 x is impossible t ! sub/ance 7ayn7 ( self-mortification & religi\s obligation %\ld be remov$ f anyone1 ev5 ?\gh he be 9 ! ess5ce ( union1 unless he has an evid5t excuse t is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ by ! au?ority ( ! religi\s law4 ,n[ ,i w expla9 ?is matt] 9 ord] t y may bett] und]/& x4 ,footnote #acc3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #ahh4 ,union is ( two k9ds3 7#a7 s\nd union 7jam-i salmat71 & 7#b7 brok5 union 7jam-i taksr74 ,s\nd union is t :i* ,god produces 9 a man :5 he is 9 ! /ate ( rapture & ec/asy1 & :5 ,god causes him to receive & fulfil ,8 comm&m5ts & to mortify himself4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( ,sahl b4 ,abdallh & ,ab af addd & ,abu l-,abbs ,sayyr1 ! au?or ( ! doctr9e4 ,ab ,yazd ( ,bism1 ,ab ,bakr ,%ibl1 ,abu l-asan ur1 & a numb] ( great ,%aykhs 7 cont9ually 9 a /ate ( rapture until ! h\r ( pray] arriv$2 !n !y return$ to consci\sness1 & aft] p]=m+ _! pray]s became enraptur$ aga94 ,:ile ?\ art 9 ! /ate ( sep>ation1 ?\ art ?\1 & ?\ fulfille/ ! comm& ( ,god2 b :5 ,god transports !e ,he has ! be/ "r to see t ?\ p]=me/ ,8 comm&1 = two reasons3 fir/ly1 9 ord] t ! tok5 ( s]vant%ip may n be remov$ f !e1 & secondly1 9 ord] t ,he may keep ,8 promise t ,he w nev] let ! law ( ,muammad be abrogat$4 8,brok5 union0 7jam-i taksr7 is ?is3 t a man's judgm5t becomes di/raught & bewild]$1 s t x is l ! judgm5t ( a lunatic3 !n he is ei!r excus$ f p]=m+ 8 religi\s obligations or rew>d$ 7ma%kr7 = p]=m+ !m2 & ! /ate ( him :o is rew>d$ is s\nd] ?an ! /ate ( him :o is excus$4 ,y mu/ "k1 9 %ort1 t union does n involve any peculi> 8/ation0 7maqm7 or any peculi> 8/ate0 7l71 = union is ! conc5tration ( "o's ?\ghts 7jam-i himmat7 ^u ! object ( "o's desire4 ,accord+ to "s ! revelation ( ?is matt] takes place 9 ! 8/ations0 7maqmt71 accord+ to o!rs 9 ! 8/ates0 7awl71 & 9 ei!r case ! desire ( ! 8unit$0 p]son 7ib jam7 is atta9$ by negat+ 8 desire4 ,?is holds good 9 ev]y?+1 e4g41 ,jacob conc5trat$ 8 ?\ghts on ,joseph1 s t he _h no ?\ght b ( him2 & ,majnn conc5trat$ 8 ?\ghts on ,layl1 s t he saw only h] 9 ! :ole _w1 & all creat$ ?+s assum$ ! =m ( ,layl 9 8 eyes4 ,"o day1 :5 ,ab ,yazd 0 9 8 cell1 "s "o came & ask$3 8,is ,ab ,yazd "h80 ,he answ]$3 8,is anyone "h except ,god80 ,& a c]ta9 ,%aykh relates t a d]vi% came to ,mecca & rema9$ 9 contemplation ( ! ,kaba = a :ole ye>1 dur+ :i* "t he nei!r ate nor drank1 nor slept1 nor cleans$ himself1 because ( ! conc5tration ( 8 ?\ghts ^u ! ,kaba1 :i* !reby became ! food ( 8 body & ! dr9k ( 8 s\l4 ,! pr9ciple 9 all ^! cases is ! same1 viz4 t ,god divid$ ! "o sub/ance ( ,8 love & be/[s a p>ticle !re(1 z a peculi> gift1 ^u e "o ( ,8 fri5ds 9 proportion to _! enravi%m5t ) ,him2 !n ,he lets d[n ^u t p>ticle ! %r\ds ( humanity & nature & temp]am5t & _s1 9 ord] t by its p[]ful work+ x may transmute to its own quality all ! p>ticles t are atta*$ to x1 until ! lov]'s clay is :olly conv]t$ into love1 & all 8 actions & looks become s _m indisp5sable conditions ( love4 ,?is /ate is nam$ 8union0 alike by ^? :o reg>d ! inw>d mean+ & ^? :o reg>d ! outw>d expression4 usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj7 says 9 ?is s5se3 8,?y w be done1 ,o my ,"l & ,ma/]6 ,?y w be done1 ,o my purpose & mean+6 ,o ess5ce ( my be+1 ,o goal ( my desire1 ,o my spee* & my h9ts & my ge/ures6 ,o all ( my all1 ,o my he>+ & my sight1 ,o my :ole & my elem5t & my p>ticles60 ,!re=e1 to "o ^: qualities are only borr[$ f ,god1 x is a disgrace to affirm 8 own exi/5ce1 & an act ( dualism 7zunnr7 to pay any he$ to ! ph5om5al univ]se2 & all creat$ objects are despicable to 8 so>+ ?\ght4 ,"s h be5 l$ by _! dialectical subtlety & _! admiration ( phraseology to speak ( 8! union ( union0 7jam al-jam74 ,?is is a good expression z phrases g1 b if y consid] ! mean+1 x is bett] n to pr$icate union ( union1 because ! t]m 8union0 _c prop]ly be appli$ except to sep>ation4 ,be=e union c be unit$ x mu/ fir/ h be5 sep>at$1 :]eas ! fact is t union does n *ange its /ate4 ,! expression1 !re=e1 is liable to be misund]/ood1 because "o :o is 8unit$0 does n look =? f himself to :at is above or to :at is bel[ him4 ,d n y p]ceive t :5 ! two worlds 7 display$ to ! ,apo/le on ! night ( ! ,asc5sion he paid no he$ to any?+8 ,he 0 9 8union01 & "o :o is 8unit$0 does n behold 8sep>ation04 ,h5ce ,god said3 8,8 gaze sw]v$ n1 nor did x /ray0 7,kor4 liii1 #ag74 ,9 my e>ly days ,i compos$ a book on ?is subject & entitl$ x ,kitb al-bayn li-ahl al-iyn1#acd & ,i h also discuss$ ! matt] at l5g? 9 ! ,bar al-qulb#ace 9 ! *apt] on 8,union04 ,i w n n[ burd5 my read]s by add+ to :at ,i h said "h4 ,footnote #acd3 8,! ,book ( ,exposition = ,p]sons ( ,intuition40 ,footnote #ace3 8,! ,sea ( ,he>ts40 ,?is sket* ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,sayyrs concludes my acc\nt ( ^? f sects :i* are approv$ & foll[ ! pa? ( true !osophy4 ,i n[ turn to ! op9ions ( ^? h]etics :o h connect$ !mselves ) ! fs & h adopt$ fii/ic phraseology z a means ( promulgat+ _! h]esy4 ,my aim is to expose _! errors 9 ord] t novices may n be deceiv$ by _! pret5sions & may gu>d !mselves f mis*ief4 #aa4 ,,! ,,ul,l,s4 ,( ^? two reprobate sects :i* pr(ess to belong to fiism & make ! fs p>tn]s 9 _! error1 "o foll[s ,ab ulmn ( ,damascus4#acf ,! /ories :i* 8 adh]5ts relate ( him d n agree ) :at is writt5 ab\t him 9 ! books ( ! ,%aykhs1 =1 :ile ! fs reg>d him z "o ( !mselves1 ^! sect>ies impute to him ! doctr9es ( inc>nation 7ull7 & commixture 7imtizj7 & transmigration ( spirits 7naskh-i arw74 ,i h se5 ?is /atem5t 9 ! book ( ,muqaddas1#acg :o attacks him2 & ! same notion ( him has be5 =m$ by !ologians1 b ,god kn[s be/ :at is ! tru?4 ,! o!r sect ref] _! doctr9e to ,fris1#ach :o pret5ds to h d]iv$ x f usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj71 b he is ! only "o ( usayn's foll[]s :o holds su* t5ets4 ,i saw ,ab ,jaf> aydaln#aci ) f\r ?\s& m51 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ,irq1 :o 7 alljs2 & !y all curs$ ,fris on acc\nt ( ?is doctr9e4 ,moreov]1 9 ! compositions ( al-allj himself !re is no?+ b pr(\nd !osophy4 ,footnote #acf3 ,see note1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #acg3 ,! nisba ,muqaddas or ,maqdis belongs to a numb] ( ,moslem writ]s4 ,i d n "k :i* ( !m is int5d$ "h4 ,footnote #ach3 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #agh4 ,footnote #aci3 ,?is p]son1 :om ! au?or has already m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,*apt] ,,xiii1 is n id5tical ) ! f ( ! same "n :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,junayd 7,nafat1 ,no4 #aig74 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 say t ,i d n "k :o ,fris & ,ab ,hulmn 7 or :at !y said1 b anyone :o holds a doctr9e conflict+ ) ,unification & true !osophy has no "p 9 religion at all4 ,if religion1 :i* is ! root1 is n firmly bas$1 fiism1 :i* is ! bran* & (fspr+ ( religion1 mu/ ) m reason be uns\nd1 = x is inconceivable t miracles & evid5ces %\ld be manife/$ except to religi\s p]sons & ,unit>ians4 ,all ! errors ( ^! sect>ies are 9 reg>d to ! _s 7r74 ,n[1 !re=e1 ,i w expla9 its nature & pr9ciples accord+ to ! ,sunn canon1 & 9 ! c\rse ( my explanation ,i w notice ! errone\s & delusive op9ions ( ! h]etics 9 ord] t y\r fai? may be /r5g!n$ !reby4 ,disc\rse on ! ,_s 7al-r74 ,y mu/ "k t k conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ! _s is intuitive 7d>r71 & ! intellig5ce is unable to appreh5d its 7! _s's7 nature4 ,e ,moslem div9e & sage has express$ "s conjectural op9ion on ?is po9t1 :i* has also be5 debat$ by unbeliev]s ( v>i\s sorts4 ,:5 ! unbeliev]s ( ,quray%1 prompt$ by ! ,jews1 s5t ,nar b4 al-ri? to "q ! ,apo/le conc]n+ ! nature & ess5ce ( ! _s1 ,god 9 ! fir/ place affirm$ its sub/ance & said1 8,& !y w ask !e conc]n+ ! _s02 !n ,he d5i$ its et]nity1 say+1 8,answ]1 #8,! _s belongs to t :i* 7i4e4 ! creation ( :i*7 my ,"l comm&$'0 7,kor4 xvii1 #hg74 ,& ! ,apo/le said3 8,! spirits are ho/s ga!r$ toge!r3 ^? t "k "o ano!r agree1 & ^? t d n "k "o ano!r disagree40 ,!re are _m simil> pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _s1 b !y conta9 no au?oritative /atem5t z to its nature4 ,"s h said t ! _s is ! life :]eby ! body lives1 a view :i* is also held by a numb] ( s*ola/ic philosoph]s4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! _s is an accid5t 7ara71 :i* at ,god's comm& keeps ! body alive1 & f :i* proce$ conjunction1 motion1 cohesion4 & simil> accid5ts by :i* ! body is *ang$ f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,o!rs1 aga91 decl>e t ! _s is n life1 b t life does n exi/ )\t x1 j z ! _s does n exi/ )\t ! body1 & t ! two are nev] f\nd ap>t1 because !y are insep>able1 l pa9 & ! k ( pa94 ,accord+ to ?is view also ! _s is an accid5t1 l life4 ,all ! f ,%aykhs1 h[ev]1 & mo/ or?odox ,moslems hold t ! _s is a sub/ance1 & n an attribute2 =1 s long z x is connect$ ) ! body1 ,god cont9ually creates life 9 ! body1 & ! life ( ,man is an attribute & by x he lives1 b ! _s is deposit$ 9 8 body & may be sep>at$ f him :ile he is /ill liv+1 z 9 sleep4 ,b :5 x leaves him1 intellig5ce & k c no long] rema9 ) him1 = ! ,apo/le has said t ! spirits ( m>tyrs are 9 ! crops ( birds3 consequ5tly x mu/ be a sub/ance2 & ! ,apo/le has said t ! spirits are ho/s 7jund71 & ho/s are subsi/5t 7bq71 & no accid5t c subsi/1 = an accid5t does n /& by itself4 ,! _s1 !n1 is a subtle body 7jism laf71 :i* comes & goes by ! comm& ( ,god4 ,on ! night ( ! ,asc5sion1 :5 ! ,apo/le saw 9 ,heav5 ,adam1 ,joseph1 ,moses1 ,a>on1 ,jesus1 & ,abraham1 x 0 _! spirits t he saw2 & if ! _s 7 an accid5t1 x w\ld n /& by itself s z to become visible1 = x w\ld ne$ a locus 9 sub/ances1 & sub/ances are gross 7ka?f74 ,accord+ly1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! _s is subtle & corporeal 7jasm71 & be+ corporeal1 x is visible1 b visible only to ! eye ( intellig5ce 7*a%m-i dil74 ,& spirits may reside 9 ! crops ( birds or may be armies t move to & fro1 z ! ,apo/olic ,traditions decl>e4 ,"h we are at v>iance ) ! h]etics1 :o ass]t t ! _s is et]nal 7qadm71 & wor%ip x1 & reg>d x z ! sole ag5t & gov]nor ( ?+s1 & call x ! uncreat$ _s ( ,god1 & av] t x passes f "o body to ano!r4 ,no popul> error has obta9$ su* wide acceptance z ?is doctr9e1 :i* is held by ! ,*ri/ians1 al?\gh !y express x 9 t]ms t appe> to conflict ) x1 & by all ! ,indians1 ,tibetans1 & ,*9ese1 & is support$ by ! cons5sus ( op9ion among ! ,%ites1 ,c>ma?ians1 & ,ismls 7,biniyn71 & is embrac$ by ! two false sects abovem5tion$4 ,all ^! sect>ies base _! belief on c]ta9 propositions & br+ =w>d pro(s 9 def5ce ( _! ass]tion4 ,i ask !m ?is "q3 8,:at d y mean by #8et]nity' 7qidam78 ,d y mean ! pre-exi/5ce ( a non-et]nal ?+1 or an et]nal ?+ t nev] came into be+80 ,if !y mean ! pre-exi/5ce ( a non-et]nal ?+1 !n !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 u 9 pr9ciple1 = we too say t ! _s is non-et]nal 7muda?71 & t x exi/$ be=e ! body1 z ! ,apo/le said3 8,god creat$ ! spirits two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! bodies40 ,accord+ly1 ! _s is "o sort ( ,god's creatures1 & ,he jo9s x to ano!r sort ( ,8 creatures1 & 9 jo9+ !m toge!r ,he produces life ?r\gh ,8 pr$e/9ation4 ,b ! _s _c pass f body to body1 because1 j z a body _c h two lives1 s a _s _c h two bodies4 ,if ^! facts 7 n affirm$ 9 ,apo/olic ,traditions by an ,apo/le :o speaks ! tru?1 & if ! matt] 7 consid]$ purely f ! /&po9t ( a reasonable intellig5ce1 !n ! _s w\ld be life & no?+ else1 & x w\ld be an attribute1 n a sub/ance4 ,n[ suppose1 on ! o!r h&1 !y say t ! _s is an et]nal ?+ t nev] came into be+4 ,9 ?is case1 ,i ask3 8,does x /& by itself or by some?+ else80 ,if !y say1 8,by itself10 ,i ask !m1 8,is ,god its _w 7lam7 or n80 ,if !y answ] t ,god is n its _w1 !y affirm ! exi/5ce ( two et]nal be+s1 :i* is contr>y to reason1 = ! et]nal is inf9ite1 & ! ess5ce ( "o et]nal be+ w\ld limit ! o!r4 ,b if !y answ] t ,god is its _w1 !n ,i say t ,god is et]nal & ,8 creatures are non-et]nal3 x is impossible t ! et]nal %\ld be comm+l$ ) ! non-et]nal or made "o ) x1 or become imman5t 9 x1 or t ! non-et]nal %\ld be ! place ( ! et]nal or t ! et]nal %\ld c>ry x2 = :atev] is jo9$ to any?+ mu/ be l t to :i* x is jo9$1 & only homog5e\s ?+s are capable ( be+ unit$ & sep>at$4 ,& if !y say t ! _s does n /& by itself1 b by some?+ else1 !n x mu/ be ei!r an attribute 7ifat7 or an accid5t 7ara74 ,if x is an accid5t1 x mu/ ei!r be 9 a locus or n4 ,if x is 9 a locus1 its locus mu/ be l itself1 & nei!r c be call$ et]nal2 & to say t x has no locus is absurd1 = an accid5t _c /& by itself4 ,if1 aga91 !y say t ! _s is an et]nal attribute--& ?is is ! doctr9e ( ! ulhs & ^? :o believe 9 metempsy*osis 7tansukhiyn7--& call x an attribute ( ,god1 ,i reply t an et]nal attribute ( ,god _c possibly become an attribute ( ,8 creatures2 =1 if ,8 life c\ld become ! life ( ,8 creatures1 simil>ly ,8 p[] c\ld become _! p[]2 & inasmu* z an attribute /&s by its object1 h[ c an et]nal attribute /& by a non-et]nal object8 ,!re=e1 z ,i h %[n1 ! et]nal has no connexion ) ! non-et]nal1 & ! doctr9e ( ! h]etics :o affirm ?is is false4 ,! _s is creat$ & is "u ,god's comm&4 ,anyone :o holds ano!r belief is 9 flagrant error & _c di/+ui% :at is non-et]nal f :at is et]nal4 ,no sa9t1 if 8 sa9t%ip be s\nd1 c possibly be ignorant ( ! attributes ( ,god4 ,i give praise )\t end to ,god1 :o ha? gu>d$ u f h]esies & dang]s1 & ha? be/[$ on u intellig5ce to exam9e & refute !m by our argum5ts1 & ha? giv5 u fai? 9 ord] t we may "k ,him4 ,:5 m5 :o see only ! ext]ior he> /ories ( ?is k9d f !ologians1 !y imag9e t ?is is ! doctr9e ( all aspirants to fiism4 ,!y are grossly mi/ak5 & utt]ly deceiv$1 & ! consequ5ce is t !y are bl9d$ to ! beauty ( our my/ic k & to ! lovel9ess ( ,div9e sa9t%ip & to ! fla%es ( spiritual illum9ation1 because em95t fs reg>d popul> applause & popul> c5sure ) equal indiff]5ce4 ,,section4 ,"o ( ! ,%aykhs says3 8,! _s 9 ! body is l fire 9 fuel2 ! fire is creat$ 7makhlq7 & ! coal is made 7man740 ,no?+ c be describ$ z et]nal except ! ess5ce & attributes ( ,god4 ,ab ,bakr ,wsi has disc\rs$ on ! _s m ?an any ( ! f ,%aykhs4 ,x is relat$ t he said3 8,!re are t5 /ations 7maqmt7 ( spirits3 7#a7 ! spirits ( ! s9c]e 7mukhlin71 :i* are imprison$ 9 a d>kness & "k n :at w befall !m2 7#b7 ! spirits ( pi\s m5 7prs-m>dn71 :i* 9 ! heav5 ( ?is _w rejoice 9 ! fruits ( _! actions & take pleasure 9 devotions1 & walk by ! /r5g? !re(2 7#c7 ! spirits ( disciples 7murdn71 :i* are 9 ! f\r? heav5 & dwell ) ! angels 9 ! delights ( v]acity1 & 9 ! %ad[ ( _! good works2 7#d7 ! spirits ( ! b5efic5t 7ahl-i m9an7 :i* are hung 9 lamps ( light f ! ,?rone ( ,god1 & _! food is m]cy1 & _! dr9k is fav\r & proximity2 7#e7 ! spirits ( ! fai?ful 7ahl-i waf71 :i* ?rill ) joy 9 ! veil ( purity & ! /ation ( electness 7iif72 7#f7 ! spirits ( m>tyrs 7%ahdn71 :i* are 9 ,p>adise 9 ! crops ( birds1 & g :]e !y w 9 its g>d5s e>ly & late2 7#g7 ! spirits ( ^? :o ye>n 7mu%tqn71 :i* /& on ! c>pet ( respect 7adab7 clad 9 ! lum9\s veils ( ! ,div9e attributes2 7#h7 ! spirits ( gno/ics 7rifn71 :i*1 9 ! prec9cts ( hol9ess1 li/5 at morn & eve to ! ^w ( ,god & see _! places 9 ,p>adise & 9 ?is _w2 7#i7 ! spirits ( lov]s 7d/n71 :i* h become absorb$ 9 contemplation ( ! ,div9e beauty & ! /ation ( revelation 7ka%f71 & p]ceive no?+ b ,god & re/ cont5t ) no o!r ?+2 7#aj7 ! spirits ( d]vi%es1 :i* h f\nd fav\r ) ,god 9 ! abode ( annihilation1 & h suff]$ a trans=mation ( quality & a *ange ( /ate40 ,x is relat$ conc]n+ ! ,%aykhs t !y h se5 ! _s 9 diff]5t %apes1 & ?is may well be1 because1 z ,i h said1 x is creat$1 & a subtle body 7jism laf7 is necess>ily visible4 ,god %[s x to e "o ( ,8 s]vants1 :5 & z x pleases ,him4 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 decl>e t our life is :olly ?r\gh ,god1 & our /ability is ?r\gh ,him1 & our be+ kept alive is ! act ( ,god 9 u1 & we live ?r\gh ,8 creation1 n ?r\gh ,8 ess5ce & attributes4 ,! doctr9e ( ! animi/s 7riyn7 is entirely false4 ,belief 9 ! et]nity ( ! _s is "o ( ! grave errors :i* prevail among ! vulg>1 & is express$ 9 diff]5t ways1 e4g4 !y use ! t]ms 8s\l0 & 8matt]0 7nafs hayl71 or 8light0 & 8d>kness0 7nr ulmat71 & ^? f impo/ors speak ( 8annihilation0 & 8subsi/5ce0 7fan baq71 or 8union0 & 8sep>ation0 7jam tafriqa71 or adopt simil> phrases z a fair mask = _! infidelity4 ,b ! fs abjure ^! h]etics1 = ! fs hold t sa9t%ip & true love ( ,god dep5d on k ( ,him1 & anyone :o does n "k ! et]nal f ! non-et]nal is ignorant 9 :at he says1 & ! intellig5t pay no att5tion to :at is said by ! ignorant4 ,n[ ,i w unveil ! portals ( ! practice & !ory ( ! fs1 furni%+ my explanation ) evid5t pro(s1 9 ord] t y may ! m easily compreh5d my mean+1 & t any sceptic possess$ ( insight may be l$ back into ! "r way1 & t ,i may !reby ga9 a bless+ & a ,div9e rew>d4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,veil3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,gnosis ,,( ,,god 7marifat ,allah74 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,if ye knew ,god z ,he ought to be kn[n1 ye w\ld walk on ! seas1 & ! m\nta9s w\ld move at y\r call40 ,gnosis ( ,god is ( two k9ds3 cognitional 7ilm7 & emotional 7l74 ,cognitional gnosis is ! f\ndation ( all bless+s 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next1 = ! mo/ important ?+ = a man at all times & 9 all circum/ances is k ( ,god1 z ,god ha? said3 8,i only creat$ ! g5ii & mank9d t !y might s]ve ,me0 7,kor4 li1 #ef71 i4e4 t !y might "k ,me4 ,b ! great] "p ( m5 neglect ?is duty1 except ^? :om ,god ha? *os5 & ^: he>ts ,he ha? vivifi$ ) ,himself4 ,gnosis is ! life ( ! he>t ?r\gh ,god1 & ! turn+ away ( "o's inmo/ ?\ghts f all t is n ,god4 ,! wor? ( ev]yone is 9 proportion to gnosis1 & he :o is )\t gnosis is wor? no?+4 ,!ologians1 lawy]s1 & o!r classes ( m5 give ! "n ( gnosis 7marifat7 to "r cognition 7ilm7 ( ,god1 b ! f ,%aykhs call "r feel+ 7l7 t[>ds ,god by t "n4 ,h5ce !y h said t gnosis 7marifat7 is m excell5t ?an cognition 7ilm71 = "r feel+ 7l7 is ! result ( "r cognition1 b "r cognition is n ! same ?+ z "r feel+1 i4e4 "o :o has n cognition ( ,god is n a gno/ic 7rif71 b "o may h cognition ( ,god )\t be+ a gno/ic4 ,^? ( ei!r class :o 7 ignorant ( ?is di/9ction engag$ 9 useless controv]sy1 & ! "o p>ty disbeliev$ 9 ! o!r p>ty4 ,n[ ,i w expla9 ! matt] 9 ord] t bo? may be in/ruct$4 ,,section4 ,y mu/ "k t !re is a great diff]5ce ( op9ion t\*+ ! gnosis & "r cognition ( ,god4 ,! ,mutazilites ass]t t gnosis is intellectual & t only a reasonable p]son 7qil7 c possibly h x4 ,?is doctr9e is disprov$ by ! fact t madm51 )9 ,islam1 are deem$ to h gnosis1 & t *ildr51 :o are n reasonable1 are deem$ to h fai?4 ,7 ! crit]ion ( gnosis an intellectual "o1 su* p]sons mu/ be )\t gnosis1 :ile unbeliev]s c\ld n be *>g$ ) infidelity1 provid$ only t !y 7 reasonable be+s4 ,if reason 7 ! cause ( gnosis1 x w\ld foll[ t e reasonable p]son mu/ "k ,god1 & t all :o lack reason mu/ be ignorant ( ,him2 :i* is manife/ly absurd4 ,o!rs pret5d t demon/ration 7i/idll7 is ! cause ( k ( ,god1 & t su* k is n ga9$ except by ^? :o d$uce x 9 ?is mann]4 ,! futility ( ?is doctr9e is exemplifi$ by ,ibls1 = he saw _m evid5ces1 su* z ,p>adise1 ,hell1 & ! ,?rone ( ,god1 yet !y did n cause him to h gnosis4 ,god ha? said t k ( ,him dep5ds on ,8 w 7,kor4 vi1 #aaa74 ,accord+ to ! view ( or?odox ,moslems1 s\ndness ( reason & reg>d to evid5ces are a means 7sabab7 to gnosis1 b n ! cause 7illat7 !re(3 ! sole cause is ,god's w & fav\r1 = )\t ,8 fav\r 79yat7 reason is bl9d4 ,reason does n ev5 "k itself3 h[1 !n1 c x "k ano!r8 ,h]etics ( all sorts use ! demon/rative me?od1 b ! majority ( !m d n "k ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5ev] "o enjoys ! fav\r ( ,god1 all 8 actions are s _m tok5s ( gnosis2 8 demon/ration is se>* 7alab71 & 8 neglect ( demon/ration is resignation to ,god's w 7taslm72 b1 9 ref]5ce to p]fect gnosis1 resignation is no bett] ?an se>*1 = se>* is a pr9ciple t _c be neglect$1 :ile resignation is a pr9ciple t excludes ! possibility ( agitation 7iirb71 & ^! two pr9ciples d n ess5tially involve gnosis4 ,9 reality ,man's only guide & enlight5] is ,god4 ,reason & ! pro(s adduc$ by reason are unable to direct anyone into ! "r way4 ,if ! infidels 7 to return f ! place ( ,judgm5t to ?is _w1 !y w\ld br+ _! infidelity back ) !m 7cf4 ,kor4 vi1 #bh74 ,:5 ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 ,al1 0 ask$ conc]n+ gnosis1 he said3 8,i "k ,god by ,god1 & ,i "k t :i* is n ,god by ! light ( ,god40 ,god creat$ ! body & committ$ its life to ! _s 7jn71 & ,he creat$ ! s\l 7dil7 & committ$ its life to ,himself4 ,h5ce1 inasmu* z reason & human faculties & evid5ces h no p[] to make ! body live1 !y _c make ! s\l live1 z ,god ha? said3 8,%all he :o 0 dead & :om ,we h re/or$ to life & to :om ,we h giv5 a light :]eby he may walk among m544480 7,kor4 vi1 #abb71 i4e4 8,i am ! ,creator ( ! light 9 :i* believ]s are illum9$04 ,x is ,god t op5s & seals ! he>ts ( m5 7,kor4 xxxix1 #bc2 ii1 #f73 !re=e ,he alone is able to guide !m4 ,ev]y?+ except ,him is a cause or a means1 & causes & means _c possibly indicate ! "r way )\t ! fav\r ( ! ,caus]4 ,he x is t imposes ! obligation ( piety1 :i* is ess5tially gnosis2 & ^? on :om t obligation is laid1 s long z !y are 9 ! /ate ( obligation1 nei!r br+ x ^u !mselves nor put x away f !mselves by _! own *oice3 !re=e ,man's %>e 9 gnosis1 unless ,god makes him "k1 is m]e helplessness4 ,abu l-asan ,nr says3 8,!re is none to po9t out ! way to ,god except ,god ,himself3 k is s\ght only = due p]=mance ( ,8 wor%ip40 ,no creat$ be+ is capable ( lead+ anyone to ,god4 ,^? :o rely on demon/ration are n m reasonable ?an 0 ,ab lib1 & no guide is great] ?an 0 ,muammad2 yet s9ce ,ab lib 0 preorda9$ to mis]y1 ! guidance ( ,muammad did n avail him4 ,! fir/ /ep ( demon/ration is a turn+ away f ,god1 because demon/ration involves ! consid]ation ( "s o!r ?+1 :]eas gnosis is a turn+ away f all t is n ,god4 ,ord9>y objects ( se>* are f\nd by means ( demon/ration1 b k ( ,god is extraord9>y4 ,!re=e1 k ( ,him is atta9$ only by unceas+ bewild]m5t ( ! reason1 & ,8 fav\r is n procur$ by any act ( human acquisition1 b is miracul\sly reveal$ to m5's he>ts4 ,:at is n ,god is ph5om5al 7muda?71 & al?\gh a ph5om5al be+ may rea* ano!r l himself he _c rea* 8 ,creator & acquire ,him :ile he exi/s1 = 9 e act ( acquisition he :o makes ! acquisition is pr$om9ant & ! ?+ acquir$ is "u 8 p[]4 ,accord+ly1 ! miracle is n t reason %\ld be l$ by ! act to affirm ! exi/5ce ( ! ,ag5t1 b t a sa9t %\ld be l$ by ! light ( ! ,tru? to d5y 8 own exi/5ce4 ,! k ga9$ is 9 ! "o case a matt] ( logic1 9 ! o!r x becomes an inw>d exp]i5ce4 ,let ^? :o deem reason to be ! cause ( gnosis consid] :at reason affirms 9 _! m9ds conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( gnosis1 = gnosis involves ! negation ( :atev] is affirm$ by reason1 i4e4 :atev] notion ( ,god c be =m$ by reason1 ,god is 9 reality some?+ diff]5t4 ,h[1 !n1 is !re any room = reason to arrive at gnosis by means ( demon/ration8 ,reason & imag9ation are homog5e\s1 & :]e g5us is affirm$ gnosis is d5i$4 ,to inf] ! exi/5ce ( ,god f intellectual pro(s is assimilation 7ta%bh71 & to d5y x on ! same gr\nds is nullification 7tal74 ,reason _c pass beyond ^! two pr9ciples1 :i* 9 reg>d to gnosis are agno/icism1 s9ce nei!r ( ! p>ties pr(ess+ !m is ,unit>ian 7muwaid74 ,!re=e1 :5 reason is gone z f> z possible1 & ! s\ls ( ,8 lov]s mu/ ne$s se>* = ,him1 !y re/ helplessly )\t _! faculties1 & :ile !y s re/ !y gr[ re/less & /ret* _! h&s 9 supplication & seek a relief = _! s\ls2 & :5 !y h exhau/$ e mann] ( se>* 9 _! p[]1 ! p[] ( ,god becomes !irs1 i4e4 !y f9d ! way f ,him to ,him1 & are eas$ ( ! angui% ( abs5ce & set foot 9 ! g>d5 ( intimacy & w9 to re/4 ,& reason1 :5 x sees t ! s\ls h atta9$ _! desire1 tries to ex]t its control1 b fails2 & :5 x fails x becomes di/raught2 & :5 x becomes di/raught x abdicates4 ,!n ,god clo!s x 9 ! g>m5t ( s]vice 7khidmat7 & says to x3 8,:ile ?\ w]t indep5d5t ?\ w]t veil$ by ?y faculties & _! ex]cise1 & :5 ^! 7 annihilat$ ?\ did/ fail1 & hav+ fail$ ?\ did/ atta940 ,?us x is ! allott$ portion ( ! s\l to be ne> unto ,god1 & t ( ! reason is to d ,8 s]vice4 ,god causes ,man to "k ,him ?r\gh ,himself ) a k t is n l9k$ to any faculty1 a k 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( ,man is m]ely metaphorical4 ,h5ce to ! gno/ic egoism is utt] p]fidy2 8 remembrance ( ,god is )\t =getfulness1 & 8 gnosis is n empty words b actual feel+4 ,o!rs1 aga91 decl>e t gnosis is ! result ( inspiration 7ilhm74 ,?is also is impossible1 because gnosis supplies a crit]ion = di/+ui%+ tru? f falsehood1 :]eas ! inspir$ h no su* crit]ion4 ,if "o says1 8,i "k by inspiration t ,god is 9 space10 & ano!r says1 8,i "k by inspiration t ,he is n 9 space10 "o ( ^! contradictory /atem5ts mu/ be true1 b a pro( is necess>y 9 ord] to decide :]e ! tru? lies4 ,consequ5tly1 ?is view1 :i* is held by ! ,brahmans & ! inspirationi/s 7ilhmiyn71 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! pres5t age ,i h met a numb] ( p]sons :o c>ri$ x to an extreme & :o connect$ _! own position ) ! doctr9e ( religi\s m51 b !y are altoge!r 9 error1 & _! ass]tion is repugnant to all reasonable ,moslems & unbeliev]s4 ,if x be said t :atev] conflicts ) ! sacr$ law is n inspiration1 ,i reply t ?is argum5t is fundam5tally uns\nd1 because1 if inspiration is to be judg$ & v]ifi$ by ! /&>d ( ! sacr$ law1 !n gnosis does n dep5d on inspiration1 b on law & prophecy & ,div9e guidance4 ,o!rs ass]t t k ( ,god is intuitive 7arr74 ,?is also is impossible4 ,ev]y?+ t is kn[n 9 ?is way mu/ be kn[n 9 common by all reasonable m51 & inasmu* z we see t "s reasonable m5 d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,god & hold ! doctr9es ( assimilation 7ta%bh7 & nullification 7tal71 x is prov$ t k ( ,god is n intuitive4 ,moreov]1 if x 7 s1 ! pr9ciple ( religi\s obligation 7taklf7 w\ld be de/roy$1 = t pr9ciple _c possibly be appli$ to objects ( intuitive k1 su* z "o's self1 ! heav5 & ! e>?1 day & night1 pleasure & pa91 etc41 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( :i* no reasonable man c h any d\bt1 & :i* he mu/ "k ev5 aga9/ 8 w4 ,b "s aspirants to fiism1 consid]+ ! absolute c]ta9ty 7yaqn7 :i* !y feel1 say3 8,we "k ,god intuitively10 giv+ ! "n ( intuition to ?is c]ta9ty4 ,sub/antially !y are "r1 b _! expression is errone\s1 because intuitive k _c be exclusively re/rict$ to ^? :o are p]fect2 on ! contr>y1 x belongs to all reasonable m54 ,fur!rmore1 x appe>s 9 ! m9ds ( liv+ creatures )\t any means or evid5ce1 :]eas ! k ( ,god is a means 7sabab74 ,b ,ma/] ,ab ,al ,daqqq & ,%aykh ,ab ,sahl ulk#adj & 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a lead+ religi\s au?ority at ,n%pr1 ma9ta9 t ! beg9n+ ( gnosis is demon/rative & t its end is intuitive1 j z te*nical k is fir/ acquir$ & f9ally becomes in/9ctive4 8,d n y p]ceive10 !y say1 8t 9 ,p>adise k ( ,god becomes intuitive8 ,:y %\ld x n become intuitive 9 ?is _w too8 ,& ! ,apo/les1 :5 !y he>d ! ^w ( ,god1 ei!r imm$iately or f ! m\? ( an angel or by revelation1 knew ,him intuitively40 ,i reply t ! inhabitants ( ,p>adise "k ,god intuitively 9 ,p>adise1 because 9 ,p>adise no religi\s obligation is impos$1 & ! ,apo/les h no fe> ( be+ sep>at$ f ,god at ! la/1 b enjoy ! same security z ^? :o "k ,him intuitively4 ,! excell5ce ( gnosis & fai? lies 9 _! be+ hidd52 :5 !y are made visible1 fai? becomes compulsory 7jabr71 & !re is no long] any free w 9 reg>d to its visible sub/ance 7ayn71 & ! f\ndations ( ! religi\s law are %ak51 & ! pr9ciple ( apo/asy is annull$1 s t ,balam#ada & ,ibls & ,b>#adb _c prop]ly be describ$ z infidels1 = x is g5]ally all[$ t !y _h k ( ,god4 ,! gno/ic1 :ile he rema9s a gno/ic1 has no fe> ( be+ sep>at$ f ,god2 sep>ation is produc$ by ! loss ( gnosis1 b intuitive k _c conceivably be lo/4 ,?is doctr9e is full ( dang] to ! vulg>4 ,9 ord] t y may avoid its evil consequ5ces y mu/ "k t ,man's k & 8 gnosis ( ,god dep5d entirely on ! in=mation & et]nal guidance ( ! ,tru?4 ,man's c]ta9ty 9 gnosis may be n[ great] & n[ less1 b ! pr9ciple ( gnosis is nei!r increas$ nor dim9i%$1 s9ce 9 ei!r case x w\ld be impair$4 ,y mu/ n let bl9d con=mity ent] into y\r k ( ,god1 & y mu/ "k ,him ?r\gh ,8 attributes ( p]fection4 ,?is c be atta9$ only ?r\gh ! provid5ce & fav\r ( ,god1 :o has absolute control ( our m9ds4 ,if ,he s w1 ,he makes "o ( ,8 actions a guide t %[s u ! way to ,himself1 & if ,he w o!rwise1 ,he makes t same action an ob/acle t prev5ts u f rea*+ ,him4 ,?us ,jesus 0 to "s a guide t l$ !m to gnosis1 b to o!rs he 0 an ob/acle t h9d]$ !m f gnosis2 ! =m] p>ty said1 8,?is is ! s]vant ( ,god10 & ! latt] said1 8,?is is ! son ( ,god40 ,simil>ly1 "s 7 l$ to ,god by idols & by ! sun & moon1 :ile o!rs 7 l$ a/ray4 ,su* guides are a means ( gnosis1 b n ! imm$iate cause ( x1 & "o means is no bett] ?an ano!r 9 relation to ,him :o is ! au?or ( !m all4 ,! gno/ic's affirmation ( a means is a sign ( dualism 7zunnr71 & reg>d to any?+ except ! object ( k is poly!ism 7%irk74 ,:5 a man is doom$ to p]dition 9 ! ,pres]v$ ,tablet1 nay1 9 ! w & k ( ,god1 h[ c any pro( & demon/ration lead him aright8 ,! mo/ high ,god1 z ,he pleases & by :atev] means ,he pleases1 %[s ,8 s]vant ! way to ,himself & op5s to him ! door ( gnosis1 s t he atta9s to a degree :]e ! v ess5ce ( gnosis appe>s ali5 7ghayr7 & its attributes become noxi\s to him1 & he is veil$ by 8 gnosis f ! object kn[n & realizes t 8 gnosis is a pret5sion 7daw74 ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian says3 8,bew>e le/ ?\ make pret5sions to gnosis10 & x has be5 said 9 v]se-- 8,! gno/ics pret5d to k1 ,b ,i av[ ignorance3 t is my k40 ,!re=e d n claim gnosis1 le/ ?\ p]i% 9 ?y pret5sion1 b cleave to ! reality !re(1 t ?\ maye/ be sav$4 ,:5 anyone is hon\r$ by ! revelation ( ! ,div9e maje/y1 8 exi/5ce becomes a plague to him & all 8 attributes a s\rce ( corruption4 ,he :o belongs to ,god & to :om ,god belongs is n connect$ ) any?+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,! real gi/ ( gnosis is to recognize t to ,god is ! k+dom4 ,:5 a man kn[s t all possessions are 9 ! absolute control ( ,god1 :at fur!r bus9ess has he ) mank9d1 t he %\ld be veil$ f ,god by !m or by himself8 ,all su* veils are ! result ( ignorance4 ,z soon z ignorance is annihilat$1 !y vani%1 & ?is life is made equal 9 rank to ! life h]eaft]4 ,footnote #adj3 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #cgc4 ,footnote #ada3 ,see ,baydw on ,kor4 vii1 #agd4 ,footnote #adb3 ,see ,goldzih] ,l&b]g1 ,die ,leg5de vom ,mn* ,b> 7#ahif71 & ,m4 ,h>tmann1 ,d] heilige ,b> 9 ,d] ,islamis*e ,ori5t 7#aije71 i1 #bc-h4 ,,section4 ,n[1 = in/ruction's sake1 ,i w m5tion "s ( ! num]\s say+s :i* ! ,%aykhs h utt]$ on ?is subject4 ,abdallh b4 ,mubrak says3 8,gnosis consi/s 9 n be+ a/oni%$ by any?+10 because a/oni%m5t arises f an act exce$+ ! p[] ( ! do]1 & inasmu* z ,god is omnipot5t x is impossible t a gno/ic %\ld be a/oni%$ by ,8 acts4 ,if !re be any room = a/oni%m5t1 "o mu/ ne$s m>vel t ,god exalts a h&ful ( e>? to su* a degree t x receives ,8 comm&s1 & a drop ( blood to su* an em95ce t x disc\rses ( love & k ( ,him1 & seeks vision ( ,him1 & desires union ) ,him4 ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian says3 8,gnosis is 9 reality ,god's provid5tial communication ( ! spiritual light to our inmo/ he>ts10 i4e41 until ,god1 9 ,8 provid5ce1 illum9ates ! he>t ( ,man & keeps x f contam9ation1 s t all creat$ ?+s h n ev5 ! wor? ( a mu/>d-se$ 9 8 he>t1 ! contemplation ( ,div9e my/]ies1 bo? inw>d & outw>d1 does n ov]:elm him ) rapture2 b :5 ,god has done ?is1 8 e look becomes an act ( contemplation 7mu%hadat74 ,%ibl says3 8,gnosis is cont9ual amazem5t 7ayrat740 ,amazem5t is ( two k9ds3 7#a7 amazem5t at ! ess5ce & 7#b7 amazem5t at ! quality4 ,! =m] is poly!ism & infidelity1 because no gno/ic c possibly be 9 d\bt conc]n+ ! ess5tial nature ( ,god2 b ! latt] is gnosis1 because ! quality ( ,god lies beyond reason's scope4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 "o said3 8,o ,guide ( ! amaz$1 increase my amazem5t60 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he affirm$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! p]fection ( ,8 attributes1 & recogniz$ t ,he is ! object ( m5's se>* & ! accompli%] ( _! pray]s & ! au?or ( _! amazem5t2 !n he ask$ = increase ( amazem5t & recogniz$ t 9 seek+ ,god ! reason has no alt]native betwe5 amazem5t & poly!ism4 ,?is s5tim5t is v f9e4 ,x may be1 aga91 t k ( ,god's be+ involves amazem5t at "o's own be+1 because :5 a man kn[s ,god he sees himself entirely subdu$ by ! ,div9e omnipot5ce2 & s9ce 8 exi/5ce dep5ds on ,god & 8 non-exi/5ce proce$s f ,god1 & 8 re/ & motion are produc$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 he becomes amaz$1 say+3 8,:o & :at am ,i80 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,apo/le said3 8,he :o kn[s himself has come to "k 8 ,"l10 i4e4 he :o kn[s himself to be annihilat$ kn[s ,god to be et]nally subsi/5t4 ,annihilation de/roys reason & all human attributes1 & :5 ! sub/ance ( a ?+ is n accessible to reason x _c possibly be kn[n )\t amazem5t4 ,ab ,yazd said3 8,gnosis consi/s 9 kn[+ t ! motion & re/ ( mank9d dep5d on ,god10 & t )\t ,8 p]mission no "o has ! lea/ control ( ,8 k+dom1 & t no "o c p]=m any action until ,he creates ! ability to act & puts ! w to act 9 8 he>t1 & t human actions are metaphorical & t ,god is ! real ag5t4 ,muammad b4 ,wsi says1 describ+ ! gno/ic3 8,8 words are few & 8 amazem5t p]petual10 because only f9ite ?+s admit ( be+ express$ 9 words1 & s9ce ! inf9ite _c be express$ x leaves no res\rce except p]petual amazem5t4 ,%ibl says3 8,real gnosis is ! inability to atta9 gnosis10 i4e4 inability to "k a ?+1 to ! real nature ( :i* a man has no clue except ! impossibility ( atta9+ x4 ,!re=e1 9 atta9+ x1 he w rightly take no cr$it to himself1 because inability 7ajz7 is se>*1 & s long z he dep5ds on 8 own faculties & attributes1 he _c prop]ly be describ$ by t t]m2 & :5 ^! faculties & attributes dep>t1 !n 8 /ate is n inability1 b annihilation4 ,"s pret5d]s1 :ile affirm+ ! attributes ( humanity & ! subsi/5ce ( ! obligation to decide ) s\nd judgm5t 7taklf ba-iat-i khib7 & ! au?ority ma9ta9$ ov] !m by ,god's pro(1 decl>e t gnosis is impot5ce1 & t !y are impot5t & unable to atta9 any?+4 ,i reply3 8,9 se>* ( :at ?+ h y become s helpless80 ,impot5ce 7ajz7 has two signs1 :i* are n to be f\nd 9 y3 fir/ly1 ! annihilation ( ! faculties ( se>*1 & secondly1 ! manife/ation ( ! glory ( ,god 7tajall74 ,:]e ! annihilation ( ! faculties takes place1 !re is no outw>d expression 7ibrat72 & :]e ! glory ( ,god is reveal$1 no clue c be giv5 & no discrim9ation is conceivable4 ,h5ce "o :o is impot5t does n "k t he is s1 or t ! /ate attribut$ to him is call$ impot5ce4 ,h[ %\ld he "k ?is8 ,impot5ce is o!r ?an ,god1 & ! affirmation ( k ( o!r ?an ,god is n gnosis2 & s long z !re is room 9 ! he>t = aught except ,god1 or ! possibility ( express+ aught except ,god1 true gnosis has n be5 atta9$4 ,! gno/ic is n a gno/ic until he turns aside f all t is n ,god4 ,ab af addd says3 8,s9ce ,i h kn[n ,god1 nei!r tru? nor falsehood has ent]$ my he>t40 ,:5 a man feels desire & passion he turns to ! s\l 7dil7 9 ord] t x may guide him to ! l[] s\l 7nafs71 :i* is ! seat ( falsehood2 & :5 he f9ds ! evid5ce ( gnosis1 he also turns to ! s\l 9 ord] t x may guide him to ! _s1 :i* is ! s\rce ( tru? & reality4 ,b :5 aught except ,god ent]s ! s\l1 ! gno/ic1 if he turns to x1 commits an act ( agno/icism4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o turns to ! s\l & "o :o turns to ,god4 ,ab ,bakr ,wsi says3 8,he :o kn[s ,god is cut (f f all ?+s1 nay1 he is dumb & abject 7kh>isa wa-nqamaa710 i4e4 he is unable to express any?+ & all 8 attributes are annihilat$4 ,s ! ,apo/le1 :ile he 0 9 ! /ate ( abs5ce1 said3 8,i am ! mo/ eloqu5t ( ! ,arabs & non-,arabs02 b :5 he 0 borne to ! pres5ce ( ,god1 he said3 8,i "k n h[ to utt] ,?y praise40 ,answ] came3 8,o ,muammad1 if ?\ speake/ n1 ,i w speak2 if ?\ deeme/ ?yself unwor?y to praise ,me1 ,i w make ! univ]se ?y deputy1 t all its atoms may praise ,me 9 ?y "n40 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,veil3 ,,conc]n+ ,,unification 7tawd74 ,god said1 8,y\r ,god is "o0 7,kor4 xvi1 #bc72 & aga91 8,say1 #8,god is "o'0 7,kor4 cxii1 #a74 ,& ! ,apo/le said3 8,long ago !re 0 a man :o did no good "w except t he pron\nc$ ,god to be "o4 ,:5 he 0 dy+ he said to 8 folk3 #8,aft] my dea? burn me & ga!r my a%es & on a w9dy day ?r[ half ( !m into ! sea1 & scatt] half ( !m to ! w9ds ( ! e>?1 t no trace ( me may be left4' ,z soon z he di$ & ?is 0 done1 ,god bade ! air & ! wat] keep ! a%es :i* !y _h receiv$ until ! ,resurrection2 & :5 ,he raises t man f ! dead1 ,he w ask him :y he caus$ himself to be burnt1 & he w reply3 #8,o ,"l1 f %ame ( ,!e1 = ,i 0 a great s9n]1' & ,god w p>don him40 ,real unification 7tawd7 consi/s 9 ass]t+ ! unity ( a ?+ & 9 hav+ a p]fect k ( its unity4 ,inasmu* z ,god is "o1 )\t any %>] 9 ,8 ess5ce & attributes1 )\t any sub/itute1 )\t any p>tn] 9 ,8 actions1 & inasmu* z ,unit>ians 7muwaidn7 h ackn[l$g$ t ,he is su*1 _! k ( unity is call$ unification4 ,unification is ( ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 ,god's unification ( ,god1 i4e4 ,8 k ( ,8 unity2 7#b7 ,god's unification ( ,8 creatures1 i4e4 ,8 decree t a man %all pron\nce ,him to be "o1 & ! creation ( unification 9 8 he>t2 7#c7 m5's unification ( ,god1 i4e4 _! k ( ! unity ( ,god4 ,!re=e1 :5 a man kn[s ,god he c decl>e ,8 unity & pron\nce t ,he is "o1 incapable ( union & sep>ation1 n admitt+ duality2 t ,8 unity is n a numb] s z to be made two by ! pr$ication ( ano!r numb]2 t ,he is n f9ite s z to h six directions2 t ,he has no space1 & t ,he is n 9 space1 s z to require ! pr$ication ( space2 t ,he is n an accid5t1 s z to ne$ a sub/ance1 nor a sub/ance1 :i* _c exi/ )\t ano!r l itself1 nor a natural con/itution 7ab71 9 :i* motion & re/ orig9ate1 nor a _s s z to ne$ a frame1 nor a body s z to be compos$ ( limbs2 & t ,he does n become imman5t 7ll7 9 ?+s1 = !n ,he mu/ be homog5e\s ) !m2 & t ,he is n jo9$ to any?+1 = !n t ?+ mu/ be a "p ( ,him2 & t ,he is free f all imp]fections & exalt$ above all defects2 & t ,he has no l1 s t ,he & ,8 creature %\ld make two2 & t ,he has no *ild ^: begett+ w\ld necess>ily cause ,him to be a /ock 7al72 & t ,8 ess5ce & attributes are un*angeable2 & t ,he is end[$ ) ^? attributes ( p]fection :i* believ]s & ,unit>ians affirm1 & :i* ,he has describ$ ,himself z possess+2 & t ,he is exempt f ^? attributes :i* h]etics arbitr>ily impute to ,him2 & t ,he is ,liv+1 ,kn[+1 ,=giv+1 ,m]ciful1 ,will+1 ,p[]ful1 ,he>+1 ,see+1 ,speak+1 & ,subsi/5t2 & t ,8 k is n a /ate 7l7 9 ,him1 nor ,8 p[] solidly plant$ 7albat7 9 ,him1 nor ,8 he>+ & sight deta*$ 7mutaj>rid7 9 ,him1 nor ,8 spee* divid$ 9 ,him2 & t ,he toge!r ) ,8 attributes exi/s f et]nity2 & t objects ( cognition are n outside ( ,8 k1 & t entities are entirely dep5d5t on ,8 w2 & t ,he does t :i* ,he has will$1 & wills t :i* ,he has kn[n1 & no creature has cognisance !re(2 & t ,8 decree is an absolute fact1 & t ,8 fri5ds h no res\rce except resignation2 & t ,he is ! sole pr$e/9ator ( good & evil1 & ! only be+ t is wor?y ( hope or fe>2 & t ,he creates all b5efit & injury2 & t ,he alone gives judgm5t1 & ,8 judgm5t is all wisdom2 & t no "o has any possibility ( atta9+ unto ,him2 & t ! inhabitants ( ,p>adise %all behold ,him2 & t assimilation 7ta%bh7 is inadmissible2 & t su* t]ms z 8confront+0 & 8see+ face to face0 7muqbalat muwjahat7 _c be appli$ to ,8 be+2 & t ,8 sa9ts may enjoy ! contemplation 7mu%hadat7 ( ,him 9 ?is _w4 ,^? :o d n ackn[l$ge ,him to be su* are guilty ( impiety4 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] t unification consi/s 9 decl>+ ! unity ( a ?+1 & t su* a decl>ation _c be made )\t k4 ,! ,sunns h decl>$ ! unity ( ,god ) true compreh5sion1 because1 see+ a subtle "w & a unique act1 !y recogniz$ t x c\ld n possibly exi/ by itself1 & f9d+ manife/ evid5ces ( orig9ation 7ud?7 9 e ?+1 !y p]ceiv$ t !re mu/ be an ,ag5t :o br\ght ! univ]se into be+--! e>? & heav5 & sun & moon & l& & sea & all t moves & re/s & _! k & spee* & life & dea?4 ,= all ^! an artific] 0 indisp5sable4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,sunns1 reject+ ! notion t !re are two or ?ree artific]s1 decl>$ !mselves satisfi$ ) a s+le artific] :o is p]fect1 liv+1 kn[+1 almighty1 & unp>tn]$4 ,& inasmu* z an act requires at lea/ "o ag5t1 & ! exi/5ce ( two ag5ts = "o act involves ! dep5d5ce ( "o on ! o!r1 x foll[s t ! ,ag5t is unque/ionably & c]ta9ly "o4 ,"h we are at v>iance ) ! duali/s1 :o affirm light & d>kness1 & ) ! ,magians1 :o affirm ,yazdn & ,ahriman1 & ) ! natural philosoph]s 7abiiyn71 :o affirm nature & pot5tiality 7quwwat71 & ) ! a/ronom]s 7falakiyn71 :o affirm ! sev5 planets1 & ) ! ,mutazilites1 :o affirm creators & artific]s )\t end4 ,i h briefly refut$ all ^! va9 op9ions 9 a book1 entitl$ ,al-,riyat li-uqq ,allah1#adc to :i* or to ! works ( ! anci5t !ologians ,i mu/ ref] anyone :o desires fur!r in=mation4 ,n[ ,i w turn to ! indications :i* ! ,%aykhs h giv5 on ?is subject4 ,footnote #adc3 8,! ,obs]vance ( :at is due to ,god40 ,,section4 ,x is relat$ t ,junayd said3 8,unification is ! sep>ation ( ! et]nal f t :i* 0 orig9at$ 9 "t10 i4e4 y mu/ n reg>d ! et]nal z a locus ( ph5om5a1 or ph5om5a z a locus ( ! et]nal2 & y mu/ "k t ,god is et]nal & t y are ph5om5al1 & t no?+ ( y\r g5us is connect$ ) ,him1 & t no?+ ( ,8 attributes is m+l$ 9 y1 & t !re is no homog5eity betwe5 ! et]nal & ! ph5om5al4 ,?is is contr>y to ! above-m5tion$ doctr9e ( ^? :o hold ! _s to be et]nal4 ,:5 ! et]nal is believ$ to desc5d into ph5om5a1 or ph5om5a to be atta*$ to ! et]nal1 no pro( rema9s ( ! et]nity ( ,god & ! orig9ation ( ! univ]se2 & ?is leads to mat]ialism 7madhhab-i dahriyn74 ,9 all ! actions ( ph5om5a !re are pro(s ( unification & evid5ces ( ! ,div9e omnipot5ce & signs :i* e/abli% ! et]nity ( ,god1 b m5 are too he$less to desire only ,him or to be cont5t only ) keep+ ,him 9 remembrance4 usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj7 says3 8,! fir/ /ep 9 unification is ! annihilation ( sep>ation 7tafrd710 because sep>ation is ! pron\ncem5t t "o has become sep>at$ f imp]fections 7ft71 :ile unification is ! decl>ation ( a ?+'s unity3 !re=e 9 isolation 7f>dniyyat7 x is possible to affirm t :i* is o!r ?an ,god1 & ?is quality may be ascrib$ to o!rs besides ,god2 b 9 unity 7wadniyyat7 x is n possible to affirm o!r ?an ,god1 & unity may n be ascrib$ to any?+ except ,him4 ,accord+ly1 ! fir/ /ep 9 unification is to d5y 7t ,god has7 a p>tn] 7%>k7 & to put admixture 7mizj7 aside1 = admixture on ! way 7to ,god7 is l seek+ ! highway ) a lamp 7mizj &> m9hj *n alab-i m9hj b%ad ba-sirj74 ,& ur says3 8,our pr9ciples 9 unification are five3 ! removal ( ph5om5ality1 & ! affirmation ( et]nity1 & dep>ture f famili> haunts1 & sep>ation f bre?r51 & =getfulness ( :at is kn[n & unkn[n40 ,! removal ( ph5om5ality consi/s 9 d5y+ t ph5om5a h any connexion ) unification or t !y c possibly atta9 to ,8 holy ess5ce2 & ! affirmation ( et]nity consi/s 9 be+ conv9c$ t ,god always exi/$1 z ,i h already expla9$ 9 discuss+ ! say+ ( ,junayd2 & dep>ture f famili> haunts means1 = ! novice1 dep>ture f ! habitual pleasures ( ! l[] s\l & ! =ms ( ?is _w1 & = ! adept1 dep>ture f l(ty /ations & glori\s /ates & exalt$ miracles 7k>mt72 & sep>ation f bre?r5 means turn+ away f ! society ( mank9d & turn+ t[>ds ! society ( ,god1 s9ce any ?\ght ( o!r ?an ,god is a veil & an imp]fection1 & ! m a man's ?\ghts are associat$ ) o!r ?an ,god ! m is he veil$ f ,god1 because x is univ]sally agre$ t unification is ! conc5tration ( ?\ghts 7jam-i himam71 :]eas to be cont5t ) o!r ?an ,god is a sign ( disp]sion ( ?\ght 7tafriqa-i himmat72 & =getfulness ( a ?+ :i* is kn[n or unkn[n means ! unification ( t ?+1 = unification d5ies :atev] ! k ( mank9d affirms ab\t x2 & :atev] _! ignorance affirms ab\t x is m]ely contr>y to _! k1 = ignorance is n unification1 & k ( ! reality ( unification _c be atta9$ )\t d5y+ ! p]sonal initiative 7taarruf7 9 :i* k & ignorance consi/4 ,a c]ta9 ,%aykh relates3 8,:ile ur 0 speak+ to an audi5ce1 ,i fell asleep & dream$ t two angels came d[n f ,heav5 & li/5$ = "s "t to 8 disc\rse4 ,!n "o said to ! o!r1 #8,:at ?is man says is ! !ory 7ilm7 ( unification1 n unification itself 7ayn74' ,:5 ,i awoke he 0 expla9+ unification4 ,he look$ at me & said1 #8,o ,s-&-s1 x is impossible to speak ( unification except !oretically4'0 ,x is relat$ t ,junayd said3 8,unification is ?is1 t "o %\ld be a figure 7%akh7 9 ! h&s ( ,god1 a figure ov] :i* ,8 decrees pass accord+ z ,he 9 ,8 omnipot5ce det]m9es1 & t "o %\ld be sunk 9 ! seas ( ,8 unity1 self-annihilat$ & dead alike to ! call ( mank9d to him & 8 answ] to !m1 absorb$ by ! reality ( ! ,div9e unity 9 true proximity1 & lo/ to s5se & action1 because ,god fulfils 9 him :at ,he ha? will$ ( him1 namely1 t 8 la/ /ate %\ld become 8 fir/ /ate1 & t he %\ld be z he 0 be=e he exi/$40 ,all ?is means t ! ,unit>ian 9 ! w ( ,god has no m a w ( 8 own1 & 9 ! unity ( ,god no reg>d to himself1 s t he becomes l an atom z he 0 9 ! et]nal pa/ :5 ! cov5ant ( unification 0 made1 & ,god answ]$ ! "q :i* ,he ,himself _h ask$1 & t atom 0 only ! object ( ,8 spee*4#add ,mank9d h no joy 9 su* a "o t !y %\ld call him to any?+1 & he has no fri5d%ip ) anyone t he %\ld respond to _! call4 ,?is say+ indicates ! annihilation ( human attributes & p]fect resignation to ,god 9 ! /ate :5 a man is ov]p[]$ by ! revelation ( ,8 maje/y1 s t he becomes a passive in/rum5t & a subtle sub/ance t feels no?+1 & 8 body is a repository = ! my/]ies ( ,god1 to :om 8 spee* & actions are attribut$2 b1 unconsci\s ( all z he is1 he rema9s subject to ! ord9ances ( ! religi\s law1 to ! end t ! pro( ( ,god may be e/abli%$4 ,su* 0 ! ,apo/le :5 on ! night ( ! ,asc5sion he 0 borne to ! /ation ( proximity2 he desir$ t 8 body %\ld be de/roy$ & 8 p]sonality be dissolv$1 b ,god's purpose 0 to e/abli% ,8 pro(4 ,he bade ! ,apo/le rema9 9 ! /ate t he 0 92 :]eupon he ga9$ /r5g? & display$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god f out ( 8 own non-exi/5ce & said1 8,i am n z "o ( y4 ,v]ily1 ,i pass ! night ) my ,"l1 & he gives me food & dr9k02 & he also said1 8,i am ) ,god 9 a /ate 9 :i* none ( ! *]ubim nor any prophet is capable ( be+ conta9$ ) me40 ,x is relat$ t ,sahl b4 ,abdallh said3 8,unification is ?is1 t y %\ld recognize t ! ess5ce ( ,god is end[$ ) k1 t x is n compreh5sible nor visible to ! eye 9 ?is _w1 b t x exi/s 9 ! reality ( fai?1 inf9ite1 incompreh5sible1 non-inc>nate2 & t ,he w be se5 9 ! next _w1 outw>dly & inw>dly 9 ,8 k+dom & ,8 p[]2 & t mank9d are veil$ f k ( ! ultimate nature ( ,8 ess5ce2 & t _! he>ts "k ,him1 b _! intellects _c rea* unto ,him2 & t believ]s %all behold ,him ) _! 7spiritual7 eyes1 )\t compreh5d+ ,8 inf9ity40 ,?is say+ includes all ! pr9ciples ( unification4 ,& ,junayd said3 8,! noble/ say+ conc]n+ unification is t ( ,ab ,bakr3 #8,glory to ,god1 :o has n v\*saf$ to ,8 creatures any means ( atta9+ unto k ( ,him except ?r\gh impot5ce to atta9 unto k ( ,him4'0 ,_m h mi/ak5 ! mean+ ( ^! words ( ,ab ,bakr & suppose t impot5ce to atta9 to gnosis is ! same ?+ z agno/icism4 ,?is is absurd1 because impot5ce ref]s only to an exi/+ /ate1 n to a /ate t is non-exi/5t4 ,= example1 a dead man is n incapable ( life1 b he _c be alive :ile he is dead2 & a bl9d man is n incapable ( see+1 b he _c see :ile he is bl9d4 ,!re=e1 a gno/ic is n incapable ( gnosis s long z gnosis is exi/5t1 = 9 t case 8 gnosis resembles intuition4 ,! say+ ( ,ab ,bakr may be br\ght into connexion ) ! doctr9e ( ,ab ,sahl ulk & ,ma/] ,ab ,al ,daqqq1 :o ass]t t gnosis is acquir$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b f9ally becomes intuitive4 ,! possessor ( intuitive k is compell$ & incapable ( putt+ x away or draw+ x to himself4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to :at ,ab ,bakr says1 unification is ! act ( ,god 9 ! he>t ( ,8 creature4 ,%ibl says3 8,unification veils ! ,unit>ian f ! beauty ( ,on5ess10 because unification is said to be ! act ( ,man1 & an act ( ,man does n cause ! revelation ( ,god1 & 9 ! reality ( revelation t :i* does n cause revelation is a veil4 ,man ) all 8 attributes is o!r ?an ,god1 = if 8 attributes are acc\nt$ ,div9e1 !n he himself mu/ be acc\nt$ ,div9e1 & !n ,unit>ian1 unification1 & ! ,"o become1 all ?ree1 causes ( ! exi/5ce ( "o ano!r2 & ?is is precisely ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity4 ,if any attribute prev5ts ! seek] ( ,god f annihilat+ himself 9 unification1 he is /ill veil$ by t attribute1 & :ile he is veil$ he is n a ,unit>ian1 = all except ,god is vanity4 ,?is is ! int]pretation ( 8,!re is no god b ,god04#ade ,footnote #add3 ,kor4 vii1 #aga4 ,footnote #ade3 ,"h ! au?or cites an anecdote ( ,ibrhm al-,khaww & al-allj :i* has be5 relat$ above4 ,see p4 #bje4 ,! ,%aykhs h discuss$ at l>ge ! t]ms by :i* unification is d5ot$4 ,"s say t x is an annihilation t _c prop]ly be atta9$ unless ! attributes subsi/1 :ile o!rs say t x has no attribute :atev] except annihilation4 ,! analogy ( union & sep>ation 7jam tafriqa7 mu/ be appli$ to ?is "q 9 ord] t x may be und]/ood4 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 decl>e t unification is a my/]y reveal$ by ,god to ,8 s]vants1 & t x _c be express$ 9 language at all1 mu* less 9 high-s\nd+ phrases4 ,! explanatory t]ms & ^? :o use !m are o!r ?an ,god1 & to affirm :at is o!r ?an ,god 9 unification is to affirm poly!ism4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,veil3 ,,conc]n+ ,,fai? 7mn74 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,fai? is belief 9 ,god & ,8 angels & ,8 7reveal$7 books40 ,etymologically1 fai? 7mn7 means v]ification 7tadq74 ,conc]n+ its pr9ciples 9 _! application to ! religi\s law !re is great discussion & controv]sy4 ,! ,mutazilites hold t fai? includes all acts ( devotion1 !oretical z well z practical3 h5ce !y say t s9 puts a man outside ! pale ( fai?4 ,! ,khrijites1 :o call a man an infidel because he commits a s91 are ( ! same op9ion4 ,"s decl>e t fai? is simply a v]bal pr(ession1 :ile o!rs say x is only k ( ,god1 & a p>ty ( ,sunn s*ola/ics ass]t t x is m]e v]ification4 ,i h writt5 a sep>ate "w expla9+ ?is subject1 b my pres5t purpose is to e/abli% :at ! f ,%aykhs believe4 ,!y are divid$ on ?is "q 9 ! same way z ! lawy]s ( ! two opposite sects4 ,"s ( !m1 e4g4 ,fuayl b4 ,iy & ,bi%r f & ,khayr al-,nassj & ,sumnn al-,muibb & ,ab amza ( ,baghdd & ,muammad ,jurayr & a great numb] ( o!rs1 hold t fai? is v]bal pr(ession & v]ification & practice2 b o!rs1 e4g4 ,ibrhm b4 ,adham & ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian & ,ab ,yazd ( ,bism & ,ab ,sulaymn ,drn & ri? ,musib & ,junayd & ,sahl b4 ,abdallh ( ,tu/> & ,%aqq ( ,balkh & tim ,aamm & ,muammad b4 al-,fal ( ,balkh & a numb] besides1 hold t fai? is v]bal pr(ession & v]ification4 ,"s lawy]s1 i4e4 ,mlik & ,%fi & ,amad b4 anbal1 ma9ta9 ! =m] view1 :ile ! latt] op9ion is support$ by ,ab anfa & usayn b4 ,fal ( ,balkh & ! foll[]s ( ,ab anfa1 su* z ,muammad b4 al-asan1 ,dwud 1 & ,ab ,ysuf4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is entirely "o ( expression & is devoid ( sub/ance1 z ,i w n[ briefly expla91 9 ord] t no "o may be *>g$ ) contradict+ ! pr9ciple ( fai? because he takes ! "o view or ! o!r 9 ?is dispute4 ,,section4 ,y mu/ "k t ! or?odox ,moslems & ! fs are agre$ t fai? has a pr9ciple 7al7 & a d]ivative 7f>71 ! pr9ciple be+ v]ification 9 ! he>t1 & ! d]ivative be+ obs]vance ( ! 7,div9e7 comm&4 ,n[ ! ,arabs commonly & cu/om>ily transf] ! "n ( a pr9ciple to a d]ivative by way ( metaphor1 e4g4 !y call ! light ( ! sun 8! sun04 ,9 ?is s5se ! =m] ( ! two p>ties m5tion$ above apply ! "n ( fai? to t ob$i5ce 7at7 by :i* alone a man is made secure f future puni%m5t4 ,m]e v]ification 7i4e4 belief71 )\t p]=mance ( ! ,div9e comm&s1 does n involve security4 ,!re=e1 s9ce security is 9 proportion to ob$i5ce1 & ob$i5ce toge!r ) v]ification & v]bal pr(ession is ! cause ( security1 !y be/[$ on ob$i5ce ! "n ( fai?4 ,! o!r p>ty1 h[ev]1 ass]t$ t gnosis1 n ob$i5ce1 is ! cause ( security4 ,ob$i5ce1 !y said1 is ( no avail )\t gnosis1 :]eas "o :o has gnosis b lacks ob$i5ce w be sav$ at ! la/1 al?\gh x dep5ds on ! w ( ,god :e!r he %all be p>don$ by ,div9e grace or ?r\gh ! int]cession ( ! ,apo/le1 or :e!r he %all be puni%$ accord+ to ! measure ( 8 s9 & !n be deliv]$ f ,hell & transport$ to ,p>adise4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ^? :o h gnosis1 al?\gh !y are s9n]s1 by reason ( _! gnosis d n rema9 = ev] 9 ,hell1 :ile ^? :o h only works )\t gnosis d n ent] ,p>adise1 x foll[s t "h ob$i5ce is n ! cause ( security4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,none ( y %all be sav$ by 8 works40 ,h5ce 9 reality1 )\t any controv]sy among ,moslems1 fai? is gnosis & ackn[l$gm5t & acceptance ( works4 ,:oev] kn[s ,god kn[s ,him by "o ( ,8 attributes1 & ! mo/ elect ( ,8 attributes are ( ?ree k9ds3 ^? connect$ ) ,8 beauty 7jaml7 & ) ,8 maje/y 7jall7 & ) ,8 p]fection 7kaml74 ,8 p]fection is n atta9able except by ^? ^: p]fection is e/abli%$ & ^: imp]fection is bani%$4 ,!re rema9 beauty & maje/y4 ,^? ^: evid5ce 9 gnosis is ! beauty ( ,god are always long+ = vision1 & ^? ^: evid5ce is ,8 maje/y are always abhorr+ _! own attributes & _! he>ts are /rick5 ) awe4 ,n[ long+ is an effect ( love1 & s is abhorr5ce ( human attributes1 because ! lift+ ( ! veil ( human attributes is ! v ess5ce ( love4 ,!re=e fai? & gnosis are love1 & ob$i5ce is a sign ( love4 ,:oev] d5ies ?is neglects ! comm& ( ,god & kn[s no?+ ( gnosis4 ,?is evil is manife/ among ! aspirants to fiism at ! pres5t day4 ,"s h]etics1 see+ _! excell5ce & p]suad$ ( _! high degree1 imitate !m & say3 8,tr\ble only la/s :ile y d n "k ,god3 z soon z y "k ,him1 all ! lab\r ( ob$i5ce is remov$ f ! body40 ,b !y are wrong4 ,i reply t :5 y "k ,him1 ! he>t is fill$ ) long+ & ,8 comm& is held 9 great] v5]ation ?an be=e4 ,i admit t a pi\s man may rea* a po9t :]e he is reliev$ f ! irksom5ess ( ob$i5ce ?r\gh ! increase ( ,div9e aid 7tawfq71 s t he p]=ms )\t tr\ble :at is tr\blesome to o!rs2 b ?is result _c be a*iev$ )\t a long+ t produces viol5t agitation4 ,"s1 aga91 say t fai? comes entirely f ,god1 :ile o!rs say t x spr+s entirely f ,man4 ,?is has long be5 a matt] ( controv]sy among ! p 9 ,transoxania4 ,to ass]t t fai? comes entirely f ,god is %e] compulsion 7jabr71 because ,man mu/ !n h no *oice2 & to ass]t t x spr+s entirely f ,man is pure free-w1 = ,man does n "k ,god except ?r\gh ! k t ,god gives him4 ,! doctr9e ( unification is less ?an compulsion & m ?an free-w4 ,simil>ly1 fai? is really ! act ( ,man jo9$ to ! guidance ( ,god1 z ,god ha? said3 8,:omsoev] ,god wi%es to lead aright1 ,he w op5 8 brea/ to receive ,islam2 & :omsoev] ,he wi%es to lead a/ray1 ,he w make 8 brea/ /rait & n>r[0 7,kor4 vi1 #abe74 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 incl9ation to believe 7girawi%7 is ! guidance ( ,god1 :ile belief 7girawdan7 is ! act ( ,man4 ,! signs ( belief are ^!3 9 ! he>t1 hold+ firmly to unification2 9 ! eye1 refra9+ f =bidd5 sights & look+ he$fully on evid5ces2 9 ! e>1 li/5+ to ,8 ^w2 9 ! belly1 be+ empty ( :at is unlawful2 9 ! tongue1 v]acity4 ,h5ce ^? p]sons 7:o ass]t t fai? comes entirely f ,god7 ma9ta9 t gnosis & fai? may increase & dim9i%1 :i* is g5]ally admitt$ to be false1 = if x 7 true1 !n ! object ( gnosis mu/ also be liable to increase & dim9ution4 ,accord+ly1 ! increase & dim9ution mu/ be 9 ! d]ivative1 :i* is ! act2 & x is g5]ally agre$ t ob$i5ce may dim9i% & increase4 ,?is does n please ! an?ropomorphi/s 7a%wiyn7 :o imitate ! two p>ties m5tion$ above1 = "s ( !m hold t ob$i5ce is an elem5t ( fai?1 :ile o!rs decl>e t fai? is a v]bal pr(ession & no?+ else4 ,bo? ^! doctr9es are unju/4 ,9 %ort1 fai? is really ! absorption ( all human attributes 9 ! se>* ( ,god4 ,?is mu/ be unanim\sly ackn[l$g$ by all believ]s4 ,! might ( gnosis ov]:elms ! attributes ( agno/icism1 & :]e fai? exi/s agno/icism is bani%$1 =1 z x is said3 8,a lamp is ( no use :5 ! dawn rises40 ,god ha? said3 8,k+s1 :5 !y ent] a city1 ru9 x0 7,kor4 xxvii1 #cd74 ,:5 gnosis is e/abli%$ 9 ! he>t ( ! gno/ic1 ! empire ( d\bt & scepticism & agno/icism is utt]ly de/roy$1 & ! sov]eignty ( gnosis subdues 8 s5ses & passions s t 9 all 8 looks & acts & words he rema9s )9 ! circle ( its au?ority4 ,i h read t :5 ,ibrhm ,khaww 0 ask$ conc]n+ ! reality ( fai?1 he repli$3 8,i h no answ] to ?is "q j n[1 because :atev] ,i say is a m]e expression1 & x behoves me to answ] by my actions2 b ,i am sett+ out = ,mecca3 d ?\ accompany me t ?\ maye/ be answ]$40 ,! n>rator cont9ues3 8,i cons5t$4 ,z we j\rney$ ?r\gh ! des]t1 e day two loaves & two cups ( wat] appe>$4 ,he gave "o to me & took ! o!r = himself4 ,"o day an old man rode up to u & dism\nt$ & conv]s$ ) ,ibrhm = a :ile2 !n he left u4 ,i ask$ ,ibrhm to tell me :o he 04 ,he repli$3 #8,?is is ! answ] to ?y "q4' #8,h[ s8' ,i ask$4 ,he said3 #8,?is 0 ,khir1 :o begg$ me to let him accompany me1 b ,i refus$1 = ,i fe>$ t 9 8 company ,i might put confid5ce 9 him in/ead ( 9 ,god1 & !n my tru/ 9 ,god 7tawakkul7 w\ld h be5 vitiat$4 ,real fai? is tru/ 9 ,god4'0 ,& ,muammad b4 ,khaff says3 8,fai? is ! belief ( ! he>t 9 t k :i* comes f ! ,unse510 because fai? is 9 t :i* is hidd51 & x c be atta9$ only ?r\gh ,div9e /r5g!n+ ( "o's c]ta9ty1 :i* is ! result ( k be/[$ by ,god4 ,n[ ,i w come to matt]s ( practice & w expla9 _! difficulties4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,veil3 ,,conc]n+ ,,purification ,,f ,,f\lness4 ,aft] fai?1 ! fir/ ?+ incumb5t on ev]yone is purification 7ahrat7 & ! p]=mance ( pray]1 i4e4 to cleanse ! body f fil? & pollution1 & to wa% ! ?ree memb]s1#adf & to wipe ! head ) wat] z ! law prescribes1 or to use s& 9 ! abs5ce ( wat] or 9 sev]e illness4 ,purification is ( two k9ds3 outw>d & inw>d4 ,?us pray] requires purification ( ! body1 & gnosis requires purification ( ! he>t4 ,z1 9 ! =m] case1 ! wat] mu/ be clean1 s 9 ! latt] case unification mu/ be pure & belief undefil$4 ,! fs are always engag$ 9 purification outw>dly & 9 unification inw>dly4 ,! ,apo/le said to "o ( 8 ,companions3 8,be con/ant 9 ablution1 t ?y two gu>dian angels may love !e10 & ,god ha? said3 8,god loves ^? :o (t5 rep5t & ^? :o purify !mselves0 7,kor4 ii1 #bbb74 ,& ! ,apo/le us$ to say 9 8 invocations3 8,o ,god1 purify my he>t f hypocrisy40 ,ev5 consci\sness ( ! miracul\s grace 7k>mt7 v\*saf$ to him he reg>d$ z an affirmation ( o!r ?an ,god1 = 9 unification x is hypocrisy 7nifq7 to affirm o!r ?an ,god4 ,s long z a disciple's eye is obscur$ by a s+le atom ( ! miracles ( ! ,%aykhs1 f ! /&po9t ( p]fection t atom is a pot5tial veil 7betwe5 him & ,god74 ,h5ce ,ab ,yazd said3 8,! hypocrisy ( gno/ics is bett] ?an ! s9c]ity ( disciples10 i4e4 t :i* is a 8/ation0 7maqm7 to ! novice is a veil to ! adept4 ,! novice desires to ga9 miracles1 b ! adept desires to ga9 ! ,giv] ( miracles4 ,9 %ort1 ! affirmation ( miracles1 or ( any?+ t involves ! sight ( o!r ?an ,god1 appe>s hypocrisy to ! p ( ! ,tru? 7! fs74 ,accord+ly1 :at is noxi\s to ! fri5ds ( ,god is a means ( deliv]ance = all s9n]s1 & :at is noxi\s to s9n]s is a means ( salvation = all infidels1 because1 if infidels knew1 z s9n]s "k1 t _! s9s are displeas+ to ,god1 !y w\ld all be sav$ f infidelity2 & if s9n]s knew1 z ! fri5ds ( ,god "k1 t all _! actions are defective1 !y w\ld all be sav$ f s9 & purg$ ( contam9ation4 ,!re=e1 outw>d & inw>d purification mu/ g toge!r2 e4g41 :5 a man wa%es 8 h&s he mu/ wa% 8 he>t clean ( worldl9ess1 & :5 he puts wat] 9 8 m\? he mu/ purify 8 m\? f ! m5tion ( o!r ?an ,god1 & :5 he wa%es 8 face he mu/ turn away f all famili> objects & turn t[>ds ,god1 & :5 he wipes 8 head he mu/ resign 8 affairs to ,god1 & :5 he wa%es 8 feet he mu/ n =m ! int5tion ( tak+ 8 /& on any?+ except accord+ to ! comm& ( ,god4 ,?us he w be d\bly purifi$4 ,9 all religi\s ord9ances ! ext]nal is comb9$ ) ! int]nal2 e4g4 9 fai?1 ! tongue's pr(ession ) ! he>t's belief4 ,! me?od ( spiritual purification is to reflect & m$itate on ! evil ( ?is _w & to p]ceive t x is false & fleet+1 & to make ! he>t empty ( x4 ,?is result c be atta9$ only by mu* self-mortification 7mujhadat71 & ! mo/ important act ( mortification is to obs]ve ! ext]nal rules ( discipl9e 7db-i hir7 assidu\sly 9 all circum/ances4 ,x is relat$ t ,ibrhm ,khaww said3 8,i desire ,god to give me an ev]la/+ life 9 ?is _w1 9 ord] t1 :ile mank9d are engross$ 9 ! pleasures ( ! _w & =get ,god1 ,i may obs]ve ! rules ( religion amid/ ! affliction ( ! _w & rememb] ,god40 ,& x is relat$ t ,ab hir aram liv$ =ty ye>s at ,mecca1 & w5t outside ( ! sacr$ t]ritory :5ev] he purifi$ himself1 because he w\ld n p\r ! wat] :i* he _h us$ = t purpose on gr\nd t ,god _h call$ ,84 ,:5 ,ibrhm ,khaww 0 ill ( dys5t]y 9 ! congregational mosque at ,rayy1 he p]=m$ sixty complete ablutions 9 ! c\rse ( a day & night1 & he di$ 9 ! wat]4 ,ab ,al ,rdbr 0 = "s "t afflict$ ) di/ract+ ?\ghts 7wasws7 9 purification4 8,"o day10 he said1 8,i w5t into ! sea at dawn & /ay$ !re till sunrise4 ,dur+ t int]val my m9d 0 tr\bl$4 ,i cri$ out3 #8,o ,god1 re/ore me to spiritual heal?6' ,a voice answ]$ f ! sea3 #8,heal? consi/s 9 k4'0 ,x is relat$ t :5 ,sufyn ,?awr 0 dy+1 he purifi$ himself sixty times = "o pray] & said3 8,i %all at lea/ be clean :5 ,i leave ?is _w40 ,!y relate ( ,%ibl t "o day he purifi$ himself ) ! int5tion ( ent]+ ! mosque4 ,he he>d a voice cry3 8,?\ ha/ wa%$ ?y outw>d self1 b :]e is ?y inw>d purity80 ,he turn$ back & gave away all t he possess$1 & dur+ a ye> he put on no m clo!s ?an 7 necess>y = pray]4 ,!n he came to ,junayd1 :o said to him3 8,o ,ab ,bakr1 t 0 a v b5eficial purification :i* y h p]=m$2 may ,god always keep y purifi$60 ,aft] t1 ,%ibl engag$ 9 cont9ual purification4 ,:5 he 0 dy+ & c\ld no long] purify himself1 he made a sign to "o ( 8 disciples t he %\ld purify him4 ,! disciple did s1 b =got to let ! wat] fl[ ?r\gh 8 be>d 7takhll-i mas974 ,%ibl 0 unable to speak4 ,he seiz$ ! disciple's h& & po9t$ to 8 be>d1 :]eupon ! rite 0 duly p]=m$4 ,& x is also relat$ ( him t he said3 8,:5ev] ,i h neglect$ any rule ( purification1 "s va9 conceit has always aris5 9 my he>t40 ,& ,ab ,yazd said3 8,:5ev] a ?\ght ( ?is _w occurs to my m9d1 ,i p]=m a purification 7ahrat72 & :5ev] a ?\ght ( ! next _w occurs to me1 ,i p]=m a complete ablution 7ghusl710 because ?is _w is non-et]nal 7muda?71 & ! result ( ?9k+ ( x is legal impurity 7ada?71 :]eas ! next _w is ! place ( abs5ce & repose 7ghaybat rm71 & ! result ( ?9k+ ( x is pollution 7janbat73 h5ce legal impurity involves purification & pollution involves total ablution4 ,"o day ,%ibl purifi$ himself4 ,:5 he came to ! door ( ! mosque a voice :isp]$ 9 8 he>t3 8,art ?\ s pure t ?\ ent]e/ ,my h\se ) ?is boldness80 ,he turn$ back1 b ! voice ask$3 8,do/ ?\ turn back f ,my door8 ,:i!r wilt ?\ g80 ,he utt]$ a l\d cry4 ,! voice said3 8,do/ ?\ revile me80 ,he /ood sil5t4 ,! voice said3 8,do/ ?\ pret5d to endure ,my affliction80 ,%ibl exclaim$3 8,o ,god1 ,i implore ,!e to help me aga9/ ,?yself40 ,footnote #adf3 ,! face1 h&s1 & feet4 ,! f ,%aykhs h fully discuss$ ! true mean+ ( purification1 & h comm&$ _! disciples n to cease f purify+ !mselves bo? outw>dly & inw>dly4 ,he :o w\ld s]ve ,god mu/ purify himself outw>dly ) wat]1 & he :o w\ld come nigh unto ,god mu/ purify himself inw>dly ) rep5tance4 ,n[ ,i w expla9 ! pr9ciples ( rep5tance 7tawbat7 & its coroll>ies4 ,*apt] conc]n+ ,rep5tance & its ,coroll>ies4 ,y mu/ "k t rep5tance 7tawbat7 is ! fir/ /ation ( pilgrims on ! way to ! ,tru?1 j z purification 7ahrat7 is ! fir/ /ep ( ^? :o desire to s]ve ,god4 ,h5ce ,god ha? said3 8,o believ]s1 rep5t unto ,god ) a s9c]e rep5tance0 7,kor4 lxvi1 #h74 ,& ! ,apo/le said1 8,!re is no?+ t ,god loves m ?an a y\? :o rep5ts02 & he also said1 8,he :o rep5ts ( s9 is ev5 z "o :o has no s902 !n he add$1 8,:5 ,god loves a man1 s9 %all n hurt him10 i4e4 he w n become an infidel on acc\nt ( s91 & 8 fai? w n be impair$4 ,etymologically tawbat means 8return01 & tawbat really involves ! turn+ back f :at ,god has =bidd5 ?r\gh fe> ( :at ,he has comm&$4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,p5it5ce is ! act ( return+0 7al-nadam al-tawbat74 ,?is say+ comprises ?ree ?+s :i* are involv$ 9 tawbat1 namely1 7#a7 remorse = disob$i5ce1 7#b7 imm$iate ab&onm5t ( s91 & 7#c7 det]m9ation n to s9 aga94 ,z rep5tance 7tawbat7 involves ^! ?ree conditions1 s contrition 7nadmat7 may be due to ?ree causes3 7#a7 fe> ( ,div9e *a/isem5t & sorr[ = evil actions1 7#b7 desire ( ,div9e fav\r & c]ta9ty t x _c be ga9$ by evil conduct & disob$i5ce1 7#c7 %ame be=e ,god4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! p5it5t is tib1 9 ! second case he is munb1 9 ! ?ird case he is awwb4 ,simil>ly1 tawbat has ?ree /ations1 viz41 tawbat1 ?r\gh fe> ( ,div9e puni%m5t2 9bat1 ?r\gh desire ( ,div9e rew>d2 & awbat1 = ! sake ( keep+ ! ,div9e comm&4 ,tawbat is ! /ation ( ! mass ( believ]s1 & implies rep5tance f great s9s 7kabrat72#adg & 9bat is ! /ation ( ! sa9ts & fav\rites ( ,god 7awliy muq>rabn72#adh & awbat is ! /ation ( ! prophets & apo/les4#adi ,tawbat is to return f great s9s to ob$i5ce2 9bat is to return f m9or s9s to love2 & awbat is to return f "o's self to ,god4 ,rep5tance 7tawbat7 has its orig9 9 ! /]n prohibitions ( ,god & 9 ! he>t's be+ ar\s$ f ! slumb] ( he$lessness4 ,:5 a man consid]s 8 evil conduct & abom9able de$s he seeks deliv]ance !refrom1 & ,god makes x easy = him to rep5t & leads him back to ! sweetness ( ob$i5ce4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( or?odox ,moslems & all ! f ,%aykhs1 a man :o has rep5t$ ( "o s9 may cont9ue to commit o!r s9s & nev]!less receive ,div9e recomp5se = hav+ ab/a9$ f t "o s92 & x may be t ?r\gh ! bless+ ( t recomp5se he w ab/a9 f o!r s9s4 ,b ! ,bah%am#aej sect ( ! ,mutazilites hold t no "o c prop]ly be call$ rep5tant unless he avoids all great s9s1 a doctr9e :i* is absurd1 because a man is n puni%$ = ! s9s t he does n commit1 b if he r5\nces a c]ta9 k9d ( s9 he has no fe> ( be+ puni%$ = s9s ( t p>ticul> k9d3 consequ5tly1 he is rep5tant4 ,simil>ly1 if he p]=ms "s religi\s duties & neglects o!rs1 he w be rew>d$ = ^? :i* he p]=m$ & w be puni%$ = ^? :i* he neglect$4 ,moreov]1 if anyone %\ld h rep5t$ ( a s9 :i* he has n ! means ( committ+ at ! mom5t1 he is rep5tant1 because ?r\gh t pa/ rep5tance he has ga9$ contrition 7nadmat71 :i* is a fundam5tal "p ( rep5tance 7tawbat71 & at ! mom5t he has turn$ 8 back on t k9d ( s9 & is resolv$ n to commit x aga91 ev5 ?\gh he %\ld h ! p[] & means ( do+ s at "s future "t4 ,z reg>ds ! nature & prop]ty ( rep5tance1 ! f ,%aykhs hold div]se op9ions4 ,sahl b4 ,abdallh 7al-,tu/>7 & o!rs believe t rep5tance consi/s 9 n =gett+ y\r s9s1 b always regrett+ !m1 s t1 al?\gh y h _m good works to y\r cr$it1 y w n be pleas$ ) y\rself on t acc\nt2 s9ce remorse = an evil action is sup]ior to good works1 & "o :o nev] =gets 8 s9s w nev] become conceit$4 ,junayd & o!rs take ! opposite view1 t rep5tance consi/s 9 =gett+ ! s94 ,!y argue t ! p5it5t is a lov] ( ,god1 & ! lov] ( ,god is 9 contemplation ( ,god1 & 9 contemplation x is wrong to rememb] s91 = remembrance ( s9 is a veil betwe5 ,god & ^? :o contemplate ,him4 ,?is controv]sy goes back to ! diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ mortification 7mujhadat7 & contemplation 7mu%hadat71 :i* has be5 discuss$ 9 my acc\nt ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,sahls4 ,^? :o hold ! p5it5t to be self-dep5d5t reg>d 8 =getfulness ( s9 z he$lessness1 :ile ^? :o hold t he is dep5d5t on ,god deem 8 remembrance ( s9 to be poly!ism4 ,moses1 :ile 8 attributes 7 subsi/5t1 said1 8,i rep5t t[>ds ,!e0 7,kor4 vii1 #adj71 b ! ,apo/le1 :ile 8 attributes 7 annihilat$1 said1 8,i _c tell ,?y praise40 ,inasmu* z x behoves ! p5it5t n to rememb] 8 own selfhood1 h[ %\ld he rememb] 8 s98 ,inde$1 remembrance ( s9 is a s91 = s9 is an occasion ( turn+ away f ,god1 & s is ! remembrance ( x or ! =gett+ ( x1 s9ce bo? remembrance & =getfulness are connect$ ) "o's self4 ,junayd says3 8,i h read _m books1 b ,i h nev] f\nd any?+ s in/ructive z ?is v]se3-- #8,idh qultu m adhnabtu qlat mujbatan aytuka dhanbun l yuqsu bihi dhanbu4' ,:5 ,i say3 #8,:at is my s98' %e says 9 reply3 #8,?y exi/5ce is a s9 ) :i* no o!r s9 c be comp>$4'8 ,9 %ort1 rep5tance is a ,div9e /r5g!n+ & s9 is a corporeal act3 :5 contrition 7nadmat7 ent]s ! he>t ! body has no means ( expell+ x2 & z 9 ! beg9n+ no human act c expel rep5tance1 s 9 ! end no human act c ma9ta9 x4 ,god ha? said3 0,& ,he turn$ 7tba7 unto him 7,adam71 = ,he is ! ,dispos] t[>ds rep5tance 7al--tawwb71 ! ,m]ciful0 7,kor4 ii1 #ce74 ,! ,koran conta9s _m texts to ! same effect1 :i* are too well kn[n to require citation4 ,footnote #adg3 ,cf4 ,kor4 lxvi1 #h4 ,footnote #adh3 ,cf4 ,kor4 l1 #cb4 ,footnote #adi3 ,cf4 ,kor4 xxxviii1 #dd4 ,footnote #aej3 ,text1 4 ,see ,%ahri/n1 ,ha>brck]'s translation1 i1 #hj4 ,rep5tance is ( ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 f :at is wrong to :at is "r1 7#b7 f :at is "r to :at is m "r1 7#c7 f selfhood to ,god4 ,! fir/ k9d is ! rep5tance ( ord9>y m52 ! second k9d is ! rep5tance ( ! elect2 & ! ?ird k9d ( rep5tance belongs to ! degree ( ,div9e love 7maabbat74 ,z reg>ds ! elect1 x is impossible t !y %\ld rep5t ( s94 ,d n y p]ceive t all ! _w feel regret = hav+ lo/ ! vision ( ,god8 ,moses desir$ t vision & rep5t$ 7,kor4 vii1 #adj71 because he ask$ = x ) 8 own volition 7ikhtiyr71 = 9 love p]sonal volition is a ta9t4 ,! p ?\ght he _h r5\nc$ ! vision ( ,god1 b :at he really r5\nc$ 0 8 p]sonal volition4 ,z reg>ds ^? :o love ,god1 !y rep5t n only ( ! imp]fection ( a /ation bel[ ! /ation to :i* !y h atta9$1 b also ( be+ consci\s ( any 8/ation0 or 8/ate0 :atsoev]4 ,,section4 ,rep5tance does n necess>ily cont9ue aft] ! resolution n to return to s9 has be5 duly made4 ,a p5it5t :o 9 ^? circum/ances returns to s9 has 9 pr9ciple e>n$ ! ,div9e rew>d = rep5tance4 ,_m novices ( ?is sect 7! fs7 h rep5t$ & gone back to wick$ness & !n once m1 9 consequ5ce ( an admonition1 h return$ to ,god4 ,a c]ta9 ,%aykh relates t he rep5t$ sev5ty times & w5t back to s9 on e occasion1 until at ! sev5ty-fir/ "t he became /eadfa/4 ,& ,ab ,amr b4 ,nujayd#aea tells ! foll[+ /ory3 8,z a novice1 ,i rep5t$ 9 ! assembly-room ( ,ab ,u?mn r & p]sev]$ 9 my rep5tance = "s :ile4 ,!n ,i fell into s9 & left ! society ( t spiritual director1 & :5ev] ,i saw him f af> my remorse caus$ me to flee f 8 sight4 ,"o day ,i met him unexpect$ly4 ,he said to me3 #8,o son1 d n associate ) y\r enemies unless y are s9less 7mam71 = an enemy w see y\r faults & rejoice4 ,if y mu/ s91 come to u1 t we may be> y\r affliction4' ,on he>+ 8 words1 ,i felt surfeit$ ) s9 & my rep5tance 0 e/abli%$40 ,a c]ta9 man1 hav+ rep5t$ ( s91 return$ to x & !n rep5t$ once m4 8,h[ w x be10 he said1 8if ,i n[ turn to ,god80 ,a heav5ly voice answ]$1 say+3 8,?\ did/ obey ,me & ,i recomp5s$ !e1 !n ?\ did/ ab&on ,me & ,i %[$ indulg5ce t[>ds !e2 & if ?\ wilt return to ,me1 ,i w receive !e40 ,footnote #aea3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #bha4 ,,section4 ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian says3 8,ord9>y m5 rep5t ( _! s9s1 b ! elect rep5t ( _! he$lessness10 because ord9>y m5 %all be que/ion$ conc]n+ _! outw>d behavi\r1 b ! elect %all be que/ion$ conc]n+ ! real nature ( _! conduct4 ,he$lessness1 :i* to ord9>y m5 is a pleasure1 is a veil to ! elect4 ,ab af addd says3 8,man has no "p 9 rep5tance1 because rep5tance is f ,god to ,man1 n f ,man to ,god40 ,accord+ to ?is say+1 rep5tance is n acquir$ by ,man1 b is "o ( ,god's gifts1 a doctr9e :i* is closely ak9 to t ( ,junayd4 ,abu l-asan ,b%anj says3 8,:5 y feel no delight 9 rememb]+ a s91 t is rep5tance10 because ! recollection ( a s9 is accompani$ ei!r by regret or by desire3 "o :o regrets t he has committ$ a s9 is rep5tant1 :]eas "o :o desires to commit a s9 is a s9n]4 ,! actual s9 is n s evil z ! desire ( x1 = ! act is mom5t>y1 b ! desire is p]petual4 ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian says3 8,!re are two k9ds ( rep5tance1 ! rep5tance ( return 7tawbat al-9bat7 & ! rep5tance ( %ame 7tawbat al-i/iy73 ! =m] is rep5tance ?r\gh fe> ( ,div9e puni%m5t1 ! latt] is rep5tance ?r\gh %ame ( ,div9e clem5cy40 ,! rep5tance ( fe> is caus$ by revelation ( ,god's maje/y1 :ile ! rep5tance ( %ame is caus$ by vision ( ,god's beauty4 ,^? :o feel %ame are intoxicat$1 & ^? :o feel fe> are sob]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,fif? ,,veil3 ,,conc]n+ ,,pray] 7al-alt74 ,etymologically1 pray] 7namz7 means remembrance 7( ,god7 & submissiv5ess 7dhikr inqiyd71 b 9 ! correct usage ( lawy]s ! t]m is specially appli$ to ! five pray]s :i* ,god has ord]$ to be p]=m$ at five diff]5t times1 & :i* involve c]ta9 prelim9>y conditions1 viz43 7#a7 purification outw>dly f fil? & inw>dly f lu/2 7#b7 t "o's outw>d g>m5t %\ld be clean & "o's inn] g>m5t undefil$ by any?+ unlawful2 7#c7 t ! place :]e "o purifies "o's self %\ld be outw>dly free f contam9ation & inw>dly free f corruptness & s92 7#d7 turn+ t[>ds ! qibla1 ! outw>d qibla be+ ! ,kaba & ! inw>d qibla be+ ! ,?rone ( ,god1 by :i* is meant ! my/]y ( ,div9e contemplation2 7#e7 /&+ outw>dly 9 ! /ate ( p[] 7qudrat7 & inw>dly 9 ! g>d5 ( proximity to ,god 7qurbat72 7#f7 s9c]e int5tion to approa* unto ,god2 7#g7 say+ 8,allah akb>0 9 ! /ation ( awe & annihilation1 & /&+ 9 ! abode ( union1 & recit+ ! ,koran di/9ctly & rev]5tly1 & b[+ ! head ) humility1 & pro/rat+ "o's self ) abasem5t1 & mak+ ! pr(ession ( fai? ) conc5tration1 & salut+ ) annihilation ( "o's attributes4 ,x is record$ 9 ! ,traditions t :5 ! ,apo/le pray$1 !re 0 he>d )9 him a s\nd l ! boil+ ( a kettle4 ,& :5 ,al 0 ab\t to pray1 8 hair /ood on end & he trembl$ & said3 8,! h\r has come to fulfil a tru/ :i* ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 unable to be>40#aeb ,footnote #aeb3 ,"h ! au?or cites a description giv5 by tim al-,aamm ( 8 mann] ( pray+4 ,,section4 ,pray] is a t]m 9 :i* novices f9d ! :ole way to ,god1 f beg9n+ to end1 & 9 :i* _! /ations 7maqmt7 are reveal$4 ,?us1 = novices1 purification takes ! place ( rep5tance1 & dep5d5ce on a spiritual director takes ! place ( asc]ta9+ ! qibla1 & /&+ 9 pray] takes ! place ( self-mortification1 & recit+ ! ,koran takes ! place ( inw>d m$itation 7dhikr71 & b[+ ! head takes ! place ( humility1 & pro/ration takes ! place ( self-k1 & pr(ession ( fai? takes ! place ( intimacy 7uns71 & salutation takes ! place ( deta*m5t f ! _w & escape f ! bondage ( 8/ations04 ,h5ce1 :5 ! ,apo/le became dive/$ ( all feel+s ( delight 7ma%rib7 9 complete bewild]m5t1 he us$ to say3 8,o ,bill1 com=t u by ! call to pray]40 ,! f ,%aykhs h discuss$ ?is matt] & ea* ( !m occupies a position ( 8 own4 ,"s hold t pray] is a means ( obta9+ 8pres5ce0 ) ,god 7udr71 & o!rs reg>d x z a means ( obta9+ 8abs5ce0 7ghaybat72 "s :o h be5 8abs5t0 become 8pres5t0 9 pray]1 :ile o!rs :o h be5 8pres5t0 become 8abs5t04 ,simil>ly1 9 ! next _w :]e ,god is se51 "s1 :o are 8abs5t01 :5 !y see ,god %all become 8pres5t01 & vice v]s4 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 ass]t t pray] is a ,div9e comm& & is n a means ( obta9+ ei!r 8pres5ce0 or 8abs5ce01 because a ,div9e comm& is n a means to any?+4 ,! cause ( 8pres5ce0 is 8pres5ce0 itself1 & ! cause ( 8abs5ce0 is 8abs5ce0 itself4 ,if pray] 7 ! cause or means ( 8pres5ce01 x c\ld be p]=m$ only by "o :o 0 8pres5t01 & if x 7 ! cause ( 8abs5ce01 "o :o 0 8abs5t0 w\ld necess>ily become 8pres5t0 by neglect+ to p]=m x4 ,b inasmu* z x mu/ be p]=m$ by all1 :e!r !y be 8pres5t0 or 8abs5t01 pray] is sov]eign 9 its ess5ce & indep5d5t4 ,pray] is mo/ly p]=m$ & prescrib$ by ^? :o are engag$ 9 self-mortification or :o h atta9$ to /eadfa/ness 7i/iqmat74 ,?us ! ,%aykhs ord] _! disciples to p]=m f\r hundr$ b[+s 9 pray] dur+ a day & night1 t _! bodies may be habituat$ to devotion2 & ! /eadfa/ likewise p]=m _m pray]s 9 ?anksgiv+ = ! fav\r :i* ,god has be/[$ ^u !m4 ,z reg>ds ^? :o possess 8/ates0 7arbb-i awl71 _! pray]s1 9 ! p]fection ( ec/asy1 correspond to ! 8/ation0 ( union1 s t ?r\gh _! pray]s !y become unit$2 or aga91 :5 ec/asy is )drawn1 _! pray]s correspond to ! 8/ation0 ( sep>ation1 s t !reby !y become sep>at$4 ,! =m]1 :o are unit$ 9 _! pray]s1 pray by day & night & add sup]]ogatory pray]s to ^? :i* are incumb5t on !m1 b ! latt]1 :o are sep>at$1 p]=m no m pray]s ?an !y ne$4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,9 pray] lies my delight10 because pray] is a s\rce ( joy to ! /eadfa/4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le 0 br\ght nigh unto ,god on ! night ( ! ,asc5sion1 & 8 s\l 0 loos$ f ! fett]s ( ph5om5al be+1 & 8 _s lo/ consci\sness ( all degrees & /ations1 & 8 natural p[]s 7 annihilat$1 he said1 n ( 8 own w1 b inspir$ by long+3 8,o ,god1 d n transport me to yond] _w ( affliction6 ,d n ?r[ me "u ! sway ( nature & passion60 ,god answ]$3 8,x is ,my decree t ?\ %alt return to ! _w = ! sake ( e/abli%+ ! religi\s law1 9 ord] t ,i may give !e !re :at ,i h giv5 !e "h40 ,:5 he return$ to ?is _w1 he us$ to say z (t5 z he felt a long+ = t exalt$ /ation3 8,o ,bill1 com=t u by ! call to pray]60 ,?us to him e "t ( pray] 0 an ,asc5sion & a new ne>ness to ,god4 ,sahl b4 ,abdallh says3 8,x is a sign ( a man's s9c]ity t he has an att5dant angel :o urges him to pray :5 ! h\r ( pray] is come1 & wakes him if he be asleep40 ,?is m>k 7( s9c]ity7 0 app>5t 9 ,sahl himself1 = al?\gh he _h become palsi$ 9 8 old age he us$ to recov] ! use ( 8 limbs :5ev] ! h\r ( pray] arriv$2 & aft] hav+ p]=m$ 8 pray]s he 0 unable to move f 8 place4 ,"o ( ! ,%aykhs says3 8,f\r ?+s are necess>y to him :o prays3 annihilation ( ! l[] s\l 7nafs71 loss ( ! natural p[]s1 purity ( ! inmo/ he>t1 & p]fect contemplation40 ,annihilation ( ! l[] s\l is to be atta9$ only by conc5tration ( ?\ght2 loss ( ! natural p[]s only by affirmation ( ! ,div9e maje/y1 :i* involves ! de/ruction ( all t is o!r ?an ,god2 purity ( ! inmo/ he>t only by love2 & p]fect contemplation only by purity ( ! inmo/ he>t4 ,x is relat$ t usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj7 us$ to lay ^u himself ! obligation ( p]=m+ f\r hundr$ b[+s ( pray] 9 a day & a night4 ,on be+ ask$ :y he took s mu* tr\ble 9 ! high degree :i* he enjoy$1 he answ]$3 8,pa9 & pleasure indicate y\r feel+s1 b ^? ^: attributes are annihilat$ feel no effect ei!r ( pleasure or ( pa94 ,bew>e le/ y call remissness maturity & desire ( ! _w se>* = ,god40 ,a c]ta9 man relates3 8,i 0 pray+ beh9d ,dhu l-,nn4 ,:5 he began to pron\nce ! takbr1 he cri$ #8,allah akb>' & fell 9 a swoon l a lifeless body40 ,junayd1 aft] he _h gr[n old1 did n omit any item ( ! litanies 7awrd7 ( 8 y\?4 ,:5 he 0 urg$ to refra9 f "s ( ^! sup]]ogatory acts ( devotion to :i* 8 /r5g? 0 unequal1 he repli$ t he c\ld n ab&on at ! la/ ^? ex]cises :i* _h be5 ! means ( 8 acquir+ spiritual welf>e at ! fir/4 ,x is well kn[n t ! angels are ceaselessly engag$ 9 wor%ip1 because !y are spiritual & h no l[] s\l 7nafs74 ,! l[] s\l det]s m5 f ob$i5ce1 & ! m x is subdu$ ! m easy does ! p]=mance ( wor%ip become2 & :5 x is entirely annihilat$1 wor%ip becomes ! food & dr9k ( ,man1 ev5 z x is ! food & dr9k ( ! angels4 ,abdallh b4 ,mubrak says3 8,9 my boyhood ,i rememb] see+ a female ascetic :o 0 bitt5 by a scorpion 9 =ty places :ile %e 0 pray+1 b no *ange ( expression 0 visible 9 h] c\nt5ance4 ,:5 %e _h f9i%$1 ,i said3 #8,o "m1 :y did/ n ?\ fl+ ! scorpion away f !e8' ,%e answ]$3 #8,ignorant boy6 do/ ?\ deem x "r t :ile ,i am engag$ 9 ,god's bus9ess ,i %\ld att5d to my own8'0 ,abu l-,khayr ,aqa#aec _h a gangr5e 9 8 foot4 ,! physicians decl>$ t 8 foot mu/ be amputat$1 b he w\ld n all[ ?is to be done4 ,8 disciples said3 8,cut x (f :ile he is pray+1 = at t "t he is unconsci\s40 ,! physicians act$ on ?is advice4 ,:5 ,abu l-,khayr f9i%$ 8 pray]s he f\nd t 8 foot _h be5 amputat$4#aed ,footnote #aec3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #bei4 ,footnote #aed3 ,"h foll[s a /ory1 already relat$ 9 ! notice ( ,ab ,bakr 7p4 #gj71 conc]n+ ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* ,ab ,bakr & ,um> recit$ ! ,koran :5 !y p]=m$ _! pray]s4 ,"s fs p]=m obligatory acts ( devotion op5ly1 b conceal ^? :i* are sup]]ogatory 9 ord] t !y may escape f o/5tation 7riy74 ,anyone 7!y say7 :o desires t o!rs %\ld take notice ( 8 religi\s practices becomes a hypocrite2 & if he says t al?\gh o!r p see 8 devotions he himself is unconsci\s ( !m1 t too is hypocrisy4 ,o!r fs1 h[ev]1 exhibit bo? _! obligatory & sup]]ogatory acts ( devotion1 on ! gr\nd t o/5tation is unreal & piety real3 !re=e1 x is absurd to hide reality = ! sake ( unreality4 8,d n let any ?\ght ( o/5tation 7!y say7 ent] y\r he>t1 & wor%ip ,god :]ev] y w40 ,! ,%aykhs h obs]v$ ! true _s ( ! rules ( devotional practice1 & h enjo9$ _! disciples to d ! same4 ,"o ( !m says3 8,i travell$ = =ty ye>s1 & dur+ t "t ,i did n miss a s+le public s]vice ( pray]1 b 0 9 "s t[n e ,friday40 ,! coroll>ies ( pray] belong to ! /ations ( love1 ( :i* ,i w n[ set =? ! pr9ciples 9 full4 ,*apt] conc]n+ ,love & matt]s connect$ !re)4 ,god ha? said1 8,o believ]s1 :osoev] among y apo/atize f _! religion1 ,god w assur$ly br+ 9 _! /ead a p :om ,he w love & :o w love ,him0 7,kor4 v1 #ei72 & ,he ha? also said1 8,"s m5 take idols beside ,god & love !m z !y love ,god1 b ! believ]s love ,god be/0 7,kor4 ii1 #afj74 ,& ! ,apo/le said3 8,i he>d ,gabriel say t ,god said1 #8,:oev] despises any ( ,my fri5ds has decl>$ w> aga9/ ,me4 ,i d n hesitate 9 any?+ z ,i hesitate to seize ! s\l ( ,my fai?ful s]vant :o dislikes dea? & :om ,i dislike to hurt1 b he _c escape !refrom2 & no means :]eby ,my s]vant seeks ,my fav\r is m pleas+ to ,me ?an ! p]=mance ( ! obligations :i* ,i h laid ^u him2 & ,my s]vant cont9u\sly seeks ,my fav\r by works ( sup]]ogation until ,i love him1 & :5 ,i love him ,i am 8 he>+ & 8 sight & 8 h& & 8 help]4'0 ,& ! ,apo/le also said1 8,god loves to meet ^? :o love to meet ,him1 & dislikes to meet ^? :o dislike to meet ,him02 & aga91 8,:5 ,god loves a man ,he says to ,gabriel1 #8,o ,gabriel1 ,i love su* & su* a "o1 s d ?\ love him'2 !n ,gabriel loves him & says to ! dwell]s 9 ,heav51 #8,god loves su* & su* a "o1' & !y love him too2 !n he be/[s on him fav\r 9 ! e>?1 s t he is lov$ by ! inhabitants ( ! e>?2 & z x happ5s ) reg>d to love1 s does x happ5 ) reg>d to hate40 ,maabbat 7love7 is said to be d]iv$ f ibbat1 :i* are se$s t fall to ! e>? 9 ! des]t4 ,! "n ubb 7love7 0 giv5 to su* des]t se$s 7ibb71 because love is ! s\rce ( life j z se$s are ! orig9 ( plants4 ,z1 :5 ! se$s are scatt]$ 9 ! des]t1 !y become hidd5 9 ! e>?1 & ra9 falls ^u !m & ! sun %9es ^u !m & cold & heat pass ov] !m1 yet !y are n corrupt$ by ! *ang+ seasons1 b gr[ up & be> fl[]s & give fruit1 s love1 :5 x takes its dwell+ 9 ! he>t1 is n corrupt$ by pres5ce or abs5ce1 by pleasure or pa91 by sep>ation or union4 ,o!rs say t maabbat is d]iv$ f ubb1 mean+ 8a j> full ( /agnant wat]01 because :5 love is collect$ 9 ! he>t & fills x1 !re is no room !re = any ?\ght except ( ! belov$1 z ,%ibl says3 8,love is call$ maabbat because x oblit]ates 7tam7 f ! he>t ev]y?+ except ! belov$40 ,o!rs say t maabbat is d]iv$ f ubb1 mean+ 8! f\r conjo9$ pieces ( wood on :i* a wat]-jug is plac$1 because a lov] lightly be>s :atev] 8 belov$ metes out to him--hon\r or disgrace1 pa9 or pleasure1 fair treatm5t or f\l04 ,accord+ to o!rs1 maabbat is d]iv$ f abb1 ! plural ( abbat1 & abbat is ! core ( ! he>t1 :]e love resides4 ,9 ?is case1 maabbat is call$ by ! "n ( its dwell+-place1 a pr9ciple ( :i* !re are num]\s examples 9 ,arabic4 ,o!rs d]ive x f abb1 8bubbles ( wat] & ! eff]vesc5ce !re( 9 a heavy ra9fall10 because love is ! eff]vesc5ce ( ! he>t 9 long+ = union ) ! belov$4 ,z ! body subsi/s ?r\gh ! _s1 s ! he>t subsi/s ?r\gh love1 & love subsi/s ?r\gh vision (1 & union )1 ! belov$4 ,o!rs1 aga91 decl>e t ubb is a "n appli$ to pure love1 because ! ,arabs call ! pure :ite ( ! human eye abbat al-insn1 j z !y call ! pure black 7core7 ( ! he>t abbat al-qalb3 ! latt] is ! seat ( love1 ! =m] ( vision4 ,h5ce ! he>t & ! eye are rivals 9 love1 z ! poet says3 8,my he>t envies m9e eye ! pleasure ( see+1 ,& m9e eye envies my he>t ! pleasure ( m$itat+40 ,,section4 ,y mu/ "k t ! t]m 8love0 7maabbat7 is us$ by !ologians 9 ?ree significations4 ,fir/ly1 z mean+ re/less desire = ! object ( love1 & incl9ation & passion1 9 :i* s5se x ref]s only to creat$ be+s & _! mutual affection t[>ds "o ano!r1 b _c be appli$ to ,god1 :o is exalt$ f> above any?+ ( ?is sort4 ,secondly1 z mean+ ,god's b5efic5ce & ,8 conf]m5t ( special privileges on ^? :om ,he *ooses & causes to atta9 ! p]fection ( sa9t%ip & peculi>ly di/+ui%es by div]se k9ds ( ,8 miracul\s grace4 ,?irdly1 z mean+ praise :i* ,god be/[s on a man = a good action 7?an-yi jaml74#aee ,footnote #aee3 ,cf4 ,qu%ayr 7,cairo1 #acah ,a4,h471 #agj1 #ad sqq4 ,"s s*ola/ic philosoph]s say t ,god's love1 :i* ,he has made kn[n to u1 belongs to ^? traditional attributes1 l ,8 face & ,8 h& & ,8 settl+ ,himself firmly on ,8 ?rone 7i/iw71 ( :i* ! exi/5ce f ! /&po9t ( reason w\ld appe> to be impossible if !y _h n be5 proclaim$ z ,div9e attributes 9 ! ,koran & ! ,sunna4 ,!re=e we affirm !m & believe 9 !m1 b susp5d our own judgm5t conc]n+ !m4 ,^! s*ola/ics mean to d5y t ! t]m 8love0 c be appli$ to ,god 9 all ! s5ses :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,i w n[ expla9 to y ! tru? ( ?is matt]4 ,god's love ( ,man is ,8 good w t[>ds him & ,8 hav+ m]cy on him4 ,love is "o ( ! names ( ,8 w 7irdat71 l 8satisfaction01 8ang]01 8m]cy01 etc41 & ,8 w is an et]nal attribute :]eby ,he wills ,8 actions4 ,9 %ort1 ,god's love t[>ds ,man consi/s 9 %[+ mu* fav\r to him1 & giv+ him a recomp5se 9 ?is _w & ! next1 & mak+ him secure f puni%m5t & keep+ him safe f s91 & be/[+ on him l(ty 8/ates0 & exalt$ 8/ations0 & caus+ him to turn 8 ?\ghts away f all t is o!r ?an ,god4 ,:5 ,god peculi>ly di/+ui%es anyone 9 ?is way1 t specialization ( ,8 w is call$ love4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ri? ,musib & ,junayd & a l>ge numb] ( ! f ,%aykhs z well z ( ! lawy]s belong+ to bo? ! sects2 & mo/ ( ! ,sunn s*ola/ics hold ! same op9ion4 ,z reg>ds _! ass]tion t ,div9e love is 8praise giv5 to a man = a good action0 7?an-yi jaml b> b&a71 ,god's praise is ,8 ^w 7kalm71 :i* is uncreat$2 & z reg>ds _! ass]tion t ,div9e love means 8b5efic5ce01 ,8 b5efic5ce consi/s 9 ,8 actions4 ,h5ce ! diff]5t views are sub/antially 9 close relation to ea* o!r4 ,man's love t[>ds ,god is a quality :i* manife/s itself 9 ! he>t ( ! pi\s believ]1 9 ! =m ( v5]ation & magnification1 s t he seeks to satisfy 8 ,belov$ & becomes impati5t & re/less 9 8 desire = vision ( ,him1 & _c re/ ) anyone except ,him1 & gr[s famili> ) ! remembrance 7dhikr7 ( ,him1 & abjures ! remembrance ( ev]y?+ besides4 ,repose becomes unlawful to him & re/ flees f him4 ,he is cut (f f all habits & associations1 & r5\nces s5sual passion & turns t[>ds ! c\rt ( love & submits to ! law ( love & kn[s ,god by ,8 attributes ( p]fection4 ,x is impossible t ,man's love ( ,god %\ld be simil> 9 k9d to ! love ( ,8 creatures t[>ds "o ano!r1 = ! =m] is desire to compreh5d & atta9 ! belov$ object1 :ile ! latt] is a prop]ty ( bodies4 ,! lov]s ( ,god are ^? :o devote !mselves to dea? 9 ne>ness to ,him1 n ^? :o seek ,8 nature 7kayfiyyat71 because ! seek] /&s by himself1 b he :o devotes himself to dea? 7mu/ahlik7 /&s by 8 ,belov$2 & ! true/ lov]s are !y :o w\ld fa9 die ?us1 & are ov]p[]$1 because a ph5om5al be+ has no means ( approa*+ ! ,et]nal save ?r\gh ! omnipot5ce ( ! ,et]nal4 ,he :o kn[s :at is real love feels no m difficulties1 & all 8 d\bts dep>t4 ,love1 !n1 is ( two k9ds--7#a7 ! love ( l t[>ds l1 :i* is a desire in/igat$ by ! l[] s\l & :i* seeks ! ess5ce 7dht7 ( ! belov$ object by means ( sexual int]c\rse2 7#b7 ! love ( "o :o is unlike ! object ( 8 love & :o seeks to become intimately atta*$ to an attribute ( t object1 e4g4 he>+ )\t spee* or see+ )\t eye4 ,& believ]s :o love ,god are ( two k9ds--7#a7 ^? :o reg>d ! fav\r & b5efic5ce ( ,god t[>ds !m1 & are l$ by t reg>d to love ! ,b5efactor2 7#b7 ^? :o are s enraptur$ by love t !y reckon all fav\rs z a veil 7betwe5 !mselves & ,god7 & by reg>d+ ! ,b5efactor are l$ to 7consci\sness (7 ,8 fav\rs4 ,! latt] way is ! m exalt$ ( ! two4 ,,section4 ,among ! f ,%aykhs ,sumnn al-,muibb holds a peculi> doctr9e conc]n+ love4 ,he ass]ts t love is ! f\ndation & pr9ciple ( ! way to ,god1 t all 8/ates0 & 8/ations0 are /ages ( love1 & t e /age & abode 9 :i* ! seek] may be admits ( de/ruction1 except ! abode ( love1 :i* is n de/ructible 9 any circum/ances s long z ! way itself rema9s 9 exi/5ce4 ,all ! o!r ,%aykhs agree ) him 9 ?is matt]1 b s9ce ! t]m 8love0 is curr5t & well kn[n1 & !y wi%$ ! doctr9e ( ,div9e love to rema9 hidd51 in/ead ( call+ x 8love0 !y gave x ! "n ( 8purity0 7afwat71 & ! lov] !y call$ 8f02 or !y us$ ! ^w 8pov]ty0 7faqr7 to d5ote ! r5unciation ( ! lov]'s p]sonal w 9 8 affirmation ( ! ,belov$'s w1 & !y call$ ! lov] 8poor0 7faqr74 ,i h expla9$ ! !ory ( 8purity0 & 8pov]ty0 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is book4 ,amr b4 ,u?mn ,makk says 9 ! ,kitb-i ,maabbat#aef t ,god creat$ ! s\ls 7dilh7 sev5 ?\s& ye>s be=e ! bodies & kept !m 9 ! /ation ( proximity 7qurb71 & t he creat$ ! spirits 7jnh7 sev5 ?\s& ye>s be=e ! s\ls & kept !m 9 ! degree ( intimacy 7uns71 & t he creat$ ! he>ts 7sirrh7 sev5 ?\s& ye>s be=e ! spirits & kept !m 9 ! degree ( union 7wal71 & reveal$ ! epiphany ( ,8 beauty to ! he>t ?ree hundr$ & sixty times e day & be/[$ on x ?ree hundr$ & sixty looks ( grace1 & ,he caus$ ! spirits to he> ! ^w ( love & manife/$ ?ree hundr$ & sixty exquisite fav\rs ( intimacy to ! s\l1 s t !y all survey$ ! ph5om5al univ]se & saw no?+ m preci\s ?an !mselves & 7 fill$ ) vanity & pride4 ,!re=e ,god subject$ !m to probation3 ,he imprison$ ! he>t 9 ! _s & ! _s 9 ! s\l & ! s\l 9 ! body2 !n ,he m+l$ reason 7aql7 ) !m1 & s5t prophets & gave comm&s2 !n ea* ( !m began to seek its orig9al /ation4 ,god ord]$ !m to pray4 ,! body betook itself to pray]1 ! s\l atta9$ to love1 ! _s arriv$ at proximity to ,god1 & ! he>t f\nd re/ 9 union ) ,him4 ,! explanation ( love is n love1 because love is a feel+ 7l71 & feel+s are nev] m]e words 7ql74 ,if ! :ole _w wi%$ to attract love1 !y c\ld n2 & if !y made ! utmo/ ef=ts to repel x1 !y c\ld n4 ,love is a ,div9e gift1 n any?+ t c be acquir$4 ,footnote #aef3 8,! ,book ( ,love40 ,,section4 ,conc]n+ excessive love 7i%q7 !re is mu* controv]sy among ! ,%aykhs4 ,"s fs hold t excessive love t[>ds ,god is all[able1 b t x does n proce$ f ,god4 ,su* love1 !y say1 is ! attribute ( "o :o is deb>r$ f 8 belov$1 & ,man is deb>r$ f ,god1 b ,god is n deb>r$ f ,man3 !re=e ,man may love ,god excessively1 b ! t]m is n applicable to ,god4 ,o!rs1 aga91 take ! view t ,god _c be ! object ( ,man's excessive love1 because su* love involves a pass+ beyond limits1 :]eas ,god is n limit$4 ,! mod]ns ass]t t excessive love1 9 ?is _w & ! next1 is prop]ly appli$ only to ! desire ( atta9+ ! ess5ce1 & inasmu* z ! ess5ce ( ,god is n atta9able1 ! t]m 7i%q7 is n rightly us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,man's love t[>ds ,god1 al?\gh ! t]ms 8love0 7maabbat7 & 8pure love0 7afwat7 are correct4 ,!y say1 moreov]1 t :ile love 7maabbat7 may be produc$ by he>+1 excessive love 7i%q7 _c possibly arise )\t actual vision3 !re=e x _c be felt t[>ds ,god1 :o is n se5 9 ?is _w4 ,! ess5ce ( ,god is n atta9able or p]ceptible1 t ,man %\ld be able to feel excessive love t[>ds ,him2 b ,man feels love 7maabbat7 t[>ds ,god1 because ,god1 ?r\gh ,8 attributes & actions1 is a graci\s b5efactor to ,8 fri5ds4 ,s9ce ,jacob 0 absorb$ 9 love 7maabbat7 = ,joseph1 f :om he 0 sep>at$1 8 eyes became bright & cle> z soon z he smelt ,joseph's %irt2 b s9ce ,zulaykh 0 ready to die on acc\nt ( h] excessive love 7i%q7 = ,joseph1 h] eyes 7 n op5$ until %e 0 unit$ ) him4 ,x has also be5 said t excessive love is applicable to ,god1 on ! gr\nd t nei!r ,god nor excessive love has any opposite4 ,,section4 ,i w n[ m5tion a few ( ! innum]able indications :i* ! f ,%aykhs h giv5 z to ! true nature ( love4 ,ma/] ,abu l-,qsim ,qu%ayr says3 8,love is ! effacem5t ( ! lov]'s attributes & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,belov$'s ess5ce10 i4e4 s9ce ! ,belov$ is subsi/5t 7bq7 & ! lov] is annihilat$ 7fn7 ! jeal\sy ( love requires t ! lov] %\ld make ! subsi/5ce ( ! ,belov$ absolute by negat+ himself1 & he _c negate 8 own attributes except by affirm+ ! ess5ce ( ! ,belov$4 ,no lov] c /& by 8 own attributes1 = 9 t case he w\ld n ne$ ! ,belov$'s beauty2 b :5 he kn[s t 8 life dep5ds on ! ,belov$'s beauty1 he necess>ily seeks to annihilate 8 own attributes1 :i* veil him f 8 ,belov$2 & ?us 9 love = 8 ,fri5d he becomes an enemy to himself4 ,x is well kn[n t ! la/ words ( usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj7 on ! scaffold 7 asb al-wjid ifrd al-wid1 8,x is en\gh = ! lov] t he %\ld make ! ,"o s+le10 i4e4 t 8 exi/5ce %\ld be cle>$ away f ! pa? ( love & t ! dom9ion ( 8 l[] s\l %\ld be utt]ly de/roy$4 ,ab ,yazd ,bism says3 8,love consi/s 9 reg>d+ y\r own mu* z little & y\r ,belov$'s little z mu*40 ,?is is h[ ,god ,himself deals ) ,8 s]vants1 = ,he calls 8little0 t :i* ,he has giv5 to !m 9 ?is _w 7,kor4 iv1 #gi71 b calls _! praise ( ,him 8mu*0--8! m5 & wom5 :o praise ,god mu*0 7,kor4 xxxiii1 #ce7--;9 ord] t all ,8 creatures may "k t ,he is ! real ,belov$1 because no?+ is little t ,god be/[s on ,man1 & all is little t ,man (f]s to ,god4 ,sahl b4 ,abdallh al-,tu/> says3 8,love consi/s 9 embrac+ acts ( ob$i5ce 7munaqat al-t7 & 9 avoid+ acts ( disob$i5ce10 because a man p]=ms ! comm& ( 8 belov$ m easily 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( love 9 8 he>t4 ,?is is a refutation ( ^? h]etics :o decl>e t a man may atta9 to su* a degree ( love t ob$i5ce is no long] requir$ ( him1 a doctr9e :i* is %e] h]esy4 ,x is impossible t any p]son1 :ile 8 und]/&+ is s\nd1 %\ld be reliev$ ( 8 religi\s obligations1 because ! law ( ,muammad w nev] be abrogat$1 & if "o su* p]son may be ?us reliev$ :y n all8 ,! case ( p]sons ov]come ) rapture 7maghlb7 & idiots 7math7 is diff]5t4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ,god 9 ,8 love %\ld br+ a man to su* a degree t x co/s him no tr\ble to p]=m 8 religi\s duties1 because ! m "o loves ,him :o gives ! comm& ! less tr\ble w he h 9 execut+ x4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le ab&on$ himself entirely to devotion bo? by day & night1 s t 8 bless$ feet became swoll51 ,god said3 8,we h n s5t d[n ! ,koran to !e 9 ord] t ?\ %\ld/ be mis]able0 7,kor4 xx1 #a74 ,& x is also possible t "o %\ld be reliev$ ( ! consci\sness ( p]=m+ ! ,div9e comm&1 z ! ,apo/le said3 8,v]ily1 a veil is drawn ov] my he>t1 & ,i ask =giv5ess ( ,god sev5ty times daily10 i4e4 he ask$ to be =giv5 = 8 actions1 because he 0 n reg>d+ himself & 8 actions1 t he %\ld be pleas$ ) 8 ob$i5ce1 b 0 pay+ reg>d to ! maje/y ( ,god's comm& & 0 ?9k+ t 8 actions 7 n wor?y ( ,god's acceptance4 ,sumnn ,muibb says3 8,! lov]s ( ,god h borne away ! glory ( ?is _w & ! next1 = ! ,prophet said1 #8,a man is ) ! object ( 8 love4'0 ,!re=e !y are ) ,god 9 bo? worlds1 & ^? :o are ) ,god c d no wrong4 ,! glory ( ?is _w is ,god's be+ ) !m1 & ! glory ( ! next _w is _! be+ ) ,god4 ,yay b4 ,mudh al-,rz says3 8,real love is nei!r dim9i%$ by unk9dness nor increas$ by k9dness & b\nty10 because 9 love bo? k9dness & unk9dness are causes1 & ! cause ( a ?+ is r$uc$ to no?+ :5 ! ?+ itself actually exi/s4 ,a lov] delights 9 ! affliction t 8 belov$ makes him suff]1 & hav+ love he reg>ds k9dness & unk9dness ) ! same indiff]5ce4 ,! /ory is well kn[n h[ ,%ibl 0 suppos$ to be insane & 0 conf9$ 9 a madh\se4 ,"s p]sons came to visit him4 8,:o are y80 he ask$4 ,!y answ]$3 8,?y fri5ds10 :]eupon he pelt$ !m ) /ones & put !m to flight4 ,!n he said3 8,_h y be5 my fri5ds1 y w\ld n h fl$ f my affliction40 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,six? ,,veil3 ,,conc]n+ ,,alms 7al-zakt74 ,alms is "o ( ! obligatory ord9ances ( ! fai?4 ,x becomes due on ! completion ( a b5efit2 e4g41 two hundr$ dirhems con/itute a complete b5efit 7nimat tamm71 & anyone :o is 9 possession ( t sum ought to pay five dirhems2 or if he possesses tw5ty dnrs he ought to pay half a dnr2 or if he possesses five camels he ought to pay "o %eep1 & s =?4 ,alms is also due on acc\nt ( dignity 7jh71 because t too is a complete b5efit4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,v]ily1 ,god has made x incumb5t ^u y to pay ! alms ( y\r dignity1 ev5 z ,he has made x incumb5t ^u y to pay ! alms ( y\r prop]ty02 & he said also3 8,ev]y?+ has its alms1 & ! alms ( a h\se is ! gue/-room40 ,alms is really ?anksgiv+ = a b5efit receiv$1 ! ?anks be+ simil> 9 k9d to ! b5efit4 ,?us heal? is a great bless+1 = :i* e limb owes alms4 ,!re=e heal?y p]sons ought to occupy all _! limbs ) devotion & n yield !m to pleasure & pa/ime1 9 ord] t ! alms due = ! bless+ ( heal? may be fully paid4 ,moreov]1 !re is an alms = e spiritual bless+1 namely1 outw>d & inw>d ackn[l$gm5t ( t bless+ 9 proportion to its wor?4 ,?us1 :5 a man kn[s t ! bless+s be/[$ ^u him by ,god are inf9ite1 he %\ld r5d] inf9ite ?anks by way ( alms4 ,! fs d n consid] x praisewor?y to give alms on acc\nt ( worldly bless+s1 because !y disapprove ( av>ice1 & a man mu/ ne$s be extremely av>ici\s to keep two hundr$ dirhems 9 8 possession = a :ole ye> & !n give away five dirhems 9 alms4 ,s9ce x is ! cu/om ( ! g5]\s to lavi% _! weal?1 & s9ce !y are dispos$ to be lib]al1 h[ %\ld almsgiv+ be incumb5t ^u !m8 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t a c]ta9 =mal !ologian1 wi%+ to make trial ( ,%ibl1 ask$ him :at sum ought to be giv5 9 alms4 ,%ibl repli$3 8,:]e av>ice is pres5t & prop]ty exi/s1 five dirhems out ( e two hundr$ dirhems1 & half a dnr out ( e tw5ty dnrs4 ,t is accord+ to ?y doctr9e2 b accord+ to m9e1 a man ought n to possess any?+1 9 :i* case he w be sav$ f ! tr\ble ( giv+ alms40 ,! div9e ask$3 8,^: au?ority d y foll[ 9 ?is matt]80 ,%ibl said3 8,! au?ority ( ,ab ,bakr ! ,v]aci\s1 :o gave away all t he possess$1 & on be+ ask$ by ! ,apo/le :at he _h left beh9d = 8 family1 answ]$1 #8,god & ,8 ,apo/le4'0 ,& x is relat$ t ,al said 9 an ode-- 8,almsgiv+ is n incumb5t on me1 ,= h[ c a g5]\s man be requir$ to give alms80 ,b x is absurd = anyone to cultivate ignorance & to say t because he has no prop]ty he ne$ n be acqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( almsgiv+4 ,to le>n & obta9 k is an ess5tial obligation1 & to pr(ess "o's self indep5d5t ( k is m]e infidelity4 ,x is "o ( ! evils ( ! pres5t age t _m :o pret5d to be pi\s d]vi%es reject k 9 fav\r ( ignorance4 ,! au?or says3 8,once ,i 0 giv+ devotional in/ruction to "s novices 9 fiism & 0 discuss+ ! *apt] on ! poor-rate ( camels 7adaqat al-ibil7 & expla9+ ! rules 9 reg>d to %e-camels t h ent]$ on _! ?ird or second or f\r? ye> 7b9t-i labn b9t-i makh iqqa74 ,an ignorant fell[1 tir$ ( li/5+ to my disc\rse1 rose & said3 #8,i h no camels3 :at use is ?is k to me8' ,i answ]$3 #8,k is necess>y 9 tak+ alms no less ?an 9 giv+ alms3 if anyone %\ld give y a %e-camel 9 h] ?ird ye> & y %\ld accept h]1 y ought to be in=m$ on ?is po9t2 & ev5 ?\gh "o has no prop]ty & does n want to h any prop]ty1 he is n !reby reliev$ f ! obligation ( k4'0 ,,section4 ,"s ( ! f ,%aykhs h accept$ alms1 :ile o!rs h decl9$ to d s4 ,^? ^: pov]ty is volunt>y 7ba-ikhtiyr7 belong to ! latt] class4 8,we d n amass prop]ty10 !y say1 8!re=e we ne$ n give alms2 nor w we accept alms f worldl+s1 le/ !y %\ld h ! upp] h& 7yad-i uly7 & we ! l[] 7yad-i sufl748 ,b ^? :o 9 _! pov]ty are "u ,div9e compulsion 7mut>r7 accept alms1 n = _! own wants b ) ! purpose ( reliev+ a bro!r ,moslem ( 8 obligation4 ,9 ?is case ! receiv] ( alms1 n ! giv]1 has ! upp] h&2 o!rwise1 ! words ( ,god1 0,& ,he accepte? ! alms0 7,kor4 ix1 #aje71 are mean+less1 & ! giv] ( alms mu/ be sup]ior to ! receiv]1 a belief :i* is utt]ly false4 ,no2 ! upp] h& belongs to him :o takes some?+ f a bro!r ,moslem 9 ord] t ! latt] may escape f a heavy responsibility4 ,d]vi%es are n ( ?is _w 7duny71 b ( ! next _w 7uqb71 & if a d]vi% fails to relieve a worldl+ ( 8 responsibility1 ! worldl+ w be held acc\ntable & puni%$ at ! ,resurrection = hav+ neglect$ to fulfil 8 obligation4 ,!re=e ,god afflicts ! d]vi% ) a slight want 9 ord] t worldl+s may be able to p]=m :at is incumb5t ^u !m4 ,! upp] h& is necess>ily ! h& ( ! d]vi% :o receives alms 9 accordance ) ! requirem5t ( ! law1 because x behoves him to take t :i* is due to ,god4 ,if ! h& ( ! recipi5t 7 ! l[] h&1 z "s an?ropomorphi/s 7ahl-i a%w7 decl>e1 !n ! h&s ( ! ,apo/les1 :o (t5 receiv$ alms due to ,god & deliv]$ x to ! prop] au?ority1 mu/ h be5 l[] 7?an ! h&s ( ^? :o gave ! alms to !m74 ,?is view is errone\s2 its adh]5ts d n see t ! ,apo/les receiv$ alms 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,div9e comm&4 ,! religi\s ,imms h act$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ,apo/les1 = !y h always receiv$ paym5ts due to ! public treasury4 ,^? are 9 ! wrong :o ass]t t ! h& ( ! receiv] is ! l[] & t ( ! giv] is ! high]4 ,*apt] on ,lib]ality & ,g5]osity4 ,9 ! op9ion ( !ologians lib]ality 7jd7 & g5]osity 7sakh71 :5 reg>d$ z human attributes1 are synonym\s2 b ,god1 al?\gh ,he is call$ lib]al 7jawd71 is n call$ g5]\s 7sakh71 because ,he has n call$ ,himself by ! latt] "n1 nor is ,he s call$ 9 any ,apo/olic ,tradition4 ,all or?odox ,moslems are agre$ t x is n all[able to apply to ,god any "n t is n proclaim$ 9 ! ,koran & ! ,sunna3 ?us ,he may be call$ kn[+ 7lim71 b n intellig5t 7qil7 or wise 7faqh71 al?\gh ! ?ree t]ms be> ! same signification4 ,h5ce ,god is call$ lib]al1 s9ce t "n is accompani$ by ,8 bless+2 & ,he is n call$ g5]\s1 s9ce t "n lacks ,8 bless+4 ,m5 h made a di/9ction betwe5 lib]ality 7jd7 & g5]osity 7sakh71 & h said t ! g5]\s man discrim9ates 9 8 lib]ality1 & t 8 actions are connect$ ) a selfi% motive 7gh>a7 & a cause 7sabab74 ,?is is a rudim5t>y /age 9 lib]ality1 = ! lib]al man does n discrim9ate1 & 8 actions are devoid ( self-int]e/ & )\t any second>y cause4 ,^! two qualities 7 exhibit$ by two ,apo/les1 viz41 ,abraham1 ! ,fri5d ( ,god 7,khall71 & ,muammad1 ! ,belov$ ( ,god 7abb74 ,x is relat$ 9 ! g5u9e ,traditions t ,abraham 0 accu/om$ n to eat any?+ until a gue/ came to him4 ,once1 aft] ?ree days _h pass$ )\t ! arrival ( a gue/1 a fire--wor%ipp] appe>$ at ! door1 b ,abraham1 on he>+ :o he 01 refus$ to give him ent]ta9m5t4 ,god reproa*$ him on ?is acc\nt1 say+3 8,wilt n ?\ give a piece ( bread to "o :om ,i h n\ri%$ = sev5ty ye>s80 ,b ,muammad1 :5 ! son ( tim visit$ him1 spread 8 own mantle on ! gr\nd = him & said3 8,hon\r ! noble *iefta9 ( a p :5 he comes to y40 ,abraham's position 0 g5]osity1 b our ,apo/le's 0 lib]ality4 ,! be/ rule 9 ?is matt] is set =? 9 ! maxim t lib]ality consi/s 9 foll[+ "o's fir/ ?\ght1 & t x is a sign ( av>ice :5 ! second ?\ght prevails ov] ! fir/2 = ! fir/ ?\ght is unque/ionably f ,god4 ,i h read t at ,n%pr !re 0 a m]*ant :o us$ regul>ly to att5d ! meet+s held by ,%aykh ,ab ,sad4 ,"o day a d]vi% :o 0 pres5t begg$ ! ,%aykh to give him some?+4 ,! m]*ant _h a dnr & a small piece ( clipp$ money 7qura74 ,8 fir/ ?\ght 03 8,i w give ! dnr10 b on second ?\ghts he gave ! clipp$ piece4 ,:5 ! ,%aykh f9i%$ 8 disc\rse ! m]*ant ask$3 8,is x "r = anyone to cont5d ) ,god80 ,! ,%aykh answ]$3 8,y cont5d$ ) ,him3 ,he bade y give ! dnr1 b y gave ! clipp+40 ,i h also read t ,%aykh ,ab ,abdallh ,rdbr came to ! h\se ( a disciple 9 8 abs5ce1 & ord]$ t all ! effects 9 ! h\se %\ld be tak5 to ! baza>4 ,:5 ! disciple return$ he 0 delight$ t ! ,%aykh _h behav$ ) su* fre$om1 b he said no?+4 ,8 wife1 h[ev]1 tore (f h] dress & flung x d[n1 say+3 8,?is belongs to ! effects ( ! h\se40 ,! husb& exclaim$3 8,y are do+ m ?an is necess>y & %[+ self-w40 8,o husb&10 said %e1 8:at ! ,%aykh did 0 ! result ( 8 lib]ality3 we too mu/ ex]t ourselves 7takalluf kunm7 to display lib]ality40 8,yes10 repli$ ! husb&1 8b if we all[ ! ,%aykh to be lib]al1 t is real lib]ality 9 u1 :]eas lib]ality1 reg>d$ z a human quality1 is =c$ & unreal40 ,a disciple ought always to sacrifice 8 prop]ty & himself 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm& ( ,god4 ,h5ce ,sahl b4 ,abdallh 7al-,tu/>7 said3 8,! f's blood may be %$ ) impunity1 & 8 prop]ty may be seiz$40 ,i h he>d ! foll[+ /ory ( ,%aykh ,ab ,muslim ,fris3 8,once 7he said7 ,i set out ) a numb] ( p = ! ijz4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ulwn we 7 attack$ by ,kurds1 :o /ripp$ u ( our pat*$ frocks4 ,we (f]$ no resi/ance4 ,"o man1 h[ev]1 became greatly excit$1 :]eupon a ,kurd drew 8 scimit> & kill$ him1 not)/&+ our entreaties t 8 life might be sp>$4 ,on our ask+ :y he _h kill$ him he answ]$3 #8,because he is no f & acts disloyally 9 ! company ( sa9ts3 su* a "o is bett] dead4' ,we said3 #8,h[ s8' ,he repli$3 #8,! fir/ /ep 9 fiism is lib]ality4 ,?is fell[1 :o 0 s desp]ately atta*$ to ^! rags t he qu>rell$ ) 8 own fri5ds1 h[ %\ld he be a f8 ,8 own fri5ds1 ,i say1 = x is a long "t s9ce we h be5 do+ z y d1 & plund]+ y & /ripp+ y ( worldly encumbrances4'0#aeg ,a man came to ! h\se ( asan b4 ,al & said t he ow$ f\r hundr$ dirhems4 asan gave him f\r hundr$ dnrs & w5t into ! h\se1 weep+4 ,!y ask$ him :y he wept4 ,he answ]$3 8,i h be5 remiss 9 mak+ inquiry into ! circum/ances ( ?is man1 & h r$uc$ him to ! humiliation ( begg+40 ,ab ,sahl ulk nev] put alms into ! h& ( a d]vi%1 & always us$ to lay on ! gr\nd any?+ t he gave4 8,worldly goods10 he said1 8are too wor?less to be plac$ 9 ! h& ( a ,moslem1 s t my h& %\ld be ! upp] & 8 ! l[]40#aeh ,i once met a d]vi% to :om a ,sultan _h s5t ?ree hundr$ dra*ms ( pure gold4 ,he w5t to a ba?-h\se1 & gave ! :ole sum to ! sup]9t5d5t & imm$iately dep>t$4 ,i h already discuss$ ! subject ( lib]ality 9 ! *apt] on pref]5ce 7?r71 :]e ,i h dealt ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,nrs4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,"h foll[s a /ory ( ,abdallh b4 ,jaf> & an ,abyss9ian slave1 :o let a dog eat ! :ole ( 8 daily portion ( food4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,"h ! au?or relates ?ree %ort anecdotes illu/rat+ ! lib]ality ( ,muammad4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,sev5? ,,veil3 ,,on ,,fa/+ 7al-awm74 ,god ha? said3 8,o believ]s1 fa/+ is prescrib$ unto y0 7,kor4 ii1 #agi74 ,& ! ,apo/le said t he 0 in=m$ by ,gabriel t ,god said3 8,fa/+ is m9e1 & ,i h ! be/ "r to give recomp5se = x0 7al-awm l wa-ana ajz bihi71#aei because ! religi\s practice ( fa/+ is a my/]y unconnect$ ) any ext]nal ?+1 a my/]y 9 :i* none o!r ?an ,god p>ticipates3 h5ce its recomp5se is inf9ite4 ,x has be5 said t mank9d ent] ,p>adise ?r\gh ,god's m]cy1 & t _! rank !re9 dep5ds on _! religi\s devotion1 & t _! abid+ !re9 = ev] is ! recomp5se ( _! fa/+1 because ,god said3 8,i h ! be/ "r to give recomp5se = x40 ,junayd said3 8,fa/+ is half ( ! ,way40 ,i h se5 ,%aykhs :o fa/$ )\t int]mission1 & o!rs :o fa/$ only dur+ ! mon? ( ,raman3 ! =m] 7 seek+ recomp5se1 & ! latt] 7 r5\nc+ self-w & o/5tation4 ,aga91 ,i h se5 o!rs :o fa/$ & 7 n consci\s ( anyone & ate only :5 food 0 set be=e !m4 ,?is is m 9 accordance ) ! ,sunna4 ,x is relat$ t ! ,apo/le came to i%a & afa1 :o said to him3 8,we h kept "s dates & butt] 7ays7 = !e40 8,br+ x10 said he2 8,i 0 int5d+ to fa/1 b ,i w fa/ ano!r day in/ead40 ,i h se5 o!rs :o fa/$ on ! 8:ite days0 7f ! #ac? to ! #ae? ( e mon?71 & on ! t5 7la/ nights7 ( ! bless$ mon? 7,raman71 & also dur+ ,rajab1 ,%abn1 & ,raman4 ,o!rs ,i h se5 :o obs]v$ ! fa/ ( ,david1 :i* ! ,apo/le call$ ! be/ ( fa/s1 i4e4 !y fa/$ "o day & broke _! fa/ ! next day4 ,once ,i came into ! pres5ce ( ,%aykh ,amad ,bukhr4 ,he _h a di% ( sweetmeat 7alw7 be=e him1 f :i* he 0 eat+1 & he made a sign to me t ,i %\ld d ! same4 ,z is ! way ( "y m51 ,i answ]$ 7)\t consid]ation7 t ,i 0 fa/+4 ,he ask$ :y4 ,i said3 8,9 con=mity ) su* & su* a "o40 ,he said3 8,x is n "r = human be+s to con=m ) human be+s40 ,i 0 ab\t to break my fa/1 b he said3 8,s9ce y wi% to be quit ( con=mity ) him1 d n con=m ) me1 = ,i too am a human be+40 ,fa/+ is really ab/95ce1 & ?is includes ! :ole me?od ( fiism 7arqat74 ,! lea/ degree 9 fa/+ is hung]1 :i* is ,god's food on e>?1 & is univ]sally comm5d$ 9 ! eye ( ! law & ( reason4 ,"o mon?'s cont9ual fa/+ is incumb5t on e reasonable ,moslem :o has atta9$ to manhood4 ,! fa/ beg9s on ! appe>ance ( ! moon ( ,raman1 & cont9ues until ! appe>ance ( ! moon ( ,%awwl1 & = e day a s9c]e int5tion & firm obligation are necess>y4 ,ab/95ce involves _m obligations1 e4g41 keep+ ! belly )\t food & dr9k1 & gu>d+ ! eye f lu/ful looks1 & ! e> f li/5+ to evil spee* ab\t anyone 9 8 abs5ce1 & ! tongue f va9 or f\l words1 & ! body f foll[+ aft] worldly ?+s & disob$i5ce to ,god4 ,"o :o acts 9 ?is mann] is truly keep+ 8 fa/1 = ! ,apo/le said to a c]ta9 man1 8,:5 y fa/1 let y\r e> fa/ & y\r eye & y\r tongue & y\r h& & e limb20 & he also said1 8,_m a "o has no good ( 8 fa/+ except hung] & ?ir/40 ,footnote #aei3 ,! usual read+ is ajz1 8,i give recomp5se10 b ! ,p]sian translation1 ba-jaz-yi n man awlt>am1 is equival5t to ana ajz bihi4 ,i dream$ t ,i saw ! ,apo/le & ask$ him to give me a ^w ( c\nsel1 & t he repli$3 8,imprison ?y tongue & ?y s5ses40 ,to imprison ! s5ses is complete self-mortification1 because all k9ds ( k are acquir$ ?r\gh ! five s5ses3 sight1 he>+1 ta/e1 smell1 & t\*4 ,f\r ( ! s5ses h a p>ticul> locus1 b ! fif?1 namely t\*1 is spread ov] ! :ole body4 ,ev]y?+ t becomes kn[n to human be+s passes ?r\gh ^! five doors1 except intuitive k & ,div9e inspiration1 & 9 ea* s5se !re is a purity & an impurity2 =1 j z !y are op5 to k1 reason1 & _s1 s !y are op5 to imag9ation & passion1 be+ organs :i* p>take ( piety & s9 & ( felicity & mis]y4 ,!re=e x behoves him :o is keep+ a fa/ to imprison all ! s5ses 9 ord] t !y may return f disob$i5ce to ob$i5ce4 ,to ab/a9 only f food & dr9k is *ild's play4 ,"o mu/ ab/a9 f idle pleasures & unlawful acts1 n f eat+ lawful food4 ,i m>vel at ^? :o say t !y are keep+ a volunt>y fa/ & yet fail to p]=m an obligatory duty4 ,n to commit s9 is obligatory1 :]eas cont9ual fa/+ is an apo/olic cu/om 7:i* may be obs]v$ or neglect$74 ,:5 a man is div9ely protect$ f s9 all 8 circum/ances are a fa/4 ,x is relat$ by ,ab ala al-,mlik t ,sahl b4 ,abdallh ( ,tu/> 0 fa/+ on ! day ( 8 bir? & also on ! day ( 8 dea?1 because he 0 born 9 ! =5oon & ta/$ no milk until ! ev5+ pray]1 & on ! day ( 8 decease he 0 keep+ a fa/4 ,b cont9ual fa/+ 7rza-i wil7 has be5 =bidd5 by ! ,apo/le1 = :5 he fa/$ cont9ually1 & 8 ,companions con=m$ ) him 9 t respect1 he =bade !m1 say+3 8,i am n z "o ( y3 ,i pass ! night ) my ,"l1 :o gives me food & dr9k40 ,! vot>ies ( self-mortification ass]t t ?is prohibition 0 an act ( indulg5ce1 n a veto decl>+ su* fa/s to be unlawful1 & o!rs reg>d !m z be+ contr>y to ! ,sunna1 b ! fact is t cont9uance 7wil7 is impossible1 because ! day's fa/ is int]rupt$ by night or1 at any rate1 does n cont9ue beyond a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,x is relat$ t ,sahl b4 ,abdallh ( ,tu/> us$ to eat only once 9 fifte5 days1 & :5 ! mon? ( ,raman arriv$ he ate no?+ until ! ,fea/1 & p]=m$ f\r hundr$ b[+s 9 pray] e night4 ,?is exce$s ! limit ( human endurance1 & _c be accompli%$ by anyone )\t ,div9e aid1 :i* itself becomes 8 n\ri%m5t4 ,x is well kn[n t ,%aykh ,ab ,nar ,s>rj1#afj ! au?or ( ! ,luma1#afa :o 0 surnam$ ! ,peacock ( ! ,poor 7s al-fuq>71 came to ,baghdd 9 ! mon? ( ,raman1 & 0 giv5 a private *amb] 9 ! ,%nziyya mosque1 & 0 appo9t$ to preside ov] ! d]vi%es until ! ,fea/4 ,dur+ ! nightly pray]s ( ,raman 7t>w7 he recit$ ! :ole ,koran five times4 ,e night a s]vant br\ght a loaf ( bread to 8 room4 ,:5 he dep>t$1 on ! day ( ! ,fea/1 ! s]vant f\nd all ! ?irty loaves unt\*$4 ,al b4 ,bakkr relates t af ,mis ate no?+ 9 ,raman except on ! fifte5? day ( t mon?4 ,we are told t ,ibrhm ,adham fa/$ f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ,raman1 &1 al?\gh x 0 ! mon? ( ,tammz 7,july71 work$ e day z a h>ve/] & gave 8 wages to ! d]vi%es1 & pray$ f nightfall to daybreak2 !y wat*$ him closely & saw t he nei!r ate nor slept4 ,x is said t ,%aykh ,ab ,abdallh ,khaff dur+ 8 life kept =ty un9t]rupt$ fa/s ( =ty days1 & ,i h met ) an old man :o us$ annually to keep two fa/s ( =ty days 9 ! des]t4 ,i 0 pres5t at ! dea?-b$ ( ,dni%m& ,ab ,muammad ,bngh>2 he _h ta/$ no food = eighty days & _h n miss$ a s+le occasion ( public wor%ip4 ,at ,m]v !re 7 two spiritual directors2 "o 0 call$ ,masd & ! o!r 0 ,%aykh ,ab ,al ,siyh4 ,masd s5t a message to ,ab ,al1 say+3 8,h[ long %all we make empty pret5sions8 ,come1 let u sit fa/+ = =ty days40 ,ab ,al repli$3 8,no2 let u eat ?ree times a day & nev]!less require only "o purification dur+ ^! =ty days40 ,! difficulties ( ?is "q are n yet remov$4 ,ignorant p]sons conclude t cont9uance 9 fa/+ is possible1 :ile physicians allege t su* a !ory is entirely baseless4 ,i w n[ expla9 ! matt] 9 full4 ,to fa/ cont9u\sly1 )\t infr++ ! ,div9e comm&1 is a miracle 7k>mat74 ,miracles h a special1 n a g5]al1 application3 if !y 7 v\*saf$ to all1 fai? w\ld be an act ( necessity 7jabr7 & gno/ics w\ld n be recomp5s$ on acc\nt ( gnosis4 ,! ,apo/le wr\ght evid5ti>y miracles 7mujizt7 & !re=e divulg$ 8 cont9uance 9 fa/+2 b he =bade ! sa9ts 7ahl-i k>mat7 to divulge x1 because a k>mat involves concealm5t1 :]eas a mujizat involves revelation4 ,?is is a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! miracles p]=m$ by ,apo/les & ^? p]=m$ by sa9ts1 & w be suffici5t = anyone :o is div9ely guid$4 ,! =ty days' fa/s 7*illa7 ( ! sa9ts are d]iv$ f ! fa/ ( ,moses 7,kor4 vii1 #ach74 ,:5 ! sa9ts desire to he> ! ^w ( ,god spiritually1 !y rema9 fa/+ = =ty days4 ,aft] ?irty days h pass$ !y rub _! tee?2 !n !y fa/ t5 days m1 & ,god speaks to _! he>ts1 because :atev] ! prophets enjoy op5ly ! sa9ts may enjoy secretly4 ,n[1 he>+ ! ^w ( ,god is n compatible ) ! subsi/5ce ( ! natural temp]am5t3 !re=e ! f\r hum\rs mu/ be depriv$ ( food & dr9k = =ty days 9 ord] t !y may be utt]ly subdu$1 & t ! purity ( love & ! subtlety ( ! _s may hold absolute sway4 ,footnote #afj3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #cec4 ,footnote #afa3 8,brilliancies40 ,naf4 entitles x 4 ,*apt] on ,hung] & matt]s connect$ ) x4 ,hung] %>p5s ! intellig5ce & improves ! m9d & heal?4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,make y\r bellies hungry & y\r liv]s ?ir/y & y\r bodies nak$1 t p]*ance y\r he>ts may see ,god 9 ?is _w40 ,al?\gh hung] is an affliction to ! body1 x illum9es ! he>t & purifies ! s\l1 & leads ! _s into ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,to eat "o's fill is an act wor?y ( a bea/4 ,"o :o cultivates 8 spiritual nature by means ( hung]1 9 ord] to devote himself entirely to ,god & deta* himself f worldly ties1 is n on ! same level ) "o :o cultivates 8 body by means ( gluttony1 & s]ves 8 lu/s4 8,! m5 ( old ate to live1 b ye live to eat40 ,= ! sake ( a morsel ( food ,adam fell f ,p>adise1 & 0 bani%$ f> f ! neighb\rhood ( ,god4 ,he ^: hung] is compulsory is n really hungry1 because "o :o desires to eat aft] ,god has decre$ ! contr>y is virtually eat+2 ! m]it ( hung] belongs to him :o ab/a9s f eat+1 n to him :o is deb>r$ f eat+4 ,kattn#afb says3 8,! novice %all sleep only :5 he is ov]p[]$ by slumb]1 & speak only :5 he mu/1 & eat only :5 he is />v+40 ,accord+ to "s1 />vation 7fqa7 involves ab/5tion f food = two days & nights2 o!rs say ?ree days & nights1 or a week1 or =ty days1 because true my/ics believe t a s9c]e man 7diq7 is only once hungry 9 =ty days2 8 hung] m]ely s]ves to keep him alive1 & all hung] besides is natural appetite & vanity4 ,y mu/ "k t all ! ve9s 9 ! bodies ( gno/ics are evid5ces ( ! ,div9e my/]ies1 & t _! he>ts are t5ant$ by visions ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,_! he>ts are doors op5$ 9 _! brea/s1 & at ^! doors are /ation$ reason & passion3 reason is re9=c$ by ! _s1 & passion by ! l[] s\l4 ,! m ! natural hum\rs are n\ri%$ by food1 ! /rong] does ! l[] s\l become1 & ! m impetu\sly is passion diffus$ ?r\gh ! memb]s ( ! body2 & 9 e ve9 a diff]5t k9d ( veil 7ijb7 is produc$4 ,b :5 food is )held f ! l[] s\l x gr[s weak1 & ! reason ga9s /r5g?1 & ! my/]ies & evid5ces ( ,god become m visible1 until1 :5 ! l[] s\l is unable to "w & passion is annihilat$1 e va9 desire is effac$ 9 ! manife/ation ( ! ,tru?1 & ! seek] ( ,god atta9s to ! :ole ( 8 desire4 ,x is relat$ t ,abu l-,abbs ,qab said3 8,my ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce dep5d on two cakes ( bread3 :5 ,i eat ,i f9d 9 myself ! /uff ( e s91 b :5 ,i ab/a9 f eat+ ,i f9d 9 myself ! f\ndation ( e act ( piety40 ,! fruit ( hung] is contemplation ( ,god 7mu%hadat71 ( :i* ! =]unn] is mortification 7mujhadat74 ,repletion comb9$ ) contemplation is bett] ?an hung] comb9$ ) mortification1 because contemplation is ! battle-field ( m51 :]eas mortification is ! playgr\nd ( *ildr54 ,footnote #afb3 ,nafaht1 ,no4 #bae4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,eigh? ,,veil3 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,pilgrimage4 ,! pilgrimage 7ajj7 is b9d+ on e ,moslem ( s\nd m9d :o is able to p]=m x & has rea*$ manhood4 ,x consi/s 9 putt+ on ! pilgrim's g>b at ! prop] place1 9 /&+ on ,araft1 9 circumambulat+ ! ,kaba1 & 9 runn+ betwe5 af & ,m>wa4 ,"o mu/ n ent] ! sacr$ t]ritory )\t be+ clad z a pilgrim 7b irm74 ,! sacr$ t]ritory 7aram7 is s call$ because x conta9s ! ,/ation ( ,abraham 7,maqm-i ,ibrhm74 ,abraham _h two /ations3 ! /ation ( 8 body1 namely1 ,mecca1 & ! /ation ( 8 s\l1 namely1 fri5d%ip 7khullat74 ,:oev] seeks 8 bodily /ation mu/ r5\nce all lu/s & pleasures & put on ! pilgrim's g>b & clo! himself 9 a w9d+-%eet 7kafan7 & refra9 f hunt+ lawful game1 & keep all 8 s5ses "u /rict control1 & be pres5t at ,araft & g !nce to ,muzdalifa & ,ma%ar al-arm1 & pick up /ones & circumambulate ! ,kaba & visit ,m9 & /ay !re ?ree days & ?r[ /ones 9 ! prescrib$ mann] & cut 8 hair & p]=m ! sacrifice & put on 8 7ord9>y7 clo!s4 ,b :oev] seeks 8 spiritual /ation mu/ r5\nce famili> associations & bid f>ewell to pleasures & take no ?\ght ( o!r ?an ,god 7= 8 look+ t[>ds ! ph5om5al _w is int]dict$72 !n he mu/ /& on ! ,araft ( gnosis 7marifat7 & f !re set out = ! ,muzdalifa ( amity 7ulfat7 & f !re s5d 8 he>t to circumambulate ! temple ( ,div9e purification 7tanzh71 & ?r[ away ! /ones ( passion & corrupt ?\ghts 9 ! ,m9 ( fai?1 & sacrifice 8 l[] s\l on ! alt> ( mortification & arrive at ! /ation ( fri5d%ip 7khullat74 ,to ent] ! bodily /ation is to be secure f enemies & _! swords1 b to ent] ! spiritual /ation is to be secure f sep>ation 7f ,god7 & its consequ5ces4#afc ,footnote #afc3 ,"h foll[s ! /ory ( ,abraham & ,nimrod :i* has occurr$ be=e1 p4 #gc4 ,muammad b4 al-,fal says3 8,i wond] at ^? :o seek ,8 temple 9 ?is _w3 :y d n !y seek contemplation ( ,him 9 _! he>ts8 ,! temple !y sometimes atta9 & sometimes miss1 b contemplation !y might enjoy always4 ,if !y are b\nd to visit a /one1 :i* is look$ at only once a ye>1 surely !y are m b\nd to visit ! temple ( ! he>t1 :]e ,he may be se5 ?ree hundr$ & sixty times 9 a day & night4 ,b ! my/ic's e /ep is a symbol ( ! j\rney to ,mecca1 & :5 he rea*es ! sanctu>y he w9s a robe ( hon\r = e /ep40 ,ab ,yazd says3 8,if anyone's recomp5se = wor%ipp+ ,god is def]r$ until to-morr[ he has n wor%ipp$ ,god aright to-day10 = ! recomp5se ( e mom5t ( wor%ip & mortification is imm$iate4 ,& ,ab ,yazd also says3 8,on my fir/ pilgrimage ,i saw only ! temple2 ! second "t1 ,i saw bo? ! temple & ! ,"l ( ! temple2 & ! ?ird "t ,i saw ! ,"l alone40 ,9 %ort1 :]e mortification is1 !re is no sanctu>y3 ! sanctu>y is :]e contemplation is4 ,unless ! :ole univ]se is a man's try/+-place :]e he comes nigh unto ,god & a retir$ *amb] :]e he enjoys intimacy ) ,god1 he is /ill a /rang] to ,div9e love2 b :5 he has vision ! :ole univ]se is 8 sanctu>y4 8,! d>ke/ ?+ 9 ! _w is ! ,belov$'s h\se )\t ! ,belov$40 ,accord+ly1 :at is truly valuable is n ! ,kaba1 b contemplation & annihilation 9 ! abode ( fri5d%ip1 ( :i* ?+s ! sight ( ! ,kaba is indirectly a cause4 ,b we mu/ recognize t e cause dep5ds on ! au?or ( causes 7musabbib71 f :atev] hidd5 place ! provid5ce ( ,god may appe>1 & :5cesoev] ! desire ( ! seek] may be fulfill$4 ,! object ( my/ics 7m>dn7 9 trav]s+ wild]nesses & des]ts is n ! sanctu>y itself1 = to a lov] ( ,god x is unlawful to look ^u ,8 sanctu>y4 ,no2 _! object is mortification 9 a long+ t leaves !m no re/1 & eag] dissolution 9 a love t has no end4 ,a c]ta9 man came to ,junayd4 ,junayd ask$ him :5ce he came4 ,he repli$3 8,i h be5 on ! pilgrimage40 ,junayd said3 8,f ! "t :5 y fir/ j\rney$ f y\r home h y also j\rney$ away f all s9s80 ,he said3 8,no40 8,!n10 said ,junayd1 8y h made no j\rney4 ,at e /age :]e y halt$ = ! night did y trav]se a /ation on ! way to ,god80 ,he said3 8,no40 8,!n10 said ,junayd1 8y h n trodd5 ! road /age by /age4 ,:5 y put on ! pilgrim's g>b at ! prop] place did y disc>d ! attributes ( humanity z y ca/ (f y\r ord9>y clo!s80 8,no40 8,!n y h n put on ! pilgrim's g>b4 ,:5 y /ood on ,araft did y /& "o in/ant 9 contemplation ( ,god80 8,no40 8,!n y h n /ood on ,araft4 ,:5 y w5t to ,muzdalifa & a*iev$ y\r desire did y r5\nce all s5sual desires80 8,no40 8,!n y h n gone to ,muzdalifa4 ,:5 y circumambulat$ ! ,temple did y behold ! immat]ial beauty ( ,god 9 ! abode ( purification80 8,no40 8,!n y h n circumambulat$ ! ,temple4 ,:5 y ran betwe5 af & ,m>wa did y atta9 to ! rank ( purity 7af7 & virtue 7muruwwat780 8,no40 8,!n y h n run4 ,:5 y came to ,m9 did all y\r wi%es 7munya?7 cease80 8,no40 8,!n y h n yet visit$ ,m94 ,:5 y rea*$ ! slaught]-place & (f]$ sacrifice did y sacrifice ! objects ( s5sual desire80 8,no40 8,!n y h n sacrific$4 ,:5 y ?rew ! /ones did y ?r[ away :atev] s5sual ?\ghts 7 accompany+ y80 8,no40 8,!n y h n yet ?r[n ! /ones1 & y h n yet p]=m$ ! pilgrimage4 ,return & p]=m ! pilgrimage 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ord] t y may arrive at ! /ation ( ,abraham40 ,fuayl b4 ,iy says3 8,i saw at ,m\nt ,araft a y\? :o /ood sil5t ) b[$ head :ile all ! p 7 pray+ al\d1 & ,i ask$ him :y he did n pray l !m4 ,he answ]$ t he 0 9 great di/ress1 hav+ lo/ ! spiritual /ate 7waqt7 :i* he =m]ly enjoy$1 & t he c\ld by no means cry al\d unto ,god4 ,i said3 #8,pray1 9 ord] t ?r\gh ! bless+s ( ?is multitude ,god may accompli% ?y desire4' ,he 0 ab\t to lift up 8 h&s & pray1 :5 sudd5ly he utt]$ a %riek & di$ on ! spot40 ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian says3 8,at ,m9 ,i saw a "y man sitt+ quietly :ile ! p 7 engag$ 9 ! sacrifices4 ,i look$ at him to see :at he 0 do+4 ,he cri$3 #8,o ,god1 all ! p are (f]+ sacrifice4 ,i wi% to sacrifice my l[] s\l to ,!e2 d ,?\ accept x4' ,hav+ spok51 he po9t$ ) 8 =ef+] to 8 ?roat & fell dead--may ,god h m]cy on him60 ,pilgrimages1 !n1 are ( two k9ds3 7#a7 9 abs5ce 7f ,god7 & 7#b7 9 pres5ce 7( ,god74 ,anyone :o is abs5t f ,god at ,mecca is 9 ! same position z if he 7 abs5t f ,god 9 8 own h\se1 & anyone :o is pres5t ) ,god 9 8 own h\se is 9 ! same position z if he 7 pres5t ) ,god at ,mecca4 ,pilgrimage is an act ( mortification 7mujhadat7 = ! sake ( obta9+ contemplation 7mu%hadat71 & mortification does n become ! direct cause ( contemplation1 b is only a means to x4 ,!re=e1 inasmu* z a means has no fur!r effect on ! reality ( ?+s1 ! true object ( pilgrimage is n to visit ! ,kaba1 b to obta9 contemplation ( ,god4 ,*apt] on ,contemplation4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,make y\r bellies hungry & y\r liv]s ?ir/y & leave ! _w alone1 t p]*ance ye may see ,god ) y\r he>ts02 & he also said1 8,wor%ip ,god z ?\gh ?\ sawe/ ,him1 = if ?\ do/ n see ,him1 yet ,he sees !e40 ,god said to ,david3 8,do/ ?\ "k :at is k ( ,me8 ,x is ! life ( ! he>t 9 contemplation ( ,me40 ,by 8contemplation0 ! fs mean spiritual vision ( ,god 9 public & private1 )\t ask+ h[ or 9 :at mann]4 ,abu l-,abbs b4 ,a says 9 ref]5ce to ! words ( ,god3 8,z to ^? :o say1 #8,our ,"l is ,god1' & :o become /eadfa/0 7,kor4 xli1 #cj71 i4e4 8!y say #8,our ,"l is ,god' 9 self-mortification & !y #8become /eadfa/' on ! c>pet ( contemplation04 ,!re are really two k9ds ( contemplation4 ,! =m] is ! result ( p]fect fai? 7ihhat-i yaqn71 ! latt] ( raptur\s love1 = 9 ! rapture ( love a man atta9s to su* a degree t 8 :ole be+ is absorb$ 9 ! ?\ght ( 8 ,belov$ & he sees no?+ else4 ,muammad b4 ,wsi says3 8,i nev] saw any?+ )\t see+ ,god !re910 i4e4 ?r\gh p]fect fai?4 ,?is vision is f ,god to ,8 creatures4 ,%ibl says3 8,i nev] saw any?+ except ,god10 i4e4 9 ! rapture ( love & ! f]v\r ( contemplation4 ,"o sees ! act ) 8 bodily eye &1 z he looks1 beholds ! ,ag5t ) 8 spiritual eye2 ano!r is rapt by love ( ! ,ag5t f all ?+s else1 s t he sees only ! ,ag5t4 ,! "o me?od is demon/rative 7i/idll71 ! o!r is ec/atic 7jadhb74 ,9 ! =m] case1 a manife/ pro( is d]iv$ f ! evid5ces ( ,god2 9 ! latt] case1 ! se] is enraptur$ & transport$ by desire3 evid5ces & v]ities are a veil to him1 because he :o kn[s a ?+ does n rev]5ce aught besides1 & he :o loves a ?+ does n reg>d aught besides1 b r5\nces cont5tion ) ,god & int]f]5ce ) ,him 9 ,8 decrees & ,8 acts4 ,god ha? said ( ! ,apo/le at ! "t ( 8 ,asc5sion3 8,8 eyes did n sw]ve or transgress0 7,kor4 liii1 #ag71 on acc\nt ( ! int5sity ( 8 long+ = ,god4 ,:5 ! lov] turns 8 eye away f creat$ ?+s1 he w inevitably see ! ,creator ) 8 he>t4 ,god ha? said3 8,tell ! believ]s to close _! eyes0 7,kor4 xxiv1 #cj71 i4e4 to close _! bodily eyes to lu/s & _! spiritual eyes to creat$ ?+s4 ,he :o is mo/ s9c]e 9 self-mortification is mo/ firmly gr\nd$ 9 contemplation = inw>d contemplation is connect$ ) outw>d mortification4 ,sahl b4 ,abdallh ( ,tu/> says3 8,if anyone %uts 8 eye to ,god = a s+le mom5t1 he w nev] be rightly guid$ all 8 life long10 because to reg>d o!r ?an ,god is to be h&$ ov] to o!r ?an ,god1 & "o :o is left at ! m]cy ( o!r ?an ,god is lo/4 ,!re=e ! life ( contemplatives is ! "t dur+ :i* !y enjoy contemplation 7mu%hadat73 "t sp5t 9 see+ ocul>ly 7muyanat7 !y d n reckon z life1 = t to !m is really dea?4 ,?us1 :5 ,ab ,yazd 0 ask$ h[ old he 01 he repli$3 8,f\r ye>s40 ,!y said3 8,h[ c t be80 ,he answ]$3 8,i h be5 veil$ 7f ,god7 by ?is _w = sev5ty ye>s1 b ,i h se5 ,him dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s3 ! p]iod 9 :i* "o is veil$ does n belong to "o's life40 ,%ibl cri$ 9 8 pray]s3 8,o ,god1 hide ,p>adise & ,hell 9 ,?y unse5 places1 t ,?\ maye/ be wor%ipp$ dis9t]e/$ly40 ,"o :o is =getful ( ,god nev]!less wor%ips ,him1 ?r\gh fai?1 because human nature has an int]e/ 9 ,p>adise2 b inasmu* z ! he>t has no int]e/ 9 lov+ ,god1 "o :o is =getful ( ,god is deb>r$ f contemplat+ ,him4 ,! ,apo/le told i%a t he did n see ,god on ! night ( ! ,asc5sion1 b ,ibn ,abbs relates t ! ,apo/le told him t he saw ,god on t occasion4 ,accord+ly1 ?is rema9s a matt] ( controv]sy2 b 9 say+ t he did n see ,god ! ,apo/le 0 ref]r+ to 8 bodily eye1 :]eas 9 say+ ! contr>y he 0 ref]r+ to 8 spiritual eye4 ,s9ce i%a 0 a =mali/ & ,ibn ,abbs a spirituali/1 ! ,apo/le spoke ) ea* ( !m accord+ to _! insight4 ,junayd said3 8,if ,god %\ld say to me1 #8,behold ,me1' ,i %\ld reply1 #8,i w n behold ,!e1' because 9 love ! eye is o!r 7?an ,god7 & ali53 ! jeal\sy ( o!r-ness w\ld prev5t me f behold+ ,him4 ,s9ce 9 ?is _w ,i 0 wont to behold ,him )\t ! m$iation ( ! eye1 h[ %\ld ,i use su* m$iation 9 ! next _w88 0,truly1 ,i envy m9e eye ! sight ( ,!e1 ,& ,i close m9e eye :5 ,i look on ,!e40 ,junayd 0 ask$3 8,d y wi% to see ,god80 ,he said3 8,no40 ,!y ask$ :y4 ,he answ]$3 8,:5 ,moses wi%$1 he did n see ,him1 & :5 ,muammad did n wi%1 he saw ,him40 ,our wi%+ is ! greate/ ( ! veils t h9d] u f see+ ,god1 because 9 love ! exi/5ce ( self-w is disob$i5ce1 & disob$i5ce is a veil4 ,:5 self-w vani%es 9 ?is _w1 contemplation is atta9$1 & :5 contemplation is firmly e/abli%$1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ?is _w & ! next4 ,ab ,yazd says3 8,god has s]vants :o w\ld apo/atize if !y 7 veil$ f ,him 9 ?is _w or 9 ! next10 i4e4 ,he su/a9s !m ) p]petual contemplation & keeps !m alive ) ! life ( love2 & :5 "o :o enjoys revelation is depriv$ ( x1 he necess>ily becomes an apo/ate4 ,dhu l-,nn says3 8,"o day1 :5 ,i 0 j\rney+ 9 ,egypt1 ,i saw "s boys :o 7 ?r[+ /ones at a "y man4 ,i ask$ !m :at !y want$ ( him4 ,!y said3 #8,he is mad4' ,i ask$ h[ 8 madness %[$ itself1 & !y told me t he pret5d$ to see ,god4 ,i turn$ to ! "y man & inquir$ :e!r he _h really said ?is4 ,he answ]$3 #8,i say t if ,i %\ld n see ,god = "o mom5t1 ,i %\ld rema9 veil$ & %\ld n be ob$i5t t[>ds ,him4'0 ,"s fs h fall5 into ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t spiritual vision & contemplation repres5t su* an idea 7rat7 ( ,god z is =m$ 9 ! m9d by ! imag9ation ei!r f memory or reflection4 ,?is is utt] an?ropomorphism 7ta%bh7 & manife/ error4 ,god is n f9ite t ! imag9ation %\ld be able to def9e ,him or t ! intellect %\ld compreh5d ,8 nature4 ,:atev] c be imag9$ is homog5e\s ) ! intellect1 b ,god is n homog5e\s ) any g5us1 al?\gh 9 relation to ! ,et]nal all ph5om5al objects--subtle & gross alike--are homog5e\s ) ea* o!r not)/&+ _! mutual contr>iety4 ,!re=e contemplation 9 ?is _w resembles vision ( ,god 9 ! next _w1 & s9ce ! ,companions ( ! ,apo/le 7ab7 are unanim\sly agre$ t vision is possible h]eaft]1 contemplation is possible "h4 ,^? :o tell ( contemplation ei!r 9 ?is or ! o!r _w only say t x is possible1 n t !y h enjoy$ or n[ enjoy x1 because contemplation is an attribute ( ! he>t 7sirr7 & _c be express$ by ! tongue except metaphorically4 ,h5ce sil5ce ranks high] ?an spee*1 = sil5ce is a sign ( contemplation 7mu%hadat71 :]eas spee* is a sign ( ocul> te/imony 7%ahdat74 ,accord+ly ! ,apo/le1 :5 he atta9$ proximity to ,god1 said3 8,i _c tell ,?y praise10 because he 0 9 contemplation1 & contemplation 9 ! degree ( love is p]fect unity 7yagnag71 & any outw>d expression 9 unity is o!r-ness 7bgnag74 ,!n he said3 8,?\ ha/ prais$ ,?yself10 i4e4 ,?y words are m9e1 & ,?y praise is m9e1 & ,i d n deem my tongue capable ( express+ :at ,i feel4 ,z ! poet says3 8,i desir$ my belov$1 b :5 ,i saw him ,i 0 dumbf\nd$ & possess$ nei!r tongue nor eye40 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,n9? ,,veil3 ,,conc]n+ ,,companion%ip1 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,its ,,rules ,,& ,,pr9ciples4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,good mann]s 7usn al-adab7 are a "p ( fai?40 ,& he also said3 8,my ,"l correct$ me 7addaban7 & gave me an excell5t correction40 ,y mu/ "k t ! seeml9ess & decorum ( all religi\s & temporal affairs dep5ds on rules ( discipl9e 7db71 & t e /ation 9 :i* ! v>i\s classes ( mank9d are plac$ has its own p>ticul> rule4 ,among m5 good mann]s consi/ 9 ! obs]vance ( virtue 7muruwwat72 z reg>ds religion !y consi/ 9 ! obs]vance ( ! ,apo/olic cu/om 7sunna72 & z reg>ds love !y consi/ 9 ! obs]vance ( respect 7urmat74 ,^! ?ree categories are connect$ ) ea* o!r1 because "o :o is )\t virtue does n comply ) ! cu/om ( ! ,apo/le1 & :oev] fails to comply ) ! cu/om ( ! ,apo/le does n obs]ve due respect4 ,9 matt]s ( conduct ! obs]vance ( discipl9e is ! result ( rev]5ce = ! object ( desire2 & rev]5ce = ,god & ,8 ord9ances spr+s f fe> ( ,god 7taqw74 ,anyone :o disrespectfully tramples on ! rev]5ce t is due to ! evid5ces ( ,god has no "p or lot 9 ! ,pa? ( fiism2 & 9 no case are rules ( discipl9e neglect$ by seek]s ( ,god1 because !y are habituat$ to su* rules1 & habit is second nature4 ,x is impossible t a liv+ creature %\ld be dive/$ ( its natural hum\rs3 !re=e1 s long z ! human body rema9s 9 exi/5ce m5 are b\nd to keep ! rules ( ob$i5ce to ,god1 sometimes ) ef=t 7takalluf7 & sometimes )\t ef=t3 ) ef=t :5 !y are #8sob]'1 b :5 !y are #8intoxicat$' ,god sees t !y keep ! rules4 ,a p]son :o neglects ! rules _c possibly be a sa9t1 = 8good mann]s are *>act]i/ic ( ^? :om ,god loves04 ,:5 ,god v\*safes a miracle to anyone1 x is a pro( t ,he causes him to fulfil ! duties ( religion4 ,?is is oppos$ to ! view ( "s h]etics1 :o ass]t t :5 a man is ov]p[]$ by love he is no long] subject to ob$i5ce4 ,i w set =? ?is matt] m lucidly 9 ano!r place4 ,rules ( discipl9e are ( ?ree k9ds4 ,fir/ly1 ^? :i* are obs]v$ t[>ds ,god 9 unification 7tawd74 ,"h ! rule is t "o mu/ gu>d "o's self 9 public & private f any disrespectful act1 & behave z ?\gh "o 7 9 ! pres5ce ( a k+4 ,x is relat$ 9 ! g5u9e ,traditions t "o day ! ,apo/le 0 sitt+ ) 8 legs drawn 9 7py gird74 ,gabriel came & said3 8,o ,muammad1 sit z s]vants d 9 _! ma/]'s pres5ce40 ri? ,musib is said nev] to h lean$ 8 back aga9/ a wall1 by day or night1 = =ty ye>s1 & nev] to h sat except on 8 knees4 ,on be+ ask$ :y he gave himself s mu* tr\ble he repli$3 8,i am a%am$ to sit o!rwise ?an z a s]vant :ile ,i am contemplat+ ,god40 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 0 once 9 a village call$ ,kam&1#afd at ! extremity ( ,khursn4 ,!re ,i saw a well-kn[n & v excell5t man1 ^: "n is ,adb-i ,kam&4 ,= tw5ty ye>s he _h nev] sat d[n except 9 8 pray]s1 :5 he 0 pron\nc+ ! pr(ession ( fai?4 ,i inquir$ ! reason ( ?is1 & he answ]$ t he _h n yet atta9$ su* a degree t he %\ld sit :ile contemplat+ ,god4 ,ab ,yazd 0 ask$ by :at means he _h ga9$ s high spiritual rank4 ,he answ]$3 8,by good companion%ip ) ,god10 i4e4 by keep+ ! rules ( discipl9e & behav+ 9 private z 9 public4 ,all human be+s ought to le>n f ,zulaykh h[ to obs]ve good mann]s 9 contemplat+ ! object ( _! adoration1 = :5 %e 0 alone ) ,joseph & bes\ght him to cons5t to h] wi%es1 %e fir/ cov]$ up ! face ( h] idol 9 ord] t x might n witness h] want ( propriety4 ,& :5 ! ,apo/le 0 borne to ,heav5 at ! ,asc5sion1 8 obs]vance ( discipl9e re/ra9$ him f pay+ any reg>d ei!r to ?is _w or to ! next4 ,footnote #afd3 ,kum&1 accord+ to ,nafat1 ,no4 #cgi4 ,! second k9d ( discipl9e is t :i* is obs]v$ t[>ds "o's self 9 "o's conduct1 & :i* consi/s 9 avoid+1 :5 "o is 9 "o's own company1 any act t w\ld be improp] 9 ! company ( "o's fell[-creatures or ( ,god1 e4g41 "o mu/ n utt] an untru? by decl>+ "o's self to be :at "o is n1 & "o mu/ eat little 9 ord] t "o may seldom g to ! lavatory1 & "o mu/ n look at any?+ :i* x is n dec5t = o!rs to see4 ,x is relat$ t ,al nev] beheld 8 own nak$ness1 because he 0 a%am$ to see 9 himself :at he 0 =bidd5 to see 9 o!rs4 ,! ?ird k9d ( discipl9e is t :i* is obs]v$ 9 social int]c\rse ) "o's fell[-creatures4 ,! mo/ important rule = su* int]c\rse is to act well1 & to obs]ve ! cu/om ( ! ,apo/le at home & abroad4 ,^! ?ree sorts ( discipl9e _c be sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,n[ ,i w set !m =? 9 detail z f> z possible1 9 ord] t y & all my read]s may foll[ !m m easily4 ,*apt] on ,companion%ip & matt]s connect$ !re)4 ,god ha? said3 8,v]ily1 ! m]ciful ,god w be/[ love on ^? :o believe & d good works0 7,kor4 xix1 #if71 i4e41 ,he w love !m & cause !m to be lov$1 because !y d _! duty t[>ds _! bre?r5 & pref] !m to !mselves4 ,& ! ,apo/le said3 8,?ree ?+s r5d] ?y bro!r's love t[>d !e s9c]e3 t ?\ %\ld/ salute him :5 ?\ meete/ him1 & t ?\ %\ld/ make room = him :5 he sits beside !e1 & t ?\ %\ld/ call him by ! "n t he likes be/40 ,& ,god said1 8,! believ]s are bre?r53 !re=e reconcile y\r two bre?r50 7,kor4 xlix1 #aj72 & ! ,apo/le said1 8,get _m bre?r51 = y\r ,"l is ba%ful 7ay7 & k9d3 ,he w be a%am$ to puni% ,8 s]vant 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 bre?r5 on ! ,day ( ,resurrection40 ,b companion%ip mu/ be = ,god's sake1 n = ! purpose ( gratify+ ! l[] s\l or any selfi% int]e/1 9 ord] t a man may be div9ely rew>d$ = obs]v+ ! rules ( companion%ip4 ,mlik b4 ,dnr said to 8 son-9-law1 ,mughra b4 ,%uba3 8,if y d]ive no religi\s b5efit f a bro!r & fri5d1 ab&on 8 society1 t y may be sav$10 i4e4 associate ei!r ) "o :o is sup]ior or ) "o :o is inf]ior to y\rself4 ,9 ! =m] case y w d]ive b5efit f him1 & 9 ! latt] case ! b5efit w be mutual1 s9ce ea* w le>n some?+ f ! o!r4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le said1 8,x is ! :ole ( piety to in/ruct "o :o is ignorant20 & ,yay b4 ,mudh 7al-,rz7 said1 8,he is a bad fri5d to :om y ne$ to say1 #8,rememb] me 9 ?y pray]s'0 7because a man ought always to pray = anyone ) :om he has associat$ ev5 = a mom5t72 & he is a bad fri5d ) :om y _c live except on condition ( flatt]+ him 7because c&\r is involv$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( companion%ip72 & he is a bad fri5d to :om y ne$ to apologize = a fault t y h committ$ 7because apologies are made by /rang]s1 & 9 companion%ip x is wrong to be on su* t]ms74 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,a man foll[s ! religion ( 8 fri5d3 take he$1 !re=e1 ) :om y =m a fri5d%ip40 ,if he associates ) ! good1 _! society w make him good1 al?\gh he is bad2 & if he associates ) ! wick$1 he w be wick$1 al?\gh he is good1 because he w be cons5t+ to _! wick$ness4 ,x is relat$ t a man said1 :ile he 0 circumambulat+ ! ,kaba1 8,o ,god1 make my bre?r5 good60 ,on be+ ask$ :y he did n implore a boon = himself 9 su* a place1 he repli$3 8,i h bre?r5 to :om ,i %all return2 if !y are good1 ,i %all be good ) !m1 & if !y are wick$1 ,i %all be wick$ ) !m40 ,! f ,%aykhs dem& f ea* o!r ! fulfilm5t ( ! duties ( companion%ip & enjo9 _! disciples to require ! same1 s t among/ !m companion%ip has become l a religi\s obligation4 ,! ,%aykhs h writt5 _m books expla9+ ! rules ( f companion%ip2 e4g41 ,junayd compos$ a "w entitl$ ,ta al-irdat1#afe & ,amad b4 ,kharya ( ,balkh ano!r1 entitl$ ,al-,riyat bi-uqq#aff ,allah1#afg & ,muammad b4 ,al ( ,tirmidh ano!r1 entitl$ db al-murdn4#afh ,o!r exhau/ive treatises on ?is subject h be5 writt5 by ,abu l-,qsim al-akm1#afi ,ab ,bakr al-,w>rq1 ,sahl b4 ,abdallh 7al-,tu/>71 ,ab ,abd al-,ramn al-,sulam1 & ,ma/] ,abu l-,qsim ,qu%ayr4 ,all ^? writ]s are great au?orities on fiism1 b ,i desire t my book %\ld enable anyone :o possesses x to disp5se ) o!r books &1 z ,i said 9 ! preface1 be suffici5t 9 itself = y & = all /ud5ts ( ! f doctr9e4 ,i w n[ classify 9 sep>ate *apt]s _! v>i\s rules ( discipl9e relat+ to conduct4 ,footnote #afe3 8,! ,rectification ( ,disciple%ip40 ,footnote #aff3 ,s all ! texts1 in/ead ( ! correct li-uqq4 ,footnote #afg3 8,! ,obs]vance ( :at is due to ,god40 ,footnote #afh3 8,rules ( ,conduct = ,disciples40 ,footnote #afi3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #abi4 ,*apt] conc]n+ ! ,rules ( ,companion%ip4 ,s9ce y h p]ceiv$ t ! mo/ important ?+ = ! novice is companion%ip1 ! fulfilm5t ( its obligations is necess>ily incumb5t on him4 ,solitude is fatal to ! novice1 = ! ,apo/le said1 8,satan is ) ! solit>y1 b he is f>!r away f two :o are toge!r20 & ,god ha? said1 8,!re is no private disc\rse among ?ree p]sons b ,god is ! f\r? ( !m0 7,kor4 lviii1 #h74 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t a disciple ( ,junayd imag9$ t he _h atta9$ to ! degree ( p]fection1 & t x 0 bett] = him to be alone4 ,accord+ly he w5t into retirem5t & )drew f ! society ( 8 bre?r54 ,at nightfall a camel us$ to appe>1 & he 0 told t x w\ld take him to ,p>adise2 on m\nt+ x1 he 0 convey$ to a pleasant demesne1 ) beautiful inhabitants & delici\s vi&s & fl[+ /reams1 :]e he /ay$ till dawn2 !n he fell asleep1 & on wak+ f\nd himself at ! door ( 8 cell4 ,^! exp]i5ces fill$ him ) pride & he c\ld n refra9 f boa/+ ( !m4 ,:5 ,junayd he>d ! /ory he ha/5$ to ! disciple's cell1 & hav+ receiv$ f him a full acc\nt ( :at _h pass$1 said to him3 8,to-night1 :5 y come to t place1 rememb] to say ?rice1 #8,!re is no /r5g? or p[] b 9 ,god1 ! ,high1 ! ,great4'0 ,! same night he 0 c>ri$ (f z usual1 & ?\gh 9 8 he>t he did n believe ,junayd1 by way ( trial he repeat$ ^? words ?rice4 ,! crew ar\nd him %riek$ & vani%$1 & he f\nd himself seat$ on a dunghill 9 ! mid/ ( rott5 bones4 ,he ackn[l$g$ 8 fault & rep5t$ & return$ to companion%ip4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! fs 9 companion%ip is t !y %\ld treat ev]yone accord+ to 8 degree4 ,?us !y treat old m5 ) respect1 l fa!rs2 ^? ( _! own sort ) agreeable famili>ity1 l bro!rs2 & "y m5 ) affection1 l sons4 ,!y r5\nce hate1 envy1 & malice1 & d n )hold s9c]e admonition f anyone4 ,9 companion%ip x is n p]missible to speak evil ( ! abs5t1 or to behave di%one/ly1 or to d5y "o ano!r on acc\nt ( any ^w or de$1 because a companion%ip :i* is begun = ,god's sake %\ld n be cut %ort by human words or acts4 ,! au?or says3 8,i ask$ ! ,gr& ,%aykh ,abu l-,qsim ,gurgn :at obligations 7 involv$ 9 companion%ip4 ,he repli$3 #8,x involves ?is1 t y %\ld n seek y\r own int]e/2 all ! evils ( companion%ip arise f selfi%ness4 ,solitude is bett] = a selfi% man4 ,he :o neglects 8 own int]e/s & looks aft] ! int]e/s ( 8 companion hits ! m>k 9 companion%ip4'0 ,a c]ta9 d]vi% relates z foll[s3 8,once ,i set out f ,kfa to visit ,mecca4 ,on ! way ,i met ,ibrhm ,khaww & begg$ him to let me accompany him4 ,he said3 #8,9 companion%ip x is necess>y t "o %\ld comm& & ! o!r %\ld obey3 :i* d y *oose8' ,i answ]$3 #8,y be ! comm&]4' ,he said3 #8,n[ d n fail to comply ) my ord]s4' ,:5 we arriv$ at ! halt+-place1 he bade me sit d[n1 & himself drew wat] f ! well &1 s9ce ! wea!r 0 cold1 he ga!r$ /icks & k9dl$ a fire1 & :5ev] ,i attempt$ to d any?+ he told me to sit d[n4 ,at nightfall x began to ra9 heavily4 ,he took (f 8 pat*$ frock & held x ov] my head all night4 ,i 0 a%am$1 b c\ld n say a ^w on acc\nt ( ! condition impos$ on me4 ,:5 morn+ came1 ,i said3 #8,to-day x is my turn to be comm&]4' ,he said3 #8,v well4' ,z soon z we rea*$ ! halt+-place1 he began to p]=m ! same m5ial (fices z be=e1 & on my tell+ him n to disobey my ord]s he retort$ t x 0 an act ( disob$i5ce to let "o's self be s]v$ by "o's comm&]4 ,he cont9u$ to behave 9 ?is way until we arriv$ at ,mecca2 !n ,i felt s a%am$ t ,i fl$ f him4 ,he espi$ me1 h[ev]1 at ,m9 & said to me3 #8,o son1 :5 y associate ) d]vi%es see t y treat !m 9 ! same fa%ion z ,i treat$ y4'0 ,d]vi%es are divid$ into two classes3 resid5ts 7muqmn7 & travell]s 7musfirn74 ,accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! ,%aykhs1 ! travell+ d]vi%es %\ld reg>d ! resid5t ones z sup]ior to !mselves1 because !y g to & fro 9 _! own int]e/1 :ile ! resid5t d]vi%es h settl$ d[n 9 ! s]vice ( ,god3 9 ! =m] is ! sign ( se>*1 9 ! latt] is ! tok5 ( atta9m5t2 h5ce ^? :o h f\nd & settl$ d[n are sup]ior to ^? :o are /ill seek+4 ,simil>ly1 ! resid5t d]vi%es ought to reg>d ! travell+ ones z sup]ior to !mselves1 because !y are lad5 ) worldly encumbrances1 :ile ! travell+ d]vi%es are un5cumb]$ & deta*$ f ! _w4 ,aga91 old m5 %\ld pref] to !mselves ! "y1 :o are new] to ! _w & ^: s9s are less num]\s2 & "y m5 %\ld pref] to !mselves ! old1 :o h out/ripp$ !m 9 devotion & s]vice4 ,,section4 ,culture 7adab7 really means 8! collection ( virtu\s qualities01 ?\gh 9 ord9>y language anyone is call$ 8cultur$0 7adb7 :o is acqua9t$ ) ,arabic philology & gramm>4 ,b ! fs def9e culture z 8dwell+ ) praisewor?y qualities01 & say t x means 8to act ) propriety t[>ds ,god 9 public & private02 if y act ?us1 y are 8cultur$01 ev5 if y are a =eign] 7i4e4 a non-,arab71 & if n1 y are ! opposite4 ,^? :o h k are 9 e case m hon\r$ ?an ^? :o h intellig5ce4 ,a c]ta9 ,%aykh 0 ask$3 8,:at does culture involve80 ,he said3 0,i w answ] y by quot+ a def9ition :i* ,i h he>d1 #8,if y speak1 y\r spee* w be s9c]e1 & if y act1 y\r actions w be true4' ,an excell5t di/9ction has be5 made by ,%aykh ,ab ,nar ,s>rj1 ! au?or ( ! ,luma1 :o says3 8,z reg>ds culture 7adab71 !re are ?ree classes ( mank9d4 ,fir/ly1 worldl+s1 ^: culture ma9ly consi/s 9 eloqu5ce & rhetoric & le>n+ & k ( ! nightly conv]sations 7asmr#agj7 ( k+s & ,arabic poetry4 ,secondly1 ! religi\s1 ^: culture *iefly consi/s 9 discipl9+ ! l[] s\l & correct+ ! limbs & obs]v+ ! legal ord9ances & r5\nc+ lu/s4 ,?irdly1 ! elect 7i4e4 ! fs71 ^: culture consi/s = ! mo/ "p 9 spiritual purity & keep+ wat* ov] _! he>ts & fulfill+ _! promises & gu>d+ ! #8/ate' 9 :i* !y are & pay+ no he$ to extrane\s sugge/ions & behav+ ) propriety 9 ! positions ( se>* 7= ,god71 9 ! /ates ( pres5ce 7) ,god71 & 9 ! /ations ( proximity 7to ,god740 ,?is say+ is compreh5sive4 ,! diff]5t matt]s :i* x includes are discuss$ 9 sev]al places 9 ?is book4 ,footnote #agj3 ,ano!r read+ is asm1 8names10 b ,i f9d asmr 9 ! ,,ms4 ( ! ,kitb al-,luma belong+ to ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,ellis1 :]e ?is passage occurs on f4 #fc;a4 ,*apt] on ! ,rules ( ,companion%ip affect+ ,resid5ts4 ,d]vi%es :o *oose to reside1 & n to travel1 are b\nd to obs]ve ! foll[+ rules ( discipl9e4 ,:5 a travell] comes to !m1 !y mu/ meet him joyfully & receive him ) respect & treat him l an hon\r$ gue/ & freely set be=e him :atev] food !y h1 modell+ _! behavi\r ^u t ( ,abraham4 ,!y mu/ n inquire :5ce he has come or :i!r he is go+ or :at is 8 "n1 b mu/ deem t he has come f ,god & is go+ to ,god & t 8 "n is 8s]vant ( ,god02 !n !y mu/ see :e!r he desires to be alone or 9 company3 if he pref]s to be alone1 !y mu/ give him an empty room1 & if he pref]s company1 !y mu/ consort ) him unc]emoni\sly 9 a fri5dly & sociable mann]4 ,:5 he lays 8 head on 8 pill[ at night ! resid5t d]vi% ought to (f] to wa% 8 feet1 b if ! travell] %\ld n all[ him to d ?is & %\ld say t he is n accu/om$ to x1 ! resid5t mu/ n insi/1 = fe> ( caus+ him annoyance4 ,next day1 he mu/ (f] him a ba? & take him to ! cleane/ ba? available & save 8 clo!s f 7becom+ dirty 97 ! latr9es ( ! ba?1 & n p]mit a /range att5dant to wait ^u him1 b wait ^u him zeal\sly 9 ord] to make him clean ( all /a9s1 & scrape 7bikhrad7 8 back & rub 8 knees & ! soles ( 8 feet & 8 h&s3 m ?an ?is he is n oblig$ to d4 ,& if ! resid5t d]vi% has suffici5t means1 he %\ld provide a new g>m5t = 8 gue/2 o!rwise1 he ne$ n tr\ble himself1 b he %\ld clean 8 gue/'s clo!s s t he may put !m on :5 he comes out ( ! ba?4 ,if ! travell] rema9s two or ?ree days1 he %\ld be invit$ to visit any spiritual director or ,imm :o may be 9 ! t[n1 b he mu/ n be compell$ to pay su* visits aga9/ 8 incl9ation1 because ^? :o seek ,god are n always ma/]s ( _! own feel+s2 e4g41 ,ibrhm ,khaww on "o occasion refus$ to accompany ,khir1 :o desir$ 8 society1 = he 0 unwill+ t 8 feel+s %\ld be engag$ by anyone except ,god4 ,c]ta9ly x is n "r t a resid5t d]vi% %\ld take a travell] to salute worldly m5 or to att5d _! ent]ta9m5ts1 sick-b$s1 & fun]als2 & if a resid5t hopes to make travell]s an in/rum5t ( m5dicancy 7lat-i gad7 & conduct !m f h\se to h\se1 x w\ld be bett] = him to refra9 f s]v+ !m in/ead ( subject+ !m to humiliation4 ,among all ! tr\bles & inconv5i5ces t ,i h suff]$ :5 travell+ none 0 worse ?an to be c>ri$ (f "t aft] "t by ignorant s]vants & impud5t d]vi%es ( ?is sort & conduct$ f ! h\se ( su* & su* a ,khwja to ! h\se ( su* & su* a ,dihqn1 :ile1 ?\gh app>5tly complaisant1 ,i felt a great dislike to g ) !m4 ,i !n v[$ t1 if ev] ,i became resid5t1 ,i w\ld n behave t[>ds travell]s ) ?is impropriety4 ,no?+ d]iv$ f associat+ ) ill-mann]$ p]sons is m useful ?an ! lesson t y mu/ endure _! disagreeable behavi\r & mu/ n imitate x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a travell+ d]vi% becomes at 8 ease 7munbasi7 ) a resid5t & /ays = "s "t & makes a worldly dem&1 ! resid5t is b\nd imm$iately to give him :at he wants2 b if ! travell] is an impo/or & l[-m9d$1 ! resid5t mu/ n act meanly 9 ord] to comply ) 8 impossible requirem5ts1 = ?is is n ! way ( ^? :o are devot$ to ,god4 ,:at bus9ess has a d]vi% to associate ) devotees if he ne$s worldly ?+s8 ,let him g to ! m>ket & buy & sell1 or let him be a soldi] at ! sultan's c\rt4 ,x is relat$ t1 :ile ,junayd & 8 pupils 7 sitt+ occupi$ 9 "s ascetic discipl9e1 a travell+ d]vi% came 94 ,!y ex]t$ !mselves to ent]ta9 him & plac$ food be=e him4 ,he said3 8,i want su* & su* a ?+ besides ?is40 ,junayd said to him3 8,y mu/ g to ! baza>1 = y are a man ( ! m>ket1 n ( ! mosque & ! cell40 ,once ,i set out f ,damascus ) two d]vi%es to visit ,ibn al-,muall1#aga :o 0 liv+ 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,ramla4 ,on ! way we arrang$ t ea* ( u %\ld ?9k ( ! matt] conc]n+ :i* we 7 9 d\bt1 9 ord] t t v5]able director might tell u our secret ?\ghts & solve our difficulties4 ,i said to myself3 8,i w desire ( him ! poems & intimate supplications 7munjt7 ( usayn b4 ,manr 7al-allj740 ,"o ( my companions said1 8,i w desire him to pray t my disease ( ! sple5 7il7 may become bett]20 & ! o!r said1 8,i w wi% = sweetmeat ( diff]5t col\rs0 7alw-yi bn74 ,z soon z we arriv$1 ,ibn al-,muall comm&$ t a manuscript ( ! poems & supplications ( usayn %\ld be pres5t$ to me1 & laid 8 h& on ! belly ( ! invalid s t 8 illness 0 assuag$1 & said to ! o!r d]vi%3 8,p>ti-col\r$ sweetmeat is eat5 by soldi]s 7awnn72 y are dress$ z a sa9t1 & ! dress ( a sa9t does n accord ) ! appetite ( a soldi]4 ,*oose "o or ! o!r40 ,footnote #aga3 ,i4 ,ibn al-,al4 ,9 %ort1 ! resid5t is n oblig$ to pay att5tion to ! travell+ d]vi% unless ! latt]'s att5tion is paid entirely to ,god4 ,if he is devot$ to 8 own int]e/s1 x is impossible t ano!r %\ld help him to gratify 8 selfi%ness1 = d]vi%es are guides 7rhb>n71 n brig&s 7rhburn71 to ea* o!r4 ,s long z anyone p]sev]es 9 a selfi% dem&1 8 fri5d ought to resi/ x1 b :5 he r5\nces x1 !n 8 fri5d ought to satisfy x4 ,9 ! ,traditions ( ! ,apo/le x is relat$ t he made a bro!rhood betwe5 ,salmn 7al-,fris7 & ,ab ,dh>r ,ghifr1 bo? ( :om 7 lead+ m5 among ! ,p ( ! ,v]&a 7ahl-i uffa7 & em95t spirituali/s4 ,"o day1 :5 ,salmn came to visit ,ab ,dh>r at 8 h\se1 ,ab ,dh>r's wife compla9$ to him t h] husb& nei!r ate by day nor slept by night4 ,salmn told h] to fet* "s food1 & said to ,ab ,dh>r3 8,o bro!r1 ,i desire !e to eat1 s9ce ?is fa/+ is n incumb5t on !e40 ,ab ,dh>r compli$4 ,& at night ,salmn said3 8,o bro!r1 ,i beg !e to sleep3 ?y body & ?y wife h a claim ^u !e1 z well z ?y ,"l40 ,next day ,ab ,dh>r w5t to ! ,apo/le1 :o said3 8,i say ! same ?+ z ,salmn said ye/]day3 v]ily1 ?y body has a claim ^u !e40 ,inasmu* z ,ab ,dh>r _h r5\nc$ 8 selfi% pleasures1 ,salmn p]suad$ him to gratify !m4 ,:atev] y d on ?is pr9ciple is s\nd & impregnable4 ,once1 9 ! t]ritories ( ,irq1 ,i 0 re/lessly occupi$ 7tpk mk>dam7 9 seek+ weal? & squ&]+ x1 & ,i _h run l>gely into debt4 ,ev]yone :o want$ any?+ turn$ to me1 & ,i 0 tr\bl$ & at a loss to "k h[ ,i c\ld accompli% _! desires4 ,an em95t p]son wrote to me z foll[s3 8,bew>e le/ y di/ract y\r m9d f ,god by satisfy+ ! wi%es ( ^? ^: m9ds are engross$ 9 vanity4 ,if y f9d anyone ^: m9d is nobl] ?an y\r own1 y may ju/ly di/ract y\r m9d 9 ord] to give peace to 84 ,o!rwise1 d n di/ract y\rself1 s9ce ,god is suffici5t = ,8 s]vants40 ,^! words br\ght me in/ant relief4 ,*apt] conc]n+ _! ,rules 9 ,travel4 ,:5 a d]vi% *ooses to travel1 n to reside1 he ought to obs]ve ! foll[+ rules4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he mu/ travel = ,god's sake1 n = pleasure1 & z he j\rneys outw>dly1 s he %\ld flee inw>dly f 8 s5sual affections2 & he mu/ always keep himself 9 a /ate ( purity & n neglect 8 devotions2 & 8 object 9 travell+ mu/ be ei!r pilgrimage or w> 7aga9/ infidels7 or to see a 7holy7 site or to d]ive in/ruction or to seek k or to visit a v5]able p]son1 a ,%aykh1 or ! tomb ( a sa9t2 o!rwise 8 j\rney w be faulty4 ,& he _c d )\t a pat*$ frock & a pray]-rug & a bucket & a rope & a pair ( %oes 7kaf%7 or clogs 7nalayn7 & a /aff3 ! pat*$ frock to cov] 8 nak$ness1 ! pray]-rug to pray on1 ! bucket to cleanse himself )1 & ! /aff to protect him f attacks & = o!r purposes4 ,be=e /epp+ on ! pray]-rug he mu/ put on 8 %oes or clogs 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,if anyone c>ries o!r articles1 = ! sake ( keep+ ! ,sunna 7,apo/olic cu/om71 su* z a comb & nail-scissors & a ne$le & a little box ( antimony 7mukula71 he does "r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 anyone provides himself ) m ut5sils ?an ^? :i* h be5 m5tion$1 we h to consid] 9 :at /ation he is3 if he is a novice e article w be a %ackle & a /umbl+-block & a veil to him1 & w af=d him ! means ( %[+ self-conceit1 b if he is a firmly gr\nd$ adept he may c>ry all ^! articles & m4 ,i he>d ! foll[+ /ory f ,%aykh ,ab ,muslim ,fris b4 ,ghlib al-,fris4 8,"o day 7he said7 ,i paid a visit to ,%aykh ,ab ,sad b4 ,abi l-,khayr ,falallh b4 ,muammad4 ,i f\nd him sleep+ on a c\* ) f\r cu%ions 7takht *ahr-bli%71 "o ( 8 legs ?r[n across ! o!r2 & he 0 dress$ 9 f9e ,egyptian l95 7diqq ,mir74 ,my g>m5t 0 s dirty t x resembl$ lea!r1 & my body 0 emaciat$ by au/]ities4 ,on look+ at ,ab ,sad a feel+ ( scepticism ov]came me4 ,i said to myself3 #8,he is a d]vi%1 & s am ,i1 yet he is 9 all ?is luxury & ,i 9 ?is sore tribulation4' ,he imm$iately div9$ my ?\ghts & 0 aw>e ( my va+lory4 #8,o ,ab ,muslim1' said he1 #89 :at dwn h y read t a self-conceit$ man is a d]vi%8 ,s9ce ,i see ,god 9 all ?+s1 ,god sets me on a ?rone1 & s9ce y see y\rself 9 ev]y?+1 ,god keeps y 9 affliction3 my lot is contemplation1 :ile y\rs is mortification4 ,^! are two /ations on ! ,way to ,god1 b ,god is f> alo( f !m bo?1 & a d]vi% is dead to all /ations & free f all /ates4' ,on he>+ ^! words my s5ses =sook me1 & ! :ole _w grew d>k 9 my eyes4 ,:5 ,i came to myself ,i rep5t$1 & he accept$ my rep5tance4 ,!n ,i said3 #8,o ,%aykh1 give me leave to dep>t1 = ,i _c be> ! sight ( !e4' ,he answ]$1 #8,o ,ab ,muslim1 y speak ! tru?2' !n he quot$ ?is v]se3-- #8,t :i* my e> 0 unable to he> by report ,my eye beheld actually all at once4'0 ,! travell+ d]vi% mu/ always obs]ve ! cu/om ( ! ,apo/le1 & :5 he comes to ! h\se ( a resid5t he %\ld ent] 8 pres5ce respectfully & greet him2 & he %\ld fir/ take (f ! %oe on 8 left foot1 z ! ,apo/le did2 & :5 he puts 8 %oes on1 he %\ld fir/ put on ! %oe belong+ to 8 "r foot2 & he %\ld wa% 8 "r foot be=e 8 left2 & he %\ld p]=m two b[+s ( ! head by way ( salutation 79 pray]7 & !n occupy himself ) att5d+ to ! 7religi\s7 duties incumb5t on d]vi%es4 ,he mu/ n 9 any case int]f]e ) ! resid5ts1 or behave immod]ately t[>ds anyone1 or talk ( ! h>d%ips :i* he may h suff]$ 9 travell+1 or disc\rse on !ology1 or tell anecdotes1 or recite traditions 9 company1 = all ?is is a sign ( self-conceit4 ,he mu/ be pati5t :5 he is vex$ by fools & mu/ tol]ate _! irksom5ess = ,god's sake1 = 9 pati5ce !re are _m bless+s4 ,if resid5ts or _! s]vants bid him g ) !m to salute or visit ! t[nspeople1 he mu/ acquiesce if he c1 b 9 8 he>t he ought to dislike pay+ su* m>ks ( respect to worldl+s1 al?\gh he %\ld excuse ! behavi\r ( 8 bre?r5 :o act ?us4 ,he mu/ take c>e n to tr\ble !m by mak+ any unreasonable dem&1 & he mu/ n drag !m to ! c\rt ( high (ficials ) ! purpose ( seek+ an idle pleasure = himself4 ,travell+1 z well z resid5t1 d]vi%es mu/ always1 9 companion%ip1 endeav\r to please ,god1 & mu/ h a good belief 9 ea* o!r1 & n speak ill ( any comrade face to face ) him or beh9d 8 back1 because true my/ics 9 reg>d+ ! act see ! ,ag5t1 & inasmu* z e human be+1 ( :atev] description he may be--faulty or faultless1 veil$ or illum9at$--belongs to ,god & is ,8 creature1 to qu>rel ) a human act is to qu>rel ) ! ,div9e ,ag5t4 ,*apt] conc]n+ _! ,rules 9 ,eat+4 ,m5 _c disp5se ) n\ri%m5t1 b moral virtue requires t !y %\ld n eat or dr9k 9 excess4 ,%fi says3 8,he :o ?9ks ab\t t :i* goes into 8 belly is wor? only t :i* comes out ( x40 ,no?+ is m hurtful to a novice 9 fiism ?an eat+ too mu*4 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t ,ab ,yazd 0 ask$ :y he prais$ hung] s highly4 ,he answ]$3 8,because if ,ph>aoh _h be5 hungry he w\ld n h said1 #8,i am y\r ,supreme ,"l1' & if ,qrn 7,korah7 _h be5 hungry he w\ld n h be5 rebelli\s40 ,?alaba#agb 0 prais$ by all s long z he 0 hungry1 b :5 he ate 8 fill he display$ hypocrisy4 ,sahl b4 ,abdallh 7al-,tu/>7 said3 8,9 my judgm5t1 a belly full ( w9e is bett] ?an "o full ( lawful food40 ,on be+ ask$ ! reason ( ?is he said3 8,:5 a man's belly is fill$ ) w9e1 8 intellect is /upefi$ & ! flame ( lu/ is qu5*$1 & p are secure f 8 h& & tongue2 b :5 8 belly is fill$ ) lawful food he desires fooli%ness1 & 8 lu/ waxes great & 8 l[] s\l rises to seek h] pleasures40 ,! ,%aykhs h said1 describ+ ! fs3 8,!y eat l sick m51 & sleep l %ipwreck$ m51 & speak l "o ^: *ildr5 h di$40 ,footnote #agb3 ,see ,bayw on ,kor4 ix1 #gf4 ,x is an obligatory rule t !y %\ld n eat alone1 b %\ld unselfi%ly %>e _! food ) "o ano!r2 & :5 seat$ at table !y %\ld n be sil5t1 & %\ld beg9 by say+ 8,9 ,god's "n02 & !y %\ld n put any?+ d[n or lift any?+ up 9 su* a way z to (f5d _! comrades1 & !y %\ld dip ! fir/ m\?ful 9 salt1 & %\ld deal fairly by _! fri5ds4 ,sahl b4 ,abdallh 7al-,tu/>7 0 ask$ ab\t ! mean+ ( ! v]se3 8,v]ily ,god enjo9s ju/ice & b5efic5ce0 7,kor4 xvi1 #ib74 ,he repli$3 8,ju/ice consi/s 9 deal+ fairly ) "o's fri5d 9 reg>d to a morsel ( food1 & b5efic5ce consi/s 9 deem+ him to h a bett] claim to t morsel ?an y\rself40 ,my ,%aykh us$ to say3 8,i am a/oni%$ at ! impo/or :o decl>es t he has r5\nc$ ! _w1 & is anxi\s ab\t a morsel ( food40 ,fur!rmore1 ! f %\ld eat ) 8 "r h& & %\ld look only at 8 own morsel1 & :ile eat+ he %\ld n dr9k unless he is extremely ?ir/y1 & if he dr9ks he %\ld dr9k only z mu* z w moi/5 8 liv]4 ,he %\ld n eat l>ge m\?fuls1 & %\ld *ew 8 food well & n make ha/e2 o!rwise he w be act+ contr>y to ! cu/om ( ! ,apo/le1 & w probably suff] f indige/ion 7tukhama74 ,:5 he has f9i%$ eat+1 he %\ld give praise to ,god & wa% 8 h&s4 ,if two or ?ree or m p]sons belong+ to a community ( d]vi%es g to a d9n] & eat some?+ )\t in=m+ _! bre?r51 accord+ to "s ,%aykhs ?is is unlawful & con/itutes a brea* ( companion%ip1 b "s hold x to be all[able :5 a numb] ( p]sons act ?us 9 union ) ea* o!r1 & "s all[ x 9 ! case ( a s+le p]son1 on ! gr\nd t he is n oblig$ to deal fairly :5 he is alone b :5 he is 9 company2 consequ5tly1 be+ alone1 he is reliev$ ( ! obligations ( companion%ip & is n responsible = 8 act4 ,n[1 ! mo/ important pr9ciple 9 ?is matt] is t ! invitation ( a d]vi% %\ld n be refus$1 & t ! invitation ( a ri* man %\ld n be accept$4 ,d]vi%es ought n to g to ! h\ses ( ri* m5 or beg any?+ ( !m3 su* conduct is demoraliz+ = fs1 because worldl+s are n on confid5tial t]ms 7maram7 ) ! d]vi%4 ,mu* weal?1 h[ev]1 does n make a man 8ri*0 7duny-dr71 nor does little weal? make him 8poor04 ,no "o :o ackn[l$ges t pov]ty is bett] ?an ri*es is 8ri*01 ev5 ?\gh he be a k+2 & anyone :o disbelieves 9 pov]ty is 8ri*01 ev5 ?\gh he be r$uc$ to want4 ,:5 a d]vi% att5ds a p>ty he %\ld n con/ra9 himself ei!r to eat or n to eat1 b %\ld behave 9 accordance ) 8 feel+s at ! "t 7b> ukm-i waqt74 ,if ! ho/ is a cong5ial p]son 7maram71 x is "r t a m>ri$ man 7mutaahhil7 %\ld condone a fault2 & if ! ho/ is uncong5ial1 x is n all[able to g to 8 h\se4 ,b 9 any case x is bett] n to commit a fault1 = ,sahl b4 ,abdallh 7al-,tu/>7 says3 8,backslid+ is abasem5t0 7al-zillat dhillat74 ,*apt] conc]n+ _! ,rules 9 ,walk+4 ,god ha? said3 8,& ! s]vants ( ! ,m]ciful are !y :o walk on ! e>? meekly0 7,kor4 xxv1 #fd74 ,! seek] ( ,god1 z he walks1 %\ld "k at ea* /ep he makes :e!r t /ep is aga9/ ,god or ( ,god3 if x is aga9/ ,god1 he mu/ ask = p>don1 & if x is ( ,god1 he mu/ p]sev]e 9 x1 t x may be increas$4 ,"o day ,dwud _h tak5 "s m$ic9e4 ,!y said to him3 8,g into ! c\rt ( ?is h\se = a little :ile1 9 ord] t ! good result ( ! m$ic9e may become app>5t40 ,he repli$3 8,i am a%am$ t on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t ,god %\ld ask me :y ,i made a few /eps = my own selfi% pleasure4 ,god ,almighty ha? said3 #8,& _! feet %all be> witness ( t :i* !y us$ to commit'8 7,kor4 xxxvi1 #fe74 ,!re=e ! d]vi% %\ld walk circumspectly1 ) 8 head b[$ 9 m$itation 7murqabat71 & n look 9 any direction b 9 front4 ,if any p]son meets him on ! way1 he mu/ n draw himself back f him = ! sake ( sav+ 8 dress1 = all ,moslems are clean1 & _! clo!s too2 su* an act is m]e conceit & self-o/5tation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! p]son :o meets him is an unbeliev]1 or manife/ly fil?y1 he may turn f him unobtrusively4 ,& :5 he walks ) a numb] ( p1 he mu/ n attempt to g 9 front ( !m1 s9ce t is an excess ( pride2 nor mu/ he attempt to g beh9d !m1 s9ce t is an excess ( humility1 & humility ( :i* "o is consci\s is ess5tially pride4 ,he mu/ keep 8 clogs & %oes z clean z he c by day 9 ord] t ,god1 ?r\gh ! bless+s !re(1 may keep 8 clo!s 7clean7 by night4 ,& :5 "o or m d]vi%es are ) anyone1 he %\ld n /op on ! way 7to talk7 ) any p]son1 nor %\ld he tell t p]son to wait = him4 ,he %\ld walk quietly & %\ld n hurry1 else 8 walk w resemble t ( ! covet\s2 nor %\ld he walk sl[ly1 = !n 8 walk w resemble t ( ! pr\d2 & he %\ld take /eps ( ! full l5g? 7gm-i tamm nihad74 ,9 f9e1 ! walk ( ! seek] ( ,god %\ld always be ( su* a description t if anyone %\ld ask him :i!r he is go+ he %\ld be able to answ] decisively3 0,v]ily1 ,i am go+ to my ,"l3 ,he w direct me0 7,kor4 xxxvii1 #ig74 ,o!rwise 8 walk+ is a curse to him1 because "r /eps 7khaawt7 proce$ f "r ?\ghts 7khaart73 accord+ly if a man's ?\ghts are conc5trat$ on ,god1 8 feet w foll[ 8 ?\ghts4 ,x is relat$ t ,ab ,yazd said3 8,! inconsid]ate walk 7rawi%-i b murqabat7 ( a d]vi% is a sign t he is he$less 7( ,god71 because all t exi/s is atta9$ 9 two /eps3 "o /ep away f self-int]e/ & ! o!r /ep firmly plant$ on ! comm&m5ts ( ,god40 ,! walk ( ! seek] is a sign t he is trav]s+ a c]ta9 di/ance1 & s9ce proximity to ,god is n a matt] ( di/ance1 :at c ! seek] d b cut (f 8 feet 9 ! abode ( re/8 ,*apt] conc]n+ _! ,rules ( ,sleep+ 9 travel & at home4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! ,%aykhs on ?is subject4 ,"s hold t x is n p]missible = a novice to sleep except :5 he is ov]p[]$ by slumb]1 = ! ,apo/le said3 8,sleep is ! bro!r ( ,dea?10 & inasmu* z life is a b5efit conf]r$ by ,god1 :]eas dea? is an affliction1 ! =m] mu/ be m excell5t ?an ! latt]4 ,& x is relat$ t ,%ibl said3 8,god look$ ^u me & said1 #8,he :o sleeps is he$less1 & he :o is he$less is veil$4'0 ,o!rs1 aga91 hold t a novice may sleep at w & ev5 con/ra9 himself to sleep aft] hav+ p]=m$ ! ,div9e comm&s1 = ! ,apo/le said3 8,! ,p5 does n record 7evil actions7 aga9/ ! sleep] until he awakes1 or aga9/ ! boy until he rea*es pub]ty1 or aga9/ ! madman until he recov]s 8 wits40 ,:5 a man is asleep1 p are secure f 8 mis*ief & he is depriv$ ( 8 p]sonal volition & 8 l[] s\l is prev5t$ f ga9+ its desires & ! ,record+ ,angels cease to write2 8 tongue makes no false ass]tion & speaks no evil ( ! abs5t1 & 8 w places no hope 9 conceit & o/5tation2 8he does n possess = himself ei!r bane or boon or dea? or life or resurrection40 ,h5ce ,ibn ,abbs says3 8,no?+ is m griev\s to ,ibls ?an a s9n]'s sleep2 :5ev] ! s9n] sleeps1 ,ibls says1 #8,:5 w he wake & rise up t he may disobey ,god8'0 ,?is 0 a po9t ( controv]sy betwe5 ,junayd & ,al b4 ,sahl al-,ifahn4 ,! latt] wrote to ,junayd a v f9e epi/le1 :i* ,i h he>d1 to ! effect t sleep is he$lessness & re/ is a turn+ away f ,god3 ! lov] mu/ n sleep or re/ by day or by night1 o!rwise he w lose ! object ( 8 desire & w =get himself & 8 /ate & w fail to atta9 to ,god1 z ,god said to ,david1 8,o ,david1 he :o pret5ds to love ,me & sleeps :5 night cov]s him is a li>40 ,junayd said 9 8 reply to t lett]3 8,our wakefulness consi/s 9 our acts ( devotion to ,god1 :]eas our sleep is ,god's act t[>ds u3 t :i* proce$s f ,god to u )\t our w is m p]fect ?an t :i* proce$s f u to ,god ) our w4 ,sleep is a gift :i* ,god be/[s on ^? :o love ,him40 ,?is "q dep5ds on ! doctr9e ( sobriety & intoxication1 :i* has be5 fully discuss$ above4 ,x is rem>kable t ,junayd1 :o 0 himself a 8sob]0 man1 "h supports intoxication4 ,seem+ly1 he 0 enraptur$ at ! "t :5 he wrote & 8 tempor>y /ate may h express$ itself by 8 tongue2 or1 aga91 x may be t ! opposite is ! case & t sleep is actually sobriety1 :ile wakefulness is actually intoxication1 because sleep is an attribute ( humanity1 & a man is 8sob]0 s long z he is 9 ! %ad[ ( 8 attributes3 wakefulness1 on ! o!r h&1 is an attribute ( ,god1 & :5 a man transc5ds 8 own attribute he is enraptur$4 ,i h met ) a numb] ( ,%aykhs :o agree ) ,junayd 9 pref]r+ sleep to wakefulness1 because ! visions ( ! sa9ts & ( mo/ ( ! apo/les occurr$ dur+ sleep4 ,& ! ,apo/le said3 8,v]ily1 ,god takes pride 9 ! s]vant :o sleeps :ile he pro/rates himself 9 pray]2 & ,he says to ,8 angels1 #8,behold ,my s]vant1 ^: _s is 9 ! abode ( secret conv]sation 7najw7 :ile 8 body is on ! c>pet ( wor%ip4'0 ,! ,apo/le also said3 8,:oev] sleeps 9 a /ate ( purification1 8 _s is p]mitt$ to circumambulate ! ,?rone & pro/rate itself be=e ,god40 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t ,%h ,%uj ( ,kirmn kept awake = =ty ye>s4 ,"o night he fell asleep & saw ,god1 & aft]w>ds he us$ always to sleep 9 hope ( see+ ! same vision4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! v]se ( ,qays ( ! ,ban mir#agc-- 8,truly ,i wi% to sleep1 al?\gh ,i am n dr[sy1 ,t p]*ance ?y belov$ image may enc\nt] m9e40 ,footnote #agc3 ,g5]ally kn[n z ,majnn1 ! lov] ( ,layl4 ,see ,brockelmann1 i1 #dh4 ,o!r ,%aykhs :om ,i h se5 agree ) ,al b4 ,sahl 9 pref]r+ wakefulness to sleep1 because ! apo/les receiv$ _! revelations & ! sa9ts _! miracles :ile !y 7 awake4 ,"o ( ! ,%aykhs says3 8,if !re 7 any good 9 sleep !re w\ld be sleep 9 ,p>adise10 i4e41 if sleep 7 ! cause ( love & proximity to ,god1 x w\ld foll[ t !re mu/ be sleep 9 ,p>adise1 :i* is ! dwell+-place ( proximity2 s9ce nei!r sleep nor any veil is 9 ,p>adise1 we "k t sleep is a veil4 ,^? :o are fond ( subtleties 7arbb-i lif7 say t :5 ,adam fell asleep 9 ,p>adise ,eve came =? f 8 left side1 & ,eve 0 ! s\rce ( all 8 afflictions4 ,!y say also t :5 ,abraham told ,i%mael t he _h be5 ord]$ 9 a dream to sacrifice him1 ,i%mael repli$3 8,?is is ! puni%m5t due to "o :o sleeps & =gets 8 belov$4 ,if y _h n fall5 asleep y w\ld n h be5 comm&$ to sacrifice y\r son40 ,x is relat$ t ,%ibl e night us$ to place 9 front ( him a b[l ( salt wat] & a ne$le = apply+ collyrium1 & :5ev] he 0 ab\t to fall asleep he w\ld dip ! ne$le 9 ! salt wat] & draw x along 8 eyelids4 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 h met ) a spiritual director :o us$ to sleep aft] f9i%+ ! p]=mance ( 8 obligatory acts ( devotion2 & ,i h se5 ,%aykh ,amad ,sam>q&1 :o 0 liv+ at ,bukhr3 dur+ =ty ye>s he _h nev] slept at night1 b he us$ to sleep a little 9 ! daytime4 ,?is "q turns on ! view tak5 ( life & dea?4 ,^? :o pref] dea? to life mu/ pref] sleep to wak+1 :ile ^? :o pref] life to dea? mu/ pref] wak+ to sleep4 ,m]it belongs1 n to ! man :o =ces himself to keep awake1 b to ! man :o is kept awake4 ,! ,apo/le1 :om ,god *ose & :om ,he rais$ to ! highe/ rank1 did n =ce himself ei!r to sleep or to wake4 ,god comm&$ him1 say+3 8,rise & pray dur+ ! night1 except a small "p3 half !re( or less0 7,kor4 lxxiii1 #b-c74 ,simil>ly1 m]it does n belong to ! man :o =ces himself to sleep1 b only to ! man :o is put to sleep4 ,! ,m5 ( ! ,cave did n con/ra9 !mselves to sleep or to wake1 b ,god ?rew slumb] ^u !m & n\ri%$ !m )\t _! w4 ,:5 a man atta9s to su* a degree t 8 w no long] exi/s1 & 8 h& is )drawn f ev]y?+1 & 8 ?\ghts are av]t$ f all except ,god1 x matt]s n :e!r he is asleep or awake3 9 ei!r case he is full ( hon\r4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! sleep ( ! novice1 he ought to deem t 8 fir/ sleep is 8 la/1 & rep5t ( 8 s9s & satisfy all :o h a claim aga9/ him2 & he ought to p]=m a comely purification & sleep on 8 "r side1 fac+ ! qibla2 & hav+ set 8 worldly affairs 9 ord]1 he ought to give ?anks = ! bless+ ( ,islam1 & make a v[ t if he %\ld wake aga9 he w n return to s94 ,"o :o has set 8 affairs 9 ord] :ile he is awake has no fe> ( sleep or ( dea?4 ,a well-kn[n /ory is told ( a c]ta9 spiritual director1 t he us$ to visit an ,imm :o 0 engross$ 9 ma9ta9+ 8 dignity & 0 a prey to self-conceit1 & t he us$ to say to him3 8,o ,s-&-s1 y mu/ die40 ,?is (f5d$ ! ,imm1 = 8:y 7he said7 %\ld ?is begg> be always repeat+ ^! words to me80 ,"o day he answ]$3 8,i w beg9 to-morr[40 ,next day :5 ! spiritual director came 9 ! ,imm said to him3 8,o ,s-&-s1 y mu/ die40 ,he put d[n 8 pray]-rug & spread x out1 & laid 8 head on x & exclaim$1 8,i am dead10 & imm$iately yield$ up 8 s\l4 ,! ,imm took w>n+1 & p]ceiv$ t ?is spiritual director _h be5 bidd+ him prep>e = dea?1 z he himself _h done4 ,my ,%aykh us$ to enjo9 8 disciples n to sleep unless ov]p[]$ by slumb]1 & :5 !y _h once awak$ n to fall asleep aga91 s9ce a second sleep is unlawful & unpr(itable to ^? :o seek ,god4 ,*apt] conc]n+ _! ,rules 9 ,spee* & ,sil5ce4 ,god ha? comm&$ ,8 s]vants to speak well1 e4g4 to ackn[l$ge ,8 lord%ip & to praise ,him & to call mank9d to ,8 c\rt4 ,spee* is a great bless+ conf]r$ on ,man by ,god1 & !reby is ,man di/+ui%$ f all o!r ?+s4 ,"s int]pret]s ( ! text1 8,we h hon\r$ ! sons ( ,adam0 7,kor4 xvii1 #gb71 expla9 x z mean+ 8by ! gift ( spee*04 ,nev]!less1 9 spee* !re are also great evils1 = ! ,apo/le said3 8,! wor/ t ,i fe> = my p is ! tongue40 ,9 %ort1 spee* is l w9e3 x intoxicates ! m9d1 & ^? :o beg9 to h a ta/e = x _c ab/a9 f x4 ,accord+ly1 ! fs1 kn[+ t spee* is h>mful1 nev] spoke except :5 x 0 necess>y1 i4e4 !y consid]$ ! beg9n+ & end ( _! disc\rse2 if ! :ole 0 = ,god's sake1 !y spoke2 o!rwise !y kept sil5ce1 because !y firmly believ$ t ,god kn[s our secret ?\ghts 7cf4 ,kor4 xliii1 #hj74 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,he :o keeps sil5ce is sav$40 ,9 sil5ce !re are _m advantages & spiritual fav\rs 7fut71 & 9 spee* !re are _m evils4 ,"s ,%aykhs h pref]r$ sil5ce to spee*1 :ile o!rs h set spee* above sil5ce4 ,among ! =m] is ,junayd1 :o said3 8,expressions are :olly pret5sions1 & :]e realities are e/abli%$ pret5sions are idle40 ,sometimes x is excusable n to speak al?\gh "o has ! w to d s1 i4e4 fe> becomes an excuse = n speak+ 9 spite ( "o's hav+ ! w & ! p[] to speak2 & refusal to speak ( ,god does n impair ! ess5ce ( gnosis4 ,b at no "t is a man excus$ = m]e pret5sion devoid ( reality1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( hypocrites4 ,pret5sion )\t reality is hypocrisy1 & reality )\t pret5sion is s9c]ity1 because 8he :o is gr\nd$ 9 eloqu5ce ne$s no tongue to communicate ) 8 ,"l04 ,expressions only s]ve to in=m ano!r ?an ,god1 = ,god ,himself requires no explanation ( our circum/ances1 & o!rs ?an ,god are n wor? s mu* t we %\ld occupy ourselves ) !m4 ,?is is corroborat$ by ! say+ ( ,junayd1 8,he :o kn[s ,god is dumb10 = 9 actual vision 7iyn7 exposition 7bayn7 is a veil4 ,x is relat$ t ,%ibl rose up 9 ,junayd's meet+-place & cri$ al\d1 8,o my object ( desire60 & po9t$ to ,god4 ,junayd said3 8,o ,ab ,bakr1 if ,god is ! object ( y\r desire1 :y d y po9t to ,him1 :o is indep5d5t ( ?is8 ,& if ! object ( y\r desire is ano!r1 ,god kn[s :at y say3 :y d y speak falsely80 ,%ibl ask$ ,god to p>don him = hav+ utt]$ ^? words4 ,^? :o put spee* above sil5ce argue t we are comm&$ by ,god to set =? our circum/ances1 = ! pret5sion subsi/s 9 ! reality1 & vice v]s4 ,if a man cont9ues = a ?\s& ye>s to "k ,god 9 8 he>t & s\l1 b has n confess$ t he kn[s ,god1 he is virtually an infidel unless 8 sil5ce has be5 due to compulsion4 ,god has bidd5 all believ]s give ,him ?anks & praise & rehe>se ,8 b\nties1 & ,he has promis$ to answ] ! pray]s ( ^? :o invoke ,him4 ,"o ( ! ,%aykhs has said t :oev] does n decl>e 8 spiritual /ate is )\t any spiritual /ate1 s9ce ! /ate proclaims itself4 8,! tongue ( ! /ate 7lisn al-l7 is m eloqu5t ?an my tongue1 ,& my sil5ce is ! int]pret] ( my "q40 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t "o day :5 ,ab ,bakr ,%ibl 0 walk+ 9 ! ,k>kh qu>t] ( ,baghdd he he>d an impo/or say+3 8,sil5ce is bett] ?an spee*40 ,%ibl repli$3 8,?y sil5ce is bett] ?an ?y spee*1 b my spee* is bett] ?an my sil5ce1 because ?y spee* is vanity & ?y sil5ce is an idle je/1 :]eas my sil5ce is mode/y & my spee* is k40 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 decl>e t !re are two k9ds ( spee* & two k9ds ( sil5ce3 spee* is ei!r real or unreal1 & sil5ce is ei!r fruition or =getfulness4 ,if "o speaks tru?1 8 spee* is bett] ?an 8 sil5ce1 b if "o speaks falsehood1 8 sil5ce is bett] ?an 8 spee*4 8,he :o speaks hits ! m>k or misses x1 b he :o is made to speak is pres]v$ f transgression40 ,?us ,ibls said1 8,i am bett] ?an he0 7,kor4 xxxviii1 #gg71 b ,adam 0 made to say1 8,o ,"l1 we h done wrong unto ourselves0 7,kor4 vii1 #bb74 ,! mission>ies 7diyn7 ( ?is sect are p]mitt$ or compell$ to speak1 & %ame or helplessness /rikes !m dumb3 8he ^: sil5ce is %ame1 8 spee* is life40 ,_! spee* is ! result ( vision1 & spee* )\t vision appe>s to !m despicable4 ,!y pref] sil5ce to spee* s long z !y are ) !mselves1 b :5 !y are beside !mselves _! words are writt5 on ! he>ts ( m54 ,h5ce t spiritual director said3 8,he ^: sil5ce to ,god is gold1 8 spee* to ano!r ?an ,god is gilt40 ,! seek] ( ,god1 :o is absorb$ 9 s]vant%ip1 mu/ be sil5t1 9 ord] t ! adept1 :o proclaims ,lord%ip1 may speak1 & by 8 utt]ances may captivate ! he>ts ( 8 disciples4 ,! rule 9 speak+ is n to speak unless bidd51 & !n only ( ! ?+ t is bidd52 & ! rule 9 sil5ce is n to be ignorant or satisfi$ ) ignorance or =getful4 ,! disciple mu/ n int]rupt ! spee* ( spiritual directors1 or let 8 p]sonal judgm5t intrude !re91 or use f>-fet*$ expressions 9 answ]+ !m4 ,he mu/ nev] tell a lie1 or speak ill ( ! abs5t1 or (f5d any ,moslem ) t tongue :i* has made ! pr(ession ( fai? & ackn[l$g$ ! unity ( ,god4 ,he mu/ n address d]vi%es by _! b>e names or speak to !m until !y ask a "q4 ,x behoves ! d]vi%1 :5 he is sil5t1 n to be sil5t 9 falsehood1 & :5 he speaks1 to speak only ! tru?4 ,?is pr9ciple has _m d]ivatives & innum]able ref9em5ts1 b ,i w n pursue ! subject1 le/ my book %\ld become too long4 ,*apt] conc]n+ _! ,rules 9 ,ask+4 ,god ha? said3 8,!y ask n m5 ) importunity0 7,kor4 ii1 #bgd74 ,any "o ( !m :o asks %\ld n be repuls$1 = ,god said to ! ,apo/le3 8,d n drive away ! begg>0 7,kor4 xciii1 #aj74 ,z f> z possible !y %\ld beg ( ,god only1 = begg+ involves turn+ away f ,god to ano!r1 & :5 a man turns away f ,god !re is dang] t ,god may leave him 9 t pr$icam5t4 ,i h read t a c]ta9 worldl+ said to ,rbia ,adawiyya#agd3 8,o ,rbia1 ask some?+ ( me t ,i may procure :at y wi%40 8,o sir10 %e repli$1 8,i am a%am$ to ask any?+ ( ! ,creator ( ! _w2 h[1 !n1 %\ld ,i n be a%am$ to ask any?+ ( a fell[-creature80 ,x is relat$ t 9 ! "t ( ,ab ,muslim1 ! head ( ! 7,abbsid7 propag&a1 an innoc5t d]vi% 0 seiz$ on suspicion ( !ft1 & 0 imprison$ at ,*ahr q4#age ,on ! same night ,ab ,muslim dream$ t ! ,apo/le came to him & said3 8,god has s5t me to tell y t "o ( ,8 fri5ds is 9 y\r prison4 ,arise & set him free40 ,ab ,muslim leapt f 8 b$1 & ran ) b>e head & feet to ! prison gate1 & gave ord]s to release ! d]vi%1 & begg$ 8 p>don & bade him ask a boon4 8,o pr9ce10 he repli$1 8"o ^: ,ma/] r\ses ,ab ,muslim at midnight1 & s5ds him to deliv] a poor d]vi% f affliction--h[ %\ld t "o ask a boon ( o!rs80 ,ab ,muslim began to weep1 & ! d]vi% w5t on 8 way4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 hold t a d]vi% may beg ( 8 fell[-creatures1 s9ce ,god says3 8,!y ask n m5 ) importunity10 i4e4 !y may ask b n importune4 ,! ,apo/le begg$ = ! sake ( provid+ = 8 companions1 & he said to u3 8,seek y\r wants f ^? ^: faces are comely40 ,footnote #agd3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #egh2 ,ibn ,khallikn1 ,no4 #bcj4 ,footnote #age3 ,a village1 m5tion$ by ,ibn al-,a?r 7x1 #dbh1 #bd71 9 ! vic9ity ( ,baghdd4 ,! f ,%aykhs consid] begg+ to be p]missible 9 ?ree cases4 ,fir/ly1 ) ! object ( free+ "o's m9d f preoccupation1 =1 z !y h said1 we %\ld n atta* s mu* importance to two cakes ( bread t we %\ld sp5d ! :ole day & night 9 expect+ !m2 & :5 we are />v+ we want no?+ else ( ,god1 because no anxiety is s engross+ z anxiety on acc\nt ( food4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! disciple ( ,%aqq visit$ ,byazd1 & 9 answ] to ,byazd's "q z to ! /ate ( ,%aqq in=m$ him t he 0 entirely dis5gag$ f mank9d1 & 0 putt+ all 8 tru/ 9 ,god1 ,byazd said3 8,:5 y return to ,%aqq1 tell him to bew>e ( aga9 te/+ ,god ) two loaves3 if he is hungry1 let him beg ( 8 fell[-creatures & h done ) ! cant ( tru/ 9 ,god40 ,secondly1 x is p]missible to beg ) ! object ( tra9+ ! l[] s\l4 ,! fs beg 9 ord] t !y may endure ! humiliation ( begg+1 & may p]ceive :at is _! wor? 9 ! eyes ( o!r m51 & may n be pr\d4 ,:5 ,%ibl came to ,junayd1 ,junayd said to him3 8,o ,ab ,bakr1 y\r head is full ( conceit1 because y are ! son ( ! ,caliph's pr9cipal *amb]la9 & ! gov]nor ( ,sm>r4 ,no good w come f y until y g to ! m>ket & beg ( ev]yone :om y see1 t y may "k y\r true wor?40 ,%ibl obey$4 ,he begg$ 9 ! m>ket = ?ree ye>s1 ) ev] decreas+ success4 ,"o day1 hav+ gone ?r\gh ! :ole m>ket & got no?+1 he return$ to ,junayd & told him4 ,junayd said3 8,n[1 ,ab ,bakr1 y see t y h no wor? 9 ! eyes ( m53 d n fix y\r he>t on !m4 ,?is matt] 7i4e4 begg+7 is = ! sake ( discipl9e1 n = ! sake ( pr(it40 ,x is relat$ t ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian said3 8,i _h a fri5d :o 0 9 accord ) ,god4 ,aft] 8 dea? ,i saw him 9 a dream1 & ask$ him h[ ,god _h dealt ) him4 ,he answ]$ t ,god _h =giv5 him4 ,i ask$ him3 #8,on acc\nt ( :at virtue8' ,he repli$ t ,god rais$ him to 8 feet & said3 #8,my s]vant1 y suff]$ ) pati5ce mu* contumely & tribulation f base & av>ici\s m51 to :om y /ret*$ out y\r h&s3 !re=e ,i =give y4'0 ,?irdly1 !y beg f mank9d because ( _! rev]5ce = ,god4 ,!y recognize t all worldly possessions belong to ,god1 & !y reg>d all mank9d z ,8 ag5ts1 f :om--n f ,god ,himself--!y beg any?+ t is = ! b5efit ( ! l[] s\l2 & 9 ! eyes ( "o :o beholds 8 own want1 ! s]vant t makes a petition to an ag5t is m rev]5t & ob$i5t ?an he t makes a petition to ,god4 ,!re=e1 _! begg+ f ano!r is a sign ( pres5ce & ( turn+ t[>ds ,god1 n a sign ( abs5ce & ( turn+ away f ,him4 ,i h read t ,yay b4 ,mudh 7al-,rz7 _h a daught]1 :o "o day ask$ h] "m = some?+4 8,ask x ( ,god10 said ! "m4 8,i am a%am$10 ! girl repli$1 8to ask a mat]ial want f ,him4 ,:at y give me is ,8 too & is my allott$ portion40 ,! rules ( begg+ are z foll[s3 ,if y beg unsuccessfully y %\ld be m *e]ful ?an :5 y succe$1 & y %\ld n reg>d any human creature z com+ betwe5 ,god & y\rself4 ,y %\ld n beg ( wom5 or m>ket-folk 7ab-i aswq71 & y %\ld n tell y\r secret to anyone unless y are sure t 8 money is lawful4 ,z f> z possible y %\ld beg unselfi%ly1 & %\ld n use ! proce$s = worldly %[ & = h\sekeep+1 or conv]t !m into prop]ty4 ,y %\ld live 9 ! pres5t1 & let no ?\ght ( ! morr[ ent] y\r m9d1 else y w incur ev]la/+ p]dition4 ,y %\ld n make ,god a spr+e to cat* alms1 & y %\ld n display piety 9 ord] t m alms may be giv5 to y on acc\nt ( y\r piety4 ,i once met an old & v5]able f1 :o _h lo/ 8 way 9 ! des]t & came1 hung]-/rick51 into ! m>ket-place at ,kfa ) a sp>r[ p]*$ on 8 h&1 cry+3 8,give me some?+ = ! sake ( ?is sp>r[60 ,! p ask$ him :y he said ?is4 ,he repli$3 8,x is impossible t ,i %\ld say #8,give me some?+ = ,god's sake6' ,"o mu/ employ ! int]cession ( an insignificant creature to obta9 worldly goods48 ,?is is b a small "p ( ! obligations involv$ 9 begg+4 ,i h abridg$ ! topic = fe> ( be+ t$i\s4 ,*apt] conc]n+ _! ,rules 9 ,m>riage & ,celibacy & matt]s connect$ !re)4 ,god ha? said3 0,!y 7wom57 are a g>m5t unto y & ye are a g>m5t unto !m0 7,kor4 ii1 #ahc74 ,& ! ,apo/le said3 8,m>ry1 t ye may multiply2 = ,i w vaunt y aga9/ all o!r nations on ! ,day ( ,resurrection1 ev5 9 respect ( ! /ill-born40 ,& he said also3 8,! wom5 :o br+ ! greate/ bless+ are !y :o co/ lea/ to ma9ta91 ^: faces are comelie/1 & ^: d[ries are *eape/40 ,m>riage is p]mitt$ to all m5 & wom51 & is obligatory on ^? :o _c ab/a9 f :at is unlawful1 & is a sunna 7i4e4 sanction$ by ! cu/om ( ! ,apo/le7 = ^? :o are able to support a family4 ,"s ( ! f ,%aykhs hold m>riage to be desirable z a means ( quell+ lu/1 & acquisition 7( su/5ance7 to be desirable z a means ( free+ ! m9d f anxiety4 ,o!rs hold t ! object ( m>riage is procreation2 =1 if ! *ild dies be=e its fa!r1 x w int]c$e = him 7be=e ,god71 & if ! fa!r dies fir/1 ! *ild w rema9 to pray = him4#agf ,! ,apo/le said3 8,wom5 are m>ri$ = f\r ?+s3 weal?1 nobility1 beauty1 & religion4 ,d ye take "o t is religi\s1 =1 aft] ,islam1 !re is no?+ t pr(its a man s mu* z a believ+ & ob$i5t wife :o gladd5s him :5ev] he looks on h]40 ,& ! ,apo/le said3 8,satan is ) ! solit>y10 because ,satan decks out lu/ & pres5ts x to _! m9ds4 ,no companion%ip is equal 9 rev]5ce & security to m>riage1 :5 husb& & wife are cong5ial & well-suit$ to ea* o!r1 & no torm5t & anxiety is s great z an uncong5ial wife4 ,!re=e ! d]vi% mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 consid] :at he is do+ & picture 9 8 m9d ! evils ( celibacy & ( m>riage1 9 ord] t he may *oose ! /ate ( :i* he c m easily ov]come ! evils4 ,! evils ( celibacy are two3 7#a7 ! neglect ( an ,apo/olic cu/om1 7#b7 ! fo/]+ ( lu/ 9 ! he>t & ! dang] ( fall+ into unlawful ways4 ,! evils ( m>riage are also two3 7#a7 ! preoccupation ( ! m9d ) o!r ?an ,god1 7#b7 ! di/raction ( ! body = ! sake ( s5sual pleasure4 ,! root ( ?is matt] lies 9 retirem5t & companion%ip4 ,m>riage is prop] = ^? :o pref] to associate ) mank9d1 & celibacy is an ornam5t to ^? :o seek retirem5t f mank9d4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,g3 ! recluses 7al-muf>ridn7 h prec$$ y40 ,& asan ( ,bara says3 8,! lightly burd5$ %all be sav$ & ! heavily lad5 %all p]i%40 ,ibrhm ,khaww relates ! foll[+ /ory3 8,i w5t to a c]ta9 village to visit a rev]5d man :o liv$ !re4 ,:5 ,i ent]$ 8 h\se ,i saw t x 0 clean1 l a sa9t's place ( wor%ip4 ,9 its two corn]s two ni*es 7mirb7 _h be5 made2 ! old man 0 seat$ 9 "o ( !m1 & 9 ! o!r ni*e an old woman 0 sitt+1 clean & bright3 bo? _h become weak ?r\gh mu* devotion4 ,!y %[$ great joy at my com+1 & ,i /ay$ ) !m = ?ree days4 ,:5 ,i 0 ab\t to dep>t ,i ask$ ! old man1 #8,:at relation is ?is *a/e woman to y8' ,he answ]$1 #8,%e is my c\s9 & my wife4' ,i said1 #8,dur+ ^! ?ree days y\r int]c\rse ) "o ano!r has be5 v l t ( /rang]s4' #8,yes1' said he1 #8x has be5 s = five & sixty ye>s4' ,i ask$ him ! cause ( ?is4 ,he repli$3 #8,:5 we 7 "y we fell 9 love1 b h] fa!r w\ld n give h] to me1 = he _h discov]$ our fondness = ea* o!r4 ,i bore ?is sorr[ = a long :ile1 b on h] fa!r's dea? my fa!r1 :o 0 h] uncle1 gave me h] h&4 ,on ! w$d+-night %e said to me3 8,y "k :at happ9ess ,god has be/[$ ^u u 9 br++ u toge!r & tak+ all fe> away f our he>ts4 ,let u !re=e to-night refra9 f s5sual passion & trample on our desires & wor%ip ,god 9 ?anksgiv+ = ?is happ9ess40 ,i said1 8,x is well40 ,next night %e bade me d ! same4 ,on ! ?ird night ,i said1 8,n[ we h giv5 ?anks = two nights = y\r sake2 to-night let u wor%ip ,god = my sake40 ,five & sixty ye>s h pass$ s9ce !n1 & we h nev] t\*$ "o ano!r1 b sp5d all our lives 9 giv+ ?anks = our happ9ess4'0 ,accord+ly1 :5 a d]vi% *ooses companion%ip1 x behoves him to provide 8 wife ) lawful food & pay h] d[ry out ( lawful prop]ty1 & n indulge 9 s5sual pleasure s long z any obligation t[>ds ,god1 or any "p ( ,8 comm&m5ts1 is unfulfill$4 ,& :5 he p]=ms 8 devotions & is ab\t to g to b$1 let him say1 z 9 secret conv]se ) ,god3 8,o ,"l ,god1 ,?\ ha/ m+l$ lu/ ) ,adam's clay 9 ord] t ! _w may be populat$1 & ,?\ 9 ,?y k ha/ will$ t ,i %\ld h ?is int]c\rse4 ,cause x to be = ! sake ( two ?+s3 fir/ly1 to gu>d t :i* is unlawful by means ( t :i* is lawful2 & secondly1 v\*safe to me a *ild1 sa9tly & acceptable1 n "o :o w div]t my ?\ghts f ,!e40 ,x is relat$ t a son 0 born to ,sahl b4 ,abdallh al-,tu/>4 ,:5ev] ! *ild ask$ 8 "m = food1 %e us$ to bid him ask ,god1 & :ile he w5t to ! ni*e 7mirb7 & b[$ himself 9 pray]1 %e us$ secretly to give him :at he want$1 )\t lett+ him "k t 8 "m _h giv5 x to him4 ,?us he grew accu/om$ to turn unto ,god4 ,"o day he came back f s*ool :5 8 "m 0 abs5t1 & b[$ himself 9 pray]4 ,god caus$ ! ?+ t he s\ght to appe> be=e him4 ,:5 8 "m came 9 %e ask$1 8,:]e did y get ?is80 ,he answ]$1 8,f ! place :5ce x comes always40 ,footnote #agf3 ,"h a /ory is told ( ! ,caliph ,um>1 :o ask$ ,umm ,kul?m1 ! ,prophet's gr&daught]1 9 m>riage f h] fa!r ,al4 ,! practice ( an ,apo/olic rule ( life mu/ n lead ! d]vi% to seek worldly weal? & unlawful ga9 or preoccupy 8 he>t1 = ! d]vi% is ru9$ by ! de/ruction ( 8 he>t1 j z ! ri* man is ru9$ by ! de/ruction ( 8 h\se & furniture2 b ! ri* man c repair 8 loss1 :ile ! d]vi% _c4 ,9 our "t x is impossible = anyone to h a suitable wife1 ^: wants are n excessive & ^: dem&s are n unreasonable4 ,!re=e _m p]sons h adopt$ celibacy & obs]ve ! ,apo/olic ,tradition3 8,! be/ ( m5 9 latt] days w be ^? :o are light ( back10 i4e4 :o h nei!r wife nor *ild4 ,x is ! unanim\s op9ion ( ! ,%aykhs ( ?is sect t ! be/ & mo/ excell5t fs are ! celibates1 if _! he>ts are uncontam9at$ & if _! natures are n incl9$ to s9s & lu/s4 ,! vulg>1 9 gratify+ _! lu/s1 appeal to ! ,apo/le's say+1 t ! ?ree ?+s he lov$ 9 ! _w 7 sc5t1 wom51 & pray]1 & argue t s9ce he lov$ wom5 m>riage mu/ be m excell5t ?an celibacy4 ,i reply3 8,! ,apo/le also said t he _h two trades1 namely1 pov]ty 7faqr7 & ! spiritual combat 7jihd73 :y1 !n1 d ye %un ^! ?+s8 ,if he lov$ t 7viz4 m>riage71 ?is 7viz4 celibacy7 0 8 trade4 ,y\r desires h a great] prop5sity to ! =m]1 b x is absurd1 on t gr\nd1 to say t he loves :at y desire4 ,anyone :o foll[s 8 desires = fifty ye>s & supposes t he is foll[+ ! practice ( ! ,apo/le is 9 grave error40 ,a woman 0 ! cause ( ! fir/ calamity t ov]took ,adam 9 ,p>adise1 & also ( ! fir/ qu>rel t happ5$ 9 ?is _w1 i4e4 ! qu>rel ( ,abel & ,ca94 ,a woman 0 ! cause ( ! puni%m5t inflict$ on ! two angels 7,hrt & ,mrt72 & d[n to ! pres5t day all mis*iefs1 worldly & religi\s h be5 caus$ by wom54 ,aft] ,god _h pres]v$ me = elev5 ye>s f ! dang]s ( matrimony1 x 0 my de/9y to fall 9 love ) ! description ( a woman :om ,i _h nev] se51 & dur+ a :ole ye> my passion s absorb$ me t my religion 0 ne> be+ ru9$1 until at la/ ,god 9 ,8 b\nty gave protection to my wret*$ he>t & m]cifully deliv]$ me4 ,9 %ort1 fiism 0 f\nd$ on celibacy2 ! introduction ( m>riage br\ght ab\t a *ange4 ,!re is no flame ( lu/ t _c be ext+ui%$ by /r5u\s ef=t1 because1 :atev] vice proce$s f y\rself1 y possess ! in/rum5t t w remove x3 ano!r is n necess>y = t purpose4 ,n[ ! removal ( lu/ may be effect$ by two ?+s1 "o ( :i* involves self-con/ra9t 7takalluf7 :ile ! o!r lies outside ! sph]e ( human action & mortification4 ,! =m] is hung]1 ! latt] is an agitat+ fe> or a true love1 :i* is collect$ by ! disp]sion ( 7s5sual7 ?\ghts3 a love :i* ext5ds its empire ov] ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body & dive/s all ! s5ses ( _! s5sual quality4 ,amad ammd ( ,s>akhs1 :o w5t to ,transoxania & liv$ !re1 0 a v5]able man4 ,on be+ ask$ :e!r he desir$ to m>ry1 he answ]$3 8,no1 because ,i am ei!r abs5t f myself or pres5t ) myself3 :5 ,i am abs5t1 ,i h no consci\sness ( ! two worlds2 & :5 ,i am pres5t1 ,i keep my l[] s\l 9 su* wise t :5 x gets a loaf ( bread x ?9ks t x has got a ?\s& h\ris4 ,x is a great ?+ to occupy ! m9d3 let x be anxi\s ab\t :atsoev] y w40 ,o!rs1 aga91 recomm5d t nei!r /ate 7m>riage or celibacy7 %\ld be reg>d$ ) pr$ilection1 9 ord] t we may see :at ! decree ( ,div9e provid5ce w br+ to light3 if celibacy be our lot1 we %\ld /rive to be *a/e1 & if m>riage be our de/9y1 we %\ld comply ) ! cu/om ( ! ,apo/le & /rive to cle> our he>ts 7( worldly anxieties74 ,:5 ,god orda9s celibacy unto a man1 8 celibacy %\ld be l t ( ,joseph1 :o1 al?\gh he 0 able to satisfy 8 desire = ,zulaykh1 turn$ away f h] & busi$ himself ) subdu+ 8 passion & consid]+ ! vices ( 8 l[] s\l at ! mom5t :5 ,zulaykh 0 alone ) him4 ,& if ,god orda9s m>riage unto a man1 8 m>riage %\ld be l t ( ,abraham1 :o by reason ( 8 absolute confid5ce 9 ,god put aside all c>e = 8 wife2 & :5 ,s>ah became jeal\s he took ,hag> & br\ght h] to a b>r5 valley & committ$ h] to ! c>e ( ,god4 ,accord+ly1 a man is n ru9$ by m>riage or by celibacy1 b ! mis*ief consi/s 9 ass]t+ "o's w & 9 yield+ to "o's desires4 ,! m>ri$ man ought to obs]ve ! foll[+ rules4 ,he %\ld n leave any act ( devotion undone1 or let any 8/ate0 be lo/ or any 8"t0 be wa/$4 ,he %\ld be k9d to 8 wife & %\ld provide h] ) lawful exp5ses1 & he %\ld n pay c\rt to tyrants & gov]nors ) ! object ( meet+ h] exp5ses4 ,he %\ld behave ?us1 9 ord] t1 if a *ild is born1 x may be su* z x ought to be4 ,a well-kn[n /ory is told ( ,amad b4 arb ( ,n%pr1 t "o day1 :5 he 0 sitt+ ) ! *iefs & nobles ( ,n%pr :o _h come to (f] _! respects to him1 8 son ent]$ ! room1 drunk1 play+ a guit>1 & s++1 & pass$ by insol5tly )\t he$+ !m4 ,amad1 p]ceiv+ t !y 7 put out ( c\nt5ance1 said3 8,:at is ! matt]80 ,!y repli$3 8,we are a%am$ t ?is lad %\ld pass by y 9 su* a /ate40 ,amad said3 8,he is excusable4 ,"o night my wife & ,i p>took ( "s food t 0 br\ght to u f a neighb\r's h\se4 ,t same night ?is son 0 begott51 & we fell asleep & let our devotions g4 ,next morn+ we inquir$ ( our neighb\r z to ! s\rce ( ! food t he _h s5t to u1 & we f\nd t x came f a w$d+-fea/ 9 ! h\se ( a gov]nm5t (ficial40 ,! foll[+ rules %\ld be obs]v$ by ! celibate4 ,he mu/ n see :at is improp] to see or ?9k :at is improp] to ?9k1 & he mu/ qu5* ! flames ( lu/ by hung] & gu>d 8 he>t f ?is _w & f preoccupation ) ph5om5a1 & he mu/ n call ! desire ( 8 l[] s\l 8k0 or 8inspiration01 & he mu/ n make ! wiles 7bu l-ajab7 ( ,satan a pretext 7= s974 ,if he acts ?us he w be approv$ 9 fiism4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,t5? ,,veil3 ,,expla9+ ,,_! ,,phraseology ,,& ,,! ,,def9itions ,,( ,,_! ,,t]ms ,,& ,,! ,,v]ities ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,:i* ,,are ,,signifi$4 ,^? employ$ 9 e craft & bus9ess1 :ile discuss+ its my/]ies ) "o ano!r1 make use ( c]ta9 words & expressions ( :i* ! mean+ is kn[n only to !mselves4 ,su* expressions are inv5t$ = a d\ble purpose3 fir/ly1 9 ord] to facilitate ! und]/&+ ( difficulties & br+ !m ne>] to ! compreh5sion ( ! novice2 & secondly1 9 ord] to conceal ! my/]ies ( t sci5ce f ! un9itiat$4 ,! fs also h te*nical t]ms = ! purpose ( express+ ! matt] ( _! disc\rse & 9 ord] t !y may reveal or disguise _! mean+ z !y please4 ,i w n[ expla9 "s ( ^! t]ms & di/+ui% betwe5 ! significations atta*$ to v>i\s pairs ( words4 l & ,waqt4 ,waqt 7"t7 is a t]m ) :i* fs are famili>1 & conc]n+ :i* mu* has be5 said by ! ,%aykhs1 b my object is to e/abli% ! tru?1 n to give long explanations4 ,waqt is t :]eby a man becomes indep5d5t ( ! pa/ & ! future1 z1 = example1 :5 an influ5ce f ,god desc5ds into 8 s\l & makes 8 he>t collect$ 7mujtami7 he has no memory ( ! pa/ & no ?\ght ( t :i* is n yet come4 ,all p fail 9 ?is1 & d n "k :at our pa/ has be5 or :at our future w be1 except ! possessors ( waqt1 :o say3 8,our k _c appreh5d ! future & ! pa/1 & we are happy ) ,god 9 ! pres5t 7&> waqt74 ,if we occupy ourselves ) to-morr[1 or let any ?\ght ( x ent] our m9ds1 we %all be veil$ 7f ,god71 & a veil is a great di/raction 7p>g&ag740 ,x is absurd to ?9k ( ! unatta9able4 ,?us ,ab ,sad ,kh>rz says3 8,d n occupy y\r preci\s "t except ) ! mo/ preci\s ( ?+s1 & ! mo/ preci\s ( human ?+s is ! /ate ( be+ occupi$ betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future40 ,& ! ,apo/le said3 8,i h a "t 7waqt7 ) ,god1 9 :i* none ( ! *]ubim nor any prophet rivals me10 t is to say1 89 :i* ! eighte5 ?\s& worlds d n occur to my m9d & h no wor? 9 my eyes40 ,!re=e1 on ! night ( ! ,asc5sion1 :5 ! k+dom ( e>? & heav5 0 array$ be=e him 9 all its beauty1 he did n look at any?+ 7,kor4 liii1 #ag71 = ,muaf 0 noble 7azz71 & ! noble are n engross$ save by t :i* is noble4 ,! 8times0 7awqt7 ( ! ,unit>ian are two3 "o 9 ! /ate ( loss 7faqd7 & "o 9 ! /ate ( ga9 7wajd71 "o 9 ! place ( union & "o 9 ! place ( sep>ation4 ,at bo? ^! times he is ov]p[]$ 7maqhr71 because bo? 8 union & 8 sep>ation are effect$ by ,god )\t su* volition or acquisition on 8 "p z w\ld make x possible to inve/ him ) any attribute4 ,:5 a man's p[] ( volition is cut (f f him1 :atev] he does or exp]i5ces is ! result ( 8"t0 7waqt74 ,x is relat$ t ,junayd said3 0,i saw a d]vi% 9 ! des]t1 sitt+ "u a mimosa-tree 9 a h>d & uncom=table spot1 & ask$ him :at made him sit !re s /ill4 ,he answ]$3 #8,i _h a 8"t0 & lo/ x "h2 n[ ,i am sitt+ & m\rn+4' ,i inquir$ h[ long he _h be5 !re4 ,he answ]$3 #8,twelve ye>s4 ,w n ! ,%aykh (f] up a pray] 7himmat kunad7 on my behalf1 t p]*ance ,i may f9d my 8"t0 aga98' ,i left him10 said ,junayd1 0& p]=m$ ! pilgrimage & pray$ = him4 ,my pray] 0 grant$4 ,on my return ,i f\nd him seat$ 9 ! same place4 #8,:y1' ,i said1 #8d y n g f "h1 s9ce y h obta9$ y\r wi%8' ,he repli$3 #8,o ,%aykh1 ,i settl$ myself 9 ?is place ( desolation :]e ,i lo/ my capital3 is x "r t ,i %\ld leave ! place :]e ,i h f\nd my capital once m & :]e ,i enjoy ! society ( ,god8 ,let ! ,%aykh g 9 peace1 = ,i w mix my du/ ) ! du/ ( ?is spot1 t ,i may rise at ! ,resurrection f ?is du/ :i* is ! abode ( my delight4' ,no man c atta9 to ! reality ( 8"t0 by ex]t+ 8 *oice1 = 8"t0 is a ?+ t does n come )9 ! scope ( human acquisition1 t x %\ld be ga9$ by ef=t1 nor is x sold 9 ! m>ket1 t anyone %\ld give 8 life 9 ex*ange = x1 & ! w has no p[] ei!r to attract or to repel x4 ,! ,%aykhs h said1 8,"t is a cutt+ sword10 because x is *>act]i/ic ( a sword to cut1 & 8"t0 cuts ! root ( ! future & ! pa/1 & oblit]ates c>e ( ye/]day & to-morr[ f ! he>t4 ,! sword is a dang]\s companion3 ei!r x makes its ma/] a k+ or x de/roys him4 ,al?\gh "o %\ld pay homage to ! sword & c>ry x on "o's own %\ld] = a ?\s& ye>s1 9 ! mom5t ( cutt+ x does n discrim9ate betwe5 its ma/]'s neck & ! neck ( ano!r4 ,viol5ce 7qahr7 is its *>act]i/ic1 & viol5ce w n dep>t f x at ! wi% ( its ma/]4 l 7/ate7 is t :i* desc5ds ^u 8"t0 7waqt7 & adorns x1 z ! _s adorns ! body4 ,waqt has ne$ ( l1 = waqt is beautifi$ by l & subsi/s !reby4 ,:5 ! own] ( waqt comes into possession ( l1 he is no m subject to *ange & is made /eadfa/ 7mu/aqm7 9 8 /ate2 =1 :5 he has waqt )\t l1 he may lose x1 b :5 l atta*es itself to him1 all 8 /ate 7rzgr7 becomes waqt1 & t _c be lo/3 :at seems to be com+ & go+ 7mad %ud7 is really ! result ( becom+ & manife/ation 7takawwun uhr71 j z1 be=e ?is1 waqt desc5d$ on him :o has x4 ,he :o is 9 ! /ate ( becom+ 7mutakaww97 may be =getful1 & on him :o is ?us =getful l desc5ds & waqt is made /able 7mutamakk972 = ! possessor ( waqt may become =getful1 b ! possessor ( l _c possibly be s4 ,! tongue ( ! possessor ( l is sil5t conc]n+ 8 l1 b 8 actions proclaim ! reality ( 8 l4 ,h5ce t spiritual director said3 8,to ask ab\t l is absurd10 because l is ! annihilation ( spee* 7maql74 ,ma/] ,ab ,al ,daqqq says3 8,if !re is joy or woe 9 ?is _w or ! next _w1 ! portion ( waqt is t 7feel+7 9 :i* ?\ art40 ,b l is n l ?is2 :5 l comes on a man f ,god1 x bani%es all ^! feel+s f 8 he>t4 ,?us ,jacob 0 a possessor ( waqt3 n[ he 0 bl9d$ by sep>ation1 n[ he 0 re/or$ to sight by union1 n[ he 0 m\rn+ & wail+1 n[ he 0 calm & joyful4 ,b ,abraham 0 a possessor ( l3 he 0 n consci\s ( sep>ation1 t he %\ld be /rick5 ) grief1 nor ( union1 t he %\ld be fill$ ) joy4 ,! sun & moon & />s contribut$ to 8 l1 b he1 :ile he gaz$1 0 indep5d5t ( !m3 :atev] he look$ on1 he saw only ,god1 & he said3 8,i love n !m t set0 7,kor4 vi1 #gf74 ,accord+ly1 ! _w sometimes becomes a hell to ! possessor ( waqt1 because he is contemplat+ abs5ce 7ghaybat7 & 8 he>t is di/ress$ by ! loss ( 8 belov$2 & sometimes 8 he>t is l a ,p>adise 9 ! bless$ness ( contemplation1 & e mom5t br+s to him a gift & a glad message f ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x makes no diff]5ce to ! possessor ( l :e!r he is veil$ by affliction or unveil$ by happ9ess2 = he is always 9 ! place ( actual vision 7iyn74 l is an attribute ( ! object desir$ 7murd71 :ile waqt is ! rank ( ! desir] 7murd74 ,! latt] is ) himself 9 ! pleasure ( waqt1 ! =m] ) ,god 9 ! delight ( l4 ,h[ f> ap>t are ! two degrees6 ,maqm & ,tamkn1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,maqm 7/ation7 d5otes ! p]sev]ance ( ! seek] 9 fulfill+ 8 obligations t[>ds ! object ( 8 se>* ) /r5u\s ex]tion & flawless int5tion4 ,ev]yone :o desires ,god has a /ation 7maqm71 :i*1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 se>*1 is a means :]eby he seeks ,god4 ,al?\gh ! seek] d]ives "s b5efit f e /ation ?r\gh :i* he passes1 he f9ally re/s 9 "o1 because a /ation & ! que/ !re( involve contrivance & design 7t>kb la71 n conduct & practice 7rawi% mumalat74 ,god ha? said3 8,none ( u b ha? a c]ta9 /ation0 7,kor4 xxxvii1 #afd74 ,! /ation ( ,adam 0 rep5tance 7tawbat71 t ( ,noah 0 r5unciation 7zuhd71 t ( ,abraham 0 resignation 7taslm71 t ( ,moses 0 contrition 79bat71 t ( ,david 0 sorr[ 7uzn71 t ( ,jesus 0 hope 7raj71 t ( ,john 7! ,bapti/7 0 fe> 7khawf71 & t ( our ,apo/le 0 praise 7dhikr74 ,!y drew some?+ f o!r s\rces by :i* !y abode1 b ea* ( !m return$ at la/ to 8 orig9al /ation4 ,9 discuss+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,musibs1 ,i gave a p>tial explanation ( ! /ations & di/+ui%$ betwe5 l & maqm4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to make "s fur!r rem>ks on ?is subject4 ,y mu/ "k t ! ,way to ,god is ( ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 maqm1 7#b7 l1 7#c7 tamkn4 ,god s5t all ! prophets to expla9 ! ,way & to elucidate ! pr9ciple ( ! diff]5t /ations4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r ?\s& apo/les1 & a few ov] t numb]1 came ) z _m /ations4 ,on ! adv5t ( our ,apo/le a l appe>$ to ^? 9 ea* /ation & atta9$ a pit* :]e all human acquisition 0 left beh9d1 until religion 0 made p]fect unto m51 z ,god ha? said3 8,to-day ,i h p]fect$ y\r religion = y & h complet$ ,my b\nty unto y0 7,kor4 v1 #e72 !n ! tamkn 7/eadfa/ness7 ( ! /eadfa/ appe>$2 b if ,i 7 to enum]ate e l & expla9 e maqm1 my purpose w\ld be defeat$4 ,tamkn d5otes ! resid5ce ( spiritual adepts 9 ! abode ( p]fection & 9 ! highe/ grade4 ,^? 9 /ations c pass on f _! /ations1 b x is impossible to pass beyond ! grade ( tamkn1 because maqm is ! grade ( beg9n]s1 :]eas tamkn is ! re/+-place ( adepts1 & maqmt 7/ations7 are /ages on ! way1 :]eas tamkn is repose )9 ! %r9e4 ,! fri5ds ( ,god are abs5t 7f !mselves7 on ! way & are /rang]s 7to !mselves7 9 ! /ages3 _! he>ts are 9 ! pres5ce 7( ,god71 & 9 ! pres5ce e in/rum5t is evil & e tool is 7a tok5 (7 abs5ce 7f ,god7 & infirmity4 ,9 ! epo* ( ,paganism ! poets us$ to praise m5 = noble de$s1 b !y did n recite _! panegyric until "s "t _h elaps$4 ,:5 a poet came into ! pres5ce ( ! p]son :om he _h celebrat$1 he us$ to draw 8 sword & ham/r+ 8 camel & !n break 8 sword1 z ?\gh to say3 8,i ne$$ a camel to br+ me f a f> di/ance to ?y pres5ce1 & a sword to repel ! envi\s :o w\ld h h9d]$ me f pay+ homage to !e3 n[ t ,i h rea*$ !e1 ,i kill my camel1 = ,i w nev] dep>t f !e aga92 & ,i break my sword1 = ,i w n admit into my m9d ! ?\ght ( be+ sev]$ f ?y c\rt40 ,!n1 aft] a few days1 he us$ to recite 8 poem4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ,moses atta9$ to tamkn1 ,god bade him put (f 8 %oes & ca/ away 8 /aff 7,kor4 xx1 #ab71 ^! be+ articles ( travel & ,moses be+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,! beg9n+ ( love is se>*1 b ! end is re/3 wat] fl[s 9 ! riv]-b$1 b :5 x rea*es ! ocean x ceases to fl[ & *anges its ta/e1 s t ^? :o desire wat] avoid x1 b ^? :o desire pe>ls devote !mselves to dea? & fa/5 ! plummet ( se>* to _! feet & plunge headlong into ! sea1 t !y may ei!r ga9 ! hidd5 pe>l or lose _! de> lives4 ,& "o ( ! ,%aykhs says3 8,tamkn is ! removal ( talwn40 ,talwn also is a te*nical t]m ( ! fs1 & is closely connect$ 9 mean+ ) tamkn1 j z l is connect$ ) maqm4 ,! signification ( talwn is *ange & turn+ f "o /ate to ano!r1 & ! above-m5tion$ say+ means t he :o is /eadfa/ 7mutamakk97 is n vacillat+ 7mut>addid71 = he has c>ri$ all t belongs to him into ! pres5ce ( ,god & has eras$ e ?\ght ( o!r ?an ,god f 8 m9d1 s t no act t passes ov] him alt]s 8 outw>d pr$icam5t & no /ate *anges 8 inw>d pr$icam5t4 ,?us ,moses 0 subject to talwn3 he fell 9 a swoon 7,kor4 vii1 #aci7 :5 ,god reveal$ ,8 glory to ,m\nt ,s9ai2 b ,muammad 0 /eadfa/3 he suff]$ no *ange1 al?\gh he 0 9 ! v revelation ( glory f ,mecca to a space ( two b[-l5g?s f ,god2 & ?is is ! highe/ grade4 ,n[ tamkn is ( two k9ds--"o ref]r+ to ! dom9ant influ5ce ( ,god 7%hid-i aqq71 & ! o!r ref]r+ to ! dom9ant influ5ce ( "o's self 7%hid-i khud74 ,he ^: tamkn is ( ! latt] k9d reta9s 8 attributes unimpair$1 b he ^: tamkn is ( ! =m] k9d has no attributes2 & ! t]ms effacem5t 7maw71 sobriety 7aw71 atta9m5t 7laq71 de/ruction 7maq71#agg annihilation 7fan71 subsi/5ce 7baq71 be+ 7wujd71 & n-be+ 7adam7 are n prop]ly appli$ to "o ^: attributes are annihilat$1 because a subject is necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( ^! qualities1 & :5 ! subject is absorb$ 7mu/aghriq7 he loses ! capacity = ma9ta9+ !m4 ,footnote #agg3 ,maq d5otes annihilation ( a man's be+ 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god1 :ile maw d5otes annihilation ( 8 actions 9 ! action ( ,god 7,jurjn1 ,tarft74 ,muarat & ,muk%afat1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,muarat d5otes ! pres5ce ( ! he>t 9 ! subtleties ( demon/ration 7bayn71 :ile muk%afat d5otes ! pres5ce ( ! _s 7sirr7 9 ! doma9 ( actual vision 7iyn74 ,muarat ref]s to ! evid5ces ( ,god's signs 7yt71 & muk%afat to ! evid5ces ( contemplation 7mu%_ht74 ,! m>k ( muarat is cont9ual m$itation ^u ,god's signs1 :ile ! m>k ( muk%afat is cont9ual amazem5t at ,god's inf9ite greatness4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o m$itates ^u ! ,div9e acts & "o :o is amaz$ at ! ,div9e maje/y3 ! "o is a foll[] ( fri5d%ip1 ! o!r is a companion ( love4 ,:5 ! ,fri5d ( ,god 7,abraham7 look$ on ! k+dom ( heav5 & m$itat$ on ! reality ( its exi/5ce1 8 he>t 0 made 8pres5t0 7ir7 !reby3 ?r\gh behold+ ! act he became a seek] ( ! ,ag5t2 8 8pres5ce0 7ur7 made ! act a pro( ( ! ,ag5t1 & 9 p]fect gnosis he exclaim$3 8,i turn my face ) true belief unto ,him :o creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?0 7,kor4 vi1 #gi74 ,b :5 ! ,belov$ ( ,god 7,muammad7 0 borne to ,heav5 he %ut 8 eyes f ! sight ( all ?+s2 he saw nei!r ,god's act nor creat$ be+s nor himself1 b ! ,ag5t 0 reveal$ to him1 & 9 t revelation 7ka%f7 8 desire increas$3 9 va9 he s\ght vision1 proximity1 union2 9 proportion z ! exemption 7tanzh7 ( 8 ,belov$ 7f all su* conceptions7 became m manife/ to him ! m did 8 desire increase2 he c\ld nei!r turn back nor g =w>d1 h5ce he fell into amazem5t4 ,:]e fri5d%ip 01 amazem5t seem$ infidelity1 b :]e love 01 union 0 poly!ism1 & amazem5t became ! sole res\rce1 because 9 fri5d%ip ! object ( amazem5t 0 be+ 7ha/71 & su* amazem5t is poly!ism1 b 9 love ! object ( amazem5t 0 nature & quality 7*ignag71 & ?is amazem5t is unification 7tawd74 ,9 ?is s5se ,%ibl us$ always to say3 8,o ,guide ( ! amaz$1 increase my amazem5t60 = 9 contemplation 7( ,god7 ! great] "o's amazem5t ! high] "o's degree4 ,! /ory ( ,ab ,sad ,kh>rz & ,ibrhm b4 ,sad ,alaw#agh is well kn[n--h[ !y saw a fri5d ( ,god on ! sea%ore & ask$ him 8,:at is ! ,way to ,god80 & h[ he answ]$ t !re are two ways to ,god1 "o = ! vulg> & "o = ! elect4 ,:5 !y desir$ him to expla9 ?is he said3 8,! way ( ! vulg> is t on :i* y are go+3 y accept = "s cause & y decl9e = "s cause2 b ! way ( ! elect is to see only ! ,caus]1 & n to see ! cause40 ,! true mean+ ( ^! anecdotes has already be5 set =?4 ,footnote #agh3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #ae4 ,qab & ,bas1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,qab 7contraction7 & bas 7expansion7 are two involunt>y /ates :i* _c be induc$ by any human act or bani%$ by any human ex]tion4 ,god ha? said3 8,god contracts & exp&s0 7,kor4 ii1 #bdf74 ,qab d5otes ! contraction ( ! he>t 9 ! /ate ( be+ veil$ 7ijb71 & bas d5otes ! expansion ( ! he>t 9 ! /ate ( revelation 7ka%f74 ,bo? /ates proce$ f ,god )\t ef=t on ! "p ( ,man4 ,! qab ( gno/ics is l ! fe> ( novices1 & ! bas ( gno/ics is l ! hope ( novices4 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ! fs use ! t]ms qab & bas4 ,"s ,%aykhs hold t qab is sup]ior 9 degree to bas1 = two reasons3 7#a7 x is m5tion$ be=e bas 9 ! ,koran1 7#b7 qab involves dissolution & oppression1 :]eas bas involves nutrition & fav\r3 x is und\bt$ly bett] to dissolve "o's humanity & oppress "o's l[] s\l ?an to fo/] & fav\r !m1 s9ce !y are ! greate/ veil 7betwe5 ,man & ,god74 ,o!rs1 aga91 hold t bas is sup]ior to qab4 ,! fact1 !y say1 t qab is m5tion$ be=e bas 9 ! ,koran %[s ! sup]iority ( bas1 = ! ,arabs are accu/om$ to m5tion 9 ! fir/ place t :i* is inf]ior 9 m]it1 e4g4 ,god ha? said3 8,!re is "o ( !m :o injures 8 own s\l1 & "o :o keeps ! middle way1 & "o :o out/rips ! o!rs 9 good works by ! p]mission ( ,god0 7,kor4 xxxv1 #bi74 ,moreov]1 !y argue t 9 bas !re is joy & 9 qab grief2 gno/ics feel joy only 9 union ) ! object ( k1 & grief only 9 sep>ation f ! object ( desire1 !re=e re/ 9 ! abode ( union is bett] ?an re/ 9 ! abode ( sep>ation4 ,my ,%aykh us$ to say t bo? qab & bas are ! result ( "o spiritual influ5ce1 :i* desc5ds f ,god on ,man1 & ei!r fills ! he>t ) joy & subdues ! l[] s\l or subdues ! he>t & fills ! l[] s\l ) joy2 9 ! latt] case contraction 7qab7 ( ! he>t is expansion 7bas7 ( ! l[] s\l1 & 9 ! =m] case expansion ( ! he>t is contraction ( ! l[] s\l4 ,he :o int]prets ?is matt] o!rwise is wa/+ 8 brea?4 ,h5ce ,byazd said3 8,! contraction ( he>ts consi/s 9 ! expansion ( s\ls1 & ! expansion ( he>ts 9 ! contraction ( s\ls40 ,! contract$ s\l is gu>d$ f injury1 & ! exp&$ he>t is re/ra9$ f fall+ into defect1 because jeal\sy is ! rule 9 love1 & contraction is a sign ( ,god's jeal\sy2 & x is necess>y t lov]s %\ld reproa* "o ano!r1 & expansion is a sign ( mutual reproa*4 ,x is a well-kn[n tradition t ,john wept ev] s9ce he 0 born1 :ile ,jesus smil$ ev] s9ce he 0 born1 because ,john 0 9 contraction & ,jesus 9 expansion4 ,:5 !y met ,john us$ to say1 8,o ,jesus1 ha/ ?\ no fe> ( be+ cut (f 7f ,god780 & ,jesus us$ to say1 8,o ,john1 ha/ ?\ no hope ( ,god's m]cy8 ,nei!r ?y te>s nor my smiles w *ange ! et]nal decree ( ,god40 ,uns & ,haybat1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,uns 7intimacy7 & haybat 7awe7 are two /ates ( ! d]vi%es :o travel on ! ,way to ,god4 ,:5 ,god manife/s ,8 glory to a man's he>t s t ,8 maje/y 7jall7 pr$om9ates1 he feels awe 7haybat71 b :5 ,god's beauty 7jaml7 pr$om9ates he feels intimacy 7uns73 ^? :o feel awe are di/ress$1 :ile ^? :o feel intimacy are rejoic$4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o is burn$ by ,8 maje/y 9 ! fire ( love & "o :o is illum9at$ by ,8 beauty 9 ! light ( contemplation4 ,"s ,%aykhs h said t haybat is ! degree ( gno/ics & uns ! degree ( novices1 because ! f>!r "o has advanc$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god & 9 dive/+ ,him ( attributes ! m 8 he>t is ov]:elm$ ) awe & ! m av]se he is to intimacy1 = "o is intimate ) ^? ( "o's own k9d1 & intimacy ) ,god is inconceivable1 s9ce no homog5eity or resemblance c possibly exi/ betwe5 ,god & ,man4 ,if intimacy is possible1 x is possible only ) ! praise 7dhikr7 ( ,him1 :i* is some?+ diff]5t f ,himself1 because t is an attribute ( ,man2 & 9 love1 to be satisfi$ ) ano!r ?an ! ,belov$ is falsehood & pret5sion & self-conceit4 ,haybat1 on ! o!r h&1 arises f contemplat+ greatness1 :i* is an attribute ( ,god1 & !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 "o ^: exp]i5ce proce$s f himself ?r\gh himself & "o ^: exp]i5ce proce$s f ! annihilation ( himself ?r\gh ! subsi/5ce ( ,god4 ,x is relat$ t ,%ibl said3 8,= a long "t ,i us$ to ?9k t ,i 0 rejoic+ 9 ! love ( ,god & 0 intimate ) contemplation ( ,him3 n[ ,i "k t intimacy is impossible except ) a cong5]40 ,"s1 h[ev]1 allege t haybat is a coroll>y ( sep>ation & puni%m5t1 :ile uns is ! result ( union & m]cy2 !re=e ! fri5ds ( ,god mu/ be gu>d$ f ! consequ5ces ( haybat & be atta*$ to uns1 = uns involves love1 & z homog5eity is impossible 9 love 7( ,god71 s x is impossible 9 uns4 ,my ,%aykh us$ to say3 0,i wond] at ^? :o decl>e intimacy ) ,god to be impossible1 aft] ,god has said1 #8,v]ily ,my s]vants1' & #8,say to ,my s]vants'1 & #8,:5 ,my s]vants %all ask !e'1 & #8,o ,my s]vants1 no fe> %all come on y ?is day1 & ye %all n grieve' 7,kor4 xliii1 #fh74 ,a s]vant ( ,god1 see+ ?is fav\r1 _c fail to love ,him1 & :5 he has lov$ he w become intimate1 because awe ( "o's belov$ is e/rangem5t 7bgnag71 :]eas intimacy is on5ess 7yagnag74 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( m5 to become intimate ) _! b5efactors1 & inasmu* z ,god has conf]r$ on u s great b5efits & we h k ( ,him1 x is impossible t we %\ld talk ( awe40 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 say t bo? p>ties 9 ?is controv]sy are "r1 because ! p[] ( haybat is ex]t$ ^u ! l[] s\l & its desires1 & t5ds to annihilate human nature1 :ile ! p[] ( uns is ex]t$ ^u ! he>t & t5ds to fo/] gnosis 9 ! he>t4 ,!re=e ,god annihilates ! s\ls ( ^? :o love ,him by reveal+ ,8 maje/y & end[s _! he>ts ) ev]la/+ life by reveal+ ,8 beauty4 ,! foll[]s ( annihilation 7fan7 reg>d haybat z sup]ior1 b ! foll[]s ( subsi/5ce 7baq7 pref] uns4 ,qahr & ,luf1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,^! two expressions are us$ by ! fs 9 ref]5ce to _! own /ate4 ,by qahr 7viol5ce7 !y signify ! re9=cem5t giv5 to !m by ,god 9 annihilat+ _! desires & 9 re/ra9+ ! l[] s\l f its concupisc5ce2 & by luf 7k9dness7 !y signify ,god's help t[>ds ! subsi/5ce ( _! he>ts & t[>ds ! cont9uance ( contemplation & t[>ds ! p]man5ce ( ec/asy 9 ! degree ( /eadfa/ness 7i/iqmat74 ,! adh]5ts ( luf say ,div9e grace 7k>mat7 is ! atta9m5t ( "o's desire1 b ! o!rs say t ,div9e grace is ?is--t ,god ?r\gh ,8 w %\ld re/ra9 a man f 8 own w & %\ld ov]p[] him ) w-lessness 7bmurd71 s t if he 7 ?ir/y & plung$ into a riv]1 ! riv] w\ld become dry4 ,x is relat$ t 9 ,baghdd 7 two em95t d]vi%es1 ! "o a believ] 9 qahr & ! o!r a believ] 9 luf1 :o 7 always qu>rell+ & ea* pref]r+ 8 own /ate to t ( 8 neighb\r4 ,! d]vi% :o pref]r$ luf set out = ,mecca & ent]$ ! des]t1 b nev] rea*$ 8 de/9ation4 ,no news ( him 0 he>d = _m ye>s1 b at la/ he 0 se5 by a travell] on ! road betwe5 ,mecca & ,baghdd4 8,o my bro!r10 he said1 8:5 y return to ,irq tell my fri5d at ,k>kh t if he wi%es to see a des]t1 ) all its h>d%ips1 l ,k>kh ( ,baghdd1 ) all its m>vels1 let him come "h1 = ?is des]t is ,k>kh to me60 ,:5 ! travell] arriv$ at ,k>kh he deliv]$ ?is message to ! o!r d]vi%1 :o said3 8,on y\r return1 tell him t !re is no sup]iority 9 ! fact t ! des]t has be5 made l ,k>kh to him1 9 ord] t he may n flee f ! c\rt 7( ,god72 ! sup]iority lies 9 ! fact t ,k>kh1 ) all its wondr\s opul5ce1 has be5 made to me l a pa9ful des]t1 & t nev]!less ,i am happy "h40 ,& x is relat$ t ,%ibl said1 9 8 secret conv]se ) ,god3 8,o ,"l1 ,i w n turn f ,!e1 al?\gh ,?\ %\ld/ make ! heav5 a coll> = my neck & ! e>? a %ackle = my foot & ! :ole univ]se a?ir/ = my blood40 ,my ,%aykh us$ to say3 8,"o ye> a meet+ ( ! sa9ts ( ,god took place 9 ! mid/ ( ! des]t1 & ,i accompani$ my spiritual director1 ur1 to t spot4 ,i saw "s ( !m approa*+ on camels1 "s borne on ?rones1 & "s fly+1 b ur paid no he$ to !m4 ,!n ,i saw a y\? ) torn %oes & a brok5 /aff4 ,8 feet c\ld sc>cely support him1 & 8 head 0 b>e & 8 body emaciat$4 ,z soon z he appe>$ ur sprang up & ran to meet him & l$ him to a l(ty seat4 ,?is a/oni%$ me1 & aft]w>ds ,i que/ion$ ! ,%aykh ab\t ! y\?4 ,he repli$3 #8,he is "o ( ,god's sa9ts :o does n foll[ sa9t%ip1 b sa9t%ip foll[s him2 & he pays no att5tion to miracles 7k>mt74'0 ,9 %ort1 :at we *oose = ourselves is noxi\s to u4 ,i desire only t ,god %\ld desire = me1 & !re9 pres]ve me f ! evil !re( & save me f ! wick$ness ( my s\l4 ,if ,he keep me 9 qahr ,i d n wi% = luf1 & if ,he keep me 9 luf ,i d n wi% = qahr4 ,i h no *oice beyond ,8 *oice4 ,nafy & ,i?bt1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,! ,%aykhs ( ?is ,pa? give ! names ( nafy 7negation7 & i?bt 7affirmation7 to ! effacem5t ( ! attributes ( humanity by ! affirmation ( ,div9e aid 7tayd74 ,by negation !y signify ! negation ( ! attributes ( humanity1 & by affirmation !y mean ! affirmation ( ! p[] ( ! ,tru?1 because effacem5t 7maw7 is total loss1 & total negation is applicable only to ! attributes2 = negation ( ! ess5ce is impossible :ile ! ,univ]sal 7kulliyyat7 subsi/s4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t blamewor?y attributes %\ld be negat$ by ! affirmation ( praisewor?y qualities1 i4e4 ! pret5sion to love ( ,god is negat$ by affirmation ( ! reality1 = pret5sion is "o ( ! vanities ( ! l[] s\l4 ,b ! fs1 :5 _! attributes are ov]p[]$ by ! might ( ! ,tru?1 habitually say t ! attributes ( humanity are negat$ by affirm+ ! subsi/5ce ( ,god4 ,?is matt] has already be5 discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on pov]ty & purity & 9 t on annihilation & subsi/5ce4 ,!y say also t ! words 9 "q signify ! negation ( ,man's *oice by ! affirmation ( ,god's *oice4 ,h5ce t bless$ "o said3 8,god's *oice = ,8 s]vant ) ,8 k ( ,8 s]vant is bett] ?an ,8 s]vant's *oice = himself ) 8 ignorance ( 8 ,"l10 because love1 z all agree1 is ! negation ( ! lov]'s *oice by affirmation ( ! ,belov$'s *oice4 ,i h read 9 ! ,anecdotes t a d]vi% 0 dr[n+ 9 ! sea1 :5 "s "o cri$3 8,bro!r1 d y wi% to be sav$80 ,he said3 8,no40 8,!n d y wi% to be dr[n$80 8,no40 8,x is a wond] t y w n *oose ei!r to die or to be sav$40 8,:at h ,i to d ) safety10 said ! d]vi%1 8t ,i %\ld *oose x8 ,my *oice is t ,god %\ld *oose = me40 ,! ,%aykhs h said t negation ( "o's own *oice is ! lea/ grade 9 love4 ,n[1 ,god's *oice has no beg9n+ 9 "t & _c possibly be negat$1 b ,man's *oice is accid5tal 7ara7 & admits ( negation1 & mu/ be trodd5 "u foot1 t ! et]nal *oice ( ,god may subsi/ = ev]4#agi ,!re has be5 mu* debate on ?is matt]1 b my sole aim is t y %\ld "k ! signification ( ! t]ms us$ by ! fs4 ,i h m5tion$ "s ( ^!1 e4g41 jam & tafriqa1 & fan & baq1 & ghaybat & ur1 & sukr & aw1 9 ! *apt] treat+ ( ! doctr9es ( ! fs1 & y mu/ look !re = ! explanation ( !m4 ,footnote #agi3 ,"h ! au?or ref]s to ! example ( ,moses1 ^: pray] = vision ( ,god 0 refus$ 7,kor4 vii1 #aci71 because he 0 ex]cis+ 8 own *oice4 ,musm>at & ,muda?at1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,^! t]ms d5ote two /ates ( ! p]fect f4 ,muda?at 7conv]sation7 is really spiritual talk conjo9$ ) sil5ce ( ! tongue1 & musm>at 7nocturnal disc\rse7 is really cont9uance ( unre/ra9t 7inbis7 comb9$ ) concealm5t ( ! mo/ secret ?\ghts 7kitmn-i sirr74 ,! outw>d mean+ ( musm>at is a spiritual /ate 7waqt7 exi/+ betwe5 ,god & ,man at night1 & muda?at is a simil> /ate1 exi/+ by day1 9 :i* !re is exot]ic & esot]ic conv]sation4 ,h5ce secret pray]s 7munjt7 by night are call$ musm>at1 :ile invocations made by day are call$ muda?at4 ,! daily /ate is bas$ on revelation 7ka%f71 & ! nightly /ate on occupation 7satr74 ,9 love musm>at is m p]fect ?an muda?at1 & is connect$ ) ! /ate ( ! ,apo/le1 :5 ,god s5t ,gabriel to him ) ,burq & convey$ him by night f ,mecca to a space ( two b[-l5g?s f ,8 pres5ce4 ,! ,apo/le conv]s$ secretly ) ,god1 & :5 he rea*$ ! goal 8 tongue became dumb be=e ! revelation ( ,god's maje/y1 & 8 he>t 0 amaz$ at ,8 inf9ite greatness1 & he said3 8,i _c tell ,?y praise40 ,muda?at is connect$ ) ! /ate ( ,moses1 :o1 seek+ communion ) ,god1 aft] =ty days came to ,m\nt ,s9ai & he>d ! spee* ( ,god & ask$ = vision ( ,him1 & fail$ ( 8 desire4 ,!re is a pla9 diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o 0 conduct$ 7,kor4 xvii1 #a7 & "o :o came 7,kor4 vii1 #aci74 ,night is ! "t :5 lov]s are alone ) ea* o!r1 & day is ! "t :5 s]vants wait ^u _! ma/]s4 ,:5 a s]vant transgresses he is reprim&$1 b a lov] has no law by ! transgression ( :i* he %\ld incur blame1 = lov]s _c d any?+ displeas+ to ea* o!r4 ,ilm al-,yaqn & ,ayn al-,yaqn & aqq al-,yaqn1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( !ology1 all ^! expressions d5ote k 7ilm74 ,k )\t c]ta9 fai? 7yaqn7 9 ! reality ( ! object kn[n is n k1 b :5 k is ga9$ t :i* is hidd5 is z t :i* is actually se54 ,! believ]s :o %all see ,god on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t %all see ,him !n 9 ! same wise z !y "k ,him n[3 if !y %all see ,him o!rwise1 ei!r _! vision w be imp]fect !n or _! k is faulty n[4 ,bo? ^! alt]natives are 9 contradiction ) unification 7tawd71 :i* requires t m5's k ( ,god %\ld be s\nd to-day & _! vision ( ,god %\ld be s\nd to-morr[4 ,!re=e c]ta9 k 7ilm-i yaqn7 is l c]ta9 sight 7ayn-i yaqn71 & c]ta9 tru? 7aqq-i yaqn7 is l c]ta9 k4 ,"s h said t ayn al-yaqn is ! complete absorption 7i/ighrq7 ( k 9 vision1 b ?is is impossible1 because vision is an in/rum5t = ! atta9m5t ( k1 l he>+1 etc43 s9ce k _c be absorb$ 9 he>+1 its absorption 9 vision is equally impossible4 ,by ilm al-yaqn ! fs mean k ( 7religi\s7 practice 9 ?is _w accord+ to ! ,div9e comm&m5ts2 by ayn al-yaqn !y mean k ( ! /ate ( dy+ 7naz7 & ! "t ( dep>ture f ?is _w2 & by aqq al-yaqn !y mean intuitive k ( ! vision 7( ,god7 t w be reveal$ 9 ,p>adise1 & ( its nature4 ,!re=e ilm al-yaqn is ! rank ( !ologians 7ulam7 on acc\nt ( _! correct obs]vance ( ! ,div9e comm&s1 & ayn al-yaqn is ! /ation ( gno/ics 7rifn7 on acc\nt ( _! read9ess = dea?1 & aqq al-yaqn is ! annihilation-po9t ( lov]s 7d/n7 on acc\nt ( _! rejection ( all creat$ ?+s4 ,h5ce ilm al-yaqn is obta9$ by self-mortification 7mujhadat71 & ayn al-yaqn by intimate famili>ity 7munasat71 & aqq al-yaqn by contemplation 7mu%hadat74 ,! fir/ is vulg>1 ! second is elect1 & ! ?ird is sup]-elect 7kh al-kh74 ,ilm & ,marifat1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,!ologians h made no di/9ction betwe5 ilm & marifat1 except :5 !y say t ,god may be call$ lim 7kn[+71 b n rif 7gno/ic71 inasmu* z ! latt] epi!t lacks ,div9e bless+4 ,b ! f ,%aykhs give ! "n ( marifat 7gnosis7 to e k t is alli$ ) 7religi\s7 practice & feel+ 7l71 & ! kn[] ( :i* expresses 8 feel+2 & ! kn[] !re( !y call rif4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y give ! "n ( ilm to e k t is /ripp$ ( spiritual mean+ & devoid ( religi\s practice1 & "o :o has su* k !y call lim4 ,"o1 !n1 :o kn[s ! mean+ & reality ( a ?+ !y call rif 7gno/ic71 & "o :o kn[s m]ely ! v]bal expression & keeps x 9 8 memory )\t keep+ ! spiritual reality !y call lim4 ,= ?is reason1 :5 ! fs wi% to disp>age a rival !y call him dni%m& 7possess+ k74 ,to ! vulg> ?is seems objectionable1 b ! fs d n int5d to blame ! man = hav+ acquir$ k1 !y blame him = neglect+ ! practice ( religion1 because ! lim dep5ds on himself1 b ! rif dep5ds on 8 ,"l4 ,?is "q has be5 discuss$ at l5g? 9 ! *apt] entitl$ 8,! ,removal ( ! ,veil ( ,gnosis01 & ,i ne$ n say any m n[4 ,%>at & aqqat1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,^! t]ms are us$ by ! fs to d5ote s\ndness ( ! outw>d /ate & ma9t5ance ( ! inw>d /ate4 ,two p>ties err 9 ?is matt]3 fir/ly1 ! =mal !ologians1 :o ass]t t !re is no di/9ction betwe5 %>at 7law7 & aqqat 7tru?71 s9ce ! ,law is ! ,tru? & ! ,tru? is ! ,law2 secondly1 "s h]etics1 :o hold t x is possible = "o ( ^! ?+s to subsi/ )\t ! o!r1 & decl>e t :5 ! ,tru? is reveal$ ! ,law is aboli%$4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! ,c>ma?ians 7,q>mia7 & ! ,%ites & _! satanically inspir$ foll[]s 7muwaswisn74 ,! pro( t ! ,law is virtually sep>ate f ! ,tru? lies 9 ! fact t 9 fai? belief is sep>ate f pr(ession2 & ! pro( t ! ,law & ! ,tru? are n fundam5tally sep>ate1 b are "o1 lies 9 ! fact t belief )\t pr(ession is n fai?1 & conv]sely pr(ession )\t belief is n fai?2 & !re is a manife/ diff]5ce betwe5 pr(ession & belief4 aqqat1 !n1 signifies a reality :i* does n admit ( abrogation & rema9s 9 equal =ce f ! "t ( ,adam to ! end ( ! _w1 l k ( ,god & l religi\s practice1 :i* is made p]fect by s9c]e int5tion2 & %>at signifies a reality :i* admits ( abrogation & alt]ation1 l ord9ances & comm&m5ts4 ,!re=e %>at is ,man's act1 :ile aqqat is ,god's keep+ & pres]vation & protection1 :5ce x foll[s t %>at _c possibly be ma9ta9$ )\t ! exi/5ce ( aqqat1 & aqqat _c be ma9ta9$ )\t obs]vance ( %>at4 ,_! mutual relation may be comp>$ to t ( body & _s3 :5 ! _s dep>ts f ! body ! liv+ body becomes a corpse & ! _s vani%es l w9d1 = _! value dep5ds on _! conjunction ) "o ano!r4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,law )\t ! ,tru? is o/5tation1 & ! ,tru? )\t ! ,law is hypocrisy4 ,god ha? said3 8,:osoev] mortify !mselves = ,our sake1 ,we w assur$ly guide !m 9 ,our ways0 7,kor4 xxix1 #fi73 mortification is ,law1 guidance is ,tru?2 ! =m] consi/s 9 a man's obs]vance ( ! ext]nal ord9ances1 :ile ! latt] consi/s 9 ,god's ma9t5ance ( a man's spiritual feel+s4 ,h5ce ! ,law is "o ( ! acts acquir$ by ,man1 b ! ,tru? is "o ( ! gifts be/[$ by ,god4 ,ano!r class ( t]ms & expressions are us$ by ! fs metaphorically4 ,^! metaphorical t]ms are m difficult to analyse & int]pret1 b ,i w expla9 !m concisely4 aqq4 ,by aqq 7tru?7 ! fs mean ,god1 = aqq is "o ( ! names ( ,god1 z ,he ha? said3 8,?is is because ,god is ! ,tru?0 7,kor4 xxii1 #f74 aqqat4 ,by ?is ^w !y mean a man's dwell+ 9 ! place ( union ) ,god1 & ! /&+ ( 8 he>t 9 ! place ( ab/raction 7tanzh74 ,khaart4 ,any judgm5ts ( sep>ation 7akm-i tafrq7 t occur to ! m9d4 ,waant4 ,any ,div9e mean+s t make _! abode 9 ! he>t4 ams4 ,negation ( a sub/ance ( :i* "s trace is left4 ,rams4 ,negation ( a sub/ance1 toge!r ) e trace !re(1 f ! he>t4 ,aliq4 ,second>y causes to :i* seek]s ( ,god atta* !mselves & !reby fail to ga9 ! object ( _! desire4 ,0i4 ,second>y causes to :i* seek]s ( ,god atta* !mselves & !reby ga9 ! object ( _! desire4 ,zawid4 ,excess ( lights 7spiritual illum9ation7 9 ! he>t4 ,fawid4 ,! appreh5sion by ! _s ( :at x _c d )\t4 ,malja4 ,! he>t's confid5ce 9 ! atta9m5t ( its desire4 ,manj4 ,! he>t's escape f ! place ( imp]fection4 ,kulliyyat4 ,! absorption 7i/ighrq7 ( ! attributes ( humanity 9 ! ,univ]sal 7kulliyyat74 ,lawi4 ,affirmation ( ! object ( desire1 not)/&+ ! adv5t ( ! negation !re( 7i?bt-i murd b wurd-i nafy-i n74 ,lawmi4 ,! manife/ation ( 7spiritual7 light to ! he>t :ile its acquirem5ts 7fawid7 cont9ue to subsi/4 awli4 ,! appe>ance ( ! spl5d\rs ( 7my/ical7 k to ! he>t4 awriq4 ,t :i* comes into ! he>t1 ei!r ) glad tid+s or ) rebuke1 9 secret conv]se 7) ,god7 at night4 ,laif4 ,a symbol 7i%rat71 pres5t$ to ! he>t1 ( subtleties ( feel+4 ,sirr4 ,concealm5t ( feel+s ( love4 ,najw4 ,concealm5t ( imp]fections f ! k ( o!r 7?an ,god74 ,i%rat4 ,giv+ in=mation to ano!r ( ! object ( desire1 )\t utt]+ x on ! tongue4 m4 ,address+ anyone allusively1 )\t spok5 or unspok5 explanation 7b ibrat i%rat74 ,wrid4 ,! desc5t ( spiritual mean+s ^u ! he>t4 ,intibh4 ,! dep>ture ( he$lessness f ! he>t4 ,i%tibh4 ,p]plexity felt 9 decid+ betwe5 tru? & falsehood4 ,q>r4 ,! dep>ture ( vacillation f ! reality ( "o's feel+4 ,inzij4 ,! agitation ( ! he>t 9 ! /ate ( ec/asy 7wajd74 ,ano!r class ( te*nical t]ms are ^? :i* ! fs employ1 )\t metaphor1 9 unification 7tawd7 & 9 sett+ =? _! firm belief 9 spiritual realities4 lam4 ,! t]m lam 7_w7 d5otes ! creatures ( ,god4 ,x is said t !re are #ah1jjj or #ej1jjj worlds4 ,philosoph]s say !re are two worlds1 an upp] & a l[]1 :ile !ologians say t lam is :atev] exi/s betwe5 ! ,?rone ( ,god & ! e>?4 ,9 %ort1 lam is ! collective mass ( creat$ ?+s4 ,! fs speak ( ! _w ( spirits 7arw7 & ! _w ( s\ls 7nufs71 b !y d n mean ! same ?+ z ! philosoph]s4 ,:at !y mean is 8! collective mass ( spirits & s\ls04 ,muda?4 ,po/]ior 9 exi/5ce1 i4e4 x 0 n & aft]w>ds 04 ,qadm4 ,ant]ior 9 exi/5ce1 i4e4 x always 01 & its be+ 0 ant]ior to all be+s4 ,?is is no?+ b ,god4 ,azal4 ,t :i* has no beg9n+4 ,abad4 ,t :i* has no end4 ,dht4 ,! be+ & reality ( a ?+4 ifat4 ,t :i* does n admit ( qualification 7nat71 because x is n self-subsi/5t4 ,ism4 ,t :i* is n ! object nam$ 7ghayr-i musamm74 ,tasmiyat4 ,in=mation conc]n+ ! object nam$4 ,nafy4 ,t :i* entails ! non-exi/5ce ( e object ( negation4 ,i?bt4 ,t :i* entails ! exi/5ce ( e object ( affirmation4 ,siyyn4 ,! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( "o ?+ ) ano!r4 iddn4 ,! impossibility ( ! exi/5ce ( "o ?+ simultane\sly ) ! exi/5ce ( ano!r4 ,ghayrn4 ,! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( ei!r ( two ?+s1 not)/&+ ! annihilation ( ! o!r4 ,ja:>4 ,! basis 7al7 ( a ?+2 t :i* is self-subsi/5t4 ,ara4 ,t :i* subsi/s 9 ja:> 7sub/ance74 ,jism4 ,t :i* is compos$ ( sep>ate p>ts4 ,sul4 ,seek+ a reality4 ,jawb4 ,giv+ in=mation conc]n+ ! subject-matt] ( a "q 7sul74 usn4 ,t :i* is con=mable to ! 7,div9e7 comm&4 ,qub4 ,t :i* is n con=mable to ! 7,div9e7 comm&4 ,safah4 ,neglect ( ! 7,div9e7 comm&4 ulm4 ,putt+ a ?+ 9 a place t is n wor?y ( x4 ,adl4 ,putt+ ev]y?+ 9 its prop] place4 ,malik4 ,he ) ^: actions x is impossible to int]f]e4 ,ano!r class ( t]ms requir+ explanation are ^? :i* are commonly us$ by ! fs 9 a my/ical s5se t is n famili> to philologi/s4 ,khir4 ,by khir 7pass+ ?\ght7 ! fs signify ! occurr5ce 9 ! m9d ( some?+ :i* is quickly remov$ by ano!r ?\ght1 & :i* its own] is able to repel f 8 m9d4 ,^? :o h su* ?\ghts foll[ ! fir/ ?\ght 9 matt]s :i* come directly f ,god to ,man4 ,x is said t ! ?\ght occurr$ to ,khayr ,nassj t ,junayd 0 wait+ at 8 door1 b he wi%$ to repel x4 ,! same ?\ght return$ twice & ?rice1 :]eupon he w5t out & discov]$ ,junayd1 :o said to him3 8,if y _h foll[$ ! fir/ ?\ght x w\ld n h be5 necess>y = me to /& "h all ?is "t40 ,h[ 0 ,junayd acqua9t$ ) ! ?\ght :i* occurr$ to ,khayr8 ,?is "q has be5 ask$1 & has be5 answ]$ by ! rem>k t ,junayd 0 ,khayr's spiritual director1 & a spiritual director _c fail to be acqua9t$ ) all t happ5s to "o ( 8 disciples4 ,wqia4 ,by wqia !y signify a ?\ght :i* appe>s 9 ! m9d & rema9s !re1 unlike khir1 & :i* ! seek] has no means :atev] ( repell+3 ?us !y say1 khaara al qalb1 8x occurr$ to my m9d10 b waqaa f qalb1 8x sank into my m9d40 ,all m9ds are subject to khir 7pass+ ?\ght71 b wqia is possible only 9 a m9d t is entirely fill$ ) ! notion ( ,god4 ,h5ce1 :5 any ob/acle appe>s to ! novice on ! ,way to ,god1 !y call x 8a fett]0 7qayd7 & say3 8,a wqia has befall5 him40 ,philologi/s also use ! t]m wqia to signify any difficult "q1 & :5 x is answ]$ satisfactorily !y say1 wqia all %ud1 8! difficulty is solv$40 ,b ! my/ics say t wqia is t :i* is insoluble1 & t :atev] is solv$ is a khir1 n a wqia1 s9ce ! ob/acles :i* confront my/ics are n unimportant matt]s on :i* v>y+ judgm5ts are cont9ually be+ =m$4 ,ikhtiyr4 ,by ikhtiyr !y signify _! pref]5ce ( ,god's *oice to _! own1 i4e4 !y are cont5t ) ! good & evil :i* ,god has *os5 = !m4 ,a man's pref]5ce ( ,god's *oice is itself ! result ( ,god's *oice1 = unless ,god _h caus$ him to h no *oice1 he w\ld nev] h let 8 own *oice g4 ,:5 ,ab ,yazd 0 ask$1 8,:o is ! pr9ce 7amr780 he repli$1 8,he to :om no *oice is left1 & to :om ,god's *oice has become ! only *oice40 ,x is relat$ t ,junayd1 hav+ caught fev]1 implor$ ,god to give him heal?4 ,a voice spoke 9 8 he>t3 8,:o art ?\ to plead 9 ,my k+dom & make a *oice8 ,i c manage ,my k+dom bett] ?an ?\4 ,d ?\ *oose ,my *oice in/ead ( com+ =w>d ) ?9e40 ,imtin4 ,by ?is expression !y signify ! probation ( ! he>ts ( ! sa9ts by div]se afflictions :i* come to !m f ,god1 su* z fe>1 grief1 contraction1 awe1 etc4 ,god ha? said3 8,!y ^: he>ts ,god ha? prov$ = piety's sake3 !y %all w9 p>don & a great rew>d0 7,kor4 xlix1 #c74 ,?is is a l(ty grade4 ,bal4 ,by bal 7affliction7 !y signify ! probation ( ! bodies ( ,god's fri5ds by div]se tr\bles & sicknesses & tribulations4 ,! m sev]ely a man is afflict$ ! ne>] does he approa* unto ,god1 = affliction is ! ve/ure ( ! sa9ts & ! cradle ( ! pure & ! n\ri%m5t ( ! prophets4 ,! ,apo/le said1 8,we prophets are ! mo/ afflict$ ( mank9d20 & he also said1 8,! prophets are ! mo/ afflict$ ( mank9d1 !n ! sa9ts1 & !n o!r m5 accord+ to _! respective ranks40 ,bal is ! "n ( a tribulation1 :i* desc5ds on ! he>t & body ( a true believ] & :i* is really a bless+2 & inasmu* z ! my/]y !re( is conceal$ f him1 he is div9ely recomp5s$ = support+ ! pa9s !re(4 ,tribulation t befalls unbeliev]s is n affliction 7bal71 b mis]y 7%aqwat71 & unbeliev]s nev] obta9 relief f mis]y4 ,! degree ( bal is m hon\rable ?an t ( imtin1 = imtin affects ! he>t only1 :]eas bal affects bo? ! he>t & ! body & is ?us m p[]ful4 ,taall4 ,imitation ( praisewor?y p 9 ^w & de$4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,fai? is n acquir$ by taall 7adorn+ "o's self ) ! qualities ( o!rs7 & tamann 7wi%+71 b x is t :i* s9ks deep into ! he>t & is v]ifi$ by action40 ,taall1 !n1 is to imitate p )\t really act+ l !m4 ,^? :o seem to be :at !y are n w soon be put to %ame1 & _! secret "* w be reveal$4 ,9 ! view ( spirituali/s1 h[ev]1 !y are already disgrac$ & _! secret "* is cle>4 ,tajall4 ,! bless$ effect ( ,div9e illum9ation on ! he>ts ( ! ble/1 :]eby !y are made capable ( see+ ,god ) _! he>ts4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 spiritual vision 7ruyat ba-dil7 & actual vision 7ruyat-i iyn7 is ?is1 t ^? :o exp]i5ce tajall 7manife/ation ( ,god7 see or d n see1 accord+ z !y wi%1 or see at "o "t & d n see at ano!r "t1 :ile ^? :o exp]i5ce actual vision 9 ,p>adise _c b see1 ev5 ?\gh !y wi% n to see2 = x is possible t tajall %\ld be hidd51 :]eas ruyat 7vision7 _c possibly be veil$4 ,takhall4 ,turn+ away f di/ractions :i* prev5t a man f atta9+ to ,god4 ,"o ( ^! is ! pres5t _w1 ( :i* he %\ld empty 8 h&s2 ano!r is desire = ! next _w1 ( :i* he %\ld empty 8 he>t2 a ?ird is indulg5ce 9 vanity1 ( :i* he %\ld empty 8 _s2 & a f\r? is association ) creat$ be+s1 ( :i* he %\ld empty himself & f ! ?\ght ( :i* he %\ld dis5gage 8 m9d4 ,%urd4 ,! mean+ ( %urd is 8seek+ re/lessly to escape f 7worldly7 corruptions & veils02 = all ! mis=tunes ( ! seek] arise f 8 be+ veil$1 & :5 ! veil is lift$ he becomes unit$ ) ,god4 ,! fs apply ! t]m %urd to 8 becom+ unveil$ 7isfr7 & 8 us+ e res\rce = t purpose2 = 9 ! beg9n+1 i4e4 9 se>*1 he is m re/less2 9 ! end1 i4e4 9 union1 he becomes m /eadfa/4 ,qud4 ,by qud 7aims7 !y signify p]fect resolution to seek ! reality ( ! object ( se>*4 ,! aims ( ! fs d n dep5d on motion & re/1 because ! lov]1 al?\gh he be at re/ 9 love1 is /ill pursu+ an aim 7qid74 ,9 ?is respect ! fs diff] f ord9>y m51 ^: aims produce 9 !m "s effect outw>dly or inw>dly2 :]eas ! lov]s ( ,god seek ,him )\t any cause & pursue _! aim )\t movem5t ( _! own1 & all _! qualities are direct$ t[>ds t goal4 ,:]e love exi/s1 all is an aim4 ,i94 ,by ?is t]m !y mean t ,god makes a man faultless ?r\gh ! annihilation ( all 8 selfi% int]e/s & s5sual pleasures1 & trans=ms 9 him ! attributes ( 8 l[] s\l1 s t he becomes selfless4 ,?is degree belongs exclusively to ! prophets1 b "s ,%aykhs hold t x may be atta9$ by ! sa9ts also4 ,iif4 ,?is signifies t ,god makes a man's he>t empty to receive ! k ( ,himself1 s t ,8 k 7marifat7 diffuses its purity ?r\gh 8 he>t4 ,9 ?is degree all believ]s1 ! vulg> z well z ! elect1 are alike1 :e!r !y are s9ful or pi\s or sa9ts or prophets1 = ,god ha? said3 8,we h giv5 ! ,book z a h]itage unto ^? ( our s]vants :om ,we h *os5 7iafayn73 "s ( !m are !y :o injure _! own s\ls2 "s are !y :o keep ! mean2 & "s are !y :o excel 9 good works0 7,kor4 xxxv1 #bi74 ,iilm4 ,! manife/ations 7tajalliyt7 ( ,god :i* cause a man to be entirely ov]p[]$ by a m]ciful probation 7imtin71 :ile 8 w is r$uc$ to naught4 ,qalb-i mumtaan1 8a prov$ he>t10 & qalb-i mualam1 8a de/roy$ he>t10 be> ! same mean+1 al?\gh 9 ! curr5t usage ( f phraseology iilm is m p>ticul> & exquisite ?an imtin4 ,rayn4 ,a veil on ! he>t1 i4e4 ! veil ( infidelity & error1 :i* _c be remov$ except by fai?4 ,god ha? said1 describ+ ! he>ts ( ! unbeliev]s 7,kor4 lxxxiii1 #ad73 8,by no means1 b :at !y us$ to d ha? cov]$ _! he>ts0 7rna al qulbihim74 ,"s h said t rayn _c possibly be remov$ 9 any mann]1 s9ce ! he>ts ( unbeliev]s are n capable ( receiv+ ,islam1 & ^? :o d receive x mu/ h be51 9 ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 true believ]s4 ,ghayn4 ,a veil on ! he>t :i* is remov$ by ask+ p>don ( ,god4 ,x may be ei!r ?9 or d5se4 ,! latt] is = ^? :o =get 7,god7 & commit great s9s2 ! =m] is = all1 n except+ sa9t or prophet4 ,did n ! ,apo/le say1 8,v]ily1 my he>t is obscur$ 7yughnu al qalb71 & v]ily ,i ask p>don ( ,god a hundr$ times e day40 ,= remov+ ! d5se veil a prop] rep5tance is necess>y1 & = remov+ ! ?9 veil a s9c]e return to ,god4 ,rep5tance 7tawbat7 is a turn+ back f disob$i5ce to ob$i5ce1 & return 7ruj7 is a turn+ back f self to ,god4 ,rep5tance is rep5tance f s93 ! s9 ( common m5 is opposition to ,god's comm&1 :ile ! s9 ( lov]s 7( ,god7 is opposition to ,god's w3 !re=e1 ! s9 ( common m5 is disob$i5ce1 & t ( lov]s is consci\sness ( _! own exi/5ce4 ,if anyone turns back f wrong to "r1 !y say1 8,he is rep5tant 7tib720 b if anyone turns back f :at is "r to :at is m "r1 !y say1 8,he is return+ 7ib748 ,all ?is ,i h set =? 9 ! *apt] on rep5tance4 ,talbs4 ,!y d5ote by talbs ! appe>ance ( a ?+ :5 its appe>ance is contr>y to its reality1 z ,god ha? said3 0,we %\ld assur$ly h deceiv$ !m 7lalabasn alayhim7 z !y deceive o!rs0 7,kor4 vi1 #i74 ,?is quality ( deception _c possibly belong to anyone except ,god1 :o %[s ! unbeliev] 9 ! guise ( a believ] & ! believ] 9 ! guise ( an unbeliev]1 until ! "t %all come = ! manife/ation ( ,8 decree & ( ! reality 9 e case4 ,:5 a f conceals good qualities "u a mask ( bad1 !y say3 8,he is practis+ deception 7talbs710 b !y use ?is t]m 9 su* in/ances only1 & d n apply x to o/5tation & hypocrisy1 :i* are fundam5tally talbs1 because talbs is n us$ except 9 ref]5ce to an act p]=m$ by ,god4 ,%urb4 ,! fs call ! sweetness ( piety & ! delight ( miracul\s grace & ! pleasure ( intimacy %urb 7dr9k+72 & !y c d no?+ )\t ! delight ( %urb4 ,z ! body's dr9k is ( wat]1 s ! he>t's dr9k is ( 7spiritual7 pleasure & sweetness4 ,my ,%aykh us$ to say t a novice )\t %urb is a /rang] to 7i4e4 unacqua9t$ ) ! duties (7 ! novitiate1 & t a gno/ic ) %urb is a /rang] to gnosis1 because ! novice mu/ d]ive "s pleasure 7%urb7 f 8 actions 9 ord] t he may fulfil ! obligations ( a novice :o is seek+ ,god2 b ! gno/ic ought n to feel su* pleasure1 le/ he %\ld be transport$ ) t pleasure in/ead ( ) ,god3 if he turn back to 8 l[] s\l he w n re/ 7) ,god74 ,dhawq4 ,dhawq resembles %urb1 b %urb is us$ solely 9 ref]5ce to pleasures1 :]eas dhawq is appli$ to pleasure & pa9 alike4 ,"o says dhuqtu l-alwat1 8,i ta/$ sweetness10 & dhuqtu l-bal1 8,i ta/$ affliction20 b ( %urb !y say1 %>ibtu bi-kasi l-wal1 8,i drank ! cup ( union10 & %>ibtu bi-kasi l-wudd1 8,i drank ! cup ( love10 & s =?4#ahj ,footnote #ahj3 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 %urb & dhawq is illu/rat$ by citations f ! ,koran1 viz41 lii1 #ai2 xliv1 #di2 & liv1 #dh4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,uncov]+ ,,( ,,! ,,elev5? ,,veil3 ,,conc]n+ ,,audition 7sam74 ,! means ( acquir+ k are five3 he>+1 sight1 ta/e1 smell1 & t\*4 ,god has creat$ = ! m9d ^! five av5ues1 & has made e k9d ( k dep5d on "o ( !m4 ,f\r ( ! five s5ses are situat$ 9 a special organ1 b "o1 namely t\*1 is diffus$ ov] ! :ole body4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ?is diffusion1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( t\*1 may be %>$ by any ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,! ,mutazilites hold t no s5se c exi/ b 9 a special organ 7maall-i makh71 a !ory :i* is controv]t$ by ! fact t ! s5se ( t\* has no su* organ4 ,s9ce "o ( ! five s5ses has no special organ1 x foll[s t1 if ! s5se ( t\* is g5]ally diffus$1 ! o!r s5ses may be capable ( ! same diffusion4 ,al?\gh x is n my purpose to discuss ?is "q "h1 ,i ?\ght a brief explanation necess>y4 ,god has s5t ,apo/les ) true evid5ces1 b belief 9 ,8 ,apo/les does n become obligatory until ! obligator9ess ( kn[+ ,god is asc]ta9$ by means ( he>+4 ,x is he>+1 !n1 t makes religion obligatory2 & = ?is reason ! ,sunns reg>d he>+ z sup]ior to sight 9 ! doma9 ( religi\s obligation 7taklf74 ,if x be said t vision ( ,god is bett] ?an he>+ ,8 ^w1 ,i reply t our k ( ,god's visibility to ! fai?ful 9 ,p>adise is d]iv$ f he>+3 x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! und]/&+ all[s t ,god %all be visible or n1 inasmu* z we are assur$ ( ! fact by oral tradition4 ,h5ce he>+ is sup]ior to sight4 ,moreov]1 all religi\s ord9ances are bas$ on he>+ & c\ld n be e/abli%$ )\t x2 & all ! prophets on _! appe>ance fir/ spoke 9 ord] t ^? :o he>d !m might believe1 !n 9 ! second place !y %[$ miracles 7mujiza71 :i* also 7 corroborat$ by he>+4 ,:at has be5 said proves t anyone :o d5ies audition d5ies ! entire religi\s law4 ,*apt] on ! ,audition ( ! ,koran & k9dr$ matt]s4 ,! mo/ b5eficial audition to ! m9d & ! mo/ delightful to ! e> is t ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 :i* all believ]s & unbeliev]s1 human be+s & p]s alike1 are comm&$ to he>4 ,x is a miracul\s quality ( ! ,koran t "o nev] gr[s we>y ( read+ & he>+ x1 s t ! ,quray% us$ to come secretly by night & li/5 to ! ,apo/le :ile he 0 pray+ & m>vel at 8 recitation1 e4g41 ,nar b4 al-ri?1 :o 0 ! mo/ elegant ( !m 9 spee*1 & ,utba b4 ,raba1 :o 0 bewit*+ly eloqu5t1 & ,ab ,jahl b4 ,hi%m1 :o 0 a wondr\s orator4 ,"o night ,utba swoon$ on he>+ ! ,apo/le recite a *apt] ( ! ,koran1 & he said to ,ab ,jahl3 8,i am sure t ^! are n ! words ( any creat$ be+40 ,! p]s also came & li/5$ to ! ,^w ( ,god1 & said3 8,v]ily1 we he>d a m>vell\s recitation1 :i* guides to ! "r way2 & we %all n associate anyone ) our ,"l0 7,kor4 lxxii1 #a-b74aha ,x is relat$ t a man recit$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,abdallh b4 anala3 8,!y %all h a c\* ( ,hell-fire1 & above !m %all be quilts !re(0 7,kor4 vii1 #ci74 ,abdallh began to weep s viol5tly t1 to quote ! n>rator's words1 8,i ?\ght life w\ld dep>t f him40 ,!n he rose to 8 feet4 ,!y bade him sit d[n1 b he cri$3 8,awe ( ?is v]se prev5ts me f sitt+ d[n40 ,x is relat$ t ! foll[+ v]se 0 read 9 ! pres5ce ( ,junayd3 8,o believ]s1 :y say ye t :i* ye d n80 7,kor4 lxi1 #b74 ,junayd said3 8,o ,"l1 if we say1 we say because ( ,!e1 & if we d1 we d because ( ,?y bless+3 :]e1 !n1 is our say+ & do+80 ,x is relat$ t ,%ibl said1 on he>+ ! v]se 8,& rememb] ?y ,"l :5 ?\ =gette/0 7,kor4 xviii1 #bc71 8,remembrance 7( ,god7 involves =getfulness 7( self71 & all ! _w h /opp$ %ort at ! remembrance ( ,him20 !n he %riek$ & fell s5seless4 ,:5 he came to himself1 he said3 8,i wond] at ! s9n] :o c he> ,god's ,^w & rema9 unmov$40 ,a c]ta9 ,%aykh says3 8,once ,i 0 read+ ! ,^w ( ,god1 #8,bew>e ( a day on :i* ye %all be return$ unto ,god' 7,kor4 ii1 #bha74 ,a heav5ly voice call$ to me1 #8,d n read s l\d2 f\r p]s h di$ f ! t]ror inspir$ 9 !m by ?is v]se'40 ,a d]vi% said3 8,= ! la/ t5 ye>s ,i h n read nor he>d ! ,koran except t small portion !re( :i* is us$ 9 pray]40 ,on be+ ask$ :y1 he answ]$3 8,= fe> le/ x %\ld be cit$ z an argum5t aga9/ me40 ,"o day ,i came into ! pres5ce ( ,%aykh ,abu l-,abbs ,%aqn & f\nd him read+3 8,god prop\nde? z a p>able an own$ slave :o ha? naught 9 8 p[]0 7,kor4 xvi1 #gg71 & weep+ & %riek+1 s t he swoon$ & ,i ?\ght he 0 dead4 8,o ,%aykh10 ,i cri$1 8:at ails !e80 ,he said3 8,aft] elev5 ye>s ,i h rea*$ ?is po9t 9 my set portion ( ! ,koran & am unable to proce$ f>!r40 ,abu l-,abbs b4 ,a 0 ask$ h[ mu* ( ! ,koran he read daily4 ,he answ]$3 8,=m]ly ,i us$ to read ! :ole ,koran twice 9 a day & night1 b n[ aft] read+ = f\rte5 ye>s ,i h only rea*$ ! ,srat al-,anfl40#ahb ,x is relat$ t ,abu l-,abbs ,qab said to a ,koran-read]1 8,recite10 :]eupon he recit$3 8,o noble "o1 fam9e ha? befall5 u & our p1 & we are come ) a petty m]*&ise0 7,kor4 xii1 #hh74 ,he said once m1 8,recite10 :]eupon ! read] recit$3 8,if he /ole1 a bro!r ( 8 ha? /ol5 h]et(ore0 7,kor4 xii1 #gg74 ,abu l-,abbs bade him recite a ?ird "t1 s he recit$3 8,no blame %all be laid ^u y ?is day3 ,god =give? y10 etc4 7,kor4 xii1 #ib74 ,abu l-,abbs cri$3 8,o ,"l1 ,i am m unju/ ?an ,joseph's bre?r51 & ,?\ art m k9d ?an ,joseph3 deal ) me z he dealt ) 8 wick$ bre?r540 ,footnote #aha3 ,aft] a fur!r eulogy ( ! inimitable /yle ( ! ,koran1 ! au?or relates ! /ory ( ,um>'s conv]sion4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,! *apt] ( ! ,spoils1 a title giv5 to ! eigh? *apt] ( ! ,koran4 ,all ,moslems1 pi\s & disob$i5t alike1 are comm&$ to li/5 to ! ,koran1 = ,god ha? said3 8,:5 ! ,koran is recit$ he>k5 !reto & be sil5t t p]*ance ye may w9 m]cy0 7,kor4 vii1 #bjc74ahc ,& x is relat$ t ! ,apo/le said to ,ibn ,masd3 8,recite ! ,koran to me40 ,ibn ,masd said3 8,%all ,i recite x to !e1 to :om x 0 reveal$80 ,! ,apo/le answ]$3 8,i wi% to he> x f ano!r40 ,?is is a cle> pro( t ! he>] is m p]fect 9 /ate ?an ! read]1 = ! read] may recite ) or )\t true feel+1 :]eas ! he>] feels truly1 because spee* is a sort ( pride & he>+ is a sort ( humility4 ,! ,apo/le also said t ! *apt] ( ,hd _h :it5$ 8 hair4 ,x is expla9$ t he said ?is because ( ! v]se at ! end ( t *apt]3 8,be ?\ /eadfa/1 !re=e1 z ?\ ha/ be5 comm&$0 7,kor4 xi1 #aad71 = ,man is unable to be really /eadfa/ 9 fulfill+ ! ,div9e comm&m5ts1 inasmu* z he c d no?+ )\t ,god's help4#ahd ,footnote #ahc3 ,"h ! au?or quotes a numb] ( ,koranic v]ses 9 :i* ! fai?ful are enjo9$ to li/5 he$fully to ! recitation ( ! sacr$ volume1 or are rebuk$ = _! want ( att5tion4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,i h omitt$ "h a /ory relat$ by ,ab ,sad al-,khudr conc]n+ ,muammad's int]view ) a p>ty ( de/itute refugees 7muhjirn71 to :om ! ,koran 0 be+ read4 ,,section4 ,zurra b4 ,ab ,awf1 "o ( ! *ief ,companions ( ! ,apo/le1 :ile he 0 presid+ ov] ! public wor%ip1 recit$ a v]se ( ! ,koran1 utt]$ a cry1 & di$4 ,ab ,jaf> ,juhan1#ahe an em95t ,foll[]1 on he>+ a v]se :i* li ,murr#ahf read to him1 gave a l\d moan & dep>t$ f ?is _w4 ,ibrhm ,nakha#ahg relates t :ile he 0 pass+ ?r\gh a village 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kfa he saw an old woman /&+ 9 pray]4 ,z ! m>ks ( hol9ess 7 manife/ on h] c\nt5ance1 he wait$ until %e f9i%$ pray+ & !n salut$ h] 9 hope ( ga9+ a bless+ !reby4 ,%e said to him1 8,do/ ?\ "k ! ,koran80 ,he said1 8,yes40 ,%e said1 8,recite a v]se40 ,he did s1 :]eupon %e cri$ al\d & s5t h] s\l =? to meet ! vision ( ,god4 ,amad b4 ,abi l-awr relates ! foll[+ tale4 8,i saw 9 ! des]t a y\?1 clad 9 a co>se frock1 /&+ at ! m\? ( a well4 ,he said to me3 #8,o ,amad1 ?\ art come 9 good "t1 = ,i mu/ ne$s he> ! ,koran1 t ,i may give up my s\l4 ,read me a v]se4' ,god inspir$ me to read1 #8,v]ily1 ^? :o say1 8,god is our ,"l10 & !n are /eadfa/' 7,kor4 xli1 #cj74 #8,o ,amad1' said he1 #8by ! ,"l ( ! ,kaba ?\ ha/ read ! same v]se :i* an angel 0 read+ to me j n[1' & ) ^! words he gave up 8 s\l40 ,footnote #ahe3 ,,bi4 ,ab ,juhayn1 ,j4 ,ab ,juhan4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,%arn1 abaqt al-,kubr1 i1 #fj4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,ibn ,khallikn1 ,no4 #a4 ,*apt] on ! ,audition ( ,poetry1 etc4 ,x is p]missible to he> poetry4 ,! ,apo/le he>d x1 & ! ,companions n only he>d x b also spoke x4 ,! ,apo/le said1 8,"s poetry is wisdom20 & he said1 8,wisdom is ! believ]'s lo/ %e-camel3 :]ev] he f9ds h]1 he has ! be/ "r to h]20 & he said too1 8,! true/ ^w ev] spok5 by ! ,arabs is ! v]se ( ,labd1 #8,ev]y?+ except ,god is va91 ,& all =tune is inevitably fleet+4'0 ,amr b4 al-,%>d#ahh relates t 8 fa!r said3 8,! ,apo/le ask$ me :e!r ,i c\ld recite any poetry ( ,umayya b4 ,abi l-alt1 s ,i recit$ a hundr$ v]ses1 & at ! end ( ea* v]se he cri$1 #8,g on6' ,he said t ,umayya almo/ became a ,moslem 9 8 poetry40 ,_m su* /ories are told ( ! ,apo/le & ! ,companions4 ,errone\s views are preval5t on ?is subject4 ,"s decl>e t x is unlawful to li/5 to any poetry :atev]1 & pass _! lives 9 defam+ _! bro!r ,moslems4 ,"s1 on ! contr>y1 hold t all poetry is lawful1 & sp5d _! "t 9 li/5+ to love-songs & descriptions ( ! face & hair & mole ( ! belov$4 ,i d n int5d to discuss ! argum5ts :i* bo? p>ties 9 ?is controv]sy br+ =w>d aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! f ,%aykhs foll[ ! example ( ! ,apo/le1 :o1 on be+ ask$ ab\t poetry1 said3 8,:at is good !re( is good & :at is bad !re( is bad10 i4e41 :atev] is unlawful1 l backbit+ & calumny & f\l abuse & blame ( any p]son & utt]ance ( infidelity1 is equally unlawful :e!r x be express$ 9 prose or 9 v]se2 & :atev] is lawful 9 prose1 l morality & exhortations & inf]5ces drawn f ! signs ( ,god & contemplation ( ! evid5ces ( ! ,tru?1 is no less lawful 9 v]se4 ,9 f9e1 j z x is unlawful & =bidd5 to look at or t\* a beautiful object :i* is a s\rce ( evil1 s x is unlawful & =bidd5 to li/5 to t object or1 simil>ly1 to he> ! description ( x4 ,^? :o reg>d su* he>+ z absolutely lawful mu/ also reg>d look+ & t\*+ z lawful1 :i* is infidelity & h]esy4 ,if "o says1 8,i he> only ,god & seek only ,god 9 eye & *eek & mole & curl10 x foll[s t ano!r may look at a *eek & mole & say t he sees & seeks ,god alone1 because bo? ! eye & ! e> are s\rces ( admonition & k2 !n ano!r may say t 9 t\*+ a p]son1 ^: description x is ?\ght all[able to he> & :om x is ?\ght all[able to behold1 he1 too1 is only seek+ ,god1 s9ce "o s5se is no bett] adapt$ ?an ano!r to appreh5d a reality2 !n ! :ole religi\s law is made null & void1 & ! ,apo/le's say+ t ! eyes commit =nication loses all its =ce1 & ! blame ( t\*+ p]sons ) :om m>riage may legally be contract$ is remov$1 & ! ord9ances ( religion fall to ! gr\nd4 ,fooli% aspirants to fiism1 see+ ! adepts absorb$ 9 ec/asy dur+ audition 7sam71 imag9$ t !y 7 act+ f a s5sual impulse & said1 8,x is lawful1 else !y w\ld n h done s10 & imitat$ !m1 tak+ up ! =m b neglect+ ! _s1 until !y p]i%$ !mselves & l$ o!rs into p]dition4 ,?is is "o ( ! great evils ( our "t4 ,i w set x =? completely 9 ! prop] place4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,b4 al-,ra%d4 ,*apt] on ! ,audition ( ,voices & ,melodies4 ,! ,apo/le said1 8,beautify y\r voices by read+ ! ,koran al\d20 & ,god ha? said1 8,god adde? unto ,8 creatures :at ,he please?0 7,kor4 xxxv1 #a71 mean+1 z ! comm5tators ?9k1 a beautiful voice2 & ! ,apo/le said1 8,:oso wi%es to he> ! voice ( ,david1 let him li/5 to ! voice ( ,ab ,ms al-,a%ar40 ,x is /at$ 9 well-kn[n traditions t ! inhabitants ( ,p>adise enjoy audition1 = !re comes =? f e tree a diff]5t voice & melody4 ,:5 div]se s\nds are m+l$ toge!r1 ! natural temp]am5t exp]i5ces a great delight4 ,?is sort ( audition is common to all liv+ creatures1 because ! _s is subtle1 & !re is a subtlety 9 s\nds1 s t :5 !y are he>d ! _s incl9es to t :i* is homog5e\s ) itself4 ,physicians & ^? philosoph]s :o claim to possess a pr(\nd k ( ! tru? h discuss$ ?is subject at l>ge & h writt5 books on musical h>mony4 ,! results ( _! inv5tion are manife/ to-day 9 ! musical in/rum5ts :i* h be5 contriv$ = ! sake ( excit+ passion & procur+ amusem5t & pleasure1 9 accord ) ,satan1 & s skilfully t 7z ! /ory is told7 "o day1 :5 ,isq ( ,mawil#ahi 0 play+ 9 a g>d51 a night+ale1 enraptur$ ) ! music1 broke (f its song 9 ord] to li/51 & dropp$ dead f ! b\gh4 ,i h he>d _m tales ( ?is k9d1 b my only purpose is to m5tion ! !ory t ! temp]am5ts ( all liv+ creatures are compos$ ( s\nds & melodies bl5d$ & h>moniz$4 ,ibrhm ,khaww says3 8,once ,i came to an ,arab tribe & alight$ at ! hospitable abode ( "o ( _! *iefs4 ,i saw a negro ly+1 %ackl$ & *a9$1 at ! t5t door 9 ! heat ( ! sun4 ,i felt pity = him & resolv$ to int]c$e ) ! *ief on 8 behalf4 ,:5 food 0 br\ght = my ent]ta9m5t ,i refus$ to eat1 kn[+ t no?+ grieves an ,arab m ?an ?is4 ,! *ief ask$ me :y ,i refus$1 & ,i answ]$ t ,i hop$ 8 g5]osity w\ld grant me a boon4 ,he begg$ me to eat1 assur+ me t all he possess$ 0 m9e4 #8,i d n want y\r weal?1' ,i said1 #8b p>don ?is slave = my sake4' #8,fir/ he> :at 8 (f5ce 01' ! *ief repli$1 #8!n remove 8 *a9s4 ,?is slave is a camel-driv]1 & he has a sweet voice4 ,i s5t him ) a few camels to my e/ates1 to fet* me "s corn4 ,he put a d\ble load on e camel & *ant$ s sweetly on ! way t ! camels ran at full spe$4 ,!y return$ hi!r 9 a %ort "t1 & z soon z he unload$ !m !y di$ "o aft] ano!r4' #8,o pr9ce1' ,i cri$ 9 a/oni%m5t1 #8a nobleman l y does n speak falsely1 b ,i wi% = "s evid5ce ( ?is tale4' ,:ile we talk$ a numb] ( camels 7 br\ght f ! des]t to ! wells1 t !y might dr9k4 ,! *ief inquir$ h[ long !y _h gone )\t wat]4 #8,?ree days1' 0 ! reply4 ,he !n comm&$ ! slave to *ant4 ,! camels became s occupi$ 9 li/5+ to 8 song t !y w\ld n dr9k a m\?ful ( wat]1 & sudd5ly !y turn$ & fl$1 "o by "o1 & disp]s$ 9 ! des]t4 ,! *iefta9 releas$ ! slave & p>don$ him = my sake40 ,footnote #ahi3 ,aghn1 #e1 #eb-aca4 ,we (t5 see1 = example1 h[ camels & asses are affect$ ) delight :5 _! driv]s trill an air4 ,9 ,khursn & ,irq x is ! cu/om = hunt]s1 :5 hunt+ de] 7h7 at night1 to beat on a bas9 ( brass 7a%t7 9 ord] t ! de] may /& /ill1 li/5+ to ! s\nd1 & ?us be caught4 ,& 9 ,india1 z is well kn[n1 "s p g out to ! op5 c\ntry & s+ & make a t9kl+ s\nd1 on he>+ :i* ! de] approa*2 !n ! hunt]s encircle !m & s+1 until ! de] are lull$ to sleep by ! delightful melody & are easily captur$4 ,! same effect is manife/ 9 "y *ildr5 :o cease cry+ 9 ! cradle :5 a tune is sung to !m1 & li/5 to ! tune4 ,physicians say ( su* a *ild t he is s5sible & w be clev] :5 he gr[s up4 ,on ! dea? ( "o ( ! anci5t k+s ( ,p]sia 8 m9i/]s wi%$ to en?rone 8 son1 :o 0 a *ild two ye>s old4 ,buzurjmihr1#aij on be+ consult$1 said3 8,v good1 b we mu/ make trial :e!r he is s5sible10 & ord]$ s+]s to s+ to him4 ,! *ild 0 /irr$ ) emotion & began to %ake 8 arms & legs4 ,buzurjmihr decl>$ t ?is 0 a hopeful sign & cons5t$ to 8 succession4 ,anyone :o says t he f9ds no pleasure 9 s\nds & melodies & music is ei!r a li> & a hypocrite or he is n 9 8 "r s5ses1 & is outside ( ! category ( m5 & bea/s4 ,^? :o prohibit music d s 9 ord] t !y may keep ! ,div9e comm&m5t1 b !ologians are agre$ t x is p]missible to he> musical in/rum5ts if !y are n us$ = div]sion1 & if ! m9d is n l$ to wick$ness ?r\gh he>+ !m4 ,_m traditions are cit$ 9 support ( ?is view4 ,?us1 x is relat$ t i%a said3 8,a slave-girl 0 s++ 9 my h\se :5 ,um> ask$ leave to ent]4 ,z soon z %e he>d 8 /ep %e ran away4 ,he came 9 & ! ,apo/le smil$4 #8,o ,apo/le ( ,god1' cri$ ,um>1 #8:at ha? made !e smile8' ,! ,apo/le answ]$1 #8,a slave-girl 0 s++ "h1 b %e ran away z soon z %e he>d ?y /ep4' #8,i w n dep>t1' said ,um>1 #8until ,i he> :at ! ,apo/le he>d4' ,s ! ,apo/le call$ ! girl back & %e began to s+1 ! ,apo/le li/5+ to h]40 ,_m ( ! ,companions h relat$ simil> traditions1 :i* ,ab ,abd al-,ramn al-,sulam has collect$ 9 8 ,kitb al-,sam#aia2 & he has pron\nc$ su* audition to be p]missible4 ,9 practis+ audition1 h[ev]1 ! f ,%aykhs desire1 n p]missibility z ! vulg> d1 b spiritual advantages4 ,lic5ce is prop] = bea/s1 b m5 :o are subject to ! obligations ( religion ought to seek spiritual b5efit f _! actions4 ,once1 :5 ,i 0 at ,m]v1 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ,ahl-i ad?#aib & ! mo/ celebrat$ ( !m all said to me3 8,i h compos$ a "w on ! p]missibility ( audition40 ,i repli$3 8,x is a great calamity to religion t ! ,imm %\ld h made lawful an amusem5t :i* is ! root ( all immorality40 8,if y d n hold x to be lawful10 said he1 8:y d y practise x80 ,i answ]$3 8,its lawfulness dep5ds on circum/ances & _c be ass]t$ absolutely3 if audition produces a lawful effect on ! m9d1 !n x is lawful2 x is unlawful if ! effect is unlawful1 & p]missible if ! effect is p]missible40 ,footnote #aij3 ,! vizi] ( ,khusraw ,n%rwn1 ! great ,ssnian k+ ( ,p]sia 7#eca-gh ,a4,d474 ,footnote #aia3 ,! ,book ( ,audition4 ,footnote #aib3 8,! foll[]s ( ,tradition0 z oppos$ to 8! foll[]s ( ,op9ion0 7ahl-i ray74 ,*apt] on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,audition4 ,y mu/ "k t ! pr9ciples ( audition v>y ) ! v>iety ( temp]am5ts1 j z !re are diff]5t desires 9 v>i\s he>ts1 & x is tyranny to lay d[n "o law = all4 ,auditors 7mu/amin7 may be divid$ into two classes3 7#a7 ^? :o he> ! spiritual mean+1 7#b7 ^? :o he> ! mat]ial s\nd4 ,!re are good & evil results 9 ea* case4 ,li/5+ to sweet s\nds produces an eff]vesc5ce 7ghalayn7 ( ! sub/ance m\ld$ 9 ,man3 true 7aqq7 if ! sub/ance be true1 false 7bil7 if ! sub/ance be false4 ,:5 ! /uff ( a man's temp]am5t is evil1 t :i* he he>s w be evil too4 ,! :ole ( ?is topic is illu/rat$ by ! /ory ( ,david1 :om ,god made ,8 viceg]5t & gave him a sweet voice & caus$ 8 ?roat to be a melodi\s pipe1 s t wild bea/s & birds came f m\nta9 & pla9 to he> him1 & ! wat] ceas$ to fl[ & ! birds fell f ! air4 ,x is relat$ t dur+ a mon?'s space ! p :o 7 ga!r$ r\nd him 9 ! des]t ate no food1 & ! *ildr5 nei!r wept nor ask$ = milk2 & :5ev] ! folk dep>t$ x 0 f\nd t _m _h di$ ( ! rapture t seiz$ !m z !y li/5$ to 8 voice3 "o "t1 x is said1 ! tale ( ! dead am\nt$ to sev5 hundr$ maid5s & twelve ?\s& old m54 ,!n ,god1 wi%+ to sep>ate ^? :o li/5$ to ! voice & foll[$ _! temp]am5t f ! foll[]s ( ! tru? 7ahl-i aqq7 :o li/5$ to ! spiritual reality1 p]mitt$ ,ibls to "w 8 w & display 8 wiles4 ,ibls fa%ion$ a m&ol9e & a flute & took up a /ation opposite to ! place :]e ,david 0 s++4 ,david's audi5ce became divid$ into two p>ties3 ! ble/ & ! damn$4 ,^? :o 7 de/9$ to damnation l5t e> to ! music ( ,ibls1 :ile ^? :o 7 de/9$ to felicity rema9$ li/5+ to ! voice ( ,david4 ,! spirituali/s 7ahl-i man7 7 consci\s ( no?+ except ,david's voice1 = !y saw ,god alone2 if !y he>d ! ,devil's music1 !y reg>d$ x z a temptation proce$+ f ,god1 & if !y he>d ,david's voice1 !y recogniz$ x z be+ a direction f ,god2 :]e=e !y ab&on$ all ?+s t are m]ely subsidi>y & saw bo? "r & wrong z !y really are4 ,:5 a man has audition ( ?is k9d1 :atev] he he>s is lawful to him4 ,"s impo/ors1 h[ev]1 say t _! audition is contr>y to ! reality4 ,?is is absurd1 = ! p]fection ( sa9t%ip consi/s 9 see+ ev]y?+ z x really is1 t ! vision may be "r2 if y see o!rwise1 ! vision is wrong4 ,! ,apo/le said3 8,o ,god1 let u see ?+s z !y are40 ,simil>ly1 "r audition consi/s 9 he>+ ev]y?+ z x is 9 quality & pr$icam5t4 ,! reason :y m5 are s$uc$ & _! passions excit$ by musical in/rum5ts is t !y he> unreally3 if _! audition correspond$ ) ! reality1 !y w\ld escape f all evil consequ5ces4 ,! p ( error he>d ! ^w ( ,god1 & _! error wax$ great] ?an be=e4 ,"s ( !m quot$ 8,! eyes atta9 n unto ,him0 7,kor4 vi1 #ajc7 z a demon/ration t !re %all be no vision ( ,god2 "s cit$ 8,!n ,he settl$ ,himself on ! ?rone0 7,kor4 vii1 #eb7 to prove t position & direction may be affirm$ ( ,him2 & "s argu$ t ,god actually 8comes01 s9ce ,he has said1 8,& ?y ,"l %all come & ! angels rank by rank0 7,kor4 lxxxix1 #bc74 ,inasmu* z error 0 implant$ 9 _! m9ds1 x pr(it$ !m no?+ to he> ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,! ,unit>ian1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 he p]uses a poem1 reg>ds ! ,creator ( ! poet's nature & ! ,dispos] ( 8 ?\ghts1 & draw+ an admonition !refrom1 sees 9 ! act an evid5ce ( ! ,ag5t4 ,?us he f9ds ! "r way ev5 9 falsehood1 :ile ^? :om we h m5tion$ above lose ! way 9 ! mid/ ( tru?4 ,,section4 ,! ,%aykhs h utt]$ _m say+s on ?is subject4 ,dhu l-,nn ! ,egyptian says3 8,audition is a ,div9e influ5ce 7wrid al-aqq7 :i* /irs ! he>t to seek ,god3 ^? :o li/5 to x spiritually 7ba-aqq7 atta9 unto ,god 7taaqqaqa71 & ^? :o li/5 to x s5sually 7ba-nafs7 fall into h]esy 7taz&aqa740 ,?is v5]able f does n mean t audition is ! cause ( atta9+ unto ,god1 b he means t ! auditor ought to he> ! spiritual reality1 n ! m]e s\nd1 & t ! ,div9e influ5ce ought to s9k into 8 he>t & /ir x up4 ,"o :o 9 t audition foll[s ! tru? w exp]i5ce a revelation1 :]eas "o :o foll[s 8 l[] s\l 7nafs7 w be veil$ & w h rec\rse to int]pretation 7tawl74 ,z&aqa 7h]esy7 is a ,p]sian ^w :i* has be5 ,arabiciz$4 ,9 ! ,arabic tongue x signifies 8int]pretation04 ,accord+ly1 ! ,p]sians call ! comm5t>y on _! ,book ,z& ,pz&4#aic ,! philologi/s1 wi%+ to give a "n to ! desc5dants ( ! ,magians1 call$ !m z9dq on ! gr\nd ( _! ass]tion t ev]y?+ /at$ by ! ,moslems has an esot]ic int]pretation1 :i* de/roys its ext]nal s5se4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ,%ites ( ,egypt1 :o are ! remnant ( ^! ,magians1 make ! same ass]tion4 ,h5ce ! ^w z9dq came to be appli$ to !m z a prop] "n4 ,dhu l-,nn1 by us+ ?is t]m1 int5d$ to decl>e t spirituali/s 9 audition p5etrate to ! reality1 :ile s5suali/s make a f>-fet*$ int]pretation & !reby fall into wick$ness4 ,%ibl says3 8,audition is outw>dly a temptation 7fitnat7 & inw>dly an admonition 7ibrat73 he :o kn[s ! my/ic sign 7i%rat7 may lawfully he> ! admonition2 o!rwise1 he has invit$ temptation & expos$ himself to calamity10 i4e4 audition is calamit\s & a s\rce ( evil to anyone ^: :ole he>t is n absorb$ 9 ! ?\ght ( ,god4 ,ab ,al ,rdbr said1 9 answ] to a man :o que/ion$ him conc]n+ audition3 8,w\ld t ,i 7 rid ( x entirely60 because ,man is unable to d ev]y?+ z x ought to be done1 & :5 he fails to d a ?+ duly he p]ceives t he has fail$ & wi%es to be rid ( x altoge!r4 ,"o ( ! ,%aykhs says3 8,audition is t :i* makes ! he>t aw>e ( ! ?+s 9 x t produce abs5ce0 7m fh m9a l-mughayyibt71 s t ! effect !re( is to make ! he>t pres5t ) ,god4 ,abs5ce 7ghaybat7 is a mo/ blamewor?y quality ( ! he>t4 ,! lov]1 ?\gh abs5t f 8 ,belov$1 mu/ be pres5t ) him 9 he>t2 if he be abs5t 9 he>t1 8 love is gone4 ,my ,%aykh said3 8,audition is ! viaticum ( ! indig5t3 "o :o has rea*$ 8 j\rney's end ha? no ne$ ( x10 because he>+ c p]=m no function :]e union is2 news is he>d ( ! abs5t1 b he>+ is naught :5 two are face to face4 ur says3 8,:at avails an audition t ceases :5ev] ! p]son :om ?\ he>e/ becomes sil5t8 ,x is necess>y t ?y audition %\ld be cont9u\s & un9t]rupt$40 ,?is say+ is a tok5 ( ! conc5tration ( 8 ?\ghts 9 ! field ( love4 ,:5 a man atta9s s high a degree z ?is he he>s 7spiritual tru?s7 f e object 9 ! univ]se4 ,footnote #aic3 ,see ,pr(essor ,br[ne's ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia1 i1 #ha4 ,*apt] on ! v>i\s op9ions respect+ ,audition4 ,! ,%aykhs & spirituali/s hold diff]5t views z to audition4 ,"s say t x is a faculty app]ta9+ to abs5ce1 = 9 contemplation 7( ,god7 audition is impossible1 inasmu* z ! lov] :o is unit$ ) 8 ,belov$ fixes 8 gaze on ,him & does n ne$ to li/5 to him2 !re=e1 audition is a faculty ( beg9n]s :i* !y employ1 :5 di/ract$ by =getfulness1 9 ord] to obta9 conc5tration2 b "o :o is already conc5trat$ w inevitably be di/ract$ !reby4 ,o!rs1 aga91 say t audition is a faculty app]ta9+ to pres5ce 7) ,god71 because love dem&s all2 until ! :ole ( ! lov] is absorb$ 9 ! :ole ( ! ,belov$1 he is defici5t 9 love3 !re=e1 z 9 union ! he>t 7dil7 has love & ! s\l 7sirr7 has contemplation & ! _s has union & ! body has s]vice1 s ! e> also mu/ h su* a pleasure z ! eye d]ives f see+4 ,h[ excell5t1 ?\gh on a frivol\s topic1 are ! words ( ! poet :o decl>$ 8 love = w9e6 8,give me w9e to dr9k & tell me x is w9e4 ,d n give x me 9 secret1 :5 x c be giv5 op5ly10#aid i4e41 let my eye see x & my h& t\* x & my palate ta/e x & my nose smell x3 !re yet rema9s "o s5se to be gratifi$1 viz4 my he>+3 tell me1 !re=e1 ?is is w9e1 t my e> may feel ! same delight z my o!r s5ses4 ,& !y say t audition app]ta9s to pres5ce ) ,god1 because he :o is abs5t f ,god is a disbeliev] 7munkir71 & ^? :o disbelieve are n wor?y to enjoy audition4 ,accord+ly1 !re are two k9ds ( audition3 m$iate & imm$iate4 ,audition ( :i* a recit] 7qr7 is ! s\rce is a faculty ( abs5ce1 b audition ( :i* ! ,belov$ 7yr7 is ! s\rce is a faculty ( pres5ce4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t a well-kn[n spiritual director said3 8,i w n put any creat$ be+s1 except ! *os5 m5 ( ,god1 9 a place :]e ,i c he> _! talk or conv]se ) !m40 ,footnote #aid3 ,ab ,nuws1 ,die ,we9li$]1 ed4 by ,ahlw>dt1 ,no4 #bi1 v]se #a4 ,*apt] conc]n+ _! diff]5t grades 9 ! reality ( ,audition4 ,y mu/ "k t ea* f has a p>ticul> grade 9 audition & t ! feel+s :i* he ga9s !refrom are proportionate to 8 grade4 ,?us1 :atev] is he>d by p5it5ts augm5ts _! contrition & remorse2 :atev] is he>d by long+ lov]s increases _! long+ = vision2 :atev] is he>d by ^? :o h c]ta9 fai? confirms _! c]ta9ty2 :atev] is he>d by novices v]ifies _! elucidation 7( matt]s :i* p]plex !m72 :atev] is he>d by lov]s impels !m to cut (f all worldly connexions2 & :atev] is he>d by ! spiritually poor =ms a f\ndation = hopelessness4 ,audition is l ! sun1 :i* %9es on all ?+s b affects !m diff]5tly accord+ to _! degree3 x burns or illum9es or dissolves or nurtures4 ,all ! classes t ,i h m5tion$ are includ$ 9 ! ?ree foll[+ grades3 beg9n]s 7mubtadiyn71 middlem5 7mutawassin71 & adepts 7kmiln74 ,i w n[ ins]t a section treat+ ( ! /ate ( ea* ( ^! ?ree grades 9 reg>d to audition1 t y may und]/& ?is matt] m easily4 ,,section4 ,audition is an influ5ce 7wrid7 proce$+ f ,god1 & inasmu* z ?is body is m\ld$ ( folly & div]sion ! temp]am5t ( ! beg9n] is n[ise capable ( 7endur+7 ! ^w ( ,god1 b is ov]p[]+ly impress$ by ! desc5t ( t spiritual reality1 s t "s lose _! s5ses 9 audition & "s die1 & !re is no "o ^: temp]am5t reta9s its equilibrium4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ! hospitals ( ,rm !y h inv5t$ a wond]ful ?+ :i* !y call angalyn2#aie ! ,greeks call any?+ t is v m>vell\s by ?is "n1 e4g4 ! ,gospel & ! books 7wa7 ( ,mn 7,manes74 ,! ^w signifies 8promulgation ( a decree0 7ihr-i ukm74 ,?is angalyn resembles a /r+$ musical in/rum5t 7rd az rdha74 ,! sick are br\ght to x two days 9 ! week & are =c$ to li/51 :ile x is be+ play$ on1 = a l5g? ( "t proportionate to ! malady f :i* !y suff]2 !n !y are tak5 away4 ,if x is desir$ to kill anyone1 he is kept !re = a long] p]iod1 until he dies4 ,ev]yone's t]m ( life is really writt5 79 ! tablets ( de/9y71 b dea? is caus$ indirectly by v>i\s circum/ances4 ,physicians & o!rs may li/5 cont9ually to ! angalyn )\t be+ affect$ 9 any way1 because x is consonant ) _! temp]am5ts4 ,i h se5 9 ,india a worm :i* appe>$ 9 a deadly poison & liv$ by x1 because t poison 0 its :ole be+4 ,9 a t[n ( ,turki/n1 on ! fronti]s ( ,islam1 ,i saw a burn+ m\nta91 f ! rocks ( :i* sal-ammoniac fumes 7naw%dur7 7 boil+ =?2#aif & 9 ! mid/ ( t fire 0 a m\se1 :i* di$ :5 x came out ( ! gl[+ heat4 ,my object 9 cit+ ^! examples is to %[ t all ! agitation ( beg9n]s1 :5 ! ,div9e influ5ce desc5ds ^u !m1 is due to ! fact t _! bodies are oppos$ to x2 b :5 x becomes cont9ual ! beg9n] receives x quietly4 ,at fir/ ! ,apo/le c\ld n be> ! vision ( ,gabriel1 b 9 ! end he us$ to be di/ress$ if ,gabriel ev] fail$ to come1 ev5 = a brief space4 ,simil>ly1 ! /ories :i* ,i h relat$ above %[ t beg9n]s are agitat$ & t adepts are tranquil 9 audition4 ,junayd _h a disciple :o 0 wont to be greatly agitat$ 9 audition1 s t ! o!r d]vi%es 7 di/ract$4 ,!y compla9$ to ,junayd1 & he told ! disciple t he w\ld n associate ) him if he display$ su* agitation 9 future4 8,i wat*$ t d]vi%10 says ,ab ,muammad ,jurayr1 8dur+ audition3 he kept 8 lips %ut & 0 sil5t until e pore 9 8 body op5$2 !n he lo/ consci\sness1 & rema9$ 9 t /ate = a :ole day4 ,i "k n :e!r 8 audition or 8 rev]5ce = 8 spiritual director 0 m p]fect40 ,x is relat$ t a man cri$ out dur+ audition4 ,8 spiritual director bade him be quiet4 ,he laid 8 head on 8 knee1 & :5 !y look$ he 0 dead4 ,i he>d ,%aykh ,ab ,muslim ,fris b4 ,ghlib al-,fris say t "s "o laid 8 h& on ! head ( a d]vi% :o 0 agitat$ dur+ audition & told him to sit d[n3 he sat d[n & di$ on ! spot4 ,raqq#aig relates t ,d>rj#aih said3 8,:ile ,ibn al-,q#aii & ,i 7 walk+ on ! bank ( ! ,tigris betwe5 ,bara & ,ubulla1 we came to a pavilion & saw a h&some man seat$ on ! ro(1 & beside him a girl :o 0 s++ ?is v]se3-- #8,my love 0 be/[$ on !e 9 ! way ( ,god2 ,?\ *ange/ e day3 x w\ld beseem !e bett] n to d ?is4' ,a "y man ) a jug & a pat*$ frock 0 /&+ b5ea? ! pavilion4 ,he exclaim$3 #8,o damsel1 = ,god's sake *ant t v]se aga91 = ,i h only a mom5t to live2 let me he> x & die6' ,! girl repeat$ h] song1 :]eupon ! y\? utt]$ a cry & gave up 8 s\l4 ,! own] ( ! girl said to h]1 #8,?\ art free1' & came d[n f ! ro( & busi$ himself ) prep>ations = ! "y man's fun]al4 ,:5 he 0 buri$ all ! p ( ,bara said pray]s ov] him4 ,!n ! girl's ma/] rose & said3 #8,o p ( ,bara1 ,i1 :o am s-&-s1 ! son ( s-&-s1 h devot$ all my weal? to pi\s works & h set free my slaves4' ,) ^! words he dep>t$1 & no "o ev] le>n$ :at became ( him40 ,! moral ( ?is tale is t ! novice %\ld be transport$ by audition to su* an ext5t t 8 audition %all deliv] ! wick$ f _! wick$ness4 ,b 9 ! pres5t age "s p]sons att5d meet+s :]e ! wick$ li/5 to music1 yet !y say1 8,we are li/5+ to ,god20 & ! wick$ jo9 ) !m 9 ?is audition & are enc\rag$ 9 _! wick$ness1 s t bo? p>ties are de/roy$4 ,junayd 0 ask$3 8,may we g to a *ur* = ! purpose ( admoni%+ ourselves & behold+ ! indignity ( _! unbelief & giv+ ?anks = ! gift ( ,islam80 ,he repli$3 8,if y c g to a *ur* & br+ "s ( ! wor%ipp]s back ) y to ! ,c\rt ( ,god1 !n g1 b n o!rwise40 ,:5 an an*orite goes into a tav]n1 ! tav]n becomes 8 cell1 & :5 a haunt] ( tav]ns goes into a cell1 t cell becomes 8 tav]n4 ,an em95t ,%aykh relates t :5 he 0 walk+ 9 ,baghdd ) a d]vi%1 he he>d a s+] *ant+-- 8,if x be true1 x is ! be/ ( all objects ( desire1 ,& if n1 we h liv$ a pleasant life 9 x40 ,! d]vi% utt]$ a cry & di$4 ,ab ,al ,rdbr says3 8,i saw a d]vi% li/5+ att5tively to ! voice ( a s+]4 ,i too incl9$ my e>1 = ,i wi%$ to "k :at he 0 *ant+4 ,! words1 :i* he sang 9 m\rnful acc5ts1 7 ^!3-- #8,i humbly /ret* my h& to him :o gives food lib]ally4' ,!n ! d]vi% utt]$ a l\d cry & fell4 ,:5 we came ne> him we f\nd t he 0 dead40 ,a c]ta9 man says3 8,i 0 walk+ on a m\nta9 road ) ,ibrhm ,khaww4 ,a sudd5 ?rill ( emotion seiz$ my he>t1 & ,i *ant$-- #8,all m5 are sure t ,i am 9 love1 ,b !y "k n :om ,i love4 ,!re is 9 ,man no beauty ,t is n surpass$ 9 beauty by a beautiful voice4' ,ibrhm begg$ me to repeat ! v]ses1 & ,i did s4 ,9 sympa!tic ec/asy 7tawjud7 he danc$ a few /eps on ! /ony gr\nd4 ,i obs]v$ t 8 feet sank into ! rock z ?\gh x 7 wax4 ,!n he fell 9 a swoon4 ,on com+ to himself he said to me3 #8,i h be5 9 ,p>adise1 & y 7 unaw>e4'8 ,i once saw ) my own eyes a d]vi% walk+ 9 m$itation among ! m\nta9s ( dh>byajn & rapidly s++ to himself ^! v]ses1 ) _m te>s & moans3-- 0,by ,god1 sun nev] rose or set b ?\ w]t my he>t's desire & my dream4 ,& ,i nev] sat conv]s+ ) any p b ?\ w]t ! subject ( my conv]sation 9 ! mid/ ( my comrades4 ,& ,i nev] m5tion$ !e 9 joy or sorr[ b love = !e 0 m+l$ ) my brea?4 ,& ,i nev] resolv$ to dr9k wat]1 :5 ,i 0 a?ir/1 b ,i saw an image ( !e 9 ! cup4 ,& 7 ,i able to come ,i w\ld h visit$ !e1 crawl+ on my face or walk+ on my head40 ,on he>+ ^! v]ses he *ang$ c\nt5ance & sat d[n = a :ile1 lean+ 8 back aga9/ a crag1 & gave up 8 s\l4 ,footnote #aie3 4 ,footnote #aif3 ,! m\nta9s ref]r$ to are ! ,jabal al-,buttam1 to ! ea/ ( ,sam>c&4 ,see ,g4 ,le ,/range1 ,! ,l&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,caliphate1 p4 #dfg4 ,footnote #aig3 ,,ij4 ,duqq4 ,qu%ayr1 :o relates ?is /ory 7#ahd1 #bb71 has 8al-,raqq04 ,! nisba ,duqq ref]s to ,ab ,bakr ,muammad al-,dnaw> 7,nafat1 ,no4 #bbi71 :ile ,raqq probably d5otes ,ibrhm b4 ,dwud al-,raqq 7ibid41 ,no4 #aid74 ,footnote #aih3 ,nafat1 ,no4 #bjg4 ,footnote #aii3 ,s ,qu%ayr4 ,! ,p]sian texts h or 4 ,9 ! comm5t>y on ,qu%ayr by ,zak>iyy al-,anr ! "n is writt5 al-,f4 ,,section4 ,"s ( ! f ,%aykhs h object$ to ! he>+ ( odes & poems & to ! recitation ( ! ,koran 9 su* a way t its words are inton$ ) undue emphasis1 & !y h w>n$ _! disciples aga9/ ^! practices & h !mselves es*ew$ !m & h display$ ! utmo/ zeal 9 ?is matt]4 ,( su* objectors !re are sev]al classes1 & ea* class has a diff]5t reason4 ,"s h f\nd traditions decl>+ ! practices 9 "q to be unlawful & h foll[$ ! pi\s ,moslems ( old 9 condemn+ !m4 ,!y cite1 = example1 ! ,apo/le's rebuke to ,%rn1 ! h&maid ( assn b4 ,?bit1 :om he =bade to s+2 & ,um>'s flogg+ ! ,companions :o us$ to he> music2 & ,al's f9d+ fault ) ,muwiya = keep+ s++-girls1 & 8 n all[+ asan to look at ! ,abyss9ian woman :o us$ to s+ & 8 call+ h] 8! ,devil's mate04 ,!y say1 moreov]1 t _! *ief argum5t = ! objectionabl5ess ( music is ! fact t ! ,moslem community1 bo? n[ & 9 pa/ times1 are g5]ally agre$ 9 reg>d+ x ) disapproval4 ,"s g s f> z to pron\nce x absolutely unlawful1 quot+ ,abu l-ri? ,bunn1 :o relates z foll[s3 8,i 0 v assidu\s 9 audition4 ,"o night a c]ta9 p]son came to my cell & told me t a numb] ( seek]s ( ,god _h assembl$ & 7 desir\s to see me4 ,i w5t out ) him & soon arriv$ at ! place4 ,!y receiv$ me ) extraord9>y m>ks ( hon\r4 ,an old man1 r\nd :om !y _h =m$ a circle1 said to me3 #8,) ?y leave1 "s poetry w be recit$4' ,i ass5t$1 :]eupon "o ( !m began to *ant v]ses :i* ! poets _h compos$ on ! subject ( sep>ation 7f ! belov$74 ,!y all rose 9 sympa!tic ec/asy1 utt]+ melodi\s cries & mak+ exquisite ge/ures1 :ile ,i rema9$ lo/ 9 amazem5t at _! behavi\r4 ,!y cont9u$ 9 ?is en?usiasm until ne> daybreak1 !n ! old man said1 #8,o ,%aykh1 art n ?\ curi\s to le>n :o am ,i & :o are my companions8' ,i answ]$ t ! rev]5ce :i* ,i felt t[>ds him prev5t$ me f ask+ t "q4 #8,i myself1' said he1 #80 once ,azrl & am n[ ,ibls1 & all ! re/ are my *ildr54 ,two b5efits accrue to me f su* conc]ts z ?is3 fir/ly1 ,i bewail my own sep>ation 7f ,god7 & rememb] ! days ( my prosp]ity1 & secondly1 ,i lead holy m5 a/ray & ca/ !m into error4' ,f t "t 7said ! n>rator7 ,i h nev] _h ! lea/ desire to practise audition40 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 h he>d ! ,%aykh & ,imm ,abu l-,abbs al-,a%qn relate t "o day1 be+ 9 an assembly :]e audition 0 go+ on1 he saw nak$ demons danc+ among ! memb]s ( ! p>ty & brea?+ ^u !m1 s t !y wax$ hot4 ,o!rs1 aga91 refuse to practise audition on ! gr\nd t1 if !y indulg$ 9 x1 _! disciples w\ld con=m ) !m & !reby run a grave risk ( fall+ into mis*ief & ( return+ f p5it5ce to s9 & ( hav+ _! passions viol5tly r\s$ & _! virtue corrupt$4 ,x is relat$ t ,junayd said to a rec5tly conv]t$ disciple3 8,if y wi% to keep y\r religion safe & to ma9ta9 y\r p5it5ce1 d n indulge1 :ile y are "y1 9 ! audition :i* ! fs practise2 & :5 y gr[ old1 d n let y\rself be ! cause ( guilt 9 o!rs40 ,o!rs say t !re are two classes ( auditors3 ^? :o are frivol\s 7lh7 & ^? :o are div9e 7ilh74 ,! =m] are 9 ! v c5tre ( mis*ief & d n %r9k f x1 :ile ! latt] keep !mselves remote f mis*ief by means ( self-mortification & au/]ities & spiritual r5unciation ( all creat$ ?+s4 8,s9ce we0 7s say ! p]sons ( :om ,i am n[ speak+7 8belong to nei!r ( ^! two classes1 x is bett] = u to ab/a9 f audition & to occupy ourselves ) some?+ t is suitable to our /ate40 ,o!rs say3 8,inasmu* z audition is dang]\s to ! vulg> & _! belief is di/urb$ by our tak+ "p 9 x1 & inasmu* z !y are unable to atta9 to our degree !re9 & incur guilt ?r\gh u1 we h pity on ! vulg> & give s9c]e advice to ! elect & f altrui/ic motives decl9e to indulge 9 audition40 ,?is is a laudable c\rse ( action4 ,o!rs say3 8,! ,apo/le has said1 #8,x contributes to ! excell5ce ( a man's ,islam if he leaves alone t :i* does n conc]n him4' ,accord+ly1 we r5\nce audition z be+ unnecess>y1 = x is a wa/e ( "t to busy "o's self ) irrelevant ?+s1 & "t is preci\s betwe5 lov]s & ! ,belov$40 ,o!rs ( ! elect argue t audition is he>say & its pleasure consi/s 9 gratification ( a desire1 & ?is is m]e *ild's play4 ,:at value has he>say :5 "o is face to face8 ,! act ( real wor? is contemplation 7( ,god74 ,su*1 9 brief1 are ! pr9ciples ( audition4 ,*apt] on ,wajd & ,wujd & ,tawjud4 ,wajd & wujd are v]bal n\ns1 ! =m] mean+ 8grief0 & ! latt] 8f9d+04 ,^! t]ms are us$ by fs to d5ote two /ates :i* manife/ !mselves 9 audition3 "o /ate is connect$ ) grief1 & ! o!r ) ga9+ ! object ( desire4 ,! real s5se ( 8grief0 is 8loss ( ! ,belov$ & failure to ga9 ! object ( desire01 :ile ! real s5se ( 8f9d+0 is 8atta9m5t ( ! desir$ object04 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 azan 7sorr[7 & wajd is ?is1 t ! t]m azan is appli$ to a selfi% grief1 :]eas ! t]m wajd is appli$ to grief = ano!r 9 ! way ( love1 albeit ! relation ( o!rness belongs only to ! seek] ( ,god1 = ,god ,himself is nev] o!r ?an ,he is4 ,x is impossible to expla9 ! nature ( wajd1 because wajd is pa9 9 actual vision1 & pa9 7alam7 _c be describ$ by p5 7qalam74 ,wajd is a my/]y betwe5 ! seek] & ! ,s\ght1 :i* only a revelation c exp\nd4 ,nor is x possible to indicate ! nature ( wujd1 because wujd is a ?rill ( emotion 9 contemplation ( ,god1 & emotion 7arab7 _c be rea*$ by inve/igation 7alab74 ,wujd is a grace be/[$ by ! ,belov$ on ! lov]1 a grace ( :i* no symbol c sugge/ ! real nature4 ,9 my op9ion1 wajd is a pa9ful affection ( ! he>t1 aris+ ei!r f je/ or e>ne/1 ei!r f sadness or gladness2 & wujd is ! removal ( a grief f ! he>t & ! discov]y ( ! object t 0 its cause4 ,he :o feels wajd is ei!r agitat$ by ard5t long+ 9 ! /ate ( occultation 7ijb71 or calm$ by contemplation 9 ! /ate ( revelation 7ka%f74 ,! ,%aykhs hold diff]5t views on ! "q :e!r wajd or wujd is m p]fect4 ,"s argue t1 wujd be+ *>act]i/ic ( novices 7murdn71 & wajd ( gno/ics 7rifn71 & gno/ics be+ m exalt$ 9 degree ?an novices1 x foll[s t wajd is high] & m p]fect ?an wujd2 = 7!y say7 ev]y?+ t is capable ( be+ f\nd is appreh5sible1 & appreh5sibility is *>act]i/ic ( t :i* is homog5e\s ) some?+ else3 x involves f9it5ess1 :]eas ,god is inf9ite2 !re=e1 :at a man f9ds is naught b a feel+ 7ma%rab71 b :at he has n f\nd1 & 9 despair has ceas$ to seek1 is ! ,tru? ( :i* ! only f9d] is ,god4 ,"s1 aga91 decl>e t wajd is ! gl[+ passion ( novices1 :ile wujd is a gift be/[$ on lov]s1 &1 s9ce lov]s are m exalt$ ?an novices1 quiet enjoym5t ( ! gift mu/ be m p]fect ?an passionate seek+4 ,?is problem _c be solv$ )\t a /ory1 :i* ,i w n[ relate4 ,"o day ,%ibl came 9 raptur\s ec/asy to ,junayd4 ,see+ t ,junayd 0 sorr[ful1 he ask$ :at ail$ him4 ,junayd said1 8,he :o seeks %all f9d40 ,%ibl cri$1 8,no2 he :o f9ds %all seek40 ,?is anecdote has be5 discuss$ by ! ,%aykhs1 because ,junayd 0 ref]r+ to wajd & ,%ibli to wujd4 ,i ?9k ,junayd's view is au?oritative1 =1 :5 a man kn[s t 8 object ( wor%ip is n ( ! same g5us z himself1 8 grief has no end4 ,?is topic has be5 h&l$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,! ,%aykhs agree t ! p[] ( k %\ld be great] ?an ! p[] ( wajd1 s9ce1 if wajd be m p[]ful1 ! p]son affect$ by x is 9 a dang]\s position1 :]eas "o 9 :om k prepond]ates is secure4 ,x behoves ! seek] 9 all circum/ances to be a foll[] ( k & ( ! religi\s law1 = :5 he is ov]come by wajd he is depriv$ ( discrim9ation 7khib71 & is n liable to recomp5se = good actions or puni%m5t = evil1 & is exempt f hon\r & disgrace alike3 !re=e he is 9 ! pr$icam5t ( madm51 n 9 t ( ! sa9ts & fav\rites ( ,god4 ,a p]son 9 :om k 7ilm7 prepond]ates ov] feel+ 7l7 rema9s 9 ! bosom ( ! ,div9e comm&s & prohibitions1 & is always prais$ & rew>d$ 9 ! palace ( glory2 b a p]son 9 :om feel+ prepond]ates ov] k is outside ( ! ord9ances1 & dwells1 hav+ lo/ ! faculty ( discrim9ation1 9 8 own imp]fection4 ,?is is precisely ! mean+ ( ,junayd's words4 ,!re are two ways3 "o ( k & "o ( action4 ,action )\t k1 al?\gh x may be good1 is ignorant & imp]fect1 b k1 ev5 if x be unaccompani$ by action1 is glori\s & noble4 ,h5ce ,ab ,yazd said1 8,! unbelief ( ! magnanim\s is nobl] ?an ! ,islam ( ! covet\s20 & ,junayd said1 8,%ibl is intoxicat$2 if he became sob] he w\ld be an ,imm f :om p w\ld b5efit40 ,x is a well-kn[n /ory t ,junayd & ,muammad#bjj b4 ,masrq & ,abu l-,abbs b4 ,a 7 toge!r1 & ! s+] 7qawwl7 0 *ant+ a v]se4 ,junayd rema9$ calm :ile 8 two fri5ds fell into a =c$ ec/asy 7tawjud71 & on _! ask+ him :y he did n p>ticipate 9 ! audition 7sam7 he recit$ ! ^w ( ,god3 8,?\ %all ?9k !m 7! m\nta9s7 motionless1 b !y %all pass l ! cl\ds0 7,kor4 xxvii1 #ij74 ,tawjud is 8tak+ pa9s to produce wajd01 by repres5t+ to "o's m9d1 = example1 ! b\nties & evid5ces ( ,god1 & ?9k+ ( union 7ittil7 & wi%+ = ! practices ( holy m54 ,"s d ?is tawjud 9 a =mal mann]1 & imitate !m by outw>d motions & me?odical danc+ & grace ( ge/ure3 su* tawjud is absolutely unlawful4 ,o!rs d x 9 a spiritual mann]1 ) ! desire ( atta9+ to _! condition & degree4 ,! ,apo/le said1 8,he :o makes himself l unto a p is "o ( !m10 & he said1 8,:5 ye recite ! ,koran1 weep1 or if ye weep n1 !n endeav\r to weep40 ,?is tradition proclaims t tawjud is p]missible4 ,h5ce t spiritual director said3 8,i w g a ?\s& leagues 9 falsehood1 t "o /ep ( ! j\rney may be true40 ,footnote #bjj3 ,app>5tly a mi/ake = ,amad b4 ,muammad4 ,see ,nafat1 ,no4 #hc4 ,*apt] on ,danc+1 etc4 ,y mu/ "k t danc+ 7raq7 has no f\ndation ei!r 9 ! religi\s law 7( ,islam7 or 9 ! pa? 7( fiism71 because all reasonable m5 agree t x is a div]sion :5 x is 9 e>ne/1 & an impropriety 7laghw7 :5 x is 9 je/4 ,none ( ! ,%aykhs has comm5d$ x or exce$$ due b\nds !re91 & all ! traditions cit$ 9 its fav\r by an?ropomorphi/s 7ahl-i a%w7 are wor?less4 ,b s9ce ec/atic movem5ts & ! practices ( ^? :o endeav\r to induce ec/asy 7ahl-i tawjud7 resemble x1 "s frivol\s imitators h indulg$ 9 x immod]ately & h made x a religion4 ,i h met ) a numb] ( common p :o adopt$ fiism 9 ! belief t x is ?is 7danc+7 & no?+ m4 ,o!rs h condemn$ x altoge!r4 ,9 %ort1 all foot-play 7py-bz7 is bad 9 law & reason1 by :omsoev] x is practis$1 & ! be/ ( mank9d _c possibly practise x2 b :5 ! he>t ?robs ) exhil>ation & rapture becomes int5se & ! agitation ( ec/asy is manife/$ & conv5tional =ms are gone1 t agitation 7itirb7 is nei!r danc+ nor foot-play nor bodily indulg5ce1 b a dissolution ( ! s\l4 ,^? :o call x 8danc+0 are utt]ly wrong4 ,x is a /ate t _c be expla9$ 9 words3 8)\t exp]i5ce no k40 ,look+ at y\?s 7ad?74 ,look+ at y\?s & associat+ ) !m are =bidd5 practices1 & anyone :o decl>es ?is to be all[able is an unbeliev]4 ,! traditions br\ght =w>d 9 ?is matt] are va9 & fooli%4 ,i h se5 ignorant p]sons :o suspect$ ! fs ( ! crime 9 "q & reg>d$ !m ) abhorr5ce1 & ,i obs]v$ t "s h made x a religi\s rule 7madhhab74 ,all ! f ,%aykhs1 h[ev]1 h recogniz$ ! wick$ness ( su* practices1 :i* ! adh]5ts ( inc>nation 7ulliyn7--may ,god curse !m6--h left z a /igma on ! sa9ts ( ,god & ! aspirants to fiism4 ,b ,god kn[s be/ :at is ! tru?4 ,*apt] on ! ,r5d+ ( ,g>m5ts 7fi l-kh>q74 ,x is a cu/om ( ! fs to r5d _! g>m5ts1 & !y h commonly done ?is 9 great assemblies :]e em95t ,%aykhs 7 pres5t4 ,i h met ) "s !ologians :o object$ to ?is practice & said t x is n "r to te> an intact g>m5t to pieces1 & t ?is is an evil4 ,i reply t an evil ( :i* ! purpose is good mu/ itself be good4 ,anyone may cut an intact g>m5t to pieces & sew x toge!r aga91 e4g4 deta* ! sleeves & body 7tana7 & gusset 7tirz7 & coll> f "o ano!r1 & !n re/ore ! g>m5t to its orig9al condition2 & !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 te>+ a g>m5t into five pieces & te>+ x into a hundr$ pieces4 ,besides1 e piece gladd5s ! he>t ( a believ]1 :5 he sews x on 8 pat*$ frock1 & br+s ab\t ! satisfaction ( 8 desire4 ,al?\gh ! r5d+ ( g>m5ts has no f\ndation 9 fiism & c]ta9ly ought n to be practis$ 9 audition by anyone ^: s5ses are p]fectly controll$--=1 9 t case1 x is m]e extravagance--nev]!less1 if ! auditor be s ov]p[]$ t 8 s5se ( discrim9ation is lo/ & he becomes unconsci\s1 !n he may be excus$ 7= te>+ 8 g>m5t to pieces72 & x is all[able t all ! p]sons pres5t %\ld r5d _! g>m5ts 9 sympa?y ) him4 ,!re are ?ree circum/ances 9 :i* fs r5d _! g>m5ts3 fir/ly1 :5 a d]vi% te>s 8 own g>m5t to pieces ?r\gh rapture caus$ by audition2 secondly1 :5 a numb] ( 8 fri5ds te> 8 g>m5t to pieces at ! comm& ( a spiritual director on ! occasion ( ask+ ,god to p>don an (f5ce2 & ?irdly1 :5 !y d ! same 9 ! intoxication ( ec/asy4 ,! mo/ difficult case is t ( ! g>m5t ?r[n (f or torn 9 audition4 ,x may be injur$ or intact4 ,if x be injur$1 x %\ld ei!r be sew$ toge!r & giv5 back to its own] or be/[$ on ano!r d]vi% or torn to pieces1 = ! sake ( ga9+ a bless+1 & divid$ among ! memb]s ( ! p>ty4 ,if x be intact1 we h to consid] :at 0 ! int5tion ( ! d]vi% :o ca/ x (f4 ,if he meant x = ! s+]1 let ! s+] take x2 & if he meant x = ! memb]s ( ! p>ty1 let !m h x2 & if he ?rew x (f )\t any int5tion1 ! spiritual director mu/ det]m9e :e!r x %all be giv5 to ^? pres5t & divid$ among !m1 or be conf]r$ on "o ( !m1 or h&$ to ! s+]4 ,if ! d]vi% meant x = ! s+]1 8 companions ne$ n ?r[ (f _! g>m5ts 9 sympa?y1 because ! ca/-(f g>m5t w n g to 8 fell[s & he w h giv5 x volunt>ily or involunt>ily )\t _! p>ticipation4 ,b if ! g>m5t 0 ?r[n (f ) ! int5tion t x %\ld fall to ! memb]s ( ! p>ty1 or )\t any int5tion1 !y %\ld all ?r[ (f _! g>m5ts 9 sympa?y2 & :5 !y h done ?is1 ! spiritual director ought n to be/[ ! g>m5t on ! s+]1 b x is all[able t any lov] ( ,god among !m %\ld sacrifice some?+ t belongs to him & return ! g>m5t to ! d]vi%es1 9 ord] t x may be torn to pieces & di/ribut$4 ,if a g>m5t drops (f :ile its own] is 9 a /ate ( rapture1 ! ,%aykhs hold v>i\s op9ions z to :at ought to be done1 b ! majority say t x %\ld be giv5 to ! s+]1 9 accordance ) ! ,apo/olic tradition3 8,! spoils belong to ! slay]20 & t n to give x to ! s+] is to violate ! obligations impos$ by fiism4 ,o!rs cont5d--& ,i pref] ?is view--t1 j z "s !ologians are ( op9ion t ! dress ( a sla9 man %\ld n be giv5 to 8 slay] except by p]mission ( ! ,imm1 s1 "h1 ?is g>m5t %\ld n be giv5 to ! s+] except by comm& ( ! spiritual director4 ,b if its own] %\ld n wi% ! spiritual director to be/[ x1 let no "o be angry ) him4 ,*apt] on ! ,rules ( ,audition4 ,! rules ( audition prescribe t x %\ld n be practis$ until x comes 7( its own accord71 & t y mu/ n make a habit ( x1 b practise x seldom1 9 ord] t y may n cease to hold x 9 rev]5ce4 ,x is necess>y t a spiritual director %\ld be pres5t dur+ ! p]=mance1 & t ! place %\ld be cle>$ ( common p1 & t ! s+] %\ld be a respectable p]son1 & t ! he>t %\ld be empti$ ( worldly ?\ghts1 & t ! disposition %\ld n be incl9$ to amusem5t1 & t e artificial ef=t 7takalluf7 %\ld be put aside4 ,y mu/ n exce$ ! prop] b\nds until audition manife/s its p[]1 & :5 x has become p[]ful y mu/ n repel x b mu/ foll[ x z x requires3 if x agitates1 y mu/ be agitat$1 & if x calms1 y mu/ be calm2 & y mu/ be able to di/+ui% a /rong natural impulse f ! ard\r ( ec/asy 7wajd74 ,! auditor mu/ h en\gh p]ception to be capable ( receiv+ ! ,div9e influ5ce & ( do+ ju/ice to x4 ,:5 its might is manife/$ on 8 he>t he mu/ n endeav\r to repel x1 & :5 its =ce is brok5 he mu/ n endeav\r to attract x4 ,:ile he is 9 a /ate ( emotion1 he mu/ nei!r expect anyone to help him nor refuse anyone's help if x be (f]$4 ,& he mu/ n di/urb anyone :o is engag$ 9 audition or int]f]e ) him1 or pond] :at he means by ! v]se 7to :i* he is li/5+71#bja because su* behavi\r is v di/ress+ & disappo9t+ to ! p]son :o is try+ 7to he>74 ,he mu/ n say to ! s+]1 8,y *ant sweetly20 & if he *ants unmelodi\sly or di/resses 8 he>] by recit+ poetry unmetrically1 he mu/ n say to him1 8,*ant bett]60 or be> malice t[>ds him1 b he mu/ be unconsci\s ( ! s+]'s pres5ce & commit him to ,god1 :o he>s correctly4 ,& if he h no "p 9 ! audition :i* is be+ enjoy$ by o!rs1 x is n prop] t he %\ld look sob]ly on _! intoxication1 b he mu/ keep quiet ) 8 own 8"t0 7waqt7 & e/abli% its dom9ion1 t ! bless+s !re( may come to him4 ,i1 ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,jullb1 ?9k x m desirable t beg9n]s %\ld n be all[$ to att5d musical conc]ts 7samh71 le/ _! natures become deprav$4 ,^! conc]ts are extremely dang]\s & corrupt+1 because wom5 on ! ro(s or else:]e look at ! d]vi%es :o are engag$ 9 audition2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! auditors h great ob/acles to enc\nt]4 ,or x may happ5 t a "y reprobate is "o ( ! p>ty1 s9ce "s ignorant fs h made a religion 7madhhab7 ( all ?is & h flung tru? to ! w9ds4 ,i ask p>don ( ,god = my s9s ( ?is k9d 9 ! pa/1 & ,i implore ,8 help1 t ,he may pres]ve me bo? outw>dly & inw>dly f contam9ation1 & ,i enjo9 ! read]s ( ?is book to hold x 9 due reg>d & to pray t ! au?or may believe to ! end & be v\*saf$ ! vision ( ,god 79 ,p>adise74 ,footnote #bja3 ,! text ( ?is clause is unc]ta94 ,i h foll[$ ,b4's read+1 murd-i r badn bayt-i bi-na-sanjad1 b ,i am n sure t x w be> ! translation giv5 above4 ,l4 has badn niyyat-i 1 & ,j4 badn nisbat-i 4 ,,index4 ,i4 ,,names ,,( ,,p]sons1 ,,peoples1 ,,tribes1 ,,sects1 ,,& ,,places4 ,a4 ,a>on1 #bfb4 ,abbs1 uncle ( ! ,prophet1 #ii4 ,abdallh ,anr1 #bf4 ---- b4 ,badr al-,juhan1 #ha4 ---- b4 anala1 #cid4 ---- b4 ,jaf>1 #cai4 ---- b4 ,khubayq4 ,see ,ab ,muammad ,abdallh b4 ,khubayq4 ---- b4 ,masd al-,hudhal1 #ha4 ---- b4 ,mubrak1 #ie-g1 #bgd1 #cjc4 ---- b4 ,rab1 #gc4 ---- b4 ,um>1 #ha1 #aia1 #bcb4 ---- b4 ,unays1 #hb4 ,abd al-,razzq ann1 #ih4 ,abel1 #cfd4 ,abraham1 #dj1 #gc1 #gd1 #ia1 #aae1 #afa1 #bcb1 #bcg1 #beb1 #bfb1 #cag1 #cah1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cdb1 #cec1 #cfe1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgc4 ---- ! ,/ation (1 #cbf1 #cbh4 ,abu l-,abbs1 #agc4 ---- ,amad b4 ,masrq1 #adf-g4 ---- ,amad b4 ,muammad al-,a%qn1 #aej1 #afh1 #bjf1 #cie1 #dab4 ---- ,amad b4 ,muammad al-,qab1 #afa1 #cbe1 #cie4 ---- ,amad b4 ,muammad b4 ,sahl al-mul1 #adi-ej4 ---- b4 ,al1 #aia4 ---- b4 ,aa1 #ba1 #bc1 #aej1 #aeh1 #ahj1 #bdi1 #ccj1 #cie1 #dae4 ---- ,qsim b4 al-,mahd al-,sayyr1 #aeg-h1 #bbh1 #bea-fj4 ,abu l-,abbs ,qab4 ,see ,abu l-,abbs ,amad b4 ,muammad al-,qaab4 ---- ,sayyr4 ,see ,abu l-,abbs ,qsim b4 al-,mahd al-,sayyr4 ---- ,%aqni4 ,see ,abu l-,abbs ,amad b4 ,muammad al-,a%qn4 ,ab ,abdallh al-,abw>d 7,bw>d71 #abc1 #abd4 ---- ,amad b4 im al-,ank1 #abg4 ---- ,amad b4 ,yay al-,jall1 #cg1 #acd-e4 ---- al-ri? b4 ,asad al-,musib1 #ba1 #ajh-i1 #abg1 #aed1 #agf-hc1 #bbe1 #bdi1 #bhf1 #cjg1 #cce4 ---- ,junayd1 #agc4 ---- ,khaff4 ,see ,ab ,abdallh ,muammad b4 ,khaff4 ---- ,khayy1 #afa4 ---- ,muammad b4 ,al al-,d/n1 #afd4 ---- ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh1 #df1 #ada-b1 #adg1 #bjj1 #baj-da1 #cch4 ---- ,muammad b4 al-,fal al-,balkh1 #af1 #acd1 #adj-a1 #bjh1 #cbg4 ---- ,muammad b4 al-akm1 kn[n z ,murd1 #age4 ---- ,muhmmad b4 ,isml al-,maghrib1 #adg4 ---- ,muammad b4 ,khaff1 #ej1 #ea1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeh1 #bbf1 #bdg-ea1 #bij1 #cbc4 ---- ,rdbr1 #cah4 ,ab ,abd al-,ramn tim b4 ,ulwn al-,aamm1 #ac1 #aae1 #bhf1 #cjj4 ---- ,muammad b4 al-usayn al-,sulam1 #ha1 #ajh1 #dja4 ,ab ,amad al-,muaff> b4 ,amad b4 amdn1 #agj-a4 ,abu l-,al ,abd al-,ram b4 ,amad al-,sughd1 #age4 ,ab ,al al-,daqqq4 ,see ,ab ,al asan b4 ,muammad al-,daqqq4 ---- al-,fal b4 ,muammad al-,frmadh1 #afi4 ---- al-,fuayl b4 ,iy1 #ic1 #ig-ajj1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aji1 #aad1 #abg1 #agi1 #bhf1 #cbh4 ---- al-asan b4 ,al al-,jzajn1 #adg-h1 #baf4 ---- asan b4 ,muammad al-,daqqq1 #afb-c1 #bgb1 #bhd1 #cgj4 ---- al-,jzajn4 ,see ,ab ,al al-asan b4 ,al al-,jzajn4 ---- ,muammad b4 al-,qsim al-,rdbr1 #aeg1 #bcg1 #bec1 #bic1 #djd1 #dji4 ---- ,q>mn1 #dc4 ---- al-,rdbr4 ,see ,ab ,al ,muammad b4 al-,qsim al-,rdbr4 ---- ,%aqq b4 ,ibrhm al-,azd1 #aaa-ab1 #aae1 #bhf1 #ceh1 #cei4 ---- ,siyh1 #eg1 #bje1 #bji1 #cbc4 ---- ,?aqaf1 #af4 ---- ,zhir1 #afe4 ,ab ,amr ,dima%q1 #ch4 ---- b4 ,nujayd1 #bih4 ---- ,qazwn1 #aff4 ,ab ,bakr1 ! ,caliph1 #ca1 #cb1 #de1 #gj-b1 #ajb1 #bjd1 #bbi1 #bhd1 #cjd1 #cae4 ---- ,dulaf b4 ,jad> al-,%ibl1 #be1 #bg1 #ch1 #ci1 #acg1 #add1 #aej1 #aea1 #aee-f1 #aeh1 #aei1 #aie1 #baj1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bdi1 #beg1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bhd1 #bic1 #bid1 #cje1 #cac1 #cae1 #ccj1 #cca1 #cea1 #cec1 #cef1 #cei1 #cgd1 #cgf1 #cgh1 #cid1 #djd1 #dad1 #dae4 ---- b4 ,frak1 #bad4 ---- ,muammad al-,dnaw>1 #djh4 ---- ,muammad b4 ,ms al-,wsi1 #h1 #aed-e1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #bbh1 #bea1 #bfe1 #bgg4 ---- ,muammad b4 ,um> al-,w>rq1 #ag1 #ada1 #adb-c1 #adg1 #bbi1 #bce1 #cch4 ---- ,muammad b4 ,zak>iyy al-,rz1 #aej4 ,ab ,bakr al-,w>rq4 ,see ,ab ,bakr ,muammad b4 ,um> al-,w>rq4 ---- al-,wsi4 ,see ,ab ,bakr ,muammad b4 ,ms al-,wsi4 ,ab ,d>d ,uwaym b4 mir1 #ha1 #bcb4 ,ab ,dh>r ,jundab b4 ,junda al-,ghifr1 #ha1 #agg1 #agh1 #cdd4 ,abu l-,fal b4 al-,asad1 #age4 ---- b4 al-asan1 #afe1 #ahh1 #bbg4 ---- ,muammad b4 al-asan al-,khuttal1 #aff-g4 ,abu l-,fat b4 ,sliba1 #agc4 ,abu l-,fawris ,%h b4 ,%uj al-,kirmn1 #eb1 #abc1 #acb1 #acc1 #ach1 #ceb4 ,abu l-,fay ,dhu l-,nn b4 ,ibrhm al-,mir1 #cf1 #ajj-c1 #aag1 #acf1 #adc1 #bjj1 #bjh1 #bbf1 #bcc1 #bej1 #bge1 #bhf1 #bih1 #bii1 #cjc1 #cbi1 #ccb1 #cei1 #djd4 ,ab af ,amr b4 ,slim al-,n%pr al-addd1 #da1 #eb1 #abj1 #abc-d1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #beg1 #bgf1 #bih4 ---- al-addd4 ,see ,ab af ,amr b4 ,slim al-,n%pr al-addd4 ,ab alm abb b4 ,salm al-,r1 #ij-a1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,ab mid ,amad b4 ,kharya al-,balkh1 #eb1 #aae1 #aai-ba1 #abc1 #adj1 #adb1 #cch4 ---- ,d/n1 #eb4 ,ab ,hamza al-,baghdd1 #add1 #aed1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #aij1 #bdi1 #bhf4 ---- al-,khursn1 #adf4 ,ab anfa1 #df1 #fe1 #ib-e1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aji1 #ada1 #bhf4 ,abu l-ri? ,bunn1 #daa4 ,abu l-asan ,amad b4 ,abi l-awr1 #ba1 #aac1 #aah-ai1 #aca1 #cig4 ---- ,amad b4 ,muammad al-,nr1 #bf1 #cf1 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #acj-b1 #acd1 #acg1 #add1 #aed1 #agf1 #ahi-ie1 #bbe1 #bfi4 ---- ,al b4 ,ab ,al al-,aswad1 #agd4 ---- ,al b4 ,amad al-,khurqn1 #afc1 #agc4 ---- ,al b4 ,bakrn1 #agb1 #bdg4 ---- ,al b4 ,ibrhm al-ur1 #ch1 #dj1 #abb1 #aej1 #afj1 #aff1 #bdi1 #beg1 #bha1 #bhb1 #cgh1 #dje4 ,abu l-asan ,al b4 ,muammad al-,ifahn1 #adb-d1 #aej1 #cea1 #cec4 ---- ,b%anj 7,f%anja71 #dd1 #bii4 ---- al-,khurqn4 ,see ,abu l-asan ,al b4 ,amad al-,khurqn4 ---- ,muammad b4 ,isml ,khayr al-,nassj1 #add-e1 #aed1 #aee1 #bhf1 #chg4 ---- al-,nr4 ,see ,abu l-asan ,amad b4 ,muammad al-,nr4 ---- b4 ,sliba1 #ajd1 #aff1 #agb4 ---- ,s> b4 ,mughallis al-,saqa1 #aaj-aa1 #aad1 #aag1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #aca1 #adc1 #add1 #aed4 ---- b4 ,simn1 #ba4 ---- ,sumnn b4 ,abdallh al-,khaww1 #ei1 #acf-h1 #bdi1 #bhf1 #cjh1 #cab4 ,ab zim al-,madan1 #ia4 ,ab ulmn1 #aca1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,ab ,hurayra1 #hb1 #bcb4 ,ab s ,uwaym b4 ,sida1 #hb4 ,ab ,isq ,ibrhm b4 ,adham b4 ,manr1 #ab1 #df1 #fh1 #ic1 #ajc-e1 #aji1 #aaa1 #bag1 #bcb1 #bhf1 #cbc4 ---- ,ibrhm b4 ,amad al-,khaww1 #adg1 #aec-d1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bhe1 #bhi1 #bib1 #bic1 #cci1 #cdb1 #cfb1 #cii1 #daj4 ---- ,isf>91 #bad4 ---- b4 ,%ahriyr1 #agb1 #agc4 ,ab ,jaf> addd1 #bdi4 ---- ,juhan1 #cif4 ---- ,muammad b4 ,al al-awr1 #agc4 ---- ,muammad b4 ,al b4 usayn al-,bqir1 #gg-h4 ---- ,muammad b4 al-usayn al-aram1 #agd4 ---- ,muammad b4 al-,mib al-aydaln1 #agb1 #bfj4 ---- ,tur%z1 #agc4 ,ab ,jahl1 #bjd1 #cid4 ,ab ,kab%a1 #ha4 ,abu l-,khayr ,aqa1 #cjd4 ,ab ,lubba b ,abd al-,mundhir1 #ha4 ,abu l-,mas91 #acg1 #bcc4 ,ab ,maf ,marf b4 ,frz al-,k>kh1 #aaj1 #aac-ae1 #aag4 ,ab ,mam>1 ( ,ifahn1 #ef4 ,abu l-,m>?ad ,k9na b4 al-usayn al-,adaw1 #ha4 ,ab ,muammad ,abdallh b4 ,khubayq1 #abh4 ---- ,amad b4 al-usayn al-,jurayr1 #adh-i1 #aej1 #aeh1 #bdi1 #bhf1 #djh4 ---- ,bngh>1 #agd1 #cbc4 ---- ,jaf> b4 ,muammad diq1 #gh-hj4 ---- ,jaf> b4 ,nuayr al-,khuld1 #aee1 #aef-g1 #aic4 ---- ,murtai%1 #ci1 #db1 #dc1 #ec1 #ed1 #aee4 ---- ,ruwaym b4 ,amad1 #ba1 #be1 #acd1 #ace-f1 #aid ---- ,sahl b4 ,abdallh al-,tu/>1 #ac1 #aci-dj1 #adh1 #aea1 #ahi1 #aie-baj1 #bbe1 #bcc1 #bdi1 #beg1 #bhc1 #bhf1 #bif1 #cjb1 #caa1 #cah1 #cbb1 #ccj1 #cch1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cfc4 ,ab ,ms al-,a%ar1 #cii4 ,ab ,muslim1 #ceh4 ---- ,fris b4 ,ghlib al-,fris1 #afe1 #agb1 #cai1 #cdf1 #djh4 ,ab ,nar al-,s>rj1 #bee1 #cbc1 #cda4 ,ab ,nuws1 #h1 #djf4 ,abu l-,qsim1 ( ,m]v1 #bcc4 ---- ,abd al-,k>m b4 ,hawz9 al-,qu%ayr1 #bd1 #aad1 #abc1 #aej1 #afc1 #afg-h1 #agg1 #bbg1 #cjf1 #caa1 #ccd1 #djh4 ---- ,al b4 ,abdallh al-,gurgn1 #di1 #aej1 #afi-gj1 #bjf1 #bcd1 #cci4 ---- al-,gurgn4 ,see ,abu l-,qsim ,al b4 ,abdallh al-,gurgn4 ---- al-akm1 #cch4 ---- ,ibrhm b4 ,muammad b4 ,mamd al-,narbd1 #aej1 #aei-fj1 #afb4 ---- ,junayd1 #e1 #bc1 #bg1 #ci1 #eg1 #gd1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #aae1 #aah1 #abc1 #abd1 #abh-cj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #ach1 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #aea1 #aed1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aff1 #ahb1 #ahe-i1 #aid1 #bjj1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #baf1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #bfj1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #bic1 #bif1 #big1 #bii1 #cjc1 #cjg1 #cbj1 #cbh1 #cca1 #cch1 #cci1 #cdc1 #cea1 #ceb1 #cee1 #cef1 #cei1 #cfh1 #chg1 #chh1 #cid1 #djh1 #dji1 #dab1 #dad1 #dae4 ,abu l-,qsim ,narbd4 ,see ,ab l-,qsim ,ibrhm b4 ,muammad b4 ,mamd al-,narbd4 ---- ,qu%ayr4 ,see ,abu l-,qsim ,abd al-,k>m b4 ,hawz9 al-,qu%ayr4 ---- ,sudd1 #agb4 ,ab ,qatda1 #gc4 ,ab ,sahl ulk1 #bgb1 #bhd1 #cai4 ,ab ,sad1 ! ,c>ma?ian1 #aej4 ---- b4 ,abi l-,khayr ,falallh b4 ,muammad al-,mayhan1 #ba1 #bb1 #aai1 #aej1 #afc1 #afd-f1 #agj1 #bah1 #bce1 #bej1 #cah1 #cdf4 ---- ,amad b4 s4 al-,kh>rz1 #ach1 #adc1 #adf1 #adi1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bda-f1 #cfh1 #cgd4 ---- al-,hujwr1 #f4 ---- al-,kh>rz4 ,see ,ab ,sad ,amad b4 s4 al-,kh>rz4 ---- al-,khudr1 #cif4 ,ab li amdn b4 ,amad b4 ,umra al-,qar1 #ff1 #abe-f1 #ahc-d1 #aie1 #bbe1 #bdi4 ,abu l-,s> ,manr b4 ,ammr1 #abf-g4 ,ab ,sulaymn ,abd al-,ramn b4 ,aiyya al-,drn1 #ac1 #aab-ac1 #aad1 #aah1 #bjj1 #bbe1 #bhf4 ---- al-,drn4 ,see ,ab ,sulaymn ,abd al-,ramn b4 ,aiyya al-,drn4 ---- ,dwud b4 ,nuayr al-1 #df1 #gi1 #ic1 #ie1 #aji-aj1 #aad1 #bhf1 #cej4 ,ab hir aram1 #fd1 #bib4 ---- ,mak%f1 #agc4 ,ab ala al-,mlik1 #cbb4 ,ab lib1 fa!r ( ! ,caliph ,al1 #bfi4 ,ab lib1 ,%aykh1 #agc4 ,ab ,?awr ,ibrhm b4 ,khlid1 #abe4 ,ab ,turb ,ask> b4 al-usayn al-,nakh%ab1 #aba-b1 #abe1 #ach1 #adc1 #adf4 ,ab ,ubayda b4 al-,j>r1 #ha4 ,ab ,u?mn al-r4 ,see ,ab ,u?mn ,sad b4 ,isml al-r4 ,ab ,u?mn al-,maghrib4 ,see ,ab ,u?mn ,sad b4 ,sallm al-,maghrib4 ---- ,sad b4 ,isml al-r1 #acb-d1 #ach1 #adj1 #ahj1 #aha1 #bih4 ---- ,sad b4 ,sallm al-,maghrib1 #aeh-i1 #ahf1 #bag4 ,ab ,yaqb ,aqa1 #aej4 ---- ,nahrajr1 #aej1 #aeh1 #bde4 ---- ,ysuf b4 al-usayn al-,rz1 #acd1 #acf4 ,abu l-,yaqn ,ammr b4 ,ysir1 #ha4 ,abu l-,yas> ,kab b4 ,amr1 #hb4 ,ab ,yazd ayfr b4 s al-,bism1 #ag1 #eb1 #fe1 #fh1 #ajf-h1 #abj1 #agf1 #ahd-h1 #bjj1 #bag1 #bbf1 #bch1 #bej1 #bed1 #beg1 #beh1 #bge1 #bhf1 #bia1 #bic1 #caa1 #cbg1 #cca1 #ccb1 #cce1 #cdg1 #cea1 #cei1 #cge1 #chh1 #dae4 ,ab ,ysuf1 ! ,cadi1 #aaj1 #bhf4 ,ab ,zak>iyy ,yay b4 ,mudh al-,rz1 #ag1 #ba1 #be1 #id1 #abj1 #abb-c1 #acb1 #acc1 #ahg1 #bbf1 #cab1 #ccg1 #cfj4 ,adam1 #fc1 #aji1 #abd1 #acj1 #add1 #aei1 #afj1 #bjh1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdi1 #beb1 #bfb1 #big1 #cbd1 #cec1 #cee1 #ceg1 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cga1 #chc4 dh>byajn1 #eg1 #agc1 #daj4 ,adb ,kam& 7,kum&71 #agc1 #cce4 ,ahl-i ad?1 #dja4 ,ahl-i ray1 #dja4 ,ahl-i uffa1 #hj1 #ha-b1 #cdd4 ,see ,ab-i uffa4 ,amad1 ,khwja1 #agj4 ---- b4 ,abi l-awr4 ,see ,abu l-asan ,amad b4 ,abi l-awr4 ---- b4 im al-,ank4 ,see ,ab ,abdallh ,amad b4 im al-,ank4 ---- ,bukhr1 #cba4 ---- b4 ,ftik1 #ff4 ---- ammd1 #agd1 #aic1 #cfd4 ---- b4 anbal1 #aaf1 #aag-ah1 #bhf4 ---- b4 arb1 #cfe1 #cff4 ---- lq1 #agd4 ---- b4 ,kharya4 ,see ,ab mid ,amad b4 ,kharya al-,balkh4 ---- b4 ,masrq4 ,see ,abu l-,abbs ,amad b4 ,masrq4 ,amad ,najjr ,sam>q&1 #agd1 #cec4 ,ahriman1 #bhj4 i%a1 #db1 #de1 #hb1 #cbj1 #cca1 #dja4 ,akh ,zanjn1 #agc4 ,al b4 al-aram1 #bcb4 ,al b4 ,ab lib1 #de1 #gd1 #hc1 #hd1 #aeb1 #aib1 #bfi1 #cjj1 #cae1 #ccf1 #cfa1 #daa4 ,al ,agh>1 #gf4 ---- b4 ,bakkr1 #cbc4 ---- b4 ,bundr al-ayraf1 #af1 #da4 ---- b4 usayn b4 ,al1 call$ ,zayn al-bidn1 #gf-g4 ---- b4 al-usayn al-,srgn1 #agc4 ---- b4 ,isq1 #agd4 ---- b4 ,kha%ram1 #aje4 ---- b4 ,ms al-,ri1 #aad4 ---- ,narbd1 #abe4 ---- b4 ,sahl al-,ifahn4 ,see ,abu l-asan ,al b4 ,muammad al-,ifahn4 ,amr b4 al-,%>d1 #cig4 ---- b4 ,u?mn al-,makk1 #ia1 #ach-i1 #adc1 #aej1 #aea1 #ahi1 #cji4 mul1 #afb4 ,anas b4 ,mlik1 #ab4 ,an?ropomorphi/s1 #aag1 #aah1 #aca1 #bac1 #bcf1 #bhi1 #caf4 ,see a%wiyya4 ,araft1 #cbf1 #cbh4 rif1 ,khwja1 #agd4 af b4 ,b>khiy1 #bcj4 ,ab al-kahf1 #bcj4 ,see ,cave1 m5 ( !4 ,ab-i uffa1 #cj4 ,see ,ahl-i uffa4 ,a%ltak1 #bcd4 ,ar1 ,f>d al-,dn1 #ea4 ,awad ,qasw>at b4 ,muammad al-,j>dz1 #age4 ,azrl1 #dab4 ,b4 ,bb al-q1 #eg4 ---- ,um>1 #bcd4 ,badr1 #de1 #bee4 ---- al-,dn1 #agc4 ,baghdd1 #ec1 #eg1 #if1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aag1 #abc1 #abi1 #acg1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aed1 #cbc1 #cef1 #ceh1 #cgh1 #dji4 ,bah%ams1 a sect ( ! ,mutazilites1 #bie4 ,balam1 #bgc4 ,balkh1 #ajc1 #aab1 #aae1 #aai1 #abj1 #abc1 #adj1 #bhf4 ,bniys1 #afg4 ,ban ,%ayba1 gate ( !1 #id4 ---- ,umayya1 #gh4 ,bqir4 ,see ,ab ,jaf> ,muammad b4 ,al b4 usayn al-,bqir4 ,b>1 #bgc4 ,bara1 #ac1 #hd1 #aba1 #aca1 #djh1 #dji4 ,biniyn1 #bfc4 ,batl1 #gi4 ,bw>d1 #ig4 ,byazd al-,bism4 ,see ,ab ,yazd ayfr b4 s al-,bism4 ,bay1 #aej4 ,bayw1 #bgc1 #cdh4 ,bayt al-,j9n1 #afg1 #bcd4 ---- al-sib1 at ,tu/>1 #bcc4 ,bill b4 ,rab1 #ha1 #id1 #cja1 #cjb4 ,bilqs1 #bcj4 ,bi%r b4 al-ri? al-f1 #be1 #ic1 #aje-f1 #aag1 #abg1 #adc1 #agi1 #bhf4 ,bism1 #ajf1 #afd1 #bhf4 ,brahmans1 #bcf1 #bga4 ,bukhr1 #cec4 ,bundr b4 al-usayn1 #bdi4 ,burq1 #chj4 ,buzurjmihr1 #dja4 ,c4 ,ca91 #cfd4 ,c>ma?ians1 #bfc1 #chc4 ,cave1 ! m5 ( !1 #bcj1 #ced4 ,*ahr q1 #ceh4 ,*9a1 #aa4 ,*9ese1 #bfc4 ,*ri/ians1 #bdd1 #bfc4 ,d4 ,dajjl1 #bbd4 ,damascus1 #gf1 #id1 #aca1 #afg1 #bcd1 #bfj1 #cdc4 ,d>rj1 #djh4 al-,d/n4 ,see ,ab ,abdallh ,muammad b4 ,al al-,d/n4 ,david1 #eb1 #ahe1 #aig1 #bee1 #cbj1 #cbi1 #ceb1 #cga1 #cii1 #djb1 #djc4 ,dwud ( ,ifahn1 #ace4 ---- al-4 ,see ,ab ,sulaymn ,dwud b4 ,nuayr al-4 ,dhahab1 #aah4 ,dhu l-,nn4 ,see ,abu l-,fay ,dhu l-,nn b4 ,ibrhm al-,mir4 ,dnr1 #hi4 ,duqq1 #djh4 ,e4 ,egypt1 #cb1 #ajj1 #aja1 #adc1 #bcc1 #ccb1 #djd4 ,euphrates1 !1 #hd1 #ij1 #bcd4 ,eve1 #cec4 ,f4 ,fal b4 ,rab1 #ih1 #ajj4 ,f>aj1 ,%aykh1 #agc4 ,f>azdaq1 #gg4 ,f>ghna1 #bcd1 #bce4 ,fris1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,friss1 #aca1 #bfj4 ,frs1 #ea1 #aea1 #agb4 ,fima1 daught] ( ! ,prophet1 #gi4 ---- wife ( ,amad b4 ,kharya1 #aai1 #abj4 ---- wife ( ,bb ,um>1 #bcd1 #bce4 ,fayd1 #acg4 ,fuayl b4 ,iy4 ,see ,ab ,al al-,fuayl b4 ,iy4 ,g4 ,gabriel1 #gc1 #ajf1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bed1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cbj1 #cce1 #chj1 #djh4 ,ghazna1 #ec1 #ia1 #id1 #age4 ,ghulm al-,khall1 #acg1 #aij4 ,golia?1 #ahe1 #bee4 ,h4 abb1 "n ( ,muammad1 #cag4 ---- al-,ajam1 #hh-i4 ---- al-,r4 ,see ,ab alm abb b4 ,salm al-,r4 af ,mi1 #cbc4 afa1 #cbj4 ,hag>1 #gd1 #cfe4 ajjj1 #hh4 ---- b4 ,um> al-,aslam1 #hb4 akm b4 ,al b4 al-usayn al-,srgn1 #agc4 akms1 #acj1 #ada1 #baj-da4 allj4 ,see usayn b4 ,manr al-allj4 alljs1 #aca1 #aeb1 #bfj4 amdn ,qar4 ,see ,ab li amdn b4 ,amad b4 ,umra al-,qar4 amdns1 #aie4 ,see ,qars4 ,h>im b4 ayyn1 #de1 #hd-e4 ri? al-,musib4 ,see ,ab ,abdallh al-ri? b4 ,asad al-,musib4 ri?a1 #cc1 #bbg1 #bbi4 ,hrn al-,ra%d1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,hrt1 #cfd4 asan b4 ,al1 #gc1 #ge-f1 #cai1 #daa4 ---- ( ,bara1 #de1 #df1 #ge1 #hf-g1 #hh1 #hi1 #bcb1 #cfb4 ---- ,muaddib1 #afc4 a%wiyya1 a%wiyn1 #bac1 #bcf1 #bdd1 #bhi4 ,see ,an?ropomorphi/s4 assn b4 ,?bit1 #daa4 tim al-,aamm4 ,see ,ab ,abd al-,ramn tim b4 ,ulwn al-,aamm4 ---- 1 #cah4 ,h]t1 #bf4 ijz1 !1 #fe1 #if1 #acg1 #cai4 ra qu>t] ( ,n%pr1 #ahc4 ,hi%m b4 ,abd al-,malik1 #gg4 ,hd1 #cif4 ,hudhayfa al-,yamn1 #ha4 ulmns1 #aca1 #bfj4 ulls1 #aca1 #ahc1 #bfj-f1 #daf4 ulwn1 #cai4 usayn b4 ,al1 #gf1 #agg1 #agh4 ---- b4 ,fal1 #bhf4 ---- b4 ,manr al-allj1 #ff1 #aej-c1 #aeh1 #agb1 #ahi1 #bje1 #bbf1 #bdi1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bha1 #bhe1 #cjc1 #caa1 #cdd4 ---- ,simnn1 ,khwja1 #agc4 ur4 ,see ,abu l-asan ,al b4 ,ibrhm al-ur4 ,i4 ,ibats1 #aca4 ,ibls1 #fc1 #abi1 #acj1 #bjh1 #bci1 #beb1 #bfh1 #bgc1 #cea1 #ceg1 #djb1 #djc1 #dab4 ,ibn ,abbs1 #ha1 #cca1 #cea4 ---- ,a4 ,see ,abu l-,abbs b4 ,a4 ---- al-,a?r1 #ceh4 ---- al-,jall4 ,see ,ab ,abdallh ,amad b4 ,yay al-,jall4 ---- ,khallikn1 #ib1 #ih1 #abe1 #bad1 #ceh1 #cif4 ---- ,masd1 #cif4 ---- al-,muall1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ---- al-,q1 #djh4 ---- ,um>4 ,see ,abdallh b4 ,um>4 ,ibrhm b4 ,adham4 ,see ,ab ,isq ,ibrhm b4 ,adham b4 ,manr4 ---- b4 ,dwud al-,raqq1 #djh4 ---- ,khaww4 ,see ,ab ,isq ,ibrhm b4 ,amad al-,khaww4 ---- ,mri/n1 #adi4 ---- ,nakha1 #cif4 ---- ,raqq1 #bcc4 ---- b4 ,sad ,alaw1 #cgd4 ---- ,sam>q&1 #adg4 ---- b4 ,%aybn1 #bdf4 ---- ,%aybni1 #adg4 ,imrn1 #agi4 ,india1 #bdc1 #djj1 #djg4 ,indians1 #bfc4 ,iram1 #bbd4 ,irq1 #aaj1 #aaf1 #abf1 #adj1 #agb1 #agg1 #bdi1 #bfj1 #cde1 #djj4 ,ifahn1 #ach4 ,isq ( ,mawil1 #cii4 ,i%mael1 #dj1 #gd1 #beb1 #cec4 ,isml al-,%%1 #age4 ,ismls1 #bfc4 ,israelites1 #aib4 ---- des]t ( !1 #bbi4 ,j4 ,jabal al-,buttam1 #djh4 ,jab>ites1 #ge4 ,jacob1 #beh1 #caj1 #cgj4 ,jaf> al-,khuld4 ,see ,ab ,muammad ,jaf> b4 ,nuayr al-,khuld4 ---- diq4 ,see ,ab ,muammad ,jaf> b4 ,muammad diq4 ,ji1 #h4 ,j]usalem1 #aja1 #bae4 ,jesus1 #dj1 #ej1 #bcb1 #bdd1 #bfb1 #bgc1 #cga1 #cge1 #cgf4 ,jews1 #bfa4 ,jidda1 #bcc4 ,job1 #bd1 #dj1 #bea4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 #dj1 #cga1 #cge1 #cgf4 ,see ,yay b4 ,zak>iyy4 ,joseph1 #cb1 #beh1 #bfb1 #caj1 #cce1 #cfe1 #cie4 ,junayd4 ,see ,abu l-,qsim ,junayd4 ,junayds1 #acj1 #ahe-i1 #aie4 ,jurayj1 #bcb4 ,jurayr4 ,see ,ab ,muammad ,amad b4 al-usayn al-,jurayr4 ,jurjn1 #cgc4 ,k4 ,kaba1 !1 #ab1 #aba1 #ada1 #bci1 #bdj1 #beh1 #cjj1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccg1 #cig4 ,kam& 7,kum&71 #cce4 ,k>bal1 #gf4 ,k>kh1 #cef1 #cgh4 ,kattn1 #cbe4 ,khabbb b4 al-,aratt1 #ha4 ,khair4 ,see ,khir4 ,khaffs1 #acj1 #bdg-ea4 ,khlid b4 ,wald1 #bcb4 ,khall1 #gc1 #ia1 #cag4 ,see ,abraham4 ,khrijites1 #bhf4 ,kh>rz4 ,see ,ab ,sad ,amad b4 s al-,kh>rz4 ,kh>rzs1 #acj1 #bda-f4 ,khayr al-,nassj4 ,see ,abu l-asan ,muammad b4 ,isml ,khayr al-,nassj4 ,khaz91 ,imm1 #bbg4 ,khir1 #ajc1 #ada1 #adb1 #aec1 #bij1 #cdb4 ,khubayb1 #bba4 ,khursn1 #fi1 #aae1 #aba1 #abc1 #abf1 #acd1 #adj1 #adf1 #aea1 #aei1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg1 #bcf1 #cce1 #djj4 ,khurqn1 #afc4 ,khurqn4 ,see ,abu l-asan ,al b4 ,amad al-,khurqn4 ,khusraw4 ,see ,n%rwn4 al-,khuttal4 ,see ,abu l-,fal ,muammad b4 al-asan al-,khuttal4 ,khzi/n1 #aea4 ,kirmn1 #ea1 #abc1 #acb1 #acc1 #agc4 ,ki%1 #agc4 ,korah1 #cdg4 ,kfa1 #df1 #ge1 #hd1 #ih1 #ajd1 #aah1 #ade1 #bje1 #cci1 #cfj1 #cif4 ,kumi%1 #agc4 ,l4 ,labd1 #cig4 ,lahwur1 #ia4 ,layl1 #beh1 #cec4 ,lukm1 ,m\nt1 #aff4 ,luqmn ( ,s>akhs1 #ahh4 ,m4 ,magians1 #bhj1 #djd4 ,mamd1 ,khwja1 #agd4 ,majnn1 #beh1 #cec4 ,malmats1 #ej1 #fb-i4 ,mlik1 ! ,imm1 #aaf1 #bhf4 ,mlik b4 ,dnr1 #df1 #hi-ij1 #ccg4 ,mn 7,manes71 #djg4 ,mani*ans1 #ca4 ,manr1 ! ,caliph1 #ic4 ---- b4 ,ammr4 ,see ,abu l-,s> ,manr b4 ,ammr4 ,maqm-i ,ibrhm1 #cbf4 ,maqdis1 #bfj4 ,marf ,k>kh4 ,see ,ab ,maf ,marf b4 ,frz al-,k>kh4 ,mrt1 #cfd4 ,m>v al-,rd1 #ej4 ,m>wa1 #cbf1 #cbh4 ,m>wn b4 ,muwiya1 #aah4 ,m>y1 ! ,virg91 #bcj1 #bdd4 ,ma%ar al-arm1 #cbf4 ,masd1 spiritual director1 #cbc4 ---- b4 ,rab al-,fris1 #ha4 ,mayhana1 #afd1 #bce4 ,mecca1 #gg1 #hc1 #hd1 #hg1 #ia1 #id1 #if1 #ih1 #ajg1 #ade1 #aeh1 #ahf1 #aib1 #bae1 #bba1 #beh1 #bij1 #bib1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cgb1 #cgh4 ,m$na1 #aaf1 #bba4 ,m]v1 #eb1 #if1 #ig1 #aed1 #aeh1 #agd1 #bje1 #bji1 #bea1 #cbc1 #dja4 ,mi*ael1 #bda4 ,mihna4 ,see ,mayhana4 ,m91 #cbf1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cdj4 ,miqdd b4 al-,aswad1 #ha4 ,misar b4 ,kidm1 #ic4 ,misa b4 ,u??a b4 ,abbd1 #hb4 ,moses1 #dj1 #da1 #gd1 #gf1 #ij1 #aja1 #afg1 #agi1 #bcj1 #bfb1 #bif1 #big1 #cbd1 #ccb1 #cga1 #cgb1 #chj1 #cha4 ,mudh b4 al-ri?1 #hb4 ,muwiya1 ! ,caliph1 #daa4 ,muayyad1 #ec4 ,muar1 #hc4 ,mughra b4 ,%uba1 #ccg4 ,muhjirn1 #ai1 #cif4 ,muammad1 ! ,prophet1 #a1 #d1 #h1 #aa1 #ae1 #ai1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cf1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #eb1 #ec1 #fb1 #gj1 #gb1 #gf1 #gi1 #hj1 #ha1hb1 #hc1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abg1 #abi1 #adj1 #ada1 #aeh1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aib1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bji1 #baa1 #bac1 #bae1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bch1 #bed1 #bee1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bfi1 #bhc1 #bhg1 #cab1 #cae1 #cag1 #cah1 #cai1 #cbd1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #ccf1 #cdd1 #cdf1 #cdh1 #cec1 #ceh1 #cfe1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #chj1 #cha1 #cid1 #cif1 #cig1 #dja1 #djh1 #daa4 ,see ,traditions ( ! ,prophet4 ,muammad b4 ,amad al-,muqr1 #da4 ---- b4 ,al akm4 ,see ,ab ,abdallh ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh4 ---- b4 ,al b4 al-usayn b4 ,al b4 ,ab lib1 #ch4 ---- b4 ,fal al-,balkh4 ,see ,ab ,abdallh ,muammad b4 al-,fal al-,balkh4 ---- akm4 ,see ,ab ,abdallh ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh4 ---- b4 al-asan1 #aaj1 #aaf1 #bhf4 ---- b4 al-usayn al-,alaw1 #bje4 ---- b4 ,kab al-,qura1 #ii4 ---- b4 ,khaff4 ,see ,ab ,abdallh ,muammad b4 ,khaff4 ---- ,ma%q1 #agd4 ---- b4 ,masrq1 #dae4 ---- b4 ,salama1 #agc4 ---- b4 ,srn1 #ib4 ---- b4 ,ulyn1 #bjf4 ---- b4 ,wsi1 #ia-b1 #bgf1 #ccj4 ---- b4 ,zak>iyy1 #ea4 ,see ,ab ,bakr ,muammad b4 ,zak>iyy al-,rz4 ,musibs1 #acj1 #agf-hc1 #cga4 ,mujassima1 #bcf4 ,mltn1 #ia4 ,muqaddas1 #bfj4 ,murd1 #age4 ,murjites1 #ff1 #fg4 ,murtai%4 ,see ,ab ,muammad ,murtai%4 ,mu%abbiha1 #bcf4 ,muslim ,maghrib1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,muaf1 #ii1 #cfh4 ,see ,muammad1 ! ,prophet4 ,mutanabb1 #h4 ,mutazilites1 #f1 #ajf1 #aag1 #aah1 #bac1 #bae1 #bci1 #bec1 #bfh1 #bhj1 #bhf1 #bie1 #cic4 ,muaff>1 ,khwja4 ,see ,ab ,amad al-,muaff> b4 ,amad b4 amdn4 ---- ,kirmn%h ,q>mn1 #dc4 ,muzayy9 ! ,eld]1 #beg4 ,muzdalifa1 #cbf1 #cbh4 ,n4 ,nar b4 al-ri?1 #bfa1 #cid4 ,nfi1 #aia4 ,najd1 #hc4 ,nas1 #bjf1 #bea4 ,ne/orians1 #bdd4 ,nibj1 #ach4 ,nile1 ! riv]1 #aja1 #baa1 #bab4 ,nimrod1 #gc1 #bbd1 #cbg4 ,n%pr1 #af1 #da1 #abj1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #acc1 #acd1 #aei1 #afe1 #agj1 #agd1 #ahc1 #bgb1 #cah1 #cfe4 ,noah1 #cga4 ,n1 a brig&1 #ahc4 ,nr4 ,see ,abu l-asan ,amad b4 ,muammad al-,nr4 ,nrs1 #acj1 #ahi-ie4 ,n%rwn1 #dja4 ,o4 ,oxus1 ! riv]1 #adb1 #bce4 ,p4 ,pdi%h-i ,tib1 #agc4 ,ph>aoh1 #gf1 #ajb1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #cdg4 ,prophet1 ! ,h\se ( !1 #ge4 ,purg1 #ea4 ,q4 ,qad>ites1 #f1 #ff1 #fg1 #ge4 ,q>mia1 #chc4 ,see ,c>ma?ians4 ,q>an1 #hc1 #hd4 ,qrn1 #cdg4 ,qars1 #acj1 #ahc-d4 ,see amdns & ,malmats4 ,qays ( ! ,ban mir1 #cec4 ,quhi/n1 #agc4 ,quray%1 #bfa1 #cid4 ,qu%ayr4 ,see ,abu l-,qsim ,abd al-,k>m b4 ,hawz9 al-,qu%ayr4 ,r4 ,raba1 #hc4 ,rbia ,adawiyya1 #ceh4 ,rfis1 #aeb4 ,raj b4 ayt1 #ii4 ,ramla1 #cdc4 ,raqqm1 #aij4 ,raqq1 #djh4 ,rayy1 #fe1 #abj1 #abc1 #acc1 #bic4 ,riwn1 #bcb4 ,rm1 #bjg1 #bbb1 #bdd1 #djg4 ,rufa mosque1 #aed4 ,ruwaym4 ,see ,ab ,muammad ,ruwaym b4 ,amad4 ,s4 bians1 #bbb4 af1 #cbf1 #cbh4 afwn b4 ,bay1 #ha4 ,sahl b4 ,abdallh al-,tu/>4 ,see ,ab ,muammad ,sahl b4 ,abdallh al-,tu/>4 ,sahlag1 ,%aykh1 #afd1 #agc4 ,sahls1 #acj1 #aie-baj1 #bif4 ,sib b4 ,khalld1 #hb4 ,sad b4 ,ab ,sad al-,ayyr1 #age4 ---- b4 al-,musayyib1 #hg4 ,slr-i ab>1 #age4 li ,murr1 #cif4 ,slim1 #ha4 ---- b4 ,abdallh1 #ii4 ---- b4 ,umayr b4 ,?bit1 #hb4 ,slims1 #aca4 ,salmn al-,fris1 #de1 #ha1 #ij1 #bcb1 #cdd4 ,sam>c&1 #adj1 #djh4 ,sm>r1 #ade1 #cei4 ,s>ah1 #cfe4 ,s>akhs1 #afd1 #afe1 #agd1 #aic1 #bbg1 #cfd4 ,s> al-,saqa4 ,see ,abu l-asan ,s> ,mughallis al-,saqa4 ,sayyrs1 #acj1 #bea-fj4 ,%addd1 #bbd4 al-,%fi1 #aaf1 #abe1 #bhf1 #cdg4 ,%h b4 ,%uj4 ,see ,abu l-,fawris ,%h b4 ,%uj al-,kirmn4 ,%ahri/n1 #aca1 #bie4 ,%aqq ( ,balkh4 ,see ,ab ,al ,%aqq b4 ,ibrhm al-,azd4 ,%arn1 #cif4 ,%ibl4 ,see ,ab ,bakr ,dulaf b4 ,jad> al-,%ibl4 ,%ites1 #aeb1 #bfc1 #chc1 #djd4 ,%rz1 #bdg4 ,%rn1 #daa4 ,%uayb1 #gd4 ,%nziyya mosque1 #abc1 #cbc4 ,%uray1 #ic1 #id4 iffn1 #hd4 ,s9ai1 ,m\nt1 #bcj1 #cgb1 #cha4 ir1 #ah1 #ajg1 #aii4 ,srawn1 #aff4 ,solomon1 #bd1 #bcj4 ,sophi/s1 #ae4 ,sfisiyn1 #ae4 ,sufyn ,?awr1 #df1 #ic1 #ajc1 #abh1 #bic4 ---- b4 ,uyayna1 #ih1 #aah4 uhayb b4 ,s9n1 #ha4 ,sulaymn ,r1 #aaf4 ,sumnn al-,muibb4 ,see ,abu l-asan ,sumnn b4 ,abdallh al-,khaww4 ,syria1 #id1 #aah1 #agb4 ,t4 b>n1 #bbg4 ab>i/n1 #afa1 #afc1 #agc4 al-,tbin1 #hc1 #hh4 ayfrs1 #acj1 #ahd-h1 #ahi4 ,?bit b4 ,wadat1 #hb4 ,?alaba1 #cdh4 ,?awbn1 #hb4 ---- "n ( ,dhu l-,nn1 #ajj4 ,tibetans1 #bfc4 ,tigris1 #ahj1 #djh4 ,th-i ,ban ,isrl1 #bbi4 ,tirmidh1 #ag1 #ada1 #bbi4 ,transoxania1 #ej1 #fg1 #afa1 #agd1 #bhh1 #cfd4 ,turki/n1 #djg4 s1 #di1 #afe1 #aff1 #bcd4 ,tu/>1 #aie1 #bbe1 #bcc4 ,u4 ,ubulla1 #djh4 ,uud1 #aib4 ,ukk%a b4 ,mian1 #ha4 ,um> b4 ,abd al-,azz1 #ii4 ---- b4 al-,khab1 ! ,caliph1 #ca1 #de1 #gj1 #gb-c1 #gf1 #ha1 #hc1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bab1 #bcb1 #bed1 #cjd1 #cfa1 #cid1 #dja1 #daa4 ,umayya b4 ,abi l-alt1 #cig4 ,umm ,kul?m1 #cfa4 ,utba b4 ,ghazwn1 #ha4 ---- al-,ghulm1 #ahj4 ---- b4 ,masd1 #ha4 ---- b4 ,raba1 #cid4 ,u?mn1 ! ,caliph1 #fe1 #gc-d4 ,uways al-,q>an1 #de1 #hc-d4 ,uzk&1 #bcd4 ,w4 ,wahb b4 ,maqal1 #hb4 ,y4 ,yay b4 ,mudh al-,rz4 ,see ,ab ,zak>iyy ,yay b4 ,mudh al-,rz4 ,yay b4 ,zak>iyy1 #abb4 ,see ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,yazdn1 #bhj4 ,yazd b4 ,muwiya1 #gf4 ,ysuf1 #cb1 #acf4 ,see ,joseph4 ---- b4 al-usayn4 ,see ,ab ,yaqb ,ysuf b4 al-usayn al-,rz4 ,z4 ,za*>ias1 #dj1 #bcj4 hirite s*ool ( law1 #ace4 ,zida1 #bcb4 ,zak>iyy al-,anr1 #djh4 ,zak b4 al-,al1 #agb4 ,zayd b4 al-,khab1 #ha4 ,zayn al-bidn1 #gf4 ,zuhr1 #ga4 ,zulaykh1 #acf1 #caj1 #cce1 #cfe4 ,zurra b4 ,ab ,awf1 #cif4 ,,ii4 ,,subjects1 ,,ori5tal ,,words1 ,,& ,,te*nical ,,t]ms4 ,arabic & ,p]sian words are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,9 _! arrangem5t no acc\nt is tak5 ( ! def9ite article al4 ,a4 ab1 #dh1 #eb1 #acc4 abad1 #chf4 ,abdl1 #bad4 ,abrr1 #bad4 ,actions1 ! ,div9e1 #ad4 adab1 db1 #ccd1 #cda4 db-i hir1 #bib4 adam1 #bh1 #afh1 #bec1 #cgc4 damiyyat1 #bdf1 #bed4 adl1 #chg4 ft1 #bha4 aghyr1 #ca4 ad?1 #daf4 ahl-i d>gh1 #afi4 ---- aqiq1 #bbe4 ---- aqqat1 #be4 ---- aqq1 #fb1 #djb4 ---- a%w1 #caf1 #daf4 ---- himmat1 #afg4 ---- ibrat1 #ei4 ahl al-ilm1 #bec4 ahl-i man1 #djc4 ---- maqmt1 #fa4 ---- m9an1 #bfe4 ---- mumalat1 #bbe4 ---- rusm1 #agb4 ---- waf1 #bfe4 arr1 #dc4 awl1 #cc1 #aaj1 #aeg1 #agg4 ,see l & ,/ates ( ,my/ics4 ib1 #cia4 ajz1 #bgf4 akhlq1 #db4 ,akhyr1 #bad4 aliq1 #afe1 #chd4 lam1 #che1 #chf4 lat-i mawsm1 #aii4 lim1 #chb1 #chc4 lim-i rabbn1 #aea4 ,alms1 #cad-ag4 amr1 #chh4 amn1 #baf4 anfs1 #afd4 angalyn1 #djg4 ,angels1 #bci-da1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cea4 ,annihilation1 #bj1 #bc1 #be1 #bh1 #cf1 #cg1 #dj1 #dh1 #eh-fj1 #ie1 #agj1 #aga1 #bje1 #bda-f4 ,see fan4 aql1 #cji4 ara1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #chf4 arbb-i awl1 #cjb4 ---- l1 #cb4 ---- laif1 #cec4 ---- man1 #ch1 #ei4 rif1 #gi1 #ajj1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #chb-c1 #dad4 ar%1 #cc4 ,asc5sion ( ,byazd1 #bch4 ---- ( ,muammad1 #ahf1 #bae1 #bdj1 #bei1 #bfb1 #bgg1 #bhc1 #cjb1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccf1 #cfh4 ---- ( ,prophets & ,sa9ts1 #bch4 ,asceticism1 #ag1 #cg1 #hf4 ,see ,mortification & zuhd4 ,ask+1 rules 91 #ceg-fj4 asrr1 #bee4 ,association4 ,see ,companion%ip4 ---- ) ! wick$1 #hf4 ,attributes1 ! ,div9e1 #ab1 #ad1 #ba1 #cf1 #beb1 #bec1 #bgi1 #bhh4 awbat1 #bie4 awliy1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bae1 #bie4 ,see ,sa9ts4 awrd1 #cjc4 ,awtd1 #adf1 #bad1 #bbh1 #bcd4 awwb1 #bie4 yt1 #cgc4 ayyr1 #ajj4 ayn1 #adi1 #aga1 #aif1 #bjf4 ayn al-yaqn1 #cha-b4 azal1 #chf4 azaliyyat1 #bch4 ,b4 ,bb1 a title giv5 to f ,%aykhs1 #bcd4 badhl-i r1 #aid4 bal1 #chh1 #chi4 baq1 #bc1 #eh1 #ei1 #gc1 #adc1 #agj1 #aga1 #ahe1 #bje1 #bda-f1 #bec1 #bff1 #cgc1 #cgg1 #chj4 bq1 #bf1 #cb1 #he1 #caa4 ba%>iyyat1 #cb1 #aei1 #bag1 #bbf1 #bcg4 bas1 #aha1 #cgd-f4 bayn1 #cef1 #cgc4 bgna1 #bjj1 #bbb4 bgnag1 #bd1 #ccc1 #cgg4 ,begg+1 #aje4 ---- rules 91 #ceg1 #cfj4 birsm1 #afg4 ,blame1 ! doctr9e (1 #fb-i1 #ahc-d4 ,see malmat1 ,malmats1 ,qars4 ,blue g>m5ts1 worn by fs1 #ec4 ,c4 ,cave1 /ory ( !1 #bca4 ,celibacy1 #cfj-f4 *ignag1 #cgd4 *illa1 #ea1 #cbd4 ,companion%ip1 #ahi1 #aij1 #ccd-de4 ,see ubat4 ,contemplation1 #gj1 #ia1 #ib1 #aje1 #afe1 #aga1 #bja-e1 #cjj1 #cbg1 #cbi-cc1 #cdf4 ,see mu%hadat4 ,covet\sness1 #abh1 #acf1 #bag4 ,d4 dahr1 #bdd4 dahriyn1 #bha4 ,daily bread1 #ajf1 #aeg4 ,danc+1 #daf4 dni%m&1 #chb4 arr1 #bfa1 #bga4 daw1 #bgd4 daw al-misk1 #h4 ,d]vi%es1 #adb1 #adc1 #adf1 #afe4 ,see faqr & fuq>4 ---- resid5t1 #cdj-e4 ---- travell+1 #cdj1 #cde-g4 dht1 #e1 #chf4 dhawq1 #eh1 #cib4 dhikr1 #hg1 #abf1 #abh1 #aed1 #aee1 #bdb1 #bed1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjg1 #cga1 #cgf4 ddr1 #age4 iddn1 #chf4 dil1 #cc1 #add1 #cji4 ,directors1 spiritual1 #ee-g1 #abh1 #abi1 #acc1 #acd1 #aff1 #afi1 #cja1 #cec1 #ced1 #ceg1 #chg1 #djh1 #dah1 #dai4 ,div9es1 #aaf1 #adb1 #adc1 #bac4 ,see ulam4 ---- disagreem5t ( !1 #ajf1 #agf4 ,dreams1 #hh1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ajj1 #aaf1 #abi1 #ach1 #ade1 #bah1 #bhb1 #cba1 #ceh1 #cei4 ,dualism1 #bei1 #bgc1 #bhj4 d/n1 #bfe1 #chb4 ,e4 ,eat+1 rules 91 #cdg-i4 ,ec/asy1 #ach1 #aeb1 #afg4 ,see ,intoxication & sam & wajd4 ,ess5ce1 ! ,div9e1 #ad4 ,f4 fal1 #bja4 fil1 #bcg4 ,fai?1 #bbe1 #bhf-ij4 falakiyn1 #bhj4 fan1 #bh1 #cg1 #eh1 #gc1 #adc1 #afh1 #agj1 #ahe1 #bje1 #bda-f1 #bec1 #bff1 #cgc1 #cgg1 #chj4 ,see ,annihilation4 fan-yi ayn1 #bdd4 ---- kull1 #cg4 ---- kulliyyat1 #bdc4 fn1 #bf1 #cb1 #cc1 #caa4 fqa1 #cbe4 faqd1 #cfh4 faqr1 #bj1 #ei1 #fj1 #afe1 #cji4 ,see ,d]vi%es4 faqr1 #cf1 #fj1 #aji1 #ahi1 #cji1 #cfd4 ,see ,pov]ty4 f>ghat1 #aji4 f>dniyyat1 #bha4 ,fa/+1 #cf1 #eb1 #bja1 #cbj-e4 fawid1 #chd1 #che4 ,fe>1 #aab1 #aac1 #abb1 #abh4 fikrat1 #bci4 fil1 #bcg1 #bef4 ,free w1 #ag1 #bhh4 ,see ,pr$e/9ation4 ,frocks1 pat*$1 worn by fs1 #de-eg4 ,see muraqqat4 fuq>1 #ai1 #aaj1 #abf1 #adb1 #afe4 furqat1 #bf4 fut1 #cee4 ,g4 ,g>m5ts1 ! r5d+ (1 #ef1 #eg1 #dag-ah4 ,g5]osity1 #aad1 #abc1 #abd1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #cag-ai4 ghaflat1 #ag1 #aee1 #ahg1 #bdb4 ghalabat1 #ahd1 #bbf4 ghan4 ,see gh94 gh>b1 #adf4 ,ghaw?1 #bad4 ghaybat1 #aee1 #agh1 #bdh-ea1 #bef1 #cja1 #cgj1 #chj1 #dje4 ghayn1 #e1 #cia4 ghayr1 #fb1 #aje1 #bcg1 #bgd4 ghayrn1 #chf4 ghayrat1 #aef4 gh91 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #gd4 ghusl1 #bic4 gilm1 #cb1 #de4 girawi%1 #bhi4 ,gnosis1 #af1 #ajj1 #acd1 #adj1 #bfg-gg1 #cbe1 #cib4 ,see marifat4 ,grace4 ,see fal1 9yat1 k>mat4 ,h4 ada?1 #bic4 hadhayn1 #afg4 ir1 #cgc4 arat1 #bef4 ajj1 #cbf4 ,see ,pilgrimage4 l1 #di1 #ej1 #aab1 #agg1 #ahj-c1 #bcf1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #beh1 #bfg1 #cji1 #cfg-gj1 #cga1 #cgb1 #chb1 #dae4 ,see ,/ates ( my/ics & awl4 l1 #bfg4 ll1 #bdd1 #bed1 #bgi4 aqiq1 #aag4 aqqat1 #ad1 #ea1 #adi1 #chc-d4 ,see ,tru?1 !4 aqq1 #chd1 #djd4 ,see ,tru?1 !4 aqq al-yaqn1 #cha1 #chb4 a%w1 #afg4 ha/1 #cgd4 haw1 #aif1 #bjg1 #bjh4 haybat1 #cgf1 #cgg4 ayrat1 #bge4 azan1 #dac4 ,hell1 ! result ( ,god's ang]1 #aii4 hidyat1 #ie1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ijb1 #bb1 #adi1 #bcf1 #cbe1 #cgd1 #dad4 ,see ,veils1 spiritual4 ijb-i ghayn1 #e4 ijb-i rayn1 #d1 #e4 himmat1 #aee1 #bce4 ,hope1 #aab1 #aac1 #abb1 #acc4 ubb1 #cje1 #cjf4 ur1 #cc1 #abi1 #add1 #aee1 #agh1 #bdh-ea1 #cja1 #cgc1 #chj4 ud?1 #bhj4 ull1 #aca1 #bfj4 ,hung]1 #cbd1 #cbe4 urmat1 #ccd4 urqat1 #dg4 usn1 #chf4 huwiyyat1 #bch4 uzn1 #cga4 ,hypocrisy1 #hg1 #hi1 #bia1 #bib1 #cjd4 ,i4 ib1 #aca4 ibdat1 #gi4 ibrat1 #bjc1 #bgf1 #che4 ibtid1 #aai1 #afi4 idda1 #aa4 ijz1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bee4 ijm1 #ad1 #bbe4 ikhl1 #ajc1 #aag1 #bdf4 ikhtiyr1 #aga1 #big1 #caf1 #chh4 ilhiyyat1 #bde4 ilhm1 #aff1 #bga4 ilhmiyn1 #bga4 ilm1 #ajc1 #bfg1 #cha1 #chb-c1 #dae4 ,see ,k4 ilm-i marifat1 #af4 ---- mumalat1 #hf1 #aae4 ---- %>at1 #af4 ---- waqt1 #ac1 #aab4 ilm al-yaqn1 #cha1 #chb4 ilm1 #bfg4 m1 #che4 mn1 #bbe1 #bhf-ij4 imtin1 #chh1 #chi1 #cij4 imtizj1 #aca1 #aeb1 #bed1 #bfj4 9bat1 #aha1 #bie1 #cga4 9yat1 #bjc1 #bfh4 inbis1 #chj4 ,inc>nation1 #ib1 #bcf1 #bfj-f4 ,see ull4 ,indulg5ces1 #aaf4 insn1 #aig4 insniyyat1 #aig4 ,inspiration1 #bga4 ,int5tion1 ! p[] (1 #d4 intibh1 #che4 intiql1 #bcf4 ,intoxication1 spiritual1 #bbf-i1 #bdh1 #ceb4 ,see sukr4 inzij1 #che4 irdat1 #aii1 #cjg4 i%rat1 #ef1 #abi1 #aee1 #che1 #djd4 i%q1 #caj4 i%tibh1 #che4 ism1 #chf4 i/idll1 #bfh4 i/idll1 #ccj4 i/idrj1 #bba1 #bbd4 iif1 #bfe1 #cij4 i/ighrq1 #cha1 #che4 i/ikhrat1 #c4 iilm1 #cij4 i91 #cij4 i/iqmat1 #ajd1 #agg1 #cja1 #cgg4 i/iat1 #ge4 i/iw1 #cjg4 ?r1 #ahi-ie4 i?bt1 #cgi1 #chj1 #chf4 ittid1 #aeb1 #aih1 #bed4 ittil1 #dae4 iyn1 #cef1 #cgj1 #cgc4 ,j4 jabr1 #ag1 #bgb1 #bhh1 #cbd4 ,see ,pr$e/9ation4 jadhb1 #aie4 jadhbat1 #bdh4 jadhb1 #ccj4 jall1 #agg1 #bhh1 #cgf4 jam1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bea-fj1 #bff1 #bhe1 #chj4 ,see ,union ) ,god4 jam-i himmat 7himam71 #beh1 #bhb4 jam al-jam1 #ci1 #bei4 jam-i salmat1 #beg4 jam-i taksr1 #beg1 #beh4 jaml1 #agg1 #bhh1 #cgf4 jn1 #aig1 #aii1 #cji4 janbat1 #bic4 jawb1 #chf4 ja:>1 #chf4 jihd1 #cfd4 al-jihd al-akb>1 #bjj4 jism1 #chf4 jubba1 #ej1 #ajb4 jd1 #cag4 ,k4 kabra1 #bbe1 #bie4 kabd1 #ag4 kad>1 #cj1 #cb4 kaf%1 #cde4 kalm1 #ag1 #cjg4 kaml1 #bhh4 kmil1 #he1 #djg4 k>mat1 k>mt1 #aji1 #agg1 #bac1 #bad1 #bah-ce1 #bee1 #bhb1 #bia1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cgg1 #cgi4 ,see ,miracles4 kasb1 #bh1 #aie1 #bbe1 #bed4 ka%f1 #d1 #dg1 #ei1 #aaa1 #bbf1 #bfe1 #cgd1 #chj1 #dad4 khnaqh1 #fi4 kh>q1 #eg1 #dag4 kha%%1 #id4 kh al-kh1 #chb4 khaar1 #e1 #adi4 khaart1 #add1 #chd4 khir1 #chg1 #chh4 khatm1 #e4 khawir1 #adi4 khawf1 #cga4 khidmat1 #aia1 #bah1 #bga4 khirqat1 #dg4 khib1 #dae4 khullat1 #gc1 #cbf4 khuiyyat1 #beg4 kibrt-i am>1 #g4 kitmn-i sirr1 #chj4 ,k1 #aa-ah1 #ajh4 ,see ilm4 ---- ( ,god4 ,see ,gnosis & marifat4 kulliyyat1 #bf1 #cgi1 #che4 ,l4 laq1 #cgc4 laif1 #che4 ,law1 !1 #ad1 #ae1 #aci1 #adj4 ,see %>at4 lawi1 #che4 lawmi1 #che4 ,lib]ality1 #cag-ai4 lisn al-l1 #cef4 ,love1 ,div9e1 #bc1 #bd1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ch1 #fg1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #aef1 #aeg1 #ahj1 #ahg1 #baa1 #beh1 #bhh1 #big1 #cjd-ac1 #ccj1 #cca1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #cij1 #dje4 ,see maabbat4 ,lu/1 #aae1 #abh1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bdj4 luf1 #cgg-i4 ,m4 madhhab-i ,?awr1 #abe4 mafqd1 #afd4 maghlb1 #bdf1 #cab4 ---- al-qulb1 #he4 ,magic1 #aea1 #aeb4 maabbat1 #bf1 #aag1 #aeg1 #agh1 #ahg1 #baa1 #big1 #cje1 #cjf1 #caj4 maall1 #bdd4 mafz1 #bbe1 #bci1 #bda4 maq1 #cgc4 maram1 #cdi4 maw1 #ei1 #cgc1 #cgi4 maksib1 #bed4 malmat1 #fb-i1 #id1 #ajj1 #aai1 #age1 #ahc-d4 malik1 #chg4 malja1 #chd4 ,man1 ! con/itution (1 #aih1 #aii4 man1 #bch4 man1 #ce4 manj1 #che4 maqm1 maqmt1 #g1 #cc1 #eh1 #aaj1 #aeg1 #agg1 #ahj-c1 #bcf1 #beh1 #bfe1 #bia1 #cja1 #cgj-c4 ,see ,/ations ( ! ,my/ic ,pa?4 maqhr1 #cfh4 m>dn1 #cbg4 marifat1 #af1 #gi1 #aeb1 #agh1 #aid1 #bbe1 #bfg-gg1 #cbf1 #chb-c1 #cij4 ,see ,gnosis4 ,m>riage1 #cfj-f4 ma%rib1 #cja4 ma%rab1 #dad4 maskanat1 #fj4 mam1 #bbe1 #bda1 #bih4 math1 #cab4 mawaddat1 #ahg4 mawhib1 #bed4 mawjd1 #afd4 minat1 #bf4 ,miracles1 #aeb1 #afh1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae1 #bah-ce1 #cbc1 #cbd4 ,see k>mat4 mirj1 #bch4 miskn1 #fj4 mizaj1 #bha4 ,mortification1 #aie-baj1 #bef1 #beg1 #cdf4 ,see mujhadat4 mumalt1 #cj1 #ch1 #da4 munasat1 #chb4 muyanat1 #cca4 mubtad1 #afg1 #djg4 mut>r1 #caf4 muf>rid1 #cfb4 muft>iq1 #bee4 muarat1 #cgc1 #cgd4 muda?at1 #chj1 #cha4 muawwil-i awl1 #da4 muda?1 #ib1 #bfc1 #bgj1 #bic1 #chf4 muibb1 #bf4 mujhadat1 #ce1 #cf1 #dg1 #ej1 #gj1 #he1 #ie1 #aac1 #abg1 #agj1 #agf1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aie-baj1 #bib1 #bif1 #cbe1 #cbi1 #chb4 ,see ,mortification4 mujlasat1 #aei4 muj>rad1 #fa4 mujizat1 #bai-bf1 #bcj1 #cbd1 #cid4 mujtami1 #bee1 #cfg4 muk%afat1 #d1 #bb1 #cgc-d4 mukhla1 #he4 mukhli1 #he1 #bfe4 mukula1 #cde4 munjt1 #cdd1 #chj4 munb1 #bie4 muntah1 #afh4 muq>rabn1 #d1 #bie4 mq91 #add4 muraqqat1 #de-eg1 #fi1 #gc1 #id4 murd1 #he1 #ajg1 #aeg1 #baa1 #bfe1 #cgj1 #dad4 mur%id1 #agb4 muruwwat1 #cbh1 #ccd4 musabbib1 #cbg4 musfirn1 #cdj4 musm>at1 #chj1 #cha4 mu%hadat1 #cg1 #ej1 #gj1 #he1 #ie1 #aac1 #abg1 #abi1 #aee1 #afe1 #agj1 #agf1 #ahd1 #bja1 #bcg1 #bge1 #bhj1 #bif1 #cbe1 #cbi1 #cgc1 #chb4 ,see ,contemplation4 mu%tq1 #bfe4 ,music1 #cii-dac4 mu/aghriq1 #cgc4 mu/ahlik1 #cjh4 mu/ami1 #agd1 #djb4 mu/aqm1 #ahd1 #cfi4 mu/awif1 #ce4 mutaahhil1 #cdi4 mutakallim1 #aca1 #aed4 mutakaww91 #cfi4 mutamakk91 #aai1 #aeb1 #afh1 #cfi1 #cgb4 mut>addid1 #cgb4 mutaawwif1 #cd1 #ce1 #agb4 mutaawwifa1 #af4 mutawassi1 #djg4 muwaid1 #bgj1 #bgh4 ,n4 nab1 #abi4 nadam1 #bid4 nadmat1 #bie1 #bif1 #big4 nafs1 #adi1 #aed1 #ahb1 #aif-baj1 #bdj1 #bgg1 #cjc1 #djd4 ,see ,s\l1 ! l[]4 nafs-i lawwma1 #fb4 nafy1 #cgi1 #chj1 #chf4 najw1 #ceb1 #che4 nakirat1 #gi1 #agh4 nalayn1 #cde4 namz1 #cjj4 ,"n1 ! great1 ( ,god1 #aje4 ,names ( ,god1 #cag1 #chb4 naskh-i arw1 #bfj4 nifq1 #hi1 #bia4 ,novices1 discipl9e (1 #ed1 #aie1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cch1 #ced4 numd1 #afg4 ,nuqab1 #bad4 ,o4 ,ob$i5ce1 #he1 #ij1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #caa1 #cab4 ,p4 pals1 #ea4 ,pan!ism1 #bdc1 #bdf4 ,see ull1 ittid1 imtizj1 fan1 tawd1 ,union ) ,god4 ,p>adise1 ( no acc\nt1 #ajg1 #aaa2 ! effect ( ,god's satisfaction1 #aii4 prs-m>dn1 #bfe4 ,passion1 #bjg-aj4 ,see haw4 ,pati5ce1 #hf4 ,p]secution ( fs1 #acg1 #adj1 #aed1 #aij1 #aia4 ,pilgrimage1 !1 #ajg1 #cbf-i4 p9d%t1 #aej1 #aee4 pr1 #ag1 #ee4 ,poetry1 ! he>+ (1 #cig1 #cih4 ,poets1 ! pre-,islamic1 #cgb4 ,poly!ism1 #ch1 #aac1 #acb4 ,see %irk4 ,pov]ty1 practical1 #fj2 spiritual1 #ai-bi1 #di1 #eh-fa1 #aba1 #abg1 #cdi2 volunt>y & compulsory1 #ga1 #caf4 ,see faqr4 ,praise ( ,god4 ,see dhikr4 ,pray]1 #aa1 #cjj-d4 ,pr$e/9ation1 #ag1 #ajd1 #bjc1 #bji1 #baj1 #bgc4 ,see jabr4 ,prophets1 miracles ( !1 #bai-bf4 ,see mujizat4 ---- !1 sup]ior to ! ,sa9ts1 #abi1 #bai1 #bce-i4 ---- & ,sa9ts1 !1 sup]ior to ! ,angels1 #bci-da4 ,purgation1 #gj4 ,see ,mortification4 ,purification1 #bia-d4 ,purity1 spiritual1 #eh-fa4 ,see saf & afwat4 ,q4 qab1 #dh1 #eb1 #acc1 #ahc4 qab1 #aha1 #cgd-f4 qad>1 #ge4 qadm1 #ib1 #bfb1 #chf4 qahr1 #cfi1 #cgg-i4 q>r1 #che4 qawwl1 #aci1 #aga1 #dae4 qayd1 #chg4 qibla1 #ab1 #cjj1 #cja1 #ced4 qidam1 #bfc4 qub1 #chg4 qudrat1 #cjj4 ,quietism4 ,see ri & tawakkul4 ,quieti/s1 f\r classes (1 #agh4 qurb1 #he1 #bbf1 #bch1 #cji4 qurbat1 #bf1 #aia1 #bdi1 #cjj4 qud1 #cij4 ,qub1 #adg1 #bjf1 #bad1 #bbh1 #bbi4 quwwat1 #bhj4 ,r4 rabbn1 #ba1 #cc4 rhib1 #if4 raj1 #acc1 #cga4 rakwa1 #fi4 rams1 #chd4 raq1 #daf4 rasdagn1 #bbh1 #bcc4 rasm1 #ce1 #cf4 ,rationalism1 #ge4 ,see ,mutazilites1 ,qad>ites4 rayn1 #e1 #cia4 ,r5unciation1 #gj1 #ga1 #ajd4 ,see ,asceticism & ?r & zuhd4 ,rep5tance1 #bid-i4 ,see tawbat4 ,resignation1 #gc4 ,see taslm & ri4 ribt1 #if4 ri1 #g1 #bj1 #bf1 #hi1 #ia1 #ii1 #aag1 #abf1 #aeg1 #agg-hj1 #ahb1 #bag1 #bdf4 riddat1 #bbe4 riy1 #cjd4 riyat1 #aif1 #bjb4 rubbiyyat1 #ada1 #aeg1 #baj4 r1 #aif1 #aig1 #bfa4 rn1 #bj4 riyn1 #bff4 ruj1 #cia4 rukha1 #aaf4 rusm1 #db4 ruyat1 #chi4 ,see ,vision4 ruyat-i ft1 #aei4 rza-i wil1 #cbb4 ,s4 alk1 #ig1 #agc4 abr1 #hf4 ,sacrifice1 spiritual1 #aid4 ,see ?r4 diq1 #cbe4 af1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #dh1 #eb1 #eh1 #cbh4 ,see ,purity4 safah1 #chg4 afwat1 #eh1 #aji1 #afg1 #cji1 #caj4 ,see ,purity4 i l-qulb1 #he4 ib jam1 #beh4 ---- %>1 #bbf4 ---- sirr1 #bbf4 ---- ab1 #aeh4 saw1 #eh1 #he1 #ahd-h1 #bbh1 #cgc1 #chj4 ,see ,sobriety4 ,sa9ts1 !1 #fc1 #aaf1 #abi1 #acj1 #ach1 #baj-da1 #bie4 ,sa9t%ip1 def9itions (1 #baf-ah4 sakh1 #cag4 alt1 #cjj4 sam1 #ej1 #eg1 #aga1 #cic-dbj4 satr1 #chj4 awm1 #cf1 #cbj4 sayy1 #aah1 #agc4 ,self-conceit1 #fb1 #fc1 #adh1 #aee1 #aef1 #bad1 #cdf4 ,self-k1 #aig4 ,selfi%ness1 #c4 ,see nafs4 ,s5ses1 ! five1 #bji1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cic4 %afaqat1 #acd4 %ahdat1 #ccc4 %hid1 #bfe1 #cgc4 %ahwat1 #bjh4 ,see ,lu/4 %al?1 #h4 %aqwat1 #chi4 %>at1 #ad1 #af1 #chc-d4 ,see ,law1 !4 %a1 #afh4 %awhid1 #dj4 %awq1 #ib1 #abh4 ,%aykhs1 ! f1 "* ( !1 #ee-g4 %irk1 #aac1 #bgc4 ,see ,poly!ism4 %urb1 #eh1 #cib4 %urd1 #chi1 #cij4 iddq1 #ca1 #de1 #aae1 #abi1 #acf4 idq1 #aja4 ifat1 #e1 #aha1 #bfd1 #chf4 ,sil5ce1 rules 91 #cee4 ,s91 #aif1 #bbe1 #bhf1 #bid-i4 ,s9c]ity1 #hi1 #aja1 #ajc1 #bia4 sirr1 #cji1 #ccc1 #cgc1 #che4 siyat1 #ec1 #aib4 siyyn1 #chf4 ,sleep1 #aji4 ,sleep+1 rules 91 #cea-d4 ,sobriety1 spiritual1 #bbf-i1 #bdh1 #ceb4 ,see aw4 ,solitude1 #ajc1 #ahh1 #cch4 ,see uzlat & wadat4 ,s\l1 ! l[] or animal1 #i1 #aif-baj1 #cbe4 ,see nafs4 ,spee*1 rules 91 #cee4 ,_s1 !1 #aif-bjj1 #bfa-f4 ,see r4 ,/ates ( my/ics1 #ac1 #cb1 #cc1 #da1 #dg1 #ee1 #ahj-c1 #bdi1 #cjh1 #cfg-gj4 ,see awl & l4 ,/ations ( ! my/ic ,pa?1 #bf1 #cc1 #eh1 #acc1 #afh1 #ahj-c1 #bdi1 #cjb1 #cjh1 #cgj-a4 ,see maqm4 sul1 #chf4 f & fiism1 def9itions (1 #cd-dd1 #afe4 ---- orig9 ( ! "n1 #cj4 ---- sects1 ! twelve1 #acj1 #agf-bff4 ubat1 #aeg1 #aei1 #age1 #ahi4 ,see ,companion%ip4 sukr1 #he1 #aah1 #ahd-h1 #chj4 ,see ,intoxication4 ,sunna1 !1 #f1 #ad1 #bc1 #df1 #ccd1 #cde1 #cfa4 rat-i mahd1 #aii4 ,t4 at1 #bjc1 #bbe1 #bhg4 ab1 #e4 biiyn1 #bhj4 abyi1 #aig4 tadbr1 #adj4 tafrd1 #bha4 tafriqat 7tafriqa71 #aid1 #bcg1 #bea-fj1 #bff1 #bhe1 #chj4 ght1 #gh4 taall1 #chi4 ahrat1 #bia-d4 tib1 #bie1 #cia4 tajall1 #bgf1 #chi1 #cij4 tajrd1 #de1 #fj1 #aba1 #ace1 #aeh1 #afe1 #agf1 #bbb4 tajziya1 #bcf4 takalluf1 #ea1 #cah1 #ccd1 #cfd1 #dai4 takawwun1 #cfi4 takbr1 #aji1 #cjc4 takhall1 #chi4 takhll-i mas91 #bic4 taklf1 #ahd1 #bjd1 #bgb1 #cic4 alab1 #ig1 #bja4 talbs1 #age1 #cia-ib4 lib1 #cd1 #ci1 #afi4 talwn1 #cgb4 tamkn1 #ga1 #gb1 #adg1 #aeh1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #cgj-c4 ams1 #chd4 tansukhiyn1 #bfd4 tanzh1 #bch1 #cbf1 #cgd1 #chd4 taqw1 #ccd4 arab1 #ig4 arq1 #ij4 t>qat1 #ea1 #ed1 #cba4 aarruf1 #bhb4 taawwuf1 #ce1 #ahi4 tadq1 #bhf4 ta%bh1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bhj1 #ccb4 taslm1 #adj1 #bji1 #bfh1 #cga4 tasmiyat1 #chf4 tal1 #ajd1 #bjb1 #bef1 #beg1 #bgj1 #bga4 tawjud1 #daj1 #dac-af4 tawakkul1 #ai1 #aag1 #abf1 #adf1 #aec1 #agg1 #aha1 #bje1 #bij4 awli1 #che4 awriq1 #che4 tawbat1 #gi1 #hh1 #aha1 #bid-i1 #cga1 #cia4 tawfq1 #f1 #bjc1 #bhh4 tawd1 #i1 #ag1 #cf1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aeh1 #agb1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bcf1 #bec1 #bgh-he1 #cce1 #cgd1 #cha1 #che4 tawl1 #djd4 tayd1 #cgi4 ,te*nical t]ms ( ! fs1 #cfg-ib4 ?an-yi jaml1 #cjf1 #cjg4 ?awb1 #d1 #adf4 ,"t1 my/ical mean+ (1 #ac4 ,see waqt4 ,traditions ( ! ,prophet1 #d1 #ai1 #bj1 #cj1 #df1 #eb1 #ee1 #fj1 #fa1 #fc1 #gj1 #gb1 #hj1 #ij1 #ii1 #ajh1 #aaf1 #abb1 #adc1 #adh1 #afa1 #afh1 #agi1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #aib1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bab1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bed1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfg1 #bge1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bhc1 #bhg1 #bia1 #bid1 #bif1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cab1 #cad1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbd1 #cbi1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cdd1 #cea1 #ceb1 #cee1 #ceh1 #cfa1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cfh1 #cha1 #chh1 #chi1 #cia1 #cif1 #cig1 #cih1 #cii1 #dja1 #djc1 #dac1 #dae1 #dah4 ,transmigration ( spirits1 #bfj1 #bfb-d4 ,travel1 #cde-g4 ,tr9ity1 ! ,*ri/ian1 #bhe4 ,tru/ 9 ,god1 #aae1 #aeg1 #afc1 #cei4 ,see tawakkul4 ,tru?1 !1 #aci1 #adj4 ,see aqq & aqqat4 ,u4 ubdiyyat1 #gi1 #ada1 #aeg1 #aei1 #bcg1 #bde1 #beg4 ukkza1 #ajb4 ulam1 #g1 #aa1 #ca1 #bac1 #chb4 ,see ,div9es4 ulfat1 #aeh1 #cbf4 ,unification1 #ajf1 #aeh1 #afd1 #agf1 #bgh-he1 #bhi1 #bia4 ,see tawd4 ,union ) ,god1 #aah1 #aai1 #aca1 #afc1 #bja1 #bjb-e1 #bjh1 #cjb4 ,see fan1 jam1 ur4 ,unity ( ,god1 !4 ,see ,unification4 uns1 #cja1 #cji1 #cgf-g4 ul1 #gd4 uzlat1 #gb1 #aij4 ,v4 ,veils1 spiritual1 #d1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #aaa1 #afh1 #bjj1 #bdi1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,see ijb4 ,vigils1 #ach4 ,vision1 spiritual1 #ch1 #aaa1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ccb1 #cha1 #chb1 #chi1 #cic1 #djc4 ,visions1 #aea1 #afg4 ,w4 wadniyyat1 #bha4 wadat1 #hd4 widiyyat1 #bdf4 wa%at1 #adg4 wajd1 #afg1 #cfh1 #che1 #dac-af1 #dai4 walyat1 #baj4 wal1 #abi1 #baa1 #bab1 #bae4 ,walk+1 rules 91 #cdi-ea4 wqia1 #chg1 #chh4 waqt1 #ac1 #bg1 #cbi1 #cfg-gj1 #chj1 #dai4 w>a1 #ag4 wrid1 #che1 #djd1 #djg4 0i1 #chd4 wal1 #cji4 wasws1 #aff1 #bjh1 #bic4 waan1 #e4 waant1 #add1 #chd4 ,way to ,god1 !1 #aba1 #bcc1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #cga4 ,weal?1 spiritual1 #ba-c1 #eh1 #abc1 #abg4 wilyat1 #baj1 #baa1 #bbe4 ,wool1 g>m5ts (1 #cj1 #cb1 #dj1 #de1 #df1 #ea4 wujd1 #bec1 #cgc1 #dac-af4 wul1 #aah1 #aai4 ,y4 yad-i sufl1 #caf4 yad-i uly1 #caf4 yft1 #bja4 yagnag1 #bd1 #ccc1 #cgg4 yaqn1 #acj1 #add1 #bdh1 #bgb1 #ccj1 #cha4 ,z4 zaddq1 #ca4 hiriyn1 #aed1 #bda4 zakt1 #cad-ag4 z& pz&1 #djd4 z&aqa1 #h1 #aeb1 #djd4 zawid1 #chd4 z9dq1 #ag1 #djd4 zuhd1 #ag1 #agi1 #aha1 #cga4 uhr1 #cfi4 ulm1 #chg4 zunnr1 #bei1 #bgc4 ,,iii4 ,,books4 ,a4 db al-murdn1 by ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh1 #cch4 ,asrr al-khiraq wa l-mant1 by ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,hujwr1 #ef4 ,b4 ,bar al-qulb1 by ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,hujwr1 #bei4 ,g4 ,ghala al-wjidn1 by ,ruwaym1 #ace4 ,gospel1 !1 #djg4 ,k4 ,khatm al-wilyat1 by ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh1 #ada4 ,kitb adhb al-qabr1 by ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh1 #ada4 ,kitb al-bayn li-ahl al-iyn1 by ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,hujwr1 #bei4 ,kitb-i fan baq1 by ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,hujwr1 #fj4 ,kitb al-luma1 by ,ab ,nar al-,s>rj1 #bee1 #cbc1 #cda4 ,kitb-i maabbat1 by ,amr b4 ,u?mn al-,makk1 #cji4 ,kitb al-nahj1 by ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh1 #ada4 ,kitb al-sam1 by ,ab ,abd al-,ramn al-,sulam1 #dja4 ,kitb al-tawd1 by ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh1 #ada4 ,koran1 !1 #f1 #ad1 #ai1 #bc1 #gj1 #gg1 #hh1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #aag1 #abd1 #ace1 #adi1 #bcj1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjd1 #cjg1 #cag1 #cbc1 #cid-g1 #daa1 #dae4 ,koran1 citations f !1 #c1 #e1 #i1 #aa1 #ai1 #bb1 #bd1 #cj1 #cb1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #de1 #dg1 #eg1 #fb1 #fc1 #gd1 #gh1 #gi1 #ha1 #he1 #ij1 #ia1 #ig1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aji1 #abb1 #aef1 #aei1 #afj1 #afg1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aic1 #aid1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bjh1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bae1 #bcj1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bci1 #bda1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bea1 #beb1 #bee1 #bfa1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bgc1 #bgh1 #bhc1 #bhi1 #bia1 #bid1 #bie1 #bif1 #big1 #cjd1 #caa1 #cab1 #caf1 #cbj1 #cbd1 #ccj1 #ccf1 #cch1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cej1 #ced1 #cee1 #ceg1 #cfj1 #cfh1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cgd1 #cge1 #cgg1 #chj1 #cha1 #chd1 #chh1 #cij1 #cia1 #cib1 #cid-g1 #cii1 #djc1 #dae4 ,koran1 comm5t>y on !1 by ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh1 #ada4 ,l4 ,luma4 ,see ,kitb al-luma4 ,m4 ,m9hj al-dn1 by ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,hujwr1 #b1 #hj1 #aec4 ,mirt al-ukam1 by ,%h b4 ,%uj al-,kirmn1 #ach4 ,n4 ,nafat al-uns1 by ,jm1 #af1 #ba1 #da1 #dc1 #dd1 #afi1 #agb1 #agc1 #bcd1 #bdi1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bih1 #cjd1 #cbc1 #cbe1 #cce1 #cch1 #ceh1 #cgd1 #djh1 #dae4 ,nawdir al-ul1 by ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh1 #ada4 ,nuzhat al-qulb1 by amdallh ,mu/awf1 #ea4 ,r4 ,riyat1 by ri? al-,musib1 #ajh4 al-,riyat bi-uqq ,allah1 by ,amad b4 ,kharya1 #cch4 al-,riyat li-uqq ,allah1 by ,al b4 ,u?mn al-,hujwr1 #bhj4 ,t4 abaqt al-uff1 by ,dhahab1 #aah4 abaqt al-fiyya1 by ,ab ,abd al-,ramn al-,sulam1 #ajh1 #aad4 ,tadhkirat al-awliy1 by ,ar1 #ea1 #acg1 #bch4 ,tarft1 by ,jurjn1 #cgc4 ,tarkh-i ma%yikh 7,hi/ory ( ! f ,%aykhs71 by ,muammad b4 ,al al-,tirmidh1 #df4 ,ta al-irdat1 by ,junayd1 #cch4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,occasional lapses ( punctuation 9 ! v>i\s indexes h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,o!r errors deem$ mo/ likely to be ! pr9t]'s h be5 correct$1 & are not$ "h4 ,! ref]5ces are ei!r to ! page & l9e1 or1 :]e ?ree numb]s are employ$1 to ! l9e )9 a footnote 9 ! orig9al4 #b4bh ,! tru? is be/ kn[n to ,god ,god4 ,add$4 #ci4cc fa-li-,yay wa-amm_/a labs ,replac$4 #hb4ba ,abu l-,m>?ad ,k9na b4 al-u_/sayn ,replac$4 #ia4aj ,amr b4 ,u?mn al-,makk ,re/or$4 #if4cf yet ,i feel fe> )9 myself'4_/4' ,transpos$4 #ajh4a4a ,riyat li-uqq ,all_/ah ,replac$4 #ada4e4a 8,! ,book ( ,unification40 ,miss+4 #aic4ag 8_/#8,!y pref] !m to !mselves1 444 ,replac$4 #bjj4bg 7al-jihd al-akb>704 ,add$4 #aic4ah 444 al?\gh !y are indig5t0_/' ,replac$4 #bbi4bc ,aft]w>ds ,muammad b4 ,al ask$ a "q ,ins]t$4 #dcf4bi khus_/iyyat1 #beg4 ,replac$4