,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! _m v>iations 9 ! transcriptions f ! ,*9ese h be5 /&>dis$ on ! basis ( ! mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & acc5ts h also be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,9 ! quotation3 ,if !n ?is man says1 ',try to make fri5ds ) an old woman & inquire ( h]2 if !n ?is girl does 'n' make fri5ds ) an old woman1 & inquire ( h]1 & ?is old woman br+s ,baga1 or ,%ata1 or ,ghnna1 or ,frapta1 or any ( ! vegetable purgatives1 say+1 ',try to kill ?is *ild2' if !n ! girl does try to kill ! *ild1 !n ! girl1 ! man1 & ! old woman are equally crim9al4 ! 'n' de/roys ! s5se ( ! passage & has be5 remov$4 ,italics are indicat$ ?us italics & sup]scripts ?us "*4 ,footnotes are plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,an ,,analysis ,,( ,,religi\s ,,belief4 ,,by ,,visc\nt ,,amb]ley4 ,ye %all "k ! ,tru?1 & ! ,tru? %all make y ,free4 ,f ! late ,london ,edition4 ,complete4 ,d4 ,m4 ,,b5nett3 ,,lib]al ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,publi%+ ,,h\se4 #ada ,,eigh? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york4 #ahgg4 ,,am]ican ,,publi%]',s ,,preface4 ,! appe>ance1 a few mon?s ago1 ( ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,religi\s ,,belief caus$ n a little excitem5t 9 ,engl&1 & its introduction into our c\ntry _h mu* ! same effect "h4 ,:ile _m 7 m or less %ock$ by ! ,visc\nt's boldness ( language 9 exam9+ ! s\rces ( ! religi\s cre$s ( ! _w1 & at ! fre$om ) :i* he remov$ ! sacr$ mask f _m antique my?s & sup]/itions1 ! ?\ghtful & ! enquir+ 7 furni%$ ) a fund ( mat]ial = new ?\ght1 & l>gely-increas$ facilities = inve/igat+ & comp>+ ! cre$s & dogmas :i* h made up ! rul+ religi\s fai?s ( mank9d4 ,:5 ! ,visc\nt's high bir? is rememb]$2 t he 0 ! son ( ,"l ,john ,russell1 "o ( ! fir/ & olde/ ,pe]s ( ,engl&2 t he 0 ?us closely connect$ ) ! ari/ocracy ( t c\ntry2 t he _h be5 c>efully nurtur$ )9 ! fold ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 t he _h receiv$ ! in/ruction ( a pi\s ,*ri/ian "m1 f ! days ( 8 e>ly *ildhood1 t ! influ5ce ( 8 p>5ts & 8 e>ly companions 0 to draw him "u ! control ( ! popul> sy/em ( religion :i* rules 9 8 c\ntry1 x is n a little rem>kable t he _h ! indep5d5ce & moral brav]y to come out 9 opposition to all 8 ne> fri5ds1 & to av[ 8 unbelief 9 a code ( e?ics & op9ions unlike ^? taught him 9 8 *ildhood & y\?1 an unusual int]e/ atta*es to ! "w :i* he produc$4 ,:5 x is borne 9 m9d t 8 amiable & sympa!tic wife toil$ ) him & r5d]$ him ess5tial s]vice 9 collect+ & arrang+ ! matt] = 8 two volumes2 t %e 0 tak5 f him by ! h& ( dea? be=e 8 "w 0 complet$2 t he also sank "u ! h& ( disease & pass$ away :ile 8 "w 0 /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9t]1 x is inde$ inve/$ ) peculi> int]e/4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t aft] 8 dea? urg5t ef=ts 7 made--& f high s\rces too--to suppress 8 "w2 t ! p[]ful ,duke ( ,b$=d1 back$ by ,"l ,john ,russell himself1 tri$ to buy up ! entire edition issu$2 x is en\gh to make e sympa!tic & enquir+ p]son anxi\s to read ! results ( 8 labor ( ye>s4 ,if "s ( ! advanc$ ?9k]s ( ! day f9d t ,visc\nt ,amb]ly--z ev9c$ 9 "s ( ! lat] *apt]s ( ?is volume--_h n 9 all respects evolv$ 9 ! l9e ( ,free-?\ght s f> z !y h done !y %\ld rememb] t he _h at lea/ made rapid progress = ! "t he _h devot$ to ! pursuit ( tru?4 ,he 0 /ill a "y man at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 & _h x be5 8 lot to h scor$ a great] numb] ( ye>s1 ) ! advantage ( ! exp]i5ce :i* !y give1 x is v possible 8 views might h und]gone o!r modifications4 ,! ,london edition 0 issu$ 9 two volumes1 #hvo & 0 necess>ily sold at a l>ge price4 ,?is ,am]ican edition conta9s ! entire "w 9 "o volume & is pres5t$ to ! public at ab\t "o-fif? ! price at :i* ! ,engli% edition 0 sold4 ,x is hop$ ?is feature w be duly appreciat$ by ! ,am]ican public4 ,d4 ,m4 ,b4 ,,new ,,york1 ,m>* #bj?1 #ahgg4 ,,address ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,ere ! pages n[ giv5 to ! public _h left ! press1 ! h& t _h writt5 !m 0 cold1 ! he>t--( :i* few c\ld "k ! lov+ dep?--_h ceas$ to beat1 ! f>-rang+ m9d 0 =ev] /ill1 ! f]v5t _s 0 at re/4 ,let ?is be rememb]$ by ^? :o read1 & add solemnity to ! solemn purpose ( ! book4 ,may ^? :o f9d 9 x _! mo/ *]i%$ beliefs que/ion$ or contemn$1 _! sure/ consolations set at naught1 rememb] t he _h n %runk f pa9 & angui% to himself1 z "o by "o he p>t$ ) portions ( t fai? :i* 9 boyhood & e>ly y\? _h be5 ! ma9spr+ ( 8 life4 ,let !m rememb] t1 h[ev] _m ! ye>s grant$ to him on e>? might h be51 8 se>* aft] tru? w\ld h end$ only ) 8 exi/5ce2 t he w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to call = unsp>+ exam9ation ( 8 own op9ions1 argum5ts1 & conclusions2 ! fir/ to welcome any new lights ?r[n by o!r work]s 9 ! same field on ! my/]ies ( our be+ & ( ! univ]se4 ,let !m rememb] t :ile he assails mu* :i* !y reckon unassailable1 he does s 9 :at to him is ! cause ( goodness1 nobl5ess1 love1 tru?1 & ( ! m5tal progress ( mank9d4 ,let !m rememb] t ! utt]ance ( t :i*1 aft] e>ne/ & labori\s ?\ght he deem$ to be ! tru?1 0 to him a sacr$ duty2 & may !y feel1 z he w\ld h felt1 ! ju/ness ( ^! words ( a good man & unsw]v+ ,*ri/ian lately pass$ away3 ,a man's *>ity to ^? :o diff] f him ^u great & difficult que/ions w be 9 ! ratio ( 8 own k ( !m3 ! m k1 ! m *>ity4 ,f4 ,r4 ,,inscrib$1 ,) all rev]5ce & all affection1 to ! memory ( ! ev]-lam5t$ wife ^: he>ty int]e/ 9 ?is book 01 dur+ _m ye>s ( prep>atory toil1 my be/ support2 ^: judgm5t z to its m]its or its faults w\ld h be5 my mo/ tru/$ guide2 ^: sympa?y my true/ enc\ragem5t2 ^: joy\s welcome ( ! complet$ "w ,i _h long look$ =w>d to z my "o great rew>d3 ^: nature1 comb9+ 9 r>e union sci5tific de>ness ) spiritual dep?1 may 9 "s slight degree h left its impress on ! page1 ?\gh f> too fa9tly to convey an adequate conception ( "o ^: religi\s zeal 9 ! cause ( tru? 0 rival$ only by ! ardor ( h] humanity & ! abundance ( h] love4 ,,rav5scr(t1 ,novemb] #ahge4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction #ai ,,book ,i4 ,,ext]nal ,,manife/ations ,,( ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,book ,i4 #bg ,,fir/ ,,"p4 ,,means ,,( ,,communication ,,upw>ds4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,consecrat$ ,,actions #ca ,,ii4 ,,consecrat$ ,,places #hb ,,iii4 ,,consecrat$ ,,objects #hd ,,iv4 ,,consecrat$ ,,p]sons #hh ,v4 ,,consecrat$ ,,m$iators #ii ,,second ,,"p4 ,,means ,,( ,,communication ,,d[nw>ds4 ,,classification #ajd ,i4 ,,holy ,,ev5ts #ajf ,,ii4 ,,holy ,,places #abf ,,iii4 ,,holy ,,objects #acb ,,iv4 ,,holy ,,ord]s #acf ,v4 ,,holy ,,p]sons ,,or ,,prophets #aed ,,sect4 #a4 ,confucius #aeg #b4 ,la-ts #afh #c4 ,gautama ,buddha #agj ,,subdivision #a4 ,! ,hi/orical ,buddha #agj #b4 ,! ,my?ical ,buddha #age #d4 ,z>a?u/ra #ahb #e4 ,mahomet #ahf #f4 ,jesus ,*ri/ #aii ,,subdiv',n #a4 ,! ,hi/orical ,jesus #bja #b4 ,! ,my?ical ,jesus #baf #c4 ,! ,ideal ,jesus #bgg #d4 ,:at did ! ,jews ?9k ( him8 #bhg #e4 ,:at did he ?9k ( himself8 #caf #f4 ,:at did 8 ,disciples ?9k ( him8 #cbf #g4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( him8 #cbi ,,vi4 ,,holy ,,books1 ,,or ,,bibles #cfi ,,sect4 #a4 ,! ,?irte5 ,k+ #cij ,,subdivision #a4 ,! ,lun ,yu #cib #b4 ,! ,ta ,ho #cic #c4 ,! ,*ung ,yung #cid #d4 ,! ,works ( ,mng-tsze #cif #e4 ,! ,%oo ,k+ #djc #f4 ,! ,%e ,k+ #djg #g4 ,! ,*'un ,ts'w #daj #b4 ,ta-t-,kng #dac ,,app5dix4--,translations ( ! ,ta-t-,kng1 ,*apt] ,,xxv #dbc #c4 ,! ,v$a #dbe ,,subdivision #a4 ,! ,sanhit #dcj #b4 ,! ,brhmanas #ddc ,,sect4 #d4 ,! ,tripitaka #ddh ,,subdivision #a4 ,! ,v9aya-,pitaka #dea #b4 ,! ,stra-,pitaka #dfg #c4 ,! ,abhidh>ma-,pitaka #dgc #d4 ,!ology & ,e?ics ( ! ,tripitaka #dgf #e4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a #dhb ,,subdivision #a4 ,! ,five ,g?s #dhd #b4 ,! ,yana ( ,sev5 ,*apt]s #dhh #c4 ,yana1 ,*apt] ,,xii #dij #d4 ,! ,y\ng] ,yana1 & ,vispor$ #dia #e4 ,v5didad #dif #f4 ,! ,khorda-,ave/a1 ) ! ,homa ,ya%t #ejb #f4 ,! ,koran #eaj #g4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t #eah ,,subdivision #a4 ,! ,hi/orical ,books #ecj #b4 ,job1 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 & ,ecclesia/es #efc #c4 ,! ,song ( ,solomon #efi #d4 ,! ,prophets #efi #e4 ,! ,god ( ,israel #eij #h4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t #fjd ,,subdivision #a4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les #fjd #b4 ,! ,epi/les #fag #c4 ,! ,apocalypse #fcd #d4 ,! ,god ( ,*ri/5dom #fcf ,,! ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t ,,itself4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ultimate ,,elem5ts #fdc ,,viii4 ,,! ,,objective ,,elem5t #fdi ,,ix4 ,,! ,,subjective ,,elem5t #fhd ,x4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,objective ,,& ,,subjective ,,elem5ts #fie ,,index #gbi ,,explanation ,,( ,,%ort ,,titles4 ,9 ord] to avoid encumb]+ ! pages ) notes conta9+ ! names ( books1 _m ( :i* w\ld require to be frequ5tly repeat$1 ,i h adopt$1 9 ref]r+ to ! "u-m5tion$ works1 ! foll[+ abbreviations3-- ,a4 ,b4444,! ,ait>eya ,brhmanam ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,edit$1 translat$1 & expla9$ by ,,m>t9 ,,haug1 ,ph4,d4 ,vol4 i4 ,sanscrit text4 ,vol4 ii4 ,translation1 ) notes4 ,bombay1 #ahfc4 ,a4 ,i4 ,c4444,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 by ,,rob]t ,,p]cival1 ,esq41 ( ,8 ,maje/y's #ai? ,regim5t ( ,foot4 ,london1 #ahjc4 ,a4 ,m4444,antiquities ( ,mexico 7,,"l ,,k+sbor\gh',s71 compris+ fac similes ( ,anci5t ,mexican pa9t+s & hi]oglyphics4 ,toge!r ) ! ,monum5ts ( ,new ,spa91 by ,,mons4 ,,dupaix2 ) _! respective scales ( measurem5t & accompany+ descriptions4 ,! :ole illu/rat$ by _m valuable in$it$ manuscripts1 by ,,augu/9e ,,aglio4 ,9 #i vols4 ,london1 #ahca-dh4 ,a4 ,n4 ,l4444,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y2 translations ( ! ,writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs d[n to ,a4,d4 #cbe4 ,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,t4 ,,cl>k1 #ahgj1 c4 ,a4 ,r4444,algic ,rese>*es1 compris+ inquiries respect+ ! m5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,indian ,tales & ,leg5ds4 ,9 #b vols4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,r[e ,,s*oolcraft4 ,new ,york1 #ahci4 ,a%a4444,a%antee & ! ,gold ,coa/1 by ,,john ,,bee*am4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,a4 ,s4 ,l4444,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 by ,,max ,m,,ll]4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,z4 ,re4444,rese>*es ( ! ,asiatic ,society 9 ,b5gal4 ,calcutta1 #aghh-ahci4 ,av4444,ave/a1 die ,heilig5 ,s*rift5 d] ,p>s54 ,aus dem ,grundtexte b]setzt1 mit /et] ,rcksi*t auf die ,tradition4 ,von ,dr4 ,,fri$4 ,,spiegel4 ,er/] ,b&4 ,d] ,v5didad ,leipzig1 #aheb4 ,zweit] ,b&4 ,visp]$ und ,yana4 ,leipzig1 #ahei4 ,dritt] ,b&4 ,khorda-,ave/a4 ,leipzig1 #ahfc4 ,b4 ,a4 ,u4444,biblio!ca ,indica4 ,vol4 ii4 "p iii4 ,! ,brihad ranyaka ,upani%ad1 ) ! ,comm5t>y ( ,snk>a ,a'*a'rya4 ,translat$ f ! ,orig9al ,sanskrit by ,dr4 ,e4 ,,ro]4 ,calcutta1 #ahef4 ,b]g]on4444,voyages faits pr9cipalem5t en ,asie1 dans les ,,xiie1 ,,xiiie1 ,,xive1 et ,,xve sicles1 p> ,b5jam9 de ,tudle1 ,jean du ,plan-,c>p91 ,n4 ,ascel91 ,guil4 de ,rubruquis1 ,m>c-,paul1 ,haiton1 ,jean de ,m&eville et ,ambroise ,cont>9i2 accompagns de l',hi/oire des ,s>raz9s et des ,t>t>es1 p> ,p4 ,b]g]on4 ,a la ,haye1 #agce4 ,b]n>d4444,recueil des ,voyages au ,nord4 ,am/]dam1 *ez ,,jean ,,fr,d,,ric ,,b]n>d1 #agbg4 ,bh4 ,g44444,! ,bhagavat-,gta2 or a ,disc\rse betwe5 ,kri%na & ,arjuna on ,div9e ,matt]s4 ,a ,sanskrit ,philosophical ,poem2 translat$1 ) copi\s notes1 an ,introduction on ,sanskrit ,philosophy1 & o!r matt]s1 by ,j4 ,,cockburn ,,?omson4 ,h]t=d1 #ahee4 ,bib4444,,apollodori ,biblio!ca4 ,b4 ,t4444,buddhism 9 ,tibet1 by ,,emil ,,s*lag9tweit1 ,,ll4,d4 ,leipzig & ,london1 #ahfc4 ,c4 ,b4 ,a4444,a ,cat5a ( ,buddhi/ ,scriptures f ! ,*9ese1 by ,,sam',l ,,beal4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,c4 ,c4444,! ,*9ese ,classics1 ) a translation1 critical & exegetical notes1 prolegom5a1 & copi\s indexes1 by ,,james ,,legge1 ,d4,d4 ,9 #g vols4 ,vol4 i4 ,confucian ,analects1 ! ,great ,le>n+1 & ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean4 ,vol4 ii4 ,works ( ,m5cius4 ,vol4 iii4 #b p>ts1 ,! ,%oo ,k+4 ,vol4 iv4 #b p>ts1 ,! ,%e ,k+4 ,vol4 v4 ! ,*'un ,ts'w4 ,london1 #ahfa1 c4 7,9 c\rse ( publication47 ,ceylon4444,ceylon1 an ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl&1 physical1 hi/orical1 & topographical1 ) notices ( its natural hi/ory1 antiquities1 & productions1 by ,sir ,,james ,,em]son ,,t5n5t1 ,k4,c4,s41 ,,ll4,d41 c4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,c4 ,g4444,a new & accurate ,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 divid$ into ! ,gold1 ! ,slave1 & ! ,ivory ,coa/s4 ,writt5 orig9ally 9 ,dut*1 by ,,william ,,bosman4 ,! #b;d edition4 ,london1 #agba4 ,*an4 ,up4444,biblio!ca ,indica1 ,nos4 #gh & #aha4 ,! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad ( ! ,sma ,v$a1 ) extracts f ! ,comm5t>y ( ,sk>a ,a'*a'rya4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,sanskrit by ,r,,j5dr,,la ,,mitra4 ,calcutta4 #ahfb4 ,*9ese4444,! ,*9ese3 a g5]al ,description ( ,*9a & its ,inhabitants1 by ,,john ,,francis ,,davis1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a new edition4 ,london1 #ahdd4 ,*ips4444,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 by ,,max ,m,,ll]1 ,m4,a4 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahfg-ge4 ,c4 ,n4 ,e4444,hi/oria ,g5]al de las ,cosas de ,nueva ,espaa1 que en doce libros y dos volumes escribi el ,r4 ,p4 ,,fr4 ,,b]n>d9o ,,de ,,sahagun1 de la ,obs]vancia de ,san ,francisco1 y uno de los prim]os pr$icadores del ,santo ,evangelio en aquellas regiones4 ,dala a luz con notas y supplem5tos1 ,,c>los ,,m>ia ,,de ,,bu/amante4 ,mexico1 #ahbi4 ,c4 ,o44444,*9a ,op5$1 by ! ,rev4 ,,*>les ,g,,tzlaff1 revis$ by ! ,rev4 ,,&rew ,,reid1 ,d4,d4 ,9 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahch4 ,c4 ,r4444,prim]a ,p>te de los ,comm5t>ies ,reales1 que tratan del ,orig5 de los ,yncas1 ,reyes que fu]on del ,p]u1 de su idolatria1 leyes1 y govi]no en paz y en gu]ra2 de sus vidas y conqui/as1 y de toto lo que fue aquel ,imp]io y su ,republica1 antes que los ,espaoles passan a el4 ,escrito por el ,ynca ,,g>cilasso ,,de ,,la ,,vega1 natural del ,cozco1 y ,capitan de su ,mage/ad4 ,lisbon1 #afji4 ,d]vi%es444,! ,d]vi%es2 or ,ori5tal ,spiritualism1 by ,,john ,p4 ,,br[n4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,e4 ,m4444,ea/]n ,mona*ism1 by ,,rob]t ,,sp5ce ,,h>dy4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,e4 ,y4444,elev5 ,ye>s 9 ,ceylon1 by ,major ,,=bes1 #gh? ,highl&]s4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,f4 ,g4444,die fnf ,g?'s1 od] ,sammlung5 von ,li$]n und ,spr*5 ,,z>a?u/ra',s1 se9] ,jng] und ,na*folg]4 ,h]ausgegeb51 b]setzt und erklrt von ,dr4 ,,m>t9 ,,haug4 ,er/e ,ab!ilung4 ,die er/e ,sammlung 7,g? ahunavaiti7 en?alt5d4 ,leipzig1 #aheh4 ,zweite ,ab!ilung4 ,die vi] brig5 ,sammlung5 en?alt5d4 ,neb/ e9] ,s*lussabh&lung4 ,leipzig1 #ahfj4 ,gaudama4444,! ,life1 or ,leg5d ( ,gaudama1 ! ,buddha ( ! ,burmese1 ) annotations4 ,! ways to ,neibban1 & notice on ! ,phongyies1 or ,burmese ,monks1 by ! ,rt4 ,rev4 ,p4 ,,big&et4 ,rangoon1 #ahff4 ,g4 d4 ,m4444,c4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,old5dorp',s ,ges*i*te d] ,mission d] evangelis*5 ,brd] auf d5 ,c>aibis*5 ,inseln ,/4 ,?omas1 ,/4 ,croix1 und ,/4 ,jean4 ,b>by1 #aggg4 ,h4 ,b4 ,i4444,introduction a l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme ,indi51 p> ,e4 ,,burn\f4 ,tome premi]4 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 ,h4 ,g4444,,david ,,cranz4 ,hi/oire von ,grnl&4 ,nrnb]g und ,leipzig1 #aghb4 ,h4 ,i4444,hi/oria natural y moral de las ,indias1 en que se tratan las cosas notables del ciclo1 y elem5tos1 metales1 plantas1 y animales dellas2 y los ritos1 y c]emonias1 leyes1 y govi]no1 y gu]ras de los ,indios4 ,compue/a por el ,p>dre ,,joseph ,,de ,,aco/a1 ,religioso de la ,compaia de ,jesus4 ,madrid1 #afjh4 ,h4 ,n4 ,s4444,hi/oire naturelle et politique du ,royaume de ,siam1 p> ,,ni*olas ,,g]vaise4 ,p>is1 #afhh4 ,h4 ,r4 ,c4444,an ,hi/orical ,relation ( ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 toge!r ) an acc\nt ( ! deta9+ 9 captivity ! ,au?or & div]s o!r ,engli%m5 n[ liv+ !re1 & ( ! ,au?or's miracul\s escape1 by ,,rob]t ,,knox1 a captive !re ne>ly tw5ty ye>s4 ,london1 #afha4 ,ic4 ,*4444,iconographie ,*rti5ne4 ,hi/oire de ,diau1 p> ,m4 ,,didron4 ,p>is1 #ahdc4 ,k44444,! ,koran1 translat$ f ! ,arabic1 ! ,suras arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]2 ) notes & index1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,rodwell1 ,m4,a4 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahga4 ,kamts*atka4444,,george ,,wilhelm ,,/ell]',s ,bes*reibung von dem ,l&e ,kamts*atka1 dess5 ,e9wohn]n1 d]5 ,sitt51 ,nam51 ,leb5s>t und v]*i$55 ,gewohnheit54 ,frankfurt und ,leipzig1 #aggd4 ,k4 ,n4444,! ,kafirs ( ,natal1 by ,j4 ,,%oot]4 ,london & ,guild=d1 #aheg4 ,l4 ,l4 ,m4444,das ,leb5 und die ,lehre des ,mohammad1 na* bi%] grs/5!ils unb5utzt5 ,quell54 ,be>beitet von ,a4 ,,spr5g]4 #c vols4 ,b]l91 #ahfi4 ,lotos4444,le ,lotus de la ,bonne ,loi1 traduit du ,sanskrit1 accompagn d'un comm5taire1 et de v+t-et-un mmoires relatifs au ,buddhisme1 p> ,m4 ,e4 ,,burn\f4 ,p>is1 #aheb4 ,l4 ,t4444,,la-,,ts ,ta-t-,kng4 ,d] ,weg zur ,tug5d4 ,aus dem ,*9esis*5 b]setzt und erklrt von ,,re9hold ,,von ,,pl,,nckn]4 ,leipzig1 #ahgj4 ,manu4444,in/itutes ( ,h9du ,law1 or ! ,ord9ances ( ,,m5u1 accord+ to ! ,gloss ( ,,cull,,ca4 ,compris+ ! ,indian sy/em ( duties1 religi\s & civil4 ,v]bally translat$ f ! orig9al1 ) a preface1 by ,sir ,,william ,,jones4 ,a new edition1 collat$ ) ! ,sanskrit text1 by ,,graves ,,*amney ,,haughton1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,london1 #ahbe4 ,m4 ,b4444,manual ( ,buddhism1 by ,r4 ,,sp5ce ,,h>dy4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,m4 d',o4444,les ,mo9es d',occid5t depuis ,sa9t ,b5oit jusqu'a ,sa9t ,b]n>d4 ,p> le ,comte de ,,montalemb]t4 ,9 #e vols4 ,p>is et ,lyon1 #ahfh4 ,misc4 ,essays4444,miscellane\s ,essays1 by ,h4 ,t4 ,,colebrooke4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahcg4 7,! only complete edition1 h[ev]1 is ! "o publi%$ 9 #c vols41 ,london1 #ahgc47 ,m4 ,n4 ,w4444,! ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w2 a ,treatise on ! ,symbolism & ,my?ology ( ! r$ race ( ,am]ica1 by ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york1 #ahfh4 ,n4 ,a4444,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,native ,africans 9 ! neighborhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 by ,,?omas ,,w9t]bottom4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahjc4 ,n4 ,f4444,hi/oire et ,description gnrale de la ,n\velle ,france1 avec le j\rnal hi/orique d'un voyage fait p> ordre du ,roi dans l',amrique ,sept5trionale4 ,p> le ,p4 ,,de ,,*>levoix1 de la ,compagnie de ,jsus #c ,vols4 ,p>is1 #agdd4 ,n4 ,m4 ,e4444,a ,n>rative ( ,mission>y ,ent]prises 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 ) rem>ks ^u ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,isl&s1 orig91 languages1 traditions1 & usages ( ! inhabitants1 by ! ,rev4 ,,john ,,williams4 ,london4 #ahcg4 ,n4 ,s4 ,w4444,an acc\nt ( ! ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 f its fir/ settlem5t 9 ,janu>y1 #aghh1 to ,augu/1 #ahja1 by ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,,coll9s1 ( ! ,royal ,m>9es4 ,london1 #ahjd4 ,n4 ,y4444,n9ete5 ye>s 9 ,polynesia3 ,mission>y ,life1 ,travels1 & ,rese>*es 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 by ! ,rev4 ,,george ,,turn]4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,n4 ,z4444,new ,zeal& & its ,aborig9es1 by ,,william ,,br[n4 ,london1 #ahde4 ,o-kee-pa4444 ,o-kee-pa3 ,a ,religi\s ,c]emony2 & o!r cu/oms ( ! ,m&ans1 by ,,george ,,catl94 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,o4 ,p4444,! ,speculations on ,metaphysics1 ,polity1 & ,morality ( ! ,old ,philosoph]1 ,,lau-,,tsze1 translat$ f ! ,*9ese1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,,john ,,*alm]s1 ,a4 ,m4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,o4 ,s4 ,t4444,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts on ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! p ( ,india1 _! ,religion & ,in/itutions4 ,collect$1 translat$1 & illu/rat$ by ,j4 ,,muir1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 ,volume ,fir/4 ,my?ical & ,leg5d>y ,acc\nts ( ! ,orig9 ( ,ca/e1 ) an inquiry into its exi/5ce 9 ! ,v$ic age4 #b;d edition4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,volume ,second4 ,inquiry :e!r ! ,h9dus are ( ,trans-,himalayan ,orig91 & ak9 to ! ,we/]n bran*es ( ! ,indo-,european ,race4 #b;d edition4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,volume ,?ird4 ,! ,v$as3 op9ions ( _! au?ors & ( lat] ,indian writ]s on _! orig91 inspiration1 & au?ority4 #b;d edition4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,volume ,f\r?4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,v$ic ) ! lat] repres5tations ( ! pr9cipal ,indian deities4 #b;d edition4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,volume ,fif?4 ,contributions to a ,cosmogony1 ,my?ology1 ,religi\s ,ideas1 ,life & ,mann]s ( ! ,indians 9 ! ,v$ic age4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,p4 ,a4444,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,pali ,buddhi/ical ,annals1 by ! ,honorable ,,george ,,turn\r1 ( ! ,ceylon ,civil ,s]vice4 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society = ,july #ahcg4 ,p4 ,a4 ,b4444,die ,prophet5 des ,alt5 ,bundes1 erklrt von ,,he9ri* ,,ewald4 ,zweite ,ausgabe 9 drei ,bnd54 ,er/] ,b&4 ,jesaja mit d5 brig5 lt]5 ,prophet54 ,gtt+51 #ahfg4 ,zweit] ,b&4 ,j]mja und ,hezequiel mit ihr5 ,zeitg5oss54 ,gtt+51 #ahfh4 ,dritt] ,b&4 ,die jng/5 ,prophet5 des ,alt5 ,bundes mit d5 ,b*]n ,b>ukh und ,daniel4 ,gtt+51 #ahfh4 ,p>sees4444,essays on ! ,sacr$ ,language1 ,writ+s1 & ,religion ( ! ,p>sees1 by ,,m>t9 ,,haug1 ,ph4,d4 ,bombay1 #ahfb4 ,pic>d4444,! ,c]emonies & ,religi\s ,cu/oms ( ! v>i\s ,nations ( ! kn[n ,_w1 by ,mr4 ,,b]n>d ,,pic>d4 ,fai?fully translat$ into ,engli% by a g5tleman4 ,london1 #agcc4 ,popol ,vuh4444,popol ,vuh4--,le ,livre ,sacr et les ,my!s de l',antiquit ,amrica9e1 avec les livres hroiques et hi/oriques des ,qui*s4 ,texte ,qui* et traduction ,franaise en reg>d c41 c4 ,compos sur des docum5ts orig9aux et 9dits1 p> l',abb ,,brasseur ,,de ,,b\rb\rg4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 ,r4 ,b4444,die ,religion des ,buddha und ihre ,ent/ehung1 von ,,k>l ,,fri$ri* ,k,,ppon4 ,er/] ,b&4 ,die ,religion des ,buddha und ihre ,ent/ehung4 ,b]l91 #aheg4 ,zweit] ,b&4 ,die ,lamais*e ,hi]>*ie und ,kir*e4 ,b]l91 #ahei4 ,rel4 ( ,jews4444,! ,book ( ! ,religion1 ,c]emonies1 & ,pray]s ( ! ,jews1 z practic$ 9 _! synagogues & ,families on all ,occasions2 on _! ,sabba? & o!r ,holidays ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,translat$ imm$iately f ! ,hebrew1 by ,,gamaliel ,,b5 ,,p$azur1 ,g5t4 ,london1 #agch4 ,r4 ,i4444,die ,religis51 ,politis*51 und ,social5 ,ide5 d] ,asiatis*5 ,culturvlk] und d] ,aegypt]1 9 ihr] hi/oris*5 ,entwickelung1 d>ge/ellt von ,,c>l ,,twe/54 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,,laz>us4 #b vols4 ,b]l91 #ahgb4 ,ro]4444,biblio!ca ,indica1 ,nos4 #a to #d4 ,! fir/ two ,lectures ( ! ,rig-,v$a-,sanhit4 ,edit$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,,ro]4 ,calcutta1 #ahdh4 ,r4 ,s4 ,a4444,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 by ! ,rev4 ,canon ,,callaway1 ,m4,d4 ,"p i4 ,unkulunkulu2 or ! ,tradition ( ,creation z exi/+ among ! ,amazulu & o!r tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 9 _! own words1 ) a translation into ,engli%1 & notes4 ,"p ii4 ,amatongo1 or ,ance/or-,wor%ip4 ,"p iii4 ,iz9yanga ,zokubula1 or ,div9ation4 ,natal1 c41 #ahfh-gj4 ,r4 ,t4 ,r4 ,p4444,rgya ,tehr ,rol ,pa1 ou ,dveloppem5t des ,jeux1 cont5ant l'hi/oire du ,b\ddha ,cakya-,m\ni1 traduit sur la v]sion ,tibta9e du ,bkah ,hgy\r1 et revu sur l'orig9al ,sanscrit 7,lalitavi/>a7 p> ,,ph4 ,,ed4 ,,f\caux4 ,premire ,p>tie4 ,texte ,tibta94 ,p>is1 #ahdg4 ,deuxime ,p>tie4 ,traduction ,franaise4 ,p>is1 #ahdh4 ,r4 ,v4 ,s4444,rig-,v$a-,sanhit4 ,! ,sacr$ ,hymns ( ! ,brahmans1 translat$ & expla9$ by ,f4 ,,max ,m,,ll]1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,vol4 i4 ,hymns to ! ,m>uts or ! ,/orm-,gods4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,s4 ,a4444,savage ,africa2 ! ,n>rative ( a ,t\r 9 ,equatorial1 ,s\?-,we/]n1 & ,nor?-,we/]n ,africa1 by ,w4 ,,w9wood ,,reade4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,sale4444,! ,koran1 commonly call$ ! ,alcoran ( ,,mohamm$2 translat$ into ,engli% imm$iately f ! orig9al ,arabic4 ,) explanatory notes1 tak5 f ! mo/ approv$ ,comm5tators4 ,to :i* is prefix$ a prelim9>y disc\rse1 by ,,george ,,sale1 ,g5t4 ,a new edition1 ) a memoir ( ! translator1 & ) v>i\s read+s & illu/rative notes f ,sav>y's v]sion ( ! ,koran4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,s4 ,l4444,a ,voyage to ! ,riv] ,si]ra ,leone1 on ! ,coa/ ( ,africa4 by ,,john ,,mat!ws1 ,lieut5ant 9 ! ,royal ,navy2 dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 t c\ntry 9 ! ye>s #aghe1 #aghf1 & #aghg4 ,london1 #agia4 ,s4 ,l4 ,a4444,savage ,life & ,sc5es 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 by ,,george ,,fr5* ,,angas4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,ssabismus4444,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus1 von ,dr ,d4 ,,*wolsohn4 ,b& ,i4 ,die ,entwickelung d] ,begriffe ,ssabi] und ,ssabismus und die ,ges*i*te d] h>rnis*5 ,ssabi]1 od] d] ,syro-hell5i/is*5 ,heid5 im nrdli*5 ,mesopotami5 und 9 ,bagdd1 zur ,zeit des ,*alifats4 ,b& ,,ii4 ,ori5talis*e ,quell5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,ssabi] und des ,ssabismus4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef4 ,s4 ,v4444,die ,hym5 des ,sma-,v$a1 h]ausgegeb51 b]setzt und mit ,gloss> v]seh51 von ,,!odore ,,b5fey4 ,leipzig1 #ahdh4 ,t4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4444,transactions ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,london1 #ahbg-ce4 ,t4 ,t4 ,k4444,la-ts's ,ta ,t ,kng4 ,aus dem ,*9esis*5 ins ,deuts*e b]setzt1 e+eleitet und comm5tirt1 von ,,victor ,,von ,,/rauss4 ,leipzig1 #ahgj4 ,v4 ,g4444,voyage du ,*evali] ,,des ,,m>*ais en ,gu9e1 ,isles vois9es1 et ,cay5ne1 fait en #agbe4 ,viti4444,viti3 ,an ,acc\nt ( a ,gov]nm5t ,mission to ! ,vitian or ,fijian ,isl&s 9 ! ye>s #ahfj-fa1 by ,,b]?old ,,seemann1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,cambridge1 #ahfb4 ,wassiljew4444,d] ,buddhismus1 se9e ,dogm51 ,ges*i*te und ,litt]atur1 von ,w4 ,,wassiljew4 ,er/] ,!il4 ,allgeme9e ,ueb]si*t4 ,aus dem ,russis*5 b]setzt4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg #ahfj4 ,w4 ,e4444,! ,_w ,encompass$1 by ,sir ,,francis ,,drake1 #aegg-hj4 ,writt5 by ,,francis ,,flet*]2 collat$ ) an unpubli%$ ,,ms4 ,edit$ ) ,app5dices & ,introduction by ,w4 ,s4 ,w4 ,,vaux4 #hvo1 map4 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahee4 ,:eel4444,! ,:eel ( ! ,law4 ,buddhism illu/rat$ f ,siamese s\rces by ! ,mod]n ,buddhi/1 a ,life ( ,buddha1 & an acc\nt ( ! ,phrabat1 by ,,h5ry ,,alaba/]1 ,esq4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,wilson4444,rig-,v$a-,sanhit4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,sanskrit1 by ,h4 ,h4 ,,wilson1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,vol4 i4 ,! fir/ ,a%taka1 or ,book1 ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 #b;d edition4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,vol4 ii4 ,! second ,a%taka4 ,london1 #ahed4 ,vol1 iii4 ,! ?ird & f\r? ,a%takas4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,vol4 iv4 ,! fif? ,a%taka4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,b4 ,,c[ell1 ,m4 ,a4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,w4 u4 ,t4444,d] ,weise und d] ,?or4 ,aus dem ,tibetis*5 b]setzt und mit dem ,orig9altexte h]ausgegeb5 von ,i4 ,j4 ,,s*midt4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahdc4 ,w4 ,w4444,works by ! ,late ,,horace ,,hayman ,,wilson1 #ab vols4 ,london1 #ahfb-ga4 ,y4444,comm5taire sur le ,yana1 l'un des ,livres ,religieux des ,p>ses2 ouvrage cont5ant le texte ,z5d expliqu p\r la premire fois2 les v>iantes des quatre manuscrits de la ,biblio?que ,royale2 et la v]sion ,sanscrite 9dite de ,nrios5gh1 p> ,,eug,,ne ,,burn\f4 ,tome i4 ,p>is1 #ahcc4 ,tome ii4 ,p>is1 #ahce4 ,z4 ,a4444,z5d ,ave/a1 ,ouvrage de ,zoroa/re1 traduit en ,franois sur l'orig9al ,z5d1 avec des rem>ques2 et accompagn de plusieurs traits propres a claircir les matires qui en sont l'objet1 p> ,m4 ,,anquetil ,,du ,,p]ron4 #c vols4 ,p>is1 #agga4 ,,an ,,analysis ,,( ,,religi\s ,,belief4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,human nature1 among all ! ph5om5a x (f]s to ! curi\s inquiries ( ! /ud5t1 pres5ts none ( m transc5d5t int]e/ ?an ! ph5om5on ( ,religion4 ,p]vad+ ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d f ! v e>lie/ ages ( :i* we h any au!ntic k up to ! pres5t day2 ex]cis+ on ! wild & w&]+ tribes1 :i* seem to h divid$ ! e>? among !m 9 ^? primitive times1 an influ5ce sc>cely less pr(\nd ?an x has ev] ex]cis$ on ! mo/ polite & cultivat$ nations ( ! mod]n _w2 lead+ n[ to peace & n[ to w>2 n[ to ! firme/ ( alliances1 n[ to ! bitt]e/ enmities2 unit+ "s 9 ! bonds ( a love s endur+ z to outla/ & put to %ame ! fleet+ unions ( e>?ly passion2 sep>at+ o!rs1 ev5 :5 e motive ( int]e/ & natural affection conspir$ to unite !m1 s completely z to impel !m to deliv] ea* o!r up to ! gha/lie/ tortures2 ,religion des]ves a =emo/ place--if n ! =emo/ place ( all--among ! emotions :i* h 9 _! sev]al ways affect$1 modifi$1 & controll$ ! curr5t ( human ev5ts4 ,=m+1 z x does1 s l>ge an elem5t 9 ! con/itution ( our complex nature2 & play+ s va/ a "p 9 guid+ our actions1 ,religion mu/ well des]ve to be made ! subject ( philosophical inquiry4 ,if we c by any sci5tific means discov] its orig91 lay b>e its true "* to ! gaze ( /ud5ts1 & e/imate ! value ( its pret5sions to be 9 possession ( tru?s ( equal1 if n sup]ior1 au?ority to ^? ( ei!r natural or moral sci5ce1 we %all h p]=m$ a task :i* may n be :olly useless or altoge!r un9/ructive4 ,our fir/ bus9ess1 9 su* an inquiry z ?is1 %\ld be to det]m9e ! me?od on :i* x ought to be conduct$4 ,9 analyz+ ! religi\s sy/ems ( ! _w1 ! "q ( me?od is all-important4 ,inde$1 x w be abundantly evid5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! ensu+ inve/igations t ! conclusions rea*$ by ^? :o h cultivat$ ?is field ( k h (t5 be5 uns\nd1 simply because !y h fail$ to pursue ! only prop] me?od4 ,no?+ c be easi]1 = in/ance1 ?an to con/ruct elaborate sy/ems ( religi\s philosophy1 ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* hang s well toge!r t we f9d x2 difficult to urge any solid objection aga9/ !m1 :ile yet ! :ole edifice re/s ^u s insecure a f\ndation t at ! lea/ t\* ( its l[e/ /ones x w fall 9 ru9s to ! gr\nd4 ,?is too common mi/ake arises f ! fact t ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! sy/em are assum$ )\t adequate w>rant1 & w n be> exam9ation4 ,half1 if n _m m ?an half1 ! common errors ( believ]s 9 ! v>i\s curr5t cre$s are due to a simil> cause4 ,^! p]sons />t f "s pr9ciple :i* !y conceive to be indisputable1 & proce$ to draw inf]5ces f x ) ! mo/ complete confid5ce4 ,an extreme in/ance ( ?is is m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,spr5g]1 :o 0 ask$ by a ,musselman h[ he c\ld disbelieve ! religion ( ,islam1 see+ t ,mahomet's "n 0 writt5 on ! gates ( p>adise4 ,9 a less palpable =m1 ! same mode ( reason+ is con/antly adopt$ among ourselves4 ,ei!r we d n take ! tr\ble to submit ! evid5ce ( ! facts ^u :i* we erect our argum5ts to a suffici5tly rigor\s scrut9y1 or we fail to p]ceive t ! axioms we take = grant$ are 9 reality nei!r self-evid5t1 z our sy/em requires1 nor capable ( any satisfactory demon/ration4 ,ano!r & p]haps sc>cely a less common k9d ( error aris+ f defective me?od is a failure to di/+ui% betwe5 adequate & inadequate evid5ce ( religi\s tru?4 ,a s\nd & exhau/ive me?od w\ld n fail to disclose1 if n :at k9d ( evid5ce is suffici5t1 at lea/ :at k9d ( evid5ce is insuffici5t1 to prove our doctr9es4 ,x is pla9 t if we %\ld f9d argum5ts ( ! same "* us$ by ! adh]5ts ( diff]5t cre$s to prove contradictory propositions1 we %\ld be =c$ to dismiss su* argum5ts z ( comp>atively little value4 ,suppos+1 = example1 t a ,hebrew1 desir\s ( prov+ ! prem95ce ( ! ,jews ov] ! ,g5tiles1 %\ld rely = 8 ju/ification on ! miracul\s deliv]ance ( ! anci5t ,israelites f ! ,egyptians1 & on _! subsequ5t special protection by ! ,deity1 8 argum5t1 h[ev] app>5tly conclusive1 w\ld be consid]ably weak5$ if x 7 f\nd t ! annals ( o!r nations conta9$ simil> tales ev9c+ a simil> exclusive c>e = _! welf>e on ! "p ( _! local div9ities4 ,or if we %\ld claim = our own s*ool ! advantage ( be+ support$ by ! au?ority ( a long succession ( able1 wise1 & virtu\s m51 fully compet5t to judge ( its tru?1 yet if our adv]s>ies c produce an equally impos+ li/ ( au?orities aga9/ u1 we %all h ga9$ b little by our mode ( reason+4 ,^! "o-sid$ ways ( prov+ ! exclusive claims ( a p>ticul> cre$ are z if a p]son %\ld ma9ta9 ! va/ sup]iority ( 8 c\ntrym5 ov] =eign]s by a ref]5ce to ! battles !y _h won1 ! t]ritory !y _h conqu]$1 & ! brav]y !y _h display$2 =getful to inquire :e!r !re 7 n o!r nations :i* _h ga9$ victories equally transc5d5t1 made conque/s equally ext5sive1 & ev9c$ a h]oism equally admirable4 ,^! blund]s1 x may be object$1 d n arise exclusively f a faulty me?od4 ,x is true t !y h a deep] s\rce1 yet1 if a correct me?od 7 pursu$ !y w\ld be avoid$4 ,h5ce ! p>am\nt importance ( fix+ ^u "o :i* %all n be likely to lead u a/ray4 ,n[1 ! me?od :i* 9 ! natural sci5ces1 & 9 ! sci5ce ( language1 has l$ to su* va/ results1 may be1 & ought to be pursu$ "h4 ,?is me?od is t ( comp>ison4 ,:5 ! philologi/ is desir\s ( discov]+ :at elem5ts1 if any1 a gr\p ( languages possesses 9 common1 & :at !re=e may be consid]$ z its fundam5tal /ock1 or ess5ce1 he comp>es !m ) "o ano!r4 ,:5 ! naturali/ wi%es to arrive at an accurate k ( ! con=mation1 habits1 or "* ( any class ( animals1 he c only d s by a comp>ison ( diff]5t memb]s ( t class4 ,h[ mislead+ our conclusions frequ5tly are 9 matt]s l ^! :5 !y are n bas$ ^u a suffici5tly wide comp>ison1 w be famili> to all4 ,& ?\gh ! analogy betwe5 ^! sci5ces & religion is f> f precise1 yet no good reason c be assign$ :y a me?od1 :i* has be5 s successful 9 "o case1 %\ld be totally neglect$ 9 ! latt]4 ,nor is x en\gh to say t ?is me?od is capable ( application to ! subject 9 h&4 ,religion1 ow+ to c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* w n[ be expla9$1 l5ds itself ) peculi> facility to an inquiry ?us conduct$4 ,a m]ely sup]ficial & pass+ glance at ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to u by ! hi/ory & actual condition ( ! _w br+s cle>ly to light two facts3 #a4 ,! absolute1 or all b absolute univ]sality ( "s k9d ( religi\s p]ception or religi\s feel+4 #b4 ,! c\ntless v>iety ( =ms "u :i* t feel+ has made its appe>ance4 ,hi/ory & ! works ( travel]s1 amply prove t no consid]able nation has ev] be5 )\t religion1 & t if x has ev] be5 want+1 x has only be5 among ! rude/ savages1 ^: m5tal & moral condition 0 too l[ to be capable ( any b ! mo/ obvi\s impressions ( s5se4 ,equally indubitable is ! second proposition4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) no p]iod 9 :i* ea* c\ntry did n possess its own special v>iety ( religi\s doctr9e2 we are acqua9t$ ) none 9 :i* !re 7 n _m & wide div]g5ces )9 ! bosom ( ea* c\ntry among individuals1 among sects1 & among *ur*es4 ,9 ?is univ]sality ( a c]ta9 s5tim5t1 accompani$ by ?is v>iety ( modes1 we h at lea/ a possible di/9ction betwe5 ! ,sub/ance & ! ,=m1 betwe5 ! univ]sal emotion kn[n z ,religion1 & ! local or tempor>y color+ x may happ5 to assume4 ,x w be conv5i5t if we call ! sub/ance by ! "n ( ,,fai?1 & ! =m by t ( ,,belief4 ,! use ( ^! t]ms 9 ^! s5ses is no d\bt slightly arbitr>y1 yet ! %ade ( diff]5ce 9 _! ord9>y mean+ is suffici5t to ju/ify x4 ,fai? is a t]m ( l>ge & g5]al signification1 ref]r+ r to ! feel+s ?an ! reason2 :]eas ,belief g5]ally implies ! intellectual adoption ( "s def9ite proposition1 capable ( di/9ct /atem5t 9 words4 ,! importance ( ! comp>ative me?od 9 ! process ( sift+1 classify+1 & ord]+ ! elem5ts ( ^! respective sph]es w n[ be app>5t4 ,= x is only by a comp>ison ( ! v>ieties ( ,belief t we c hope to arrive at an acqua9tance ) ,fai?4 ,sett+ "o sy/em beside ano!r1 c>efully obs]v+ :]e9 !y diff] & :]e9 !y agree1 we may at l5g? hope to discov] :at elem5ts1 if any1 are to be set d[n to ! acc\nt ( ,fai?1 & :at o!r elem5ts to t ( ,belief4 ,ev5 aft] a full comp>ison !re w /ill be consid]able dang] t we may mi/ake t5ets :i* are widely held1 b n univ]sal1 = primordial conceptions ( ! human m9d4 ,)\t su* a comp>ison1 we %\ld mo/ und\bt$ly d s1 = we are ev] unwill+ to recognize h[ wide are ! limits ( v>iation ( :i* ! op9ions & s5tim5ts ( m5 are capable4 ,%\ld we1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 elim9at+ by our analysis all t is local1 & all t is tempor>y1 we %all possess1 9 :at rema9s to u aft] ?is process1 a univ]sal tru? ( human nature4 ,obs]ve t ,i speak "h ( a tru? ( human nature z di/+ui%$ f a tru? ( ext]nal nature4 ,! "o does n ( necessity imply ! o!r1 = x is conceivable t m5 might univ]sally ent]ta9 c]ta9 hopes1 fe>s1 aspirations1 or convictions :i* 7 :olly gr\ndless2 ! suppos$ objects ( :i* _h no exi/5ce :atev] beyond ! m9d t ent]ta9$ !m4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 !n1 all t ! mo/ exhau/ive comp>ison c\ld d w\ld be to lead u up to ! sci5tific fact1 t !re is 9 human be+s an irresi/ible t5d5cy t[>ds c]ta9 s5tim5ts ( a spiritual k9d4 ,:e!r ^? s5tim5ts c be ! f\ndation ( any rational conviction x is unable to tell u4 ,?is "q1 h[ev]1 is fully z important z ! o!r1 & ,i d n propose to pass x ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,x w be "o object ( our inve/igation to discov] h[ f> we are entitl$ to treat tru?s ( human nature z id5tical ) objective tru?s4 ,if we are oblig$ to confess t no inf]5ce c be drawn f ! "o to ! o!r1 !n x w be pla9 t ,fai?1 h[ev] pr(\ndly implant$ 9 our he>ts1 does n convey to u any assurance ( a s+le religi\s tru?2 = ! impressions :i* we call our ,fai? may be z purely illusory z ! fancies ( delirium1 or ! images ( our dreams4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 an int]nal s5tim5t may be accept$1 n s mu* z a basis = tru?1 b z itself true2 z lead+1 & n mislead+ u2 !n we mu/ fur!r exam9e :at are ! tru?s :i* are 9 a mann] conta9$ 9 ,fai?1 & ( :i* ,fai? is ! w>rant4 ,! fir/ ,book1 !re=e1 w deal ma9ly ) ,belief4 ,its object w be1 by a comp>ison ( "s ( ! v>i\s cre$s t are1 or h be51 accept$ by m51 to discov] ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ,belief1 & to sep>ate ^! f ! m special & di/9ctive elem5ts peculi> to giv5 times1 di/ricts1 & races4 ,^! g5]al *>act]i/ics w1 h[ev]1 belong exclusively to ! region ( ,belief1 & n to t ( ,fai?4 ,9 o!r words1 !y w h no title to a place 9 a ,univ]sal ,religion4 ,9 ! second ,book we %all proce$ to inve/igate ! nature ( ,fai?4 ,we %all endeavor to lay b>e ! f\ndation ( ! va/ sup]/ructure ( ,!ology & ,ritual erect$ by ! piety ( ! human race4 ,we %all seek to discov]1 if t be possible1 ! elem5t ( unity amid s mu* v>iety1 ( p]man5ce amid s mu* *ange4 ,& %\ld we be successful 9 ! se>*1 we %all be 9 a position1 if n absolutely to solve1 at lea/ to attempt ! solution ( ! great problem :i* ev] has int]e/$1 & ev] mu/ int]e/ mank9d3 ,is !re any su* ?+ z positive tru? 9 ! sph]e ( ,religion8 ,& if s1 :at is x8 ,or are ! human faculties /rictly limit$ to t species ( k :i* is acquir$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses1 & doom$1 9 all spiritual ?+s1 to be ! victims ( endless long+s = :i* !re is no satisfaction1 & ( p]petual que/ion+s to :i* !re is no response8 ,,introduction4 ,religi\s ,feel+1 l all o!r human emotions1 makes itself objectively kn[n to u by its manife/ations4 ,) its subjective "* we are n conc]n$1 our bus9ess 9 ! pres5t book be+ to treat x m]ely z an objective ph5om5on4 ,?us reg>d$1 its manife/ations appe> extremely v>i\s1 b on clos] exam9ation !y w be f\nd to spr+ f a common pr9ciple4 ,?is pr9ciple is ! desire felt by ! human race 9 g5]al to e/abli% a relation%ip betwe5 itself & ^? sup]human or sup]natural p[]s ^u ^: w x supposes ! c\rse ( nature & ! well-be+ ( m5 to be dep5d5t4 ,7 x n = ?is desire1 ! ,religi\s ,idea--if ,i may v5ture by ?is t]m to d5om9ate ! orig9al s5tim5t :i* is ! beg9n+ ( positive religion--might rema9 lock$ up = ev] 9 ! brea/ ( ea* individual :o felt x4 ,b !re is innate 9 human be+s--arriv+ l w&]]s 9 ! mid/ ( a _w !y _c und]/&--an ov]p[]+ wi% to ent] into "s sort ( communication ) ! my/]i\s ag5cies ( ^: extraord9>y =ce !y are cont9ually consci\s1 b :i* appe> to be hidd5 f _! obs]vation 9 imp5etrable d>kness4 ,any man :o seems able to give in=mation z to ! nature ( ^! ag5cies2 :o c decl>e _! wi%es ) reg>d to ! conduct ( m52 :o c ass]t1 ) app>5t au?ority1 _! det]m9ation to rew>d c]ta9 k9ds ( actions1 & to puni% o!rs1 is li/5$ to ) avidity2 & if he is believ$ to speak truly 8 c\nsels are foll[$4 ,any tradition :i* is held to make kn[n ! prop] mann] ( approa*+ ^! great p[]s is dev\tly cons]v$1 & becomes ! f\ndation ( ! conduct ( _m g5]ations4 ,any writ+ :i* is consecrat$ by popul> belief z ei!r emanat+ directly f ^! p[]s1 or z hav+ be5 compos$ "u _! au?ority & at _! dictation1 is reg>d$ ) pr(\nd rev]5ce2 & no "o is all[$ to "q ei!r its /atem5ts ( fact or its injunctions4 ,:at are ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics :i* enable ei!r m51 traditions1 or writ+s to acquire s extraord9>y an au?ority1 x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to say4 ,"s approa* to a reply may be made 9 ! c\rse ( ! inquiry1 b mu* w /ill rema9 unacc\nt$ =3 "o ( ^? ultimate secrets ( our nature :i* admit ( no complete discov]y4 ,c]ta9 x is1 h[ev]1 t ?is passionate long+ to ent] into "s k9d ( relation ) ! unkn[n receives its satisfaction 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( human society4 ,man1 isolat$1 fe>ful1 /ruck ) wond] at 8 own exi/5ce1 craves to become acqua9t$ ) ! ,div9e w1 to he> ! acc5ts ( ! ,div9e voice1 to (f] up 8 petitions to ^? high] be+s :o are able to grant !m1 & to (f] !m up 9 su* a mann] t !y may be will+ z well z able4 ,impell$ by ?is crav+1 ! ,religi\s ,idea passes out ( its condition ( vague emotion into t ( positive op9ion4 ,x becomes manife/1 or1 if ,i may use an appropriate image1 inc>nate4 ,! means by :i* ! wi%$-= int]c\rse betwe5 man & ! high] p[]s is effect$ are obvi\sly tw(old3 su* z convey in=mation f ! wor%ip]s to _! deities1 & su* z convey x f ! deities back to _! wor%ip]s4 ,9 o!r words !y might be describ$ z s]v+ = communication upw>ds1 or communication d[nw>ds2 f mank9d to ,god1 or f ,god to mank9d4 ,9 ! =m] case human be+s are ! ag5ts2 9 ! latt] ! pati5ts4 ,9 ! =m]1 !y consci\sly & int5tionally place !mselves1 or endeavor to place !mselves1 9 correspond5ce ) ! unse5 p[]s2 9 ! latt]1 !y simply receive ! injunctions1 repro(s1 or o!r intimations ) :i* ^? p[]s may ?9k fit to favor !m4 ,! me?ods by :i* ?is correspond5ce is s\ght to be effect$ are v v>i\s4 ,let u take fir/ ^? :i* c>ry ! ?\ghts ( m5's he>ts upw>ds4 #a4 ,! e>lie/1 simple/1 & mo/ univ]sal me?od is ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 solemnities ( a regul>ly recurr5t k9d1 :i*1 z expressive ( _! object1 ,i w t]m consecrat$ actions4 ,su* actions are pray]1 praise1 sacrifice1 c]emonies & rites1 (f]+s1 &1 9 %ort1 all ! num]\s ext]nal acts compreh5d$ "u ! t]m ,wor%ip4 #b4 ,! second is ! consecration ( di/9ct places = ! purpose ( c>ry+ on su* wor%ip1 or o!rwise approa*+ ! ,deity m closely & solemnly ?an c be done on common & unsanctifi$ gr\nd4 ,^! ,i t]m consecrat$ places4 #c4 ,?irdly1 we h a l>ge class ( objects d$icat$ expressly to religi\s purposes4 ,su* are votive (f]+s ( all k9ds2 pictures1 /atues1 ve/m5ts1 gifts be/[$ on ! prie/hood = employm5t 9 ,div9e wor%ip1 or :atev] else ! piety ( ! devotees ( any deity may induce !m to )draw f _! own consumption1 & set ap>t = 8 s]vice4 ,^! are consecrat$ objects4 #d4 ,dev\tly dispos$ p]sons seek to ent] into a m ?an commonly direct relation ) _! god by d$ication ( _! own p]sons to him1 su* d$ication be+ signifi$ by "s special *>act]i/ics 9 _! mode ( life4 ,su* are ascetics ( all descriptions1 :e!r !y be kn[n z ,ess5es1 ,naz>ites1 ,bonzes1 monks1 or any o!r t]m4 ,i describe !m h5ce=w>d z consecrat$ p]sons4 #e4 ,la/ly1 we h a class ( m5 :o are also consecrat$1 b :o diff] f ! prec$+ 9 t ! object ( _! consecration is n p]sonal b social4 ,!y are devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! deity n 9 ord] t !y individually may ent] into m intimate relations ) him1 b t !y may c>ry on ! ne$ful int]c\rse betwe5 ! community at l>ge & its gods4 ,to emphasize ?is di/9ction1 ,i call !m consecrat$ m$iators4 ,! second great division ( our subject is t :i* treats ( ! sev]al modes by :i* div9e ideas are c>ri$ d[nw>ds4 ,& "h we w foll[ a classification correspond+ z ne>ly z possible to t adopt$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 #a4 ,fir/1 !n1 ! ,deity conveys 8 w or 8 int5tion ?r\gh ev5ts2 su* z om5s1 auguries1 miracles1 dreams1 & _m o!r ph5om5a4 ,all ^! may be t]m$ holy ev5ts4 #b4 ,secondly1 !re are c]ta9 spots :i* are ei!r favorable to ! reception ( sup]natural communications1 or h on "s occasion be5 ! sc5e ( su* a communication1 :i* we w call holy places4 #c4 ,?irdly1 c]ta9 objects are held to possess my/]i\s p[]s1 z t ( heal+ disease4 ,relics1 articles t h be5 us$ by holy m51 & su* l rema9s1 come )9 ?is category4 ,!y may be describ$ z holy objects4 #d4 ,all communities above ! v l[e/ employ pr(essional p]sons = ! express object ( convey+ to !m ! w ( _! ,deity1 or discov]+ 8 int5tions z to ! future4 ,! mo/ usual "n = su* function>ies is t ( ,prie/1 & = ! sake ( embrac+ all ecclesia/ical or quasi-ecclesia/ical classes "u "o designation ,i %all call !m holy ord]s4 #e4 ,! possession ( a pr(essional "* di/+ui%es !m f ! next class1 :o s]ve z ! fif? *annel betwe5 ,god & man1 b :o diff] f ! f\r? 9 ! circum/ance ( be+ self-appo9t$4 ,prophets 7= x is ( ^! ,i am speak+7 receive no regul> consecration2 nev]!less ! "p !y h play$ 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( mank9d has be5 ( su* transc5d5t importance t !y des]ve to be plac$ 9 a class ap>t "u ! title ( holy p]sons4 #f4 ,six?ly1 !re rema9s a mode ( communication f ,god to man to :i* !re is no?+ correspond+ on our side2 x is t ( writt5 docum5ts4 ,man has nev] 7s f> z ,i am aw>e7 imag9$ himself capable ( s5d+ a lett] or writt5 composition ( any k9d to ,god2 b ,god is suppos$1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( human in/rum5ts1 to h embodi$ 8 ?\ghts 9 writ+ = ! b5efit ( ! human race4 ,! result is ! v important category ( holy books4 ,,ext]nal ,,manife/ations ,,( ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t4 ,,fir/ ,,"p4 ,,means ,,( ,,communication ,,upw>ds4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,consecrat$ ,,actions4 ,adoration1 or wor%ip1 is a direct result ( "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal ( human in/9cts4 ,aft] ! in/9cts :i* impel u to provide = ! necessities ( ! body1 & to satisfy ! passion ( love1 !re is p]haps none m pot5t or m g5]al4 ,m5 are driv5 to pray by an irresi/ible impulse4 ,diff]+ widely z to ! object ( wor%ip2 diff]+ n less widely z to its mode2 diff]+ 9 a m9or degree z to ! bless+s x secures2 !y are agre$ z to ! fundam5tal ideas :i* x involves4 ,9 ! fir/ place x presupposes a p[] sup]ior to1 or at any rate diff]5t f1 ! p[] ( man2 9 ! second place x assumes a belief t ?is sup]human or non-human p[] c be approa*$ by 8 wor%ip]s2 c be induc$ to li/5 to _! desires1 & to grant _! petitions4 ,( ! fir/ ( ! two elem5ts ?us impli$ 9 pray]1 ?is is n ! appropriate place to speak at l5g?4 ,9 a v e>ly & primitive /age ( man's exi/5ce1 he beg9s to feel 8 dep5d5ce ^u p[]s invisible to 8 mortal eyes1 ^: mode ( action he c b imp]fectly compreh5d4 ,8 way ( conceiv+ ^! be+s w dep5d ^u 8 m5tal elevation1 ^u hi/orical influ5ces1 ^u local conditions1 & o!r causes4 ,among v rude nations1 ! commone/ & app>5tly mo/ unimpressive objects w s]ve z feti%es1 or inc>nations ( ! my/]i\s =ce4 ,pieces ( wood1 /ones1 ornam5ts worn on ! p]son1 or almo/ any?+1 may "u "s circum/ances d duty 9 ?is capacity4 ,x is a fur!r /age ( progress :5 ! m conspicu\s objects ( nature1 l(ty m\nta9s1 riv]s1 trees1 f\nta9s1 & s =?1 are deifi$1 to ! exclusion ( m insignificant ?+s4 ,/ill high] is ! adoration ( bodies :i* d n belong to ?is e>? at all1 & ^: nature is1 !re=e1 m my/]i\s--! sun1 ! moon1 ! planets or ! />s1 ! cl\ds & tempe/s1 ! w9ds1 & simil> impos+ ph5om5a4 ,& ?is /age passes naturally into "o :]e ! gods1 at fir/ m]ely =ces ( nature p]sonifi$1 lose _! "* ( =ces1 & become exclusively p]sons4 ,!y are !n conceiv$ z be+s 9 human =m1 b end[$ ) mu* m ?an human faculties4 ,actual p]sons1 especially ! ance/ors ( ! liv+ g5]ation1 are also ! frequ5t recipi5ts ( religi\s adoration4 ,by o!r races1 or by ! same races at a lat] p]iod1 ! num]\s gods ( poly!ism are m]g$ 9 "o supreme god1 to :om ! o!rs are subord9at$ z ag5ts ( 8 w1 or be=e ^: gr&eur !y disappe> altoge!r2 :ile ?is wor%ip ( p[]s conceiv$ z b5efic5t is v frequ5tly accompani$1 m or less av[$ly1 by a p>allel wor%ip ( p[]s conceiv$ z malevol5t1 & :om1 by reason ( t v malevol5ce1 x is occasionally deem$ ! m ne$ful to conciliate4 ,! second elem5t--! conviction t ^! deities are accessible to human reque/s--is %[n bo? by ! fact ( wor%ip be+ (f]$ & by ! mode 9 :i* x is conduct$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is pla9 t pray] w\ld n be (f]$ at all b = ! belief t x ex]cises "s influ5ce on ! be+s pray$ to4 ,b ! !ory does n require t !y %\ld be equally am5able to x at all times1 f all p]sons1 or 9 :atev] way x is utt]$4 ,on ! contr>y1 accessibility to pray] implies 9 ^! :o receive x an incl9ation to li/5 ) att5tion to ! language 9 :i* !y are address$1 & to be m or less mov$ by x accord+ to its nature4 ,reason+ f ! au?orities ( e>? :om he kn[s1 to ^? ( heav5 :om he does n "k1 ! primitive man concludes t ! be/ way ( obta9+ ! satisfaction ( 8 wi%es f ! latt] w be to address !m 9 a tone ( humble supplication1 int]m+l$ ) su* laudatory epi!ts z he deems mo/ suitable to ! deity invok$1 or mo/ likely to be agreeable to 8 e>4 ,h5ce we h ! two devotional acts ( pray] & praise1 :i* 9 all religions con/antly accompany "o ano!r1 & con/itute ! simple/1 mo/ natural1 & mo/ anci5t expression on ! "p ( human be+s ( _! consci\sness ( an ov]rul+ p[]1 & ( _! desire to ent] into relations ) t dread$ & v5]at$ ag5cy4 ,pray] 9 its orig9al =m is simply a reque/ = "s p]sonal advantage address$ by ! wor%ip]s to _! god4 ,:atev] l(ti] associations x may aft]w>ds acquire1 its int5tion at ! outset is unque/ionably ?is1 z may be prov$ by ref]5ce to innum]able in/ances1 quot$ by travel]s or s*ol>s1 ( savage pray]1 :]e ! b5efit expect$ f ! deity is dem&$ 9 ! mo/ b>efac$ mann]4 ,b ev5 aft] m5 h long ceas$ to be savages1 ! prim>y object ( pray] may easily be disc]n$2 sometimes pla9ly av[$ by ! p]sons pray+1 sometimes cloak$ "u complim5t>y phrases or devotional utt]ances4 ,h[ev] disguis$1 ! fact rema9s1 t pray] 0 orig9ally design$1 & to a l>ge ext5t is design$ /ill1 to obta9 c]ta9 advantages = ourselves1 ei!r z individuals1 or z a community4 ,private pray]1 p>tak+ to "s ext5t ( ! "* ( a m$itation1 may1 & no d\bt (t5 does1 =m an exception to ?is rule2 b ev5 ?is v frequ5tly falls "u x1 & ( ! pray] (f]$ by tribes or nations x always holds good4 ,two excell5t specim5s ( primitive pray] are giv5 by ,br9ton 9 8 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,accord+ to t writ]1 ! ,nootka ,indian1 on prep>+ = w>1 ?us expresses 8 wi%es3--,great ,quahootzee1 let me live1 n be sick1 f9d ! enemy1 n fe> him1 f9d him asleep1 & kill a great _m ( him4 ,! next in/ance1 quot$ by him f ,fa!r ,breboeuf1 is equally apposite4 ,x is ! pray] ( a ,huron3--,oki1 ?\ :o live/ 9 ?is spot1 ,i (f] !e tobacco4 ,help u1 save u f %ipwreck1 def5d u f our enemies1 give u a good trade1 & br+ u back safe & s\nd to our villages 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #big74 ,! ,kafirs1 accord+ to ,%oot]1 address ! spirits :om !y wor%ip 9 ! foll[+ /yle3 ,take c>e ( me1 take c>e ( my *ildr51 take c>e ( my wives1 take c>e ( all my p4 ,remove ! sickness1 & let my *ild recov]4 ,give me pl5ty ( *ildr5--_m boys & a few girls4 ,give me abundance ( food & cattle4 ,make "r all my p 7,k4 ,n41 p4 #afc74 ,( ! negroes on ! ,c>ibbean ,isl&s1 ,old5dorp says1 ,_! conc]ns :i* !y lay be=e ,god 9 _! pray]s1 ev5 on _! knees1 h ref]5ce only to ! body1 to heal?1 f9e wea!r1 a good h>ve/1 victory ov] _! enemies1 & s =? 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cbe74 ,! ,samoans1 on tak+ _! ev5+ cup ( ava1 w\ld ?us express _! petitions to ! gods3 ,"h is ava = y1 ,o gods6 ,look k9dly t[>ds ?is family3 let x prosp] & increase2 & let u all be kept 9 heal?4 ,let our plantations be productive1 let fruit gr[1 & may !re be abundance ( food = u1 y\r creatures4 ,"h is ava = y1 our w>-gods6 ,let !re be a /rong & num]\s p = y 9 ?is l&4 ,"h is ava = y1 ,o sail+ gods6 ,d n come on %ore at ?is place2 b be pleas$ to dep>t along ! ocean to "s o!r l& 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #bjj74 ,mr4 ,turn]1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = ! above pray]1 rem>ks t 9 ,tanna1 ano!r ( ! ,polynesian isl&s1 ! *ief ( a village repeats a %ort pray] at ! ev5+ meal1 ask+ heal?1 long life1 good crops1 & success 9 battle 7,ibid41 p4 #he74 ,! au?ors ( ! ,v$ic hymns1 ?\gh /&+ on a f> high] level ( civilization1 d n diff] ess5tially f ^! rude p 9 ! "* ( ! objects = :i* !y pray4 ,! sev]al deities are cont9ually invok$ to grant heal?1 weal?1 prosp]ity1 po/]ity1 & o!r temporal bless+s4 ,?us 7to quote "o in/ance among _m7 9 ,m&ala #a1 ,skta #fd1 translat$ by ,max ,mll]1 ! ,m>uts are reque/$ to grant /r5g?1 glori\s1 inv9cible 9 battle1 brilliant1 weal?-conf]r+1 praisewor?y1 kn[n to all m52 & aga91 weal?1 durable1 ri* 9 m51 defy+ all onslaughts2 weal? a hundr$ & a ?\s&fold1 always increas+ 7,r4 ,v4 ,s41 i4 #fd1 #ad1 #ae1--,vol4 i4 p4 #ic74 ,! liturgies ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 :ile sometimes assum+ a l(ti] /ra91 frequ5tly move ^u ! same level4 ,! same tone is to be obs]v$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,solomon's pray]1 = in/ance1 at ! d$ication ( ! temple1 may be tak5 z an enum]ation ( ! objects commonly pray$ = among ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,x specifies among ! objects to be obta9$ at ! h&s ( ,jehovah1 ! prev5tion ( fam9e1 ( pe/il5ce1 bla/+1 mildew1 locu/ or cat]pill>1 plague or sickness 7#a ,k+s viii4 #cg74 ,*ri/ian liturgies conta9 ! same univ]sal elem5ts1 ?\gh int]m+l$ ) _m o!rs1 & n 9 g5]al put =w>d ) ! same crudity ( language4 ,besides ^! g5]al objects1 !re are o!rs ( an ephem]al & special k9d :i* are g5]ally drawn )9 ! sph]e ( pray]4 ,ra9 is a common object ( pray]1 & o!r *anges ( wea!r are equally pray$ = if !y are held to be important4 ,callaway1 = example1 0 in=m$ by a v old man 9 ,s\? ,africa t if x does n ra91 ! heads ( villages & petty *iefs assemble & g to a black *ief2 !y conv]se & pray = ra9 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #ei74 ,ano!r native describ$ ! mode ( supplication m p>ticul>ly4 ,a c]ta9 *iefta9 nam$ ,ut%aka came & made 8 pray]s great] ?an ^? :o prec$$ him4 ,:5 he desir$ ra91 he sang ! foll[+ song1 :i* consi/s ( musical s\nds m]ely1 )\t any mean+3-- ,"o ,"p--,i ya wu2 a wu2 o ye i ye4 ,second ,"p or ,response--,i ya wo4 ,& ?is pray]1 s t\*+ 9 its simplicity1 0 z successful z ! mo/ elaborate composition ( ,jewi% prophet or ,*ri/ian bi%op2 = ! n>rator /ates t ,ut%aka ,sang a song & pray$ to ! ,"l ( heav52 & ask$ 8 =efa!rs to pray = ra9 to ! ,"l ( heav54 ,& x ra9$ 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #ib74 ,! efficacy ( pray] is pla9ly indep5d5t ( ! cre$ ( him :o (f]s x4 ,! ,mexicans held an important annual fe/ival 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 ( :i* ! ma9 purpose 0 to entreat = wat] f ! sky1 ?is be+ ! season at :i* !re 0 ! greate/ ne$ ( ra9 7,h4 ,i41 b4 v4 *4 #bh74 ,!y us$ to address an elaborate pray] to a god nam$ ,tlaloc1 ! k+ ( ! t]re/rial p>adise1 to obta9 deliv]ance f dr\ght4 ,!y entreat$ him n to visit ! (f5ses !y _h committ$ ) su* sev]ity z to cont9ue ! privation "u :i* !y 7 labor+4#a ,! ,tannese1 :5 put to mu* inconv5i5ce by ! du/ fall+ f a c]ta9 volcano1 7 9 ! habit ( pray+ to _! gods = a *ange ( w9d 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #ge74 ,c]ta9 o!r ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s us$ to pray to _! gods to av]t ! suppos$ calamity ( a lun> eclipse4 ,z ! eclipse passes (f1 !y ?9k x is all ow+ to _! pray]s1 a mode ( reason+ :i* pres5ts an exact p>allel to t employ$ by _m ,*ri/ians4 ,sir ,john ,davis gives a v int]e/+ specim5 ( a pray] = ra9 employ$ by ,ta\-,kung1 ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 9 #ahcb1 on ! occasion ( a long dr\ght 9 t c\ntry 7,*9ese1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ge74 ,z may be expect$ f s civiliz$ a p1 ?is pray] rises f> above ! outspok5 begg+ ( savage petitions1 yet x has 9 sub/ance precisely ! same end4 ,! emp]or describes himself z scor*$ ) grief1 & pa!tically inquires :e!r he has be5 remiss 9 sacrifice1 has be5 pr\d or prodigal1 irrev]5t1 unju/1 or want+ 9 discretion 9 ! ex]cise ( patronage4 ,"h we see ! intrusion ( ! !ological idea t calamities are s5t z puni%m5ts = s91 :i* plays no small "p 9 ,*ri/ian !ology2 b ?is only s]ves to veil1 )\t effac+1 ! ess5tial "* ( ! pray]4 ,! v same notion1 t s9 is visit$ by unfavorable wea!r1 is f\nd 9 ! pray] ( ,solomon1 ^: m9d ^u ?is "q seems to h be5 9 ! same /age ( ?\ght z t atta9$ by ! ,*9ese emp]or4 ,:5 heav5 is %ut up1 & !re is no ra91 because !y h s9n$ aga9/ !e 7#a ,k+s viii4 #ce71 is ! language ( ,solomon3 ,my s9s are s num]\s t x is hopeless to escape _! consequ5ces1 s runs ! p5it5t confession ( ,ta\-,kung4 ,b :atev] may be ! cause to :i* ! dr\ght is attribut$1 ! pray]1 :e!r utt]$ by ,*9aman1 ,jew1 or ,*ri/ian1 is /ill simply ! petition to ! ,amazulu1 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]1 or ! native ,am]ican--a reque/ t ,god w s influ5ce ! ph5om5a ( ! skies z to suit our conv5i5ce4 ,! notion t ?is object may sometimes be atta9$ by our pray]s is n ext9ct ev5 among ourselves4 ,o!r special occasions are sometimes held to call = pray]4 ,su* are national calamities2 z a pe/il5ce among m5 or cattle1 ! illness ( "s em95t p]son1 & o!r simil> mis=tunes4 ,a good h>ve/ is v g5]ally pray$ =2 s is victory 9 "t ( w>4 ,! anci5t ,aryans1 :o compos$ ! ,v$ic hymns "o ?\s& ye>s or m be=e ,*ri/1 cont9ually pray$ = ?is la/ bless+2 & we ourselves1 :5 engag$ 9 w>f>e1 pi\sly cont9ue ! same cu/om4 ,v frequ5tly ! notion ( a b>ga9 betwe5 ! god & 8 wor%ip] appe>s 9 pray]4 ,! wor%ip] claims to h r5d]$ "s s]vice = :i* ! god ought 9 equity to rew>d him2 or he holds out ! discont9uance ( 8 =m] devotion z a motive to induce ! concession ( 8 desires4 ,! con/ant conjunction ( praise ) pray] is explicable on ?is pr9ciple ( a reciprocity ( b5efits4 ,if ! wor%ip] ga9s mu* f ! god1 yet ! god ga9s some?+ f him1 be+ address$ 9 a /ra9 ( unb\nd$ eulogy4 ,8 p[]1 8 greatness1 8 goodness1 8 excell5ces ( all k9ds are vaunt$ 9 gl[+ t]ms1 no d\bt s9c]ely us$ by ! wor%ip]1 b repeat$ & accumulat$ to satiety f an impression t !y are pleas+ to _! object1 & may dispose him to b5efic5ce4 ,titles ?us be/[$ ^u _! deities are aptly describ$ by ! ,amazulus z laud-giv+ names 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #gb1 & vol4 ii4 p4 #adi74 ,9 ! ,v$ic hymns & 9 ! ,psalms1 ! deities spok5 ( are con/antly address$ by su* complim5t>y epi!ts4 ,"o ( ! hymns to ! ,m>uts beg9s by ann\nc+ ! poet's int5tion to praise _! anci5t greatness4 ,& at ! conclusion1 aft] he has done s1 he says1 ,may ?is praise1 ,o ,m>uts1 444 approa* y 7ask+7 = (fspr+ to our body1 toge!r ) food4 ,may we f9d food1 & a camp ) runn+ wat] 7,r4 ,v4 ,s41 vol4 i4 pp4 #aig1 #bja74 ,! ,psalmi/s 7 nev] we>y ( exalt+ ! extraord9>y might & maje/y ( ,jehovah1 m+l+ petitions ) panegyric2 & a l>ge portion ( ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ians consi/s 9 expressions ( pi\s admiration at ! extraord9>y goodness ( _! ,god1 especially = 8 r$emption ( ! _w :i* he _h himself condemn$4 ,all ^! extravagant eulogies betray a lat5t impression t ! ,deity is1 aft] all1 a v arbitr>y p]sonage1 & may be mov$ to m m]ciful conduct ?an he w\ld o!rwise pursue by l>ge doses ( flatt]y4 ,/ill m cle>ly does ! idea ( a comm]cial relation%ip ) ! gods make its appe>ance 9 a poet :o /&s on a high] intellectual & moral level ?an ! writ]s ( ! ,hebrew ,psalms1 namely ,ais*ylos4 ,9 ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes1 ,eteokles implores ,zeus1 ! ,e>?1 & ! tutel> deities ( ! city to protect ,!bes2 & subjo9s z a motive = compliance1 ,& ,i tru/ t :at ,i say is our common int]e/2 = a prosp]\s city honors ! gods 7,ais*4 ,sept4 c4 ,?4 #gf1 #gg--;,d9dorf74 ,& !re is a simil> appeal to ! div9e selfi%ness fur!r on 9 ! same play1 :]e ! *orus inquires ( ! gods :at bett] pla9 !y c expect to obta9 9 ex*ange = ?is "o1 if !y %all suff] x to pass into ! enemy's h&s 7,ais*41 ,sept4 c4 ,?4 #cjd74 ,9 ! ,*oephor1 ,zeus is di/9ctly ask$ 9 ! pray] ( ,agamemnon's *ildr5 :5ce he c expect to obta9 ! sacrifice & honors :i* h be5 paid him by ,ore/es & ,electra if he %\ld suff] !m to p]i% 7,ais*41 ,*oeph41 #bee74 ,:ile 9 ! ,electra ( ,sophocles ! conv]se motive ( gratitude is appeal$ to3 ! god ,apollon be+ desir$ to rememb] n :at he may get1 b :at he already has got1 f ! piety ( 8 supplicant 7,soph4 ,el41 #acgf--,s*neidew974 ,& ,jacob1 :o 0 a good h& at a b>ga91 makes 8 t]ms ) ,jehovah 9 a ?or\ghly bus9ess-l _s4 ,if ,god w be ) me1 & w keep me 9 ?is way t ,i g1 & w give me bread to eat & raim5t to put on1 s t ,i come aga9 to my fa!r's h\se 9 peace2 !n %all ! ,"l be my ,god3 & ?is /one1 :i* ,i h set up = a pill>1 %all be ,god's h\se3 & ( all t ?\ %alt give me ,i w surely give ! t5? unto !e4 ,! adoption ( ,jehovah z ,jacob's ,god be+ ?us entirely dep5d5t on ! p]=mance by t ,deity ( 8 %>e 9 ! contract 7,g54 xxviii4 #bj-bb74 ,sometimes x is qua9tly sugge/$ t 7 ! wor%ip] 9 ! place ( ! god1 he w\ld n neglect ! int]e/s ( 8 devotee4 ,?us1 ! au?or ( a hymn 9 ! ,rig-,v$a-,sanhit1 address+ ! ,gods ( ,tempe/1 exclaims3 ,if y1 sons ( ,prisni1 7 mortals1 & y\r wor%ip] an immortal1 !n nev] %\ld y\r prais] be unwelcome1 l a de] 9 pa/ure grass1 nor %\ld he g on ! pa? ( ,yama 7,r4 ,v4 ,s41 vol4 i4 p4 #fe74 ,ano!r unsophi/icat$ poet gives ! foll[+ h9t to ! god ,indra1 ! ,h9du ,jupit]3 ,7 ,i1 ,indra1 l !e1 ! sole "l ( weal?1 ! s+] ( my praises %\ld be ri* 9 cattle 7,s4 ,v41 i4 #b4 i4 #c4 p4 #bah74 ,& ! same god is ask$ else:]e 9 ! ,v$a3 ,:5 wilt ?\ make u happy8 = x is j ?is t is desir$ 7,s4 ,v41 i4 #e4 i4 #c4 p4 #bcc74 ,) equal pla9ness is ! expectation ( a quid pro quo enunciat$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t hymns1 conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,p>sees3--,e adoration1 ,o ,true ,"o1 consi/s 9 actions :]eby "o may obta9 good possessions1 full ( security1 & happ9ess r\nd ab\t 7,f4 ,g4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ed4--,yama #ea4 i74 ,m emphatically /ill is ?is conception ( a reciprocity ( b5efits express$ 9 ano!r consecrat$ action1 t ( ,sacrifice4 ,sacrifice holds a mo/ important place 9 all religions4 ,x orig9ates 9 a /age ( ! human m9d :i*1 if n q z primitive z t :i* gives rise to pray]1 is nev]!less s e>ly z to be practicably insep>able f x4 ,:]ev] we f9d pray]1 we f9d sacrifice2 b z ! latt] is g5]ally f\nd organiz$ "u def9ite =ms1 & conf9$ to c]ta9 specifi$ objects1 we may conclude t 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we recognize x1 x implies a c]ta9 degree ( regulation & =e?\ght on ! "p ( religi\s au?orities :i* we d n meet ) 9 ! simple/ types ( pray]4 ,pray] is (t5 ! m]e natural outp\r+ ( our wants be=e a p[] :i* is consid]$ capable ( fulfill+ !m3 sacrifice1 ?\gh d\btless 9 ! fir/ in/ance an equally artless (f]+ ( gifts to be+s :o are reg>d$ ) v5]ation & gratitude1 is soon conv]t$ into a =mal pres5tation ( ackn[l$g$ dues1 p]=m$ "u ecclesia/ical sup]vision4 ,no d\bt pray] also t5ds to assume ?is =mal "*2 b we h hi!rto consid]$ x 9 its uncorrupt$ aspect2 its treatm5t 9 its lat] developm5ts belongs to ano!r portion ( ?is *apt]4 ,! idea :i* presides ov] sacrifice is obvi\s4 ,! sacrific] argues t if he c make acceptable pres5ts to ! gods1 !y w smile ^u him & be dispos$ to promote 8 ends2 :]eas if he keeps ! :ole ( 8 possessions = worldly purposes1 !y w reg>d him ) indignation1 & refuse him _! assi/ance :5 he may happ5 to /& 9 ne$ ( x4 ,!re is also involv$ 9 sacrifice a s5se ( gratitude3 ! gods hav+ giv5 u ! fruits ( ! e>?1 behooves u to make "s ackn[l$gm5t ( _! b\nty4 ,su* notions1 once prop\nd$1 7 c]ta9 to be f]tile4 ,e motive ( piety & ( int]e/ w\ld comb9e to support !m4 ,! piety ( ! wor%ip]s1 c\pl$ ) _! hopes ( advantage1 w\ld be /imulat$ by ! self-int]e/ ( ! prie/s1 :o g5]ally %>e 9 ! sacrifices (f]$4 ,if any piece ( good =tune occurr$ to "o :o 0 dev\t & lib]al 9 sacrific+1 x w\ld be attribut$ to ! satisfaction felt by ! gods at 8 exempl>y conduct4 ,if ill =tune befell ^? :o _h neglect$ to sacrifice1 ?is w\ld be an equally manife/ indication ( _! high displeasure4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z ! /ep 0 tak5--& x 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( man--( in/itut+ sacrifices to idols or to deities1 ! wor%ip]s vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 ! lib]ality ( _! (f]+s4 ,adopt$ z a mode ( propitiat+ ! cele/ial be+s by spontane\s gifts1 x became1 among all nations ^: religi\s belief _h arriv$ at a /ate ( flexity & consolidation1 a positive duty2 mu* z mon>*s h frequ5tly exact$ l>ge & burd5some contributions "u ! guise ( volunt>y pres5ts4 ,illu/rations ( ?is conception1 t sacrifice is a sort ( paym5t = s]vices r5d]$ or to be r5d]$1 might be f\nd abundantly 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,p]haps x is seldom m qua9tly express$ ?an by ! ,amazulus1 :o1 :5 go+ to battle1 sacrifice to ! ,amatongo1 or manes ( _! ance/ors1 9 ord] t ^!1 9 _! own language1 may h no cause ( compla9t1 because !y h made am5ds to !m1 & made !m bright4 ,on rea*+ ! enemy1 !y say1 ,c x be1 s9ce we h made am5ds to ! ,amadhlozi1 t !y w say we h wrong$ !m by any?+8 ,& :5 x comes to fight+1 !y are fill$ ) valor1 obs]v+ t ! ,amatongo w turn _! backs on u )\t cause 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 vol4 ii4 p4 #acc74 ,! objects ( sacrifice are v v>i\s1 b x is noticeable t !y are almo/ inv>iably ?+s held 9 e/eem among m51 & ei!r possess+ a consid]able value z commodities1 or capable by _! prop]ties ( m9i/]+ to _! pleasure4 ,all sacrifices ( meat & corn or o!r edibles belong to ! =m] class2 ^? ( fl[]s to ! latt]1 = ^!1 ?\gh ( little value 9 ! m>ket yet give great pleasure1 & are mu* e/eem$4 ,an exception is inde$ pres5t$ by ! wild hordes 9 ,kamts*atka1 :o1 accord+ to ,/ell]1 (f] no?+ to _! gods b :at is valueless to !mselves 7,kamts*atka1 p4 #bfe74 ,if ?is /atem5t does n orig9ate 9 a misund]/&+ ( ! travel]1 ! fact mu/ be due to ! s+ul>ly l[ religiosity ( ^? p1 :o seem to h little rev]5ce = ! v objects ( _! wor%ip4 ,! mo/ valuable sacrifice t c possibly be made--t ( human be+s--has always be5 common among savage or unciviliz$ nations4 ,?us1 9 "s ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 human sacrifices 7 fe>fully common 7,n4 ,m4 ,e41 p4 #edg74 ,!y prevail$ among "s ( ! negro tribes kn[n to ! mission>y ,old5dorp 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cbi74 ,9 ,mexico1 :]e ! natives _h arriv$ at a f> high] condition1 human sacrifices /ill prevail$1 ?\gh ! orig9al brutality ( ! rite 0 modifi$ by ! fact ( ! victims be+ enemies4 ,inde$1 ,montezuma1 :5 at ! height ( 8 p[]1 expressly refus$ to conqu] a c]ta9 prov9ce :i* he might easily h add$ to 8 dom9ions2 assign+ z 8 fir/ reason1 t he desir$ to keep ! ,mexican y\? 9 practice2 z 8 second & pr9cipal "o1 t he might res]ve a prov9ce = ! supply ( victims to sacrifice to ! gods 7,h4 ,i41 b4 v4 *4 #bj74 ,at ! great ,mexican fe/ival ( ! ,jubilee1 h[ev]1 x 0 n an enemy1 b a slave1 :o 0 (f]$4 ,?is slave _h repres5t$ ! idol dur+ ! p]iod ( a ye>1 & _h receiv$ ! greate/ honor dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice1 at ! end ( :i* 8 head 0 sev]$ f 8 body by ! prie/1 :o !n held x z high z he c\ld1 & %[$ x to ! ,sun & to ! idol 7,h4 ,i41 b4 v4 *4 #bh74 ,next 9 value to ! human race are cattle1 & ^! too are frequ5tly immolat$ 9 honor ( ! gods4 ,?us among ! ,kafirs1 ! animals (f]$ are exclusively cattle & goats4 ,! l>ge/ ox 9 a h]d is specially res]v$ = sacrifices on important occasions2 x is call$ ! ,ox ( ! ,spirits1 & is nev] sold except 9 cases ( extreme necessity 7,kafirs1 p4 #afe74 ,"h we f9d x expressly /at$ t x is ! be/ ox1 9 o!r words1 ! mo/ valuable portion ( ! sacrific]'s prop]ty1 :i* is devot$ to ! gods4 ,& ! pr9ciple :i* leads 9 ,natal to ?is res]vation ( ! be/ w be f\nd pr$om9at+ ov] sacrifice ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! ,soosoos1 a p inhabit+ ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 are s c>eful to propitiate _! deity1 t !y nev] und]take any affair ( importance until !y h sacrific$ to him a bullock 7,n4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #bcj74 ,o!r dome/ic & edible animals1 be+ ( great importance to mank9d1 are held wor?y ( ! honor ( sacrifice4 ,! same writ] to :om ,i owe ! la/ quotation tells u ( ! ,we/]n ,africans1 t be=e !y beg9 to s[ _! plantations1 !y sacrifice a %eep1 goat1 f[l1 or fi% to ! ay-m91 to beg t _! crop may ab\nd2 = 7 ?is neglect$1 !y are p]suad$ t no?+ w\ld gr[ !re 7,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #bbc74 ,old5dorp1 :o 0 p>ticul>ly famili> ) ! ,c>ibbean ,isl&s1 describes ! sacrifices ( ! negroes z consi/+ ( ox51 c[s1 %eep1 goats1 h5s1 palm-oil1 br&y1 yams1 c4 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cbi74 ,besides porcela9 coll>s1 tobacco1 maize1 & sk9s1 ! ,am]ican ,indians us$ to (f] entire animals1 especially dogs1 on ! bord]s ( difficult or dang]\s roads or rocks1 or by ! side ( rapids4 ,^! (f]+s 7 made to ! spirits :o presid$ 9 ^! places4 ,! great value atta*$ by ! natives ( ,am]ica to ! dog is well kn[n1 & x is des]v+ ( rem>k t ! dog 0 ! commone/ victim1 & t at ! w>-fe/ival1 :i* 0 a sort ( sacrifice1 x 0 always dogs t 7 (f]$4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! animals sla9 are bullocks1 heif]s1 %eep1 & pigs1 :i* are duly purifi$ = a c]ta9 p]iod be=eh& 7,c4 ,o41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aib74 ,among ! ,jews1 pigs1 ^: fle% 0 reg>d$ z impure1 7 n (f]$2 bullocks1 goats1 & %eep 7 ! *ief sacrificial animals2 & extreme c>e 0 tak5 9 _! law t !y %\ld be entirely )\t blemi%2 t is1 t1 l ! ox ( ! ,kafirs1 !y %\ld be ! be/ obta9able 7,lev4 xxii4 #ag-be74 ,?is is a rem>kable illu/ration ( ! t5d5cy to (f] only articles ( value 9 human e/imation to ,god2 = "h t :i* w\ld be good en\gh = m5 is treat$ z unfit = ,jehovah4 ,animals ( less] magnitude are sometimes (f]$2 z1 = in/ance1 ! quails :i* ! ,mexicans us$ to sacrifice 7,h4 ,i41 b4 v4 *4 #ah74 ,birds are n unfrequ5tly *os5 z fitt+ objects to pres5t to ! gods4 ,among ! ,ibos1 a negro tribe1 x is ! cu/om = wom51 six weeks aft] *ildbir?1 to pres5t a pair ( h5s z an (f]+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n kill$1 b lib]at$ aft] c]ta9 c]emonies4 ,9 l mann] ! ,hebrew woman aft] h] deliv]y 0 enjo9$ to br+ a lamb & a pigeon or turtle-dove2 or1 if %e 7 unable to br+ ! lamb1 two "y pigeons or two turtle-doves 7,lev4 xii4 #f-h74 ,9 addition to animals1 a consid]able v>iety ( objects is sacrific$1 g5]ally ! fruits ( ! e>? or fl[]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no limit to ! numb] ( ?+s :i* may be held suitable = pres5tation to ! gods4 ,?us1 9 ,samoa 79 ,polynesia71 ! (f]+s 7 pr9cipally cook$ food 7,n4 ,y4 p4 #bda74 ,9 o!r ,isl&s ! fir/ fruits are pres5t$ to ! gods 7,ibid41 p4 #cbg71 a practice :i* corresponds1 z ! mission>y :o records x ju/ly rem>ks1 to t ( ! anci5t ,israelites4 ,! ,r$ ,indians us$ to (f] to _! spirits petun1 tobacco1 or birds4 ,9 honor ( ! ,sun1 & ev5 ( subord9ate spirits1 !y w\ld ?r[ into ! fire ev]y?+ !y 7 9 ! habit ( us+1 & :i* !y ackn[l$g$ z receiv$ f !m 7,n4 ,f41 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cdg1 #cdh74 ,aco/a divides ! sacrifices ( ! ,mexicans & ,p]uvians into ?ree classes3 ! fir/1 ( inanimate objects2 ! second1 ( animals2 ! ?ird1 ( m54 ,9 ! fir/ class are includ$ cocoa1 maize1 color$ fea!rs1 sea%ells1 gold & silv]1 & f9e l95 7,h4 ,i41 b4 v4 *4 #ah74 ,among ! sacrifices (f]$ by ! ,incas to ! sun1 ! mo/ e/eem$1 accord+ to ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 7 lambs1 !n %eep1 !n b>r5 ewes4 ,besides ^!1 !y sacrific$ tame rabbits1 all edible birds 7rem>k ! limitation71 & fat ( bea/s1 z well z all ! gra9s & vegetables up to cocoa1 & ! f9e/ l95 7obs]ve aga9 ! c>e t x %\ld be f9e7 7,c4 ,r41 b4 ii4 *4 #h74 ,at a c]ta9 ,h9du fe/ival describ$ by ,wilson1 a goddess nam$ ,v>ad ,*atur?i is wor%ipp$ ) (f]+s ( fl[]s1 ( inc5se1 or ( lights1 ) platt]s ( sug> & g+]1 or milk or salt1 ) sc>let or saffron-t9t$ /r+s & gold5 bracelets 7,w4 ,w41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahd1 #ahe74 ,among ! ,p>sees ! sacrifices consi/ ( little loaves ( bread1 & ( ,haoma1 ! sacr$ plant4 ,! ,indian ,p>sees s5d f "t to "t to ,kirman to obta9 ,haoma-bran*es f ?is holy t]ritory 7,z4 ,a41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ece74 ,! ,p>sees also (f] fl[]s1 fruits1 rice1 odorif]\s gra9s1 p]fumes1 milk1 roots ( c]ta9 trees1 & meat4 ,! ,jews1 l !m1 (f]$ ! productions ( ! soil 9 sacrifice4 ,beauty1 & ev5 utility1 :5 n accompani$ by consid]able value 9 ex*ange1 d n suffice to con/itute fitness = religi\s sacrifice4 ,common plants & %rubs1 bran*es ( trees1 wild birds or insects1 are "s ( !m among ! mo/ beautiful productions ( nature2 yet !y are n sacrific$4 ,/ones & wood are bo? useful1 b !y are obta9$1 z a rule1 at little co/2 & !y are n sacrific$4 ,fl[]s1 :i* c]ta9ly h no high value1 7 sometimes (f]$ to idols 9 ! =m ( wrea?s & g>l&s3 !y sc>cely con/itute an exception to ! rule1 = !y are priz$ z ornam5ts by m51 & ! process ( pluck+ & weav+ !m into appropriate %apes imposes tr\ble--! equival5t ( co/--on ! devotee4 ,x is pla9ly n ow+ to any accid5tal circum/ance t highly valuable objects h be5 select$ by all ! nations ( ! e>? z alone appropriate = religi\s sacrifice4 ,two reasons may be assign$ = ?is selection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! g5]al assimilation ( deities to mank9d goes f> to acc\nt = x4 ,ev]y:]e1 & at all times--z we %all h occasion frequ5tly to obs]ve 9 ?is "w--m5 h reason$ z to ! div9e nature f _! k ( _! own4 ,a notewor?y in/ance ( ?is is to be se5 9 ,mala*i1 :o does n scruple to tell ! ,jews t _! ,god feels ! same k9d ( (f5se at ! pov]ty ( _! (f]+s z a human gov]nor w\ld d4 ,& if1 says t prophet1 ye (f] ! bl9d = sacrifice1 is x n evil8 & if ye (f] ! lame & sick1 is x n evil8 (f] x n[ unto ?y gov]nor2 w he be pleas$ ) !e1 or accept ?y p]son8 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s4 ,a few v]ses lat] he recurs to ! sorr[ felt by ,jehovah at su* insults4 ,& ye br+ t :i* is robb$1 & ! lame1 & ! sick2 ?us ye br+ an (f]+3 %\ld ,i accept ?is ( y\r h&8 sai? ! ,"l4 ,b curs$ be ! deceiv]1 :i* ha? 9 8 flock a male1 & v[e? & sacrifice? unto ! ,"l a bad female4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d ! !ory ( ,god's resemblance to man express$ 9 a crud] =m4 ,ev5 z a gov]nor w %[ ! greate/ favor to ^? :o approa* him ) ! co/lie/ gifts1 s ! m\?piece ( ! ,hebrew deity decl>es 9 8 "n t he mu/ h ! pick ( 8 s]vant's flocks--! males1 n ! females1 ! s\nd & ! p]fect1 n ! sickly or ! maim$4 ,9 a precisely simil> _s1 x is enjo9$ 9 "o ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,buddhi/s t no spoilt victuals or dr9ks may be us$ 9 sacrifice 7,wassiljew1 p4 #baa74 ,m5's notion ( _! god 0 (t5 d]iv$1 l ,mala*i's1 n only f human nature1 b f ^? :o 7 by no means ! be/ specim5s ( human nature1--! rul]s4 ,! religi\s emotion1 imbu$ ) ?is conception ( its deities1 %rank ?r\gh a s5se ( piety f ! irrev]5t1 &1 z x seem$1 sacrilegi\s act ( pres5t+ !m ) any?+ b ! be/4 ,b !re 0 ano!r reason :i*1 d\btless1 _h its weight4 ,n only mu/ ! (f]+ be ( a k9d acceptable to ! god to :om x 0 giv52 x mu/ also impose "s co/ ^u ! wor%ip]4 ,religi\s s5tim5t imp]atively requir$ t !re %\ld be an actual sacrifice ( some?+ :i* ! own] valu$1 & ! surr5d] ( :i* impos$ a burd5 ^u him4 ,?is seem$ to be involv$ 9 ! v notion ( sacrifice4 ,its s5se & purpose 01 t ! devotee1 com+ to 8 god1 & desir+ to obta9 "s favor f him1 %\ld %[ ! high importance he atta*$ to x by p>t+ ) "s portion ( 8 possessions4 ,& pla9ly ?is portion mu/ be su* z to indicate by its "* ! e/eem & rev]5ce felt by ! wor%ip] = ! be+ :om he wor%ip$4 ,to indicate ?is1 x mu/ be some?+ :i* he w\ld unwill+ly resign b = 8 religi\s feel+s4 ,h5ce a special "p ( ! fruits ( ! soil w\ld be an appropriate (f]+4 ,x w\ld involve a real dim9ution 9 ! weal? ( ! wor%ip]1 a real surr5d] ( some?+ useful & valuable to mank9d4 ,to ^! two reasons may be add$ a ?ird1 :i*1 no d\bt1 mu/ h _h its weight4 ,9 _m cases1 a portion ( ! sacrifices 0 ! prop]ty ( ! prie/s4 ,z w be m fully %[n h]eaft]1 ! prie/hood frequ5tly contriv$ to transf] to !mselves ! piety :i* 0 felt t[>ds ! gods4 ,h5ce ! sacrifices1 orig9ally giv5 to ! div9e be+s1 7 9 "p appropriat$ by _! m9i/]s2 & x 0 obvi\sly ( importance to !m t ! ?+ sacrific$ %\ld be su* z !y c\ld pr(it by & enjoy4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! sacrifice1 or a portion ( x1 is consum$ ei!r by ! wor%ip]s 9 g5]al1 or by _! prie/s4 ,a case ( ! =m] k9d is m5tion$ by ,old5dorp4 ,:5 ! "y m5 among ! ,tembus 7negroes7 are go+ to battle1 ! old m5 (f] %eep & h5s to _! god ,zioo = _! success2 ! blood & b[els !y be/[ ^u ,zioo1 & ! fle% !y eat !mselves 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #ccj74 ,sometimes ! ?+ sacrific$ is itself reg>d$ z an idol or god1 & is eat5 religi\sly1 "u a belief t x is a food ( peculi> efficacy4 ,su* is ! case ) ! ,*ri/ian sacram5t2 & su* 0 ! case1 too1 ) ! rem>kable cu/om obs]v$ among ! ,mexicans at ! fea/ ( ,vitziliputzli1 :]e an idol compos$ ( corn & honey us$ to be solemnly consecrat$1 & aft]w>ds di/ribut$ to be eat5 by ! p1 :o receiv$ x ) extreme rev]5ce1 awe1 & te>s1 z ! fle% & bones ( ! god himself 7,h4 ,i41 b4 v4 *4 #bd74 ,x is an exception1 h[ev]1 :5 ! laity p>take 9 ! consumption ( ! sacrifices2 !y are g5]ally res]v$ = ! prie/s4 ,among ! ,jews1 x 0 ! privilege ( ! prie/s to eat c]ta9 portions ( ! animals br\ght = sacrifice2 & 9 l mann] ! ,p>see prie/1 or ,zaota1 eats ! bread & dr9ks ! ,haoma 7,av41 vol4 ii4 p4 lxxii74 ,& x des]ves especial m5tion1 t ! ,haoma1 a plant ( :i* ! juice is ?us drunk 9 c]ta9 rites bo? 9 ! ,indian & ! ,p>see religions1 is 9 bo? consid]$ a god z well z a plant2 j z ! w9e ( ! ,*ri/ian sacram5t is bo? ! juice ( ! grape & ! blood ( ! ,r$eem] 7,av41 vol4 i4 p4 #h74 ,9 ! above cases1 food consecrat$ to ! gods is eat5 by m54 ,! conv]se practice1 t ( be/[+ a portion ( ! ord9>y food ( m5 ^u ! gods1 is also common4 ,! habit ( ! anci5ts ( mak+ libations is well kn[n4 ,b ! same practice has prevail$1 or prevails /ill1 9 _m di/9ct p>ts ( ! _w4 ,a travel] :o visit$ ,t>t>y 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury /ates t x 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,t>t> *iefs ( "o ?\s& or "o hundr$ m51 be=e !y ate or drank any?+1 to (f] "s ( x to an idol :i* !y always kept 9 ! middle ( _! dwell+ place 7,b]g]on1 ,voyage de ,c>p91 art4 iii41 p4 #cj74 ,9 ,samoa1 :5 a family fea/ 0 held 9 honor ( ! h\sehold gods1 a cup ( _! intoxicat+ ava draught 0 p\r$ out z a dr9k-(f]+ 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #bci74 ,among ! ,soosoos1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 a cu/om prevails :i* resembles ! anci5t practice ( p\r+ out a libation3 !y seldom or nev] dr9k spirits1 w9e1 etc41 )\t spill+ a little ( x ^u ! gr\nd1 & wett+ ! gree-gree or feti% hung r\nd ! neck3 at ! same "t !y mutt] a k9d ( %ort pray] 7,n4 ,a41 p4 #abc74 ,aga91 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 :5 !y want to r5d] _! devil propiti\s to any und]tak+1 !y g5]ally provide liquor3 a v small libation is made to him1 & ! re/ !y dr9k be=e 8 alt> 7,s4 ,l41 p4 #ff74 ,:ile 9 ,?ibet1 ! execution by a ,lama is n requir$ = ! usual libations to ! p]sonal g5ii1 nor to ^? ( ! h\se1 ! c\ntry1 etc41 9 ^: honor x is ! cu/om to p\r out ^u ! gr\nd "s dr9k or food1 & to fill "o ( ! (f]+ vessels rang$ be=e _! images be=e eat+ or dr9k+ "o's self 7,b4 ,t41 p4 #bdg74 ,great importance is 9 all religions atta*$ to sacrifice4 ,x is univ]sally suppos$ to conciliate1 to s(t51 or to appease ! deity 9 ^: honor x is (f]$4 ,sometimes x is ev5 conceiv$ to h an actual mat]ial p[] ( its own1 ! spirits d]iv+ a positive b5efit f ! food pres5t$ to !m4 ,spiegel /ates t ! subord9ate g5ii 9 ! ,p>see hi]>*y ( angels d]ive f ! sacrifices /r5g? & vigor to fulfil _! duties 7,av41 vol4 ii4 p4 lxiii74 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! conception ( ! influ5ce ( sacrifice is less mat]iali/ic4 ,! ,amazulus naively express ! g5]al s5tim5t by say+1 t1 9 prospect ( a battle1 !y sacrifice to _! ance/ors 9 ord] t !y may h no cause ( compla9t4 ,mu* m my/ical 7 ! views ent]ta9$ on ?is po9t by ! anci5t ,h9dus1 among :om ! !ory ( sacrifice 0 probably m highly elaborat$ ?an 9 any o!r nation4 ,( a c]ta9 sacrificial c]emony x is /at$1 t ! gods1 aft] hav+ p]=m$ x1 ga9$ ! cele/ial _w4 ,likewise a sacrific]1 aft] hav+ done ! same1 ga9s ! cele/ial _w 7,a4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bb74 ,& x is add$1 t ! sacrific] :o p]=ms ?is rite succe$s 9 bo? worlds1 & obta9s a firm foot+ 9 bo? worlds 7,a4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #be74 ,:ile to ano!r rite ! foll[+ promise is atta*$3 ,he :o1 kn[+ ?is1 sacrifices accord+ to ?is rite1 is born 7anew7 f ! womb ( ,agni & ! (f]+s1 & p>ticipates 9 ! nature ( ! ,rik1 ,yajus1 & ,sman1 ! ,v$a 7sacr$ k71 ! ,brahma 7sacr$ elem5t71 & immortality1 & is absorb$ 9 ! deity 7,a4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ea74 ,(t5 x is ! =giv5ess ( "s (f5se t is s\ght to be obta9$ by pacify+ ! indignant deity ) a gift4 ,9 ! ,jewi% law a l>ge portion ( ! sacrifices enjo9$ h ?is object4 ,!y are t]m$ s9-(f]+s or trespass-(f]+s4 ,! g5]al idea :i* leads to sacrifice is 9 all religions ! same4 ,respect is int5d$ to be %[n to ! deity 9 ^: honor ! sacrifice is made by depriv+ ourselves ( "s valuable possession1 & be/[+ x on him4 ,! pleasure suppos$ to be felt by ,god on receiv+ su* pres5ts is some:at co>sely b emphatically express$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible by ! /atem5t t :5 ,a>on _h made a sacrifice 9 ! wild]ness !re came a fire f ! ,"l & consum$ ! meat :i* _h be5 laid ^u ! alt> 7,lev4 ix4 #bd74 ,*ri/ianity (f]s only an app>5t exception to ! rule ( ! univ]sal pr$om9ance ( ?is idea4 ,we d n1 inde$1 f9d among ,*ri/ians ! p]iodical & /at$ (f]+s1 ei!r ( animals or ( ! products ( ! soil1 :i* exi/ else:]e4 ,nev]!less1 ! idea ( sacrifice subsi/s among !m 9 all its =ce4 ,inde$1 x is ! fundam5tal conception ( ! ,*ri/ian religion itself1 9 :i* ! sacrifice ( ! f\nd] ^u ! cross embodies all ^? notions :i* are held to legitimate ! cu/om ( sacrific+ among hea!n nations4 ,we h fir/ ! notion ( an angry & exact+ deity1 :o c only be r5d]$ placable t[>ds mank9d by ! surr5d] to him ( "s valuable ?+2 we h1 consequ5tly1 ! sacrifice ( ! mo/ valuable ?+ t c possibly be (f]$1 namely1 ! life ( a human be+2 we h1 la/ly1 ! belief t ?is sacrifice 0 accept$1 & t promises ( m]cy 7 9 consequ5ce held out to ! human race4 ,by a peculi> exaltation ( ! idea1 ! life ?us giv5 up is decl>$ to be t ( 8 own son--a conception by :i* ! value ( ! sacrifice1 & consequ5tly ! advantages x is capable ( procur+1 are indef9itely height5$4 ,?us ! idea ( sacrifice is c>ri$ to its extreme limits 9 ! religion ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,_h x n be5 = ! absolute necessity ( "s sacrifice be+ (f]$ to ,god1 !re w\ld--accord+ to ! !ory ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?--h be5 absolutely no reason = ! execution ( ,*ri/4 ,he might h taught e doctr9e associat$ ) 8 "n1 p]=m$ e miracle relat$ 9 ! ,gospels1 h drawn to himself e disciple nam$ 9 !m1 & yet h di$1 l ! ,buddha1 9 ! calm ( a v5]at$ & untr\bl$ old age4 ,he 0 oblig$ to und]go ?is pa9ful & melan*oly dea?1 if we accept ! g5]al belief ( ,*ri/5dom1 solely because ,god requir$ a sacrifice1 & because )\t t sacrifice he c\ld n =give ! (f5ses ( mank9d4 ,simple pray] & sacrifice are1 !n1 ! mo/ primitive & mo/ g5]al me?ods by :i* man approa*es ^? :om 8 nature impels him to wor%ip4 ,b z ^! acts are repeat$ f "t to "t1 & z _! frequ5t repetition is suppos$ to be highly agreeable to _! objects1 x naturally happ5s t "s p>ticul> mode ( p]=m+ !m comes to be pref]r$ to o!rs4 ,by & by1 ! mode ( wor%ip usually adopt$ w become habitual2 & a habit once =m$ w be /r5g!n$ by e repetition ( ! acts 9 "q4 ,n only w c]ta9 =ms ( pray]1 c]ta9 ways ( sacrific+1 c]ta9 po/ures1 c]ta9 ge/ures1 & a c]ta9 ord] ( proce$+ become e/abli%$ z usual & regul>1 b !y w be reg>d$ z ! only appropriate & respectful =ms1 e attempt to dep>t f !m be+ treat$ z a sacrilegi\s innovation4 ,! =m w be deem$ no less ess5tial ?an ! sub/ance4 ,h5ce ,ritual1 :i* we d n f9d 9 ! mo/ primitive religions1 b :i* is discov]$ 9 all ( ^? t h advanc$ to a high] type4 ,ev5 9 ! e>lie/ ,v$ic hymns--^? ( ! ,rig-,v$a-,sanhit--we p]ceive cle> traces ( an e/abli%$ ritual f ! mann] 9 :i* ! sacrifices are spok5 ( z hav+ be5 duly (f]$4 ,9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 elaborate rituali/ic directions are giv5 = c]ta9 specifi$ purposes1 especially = t ( purification aft] any defilem5t4 ,! olde/ books ( ! ,jewi% ,bible are 9 l mann] full ( in/ructions = ! due obs]vance ( ritual4 ,bo? ! ,buddhi/s1 :o broke (f f ,brahm9ism1 & ! ,*ri/ians1 :o made a s*ism f ,judaism1 e/abli%$ a ritual ( _! own2 & ?is ritual 0 soon reg>d$ z no less sacr$ ?an t :i* !y _h ab&on$4 ,ev]y:]e1 :5 religion has pass$ out ( its fir/ unsettl$ condition1 we f9d a fix$ ritual1 & its fixity is "o ( its mo/ /rik+ features4 ,dogmas1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( sac]dotal ord]s1 inevitably *ange4 ,if ! words 9 :i* !y are express$ rema9 unalt]$1 yet ! mean+ atta*$ to !m cont9ually v>ies4 ,b ritual does n *ange1 or *anges only :5 "s great convulsion uproots ! settl$ in/itutions ( ! c\ntry4 ,f age to age ! same =ms & ! same pray]s rema91 sometimes long aft] _! orig9al mean+ has be5 =gott54 ,?us pray]1 ceas+ to be spontane\s & irregul>1 becomes =mal1 c]emonial1 & regul>4 ,& z !re are _m occasions besides sacrifice on :i* m5 desire to pray1 s !re w be _m besides ?is on :i* ! crav+ = ord]1 & ! read9ess to believe t ,god is bett] pleas$ ) "o =m ( devotion ?an ano!r1 w lead to ! e/abli%m5t ( ritual4 ,rites may be p]=m$ daily1 weekly1 or at any o!r int]val4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 !y are /ill m frequ5t1 haunt+ ! e-day life ( ! devotee1 & intrud+ ^u 8 commone/ actions4 ,?us ! ,p>sees are requir$ to repeat c]ta9 pray]s on ris+1 be=e & aft] eat+1 on go+ to b$1 on cutt+ _! nails or _! hair1 & on sev]al o!r natural occasions1 besides pray+ to ! sun ?ree times a day 7,z4 ,a41 vol4 ii4 p4 #efd-efg74 ,! ,jews are encompass$ ) obligations :i*1 if less m9ute1 are ( a l burd5some "*4 ,a dev\t ,jew has to repeat a c]ta9 pray] on ris+2 he has to we> g>m5ts ( a p>ticul> k9d1 & to wa% & dress 9 a p>ticul> ord] 7,rel4 ( ,jews1 p4 #a-h74 ,mussulmans are comm&$ to pray five times a day1 turn+ _! faces t[>ds ,mecca 7,sale1 prel4 disc\rse1 pp4 #gf1 #gg74 ,ritual1 h[ev]1 is n always ( ?is purely p]sonal nature1 b is g5]ally p]=m$ by a congregation to ^: ne$s x ref]s1 or by prie/s on _! behalf4 ,& 9 ?is case1 aga91 a long] or %ort] int]val may elapse betwe5 ! recurr5ce ( ! rites4 ,9 ! ,mexican temples1 = in/ance1 ! m9i/]+ prie/s 7 9 ! habit ( p]=m+ a s]vice be=e _! idols f\r times a day 7,h4 ,i41 b4 v4 *4 p4 #ad74 ,! p]petual ex]cise ( ! prie/s1 says ,aco/a1 speak+ ( ^! temples1 is to (f] inc5se to ! idols4 ,! ritual ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 l t ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 is repeat$ e day4 ,! morn+ & ev5+ s]vices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 7 fram$ ) ! same int5tion2 & ! ,rituali/ic cl]gy1 rightly conceiv+ ! tea*+ ( _! ,*ur*1 h introduc$ ! practice ( s employ+ !m4 ,weekly or bi-mon?ly obs]vances prevail among ,h9dus1 ,s+halese1 ,jews1 & ,*ri/ians4 ,) ! ,h9dus1 ! sev5? lun> day1 bo? dur+ ! =tnight ( ! moon's wax+ & dur+ t ( h] wan+1 is a fe/ival1 ! fir/ sev5? day 9 ! mon? be+ peculi>ly holy1 & obs]v$ ) v special rites4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! weekly p]iod is kn[n to !m2 =1 accord+ to ,wilson1 a sort ( sanctity is1 or 01 atta*$ ev5 to ,sunday1 & fa/+ on x 0 consid]$ obligatory or m]itori\s 7,w4 ,w41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aii74 ,9 ,ceylon ! p att5d div9e s]vice twice a week1 on ,w$nesdays & ,saturdays2 besides :i*1 !re are 9 ea* mon? f\r days devot$ to religi\s acts--! #h?1 #ae?1 #bc;d1 & #cj? 7,a4 ,i4 ,c41 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc2 ,h4 ,r4 ,c41 p4 #gf74 ,! ,jewi% ritual diff]s on ! ,sabba?-day f t us$ on week-days2 & su* is ! solemnity atta*$ to ?is fe/ival1 t a quasi-p]sonality is attribut$ to ! day itself1 :i* is exalt$ 9 ! s]vice = ,friday ev5+ z ! bride ( ,god1 & :i* ! congregation is invit$ to g 9 que/ (1 & to meet 7,rel4 ( ,jews1 p4 #abh74 ,a simil> sanctity is consid]$ by _m ,*ri/ians to p]ta9 to ! ,sunday1 :ile all ( !m obs]ve x z an important fe/ival1 & m>k x by peculi> rites4 ,friday1 too1 is reg>d$ by ! majority ( ,*ri/ians z a day to be obs]v$ ) di/9ctive rites1 ( :i* fa/+ is ! pr9cipal4 ,:5 ! int]val obs]v$ betwe5 ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 rites exce$s "s v %ort p]iod--z a day or week--x is g5]ally a ye>4 ,9 ?is case1 ! "t1 :e!r x be a mon?1 a week1 a few days1 or any o!r p]iod1 set ap>t = _! p]=mance assumes ! "* ( a ,fe/ival4 ,"u ! g5]al t]m ,fe/ival ,i include any annually recurr5t season1 :e!r x be "o ( m\rn+ or rejoic+1 ( fa/+ or fea/+1 :i* is consecrat$ by ! obs]vance ( special c]emonies ( a religi\s ord]4 ,9 all religions above ! l[e/ /age su* fe/ivals occur4 ,! "t ( _! occurr5ce is g5]ally m>k$ out by ! seasons ( ! ye>4 ,mid-w9t]1 or ! season ( s[+2 spr+1 or ! "t :5 ! se$ is 9 ! gr\nd or beg9n+ to spr+ up2 & autumn1 :5 ! h>ve/ has be5 ga!r$ 91--are ! mo/ natural seasons = fe/ivals2 & x is at ^! t !y usually take place4 ,= in/ance1 ,old5dorp /ates t ne>ly all ! ,gu9ea nations h an annual h>ve/-fe/ival1 at :i* solemn ?ank-(f]+s are pres5t$ to ! ,gods 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #ccb74 ,9 ,*9a1 ?is ref]5ce to ! seasons is obvi\s4 ,at e new moon1 & ! *ange ( ! season1 !re are fe/ivals4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ impos+ is ! emp]or's pl[+ ! sacr$ field4 ,?is takes place :5 ! sun ent]s ! fifte5? degree ( ,aqu>ius4 ,b ! precise day is det]m9$ by a/rolog]s4 ,?is is ! w9t] fe/ival1 or t ( s[+4 ,! ,leih-*un1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! spr+1 cont9ues = t5 days4 ,& 9 autumn ! fea/ ( h>ve/ is celebrat$ ) great m]rim5t 7,c4 ,o41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aie-aii74 ,! ,p>sees h num]\s fe/ivals1 :i* x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate 9 detail 7,z4 ,a41 vol4 ii4 p4 #egd-eha474 ,aft] ! ,gahanb>s1 :i* ref] to creation1 ! two pr9cipal ones are ! ,no r\z & ! ,meh]djan1 & ( ^! ,anquetil du ,p]ron expressly /ates t ! fir/ orig9ally correspond$ to spr+1 & ! second to ,autumn 7,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #fjc74 ,( ! ,h9du fe/ivals describ$ by ,wilson1 by f> ! greate/ are ! ,pongol1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 & ! ,holi1 9 ! middle ( ,m>* 7,w4 ,w41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aea74 ,comp>$ ) ^!1 ! re/ are insignificant2 & ^! pla9ly ref] to ! processes ( nature4 ,t ! great fe/ivals ( ! ,jews _h ! same ref]5ce1 ne$s no pro(2 = ! passov] took place 9 spr+1 & ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/1 z well z ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 aft] h>ve/4 ,our ,*ri/mas & ,ea/] correspond to ! ,pongol & ,holi ( ! ,h9dus 9 po9t ( "t2 & ev5 ! obs]vances usual at ,*ri/mas h1 z ,wilson has po9t$ out1 mu* resemblance to ^? ( ! ,pongol4 ,!re are 9 ,ceylon five annual fe/ivals1 ( :i* "o1 occurr+ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye> 79 ,april71 is m>k$ by ! s+ul> circum/ance t be=e ,new ,ye>'s day e individual procures f an a/rolog] a writ+1 fix+ ! =tunate h\rs ( ! approa*+ ye> on :i* to comm5ce duties or c]emonies4 ,( ! five fe/ivals ! mo/ important 0 ! ,p>ah]ra1 :i* la/$ f ! new moon to ! full moon 9 ,july1 & consi/$ ma9ly 9 a s]ies ( religi\s processions1 conclud+ ) "o 9 :i* ! casket conta9+ ! ,dalada1 or too? ( ,buddha1 0 borne ^u an elephant4 ,! fif? fe/ival1 call$ t ( ,new ,rice1 0 held at ! comm5cem5t ( ! great h>ve/1 & 0 ! occasion ( (f]+s made ) a view to good crops 7,e4 ,y41 vol4 i4 p4 #cad-cah74 ,! consecrat$ actions by :i* m5 seek to recomm5d !mselves to _! gods at ^! special seasons are v v>i\s4 ,x w\ld be useless to attempt to enum]ate !m at l5g?4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* ,new ,ye>'s day is obs]v$ among ! ,*9ese 7,c4 ,o41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aid1 #aie71 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye> among ,h9dus 7,w4 ,w41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aeh ff471 & ,*ri/mas among ourselves1 x w be unnecess>y to speak at all1 = !re is little ( a religi\s "* 9 ^! fe/ivals4 ,inde$1 ,new ,ye>'s day 9 ,*9a seems to be a m]ely secul> fe/ival2 :ile ! ,*ri/mas season 9 ,european c\ntries1 ?\gh v>ni%$ ov] ) a religi\s gloss1 is 9 reality palpably "o ( popul> rejoic+1 h&$ d[n f our pagan ance/ors1 & plac$ 9 a leg5d>y relation to ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,! religi\s rites :i* may accompany ?is fe/ival h !re=e a second>y importance4 ,^? obs]v$ at o!r times be> ref]5ce ei!r to ! frame ( m9d induc$ by ! season1 or to ! p>ticul> leg5d commemorat$2 or !y may be purely arbitr>y & enjo9$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,an example ( ! fir/ k9d is ! ,jewi% fea/ ( tab]nacles1 :5 ! h>ve/ _h be5 ga!r$ 91 & ! ,jews 7 enjo9$ to c>ry b\ghs ( trees & rejoice sev5 days 7,lev4 xxiii4 #dj74 ,examples ( ! second class are common4 ,leg5ds are frequ5tly relat$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = fe/ivals1 :ile sometimes fe/ivals may be in/itut$ 9 consequ5ce ( a leg5d4 ,?us1 ! extraord9>y /ory ( ! manife/ation ( ,siva z an int]m9able ,l+a1 is told by ! ,h9dus to acc\nt = _! wor%ip ( t organ on ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ,febru>y 7,w4 ,w41 vol4 ii4 p4 #baa74 ,9 ?is case1 ! rites h ref]5ce to ! leg5d2 ! sett+ up a ,l+a 9 _! h\ses1 consecrat+1 & (f]+ to x1 are c]emonies :i* ref] to ! ev5t pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( ! wor%ip]s2 b x is m natural to suppose t ! exi/5ce ( ! rites l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! leg5d1 ?an t ! leg5d induc$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! rites4 ,! ?ree ess5tial obs]vances1 says ,wilson1 are fa/+ dur+ ! :ole ,ti?i1 or lun> day1 & hold+ a vigil & wor%ip+ ! ,l+a dur+ ! night2 b ! ritual is load$ ) a va/ numb] ( directions1 n only = ! pres5tation ( (f]+s ( v>i\s k9ds to ! ,l+a1 b = ge/iculations to be employ$1 & pray]s to be address$ to v>i\s subord9ate div9ities connect$ ) ,siva1 & to ,siva himself 9 a v>iety ( =ms 7,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bab74 ,at ano!r ( ! ,h9du fe/ivals1 ! effigy ( ,kama is burnt1 to commemorate ! fact ( t god hav+ be5 r$uc$ to a%es by flames f ,siva1 & hav+ be5 subsequ5tly re/or$ to life at ! int]cession ( ,siva's bride 7,w4 ,w41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bca74 ,9 l mann] ! je/+ ( ! ,greek woman at ! ,!smophoria 0 expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! laught] ( ,demet] 7,bib41 i4 #e4 #a474 ,! ,jewi% passov] 0 eat5 ) rites :i* 7 symbolical ( ! /ate ( ! nation j be=e its escape f ,egypt1 ! "t to :i* _! tradition assign$ ! orig9al passov]2 & ! ritual 9 use among ,*ri/ians at ,ea/] be>s ref]5ce to ! /ory ( ,*ri/'s resurrection1 :i* 9 ?is case no d\bt prec$$ ! in/itution ( ! fe/ival4 ,! ?ird class ( rites--^? :i* are purely arbitr>y or h a m]ely !ological significance--are ! mo/ usual ( all4 ,^!1 z w be obvi\s at once1 may v>y indef9itely4 ,fa/+ is "o ( ! mo/ usual ( su* obs]vances4 ,x is practic$ by ! ,h9dus at _m ( _! fe/ivals1 by ,mussulmans dur+ ! mon? ( ,ramadan1 & by ,*ri/ians 9 ,l5t4 ,ba?+ is also a common religi\s practice ( ! ,h9dus at _! fe/ivals4 ,! use ( holy wat] by ,ca?olics on ent]+ _! *ur*es is a c]emony ( a simil> k9d1 & no d\bt hav+ ! same int5tion1 t ( purification4 ,! ,jews 7 to sacrifice at all _! fe/ivals1 & on "o ( !m to afflict _! s\ls 7,lev4 xxiii4 #bg74 ,*ri/ians1 among :om !re are v num]\s fe/ivals1 v>y _! ritual accord+ to ! "* ( ! day4 ,"o or two specim5s ( ! rites obs]v$ on fe/ival days w suffice z an illu/ration4 ,! ,p]uvians1 9 _! pagan days1 us$ to h fe/ivals e mon?3 ! greate/ ( ^! 0 t ( ! ,tr9ity1 celebrat$ 9 ,decemb]4 ,9 ?is fea/1 says ,aco/a1 !y sacrific$ a great numb] ( %eep & lambs1 & !y burnt !m ) work$ & odorif]\s wood2 & "s %eep c>ri$ gold & silv]1 & !y plac$ on !m ! ?ree /atues ( ! ,sun1 & ! ?ree ( ,?und]2 fa!r1 bro!r1 & son1 :om !y said t ! ,sun & ,?und] _h4 ,9 ?is fea/ !y d$icat$ ! ,inca *ildr51 & plac$ ! ,guacas1 or ensigns on !m1 & ! old m5 :ipp$ !m ) sl+s1 & ano9t$ _! faces ) blood1 all 9 tok5 t !y %\ld be loyal knights ( ! ,inca4 ,no /rang] might rema9 dur+ ?is mon? & fea/ at ,cuzco1 & at ! end all ^? f )\t ent]$2 & !y gave !m ^? pieces ( maize ) ! blood ( ! sacrifice1 :i* !y eat1 9 tok5 ( conf$]ation ) ! ,inca 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e4 *4 #bg74 ,equally curi\s are ! rites prescrib$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* = ,holy ,saturday4 ,!y are mu* too long to be describ$ 9 full1 b ! foll[+ extract w convey a notion ( _! "*3 ,at a prop] h\r ! alt>s are cov]$ ov]1 & ! h\rs are said1 ! c&les be+ ext+ui%$ on ! alt> until ! beg9n+ ( mass4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 fire is /ruck f a /one at ! *ur*-door1 & coals k9dl$ ) x4 ,! none be+ said1 ! prie/1 putt+ on 8 amice1 alb1 girdle1 /ole1 & violet pluvial1 or )\t 8 capsula1 ! att5dants /&+ by him ) ! cross1 ) ! bless$ wat] & inc5se1 be=e ! gate ( ! *ur*1 if conv5i5t1 or 9 ! por* ( ! *ur*1 he blesses ! new fire1 say+1 ,! ,"l be ) y2 & ! att5dants reply1 ,& ) ?y _s4 ,pray]s foll[4 ,!n he blesses five gra9s ( inc5se to be plac$ on ! wax1 say+ 8 pray]4 ,aft] ! pray]1 inc5se is put 9 ! c5s]1 & spr9kl$ ) wat]4 ,mean:ile1 all ! lights ( ! *ur* are ext+ui%$1 t !y may be aft]w>ds k9dl$ f ! bless$ fire4 ,! c&les are light$ ) _m c]emonies4 ,! inc5se hav+ be5 previ\sly bless$1 ! deacon fixes five gra9s ( ! bless$ inc5se on ! wax 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,?is wax is !n light$4 ,:5 ! bless+ ( ! wax tap] is f9i%$1 ! prophets are read1 & ! cate*um5s dur+ ! read+ are prep>$ = baptism4#b ,^! proce$+s1 9 :i* ! notion ( ! sanctity ( fire--a notion %>$ by ,roman ,ca?olics ) ,p>sees & o!rs--is app>5t1 are p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 z %[+ ! community ( s5tim5t & ( rites betwe5 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome & h] pagan pr$ecessors4 ,9 ! in/ances hi!rto giv51 ! consecrat$ actions h be5 p]=m$ by ! :ole body ( believ]s = ! b5efit ( all4 ,!y are means by :i* _! religi\s union among ea* o!r is /r5g!n$1 z well z _! relation to ! deity !y wor%ip solemnly express$4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( consecrat$ actions :i* b5efit1 n ! congregation or sect at l>ge1 b a p>ticul> individual = ^: advantage !y are p]=m$4 ,!re are c]ta9 mom5ts 9 ! life ( ! individual at :i* he seems peculi>ly to ne$ ! protection ( ,god4 ,7 ^! mom5ts suff]$ to pass unobs]v$ 9 a s+le case1 x w\ld appe> z if he ^: life _h be5 ?us unt\*$ by religion /ood outside ! pale ( ! common fai?1 unhall[$ & unbless$4 ,& a total neglect ( all ^! p]iods1 ev5 among savages1 is1 if n altoge!r unkn[n1 at lea/ s r>e z to dem& no special notice 9 a g5]al analysis ( religi\s sy/ems4 ,) extraord9>y unanimity1 ^? sy/ems h pit*$ ^u f\r epo*s z dem&+ consecration by ! obs]vance ( special rites4 ,two ( !m are ?us consecrat$ :]ev] a def9ite religion exi/s at all4 ,! o!r two are g5]ally consecrat$1 ?\gh 9 _! case exceptions m frequ5tly occur4 ,! f\r mom5ts1 or p]iods ( life to :i* ,i ref]1 are #a4 ,bir?4 #b4 ,pub]ty4 #c4 ,matrimony4 #d4 ,dea?4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ & f\r? are nev] suff]$ to pass )\t religi\s obs]vances1 or at lea/1 obs]vances :i*1 by _! solemnity & indisp5sable obligation1 approa* to a religi\s "*4 ,! second is usually m>k$ by "s k9d ( rite 9 ! case ( males2 9 t ( females x is (t5 suff]$ to pass unobs]v$4 ,! ?ird is always plac$ "u a religi\s sanction1 except among savages ( a v l[ ord]4 ,let u proce$ to illu/rate ^! propositions 9 ! case ( bir?4 ,! c]emonies att5dant ^u ?is ev5t ne$ n take place imm$iately aft] x2 !y may be def]r$ "s days1 weeks1 or mon?s2 !y w /ill fall "u ! same category1 z design$ to m>k ! *ild's entry into ! _w4 ,_! =m w naturally v>y accord+ to ! /ate ( civilization ( ! nation obs]v+ !m2 b not)/&+ ?is !re is a /range simil>ity among !m4 ,9 ,samoa1 = in/ance1 if ! little /rang] 0 a boy1 ! umbilicus 0 cut on a club1 t he might gr[ up to be brave 9 w>4 ,if ( ! o!r sex1 x 0 done on ! bo>d on :i* !y beat out ! b>k ( :i* !y make _! native clo?4 ,clo?-mak+ is ! "w ( wom52 & _! wi% 01 t ! little girl %\ld gr[ up & prove useful to ! family 9 h] prop] occupation 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #age74 ,i h add$ ,mr4 ,turn]'s obs]vation to r5d] ! nature ( ?is c]emony pla9]4 ,x appe>s h>dly religi\s2 yet :5 we consid] ! symbolical means by :i* ! end is s\ght to be atta9$1 & t among savages s rude z ^? ( ,polynesia religion w\ld h no high] practical aims ?an to make ! boys good w>riors1 & ! wom5 indu/ri\s clo?-mak]s1 we may admit t ev5 ?is elem5t>y rite has 9 x some?+ ( a religi\s consecration4 ,:5 secul> objects are atta9$ by my/ical c]emonials1 :i* h no direct t5d5cy to produce ! desir$ result1 we may g5]ally conclude t religi\s belief is at ! bottom ( !m4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ?is conclusion is /ill fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! description giv5 by ! same au?or ( a simil> c]emony 9 ano!r isl& ( ! ,polynesian gr\p4 ,!re1 :5 a boy is born1 a prie/ cuts ! umbilicus on a p>ticul> /one f ,lifu1 t ! y\? may be /one-he>t$ 9 battle4 ,! prie/1 too1 at ! mom5t ( ! op]ation1 mu/ h a vessel ( wat] be=e him1 dy$ black z ink1 t ! boy :5 he gr[s up1 may be c\rage\s to g any:]e to battle on a pit*-d>k night1 & ?us1 f 8 v bir?1 ! little fell[ is consecrat$ to w> 7,n4 ,y41 pp4 #dbc1 #dbd74 ,"h ! religi\s nature ( ! op]ation is explicitly prov$ by ! pres5ce ( ! prie/1 ! inevitable ag5t 9 su* communications betwe5 ,god & man4 ,ano!r mission>y to ! same race--! ,polynesian isl&]s--in=ms u t among ^! p mo!rs d$icat$ _! (fspr+ to v>i\s deities1 b pr9cipally to ,hiro1 ! god ( ?ieves1 & ,oro1 ! god ( w>4 ,mo/ p>5ts1 h[ev]1 7 anxi\s t _! *ildr5 %\ld become brave & r5[n$ w>riors1 & ) ?is end !y d$icat$ !m1 by means ( c]emonies beg9n+ be=e p>turition1 & end+ aft] x1 to ! god ,oro4 ,! pr9cipal c]emony aft] bir? consi/$ 9 ! prie/ cat*+ ! _s ( ! god1 by a peculi> process1 & imp>t+ x to ! *ild4 ,"h aga9 ! pres5ce ( ! prie/1 & ! =mal d$ication to a god--ev5 ?\gh he be a god ( que/ionable morality--r5d] ! religi\s elem5t 9 ! natal c]emonies ( ^! v primitive savages abundantly pla9 7,n4 ,m4 ,e41 p4 #edc74 ,baptism1 or wa%+ at bir?1 is a common process1 & is f\nd 9 c\ntries ! mo/ widely sep>at$ on ! face ( ! e>?1 & ! mo/ unconnect$ 9 religi\s g5ealogy4 ,asia1 ,am]ica1 & ,europe alike pres5t u ) examples ( ?is rite4 ,x seems to be a rude =m ( x :i* prevails 9 ,fantee 9 ,africa1 :]e ! fa!r1 on ! eigh? day aft] bir?1 aft] ?ank+ ! gods = ! bir? ( 8 *ild1 squirts "s ard5t spirits ^u him f 8 m\?1 & !n pron\nces 8 "n1 at ! same "t pray+ = 8 future welf>e1 & t he may live to be old1 & become a /ay & support to 8 family1 & if 8 namesake be liv+1 t he may prove wor?y ( ! "n he has receiv$ 7,a%a1 p4 #bbf74 ,a rite ( baptism at bir?1 says ,br9ton1 0 ( immemorial antiquity among ! ,*]okees1 ,aztecs1 ,mayas1 & ,p]uvians1 & ?is rite 0 connect$ ) ! impos+ ( a "n1 done av[$ly = ! purpose ( free+ f inh]5t s91 believ$ to produce a spiritual reg5]ation1 nay1 9 m ?an "o in/ance1 call$ by an indig5\s ^w signify+ 'to be born aga9' 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #abh74 ,mexico possess$ elaborate rites to consecrate nativity4 ,:5 ! ,mexican infant 0 f\r days old x 0 c>ri$ nak$ by ! midwife into ! c\rt ( ! "m's h\se4 ,"h x 0 ba!d 9 a vessel prep>$ = ! purpose1 & ?ree boys1 :o 7 engag$ 9 eat+ a special food1 7 desir$ by ! midwife to pron\nce its "n al\d1 ?is "n be+ prescrib$ to !m by h]4 ,! infant1 if a boy1 c>ri$ ) x ! symbol ( its fa!r's pr(ession2 if a girl1 a sp9n+-:eel & di/aff1 ) a small basket & a h&ful ( brooms1 to indicate its future occupation4 ,! umbilical cord 0 !n (f]$ ) ! symbols2 & 9 case ( a male infant1 ^! objects 7 buri$ 9 ! place :]e w> 0 likely to occur2 9 case ( a female infant1 b5ea? ! /one :]e meal 0 gr\nd4#c ,! above /atem5ts re/ on ! au?ority ( ,m5doza's collection4 ,a /ill m complete n>rative ( ^! baptismal c]emonies is giv5 by ,b]n>d9o de ,sahagun1 :o records ! t]ms ( ! pray]s habitually employ$ by ! (ficiat+ midwife4 ,_! extreme int]e/ to ! /udy ( comp>ative religion w ju/ify me 9 extract+ "s ( !m1 ! m s z !y h nev] 7s f> z ,i am aw>e7 be5 publi%$ 9 ,engli%4#d ,suppose t ! infant to be baptiz$ 0 a boy4 ,aft] ! symbolical milit>y app>atus _h be5 prep>$1 & all ! relatives assembl$ 9 ! c\rt ( ! p>5ts' h\se1 ! midwife plac$ x ) ! head to ! ,ea/1 & pray$ = a bless+ f ! god ,quetzalcoatl & ! goddess ( ! wat]1 ,*al*ivitlycue4 ,%e !n gave x wat] to ta/e by moi/5+ ! f+]s1 & spoke z foll[s3 ,take1 receive2 ?\ see/ "h t ) :i* ?\ ha/ to live on e>?1 t ?\ maye/ gr[ & fl\ri%3 ?is x is to :i* we owe ! necess>ies ( life1 t we may live on e>?3 receive x4 ,h]eupon1 hav+ t\*$ its brea/ ) ! f+]s dipp$ 9 wat]1 %e cont9u$3 ,omictomx6 ,o my *ild6 receive ! wat] ( ! ,"l ( ! _w1 :i* is our life1 & by :i* our body gr[s & fl\ri%es3 x is to wa% & to purify2 may ?is sky-blue & light-blue wat] ent] ?y body & !re live4 ,may x de/roy & sep>ate f !e all ! evil t 0 beg9n+ 9 !e be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 s9ce all ( u m5 are subject to its p[]1 = our "m is ,*al*ivitlycue4 ,aft] ?is %e wa%$ ! *ild's :ole body ) wat]1 & proce$$ to reque/ all ?+s t might injure him to dep>t f him1 t n[ he may live aga91 & be born aga93 n[ a second "t he is purifi$ & cleans$1 & a second "t our "m ,*al*ivitlycue =ms & begets him4 ,!n lift+ ! *ild 9 bo? h&s t[>ds ! sky1 %e said3 ,o ,"l1 ?\ see/ "h ?y *ild :om ?\ ha/ s5t to ?is _w ( pa91 affliction1 & p5it5ce3 give him1 ,o ,"l1 ?y gifts & ?y inspiration1 = ?\ art ! great ,god1 & great is ! goddess also4 ,aft] ?is %e deposit$ ! infant on ! gr\nd1 & !n rais+ x a second "t t[>ds ! sky1 implor$ ! "m ( heav5 to end[ x ) h] virtue4 ,next1 hav+ aga9 laid x d[n1 & a ?ird "t lift$ x up1 %e (f]$ ?is pray]3 ,o ,lords1 ! gods ( heav56 "h is ?is *ild2 be pleas$ to inspire him ) y\r grace & y\r _s1 t he may live on e>?4 ,aft] a f9al deposit+ %e rais$ him a f\r? "t t[>ds ! sky1 & 9 a pray]1 address$ to ! sun1 solemnly plac$ him "u ! protection ( t deity4 ,tak+ ! weapons %e proce$$ fur!r to implore ! sun on 8 behalf = milit>y virtues3 ,grant him ! gift t ?\ art wont to give ?y soldi]s1 t he may g full ( joy to ?y h\se1 :]e valiant soldi]s :o die 9 w> re/ & are happy4 ,:ile all ?is 0 go+ on1 a l>ge tor* ( c&lewood 0 kept burn+2 & on conclusion ( ! pray]s ! midwife gave ! infant "s ance/ral "n4 ,let x be ,yautl 7:i* means valiant man73 !n %e address$ him ?us3 ,yautl6 take ?\ ! %ield6 take ! d>t6 = ^? are ?y recreation1 & ! joys ( ! sun4 ,! completion ( ! religi\s (fice 0 signaliz$ by ! y\?s ( ! village com+ 9 a body to ! h\se & seiz+ ! food prep>$ = !m1 :i* !y call$ ! *ild's umbilicus4 ,z !y w5t along ) ?is food !y %\t$ out a sort ( milit>y exhortation to ! new-born boy1 & call$ ^u ! soldi]s to come & eat ! 7s-call$7 umbilicus4 ,all be+ ov]1 ! infant 0 c>ri$ back to ! h\se1 prec$$ by ! blaz+ tor*4 ,mu* ! same 0 ! process ( baptiz+ a girl1 except t ! clo!s & implem5ts 7 suit$ to h] sex4 ,9 h] case1 c]ta9 =mul>ies 7 mutt]$ by ! midwife dur+ ! wa%+1 9 a l[1 inaudible tone1 to ! sev]al p>ts ( h] body3 ?us %e *>g$ ! h&s n to /eal1 ! secret p>ts n to be c>nal1 & s =? ) ea* memb] z %e wa%$ x4 ,moreov]1 a pray] to ! cradle1 :i* seems 9 a mann] to p]sonify ! univ]sal "m e>?1 0 introduc$ 9 ! baptism ( females 7,c4 ,n4 ,e4 b4 #f1 *s4 #cg1 #ch74 ,if f hea!n ,am]ica we turn to ,asia1 we f9d t 9 ! va/ doma9 ( ! ,buddhi/ fai? ! bir? ( *ildr5 is regul>ly ! occasion ( a c]emony at :i* ! prie/ is pres5t 7,r4 ,b4 vol4 i4 p4 #ehd17 & t 9 ,mongolia & ,?ibet ?is c]emony assumes ! special =m ( baptism4 ,c&les burn1 & inc5se is (f]$ on ! dome/ic alt>2 ! prie/ reads ! prescrib$ pray]s1 dips ! *ild ?ree times1 & imposes on x a "n 7,r4 ,b4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbj74 ,a species ( baptism prevails also among ! ,p>sees1 & 0 ev5 enjo9$ by ! ,p>see ,leviticus1 ! ,v5didad4 ,?is v anci5t code requir$ t ! *ild's h&s %\ld be wa%$ fir/1 & !n its :ole body 7,av4 vol4 ii4 p4 xix--,v5didad1 xvi4 #ah-bj74 ,! mod]n practice goes fur!r4 ,be=e putt+ x to ! brea/1 ! ,p>see "m s5ds to a ,mob$ 7or prie/71 to obta9 "s ,haoma juice2 %e /eeps "s cotton 9 x1 & presses ?is into ! *ild's m\?4 ,aft] ?is1 x mu/ be wa%$ ?ree times 9 c['s ur9e1 & once 9 wat]1 ! reason assign$ be+ t x is impure4 ,if ! wa%+ be omitt$1 x is ! p>5ts1 n ! *ild1 :o be> ! s9 7,z4 ,a41 vol4 ii4 p4 #eea74 ,slightly diff]5t 9 =m1 b altoge!r simil> 9 ess5ce1 is ! rite adm9i/]$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to its new-born memb]s4 ,l ^? :i* h be5 j describ$1 x consi/s 9 baptism2 b x (f]s a m rem>kable in/ance ?an any ( !m ( ! t5acity ) :i* ! human m9d1 "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s belief1 insi/s ^u ! p]=mance ( "s k9d ( c]emony imm$iately aft]1 or1 at ! mo/1 at no great int]val aft] bir?4 ,*ri/ian baptism 0 n orig9ally int5d$ to be adm9i/]$ to unconsci\s infants1 b to p]sons 9 full possession ( _! faculties1 & responsible = _! actions4 ,moreov]1 x 0 p]=m$1 z is well kn[n1 n by m]ely spr9kl+ ! =ehead1 b by caus+ ! c&idate to desc5d nak$ into ! wat]1 ! prie/ jo9+ him !re1 & p\r+ ! wat] ov] 8 head4 ,! cate*um5 c\ld n receive baptism until aft] he und]/ood some?+ ( ! nature ( ! fai? he 0 embrac+1 & 0 prep>$ to assume its obligations4 ,a rite m totally unfitt$ = adm9i/ration to infants c\ld h>dly h be5 f\nd4 ,yet su* 0 ! ne$ t 0 felt = a solemn recognition by religion ( ! entrance ( ! *ild into ! _w1 t ?is rite1 9 c\rse ( "t1 completely lo/ its orig9al nature4 ,infancy took ! place ( maturity2 spr9kl+ ( imm]sion4 ,b :ile ! age & mann] ( baptism 7 alt]$1 ! ritual rema9$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! primitive idea ) :i* x _h be5 in/itut$4 ,! obligations c\ld no long] be und]tak5 by ! p]sons baptiz$2 h5ce !y mu/ be und]tak5 = !m4 ,?us 0 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* l&$ 9 ! absurdity--unp>allel$1 ,i believe1 9 any o!r natal c]emony--( requir+ ! mo/ solemn promises to be made1 n by ^? :o 7 !reaft] to fulfil !m1 b by o!rs 9 _! "n2 ^! o!rs hav+ no p[] to en=ce _! fulfillm5t1 & nei!r ^? actually assum+ ! engagem5t1 nor ^? on ^: behalf x 0 assum$1 be+ morally responsible 9 case x %\ld be brok54 ,yet ?is /range incongruity 0 =c$ ^u ! ,*ur* by an imp]i\s want ( human nature itself2 & ! insignificant sects :o h adopt$ ! baptism ( adults h fail$1 9 _! zeal = hi/orical consi/5cy1 to recognize a s5tim5t ^: roots lie f> deep] ?an ! *ronological f\ndation ( ,*ri/ian rites1 & /ret* f> wid] ?an ! geographical b\nd>ies ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! int5tion ( all ^! =ms ( baptism--t ( ,a%antee p]haps except$--is id5tical4 ,wat]1 z ! natural means ( physical cleans+1 is ! univ]sal symbol ( spiritual purification4 ,h5ce imm]sion1 or wa%+1 or spr9kl+1 implies ! deliv]ance ( ! infant f ! /a9 ( orig9al s94 ,! ,mexican & ,*ri/ian rituals are p]fectly cle> on ?is head4 ,9 bo?1 ! av[$ int5tion is to wa% away ! s9ful nature common to humanity2 9 bo? ! infant is decl>$ to be born aga9 by ! ag5cy ( wat]4 ,ano!r c]emony v frequ5tly practis$ at ! bir? ( *ildr5 is circumcision4 ,! wide-spread exi/5ce ( ?is rite is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 comp>ative religi\s hi/ory4 ,we "k f ,h]odotus1 t x 0 practis$ by ! ,col*ians1 ,egyptians1 ,e?iopians1 & ,phnicians 7,h]od41 ii4 #ajd74 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 mod]n times1 n only 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa--to :i* x may h come f ,egypt--b 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s & on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,bee*am1 !re are "s p1 among ! ,gold ,coa/ ,africans1 :o circumcise _! *ildr5 7,a%a1 p4 #bbe71 ?\gh :at proportion ^! circumcis]s be> to ! re/ ( ! population1 he does n in=m u4 ,ano!r travel] describes ! mode ( circumcis+ infants 9 ! ,negro k+dom ( ,fida or ,juda1 a c\ntry to :i* he believes t ,islamism has n p5etrat$ 7,v4 ,g4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aei74 ,! op]ation is v simple1 & appe>s to be done )\t any religi\s c]emony2 b ! natives1 :5 press$ z to ! reason ( ! cu/om1 c only reply t _! ance/ors obs]v$ x--an answ] :i* w\ld prop]ly apply to a rite ( religi\s orig9 ^: mean+ has be5 =gott54 ,aco/a1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,mexican baptism1 adds t a c]emony :i* 9 "s sort imitat$ ! circumcision ( ! ,jews1 0 occasionally p]=m$ by ! ,mexicans 9 _! baptism1 pr9cipally on ! *ildr5 ( k+s & noblem54 ,x consi/$ 9 cutt+ ! e>s & private memb]s ( male infants 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e1 *4 #bf ,no4 #b74 ,t ! ,jews circumcise _! male *ildr5 on ! eigh? day ,i ne$ n /ate4 ,! rite is p]=m$ ) mu* solemnity1 & is connect$1 z is common 9 ^! c]emonies1 ) ! be/[al ( a "n on ! *ild1 ! "n be+ giv5 by ! fa!r aft] ! op]ation is ov]4 ,al?\gh circumcision is a c]emony :i* usually applies only to boys1 & al?\gh x sometimes happ5s t ! bir? ( girls is n m>k$ l t ( boys by any religi\s rite1 yet ! ,jews d n omit to consecrate _! female *ildr5 z well z ^? ( ! /rong] sex1 ?\gh ) less solemnity4 ,! fir/ ,saturday aft] ! end ( ! mon? ( ! "m's ly+-91 %e goes to ! synagogue ) h] fri5ds1 :]e ! fa!r ( ! girl is call$ up to ! law on ! alt>1 & !re aft] a *apt] ha? be5 read to him z usual on ! ,sabba? morn+1 he ord]s ! read] to say a ,mee-,%abeyra*1 or a pray] = a bless+ 7,rel4 ( ,jews1 p4 #bg #a/ "p74 ,x is unnecess>y1 aft] ^! in/ances1 to describe ! v>i\s modes ( consecrat+ ! comm5cem5t ( life :i* are 9 use 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ h[ g5]al1 if n h[ univ]sal1 su* consecrat+ usages are2 h[ religion1 support$ by ! s5tim5t ( mank9d1 seizes ^u ! life ( ! individual f ! fir/ mom5ts ( 8 exi/5ce2 & dem&s1 z "o ( ! v e>lie/ actions to be p]=m$ on 8 behalf1 a solemn recognition ( ! fact t he /&s "u ! influ5ce1 & ne$s ! protection1 ( an invisible & sup]human p[]4 ,aft] bir?1 ! next m>k$ epo* 9 life is ! arrival at manhood or at womanhood4 ,! transition f infancy to maturity1 f dep5d5ce on o!rs to self-dep5d5ce1 f an unsexual to a sexual physical & m5tal condition1 has1 l ! actual entrance ^u life & dep>ture f x1 be5 appropriat$ by religion ) a view to its consecration by fitt+ rites4 ,s9ce !re is no precise "t at :i* ! boy c be said to become a y\?1 or ! girl a maid51 ! age at :i* ! c]emonies att5d+ pub]ty are p]=m$ v>ies v consid]ably 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! range ( v>iation is f eight to sixte51 ?\gh !re are exceptional cases bo? ( e>li] & lat] initiation into ! new /age ( exi/5ce4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ^! ages are ! limits )9 :i* ! religi\s solemnities ( pub]ty are conf9$4 ,m cle>ly1 p]haps1 ?an any ( ^? occurr+ at ! o!r crises ( our lives1 ^! solemnities are p]vad$ by common *>act]i/ics4 ,primitive man 9 ,au/ralia1 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 ,africa1 m>ks ! adv5t ( pub]ty 9 a mann] :i* is ess5tially ! same4 ,:5 we rise to ! high] class ( religions1 we f9d c]emonies ( a diff]5t k9d f :i* ! rud] symbolism ( ! savage cre$s is abs5t4 ,b f ! uni=mity ( ! types ( initiation into manhood among unciviliz$ p1 x is highly probable t ! prog5itors ( ! ,aryan & ,semitic races also1 at "s p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 employ$ simil> me?ods ( r5d]+ ?is epo* 9 life impressive & rem>kable4 ,two di/+ui%+ features *>act]ize ! rites ( pub]ty--cruelty & my/]y4 ,!re is always "s pa9ful ordeal to be und]gone by ! "y m5 or boys :o h atta9$ ! requisite age2 & ?is ordeal is to be pass$ ?r\gh 9 extreme secrecy z reg>ds ! opposite sex1 & ) a c]emonial ( an unkn[n "*1 :i* is hidd5 f all b ! initiat$ p]=m]s4 ,sometimes ! pub]ty ( wom5 is also sanctifi$ by religi\s c]emonies1 & ^! foll[ ! same rules1 except t ! female sex are n requir$ to und]go su* sev]e suff]+ z is (t5 inflict$ ^u m54 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! cruelty is less1 ! my/]y is ! same4 ,m5 are n admitt$ to witness ! p]=mances gone ?r\gh1 & ^! are conduct$ 9 seclud$ places to :i* no access is all[$4 ,! mean+ ( ^! two features ( ! rites ( pub]ty is n difficult to div9e4 ,"y m5 ent] at t age on a p]iod ( _! lives 9 :i* !y are expect$ to display c\rage 9 dang] & firmness "u pa94 ,h5ce ! infliction ( "s k9d ( suff]+ is an appropriate symbolical prep>ation = _! future c>e]s4 ,moreov]1 ! mann] 9 :i* !y endure _! agony s]ves z a te/ ( _! =titude1 & may influ5ce ! position to be assign$ to !m 9 ! w>like exp$itions ( ! tribe4 ,b ! prim>y motive1 no d\bt1 is ! app>5t fitness ( ! infliction ( pa9 at an age :5 ! necess>y pa9s ( manhood are ab\t to beg94 ,! explanation ( ! secrecy obs]v$ is equally simple4 ,a my/]i\s *ange takes place 9 ! physical condition at pub]ty1 ! g5]ative functions1 :i* are to play s l>ge a "p 9 ! life ( ! individual1 mak+ _! appe>ance !n4 ,x is ?is natural process to :i* ! religi\s process be>s ref]5ce4 ,)\t d\bt ! rites p]=m$ /& 9 symbolical relation to ! new class ( actions ( :i* _! subject is1 or w be1 capable4 ,x is ?is allusion to ! sexual in/9ct--a subject always t5d+ to be %r\d$ 9 my/]y--:i* is ! orig9 ( ! jeal\s exclusion ( wom5 f ! rites und]gone by m51 & ( m5 f ^? und]gone by wom54 ,! memb]s ( ea* sex are1 s to speak1 prep>$ alone = ! pleasures !y are aft]w>ds to enjoy toge!r4 ,religion1 ev] ready to seize on ! m solemn mom5ts ( our exi/5ce1 seeks to consecrate ! "t at :i* ! two sexes are ready to ent] t[>ds "o ano!r on a new & deeply important relation%ip4 ,be>+ ^! *>act]i/ics 9 m9d1 we may proce$ to notice a few ( ! c]emonies p]=m$ at pub]ty4 ,let u beg9 ) ! mo/ b>b>\s ( all1 ^? witness$ by ,mr4 ,catl9 among ! ,m&ans1 a tribe ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians n[ happily ext9ct4 ,! usual secrecy 0 obs]v$ ab\t ! ,o-kee-pa1 z ?is great ,m&an c]emony is t]m$1 & x 0 only by a favor1 nev] be=e accord$ to a /rang]1 t ,mr4 ,catl9 0 enabl$ to be pres5t 9 ! ,m$ic9e ,lodge1 :]e ! op]ations 7 conduct$4 ,9 ! fir/ place a my/]i\s p]sonage1 suppos$ to repres5t a :ite man1 appe>$ f ! we/ & op5$ ! lodge4 ,at 8 approa* all wom5 & *ildr5 7 ord]$ to retire )9 _! wigwams4 ,next day ! "y m5 :o _h arriv$ at maturity dur+ ! la/ ye> 7 summon$ to come =?1 ! re/ ( ! villag]s rema9+ %ut up4 ,aft] committ+ ! conduct ( ! c]emonies to a m$ic9e man1 ?is p]sonage return$ to ! we/ ) ! same my/]y ) :i* he _h come4 ,! "y m5 7 n[ kept )\t food1 dr9k1 or sleep1 = f\r days & f\r nights4 ,9 ! middle ( ! f\r? day two m5 began to op]ate ^u !m1 ! "o mak+ incisions ) a knife 9 _! fle%1 & ! o!r pass+ spl9ts ?r\gh ! w\nds1 f :i* ! blood trickl$ ov] _! nak$1 b pa9t$ bodies4 ,! p>ts ?r\gh :i* ! knife 0 pass$ 7 on ea* arm1 above & bel[ ! elb[2 on ea* leg1 above & bel[ ! knee2 on ea* brea/1 & ea* %\ld]4 ,! "y m5 n only did n w9ce1 b smil$ at _! civiliz$ obs]v] dur+ ?is process4 ,:5 ^! incisions 7 all made1 & ! spl9ts pass$ ?r\gh1 a cord ( raw hide 0 l[]$ d[n ?r\gh ! top ( ! wigwam1 & fa/5$ to ! spl9ts on ! brea/s or %\ld]s1 by :i* ! "y man 0 to be rais$ up & susp5d$1 by m5 plac$ on ! top ( ! lodge = ! purpose4 ,^! cords hav+ be5 atta*$ to ! spl9ts on ! brea/ or ! %\ld]s1 ea* "o _h 8 %ield hung to "s "o ( ! spl9ts3 8 m$ic9e bag 0 held 9 8 left h&1 & a dri$ buffalo skull 0 atta*$ to ! spl9t ( ea* l[] leg & ea* l[] arm1 t its weight might prev5t him f /ruggl+4 ,at a signal1 ! m5 7 drawn up ?ree or f\r feet above ! gr\nd1 & turn$ r\nd ) gradually increas+ velocity1 by a man ) a pole1 until !y fa9t$4 ,al?\gh !y _h nev] groan$ be=e1 !y utt]$ a he>t-r5d+ cry1 a sort ( pray] to ! ,great ,_s1 dur+ ! turn+4 ,hav+ ceas$ to cry1 !y 7 let d[n app>5tly dead4 ,left entirely to !mselves1 !y 9 "t 7 able p>tly to rise1 & no soon] c\ld !y d ?us mu* ?an !y mov$ to ano!r "p ( ! lodge1 :]e ! little f+] ( ! left h& 0 cut (f ) a hat*et4 ,b _! tortures 7 n ov]4 ,! re/ ( !m took place 9 public1 & 7 p]haps m frightful ?an any4 ,! victims 7 tak5 out ( ! lodge1 &1 be+ ea* plac$ betwe5 two a?letic m51 7 dragg$ along1 ! m5 hold+ !m ) ?ongs & runn+ ) !m z fa/ z !y c\ld1 until all ! buffalo skulls & weights hang+ to ! spl9ts 7 left beh9d4 ,^! weights mu/ be dragg$ out ?r\gh ! fle%1 ! c&idates hav+ ! option ( runn+ 9 ! race describ$1 or ( w&]+ ab\t ! prairies )\t food until suppuration took place1 & ! weights came (f by decay ( ! fle%4 ,^! horrors conclud$1 ! "y m5 7 left alone to recov] z be/ !y might4 ,mr4 ,catl9 c\ld only he> ( "o :o _h di$ 9 ! extreme "p ( ?is c]emony1 & 8 fate 0 consid]$ r a happy "o3 ! ,great ,_s _h s will$ x = "s especial purpose1 & no d\bt = ! "y man's b5efit 7,o-kee-pa1 p4 #i-cb74 ,nor 7 ! ,m&ans alone on ! ,am]ican cont95t 9 m>k+ ! entrance ^u manhood by di/9ctive obs]vances4 ,on ! contr>y1 a writ] ( ! highe/ au?ority on ,r$ ,indian subjects1 /ates t no "y man among ! native tribes 0 consid]$ fit to beg9 ! c>e] ( life until he _h accompli%$ 8 great fa/4 ,sev5 days 7 consid]$ ! maximum "t dur+ :i* a "y man c\ld fa/1 & ! success ( ! devotee 0 inf]r$ f ! l5g? ( 8 ab/95ce4 ,^! fa/s1 says ,mr4 ,s*oolcraft1 are await$ ) int]e/1 prep>$ = ) solemnity1 & endur$ ) a self-devotion bord]+ on ! h]oic4444 ,x is at ?is p]iod t ! "y m5 & "y wom5 'see visions & dream dreams1' & =tune or mis=tune is pr$ict$ f ! gu>dian _s *os5 dur+ ?is1 to !m1 religi\s ordeal4 ,! halluc9ations ( ! m9d are tak5 = div9e inspiration4 ,! effect is deeply felt & /rongly impress$ on ! m9d2 too deeply1 inde$1 ev] to be oblit]at$ 9 aft] life4 ,x appe>s t !y always 9 aft] life tru/ to1 & m$itate on1 ! gu>dian _s :om !y h *os5 at ?is critical mom5t2 b t ! "n is nev] utt]$1 & e circum/ance connect$ ) its selection1 & ! devotion paid to x1 are mo/ /udi\sly & pr(ess$ly conceal$1 ev5 f _! ne>e/ fri5ds 7,a4 ,r41 vol4 i4 pp4 #adi1 #aej74 ,my/]y is c]ta9ly pu%$ to its highe/ po9t1 :5 ! "n ( ! _s *os5 at pub]ty1 & ! v circum/ances ( ! *oice1 are pres]v$ z an inviolable secret )9 ! brea/ ( ! devotee4 ,new ,s\? ,wales is di/+ui%$ by a c]emony :i*1 ?\gh f> less sev]e ?an t ( ! ,m&ans1 is nev]!less suffici5tly pa9ful4 ,betwe5 ! ages ( eight & sixte5 ! males & females und]go ! op]ation :i* !y t]m ,gnanoong2 viz41 t ( hav+ ! septum ( ! nose bor$ to receive a bone or re$4444 ,betwe5 ! same ye>s1 also1 ! males receive ! qualifications :i* are giv5 to !m by los+ "o front too?4 ,! loss ( a too? is n 9 itself a v s]i\s matt]1 b ! int5tion ( ! extraction be+ religi\s1 ! natives contrive to get rid ( x 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s mode4 ,! f9al ev5t is l$ up to by a s]ies ( p]=mances ( a m or less emblematic nature4 ,"o ( !m1 = in/ance1 is suppos$ to give p[] ov] ! dog2 ano!r ref]s to ! hunt+ ( ! kang>oo4 ,!re is ! usual my/]y ab\t "s "p ( ! proce$+s4 ,:5 ! boys 7 be+ arrang$ = ! removal ( ! too? ! au?or ,coll9s 0 n p]mitt$ to witness ?is "p ( ! bus9ess1 ab\t :i* !y appe>$ to obs]ve a great] degree ( my/]y & prep>ation ?an he _h notic$ 9 ei!r ( ! prec$+ c]emonies4 ,aft] ?is1 "s ( ! p]=m]s 9 ! rite w5t ?r\gh a numb] ( extraord9>y motions1 & made /range noises4 ,a p>ticul> "n1 boo-roo-moo-roong1 0 giv5 to ?is sc5e2 b ( its import v little c\ld be le>n$4 ,to ! inquiries made respect+ x no answ] c\ld be obta9$1 b t x 0 v good2 t ! boys w\ld n[ become brave m52 t !y w\ld see well & fight well4 ,:5 ! too? 0 to be tak5 out1 ! gum 0 fir/ prep>$ by a %>ply-po9t$ bone2 & a ?r[+-/ick1 cut = ! purpose ) mu* c]emony1 0 !n appli$ to ! too?1 & knock$ aga9/ x by means ( a /one 9 ! h& ( ! op]ator4 ,! too? 0 ?us /ruck out ( ! gum1 ! op]ation tak+ t5 m9utes 9 ! case ( ! fir/ boy on :om ! au?or witness$ ?is process be+ p]=m$4 ,aft] ! too? 0 gone1 ! gum 0 clos$ by 8 fri5ds1 :o n[ equipp$ him 9 ! /yle t he 0 to appe> 9 = "s days4 ,a girdle 0 ti$ r\nd 8 wai/1 9 :i* 0 /uck a wood5 sword2 a ligature 0 b\nd r\nd 8 head1 9 :i* 7 /uck slips ( ! grass-gum tree4 ,! boy 0 on no acc\nt to speak1 & = t day he 0 n to eat4 ,! suff]]s 9 ?is c]emonial did n long rema9 quiesc5t4 ,9 ! ev5+ !y _h fre% duties to dis*>ge4 ,sudd5ly1 on a signal be+ giv51 !y all />t$ up1 & ru%$ into ! t[n1 driv+ be=e !m m51 wom51 & *ildr51 :o 7 glad to get out ( _! way4 ,!y 7 n[ receiv$ into ! class ( m52 7 privileg$ to wield ! sword & ! club1 & to oppose _! p]sons 9 combat2 & might n[ seize su* females z !y *ose = wives4 ,! sexual import ( ! c]emony is cle>ly br\ght into view by ! la/ words ( ! writ]4 ,he adds t1 hav+ express$ a wi% to possess "s ( ! tee?1 !y 7 giv5 him by two m5 ) extreme secrecy1 & injunctions n to betray !m 7,n4 ,s4 ,w41 p4 #cfd-cgd74 ,ano!r obs]v] has describ$ ! same rite z p]=m$ 9 a some:at diff]5t mann]1 by ! tribes ( ! ,macqu>rie di/rict f>!r nor?4 ,:5 ^! tribes assemble to celebrate ! my/]ies ( ,keb>rah1 z x is t]m$1 all ho/ility :i* may exi/ at ! "t is laid aside = ! nonce4 ,:5 ! cooi or c[ack s\nds ! note ( prep>ation1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 9 ha/e make _! way t[>ds ! rav9es & gulleys1 & !re rema9 conceal$4 ,! d5ti/ry ( ^! tribes is less sci5tific ?an t ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! too? is knock$ out by bor+ a hole 9 a tree1 & ins]t+ into x a small h>d twig2 ! too? is !n br\ght into contact ) ! end1 & "o individual holds ! c&idate's head 9 a firm position aga9/ x1 :il/ ano!r1 ex]t+ all 8 /r5g?1 pu%es ! boy's head =w>ds2 ! concussion causes ! too?1 ) frequ5tly a portion ( ! gum adh]+ to x1 to fall out4 ,b ?is is n all ! poor boy has to endure1 = :ile "s m5 /& ov] him1 br&i%+ _! waddies1 m5ac+ him ) in/ant dea? if he utt]s any compla9t1 o!rs cut 8 back 9 /ripes1 & make incisions on 8 %\ld]s ) fl9ts4 ,x is an int]e/+ "p ( ^! c]emonies1 t ! lea/ groan or indication ( pa9 is summ>ily puni%$ by ! utt]ance1 on ! "p ( ! op]ators1 ( ?ree yells to proclaim ! fact1 & by ! transf] ( ! boy to ! c>e ( ! wom51 :o are summon$ to receive him4 ,if he does n %r9k1 he is admitt$ to ! rank ( a huntsman & a w>rior 7,s4 ,l4 ,a41 vol4 ii4 p4 #baf-bbd74 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 diff]5t c]emonies prevail4 ,?us1 9 "o ( ! di/ricts visit$ by ,mr4 ,angas1 :5 boys arrive at ! age ( f\rte5 or sixte51 !y are select$ & caught by /eal?1 & ! hairs ( _! body are pluck$ out1 & gre5 gum-bu%es are plac$ "u ! arm-pits & ov] ! os pubis4 ,among ! privileges conf]r$ on ^? :o h und]gone ?is treatm5t1 is t ( we>+ two kang>oo tee?1 & a bun* ( emu fea!rs 9 _! hair4 ,m significant /ill is ! p]mission to possess !mselves ( wives1 :i* ! "y m5 n[ obta94 ,! scrub-natives v>y ! initiation aga94 ,among !m ! boy1 br\ght by an old man1 is laid ^u 8 back 9 ! mid/ ( five fires :i* are light$ ar\nd him4 ,an in/rum5t1 call$ a wittoo wittoo1 is :irl$ r\nd ov] ! fires1 ) ! int5tion ( keep+ (f evil spirits4 ,la/ly1 ) a %>p fl9t1 ! old man cuts (f ! =esk91 & places x on ! ?ird f+] ( ! boy's left h&1 :o !n gets up1 & ) ano!r native1 select$ = ! purpose1 goes away into ! hills to avoid ! sight ( wom5 = "s "t4 ,no wom5 are all[$ to be pres5t at ?is rite 7,s4 ,l4 ,a41 vol4 i4 pp4 #ih1 #ii74 ,else:]e on ! same cont95t1 !re are ?ree /ages to be pass$ on ! road f boyhood to manhood4 ,at ! age ( twelve or fifte5 ! boys are remov$ to a place ap>t f ! wom51 :om !y are n p]mitt$ to see1 & !n bl9dfold$4 ,among "s o!r c]emonies _! faces are black5$1 & !y are told to :isp]1 an injunction peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! my/]i\sness :i* is s con/ant a feature ( ! rites ( pub]ty4 ,= sev]al mon?s ?is :isp]+ cont9ues1 & x is notewor?y1 z a sign ( ! sexual nature ( ^! proce$+s1 t ! place :]e ! :isp]s h be5 is c>efully avoid$ by ! wom5 & *ildr54 ,9 ! second c]emony1 :i* occurs two or ?ree ye>s lat]1 ! glans p5is is slit op5 und]nea?1 f ! extremity to ! scrotum1 & circumcision is also p]=m$4 ,aft] ?is second /age1 ! ,p>tnapas1 z ! y\?s are n[ /yl$1 are p]mitt$ to take a wife4 ,9 ! ?ird c]emony ea* man has a sponsor1 by :om he is tatoo$ ) a %>p qu>tz4 ,^! sponsors1 moreov]1 be/[ on ea* lad a new "n1 :i* he reta9s dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,c]ta9 o!r p]=mances are gone ?r\gh1 su* z putt+ an in/rum5t t]m$ a wit>na r\nd ! lads' necks1 & !n ! c]emony concludes by ! m5 all clu/]+ r\nd ! initiat$ ones1 enjo9+ !m aga9 to :isp] = "s mon?s1 & be/[+ ^u !m _! advice z reg>ds hunt+1 fight+1 & contempt ( pa94 ,all ^! c]emonies are c>efully kept f ! sight ( ! wom5 & ! *ildr52 :o1 :5 !y he> ! s\nd ( ! wit>na1 hide _! heads & exhibit e outw>d sign ( t]ror 7,s4 ,l4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #aac-aaf74 ,leav+ ,au/ralia1 let u pass to ,africa1 & call ,mr4 ,reade z a witness to "s ( ! rites ( pub]ty exi/+ among ! savages ( t cont95t4 ,! foll[+ extract is d\bly int]e/+1 z furni%+ "s acc\nt ( ! application to girls ( ! g5]al pr9ciples involv$ 9 ^! rites1 & also z supply+1 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 t !y are ( a ,phallic nature1 a confirmation ( ! conclusions we _h rea*$ f a survey ( ! evid5ce z a :ole3 ,be=e !y are p]mitt$ to we> clo!s1 m>ry1 & rank 9 society z m5 & wom51 ! "y h to be initiat$ into c]ta9 my/]ies4 ,i receiv$ "s in=mation ^u ?is head f ,mongilomba1 aft] he _h made me promise t ,i w\ld n put x into a book3 a promise :i* ,i am compell$ to break by ! /]n duties ( my vocation4 ,he told me t he 0 tak5 into a feti*-h\se1 /ripp$1 sev]ely flogg$1 & pla/]$ ) goat-dung2 ?is c]emony1 l ^? ( ,masonry1 be+ conduct$ to ! s\nd ( music4 ,aft]w>ds !re came f beh9d a k9d ( scre5 or %r9e unc\? & t]rible s\nds su* z he _h nev] he>d be=e4 ,^!1 he 0 told1 emanat$ f a _s call$ ,ukuk4 ,he aft]w>ds br\ght to me ! in/rum5t ) :i* ! feti*-man makes ?is noise4 ,x is a k9d ( :i/le made ( holl[$ mangrove wood1 ab\t two in*es 9 l5g?1 & cov]$ at "o end ) a scrap ( bat's w+4 ,= a p]iod ( five days aft] initiation ! novice we>s an apron ( dry palm leaves1 :i* ,i h frequ5tly se54 ,! initiation ( ! girls is p]=m$ by eld]ly females :o call !mselves ,ngembi4 ,!y g into ! =e/1 cle> a place1 sweep ! gr\nd c>efully1 come back to ! t[n1 & build a sacr$ hut :i* no male may ent]4 ,!y return to ! cle>+ 9 ! =e/1 tak+ ) !m ! ,igonji1 or novice4 ,x is necess>y t %e %\ld h nev] be5 to t place be=e1 & t %e fa/ dur+ ! :ole ( ! c]emony1 :i* la/s ?ree days4 ,all ?is "t a fire is kept burn+ 9 ! wood4 ,f morn+ to night1 & f night to morn+1 a ,ngembi sits beside x & fe$s x1 s++1 ) a crack$ voice1 ,! fire w nev] die out6 ,! ?ird night is pass$ 9 ! sacr$ hut2 ! ,igonji is rubb$ ) black1 r$1 & :ite pa9ts1 & z ! m5 beat drums outside1 %e cries1 ,ok&a1 yo6 yo6 yo6 :i* rem9ds "o ( ! ,evohe6 ( ! anci5t ,bac*antes4 ,! c]emonies :i* are p]=m$ 9 ! hut & 9 ! wood are kept secret f ! m51 & ,i c say b little ( !m4 ,mongilomba _h evid5tly be5 play+ ! spy1 b 0 v res]v$ ^u ! subject4 ,%\ld x be kn[n1 he said1 t he _h told me :at he _h miss+1 ! wom5 w\ld drag him into a feti*-h\se1 & w\ld flog him1 p]haps till he 0 dead4 ,x is pretty c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ^! rites1 l ^? ( ! ,bona ,dea1 are ess5tially ( a ,phallic nature2 = ,mongilomba once confess$1 t hav+ peep$ ?r\gh ! *9ks ( ! hut1 he saw a c]emony l t :i* is describ$ 9 ,petronius ,arbit]4444 ,dur+ ! novitiate :i* succe$s initiation1 ! girls are taught religi\s dances--! m5 are in/ruct$ 9 sci5ce ( feti* 7,s4 ,a41 p4 #bde-bdg74 ,! ,suzees & ! ,m&+oes1 tribes ( ,we/]n ,africa1 are di/+ui%$ by a rite :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 is peculi>--! circumcision ( wom54 ,bo? sexes1 inde$1 are circumcis$ on rea*+ pub]ty1 & 9 ! case ( ! girls x is done by cutt+ (f ! ext]ior "p ( ! clitoris4 ,) a view to ?is c]emony1 ! girls ( ea* t[n :o are judg$ m>riageable are collect$ toge!r1 & 9 ! night prec$+ ! day on :i* ! c]emony takes place1 are conduct$ by ! wom5 ( ! village into ! inmo/ recesses ( a wood4 ,surr\nd$ by *>ms to gu>d e approa* to ! consecrat$ spot1 !y are kept "h 9 entire seclusion = a mon? & a day1 visit$ only by ! old woman :o p]=ms ! op]ation4 ,dur+ ?is close conf9em5t !y are in/ruct$ 9 ! religion ( _! c\ntry1 :i* hi!rto !y h n be5 ?\ght fit to le>n4 ,a mo/ s+ul> sc5e is enact$ at its close4 ,!y return to _! homes by night1 :]e !y are receiv$ by all ! wom5 ( ! village1 "y & old1 q nak$4 ,9 ?is condition !y g ab\t till morn+1 ) music play+2 & %\ld any man be indiscreet en\gh to imitate ,peep+ ,tom1 he is puni%$ by dea? or ! =feiture ( a slave4 ,aft] ano!r mon? ( p>ad+ & m>*+ 9 procession 7no long] nude7 ! wom5 are giv5 to _! de/9$ husb&s2--ano!r pla9 indication ( ! nature ( ^! rites4 ,9 su* v5]ation is ?is c]emony held among ! wom5 ( ! c\ntry1 t ^? :o h come f o!r p>ts1 & are already 9 ye>s1 frequ5tly submit to x to avoid ! reproa*es to :i* uncircumcision exposes !m4 ,inde$1 ! mo/ vilify+ t]m !y c possibly use is appli$ by ! circumcis$ female population to ^? :o d n enjoy _! religi\s privileges 7,s4 ,l41 p4 #gj-hc74 ,pub]ty is recogniz$ 9 mu* ! same way among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s4 ,?us1 9 ,tanna circumcision is regul>ly practis$ ab\t ! sev5? ye> 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #hg74 ,9 ,samoa a modifi$ =m ( circumcision prevail$1 :i* boys ( _! own accord1 w\ld get p]=m$ ^u !mselves ab\t ! eigh? or t5? ye> 7,ib41 p4 #agg74 ,x may be a fa9t beg9n+ ( ! religi\s c]emonies ( ?is p]iod ( life t1 9 ! same isl&1 :5 girls are ent]+ into womanhood1 _! p>5ts invite all ! unm>ri$ wom5 ( ! settlem5t to a fea/1 at :i* pres5ts are di/ribut$ among !m4 ,at lea/ x is wor?y ( rem>k t none b females are pres5t on ^! occasions 7,ib41 p4 #ahd74 ,:5 we rise high] 9 ! scale ( culture1 we no long] f9d ! pa9ful rites by :i* savage nations m>k ! appe>ance ( ! sexual in/9ct4 ,! sacr$ c]emony ( inve/iture ) ! ?read1 :i* di/+ui%$ ! twice-born classes among ! ,h9dus1 0 p]=m$ at ?is age4 ,! code ( ,manu is explicit on ! subject4 ,9 ! eigh? ye> f ! conception ( a ,brahman1 9 ! elev5? f t ( ,k%atriya1 & 9 ! twelf? f t ( a ,vaisya1 let ! fa!r inve/ ! *ild ) ! m>k ( 8 class4 ,9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o desire to advance m rapidly ?an usual 9 _! vocation1 ! inve/iture may be made 9 ! fif?1 six?1 or eigh? ye>s respectively4 ,! c]emony ( inve/iture hall[$ by ! gayatri mu/ n be delay$1 9 ! case ( a prie/1 beyond ! sixte5? ye>2 nor 9 t ( a soldi] beyond ! tw5ty-second2 nor 9 t ( a m]*ant beyond ! tw5ty-f\r?4 ,fur!r po/ponem5t w\ld r5d] ^? :o 7 guilty ( x outca/s1 impure1 & unfit to associate ) ,brahmans 7,manu1 ii4 #cf-dj74 ,memb]s ( ! k9dr$ ,p>see religion become responsible human be+s aft] !y h be5 girt ) ! ko/i1 or sacr$ girdle4 ,! age at :i* ?is took place 0 =m]ly fifte52 & aft] !y _h once put !m on1 ! ,p>sees might n remove _! girdles1 except 9 b$1 )\t incurr+ s]i\s guilt4 ,?is regulation appli$ equally to bo? sexes4 ,mod]n usage has advanc$ ! inve/iture ) ! ko/i to a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,x takes place 9 ,india at sev51 & 9 ,kirman at n9e4 ,9 ,india1 ! *ild is held responsible 9 ! eigh? or t5? ye> = "o half ( its s9s1 ! p>5ts be>+ ! burd5 ( ! o!r half 7,av41 vol4 i4 p4 #i2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ba1 #bb74 ,! "y ,jew is look$ ^u z a man at ! age ( ?irte51 & is !n b\nd to obs]ve all ! comm&m5ts ( ! law4 ,at ?is age he becomes ,b>-mizva1 or a son ( ! law2 t is1 he ent]s on 8 spiritual majority 7,pic>d1 vol4 i4 *4 x4 p4 #hb74 ,*ri/ian nations signalize ! adv5t ( ! correspond+ epo* by admitt+ ^? :o atta9 x to ! ,sacram5t ( ! ,"l's supp]1 & to confirmation4 ,at pub]ty !y are consid]$1 l ! "y ,p>sees1 responsible = ! s9s :i* at _! bir? _! sponsors took ^u !mselves1 & at pub]ty !y are admitt$1 l ! ,jews1 to ! full privileges ( _! fai?1 by be+ all[$ to p>take 9 ! my/ic b5efits conf]r$ by ! celebration ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,holy ,communion4 ,aft] pub]ty ! two sexes ent] on a new relation t[>ds "o ano!r2 & ?\gh ! in/9ct by :i* ?is relation is e/abli%$ is extremely apt to break loose f ! control ( religion1 yet ! latt] always attempts m or less en]getically to br+ x )9 its grasp4 ,?is x does by conf9+ ! irregul> indulg5ces to :i* ! sexual passion is prone )9 ! legaliz$ =ms ( matrimony4 ,to matrimony1 & matrimony alone1 x gives its sanction2 & accord+ly x conf]s a peculi> sacr$ness ^u ?is =m ( cohabitation1 by ! p]=mance ( c]emonies at its outset4 ,su* c]emonies are n inde$ equally univ]sal ) ^? ( bir? & pub]ty4 ,among savage & slightly civiliz$ communities we d n f9d !m4 ,b 9 all ! great religions ( ! _w !y are firmly e/abli%$4 ,little ( a di/9ctively religi\s "* is p]ceptible 9 ,major ,=bes's acc\nt ( m>riage rites 9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,yet x is pla9 t ,s+halese m>riages d /& "u a religi\s sanction1 = 9 ! fir/ place an a/rolog] mu/ exam9e ! horoscopes ( ! two p>ties1 to discov] :e!r !y correspond1 & !n ! same function>y is call$ ^u to "n an auspici\s "t = ! w$d+4 ,on ! day ( its occurr5ce a fea/ is giv5 at ! bride's h\se1 & on ! a/rolog] notify+ t ! appo9t$ mom5t is approa*+1 a half-ripe cocoa-nut1 previ\sly plac$ ne> ! bo>d ) "s my/ical c]emonies1 is clov5 9 two at "o bl[ 7,e4 ,y41 vol4 i4 p4 #cbf-ccb74 ,turn+ f s\!rn to nor!rn ,buddhism1 we f9d ,kpp5 ass]t+ t 9 ,?ibet & ! surr\nd+ c\ntries1 m>riage consi/s solely 9 ! private contract1 yet add+ t none ! less ! lamai/ cl]gy f9d bus9ess to d 9 reg>d to engagem5ts & w$d+s4 ,! prie/s alone "k :e!r ! nativity ( ! bride /&s 9 a favorable relation to t ( ! bridegroom1 & if n1 by :at c]emonies & sacrifices mis=tune may be av]t$2 !y alone "k ! day t is mo/ suitable & propiti\s = ! w$d+2 !y give ! bond its consecration & its bless+ by burn+ inc5se & by pray] 7,r4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cba74 ,! ,code ( ,manu is n v cle> z to ! sort ( m>riages sanction$ by religion2 "s irregul> connections app>5tly receiv+ a =mal recognition1 ?\gh reg>d$ ) moral disapprobation4 ,! sy/em ( ca/e1 moreov]1 introduces a confus+ elem5t1 s9ce ! nuptial rites are p]mitt$1 by "s au?orities1 to become less & less solemn z ! grade ( ! contract+ p>ties becomes l[]4 ,?is op9ion hav+ be5 m5tion$1 h[ev]1 ! legislator adds1 t 9 ?is ,code1 ?ree ( ! five la/ =ms ( m>riage are held legal1 & two illegal3 ! c]emonies ( ,pisa*as & ,asuras mu/ nev] be p]=m$4 ,( ! two prohibit$ =ms1 ! fir/ is m]ely an embrace :5 ! damsel is asleep1 drunk1 or ( disord]$ intellect2 ! second is :5 ! bride's family1 & ! bride h]self1 h be5 enri*$ by l>ge gifts on ! "p ( ! bridegroom4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is regulation does n exclude ! m>riage call$ ,g&h>va1 :i* is ! reciprocal connection ( a y\? & a damsel1 ) mutual desire1 & is contract$ = ! purpose ( amor\s embraces1 & proce$+ f sexual incl9ation4 ,nor does x =bid =cible capture4 ,b a little fur!r on1 ! code enc\rages ! m regul> modes ( m>ry+ by promis+ intellig5t1 beautiful1 & virtu\s sons to ^? :o obs]ve !m2 & ?reat5+ ^? :o d n ) bad & cruel sons4 ,x is !n /at$ t ! c]emony ( jo9+ h&s is appo9t$ = ^? :o m>ry wom5 ( _! own class1 b ) wom5 ( a diff]5t class c]ta9 c]emonies1 enum]at$ 9 ! ,code1 are to be p]=m$ 7,manu1 iii4 i4 #dd74 ,x is probable t ?is ,code 0 nev] actually ! law ( any "p ( ,india2 b x is none ! less int]e/+ to see ! legislator /riv+ to br+ ! lawless passions ) :i* he is deal+ "u ! sup]vision ( religion4 ,an elaborate bless+ & exhortation1 beg9n+ ) ! words ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 is appo9t$ 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a = ! nuptial c]emonial4 ,:ile m>riages among ,jews & ,*ri/ians are1 z is well kn[n1 inaugurat$ by solemn religi\s rites1 & all unions n ?us consecrat$ are1 at lea/ by ! =mal judgm5t ( _! respective cre$s1 pron\nc$ unholy1 s9ful1 & impure4 ,dea?1 l m>riage1 is held among all religions b ! l[e/ to call = ! p]=mance ( befitt+ rites4 ,9 ^! x is usually noticeable t mu* reg>d is paid to ! mann] 9 :i* ! deceas$ is plac$ 9 ! grave1 ?is circum/ance indicat+ z a g5]al rule "s =m ( ! belief 9 8 cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,?us1 ,lieut4-,colonel ,coll9s1 describ+ ! burial ( a boy 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 obs]ves t on lay+ ! body 9 ! grave1 great c>e 0 tak5 s to place x t ! sun might look at x z x pass$1 ! natives cutt+ d[n = t purpose e %rub t c\ld ob/ruct ! view4 ,he 0 plac$ on 8 "r side1 ) 8 head to ! ,n4 ,w4 7,n4 ,s4 ,w41 p4 #chg-cij74 ,if !re is little trace among ! rude population ( ?is colony ( a religi\s c]emony at ! int]m5t1 we f9d ! position ( religion di/9ctly recogniz$ by ! natives ( "s p>ts ( ,africa4 ,old5dorp tells u ( ! tribes ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$1 t ! fun]al rites are p]=m$ by ! prie/s1 :o are ri*ly rew>d$ = ! s]vice4 ,n only are animals sacrific$ at ! graves1 b 9 ! case ( m5 ( rank _! wives & s]vants are 7z is well kn[n7 slaught]$ to att5d !m 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cac-cag74 ,9 ,si]ra ,leone1 :]e e t[n or village1 :i* has be5 long inhabit$1 has a common burial-place1 !re is ! usual att5tion to position 9 ! grave4 ,! head ( ! corpse1 if a man1 lies ei!r ea/ or we/2 if a woman1 x is turn$ ei!r to ! nor? or s\?4 ,an occasional pray] is pron\nc$ ov] ! grave1 import+ a wi% t ,god may receive ! deceas$1 & t no h>m may happ5 to him4 ,moreov]1 !re is a c]emony :i* appe>s to be a sort ( sacrifice to ! manes4 ,a f[l is fa/5$ by ! leg ^u ! grave1 & a little rice plac$ ne> x2 if x refuse to eat ! rice1 x is n kill$2 b if x eat1 ! head is cut (f1 & ! blood spr9kl$ ^u ! grave2 aft] :i* x is cook$1 & a "p plac$ on ! grave1 ! rema9d] be+ eat5 by ! att5dants4 ,a tribe call$ ! ,soosoos bury _! dead ) _! faces to ! we/ 7,s4 ,l41 vol4 i4 pp4 #bch1 #bci74 ,sometimes we meet ) ! op9ion t ! entire removal ( ! deceas$ f 8 accu/om$ place ( abode on e>? dep5ds ^u due att5tion to ! rites ( int]m5t4 ,a primitive =m ( ?is wide-spread belief--:i* l+]s z a survival ev5 9 ,*ri/5dom--is obs]vable 9 ,polynesia4 ,9 ,samoa1 9 ord] to secure ! admission ( a dep>t$ _s to future joys1 ! corpse 0 dress$ 9 ! be/ attire ! relatives c\ld provide1 ! head 0 wrea!d ) fl[]s1 & o!r decorations 7 add$4 ,a pig 0 !n bak$ :ole1 & plac$ ^u ! body ( ! deceas$1 surr\nd$ by a pile ( vegetable food4 ,! corpse is !n address$ by a ne> relation1 :o desires x ) ! prop]ty ?us be/[$ to make its way into ! palace ( ,tiki1 & n to return to al>m ! survivors4 ,if no?+ happ5$ )9 a few days1 ! deceas$ 0 suppos$ to h got 92 b a cricket be+ he>d on ! premises 0 tak5 z an ill om51 & l$ to ! repetition ( ! (f]+4 ,else:]e 9 ! same gr\p ( isl&s m co/ly sacrifices 7 pres5t$ to ! gods ( ! cele/ial regions4 ,at lea/ at ! int]m5t ( a *ief x 0 cu/om>y = 8 wives to sit d[n sev]ally ne> 8 body1 to be /rangl$1 & !n buri$ along ) him4 ,! reasons assign$ = ?is are1 t ! _s ( ! *ief may n be lonely 9 its passage to ! invisible _w1 & t by su* an (f]+ its happ9ess may be at once secur$ 7,n4 ,m4 ,e41 pp4 #ade1 #adf74 ,fun]al c]emonies 9 ,mexico 7 p]=m$ by prie/s & monks1 & v>i$ 9 spl5dor accord+ to ! rank ( ! deceas$4 ,(fices 7 *ant$ at ! graves1 & at ! burial ( p]sons ( quality slaves 7 kill$ to s]ve !m 9 ! next _w4 ,moreov]1 s s5sible 7 ! ,mexicans to ! importance ( religion 9 all /ates ( be+1 t ev5 ! dome/ic *apla9 0 n omitt$2 a prie/ be+ slaught]$ to accompany 8 "l 9 t capacity 7,h4 ,i41 b4 v4 *4 viii74 ,9 ,ceylon1 a dy+ relative is tak5 to a deta*$ ap>tm5t1 :]e he is plac$ ) 8 head t[>ds ! ,ea/4 ,aft] dea? ! body is turn$ ) ! head t[>ds ! ,we/1 & 9 ! grave ?is position is pres]v$4 ,bodies ( prie/s1 & p]sons ( ! highe/ rank1 are burn$1 & dur+ ! process ( cremation ! (ficiat+ prie/ repeats c]ta9 =ms ( pray]4 ,! same function>y returns to deliv] "s moral admonitions aft] sev5 days1 :5 ! fri5ds revisit ! pyre to collect ! a%es 7,e4 ,y41 pp4 #ccd1 #cce74 ,not)/&+ ! fact t 9 c\ntries pr(ess+ ! lamai/ic =m ( ,buddhism dead bodies are unc]emoni\sly expos$ to ! op5 air1 & left z a prey to birds or dogs1 ! mortality ( ! laity =ms1 ) _! sicknesses1 ! ri*e/ s\rce ( income = ! prie/s4 ,a great deal1 says ! au?or f :om we draw ?is in=mation1 dep5ds on ! sep>ation ( s\l & body tak+ place accord+ to rule2 & x is important t ! _s %\ld n injure ^? :o are left1 & %\ld meet ) a happy re-bir?4 ,! ,lama !re=e att5ds ! dea?-b$1 takes c>e to place ! deceas$ 9 ! correct position1 & obs]ves ! h\r ( dep>ture4 ,an op]ation is !n p]=m$ on ! sk9 ( ! head1 :i* is suppos$ to lib]ate ! s\l4 ,:at rites are n[ to be p]=m$1 h[ ! body is to be dispos$ (1 t[>ds :at qu>t] x is to be turn$1 & v>i\s o!r details1 dep5d on a/rological comb9ations kn[n only to ! cl]gy4 ,b _! mo/ important & pr(itable bus9ess is ! repetition ( masses1 = ! dead1 :i* are design$ to pacify ! av5g+ deities1 & to help ! s\l t[>ds z favorable a c>e] z is possible = x4 ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ^! masses are said v>ies ) ! weal? ( ! survivors2 poor p obta9+ !m = a few days only2 ! ri*] classes = sev5 weeks2 & pr9ces be+ able to assi/ ! spirits ( _! relations = a :ole ye> 7,r4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbc-cbe74 ,among ! ,p>sees ! cemet]ies consi/ ( desolate1 op5 places1 on :i* ! corpses are deposit$ & left expos$ to ! air4 ,^! places are call$ ,dakhmas1 & are c>efully consecrat$ by ! prie/s ) an elaborate c]emonial4 ,! position ( ! dead 9 ! ,dakhmas is fix$ by ! religi\s law4 ,_! dy+ mom5ts & ^? t succe$ ^u dea? are wat*$ ov] by ! ,p>see fai?1 :i* has det]m9$ ! pray]s to be repeat$ dur+ ! la/ h\r ( life2 be=e ! body is plac$ ^u ! bi]2 :5 x is c>ri$ out2 on ! way to ! ,dakhma1 & at ! ,dakhma itself4 ,! c]emonies requir$ on ^! occasions mu/ be p]=m$ by ! ,maubads1 or prie/s4 ,b ! due disposal ( ! body by no means concludes ! duties ( relations t[>ds ! dead4 ,! welf>e ( ! s\l also dem&s num]\s pray]s4 ,be+ suppos$ to l+] = ?ree days 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! corpse1 x is ! object dur+ t "t ( especial att5tion1 & ! rites !n p]=m$ may be ( use to x 9 ! judgm5t :i* takes place on ! f\r? day4 ,pray]s are to be recit$1 & (f]+s made on ! #cj? & #ca/ day aft] dea?1 & ev5 !n ! c]emonies att5d+ ! close ( mortal exi/5ce are n conclud$1 = x is necess>y aft] ! lapse ( a ye> aga9 to celebrate ! memory ( ! dep>t$4 ,moreov]1 ! #bf? *apt] ( ! ,yasna1 a hymn ( praise & bless+1 is to be said e day dur+ ! ye> be=e eat+ 7,av4 vol4 ii4 p4 xxxii-xlii74 ,masses = ! dead are no less common 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries 7save :]e ! ,prote/ant fai? is pr(ess$71 ?an among ,buddhi/s & ,p>sees4 ,_! object also is precisely ! same2 namely1 ! welf>e ( ! s\l :i* has quitt$ its e>?ly home to ent] on a new =m ( be+4 ,& al?\gh no su* pray]s are repeat$ 9 ,prote/ant communities1 yet !re c be no d\bt t int]m5t 9 due =m1 & ) due solemnity1 is held by ! p1 ev5 9 ,engl&1 to b5efit ! s\l 9 "s undef9$ way4 ,nor is any portion ( ! ritual ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* m impressive ?an t passage 9 ! ,burial ,s]vice :]e ! (ficiat+ prie/ consigns e>? to e>?1 a%es to a%es1 du/ to du/1 9 sure & c]ta9 hope ( ! resurrection to et]nal life1 ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,b x is n only ! due p]=mance ( ^! la/ rites :i* popul> op9ion associates ) ! prospect ( salvation 9 ! _w to come4 ,z 9 o!r religions1 s 9 t ( our own c\ntry1 ! position ( ! body 9 ! tomb is deem$ to be ( va/ importance4 ,! head mu/ be we/w>d & ! feet ea/w>d1 ! nom9al reason be+ t ! dead p]son %\ld rise f 8 tempor>y abode ) 8 face to ! ea/1 :5ce ,*ri/ w come2 ! real reason be+ 9 all probability ! survival ( a mu* old] cu/om1 9 :i* t v5]able div9ity1 ! ,sun1 /ood 9 ! place ( ! ,savior ( mank9d4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,consecrat$ ,,places4 ,consecrat$ actions ( v>i\s k9ds be+ ! prim>y me?od ( approa*+ ! be+s 9 ^: honor !y are p]=m$1 !re rema9 v>i\s second>y me?ods2 sometimes t5d+ to height5 ! effect ( ! prim>y me?od1 sometimes supplem5t+ x4 ,^! second>y means ( giv+ effect to ! religi\s s5tim5t may be divid$ into ?ree classes3--! consecration ( places1 ( ?+s1 & ( p]sons2 :ile ! la/ ( ^! falls into two subdivisions3 ! self-d$ication ( c]ta9 individuals to _! deity1 & ! d$ication ( a c]ta9 class to ! m special p]=mance ( religi\s s]vices on behalf ( ! community4 ,consecration ( places evid5tly conf]s on ! actions p]=m$ )9 !m a high] sanctity4 ,pray] (f]$ 9 a place :i* has be5 devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god is m likely to be successful4 ,praise f )9 its walls w be m acceptable4 ,w$lock contract$ "u its influ5ce w be m solemn1 & w possess a m b9d+ "*4 ,*ildr5 may mo/ fitly ent] ^u life by a pr(ession ( fai? made 9 _! behalf 9 a consecrat$ temple4 ,& ! bodies ( ! dead w re/ m peacefully 9 consecrat$ e>?4 ,x is sc>cely ne$ful to (f] evid5ce ( ! fact t 9 v>i\s l&s1 & by _m k9ds ( belief1 ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 c]emonies is held to consecrate places to ! purpose ( communication betwe5 man & ! high] p[]s4 ,f ! savage 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 :]e a small %$ ( dry leaves pres5ts p]haps ! rude/ =m ( temple to be f\nd on e>? 7,s4 ,l41 p4 #fe71 to ! ,european :o wor%ips 8 ,god 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s or ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ! same op9ion prevails4 ,ev]y:]e ! consecration ( places is conceiv$ to r5d] !m fitt] = ! celebration ( religi\s rites1 & unfit = all pr(an] uses4 ,( ! /ate ( feel+ ) :i* su* localities are end[$ by ! ord9>y wor%ip]1 an excell5t example is (f]$ 9 ,solomon's spee* at ! d$ication ( ! temple4 ,he specially reque/s ,jehovah t :5 pray]s are made to him 9 ?is place1 or t[>d ?is place1 he w he> su* pray]s3 t is1 he expects t ! sanctity he w conf] ^u ! temple1 by devot+ x to ,jehovah1 w add some?+ to ! efficacy ( petitions 9 :i* x is 9 "s way conc]n$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he d$icates ! temple may s]ve1 too1 z a type ( ?is k9d ( c]emony4 ,solomon1 we are told1 (f]$ a sacrifice ( peace-(f]+s1 :i* he (f]$ unto ! ,"l1 two-&-tw5ty ?\s& ox51 & an hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& %eep4 ,) ?is b>b>ic magnific5ce he d$icat$ ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 & he subsequ5tly hall[$ ! middle ( ! c\rt by burnt-(f]+s1 & meat-(f]+s1 & ! fat ( ! peace-(f]+s 7#a ,k+s viii74 ,h[ great 0 ! respect atta*$ to ?is temple by ! ,israelites1 & h[ anxi\sly !y s\ght to gu>d x aga9/ su* pr(anation z x receiv$ at ! h&s ( ,pompey1 is well kn[n4 ,! lavi% spl5dor ) :i* ,solomon adorn$ 8 temple is a common feature ( consecrat$ places4 ,l ! anci5t ,hebrews1 ! ,mexicans & ,p]uvians _h build+s 9 honor ( _! gods1 ( extreme magnific5ce4 ,! temple ( ,pa*acamac1 or ! ,creator1 9 ,p]u1 0 a v l>ge & anci5t build+1 ri*ly decorat$1 :i* 0 f\nd to conta9 an imm5se weal? ( gold & silv] vessels 7,h4 ,i41 b4 v41 *s4 iii41 xii74 ,! b\ndless munific5ce ) :i* pi\s ,*ri/ians h s\ght to beautify _! places ( wor%ip ne$s no description4 ,along ) ! m =mal consecration giv5 to su* sanctu>ies ( ! ,mo/ ,high by special rites1 !y h s\ght to r5d] !m m wor?y ( 8 habitation by ! lib]ality display$ 9 _! erection & embelli%m5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,consecrat$ ,,objects4 ,besides consecration ( places to religi\s uses1 mat]ial ?+s may be consecrat$ to ! deity wor%ip$ by ^? :o ?us apply !m4 ,^! ?+s may be ( ! mo/ v>i$ description1 f common objects ( ! mo/ trifl+ value1 to ^? ( ! utmo/ possible e/imation4 ,among consecrat$ objects are ! furniture ( temples or *ur*es1 :i* is res]v$ = div9e s]vice2 ! g>m5ts worn by prie/s 9 _! liturgical functions2 ! votive tablets 9 :i* m5 record _! gratitude = pres]vation 9 dang]2 pictures1 /atues1 end[m5ts ( l& = mona/]ies or ! support ( ecclesia/ical (fices2 & any?+ else :i* ! own]s may "p ) f pi\s motives1 & ) ! view ( be/[+ x entirely on _! god or 8 viceg]5ts on e>?4 ,su* consecrat$ objects 7 se5 9 abundance by ,lieut5ant ,mat!ws 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 :]e ! natives devot$ !m to ! idols :o reign$ 9 ! small %$s ( dry leaves m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,! (f]+s made by ! natives to ^! sup]human be+s consi/$ ( bits ( clo?1 pieces ( brok5 cups1 plates1 mugs1 or glass bottles1 brass r+s1 beads1 & su* articles4 ,b a /ill m preci\s object 0 be/[$ ^u ^! gods by ! p :5 !y wi%$ to r5d] !m p>ticul>ly complaisant4 ,!n !y g5]ally provide liquor1 ( :i* !y make a v small libation to ! object ( _! petitions & dr9k ! re/4 ,moreov]1 !y h also little g5ii1 or h\sehold gods1 consi/+ ( images ( wood f eight to twelve in*es long1 to :om !y consecrate c]ta9 ?+s4 ,^! might be ( a v miscellane\s ord]4 ,!re might be se51 = in/ance1 a brass pan fa/5$ to ! /ump ( a tree by driv+ a c\ntry axe ?r\gh x--a glass bottle set up on ! /ump ( a tree--a brok5 bottle plac$ ^u ! gr\nd ) two or ?ree beads 9 x1 cov]$ ) a bit ( clo?1 & surr\nd$ ) /ones--a rag laid ^u small /icks & cov]$ ) a brok5 calaba%1 & s =?4 ,z 9 m civiliz$ c\ntries1 ! sanctity conf]r$ ^u ! objects by religion places !m "u ! special protection ( ! law4 ,to remove "o ( !m ev5 unkn[+ly1 cont9ues ! au?or1 is a great (f5se1 & subjects ! aggressor to a palav]1 or action 9 _! c\rts ( law 7,s4 ,l41 p4 #fe-fg74 ,! ,t>t> *iefs1 z describ$ by ! travel] ,c>p91 kept idols 9 _! places ( abode1 to :om !y (f]$ n only ! fir/ milk ( _! ewes & m>es1 & some?+ ( all !y ate1 b to :om !y ev5 consecrat$ horses4 ,aft] ?is d$ication to ! idol no "o might m\nt ^! horses 7,b]g]on1 ,voyage de ,c>p91 p4 #cj74 ,among ! ,s+halese a curi\s mode prevails ( consecrat+ fruit to "s demon1 9 ord] to prev5t its be+ /ol54 ,a b& ( leaves is to be se5 fa/5$ ar\nd ! /em ( a fruit-tree1 & x is suppos$ t no ?ief w be s sacrilegi\s z to t\* ! fruit t has be5 ?us hall[$4 ,occasionally1 says ,sir ,em]son ,t5n5t1 ^! d$ications are made to ! temples ( ,buddha1 & ev5 to ! ,roman ,ca?olic alt>s1 z to t ( ,/4 ,anne ( ,calp5tyn4 ,?is c]emony is call$ ,gokb&eema1 '! ty+ ( ! t5d] leaf1' & its op]ation is to prev5t ! fruit f pillage1 till ripe en\gh to be pluck$ & s5t z an (f]+ to ! div9ity to :om x has ?us be5 consecrat$4 ,he adds1 t a few only ( ! f9e/ are (f]$1 ! re/ be+ kept by ! own] 7,ceylon1 vol4 i4 p4 #edj1 #c;d ed474 ,ano!r au?or1 describ+ ! same cu/om1 says1 ,to prev5t fruit be+ /ol51 ! p hang up c]ta9 grotesque figures ar\nd ! or*>ds & d$icate x to ! devils1 aft] :i* none ( ! native ,ceylonese w d>e ev5 to t\* ! fruit on any acc\nt4 ,ev5 ! own] w n v5ture to use x1 till x be fir/ lib]at$ f ! d$ication4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y c>ry "s ( x to ! pagoda1 :]e ! prie/s1 aft] receiv+ a c]ta9 proportion = !mselves1 remove ! incantations ) :i* x 0 d$icat$ 7,a4 ,i4 ,c41 p4 #aih74 ,"h ! consecration1 contr>y to ! usual rule1 is made ) an int]e/$ motive1 & is ( ! nature ( a direct b>ga9 = temporal advantages4 ,( ! common =m ( consecration among ! same p1 ano!r visitor gives evid5ce2 _! temples are1 he says1 adorn$ ) su* ?+s z ! p's ability & pov]ty c af=d2 acc\nt+ x ! highe/ po9t ( devotion1 b\ntifully to d$icate su* ?+s unto _! gods1 :i* 9 _! e/imation are mo/ preci\s 7,a4 ,r4 ,c41 p4 #gc74 ,sometimes consecration is held to conf] special p[]s1 n o!rwise possess$1 ^u ! objects on :i* x is p]=m$4 ,?us1 among ! rude ,mongolians1 ! consecrat+ rites to :i* sacr$ writ+s & images ( ,buddha are subject$ are describ$ by a ^w mean+ to animate1 :i* is held by a le>n$ ,ori5tali/ to express _! s5se ( ! communication ( liv+ p[]1 ( :i* ! religi\s c]emony is ! vehicle 7,g4 ,o4 ,m41 p4 #ccj74 ,?us1 too1 among ,*ri/ians1 ! consecration ( bread & w9e by a prie/ is reg>d$ z ! means ( a /ill m extraord9>y communication ( liv+ p[] to ^? lifeless elem5ts4 ,& ! writ] has be5 pres5t at ! ,vatican :5 a va/ numb] ( ros>ies1 & o!r su* tr9kets1 7 held up by a cr[d ( devotees to receive ! ,papal bless+1 :i* 0 evid5tly consid]$1 by _! own]s1 to conf] ^u !m "s k9d ( virtue t 0 o!rwise lack+4 ,naturally x foll[s f ! !ory ( consecration--:i* is t ( a gift f m5 to ,god--t ! m valuable ! objects giv51 ! m pleas+ w !y be4 ,h5ce1 m5 g5]ally endeavor to consecrate valuable objects1 ?\gh in/ances to ! contr>y may be f\nd4 ,! horses be/[$ by ! ,t>t>s 71 no d\bt1 among _! mo/ preci\s possessions4 ,& ! l>ge end[m5ts ( l& devot$ 9 p]petuity to ! ,*ur* dur+ ! middle ages1 7 gifts ( ! mo/ p]man5t & mo/ covet$ =m ( prop]ty4 ,consecration diff]s f sacrifice1 9 t ! objects ( sacrifice are int5d$ = ! imm$iate gratification ( ! deity1 ^? ( consecration = 8 cont9u$ use4 ,h5ce1 ?+s sacrific$ are consum$ ^u ! spot2 ?+s consecrat$ are pres]v$ z long z _! nature p]mits ( x4 ,s /rong is ! s5se ( p]man5ce atta*+ to consecration1 t !re are probably ev5 n[ p]sons among u1 :o w\ld reg>d x z a sort ( crime = ! ,/ate to assume ! own]%ip ( l&s once devot$ to religi\s purposes1 or to div]t ! proce$s to "s o!r employm5t4 ,a l s5tim5t1 no d\bt1 prevails ) reg>d to ! mat]ial & ! furniture ( places ( wor%ip4 ,) reg>d to sacrifice ! case is diff]5t4 ,animals1 fruits1 or o!r articles int5d$ = sacrifice1 are giv5 to ! god or 8 repres5tative = ! s+le occasion1 & z a requisite 9 ! p]=mance ( "s mom5t>y rite4 ,if a homely comp>ison may be p]mitt$ on s sacr$ a subject1 x might be n inaptly said1 t ?+s sacrific$ are l ! meat & dr9k plac$ be=e a gue/ :o is invit$ to d9n]1 :ile ?+s consecrat$ r resemble ! pres5t :i* he c>ries away to 8 own resid5ce1 & keeps = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,consecrat$ ,,p]sons4 ,we h se5 ! religi\s in/9ct lead+ to ! consecration ( actions1 to ! consecration ( places1 & to ! consecration ( ?+s4 ,we are n[ to foll[ x 9 a yet m /rik+ exhibition ( its p[]1 ! consecration by human be+s ( _! own lives & _! own p]sons 7or sometimes ( ! lives & p]sons ( _! *ildr574 ,n only is su* self-d$ication to ! s]vice ( religion common2 x is well-nigh univ]sal4 ,!re is no ph5om5on m con/ant1 none m uni=m1 ?an ?is4 ,diff]+ 9 m9or details1 ! gr& features ( self-consecration are ev]y:]e ! same1 :e!r we look to ! sa9tly ,ri%is ( anci5t ,india2 to ! we>]s ( ! yell[ robe 9 ,*9a or ,ceylon2 to ! ,ess5es among ! ,jews2 to ! devotees ( ,vitziliputzli 9 pagan ,mexico2 or to ! monks & nuns ( ,*ri/ian times 9 ,africa1 9 ,asia1 & 9 ,europe4 ,?r\gh\t ! v>i\s cre$s ( ^! di/ant l&s !re runs ! same unconqu]able impulse1 produc+ ! same rem>kable effects4 ,?is is n ! place to attempt a psy*ological explanation ( asceticism z a t5d5cy ( human nature4 ,we h n[ only to notice "s ( its mo/ conspicu\s manife/ations1 & ?us to assign to x its prop] place 9 a hi/ory ( ! mode 9 :i* man endeavors to approa* & to propitiate 8 god4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we may premise t ! consecration ( individuals to a life 9 :i* religion is ! pr$om9at+ elem5t1 means ! ab&onm5t ( ! ord9>y pleasures ( ! _w4 ,?is is ( ! v ess5ce ( self-devotion4 ,sanctity1 & ! enjoym5t ( all ^? ?+s 9 :i* ! body is l>gely conc]n$1 h always be5 reg>d$ z inconsi/5t & opposite4 ,h5ce1 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ?+s prohibit$ to consecrat$ p]sons1 we always discov] ! pleasures ( sex4 ,to indulge 9 ^! is usually consid]$ ! mo/ flagrant outrage aga9/ _! rules4 ,next to sexual delights1 or equally ) !m1 ! luxuries ( *oice food1 ri* clo?+1 com=table b$s1 well-furni%$ rooms1 & simil> m9i/rations to physical ease are )held f ! vot>ies4 ,!y are v frequ5tly volunt>y paup]s or m5dicants2 or :]e ?is is n ! case1 !y usually dep5d on "s end[m5t d]iv$ f ! lib]ality ( o!rs4 ,:]e _! numb]s are l>ge1 !y are plac$ "u rules1 & b\nd to ! /ricte/ ob$i5ce to _! sup]iors 9 ! same l9e ( life4 ,moreov]1 m]e ab/95ce f ord9>y pleasures is n en\gh to prove _! devotion2 !y are call$ on to und]go extraord9>y pa9s4 ,^! v>y ) ! rule ( ! ord]1 or _! own f]vor4 ,sometimes !y are oblig$ to live 9 rooms :i*1 9 ! colde/ wea!r1 no fire is p]mitt$ to *e]2 sometimes _! sleep is brok5 by ris+ at unseasonable h\rs to wor%ip _! deity2 sometimes ! g>m5t !y we> is too ?ick 9 summ]1 & too scanty 9 w9t]2 & sometimes !y te> _! own fle% by sc\rg+ & flagellation4 ,fa/+1 too1 is (t5 impos$ at c]ta9 times4 ,& ! zeal ( individuals always outruns ! compulsory h>d%ips ( _! position4 ,!y w %[ ! int5sity ( _! devotion by fa/+ m rigor\sly ?an o!rs1 sleep+ on h>d] c\*es1 be>+ great] inflictions4 ,self-consecration cont9ually t5ds t[>ds great] & great] self-d5ial2 b ! actual degrees ( self-d5ial v>y f ! m]e obs]vance ( "s simple rules to ! extreme/ possibility ( self-torture4 ,conf9+ ourselves1 h[ev]1 to ! g5]al m>ks :i* *>act]ize ?is devotion ( p]sons to religion1 we may say t x involves pr9cipally two ?+s3 *a/ity & pov]ty4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 !y 7 a/oni%$ to f9d1 9 ! religi\s cu/oms & practices ( ! new _w !y _h invad$1 s mu* t resembl$ ^? ( ! old _w !y _h left beh9d4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case ) reg>d to mona/ic in/itutions1 9 respect ( :i* x seem$ t ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies _h little to tea* _! hea!n bro!rs4 ,c]ta9ly x is a matt] ( surprise1 says ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r ,aco/a1 t false religi\s op9ion %\ld h s mu* p[] ) ^? "y m5 & "y wom5 ( ,mexico1 t !y %\ld d ) su* au/]ity 9 ! s]vice ( ,satan t :i* _m ( u d n d 9 ! s]vice ( ! mo/ high ,god4 ,:i* is a great confusion to ^? :o are v pr\d & v well satisfi$ ) "s trifl+ p5ance :i* !y p]=m 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e1 *4 #af1 sub f9e74 ,9 describ+ m p>ticul>ly ! mann] 9 :i* ! devil _h contriv$ to be s]v$ 9 ,mexico1 he /ates t ar\nd ! great temple !re 7 two mona/]ies1 "o ( "y wom5 & ! o!r ( "y m51 :om !y call$ monks 7religiosos74 ,^? "y m5 :o s]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,vitziliputzli liv$ 9 pov]ty1 *a/ity1 & ob$i5ce2 m9i/]$ l ,levites to ! prie/s & dignit>ies ( ! temple1 & _h manual labor to d4 ,besides ^! 7 o!rs :o p]=m$ m5ial s]vices1 & c>ri$ ! (f]+s t 7 made :5 _! sup]iors w5t 9 que/ ( alms4 ,all ^! _h p]sons :o took *>ge ( !m1 & :5 !y w5t abroad !y held _! heads l[ & _! eyes on ! gr\nd1 n d>+ to raise !m to look at ! wom5 !y might come across4 ,%\ld !y n receive en\gh by way ( alms1 !y _h ! "r ( go+ to ! s[n fields1 & pluck+ ! e>s ( corn ( :i* !y _h ne$4 ,!y practis$ p5ance1 ris+ at midnight1 & also cutt+ !mselves s z to draw blood2 b ?is ex]cise & p5ance did n la/ m ?an a ye> 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e1 *4 #af74 ,bo? 9 ,mexico & 9 ,p]u "y girls 7 consecrat$ to a religi\s life1 b ?is consecration 0 sometimes only tempor>y2 a c]ta9 proportion ( ! ,p]uvian nuns be+ draft$ (f into ! h>em ( ! ,inca4 ,aco/a1 describ+ ?is consecration ( virg9s1 is aga9 impress$ ) ! abilities ( ! devil4 ,s9ce1 he obs]ves1 ! religi\s life is s pleas+ 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 ! fa!r ( lies has contriv$1 n only to imitate x1 b to cause 8 m9i/]s to be di/+ui%$ 9 au/]ity & regul>ity4 ,?us 9 ,p]u !re 7 _m conv5ts = girls1 :o 7 plac$ "u ! tuition ( old wom5 :om !y call$ ,mamaconas4 ,indoctr9at$ by ! ,mamaconas 9 v>i\s ?+s necess>y = human life1 & 9 ! rites & c]emonies ( _! gods1 !y 7 remov$1 aft] !y _h atta9$ f\rte5 ye>s1 ei!r to ! sanctu>ies :]e !y pres]v$ a p]petual virg9ity1 or to be sacrific$ 9 "s religi\s c]emonial1 or to become wives & mi/resses ( ! ,inca & 8 fri5ds4 ,! consecration ( ^! damsels 0 n1 z usual 9 su* cases1 volunt>y on _! "p1 b ! same idea ( m]it inspir$ ! gift on ! "p ( ^? :o made x4 ,=1 :ile ! surr5d] ( female *ildr5 to ! mona/]y 0 compulsory :5 dem&$ by an (fic] nam$ ! ,appopanaca1 yet _m (f]$ _! girls ( _! own free w1 x appe>+ to !m t !y ga9$ great m]it1 inasmu* z !y 7 sacrific$ = ! ,inca4 ,if any ( ! old] nuns1 :o presid$ ov] ! *ildr51 _h s9n$ aga9/ h] honor1 %e 0 inv>iably buri$ alive or subject$ to "s o!r cruel dea?4 ,9 ,mexico1 cont9ues ! pi\s ,jesuit1 ! devil also f\nd 8 own k9d ( nuns1 al?\gh ! pr(ession did n la/ m ?an "o ye>4 ,z has be5 said1 !re 7 two h\ses1 "o = m5 & ano!r = wom54 ,l ! monks1 ! nuns also wore a di/9ctive co/ume1 & dress$ _! hair 9 a di/9ctive fa%ion4 ,l !m1 !y _h manual labor to p]=m2 l !m1 !y rose at midnight = mat9s4 ,!y _h _! abbesses1 :o occupi$ !m 9 mak+ robes = ! adornm5t ( ! idols4 ,!y also _h _! p5ance1 9 :i* !y cut !mselves 9 ! po9ts ( ! e>s4 ,!y liv$ ) honor & circumspection1 & any del9qu5cy1 ev5 ! smalle/1 0 puni%$ ) dea?2 = !y said t ! s9n] _h violat$ ! honor ( _! god 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e1 *4 #ae74 ,ano!r au?or1 describ+ ! religi\s ord]s ( ,p]u1 /ates t fa!rs1 anxi\s t _! *ildr5's lives %\ld be pres]v$1 us$ to d$icate !m 9 infancy to "s =m ( mona/ic e/abli%m5t1 to :i* !y 7 actually committ$ at ! age ( fifte54 ,if1 = in/ance1 !y 7 promis$ to ! h\se ( ,calmecac1 x 0 t !y might p]=m p5ance1 & s]ve ! gods1 & live 9 purity & humility & *a/ity1 & be altoge!r pres]v$ f c>nal vices4 ,a ,*ri/ian p>5t c\ld h desir$ no m4 ,& if x 7 a woman1 %e 0 a s]vant ( ! temple call$ ,civatlamacazqui2 %e _h to be subject to ! wom5 :o gov]n$ t ord]2 %e _h to live 9 *a/ity1 & ab/a9 f e c>nal act1 & to live ) ! virg9s :o 7 call$ ! si/]s1 :o 7 %ut up 9 ! conv5t4 ,a fea/ 0 made :5 ! *ild 0 d$icat$ by its p>5ts1 & ! head ( ! ord] took x 9 8 arms 9 tok5 t x 0 8 subject till x 0 m>ri$2 ! consecration n be+ p]petual4 ,its reception 0 accompani$ by a solemn c]emonial1 9 :i* ! foll[+ pray] 0 (f]$ to _! god3 ,o ,"l1 mo/ m]ciful1 protector ( all1 "h /& ?y h&maid5s1 :o br+ !e a new h&maid1 ^: fa!r & "m promise & (f] h]1 t %e may s]ve !e4 ,& well ?\ kn[e/ t ! poor ?+ is ?9e3 v\*safe to receive h]1 t = a few days %e may sweep & adorn ?y h\se1 :i* is a h\se ( p5ance & weep+1 :]e ! daught]s ( ! nobles place _! h& on ?y ri*es1 pray+ & weep+ to !e ) te>s & great devotion1 & :]e !y dem& ) pray]s ?y words & ?y p[]4 ,v\*safe1 ,o ,"l1 to %[ h] grace1 & to receive h]3 place h]1 ,o ,"l1 9 ! company ( ! virg9s :o are call$ ,tlamacazque1 :o d p5ance & s]ve 9 ! temple1 & we> _! hair %ort4 ,o ,"l1 mo/ m]ciful1 protector ( all1 v\*safe to d ) h] :atev] is ?y holy w1 %[+ h] ! grace :i* ?\ kn[e/ to be suit$ to h]4 ,if !n ! girl 0 ( age1 %e 0 m>k$ 9 ! ribs & brea/1 9 evid5ce ( h] be+ a nun2 & if %e 0 /ill a *ild1 a /r+ ( beads 0 put r\nd h] neck1 :i* %e wore until %e c\ld fulfil ! v[ ( h] p>5ts 7,a4 ,m41 vol4 v4 p4 #dhd-dhf74 ,b 9 addition to ^! tempor>y nuns1 ,p]u _h o!rs1 ^: v[s 7 p]petual4 ,vega relates 9 8 ,comm5t>ies1 t besides ! wom5 :o ent]$ into mona/]ies to pr(ess p]petual virg9ity1 !re 7 _m wom5 ( ! blood-royal :o liv$ 9 _! own h\ses1 subject to a v[ ( virg9ity1 ?\gh n 9 clausura4 ,!y w5t out to visit _! relations on v>i\s occasions4 ,!y 7 held 9 ! greate/ respect = _! *a/ity & purity1 :i* 0 by no means feign$1 b altoge!r g5u9e4 ,any failure to obs]ve _! v[ 0 puni%$ by burn+ or dr[n+4 ,! writ] knew "o ( ^! wom5 :5 advanc$ 9 life1 & occasionally saw h] :5 %e visit$ 8 "m1 ^: great-aunt %e 04 ,he be>s witness himself to ! pr(\nd v5]ation ) :i* ?is old lady 0 ev]y:]e receiv$1 ! place ( honor be+ always assign$ to h]1 z well by 8 "m z by h] o!r acqua9tances 7,c4 ,r41 b4 #d1 *4 #g74 ,?us we f9d celibacy1 z a m>k ( piety1 9 full =ce 9 ! new _w at ! "t ( its discov]y1 no less ?an 9 ! old2 & religi\s *a/ity z mu* respect$ by ! idolatr\s ,mexicans & ,p]uvians z by _! ,ca?olic invad]s4 ,mona/icism1 9 c\ntries :]e ,buddhism reigns supreme1 is a va/ & p[]ful in/itution4 ,9 ! e>ly times ( ,buddhi/ic f]vor1 x w\ld almo/ seem f ! language ( ! leg5ds1 t to embrace ! fai? ( ,sakyamuni & to become an ascetic 7 "o & ! same ?+4 ,at lea/ e conv]t :o aspir$ to be n only a he>]1 b a do] ( ! ^w1 is describ$ z in/antly assum+ ! tonsure & ! yell[ robe4 ,at ! same "t ! di/9ction betwe5 ,bhik%us1 m5dicants1 & ,upsakas1 laym51 is no d\bt an e>ly "o2 & we mu/ assume1 t z soon z ! religion ( ! g5tle ascetic began to spread among ! p at l>ge1 ^? ^: circum/ances did n p]mit !m to be monks or nuns 7 receiv$ on easi] t]ms4 ,:at1 ask$ a disciple1 mu/ be done 9 ! condition ( a m5dicant8--,! rules ( *a/ity mu/ be obs]v$ dur+ ! :ole ( life4 ,t is impossible2 is !re no o!r way8--,!re is ano!r1 fri5d2 x is to be a pi\s man 7,upsaka74 ,:at is !re to be done 9 ?is condition8--,x is necess>y to ab/a9 dur+ ! :ole ( life f murd]1 !ft1 pleasure 7! illicit pleasures ( sex mu/ be und]/ood71 ly+1 & ! use ( intoxicat+ liquors 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #bha74 ,to ^! five comm&m5ts1 b9d+ on e ,buddhi/1 ! rule impos$ ^u ! m5dicants adds five m1 to say no?+ ( _m m special obligations & regulations to :i* !y are subject4 ,murd]1 !ft1 un*a/ity1 ly+1 & dr9k+1 are =bidd5 to !m z to all o!rs2 ! six? comm&m5t prohibits eat+ aft] mid-day2 ! sev5? s++1 danc+1 & play+ musical in/rum5ts2 ! eigh? adorn+ ! p]son ) fl[]s & b&s1 or us+ p]fume & o9tm5t2 ! n9? sleep+ on a high & l>ge b$2 ! t5? accept+ gold & silv]4 ,^! sev]al prohibitions aim1 z is evid5t1 at precisely ! same objects :i* ! f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ian ord]s h always _h 9 view2 t1 namely1 ( wean+ _! disciples f ! _w by keep+ f !m ! enjoym5t ( its luxuries1 & prev5t+ ! acquisition ( p]sonal prop]ty4 ,! obligation to obs]ve ^! rules comm5c$ ) ! novitiate2 a condition :i*1 9 ,buddhi/ z 9 ,ca?olic communities1 prec$es t ( complete ord9ation4 ,! novices are t]m$ ,sraman]a1 a ^w mean+ little ,sramanas1 :ile ! monks !mselves are ei!r ,sramana or ,bhik%u4 ,bo? ^! designations s]ve to express ! nature ( _! vocation2 ,sramana be+ an ascetic :o subdues 8 s5ses1 & ,bhik%u "o :o lives by alms 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 pp4 #bge1 #bgf74 ,! si/]s are call$ ,bhik%un1 & !y are said to owe _! orig9 to ,maha ,prajapati1 ! aunt ( ! great ,sramana ,gautama1 :o obta9$ f h] nephew1 ?r\gh ! int]cession ( ! belov$ disciple ,an&a1 ! p]mission = h] sex to foll[ _! bro!rs 9 ! way ( salvation by pov]ty & *a/ity 7,ibid41 p4 #bgh74 ,!re c be no "q t1 accord+ to ! orig9al practice ( ! m5dicant ord]s1 ! v[ 0 tak5 = life2 & ?is is1 ,i believe1 /ill ! cu/om 9 mo/ ( ! l&s :]e ,buddhism is 9 ! asc5dant4 ,b 9 ,siam1 ! mona/ic v[ c at any "t be cancell$ by ! sup]ior ( ! mona/]y2 & ?is rule1 :i* involves a gross abuse ( ! orig9al in/itution1 r5d]s tempor>y asceticism univ]sal 9 t c\ntry 7,:eel1 p4 #de74 ,ano!r k9d ( deg5]acy has occurr$ 9 ,nepaul1 :]e ! m9i/]s ( religion1 :o else:]e mu/ be monks1 are p]mitt$ to be m>ri$ 7,hodgson1 ,t4,r4,a4,s41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bde74 ,! objects propos$ to !mselves by ,buddhi/s1 9 embrac+ an ascetic life1 are precisely ! same z ^? propos$ to !mselves by ,*ri/ians4 ,by d5y+ !mselves ! pleasures ( ?is _w1 !y hope to obta9 a high] rew>d ?an o!r mortals2 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( bir? 9 a happi] condition1 or 9 t ( complete emancipation f all bir? :atsoev]1 :i* is ! supreme goal ( _! religion4 ,! means !y pursue to atta9 ^! ends are also simil>4 ,! ,prtimok%a ,stra1 or ,stra ( ,emancipation1 :i* =ms ! univ]sal regula 9 all _! mona/]ies1 is wor?y ( a ,/4 ,b5$ict or a ,/4 ,francis4 ,x lays d[n ) ! m9ute/ elaboration1 n only all ! moral precepts t mu/ be obey$ by ! monk or nun1 b all ! little obs]vances 9 reg>d to dress1 eat+1 walk+1 social int]c\rse1 & s =?1 to :i* he mu/ att5d4 ,x conta9s two hundr$ & fifty rules1 & ! brea* ( any ( ^! is att5d$ ) its appropriate p5ance1 accord+ to ! magnitude ( ! (f5se4 ,asceticism 0 deeply root$ 9 ! native l& ( ,buddhism long be=e ! appe>ance ( ! re=m] :o gave x1 by ! f\ndation ( communities1 an organization & a purpose4 ,j z 9 ,egypt !re 7 _m solit>y sa9ts be=e ! "t ( ,pa*omius & ,antony1 s 9 ,india !re 7 holy m5 :o _h subdu$ _! s5ses be=e ! gospel ( deliv]ance 0 prea*$ by ,gautama ,buddha4 ,"s ( ^! disp5s$ altoge!r ) clo?+1 a cu/om :i* 0 fr[n$ ^u by ,buddhism & put d[n :]ev] its influ5ce 0 p>am\nt4 ,o!rs liv$ 9 lonely places1 expos$ to e sort ( h>d%ip & avoid+ e =m ( c>nal pleasure4 ,! popul> m9d comb9$ ! practice ( au/]ity ) ! acquisition ( extraord9>y p[]s ov] nature4 ,h5ce1 no d\bt1 an additional motive = its ex]cise4 ,! ,rmyana ab\nds ) descriptions ( holy h]mits1 liv+ on roots 9 ! =e/s1 & practis+ ! utmo/ au/]ity4 ,visvamitra1 = example1 ! v type ( an ascetic1 0 a mon>*1 :o det]m9$ to obta9 f ! gods ! title ( ,brahman sa9t1 ! highe/ to :i* he1 n by bir? a ,brahman1 c\ld aspire4 ,?is 0 ! mann] 9 :i* he w5t to "w3-- ,8 arms uprais$1 )\t a re/1 ,) b "o foot1 ! e>? he press$2 ,! air 8 food1 ! h]mit /ood ,/ill z a pill> hewn f wood4 ,ar\nd him 9 ! summ] days ,five mighty fires comb9$ to blaze4 ,9 floods ( ra9 no veil 0 spread1 ,save cl\ds1 to canopy 8 head4 ,9 ! d>k dews bo? night & day ,c\*$ 9 ! /ream ! h]mit lay4#e ,twice did ! gods1 al>m$ at ! p[] he 0 likely to acquire1 direct _! ef=ts aga9/ 8 *a/ity4 ,! fir/ "t ! p]fect nymph deput$ on ?is err&1 se5 by him :ile ba?+ h]self nak$ 9 ! /ream1 caus$ him to =get 8 v[ & dally ) h] = t5 ye>s4 ,! second "t ! sa9t p]ceiv$ ! plot1 b all[$ himself to bur/ =? 9 words ( unholy rage aga9/ ! damsel :o 0 try+ to s$uce him1 & ?us lo/ ! m]it ( 8 =m] p5ance4 ,aft] ?is he resolv$ nev] to speak a ^w1 & p]si/$ 9 8 resolution1 until ! gods1 9 a body1 address$ him 9 ! long-desir$ =m3 ,hail1 ,brahman ,sa9t 7,griffi?1 ,! ,ramayan1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgd74 ,visvamitra is ( c\rse a my?ical "*1 & 8 p5ance imag9>y2 b ! ascetic life he is describ$ z lead+ 0 tak5 f models :i* ! writ]s _h be=e _! eyes4 ,all ! m>vels ( ! ,!baid 9 ,*ri/ian times 71 9 fact1 anticipat$ 9 ,india by at lea/ "o ?\s& ye>s4 ,h[ deeply ! ascetic t5d5cy is implant$ 9 human nature is /rik+ly %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,ess5es1 ! ,naz>ites1 & ! ,!rapeut1 :o sprang f a religion ^: o/5sible precepts are em95tly oppos$ to all su* c\rses1 t ( ! ,jews4 ,judaism p[]fully enc\rag$ all ^? incl9ations to :i* mona/icism is fatal3 ! propagation ( ! species1 ! acquisition ( prop]ty1 ! ma9t5ance ( family ties1 & ! enjoym5t ( ! good ?+s :i* ?is _w has to (f]4 ,yet f ! bosom ( ?is sob] fai? sprang bodies ( m5 :o nei!r ate fle%1 nor drank w9e1 nor cohabit$ ) wom54 ,x may be t ! ,jewi% ascetics 7 n v num]\s2 b x is cle>1 too1 t !y 7 n s few z to be deem$ by contempor>y obs]v]s altoge!r unimportant4 ,& ! fasc9ation :i* ,john ! ,bapti/1 pre-em95tly an ascetic1 ex]cis$ ov] 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 is a sign t ?is mode ( liv+ 0 conducive among ! ,jews to t spiritual supremacy :i* is s con/antly receiv$ at ! h&s ( ,*ri/ians4 ,t ,*ri/ianity %\ld enc\rage a disposition :i* ev5 ,judaism c\ld n *eck 0 no m ?an might be expect$ f ! language & conduct ( its f\nd] & 8 e>lie/ disciples4 ,*ri/ 0 nev] m>ri$1 & probably liv$ 9 complete *a/ity4 ,paul goes s f> z to comp>e m>riage unfavorably ) celibacy4 ,james upholds pov]ty z pref]able to ri*es 9 ! eyes ( ,god4 ,! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ab\nds ) passages 9 :i* pres5t mis]y is decl>$ to be ! =]unn] ( future happ9ess1 & pres5t prosp]ity ( future suff]+4 ,?is is ! v _s ( mona/icism1 & x is n surpris+ t f su* a root su* fruits h sprung4 ,f a v e>ly age dev\t ,*ri/ians h felt t 9 r5\nc+ individual prop]ty1 m>riage1 p]sonal fre$om1 & ! v>i\s o!r joys :i* life 9 ! _w (f]s1 !y 7 fulfill+ ! dictates ( _! religion & prep>+ !mselves = heav54 ,to illu/rate ?is proposition effectually w\ld be to write ! hi/ory ( ! mona/ic ord]s4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! des]ts ( ,egypt1 ^! h ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & h ex]cis$ a va/ & pot5t influ5ce on ! ext5sion ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,monks h be5 mission>ies1 prea*]s1 m>tyrs1 p]secutors1 bi%ops & popes4 ,! greate/ names :o h rang$ !mselves "u ! bann] ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* h belong$ to "o or o!r ( ! sev]al ord]s4 ,& alongside ( ! monks1 liv+ by ! same rule1 help+ !m 9 _! sev]al tasks1 ! nuns h ev] be5 =w>d 9 und]go+ _! %>e ( au/]ity & und]tak+ _! %>e ( labor4 ,v v>i\s h be5 ! imm$iate motives t h l$ su* l>ge numb]s ( ,*ri/ians to betake !mselves to ! mona/]y or ! conv5t4 ,"s h fl$ f ri*es & luxury2 o!rs f pov]ty & wret*$ness4 ,"s h be5 sick ( e>?ly pleasures2 o!rs h s\ght to avoid ! temptation ( ev] kn[+ !m4 ,_m h be5 drawn by ! irresi/ible spell ( asceticism to flee f oppos+ p>5ts & unsympa?iz+ fri5ds 9 ord] to embrace x2 o!rs h be5 de/9$ f _! infancy1 l ! ,mexican & ,p]uvian y\?1 to we> ! c[l or to take ! veil4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( e ord] !re has be5 ! same fundam5tal idea su/a9+ its exi/5ce2 ! idea1 namely1 t 9 becom+ an ascetic1 ! p]son 0 consecrat$ to ,god1 & became by t consecration pur]1 holi]1 & bett] ?an ^? :o cont9u$ to pursue ! ord9>y avocations ( secul> life4 ,?is consecration is n giv5 )\t due solemnity4 ,x is only aft] a novitiate1 9 :i* he has full exp]i5ce ( ! privations to be und]gone1 t ! c&idate c be receiv$ into ! ord] ( :i* he desires to be a memb]4 ,%\ld 8 resolution be un%ak5 aft] 8 ye>'s trial z a novice1 he may take ! irrevocable v[ ( ob$i5ce1 "u :i* ^? ( pov]ty & *a/ity are compreh5d$4 ,he is n[ a consecrat$ p]son4 ,he has sacrific$ himself completely to 8 div9e ,ma/]1 & :atev] rew>d he may hope to receive mu/ be giv5 by t ,ma/] 9 a future /ate4 ,x is "o ( ! pr9cipal weaknesses ( ,prote/antism t x has omitt$ to provide = ! ascetic in/9ct4 ,x has lo/ !reby ! mighty hold :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* mu/ ev] possess ov] ^? :o feel !mselves mov$ to crucify ! fle% & devote !mselves :olly to spiritual ?+s4 ,/range to say1 ?is rem>kable in/9ct has nev]!less brok5 out afre% )9 ! bosom ( ,prote/antism 9 rec5t times4 ,! ,%ak]s are b a some:at novel species ( monks & nuns4 ,!y ab/a9 f m>riage ?\gh ! two sexes live toge!r 9 "o community4 ,_! *a/ity is said to be p]fect4 ,!y give up all individual prop]ty = ! common good4 ,!y we> a peculi> dress & are subject to peculi> rules4 ,la/ly1 !y believe t !y /& "u ! special guidance & protection ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,consecrat$ ,,m$iators4 ,hav+ se5 ! mann] 9 :i* individuals devote !mselves to ! special s]vice ( _! deities1 we h n[ to obs]ve ! fur!r fact t a :ole class ( m5 is devot$ to ?is s]vice by ! dem&s ( society4 ,?is class is ! prie/hood4 ,!y diff] f ! p]sons la/ treat$ (1 inasmu* z ! consecration ( ascetics has ref]5ce exclusively to _! own p]sonal salvation1 :ile ! consecration ( prie/s has ref]5ce exclusively to ! salvation ( o!rs4 ,a monk or a nun becomes by ! act ( pr(ession a holi] be+2 less occupi$ ) ! _w2 m5tally ne>] to ,god2 bett] fitt$ to communicate ) him ?an ord9>y un*a/e mortals4 ,a prie/ becomes by ! act ( ord9ation a be+ end[$ ) special p[]s2 bett] entitl$ to (f] up ! public pray]s ?an o!rs2 m likely to be he>d :5 he does s2 m eligible z a *annel ( communication betwe5 m5 & ,god ?an unorda9$ mortals4 ,9 o!r words1 8 functions are ( a public1 ^? ( ! monk ( a private1 k9d4 ,we mu/ n be confus$ by ! fact t among ,buddhi/s & among ,ca?olics ! two species ( consecration are no long] completely di/9ct1 ! monks 9 bo? ( ^? great religions be+ at ! same "t prie/s4 ,! e>ly writ+s ( ,buddhism suffici5tly ev9ce ! fact t no k9d ( public m9i/ry 0 at fir/ connect$ ) ! pr(ession ( a m5dicant4 ,he _h simply to obs]ve ! precepts ( 8 ord]1 & to aim at su* p]fection z %\ld ensure ! deliv]ance ( 8 s\l4 ,prie/ly duties are n[ inde$ p]=m$ by monks 9 ,buddhi/ c\ntries1 b ?is is an addition to _! regul> vocation1 n a necess>y "p ( x2 :ile 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 ! ecclesia/ical "* :i* ! monks at pres5t enjoy 9 no way belong$ to !m :5 ! mona/ic ord]s 7 fir/ e/abli%$4 ,! monks1 z ,montalemb]t obs]ves1 7 at fir/ an int]m$iate body betwe5 laity & cl]gy1 9 :om ! latt] 7 to see an ideal :i* x 0 n possible = all to atta94 ,te*nically1 h[ev]1 ! monks =m$ a "p ( ! laity1 & ! /eps by :i* !y came to be consid]$ z ! regul> cl]gy are1 accord+ to ! same high au?ority1 difficult to foll[ 7,m4 d',o41 vol4 i4 p4 #bhh2 vol4 ii4 p4 #eg74 ,self-consecration1 & consecration to ecclesia/ical duties 7 !re=e two v diff]5t ?+s1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 regul> & secul> cl]gy %[s t1 ?\gh some:at oblit]at$ 9 appe>ance1 ! two ideas are /ill kept ap>t4 ,9 all religions t h ris5 above ! rude/ /age1 ^? :o desire to become prie/s are initiat$ by c]ta9 fix$ c]emonies4 ,?us is ! consecration giv5 :i* fits !m to convey to ,god ! wi%es ( mortals1 & to mortals ! w ( ,god4 ,to take an example f a v primitive =m ( fai?1 ! ,angekoks1 or prie/s ( ! ,gre5l&]s1 receive _! commission only aft] long & exhau/+ rites1 9 :i* a famili> _s is suppos$ to appe> to !m1 & to accompany !m to heav5 & hell4 ,%\ld !y fail t5 times 9 obta9+ ! assi/ance ( su* a _s1 !y are compell$ to lay d[n _! (fices4 ,! _s1 :5 he comes1 holds a conv]sation ) ! ,angekok1 :o is ?us in/all$ 9 8 pr(ession by sup]natural means 7,h4 ,g41 p4 #bec-bef74 ,s also1 among ! ,am]ican tribes 9 ,new ,france1 we are told t ! ,jongleurs by pr(ession nev] obta9$ ?is "* till aft] !y _h be5 prep>$ = x by fa/s1 :i* !y c>ri$ to a great ext5t1 & dur+ :i* !y beat ! drum1 cri$1 %\t$1 sung & smok$4 ,_! in/allation 0 subsequ5tly accompli%$ 9 a sort ( ,bac*analia1 ) c]emonies ( a highly extravagant nature 7,n4 ,f41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cfc74 ,among a c]ta9 tribe ( negroes1 ! prie/s are tak5 f a class ( m5 t]m$ liv+ sacrifices 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cbh71 :o live at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 tak+ :atev] !y require1 & :o we> _! hair1 l ! ,naz>ites1 un%orn4 ,"h _! consecration is m>k$ by ^! peculi> *>act]i/ics1 & appe>s to be impress$ ^u !m by "s d$ication made )\t _! own cons5t4 ,9 ano!r negro nation1 !re is a prie/ess ( a c]ta9 snake1 :o is m>k$ 9 a peculi> way ov] ! :ole body1 & held 9 great e/eem4 ,e ye> "s "y girls are seiz$ by =ce & tak5 to ?is prie/ess1 :o m>ks !m arti/ically1 initiates !m 9 religi\s songs & dances1 m>ries !m 9 a mann] to ! snake1 & consecrates !m z prie/esses ( t div9ity4 ,) o!rs aga9 ! prie/hood is h]$it>y1 ! consecration 9 ?is case be+ impr9t$ once = all on c]ta9 families1 & n imp>t$1 z 9 ! in/ances giv5 above1 by rites affect+ only ! individual :o und]goes !m4 ,a peculi> modification ( ! h]$it>y pr9ciple is :]e ! pref]5ce is giv5 to him1 among sev]al sons1 :o d>es to pull c]ta9 gra9s 7:i* h be5 previ\sly put 97 out ( ! tee? ( 8 deceas$ fa!r1 & place !m 9 ! m\? ( ! corpse4 ,"h ! consecration is p>tly inh]it$1 p>tly p]sonal4 ,else:]e a prie/ or feti*-mak] is made by all sorts ( silly c]emonies at a meal1 & a /r+ ) consecrat$ objects is hung r\nd 8 neck 9 tok5 ( 8 condition 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cbh74 ,bo? pr9ciples1 ! h]$it>y & ! p]sonal1 7 kn[n 9 ,mexico4 ,! prie/s ( ,vitziliputzli succe$$ by "r ( bir?2 ! prie/s ( o!r idols by election or by an (f]+ made 9 _! infancy4 ,prie/s 7 consecrat$ to _! holy (fice by an unction :i*1 z ,fa!r ,aco/a ju/ly obs]ves1 resembl$ t ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!y 7 ano9t$ f head to foot1 & ! hair 0 left to hang d[n 9 tresses moi/ f ! application ( ! o9tm5t4 ,b :5 !y 7 go+ to p]=m ! (fices ( _! sacr$ call+ on m\nta9s1 or 9 d>k caves1 !y 7 ano9t$ ) an altoge!r diff]5t sub/ance1 comp\nd$ by a peculi> process f c]ta9 v5om\s reptiles4 ,?is 0 suppos$ to give !m c\rage 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e1 *4 #bf74 ,! consecration ( ! ,levitical prie/hood1 orig9ally p]sonal1 desc5d$ f fa!r to son1 & 0 moreov] conf9$ to ! memb]s ( ?is s+le tribe4 ,x c\ld n be repeat$ aft] its fir/ p]=mance4 ,h5ce we h 9 ?is case an int]e/+ example1 n only ( an h]$it>y prie/hood1 b also ( ! mann] 9 :i* its exclusive sanctity 0 suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally e/abli%$4 ,moses1 :o d]iv$ 8 appo9tm5t directly f ,jehovah1 0 employ$ to consecrate ,a>on & 8 sons by means ( an elaborate & impos+ ritual communicat$ to him by t deity himself4 ,! means ?us tak5 79 ,jehovah's own words7 to hall[ !m1 to m9i/] unto me 9 ! prie/'s (fice1 7 effectual = all "t2 ! desc5dants ( ,a>on aft] t be+ prie/s by nature4 ,h[ great 0 ! value ( ! consecration ?us giv51 may be se5 by ! fact t ,moses 0 ord]$ to ?reat5 ! p5alty ( dea? aga9/ any "o :o %\ld d>e to manufacture oil simil> to t us$ 9 ano9t+ ,a>on & 8 sons 7,exod4 xxviii4 #bi2 xxx4 #cj-cc74 ,prie/ly p[] among ,*ri/ian nations is communicat$ 9 a solemn c]emonial1 & is conf]r$ only ^u ! individual recipi5t4 ,x does n desc5d 9 8 family1 b x is capable ( be+ imp>t$ by bi%ops1 :o h !mselves receiv$ a high] grade ( prie/ly consecration4 ,by "s x is actually suppos$ t a my/]i\s virtue1 d]iv$ directly f ,*ri/ ?r\gh ! apo/les1 is convey$ to ! recipi5t ( holy ord]s4 ,b :e!r ! apo/olical succession be convey$ or n 9 ! ,ord9ation ,s]vice ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 x is c]ta9 t a high au?ority is held to be giv5 to ! prie/ by ! lay+ on ( ! h&s ( ! ,bi%op & ( ! o!r prie/s pres5t at ! "t4 ,! rights :i* he receives are ?us express$3-- ,receive ! ,holy ,gho/ = ! (fice & "w ( a prie/ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,god1 n[ committ$ unto !e by ! imposition ( our h&s4 ,^: s9s ?\ do/ =give !y are =giv52 & ^: s9s ?\ do/ reta91 !y are reta9$1 & be ?\ a fai?ful disp5s] ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 & ( 8 holy sacram5ts4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,am54 ,aft] ?is ! ,bi%op deliv]s ! ,bible to ea* ( ! c&idates1 say+3-- ,take ?\ au?ority to prea* ! ,^w ( ,god1 & to m9i/] ! holy sacram5ts 9 ! congregation :]e ?\ %alt be lawfully appo9t$ !reunto4 ,"h x may be obs]v$ t !re are ?ree p[]s convey$ by ?is ord9ation3 ! p[] ( prea*+1 ! p[] ( adm9i/]+ ! sacram5ts1 & ! p[] ( =giv+ & reta9+ s9s4 ,s9ce ! salvation ( ,*ri/ians dep5ds ^u _! admission to ! sacram5ts1 & ^u ! =giv5ess ( _! s9s1 x is obvi\s t ! prie/ :o may deb> !m f ! "o1 & refuse ! o!r1 receives 9 8 consecration ! keys ( ! k+dom ( heav54 ,9 _! communications to ! ,almighty ?r\gh ! m$iation ( su* prie/s1 m5 are 9 possession ( an in/rum5t ( ! v highe/ efficacy4 ,! t]rible reality :i* ! belief 9 ! ecclesia/ical privilege ( =giv+ s9s may sometimes h1 is graphically exhibit$ 9 ,m4 de ,lam>t9e's t\*+ poem entitl$ ,jocelyn4 ,!re9 a bi%op1 tak5 prison] & condemn$ to dea? 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 s5ds = a "y deacon :o 0 liv+ 9 concealm5t 9 ! ,alps ) a maid5 :o lov$ him deeply1 & :om 7s9ce ! irrevocable v[s ( a prie/ 7 n yet tak57 he int5d$ to m>ry4 ,reg>dless ( all 8 plead+ ! ,bi%op1 "u ! ?reat ( 8 dy+ ana!ma1 =ces ! unhappy y\? to receive prie/ly ord]s at 8 h&s1 solely 9 ord] t he may !n li/5 to ! episcopal confession & =give ! episcopal s9s4 ,m>riage 0 n[ r5d]$ impossible by ! v[ he _h tak52 & ?us two lives 7 consign$ to endur+ mis]y t a bi%op might die 9 peace4 ,surely ! morality :i* c\ld lead to su* a consummation is self-condemn$6 ,,ext]nal ,,manife/ations ,,( ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t4 ,,second ,,"p4 ,,means ,,( ,,communication ,,d[nw>ds4 ,,classification4 ,we proce$ n[ f ! sev]al me?ods by :i* m51 9 all ages & 9 all c\ntries1 h s\ght to convey _! wi%es1 aspirations1 & emotions upw>ds1 to ^? by :i* _! sev]al deities h 9 _! op9ion convey$ _! comm&s1 decisions1 & int5tions d[nw>ds4 ,! classification w foll[ z closely z ! subject p]mits t ( ! prec$+ "p4 ,consecration1 ! quality p]ta9+ to man's in/rum5ts ( communication ) ,god1 w be replac$ by hol9ess1 ! quality p]ta9+ to ,god's in/rum5ts ( communication ) man4 ,?us1 correspond+ to ! consecrat$ actions ( pray]1 sacrifice1 & praise1 we %all h ! holy ev5ts ( om5s1 signs1 miracles1 & s =?4 ,correspond+ to ! consecrat$ places :]e m5 pay _! devotions1 we %all f9d ! holy places :i* "s high] be+ has bless$ ) tok5s ( 8 pres5ce4 ,correspond+ to ! consecrat$ objects be/[$ by ! creature on ! ,creator1 we %all discov] holy objects ?r\gh :i* "s peculi> grace is convey$ by ! ,creator to ! creature4 ,to consecrat$ m5 w correspond holy m51 :o speak to _! fell[s ) an au?ority high] ?an _! own2 & ^! holy m5 w fall into two classes1 ^? ^: regul> "w x is to repres5t ! deity on e>? & ^? :o are s5t on "s special occasion = "s special purpose4 ,la/ly1 a sep>ate division 7hav+ no correlative among means ( communication upw>ds7 mu/ be giv5 to holy books1 = a mo/ important place 9 ! hi/ory ( religions is occupi$ by treatises writt5 by ! gods = ! use ( m54 ,to ^! !n ! f9al *apt] ( ?is portion ( ! "w mu/ be devot$4 ,pass we n[ to holy ev5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,holy ,,ev5ts4 ,manifold beyond ! possibility ( complete computation are ! signs & intimations v\*saf$ to ! ignorance & weakness ( man by ! cele/ial p[]s4 ,!y speak to him ?r\gh ! ord9>y ph5om5a ( nature2 !y in/ruct him ?r\gh h] r>e & m /rik+ exhibitions2 !y guide 8 foot/eps ?r\gh prodigies & m>vels4 ,sometimes address+ him spontane\sly1 )\t any attempt on 8 "p to elicit _! int5tions1 !y op5 _! views or ann\nce ! future2 sometimes reply+ to 8 anxi\s inquiries1 !y po9t out ! tru? & relieve 8 p]plexity4 ,consid] fir/ ! =m] class ( div9e manife/ations1 9 :i* ! human be+ is a m]ely passive recipi5t ( ! communication grant$4 ,dreams are an excell5t example ( ?is class ( ev5ts4 ,! belief t !y are ( sup]natural orig9 is bo? wide-spread & anci5t4 ,possibly !re is no c\ntry 9 :i* x has n be5 held to a great] or less ext5t1 ev5 ?\gh x may n h =m$ an article 9 ! e/abli%$ cre$4 ,among ! ,africans 9 & ab\t ,si]ra ,leone1 = example1 a dream is receiv$ z judicial evid5ce ( wit*craft1 & ! prison] accus$ on ?is sl5d] te/imony frequ5tly ackn[l$ges ! *>ge & submits to 8 s5t5ce )\t rep9+ 7,n4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #bfj74 ,on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 :]e dreams 7says ,*>levoix7 are reg>d$ z true oracles & notices f heav5 7,h4 ,n4 ,f41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cdh71 x is pla9 t ! l fai? 9 _! intimations prevails4 ,al?\gh expla9$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 n[ z ! rational s\l go+ abroad1 :ile ! s5sitive s\l rema9$ beh9d1 n[ z advice f ! famili> spirits1 n[ z a visit f ! s\l ( ! object dream pt (1 ! dream is always reg>d$ z a sacr$ ?+4 ,x 0 ?\ght to be ! mo/ usual way tak5 by ! gods ( mak+ _! wills kn[n to m54 ,h5ce !y took c>e to obey ! intimations giv5 9 dreams2 a savage :o _h dreamt t 8 little f+] 0 cut (f actually submitt+ to t op]ation2 & ano!r1 :o _h f\nd himself 9 8 dream a prison] among enemies1 gett+ himself ti$ to a /ake & burnt 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body 7,h4 ,n4 ,f41 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cec1 #ced74 ,! ,jews h 9 _! ritual a s+ul> c]emony = remov+ ! influ5ce ( bad dreams4 ,! p]son :o has dreamt some?+ :i* seems to port5d evil1 is said to *oose ?ree fri5ds1 & /&+ be=e !m z !y sit1 to repeat sev5 times3 ,a good dream h ,i se54 ,to :i* !y reply3 ,a good dream ?\ ha/ se52 x is good & %all be good2 ! compassionate ,god1 :o is good1 make x good4 ,& ! conv]sation betwe5 ! dream] & ! int]pret]s cont9ues = "s "t1 ! g5]al effect be+ to convey ,god's bless+ to ! =m] & conv]t 8 tr\ble into gladness4 ,at ! end ! int]pret]s say3 ,g eat ?y bread ) joy1 & dr9k ?y w9e ) a *e]ful he>t1 = ,god n[ accepte? ?y works4 ,& p5it5ce & pray]s & righte\sness w set aside ! evil t ha? be5 doom$1 & peace be unto u & unto all ,israel1 ,am54 ,to ?is ! au?or ( ! book app5ds ! rem>k t ! ,jews believe t all dreams come to pass accord+ to ! int]pretation t is made ( !m1 = :i* reason !y relate _! dreams to none b fri5ds 7,rel4 ( ,jews1 p4 #ga-gd74 ,b t !y c believe x to be 9 ! p[] ( _! fri5ds to *ange ! mean+ ( ! dream by an arbitr>y int]pretation seems sc>cely possible4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be ! mean+ ( ?is passage t an unfavorable int]pretation is 9 itself om9\s ( mis=tune1 or t !y are desir\s n to he> ! wor/ con/ruction t c be put ^u a dream4 ,belief 9 ! prophetic signification ( dreams is n only n disc\nt5anc$ by ! ,*ri/ian religion1 b is explicitly taught by x4 ,if 9 ! pres5t age ?is belief has fall5 some:at out ( repute1 ?is is n because !re c be any d\bt t ! inspir$ writ]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures firmly held x1 b is a feature ( ! g5]al relaxation ( ! bonds ( dogma :i* *>act]izes ! mod]n m9d4 ,to take a few in/ances3 :5 ,abraham _h call$ ,s>ah 8 si/]1 & ?us p]mitt$ ! k+ ( ,g]> to appropriate h]1 ,god himself came to ,abimele* by night 9 a dream1 & told him t %e 0 a m>ri$ woman 7,g54 xx4 #c74 ,highly important in=mation z to ! future ( 8 race 0 giv5 to ,jacob 9 a dream 7,g54 xxviii4 #aa-ae74 ,8 son ,joseph enjoy$ an extraord9>y faculty1 n only ( dream+ true dreams himself1 b also ( int]pret+ ! dreams ( o!rs4 ,x 0 8 own prophetic dreams :i* l$ to 8 sale into ! h&s ( ! trad]s by 8 bro!rs1 & x 0 8 p[] ( correct int]pretation :i* bo? fre$ him f 8 prison 9 ,egypt1 & l$ to 8 promotion to ! high (fice he aft]w>ds held at ! ,egyptian c\rt 7,g54 xxxvii41 #e-aa2 ,g54 xl41 xli74 ,moreov]1 ,joseph1 :o mu/ be consid]$ an au?ority on ! subject1 expressly in=m$ ,ph>aoh1 :5 t mon>* _h relat$ 8 dreams t ,god _h %[$ him :at he 0 ab\t to d 7,g54 xli4 #be-bh74 ,a mo/ important dream 0 grant$ to ,solomon1 to :om ! ,"l appe>$ 9 a dream by night1 & told him to ask :atev] favor he might wi%3 on :i* occasion ! k+ pref]r$ 8 celebrat$ reque/ = wisdom 7#a ,k+s iii41 #e-ae74 ,ano!r rul]1 ,nebu*adnezz>1 0 also visit$ by a prophetic dream1 ! nature ( :i* 0 reveal$ to ! int]pret]1 ,daniel1 9 a night vision1 by ,god himself1 :o ?us admitt$ t x 0 he :o _h s5t x4 ,a fur!r communication 0 made to ,nebu*adnezz>1 9 ! dream :i* he himself has record$ 9 ! proclamation :i* be>s witness at ! same "t to ! fulfillm5t ( its w>n+ 7,daniel ii41 iv74 ,b ( all ! dreams h&$ d[n to u by ! ,scriptural writ]s1 by f> ! mo/ mat]ial1 z evid5ce ( _! ,div9e "*1 is t on :i* ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation ma9ly re/s4 ,take away ! dream 9 :i* ,joseph 0 in=m$ t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 ! p>5t ( ,m>y's fir/-born *ild 7,matt4 i4 #bj71 & t my/]y w dep5d exclusively on a /ory ( an angel's visit1 ( necessity relat$ by ,m>y h]self 7,luke i4 #ce72 = obvi\s reasons n ! mo/ tru/wor?y witness on s delicate a po9t4 ,b ?is is n all2 = x 0 by a dream t ! ,magi1 aft] _! adoration1 7 w>n$ to escape ! v5geance ( ,h]od 7,matt4 ii4 #ab72 & by a dream t ! life ( ! infant ,*ri/ 0 pres]v$ 9 ! massacre ( ! innoc5ts 7,matt4 ii4 #ac74 ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 may be said to owe its v exi/5ce to ! cele/ial intimations convey$ 9 dreams1 & ,*ri/ians _c consi/5tly embrace any !ory :i* w\ld lead to a d5ial ( _! holy & prophetic "*4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 we h num]\s in/ances 9 ! ,bible ( su* dreams be+ grant$ to hea!ns & idolat]s x is pla9 t ! ,*ri/ian deity does n conf9e 8 nocturnal visitations to or?odox believ]s4 ,if ! *ief butl]1 ! *ief bak]1 ,ph>aoh1 & ,nebu*adnezz> dreamt prophetically1 s may any ( u at any "t accord+ to ?is tea*+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is p[] may be due to a special outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 z impli$ 9 ! pr$iction ( ,joel t y\r sons & y\r daught]s %all prophecy1 y\r old m5 %all dream dreams1 y\r "y m5 %all see visions 7,joel ii4 #bh74 ,s t we may completely endorse ! conclusion ( ! ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,b>ry1 :o discusses ?is subject ) mu* solemnity 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 t ! ,scripture claims ! dream1 z x does e o!r action ( ! human m9d1 z a m$ium ?r\gh :i* ,god may speak to man1 ei!r directly1 t is1 z we call x1 'provid5tially1' or indirectly1 9 virtue ( a g5]al influ5ce ^u all 8 ?\ghts2 b :e!r !re is any?+ to be said 9 support ( ! fur!r inf]5ce t 'revelation by dreams' may be expect$ to pass away1 is n equally cle>4 ,assur$ly no passage c be produc$ :i*1 ev5 by implication1 /ates t ?is me?od ( communication 0 tempor>y or transi5t2 & consid]+ t x cont9u$ 9 op]ation f ! days ( ,abraham to ^? ( ,jesus1 x is h>d to see h[ ! ,bible c be made to support ! notion t x is to cease entirely at any p]iod ( human hi/ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,scriptural writ]s1 bo? old & new1 w\ld practically h agre$ ) ,hom]3 ,! dream also is f ,zeus 7,iliad1 i4 #fc74 ,inde$1 ! passage 9 :i* t deity s5ds ! p]sonifi$ ,dream to be> a message to ,agamemnon 7,ibid41 ii4 #h-ae71 diff]s only 9 its my?ological color+ f ! repres5tations 9 ! ,bible ( dreams 9 :i* ,god comes or appe>s to ! sleep]1 or 9 :i* he *>ges an angel to convey to him 8 purpose or 8 w4 ,& ! discrim9ation comm&$ to be ex]cis$ betwe5 prophecies or dreams des]v+ att5tion1 & prophecies or dreams contriv$ m]ely to te/ ! fidelity ( ! ,israelites1 & !re=e n to be receiv$ z true1 fully corresponds to ! di/9ction drawn 9 ! ,odyssey betwe5 dreams pass+ ?r\gh ! iron gate1 & dreams pass+ ?r\gh ! ivory gate4 ,^? t came ?r\gh ! horn gate br\ght true intimations2 b ^? t came ?r\gh ! ivory gate 7 s5t to deceive 7,od4 xix4 #efj-efh74 ,ano!r involunt>y action ?r\gh :i* ,god communicates ) man is sneez+4 ,f ! l[e/ savages to ! mo/ educat$ nation on ! face ( ! e>?1 ?is simple physical ev5t is view$ z an om54 ,a peculi>ity att5d+ ?is p>ticul> k9d ( manife/ation is1 t x is usual = ^? pres5t :5 x occurs to notice x by say+ some?+ ( favorable augury4 ,9 ,samoa1 "o ( ! ,polynesian isl&s1 x 0 common to say1 ,life to y6 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #cdg47 an exclamation :i* 9 s5se corresponds almo/ exactly to ! ,g]man ,gesundheit6 7heal?7 to ! ,italian ,salute6 & to our own ,god bless y6 on ! same occasion4 ,s\? ,african savages h ! same s5tim5t ( ! religi\s nature ( ! om5 involv$ 9 sneez+4 ,?us1 among ! ,kafirs we le>n t x us$ always to be said :5 a man sneez$1 ',may ,utikxo ,god ev] reg>d me ) favor4' ,canon ,callaway1 :o has acutely notic$ ! p>allelism among v>i\s nations 9 respect ( ! feel+ associat$ ) ?is action1 fur!r in=ms u t among ! ,amazulu1 if a *ild sneeze1 x is reg>d$ z a good sign2 & if x be ill1 !y believe x w recov]4 ,on su* an occasion !y exclaim1 ',tutuka1' ,gr[4 ,:5 a gr[n up p]son sneezes1 he says1 ',bakiti1 ngi hambe kade1' ,spirits ( our p1 grant me a long life4 ,z he believes t at ! "t ( sneez+ ! _s ( 8 h\se is 9 "s especial proximity to him1 he believes x is a "t especially favorable to pray]1 & t :atev] he asks = w be giv52 h5ce he may say1 ',bakwiti1 inkomo1' ,spirits ( our p1 give me cattle1 or ',bakwiti1 abntwana1' ,spirits ( our p1 give me *ildr54 ,div9]s among ! natives are v apt to sneeze1 :i* !y reg>d z an indication ( ! pres5ce ( ! spirits2 ! div9] adores by say+1 ',makosi1' ,lords1 or ,ma/]s 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 "p i4 p4 #fd74 ,a simil> belief prevails among ! ,p>sees1 :o consid] a sneeze z a m>k ( victory obta9$ ov] ! evil spirits :o besiege ! int]ior ( ! body by ! fire :i* animates man1 & :o accord+ly r5d] ?anks to ,ahuramazda :5 ?is ev5t happ5s 7,z4 ,a41 vol4 ii4 p4 #eih74 ,classical antiquity pres5ts u ) an example ( a fam\s sneeze4 ,at a critical mom5t 9 ! exp$ition ( ! ,t5 ,?\s& aga9/ ,artax]xes1 :5 !y 7 left 9 a ho/ile c\ntry surr\nd$ ) p]plexities & p]ils1 ,x5ophon enc\rag$ !m by an address 9 :i* he urg$ t if !y w\ld take a c]ta9 c\rse1 !y _h ) ! favor ( ! gods1 _m & good hopes ( safety4 ,j at ^! words1 somebody sneezes1 & imm$iately ! droop+ he>ts ( ! soldi]y 7 com=t$ by ?is assurance ( div9e protection4 ,) "o impulse !y wor%ipp$ ! god2 & ,x5ophon rem>k$ t s9ce1 :5 !y 7 9 ! v act ( speak+ ( safety1 ?is favorable augury ( ,zeus ! ,savior _h appe>$1 x seem$ prop] to him t !y %\ld v[ ?ank-(f]+s to ?is deity1 to be pres5t$ on _! fir/ arrival 9 a fri5dly c\ntry1 & also t !y %\ld make a v[ to sacrifice to ! o!r gods accord+ to _! ability 7,x54 ,anab4 iii4 #b4 #i74 ,n only is x cu/om>y 9 ,g]many to welcome a sneeze ) ! above-m5tion$ exclamation ( ,gesundheit6 b a notion is /at$ to prevail t %\ld "o p]son be ?9k+ ( some?+ 9 ! future1 & ano!r sneeze at ! mom5t he is ?us engag$1 ! ?+ ?\ght ( w come to pass4 ,s t ! commone/ "* ascrib$ to sneez+ is t ( an auspici\s om54 ,o!r ph5om5a may s]ve z om5s1 & su* ph5om5a may be ei!r natural or pret]natural4 ,9 ! fir/ case _! prophetic or significant "* is entirely due to ! int]pretation put ^u !m by m52 9 ! second1 x is inh]5t 9 _! v nature1 :i* at once r5d]s !m conspicu\s z exceptions to ! usual c\rse4 ,^? ( ! fir/ class h ?us a dual function2 contemplat$ on ! o!r side1 !y are m]ely ev5ts belong+ to ! regul> sequ5ce ( causes & effects2 contemplat$ on ! o!r1 !y are especially contriv$ z indications ( ! div9e purposes4 ,h5ce1 to "o obs]v] !y may be> ! appe>ance ( ord9>y ph5om5a2 to ano!r1 bett] in=m$1 !y may convey important intimations ( ! future4 ,tacitus m5tions1 = example1 ! favorable augury t 0 grant$ to ! ,romans on ! eve ( a battle ) ! ,g]mans by ! flight ( eight eagles :o s\ght ! woods 7,tac4 ,ann41 ii4 #ag4 #b74 ,! same au?or in=ms u ( a melan*oly om5 :i* occurr$ to ,paetus :5 he & 8 army 7 cross+ ! ,euphrates4 ,)\t app>5t cause1 ! horse :i* bore ! consul> insignia turn$ backw>ds 7,ibid41 xv4 #g4 #c74 ,ea* ( ^! signs 0 ( c\rse foll[$ by its appropriate ev5ts4 ,a belief :i* is ?us f\nd 9 a civiliz$ nation naturally has its prototype among ! unciviliz$4 ,! ,kafirs believe t ! spirits s5d !m om5s4 ,?us a wild animal ent]+ a kraal is reg>d$ z a mess5g] f ! _s to rem9d ! p t !y h done some?+ wrong4 ,ano!r om5 :i* is consid]$ v t]rible is ! bleat+ ( a %eep :ile x is be+ slaught]$4 ,a c\ncilor1 to :om x occurr$ to he> ?is sign1 0 told by a prophet t x =ebod$ 8 dea?4 ,/range to say1 8 *ief soon aft] s5t soldi]s to kill him1 & ! man only av]t$ 8 ?reat5$ fate by escap+ to ,natal4 ,among o!r natural ev5ts :i* are om5s to ! ,kafirs are1 a *ild born dead2 a woman two days 9 p>turition2 a man burnt :ile sitt+ by ! fire1 unless he 7 asleep or drunk 7,k4 ,n4 pp4 #afb1 #afc74 ,an unexpect$ :irlw9d w sugge/ to ! ,*9ese ! conte/ ( evil spirits2 & ! fly+ ( a cr[ 9 a peculi> direction fill !m ) con/]nation4 ,9 su* a deplorable /ate1 gravely obs]ves ! mission>y :o records ^! facts1 is ! hea!n m9d 7,c4 ,o41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjh74 ,p]haps he did n consid] t !re 7 _m 9 m enlight5$ c\ntries :o w\ld be al>m$ at ! om5 impli$ by a d9n]-p>ty ( ?irte51 & :o w\ld reg>d x z ( evil augury to beg9 a j\rney on ,friday4 ,9 su* a deplorable /ate is ! ,*ri/ian m9d4 ,ceylon appe>s to be rem>kable = ! fai? plac$ by its inhabitants 9 om5s1 :i* are ev5 said to regulate _! :ole conduct & to intimate _! de/9y f bir? onw>ds4 ,*ildr51 ( ^: future ! a/rolog]s pr$ict evil1 are sometimes de/roy$ 9 ord] to avoid _! pre-det]m9$ mis]y4 ,on go+ out 9 ! morn+1 ! ,s+halese anxi\sly rem>k ! object !y enc\nt] fir/1 9 ord] to d$uce f x a favorable or unfavorable augury = ! bus9ess ( ! day4 ,i1 z a ,european1 says ! au?or :o tells u ^! facts1 0 always a glad sight to !m2 = a :ite man or a woman ) *ild 7 good om5s2 b begg>s & de=m$ p]sons s unlucky1 z ev5 to /op ^! hapless folk f proce$+ 9 ! "w !y 7 ab\t dur+ ! day on :i* ^! bod+ signs 7 ! fir/ ?+s to meet _! gaze 7,a4 ,i4 ,c41 p4 #aid74 ,ano!r ph5om5on ( a some:at less ord9>y k9d s]ves z an om5 to ! ,s+halese1 ?\gh app>5tly only 9 ref]5ce to a s+le fact4 ,!re is visible 9 ,ceylon a peculi> & beautiful meteor1 t]m$ ,buddha rays1 :i* is suppos$ by ! natives only to appe> ov] a temple or tomb ( ,buddha's relics1 & f !nce to emanate4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! rays is tak5 by believ]s z a sign t ! ,buddhi/ fai? w la/ = ! de/9$ span ( five ?\s& ye>s f its f\nd]'s dea? 7,e4 ,y41 vol4 i4 p4 #ccg72 mu* z ! ra9b[ is held by ,jews & ,*ri/ians to be ! tok5 ( a promise t ,god w nev] aga9 puni% ! _w by a univ]sal deluge4 ,! next class ( om5s ne$ n consi/ ( ph5om5a :i* are absolutely beyond ! range ( physical law1 provid$ !y be suffici5tly r>e to /rike ! imag9ation ( obs]v]s z m>vel\s occurr5ces4 ,= example1 an eclipse ( ! sun may be an om5 to savage or v un9/ruct$ p2 a comet1 be+ m unusual1 w seem om9\s to nations /&+ on a mu* high] grade ( culture4 ,advanc+ /ill high]1 extraord9>y & inexplicable sights 9 ! heav5s or on e>? w /& = port5ts to all b ! sci5tifically m9d$4 ,an example ( ! latt] class is f\nd 9 ! tempor>y )]+ ( ! ,rum9al tree1 :i* _h %elt]$ ! infancy ( ,romulus & ,remus #hdj ye>s be=e 7,tac4 ,ann41 xiii4 #eh74 ,at ! "t at :i* ,tacitus beg9s 8 hi/ory1 !re 71 he says1 prodigies 9 ! sky & on e>?1 w>n+s ( lightn+s & presages ( future ?+s 7,tac4 ,hi/41 i4 #c4 #b74 ,popul> imag9ation1 besides conv]t+ natural1 b r>e1 ph5om5a into om5s1 inv5ts o!rs :i* are altoge!r sup]natural4 ,9 ! di/urb$ days ( ,o?o & ,vitellius1 x 0 rumor$ t a =m ( l>g] ?an human dim5sions _h issu$ f ! %r9e ( ,juno2 t a /atue ( ,julius on ! ,tib]9e isl& _h turn$ r\nd f we/ to ea/ )\t any p]ceptible ag5cy2 t an ox 9 ,etruria _h spok52 t animals _h br\ght =? /range prog5y2 & t o!r al>m+ exceptions to ! laws ( nature _h be5 obs]v$ 7,ibid41 i4 #hf4 #a74 ,! suppos$ contraction ( a man's %ad[ is ?\ght 9 ,s\? ,africa to port5d 8 dea? 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 pt4 i4 p4 #abf74 ,! ,iri% ,ban%ee is a be+ :o does n belong to any species recogniz$ by sci5ce1 & :o1 moreov]1 is he>d to scream only be=e a dea? 9 ! family to :i* %e is atta*$4 ,! tick+ s\nd produc$ by a small insect 9 ! wood5 furniture ( a room is t]m$ 9 ,scotl& ! dea?-wat*1 & has ! same om9\s significance4 ,to "o family1 a drumm] he>d to drum outside ! ca/le is significant ( dea?2 9 ano!r1 x may be t a p>ticul> gho/1 se5 by a casual visitor :o kn[s no?+ ( its mean+1 conveys a simil> intimation4 ,! bir? ( great m5 is (t5 suppos$ to be m>k$ by extraord9>y signs4 ,at my nativity1 says ,ow5 ,gl5d[]1 ,! front ( heav5 0 full ( fi]y %apes1 ,( burn+ cressets2 & at my bir?1 ,! frame & huge f\ndation ( ! e>? ,%ak'd l a c[>d4 ,& aga93-- ,! goats ran f ! m\nta9s1 & ! h]ds ,7 /rangely clamor\s to ! fright$ fields4 ,^! signs h m>k$ me extraord9>y2 ,& all ! c\rses ( my life d %[ ,i am n 9 ! roll ( common m54#f ,f signs :i* ! b\nty ( nature supplies )\t ef=t on ! "p ( human be+s1 we proce$ to ^? :i* are grant$ only 9 reply to solicitations on ! "p ( "s p]son or p]sons 9 que/ ( sup]natural in=mation4 ,( ^!1 a lead+ place mu/ be assign$ to ^? :i* are obta9$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( div9]s4 ,div9ation is 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w a highly-develop$ & lucrative art4 ,! natives ( ,s\? ,africa1 be+ 9 any p]plexity1 resort to ! pr(essional div9] to help !m out ( x4 ,%\ld cattle be lo/1 %\ld a goat be too long 9 giv+ bir? to its kids1 %\ld a relation be ill1 ! div9] is ask$ to in=m ^? :o consult him1 bo? :at x is t has happ5$1 & :at !y are to d4 ,sometimes 8 replies are assi/$ by /icks held by ! p1 :o beat !m vehem5tly on ! gr\nd :5 he div9es correctly1 & g5tly :5 he div9es incorrectly2 sometimes he himself makes use ( small /icks or bones1 :i* indicate by _! movem5ts ! ?+ desir$ to be kn[n2 sometimes aga9 my/]i\s voices1 suppos$ to be ^? ( spirits1 are he>d to speak4 ,9 a case relat$ by "o ( ,canon ,callaway's in=mants 7:o 0 q sceptical z to t class ( div9]s :o requir$ ! p to /rike ! gr\nd71 a correct answ] 0 giv5 by a div9] :o employ$ bones z 8 pr(essional in/rum5ts4 ,he _h gone to inquire ab\t a goat ( 8 bro!r's1 :i* _h be5 yean+ "s days1 & _h n br\ght =?4 ,! div9] discov]$ f 8 bones :at 0 ! matt]2 he decl>$ t ! %e-goat _h be5 made ill by sorc]]s1 & told !m t :5 !y rea*$ home x w\ld h giv5 bir? to two kids4 ,! pr$iction 0 fulfill$4 ,on rea*+ home !re 7 two kids1 a :ite & a grey "o2 ! v colors ! div9] _h se5 9 8 inspir$ vision4 ,i 0 at once satisfi$1 obs]ves ! n>rator 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 pt4 iii4 p4 #ccd-ccf74 ,ano!r mode ( div9+ is by ! aid ( famili> spirits1 :o address ! consult+ p>ty )\t be+ !mselves visible4 ,a native relates t 8 adopt$ fa!r w5t to inquire ( a div9] by spirits 7nam$ ,umancele7 conc]n+ 8 wife's illness4 ,:5 ! relations ( ! sick woman ent]$ to salute1 "s he>d ! spirits salut+ !m1 say+1 ,good-day1 ,s & ,s4 ,! p]son ?us address$ />t$1 & exclaim$1 ,oh1 :5ce does ! voice come8 ,i 0 salut+ ,umancele yond]4 ,! div9ation 9 ?is case 0 n successful1 & ! n>rator pa!tically regrets t a bullock 0 giv5 to ! div9] = 8 false in=mation4 ,9 ano!r case a woman1 :o likewise div9$ by means ( spirits1 0 p]fectly correct 9 all %e said4 ,"s memb]s ( a family 9 :i* a little boy suff]$ f convulsions w5t to consult h]2 & %e discov]$1 or r ! spirits discov]$ = h]1 :at 0 ! matt] ) him2 :at 0 ! relation%ip ( ^? :o _h come2 & :at 7 _! circum/ances4 ,%e prescrib$ a rem$y1 & pr$ict$ a complete recov]y4 ,! cause ( ! illness 01 accord+ to h]1 ! displeasure ( ance/ral spirits4 ,a sacrifice 0 to be (f]$ to !m2 & ! village 0 to be remov$ to ano!r place4 ,^! ?+s done1 %e decl>$ t ! boy w\ld h no m ( ! convulsions f :i* he suff]$4 ,if he did1 !y might take back _! money4 ,all turn$ out z %e _h said1 to ! v lett] 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 pt4 iii4 p4 #cfa-cgd74 ,! prie/s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes h a peculi> me?od ( div9ation4 ,hav+ receiv$ a h&ful ( tobacco z a fee1 !y w summon a _s to answ] ! inquiries ( _! visitors4 ,?is !y d by enclos+ !mselves 9 lodges1 9 :i* !y utt] incantations4 ,z may be suppos$1 ! spirits :o obey ! summons ( ! ,indian prie/ are n mu* m useful z guides to action ?an ^? :o figure at ! seance ( 8 civiliz$ competitor1 ! m$ium4 ,_! replies1 ?\gh usually cle> & correct1 are usually ( t pr(\ndly ambigu\s purport :i* leaves ! anxi\s inquir] little wis] ?an he 0 be=e 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #bfh74 ,br9ton1 h[ev]1 hav+ /at$ ?is1 proce$s to speak ( cases1 app>5tly well atte/$1 9 :i* ! div9]s h =ese5 com+ ev5ts ) unacc\ntable cle>ness4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,capta9 ,jona?an ,c>v]1 9 #agfg1 0 among ! ,killi/5oes1 & t tribe 0 suff]+ f want ( food1 ! *ief prie/ consult$ ! div9ities1 & pr$ict$ ) p]fect accuracy ! h\r on ! foll[+ day :5 a canoe w\ld arrive4 ,br9ton adds1 on ! au?ority ( ,john ,mason ,br[n1 t :5 ,mr4 ,br[n & two companions 7 pursu+ an app>5tly hopeless que/ = a b& ( ,indians1 !y 7 met by "s w>riors ( t v b&1 :o decl>$ t ! appe>ance ( ! :ite man _h be5 exactly describ$ by ! m$ic9e-man :o _h s5t !m4 ,& :at r5d]s ! /ory rem>kable is1 t ! description 0 repeat$ to ,mr4 ,br[n by ! w>riors be=e !y saw 8 two companions4 ,! prie/ 0 unable to expla9 :at he _h done1 except by say+ t he saw !m com+1 & he>d !m talk on _! j\rney 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 pp4 #bgj1 #bga74 ,among ! ,o/iacks 9 =m] days1 ! prie/s1 :5 !y int5d$ to div9e1 caus$ !mselves to be b\nd1 ?rew !mselves on ! gr\nd1 & made all sorts ( grimaces & contortions till !y felt !mselves inspir$ ) a reply to ! "q t _h be5 put to ! idol4 ,^? :o _h come to consult ! oracle1 sigh$ & moan$ & /ruck ^u c]ta9 vessels s z to make a noise1 till !y saw a blui% vapor1 :i* !y conceiv$ to be ! _s ( prophecy1 & :i*1 :ile spread+ ov] all ! spectators1 seiz$ ! div9] & caus$ him to fall into convulsions 7,b]n>d1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dab74 ,9 anci5t ,*9a1 ! in/rum5ts ( div9ation 7 ! %ell ( ! tortoise & ! /alks ( a c]ta9 grass or re$ 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iii4 ,proleg4 p4 #aif74 ,^! are frequ5tly spok5 ( 9 ! sacr$ books z ! tortoise & milfoil1 & !re are hi/orical examples ( _! employm5t4 ,! foll[+ rules = div9ation are giv5 by a speak] 9 ! ,%oo ,k+3-- ,hav+ *os5 & appo9t$ (fic]s = div9+ by ! tortoise & by ! milfoil1 !y are to be *>g$ on occasion to p]=m _! duties4 ,9 do+ ?is1 !y w f9d ! appe>ances ( ra91 cle>+ up1 cl\d9ess1 want ( connection1 & cross+2 & ! symbols1 solidity & rep5tance4 ,9 all1 ! indications are sev52--five giv5 by ! tortoise1 & two by ! milfoil1 by :i* ! errors ( affairs may be trac$ out4 ,^! (fic]s hav+ be5 appo9t$1 :5 ! op]ations ) ! tortoise & milfoil are proce$$ )1 ?ree m5 are to obta9 & int]pret ! indications & symbols1 & ! cons5t+ words ( two ( !m are to be foll[$ 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cce74 ,fur!r in/ructions are !n giv5 9 case ! ,emp]or1 nobles1 (fic]s1 or p1 & any or all ( ^!1 %\ld disagree ) ! tortoise & milfoil2 ! great] weight be+ giv5 to ! latt] 7,ibid41 p4 #cbg74 ,( mod]n div9ation 9 ,*9a1 ,dr4 ,legge rec\nts ! foll[+ /ory3-- ,i once saw a fa!r & son div9+ aft] "o ( ! fa%ions ( ! pres5t day4 ,!y toss$ ! bamboo roots1 :i* came d[n 9 ! unlucky positions = a doz5 times 9 succession4 ,at la/ a lucky ca/ 0 made4 ,!y look$ into ea* o!r's faces1 laugh$ he>tily1 & rose up1 delight$1 f _! knees4 ,! div9ation 0 n[ successful1 & !y d>$ n repeat x6 7,ibid41 ,proleg4 p4 #aig74 ,"h x seems t heav5 0 m]ely call$ 9 to give its sanction to a =egone conclusion4 ,! ,s+halese h a curi\s me?od ( discov]+1 by a species ( div9ation1 :at god x is :o has caus$ ! illness ( a pati5t4 ,) any little /ick1 says ,knox1 !y make a b[1 & on ! /r+ !re( !y hang a ?+ !y h to cut betel-nuts1 some:at l a pair ( scissors2 !n hold+ ! /ick or b[ by bo? ends1 !y repeat ! names ( all1 bo? god & devils3 & :5 !y come to him :o ha? afflict$ !m1 !n ! iron or ! b[/r+ w sw+ 7,h4 ,r4 ,c41 p4 #gf74 ,div9ation1 z is well kn[n1 0 regul>ly practic$ by ! anci5ts1 :o read ! w ( ! gods 9 ! entrails ( animals1 & :o employ$1 z a help 9 =esee+ ! future & guid+ _! conduct1 ! class ( pr(essional div9]s kn[n z augurs4 ,ano!r me?od1 by :i* x has (t5 be5 suppos$ t ,god ent]$ into communication ) man1 is t ( ! movem5ts ( ! />s & planets4 ,h5ce ! pseudo-sci5ce ( a/rology1 :i* 0 s mu* cultivat$ 9 ! middle ages be=e its sup]session by a/ronomy4 ,9 ,india1 obs]ves ,k>l ,twe/51 ! />s 7 v e>ly consult$ z oracles4 ,manu excludes a/rolog]s f ! sacrifices2 & 9 lat] times a/rology became v g5]al4 ,accord+ to ,twe/51 !re is an a/rolog] 9 almo/ e ,h9du community1 :o is mu* consult$1 & det]m9es ! favorable mom5t = e important und]tak+ 7,r4 ,i41 p4 #bhe74 ,antiquity1 wide ext5sion1 & great p]si/5cy may all be plead$ on behalf ( ! notion t t]re/rial ev5ts are =e%ad[$ by a sy/em ( cele/ial signals4 ,!re is a t\* ( a/rological belief 9 ! evangelical n>rative t ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 0 intimat$ to ! ,magi by a /> 9 ! ea/4 ,sometimes1 :5 x 0 desirable n to asc]ta9 future ev5ts1 b to decide betwe5 guilt & innoc5ce1 tru? & falsehood1 ! div9e ,be+ himself 0 call$ 9 z umpire1 & 0 suppos$ to convey 8 judgm5t by ! turn ( ev5ts 9 a pre-arrang$ case4 ,?is is ! !ory ( ^? communications f ,god to man :i* are made by ordeals4 ,ordeals 7 ( v>i\s k9ds1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! issue to be tri$4 ,did "o man *>ge ano!r ) "s k9d ( disgraceful conduct1 ! accus] 0 summon$ to put 8 words to ! te/ ( a s+le combat1 9 :i* tru? 0 held to lie on ! side ( ! victor2 0 an old woman suspect$ ( wit*craft1 %e 0 ?r[n into ! ne>e/ pond1 ) ?umbs & toes ti$ toge!r1 :]e h] float+ 0 reg>d$ z c]ta9 evid5ce ( h] guilt4 ,innoc5ce ( legal crime1 or 9 ! case ( wom51 ( adult]y1 has v frequ5tly be5 e/abli%$ by ! me?od ( ordeals4 ,sev]al au?ors h notic$ ! ordeals 9 use among ! natives on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,"o ( !m1 writ+ ( ,si]ra ,leone1 in=ms u t if an accus$ p]son c f9d a *ief to patronize him1 he is p]mitt$ to cle> himself by submitt+ ei!r to h a hot iron appli$ to 8 sk91 or to dip 8 h& 9 boil+ oil to pull out "s object put into x1 or to h 8 tongue /rok$ ) a r$-hot copp] r+4 ,s9ce 8 be+ burnt is consid]$ z a pro( ( guilt1 x w\ld n appe> t ! *ances ( escape 7 great4 ,^u ! ,gold ,coa/1 ! ordeal consi/s 9 *ew+ ! b>k ( a tree1 ) a pray] t x may cause 8 dea? if he be n innoc5t4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,si]ra ,leone1 a v peculi> ordeal is practic$1 t1 namely1 ( dr9k+ wat] prep>$ f ! b>k ( a c]ta9 tree1 & t]m$ r$ wat]4 ,be=e tak+ x1 ! dr9k] repeats a pray] conta9+ an imprecation on himself if guilty4 ,%\ld ?is decoction cause purg+ or pa9s 9 ! b[els1 x is a pro( ( guilt2 %\ld x1 on ! contr>y1 excite vomit+1 & produce no effect on ! b[els = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 an acquittal ensues1 & ! p]son :o has ?us successfully und]gone ! trial is held 9 high] e/eem ?an he enjoy$ be=e 7,n4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #abi-acc74 ,sometimes ?is s+ul> mode ( trial is employ$ 9 cases :]e a corpse is suppos$ to h accus$ "s p]son ( caus+ ! dea? ( its =m] own] 7,s4 ,l41 p4 #abd-abg74 ,on ! ,gold ,coa/1 e p]son ent]+ into any obligation is oblig$ to dr9k ! swe>+ liquor4 ,?us1 %\ld "o nation int5d to assi/ ano!r1 all ! *ief ones are oblig$ to dr9k ?is liquor1 ) an imprecation t _! feti*e may puni% !m ) dea? if !y d n assi/ !m ) utmo/ vigor to extirpate _! enemy4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a disp5s+ p[] ov] su* oa?s has be5 ex]cis$ by ! prie/s1 "s negroes obs]ve ! precaution1 be=e tak+ oa?s1 ( caus+ ! prie/ to swe> fir/1 & !n dr9k ! r$ wat]1 ) an imprecation t ! feti* may puni% him if he absolves any "o )\t ! cons5t ( all ! p>ties int]e/$ 9 ! contract 7,d4 ,c4 ,g41 pp4 #abd1 #abe74 ,! sanction ( ,scripture is giv5 to an ordeal ( precisely ?is nature is ! case ( wom5 *>g$ ) adult]y2 & x is curi\s to f9d ! v same mode ( te/+ ! fidelity ( wives employ$ bo? by ! anci5t ,hebrews & mod]n negroes4 ,! law ( ,moses 01 t if a man suspect$ 8 wife ( unfai?fulness1 & ! _s ( jeal\sy came ^u him1 he might take h] to ! prie/ 7) an (f]+1 ( c\rse71 & leave him to deal ) h] 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,tak+ holy wat] 9 an e>!n vessel1 ! prie/ 0 to mix 9 x "s ( ! du/ ( ! floor ( ! tab]nacle1 & set ! woman ) h] head uncov]$1 & ! jeal\sy (f]+ 9 h] h&s1 be=e ! ,"l4 ,he 0 !n to *>ge h] ) an oa?1 say+1 t if %e 0 pure1 %e 0 to be free f ! bitt] wat] t caus$ ! curse1 b if n1 ! ,"l 0 to make h] a curse & an oa? among h] p1 caus+ h] hips 7or ?ighs7 to disappe> & h] belly to swell4 ,! wat] 0 to g into h] b[els to produce ^! effects4 ,h]eupon ! woman 0 to say1 ,am51 am54 ,accord+ to ! effects ( ! bitt] wat] ^u h] con/itution1 0 h] guilt or h] innoc5ce adjudg$ to be 7,num4 v4 #aa-ca74 ,n[ ! proc$ure ( ! negroes1 9 simil> cases1 is almo/ an exact reproduction 7x c sc>cely be an imitation7 ( t enjo9$ by ,jehovah4 ,r$ wat] is adm9i/]$1 in/ead ( bitt] wat]2 b ) ?is exception1 precisely ! same me?od is pursu$1 & precisely ! same doctr9e und]lies ! use ( ! ordeal4 ,god is expect$1 bo? by ,jews & negroes1 to manife/ ! tru? :]e human skill is incompet5t to discov] x4 ,! negroes1 accord+ to ,bosman1 believe t :]e ! r$ wat] is drunk by "o :o makes a false decl>ation1 he w ei!r be swell$ by t liquor till he bur/s1 or w %ortly die ( a langui%+ sickness2 ! fir/ puni%m5t !y imag9e m peculi> to wom51 :o take ?is draught to acquit !m ( any accusation ( adult]y3 a belief :i* curi\sly rem9ds u ( ! old ,jewi% sup]/ition1 t ! hips w fall away & ! belly swell 9 ! case ( ! adult]\s wife :o has tak5 ! bitt] wat] on a false pret5ce4 ,bosman himself has correctly obs]v$ on ! rem>kable simil>ity ( ! two proc$ures 7,d4 ,c4 ,g41 p4 #abe74 ,a slightly diff]5t mode ( try+ suspect$ adultresses by ordeal prevails among ! ,o/iacks 79 ,nor!rn ,asia74 ,%\ld an ,o/iack ent]ta9 d\bts ( 8 wife's fidelity1 he cuts (f a h&ful ( hair f a be>'s sk91 & takes x to h]4 ,if innoc5t1 %e receives x )\t hesitation2 b if guilty1 %e does n v5ture to t\* x1 & is accord+ly repudiat$4 ,! conviction reigns among ^! p1 t 7 a woman to lie "u ^! circum/ances1 ! be> to :om ! hair belong$ w\ld revive 9 ?ree days & come to dev\r h] 7,b]n>d1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #dd1 #de74 ,m important1 h[ev]1 & m univ]sal ?an any ( ! above means ( communication f ,god to man1 is ! me?od ( communication by miracles4 ,!re is probably no great religion 9 ! _w1 ! e/abli%m5t ( :i* has be5 altoge!r dissociat$ f miracles4 ,!y =m ! mo/ /rik+1 mo/ indisputable1 mo/ intelligible pro( ( ! div9e w4 ,n inde$ t !re is any close logical connection betwe5 ! p]=mance ( a wond]1 & ! tru? ( ! wond]-work]'s doctr9es2 b popul> imag9ation jumps readily to ! conclusion t a man1 :om rumor or tradition has inve/$ ) sup]natural p[]s ov] nature1 mu/ also be 9 possession ( correct op9ions1 or ev5 ( sup]human k1 on ! my/]i\s que/ions ) :i* religion deals4 ,h5ce ecclesia/ical hi/orians1 ( all ages & c\ntries1 h s\ght to %[ t ^? f :om !y d$uc$ ! sy/ems 9 :i* !y wi%$ _! read]s to believe1 7 ei!r !mselves gift$ ) ?aumaturgic faculties1 or 7 ! subjects ( special m>vels work$ ^u !m4 ,su* miracles h always s]v$ z _! cr$5tials1 indicat+ _! high "*1 & entitl+ !m to dem& ! ob$i5ce ( mank9d to ! comm&s !y br\ght4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,buddhism1 = example1 0 att5d$ by ! p]=mance ( extraord9>y miracles4 ,n only did ! ,buddha himself frequ5tly p]=m sup]natural feats2 n only did 8 disciples1 :5 !y atta9$ a c]ta9 grade ( sanctity1 receive ! faculty ( fly+ & do+ o!r wond]ful ?+s2 b he actually prov$ ! sup]iority ( 8 claims ov] ^? ( o!rs by a pit*$ battle 9 ?aumaturgy4 ,c]ta9 ,tir?yas1 or h]etical tea*]s1 _h ! audacity to *all5ge him to cont5d ) !m 9 work+ miracles1 & ! trial ( skill end$1 ( c\rse1 9 _! ignom9i\s defeat 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #afb-ahi74 ,mu* 9 ! same way did ,moses ent] into a rivalry ) ,ph>aoh's magicians1 :o 7 ov]come by 8 sup]ior miracles z ! ,tir?yas 7 by ^? ( ,gautama ,buddha4 ,z ,jewi% prophets & ,*ri/ian sa9ts receiv$ by spiritual inh]itance ! p[] ( p]=m+ miracles1 s also did ! ,fa!rs ( ,buddhism4 ,( "o ( ! greate/ ( ^!1 nam$ ,nag>djuna1 x is relat$ t a ,brahman :o _h ent]$ into a dispute ) him produc$ a magical pond1 9 ! middle ( :i* 0 a lotus ) a ?\s& leaves1 b t ,nag>djuna produc$ a magical elephant :i* de/roy$ ! magical pond 7,wassiljew1 p4 #bca74 ,?is aga9 may rem9d u ( ! s]p5t ( ,moses1 :i* swall[$ up ! s]p5ts ( ! magicians2 or ( ! fire br\ght d[n f heav5 by ,elijah 9 8 controv]sy ) ! prophets ( ,baal4 ,ano!r em95t ,buddhi/1 ,asvago%a1 0 rem>kable z a prea*]4 ,! (ficials at ! c\rt ( a c]ta9 k+ reproa*$ him ) hold+ ?is holy man 9 too high e/eem4 ,! k+ !reupon took sev5 horses1 kept !m six days )\t food1 & !n l$ !m to ! place :]e ,asvago%a 0 prea*+ to be f$4 ,! horses w\ld n t\* ! food t 0 (f]$1 b %$ te>s at ! words ( ! prea*] 7,wassiljew1 p4 #bcb74 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,mongols records "s equally wond]ful p]=mances on ! "p ( a ,lama 7or prie/7 nam$ ,bogda4 ,:5 "s mess5g]s came to meet him1 he rais$ 8 h& 9 a ?reat5+ way aga9/ a riv]1 ! wat]s ( :i* imm$iately began to run upw>ds in/ead ( d[nw>ds2 by :i* miracle1 obs]ves ! hi/orian1 an un%akeable fai? 0 e/abli%$ 9 all m9ds4 ,no wond]4 ,! division ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,jordan 7 *ild's play to ?is4 ,! same man caus$ _m o!rs to believe by sudd5ly produc+ a spr+ 9 a dry place4 ,9 ano!r c\ntry :i* he visit$1 he subdu$ all ! dragons & o!r baneful creatures to 8 w 7,g4 ,o4 ,m41 p4 #bbg74 ,if ! f\nd] ( ! ,mussulman religion did n claim any direct p[] ( p]=m+ miracles1 yet ! communication to him ( ! ,suras :i* compose ! ,koran 0 a /&+ miracle4 ,he pr(ess$ to fall into an ec/atic condition1 9 :i* he receiv$ ! direct in/ructions ( 8 ,god2 & 8 c>e1 :5 ent]+ ! sick-room ( a fri5d1 to avoid tread+ on ! angels' w+s :i* he saw ext5d$ 9 all directions1 indicates a pret5sion to m ?an human faculties4 ,! pres5t vot>ies ( ! ,mohamm$an fai? believe 9 ! p[] ( _! sa9ts to "w miracles1 = we read ( ! sick be+ tak5 to _! ,%eik to be cur$ by ! imposition ( 8 feet 7,d]vi%es1 p4 #cdg74 ,t ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 l>gely indebt$ to miracles = its success dur+ its e>ly ye>s ne$ h>dly be rem>k$4 ,n only did ,*ri/ himself p]=m miracles ( ! mo/ extraord9>y k9d1 b ! p[] 01 if n :olly1 yet to "s ext5t1 transmitt$ to 8 apo/les1 & 0 frequ5tly ex]cis$ by ! sa9ts & ,fa!rs ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,jesus himself1 accord+ to tradition1 reli$ l>gely on 8 miracles z pro(s ( 8 div9e mission2 = :5 ,john ! ,bapti/ s5t disciples to inquire :o he 01 he repli$ by tell+ !m to report to _! ma/] t ! bl9d receiv$ sight1 ! lame walk$1 ! lep]s 7 cleans$1 ! deaf he>d1 ! dead 7 rais$ up1 & ! poor _h ! gospel prea*$ to !m4 ,s t ! possession ( ?is unusual gift ( heal+ & re-animat+1 0 reg>d$ by him 7or1 m accurately1 by 8 biograph]s7 z a suffici5t answ] to ! d\bt ent]ta9$ by ,john :e!r he 7 really ! ,messiah1 or :e!r ano!r 7 to come4 ,h[ great 0 ! importance atta*$ to ! possession ( miracul\s p[]s by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 may be ga!r$ f a passage 9 :i* ,ir5u endeavors to cov] c]ta9 h]etics ) confusion1 by ass]t+ t !y are unable to d ! ?+s t are commonly done by ! adh]5ts ( ! true fai?4 ,= !y c nei!r conf] sight on ! bl9d1 nor he>+ on ! deaf1 nor *ase away all sorts ( demons--none1 inde$1 except ^? t are s5t into o!rs by !mselves1 if !y c ev5 d s mu* z ?is4 ,nor c !y cure ! weak1 or ! lame1 or ! p>alytic1 or ^? :o are di/ress$ 9 any o!r "p ( ! body1 z has (t5 be5 done 9 reg>d to bodily infirmity4 ,nor c !y furni% effective rem$ies = ^? ext]nal accid5ts :i* may occur4 ,& s f> are !y f be+ able to raise ! dead1 z ! ,"l rais$ !m1 & ! apo/les did by means ( pray]1 & z has be5 frequ5tly done 9 ! bro!rhood on acc\nt ( "s necessity--! entire ,*ur* 9 t p>ticul> locality entreat+ ! boon ) mu* fa/+ & pray]1 ! _s ( ! dead man has return$1 & he has be5 be/[$ 9 answ] to ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts--t !y d n ev5 believe ?is c possibly be done1 & hold t ! resurrection f ! dead is simply an acqua9tance ) t tru? :i* !y proclaim4#g ,?us1 ! cure ( infirmities & diseases by sup]natural means 7 e-day a*ievem5ts ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians2 & ev5 ! dead 7 sometimes re/or$ to life1 :5 suffici5t pa9s 7 tak5 to obta9 ! favorable att5tion ( ! ,almighty4 ,x is n possible1 obs]ves ! same au?or 9 ano!r place1 to "n ! numb] ( ! gifts :i* ! ,*ur* scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w has receiv$ f ,god1 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0 crucifi$ "u ,pontius ,pilate1 & :i* %e ex]ts day by day = ! b5efit ( ! ,g5tiles4#h ,h5ce ! ,mormons1 :o claim to possess at ! pres5t day ! p[]s :i* h dep>t$ f ,*ri/ians 9 g5]al1 are p]fectly 9 accordance ) ,ir5u 9 hold+ t signs l ^! are inv>iably att5dant on ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,revelations1 visions1 ! p[]s ( prophecy1 ( heal+1 ( speak+ ) tongues1 ( ca/+ out devils1 & work+ o!r miracles1 are 7!y cont5d7 ! pr]ogatives ( ^? :o belong to ?is k+dom4 ,hi/ory1 9 relat+ fir/ ! miracles ( ! ,jewi% patri>*s & prophets1 !n ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 p[]fully supports ?is !ory4 ,scripture 9 sev]al unambigu\s passages entirely confirms x4 ,& ! daily exp]i5ce ( ! ,latt]-day ,sa9ts1 if we accept _! /atem5ts1 be>s witness to its tru?1 by pres5t+ abundant examples ( ! actual ex]cise ( su* sup]natural gifts )9 _! own society4 ,?us1 "o p]son is cur$ ( bl9dness2 ano!r ( dislocation ( ! ?igh2 ano!r has 8 fractur$ backbone re/or$2 9 ! f\r? case x is a rupture t is heal$2 9 ! fif? convulsive fits t are /opp$4#i ,i h myself be5 pres5t at a ,mormon meet+ = public wor%ip1 & h he>d ! sa9ts :o 7 ga!r$ toge!r n>rate1 ) p]fect solemnity & app>5t good fai?1 ! miracul\s cures :i* !y !mselves exp]i5c$1 or :i* !y _h p]sonally witness$4 ,"o aft] ano!r rose to be> 8 te/imony to "s case ( ! k9d :i* _h fall5 )9 8 imm$iate k4 ,to ^! uncultivat$ & fanatical p1 holy ev5ts /ill 7 :at !y h long ceas$ to be to ! ord9>y ,*ri/ian _w--liv+ realities2 & we may /ill /udy 9 !m ! m5tal condition ( ^? :o c\ld accept z ph5om5a occurr+ 9 _! own day ! re/oration ( sight1 he>+1 or spee*2 ! expulsion ( devils2 & ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,holy ,,places4 ,draw n nigh hi!r1 said ! occupant ( ! burn+ bu% to ,moses2 put (f ?y %oes f (f ?y feet2 = ! place :]eon ?\ /&e/ is holy gr\nd 7,exod4 iii4 #e74 ,?is v]se embodies ! univ]sal !ory ( holy places4 ,!y are spots occupi$ 9 a special & peculi> mann] by ! deity or 8 repres5tative2 & :]e he f9ds x easi] to communicate ) mank9d ?an x is else:]e4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o hope or desire to receive "s cele/ial intimation1 resort to su* holy places4 ,! oracles ( ! anci5t _w1 & ! temple at ,j]usalem1 are in/ances ( holy places :]e ! respective gods wor%ip$ by ^? :o frequ5t$ !m gave responses1 or manife/$ _! pres5ce4 ,holy places are n always consecrat$ places4 ,sometimes--z 9 ! case ( ! ,delphian oracle--! consecration is ! "w ( nature2 ! div9ity intimates 9 "s unmi/akable way 8 pres5ce 9 ! sanctu>y :i* he has himself select$2 & human be+s h no?+ to d b humbly to receive su* communications z he may desire to make4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 holy places h only become holy by ! act ( consecration2 ! local god has n occupi$ !m until !y h be5 duly prep>$ = him by human labor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 consecrat$ places are always holy places4 ,n inde$ t !re are always conspicu\s intimations ( ! div9e pres5ce2 b x is nev]!less vaguely suppos$ to haunt ! build+s :]e wor%ip is (f]$1 & rites are p]=m$1 m ?an x does ! out] _w4 ,to beg9 ) a few in/ances ( holy places :i* h n und]gone consecration4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea almo/ e village ha? a small appropriat$ grove4 ,(f]+s are made 9 ^! groves1 & !y are reg>d$ z s sacr$ t no "o v5tures to injure ! trees by pluck+1 cutt+1 or break+ _! bran*es4 ,univ]sal mal$iction w\ld be "o ( ! consequ5ces ( su* misconduct 7,d4 ,c4 ,g41 p4 #abh74 ,mr4 ,turn] /ates t z ( old 9 ,canaan1 sacr$ groves = hea!n wor%ip1 ) & )\t temples1 7 q common 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #cbi74 ,^! are in/ances ( ! sacr$ness s frequ5tly atta*$ to woods & =e/s by primitive nations4 ,! groves 7 ,god's fir/ temples4 ,ere man le>n$ ,to hew ! %aft1 & lay ! ar*itrave1 ,& spread ! ro( above !m2 ere he fram$ ,! l(ty vault1 to ga!r & roll back ,! s\nd ( an!ms1--9 ! d>kl+ wood1 ,amid/ ! cool & sil5ce he knelt d[n4 ,& (f]$ to ! ,mightie/ solemn ?anks ,& supplication4#aj ,natural *>act]i/ics 9 ! same mann] det]m9e ! quality ( hol9ess attribut$ to c]ta9 spots by ! natives ( ,africa4 ,holy places among !m are ^? :]e a god dwells ei!r visibly or invisibly2 p>ticul> build+s1 huts1 or hills2 or trees :i* are rem>kable = age1 size1 & /r5g?4 ,!y h also sacr$ groves into :i* no negro1 n be+ a prie/ v5tures to intrude4 ,"o ( ! tribes ass]ts t _! god has 8 dwell+-place 9 ! cav]n ( a rock t is situat$ 9 ! bu%es 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cbf74 ,a s+ul> example ( a holy place 9 a m advanc$ religion is ! neighborhood ( ! ,bo tree1 or ,bogaha tree1 9 ,ceylon1 "u ^: %ade ! p wor%ip at ! great fe/ival4 ,?is tree d]ives its sanctity f ! circum/ance ( its hav+ %elt]$ ,buddha at an ev5tful crisis ( 8 life4 ,ne> x n9ety k+s are int]r$2 huts are erect$ ar\nd x = ! use ( ! devotees :o repair to x2 & z e sort ( uncleanness & du/ mu/ be remov$ f ! sacr$ spot1 ! approa*es are cont9ually swept by p]sons appo9t$ = ! purpose4 ,besides ! ,bo tree1 & ! pagodas--or public temples--_m ( ! ,s+halese h private holy places 9 _! own h\ses4 ,!y build 9 _! y>ds private *apels1 :i* are little h\ses l to closets1 & 9 ^! !y place an image ( ! ,buddha :i* !y wor%ip 7,h4 ,r4 ,c41 p4 #gc74 ,graves ( ! dead :om we h lov$ are apt to become holy places to u all2 & 9 "s religi\s cre$s1 su* z ^? ( ,islam & ,*ri/ianity1 ?is v5]ation is ext5d$ to ! tombs ( p]sons :o h be5 di/+ui%$ by _! sanctity4 ,mussulmans pray at ! tomb ( ^? !y repute sa9ts2 & expect by (f]+ v[s at su* places1 to obta9 relief1 ?r\gh _! sa9tly int]cession1 f sickness1 mis=tune4 /]ility1 c4 ,miracles take place at ^! tombs1 & sup]natural lights float ov] !m 7,d]vi%es1 pp4 #gi1 #hj74 ,x is believ$1 too1 t ! m]its ( ! deceas$ w insure a favorable reception ( ! pray]s :i* !y (f] up 9 su* consecrat$ places 7,d]vi%es1 p4 #bgb74 ,sometimes1 aga91 ! place :]e "s /rik+ ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( religion has occurr$1 acquires a hol9ess ( its own4 ,?us ! ,scala ,santa at ,rome enjoys a prem95t hol9ess possess+ ! m]it ( procur+ a consid]able remission ( puni%m5t = ^? :o p]=m ! task ( asc5d+ x on _! knees4 ,! oracle ( ,cl>ius ,apollo at ,colophon1 m5tion$ by ,tacitus1 is an example ( a l>ge & important class ( holy places :i* 7 n consecrat$ places4 ,"h x 0 n a woman1 z at ,delphi 7obs]ves ,tacitus71 :o gave ! responses2 b a prie/1 :o desc5d$ into a cav]n1 & drank wat] f a secret f\nta9 7,tac4 ,ann41 ii4 #ed74 ,9 ,jewi% hi/ory we meet ) a rem>kable in/ance ( a place orig9ally hall[$ by ! actual appe>ance ( ,god1 9 ! case ( ,be!l1 ! h\se ( ,god1 :]e ,jacob 0 favor$ ) 8 rem>kable dream4 ,h[ dreadful is ?is place6 exclaim$ ! patri>* on wak+2 ?is is none o!r b ! h\se ( ,god1 & ?is is ! gate ( heav5 7,g54 xxviii4 #ag74 ,9 ! spot ^: hol9ess _h ?us be5 r5d]$ manife/1 ,jacob proce$$ to p]=m consecrat+ rites2 b1 contr>y to ! usual ord]1 ! hol9ess prec$$ & induc$ ! consecration4 ,m g5]ally1 consecration =ms a sort ( invitation to ! deity to inhabit ! place :i* has ?us be5 r5d]$ suit$ to 8 abode4 ,( ! holy places :i* are also consecrat$1 a conspicu\s place is due to ,solomon's temple2 9 ! d$ication ( :i* ! !ory j /at$ is cle>ly embodi$4 ,solomon1 or 8 hi/orians1 p]ceiv$ ! difficulty ( caus+ a be+ s transc5d5tly p[]ful z ,jehovah to dwell )9 local limits4 ,! mon>*1 9 8 consecrat+ pray]1 expla9s t he is well aw>e t ev5 ! heav5 ( heav5s _c conta9 him2 mu* less ?is h\se t he has built4 ,nev]!less1 he _c give up ! notion t ?is h\se may1 9 "s degree1 be peculi>ly favor$ by hav+ 8 especial att5tion direct$ t[>ds x4 ,8 eyes at lea/ may be op5 t[>ds x1 & if he _c be !re himself1 8 "n may4 ,moreov]1 :5 pray]s are (f]$ 9 ! temple1 he may li/5 to !m m graci\sly ?an to o!r supplications2 & :5 ! assev]ations ( cont5d+ p>ties are confirm$ by oa?s tak5 be=e ! alt> x conta9s1 he may take unusual pa9s to execute ju/ice betwe5 !m4 ,jehovah fully approves ( 8 s]vant's proposals4 ,he emphatically decl>es 9 reply t he has hall[$ ?is h\se :i* he has built1 to put 8 "n !re = ev]2 & t 8 eyes & 8 he>t %all be !re p]petually 7,k+s viii4 #bb-;ix4 #c74 ,v primitive peoples hold simil> views ( ! relation ( _! deities to _! temples4 ,j z !re 0 an oracle 9 ! ,jewi% temple1 :]e ! glory ( ! ,"l fill$ ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 z x _h fill$ ! correspond+ place 9 ! tab]nacle1 s 9 mo/ ( ! ,fijian temples !re is a %r9e1 :]e ! god is suppos$ to desc5d :5 hold+ communication ) ! prie/s2 & !re is also a long piece ( native clo? hung at "o end ( ! build+1 & f ! v ceil+1 :i* is also connect$ ) ! arrival & dep>ture ( ! god invok$ 7,viti1 p4 #cic74 ,x seems to h be5 a g5]al rule 9 ! temples ( ^! isl&s to h "s object specially connect$ ) ! deity1 & ?r\gh :i* he might manife/ 8 pres5ce 9 ! place4 ,?us1 9 "o ( !m !re 0 a con* %ell1 :i* ! god 0 suppos$ to bl[ :5 he wi%$ ! p to rise to w> 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #bdj74 ,nay1 !re 0 ev5 an alt> erect$ to ,jehovah & ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 "o ( ! isl&s1 to :i* p]sons afflict$ ) all mann] ( diseases 7 br\ght to be heal$2 & s great 0 ! reputation :i* ?is m> obta9$1 t ! p[] ( ,jehovah & ,jesus ,*ri/ became great 9 ! e/imation ( ! p 7,n4 ,m4 ,e41 p4 #bh74 ,"h an alt>1 erect$ ( c\rse by a man n yet conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 receiv$ a bless+ no less conspicu\s ?an t grant$ 9 anci5t times to ,solomon's temple4 ,! ,mexicans & ,p]uvians ent]ta9$ a precisely simil> belief to t :i* we h obs]v$ among ! ,fijians & ! ,hebrews4 ,fa!r ,aco/a describes ! ru9s ( a v l>ge build+ 9 ,p]u :i* _h be5 a place ( wor%ip1 :]e imm5se plund] _h be5 c>ri$ (f by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ?is temple !re 0 a sure tradition t ! devil _h spok51 & giv5 responses 9 8 oracle4 ,! fact ( ! devil speak+ & answ]+ 9 ^! false sanctu>ies is1 accord+ to ! le>n$ fa!r1 a v common ?+ 9 ,am]ica2 b ! fa!r ( lies has become sil5t s9ce ! sign ( ! cross has be5 rais$ 9 ^? regions ( 8 previ\s p[] 7,h4 ,i41 b4 v4 *4 #ab74 ,n only 7 ! temples holy 9 ,p]u1 b ! :ole ( ! imp]ial city ( ,cozco1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,incas1 enjoy$ an exceptional hol9ess4 ,s mu* 0 ?is ! case1 t if two natives ( equal rank met "o ano!r on ! road1 ! "o com+ f ,cozco1 & ! o!r go+ to x1 ! "o com+ f x receiv$ respect & rev]5ce f ! "o go+ to x1 :i* 0 enhanc$ to a high] degree if he 7 a native ( ,cozco 7,c4 ,r41 b4 iii4 *4 #bj74 ,9 approa*+ ! great temple at ,cozco1 !re 7 c]ta9 limits :]e all :o pass$ 7 oblig$ to take (f _! %oes3 ! v same sign ( reg>d = holy places :i* ,moses 0 comm&$ to obs]ve at ! burn+ bu%2 :i* is practic$ by ,p>see prie/s :5 m9i/]+ 9 _! temples1 & by ,mussulmans 9 ref]5ce to _! mosques 7,ibid41 b4 iii4 *4 #bc74 ,prohibition to all b holy p]sons to ent] holy places is n uncommon4 ,! holy ( holies 9 ! ,jewi% temple might be ent]$ by no "o b ! high prie/1 & ! utmo/ horror 0 felt by ! ,jews at ! violation ( _! sanctu>y by ,pompey4 ,a ,european travel] 9 ,africa1 f9d+ a grove ) a mat hung be=e x1 wi%$ to ent]2 b 0 entreat$ n to d s by ! negroes1 :o in=m$ him t a great _s1 :o might kill him if displeas$1 dwelt )94 ,he1 h[ev]1 w5t 91 & f\nd a delightful place2 ?is be+ "o ( ^? to :i* only prie/s 7 admitt$ 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cbf74 ,simil>ly among ! ,p>sees1 ! ,ates*-gh1 or holy place :]e wor%ip is p]=m$1 may be ent]$ only by ! prie/s1 except "u special circum/ances1 :5 laym5 may ent] x aft] due obs]vance ( prep>atory rites1 & ) ! face cov]$4 ,su* a case w\ld occur if !re 7 no prie/ to keep up ! sacr$ fire 7,z4 ,a41 vol4 ii4 p4 #efi74 ,9 ,mexico1 :]e !re 7 two important holy places--! ,cu1 or great temple ( ,vitziliputzli1 & ! temple ( ,tezcatlipuca--! prie/s alone _h ! "r ( entry to ?is la/ 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e1 *4 #ac74 ,we ?us f9d1 among ! sev]al nations ( ! _w1 a consi/5t & all-p]vad+ !ory ( holy places4 ,^! are n always ! sc5es ( div9e revelations1 or ( /rik+ ev5ts produc$ by ! div9e ag5cy2 b !y are mu* m likely to be s favor$ ?an o!r places1 & if communications are di/9ctly s\ght1 x mu/ g5]ally be by resort+ to su* local sanctu>ies z are commonly reput$ to be fitt$ = ! purpose4 ,:]e no revelation is ei!r giv5 or expect$1 ! holy place is yet ! abid+ home ( ! deity ^: wor%ip is celebrat$ )9 its enclosure4 ,& al?\gh ,*ri/ians may consid] _! ,god z pres5t ev]y:]e1 yet !y are consci\s on ent]+ a *ur*1 ( com+1 9 a peculi> s5se1 into 8 pres5ce2 & !y indicate t consci\sness by remov+ _! hats1 if m51 & keep+ ! head cov]$1 if wom54 ,= su* is ! outw>d indication ( respect :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,god is suppos$ to require ( ^? :o set _! feet )9 8 holy places4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,holy ,,objects4 ,:ile a highly-exalt$ conception ( ! ,fir/ cause ( nature w\ld see him equally 9 ev]y?+1 & believe ! :ole _w to be alike natural & div9e1 no actual religion1 believ$ by any consid]able numb] ( p]sons1 has ev] rea*$ s ab/ract an idea4 ,to all ( !m "s ?+s are m sacr$ ?an o!rs2 9 ! m primitive =ms ( fai? ^! ?+s are ei!r a species ( div9ities !mselves1 or !y are ! abode ( "s div9ity2 9 ! m advanc$ types1 !y are held to be sanctifi$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 or to be ! e>?ly repres5tatives ( 8 invisible maje/y4 ,to ! class ( holy objects belong all *>ms1 amulets1 feti%es1 sacr$ animals1 & o!r ?+s ( :atev] k9d1 :i* are believ$ 9 any c\ntry to possess a diff]5t ord] ( p[]s f ^? :i* sci5tific inve/igation discov]s 9 !m4 ,! !ory und]ly+ ! use ( su* objects among ! negroes--& x is practically ! same z t ( m civiliz$ nations--is well expla9$ by a ,g]man mission>y4 ,feti%es1 or ,%ambu1 accord+ to him1 are holy ?+s1 :i* are suppos$ to h receiv$ a p>ticul> p[] f ,god1 bo? to drive away evil spirits1 z also to be useful 9 all illnesses & dang]s1 especially aga9/ sorc]y4 ,!y cov] bo? !mselves & _! gods ) feti%es4 ,^! desc5d f fa!r to son1 & are pres]v$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,"s are kept 9 sanctu>ies ( _! own4 ,!re exi/s among ^! negroes 7! ,mavu7 a class ( pr(essional feti%-mak]s1 :o are mo/ly old wom51 & :o we> a peculi> dress4 ,a man1 :o _h feti%es at ! bottom ( 8 /aircase1 in=m$ ! writ] t _! use 0 to keep ! devil f gett+ into 8 h\se4 ,ano!r tribe ( negroes pref] to take ?+s :i* h be5 /ruck by lightn+ = _! feti%es3 ! lightn+-/roke be+1 z ! mission>y ju/ly concludes1 an indication t a div9e p[] has unit$ itself to ^! objects 7,g4 d4 ,m41 pp4 #cbb1 #cbc74 ,! natives ( ,si]ra ,leone are describ$ z plac+ unlimit$ fai? 9 griggories1 or *>ms4 ,^! are made ( goats' sk92 texts ( ! ,koran are writt5 ^u !m1 & !y are worn ^u v>i\s p>ts ( ! p]son4 ,!y h di/9ct functions1 ea* "o be+ design$ to pres]ve ! we>] f a c]ta9 k9d ( evil or dang] 7,s4 ,l41 p4 #acb74 ,num]\s objects 7 holy 9 ,p]u4 ,riv]s1 f\nta9s1 l>ge /ones1 hills1 ! tops ( m\nta9s1 are m5tion$ by ,aco/a z hav+ be5 ador$ by ! ,p]uvians2 inde$1 he says t !y ador$ :atev] natural object appe>$ v diff]5t f ! re/1 recogniz+ !re9 "s peculi> deity4 ,a c]ta9 tree1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 cut d[n by ! ,spani>ds1 _h long be5 an object ( adoration to ! ,indians1 on acc\nt ( its antiquity & size 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e1 *4 #e74 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 ! neighborhood ( ,acadia1 a travel] tells u ( a v5]able tree :i* 0 likewise holy4 ,_m m>vels 7 rec\nt$ ( x1 & x 0 always load$ ) (f]+s4 ,! sea hav+ wa%$ ! soil f ab\t its roots1 x ma9ta9$ itself a long "t almo/ 9 ! air1 :i* confirm$ ! savages 9 _! notion t x 0 ! seat ( "s great _s2 & ev5 aft] x _h fall51 its bran*es1 s long z !y 7 visible above ! surface ( ! wat]1 cont9u$ to receive ! wor%ip ( ! p 7,n4 ,f41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cdi74 ,n unfrequ5tly ! holy object is an animal1 & !n x may be reg>d$ ei!r z itself a god1 or z sacr$ to "s god1 :o ei!r makes x 9 "s s5se 8 abode1 or reg>ds x ) favor & takes x "u 8 c>e4 ,among animals1 !re is none m frequ5tly wor%ip$ ?an ! s]p5t2 & x has be5 suppos$1 ) "s plausibility1 t ! ,hebrew leg5d ( ! fall 0 direct$ aga9/ s]p5t-wor%ip4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 t wor%ip is cle>ly disc]nible 9 ! /ory ( ! braz5 s]p5t :i* heal$ ! sickness ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness 7,num4 xxi4 #h74 ,?is w\ld seem to be a dim tradition ( a "t at :i* ! adoration ( ! s]p5t 0 /ill practic$ by ! p ( ,jehovah4 ,_m o!r c\ntries af=d examples ( ! same wor%ip4 ,to take a s+le case2 ! ,*evali] des ,m>*ais1 :o travel$ 9 ! la/ c5tury1 relates t s]p5ts ( a c]ta9 k9d 7 wor%ip$ 9 ,gu9ea4 ,!re 0 "o1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 call$ ! fa!r ( ^! gods1 & 0 reput$ to be ( prodigi\s size4 ,x 0 kept 9 a place ( its own1 :]e x _h secret ap>tm5ts1 & none b ! *ief sacrific] 0 p]mitt$ to ent] ?is holy ( holies4 ,! k+ himself might only see x once1 :51 ?ree mon?s aft] 8 coronation1 he w5t to pres5t 8 (f]+s 7,v4 ,g41 vol4 ii4 p4 #afi74 ,ev5 ,*ri/ianity did n entirely put an end to ! wor%ip ( ! s]p5t2 = an e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]1 9 a treatise aga9/ all h]esies1 makes m5tion ( a sect ( ,ophites :o 7he says7 magnify ! s]p5t to su* a degree1 t !y pref] him ev5 to ,*ri/ himself2 = x 0 he1 !y say1 :o gave u ! orig9 ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,8 p[] & maje/y 7!y say7 ,moses p]ceiv+1 set up ! braz5 s]p5t2 & :oev] gaz$ ^u him obta9$ heal?4 ,*ri/ himself 7!y say fur!r7 imitates ,moses' s]p5t's sacr$ p[] 9 say+3 ',& z ,moses upre>$ ! s]p5t 9 ! des]t1 s x behove? ! ,son ( man to be upre>$4' ,him !y introduce to bless _! eu*>i/ic elem5ts 7,adv4 omn4 ha]eses41 ,,ii4--,a4 ,n4 ,l41 vol4 #ah1 p4 #bfb74 ,holy objects are v (t5 connect$ ) "s em95t man1 f ^: relation to !m !y d]ive _! sanctity4 ,su* are all ! innum]able relics ( sa9ts to :i* s mu* importance is atta*$ 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,su* is t pre-em95tly sacr$ relic1 ! too? ( ,buddha1 s c>efully pres]v$ & gu>d$ 9 ,ceylon4 ,:5 ,major ,=bes witness$ ! too? fe/ival at ,k&y1 fifty-?ree ye>s _h pass$ s9ce ! la/ exhibition ( ?is deeply rev]$ memb] ( ! f\nd] ( ! fai?4 ,x 0 kept 9 its temple )9 six cases2 ( :i* ! ?ree l>g] ones hav+ be5 fir/ remov$1 ! ?ree inn] ones1 conta9+ x1 7 plac$ on ! back ( an elephant ri*ly cap>ison$4 ,x 0 %[n to ! p on a tempor>y alt>1 surr\nd$ ) ri* hang+s2 ! fe/ival be+ att5d$ by cr[ds ( pi\s wor%ip]s1 :o ?\ght t ! privilege ( see+ ! too?1 s r>ely exhibit$ to ! public1 0 a suffici5t pro( ( ! m]its !y _h obta9$ 9 =m] lives 7,e4 ,y1 vol4 i4 p4 #bij-bic74 ,mussulmans h _! holy objects1 consi/+ ( v]ses ( ! ,koran1 susp5d$ or writt5 on _! dwell+s1 :i* are suppos$ to insure _! protection4 ,su* v]ses1 or %ort ,suras1 are sometimes c>ri$ on ! p]son engrav$ on /ones 7,d]vi%es1 p4 #cac74 ,conspicu\s among holy objects = ! extraord9>y virtues ascrib$ to !m1 are ! bread & w9e ( ! ,"l's supp]4 ,^! are believ$ by ,*ri/ians ei!r to be or to repres5t 7accord+ to _! sev]al doctr9es7 ! actual fle% & blood ( ,jesus2 & ! m]e fact ( eat+ & dr9k+ !m1 9 fai?1 is held to ex]cise a my/ic efficacy ov] ! life ( ! communicant4 ,a m s+ul> in/ance ( ! hol9ess attribut$ by an act ( ! imag9ation to mat]ial ?+s c sc>cely be produc$4 ,ano!r curi\s case ( ! same notion is ! belief 9 holy wat]2 :i* enjoys s great a p[]1 t "s drops ( x da%$ ^u an infant's =ehead contribute to ensure its et]nal happ9ess2 :ile x has also ! gift ( conf]r+ "s k9d ( advantage ^u ! wor%ip]s :o1 on ent]+ a *ur*1 spr9kle x ^u _! p]sons4 ,images ( ! gods or sa9ts wor%ip$ 9 a c\ntry =m a l>ge & important class ( holy objects4 ,su* 7 ! t]aphim or gods /ol5 by ,ra*el f h] fa!r1 & :i* %e conceal$ 9 ! furniture ( h] camel 7,g54 xxxi4 #ai1 #cj-ce74 ,simil> images are employ$ by ! ,t>t>s1 :o place !m at ! heads & feet ( _! b$s 9 c]ta9 fix$ positions1 & :o c>ry !m ab\t ) !m :]ev] !y g 7,b]g]on1 ,voyage de ,rubruquis1 *4 #c1 p4 #i74 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,holy ,,ord]s4 ,rites1 acts ( wor%ip & sacrifices1 orig9ally p]=m$ by ea* individual at 8 own discretion1 or by ea* h\sehold 9 its own way1 fall 7z we h se57 ) advanc+ developm5t into ! h&s ( pr(essional p]sons consecrat$ = ?is especial purpose4 ,v great importance atta*es to ^! consecrat$ p]sons4 ,! place !y occupy 9 all societies above ! level ( b>b>ism is "o ( peculi> honor2 & _! influ5ce on ! c\rse ( human hi/ory has 9 all ages ) :i* t hi/ory is acqua9t$ be5 conspicu\s & pr(\nd4 ,once devot$ to _! religi\s duties1 !y become ! au?oriz$ repres5tatives ( deity on e>?4 ,9 treat+ ( _! consecration1 we consid] !m z *annels ( communication f e>? to heav52 we h n[ to consid] !m z *annels ( communication f heav5 to e>?4 ,end[$ by ! g5]al wi% ( all human society ) a special "r to convey _! petitions to ! div9e be+s :om !y wor%ip1 !y d n fail to claim = !mselves ! correlative "r ( convey+ to m5 ! comm&s1 ! int5tions1 ! repro(s1 & ! desires ( ^! div9e be+s4 ,x is ! prie/s alone :o c pret5d to "k _! m9ds4 ,x is ! prie/s alone :o c correctly int]pret _! (t5 enigmatic language4 ,x is ! prie/s alone ?r\gh :om !y g5]ally deign to conv]se ) mortals4 ,su* is ! ecclesia/ical !ory ?r\gh\t ! _w2 & x is z a g5]al rule accept$ by ! communities = ^: guidance x is con/ruct$4 ,exceptions d inde$ pres5t !mselves1 above all 9 ! case ( ! rem>kable m5 ^: c>e]s we %all deal ) 9 ! ensu+ *apt]1 :o h f\nd$ new religions indep5d5tly (1 or ev5 9 spite (1 v p[]ful exi/+ prie/hoods4 ,&1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! holy class is n always coxt5sive ) ! consecrat$ class4 ,we %all notice fur!r on an important ord] among ! ,jews :o 7 univ]sally receiv$ z holy1 )\t be+ consecrat$4 ,moreov]1 !re has (t5 exi/$ a species ( m5 :o1 )\t regul> consecration1 h nev]!less s]v$ z a *annel ( communication f ,god or f inf]ior spirits to man4 ,su* 7 magicians1 a/rolog]s1 et hoc g5us omne1 9 anci5t times2 su* are ! s-call$ m$iums 9 ! pres5t day4 ,conv]sely1 consecration1 ?\gh by its v nature imply+ hol9ess z its correlative1 implies x less & less z we rise 9 ! scale ( culture4 ,?us1 9 ! m advanc$ =ms ( ,prote/antism1 su* z ! ,presbyt]ian or ! ,unit>ian1 ! m9i/] is sc>cely m ?an a m]e tea*]2 he has little or no m p[] to convey comm&s or intimations f ,god ?an any memb] ( 8 congregation4 ,s t we %\ld h a r\gh approximation to ! tru? 7 we to say t 9 ! l[] grades ( religi\s culture we h holy ord]s )\t consecration2 :ile 9 ! high] grades we h consecrat$ ord]s )\t hol9ess4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes !re lies ! great body ( regul> & qualifi$ prie/s1 appo9t$ to communicate upw>ds1 & entitl$ to communicate d[nw>ds4 ,invasions ( _! au?ority by irregul> pret5d]s are ! exceptions1 n ! rule4 ,x is ! usual ord] ( ?+s1 t ! decisions ( prie/s on matt]s p]ta9+ to religion %\ld be accept$ 9 submissive fai?1 by ! societies to :i* !y belong4 ,:]e1 z 9 ! case ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 "s bold individual bru%es aside successfully ! pret5tions ( ecclesia/ical ca/es1 ! !ory is only modifi$ to suit ! individual in/ance4 ,ecclesia/ical ca/es1 d]iv+ _! title f ! innovator himself1 spr+ up aga9 at once2 & diff] only 9 s f> z ! ,god ^: w !y exp\nd is ei!r ano!r ,god1 or a new modification ( ! same ,god4 ,num]\s privileges are g5]ally accord$ to prie/s4 ,sometimes !y enjoy exemptions f ! op]ation ( ! ord9>y laws2 sometimes !y are p]mitt$ a disproportionate %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( _! c\ntry2 sometimes1 )\t possess+ recogniz$ legislative p[]s1 !y control ! de/9ies ( nations by ! expression ( _! views4 ,(t51 ! :ole physical =ce ( ! gov]nm5t is at _! disposal1 = ! propagation & support ( ! sy/em !y uphold2 occasionally1 :5 _! au?ority has rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 ! m]e solemn decl>ation ( _! comm&s is en\gh to ensure ! acquiesc5ce ( mon>*s & ! ob$i5ce ( _! subjects4 ,correspond+ to ^! consid]able rights1 !y p]=m a consid]able v>iety ( functions1 :i* are reg>d$ by ! societies :o employ !m z n only useful1 b indisp5sable4 ,we f9d !m 9 all primitive communities act+ z ! recogniz$ doctors ( ! p1 treat+ _! diseases by ! me?od ( sup]natural inspiration4 ,ris+ a little high]1 !y pr$ict t class ( ev5ts :i* is s int]e/+ to ea* individual1 namely1 ! prospects ( 8 or h] life4 ,9 o!r words1 !y become =tune-tell]s1 a/rolog]s1 or 7by :atev] means7 read]s ( ! future4 ,or !y control ! wea!r1 call+ d[n f heav5 ! ne$ful ra94 ,!y are inspir$ by ! deity 9 ^: s]vice !y are enroll$1 & !y ann\nce 8 w4 ,9 8 "n !y ?reat5 evil-do]s ) puni%m5t1 & promise rew>ds to ! fai?ful & ob$i5t4 ,b5efits f on high are decl>$ to be ! lot ( ^? :o pay !m honor4 ,!y proclaim ! fact t _! pres5ce is ess5tial to ! p]=mance ( important rites1 & t _! assi/ance at ^! mu/ be duly rew>d$4 ,sometimes !y are 9 possession ( k :i* is only p]mitt$ to be imp>t$ to _! own ca/e4 ,!y are at all times ! au?oriz$ expositors ( !ological dogma1 & ! au?oriz$ gu>dians ( public ritual4 ,let u ent] on a m detail$ acc\nt ( ^! sev]al *>act]i/ics ( ! prie/ly ord]4 ,fir/1 x has to be not$ t ! diff]5tiation ( ?is ord] f ! re/ ( society is 9 primitive communities v incomplete4 ,fa!rs ( families1 or any v5]able & respect$ m51 act z prie/s1 & p]=m ! requirem5ts ( div9e wor%ip accord+ to _! own notions ( propriety4 ,?us 9 ,samoa1 ,mr4 ,turn] tells u t ! fa!r ( ! family 0 ! high-prie/1 & usually (f]$ a %ort pray] at ! ev5+ meal1 t !y might all be kept f f9es1 sickness1 w>1 & dea?4 ,he also direct$ on :at occasions religi\s fe/ivals %\ld be held1 & x 0 suppos$ t ! god sometimes spoke ?r\gh ! fa!r or ano!r memb] ( ! family 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #bci74 ,s 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites1 !re 0 no =mal & regul> prie/hood1 & no e/abli%$ ritual4 ,! ,levites 7 n devot$ to ! functions !y subsequ5tly dis*>g$1 until1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,exodus1 !y _h prov$ _! qualification by ! holy zeal ) :i* !y slaught]$ _! bre?r54 ,x 0 = ! p]petration ( ?is massacre t !y 7 promis$ by ,moses ! bless+ ( ,god 7,exod4 xxxii4 #be-bi74 ,) advanc+ culture1 ! necessity = sep>at+ prie/s f laym5 is always felt4 ,! m9i/rations ( unskill$ h&s are n held to be suffici5t4 ,ritual gr[s fix$2 & = a fix$ ritual !re mu/ be a special appr5tice%ip4 ,c]emonies multiply2 & ! orig9al family pray] hav+ gr[n into a m elaborate sy/em ( wor%ip1 takes m "t1 & dem&s ! att5tion ( a class :o make ?is1 & k9dr$ matt]s1 _! exclusive occupation4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! m9i/]s ( ! gods are ?us diff]5tiat$ f ! p at l>ge1 !y are n diff]5tiat$ until a lat] /age f ! m9i/]s ( ! human body4 ,m$ic9e & prie/craft are = a long "t unit$ arts4 ,on ?is connection1 ,br9ton v ju/ly rem>ks1 t :5 sickness is look$ ^u z ! effect ( ! ang] ( a god1 or z ! malici\s infliction ( a sorc]]1 x is natural to seek help f ^? :o assume to control ! unse5 _w1 & influ5ce ! fiats ( ! ,almighty 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #bfd74 ,?us 9 ,am]ica ! native prie/s 7 call$ by ! ,european coloni/s1 m$ic9e m54 ,! ,new ,zeal& prie/s 7 exp]t juggl]s1 & :5 call$ 9 to ! sick w\ld ascribe "s diseases to a piece ( wood lodg$ 9 ! /oma*2 ?is !y pret5d$ to extract1 & produc$ x 9 evid5ce ( _! ass]tion4 ,an acqua9tance ( ! au?or f :om ,i borr[ ?is fact1 saw "o ( ^! doctors te> op5 ! leg ( a rheumatic pati5t1 & 7app>5tly7 take out ( x a knott$ piece ( wood 7,n4 ,z41 p4 #hj74 ,9 ! ,fiji isl&s !y occasionally use _! m$ical p[]s malevol5tly1 in/ead ( b5evol5tly4 ,9 ,tanna1 !re 0 a class ( m5 t]m$ disease-mak]s1 & greatly dread$ by ! p1 :o ?\ght t ^! m5 c\ld ex]cise ! p[] ( life & dea?1 ! calamity ( dea? be+ ! result ( burn+ rubbi% belong+ to ! suff]]4 ,:5 a ,tannese 0 ill1 he believ$ t ! disease-mak] 0 burn+ 8 rubbi%1 & w\ld s5d l>ge pres5ts to induce him to /op2 = if x 7 all burn$ he w\ld die 7,n4 ,y4 p4 #hi-ia74 ,! ,samoans believ$ disease to be ! result ( div9e wra?1 & s\ght its rem$y at ! h&s ( ! high-prie/ ( ! village4 ,:atev] he might dem& 0 giv52 9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 he did n ask = any?+1 b m]ely comm&$ ! family ( ! pati5t to confess1 & ?r[ out4 ,confess+1 & ?r[+ out1 consi/$ ( a /atem5t by ea* memb] ( ! family ( ! crimes he _h committ$1 or ( ! evil he _h invok$ on ! pati5t or 8 connections1 accompani$ by ! c]emony ( spurt+ out wat] f ! m\? t[>ds him 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #bbd74 ,l ! ,fijians1 ! natives ( ,au/ralia employ prie/s to cure _! illnesses4 ,_! ecclesia/ical practition]s p]=m incantations ov] ! sick1 & also pret5d to suck out ! disease1 produc+ a piece ( bone :i* !y ass]t to be its cause 7,s4 ,l4 ,a41 p4 #bbf74 ,! ,africans h an exactly simil> belief 9 ! influ5ce ( feti% ov] disease4 ,reade obs]ves t epileptic attacks are 7z is natural f _! my/]i\s "*7 ascrib$ to demoniacal possession1 & t feti%-m5 are call$ 9 to cure !m4 ,?is !y attempt to accompli% by elaborate dances & fe/ivities1 at ! exp5se ( ! next ( k91 :i* sometimes end 9 driv+ ! pati5t into ! bu% 9 a /ate ( complete insanity4 ,:5 cur$1 he builds a little feti%-h\se1 avoids c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 & p]=ms c]ta9 duties 7,s4 ,a41 p4 #bea74 ,! negroes on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 :5 ill1 apply to _! prie/1 :o in=ms !m :at (f]+s are requir$ to ensure _! recov]y 7,d4 ,c4 ,g41 p4 #bac74 ,:5 an ,amazulu is tr\bl$ by bad dreams1 he applies to a div9]1 :o recomm5ds c]ta9 c]emonies by :i* ! _s caus+ ! dreams is suppos$ to be bani%$4 ,%\ld he be ill1 8 fri5ds apply to ! div9]1 :o discov]s ! s\rce ( ! illness1 & probably dem&s ! sacrifice ( a bullock4 ,a rem>kable s5sitiv5ess ab\t ! %\ld]s indicates ! spiritual "* ( ! doctor4 ,if he fail to remove disease1 he is said to h no ,itongo1 or _s1 9 him 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 pt4 ii4 pp4 #aei1 #afj1 #agb74 ,! ,fida negroes s5t to consult _! div9e snake ?r\gh a prie/ :5 ill1 & ! prie/ 7unless he ann\nc$ t ! disease w\ld be fatal7 receiv$ a rew>d = indicat+ ! rem$ies to be us$4 ,moreov]1 ! prie/s 7 ! physicians ( ! negroes4 ,two !ories prevail$ among ! p z to ! orig9 ( illnesses4 ,"s tribes held !m to be due to evil spirits1 :o 7 accord+ly driv5 away by a prescrib$ sy/em ( arm$ pursuit4 ,b ! prie/s 9 o!r places reg>d$ !m z a consequ5ce ( discord betwe5 _s & s\l1 & requir$ ! pati5t 9 ! fir/ in/ance to confess 8 s9s4 ,?is be+ done1 !y obta9 f _! deity an indication ( ! (f]+s to be made1 or ! v[s to be fulfill$1 to re/ore m5tal h>mony4 ,!y !n und]took ! treatm5t ( ! body by physical means 7,g4 d4 ,m41 pp4 #cce1 #ccf74 ,9 ,si]ra ,leone1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa1 ! practice ( m$ic9e1 & ! art ( mak+ greegrees & feti%es1 9 o!r words1 amulets 444 is g5]ally ! prov9ce ( ! same p]son4 ,^? :o practice m$ic9e are look$ ^u z wit*es1 & believ$ n only to conv]se ) evil spirits1 b to ex]cise control ov] !m 7,n4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #bea74 ,9 ,new ,france1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! pr9cipal occupation ( ! native prie/s 0 m$ic9e 7,n4 ,f4 vol4 iii4 p4 #cfd74 ,9 ,mexico1 ! p came f all p>ts to ! prie/s to be ano9t$ ) ! peculi> ungu5t us$ 9 ! special consecration m5tion$ above 7,supra1 p4 #aaf74 ,?is !y t]m$ a div9e physic1 & consid]$ z a cure = _! diseases 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e1 *4 #bf74 ,su* rude notions z ^!1 imply+ a sup]natural z oppos$ to a natural !ory ( ! physical conditions ( ! body1 are n :olly ext9ct ev5 among ourselves4 ,!y exi/1 l s _m ( ! crude conceptions ( ! savage1 9 ! =m ( respect$ survivals :olly inconsi/5t ) our practical habits4 ,true1 we d n call 9 ! cl]gyman to assi/ or to direct at ! sick-b$4 ,b we d ask him to put up pray]s = ! recov]y ( ! sick2 & 9 ! case ( royal pr9ces1 ! cl]gy ?r\gh\t ! l& are set to "w to induce ! div9e ,be+ to give _! illnesses a favorable turn4 ,n[1 ?is proce$+1 h[ev] disguis$ "u ref9$ & impos+ =ms1 is practically on a level ) t ( ! ,amazulu1 :o seeks to pacify ! (f5d$ _s t has attack$ him ) pa9 by ! sacrifice ( a bullock2 or ) t ( ! ,fijian :o1 :5 8 fri5d is ill1 bl[s a %ell = h\rs z a call to ! disease-mak] to /op burn+ ! sick man's rubbi%1 & z a sign t pres5ts w spe$ily rea* 8 h&s4 ,nay1 ! v mission>y :o relates ?is ,fiji cu/om gives at lea/ "o pro( ( 8 fitness to und]/& ! native m9d1 9 a passage %[+ t 9 ref]5ce to beliefs l ^! 8 own 0 almo/ on a p> ) x4 ,a w>1 ( :i* ! mission>ies disapprov$1 _h be5 go+ on = f\r mon?s1 & ! end ( x 01 ! w> 0 rais$ aga9/ ourselves4 ,aft] !y _h be5 fight+ = mon?s among !mselves1 contr>y to all our entreaties1 ,god comm5c$ to puni% !m ) a deadly epidemic 9 ! =m ( dys5t]y4 ,n[1 ! conviction t diseases are puni%m5ts s5t by "s god1 or at any rate direct results ( an int5tion on ! "p ( "s god to h>m ! suff]]1 is at ! root ( ! prie/ly1 z oppos$ to ! sci5tific1 treatm5t4 ,= if ,god puni%es ) a deadly epidemic1 x is an obvi\s inf]5ce t ! mode ( cure & ( prev5tion is n to take physical rem$ies1 & obs]ve physical precautions1 b to avoid ! s9 = :i* ! puni%m5t is giv54 ,& ?is is ! common conclusion ( ! savage & ! ,*ri/ian1 ?\gh ! sup]ior in=mation ( ! ,*ri/ian r5d]s 8 conduct self-contradictory & confus$1 :]e t ( ! savage is logical & simple4 ,ne>ly relat$ to ! suppos$ influ5ce ( prie/s ov] physical suff]+1 is _! suppos$ p[] to =etell ! future4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( unau?oriz$ & s*ismatic prie/hoods (t5 ent] into competition ) ^? sanction$ by ! /ate4 ,te*nically1 !y w\ld n be t]m$ prie/s at all2 b te/$ by ! true m>k ( prie/hood1 ! gift1 alleg$ by !mselves & admitt$ by o!rs1 ( =m+ *annels ( communication f ! cele/ial p[]s to man1 !y are entitl$ to t "n1 & ?is al?\gh !y may p]haps receive no regul> consecration to _! (fice4 ,! ,roman ,s5ate dur+ ! ,empire came into frequ5t collision ) ^! irregul> prie/s4 ,x endeavor$ f "t to "t to combat ! gr[+ belief 9 ! unor?odox practices ( a/rolog]s & magi1 by decree+ _! expulsion f ,italy1 & occasionally by visit+ "s ( !m ) sev]] p5alties2 b su* endeavors to /em ! tide ( popul> sup]/ition are naturally useless 7,tac4 ,ann41 ii4 #cb2 xii4 #eb74 ,magic ( "s description is univ]sal4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! prie/ seems to unite 9 8 p]son ! (fices ( prie/1 sorc]]1 juggl]1 & physician4 ,he pr$icts ! life or dea? ( memb]s ( 8 tribe 7,n4 ,z41 p4 #hj74 ,by ! ,kafirs ! prophet is consult$ on all k9ds ( dome/ic occasions1 & 7:ile ! p beat ! gr\nd 9 ass5t to :at he says7 he is held to see 9 a vision ! ev5t :i* has l$ to ! consultation 7,k4 ,n41 p4 #afg ff74 ,! inhabitants ( ,si]ra ,leone h o!r me?ods ( div9+4 ,_! div9]s make dots & l9es 9 s& spread ^u a goat's sk91 :i* dots & l9es !y aft]w>ds deciph]2 or !y place palm-nuts 9 heaps ^u a goat's sk91 & by %ift+ !m ab\t suppose t an answ] is obta9$ 7,n4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #acd74 ,! hea!n ,mexican _h ! habit1 on ! bir? ( a *ild1 ( consult+ a div9] 9 ord] to asc]ta9 its future4 ,! div9]1 hav+ le>nt f ! *ild's p>5ts ! h\r at :i* x 0 born1 turn$ ov] 8 books to discov] ! sign "u :i* its nativity _h occurr$4 ,%\ld t sign prove to be favorable1 he w\ld say to ! p>5ts3 ,y\r *ild has be5 born "u a good sign2 x w be a s5or1 or s5ator1 or ri*1 or brave1 or w h "s o!r di/9ction4 ,9 ! opposite case he w\ld say3 ,! *ild has n be5 born "u a good sign2 x has be5 born "u a disa/r\s sign4 ,9 "s circum/ances !re 0 hope t ! evil might be rem$i$2 b if ! sign 7 altoge!r bad1 !y w\ld pr$ict t x w\ld be vici\s1 c>nal1 & a ?ief2 or t x w\ld be dull & lazy2 or possibly t x w\ld be a great drunk>d2 or t its life w\ld be %ort4 ,a ?ird alt]native 0 :5 ! sign 0 indiff]5t1 & ! expect$ =tune 0 !re=e p>tly good & p>tly bad4 ,! div9]1 9 ?is case & 9 t ( a bad1 b n hopelessly bad1 sign1 assi/$ ! p>5ts by po9t+ out an auspici\s day = ! baptism ( ! infant 7,a4 ,m41 vol4 v4 pp4 #dgi1 #dhj74 ,pr$iction ( com+ ev5ts 0 practic$ by ! prie/s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z x 0 else:]e4 ,!y p]suad$ ! multitude1 says ,*>levoix1 t !y suff]$ f ec/atic transports4 ,dur+ ^! conditions1 !y said t _! spirits gave !m a l>ge acqua9tance ) remote ?+s1 & ) ! future 7,n4 ,f41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cdg74 ,moreov]1 !y practic$ magic1 & ) su* effect t ,*>levoix felt himself compell$ to ascribe _! p]=mances to _! alliance ) ! devil4 ,!y ev5 pret5d$ to be born 9 a sup]natural mann]1 & f\nd believ]s ready to ?9k t only by "s sort ( en*antm5t & illusion _h !y =m]ly imag9$ t !y _h come into ! _w l o!r p4 ,:5 !y w5t into ! /ate ( ec/asy1 !y resembl$ ! ,py?oness on ! tripod2 !y assum$ tones ( voice & p]=m$ actions :i* seem$ beyond human capacity4 ,on ^! occasions !y suff]$ s mu* t x 0 h>d to induce !m1 ev5 by h&some paym5t1 ?us to yield !mselves to ! _s4 ,s (t5 did !y prophesy truly1 t ,*>levoix c only resort aga9 to 8 hypo!sis ( a real int]c\rse betwe5 !m & ! fa!r ( s$uction & ( lies1 :o manife/$ 8 connection ) !m by tell+ !m ! tru?4 ,?us1 a lady nam$ ,madame de ,m>son1 by no means an esprit faible1 0 anxi\s ab\t h] husb&1 :o 0 comm&+ at a ,fr5* outpo/ 9 ,acadia1 & :o _h /ay$ away beyond ! "t fix$ = 8 return4 ,a native woman1 hav+ asc]ta9$ ! reason ( h] tr\ble1 told h] n to be di/ress$1 = t h] husb& w\ld return on a c]ta9 day at a c]ta9 h\r1 we>+ a grey hat4 ,see+ t ! lady did n believe 9 h]1 %e return$ on ! day & at ! h\r nam$1 & ask$ h] if %e w\ld n come to meet h] husb&4 ,aft] mu* press+1 %e induc$ ! lady to accompany h] to ! bank ( ! riv]4 ,sc>cely _h !y arriv$1 :5 ,m4 de ,m>son appe>$ 9 a canoe1 we>+ a grey hat ^u 8 head4 ,! writ] 0 in=m$ ( ?is fact by ,madame de ,m>son's son-9-law1 at t "t ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ! ,fr5* dom9ions 9 ,am]ica1 :o _h he>d x f h]self 7,n4 ,f41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cei-cfc74 ,! prie/s ( ! ,t>t>s are also _! div9]s4 ,!y pr$ict eclipses1 & ann\nce lucky & unlucky days = all sorts ( bus9ess 7,b]g]on1 ,voyage de ,rubruquis1 *4 #dg74 ,among ! ,buddhi/ prie/hood ( ,?ibet1 !re is a class ( ,lamas :o are a/rolog]s1 di/+ui%$ by a peculi> dress1 & mak+ x _! bus9ess to tell =tunes1 exorcise evil spirits1 & s =?4 ,! a/rolog]s are consid]$ to h int]c\rse ) ,sadag1 a _s :o is suppos$ to be "l ( ! gr\nd1 9 :i* bodies are int]r$1 & :o1 along ) o!r spirits1 requires to be pacifi$ by *>ms & rites kn[n only to ^! prie/s4 ,to prev5t !m f injur+ ! dead1 ! relations (f] a price 9 cattle or money to ,sadag2 & ! a/rolog]s1 :5 satisfi$ ) ! am\nt1 und]take ! necess>y conjuration 7,b4 ,t41 pp4 #aef1 #bga74 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?is class ( un(ficial prie/s is m5tion$ ) ! reprobation inspir$ by rivalry4 ,! ,hebrew legislator is at "o ) ! ,roman ,s5ate 9 8 desire to expel !m f ! l&4 ,!re %all n be f\nd among y any "o t 444 use? div9ation1 or an obs]v] ( times1 or an en*ant]1 or a wit*1 or a *>m]1 or a consultor ) famili> spirits1 or a wiz>d1 or a necromanc]4 ,= all t d ^! ?+s are an abom9ation unto ! ,"l3 & because ( ^! abom9ations ! ,"l ?y ,god do? drive !m out f be=e !e 7,deut4 xviii4 #aj-ab74 ,! v prohibition ev9ces ! exi/5ce ( ! objects aga9/ :om x is aim$2 & proves t1 along ) ! recogniz$ wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 !re exi/$ an unrecogniz$ resort to practices :i* ! /]n] adh]5ts ( t wor%ip w\ld n p]mit4 ,9 addition to _! claim to be 9 possession ( special means ( asc]ta9+ ! occult causes ( ph5om5a 7z 9 illness71 & ( special contrivances = p5etrat+ ! future 7z 9 a/rology or =tune-tell+71 prie/hoods pret5d to a m direct inspiration f on high1 qualify+ !m ei!r to ann\nce ! w ( _! god on exceptional occasions1 or to intimate 8 purpose 9 matt]s ( m ord9>y occurr5ce4 ,?is inspiration 0 grant$ to ! native ,nor? ,am]ican prie/s at ! critical age ( pub]ty1 ,x 0 reveal$ to its possessor by ! "* ( ! visions he p]ceiv$ at ! ordeal he pass$ ?r\gh on arriv+ at pub]ty2 & by ! nor!rn nations 0 said to be ! manife/ation ( a m pot5t p]sonal _s ?an ord9>y4 ,x 0 n a faculty1 b an inspiration2 n an inborn /r5g?1 b a spiritual gift 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #bgi74 ,s 9 ,india2 among ! sev]al mean+s ( ! ^w ,brahman1 is t ( a p]son elect$ by special div9e favor to receive ! gift ( inspiration 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #bei74 ,! mission>y ,turn]1 :o has an eye = p>allels1 obs]ves1 among o!r j reflections1 t ! way 9 :i* ! ,samoan prie/s decl>$ t ! gods spoke by !m1 /rik+ly rem9ds u ( ! mode by :i* ,god ( old made kn[n 8 w to man by ! ,hebrew prophets 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #cdi74 ,al?\gh ! ,levites 7 said to be ! ,"l's1 & to h be5 hall[$ by him in/ead ( all ! fir/-born ( ,israel1 yet x does n appe> t !y 7 9 g5]al end[$ ) any high ord] ( inspiration4 ,! high-prie/ no d\bt receiv$ communications f ,god by ! ,urim & ,?ummim4 ,prie/s 7 also ! judges :om ! ,"l *ose1 & ^: s5t5ce 9 c\rt 0 to be obey$ on p5alty ( dea?2 b ! inspiration t 0 fitt$ to guide ! ,israelites 0 suppli$ n s mu* by !m z by ! prophets1 a k9d ( supplem5t>y prie/hood ( :i* ! memb]s1 sometimes prie/s1 sometimes consecrat$ by o!r prophets1 7 z a rule unconsecrat$1 d]iv+ _! appo9tm5t directly f ,jehovah4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x 0 atta9$ 9 a some:at unusual way1 ! g5]al ne$ ( an inspir$ ord] 0 suppli$ no less p]fectly among ! ,israelites ?an else:]e4 ,*ri/ian prie/s enjoy two k9ds ( inspiration4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are inspir$ specially :5 assembl$ 9 g5]al c\ncils1 to decl>e ! tru? 9 matt]s ( doctr9e1 or 9 o!r words1 to issue supplem5t>y revelations2 9 ! second place1 !y are inspir$ g5]ally to remit or reta9 (f5ses1 _! s5t5ce be+--accord+ to ! common doctr9e ( ,ca?olics & ,episcopalian ,prote/ants--always ratifi$ 9 ! ,c\rt above4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is exalt$ conception ( _! au?ority1 prie/ly ord]s ?reat5 puni%m5t to (f5d]s1 & ann\nce ! future de/9y ( s\ls4 ,?us ! ,mexican prie/s w>n$ _! p5it5ts aft] confession n to fall aga9 into s91 hold+ out ! prospect ( ! torm5ts ( hell if !y %\ld neglect ! admonition 7,a4 ,m41 vol4 v1 p4 #cgj74 ,! prie/s 9 "s p>ts ( ,africa "k ! fate ( ea* s\l aft] dea?1 & c say :e!r x has gone to ,god or to ! evil _s 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cce74 ,sometimes ! prie/s are held to be protect$ aga9/ injury by ! especial c>e ( heav54 ,to take away a ,brahman's wife is an (f5se involv+ t]rible calamities1 :ile k+s :o re/ore h] to ! ,brahman enjoy ! abundance ( ! e>? 7#j4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #beg74 ,a k+ :o %\ld eat a ,brahman's c[ is w>n$ 9 solemn language ( ! dreadful consequ5ces ( su* conduct1 bo? 9 ?is _w & ! next 7,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #bhe74 ,! sacr$ volumes decl>e t :5ev] a k+1 fancy+ himself mighty1 seeks to dev\r a ,brahman1 t k+dom is brok5 up1 9 :i* a ,brahman is oppress$ 7,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #bhg74 ,no "o :o has eat5 a ,brahman's c[ cont9ues to wat* 7i4e41 to rule7 ov] a c\ntry4 ,! ,indian gods1 moreov]1 d n eat ! food (f]$ by a k+ :o has no 444 ,purohita1 or dome/ic *apla9 7,a4 ,b41 p4 #ebh74 ,! murd] ( a k+ :o _h honor$ & enri*$ ! ,buddhi/ prie/hood1 is said to h entail$ ! de/ruction ( ! p[] & /r5g? ( ! k+dom ( ,?ibet1 & to h ext+ui%$ ! happ9ess & welf>e ( its p 7,g4 ,o4 ,m41 p4 #cfb74 ,& ,jewi% hi/ory af=ds abundant in/ances ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! success or glory ( ! rul]s 0 connect$1 by ! sac]dotal class1 ) ! respect %[n t[>ds !mselves z ! m9i/]s ( ,jehovah1 & ) ! rigor ev9c$ 9 p]secut+ or putt+ d[n ! m9i/]s ( e o!r cre$4 ,t ! same bias has be5 betray$ by ! ,*ri/ian prie/hood & _! adh]5ts 9 ! int]pretation ( hi/ory ne$s no pro(4 ,! pres5ce ( a prie/ or prie/s at important rites is held to be indisp5sable by all religions4 ,) ! negroes visit$ by ,old5dorp1 ! prie/ 0 9 requisition at burials2 = he only c\ld help ! s\l to get to ,god1 & keep (f ! evil _s :o w\ld seek to obta9 possession ( x 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cbg74 ,= mo/ ( ! c]emonies 79 ,?ibet7 ! p]=mance by a ,lama is consid]$ indisp5sable to its due effect2 & ev5 :]e ?is is n s1 ! efficacy ( ! rite is increas$ by ! ,lama's assi/ance 7,b4 ,t41 p4 #bdg74 ,mu* ! same ?+ may be said "h4 ,= c]ta9 c]emonies1 su* z confirmation1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! sacram5t1 ! conduct ( div9e s]vice on ,sundays1 ! prie/ is a necess>y (ficial4 ,= o!rs1 su* z m>riage1 ! majority ( ! p pref] to employ him1 & no d\bt believe t ! efficacy ( ! rite is increas$ by ! fact t he reads ! words ( ! s]vice4 ,nor is ?is surpris+ :5 we consid] t1 until )9 v rec5t times1 no legitimate *ild c\ld be produc$ 9 ,engl& )\t ! assi/ance ( a prie/4 ,n only is ! ecclesia/ical ca/e requir$ to r5d] religi\s rites acceptable to ! deity1 b !y are (t5 end[$ ) ! attribute ( ability to modify ! c\rse ( nature4 ,tanna1 "o ( ! ,fiji gr\p1 !re are ra9-mak]s & ?und]-mak]s1 & fly & musquito mak]s1 & a ho/ ( o!r 'sacr$ m52' & 9 ano!r isl& !re is a ra9-mak+ class ( prie/s 7,n4 ,y41 pp4 #hi1 #dbh74 ,9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries all prie/s are ra9-mak]s1 ! read+ ( pray]s = f9e or wet wea!r be+ a portion ( _! e/abli%$ duties4 ,naturally1 ! memb]s ( a class ^: functions are ( ?is high value to ! community enjoy great p[]1 are reg>d$ z extremely sacr$1 & above all1 are well rew>d$4 ,fir/1 z to ! p[] !y enjoy4 ,?is is accord$ to !m alike by savage tribes & by cultivat$ ,europeans4 ,accord+ to ,br9ton1 all ,nor? ,am]ican tribes appe> to h be5 controll$ by secret societies ( prie/s4 ,)al1 says ! same au?ority1 !re 0 no class ( p]sons :o s widely & deeply influ5c$ ! culture1 & %ap$ ! de/9y ( ! ,indian tribes1 z _! prie/s 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #bhe74 ,ov] ! negroes ( ! ,c>ibbean ,isl&s ! prie/s & prie/esses ex]cis$ an almo/ unlimit$ dom9ion1 be+ reg>d$ ) ! greate/ rev]5ce4 ,no negro w\ld h v5tur$ to transgress ! arrangem5ts made by a prie/ 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cbg74 ,on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea !re exi/s1 or exi/$1 an in/itution by :i* c]ta9 wom5 became prie/esses2 & su* wom51 ev5 ?\gh slaves be=e1 enjoy$1 on receiv+ ?is dignity1 a high position & ev5 ex]cis$ absolute au?ority precisely 9 ! qu>t] :]e x mu/ h be5 sweete/ to _! m9ds1 namely1 ov] _! husb&s 7,d4 ,c4 ,g41 p4 #cfc74 ,writ+ ( ! ,talapo9s 9 ,siam1 ,g]vaise says1 t !y are exempt$ f all public *>ges2 !y salute nobody1 :ile ev]ybody pro/rates himself be=e !m2 !y are ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se1 & s =? 7,h4 ,n4 ,s41 troisime p>tie1 *s4 #e1 #f74 ,( ! enorm\s p[] wield$ by ! cl]ical ord] 9 ,europe1 especially dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 x is unnecess>y to speak4 ,! humiliation ( ,!odosius by ,ambrose 0 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s1 z x 0 "o ( ! mo/ b5efic5t1 ex]cises ( _! ext5sive rights4 ,secondly1 ! sanctity atta*$ to _! p]sons is usually consid]able1 & may (t51 to ambiti\s m9ds1 af=d a l>ge comp5sation = ! loss 7if su* be requir$7 ( "s k9ds ( secul> enjoym5t4 ,! ,african prie/esses j m5tion$ are z mu* respect$ z ! prie/1 or r m1 & call !mselves by ! appellation ( ,god's *ildr54 ,:5 c]ta9 ,buddhi/ ecclesia/ics 7 execut$ = rebellion 9 ,ceylon1 ! utmo/ a/oni%m5t 0 express$ by ! p at ! tem]ity ( ! k+ 9 s treat+ su* holy & rev]5d p]sons4 ,& none h]et(ore1 adds ! report] ( ! fact1 h be5 s s]v$2 be+ reput$ & call$ sons ( ,boddon 7,h4 ,r4 ,c41 p4 #ge71 or ,buddha2 a title exactly correspond+ to t ( ,god's *ildr5 be/[$ ^u ! prie/esses4 ,9 ,siam ! ,talapo9s1 or prie/s1 are ( two k9ds3 secul>1 liv+ 9 ! _w2 & regul>1 liv+ 9 ! =e/ )\t int]c\rse ) m54 ,!re is no limit to ! v5]ation giv5 by ! ,siamese to ^! la/1 :om !y look ^u z demigods 7,h4 ,n4 ,s41 troisime p>tie1 p4 #ahd74 ,! ,brahman ca/e1 accord+ to ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9dus1 is sprung f ! gods 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #ba72 & ! exceptional honor always accord$ to !m is 9 h>mony ) ?is !ory ( _! orig94 ,! title ,rev]5d1 man to be rev]$1 giv5 to ! cl]gy 9 ,europe1 implies ! exi/5ce1 at lea/ orig9ally1 ( a simil> s5tim5t ( respect4 ,la/ly1 ! s]vices ( prie/s are g5]ally well rew>d$1 & !y !mselves take e c>e to enc\rage lib]ality t[>ds _! ord]4 ,paym5t is made to !m ei!r 9 ! %ape ( direct remun]ation1 or 9 t ( exceptional pecuni>y privileges1 or 9 t ( exemptions f burd5s4 ,direct remun]ation may be1 & (t5 is1 giv5 9 ! %ape ( a fix$ portion ab/ract$ f ! prop]ty ( ! laity = ! b5efit ( ! cl]gy4 ,su* are ! ti!s be/[$ by law ^u ! latt] among ! ,jews1 ! ,p>sees1 & ! ,*ri/ians4 ,or1 direct remun]ation may consi/ 9 fees = s]vices r5d]$1 & 9 volunt>y gifts4 ,su* fees & gifts are always repres5t$ by ! prie/hood z highly advantage\s to ! giv]s4 ,if ! relatives ( a deceas$ ,p>see d n give ! prie/ :o (ficiates at ! fun]al f\r new robes1 ! dead w appe> nak$ be=e ! ?rone ( ,god at ! resurrection1 & w be put to %ame be=e ! :ole assembly 7,av41 vol4 ii4 p4 xli42 iii4 p4 xliv74 ,moreov]1 ^? ,p>sees :o wi% to live happily1 & h *ildr5 :o w d !m honor1 mu/ pay f\r prie/s1 :o dur+ ?ree days & ?ree nights p]=m ! ,yasna = !m 7,z4 ,a41 vol4 ii4 p4 #efd74 ,9 ,?ibet !re is great m]it 9 consecrat+ a dome/ic animal to a c]ta9 god1 ! animal be+ aft] a c]ta9 "t deliv]$ to ! ,lamas1 :o may eat x 7,b4 ,t41 p4 #aeh74 ,giv+ alms to ! monks is a duty mo/ s$ul\sly inculcat$ by ,buddhism1 & ! ,buddhi/ writ+s ab\nd 9 illu/rations ( ! advantages d]iv$ f ! practice4 ,simil> b5efits accrue to ! cl]gy f ! cu/om1 prevail+ 9 ,ceylon1 ( mak+ (f]+s 9 ! temples = recov]y f sickness2 = :5 ! ,s+halese h left _! gift on ! alt>1 ! prie/ pres5ts x ) all due c]emony to ! god2 & aft] its purpose is ?us s]v$1 v prud5tly conv]ts x to 8 own use 7,a ,i4 ,c41 p4 #bje74 ,( ! ,levites x is solemnly decl>$ 9 ,deut]onomy t !y h no "p nor inh]itance ) ,israel1 & t ! ,"l is _! inh]itance4 ,b ! ,"l is soon se5 to be a v sub/antial inh]itance inde$4 ,f ^? t (f] an ox or a %eep ! prie/s are to receive ! %\ld]1 ! two *eeks1 & ! maw2 :ile ! fir/-fruits ( corn1 w9e1 & oil1 & ! fir/ ( ! %eep's fleeces are to be giv5 to !m 7,deut4 xviii4 #a-e74 ,moreov]1 giv+ to ! prie/ is decl>$ to be ! same ?+ z giv+ to ! ,"l 7,num4 v4 #h74 ,a simil> notion1 always fo/]$ by ecclesia/ical influ5ce1 has l$ to ! va/ end[m5ts be/[$ by pi\s mon>*s & weal?y individuals ^u ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy4 ,occasionally1 ! prie/s enjoy exemptions f ! taxes1 or o!r burd5s levi$ ^u ord9>y p4 ,a s+ul> in/ance ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! privilege ( ! ,p>see prie/s1 ( n pay+ _! doctors 7,j4 ,a41 vol4 ii4 p4 #eee74 ,l>ge immunities us$ to be enjoy$ by ecclesia/ics among ourselves1 especially t ( exemption f ! jurisdiction ( ! ord9>y c\rts ( law4 ,:ile ! life ( a prie/ (t5 entails c]ta9 privations1 he is nev]!less frequ5tly su/a9$ by ! ?\ght t !re is m]it 9 ! sacrifices he makes4 ,?us1 x is held by a ,buddhi/ au?ority1 t ! m]it obta9$ by ent]+ ! spiritual ord] is v great2 & t 8 m]it is immeasurable :o ei!r p]mits a son1 a daught]1 or a slave1 to ent] x1 or ent]s x himself 7,w4 u4 ,t41 p4 #ajg74 ,prie/hoods may ei!r be h]$it>y or select$4 ,! ,brahm9s 9 ,india1 & ! ,levites 9 ,juda1 are rem>kable types ( h]$it>y1 ! ,buddhi/ & ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy ( select$1 sac]dotal ord]s4 ,curi\s modifications ( ! h]$it>y pr9ciple 7 f\nd among ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,?us1 among ! ,nez ,p]cs ( ,oregon1 ! prie/ly (fice 0 transmitt$ 9 "o family f fa!r to son & daught]1 b1 always ) ! proviso t ! *ildr5 at ! prop] age report$ dreams ( a satisfactory "*4 ,! ,%awnees conf9$ x to "o totem3 b j z ! ,hebrew prophets ne$ n be ,levites1 ! greate/ ( _! prophets 444 0 n a memb] ( ?is clan4 ,! ,*]okees _h "o family set ap>t = ! prie/ly (fice1 & :5 !y abus$ _! bir?right & 7 all massacr$1 ano!r family took _! places4 ,) ano!r tribe1 ! ,*octaws1 ! (fice ( high-prie/ rema9$ 9 "o family1 pass+ f fa!r to son2 & ! v influ5tial pia*es ( ! ,c>ib tribes v g5]ally transmitt$ _! rank & position to _! *ildr54 ,a m important case ( h]$it>y prie/hood is t ( ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 :o monopoliz$ ! highe/ (fices bo? 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,9 anci5t ,anahuac !re exi/$ a d\ble sy/em ( inh]itance & selection4 ,! prie/s ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 & p]haps a few o!r gods1 7 h]$it>y2 & ! high-prie/ ( t god1 t[>ds :om ! :ole ord] 0 requir$ to obs]ve implicit ob$i5ce1 0 ! h]$it>y pontifex maximus4 ,b ! re/ 7 d$icat$ to ecclesia/ical life f e>ly *ildhood1 & 7 c>efully educat$ = ! pr(ession 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #bha-bia74 ,*ri/ianity entirely ab&on$ ! h]$it>y pr9ciple preval5t among its spiritual ance/ors1 ! ,jews1 & select$ = its m9i/]s ( religion ^? :o felt1 or pr(ess$ to feel1 an int]nal vocation = ?is c>e]4 ,d\btless ?is is ! mo/ effectual plan = secur+ a p[]ful prie/hood4 ,^? :o belong to x h _! he>t f> m ?or\ghly 9 _! "w ?an c possibly be ! case :5 x falls to !m by "r ( bir?4 ,j ! mo/ prie/ly-m9d$ ( ! community become prie/s2 & a f> great] air ( zeal & ( sanctity atta*es to an ord] ?us ma9ta9$1 ?an to "o ( :i* _m ( ! memb]s possess no qualification b t ( family1 tribe1 or ca/e4 ,no?+ c be m irrational ?an ! d5unciation ( prie/s & prie/craft :i* is (t5 indulg$ 9 by ,lib]al writ]s & politicians4 ,if x be true t prie/s h %[n consid]able cunn+1 x is also true t ! p h fo/]$ t cunn+ by cr$ulity4 ,& if ! cl]gy h put =? v l>ge pret5sions to inspiration1 div9e au?ority1 & hidd5 k1 x is equally ! fact t ! laity h dem&$ su* qualifications at _! h&s4 ,an ord] c sc>cely be blam$ if x seeks to satisfy ! claims :i* ! popul> religion makes ^u x4 ,enlight5m5t f heav5 has 9 all ages & c\ntries be5 positively dem&$4 ,sacrifices h always _h to be made2 & :5 x 0 f\nd m conv5i5t to delegate ! function ( (f]+ !m to a class ap>t1 t class naturally e/abli%$ rituali/ic rules ( _! own1 & z naturally ass]t$ 7& no d\bt believ$7 t all sacrifices n (f]$ accord+ to ^! rules 7 displeas+ to ,god4 ,& !y c\ld n pr(ess ! inspiration :i* !y 7 expect$ to manife/ )\t also requir+ ob$i5ce to div9e comm&s4 ,prie/s are1 9 fact1 ! m]e outcome ( religi\s belief z x commonly exi/s2 & p>tly m9i/] to t belief by delib]ate trick]y1 p>tly %>e x !mselves1 & hone/ly accept ! accr$it$ view ( _! own l(ty commission4 ,div9e inspiration leads by a v logical process to infallibility4 ,a ,*ur* f\nd$ on revelation ne$s liv+ tea*]s to pres]ve ! correct int]pretation ( t revelation4 ,)\t su* liv+ tea*]s1 reveal$ tru? itself becomes 7z x always has done among ,prote/ants7 an occasion ( discord & ( s*ism4 ,b ! int]pret]s ( revelation 9 _! turn mu/ be able to appeal to "s sole & supreme au?ority1 z ! arbit] betwe5 v>y+ op9ions1 & ! guide to be foll[$ ?r\gh all ! intricacies ( dogma4 ,n[h]e c su* an arbit] & su* a guide be f\nd m naturally ?an 9 ! head ( ! ,*ur* himself4 ,if ,god speaks to mank9d ?r\gh 8 ,*ur*1 x is only a logical conclusion t )9 t ,*ur* !re mu/ be "o ?r\gh :om he speaks ) absolute c]ta9ty1 & ^: prophetic voice mu/ !re=e be infallible4 ,!re _c be a m consi/5t application ( ! g5]al !ory ( prie/hood2 & !re is no m fatal sign = ! prospects ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ! inability ( _m ( its support]s to accept s useful a doctr9e1 & ! ?\ghtless indignation ( "s among !m aga9/ ! s+le ,*ur* :i* has _h ! wisdom to proclaim x4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,holy ,,p]sons4 ,al?\gh = ! ord9>y & regul> communications f ! div9e ,be+ to man ! e/abli%$ prie/hoods might suffice1 yet occasions arise :5 !re is ne$ ( a pl5ipot5ti>y ) high] au?ority & m ext5sive p[]s4 ,:at is requir$ ( ^! exceptional ambassadors is n m]ely to repeat ! doctr9es ( ! old religion1 b to e/abli% a new "o4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are ! orig9al f\nd]s ( ! great religions ( ! _w4 ,( su* f\nd]s !re is b a v limit$ numb]4 ,beg9n+ ) ,*9a1 & proce$+ f ,ea/ to ,we/1 we f9d six3-- #a4 ,,confucius1 or ,,khung-,,fu-,,tsze1 ! f\nd] ( ,confucianism4 #b4 ,,la-,,ts1 ! f\nd] ( ,ta\ism4 #c4 ,,sakyamuni1 or ,,gautama ,,buddha1 ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 #d4 ,,z>a?u/ra1 or ,,zoroa/]1 ! f\nd] ( ,p>seeism4 #e4 ,,mohamm$1 or ,,mahomet1 ! f\nd] ( ,islamism4 #f4 ,,jesus ,,*ri/1 ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,all ^! m51 :om = conv5i5ce sake ,i propose to call prophets1 occupy an entirely exceptional position 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,! *>act]i/ics1 or m>ks1 by :i* !y may be di/+ui%$ f o!r great m51 are p>tly ext]nal1 belong+ to ! views ( o!rs ab\t !m2 p>tly int]nal1 belong+ to _! own view ab\t !mselves4 #a4 ,! fir/ ext]nal m>k by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ is1 t )9 8 own religion ea* ( ^! is recogniz$ z ! highe/ kn[n au?ority4 ,!y alone are ?\ght ( z hav+ ! "r to *ange :at is e/abli%$4 ,:ile all o!r tea*]s appeal to !m = ! sanction ( _! doctr9es1 !re is no appeal f !m to any "o beyond4 ,:at !y h said is f9al4 ,!y are 9 p]fect possession ( ! tru?4 ,o!rs are 9 possession ( x only 9 s f> z !y agree ) !m4 ,no d\bt1 ! sacr$ books are equally infallible ) ! prophets2 b ! sacr$ books ( religions f\nd$ by prophets d]ive _! au?ority 9 ! la/ resort f !m1 & are always held to be only a writt5 /atem5t ( _! tea*+4 ,?us1 ! sacr$ books ( ,*9a are p>tly ( direct ,confucian au?or%ip2 p>tly by o!rs :o recognize him z _! head4 ,! only sacr$ book ( ! ,tao-ts is by _! f\nd] himself4 ,! sacr$ books ( ! ,buddhi/s are suppos$ disc\rses ( ! ,buddha4 ,! ,ave/a is ! reput$ "w ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,! ,koran is ! actual "w ( ,mahomet4 ,& la/ly1 ! ,new ,te/am5t is all ( x writt5 9 express subord9ation to ! au?ority ( ,*ri/1 to :i* x con/antly appeals4 ,^! books1 !n1 are infallible1 because !y conta9 ! doctr9es ( _! f\nd]s4 ,! same ?+ is true :]e !re is an infallible ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* nev] claims ! same absolute au?ority z x conc$es to its prophet4 ,its infallibility consi/s 9 its p[] to int]pret correctly ! m9d ( him by :om x 0 e/abli%$4 ,he x is :o br\ght ! message f above :i* no human p[] c\ld h discov]$4 ,x is ! ,*ur*'s function to expla9 t message to ! _w2 &1 :]e ne$$1 to d$uce su* inf]5ces !refrom z by its sup]natural inspiration x p]ceives to be j4 ,beyond ?is1 ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* does n ext5d4 ,a second ext]nal m>k1 closely relat$ to ! fir/1 is1 t ! prophet ( ea* religion is1 )9 ! limits ( t religion1 ! object ( a m or less my?ical del9eation ( 8 p]sonality4 ,8 hi/orical =m is1 to "s ext5t1 sup]s$$ by ! =m be/[$ ^u him by a dogmatic leg5d4 ,accord+ to t leg5d !re 0 some?+ ab\t 8 nature t 0 m ?an human4 ,he 0 9 "s way extraord9>y4 ,! my?s relat$ v>y f a m]e exaltation ( ! common features ( humanity1 to ! inv5tion ( completely sup]natural attributes4 ,b _! object is ! same3 to repres5t _! prophet z m highly end[$ ?an o!r mortals4 ,ev5 :]e !re is little ( absolute my?1 ! repres5tation we receive is "o-sid$2 we "k no?+ ( ! prophet's faults1 except 9 s f> z we may discov] !m aga9/ ! w ( ! biograph]s4 ,to !m he appe>s all-virtu\s4 ,^! rem>ks w be abundantly illu/rat$ :5 we come to consid] ! life ( ,jesus1 & to comp>e x ) t ( 8 compe]s4 #b4 ,! int]nal m>k corresponds to ! fir/ ext]nal m>k1 ( :i* x is inde$ ! subjective c\nt]p>t4 ,^! prophets conceive !mselves deput$ to tea* a fai?1 & !y virtually recognize 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is mission no human au?ority sup]ior to _! own4 ,9 words1 p]haps1 !y d ackn[l$ge "s e/abli%$ au?ority2 b 9 fact !y set x aside4 ,no ,*ur* or prie/hood has ! smalle/ weight ) !m1 z oppos$ to t int5se int]nal conviction :i* appe>s to !m an inspiration4 ,h5ce x 0 obs]v$ ( ,jesus1 t he taught ) au?ority1 & n z ! scribes4 ,)\t be+ able !mselves to give any explanation ( ! fact1 !y feel !mselves end[$ ) pl5>y p[] to re=m4 ,& x is n1 l o!r re=m]s1 9 ! "n ( ano!r t !y d ?is2 !y re=m 9 _! own "r1 & ) no o!r title ?an _! own pr(\nd consci\sness ( be+ n only p]mitt$1 b *>g$ to d x4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ n be imag9$ t ! prophets sweep away ev]y?+ !y f9d 9 ! exi/+ religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w be f\nd on exam9ation t !y always reta9 "s important elem5t or elem5ts ( ! old] fai?4 ,)\t ?is1 !y w\ld h no hold on ! popul> m9d ( _! c\ntry1 f :i* !y w\ld be too f> remov$ to make !mselves und]/ood4 ,?us1 ,allah 0 already recogniz$ z ,god by ! ,arabians 9 ! "t ( ,mahomet1 ^: re=m consi/$ 9 tea*+ t he 0 ! only ,god4 ,?us1 ! ,messiah 0 already expect$ by ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 ^: re=m consi/$ 9 apply+ ! expectation to himself4 ,prophets take advantage ( a fai? already 9 exi/5ce1 & mak+ t ! f\ndation ( a new religion1 erect ^u x ! m special tru?s !y are inspir$ to proclaim4 ,no prophet c con/ruct a religion entirely f 8 own bra94 ,7 he to d s1 he w\ld be unable to %[ any reason :y x %\ld be accept$4 ,!re w\ld be no feel+ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s to :i* he c\ld appeal4 ,a religion to be accept$ by any b an insignificant fraction1 mu/ f9d a response n only 9 ! intellects1 b 9 ! emotions ( ^? = :om x is design$4 ,?is1 x appe>s to me1 is ! weak po9t ( ,positivism4 ,augu/e ,comte1 hav+ aboli%$ all t 9 ! g5]al m9d con/itutes religion at all1 attempt$ to compose a fai? = 8 disciples by ! m]ely arbitr>y ex]cise ( 8 own +5uity4 ,he p]haps did n consid] t 9 all hi/ory !re is no example ( a religion be+ inv5t$ by an individual ?9k]4 ,x is l attempt+ to sell a commodity = :i* !re is no dem&4 ,ev5 if 8 philosophical pr9ciples %\ld be accept$ by ! :ole ( ,europe1 !re c be no reason :y ! special obs]vances he recomm5ds %\ld be adopt$1 or ! special sa9ts :om he places 9 ! cal5d> be ador$4 ,^? :o receive 8 philosophy w h no ne$ = 8 c]emonies4 ,:ile ev5 if c]emonies _c be entirely disp5s$ )1 x is n ! m]e fact ( a solit>y ?9k] plann+ x 9 8 own m9d t c ev] ensure ! adoption ( a ritual4 ,v diff]5t has be5 ! proc$ure ( ! prophets ( :om we are n[ to speak4 ,intellectually1 !y 7 no d\bt f> inf]ior to ! f\nd] ( ! ,positive ,philosophy4 ,b emotionally1 !y 7 fitt$ = ! "p :i* he unsuccessfully endeavor$ to play4 ,!y ent]$ into ! religi\s feel+s ( _! c\ntrym51 & gave ^? feel+s a high] expression ?an _h yet be5 f\nd = !m4 ,in/9ctively fix+ on "s conspicu\s "p ( ! old religion1 !y made t ! />t+-po9t = ! developm5t ( ! new4 ,!y re=m$1 b ! re=mation l9k$ itself to "s conviction t 0 already deeply root$ 9 ! nature ( _! conv]ts4 ,!y assum$ b\ndless au?ority2 b x 0 au?ority to proclaim a pre-exi/+ tru?1 n to sp9 out ( _! purely p]sonal ideas ( fitness a sy/em altoge!r disconnect$ f ! pa/ evolution ( religion1 & to impose t sy/em ^u ! rema9d] ( mank9d4 ,,section ,i4--,,confucius4#aa ,! life ( ! prophet ( ,*9a is n ev5tful4 ,x has nei!r ! *>m ( philosophic placidity & retirem5t f ! _w :i* belongs to t ( ,la-ts1 nor ! romantic int]e/ ( ! m v>i$ c>e]s ( ,sakyamuni1 ,*ri/1 or ,mahomet4 ,= ,confucius1 ?\gh a philosoph]1 did n object1 inde$ r desir$1 to take "s %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 c\ntry1 b 8 wi%es receiv$ v little gratification4 ,rul]s refus$ to acquiesce 9 8 pr9ciples ( adm9i/ration1 & he 0 compell$ to rely = _! propagation ma9ly on ! oral in/ruction imp>t$ to 8 disciples4 ,8 life1 !re=e1 be>s to "s ext5t ! aspect ( a failure1 ?\gh = ?is appe>ance he himself is n to blame4 ,ano!r cause1 :i* some:at dim9i%es ! int]e/ we might o!rwise take 9 him1 is 8 excessive att5tion to proprieties1 c]emonies1 & rites4 ,we _c b feel t a truly great man1 ev5 9 ,*9a1 w\ld h emancipat$ himself f ! bondage ( su* trifles4 ,nev]!less1 aft] all d$uctions are made1 en\gh rema9s to r5d] ! c>e] & "* ( ,confucius des]v+ ( att5tion1 & 9 _m respects ( admiration4 ,desc5d$ f a family :i* _h =m]ly be5 p[]ful & noble1 b 0 n[ 9 comp>atively mode/ circum/ances1 he 0 born 9 ,b4,c4 #eea1 8 fa!r's "n be+ ,%uh-leang ,heih1 & 8 "m's ,*+-,tsae4 ,! leg5ds relat$ ( 8 nativity ,i pass ov] = ! pres5t4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 an old man :5 he 0 born1 di$ :5 ! *ild 0 9 8 ?ird ye>2 & 8 "m 9 ,b4,c4 #ebh4 ,at n9ete51 ,confucius 0 m>ri$2 & at tw5ty-"o he came =w>d z a tea*]4 ,disciples atta*$ !mselves to him1 & dur+ 8 long c>e] z a philosoph]1 we f9d him con/antly att5d$ by "s fai?ful fri5ds1 :o receive all he says ) unb\nd$ def]5ce1 & propose que/ions = 8 decision z to an au?ority aga9/ :om !re c be no appeal4 ,! maxims ( ,confucius did n ref] solely to e?ics or to religion2 !y bore l>gely ^u ! art ( gov]nm5t1 & he 0 desir\s if possible ( putt+ !m 9 actual practice 9 ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs4 ,*9a1 h[ev]1 0 9 a /ate ( great confusion 9 8 days2 !re 7 rebellions & w>s 9 progress3 & ! "* ( ! rul]s f :om he might h obta9$ employm5t 0 su*1 t he c\ld n1 consi/5tly ) ! high /&>d ( honor on :i* he always act$1 accept favors at _! h&s4 ,"o ( !m propos$ to grant him a t[n ) its rev5ues2 b ,confucius said3 ,a sup]ior man w only receive rew>d = s]vices :i* he has done4 ,i h giv5 advice to ! duke ,t+ 7see bel[71 b he has n obey$ x1 & n[ he w\ld end[ me ) ?is place6 v f> is he f und]/&+ me 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 i41 ,prolegom5a1 p4 #fh74 ,9 ! ye> #ejj ! means 7 at l5g? put )9 8 rea* ( c>ry+ 8 views into practice4 ,he 0 made *ief magi/rate ( a t[n 9 ! /ate ( ,loo2 & ?is fir/ appo9tm5t 0 foll[$ by t ( assi/ant-sup]9t5d5t ( works1 & subsequ5tly by t ( m9i/] ( crime4 ,9 ?is (fice he is said to h put an end to crime altoge!r2 b ,dr4 ,legge rightly w>ns u aga9/ confid+ 9 ! indiscrim9at+ eulogies ( 8 disciples4 ,a m sub/antial s]vice attribut$ to him is t ( procur+ ! dismantlem5t ( two =tifi$ t[ns :i* 7 ! refuge ( dang]\s & w>like *iefs4 ,b 8 re=m+ gov]nm5t 0 br\ght to an end aft] a few ye>s by ! weakness ( 8 sov]eign1 duke ,t+1 :o 0 captivat$ by a pres5t ( eighty beautiful & accompli%$ girls1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty horses1 f a neighbor+ ,/ate4 ,engross$ by ?is pres5t1 ! duke neglect$ public affairs1 & ! philosoph] felt b\nd to resign4 ,we ne$ n foll[ him dur+ ! long w&]+s ?r\gh v>i\s p>ts ( ,*9a :i* foll[$ ^u ?is disappo9tm5t4 ,aft] travel+ f ,/ate to ,/ate = _m ye>s1 he return$ 9 8 sixty-n9? ye> to ,loo1 b n to (fice4 ,9 ! ye> #dgh 8 sad & tr\bl$ life 0 clos$ by dea?4 ,our in=mation respect+ ! "* ( ,confucius is ample4 ,f ! book :i* ,dr4 ,legge has entitl$ ! ,confucian ,analects1 a collection ( 8 say+s made 7z he believes7 by ! disciples ( 8 disciples1 we obta9 ! mo/ m9ute p>ticul>s bo? z to 8 p]sonal habits & z to ! nature ( 8 tea*+4 ,! impression d]iv$ f ^! acc\nts is t ( a g5tle1 virtu\s1 b5evol5t1 & em95tly honorable man2 a man :o1 l ,socrates1 0 indiff]5t to ! rew>d receiv$ = 8 tuition1 ?\gh n refus+ paym5t altoge!r2 :o w\ld nev] sacrifice a s+le pr9ciple = ! sake ( 8 individual advantage2 yet :o 0 anxi\s1 if possible1 to b5efit ! k+dom by ! e/abli%m5t ( an adm9i/ration p5etrat$ ) ^? e?ical maxims :i* he conceiv$ to be all-important4 ,yet1 irreproa*able z 8 moral "* 01 !re is ab\t him a defici5cy ( t bold orig9ality :i* has *>act]iz$ ! greate/ prophets ( o!r nations4 ,sakyamuni revolt$ aga9/ ! re/rictions ( ca/e :i* dom9at$ all m9ds 9 ,india4 ,jesus boldly claim$ = moral conduct a rank f> sup]ior to t ( e c]emonial obligation1 ev5 ^? :i* 7 held ! mo/ sacr$ by 8 c\ntrym54 ,mahomet1 morally f> bel[ ! ,*9ese sage1 ev9c$ a f> m indep5d5t g5ius by 8 attack on ! preval5t idolatry ( ,mecca4 ,confucius did no?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,8 0 a m9d :i* look$ back long+ly to antiquity1 & imag9$ t x discov]$ 9 ! anci5t rul]s & ! anci5t modes ( action1 ! models ( p]fection :i* all lat] times %\ld /rive to foll[4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,he 0 s pr(\ndly "u ! influ5ce ( ,*9ese ways ( ?9k+1 z to atta* an almo/ ludicr\s importance to a precise con=mity to c]ta9 rules ( propriety1 & to reg>d ! exactitude ) :i* c]emonies 7 p]=m$ z matt] ( ! highe/ conc]n4 ,9 fact1 he c\ld n emancipate himself f ! traditions ( 8 c\ntry2 & 8 pr9ciples w\ld h result$ r 9 mak+ 8 foll[]s p]fect ,*9am5 ?an p]fect m54 ,a f> m s]i\s *>ge is inde$ br\ght aga9/ him by ,dr4 ,legge--t ( ins9c]ity 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 i4--,prolegom5a-- p4 #aja74 ,i hesitate to impugn ! op9ion ( s compet5t a s*ol>2 yet ! evid5ce he has produc$ does n seem to me suffici5t to su/a9 ! indictm5t4 ,grant+ t he gave an unwelcome visitor ! excuse ( sickness1 :i* 0 untrue1 /ill1 z we are ignorant ( ! reasons :i* l$ him to decl9e see+ ! p]son 9 "q1 we _c e/imate ! =ce ( ! motives t induc$ him to put =w>d a plea 9 con=mity ) ! polite cu/oms ( 8 c\ntry4 ,x does n appe>1 moreov]1 t he practic$ an int5tional deceit4 ,& ?\gh on "o occasion he may h violat$ an oa? extort$ by rebels :o _h him 9 _! p[]1 !re9 act+ wrongly 7z ,i ?9k71 x is always an op5 "q h[ f> promises made "u su* circum/ances are b9d+ on ! consci5ce4 ,:atev] fail+s1 h[ev]1 x may be necess>y to admit1 !re c be no "q ( ! prem95t purity alike ( 8 life & doctr9e4 ,8 is a "* :i*1 be its imp]fections :at !y may1 we _c help lov+2 & !re h be5 few1 inde$1 :o w\ld n h be5 b5efit$ by ! attempt to rea* ev5 t /&>d ( virtue :i* he held up to ! admiration ( 8 disciples4 ,a few quotations f ! works 9 :i* 8 words & actions are pres]v$1 w illu/rate ^! rem>ks4 ,9 ! t5? ,book ( ! ,analects 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 i4 p4 #ia-ajj71 8 mann]s1 8 g>m5ts1 8 mode ( behavior "u v>i\s circum/ances1 are elaborately describ$4 ,!re are n _m p]sonages 9 hi/ory ( :om we h s m9ute a k4 ,we le>n t 9 8 village he look$ simple & s9c]e1 & z if he 7 n able to speak4 ,8 rev]5ce = 8 sup]iors seems to h be5 pr(\nd4 ,:5 ! pr9ce 0 pres5t1 8 mann] display$ respectful uneas9ess2 x 0 grave1 b self-possess$4 ,:5 go+ to an audi5ce ( ! pr9ce1 he asc5d$ ! dais1 hold+ up 8 robe ) bo? 8 h&s1 & 8 body b5t2 hold+ 9 8 brea? also1 z if he d>$ n brea!4 ,:5 he came out f ! audi5ce 7! italics1 "h & else:]e1 are 9 ,legge71 z soon z he _h desc5d$ "o /ep1 he began to relax 8 c\nt5ance1 & _h a satisfi$ look4 ,:5 he _h got to ! bottom ( ! /eps1 he advanc$ rapidly to 8 place1 ) 8 arms l w+s1 & on occupy+ x1 8 mann] /ill %[$ respectful uneas9ess4 ,he 0 r p>ticul> ab\t 8 food1 reject+ meat unless cut prop]ly1 & ) its prop] sauce4 ,:atev] he might be eat+1 h[ev]1 he w\ld (f] a little ( x 9 sacrifice4 ,:5 any ( 8 fri5ds di$1 if ! deceas$ _h no relations :o c\ld be dep5d$ on = ! necess>y (fices1 he w\ld say1 ',i w bury him4' ,9 b$1 he did n lie l a corpse4 ,& x is satisfactory to le>n ( "o :o 0 su* a respect] ( =malities1 t at home he did n put on any =mal deportm5t4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 he does n appe> to h be5 on v intimate t]ms ) 8 son1 to :om he is report$ to h said t unless he le>n$ ! odes he w\ld n be fit to conv]se )2 & t unless he le>n$ ! rules ( propriety 8 "* c\ld n be e/abli%$4 ,! disciple1 :o 0 in=m$ by ! son himself t he _h nev] he>d f 8 fa!r any o!r special doctr9e1 0 probably "r 9 conclud+ t ! sup]ior man ma9ta9s a di/ant res]ve t[>ds 8 son 7,lun ,yu1 xvi4 #ac74 ,b ) 8 belov$ disciples ,confucius 0 on t]ms ( affectionate intimacy :i* does n seem to h be5 m>r$ by ! rules ( propriety4 ,= ! dea? ( "o ( !m at lea/ he m\rn$ s bitt]ly z to draw d[n ^u himself ! expo/ulation ( ^? :o rema9$ 7,ibid41 xi4 #i74 ,! picture ( ! ,ma/]1 accompani$ at all times by 8 fai?ful fri5ds1 :o hang ^u 8 lips1 & eag]ly ga!r up 8 e utt]ance1 is on ! :ole a pleasant "o4 ,d y ?9k1 my disciples1 he asks1 t ,i h any concealm5ts8 ,i conceal no?+ f y4 ,!re is no?+ t ,i d :i* is n %[n to y1 my disciples2--t is my way 7,ibid41 vii4 #bc74 ,& ) all ! homage he is con/antly receiv+1 ,confucius is nev] arrogant4 ,he nev] speaks l a man :o wi%es to en=ce 8 views 9 an au?oritative /yle on o!rs2 nev] ?reat5s puni%m5t ei!r "h or h]eaft] to ^? :o diss5t f him4 ,!re 7 f\r ?+s1 8 disciples tell u1 f :i* ! ,ma/] 0 entirely free4 ,he _h no =egone conclusions1 no arbitr>y pr$et]m9ations1 no ob/9acy1 & no egoism 7,lun ,yu1 ix4 #d74 ,& 8 conduct is entirely 9 h>mony ) ?is /atem5t4 ,x is z a le>n]1 r ?an a tea*]1 t he reg>ds himself4 ,! ,ma/] said1 ',:5 ,i walk along ) two o!rs1 !y may s]ve me z my tea*]s4 ,i w select _! good qualities1 & foll[ !m2 _! bad qualities1 & avoid !m' 7,ibid41 vii4 #ba74 ,or aga93 ,! sage & ! man ( p]fect virtue1 h[ d>e ,i rank myself ) !m8 ,x may simply be said ( me1 t ,i /rive to become su* )\t satiety1 & tea* o!rs )\t we>9ess 7,ibid41 vii4 #cc74 ,9 lett]s ,i am p]haps equal to o!r m51 b ! "* ( ! sup]ior man1 c>ry+ out 9 8 conduct :at he pr(esses1 is :at ,i h n yet atta9$ to 7,ibid41 vii4 #cb74 ,not)/&+ ?is mode/y1 !re are traces--few inde$1 b n obscure--( t conviction ( a peculi> mission :i* all great prophets h ent]ta9$1 & )\t :i* ev5 ,confucius w\ld sc>cely h be5 rank$ among !m4 ,! mo/ di/9ct ( ^! is ! foll[+ passage3--,! ,ma/] 0 put 9 fe> 9 ,k'wang4 ,he said1 ',aft] ! dea? ( k+ ,wan1 0 n ! cause ( tru? lodg$ "h 9 me8 ,if ,heav5 _h wi%$ to let ?is cause ( tru? p]i%1 !n ,i1 a future mortal1 %\ld n h got su* a relation to t cause4 ,:ile ,heav5 does n let ! cause ( tru? p]i%1 :at c ! p ( ,k'wang d to me8' 7,lun ,yu1 ix4 #e74 ,^! rem>kable words w\ld be conclusive1 if !y /ood alone4 ,b !y d n /& alone4 ,9 ano!r place we f9d him ?us lam5t+ ! pa9 ( be+ g5]ally misund]/ood1 :i* is apt to be s ke5ly felt by exalt$ & s5sitive natures4 ,! ,ma/] said1 ',alas6 !re is no "o t kn[s me4' ,tse-kung said1 ',:at d y mean by ?us say+--t no "o kn[s y8' ,! ,ma/] repli$1 ',i d n murmur aga9/ ,heav54 ,i d n grumble aga9/ m54 ,my /udies lie l[1 & my p5etration rises high4 ,b !re is ,heav52--t kn[s me6' 7,ibid41 xiv4 #cg74 ,m5 might reject 8 labors & despise 8 tea*+1 b he w\ld compla9 nei!r aga9/ ,heav5 nor aga9/ !m4 ,if he 0 n kn[n by m51 he 0 kn[n by ,heav51 & t 0 en\gh4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ! ,ma/] said1 ',heav5 produc$ ! virtue t is 9 me1 ,hwan ,t'uy--:at c he d to me8'#ab ,^! passages are ! m rem>kable1 because ,confucius 0 n 9 ! ord9>y s5se a believ] 9 ,god4 ,t is1 he nev]1 ?r\gh\t 8 in/ructions1 says a s+le ^w imply+ ackn[l$gm5t ( a p]sonal ,deity2 a ,creator ( ! _w2 a ,be+ :om we are b\nd to wor%ip z ! au?or ( our lives & ! rul] ( our de/9ies4 ,he has ev5 be5 suspect$ ( omitt+ f 8 edition ( ! ,%oo-k+ & ! ,%e-k+ ev]y?+ t c\ld support ! comp>atively !i/ic doctr9e ( 8 contempor>y1 ,la-ts 7,by ,v4 von ,/rauss1 ,t4 ,t4 ,k41 p4 xxxviii74 ,t 8 high respect = antiquity w\ld h p]mitt$ su* a proc$ure is1 to say ! lea/1 v improbable2 & ,dr4 ,legge is no d\bt "r 9 acquitt+ him ( any willful suppression (1 or addition to1 ! anci5t articles ( ,*9ese fai? 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 i4 ,prolegom5a1 p4 #ii74 ,= our pres5t purpose x is en\gh to note t he avoid$ all discussion on ! high] problems ( religion2 & cont5t$ himself ) speak+1 & t b r>ely1 ( a vague1 & h>dly p]sonal ,be+ :i* he call$ ,heav54 ,?us1 9 a book attribut$ 7p]haps errone\sly7 to 8 gr&son1 he is report$ z say+1 ,s9c]ity is ! v way ( ,heav5 7,*ung ,yung1 xx4 #ah74 ,( k+ ,woo & ! duke ( ,*[1 two anci5t wor?ies1 he says3 ,by ! c]emonies ( ! sacrifices to ,heav5 & ,e>? !y s]v$ ,god 7:]e he seems to di/+ui% betwe5 ,heav5 & ,god1 :om ,i believe he nev] m5tions b "h72 & by ! c]emonies ( ! ance/ral temple !y sacrific$ to _! ance/ors4 ,he :o und]/&s ! c]emonies ( ! sacrifices to ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & ! mean+ ( ! sev]al sacrifices to ance/ors1 w\ld f9d ! gov]nm5t ( a k+dom z easy z to look into 8 palm 7,ibid41 xix4 #f74 ,else:]e1 he rem>ks t he :o is greatly virtu\s w be sure to receive ! appo9tm5t ( heav5 7,ibid41 xvii4 #e74 ,aga93 ,heav51 9 ! production ( ?+s1 is surely b\ntiful to !m1 accord+ to _! qualities 7,ibid41 xvii4 #c74 ,no?+ v def9ite c be ga!r$ f ^! passages1 z to 8 op9ions conc]n+ ! nature ( ! p[] ( :i* he spoke ?us obscurely4 ,yet x w\ld be ra% to f9d fault ) him on t acc\nt4 ,8 language may h be51 & 9 all probability 01 ! correct expression ( 8 feel+s4 ,8 m9d 0 n ( ! dogmatic type2 & if he does n tea* 8 disciples any v intelligible pr9ciples conc]n+ spiritual matt]s1 x is simply because he is hone/ly consci\s ( hav+ none to tea*4 ,!re are1 inde$1 indications :i* might be tak5 to imply ! exi/5ce ( an esot]ic doctr9e4 ,to ^?1 he says1 ^: tal5ts are above m$iocrity1 ! highe/ subjects may be ann\nc$4 ,to ^? :o are bel[ m$iocrity1 ! highe/ subjects may n be ann\nc$ 7,lun ,yu1 vi4 #ai74 ,we are fur!r told t ,tsze-kung said1 ! ,ma/]'s p]sonal displays ( 8 pr9ciples1 & ord9>y descriptions ( !m may be he>d4 ,8 disc\rses ab\t man's nature1 & ! way ( ,heav51 _c be he>d 7,ibid41 v4 #ab74 ,?is la/ passage appe>s to mean t !y 7 n op5 to ! indiscrim9ate multitude1 nor p]haps to all ( ! disciples4 ,b we may reasonably suppose t ! intimate fri5ds :o record$ 8 say+s 7 consid]$ by him to be above m$iocrity1 & 7 ! deposit>ies ( all he _h to tell !m on religi\s matt]s4 ,yet ?is1 little z x 01 may n always h be5 rightly und]/ood4 ,once1 = example1 he says to a disciple1 ,s91 my doctr9e is t ( an all-p]vad+ unity4 ,?is is int]pret$ by ! disciple 79 ! ,ma/]'s abs5ce7 to mean only t 8 doctr9e is to be true to ! pr9ciples ( our nature1 & ! b5evol5t ex]cise ( !m to o!rs 7,ibid41 iv4 #ae74 ,i c h>dly believe t ,confucius w\ld h taught s simple a lesson "u s obscure a figure2 & x is possible t ! res]ve t he habitually practic$ ) reg>d to 8 religi\s fai? may h prev5t$ a full] explanation4 ,! subjects on :i* ! ,ma/] did n talk 7--extraord9>y ?+s1 feats ( /r5g?1 disord]1 & spiritual be+s 7,lun ,yu1 vii4 #bj74 ,& al?\gh1 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean 7a "w :i* is p]haps less au!ntic ?an ! ,analects7 we f9d him disc\rs+ freely on spiritual be+s1 :i*1 he says1 abundantly display ! p[]s t belong to !m 7,*ung ,yung1 #af71 !re are portions ( ! ,analects :i* confirm ! impression t he did n readily v5ture into ^! extra-mundane regions4 ,heav5 itself1 he once po9t$ out to an ov]-curi\s disciple1 pres]ves an unbrok5 sil5ce 7,lun ,yu1 xvii4 #ai74 ,int]rogat$ ab\t s]v+ ! spirits ( ! dead1 he gave ?is /rik+ answ]3 ,:ile y are n able to s]ve m51 h[ c y s]ve _! spirits8 ,& :5 ,ke ,loo add$1 ',i v5ture to ask ab\t dea?8' he 0 answ]$1 ',:ile y d n "k life1 h[ c y "k ab\t dea?8' 7,ibid41 xi4 #aa74 ,ano!r in/ance ( a simil> retic5ce is pres5t$ by 8 conduct dur+ an illness4 ,! ,ma/] be+ v sick1 ,tsze-,loo ask$ leave to pray = him4 ,he said1 ',may su* a ?+ be done8' ,tsze-,loo repli$1 ',x may4 ,9 ! pray]s x is said1 ,pray] has be5 made to ! spirits ( ! upp] & l[] worlds4' ,! ,ma/] said1 ',my pray+ has be5 = a long "t' 7,ibid41 vii4 #cd74 ,i am unable to see ! satisfaction ( ,confucius ) himself1 :i* ,dr4 ,legge discov]s 9 ?is reply4 ,to me x appe>s simply to indicate ! dev\t attitude ( 8 m9d1 :i* is ev9c$ by _m o!r passages 9 8 conv]sation4 ,9 %ort1 ?\gh we may compla9 ( ! indef9ite "* ( ! fai? he taught1 & wi% t he _h express$ himself m fully1 !re c sc>cely be a d\bt t ,confucius _h a deeply religi\s m9d2 & t he look$ ) awe & rev]5ce ^u t p[] :i* he call$ by ! "n ( ,heav51 :i* controll$ ! progress ( ev5ts1 & w\ld n suff] ! cause ( tru? to p]i% altoge!r4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t he conf9$ himself *iefly1 & inde$ almo/ entirely1 to moral tea*+4 ,8 ma9 object und\bt$ly 0 to inculcate ^u 8 fri5ds1 & if possible to introduce among ! p at l>ge1 ^? great pr9ciples ( e?ics :i* he ?\ght w\ld re/ore ! virtue & well-be+ ( anci5t times4 ,^? pr9ciples are aptly summ>iz$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se3 ,! duties ( univ]sal obligation are five1 & ! virtues :]e) !y are practic$ are ?ree4 ,! duties are ^? betwe5 sov]eign & m9i/]1 betwe5 fa!r & son1 betwe5 husb& & wife1 betwe5 eld] bro!r & y\ng]1 & ^? belong+ to ! int]c\rse ( fri5ds4 ,^? five are ! duties ( univ]sal obligation4 ,k1 magnanimity1 & en]gy1 ^! ?ree are ! virtues univ]sally b9d+2 & ! means by :i* !y c>ry ! duties into practice is s+l5ess 7,*ung ,yung1 xx4 #g74 ,9 ! ,analects1 ,gravity1 g5]osity ( s\l1 s9c]ity1 e>ne/ness1 & k9dness1 are said to con/itute p]fect virtue 7,lun ,yu1 xvii4 #f74 ,x is z an e>ne/ & devot$ tea*]1 bo? by example & by precept1 ( ^! & o!r virtues1 t ,confucius mu/ be judg$4 ,& 9 ord] to assi/ ! =mation ( su* a judgm5t1 let u take 8 doctr9e ( ,reciprocity1 to :i* ,i %all return 9 ano!r place4 ,tsze-kung ask$1 say+1 ',is !re "o ^w :i* may s]ve z a rule ( practice = all "o's life8' ,! ,ma/] said1 ',is n ,reciprocity su* a ^w8 ,:at y d n want done to y\rself1 d n d to o!rs' 7,lun ,yu1 xv4 #bc74 ,on a k9dr$ topic he ?us deliv]$ 8 op9ion3 ,"s "o said1 ',:at d y say conc]n+ ! pr9ciple t injury %\ld be recomp5s$ ) k9dness8' ,! ,ma/] said1 ',) :at1 !n1 w y recomp5se k9dness8 ,recomp5se injury ) ju/ice1 & recomp5se k9dness ) k9dness' 7,ibid41 xiv4 #bf74 ,if 9 ! above s5t5ce he may be ?\ght to fall %ort ( ! highe/ elevation1 !re are "s among 8 apo!gms1 ! po9t & excell5ce ( :i* h1 p]haps1 nev] be5 surpass$4 ,take = in/ance ^!3--,! sup]ior man is ca?olic & no p>tizan4 ,! mean man is a p>tizan & n ca?olic4 ,le>n+ )\t ?\ght is labor lo/2 ?\ght )\t le>n+ is p]il\s 7,ibid41 ii4 #ad1 #ae74 ,or ^!3--,i w n be afflict$ at m5's n kn[+ me2 ,i w be afflict$ t ,i d n "k m5 7,ibid41 i4 #af74 ,a s*ol>1 ^: m9d is set on tru?1 & :o is a%am$ ( bad clo!s & bad food1 is n fit to be disc\rs$ ) 7,ibid41 iv4 #i74 ,! sup]ior man is affable1 b n adulatory2 ! mean is adulatory1 b n affable 7,ibid41 xiii4 #bc74 ,:]e ! solid qualities are 9 excess ( accompli%m5ts1 we h ru/icity2 :]e ! accompli%m5ts are 9 excess ( ! solid qualities1 we h ! mann]s ( a cl]k4 ,:5 ! accompli%m5ts & solid qualities are equally bl5d$1 we !n h ! man ( complete virtue 7,lun ,yu1 vi4 #af74 ,la/ly1 ,i w quote "o :i*1 ) a slight *ange ( t]ms1 might h emanat$ f ! p5 ( ,?omas ,c>lyle3 ,!re are ?ree ?+s ( :i* ! sup]ior man /&s 9 awe3--,he /&s 9 awe ( ! ord9ances ( heav52 he /&s 9 awe ( great m52 he /&s 9 awe ( ! words ( sages4 ,! mean man does n "k ! ord9ances ( heav51 & consequ5tly does n /& 9 awe ( !m4 ,he is disrespectful to great m54 ,he makes sport ( ! words ( sages 7,ibid41 xvi4 #h74 ,^!1 & v>i\s o!r record$ say+s1 g f> to expla91 if n to ju/ify1 ! unb\nd$ admiration ( 8 fai?ful foll[]1 ,tsze-kung3 ,our ,ma/] _c be atta9$ to1 j 9 ! same way z ! heav5s _c be gone up to by ! /eps ( a /air4 ,7 our ,ma/] 9 ! position ( ! pr9ce ( a ,/ate1 or ! *ief ( a family1 we %\ld f9d v]ifi$ ! description :i* has be5 giv5 ( a sage's rule3--he w\ld plant ! p1 & =?) !y w\ld be e/abli%$2 he w\ld lead !m on1 & =?) !y w\ld foll[ him2 he w\ld make !m happy1 & =?) multitudes w\ld resort to 8 dom9ions2 he w\ld /imulate !m1 & =?) !y w\ld be h>moni\s4 ,:ile he liv$1 he w\ld be glori\s4 ,:5 he di$1 he w\ld be bitt]ly lam5t$4 ,h[ is x possible = him to be atta9$ to8 7,ibid41 xix4 #be47 ,,section ,,ii4--,,la-,,ts4#ac ,conc]n+ ! life ( ,la-ts1 ! f\nd] ( ! smalle/ ( ! ?ree sects ( ,*9a 7,confucians1 ,buddhi/s1 & ,ta\i/s71 we h only ! mo/ meagre in=mation4 ,sc>cely any?+ is kn[n ei!r ( 8 p]sonal "* or ( 8 doctr9e1 except ?r\gh 8 book4 ,8 bir?-ye> is unkn[n to u1 & c only be approximately det]m9$ by means ( ! date assign$ to 8 fam\s int]view ) 8 great contempor>y1 ,confucius4 ,?is occurr$ 9 ,b4 ,c4 #eag1 :5 ,la-ts 0 v old4 ,he may1 !re=e1 h be5 born ab\t ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 #fjj4ad ,all we c say ( 8 c>e] is1 t he held an (fice 9 ! ,/ate ( ,tseheu1 t ( writ] 7or hi/orian7 ( ! ar*ives4 ,:5 visit$ by ,confucius1 :o 0 ! ma/] ( a rival s*ool1 he is said to h address$ him 9 ^! t]ms3--,^? :om y talk ab\t are dead1 & _! bones are m\ld]$ to du/2 only _! words rema94 ,:5 ! sup]ior man gets 8 "t1 he m\nts al(t2 b :5 ! "t is aga9/ him1 he moves z if 8 feet 7 entangl$4 ,i h he>d t a good m]*ant1 ?\gh he has ri* treasures deeply /or$1 appe>s z if he 7 poor2 & t ! sup]ior man1 ^: virtue is complete1 is yet to outw>d seem+ /upid4 ,put away y\r pr\d air & _m desires2 y\r ins9uat+ habit & wild w4 ,^! are ( no advantage to y4 ,?is is all :i* ,i h to tell y4 ,aft] ?is int]view1 ,confucius ?us express$ 8 op9ion ( ! old] philosoph] to 8 disciples3--,i "k h[ birds c fly1 h[ fi%es c swim1 & h[ animals c run4 ,b ! runn] may be sn>$1 ! swimm] may be hook$1 & ! fly] may be %ot by ! arr[4 ,b !re is ! dragon4 ,i _c tell h[ he m\nts on ! w9d ?r\gh ! cl\ds & rises to heav54 ,to-day ,i h se5 ,la-ts1 & c only comp>e him to ! dragon 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 i4 ,proleg4 p4 #fe4--,t4 ,t4 ,k41 p4 liii4--,l4 ,t441 p4 iv74 ,tr\bles 9 ! ,/ate 9 :i* he held (fice induc$ him to retire1 & to seek ! fronti]4 ,"h ! (fic] 9 comm& reque/$ him to write a book1 ! result ( :i* reque/ 0 ! ,ta-t-,kng4 ,no "o kn[s1 says ! ,*9ese hi/orian1 :]e he di$4 ,la-ts 0 a hidd5 sage 7,t4 ,t4 ,k41 p4 lvi74 ,to ?is v scanty hi/orical in=mation we may add su* indications z ,la-ts himself has giv5 u ( 8 p]sonality4 ,"o ( ^! is conta9$ 9 ! tw5tie? *apt] ( 8 "w1 9 :i* he tells u t :ile o!r m5 are radiant ) pleasure1 he is calm1 l a *ild t does n yet smile4 ,he wav]s to & fro1 z "o :o kn[s n :]e to turn4 ,o!r m5 h abundance2 he is z x 7 depriv$ ( all4 ,he is l a /upid fell[1 s confus$ does he feel4 ,ord9>y m5 are enlight5$2 he is obscure & tr\bl$ 9 m9d4 ,l ! sea he is =gott51 & driv5 ab\t l "o :o has no c]ta9 re/+-place4 ,all o!r m5 are ( use2 he alone is cl[ni% l a peasant4 ,he alone is unlike o!r m51 b he honors ! nurs+ "m 7,t4 ,t4 ,k41 *4 xx74 ,x is obvi\s t an e/imate s depreciatory is n to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,to und]/& its full significance1 x %\ld be comp>$ to ! magnific5t description 9 ,plato's ,!tetus ( ! outw>d appe>ance pres5t$ by ! philosoph]1 :o1 9 pres5ce ( practical m51 is ! je/ alike ( ,?racian h&maids1 & ( ! g5]al h]d2 :o is unacqua9t$ ) 8 next-door neighbor2 :o is ignorant ( :at is be=e him1 & always at a loss2 & :o is s awkw>d & useless :5 call$ on to p]=m "s m5ial (fice1 su* z pack+ up a bag1 or flavor+ a sauce1 or fawn+ spee*4 ,yet ?is philosoph]1 l ,la-ts1 honors 8 nurs+ ,"m2 he moves 9 a sph]e ( ?\ght :]e m5 ( ! _w _c foll[ him1 & :]e !y 9 _! turn are lo/ 7,!tetus1 #agd-agf74 ,j su* a "* z t drawn by ,plato1 ,la-ts seems to h be54 ,liv+ 9 retirem5t1 & devot$ to philosophy1 he appe>$ to 8 contempor>ies an ecc5tric & incompet5t p]son4 ,yet he says t !y call$ him great 7,*4 lxvii71 :i* seems to imply t 8 reputation 0 already f\nd$ 9 8 life-"t4 ,"o o!r ref]5ce to himself mu/ n be omitt$1 = x ev9ces ! s5se he _h ( ! nature ( 8 "w 9 ! _w4 ,my words1 s he writes 9 8 p>adoxical mann]1 are v easy to und]/&1 v easy to foll[1--no "o 9 ! _w is able to und]/& !m1 no "o is able to foll[ !m4 ,! words h an au?or1 ! works h "o :o enjo9s !m2 b he is n und]/ood1 !re=e ,i am n und]/ood 7,*4 lxx74 ,on ?is ,/anislas ,juli5 obs]ves1 ,!re is n a ^w ( ,la-ts's t has n a solid f\ndation4 ,9 fact1 !y h = _! orig9 & basis ,tao & ,virtue 7,l4 ,v4 ,v4 p4 #bfi1 n4 #b74 ,^! expressions1 !n1 suffice to %[ t ,la-ts 0 n de/itute ( t s5se ( inspiration ( :i* o!r great prophets h be5 s pr(\ndly consci\s4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,gautama ,,buddha4#ae ,,subdivision #a4 ,! ,hi/orical ,buddha4 ,7 we to write ! hi/ory ( ! ,buddha accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ,buddhi/ hi/orians1 we %\ld h to beg9 our /ory sev]al ages be=e 8 bir?4 ,= ! !ory ( 8 disciples is1 t dur+ _m millions ( ye>s1 ?r\gh an almo/ innum]able s]ies ( diff]5t lives1 he _h be5 prep>+ himself = ! great (fice ( ! savior ( humanity :i* he at l5g? assum$4 ,only by ! practice ( incr$ible self-d5ial1 & unb\nd$ virtue1 dur+ all ! long l9e ( human bir?s he 0 de/9$ to und]go1 c\ld he become fitt$ = t consummate duty1 ! p]=mance ( :i* at la/ releas$ him =ev] f ! bonds ( exi/5ce4 ,= ! total ext9ction ( consci\s life1 n its cont9uation 9 a bett] sph]e1 is1 or at any rate 01 ! goal ( ! pi\s ,buddhi/4 ,& x 0 ! cr[n+ m]it ( ! ,buddha1 t he n only s\ght ?is rew>d = himself1 b qualifi$ himself by ages ( endurance to enlight5 o!rs z to ! way 9 :i* x might be e>n$4 ,b we w n encumb] ourselves ) ! pre-hi/oric ,buddha1 ! tales ( ^: de$s are palpable fictions1 b w endeavor to unravel ! ?read ( g5u9e fact :i* probably runs ?r\gh ! accept$ life ( ,sakyamuni 9 8 f9al appe>ance ^u e>?4 ,& "h we are met ) a prelim9>y difficulty4 ,t life is n gu>ante$ by any tru/wor?y au?ority4 ,x _c be trac$ back to any kn[n disciple ( ,buddha4 ,x _c be %[n to h be5 writt5 )9 a c5tury aft] 8 dea?1 & x may h be5 writt5 lat]4 ,anci5t1 h[ev]1 x und\bt$ly is4 ,= ! sep>ation ( nor!rn f s\!rn ,buddhism occurr$ at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 probably ab\t two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( its f\nd]2 & ?is life is ! common prop]ty ( all sections ( ,buddhi/s4 ,x 0 consequ5tly curr5t be=e t sep>ation4 ,b its antiquity does n make x tru/wor?y4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) an evid5t design4 ,e incid5t has a def9ite dogmatic value1 & /&s 9 well-m>k$ dogmatic relations to ! re/4 ,!re is no?+ natural or spontane\s ab\t !m4 ,ev]y?+ has its prop] place1 & its di/9ct purpose4 ,& x is useless to attempt to deal ) su* a life on ! rationali/ic plan ( sift+ ! hi/orical f ! fabul\s2 ! natural & possible f ! miracul\s & impossible elem5ts4 ,! close int]mixture ( ! two r5d]s any su* process hopeless4 ,we are1 9 fact1 ) reg>d to ! life ( ,gautama ,buddha1 mu* 9 ! position t we %\ld be 9 ) reg>d to ! life ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 _h we no records to consult b ! apocryphal gospels4 ,nev]!less1 :ile hold+ t 8 biography c nev] n[ be writt51 x is by no means my int5tion to imply t x is impossible to "k any?+ ab\t him4 ,on ! contr>y1 a picture n :olly imag9>y may unque/ionably be drawn ( ! "* & doctr9es ( ! great tea*] ( ! ,asiatic cont95t4 ,let u v5ture on ! attempt4 ,an impos+ array ( s*ol>s agrees 9 fix+ ! date ( 8 dea? 9 ,b4,c4 #edc1 & z he is said to h liv$ eighty ye>s1 he w\ld ?us h be5 born 9 ,b4,c4 #fbc4 ,)\t ent]+ n[ into ! gr\nds ( _! inf]5ce1 ,i v5ture to believe t !y h ?r[n him back to a too di/ant date4 ,i am m incl9$ to agree ) ,kpp51 :o w\ld place 8 dea? f ,b4,c4 #dhj to #dfj1 or ab\t two c5turies be=e ! accession ( ! great ,buddhi/ k+ ,asoka4 ,we/]ga>d1 x is true1 w\ld fix ?is ev5t mu* lat]1 namely ab\t ,b4,c4 #cgj4 ,suppos+ ! =m] writ] to be correct 9 8 conclusions1 ! active portion ( ! ,buddha's life w\ld fall to ! e>li] ye>s ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 & possibly to ! conclusion ( ! six?4 ,8 bir?1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #efj-edj1 occurr$ 9 a small k+dom ( ! nor? ( ,india1 entitl$ ,kapilava/u4 ,( :at rank 8 p>5ts may h be51 ! acc\nts be=e u d n enable u to say4 ,! tradition accord+ to :i* !y 7 ! k+ & que5 ( ! c\ntry1 ,i reg>d ) ,wassiljew z 9 all probability an inv5tion int5d$ to %$ additional glory ^u him4 ,! boy is said to h be5 nam$ ,siddh>?a1 ?\gh possibly ?is also 0 "o ( ! _m titles be/[$ on him by subsequ5t piety4 ,at an e>ly age he felt--z s _m "y m5 ( l(ty "* h always done--! holl[ness ( worldly pleasures1 & )drew himself f m5 to lead a solit>y & ascetic life4 ,aft] he _h satisfi$ ! crav+ = self-torture1 & subdu$ ! lu/s ( ! fle%1 he came =?1 full ( zeal = ! r$emption ( mank9d1 to proclaim a new & />tl+ gospel4 ,india 0 at t "t1 z always1 dom9at$ by ! sy/em ( ca/e4 ,! ,buddha1 boldly break+ ?r\gh ! deepe/ prejudices ( 8 c\ntrym51 surr\nd$ himself ) a society 9 :i* ca/e 0 no?+4 ,let b a man or ev5 a woman 7= x is /at$ t at 8 si/]'s reque/ he admitt$ wom57 become 8 disciple1 agree to r5\nce ! _w1 & lead ! life ( an ascetic1 & he or %e at once lo/ ei!r ! privileges ( a high ca/e1 or ! degradations ( a l[ "o4 ,rank dep5d$ h5ce=? exclusively ^u capacity = ! reception ( spiritual tru?2 & ! humble/ individual might1 by att5d+ to & practic+ ! tea*]'s lessons1 rise to ! highe/ places 9 ! hi]>*y4 ,s9ce ! doctr9e :i* ,i tea*1 he is repres5t$ z say+ 9 "o ( ! ,canonical ,books1 is completely pure1 x makes no di/9ction betwe5 noble & common]1 betwe5 ri* & poor4 ,x is1 = example1 l wat]1 :i* wa%es bo? noblem5 & common p1 bo? ri* & poor1 bo? good & bad1 & purifies all )\t di/9ction4 ,x may1 to take ano!r illu/ration1 be comp>$ to fire1 :i* consumes m\nta9s1 rocks1 & all great & small objects betwe5 heav5 & e>? )\t di/9ction4 ,aga91 my doctr9e is l heav51 inasmu* z !re is room )9 x1 )\t exception1 = :omsoev] x may be2 = m5 & wom51 = boys & girls1 = ri* & poor 7,w4 u4 ,t41 p4 #bhb74 ,?is 0 ! practical side ( ,sakyamuni's great re=m4 ,its !oretical side 0 ?is4 ,life 0 reg>d$ by ,indian devotees1 n z a bless+1 b z an unspeakable mis]y4 ,deliv]ance f exi/5ce altoge!r1 n m]ely transposition to a happi] mode ( exi/5ce1 0 ! object ( _! ard5t long+4 ,! ,buddha did n seek to oppose ?is crav+ = annihilation1 b to satisfy x4 ,he address$ himself to ! problem1 ,h[ is pa9 produc$1 & h[ c x be ext+ui%$8 ,& 8 m$itations l$ him to :at are t]m$ ! f\r tru?s--! c>d9al dogma ( ,buddhism 9 all its =ms4 ,! f\r tru?s are /at$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! exi/5ce ( pa94 #b4 ,! production ( pa94 #c4 ,! annihilation ( pa94 #d4 ,! way to ! annihilation ( pa94 ,! mean+ ( ! tru?s is ?is3--,pa9 exi/s2 t is1 all liv+ be+s are subject to x2 its production is ! result ( ! exi/5ce ( su* be+s2 its annihilation is possible2 & la/ly1 ! way to atta9 t annihilation is to ent] on ! pa?s op5$ to mank9d by ,gautama ,buddha4 ,9 o!r words1 ! way to avoid t awful s]ies ( succe$+ bir?s to :i* ! ,indian believ$ himself subject1 0 to adopt ! mona/ic life2 to practice all virtues1 m especially *>ity2 to acquire a pr(\nd k ( spiritual tru?s2 &1 9 f9e1 to foll[ ! tea*+ ( ! ,buddha4 ,r5\nce ! _w1 & y w--soon] or lat]1 accord+ to y\r degree ( m]it--be fre$ f ! curse ( exi/5ce2 ?is seems to sum up1 9 brief1 ! gospel proclaim$ ) all ! f]vor ( a great discov]y by ! new tea*]4 ,aft] ab\t =ty-five ye>s ( public life devot$ to mank9d1 he di$ at ! age ( eighty1 at ,kus9ag>a1 deeply m\rn$ by a few fai?ful disciples :o _h clu/]$ ar\nd him1 & no d\bt regrett$ by _m :o _h f\nd repose & com=t 9 8 doctr9es1 & _h be5 /r5g!n$ by 8 example4 ,! names ( 8 pr9cipal disciples become almo/ z famili> to a read] ( ,buddhi/ books z ^? ( ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 to a ,*ri/ian4 ,maudgalyyana & ,s>iputtra1 ! em95t evangeli/s1 & ,an&a1 ! belov$ disciple1 ! close fri5d & s]vant ( ! ,buddha1 are among ! mo/ prom95t ( ?is little gr\p4 ,) !m re/$ propagation ( ! fai?1 & ! va/ results1 :i* 9 two c5turies foll[$ _! ex]tions1 prove t !y 7 n remiss4 ,! /ories ( ! ?\s&s :o embrac$ ! pr(f]$ salvation 9 ! life-"t ( ! ,buddha are pi\s fancies4 ,x 0 ! apo/les & ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* :o1 :ile develop+ 8 doctr9es & l>gely add+ to _! complexity & numb]1 almo/ succe$$ 9 r5d]+ 8 religion ! dom9ant cre$ ( ,india4 ,su* is1 9 my op9ion1 ! sum total ( our positive k ) reg>d to ! life liv$1 & ! tru?s taught1 by ?is great figure 9 human hi/ory4 ,! two po9ts to :i* ,i h adv]t$--namely1 ! =mation ( a society ap>t f ! _w 9 :i* ca/e 0 no?+1 & ! hope held out ( annihilation by ! practice ( virtues & asceticism--are too fundam5tal & too anci5t to be d]iv$ f any b ! f\nd]4 ,aft] all1 ecclesia/ical biograph]s1 :ile !y adorn _! h]oes ) fictiti\s trapp+s1 d n inv5t !m altoge!r4 ,a man f ^: tuition great results h fl[$1 _c be a small man2 some?+ ( ^? results mu/ ne$s be due to ! impulse he has giv54 ,& if ! ,buddha mu/ h taught some?+1 mu/ h inaugurat$ "s re=m1 :at is he m likely to h taught1 ?an ! way to ! annihilation ( pa98 :at re=m m likely to h inaugurat$ ?an ! creation ( a society held toge!r by purely spiritual ties8 ,bo? are absolutely ess5tial to ,buddhism z we "k x4 ,bo? are closely connect$4 ,= ,buddhism w\ld h _h no?+ to (f] )\t ! hope ( ext9ction2 & ?is hope1 :ile lead+ to ! practice ( an au/]e & religi\s life1 c itself be fulfill$ only by t life2 imply+ z x does a deta*m5t f ! bonds ( c>nality :i* hold u to ?is sc5e ( suff]+4 ,?us1 ^! corn]-/ones ( ,buddhism--fl[+ z !y mu/ h done f a ma/]-m9d--may1 ) ! highe/ probability1 be assign$ to its au?or4 ,on "o o!r po9t !re is no reason to call 9 "q ! te/imony ( ! leg5d4 ,we ne$ n d\bt he really 0 ! pure1 g5tle1 b5evol5t1 & blameless man :i* t leg5d depicts him to h be54 ,ev5 8 enemies h n attempt$ 7,i believe7 to malign 8 "*4 ,he /&s be=e u z "o ( ! few great lead]s ( humanity :o seem end[$ ) e virtue1 & free f e fault4 ,,subdivision #b4 ,! ,my?ical ,buddha4 ,buddhi/ic au?orities divide ! life ( _! f\nd] into twelve great p]iods1 "u :i* x w be conv5i5t to treat ( x3-- #a4 ,8 desc5t f heav54 #b4 ,8 inc>nation4 #c4 ,8 bir?4 #d4 ,8 display ( v>i\s accompli%m5ts4 #e4 ,8 m>riage1 & enjoym5t ( dome/ic life4 #f4 ,8 dep>ture f home1 & assumption ( ! mona/ic "*4 #g4 ,8 p5ances4 #h4 ,8 triumph ov] ! devil4 #i4 ,8 atta9m5t ( ! ,buddha%ip4 #aj4 ,8 turn+ ! ,:eel ( ! ,law4 #aa4 ,8 dea?4 #ab4 ,8 cremation1 & ! division ( 8 relics4 #a4 ,foll[+1 !n1 ! guidance ( ! accept$ leg5d1 we mu/ beg9 ) 8 resolution to be born on e>? = ! salvation ( ! _w4 ,aft] ?\s&s ( prep>atory bir?s1 he 0 resid+ 9 a c]ta9 heav5 call$ ,tu%ita1 t be+ "o ( ! num]\s /ages 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( ! abodes ( ! bless$4 ,at l5g?1 ! end ( 8 soj\rn 9 ?is heav5 arriv$4 ,he det]m9$ to quit ! gods :o 7 8 companions !re1 & to be born on e>?4 ,c>eful consid]ation conv9c$ him t ! mon>* ,suddhodana1 & 8 que51 ,maya ,devi1 alone possess$ ^! prem95t qualifications :i* entitl$ !m to become ! p>5ts ( a ,buddha4 ,suddhodana liv$ 9 ! t[n ( ,kapila1 & belong$ to ! royal family ( ! ,sakyas1 ! only family :i* ! ,bodhisattva 7or de/9$ ,buddha7 _h discov]$ by 8 exam9ation to be free f faults by :i* x w\ld h be5 disqualifi$ to receive him z "o ( its memb]s4 ,8 wife1 9 addition to ! mo/ consummate beauty1 0 di/+ui%$ = e conjugal & fem99e virtue4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a c\ple wor?y ( ! honor ab\t to be conf]r$ ^u _! h\se4 #b4 ,at ?is critical mom5t ,maya _h dem&$1 & obta9$1 ! p]mission ( ! k+ to devote h]self = a season to ! practice ( fa/+ & p5ance4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ^! au/]ities1 %e dreamt t a beautiful :ite elephant approa*$ h]1 p5etrat$ h] side1 & ent]$ h] womb4 ,at ?is v "t1 ,bodhisattva actually desc5d$ 9 ! %ape ( a :ite elephant1 & took up 8 abode )9 h] body4 ,on wak+1 %e relat$ ! dream to h] husb&1 :o call$ ^u ! (ficial ,brahm9s to int]pret x4 ,!y decl>$ x to be ( good augury4 ,! que51 !y said1 c>ri$ 9 h] womb a be+ :o w\ld ei!r be a ,:eel ,k+1 or ,sov]eign ( ! :ole _w2 or if he took to a mona/ic c>e]1 w\ld become a ,buddha4 ,all ?+s w5t well dur+ ,maya's pregnancy4 ,accord+ to all acc\nts %e und]w5t none ( ! discom=ts incid5tal to t /ate4 ,"o writ] /ates t h] s\l enjoy$ a p]fect calm1 ! sweete/ happ9ess2 fatigue & we>9ess nev] affect$ h] unimpair$ heal?4 ,ano!r rem>ks t %e enjoy$ ! mo/ p]fect heal?1 & 0 free f fa9t+ fits4 ,an additional gratification lay 9 ! fact1 t %e 0 able to see ! infant ,bodhisattva sitt+ calmly 9 8 place )9 h] p]son4 #c4 ,t5 mon?s hav+ pass$ 7a ,buddha always takes t571 ! que5 express$ a desire to walk 9 a beautiful g>d5 call$ ,lumb9i2 &1 ) ! k+'s ready p]mission1 proce$$ ?i!r ) h] att5dants4 ,9 ?is g>d5 ! h\r ( h] deliv]y came on4 ,/&+ "u a tree 7! ficus religiosa71 :i* c\rte\sly l[]$ its bran*es t %e might hold on by !m dur+ labor1 %e gave bir? to ! *ild :o 0 aft]w>ds to be ! fir/ ( humank9d4 ,gods f heav5 receiv$ him :5 born1 & he himself at once took sev]al /eps =w>d1 & exclaim$3 ,?is is my la/ bir?--!re %all be to me no o!r /ate ( exi/5ce3 ,i am ! greate/ ( all be+s4 ,an&a1 8 c\s91 & aft]w>ds 8 disciple1 0 born at ! same mom5t4 ,maya1 not)/&+ h] excell5t heal?1 di$ sev5 days aft] h] *ild's bir?4 ,?is 0 n f any physical infirmity1 b because x is ! inv>iable rule t ! "m ( a ,buddha %\ld die at t exact "t4 ,! reason ( ?is1 accord+ to ! ,lalitavi/>a1 is1 t :5 ! ,buddha became a w&]+ monk h] he>t w\ld break4 ,o!r respectable au?orities ass]t1 t ! womb 9 :i* a ,bodhisattva has la9 is l a sanctu>y :]e a relic is en%r9$4 ,no human be+ c aga9 occupy x1 or use x 7,p4 ,a41 ,no4 ,,iii4 p4 #bg74 ,maya 0 born aga9 9 "o ( ! cele/ial regions1 & ! infant 0 confid$ to h] si/]1 8 aunt ,prajapati1 or ,gautami1 :o 0 assi/$ 9 ! c>e ( h] *>ge by ?irty-two nurses4 ,he 0 *ri/5$ ,s>v>?asiddha1 usually %ort5$ into ,siddh>?a4 ,he is also kn[n z ,gautama ,buddha1 by :i* "n he is di/+ui%$ f o!r ,buddhas3 z ,sakyamuni1 ! h]mit ( ! ,sakya race2 z ! ,ta?gata1 he :o walks 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 pr$ecessors2 z ,bhagavat1 ,"l2 & by o!r honorific titles4 ,soon aft] ! bir? ( ! ,bodhisattva1 he 0 visit$ & ador$ by a v em95t ,ri%i1 or h]mit1 kn[n z ,asita 7or ,kapiladevila71 :o pr$ict$ 8 future greatness1 b wept at ! ?\ght t he himself 0 too old to see ! day :5 ! law ( salvation w\ld be taught by ! infant :om he _h come to contemplate4 #d4 ,:5 ! appropriate age = ! m>riage ( ! "y pr9ce arriv$1 a wife1 possess+ all ! p]fections requisite = s excell5t a husb&1 0 s\ght4 ,%e 0 f\nd 9 a maid5 nam$ ,gopa 7or ,yasodh>a71 ! daught] ( ,d&apani1 "o ( ! ,sakya race4 ,an unexpect$ ob/acle1 h[ev]1 arose4 ,! fa!r ( ! lovely ,gopa compla9$ t ,siddh>?a's education _h be5 grossly neglect$1 & t he 0 want+ alike 9 lit]>y accompli%m5ts & 9 muscul> pr(ici5cy--?+s :i* 7 inv>iably dem&$ ( ! husb&s ( ,sakya pr9cesses4 ,x does1 inde$1 appe> t ,suddhodana _h tak5 little pa9s to cultivate 8 son's abilities1 & t he _h ma9ly conf9$ himself to ! c>e ( 8 p]sonal safety by surr\nd+ him ) att5dants4 ,accord+ly1 he ask$ ! pr9ce :e!r he ?\ght he c\ld exhibit 8 skill 9 ^? bran*es ( k1 ! ma/]y ( :i* ,d&apani _h decl>$ to be a necess>y condition ( 8 cons5t4 ,siddh>?a assur$ 8 fa!r t he c\ld2 & 9 a regul> competitive exam9ation1 :i* 0 !reupon held1 he completely defeat$ ! o!r pr9ces1 n only 9 writ+1 ari?metic1 & su* matt]s1 b 9 wre/l+ & ar*]y4 ,9 ! la/ art1 especially1 he ga9$ a signal victory1 by easily wield+ a b[ :i* none ( ! o!rs c\ld manage4 #e4 ,gopa 0 n[ won1 & conduct$ by h] husb& to a magnific5t palace1 :]e1 surr\nd$ by a va/ h>em ( beautiful wom51 he sp5t1 "s ye>s ( 8 life 9 ! enjoym5t ( excessive luxury4 ,b worldly pleasure 0 n to reta9 him long 9 its embrace4 #f4 ,a crisis 9 8 life 0 n[ approa*+4 ,suddhodana _h be5 w>n$ t ,siddh>?a w\ld assume ! ascetic "* if f\r objects 7 to meet 8 sight2 an old man1 a sick man1 a corpse1 & a recluse4 ,suddhodana1 :o w\ld h mu* pref]r$ 8 son be+ a univ]sal mon>* to 8 becom+ a ,buddha1 anxi\sly endeavor$ to gu>d him f com+ across ^! ?+s4 ,b all 0 9 va94 ,"o day1 :5 driv+ 9 ! t[n1 he p]ceiv$ a wr9kl$1 decrepit1 & mis]able old man4 ,hav+ inquir$ ( ! coa*man :at ?is /range creature 01 & hav+ le>nt f him t he 0 only suff]+ ! g5]al fate ( humanity1 ! ,bodhisattva 0 mu* affect$2 &1 full ( sad ?\ghts1 ord]$ 8 *>iot to be turn$ homew>ds4 ,meet+ on two o!r occasions1 likewise :5 driv+1 ) a man emaciat$ by sickness1 & ) a corpse1 he 0 l$ to /ill fur!r reflections on ! wret*$ness ( ! conditions "u :i* we live4 ,prep>$ by ^! m$itations1 he yield$ completely to ! t5d5cies ar\s$ )9 him :51 on a f\r? excursion1 he came across a monk4 ,! aspect ( ?is man--8 calmness1 8 dignity1 8 d[nca/ eyes1 8 dec5t deportm5t--fill$ him ) desire to ab&on ! _w l him4 ,! die 0 ca/4 ,no?+ c\ld n[ reta9 ! ,bodhisattva1 at ?is "t a "y man ( n9e-&-tw5ty1 f ! c\rse t approv$ itself to 8 consci5ce4 ,9 va9 did 8 fa!r cause 8 palace to be surr\nd$ ) gu>ds4 ,9 va9 did ! ladies ( ! h>em 7act+ "u in/ructions7 deploy _! mo/ ravi%+ arts to captivate & to amuse him4 ,8 resolution 0 f9ally fix$ by a s+ul> circum/ance4 ,! beautiful damsels :o m9i/]$ to him _h s\ght to engage 8 att5tion by an exhibition ( ! mo/ graceful danc+1 accompani$ by music1 display+ _! =ms be=e 8 eyes z !y execut$ _! v>i$ movem5ts4 ,b ! ,bodhisattva1 deep 9 8 m$itations1 0 :olly unaffect$4 ,he fell asleep2 & ! wom51 baffl$ 9 _! attempts & we>i$ out1 soon foll[$ 8 example4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! night ! pr9ce awoke4 ,& !n ! sight ( ^! girls1 slumb]+ 9 all sorts ( unga9ly & ungraceful po/ures1 utt]ly disgu/$ him4 ,summon+ a c\rti]1 nam$ ,*&aka1 he ord]$ him at once to prep>e 8 favorite horse ,kantaka1 t he might quit ! city ( 8 fa!rs1 & lead ! life ( a humble recluse4 ,b be=e ?us ab&on+ 8 home1 !re 0 "o pa9ful p>t+ to be gone ?r\gh4 ,"o tie /ill held him to ! _w4 ,8 wife _h j become a "m4 ,anxi\s to see 8 infant son1 ,rahula1 be=e 8 dep>ture1 he g5tly op5$ ! door ( 8 wife's ap>tm5t4 ,he f\nd h] sleep+ ) "o h& ov] ! head ( ! *ild4 ,he w\ld fa9 h tak5 a la/ look at 8 little boy1 b fe>+ t if he )drew ! "m's h& %e w\ld awake & h9d] 8 dep>ture1 he retir$ )\t approa*+ ! b$4 ,9 ! dead ( night1 m\nt$ on ,kantaka1 & ) ! "o att5dant :om he _h tak5 into ! secret1 he manag$ to leave ,kapilava/u unp]ceiv$1 nev] to return to x aga9 till he _h atta9$ ! full dignity ( a ,buddha4 #g4 ,hav+ s5t back ,*&aka ) ! horse1 ! ,bodhisattva comm5c$1 alone & unaid$1 a c\rse ( au/]ities fitt$ to prep>e him = 8 great duty4 ,he tri$ ,brahm9ical tea*]s1 b 0 soon dissatisfi$ ) _! doctr9e4 ,five ( ! disciples ( "o ( ^! tea*]s foll[$ him = six ye>s 9 ! homeless & w&]+ life he n[ began4 ,he adopt$ ! mo/ rigid asceticism1 r$uc+ 8 body to ! la/ degree ( feebl5ess & emaciation4 ,b ?is too discov]$ itself to 8 m9d z an error4 ,he took to eat+ aga91 & rega9$ 8 /r5g?1 :]eupon ! five disciples left him1 view+ him z a man :o _h weakly ab&on$ 8 pr9ciples4 #h4 ,aft] ?is p]iod ( gradual approa* to ! requir$ p]fection ! ,bodhisattva w5t to ,bodhim&a1 ! place appo9t$ = 8 reception ( ! ,buddha%ip4 ,"h he _h to )/& a furi\s attack by ! demon ,m>a1 :o fir/ endeavor$ to annihilate him by 8 armies1 & !n to s$uce him by ! fasc9ation ( 8 ?ree daught]s4 ,b ,gautama )/ood 8 male & female adv]s>ies ) equal calmness & success4 ,( ! latt] he _h possibly _h en\gh 9 8 pr9cely palace4 #i4 ,all ^! trials hav+ be5 surm\nt$1 he plac$ himself "u ! ,bodhi 7or ,intellig5ce7 tree1 & !re1 engag+ 9 ! mo/ int5se m$itations1 gradually rea*$ ! intellectual & moral height t[>ds :i* he _h long be5 climb+4 ,he 0 n[ 9 possession ( ,bodhi1 or t complete & p]fect k :i* con/itutes a ,buddha4 ,he 0 ?us fit to tea* ! law ( salvation1 b ! ,lalitavi/ra repres5ts him z /ill d\bt+ = a mom5t :e!r he %\ld engage 9 a task :i* he fe>$ w\ld be ?ankless & unavail+4 ,m51 he ?\ght1 w\ld be incapable ( receiv+ s sublime a doctr9e1 & he w\ld incur fatigue & make ex]tions 9 va94 ,sil5ce & solitude recomm5d$ !mselves at ?is mom5t to 8 _s4 ,b f a resolution s disa/r\s he 0 turn$ aside by ! int]cession ( ! god ,brahma4 #aj4 ,he proce$$ accord+ly to turn ! ,:eel ( ! ,law1 or to prea* to o!rs1 dur+ ! =ty-five rema9+ ye>s ( 8 long life1 ! tru?s he _h arriv$ at himself4 ,! curr5t lives speak1 9 _! exagg]at$ mann]1 ( 8 magnific5t receptions by ! k+s ^: c\ntries he visit$1 & ( ! ?\s&s ( conv]ts :om he made by 8 prea*+1 or :o1 9 te*nical language1 obta9$ ,nirvna ?r\gh him4 ,8 fa!r & o!r memb]s ( 8 family 7 among 8 foll[]s4 ,b among ! fir/-fruits ( 8 tea*+ 7 ! five ,brahm9s :o _h ab&on$ him :5 he _h relax$ 9 8 ascetic habits4 ,^!1 on fir/ p]ceiv+ him1 spoke ( him ) contempt z a glutton & a luxuri\s fell[ spoilt by s(tness4 ,b 8 p]sonal pres5ce fill$ !m ) admiration1 & !y at once ackn[l$g$ 8 p]fect wisdom4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! two ord]s ( monks & nuns1 ) _! /rict regulations en=c+ cont95ce & temp]ance1 7 f\nd$4 ,gautama's aunt & nurse1 ,prajapati1 0 ! fir/ abbess2 ! ,buddha1 :o _h int5d$ to exclude wom5 f 8 ord]1 hav+ cons5t$ to admit !m at h] reque/4 ,rahula1 8 son1 receiv$ ! tonsure4 #aa4 ,aft] he _h firmly e/abli%$ 8 law 9 ! he>ts ( _m devot$ disciples1 ! ,buddha ent]$ ,nirvna at ! age ( eighty1 at ,kus9ag>a4 ,t 8 dea? 0 deeply m\rn$ by ! fri5ds :o _h hung ^u 8 lips1 & drawn _! k ( religi\s tru? f him1 ne$ n be relat$4 #ab4 ,a pomp\s acc\nt is giv5 ( 8 fun]al rites1 ( :i* x w be suffici5t to m5tion "h t 8 body 0 laid ^u a pyre1 & burnt aft] ! mann] ( burn+ 9 use = ,*akrav>t9s1 or ,univ]sal ,mon>*s4 ,! pr9ces ( ,kus9ag>a wi%$ to keep 8 relics to !mselves2 b sev5 k+s1 ea* ( :om dem&$ a %>e1 made ?reat5+ demon/rations aga9/ !m1 & aft] "s qu>rell+ x 0 agre$ to di/ribute ! relics among ! :ole numb]4 ,!y 7 !re=e divid$ into eight portions1 ! royal family ( ea* c\ntry tak+ "o4 ,a dagoba1 or monum5t1 0 erect$ ov] !m 9 ea* ( ! capitals gov]n$ by ^! royal ,buddhi/s4 ,( ! num]\s /ories t are told ) reg>d to ! effects ( ! ,buddha's prea*+1 ( ! amaz+ miracles he is said to h p]=m$1 & ( ! wond]s report$ to h happ5$ at 8 dea? & 8 cremation1 !re w be an opportunity ( speak+ 9 ano!r place4 ,= ! pres5t1 x is en\gh to relate ! leg5d ( 8 life 9 its ma9 features1 accord+ to ! v]sion pi\sly believ$ by ! millions ( human be+s :o--9 ,*9a1 ,t>t>y1 ,mongolia1 ,siam1 ,burmah1 ,?ibet1 & ,ceylon--look to him z _! law-giv] & _! savior4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,z>a?u/ra4#af ,slaves1 condemn$ to make bricks )\t /raw1 w\ld h>dly h a m hopeless task ?an he :o attempts to con/ruct1 f ! mat]ials n[ be=e him1 a life ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,em95t z we "k ?is great prophet to h be51 ! details ( 8 biography h be5 lo/ =ev]4 ,8 "n & 8 doctr9es1 ) a few scatt]$ h9ts 9 ! ,g?s1 are all t rema9 on record conc]n+ ! p]sonality ( a man :o 0 ! tea*] ( "o great bran* ( ! ,aryan race1 & ^: religion1 proclaim$ _m c5turies1 possibly ev5 a ?\s& ye>s1 be=e ,*ri/ taught 9 ,galilee1 0 a great & p[]ful fai? 9 ! days :5 ,m>a?on 0 f\ght1 & is n ev5 n[ ext9ct4 ,we w ga!r f ^! fragm5t>y s\rces :at k we c ( ! ,iranian prophet1 b we w refuse to fill up ! void creat$ by ! abs5ce ( hi/orical docum5ts ) +5i\s hypo!ses or subtle speculations4 ,some?+ approa*+ to a bit ( biography is to be f\nd 9 ! op5+ v]ses ( ! fif? ,g?1 :i* are to ?is effect3-- ,x is report$ t ,z>a?u/ra ,spitama possess$ ! be/ good2 = ,ahura ,mazda grant$ him all t may be obta9$ by means ( a s9c]e wor%ip1 =ev]1 all t promotes ! good life1 & he gives ! same to all ^? :o keep ! words & p]=m ! actions enjo9$ by ! good religion4 ,?us may ,kava ,vi/aspa1 ,z>a?u/ra's companion1 & ! mo/ holy ,fra%ao/ra1 :o prep>e ! "r pa?s = ! fai? :i* ,he :o ,live? gave unto ! prie/s ( fire1 fai?fully honor & adore ,mazda accord+ to 8 7,z>a?u/ra's7 m9d1 ) 8 words & 8 works6 ,p\ruts*i/a1 ! ,het*ataspad91 ! mo/ holy "o1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! daught]s ( ,z>a?u/ra1 =m$ ! doctr9e1 z a reflection ( ! good m9d1 ! true & wise "o4#ag ,"h we f9d an allusion to ! int]e/+ fact t ! ,z>a?u/ra _h a daught] :o contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! ,p>see cre$4 ,! phrase1 mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! daught]s1 probably does n mean t ! prophet 0 ! fa!r ( sev]al daught]s1 b m]ely t ?is "o 0 celebrat$ z 8 coadjutor4 ,spiegel has 9 va9 endeavor$ to discov] ! "n ( ?is lady's husb&1 b x seems to be d\btful :e!r any?+ is kn[n ( h] matrimonial relations4 ,! fact :i* x conc]ns u to notice is1 t already 9 ^! primitive ages we h a female sa9t appe>+ on ! sc5e4 ,9 addition to ,/4 ,p\ruts*i/a1 m5tion is made ( two disciples1 :o 7 evid5tly lead]s 9 ! apo/olic b&4 ,! evangelic ardor ( ,fra%ao/ra is t\*$ ^u 9 ! prec$+ ,g?1 :]e x is /at$ t he wi%$ to visit my ,highl&s 7i4 e41 ,bactria7 to propagate !re ! good religion1 & ,ahura ,mazda is implor$ to bless 8 und]tak+4 ,rava ,vi/aspa is celebrat$ 9 ! same place z hav+ obta9$ k :i* ! liv+ ,wise ,"o himself _h discov]$ 7,yaspa li4 #af1 #ag4 ,p>sees1 p4 #afa74 ,! names ( bo? are well kn[n1 be+ frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,g?s4 ,!y appe> to h be5 intimate associates ( ! prophet4 ,?us a suppos$ inquiry is address$ to ,z>a?u/ra1 ,:o is ?y true fri5d 9 ! great "w8 :o w publicly proclaim x8 & ! answ] is1 ,kava ,vi/aspa is ! man :o w d ?is 7,yasna1 xlvi4 #ad74 ,& ,fra%ao/ra is spok5 ( z hav+ receiv$ f ,god1 9 company ) ! speak] 7probably ! prophet himself71 ! di/+ui%$ creation ( tru? 7,ibid41 xlix4 #h74 ,x is add$1 = all "t we w be ?y mess5g]s1 or 9 o!r words1 ,evangeli/s4 ,n only d we obta9 f ! ,g?s a glimpse ( ,z>a?u/ra att5d$ by zeal\s disciples1 eag] to proclaim ! good tid+s he br\ght3 we le>n some?+ also ( ! opposition he enc\nt]$ f ! adh]5ts ( ! old] fai?4 ,& s9ce he actually names himself 9 ! c\rse ( "o ( ^! compositions1 :i* be>s e appe>ance ( g5u95ess & antiquity1 we ne$ n d\bt ! au!nticity ( ! picture !re9 giv5 ( 8 relations to ^! oppon5ts4 ,!y 7 ! adh]5ts ( ! old ,devas1 ! gods :om ,z>a?u/ra de?ron$2--poly!i/s1 av]se to ?is unhe>d-( introduction ( mono!ism into _! mid/4 ,& !y =m$1 at lea/ dur+ a "p ( ! prophet's life-"t possibly dur+ ! :ole ( x1 by f> ! /rong] p>ty1 = he ref]s to !m 9 ^! t]ms3-- ,to :at c\ntry %all ,i g8 :]e %all ,i take refuge8 :at c\ntry gives %elt] to ! ma/] 7,z>a?u/ra7 & 8 companion8 ,none ( ! s]vants pay rev]5ce to me1 nor d ! wick$ rul]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,h[ %all ,i wor%ip !e fur!r1 liv+ ,wise ,"o8 ,i "k t ,i am helpless4 ,look at me be+ among/ few m51 = ,i h few m5 7,i h lo/ my foll[]s or !y h left me72 ,i implore !e weep+1 ?\ liv+ ,god :o grante/ happ9ess z a fri5d gives a pres5t to 8 fri5d4 ,! good ( ! good m9d is 9 ?y own possession1 ?\ ,true ,"o6444 ,! sway is giv5 into ! h&s ( ! prie/s & prophets ( idols1 :o1 by _! atroci\s actions1 endeavor to de/roy ! life ( man4444 ,to him :o makes ?is v life increase by means ( tru? to ! utmo/ = me1 :o am ,z>a?u/ra myself1 to su* an "o ! fir/ 7e>?ly7 & ! o!r 7spiritual7 life w be grant$ z a rew>d toge!r ) all good ?+s to be _h on ! imp]i%able e>?4 ,?\1 liv+ ,wise ,"o1 art ! v own] ( all ^! ?+s to ! greate/ ext5t2 ?\1 :o art my fri5d1 ,o ,wise ,"o6 7,yasna4 xlv4 #a1 #b1 #aa1 #ai47 ,& else:]e we come across ?is exclamation3 ,:at help did ,z>a?u/ra receive1 :5 he proclaim$ ! tru?s8 ,:at did he obta9 ?r\gh ! good m9d8 7,ibid41 xlix4 #ab47 ,& ! pite\s "q is put to ,ahura ,mazda3 ,:y has ! tru?ful "o s few adh]5ts1 :ile all ! mighty1 :o are unbeliev]s1 foll[ ! ,li> 9 great numb]s8 7,ibid41 xlvii4 #d47 ,^! simple & natural v]ses po9t to a prophet :o 0--= a "t at lea/--)\t honor 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,:]eas ! lat] repres5tations ( 8 c>e] depict him z ! triumphant reveal] ( a new fai?1 be=e ^: words ( p[] ! ,devas1 or god ( poly!ism1 flee 9 t]ror & dismay1 we meet ) him "h 9 ! "* ( a p]secut$ & lonely man1 unsupport$ by ! au?orities ( 8 nation1 oppos$ by a p[]ful majority1 & implor+1 9 ! di/ress & desolation ( 8 m9d1 ! all-p[]ful assi/ance ( 8 ,god4 ,su* is ! reality2 h[ widely x diff]s f ! fiction we h already se54 ,b z is always ! case ) great prophets1 :o are reject$ 9 _! own days & honor$ aft] _! dea?1 ! reality is =gott52 ! fiction is univ]sally accept$4 ,little ne$ be said ( ! doctr9es taught by ,z>a?u/ra4 ,8 ma9 pr9ciple is belief 9 ! "o great ,god1 ,ahura ,mazda1 :om he sub/itutes = ! _m gods ( ! anci5t ,aryans4 ,he 0 9 fact ! au?or ( a mono!i/ic re=mation4 ,! wor%ip]s ( ^! deities are (t5 ref]r$ to 9 opprobri\s t]ms1 m especially z li>s1 or adh]5ts ( lies1 :ile ! devotees ( ,ahura are spok5 ( z ! good1 or z ^? :o are 9 possession ( ! tru?4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! _s ( ly+ t ! godless seek to d h>m2 ?r\gh ! true & wise ,god !y _c d x 7,yasna1 xlvii4 #d74 ,?is ,god1 ! fri5d ( ! prophet1 is honor$ 9 language ( deep & simple adoration2 n ) ! m]e vapid epi!ts ( praise :i* become common 9 ! lat] sections ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,z>a?u/ra feels himself entirely "u 8 protection1 & describes himself ready to prea* :atev] tru?s ?is great ,_s may in/ruct him to decl>e4 ,beyond ?is great c5tral dogma--:i* he ann\nces ) all ! f]vor ( a discov]]--!re is no?+ ( a v di/9ctive k9d 9 8 !ology4 ,! doctr9e ( a sep>ate evil _s oppos$ to ,ahura ,mazda does n hold 9 ! ,g?s t place :i* x aft]w>ds obta9$ 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,p>see4 ,dr4 ,haug consid]s t ,z>a?u/ra held m]ely a philosophical dualism1 ! two pr9ciples ( exi/5ce--bad & good--be+ unit$ 9 ! supreme nature ( ! ultimate ,deity4 ,f ?is great & all-wise ,be+ e good ?+ emanates4 ,he is ! inspir] ( 8 prophet2 ! tea*] ( 8 p2 ! c\nselor 9 ! _m p]plex+ que/ions t h>ass ! m9ds ( 8 wor%ip]s4 ,to him ! pi\s s\ls resort 9 tr\ble2 by him bo? e>?ly possessions & spiritual life are grant$ to ^? :o rightly seek him4 ,ahura ,mazda is ! true ,god2 & !re is no o!r ,god b ,ahura ,mazda4 ,,section ,v4--,,mahomet4#ah ,! la/ man :o has obta9$ ! rank ( a prophet is ,mohamm$1 or ,mahomet1 ! son ( ,abdallah & ,am9a4 ,s9ce 8 "t none has succe$$ 9 f\nd+ a great1 & at ! same "t an indep5d5t religion4 ,_m h wr\ght *anges 9 prexi/+ mat]ials2 b no "o has built f ! f\ndation upw>ds4 ,! religion ( ,mahomet1 ?\gh comp\nd$ ( hea!n1 ,judaic1 & ,*ri/ian elem5ts1 is n a m]e re=mation ( any ( ! fai?s 9 :i* ^! con/itu5ts 7 f\nd4 ,x dep5ds = its orig9al sanction ^u none ( ^!1 b d]ives its raison d'etre exclusively f ! direct inspiration ( its au?or4 ,?is prophet 0 born at ,mecca 9 #ega1 & 0 ! po/hum\s *ild ( ,abdallah1 by 8 wife ,am9a4 ,8 "m di$ :5 he 0 six ye>s old1 & he 0 !n tak5 *>ge ( by 8 gr&fa!r ,abd-al-,mottalib1 :o1 dy+ 9 two ye>s1 left ! *ild to ! c>e ( 8 son ,abu ,talib4 ,mahomet 0 poor1 & _h to "w = 8 liv+ 9 a v humble occupation4 ,9 process ( "t1 h[ev]1 he obta9$ a com=table employm5t 9 ! s]vice ( a ri* wid[1 nam$ ,khadija1 :o 0 engag$ 9 bus9ess1 & :om he s]v$ 9 ! capacity ( a comm]cial travel]2 or at fir/ p]haps 9 a l[] situation4 ,8 m]c5>y relation to h] 0 soon sup]s$$ by a t5d]] bond4 ,he m>ri$ h] 9 #eie1 %e be+ !n ?irty-eight or ?irty-n9e ye>s ( age1 & fifte5 ye>s old] ?an himself4 ,%e 0 evid5tly a woman ( /rong "*1 & reta9$ an unbrok5 hold ^u ! affection ( ,mahomet until h] dea? 9 #fai4 ,he subsequ5tly m>ri$ _m wives1 ( :om ,ayi%a 0 ! mo/ intimate ) him2 b none ( !m appe>s to h ex]cis$ s mu* influ5ce ^u 8 "* z ,khadija4 ,%e x 0 :o 0 ! fir/ to believe 9 ! div9e inspiration :i* h] husb& began to disclose 9 ! ye> #fab1 at ! mature age ( =ty2 & %e x 0 :o enc\rag$ & com=t$ ! ris+ prophet dur+ 8 e>ly ye>s ( tr\ble & p]secution4 ,8 fir/ revelation 0 receiv$ by him 9 #fab4 ,x purport$ to be dictat$ by ! angel ,gabriel1 :o 0 ,mahomet's au?ority = ! :ole ( ! ,koran4 ,recite ?\1 ?us spoke 8 heav5ly in/ructor1 9 ! "n ( ?y ,"l :o creat$2--creat$ man f clots ( blood3--,recite ?\6 ,= ?y ,"l is ! mo/ b5efic5t1 :o ha? taught ! use ( ! p52--ha? taught man t :i* he kn[e? n 7,k41 p4 #a4--,sura xcvi74 ,aft] ?is fir/ reception ( ! ^w ( ,god1 ,mahomet pass$ ?r\gh t p]iod ( extreme depression & gloom :i* appe>s to be ! univ]sal lot ( ?\ghtful *>act]s1 & :i* ,mr4 ,c>lyle has designat$ ! ,ev]la/+ ,no4 ,= _m mon?s he receiv$ no m revelations1 & 9 8 despond5cy he ent]ta9$ a wi% to ?r[ himself d[n f high m\nta9s1 b 0 prev5t$ by ! appe>ance ( ! angel ,gabriel4 ,9 "t ano!r communication came to /r5g!n him 9 8 "w2 & revelations n[ began to p\r d[n abundantly4 ,8 e>lie/ disciples1 besides 8 wife & 8 daught]s1 7 8 c\s9 ,ali1 & ! slave ,zayd1 :om he _h adopt$ z a son4 ,by & by he obta9$ o!r important conv]ts1 among :om 7 ,abu ,bakr1 ,zobayr1 & ,o?man1 aft]w>ds ! ,*alif4 ,8 e>lie/ revelations 7 in(f5sive to ! ,meccans2 & x 0 only :5 he began to prea* di/9ctly ! unity ( ,god1 ! resurrection1 & responsibility to ! ,deity1 t opposition 0 ar\s$4 ,p]secution foll[$ ^u disapproval4 ,"s ( ,mahomet's foll[]s 7 compell$ to take refuge 9 ,abyss9ia1 & he himself told ! ,meccans in/ructive leg5ds ( nations :om ,god _h de/roy$ = _! wick$ness 9 reject+ ! prophets :o _h be5 s5t to !m4 ,9 #faf1 h[ev]1 ,mahomet 0 guilty ( a relapse1 = he publi%$ a revelation recogniz+ ?ree ,meccan idols1 ,lat1 ,ozza1 & ,manah1 z int]cessors ) ,allah4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is concession to _! fai?1 ! ,korays*ites--8 own tribe--fell d[n on _! faces 9 adoration ( ,allah1 & ! exiles 9 ,abyss9ia return$ to _! native l&4 ,b ! prophet 0 soon a%am$ ( ! weakness by :i* he _h pur*as$ public support4 ,! v]se 0 /ruck out ( ! ,koran1 & ! pass+ recognition ( idolatry attribut$ to ! sugge/ion ( ! devil4 ,tradition assigns to ?is occasion ! foll[+ v]ses3 ,we h n s5t any apo/le or prophet be=e !e1 among ^: desires ,satan inject$ n "s wrong desire2 b ,god %all br+ to n\ght t :i* ,satan _h sugge/$4 ,?us %all ,god affirm 8 revelations1 = ,god is ,kn[+-,wise6 ,t he may make t :i* ,satan ha? inject$1 a trial to ^? 9 ^: he>ts is a disease1 & ^: he>ts are h>d5$ 7,k4 p4 #eic--,sura xxii4 #ea1 #eb74 ,aft] 8 r5ew$ pr(ession ( ,mono!ism1 ,mahomet & 8 foll[]s 7 naturally subject$ to r5ew$ p]secutions4 ,conv]sions1 h[ev]1 did n cease2 & t ( ,om>1 9 #fag1 0 ( great importance to ! nasc5t community4 ,yet matt]s 7 at la/ pu%$ to extremities by ! unbeliev]s4 ,mahomet's family1 ! ,has*imites1 7 exclud$ f all comm]cial & social int]c\rse by ! o!r ,korays*ites1 & compell$ to )draw into _! own qu>t]4 ,?is /ate ( qu>ant9e probably la/$ f ! autumn ( #fag to t ( #fai4 ,at its conclusion ,mahomet lo/ 8 wife ,khadija1 & 8 uncle ,abu ,talib1 :o _h giv5 him protection4 ,he 0 n[ expos$ to _m insults & mu* annoyance4 ,! insecurity 9 :i* he liv$ at ,mecca =c$ him to seek support]s else:]e4 ,n[ ! ,caaba or holy /one at ,mecca 0 ! sc5e ( an annual pilgrimage f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,mahomet made use ( ! adv5t ( ! pilgrims 9 #fba to enli/ 9 8 cause six inhabitants ( ,m$9a1 :o are report$ to h b\nd !mselves to him by ! foll[+ v[3--,n to consid] any "o equal to ,allah2 n to /eal2 n to be un*a/e2 n to kill _! *ildr52 n willfully to calumniate2 to obey ! prophet's ord]s 9 equitable matt]s4 ,p>adise 0 to be ! gu]don ( ! /rict obs]vance ( ?is v[1 :i* f ! place :]e x 0 tak5 0 call$ ! fir/ ,akaba4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #fbb1 ,mahomet met sev5ty-two m5 ( ,m$9a by night at ! same rav9e1 & ! oa? n[ tak5 0 ! second ,akaba4 ,! believ]s swore to receive ! prophet & to exp5d _! prop]ty & _! blood 9 8 def5se4 ,twelve ( ! sev5ty-two disciples 7 select$ z eld]s1 ! prophet foll[+ !re9 ! example ( ,*ri/4 ,a place ( refuge f ! ho/ility ( _! c\ntrym5 0 n[ op5 to ! ris+ sect4 ,all ! ,moslems :o 7 able & will+ gradually f\nd _! way to ,m$9a4 ,at l5g? none ( ! int5d+ emigrants rema9$ at ,mecca b ! prophet himself & 8 two fri5ds ,abu ,bakr1 & ,ali4 ,! designs ( ! ,korays*ites aga9/ ,mahomet's life fail$1 & he effect$ 8 escape to a cave at "s little di/ance f ,mecca1 & 9 ! opposite direction f ,m$9a4 ,"h he rema9$ 9 concealm5t ) ,abu ,bakr = ?ree days1 ! daught] ( ! latt] br++ food = bo?4 ,aft] ?is "t a guide br\ght ?ree camels ) :i* !y proce$$ 9 safety to ,m$9a4 ,! prophet rea*$ ,koba1 a village j outside x1 on ! #ad? ( ,septemb] #fbb4 ,he rema9$ "h ?ree days1 & receiv$ ! visits ( 8 adh]5ts 9 ,m$9a e day4 ,?is 0 ! celebrat$ ,hegira1 or flight1 f :i* ! ,mussulman era is dat$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 ! majority ( ! inhabitants ( ,m$9a _h adopt$ ,islam1 & a little lat] ^? :o rema9$ hea!ns 7 ei!r compell$ or p]suad$ to embrace1 or at lea/ to submit to1 ! new cre$ & its apo/le4 ,! ,jews alone reta9$ _! anci5t religion4 ,b :ile ,mahomet 0 ?us successful ) ,m$9a1 he 0 /ill expos$ to ! bitt] ho/ility ( ,mecca4 ,w> betwe5 ! two cities 0 ! result ( ! hospitality accord$ to him by ! =m]4 ,mahomet1 :o n[ unit$ 9 8 p]son ! temporal & spiritual supremacy 9 8 adopt$ home1 did n %r9k f ! conte/1 b c>ri$ x on ) vigor & success4 ,9 ! ye> #fbd1 hav+ gone 9 pursuit ( a ,meccan c>avan1 he met ! army ( ! ,korays*ites at ,badr1 & defeat$ !m2 al?\gh he _h n mu* m ?an ?ree hundr$ m51 :ile !y comm&$ f n9e hundr$ to "o ?\s&4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> inde$ ! ,moslems 7 defeat$ 9 ! battle ( ,ohod2 b 9 #fbg ! siege ( ,m$9a1 und]tak5 by ,abu ,s(yn at ! head ( t5 ?\s& m51 0 rais$ aft] ?ree weeks )\t s]i\s loss on ei!r side4 ,not)/&+ ! enmity ( its inhabitants1 ,mecca /ill reta9$ 9 ! eyes ( ,mahomet & 8 disciples its anci5t pr]ogative ( sanctity4 ,! ,kibla1 or po9t t[>ds :i* ! ,moslem 0 to turn 9 pray]1 _h = a "t be5 ,j]usalem2 b ,mahomet _h re/or$ ?is privilege to 8 native t[n two ye>s aft] ! ,hegira4 ,!re too 0 ! sacr$ /one1 no less v5]at$ by ! pi\s wor%ip] ( ,allah ?an by ! adh]5ts ( ,lat1 ,ozza & ,manah2 & ?i!r x 0 t ! religi\s pilgrimage _h to be p]=m$1 = ,mahomet _h no int5tion ( giv+ up ?is "p ( 8 ance/ral fai?4 ,he 0 desir\s 9 ! spr+ ( #fbh ( p]=m+ ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,! ,korei%1 h[ev]1 came out to meet him ) an army1 det]m9$ to preclude 8 entrance to ! city4 ,! design 0 !re=e ab&on$2 b an important treaty 0 conclud$ betwe5 ,mahomet & ,sohayl1 :o act$ z envoy f ,mecca4 ,by ?is compact bo? p>ties agre$ to ab/a9 f all ho/ilities = t5 ye>s2 ,mahomet 0 to surr5d] fugitives f ,mecca1 b ! ,meccans 7 n to surr5d] fugitives f him2 no robb]y 0 to be practic$2 x 0 op5 to any "o to make an alliance ) ei!r p>ty2 ,mahomet & 8 foll[]s 7 to be p]mitt$ to ent] ,mecca = ?ree days 9 ! foll[+ ye> = ! fe/ival4 ,aft] mak+ ?is agreem5t ,mahomet1 yield+ to circum/ances1 p]=m$ ! c]emonies ( ! fe/ival at ,hodaybiya ne> ,mecca & !n )drew4 ,! treaty caus$ great dissatisfaction among ! ,moslems1 z well x might2 & ! humiliation 0 height5$ :5 ! prophet1 %ortly aft] mak+ x1 0 compell$ to fulfil its provisions by giv+ up c]ta9 proselytes :o _h fl$ to him1 f ,mecca4 ,nev]!less 8 p[] cont9u$ to gr[1 & a tribe resid+ ne> ,mecca took advantage ( ! treaty to conclude an alliance ) him4 ,mahomet n[ began to place himself on a level ) cr[n$ heads4 ,9 #fbh he _h a seal made ) ! inscription ^u x3 ,mahomet ! mess5g] ( ,god4 ,furni%$ ) ?is (ficial seal1 he despat*$ six mess5g]s ) lett]s to ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius2 to ! ,k+ ( ,abyss9ia2 to ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia2 to ,mokawkas1 "l ( ,alex&ria2 to ,h>i? ! ,ghassanite *ief2 & to ,hawda 9 ,yamama1 a prov9ce ( ,arabia4 ,! purport ( all ^! missives 0 an exhortation to ! v>i\s sov]eigns & *iefs to embrace ! new religion1 & a promise t ,god w\ld rew>d !m if !y did1 ) a w>n+ t !y w\ld be> ! guilt ( _! subjects if !y did n4 ,9 ! same ye> ,mahomet besieg$ ! t[n ( ,*ayb>1 ^: inhabitants 7 ,jews4 ,_m ( !m 7 kill$2 ! re/ 7 p]mitt$ to )draw ) _! families4 ,k9ana1 _! *ief1 0 execut$2 & 8 wife ,cafyya 0 add$ to ! already num]\s h>em ( ! victor4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 #fbi1 witness$ ! p]=mance by ! ,moslems ( ! pilgrimage to ,mecca = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! ,hegira4 ,! prophet summon$ ^? :o _h accompani$ him to ,hodaybiya ! ye> be=e to g ) him n[4 ,! ,korei%1 accord+ to ! /ipulations ( ! treaty1 left ! city2 ! ,moslems ent]$ x1 p]=m$ _! devotions1 & retir$ aft] ?ree days4 ,?is ye> 0 also m>k$ by a signal victory ov] a ,ghassanite *ief1 :o _h execut$ a ,mussulman envoy4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #fcj1 tak+ advantage ( ! invitation ( an alli$ tribe :o _h qu>rel$ ) ,mecca1 ,mahomet quitt$ ,m$9a ) a l>ge army = ! purpose ( tak+ t city4 ,! exploit 0 facilitat$ by ! des]tion ( ! g5]al ( ! ,korei%1 ,abu ,s(yn1 :o privately escap$ to ! ,moslem camp & made 8 confession ( fai?4 ,next day ! =ces ( ! prophet ent]$ ,mecca ) sc>cely any resi/ance4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he laid d[n ! t]ms ^u :i* ! conqu]$ city 0 to be dealt )4 ,abu ,bakr1 accompani$ by #cjj ,moslems1 0 s5t to ,mecca z lead] ( ! pilgrims4 ,ali 0 *>g$ to make ! proclamation to ! p :i* is f\nd 9 ! #i? ,sura ( ! ,koran4 ,an ,immunity f ,god & 8 ,apo/le to ^? ) :om ye are 9 league1 among ! ,poly!i/ ,arabs6 7^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god74 ,g ye1 !re=e1 at l>ge 9 ! l& f\r mon?s3 b "k t ,god ye %all n weak52 & t ^? :o believe n1 ,god w put to %ame--,& a proclamation on ! "p ( ,god & 8 ,apo/le to ! p on ! day ( ! great] pilgrimage1 t ,god is free f any engagem5t ) ! vot>ies ( o!r gods ) ,god z is 8 ,apo/le6 ,if !re=e ye turn to ,god x w be bett] = y2 b if ye turn back !n "k t ye %all n weak5 ,god3 & to ^? :o believe n1 ann\nce ?\ a griev\s puni%m5t4 ,b ?is conc]ne? n ^? ,poly!i/s ) :om ye are 9 league1 & :o %all h aft]w>ds 9 no way h fail$ y1 nor aid$ any "o aga9/ y4 ,obs]ve1 !re=e1 engagem5t ) !m ?r\gh ! :ole "t ( _! treaty3 = ,god love? ^? :o fe> him4 ,& :5 ! sacr$ mon?s are pass$1 kill ^? :o jo9 o!r gods ) ,god :]ev] ye %all f9d !m2 & seize !m1 besiege !m1 & lay wait = !m ) e k9d ( ambu%3 b if !y %all conv]t1 & obs]ve pray]1 & pay ! obligatory alms1 !n let !m g _! way1 = ,god is graci\s1 m]ciful4 ,if any "o ( ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god ask an asylum ( !e1 grant him an asylum1 t he may he> ! ,^w ( ,god1 & !n let him rea* 8 place ( safety4 ,?is1 = t !y are p devoid ( k 7,k41 p4 #faa4--,sura ix4 #a-f74 ,)\t quot+ ! proclamation at full l5g?1 we may obs]ve t 9 sub/ance ! t]ms grant$ 7 ^!4 ,^? ( ! hea!n ) :om treaties _h be5 made 7 in=m$ t !y %\ld be free = f\r mon?s4 ,^! are ! sacr$ mon?s allud$ to 9 ! text1 & :i* _h always be5 obs]v$ z a "t ( truce by ! hea!n ,arabs1 b :i* ,mahomet depriv$ ( _! privilege4 ,aft] ?is p]iod 0 pa/ ! ,moslems might kill ! hea!ns or take !m prison]s :]ev] !y might f9d !m4 ,) o!r hea!ns1 ) :om !re 0 no treaty 9 exi/5ce1 ,allah ann\nc$ t he w\ld h no?+ fur!r to d4 ,moreov]1 ! hea!n 7 exclud$ by ?is proclamation f approa*+ ! holy places ( ,mecca 9 future4 ,o believ]s6--su* are ! words ( ?is la/ decree--only !y :o jo9 gods ) ,god are unclean6 ,let !m n1 !re=e1 aft] ?is ye>1 come ne> ! sacr$ ,temple 7,k41 p4 #fae4--,sura ix4 #bh74 ,! prophet 0 n[ at ! climax ( 8 p[]4 ,all ,arabia 0 82 bo? mat]ially & spiritually subdu$ b5ea? 8 au?ority4 ,! city ( 8 bir?1 :i* _h spurn$ him z "o ( h] humble citiz5s1 0 n[ compell$ to receive him z h] "l4 ,no triumph c\ld be m complete2 & x is a r>e1 if n a unique1 example ( a new religion be+ p]secut$1 imp]ill$1 well-nigh cru%$1 rescu$1 /r5g!n$1 cont5d+ = supremacy1 & supreme1 )9 ! life-"t ( its f\nd]4 ,b t life-"t 0 n[ approa*+ its end4 ,mahomet 9 #fcb celebrat$ ! la/ fe/ival he 0 de/9$ to witness ) ! utmo/ pomp4 ,he w5t ) all 8 wives to ,mecca1 & ?\s&s ( believ]s assembl$ ar\nd him !re4 ,he prea*$ to !m f 8 camel4 ,he sacrific$ "o hundr$ camels4 ,on ! #h? ( ,june1 #fcb1 he expir$ 9 ! hut ( ,ayis*a ( a remitt5t fev] f :i* he _h be5 suff]+ a %ort "t4 ,! "* ( ! prophet ,mahomet is an op5 "q4 ,betwe5 ! gl[+ admiration be/[$ ^u him by ,c>lyle1 & ! sne]+ depreciation ( ,spr5g]1 !re lie num]\s int]m$iate possibilities ( op9ion4 ,8 s9c]ity1 8 v]acity1 8 humanity1 8 orig9ality1 are all topics ( discussion admitt+ ( v>i$ treatm5t4 ,! old & simple me?od ( treat+ ,mahomet z an impo/or sc>cely m]its notice4 ,among s]i\s /ud5ts ( 8 life x may be pron\nc$ ext9ct4 ,b betwe5 positive impo/ure & a degree ( tru?fulness equal to t :i* all w\ld conc$e to ,confucius1 or to ,jesus1 !re are _m degrees1 & a man may be m or less s9c]e 9 _m p>ticul>s :i* d n involve ! fundam5tal hone/y ( 8 conduct4 ,x is 9 su* p>ticul>s t ! "* ( ,mahomet is mo/ op5 to suspicion4 ,few1 ,i believe1 w\ld be able to read ! e>li] ,meccan ,suras1 in/9ct z !y are ) a _s ( gl[+ devotion to a new idea1 )\t entire conviction ( ! s9c]ity ( _! au?or4 ,nor c we reasonably d\bt t he himself fully believ$ 9 ! inspiration he pr(ess$ to receive4 ,! ,koran is writt5 precisely 9 t loose1 rambl+1 & irregul> /yle1 :i* w\ld indicate t its au?or 0 above ! laws ( human composition4 ,if 7z is said by "s7 !re is beauty 9 ! orig9al ,arabic1 t beauty entirely evaporates 9 translation4 ,! man ^: "w x is gave utt]ance to ! ?\ghts ( ! mom5t z !y 7 borne 9 ^u him1 9 8 op9ion by an ext]nal p[]4 ,b :ile he no d\bt conceiv$ himself z ! in/rum5t ( ! div9e be+1 x is also exce$+ly probable t 9 8 lat] life he abus$ ! weapon :i* he _h ?us got into 8 possession4 ,t is to say1 in/ead ( wait+ pati5tly = ! revelation1 & all[+ ,allah to take 8 own "t1 he 9 all likelihood put =? z reveal$ :atev] happ5$ to suit ! political purpose ( ! day1 & t at :atev] mom5t 0 conv5i5t to himself4 ,9 o!r words1 he may h become less ( a passive1 & m ( an active ag5t 9 ! composition ( ! ,koran4 ,take1 = example1 ! two foll[+ ,suras1 belong+ to 8 e>lie/ p]iod1 z specim5s ( ! inspir$ poetic /yle3--,say3 ,o ye unbeliev]s6 ,i wor%ip n t :i* ye wor%ip1 & ye d n wor%ip t :i* ,i wor%ip2 ,i %all nev] wor%ip t :i* ye wor%ip1 nei!r w ye wor%ip t :i* ,i wor%ip4 ,to y be y\r religion2 to me my religion4 ,say3 ,he is ,god alone3 ,god ! et]nal6 ,he begette? n1 & is n begott52 & !re is none l unto him 7,k41 pp4 #ab1 #ac4--,suras cix41 cxii74 ,contra/ ^! f]v5t exclamations ) su* a passage z ?is1 f "o ( ! late/ ,suras3-- ,?is day h ,i p]fect$ y\r religion = y1 & h fill$ up ! measure ( my favors ^u y3 & x is my pleasure t ,islam be y\r religion2 b :oso )\t willful lean+s to wrong %all be =c$ by hung] to transgress1 to him1 v]ily1 w ,god be indulg5t1 m]ciful4 ,!y w ask !e :at is made lawful = !m4 ,say3 ,^? ?+s :i* are good are legaliz$ to y1 & ! prey ( bea/s ( *ase :i* ye h tra9$ l dogs1 tea*+ !m z ,god ha? taught y4 ,eat1 !re=e1 ( :at !y %all cat* = y1 & make m5tion ( ! "n ( ,god ov] x1 & fe> ,god3 ,v]ily1 swift is ,god to reckon3 ,?is day1 ?+s heal?ful are legaliz$ to y1 & ! meats ( ^? :o h receiv$ ! ,scriptures are all[$ to y1 z y\r meats are to !m4 ,& y are p]mitt$ to m>ry virtu\s wom5 ( ^? :o h receiv$ ! ,scriptures be=e y1 :5 y %all h provid$ !m _! portions1 liv+ *a/ely ) !m )\t =nication1 & )\t tak+ concub9es 7,k41 p4 #fcb4--,sura v4 #e-g74 ,! doctr9e ( direct inspiration1 appli$ to matt]s l ^!1 is almo/ a mock]y4 ,yet ,mahomet may h cont9u$ to ?9k t ,god assi/$ him 9 ! task ( lay+ d[n laws = ! believ]s1 & we _c accuse him ( positive ins9c]ity1 ev5 ?\gh 8 revelations 7 no long] ! spontane\s outp\r+s ( an ov]fl[+ he>t4 ,a m difficult "q is rais$ :5 we inquire h[ mu* ( 8 tea*+ 0 borr[$ f o!rs1 & :e!r !re 0 any "o :o act$ z 8 prompt] 9 ! novel doctr9es he ann\nc$4 ,n[ !re is evid5ce en\gh1 "s ( x suppli$ by ! ,koran itself1 t ,mahomet 0 prec$$ by a sect call$ ,hanyfites1 :o reject$ ! idolatry ( _! c\ntrym5 & held mono!i/ic doctr9es4 ,he spoke ( himself z belong+ to ?is sect1 ( :i* ! patri>* ,abraham 0 consid]$ ! repres5tative & f\nd]4 ,abraham is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,koran ) ! epi!t ,hanyf1 & z "o ( ^? :o d n jo9 gods ) ,god 7,e4g41 ,sura iii4 #hi2 vi4 #afb2 xvi4 #aba74 ,a doz5 or s ( ! contempor>ies ( ! prophet r5\nc$ idolatry be=e him1 & 7 ,hanyfites4 ,?ree ( ^! became ,*ri/ians1 & a f\r?1 by "n ,zayd1 pr(ess$ to be nei!r ,jew nor ,*ri/ian1 b to foll[ ! religion ( ,abraham4 ,zayd 0 ackn[l$g$ z 8 =]unn] by ,mahomet himself4 ,b besides ^! s\rces ( conv]sion :i* lay op5 to ! prophet1 x is pla9 f ! ,koran itself t he _h _h mu* int]c\rse ) a p]son 7or p]sons7 ( ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,mahomet 0 n a s*ol>1 & 8 cont9ual allusions to ev5ts 9 ,jewi% hi/ory pla9ly indicate a p]sonal s\rce4 ,moreov]1 ! n>ratives are giv5 9 t some:at p]v]t$ =m :i* we %\ld expect to f9d if !y 7 d]iv$ f loose conv]sation r ?an f /udy4 ,8 belief 9 ! unity ( ,god is n !re=e a peculi>ity :i* _c be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! circum/ances 9 :i* 8 y\? 0 pass$4 ,:at 0 orig9al ) him 0 n ! doctr9e s mu* z ! int5sity ) :i* x took possession ( 8 m9d1 & ! f]vor :i* all[$ him no re/ until he _h done 8 be/ to imp>t to o!rs ! pr(\nd conviction he ent]ta9$ ( ?is great tru?4 ,mahomet 9 fact began 8 public c>e] z a simple prea*]4 ,! resi/ance he met ) at home1 & ! necessity ( rely+ = self-pres]vation on ! swords ( ! m5 ( ,m$9a1 conv]t$ him f a prophet to a pot5tate4 ,! *ange 0 n "o :i* he c\ld avoid )\t sacrific+ all *ances ( success2 b x does appe> to h ex]cis$ an un=tunate influ5ce ^u 8 "*4 ,z ! gov]nor ( ,m$9a he became tyrannical & ev5 cruel4 ,among ! wor/ features ( 8 life is 8 conduct to ! ,jews aft] 8 attempts at conciliation _h be5 %[n to be fruitless4 ,= in/ance1 a ,jewi% tribe1 ! ,banu ,kaynoka1 ) :om a treaty ( fri5d%ip _h be5 conclud$1 7 expell$ f ,m$9a4 ,ano!r tribe ( ! same religion1 ! ,banu ,nadhyr1 7 blockad$ 9 _! qu>t]1 & driv5 to capitulate1 on condition ( be+ all[$ to leave ,m$9a ) _! movable prop]ty4 ,on ! v day ^u :i* ! siege by ,abu ,s(yn 9 #fbg came to an end1 ,mahomet blockad$ ! ,banu ,koraytza1 also ,jews1 & compell$ !m to surr5d] at discretion4 ,all ! m51 six hundr$ 9 numb]1 7 put to dea?1 & ! wom5 7 sold z slaves2 a puni%m5t :i*1 ev5 on ! supposition t ! tribe 0 ho/ile to ! prophet1 0 unp>donably sev]e4 ,9 ! ensu+ ye> he m>*$ aga9/ ,*ayb>1 a t[n inhabit$ by ,jews1 besieg$ & took x4 ,all ! ,jews tak5 9 arms 7 put to dea?1 :]eupon ! re/ surr5d]$ on condition ( be+ p]mitt$ to )draw ) _! families & _! portable goods1 exclusive ( weapons & ! preci\s metals4 ,k9ana1 _! lead]1 0 execut$1 & x is a suspici\s circum/ance t ,mahomet m>ri$ 8 wid[ ,cafyya4 ,nor 7 ^! ! wor/ ( ! prophet's misde$s4 ,he ev5 /oop$ to sanction1 if n to ord]1 private assass9ation4 ,%ortly aft] 8 victory at ,badr1 a woman & an old man1 bo? ( :om _h r5d]$ !mselves (f5sive by _! anti-,mussulman v]ses1 7 murd]$ 9 ! night2 & 9 bo? in/ances ! murd]]s receiv$ ! protection & c\nt5ance ( ! prophet & 8 foll[]s4 ,unbridl$ au?ority _h 9 fact corrupt$ him4 ,all ^? :o did n adh]e to 8 cause committ$ 9 8 eyes ! crime ( oppos+ ! w ( ,god4 ,to a man emp[]$ by a special commission l 81 ! ord9>y re/ra9ts ( morality c\ld n apply4 ,h5ce also1 if he requir$ a l>g] numb] ( wives ?an 0 p]mitt$ to any o!r ,moslem1 a special revelation 0 produc$ to ju/ify ! excess4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! weake/ po9ts 9 ! prophet's "*4 ,in/ead ( sett+ an example to ! community1 he 0 driv5 to ju/ify 8 self-indulg5ce by means :i* 7 no?+ %ort ( a p]v]sion ( religion to 8 own ends4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no?+ repreh5sible1 consid]+ 8 age & c\ntry1 9 8 indulg5ce 9 polygamy1 _h he obs]v$ any k9d ( mod]ation z to its ext5t4 ,:]e he happ5$ to take a fancy to a woman1 & t woman did n object to him1 ! moral s5se ( 8 c\ntrym5 w\ld n h revolt$ by 8 tak+ h] to wife4 ,b x 0 revolt$ by ! unre/rict$ fre$om ) :i* he add$ wife to wife1 & concub9e to concub9e2 a fre$om s great z to deg5]ate into m]e debau*]y4 ,he m>ri$ wom5 :om he _h nev] se51 & :o 7 sometimes already m>ri$4 ,m]e beauty seems to h ju/ifi$ 9 8 own eyes ! addition ( a new memb] to 8 h>em1 & !re c\ld be no pret5ce ( real affection 9 ! case ( ! wom5 :om1 )\t previ\s acqua9tance1 he took to 8 matrimonial b$4 ,exclusive ( ,khadija1 ! total numb] ( 8 wives 0 ?irte51 ( :om n9e surviv$ him4 ,he _h also ?ree concub9es4 ,t 8 proc$ure sc&aliz$ ! fai?ful is %[n by ! necessity he felt ( def5d+ x by ! pliant in/rum5t ( revelation4 ,n only did he obta9 f ,god a special law entitl+ him to exce$ ! usual numb] ( wives2 o!r peculi>ities 9 8 conduct 7 ju/ifi$1 ei!r by an ex po/ facto decision applicable to all1 or by an appeal to 8 extraord9>y rights 9 8 "* ( prophet4 ,he _h1 = example conceiv$ a desire to possess ,zaynab1 ! wife ( 8 adopt$ son ,zayd4 ,zayd oblig+ly divorc$ h]1 & receiv$ ! greate/ favor f ! prophet = ?is fri5dly conduct4 ,zaynab made x a condition ( h] compliance t ! union ) ,mahomet %\ld be sanction$ by revelation1 & ?is sanction 0 ( c\rse procur$4 ,m>riage ) an adopt$ son's wife 0 some:at %ock+1 & ! foll[+ ref]5ce 9 ! ,koran indicates ! mann] 9 :i* ! affair 0 reg>d$3 ,&1 rememb]1 :5 ?\ said/ to him unto :om ,god _h %[n favor i4 e41 to ,zayd1 & to :om ?\ also had/ %[n favor1 ',keep ?y wife to ?yself1 & fe> ,god2' & ?\ did/ hide 9 ?y m9d :at ,god w\ld br+ to light1 & did/ fe> man2 b m "r _h x be5 to fe> ,god4 ,& :5 ,zayd _h settl$ conc]n+ h] to divorce h]1 we m>ri$ h] to !e1 t x might n be a crime 9 ! fai?ful to m>ry ! wives ( _! adopt$ sons1 :5 !y h settl$ ! affair conc]n+ !m4 ,& ! behe/ ( ,god is to be p]=m$4 ,no blame atta*e? to ! prophet :]e ,god ha? giv5 him a p]mission 7,k41 p4 #eff4--,sura xxxiii4 #ch1ci74 ,9 ano!r case he wi%$ to induce a c\s91 :o 0 already m>ri$1 ?\gh only to a hea!n husb& liv+ at ,mecca1 to become 8 wife2 b %e1 believ] z %e 01 refus$ to be untrue to h] conjugal duties4 ,he p]mitt$ himself also to accept ! love ( wom5 :o simply surr5d]$ !mselves to him )\t ! sanction ( _! relations1 conduct :i* plac$ !m 9 a highly disadvantage\s position1 s9ce 9 case ( dismissal by h] husb&1 a woman ?us in=mally m>ri$ 0 n entitl$ to ! d[ry :i* o!r m>ri$ wom5 w\ld receive1 nor c\ld %e claim ! protection ( h] family4 ,among ! hea!n ,arabs1 obs]ves ,spr5g]1 a man :o accept$ su* a favor w\ld h be5 kill$ by ! woman's family 7,l4 ,l4 ,m41 vol4 iii4 p4 #hd74 ,b = ! case ( ! c\s9 & = ! case ( su* oblig+ female devotees ! ,koran _h its suitable provisions3-- ,o ,prophet6 we all[ !e ?y wives :om ?\ ha/ d[]$1 & ! slaves :om ?y "r h& possesse? out ( ! booty :i* ,god ha? grant$ !e1 & ! daught]s ( ?y uncle1 & ( ?y pat]nal & mat]nal aunts :o fl$ ) !e to ,m$9a1 & any believ+ woman :o ha? giv5 h]self up to ! prophet1 if ! prophet desir$ to w$ h]--a privilege = !e above ! re/ ( ! fai?ful4444 ,?\ maye/ decl9e = ! pres5t :om ?\ wilt ( !m1 & ?\ maye/ take to ?y b$ :om ?\ wilt1 & :omsoev] ?\ %alt long = ( ^? ?\ %alt h be=e neglect$2 & ?is %all n be a crime 9 !e4 ,?us w x be easi] to give !m ! desire ( _! eyes1 & n to put !m to grief1 & to satisfy !m ) :at ?\ %alt accord to ea* ( !m4 ,god kn[e? :at is 9 y\r he>ts1 & ,god is kn[+1 graci\s4 ,by a comb9ation ( qualities :i* is n uncommon1 he add$ to an unre/rict$ lic5se 9 8 own favor an equally unre/rict$ jeal\sy conc]n+ o!rs4 ,he c\ld n be> ! ?\ght t any o!r man might possibly enjoy "o ( 8 wives ev5 aft] 8 dea?4 ,8 foll[]s 7 told t !y mu/ n tr\ble ! ,apo/le ( ,god1 nor m>ry 8 wives aft] him1 = ev]4 ,?is w\ld be a grave (f5se ) ,god4 ,9 ! same paltry _s he ord]s !m1 :5 !y w\ld ask a gift ( any ( 8 wives1 to ask x f beh9d a veil4 ,pur] w ?is be = y\r he>ts & = _! he>ts4 ,le/ any /rang] %\ld tr\ble ?is uneasy husb& by obta9+ a sight ( 8 wives' nak$ faces1 he requir$ !m inv>iably to we> a veil 9 public1 & nev] to expose !mselves unveil$ except to ne> male relations1 slaves1 or wom5 7,k41 p4 #efi4--,sura xxxiii4 #ea1 #ec1 #ee74 ,texts l ^! exhibit ! deg5]acy ( ! prophet's "* 9 8 lat] days4 ,he want$ ! /imulus ( adv]sity to keep him pure4 ,b he _h done 8 "w1 & t "w 0 on ! :ole a good "o4 ,n inde$ t !re 0 any?+ v orig9al or /rik+ 9 ! doctr9es he ann\nc$4 ,! ,koran r+s ! *anges on ! unity ( ,god1 8 p[]1 8 m]cy1 & 8 o!r well-kn[n qualities2 on ! resurrection1 ) its delights = ! fai?ful & its t]rible judgm5ts = ! wick$2 & on ! va/ importance ( belief 9 ! prophet & submission to 8 decrees4 ,b ?is religion1 ?\gh conta9+ no elem5ts t did n already exi/ 9 its two p>5ts1 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 0 an improvem5t on ! promiscu\s idolatry :i* x sup]s$$4 ,x 0 less s5sual & m ab/ract2 & its moral tone 0 high]4 ,great] /ill ?an ! improvem5t 9 ! cre$ ( ! ,arabs 0 ! improvem5t 9 _! mat]ial /atus4 ,unity ( fai? br\ght ) x unity ( action4 ,f a numb] ( scatt]$1 indep5d5t1 & (t5 ho/ile tribes1 ! ,arabs became a p[]ful & conqu]+ nation4 ,o!r peoples 7 9 c\rse ( "t conv]t$1 & ! religion ( ,mahomet 0 9 ! succe$+ c5turies c>ri$ 9 triumph ov] va/ di/ricts :]e ! "n ( ,*ri/ _h hi!rto reign$ supreme4 ,di/ricts ( hea!n ,africa h also accept$ x4 ,7 ! prophet able to speak to u n[1 he w\ld be entitl$ to say t ! manife/ bless+ ( ,allah _h re/$ ^u ! "w he _h begun 9 obscurity & p]si/$ 9 ?r\gh p]secution2 & t ! p>tiality ( heav5 0 evid5t f ! fact t ,*ri/ianity _h nev] succe$$1 & _h no prospect ( succe$+1 9 rega9+ ! va/ t]ritory 9 ,europe & 9 ,africa f :i* ,islam has expell$ x4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,jesus ,,*ri/4 ,:5 we endeavor to write ! life ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 we are beset by peculi> difficulties aris+ f ! nature ( ! mat]ials4 ,:ile 9 ! case ( ! ,buddha we receive f au?orities a life :i*1 ?\gh l>gely compos$ ( fiction1 is at lea/ uni=m & consi/5t1 9 ! case ( ,jesus we h biographies f sev]al s\rces1 all ( !m p>tly hi/orical1 p>tly leg5d>y1 & ea* 9 "s respects at issue ) all ! re/4 ,h5ce ! labor ( sift+ fact f fiction1 z also t ( reproduc+ & classify+ ! fictiti\s elem5t itself1 is f> m difficult4 ,9 sift+ fact f fiction we h to judge1 among two1 ?ree1 or f\r v]sions ( an occurr5ce1 :i* is likely to be ! mo/ fai?ful /atem5t ( ! tru?1 & )9 ?is /atem5t itself h[ mu* we may accept1 h[ mu* we mu/ reject4 ,& 9 reproduc+ & classify+ ! fictiti\s elem5t we h n m]ely to relate a simple /ory1 b to comb9e into our n>rative v>y+1 & sometimes conflict+1 =ms ( ! same fundam5tal my?4 ,h5ce fur!r subdivision w be ne$$ 9 ! case ( ,jesus ?an 0 requisite 9 treat+ ! lives ( any ( ! o!r prophets4 ,we may 9 fact disc]n 9 ! gospels ?ree di/9ct /rata3 a /ratum ( fact2 a /ratum ( miracle & m>vel2 & a /ratum 79 ,john7 ( m]e imag9ation )9 ! realm ( natural ev5ts4 ,correspond5tly to ^! divisions 9 ! s\rces we w treat ,jesus fir/ z hi/orical2 secondly1 z my?ical2 ?irdly1 z ideal4 ,! hi/orical ,jesus is ! actual human figure :o rema9s aft] ab/raction has be5 made ( ! miracul\s & leg5d>y portions ( 8 biography4 ,! my?ical ,jesus1 :o is f\nd 9 ! ?ree fir/ gospels1 is ! human subject ( leg5d>y n>ratives2 ! ideal ,jesus1 :o is f\nd 9 ,john1 is a completely sup]human conception4 ,f9ally1 x may be ne$ful to rem>k t ! names affix$ to ! sev]al gospels are m]ely traditional1 & t 9 us+ !m z a brief designation = ^! works1 no !ory z to _! actual au?or%ip is int5d$ to be impli$4 ,! gospels 7except+ p]haps ! f\r?7 7 ! "w ( _m au?ors1 ?\gh ultimately compil$ & edit$ by a s+le h&4 ,:o ?is editor 0 is ( little mom5t2 & :o ! orig9al au?ors 7 we nev] c discov]4 ,s t ! gospels are to all int5ts & purposes anonym\s2 b x w be conv5i5t1 aft] not+ ?is fact1 to cont9ue to describe !m by _! curr5t titles4 ,,subdivision #a4--,! ,hi/orical ,jesus4 ,9 attempt+ to sket* ! outl9e ( ! actual life ( ,jesus--& any?+ m ?an an outl9e mu/ ne$s be highly conjectural--!re are "s g5]al pr9ciples :i* x is advisable to foll[4 ,recollect+ t we h to deal ) biograph]s :o h m+l$ 9 promiscu\s confusion ! sup]natural ) ! natural1 impossibilities ) probabilities1 fables ) facts1 x becomes our duty to endeavor to sep>ate ^! het]og5e\s elem5ts accord+ to "s consi/5t plan4 ,t ?is c ev] be p]fectly accompli%$ is n to be expect$4 ,! figure ( ,jesus mu/ ev] move 9 twilight1 b we may succe$ 9 r$uc+ ! degree ( unavoidable obscurity4 ,! fir/ ( ! maxims to be obs]v$ w be furni%$ by a little consid]ation ( ! k9d ( ?+ likely to be ! e>lie/ committ$ to writ+1 z also to be ! mo/ accurately h&$ d[n by tradition4 ,?is1 x appe>s to me1 w\ld be say+s1 r ?an do+s4 ,no?+ 9 ! life ( ,jesus is m *>act]i/ic & rem>kable ?an 8 oral in/ruction2 ?is w\ld impress itself deeply ^u ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s1 & no?+1 we may fairly conjecture1 w\ld be s soon committ$ to writ+ ei!r by !m or by _! foll[]s4 ,moreov]1 ! records ( disc\rses & p>ables w\ld be1 9 ! ma91 m accurate ?an ^? ( ev5ts2 slight diff]5ces 9 ! words attribut$ to a speak] be+ 7except 9 special cases7 less mat]ial ?an div]g5ces 9 ! mann] ( portray+ 8 actions4 ,hi/orical confirmation ( ?is hypo!sis is n want+4 ,!re is ! well-kn[n /atem5t ( ,papias t ,mat!w wrote d[n ! say+s ( ,*ri/ 9 ,hebrew ,syro-,*aldaic4 ,& if we look = int]nal evid5ce1 we f9d x 9 ! f> great] agreem5t among ! synoptical gospels z to ! doctr9es taught by ,jesus ?an z to ! incid5ts ( 8 c>e]4 ,! incid5ts be> traces ( embelli%m5t und]gone 9 pass+ f m\? to m\? f :i* ! doctr9es are free4 ,9 "s cases1 moreov]1 !re is concurr5ce z to ! doctr9es taught along ) div]g5ce z to ! place :]e1 & ! circum/ances "u :i*1 !y 7 deliv]$4 ,add$ to :i* consid]ations !re is ! all-important fact t ! ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,*ri/ are (t5 ( a sup]natural ord]1 :ile 8 disc\rses 7except+ ^? 9 ,john7 pres5t no?+ irreconcilable ) 8 position 9 reg>d ei!r to 8 epo*1 8 presumable education1 or 8 nationality4 ,giv+ ?is pref]5ce to say+s 9 g5]al1 ov] do+s 9 g5]al1 we may next e/abli% an ord] ( pref]5ce among do+s !mselves4 ,( ^!1 "s are natural & probable2 o!rs unnatural & improbable2 o!rs aga9 sup]natural & impossible4 ,! fir/ k9d w1 ( c\rse1 be accept$ r ?an ! second2 :ile ! ?ird k9d mu/ be reject$ altoge!r4 ,& z a coroll>y f ?is g5]al pr9ciple1 x foll[s t :]e "o n>rative gives a simpl] v]sion ?an ano!r ( ! same ev5t or s]ies ( ev5ts1 ! simpl] v]sion is to be pref]r$4 ,a ?ird rule ( ! utmo/ importance is t :5 any /atem5t is oppos$1 ei!r directly or by its implications1 to subsequ5t tradition1 t /atem5t may be confid5tly receiv$4 ,= :5 ! :ole c\rse ( op9ion 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has run 9 a giv5 direction1 ! pres]vation 9 "o ( our ,gospels ( an alleg$ or impli$ fact conflict+ ) ! e/abli%$ view1 is an unmi/akable indication t ! tru? has be5 rescu$ f de/ruction 9 a case :]e succe$+ g5]ations w\ld gladly h suppress$ x4 ,a f\r? maxim1 :i* is likely to be useful1 is t :]ev] we c p]ceive traces ( faults or blemi%es 9 ! "* ( ,*ri/1 we may presume !m to h actually exi/$4 ,= 8 biograph]s 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 mak+ him appe> p]fect1 & !y w\ld h be5 anxi\s :]ev] possible to conceal 8 weaknesses4 ,:]e1 !re=e1 !y suff] su* human frailties to be p]ceiv$1 _! unconsci\s te/imony is entitl$ to great weight4 ,= al?\gh !y !mselves ei!r d n see or d n ackn[l$ge t :at !y record is really evid5ce ( fault9ess at all1 yet x is pla9 t circum/ances convey+ su* an impression to imp>tial m9ds are n likely to h be5 inv5t$4 ,! conduct ascrib$ to ,jesus might be capable ( ju/ification f 8 peculi> mission or 8 peculi> conception ( 8 duties1 b admir+ disciples w\ld n wantonly burd5 him ) a load n rightly 84 ,yet ?is pr9ciple1 ?\gh unque/ionable 9 ! ma91 mu/ be temp]$ ) ! qualification t !re are cases :]e 8 foll[]s may h misund]/ood & misrepres5t$ him4 ,x mu/ be add$ t a simil> presumption ( tru? atta*es to ! record ( faults or blund]s 9 ! conduct ( ! disciples1 ^: *>act]s _! disciples 7 likewise anxi\s to exalt4 ,9 ! fif? place1 x is a reasonable supposition t ! less complete ! outl9e ( ! life ( ,jesus conta9$ 9 any ,gospel1 ! m au!ntic is t ,gospel4 ,gaps 9 ! /ory told by "o writ] :i*1 9 ano!r writ]1 h be5 fill$ up1 are /rong indications ( actual gaps 9 ! life z kn[n to ! fir/ ,*ri/ians4 ,:ile x is true t ! compil] ( "o ,gospel might1 f ignorance or f design1 omit "s hi/orical fact :i* ! compil] ( ano!r w\ld ins]t1 yet x is unlikely t :ole ye>s w\ld be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce1 or rem>kable ev5ts left out1 :]e any g5u9e k ( ^? ye>s or ^? ev5ts 0 possess$ by ! biograph]4 ,b no?+ is m natural ?an t a space1 subsequ5tly felt to be a s]i\s & almo/ intol]able void1 %\ld 9 process ( "t be remov$ by ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation crav+ to fill ! empty canvas ) liv+ figures4 ,nor ev5 :]e !re is no positive blank1 is x surpris+ t _m actions con=mable to ! notion =m$ ( ,*ri/ %\ld be fitt$ into 8 c>e]1 & made to take _! places alongside ( o!rs ( a m unque/ionable nature4 ,we %all !re=e pref] ! scantie/ acc\nt ( ! life ( ,jesus to ! fulle/4 ,a c>eful comp>ison ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels--:i* alone c pret5d to an hi/orical "*--w e/abli% ! fact t ! second1 ascrib$ to ,m>k1 is ! mo/ tru/wor?y1 or to speak accurately1 ! lea/ untru/wor?y1 accord+ to ^! canons4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 x absolutely omits _m ( ! mo/ notewor?y ev5ts compreh5d$ by ! o!r ,gospels 9 ! life ( ,jesus4 ,secondly1 x sometimes gives a natural v]sion ( a circum/ance :i* appe>s 9 ! o!rs z sup]natural2 or a comp>atively simple v]sion ( a circum/ance :i* ! o!rs h conv]t$ into some?+ my/ical4 ,x surpasses ! o!rs 9 /atem5ts1 & /ill m 9 omissions1 imply+ div]g5ce f well-e/abli%$ subsequ5t tradition2 & 9 g5]al ! f> great] scant9ess ( detail1 ! failure to fill up blanks z ! o!r ,evangeli/s h done1 ! almo/ fragm5t>y "* ( ?is ,gospel1 are po9ts tell+ l>gely 9 its favor4 ,t1 h[ev]1 we h ! e>lie/1 or any?+ approa*+ ! e>lie/ =m ( ! life ( ,jesus 9 ,m>k x w\ld be a great error to assume4 ,z mu* z ,m>k diff]s f ,mat!w & ,luke1 s mu* at lea/ did ! primitive /ory diff] f 81 & 9 ! same direction4 ,nay1 x mu/ h diff]$ f> m1 = by ! "t ! second ,gospel 0 committ$ to its pres5t =m1 a cl\d ( m>vels _h already surr\nd$ ! p]son ( ,jesus1 & obscur$ 8 g5u9e figure4 ,?r\gh ! mi/ ( ?is cl\d we mu/ endeavor to disc]n su* ( 8 l9eam5ts z h n be5 totally & =ev] hidd5 f our scrut9iz+ gaze4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 & ev5 t little has r to be inf]r$ f casual ref]5ces ?an ga!r$ f direct /atem5ts4 ,joseph1 8 fa!r1 0 a c>p5t] or build]1 b 8 /atus is n[h]e cle>ly def9$4 ,he & 8 family appe>1 h[ev]1 to h be5 well kn[n 9 _! native c\ntry1 & he 0 probably1 !re=e1 n a m]e workman1 b a tradesman 9 com=table circum/ances4#ai ,at any rate1 he 0 ! fa!r ( a consid]able family1 consi/+ ( five sons & ( m ?an "o daught] 7,mt4 xiii4 #ee1 & xii4 #df2 ,mk4 vi4 #c1 & iii4 #ca2 ,lu4 viii4 #ai74 ,! names ( ! bro!rs ( ,jesus1--,james1 ,joses1 ,simon1 & ,judas1--h be5 pres]v$1 :ile ^? ( 8 si/]s are unkn[n4 ,:e!r !re is n "s confusion "h1 may inde$ be d\bt$1 = we he> also ( ano!r ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,james & ,joses 7,mk4 xv4 #dj2 ,mt4 xxvii4 #ef71 & x is possible 7z ,m4 ,r5an supposes71 t ! names ( h] *ildr5 h be5 sub/itut$ = ^? ( ! g5u9e bro!rs ( ,*ri/ :i* _h be5 =gott54 ,paul c]ta9ly m5tions ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r 7,gal4 i4 #ai71 & x w\ld be natural to int]pret ?is lit]ally4 ,b ! "q does n admit ( any positive decision4 ,( ! actual exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 ( bo? bro!rs & si/]s !re c be no reasonable d\bt2 = !y are spok5 ( z p]sonages :o 7 famili> to _! neighbors1 :ile ! v fact t !y play no "p 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory is a gu>antee t !y h n be5 inv5t$ = a purpose4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 "m ,m>y1 h] g5u9e =m hav+ be5 transfigur$ at a v e>ly p]iod by ! ,*ri/ian leg5d4 ,! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels h made h] ! subject ( a /ory :i* w\ld =ce u--if we accept x at all--to consid] ,jesus z h] illegitimate *ild1 born ( "s o!r fa!r ?an ,joseph4 ,b !re is no adequate gr\nd to ascribe to h] su* laxity ( conduct4 ,= aught we c disc]n to ! contr>y1 %e seems to h borne a fair reputation among h] c\ntrym51 :o und\bt$ly1 accord+ to ! incid5tal & !re=e unbias$ te/imony ( all f\r ,evangeli/s1 believ$ ,jesus to h be5 ! son ( ,joseph1 begott51 l ! re/ ( 8 family1 9 w$lock 7,mt4 xiii4 #ee2 ,mk4 vi4 #c2 ,lu4 iv4 #bb2 ,jo4 vi4 #db47 ,beyond ! fact t ,joseph & ,m>y occupi$ a respectable position 9 ,naz>e?1 we c say little ( !m4 ,! l9eage ( bo? 0 pla9ly unkn[n to ! compil]s ( ! ,gospels1 s9ce ,joseph has be5 end[$ ) two diff]5t fa!rs1 :ile ! p>5tage ( ,m>y has n ev5 be5 allud$ to4 ,all t we c v5ture to ass]t is1 t nei!r ( !m 7 reput$ to be ( ! family ( ,david1 = ,jesus took pa9s to prove t ! ,messiah ne$ n1 z 0 commonly believ$1 be desc5d$ f t mon>* 7,mt4 xxii4 #da-df2 ,mk4 xii4 #ce-cg2 ,lu4 xx4 #da-dd74 ,!re w\ld h be5 no occasion = 8 +5i\s sugge/ion t ,david1 by call+ ! ,messiah ,"l1 disprov$ ! !ory t ?is ,"l mu/ be 8 son1 unless he _h felt t 8 belong+ to a family :i* c\ld n claim su* a p$igree might be us$ z an argum5t aga9/ 8 ,messianic "*4 ,we may confid5tly conclude !n t 8 l9eage 0 obscure4 ,t 8 bir? took place at ,naz>e? is abundantly obvi\s f ! v contrivances resort$ to 9 ,mat!w & ,luke to take 8 p>5ts to ,be?lehem = t ev5t4 ,accord+ to ei!r ( ^! n>ratives "o fact is pla93 t ! habitual dwell+-place ( ! family 0 ,naz>e?2 :ile ,mat!w has pres]v$ ! valuable in=mation t he 0 call$ a ,naz>5e 7,mt4 ii4 #bc71 a /atem5t :i* is confirm$ by ! mann] 9 :i* he is allud$ to 9 ,john1 z ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ! son ( ,joseph 7,jo4 i4 #de74 ,jesus !re=e pass$ 9 8 life-"t = a native ( ,naz>e?1 & z x does n appe> t he ev] contradict$ ! curr5t assumption1 z moreov] ! only two au?orities :i* are at issue ) ?is assumption are also at issue ) "o ano!r on all b ! b>e fact ( ! bir? at ,be?lehem1 we ne$ n hesitate to draw ! inf]5ce t he 0 born at ,naz>e?4 ,9 8 y\? ! son ( ,joseph 0 appr5tic$ to 8 fa!r's trade1 & he may h practic$ x = _m ye>s be=e he took to 8 m special vocation ( a public tea*]4 ,he 0 at any rate kn[n to 8 neighbors z ! c>p5t]1 & 8 ab&onm5t ( t call+ = "o 9 :i* he seem$ to pret5d to a position ( au?ority ov] o!rs1 caus$ bo? a/oni%m5t & indignation among 8 old acqua9tances4 ,8 public c>e] 0 closely prec$$ by t ( an illu/ri\s prophet1 by :om he mu/ h be5 pr(\ndly influ5c$--,john ! ,bapti/4 ,v little ( ! doctr9e ( ,john has be5 pres]v$ to u1 8 fame hav+ be5 eclips$ by t ( 8 successor4 ,b t little is suffici5t to ev9ce ! great simil>ity betwe5 8 tea*+ & t ( ,jesus4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( baptiz+ ^? :o resort$ to him 9 ! ,jordan1 & ( inculcat+ rep5tance1 because ! k+dom ( heav5 0 at h& 7,mt4 iii4 #b74 ,n[ precisely ! same tone 0 adopt$ by ,jesus aft] ! captivity ( ,john4 ,rep5tance 0 inculcat$ on acc\nt ( ! approa*+ adv5t ( ! k+dom ( heav51 & a mode ( in/ruction simil> to t ( ,john 0 practic$4 ,bo? ^! prophets1 affect$ no d\bt by ! tr\bl$ condition ( ,judea1 enjo9$ ! simple am5dm5t ( ! lives ( individuals z ! means t[>ds a happi] /ate ( ?+s4 ,bo? attract$ cr[ds ar\nd !m by ! =ce & novelty ( _! prea*+4 ,jesus1 accord+ to a probable int]pretation ( ! n>rative1 0 s mu* impress$ by ! lessons ( 8 pr$ecessor1 & by ! baptism receiv$ f him1 t he = a "t retir$ to a solit>y place1 liv+ an ascetic life1 & pond]+ ! /irr+ que/ions t mu/ h burnt )9 him4 ,dur+ ?is retirem5t ,jesus c\ld mature 8 designs = ! future1 & on em]g+ f x he 0 able at once to take up ! ?read ( ,john ! ,bapti/'s disc\rses4 ,possibly ,john himself _h p]ceiv$ ! high capacity ( ! "y ,naz>5e1 & _h appo9t$ him to ! prophetic (fice4 ,b ! /ory ( 8 baptism by ,john has be5 un=tunately s surr\nd$ ) my?ical circum/ances1 t ! true relations betwe5 ^! tea*]s c no long] be disc]n$4 ,m$itat+ 9 ! wild]ness on ! words ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & on ! /ate ( 8 c\ntry1 ! notion may h ent]$ ! m9d ( ,jesus t he himself 0 ! de/9$ ,messiah4 ,:ile ! p[] he felt )9 him may h giv5 bir? to ! idea1 ! idea once born w\ld react ^u 8 nature & increase ! p[] )9 him4 ,b :e!r ! conception ( 8 own ,messiah%ip arose n[ or at "s o!r p]iod1 x is pla9 t he 0 animat$ by x dur+ 8 public c>e]1 & t x gave to all 8 tea*+ its peculi> tone ( indep5d5t au?ority4 ,h[ f> he 0 completely conv9c$ ( 8 own claim to ! ,messianic title w be consid]$ 9 ano!r place2 x is suffici5t to say "h t he 0 pla9ly anxi\s t ?is claim %\ld be ackn[l$g$1 & ! rights x conf]r$ ^u him recogniz$4 ,on em]g+ f 8 retreat1 he began ! public promulgation ( 8 doctr9es2 at fir/1 h[ev]1 ) caution & res]ve1 & keep+ )9 ! l9es m>k$ out by ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,attract$ by ! "y en?usia/1 a select b& ( foll[]s ga!r$ ar\nd him1 & :ile he inspir$ !m ) implicit tru/1 !y no d\bt inspir$ him 9 _! turn ) high] confid5ce4 ,! retic5ce :i* mode/y or hesitation _h produc$ gradually melt$ away1 & he began boldly to put =? pret5sions :i*1 :ile !y repell$ & sc&aliz$ _m1 drew o!rs into a clos] companion%ip & a m implicit submission4 ,simon & ,&rew1 ,james & ,john1 7 ! fir/1 or among ! fir/1 ( 8 disciples4 ,eight o!rs jo9$ him at ab\t ! same p]iod ( 8 life1 _! names be+ ,philip1 ,b>?olomew1 ,mat!w1 ,?omas1 ,james ! son ( ,alpheus1 ,?addeus1 ,simon ! ,canaanite1 & ,judas 7,mk4 iii4 #ad-ai2 ,mt4 x4 #a-d74 ,:ile ^! =m$ ! inn] circle1 we mu/ suppose t he _h _m o!r admir]s & foll[]s1 :o 7 ei!r less intimate ) him1 or less con/ant 9 _! att5dance4 ,& !re may ev5 h be5 o!rs ( equal intimacy ) ! twelve apo/les1 ^: names h n be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,= all ! apo/les did n enjoy an equally close & unres]v$ fri5d%ip ) _! ma/]4 ,?ree ( _! numb]--,simon1 ,james1 & ,john--/ood t[>ds him 9 an altoge!r special & peculi> relation%ip4 ,!y are f> m prom95t ?an any ( ! o!r n9e4 ,!y 7 select$ to accompany ,jesus :5 o!rs 7 left beh9d4 ,!y =m$ an inmo/ circle )9 ! circle ( 8 m con/ant companions4 ,!m alone he is said to h di/+ui%$ by names ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,on ,simon he conf]r$ ! "n ( ,pet]4 ,to ,james & ,john1 ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 he appli$ ! famili> nickname ( ,boan]ges1 or sons ( ?und]1 :i* seems to indicate t !y 7 di/+ui%$ by ! f]vor ( _! zeal 7,mk4 iii4 #af1 #ag74 ,! admir]s ( ,jesus 7 sc>cely1 if at all1 less num]\s among ! female ?an among ! male sex4 ,inde$1 he seems to h ex]cis$ a v m>k$ fasc9ation ov] wom54 ,:5 he w5t to ,j]usalem1 he 0 foll[$ by _m wom5 f ,galilee1 :o _h be5 accu/om$ to contribute to 8 wants1 & to give him t p]sonal att5tion :i* k9dly wom5 "k s well h[ to conf]4 ,m>y ,magdal5e :om he _h heal$ ( "s m5tal ailm5t1 ,m>y ! "m ( ,james1 ,salome ! "m ( ! sons ( ?und]1 7 among ! mo/ devot$ ( ^!1 :ile two si/]s1 ,m>y & ,m>?a1 ,joanna ! wife ( ,*uza1 ,h]od's /ew>d1 & ,susanna1 are also m5tion$ 7,mk4 xv4 #dj1 #da2 ,lu4 viii4 #b1 #c1 x4 #ch1 #ci74 ,if we may believe "o ( ! ,evangeli/s1 :o /&s alone 9 ?is respect1 ! homage ( wom5 0 p>ticul>ly agreeable to ,jesus1 :o receiv$ x ) words ( ! highe/ praise 7,lu4 vii4 #cf-ej1 x4 #ch-db74 ,t "s among ^! _m female foll[]s 7 drawn to him by ! s5tim5t ( love is1 at lea/1 highly probable4 ,:e!r ,jesus ent]ta9$ any su* feel+ t[>ds "o ( !m x is impossible to guess1 = ! human side ( 8 nature has be5 c>efully suppress$ 9 ! extant leg5d4 ,support$ !n by adh]5ts ( bo? sexes1 ,jesus ent]$ ^u 8 c>e] ( a public tea*]4 ,8 own h\se 0 at ,cap]naum 7,mt4 iv4 #ac71 b he w&]$ f place to place 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 vocation1 /ay+1 no d\bt1 ) fri5ds & disciples4 ,x is n necess>y to foll[ him 9 ^! p]egr9ations1 ( :i* only ! vague/ acc\nts h be5 pres]v$ by ! ,evangeli/s4 ,b two rem>kable circum/ances des]ve to be not$2 namely1 t 8 own family reject$ 8 pret5sions1 & t he met ) no success 9 8 own di/rict4 ,( ! =m]1 9 addition to ! negative evid5ce furni%$ by ! fact t nei!r ,m>y nor ! bro!rs ( ,jesus are m5tion$ among ! believ]s1 we h ! positive evid5ce ( ,john t 8 bro!rs did n believe 7,jo4 vii4 #e71 confirm$ by ! /atem5t 9 ! o!r ,gospels t 8 family attempt$ to see him dur+ ! e>li] "p ( 8 c>e]1 & t ,jesus positively refus$ to h any?+ to d ) !m 7,mk4 iii4 #ca-ce2 ,mt4 xii4 #df-ej2 ,lu4 viii4 #ai-ba74 ,?is desire on ! "p ( ! family to conf] ) him1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus1 disav[+ all special ties1 adopts all :o d ! w ( ,god z "m1 bro!r & si/]1 admits ( b "o con/ruction4 ,m>y & h] o!r *ildr5 7 anxi\s to draw him away f ! ra% & fooli% mode ( life--z !y deem$ x--on :i* he _h ent]$1 & ,jesus1 und]/&+ _! design1 avoid$ an unpleasant int]view by simply decl9+ to be tr\bl$ ) !m4 ,& if1 z is highly probable1 x 0 !y :o ?\ght him mad 7,mk4 iii4 #ba71 we h fur!r pro( t nei!r 8 "m nor any ( ! o!r memb]s ( 8 family c be c\nt$ among 8 conv]ts1 at any rate dur+ 8 life-"t4 ,! second circum/ance1 8 complete failure 9 8 own neighborhood1 is atte/$ by a say+ ( 8 own1 record$ by all f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,a prophet1 he is report$ to h said1 is )\t honor 9 8 own c\ntry1 among 8 own k91 & 9 8 own h\se 7,mk4 vi4 #d74 ,to :i* x 0 add$ t he 0 unable to p]=m any "w ( p[] !re1 beyond cur+ a few sick p4 ,& ^! cures evid5tly did n impress ! skeptical ,naz>5es1 = we are told t he m>vel$ because ( _! unbelief 7,mk4 vi4 #e1 #f74 ,leav+1 !re=e1 ^! h>d-he>t$ neighbors1 he proce$$ to address ! p ( ,galilee & ,judea 9 disc\rses :i* excit$ great att5tion2 sometimes inculcat+ moral tru?s 9 pla9 b eloqu5t language1 sometimes pref]r+ to illu/rate !m by little /ories1 ! application ( :i* he ei!r made himself or left to 8 he>]s to discov]4 ,_h ^! /ood alone1 !y w\ld h suffic$ to give him a high reputation4 ,b he did n dep5d on words alone = 8 success among ! p4 ,! peculi> condition ( ,pale/9e at ?is epo* gave him a favorable opportunity ( supplem5t+ words by de$s4 ,! trials & suff]+s !y _h und]gone1 bo? f ! ,h]odian family & ! ,romans2 ! con/ant outrage to _! deepe/ feel+s af=d$ by ! pres5ce ( an ali5 soldi]y2 ! insults1 humiliations1 & cruelties !y endur$ at ! h&s ( _! conqu]ors1 _h wr\ght ! p up to a /ate ( almo/ unbe>able t5sion & extreme excitem5t4 ,t "u ! pressure ( su* a /ate ( ?+s n]v\s disord]s %\ld be widely preval5t1 is n to be wond]$ at4 ,& ^! affections1 z is well kn[n1 are peculi>ly infecti\s1 easily spread+ ?r\gh a :ole village & rag+ 9 a :ole c\ntry 7,see1 = example1 ,hck]'s ,epidemics1 passim74 ,hy/]ia1 moreov]1 takes _m =ms4 ,n[ x may %[ itself z species ( madness2 n[ z ! imag9ation ( "s positive disease4 ,"h x may be viol5t & outrage\s2 !re morbid & gloomy4 ,ano!r peculi>ity is its t5d5cy to increase ! m1 ! great] ! att5tion paid to x by fri5ds & onlook]s4 ,to be an object ( int]e/ to ^? ar\nd is en\gh to inflame ! symptoms ( ! hy/]ical pati5t4 ,& :5 ?is int]e/ took %ape 9 a belief t he 0 inhabit$ by "s bad _s--:i* 0 equally ! !ory ( ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/1 & ( ,*ri/ians up to ! middle ages--x 0 natural t ! evil %\ld be magnifi$ to ! highe/ degree4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s individuals :o ex]cise a peculi> p[] ov] suff]]s ( ?is description4 ,_! looks1 _! t\*1 _! words1 are all soo?+4 ,by address+ ! victims ( hy/]ia 9 tones ( au?ority1 by tak+ _! h&s1 or o!rwise endeavor+ to calm _! excit$ n]ves1 ^! physicians ( nature may put a /op to ! pa91 or expel ! illusion4 ,9 mod]n days !y w\ld be call$ mesm]i/s1 & ?\gh ! peculi>ities ( temp]am5t to :i* !y owe _! mesm]ic faculty are n yet und]/ood1 _! influ5ce is well kn[n to ^? :o h exam9$ into ! subject4 ,among ! ,jews1 ! subjects ( ^! curr5t maladies 7 said to be possess$ by devils4 ,& x 0 a common pr(ession to ca/ out ^! s-call$ devils1#bj = we are told t x 0 practic$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,:at means !y employ$ we d n "k4 ,probably !y 7 n ( ! mesm]ic ord]1 b consi/$ 9 *>ms & exorcisms :i*1 be+ believ$ by ! pati5ts to h ! p[] ( cur+ !m1 actually _h x4 ,at any rate1 ! fact rema9s t ,jesus & ! ,ph>isees are reput$ to h possess$ a simil> influ5ce ov] ! demons1 & if we accept ! /atem5t z true 9 ! "o case we _c consi/5tly reject x 9 ! o!r4 ,x rema9s to be consid]$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! evid5ce is su* z to induce u to believe x 9 ei!r4 ,n[ x is q true t a great _m absurd & impossible miracles are ascrib$ to ,jesus 9 ! ,gospels4 ,b consid]+ ! important place occupi$ 9 8 life--z x has come d[n to u--by 8 cures ( sick p2 consid]+ ! possibility above sugge/$ t _m ( ^! might h tak5 place by kn[n me?ods2 consid]+ too ! extremely easy field :i* ,pale/9e pres5t$ = _! application1 x w\ld appe> m likely t !re might be a basis ( tru? 9 ! num]\s acc\nts ( sudd5 recov]ies effect$ by him1 ?an t !y 7 all m]e inv5tions4 ,we may !n assume1 )\t "h ent]+ into details1 t a numb] ( un=tunate p1 ?\ght to be possess$ by devils1 ei!r met him on 8 way1 or 7 br\ght to him by relations1 & 7 re/or$ to heal? by ! au?oritative comm& address$ to ! evil _s to dep>t2 m+l$ ) ! sympa!tic tone & mann] t[>ds ! torm5t$ subject ( possession4 ,individual examples ( ^! app>5tly miracul\s cures may be op5 to d\bt f ! v inaccurate "* ( ! records1 & = ?is reason x w be bett] = ! pres5t to admit ! g5]al fact )\t b9d+ ourselves to ?is or t special in/ance ( its occurr5ce4 ,possess+ ?is p[] himself1 & ignorant ( its s\rce1 ,jesus attempt$ to communicate x to 8 disciples4 ,x is expressly /at$ t he gave !m p[] to heal sicknesses & ca/ out devils 7,mk4 iii4 #ae71 ?\gh x is d\btful :e!r !y met ) mu* success 9 ?is vocation4 ,on "o occasion1 at lea/1 a signal failure is report$1 & z ! fact /at$ r$\nds nei!r to ! glory ( ,*ri/1 :o _h appo9t$ 8 disciples to ! "w1 nor ( ! disciples :o _h receiv$ ! appo9tm5t1 we may believe x to be true 7,mk4 ix4 #ad-bi74 ,a p>5t _h br\ght 8 little son to ! apo/les to be deliv]$ f "s k9d ( fits f :i* he suff]$4 ,! apo/les c\ld d no?+ ) him4 ,:5 ,jesus arriv$ he ord]$ ! _s to dep>t1 & ! boy1 aft] a viol5t attack1 0 left tranquil4 ,we are n told inde$ h[ long 8 calmness la/$1 nor :e!r ! fits 7 p]man5tly arre/$4 ,= ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 a rem$y 0 effect$1 & ! disciples naturally inquir$ :y !y _h n be5 equally successful4 ,! extreme vagu5ess ( ! reply ( ,jesus r5d]s x probable t 8 rem$ial influ5ce 0 due to "s p]sonal *>act]i/ic :i* he c\ld n imp>t to o!rs4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by ! notewor?y fact t an unkn[n p]son ex]cis$ ! art ( ca/+ out devils 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 ?\gh n "o ( 8 company 7,mk4 ix4 #ch-dj74 ,"h ! "n w\ld be valuable only because ( its celebrity1 ! expulsion ( ! devils be+ due1 z 9 ! case ( ,jesus himself1 to ! p]sonal end[m5ts ( ! exorci/4 ,at any rate1 we h ! broad facts t ! ,ph>isees1 ,jesus himself1 & ! unkn[n employ] ( 8 "n1 7 all pr(ici5t 9 ! art ( deliv]+ pati5ts f ! suppos$ possession ( evil spirits4 ,possibly too ! apo/les did ! same1 & x 0 c]ta9ly ! int5tion ( ,jesus t !y %\ld4 ,su* exhibitions ( p[]1 ?\gh !y might t5d to /r5g!n ! influ5ce ( ,jesus among ! multitude1 7 n ! pr9cipal means on :i* he dep5d$ = acceptance4 ,8 s]mons & 8 p>ables 7 bo? m rem>kable & m orig9al4 ,9 addition to ! fact t he taught1 9 ! ma91 pure & beautiful moral doctr9es1 he well knew h[ to exemplify 8 mean+ by tell+ illu/rations4 ,! p>ables by :i* he en=c$ 8 views h become famili> to u all1 & des]ve to rema9 among our mo/ preci\s lit]>y possessions4 ,:at m especially di/+ui%$ 8 mode ( tea*+ f t ( o!r ma/]s 0 ! air ( spiritual supremacy he assum$1 & 8 total indep5d5ce ( all pr$ecessors b ! writ]s ( ,scripture4 ,n inde$ t he v5tur$ ^u any dep>ture f ! accept$ tradition ) reg>d to ! hi/ory ( 8 nation1 or ! au?ority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 entirely free f any approa* to a critical or inquir+ attitude4 ,b 9 s f> he did n tea* l ! scribes1 t he boldly put =? 8 own int]pretations ( ,scripture & 8 own views ( e?ics1 )\t ! smalle/ reg>d = ! e/abli%$ op9ions ( ! s*ools1 & )\t seek+ support f any au?ority b 8 own4 ,9 ?is c\rse he 0 evid5tly /r5g!n$ by an inw>d conviction t he 0 ! de/9$ ,messiah ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,deput$1 z he conceiv$1 directly f ,god1 he c\ld af=d to slight ! re/rictions :i* o!rs might place ^u _! conduct4 ,he 0 n b\nd by ! rules :i* appli$ to ord9>y m54 ,?is assumption1 ) its correspond+ behavior1 c\ld n fail to give great (f5se to ^? by :om 8 title 0 n conc$$4 ,& we accord+ly f9d t he comes into con/ant collision ) ! recogniz$ legal & religi\s guides ( ! ,jews4 ,among ! fir/ ( ! %ocks he inflict$ on _! s5se ( propriety 0 8 claim to be au?oriz$ to =give s9s 7,mk4 ii4 #g74 ,to ! ,jewi% m9d ?is pret5sion 0 highly blasphem\s2 no "o1 !y ?\ght1 c\ld =give s9s b ,god1 & !y did n und]/& ! cr$5tials 9 virtue ( :i* ?is "y man act$ z 8 ambassador4 ,fur!r sc&al 0 caus$ by 8 contempt = ! common cu/oms obs]v$ on ! ,sabba? day 7,mk4 ii4 #bd1 & iii4 #f71 :i* appe>$ to him inconsi/5t ) ! orig9al purpose ( t in/itution4 ,! language he 0 accu/om$ to use to 8 disciples1 & to 8 he>]s g5]ally1 0 n ( a nature to soo! _! gr[+ animosity4 ,designat+ himself by ! ,messianic t]m ( ! ,son ( man1 he ann\nc$ ! approa*1 ev5 dur+ ! g5]ation !n extant1 ( a k+dom ( heav5 :]e9 he himself 0 to return clo!d ) glory1 & 8 foll[]s 7 to be ga!r$ r\nd him to enjoy 8 triumph4 ,along ) ^! promises to 8 fri5ds1 !re fl[$ =? indignant d5unciation ( ! ,ph>isees & ,scribes1 :o 7 held up to ! scorn ( ! populace4 ,hav+ ?us provok$ !m to ! utmo/1 he imprud5tly accept$ ! honor ( a sort ( triumphal entry into ,j]usalem1 ! pomp ( :i*1 h[ev]1 has probably be5 some:at exagg]at$ 7,mk4 xi4 #a-aa74 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,he proce$$ to an act ( viol5ce :i* x 0 impossible = ! au?orities to ov]look4 ,! curr5t ,roman money n be+ accept$ at ! temple1 ! out] c\rt ( ?is build+ 0 us$ by money-*ang]s1 :o p]=m$ ! useful & necess>y s]vice ( receiv+ f ^? :o came to make _! (f]+s ! ord9>y co9age1 & giv+ ,jewi% money in/ead ( x4 ,doves be+ also requir$ by ! law to be (f]$ on c]ta9 occasions1 !re 7 p]sons outside ! temple :o sold ^! birds4 ,indignant at :at seem$ to him a violation ( ! sanctity ( ! spot1 ,jesus upset ! tables ( ^! traffick]s1 & describ$ !m all z ?ieves4 ,x is add$ 9 "o acc\nt t he int]f]$ to prev5t vessels be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh ! temple 7,mk4 xi4 #ae-ag74 ,t1 aft] ?is1 ! spiritual rul]s %\ld ask him to produce 8 au?ority = su* conduct1 0 n unnatural4 ,nor is x surpris+ t1 aft] 8 unsatisfactory reply to _! inquiry1 !y %\ld take /eps to prev5t ! repetition ( simil> sc5es4 ,! ef=ts ( ! *ief prie/s to br+ ab\t 8 de/ruction are describ$ 9 two ( our ,gospels z ! direct result ( 8 proce$+s ab\t ! temple1 ! impression he _h made on ! multitude be+ a fur!r inducem5t 7,mk4 xi4 #ah2 ,lu4 xix4 #dh74 ,aw>e ( ! indignation he _h excit$1 ,jesus soon aft] ^! ev5ts retir$ into "s private place1 kn[n only to 8 m intimate fri5ds4 ,s at lea/ ,i und]/& ! /ory ( 8 betrayal4 ,ei!r ,judas nev] betray$ him at all1 or he 0 lurk+ 9 concealm5t some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( ,j]usalem4 ,t ! conduct attribut$ to ,judas %\ld be a pure inv5tion appe>s to me s improbable1 m especially :5 ! hi/ory ( ! election ( a new apo/le is tak5 into acc\nt1 t ,i am =c$ to *oose ! latt] alt]native4 ,! repres5tation ( ! ,gospels1 t ,jesus w5t on tea*+ 9 public to ! v end ( 8 c>e]1 & yet t ,judas receiv$ a bribe = 8 betrayal1 is self-contradictory4 ,! facts appe> to be t ,jesus ate ! passov] at ,j]usalem ) 8 disciples1 & t imm$iately aft] x1 consci\s ( 8 gr[+ dang]1 he retir$ to "s hidd5 spot :]e he _h liv$ be=e1 & :]e fri5ds alone 7 admitt$ to 8 company4 ,judas in=m$ ! au?orities ( ! temple :]e ?is spot 04 ,!y !reupon appreh5d$ ,jesus1 & br\ght him be=e ! ,sanh$rim = trial4 ,s confus$ & imp]fect is ! acc\nt ( ?is trial giv5 by ! ,evangeli/s1 t we are unable to make out :at 0 ! nature ( ! *>ge pref]r$ aga9/ him1 or ( ! evid5ce by :i* x 0 support$4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! gravam5 ( ! accusation 0 t he _h put =? blasphem\s pret5sions to be ! ,messiah1 ! ,son ( ! ,bless$ ,"o4 ,& ?is 0 support$ by a curi\s bit ( evid5ce4 ,two witnesses depos$1 ei!r t !y _h he>d him say he w\ld de/roy ?is temple made ) h&s & build ano!r made )\t h&s )9 ?ree days1 or t he 0 able to de/roy ! temple1 & to rebuild x 9 ?ree days 7,mt4 xxvi4 #fa2 ,mk4 xiv4 #eh74 ,! witnesses are call$ false witnesses1 bo? 9 ,m>k & 9 ,mat!w4 ,b if we turn to ,john 7,jo4 ii4 #ai71 we f9d ! probable s\rce ( ! *>ge br\ght aga9/ him by ^! two witnesses1 & we f9d reason also to ?9k t !y 7 n p]jur]s4 ,!re we are told t aft] he _h driv5 ! money-*ang]s & trad]s f ! temple1 ! ,jews ask$ him = a sign t might ev9ce 8 "r to d su* ?+s4 ,9 reply to _! dem&1 ,jesus is report$ to h said1 ,de/roy ?is temple1 & 9 ?ree days ,i w raise x up4 ,connect+ ?is /atem5t 9 ! "o ,gospel ) ! evid5ce giv5 on ! trial accord+ to o!rs1 we may =m a tol]ably cle> notion ( ! actual fact4 ,press$ by 8 oppon5ts = "s ju/ification ( 8 extraord9>y conduct1 ,jesus _h tak5 refuge 9 an ass]tion ( 8 sup]natural p[]4 ,if !y de/roy$ ! temple he w\ld be able1 ) ! favor be/[$ on him by ,god1 to rebuild x 9 ?ree days4 ,^! words might possibly be miscon/ru$ by "s ( 8 he>]s into a ?reat t he himself w\ld de/roy ! temple1 an outrage :i* w\ld 9 _! view h be5 less difficult to imag9e aft] 8 viol5ce to ^? engag$ 9 bus9ess 9 its out] c\rt4 ,b :e!r s und]/ood or n1 !re c\ld be no "q ab\t ! pret5sion to some?+ l div9ity 9 ! promise to rebuild x 9 ?ree days4 ,!re is n a %ad[ ( probability 9 favor ( ! int]pretation put ^u ! words 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 t he spoke ( ! temple ( 8 body4 ,& ev5 _h t be5 8 secret mean+1 ! witnesses :o appe>$ aga9/ him c\ld h no conception t he 0 ?9k+ ( any?+ b ! mat]ial temple1 to :i* ! :ole dialogue _h imm$iate ref]5ce4 ,!y 7 !re=e simply repeat+1 to ! be/ ( _! ability1 words :i* _h actually fall5 f ! prison]4 ,! evid5ce = ! prosecution be+ conclud$1 ! high prie/ appeal$ to ,jesus to "k :e!r he _h no?+ to reply4 ,jesus be+ sil5t1 ! high prie/ proce$$ to ask him directly :e!r he 0 ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! ,bless$ ,"o4 ,jesus answ]$ t he 01 & t !y w\ld h]eaft] see him sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[]1 & com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,su* an answ] 0 an explicit confession ( ! v wor/ t _h be5 alleg$ aga9/ him4 ,aft] x1 !re 0 no option b to convict him1 & we read accord+ly t !y all condemn$ him z wor?y ( dea?4 ,b capital puni%m5t c\ld n be inflict$ except by ,roman au?ority4 ,he 0 accord+ly tak5 be=e ! procurator1 ,pontius ,pilate1 *>g$ ) ! civil crime ( claim+ to be k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,pontius appe>s to h reg>d$ him z a h>mless fanatic1 & to h be5 anxi\s to dis*>ge him1 9 accordance ) a cu/om by :i* "o prison] 0 releas$ at ! fe/ival :i* fell at ?is "t4 ,b ! ,jews clamor$ = ! release ( a man nam$ ,b>abbas1 :o 0 9 prison on acc\nt ( 8 p>ticipation 9 an insurrection>y movem5t 9 :i* blood _h be5 %$4 ,b>abbas accord+ly 0 set at lib]ty1 & ,jesus1 ?\gh ) "s reluctance on ! "p ( ! procurator1 0 s5t5c$ to crucifixion4 ,! s5t5ce 0 c>ri$ into effect imm$iately4 ,unable1 probably f exhau/ion ?r\gh 8 rec5t suff]+s1 to c>ry 8 own cross1 ,jesus 0 reliev$ ( ! burd5 by "o ,simon1 on :om ! soldi]y impos$ ! duty ( be>+ x4 ,he 0 crucifi$ along ) two ?ieves1 & an inscription 9 :i* he 0 entitl$ ,k+ ( ! ,jews 0 plac$ ^u 8 cross1 app>5tly 9 mock]y ( ! ,jewi% nation mu* m ?an ( him4 ,8 ord9>y disciples _h fl$ 9 t]ror f 8 melan*oly end1 b he 0 foll[$ to ! cross by "s affectionate wom51 :o _h previ\sly att5d$ him 9 ,galilee4 ,& aft] he 0 dead1 8 body 0 honorably int]r$ by a well-to-d adh]5t1 nam$ ,joseph ( ,arima?a4 ,,subdivision #b4--,! ,my?ical ,jesus4 ,! life ( ! my?ical ,jesus is f\nd 9 ! synoptical ,gospels1 b m especially 9 ! fir/ & ?ird4 ,x is by no means pure fiction1 b an indi/+ui%able comp\nd ( fact & fiction1 9 :i* ! fictiti\s elem5ts be> s l>ge a proportion t x is impossible to dis5tangle f !m ! elem5ts ( g5u9e hi/ory4 ,"p ( ?is life moreov] is :olly my?ical1 & ( ?is :olly my?ical portion !re are c]ta9 sections t are con/ruct$ on a common plan1 ! biograph]s 9 ^! sections hav+ only fitt$ ! typical incid5ts 9 ! lives ( great m5 to ! special case ( ,jesus1 ! son ( ,joseph4 ,n t ?is ne$ h be5 done consci\sly2 ! probability is t ! circum/ances & mode ( ?\ght :i* l$ to ! inv5tion ( su* typical incid5ts 9 ! lives ( o!rs1 l$ to x equally 9 t ( ,jesus4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we %all f9d 9 ! my?ical life ( ,jesus ! foll[+ ?ree classes ( my?s3 #a4 ,my?s ( ! typical ord]1 common to a c]ta9 k9d ( great m5 9 c]ta9 ages1 & !re=e purely unhi/orical2 #b4 ,my?s peculi> to ,jesus1 9 :i* ! miracul\s elem5t s pr$om9ates1 t x is impossible to recognize any1 or m ?an ! v slighte/1 admixture ( hi/ory2 #c4 ,my?s1 peculi> to ,jesus1 9 :i* !re is a m or less consid]able admixture ( hi/ory2 ,& #d4 ,/atem5ts n ( necessity my?ical1 :i* may or may n be hi/orical1 b ( :i* ! evid5ce is inadequate4 ,at ! outset ( our task we are met by ! assum$ g5ealogy ( ,jesus1 :i* has caus$ "s tr\ble to !ologians1 & :i* is ma9ly important z an indication ( ! degree ( cr$it due to writ]s :o c\ld ins]t su* a docum5t4 ,= ^! awkw>d p$igrees af=d an absolute pro( ( ! facility ) :i* ! ,*ri/ians ( ! e>lie/ age supplem5t$ ! actual life ( ,jesus by free inv5tion4 ,we are happily 9 possession ( two conflict+ li/s ( ance/ors1 & happily also !y are bo? ( !m li/s ( ! ance/ors ( ,joseph1 :o1 accord+ to ! v writ]s by :om !y are suppli$1 /ood 9 no relation :atev] to ,*ri/1 ! f9al t]m ( ! g5ealogies4 ,d\ble discr$it ?us falls ^u ! witnesses4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 bo? li/s _c be true1 ?\gh bo? may be false2 "o ( !m !re=e mu/ be1 & ea* may be1 a delib]ate fiction4 ,9 ! second place1 bo? ! ,gospels be> unconsci\s te/imony to ! fact t ,joseph 0 orig9ally suppos$ to be1 by ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 ! fa!r ( ,jesus1 = o!rwise :y %\ld ! e>ly ,*ri/ians h be5 at ! tr\ble to furni% ! wor?y c>p5t] ) a di/+ui%$ ance/ry8 ,!y ?us discr$it _! own /ory t ,jesus 0 ! son ( ,m>y alone4 ,ei!r !n ,jesus 0 ! son ( ,joseph1 or nei!r ( ! two g5ealogies is 8 g5ealogy at all4 ,! solution ( ^! inconsi/5cies is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t two indep5d5t traditions h be5 bl5d$ toge!r by ! ,evangeli/s4 ,! "o1 no d\bt ! m anci5t ( ! two1 consid]$ ,jesus z ! *ild ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 & ! +5uity ( 8 biograph]s has n succe$$ 9 oblit]at+ ! traces ( ?is tradition 7,mt4 xiii4 #ee74 ,ano!r & mu* lat] "o1 treat$ him z ! (fspr+ ( ,m>y )\t ! aid ( a human fa!r4 ,^? :o believ$ 9 ! fir/ & m au!ntic /ory _h busi$ !mselves ) ! discov]y ( a royal desc5t = _! h]o1 9 ord] t he might fulfill :at !y consid]$ ! conditions ( ! ,messiah%ip4 ,!y _h naturally trac$ 8 ance/ry upw>ds f 8 fa!r1 n f 8 "m1 accord+ to ! usual proc$ure4 ,b ! ,gospels ( ,mat!w & ,luke 7 writt5 entirely on ! hypo!sis t he _h no fa!r b ,god2 all necessity = %[+ t ,joseph 0 ( ! h\se ( ,david 0 !re=e gone4 ,nev]!less ! writ]s or ! editors ( ^! ,gospels did n l to neglect entirely :at seem$ to !m to /r5g!n _! case1 &1 =getful ( ! ridicul\s jumble !y 7 mak+1 ins]t$ an elaborate p$igree ( ,joseph along ) ! /atem5t t ,jesus 0 n 8 son4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! g5ealogies 9 detail1 plac+ !m 9 columns p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,luke beg9s a /age e>li] ?an ,mat!w1 mak+ ,god 8 />t+-po9t in/ead ( ,abraham4 ,f ,abraham to ,david ! two au?orities proce$ toge!r4 ,mat!w1 :o has cut 8 g5ealogical tree into ?ree sections ( f\rte5 g5]ations ea*1 makes ?is 8 fir/ division4 ,aft] ?is ! div]g5ce beg9s3-- ,,mat!w4 ,,luke4 #a4 ,solomon4 #a4 ,na?an4 #b4 ,rehoboam4 #b4 ,matta?a4 #c4 ,abia4 #c4 ,m5an4 #d4 ,asa4 #d4 ,melea4 #e4 ,jeho%aphat4 #e4 ,eliakim4 #f4 ,joram4 #f4 ,jonan4 ,ahaziah4 ,joa%4 ,amaziah4#ba #g4 ,ozias 7or ,uzziah74 #g4 ,joseph4 #h4 ,jo?am4 #h4 ,juda4 #i4 ,ahaz4 #i4 ,simeon4 #aj4 ,hezekiah4 #aj4 ,levi4 #aa4 ,manasseh4 #aa4 ,mat?at4 #ab4 ,amon4 #ab4 ,jorim4 #ac4 ,josiah4 ,jehoiakim4 #ac4 ,eliez]4 #ad4 ,jeconiah 7or ,jehoia*974 #ad4 ,jose4 ,"h ! captivity closes ! second p]iod4 ,aft] ! captivity we h-- #a4 ,jeconiah4 #ae4 ,er4 #b4 ,sala?iel 7or ,%ealtiel74 #af4 ,elmodam4 #c4 ,z]ubbabel4 #ag4 ,cosam4 #d4 ,abiud4 #ah4 ,addi4 #e4 ,eliakim4 #ai4 ,mel*i4 #f4 ,azor4 #bj4 ,n]i4 #g4 ,sadoc4 #ba4 ,sala?iel4 #h4 ,a*im4 #bb4 ,zorobabel4 #i4 ,eliud4 #bc4 ,rhesa4 #aj4 ,eleaz>4 #bd4 ,joanna4 #aa4 ,mat?an4 #be4 ,juda4 #ab4 ,jacob4 #bf4 ,joseph4 #ac4 ,joseph4 #bg4 ,semei4 #ad4 ,,jesus4 #bh4 ,matta?ias4 #bi4 ,maa?4 #cj4 ,nagga4 #ca4 ,esli4 #cb4 ,naum4 #cc4 ,amos4 #cd4 ,matta?ias4 #ce4 ,joseph4 #cf4 ,janna4 #cg4 ,mel*i4 #ch4 ,levi4 #ci4 ,mat?at4 #dj4 ,heli4 #da4 ,joseph4 #db4 ,,jesus4#bb ,v>i\s obs]vations (f] !mselves on ^! discrepant g5ealogies4 ,9 ! fir/ place x w be obs]v$ t ,mat!w1 9 8 anxiety to %[ t ! :ole p]iod compris$ is divisible into ?ree equal p>ts ( f\rte5 g5]ations ea*1 has actually omitt$ no less ?an f\r g5]ations conta9$ 9 ! au?orities he foll[$4 ,= s9ce he trac$ ! desc5t ( ,joseph ?r\gh ! royal l9e ( ,judah1 we are enabl$ to *eck 8 /atem5ts by ref]5ce to ! ,book ( ,*ronicles 7#a ,*ron4 iii471 & ?us to convict him ( positive bad fai?4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance he omits ?ree k+s1 repres5t+ ,uzziah z ! son ( ,joram1 :o 0 8 great great gr&fa!r2 9 ! second he passes ov] ,jehoia*im1 mak+ ,jehoia*9 ! son in/ead ( ! gr&son ( ,josiah4 ,9 ! ?ird p]iod we h no au?ority by :i* to v]ify 8 /atem5ts beyond ,z]ubbabel1 b 8 det]m9ation to c>ry out 8 num]ical sy/em at all haz>ds is %[n by ! d\ble reckon+ ( ,jehoia*91 at ! close ( ! second & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird division4 ,! latt] has 9 fact b ?irte5 g5]ations1 & x 0 only by ?is trick--a little conceal$ by ! break effect$ ?r\gh 8 allusion to ! captivity--t ! appe>ance ( uni=mity 0 ma9ta9$4 ,luke has adopt$ a diff]5t me?od4 ,leav+ ! l9e ( k+s1 he connects ,joseph ) ,david ?r\gh ,na?an in/ead ( ,solomon4 ,n[ beyond ! fact t ,na?an 0 ! (fspr+ ( ,david & ,ba?%eba1 no?+ :atev] is kn[n ab\t him4 ,inde$ x may h be5 8 v obscurity1 & ! consequ5t facility ( creat+ desc5dants = him1 t l$ to 8 selection 9 pref]5ce to ,solomon1 ?\gh unless x 7 t 8 "n /ood next above ,solomon's 7#b ,sam4 v4 #ad7--!re is no obvi\s reason = 8 be+ pref]r$ to sev]al o!r *ildr5 ( ,david4 ,h[ev]1 he answ]$ ! purpose z well z any1 & aft] him x 0 n a difficult op]ation to inv5t a plausible li/ ( names to fill up ! gap betwe5 him & ,joseph4 ,! compil] ( ! li/ 9 ,mat!w _h ! advantage 9 s f> t he did n require to draw on 8 imag9ation except = n9e names betwe5 ,z]ubbabel & ,joseph1 :ile ! compil] ( ! li/ 9 ,luke _h to supply ! :ole p]iod f ,na?an d[nw>ds ) =efa!rs4 ,b ! second compil] _h ! advantage ov] ! fir/ inasmu* z 8 fraud did n admit ( ! same easy exposure by ref]5ce to its s\rces1 & x 01 on ! :ole1 a saf] c\rse to des]t hi/ory altoge!r ?an to falsify x 9 favor ( an ari?metical fancy4 ,ano!r discrepancy betwe5 ! two writ]s rema9s to be not$2 x is ! enorm\s disproportion 9 ! numb] ( g5]ations betwe5 ,david & ,joseph4 ,mat!w has tw5ty-five g5]ations1 & ,luke =ty1 exclud+ ,joseph himself4 ,a diff]5ce ( ?is magnitude--involv+ some?+ l #djj-dej ye>s--is n to be surm\nt$ by any process ( h>moniz+4 ,to :i* x may be add$ t ! two ,evangeli/s1 by assign+ to ,joseph diff]5t fa!rs1 cle>ly in=m u t 8 true fa!r 0 unkn[n4 ,we h "h1 9 %ort1 an excell5t in/ance ( ! fir/ ord] ( my?1 or my? typical4 ,x has be5 a common practice 9 all ages1 m especially among ignorant & uncultivat$ nations1 to end[ ^? :o _h ris5 f obscurity to greatness ) illu/ri\s ance/ors4 ,royal connections h always be5 reg>d$ ) especial favor = su* purposes4 ,?us1 ! ,buddha is repres5t$ z ! desc5dant ( ! great ,sakya mon>*s4 ,?us1 ! ance/ors ( ,z>a?u/ra1 9 ! g5ealogy provid$ = him 9 ,p>see au?orities1 7 ! anci5t k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,?us1 ,moslem biograph]s decl>e t ,mahomet sprang f ! noble/ family ( ! noble/ nation1 & _m hi/orians give him ev5 a pr9cely l9eage 7,l4 ,l4 ,m41 vol4 i4 p4 #adj74 ,?us1 accord+ to ,sir ,john ,davis1 ! p$igree or ,confucius is trac$ back 9 a summ>y mann] to ! my?ological mon>* ,hoang-ty1 :o is said to h liv$ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/ 7,*9ese1 vol4 ii4 p4 #de74 ,?us1 ! f\nd] ( ,rome 0 plac$ by popul> leg5d 9 a family relation%ip to neas4 ,leav+ ^! g5ealogies--:i* are important only f ! light !y %$ on ! lit]>y "* ( _! au?ors & transmitt]s--we pass to ! fir/ leg5d directly conc]n+ ,jesus himself1 t ( 8 bir?4 ,"h aga9 ! second & f\r? ,evangeli/s are sil5t1 leav+ u to suppose t ,jesus 0 ! natural son ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 & c]ta9ly nev] h9t+ t !y ent]ta9$ any o!r belief !mselves4 ,b ! fir/ & ?ird ea* relate a little fable on ?is subject1 ?\gh unhappily = !m ! fables d n agree4 ,bo? _h to obs]ve two conditions4 ,! fir/ 0 t ,jesus %\ld be born ( a virg9 "m2 ! second t he %\ld be born at ,be?lehem4 ,mat!w accompli%es ?is end by in=m+ u t ,m>y1 :5 esp\s$ to ,joseph1 0 f\nd to be ) *ild4 ,joseph1 :o !reupon contemplat$ ! rupture ( 8 engagem5t1 0 in=m$ by an angel 9 a dream t 8 bride 0 ) *ild by no "o b ! ,holy ,gho/2 t %e 0 to be> a son1 & t he 0 to call him ,jesus4 ,be+ satisfi$ by ?is assurance1 he m>ri$ ,m>y1 b respect$ h] virg9ity until %e _h br\ght =? h] fir/-born son1 :om 9 ob$i5ce to 8 dream he nam$ ,jesus4 ,! *ild 0 born 9 ,be?lehem :]e x w\ld appe> f ?is acc\nt t ,m>y liv$1 & x is only aft] a j\rney to ,egypt t ?is ,gospel br+s ! p>5ts ( ,*ri/ to ,naz>e? :]e a tradition too firm to be %ak5 plac$ _! resid5ce 7,mt4 i4 #ah-be2 ii4 #bc74 ,widely diff]5t is ! treatm5t ( ?is subject 9 ,luke4 ,accord+ to him !re 0 a prie/ nam$ ,za*>ias ^: wife ,elizabe? 0 b>r54 ,! c\ple 7 no long] "y1 b !y 7 n old en\gh to h lo/ all hope ( prog5y1 = we are told t :5 ,za*>ias 0 engag$ 9 8 duties 9 ! temple1 an angel appe>$ to him & in=m$ him t 8 pray] 0 he>d1 & t 8 wife 0 to h a son :om he 0 to call ,john4 ,za*>ias _h !re=e be5 pray+ = (fspr+1 ?\gh :5 ! angel--:o ann\nc$ himself z ,gabriel--appe>$1 he 0 tr\bl$ ) "s impi\s d\bts1 9 puni%m5t ( :i* he 0 /ruck dumb4 ,aft] ?is ,elizabe? conceiv$1 & w5t into retirem5t4 ,f five to six mon?s aft] ! above sc5e ,gabriel 0 aga9 despat*$ f heav51 ?is "t to a virg9 nam$ ,m>y1 liv+ at ,naz>e?4 ,arriv$ at h] h\se1 he address$ h] ?us3 ,hail1 ?\ t art highly favor$2 ! ,"l is ) !e2 bless$ art ?\ among wom54 ,see+ ,m>y's confusion he reassur$ h]2 & in=m$ h] t %e %\ld h a son call$ ,jesus1 :o 0 to possess ! ?rone ( ,david1 & reign ov] ! h\se ( ,jacob =ev]4 ,l ,za*>ias1 ,m>y 0 dispos$ to raise tr\blesome que/ions1 & %e accord+ly inquir$ ( ,gabriel h[ %e c\ld be> a *ild1 see+ ,i "k n a man4 ,b ,gabriel 0 ready ) 8 answ]4 ,! ,holy ,gho/ w\ld come ^u h]2 moreov]1 h] c\s9 ,elizabe? _h conceiv$ 7:i*1 h[ev]1 0 n a p>allel case71 & no?+ 0 impossible ) ,god4 ,soon aft] ?is visit1 ,m>y w5t to see ,elizabe?1 :o int]pret$ an ord9>y incid5t ( pregnancy z a sign t ! fruit ( ,m>y's womb 0 bless$1 & t ,m>y 0 to be ! "m ( h] ,"l4 ,! virg9 repli$ 9 a v elaborate little spee*1 :i* if utt]$ mu/ h be5 c>efully prep>$ = ! occasion4 ,9 due "t ! *ild ( ,za*>ias & ,elizabe? 0 born1 & nam$ ,john by 8 p>5ts' desire4 ,:at ,joseph ?\ght ( 8 bride's condition we are n told1 nor d we "k :e!r %e made kn[n to him h] int]view ) ! angel ,gabriel4 ,at any rate he did n repudiate h]1 = we f9d him tak+ h] ) him1 ab\t five mon?s lat]1 to ,be?lehem1 = ! purpose ( ! c5sus :i* took place :5 ,quir9us 0 gov]nor ( ,syria1 8 desc5t f ,david requir+ him to att5d at t t[n4 ,dur+ ?is c5sus x 0 t ,jesus 0 born1 & because ( ! cr[d$ condition ( ! inn at ?is busy "t1 he 0 plac$ 9 a mang] 7,lu4 i4 #a2 ii4 #g74 ,!re let u leave him = ! pres5t1 :ile we comp>e ^! n>ratives ) o!rs ( a l description4 ,bir? 9 "s miracul\s or unusual mann] is a common circum/ance 9 ! lives ( great p]sons4 ,we h "h !re=e ano!r in/ance ( ! typical species ( my?4 ,?us1 9 classical antiquity1 ,"h is said to h produc$ ,hephai/os )\t ! m>riage b$ 7,bib41 i4 #c-e74 ,turn+ to a remote "p ( ! globe1 !re 0 9 ! pres5t c5tury a p]son liv+ 9 ,new ,zeal& :o1 accord+ to native tradition1 0 begott5 by ! attua1 a species ( deity1 8 "m be+ !n unm>ri$4 ,! infant 0 produc$ at h] left arm-pit1 b !re 0 no visible m>k left4444 ,he is held z a great prophet2 :5 he says !re w be no ra9 !re w be none 7,n4 ,z41 p4 #hb74 ,an example ( ! same k9d ( leg5d occurs 9 ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,*9a4 ,! h]o is "o ,h[-tseih1 :o 0 ! f\nd] ( ! royal h\se ( ,*[4 ,8 "m1 x appe>s1 0 b>r51 l ,elizabe?1 = %e _h pres5t$ a pure (f]+ & sacrific$1 t h] *ildlessness might be tak5 away4 ,h] devotion receiv$ a fitt+ rew>d1 =3-- ,%e !n trod on a toe-pr9t made by ,god1 & 0 mov$1 ,9 ! l>ge place :]e %e re/$4 ,%e became pregnant1 %e dwelt retir$2 ,%e gave bir? to1 & n\ri%$ a son1 ,:o 0 ,h[-tseih4 ,8 mode ( com+ into ! _w 0 peculi> too3-- ,:5 %e _h fulfill$ h] mon?s ,h] fir/-born son came =? l a lamb4 ,!re 0 no bur/+1 nor r5d+2 ,no injury1 no hurt3-- ,%[+ h[ wond]ful he w\ld be4 ,did n ,god give h] ! com=t8 ,_h he n accept$ h] pure (f]+ & sacrifice1 ,s t ?us easily %e br\ght =? h] son8#bc ,! ge/ation ( ! ,buddha 0 9 _m ways miracul\s4 ,he ent]$ ! womb ( 8 "m by a volunt>y act1 resign+ 8 abode 9 heav5 = ! purpose4 ,at ! "t ( 8 desc5t ^u e>? ,my ,devi dreamt t a :ite elephant ( s+ul> beauty _h ent]$ into h]1 a dream :i* port5d$ ! future greatness ( ! *ild 7,r4 ,t4 ,r4 ,p41 vol4 ii4 p4 #fa74 ,dur+ ! "t ( 8 rema9+ 9 ! womb1 8 body1 :i* 0 visible bo? to 8 "m & to o!rs1 _h a respl5d5t & glori\s appe>ance4#bd ,my ! que51 dur+ ! "t t ,bodhisattva rema9$ 9 ! womb ( 8 "m1 did n feel h] body heavy1 b on ! contr>y light1 at ease & 9 com=t1 & felt no pa9 9 h] entrails4 ,%e 0 n[ise torm5t$ by ! desires ( passion1 nor by disgu/1 nor by tr\ble1 & _h no irresolution aga9/ desire1 no irresolution aga9/ ! ?\ght ( evil or ( vice4 ,%e suff]$ ! s5sation nei!r ( cold1 nor ( heat1 nor ( hung]1 nor ( ?ir/1 nor ( tr\ble1 nor ( passion1 nor ( fatigue3 %e saw no?+ ( :i* ! =m1 ! s\nd1 ! smell1 ! ta/e & ! t\* did n seem to h] agreeable4 ,%e _h no bad dreams4 ,! tricks ( wom51 _! incon/ancy1 _! jeal\sy1 ! defects ( wom5 & _! weaknesses1 %e did n %>e 7,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #gg74 ,& al?\gh x is nev] expressly /at$ t ! ,buddha's nom9al fa!r _h no "p 9 8 production1 x is rem>kable t at ! "t ( h] conceiv+1 ,my 0 liv+ 9 a place ap>t f him1 hav+ crav$ p]mission to retire = a season1 to practice fa/+ & p5ance4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e _h told ! k+ t %e w\ld be completely deliv]$ f ?\ghts ( /eal+1 desire & pride1 & t %e w\ld n yield to "o illicit desire 7,r4 ,t4 ,r4 ,p41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ed1 #ee74 ,"s sects ( ,buddhi/s are m explicit1 & ma9ta9 t ,bodhisattvas d n pass ?r\gh ! e>li] /ages ( ftal developm5t2 namely1 ^? ( ,kalalam1 mix+ up1 ! p]iod ( ! fir/ week1 :5 ! future body is l milk3 arbudam1 ! p]iod ( ! second week1 :]e a =m rises l some?+ inflat$2 peci1 ?ick5+3 & ghana1 h>d5+1 ! p]iods ( ! ?ird & f\r? weeks 7,wassiljew1 p4 #bfj74 ,b all ?is does n exclude ! cop]ation ( a human fa!r4 ,pass+ to ano!r great religion1 we f9d t ev5 ! sob] philosoph] ,confucius did n ent] ! _w1 if we may believe ,*9ese traditions1 )\t premonitory symptoms ( 8 greatness4 ,x is said t "o day z 8 "m 0 asc5d+ a hill1 ! leaves ( ! trees & plants all erect$ !mselves & b5t d[nw>ds on h] return4 ,t night %e dreamt ! ,black ,te appe>$1 & said to h]1 ',y %all h a son1 a sage1 & y mu/ br+ him =? 9 a holl[ mulb]ry tree4' ,9 ano!r dream %e receiv$ a prophecy ( ! importance ( h] com+ prog5y 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 i4 p4 #ei--,proleg474 ,ano!r acc\nt /ates t v>i\s prodigies1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 7 ! =]unn]s ( ! bir? ( ?is extraord9>y p]son4 ,on ! eve ( 8 appe>ance on e>?1 two dragons encircl$ ! h\se1 & cele/ial music s\nd$ 9 ! e>s ( 8 "m4 ,:5 he 0 born1 ?is inscription appe>$ on 8 brea/--',! mak] ( a rule = settl+ ! _w' 7,*9ese1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dd74 ,! "m ( ,mahomet is said to h relat$ ( h] pregnancy1 t %e felt none ( ! usual inconv5i5ces ( t /ate2 & t %e _h se5 a vision 9 :i* %e _h be5 told t %e bore 9 h] womb ! ,"l & ,prophet ( h] p4 ,a little be=e h] deliv]y ! same figure appe>$ aga91 & comm&$ h] to say1 ,i comm5d ! fruit ( my body to ! ,"o1 ! ,et]nal1 = protection aga9/ ! envi\s 7,l4 ,l4 ,m41 vol4 i4 p4 #adb74 ,miracul\sly born1 x 0 necess>y t ,jesus %\ld also be miracul\sly recogniz$ z a *ild ( no common ord]4 ,! /ory w\ld h be5 incomplete )\t "s "o to ackn[l$ge 8 sup]human "* ev5 9 8 cradle4 ,mat!w & ,luke aga9 accompli% ! common end by widely diff]5t means4 ,luke's is ! simpl] n>rative1 & x w be m conv5i5t to beg9 )4 ,he tells u t !re 7 9 ! same c\ntry1 t is1 ne> ,be?lehem1 %eph]ds wat*+ _! flocks4 ,an angel appe>$ to !m & said t a ,savior1 ,*ri/ ! ,"l1 0 born 9 ! city ( ,david4 ,!y 7 to "k him by 8 be+ 9 a mang] wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ clo!s4 ,9 ?is humility ( 8 ext]nal circum/ances imm$iately aft] bir?1 z 9 ! sup]natural recognition :i* he receiv$1 he aga9 resembles ! ,*9ese h]o4 ,h[-tseih 0 plac$ 9 a n>r[ lane1 ,b ! %eep & ox5 protect$ him ) lov+ c>e4 ,he 0 plac$ 9 a wide =e/1 ,:]e he 0 met by ! woodcutt]s4 ,he 0 plac$ on ! cold ice1 ,& a bird scre5$ & support$ him ) its w+s4#be ,& sudd5ly1 ! n>rative 9 ,luke proce$s1 !re 0 ) ! angel a multitude ( ! heav5ly ho/1 prais+ ,god & say+1 ',glory to ,god 9 ! highe/1 & on e>? ! peace ( good-w among m5' 7,lu4 ii4 #h-ad74 ,simil> demon/rations ( cele/ial delight 7 n want+ at ! bir? ( ! ,buddha ,sakyamuni4 ,he 0 receiv$ by ! greate/ ( ! gods1 ,indra & ,brahma4 ,all be+s ev]y:]e 7 full ( joy4 ,musical in/rum5ts belong+ to m5 & gods play$ ( !mselves4 ,trees became cov]$ ) fl[]s & fruit4 ,!re fell f ! skies a g5tle %[] ( fl[]s1 g>m5ts1 odorif]\s p[d]s1 & ornam5ts4 ,c>ess+ breezes blew4 ,a m>vel\s light 0 produc$4 ,evil passions 7 put a /op to1 & illnesses 7 cur$2 mis]ies ( all k9ds 7 at an end 7,r4 ,t4 ,r4 ,p41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ij1 #ia74 ,s also we read 9 ,moslem au?orities t at ! bir? ( ,ali1 ,mahomet's great disciple1 & ! *ief ( "o ( ! two pr9cipal sects into :i* ,islam is divid$1 a light 0 di/9ctly visible1 resembl+ a bright column1 ext5d+ f ! e>? to ! firmam5t 7,d]vi%es1 p4 #cgb74 ,b let u complete ! n>rative 9 ,luke4 ,urg$ by ! angelic ord]1 ! %eph]ds w5t to ,be?lehem & f\nd ! infant ,*ri/1 ^: nature1 z reveal$ by ! angels1 !y made kn[n to ! p ) :om !y met4 ,return+1 !y prais$ & glorifi$ ,god = all !y _h he>d & se5 7,lu4 ii4 #ae-bj74 ,q dissimil> is ! =m 9 :i* ! same incid5t appe>s 9 ,mat!w4 ,"h1 in/ead ( %eph]ds1 we h magi com+ f ! ,ea/ to discov] ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,a /> 9 ! ,ea/ _h reveal$ to !m ! bir? ( ?is ,k+ ( ! ,jews de jure1 & 9 ! se>* = him !y run /raight into ! v jaws ( ,h]od1 ! k+ de facto4 ,! au?or is oblig$ to make !m take ?is absurdly improbable c\rse = ! sake ( introduc+ ,h]od1 :om he requir$ = a purpose %ortly to be expla9$4 ,h[ utt]ly sup]flu\s ! visit to ,h]od 0 is ev9c$ by ! fact t1 aft] t mon>* has f\nd out f ! *ief prie/s ! bir?place ( ! ,messiah1 ! magi are guid$ onw>ds by ! />1 :i* _h be5 omitt$ f ! /ory s9ce its fir/ appe>ance 9 ord] to all[ ( _! j\rney to ,j]usalem1 a mi/ake = :i* ! /> c\ld n be made responsible4 ,h[ev]1 aft] leav+ ,h]od1 !y 7 l$ by t lum9>y to ! v spot :]e ,*ri/ lay4 ,on see+ ! infant !y wor%ip$ him1 & (f]$ him magnific5t pres5ts1 aft] :i* a dream in=m$ !m--:at _! wak+ s5ses might surely h discov]$--t x 0 n safe to return to ,h]od aft] hav+ ?us ackn[l$g$ a rival claimant to ! ?rone4 ,!y accord+ly w5t home ano!r way4 ,int]wov5 ) ?is visit ( ! magi we h a my? :i* belongs to a common =m1 & :i* 9 ! pres5t in/ance is m]ely adapt$ to ! special circum/ances ( ! age & place4 ,i t]m x ! my? ( ,,! ,,dang]\s ,,*ild4 ,its g5]al outl9e is ?is3 ,a *ild is born conc]n+ ^: future greatness "s prophetic indications h be5 giv54 ,b ! life ( ?is *ild is fraught ) dang] to "s p[]ful individual1 g5]ally a mon>*4 ,9 al>m at 8 ?reat5$ fate1 ?is p]son endeavors to take ! *ild's life2 b x is pres]v$ by ! div9e c>e4 ,escap+ ! measures direct$ aga9/ x1 & g5]ally rema9+ long unkn[n1 x at l5g? fulfills ! prophecies conc]n+ its c>e]1 :ile ! fate :i* he has va9ly s\ght to %un falls ^u him :o _h desir$ to slay x4 ,!re is a dep>ture "h f ! ord9>y type1 inasmu* z ,h]od does n actually die or suff] any calamity ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,jesus4 ,b ?is failure is due to ! fact t ,jesus did n fulfill ! conditions ( ! ,messiah%ip1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% conception :i* ,mat!w has "h 9 m9d4 ,_h he--z 0 expect$ ( ! ,messiah--become ! actual sov]eign ( ! ,jews1 he mu/ h de?ron$ ! reign+ dyna/y1 :e!r repres5t$ by ,h]od or 8 successors4 ,b z 8 subsequ5t c>e] beli$ ^! expectations1 ! ,evangeli/ 0 oblig$ to po/pone to a future "t 8 accession to t ?rone ( temporal dom9ion :i* ! incr$ulity ( 8 c\ntrym5 _h )held f him dur+ 8 e>?ly life 7,mt4 xxiv4 #cj1 #ca2 xxv4 #ca ff42 xxvi4 #fd74 ,9 o!r respects ! leg5d be=e u con=ms to its prototypes4 ,! magi1 com+ to ,h]od1 inquire aft] ! :]eab\ts ( ! k+ ( ! ,jews1 ^: /> !y h se5 9 ! ,ea/4 ,h]od summons ! *ief prie/s & scribes to c\ncil1 & asc]ta9s ( !m t ,*ri/ 0 to be born at ,be?lehem4 ,?is done1 he is c>eful to le>n f ! magi ! exact date at :i* ! /> _h appe>$ to !m4 ,he fur!r desires !m to se>* dilig5tly = ! "y *ild1 t he also may wor%ip x4 ,!y1 z previ\sly relat$1 return$ home )\t revisit+ ,h]od1 :]eupon t mon>*1 9 ang] at ! deception practic$ ^u him1 causes all ! *ildr5 "u two ye>s ( age1 9 & ab\t ,be?lehem1 to be slaught]$4 ,all is 9 va94 ,joseph1 w>n$ by a dream1 _h tak5 8 wife & /ep-son to ,egypt1 :]e !y rema9$ until aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od1 :5 ano!r dream comm&$ !m to return4 ,:5 afraid to ent] ! dom9ions ( ,ar*elaus1 ano!r ( ^! useful dreams guid$ !m to ,galilee1 :]e !y took up _! qu>t]s at ,naz>e? 7,mt4 ii74 ,h[ wide-spread & ( :at frequ5t recurr5ce is ?is my? ( ! ,dang]\s ,*ild1 a few examples may suffice to %[4 ,9 ,grecian my?ology ! k+ ( ! gods himself _h be5 a dang]\s *ild4 ,! /ory ( ,kronos swall[+ 8 *ildr5 9 ord] to defeat ! prophecy t he w\ld be de?ron$ by 8 own son2 ! mann] 9 :i* ,rhea deceiv$ him by giv+ him a /one1 & ,zeus1 arm$ ) ?und] & lightn+1 depos$ him f ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 are famili> to all 7,bib4 #a4 #a4 #e-g1 & #a4 #b4 #a74 ,if we desc5d f gods to h]oes1 we f9d a simil> leg5d relat$ ( ,p]seus1 ^: gr&fa!r1 ,akrisios1 va9ly tri$ to av]t 8 pr$ict$ fate1 fir/ by s*em+ to prev5t 8 gr&son's bir?1 & !n by seek+ to de/roy him :5 born 7,ibid41 #b4 #d4 #a4 #d472 & ( ,oidip\s1 :o 9 spite ( ! attempt to cut %ort 8 life 9 infancy1 inevitably & unconsci\sly fulfill$ ! oracle by slay+ 8 fa!r & m>ry+ 8 "m4 ,)9 hi/orical times1 ,kyros1 ! son ( ,kambyses is ! h]o ( a simil> tale4 ,8 gr&fa!r1 ,a/yages1 _h dreamt c]ta9 dreams :i* 7 int]pret$ by ! magi to mean t ! (fspr+ ( 8 daught] ,m&ane w\ld expel him f 8 k+dom4 ,al>m$ at ! prophecy1 he h&$ ! *ild to 8 k9sman ,h>pagos to be kill$2 b ?is man hav+ entru/$ x to a %eph]d to be expos$1 ! latt] contriv$ to save x by exhibit+ to ! emiss>ies ( ,h>pagos ! body ( a /illborn *ild ( :i* 8 own wife _h j be5 deliv]$4 ,gr[n to man's e/ate1 ,kyros ( c\rse ju/ifi$ ! pr$iction ( ! magi by 8 successful revolt aga9/ ,a/yages & assumption ( ! mon>*y 7,h]odotos1 i4 #ajg-acj74 ,jewi% tradition1 l t ( ! ,greeks & ! ,p]sians1 has its dang]\s *ild 9 ! p]son ( ! national h]o ,moses1 ^: dea? ,ph>aoh _h endeavor$ to effect by a massacre ( innoc5ts1 b :o _h liv$ to br+ ^u t rul] 8 inevitable fate4 ,f ^! well-kn[n examples x is int]e/+ to turn to ! *ronicles ( ! ,ea/-,mongols1 & f9d precisely ! same tale repeat$ !re4 ,we read t a c]ta9 k+ ( a p call$ ,patsala1 _h a son ^: peculi> appe>ance l$ ! ,brahm9s at c\rt to prophesy t he w\ld br+ evil ^u 8 fa!r1 & to advise 8 de/ruction4 ,v>i\s modes ( execution hav+ fail$1 ! boy 0 laid 9 a copp] *e/ & ?r[n into ! ,ganges4 ,rescu$ by an old peasant :o br\ght him up z 8 son1 he 9 due "t le>nt ! /ory ( 8 escape1 & return$ to seize ^u ! k+dom de/9$ = him f 8 bir?4 ,?is 0 9 ,b4 ,c4 #cac 7,g4 ,o4 ,m41 pp4 #ba1 #bc74 ,?is univ]sal my?--( ! natural orig9 ( :i* x w\ld lead me too f> to speak--0 n[ adapt$ to ! special case ( ,*ri/1 :o runs ! usual risk & escapes x ) ! usual good =tune ( dang]\s *ildr54 ,hav+ ?us pres]v$ ! infant ,*ri/ f ! dang]s t ?reat5$ him1 ,mat!w tells u absolutely no?+ ab\t him until he has arriv$ at manhood1 & is ready to ent] on 8 public life4 ,luke is mu* less retic5t4 ,true1 he kn[s no?+ :atev] ( ! /> t appe>$ 9 ! ,ea/2 no?+ ( ,h]od's inquiries z to ! bir?place ( ,*ri/2 no?+ ( ! massacre ( ! innoc5ts1 nor ( ! flight into ,egypt & ! return f t c\ntry to ,naz>e?4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 n>rative by implication excludes all ?is1 = he makes ,joseph & ,m>y g up to ,be?lehem = ! c5sus only1 & return to ,naz>e? soon aft] x2 s t ,h]od c\ld h _h no occasion to kill ! infants up to ! age ( two ye>s1 = ,*ri/ c\ld n h be5 above a few weeks old at mo/ 7,lu4 ii4 #ci74 ,moreov]1 we le>n def9itely f "o v]se t 8 p>5ts w5t up f ,naz>e? to ,j]usalem e ye> at ! passov] 7,ibid41 ii4 #da74 ,b ! abs5ce ( any /atem5ts l ^? j tak5 f ! fir/ ,gospel is amply comp5sat$ 9 ! ?ird by sev]al pleas+ details relat+ to 8 infancy & boyhood4 ,9 ! fir/ place we le>n t aft] eight days he 0 circumcis$1 & nam$ ,jesus accord+ to ! angel's desire 7,ibid41 ii4 #ba74 ,next1 we are told t aft] 8 "m's purification--:i* w\ld la/ ?irty-?ree days aft] ! circumcision--%e & 8 /ep-fa!r took him to ! temple to be pres5t$1 & to make ! cu/om>y (f]+4 ,!re 0 9 ! temple a man nam$ ,simeon :o _h be5 promis$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ t he %\ld n die till he _h se5 ,*ri/4 ,?is man1 :o came by ! ,_s into ! temple1 took ! baby 9 8 arms & gave v5t to 8 emotion 9 ! beautiful little hymn kn[n z ! ,nunc ,dimittis3--,n[1 ,o ,"l1 ?\ do/ release ?y s]vant accord+ to ?y ^w 9 peace1 because m9e eyes h se5 ?y salvation1 :i* ?\ ha/ prep>$ be=e ! face ( all nations2 a light = ! revelation ( ! ,g5tiles & ! glory ( ?y p ,israel 7,lu4 ii4 #bi-cb74 ,less exquisite 9 its simplicity1 b n altoge!r dissimil> 9 tone1 is ! prophecy ( ! ,ri%i ,asita on ! infant ,buddha4 ,?is old & em95t ascetic _h come to see ! *ild ^: m>vel\s gifts _h be5 kn[n to him by sup]natural signs4 ,hav+ embrac$ its feet1 & pr$ict$ its future prem95ce1 he _h surpris$ ! k+ by bur/+ into te>s & heav+ long sighs4 ,que/ion$ ab\t ! mean+ ( ?is he repli$3 ,great k+1 x is n on acc\nt ( ?is *ild t ,i weep2 truly !re is n 9 him ! smalle/ vice4 ,great k+1 ,i am old & brok52 & ?is "y pr9ce 7,lit]ally1 ,s>v>?asiddha7 w c]ta9ly clo! himself ) ! p]fect & complete intellig5ce ( ,buddha1 & w cause ! :eel ( ! law t has no sup]ior to turn4444 ,aft] becom+ ,buddha he w cause hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( millions ( be+s to pass to ! o!r bord] ( ! ocean ( w&]+ life1 & w lead !m =ev] to immortality4 ,& ,i--,i %all n see ?is pe>l ( ,buddhas6 ,cur$ ( illness1 ,i %all n be fre$ by him f passion6 ,great k+1 t is :y ,i weep1 & :y 9 my sadness ,i heave long sighs 7,r4 ,t4 ,r4 ,p41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg74 ,s ,abd-al-mottalib1 ,mahomet's gr&fa!r1 on see+ 8 gr&*ild imm$iately aft] 8 bir?1 is report$ to h exclaim$3 ,praise be to ,allah1 :o has giv5 me ?is glori\s y\?1 :o ev5 9 ! cradle rules ov] o!r boys4 ,i comm5d him to ! protection ( ,allah1 ! ,"l ( ! f\r elem5ts1 t he may %[ him to u :5 he is well gr[n up4 ,to 8 protection ,i comm5d him f ! evil ( ! wick$ _s 7,l4 ,l4 ,m41 vol4 i4 p4 #adc74 ,progno/ications ( greatness 9 infancy are1 inde$1 among ! /ock incid5ts 9 ! my?ical or semi-my?ical lives ( em95t p]sons4 ,n cont5t ) ,simeon's recognition1 ,luke introduces an old prophetess call$ ,anna1 liv+ 9 ! temple1 & repres5ts h] z giv+ ?anks1 & speak+ ( ! *ild to all :o look$ = r$emption 9 ,j]usalem 7,lu4 ii4 #cf-ch74 ,twelve ye>s are n[ suff]$ to elapse )\t fur!r acc\nt ( ! "y ,jesus ?an t he grew & /r5g!n$1 fill$ ) wisdom1 & t ! grace ( ,god 0 ^u him 7,ibid41 ii4 #dj74 ,at twelve ye>s old1 ! blank is fill$ by a s+le ev5t4 ,8 p>5ts _h gone to ,j]usalem to keep ! passov]1 tak+ ,jesus ) !m4 ,on _! way back !y miss$ him1 & hav+ fail$ to f9d him among _! travel+ companions1 return$ to look = him at ,j]usalem4 ,!re !y f\nd him 9 ! temple sitt+ among ! doctors ( ! law1 li/5+ to !m & putt+ que/ions4 ,^? :o he>d him are said to h be5 a/oni%$ at 8 intellig5ce4 ,que/ion$ by 8 "m z to ?is extraord9>y conduct1 he repli$1 ,h[ is x t ye s\ght me8 wi/ ye n t ,i mu/ be ab\t my ,fa!r's bus9ess8 7,lu4 ii4 #da-ej47 ,7 ?is incid5t confirm$ by o!r au?orities1 & did x /& 9 "s k9d ( connection ) ! ev5ts t prec$e & foll[ x1 we might accept x z a g5u9e rem9isc5ce ( ! boyhood ( ,jesus4 ,t a precoci\s boy1 eag] = in=mation1 %\ld take ! opportunity ( a visit to ! headqu>t]s ( ,hebraic le>n+ to seek f ! au?orities !n mo/ respect$ a solution ( que/ions t tr\bl$ 8 m9d1 w\ld n 9 itself be s v surpris+4 ,& ^? :o are famili> ) ! k9d ( inquiries made by clev] *ildr51 especially on !ological topics1 w n ?9k x /range t 8 y\?ful wits %\ld occasionally be too mu* = ^? ( pr(ess$ !ologians4 ,b ! isolation 9 :i* ?is s+le ev5t /&s 9 ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ,*ri/'s life1 & ! total abs5ce ( confirmation f any o!r s\rce1 compel u to reg>d x z an inv5tion design$ to %[ an e>ly consci\sness 9 ,jesus ( 8 lat] mission1 & also to prove ! inability ( ! doctors to cope ) him4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 reject x along ) ! o!r my?s ( ! infancy1 ( :i* "s are typical my?s1 o!rs 7l ?is7 my?s peculi> to ,jesus1 b none 9 ! smalle/ degree hi/orical4 ,be=e ent]+ on ! lat] life ( ,jesus1 let u note c]ta9 diff]5ces betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke 9 _! treatm5t ( ! infancy1 :i* w confirm ! above conclusion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is to be obs]v$ t !y effect ! desir$ end by totally unlike me?ods4 ,giv5 ! problem ( gett+ ! infant ,*ri/ born )\t ! assi/ance ( a fa!r1 !re 7 v>i\s ways 9 :i* read]s c\ld be assur$ ( ! tru? ( su* a miracle4 ,"o 0 to in=m ,joseph 9 a dream ( ! com+ ev5t2 ano!r 0 to ann\nce x to ,m>y by means ( an angel4 ,9 *oos+ betwe5 ^! exp$i5ts ea* ,evangeli/ is guid$ by 8 own idiosyncrasy4 ,mat!w selects ! dream2 ,luke ! angel2 & x is notewor?y t on o!r occasions !y exhibit simil> pref]5ces4 ,mat!w gets out ( e difficulty by a dream4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 two fir/ *apt]s he uses ?is favorite contrivance no less ?an five times2 f\r times = ,joseph1 & once = ! magi 7,mt4 i4 #bj1 & ii4 #ab1 #ac1 #bb74 ,twice1 x is true1 he m5tions an angel ( ! ,"l z appe>+ 9 ! dream1 b ! angel 9 8 n>rative plays a v subord9ate "p1 & is1 inde$1 practically sup]flu\s4 ,) ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 ! ev5ts ( ! infancy is ! angel1 :o supplies ! place ( ! dream 9 ,mat!w4 ,an angel in=ms ,za*>ias t 8 wife is to h a son2 an angel decl>es to ,m>y t %e is de/9$ to give bir? to ! ,son ( ,god2 an angel ann\nces t ev5t to ! %eph]ds aft] its occurr5ce2 & angels appe> 9 cr[ds above !m z soon z ! ann\ncem5t has be5 made 7,lu4 i4 #aa1 #bf1 & ii4 #i1 #ac74 ,ano!r /rik+ diff]5ce is ! extreme fondness ( ,mat!w = anci5t prophecies1 & ( ,luke = little an!ms & = songs ( praise4 ,! div]se natures ( ! two writ]s are well exemplifi$ by ?is di/9ction2 ! =m] be+ ! m p5etrat$ ) ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( ! ,jewi% race2 ! latt] ! m flexible & ! m imbu$ ) ! _s ( 8 age4 ,h5ce1 ,mat!w almo/ av[$ly con/ructs 8 n>rative 9 su* a mann] z to ensure ! fulfillm5t ( ! prophecies4 ,aft] describ+ ,m>y's miracul\s conception1 he says t all ?is 0 done to fulfill ,isaiah's words3 ,behold1 a virg9 %all conceive 7m accurately2 ! maid5 has conceiv$71 & %all be> a son1 & %all call 8 "n ,immanuel 7,mt4 i4 #bc2 ,isa4 vii4 #ad74 ,& ?is he quotes1 reg>dless ( ! fact t ,*ri/ nev] 0 call$ ,immanuel1 & t if ! "o clause ( ! prophecy is to be und]/ood lit]ally1 s mu/ ! o!r4 ,?us also he reveals 8 reason = assign+ to ,be?lehem ! honor ( be+ ,*ri/'s bir?place1 :5 he places 9 ! m\?s ( ! prie/s at ! c\rt ( ,h]od a v]se f ,micah1 9 :i* x is ass]t$ t f ,be?lehem ,ephratah %all come a man :o is to be rul] 9 ,israel 7,mt4 ii4 #f2 ,mic4 v4 #b74 ,fur!r1 he massacres ! innoc5ts 9 ord] to corroborate a say+ ( ,j]emiah 7,mt4 ii4 #ah2 ,j]4 xxxi4 #ae71 & he takes ,joseph & ,m>y to ,egypt to confirm an expression ( ,hosea 7,mt4 ii4 #ae2 ,hos4 xi4 #a74 ,9 ea* case1 he p]v]ts ! natural s5se ( ! prophets2 = 9 ,j]emiah1 ! *ildr5 are to return to _! own l&1 :i* ! innoc5ts c\ld n d2 & 9 ,hosea1 ! son :o is call$ out ( ,egypt is ! p ( ,israel4 ,la/ly1 9 8 exce$+ love ( quot+ ! ,old ,te/am5t1 he commits ! mo/ s+ul> blund] ( all 9 apply+ to ,*ri/ ! words spok5 ( ,samson by ! angel :o ann\nc$ 8 bir?4 ,if1 inde$1 ! allusion be to ?is passage 7& x c sc>cely be to any o!r71 ! ,evangeli/ is b>ely hone/2 = he conv]ts ! angelic words1 he %all be a ,naz>ite1 into ! words he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e 7,mt4 ii4 #bc2 ,judg4 xiii4 #e74 ,s ,judaic a writ] c\ld h>dly be ignorant t a ,naz>ite 0 n ! same ?+ z an inhabitant ( ,naz>e?4 ,b f :atev] s\rce ! quotation may come1 its object pla9ly is to lead to ! belief t not)/&+ 8 bir? at ,be?lehem1 ,jesus 0 call$ by 8 contempor>ies a ,naz>5e4 ,luke does n tr\ble himself ) ! se>* = anci5t oracles1 b indulges a f> fre] & m inv5tive g5ius4 ,8 p]sonages give utt]ance to _! feel+s 9 highly f9i%$ songs1 :i* are sometimes v beautiful1 b mo/ c]ta9ly c\ld nev] h be5 utt]$ by ! simple p to :om he attributes !m4 ,among ^! are ! salutation ( ,elizabe? to ,m>y1 & ! /ill m elaborate answ] ( ,m>y4 ,za*>ias1 ! v in/ant he recov]s 8 spee*1 recites a complete hymn ( no inconsid]able l5g? 7,lu4 i4 #fh-gi74 ,aga91 ,simeon expresses 8 joy at ! bir? ( ! ,savior 9 a simil> mann] 7,ibid41 ii4 #bi-cb72 b 9 8 case x may be said t he _h s long expect$ to see ! ,*ri/ t 8 hymn ( ?anksgiv+ might well be ready4 ,pass+ n[ to ! manhood ( ,jesus1 we f9d ! f\r ,evangeli/s all agre$ 9 record+ ! baptism by ,john z ! e>lie/ kn[n ev5t 9 8 adult c>e]1 & x is unque/ionably ) ?is consecration by a great man t 8 au!ntic life beg9s4 ,m>k & ,john inde$ 7 unaw>e ( any?+ previ\s to ?is p]iod1 & ! =m] introduces x by ! words1 ,! beg9n+ ( ! gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god 7,mk4 i4 #a71 %[+ t = him at lea/ ! hi/ory ( 8 ,ma/] began at ?is po9t4 ,z usual1 ! my? appe>s 9 its simple/ =m 9 8 pages4 ,aft] apply+ to ,john ! ,bapti/ a prophecy by ,isaiah1 he /ates t ?is prophet 0 engag$ 9 baptiz+ 9 ! wild]ness1 & t all ,judea & all ! ,j]usalemites w5t out to him & 7 baptiz$1 confess+ _! s9s4 ,he decl>$ t a mighti] ?an he 0 com+ aft] him1 ! lat*et ( ^: %oes he 0 unwor?y to unloose4 ,jesus1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 w5t to be baptiz$1 & z he came out ( ! wat] he saw ! heav5s op5$1 & ! ,_s desc5d+ on him l a dove4 ,!re 0 a voice f ! heav5s1 ,?\ art my belov$ ,son1 9 !e ,i am well pleas$4 ,mat!w & ,luke describe ! baptism ( ,john 9 a simil> mann]1 ,mat!w add+ a conv]sation betwe5 ,jesus & ,john4 ,!y also m5tion ! baptism ( ,jesus1 ! desc5t ( ! dove1 & ! voice1 b ) slight v>iations4 ,= :]eas ,m>k m]ely says t ,jesus saw ! heav5s op5$ & ! ,_s l a dove desc5d+1 & ,mat!w1 9 sub/antial accordance ) him1 relates t ! heav5s 7 op5$ to him1 & t he saw ! ,_s desc5d z a dove1 ,luke go+ fur!r1 pret5ds t ! heav5s 7 op5$1 & t ! _s did desc5d 9 a bodily =m l a dove ^u him 7,mk4 i4 #a-ab2 ,mt4 iii42 ,lu4 iii4 #a-bb74 ,?us is ! subjective fact 9 ! consci\sness ( ,jesus gradually *ang$ into an objective fact1 a transition des]v+ to be not$ z illu/rative ( ! trivial *anges ( language by :i* a my? may gr[4 ,sev]al o!r examples ( a l process w meet u 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inquiry4 ,! sc5e at ! baptism is describ$ diff]5tly aga9 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,!re ! te/imony ( ,john ! ,bapti/ to ,*ri/ is r5d]$ f> m emphatic2 he receives him ) ! words1 ,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :o take? away ! s9s ( ! _w2 & he expla9s 8 k ( him by ! fact t he has receiv$ a special revelation conc]n+ him4 ,on :omsoev] he saw ! ,_s desc5d & rema91 t 0 he :o 0 to baptize ) ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ he _h se5 ! ,_s desc5d l a dove on ,jesus1 & !re=e _h borne witness t he 0 ! son ( ,god 7,john i4 #f-cg74 ,( ! op5+ ( ! heav5s & ( ! voice no?+ is said1 & ! mean+ ( ! :ole /ory evid5tly is t ?is desc5t ( ! ,_s 0 a private sign arrang$ betwe5 ,god & ,john ! ,bapti/1 b ( :i* ! by/&]s ei!r p]ceiv$ no?+1 or und]/ood no?+4 ,= _h !y kn[n t ! ,holy ,gho/ itself 0 ?us be>+ witness to ,jesus1 :at ne$ 0 !re ( ! witness ( ,john8 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ev5 if !y saw ! dove fly+ d[n & alight+ ^u ,jesus1 !y 7 n in=m$ t x repres5t$ ! ,holy ,_s4 ,?us ! :ole fact is r$uc$ to a peculi> int]pretation giv5 by ,john to a natural occurr5ce4 ,we h !n ?ree v]sions ( ! baptismal my?3--9 ! fir/ c]ta9 circum/ances are p]ceiv$ by ,jesus2 9 ! second !y are p]ceiv$ by ,john2 9 ! ?ird !y actually occur4 ,/rangely inconsi/5t ) ?is di/9ct ackn[l$gm5t ( ,*ri/ z ! son ( ,god1 is ! inquiry address$ to him at a subsequ5t p]iod by ,john ! ,bapti/ ?r\gh 8 disciples4 ,x appe>s t on he>+ ( ! extraord9>y fame ( ,jesus & ( ! c\rse he 0 pursu+1 ,john s5t two disciples f ! prison :]e he 0 conf9$ to put ?is "q to him1 ,art ?\ he t %\ld come1 or d we expect ano!r8 9 o!r words1 ,are y ! ,messiah8 ,?us int]rogat$1 ,jesus repli$1 n by appeal+ to ! te/imony ( ! dove at 8 baptism1 or ! voice f heav51 b by cit+ ! miracul\s cures he 0 !n p]=m+4 ,nor did he 9 ! lea/ res5t ! d\bt impli$ 9 ,john ! ,bapti/'s qu]y4 ,on ! contr>y1 he imm$iately ent]$ ^u a gl[+ panegyric ( 8 precursor1 describ+ him z ! mess5g] s5t be=e 8 face to prep>e 8 way1 & z ! prophet ,elias :o 0 expect$ to come--7,mt4 xi4 #a-ae2 ,lu4 vii4 #ah-cj7--;a title :i* 9 ano!r ,gospel ! ,bapti/ _h expressly repudiat$ 7,jo4 i4 #ba74 ,?is rem>kable transaction betwe5 ! two tea*]s c\ld n easily h occurr$1 if ! eld] _h previ\sly discov]$ him t %\ld come 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,= !n we mu/ suppose t s9ce ! baptism he _h se5 reason to hesitate z to ! correctness ( 8 op9ion4 ,& 9 t case1 c\ld he h ref]r$ ! "q to ,jesus himself = 8 decision8 ,& c\ld ,jesus h employ$ ! t]ms ( praise "h giv51 9 speak+ ( "o :o _h laps$ f 8 =m] fai? into a /ate ( d\bt8 ,pla9ly n4 ,! ,evangeli/s h ov]%ot ! m>k 9 _! n>rative ( ! baptism4 ,eag] to make ,john be> witness to ,jesus1 !y h =gott5 t x 0 only at a lat] p]iod t he 0 conv9c$--if he 0 conv9c$ at all--( ! ,messianic claims ( ! "y man :o _h pass$ "u 8 influ5ce1 & d]iv$ f him "s ( 8 e>lie/ inspirations4 ,8 d\bts are hi/orical2 8 conviction is my?ical4 ,tempor>y retirem5t into solitude naturally foll[$ ^u ! consecration adm9i/]$ by ,john 9 ! baptismal rite4 ,jesus sp5t "s "t w&]+ 9 a lonely place1 ! p]iod ( =ty days assign$ to ?is purpose be+ naturally sugge/$ by ! =ty ye>s ( ,israel's tr\bles 9 ! wild]ness4 ,if !re m+l$ among 8 m$itations any l+]+ feel+s ( reluctance to foll[ ! c\rse po9t$ out by ! ,bapti/1 he w\ld h aft]w>ds describ$ su* feel+s z temptations ( ! devil4 ,h5ce1 x may be1 ! /ory ( 8 conv]sations ) ,satan4 ,^! are n allud$ to at all 9 ,m>k1 :o simply m5tions ! fact t he 0 tempt$ by ,satan4 ,nei!r is !re any ref]5ce 9 ,m>k to fa/+ = ! :ole ( ! =ty days or any "p ( !m4 ,greatly improv+ ^u ?is bald v]sion1 ! o!r two ,synoptics tell u t he ate no?+ dur+ all ?is "t1 & describe ! v words ( 8 dialogues ) ! tempt]4 ,satan _h bes\ght him to make bread out ( /ones2 to ca/ himself d[n f a high place1 & to accept at 8 h&s all ! k+doms ( e>? 9 return = a s+le act ( wor%ip 7,mk4 i4 #ab1 #ac2 ,mt4 iv4 #a-aa2 ,lu4 iv4 #a-ac74 ,jesus1 l ! ,buddha at ! correspond+ p]iod ( 8 life1 em]g$ triumphant f ! trial4 ,x 0 by no means equal 9 sev]ity to t :i* ,sakyamuni und]w5t4 ,he also 0 oblig$ to ov]come ! devil be=e he c\ld atta9 p]fection4 ,mr1 ! s9n]1 ! ,indian ,satan1 assail$ him n only by =ce ( arms1 despat*+ an imm5se army aga9/ him2 b f9d+ ?is onslaught a failure1 he tri$ ! subtl] mode ( attempt+ to corrupt 8 virtue by ! s$uctions ( wom54 ,8 beautiful daught]s 7 despat*$ ) ord]s to display all _! *>ms1 & employ all _! fasc9ations be=e ! "y monk4 ,!y fai?fully execut$ ! commission1 b all 0 9 va94 ,calm & unmov$1 ! ,bodhisattva reg>d$ !m ) complete indiff]5ce1 & em]g$ f ?is sev]e/ ( trials a p]fect ,buddha 7,r4 ,t4 ,r4 ,p41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhf-cbg74 ,9 l mann] ,z>a?u/ra 0 tempt$ by ! ,p>see devil1 ,angra-ma9yus1 :o held out a promise ( happ9ess if he w\ld b curse ! good law4 ,l ,jesus1 ,z>a?u/ra repell$ ! sugge/ion ) indignation3 ,i w n curse ! good ,mazdayasna law1 n ev5 if limbs1 s\l1 & life 7 to "p f "o ano!r 7,av41 vol4 i4 p4 #bdd4--;,f>g>d xix4 #bc-bf74 ,n long aft] 8 return f ! des]t1 ,jesus took up 8 abode at ! village ( ,kaph>na\m1 or ,cap]naum1 9 ,galilee1 ,naz>e? be+ 9 sev]al ways uncong5ial to him 7,mk4 ii4 #a2 ,mt4 iv4 #ab-af74 ,9 ! fir/ place x 0 ! abode ( 8 family1 :o did n believe 9 ! pret5sions he n[ began to advance4 ,moreov]1 he 0 well kn[n to ! ,naz>5es z ! c>p5t]1 or ! c>p5t]'s son1 & x seem$ an unw>rantable presumption 9 _! "y t[nsman1 undi/+ui%$ by advantages ei!r ( bir? or education1 to claim to become _! tea*] 7,mk4 vi4 #c74 ,8 relations also n only discr$it$ him by _! unbelief1 b occasionally took active measures to /op 8 proce$+s 7,mk4 iii4 #ba1 #ca74 ,f ^! & p]haps o!r causes1 he entirely fail$ to accompli% any important miracle at ,naz>e?1 & he _h to excuse 8 failure by ! rem>k t a prophet is n )\t honor except 9 8 own c\ntry1 among 8 own relations1 & 9 8 own h\se 7,ibid41 vi4 #d74 ,! m natural v]sion--t ( ,m>k--adds t he m>vell$ because ( _! unbelief4 ,) less simplicity ,mat!w relates1 n t he 0 unable to d1 b t he did n d _m mighty works !re because ( _! unbelief 7,mt4 xiii4 #ed-eh74 ,fur!r confirmation ( ! incr$ulity ( ! ,naz>5es is af=d$ by _! reception ( a rem>kable s]mon said to h be5 deliv]$ by ,jesus 9 _! synagogue4 ,x seems t aft] he _h prea*$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,galilee1 & _h be5 well receiv$1 he came to ,naz>e? &1 hav+ read a ,messianic prophecy f ,isaiah1 proce$$ to apply x to himself4 ,hav+ notic$ ! dem& :i* he expect$ w\ld be address$ to him1 t he %\ld repeat !re su* works z he 0 report$ to h p]=m$ at ,cap]naum1 he proce$$ to convey by "s po9t$ illu/rations f ! ,old ,te/am5t ! unflatt]+ intimation t ,naz>e? 0 to be less favor$ by ,god ?an 8 adopt$ home4 ,h]eupon a /orm arose 9 ! synagogue1 & an ef=t 0 made by ! enrag$ audi5ce to ca/ him f ! br[ ( a hill4 ,b he escap$ 9 safety to 8 own resid5ce at ,cap]naum 7,lu4 iv4 #ad-cj74 ,:e!r or n any su* s]mon 0 prea*$ or any su* attempt ^u 8 life 0 made1 ! n>rative be>s fur!r witness to ! fact ( ill success 9 ! t[n :]e he _h be5 br\ght up1 & to 8 possession ( a h\se or lodg+ at ,cap]naum4 ,:e!r he himself 0 ! own] ( ! abode1 or :e!r x belong$ to a disciple :o receiv$ him 7( :i* latt] !re is no evid5ce71 makes little diff]5ce2 ! repres5tation aft]w>ds made t foxes _h holes1 & birds _h ne/s1 b ! son ( man _h n :]e to lay 8 head 7,mt4 viii4 #ai1 #bj2 ,lu4 ix4 #eg1 #eh71 is equally negativ$ by ei!r supposition4 ,m>k & ,john "k no?+ ( ?is condition ( ! son ( man4 ,9 ,john's ,gospel1 inde$1 x is di/9ctly contradict$ by ! /atem5t t two ( ! ,bapti/'s disciples ask$ him to %[ !m :]e he liv$2 t he did s1 & t !y /aid ) him t day 7,jo4 i4 #ci74 ,indirect evid5ce ( ! same k9d is af=d$ by ! notice ( an ent]ta9m5t giv5 by ,jesus at 8 own h\se1 to :i* he invit$ a v promiscu\s company4 ,luke1 inde$1 repres5ts ?is fea/ z hav+ be5 giv5 by ,levi1 b ?is is evid5tly = ! sake ( an arti/ic connection ) ! summons to ,levi1 :i* 9 all ?ree n>ratives imm$iately prec$es x4 ,= ! same reason he dep>ts f bo? o!r ,evangeli/s 9 mak+ ! scribes at ?is v fea/ put ! "q :y ,jesus & 8 disciples did n fa/1 :i*1 accord+ to ! m tru/wor?y v]sion1 is put by ! disciples ( ! ,bapti/ 7,mk4 ii4 #ah-bb2 ,mt4 ix4 #ad-ag2 ,lu4 v4 #cc-ci74 ,?us ,luke contrives to conv]t ?ree unconnect$ /ories into a s+le connect$ "o4 ,t ,jesus receiv$ ! m degrad$ classes ( 8 c\ntrym5 on equal t]ms1 & t 8 habits 7 n ascetic1 are ! important facts :i* we h to ga!r f ^! sev]al /atem5ts4 ,! inf]5ce f ! evid5ce on ! :ole is t ,jesus 0 9 com=table1 ?\gh n opul5t circum/ances2 & ev5 _h he be5 9 want1 he _h fri5ds en\gh ^: devotion w\ld nev] h all[$ him to rema9 )\t a good lodg+ & suffici5t food4 ,^! fri5ds he seems to h begun collect+ r\nd him z soon z he ent]$ ^u 8 c>e] ( prea*+ 9 ,galilee4 ,among ! e>lie/ 7 f\r fi%]m51 ,simon & 8 bro!r ,&rew1 ,james & 8 bro!r ,john4 ,! fir/ pair ( bro!rs ,jesus call$ away f _! occupation1 say+1 ,foll[ me1 & ,i w make y fi%]s ( m5 7,mk4 i4 #af-bj2 ,mt4 iv4 #ah-bb74 ,s say two ,gospels1 b a v diff]5t acc\nt appe>s 9 ,john4 ,!re we are told t two ( ! disciples ( ,john ! ,bapti/ hav+ he>d ,jesus1 left _! ma/] to foll[ him4 ,"o ( ^! two 0 ,&rew1 ,simon's bro!r1 & x 0 ,&rew :o w5t & in=m$ ,simon t he _h discov]$ ! ,messiah4 ,on see+ ,simon1 ,jesus addresses him1 ,?\ art ,simon ! son ( ,john2 ?\ %alt be call$ ,kephas 7,jo4 i4 #ch-dc74 ,n a ^w is said "h ( ! call+ ( fi%]m5 pursu$ by ^! bro!rs1 nor ( ! rem>kable promise to make !m fi%]s ( m54 ,moreov] x is !y :o pres5t !mselves to ,jesus2 n he :o summons !m4 ,! two acc\nts are mutually exclusive4 ,luke has a ?ird v]sion1 n absolutely irreconcilable ) t ( ,m>k & ,mat!w1 ?\gh inconsi/5t 9 all its details4 ,accord+ to him1 ,jesus _h once be5 speak+ to ! p f ,simon's boat1 :i* 0 ly+ on ! lake ( ,g5nes>et4 ,! address conclud$1 he desir$ ,simon to laun* into ! lake & let d[n ! nets4 ,simon repli$ t !y _h toil$ all night & caught no?+2 yet he w\ld obey4 ,on ca/+ out ! net x 0 f\nd to inclose s great a multitude ( fi%es t x broke4 ,simon call$ to 8 p>tn]s1 ,james & ,john1 to come to 8 assi/ance1 & bo? vessels 7 n only fill$ ) fi%1 b began to s9k ) ! weight4 ,pet]1 ascrib+ ?is l>ge haul to ! pres5ce ( ,jesus1 begg$ him to dep>t f him1 = he 0 a s9ful man4 ,jesus told him1 z 9 ! o!r ,gospels he tells him & 8 bro!r ,&rew 7:o does n appe> "h71 t he %all h5ce=? cat* m54 ,h]eupon all ! ?ree =sook all1 & foll[$ him2 f :i* x mu/ cle>ly be und]/ood t !y _h n foll[$ him be=e4 ,?us1 t :i* ! simpl] v]sion repres5ts z a m]e summons1 obey$ at once1 is "h conv]t$ into a summons en=c$ ^u ! fi%]m5 by a pr(essional success s great z to appe> to !m miracul\s1 & to lead 9 _! m9ds to ! inf]5ce t s9ce ,jesus _h comm&$ !m to let d[n ! nets1 & _! ob$i5ce _h be5 ?us rew>d$1 he 0 9 "s obscure mann] ! cause ( ! good =tune :i* _h att5d$ _! ef=ts 7,lu4 v4 #a-aa74 ,leav+ aside = ! pres5t all t is peculi> to ,john1 :o alone m5tions ! call+ ( ,philip1 !re is b "o o!r disciple conc]n+ :om we h any in=mation z to ! mode 9 :i* he 0 l$ to jo9 ,jesus4 ,?is is ,levi1 or ,mat!w1 ! publican4 ,jesus f\nd him sitt+ at ! receipt ( cu/om1 & comm&$ him to foll[ him1 :i* he in/antly did 7,mk4 ii4 #ad2 ,mt4 ix4 #i2 ,lu4 v4 #bg1 #bh74 ,b we are n compell$ to suppose t f ?is "t =w>d ,levi did no?+ b accompany ,jesus or g ?r\gh ! c\ntry prea*+ ! new fai?4 ,he may h done s1 or he may only h left 8 bus9ess f "t to "t to li/5 to ! prophet :o _h s deeply impress$ him4 ,= :ile ?ree ,evangeli/s m5tion ?is circum/ance1 only "o ( !m1 & t ! lea/ tru/wor?y1 adds t 9 foll[+ ,jesus he left all ?+s4 ,! names ( ! o!r sev5 disciples are giv5 ) b a s+le v>iation 9 all ( ! synoptical ,gospels 7,mk4 iii4 #ad-ai2 ,mt4 x4 #a-d2 ,lu4 vi4 #ab-af74 ,to ^! twelve _! ma/] gave p[] to heal diseases & to ca/ out devils1 & s5t !m =? into ! _w to prea* ! com+ ( ! k+dom ( heav51 giv+ !m in/ructions z to ! mann] 9 :i* !y %\ld fulfill _! mission 7,mk4 iii4 #ad1 #ae2 ,mt4 x4 #e-ae2 ,lu4 ix4 #a-f74 ,:5 n ?us engag$1 !y 7 to rema9 ab\t 8 p]son1 & =m an inn] circle ( intimate fri5ds1 to receive 8 m hidd5 ?\ghts1 & help him 9 ! "w he _h und]tak54 ,! f\r :o 7 ! fir/ to jo9 him seem to h /ood t[>ds him 9 a clos] relation%ip ?an anyone else1 & to h be5 9 fact 8 only ?or\gh disciples dur+ ! e>lie/ p]iod ( 8 life4 ,= we read t aft] ! cure ( a demoniac effect$ 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum 7,mk4 i4 #ba-bh2 ,lu4 iv4 #ca-cg71 he retir$ into ! h\se ( ,simon & ,&rew1 ) ,james & ,john1 & !re heal$ ,simon's "m-9-law ( a fev] by ! t\* ( 8 h&s1 a species ( rem$y :i* requires no miracle to r5d] x effectual 7,mk4 i4 #bi-ca2 ,mt4 viii4 #ad1 #ae2 ,lu4 iv4 #ch1 #ci74 ,8 reputation z a ?aumaturgi/ _h n[ begun to spread1 & cr[ds ( p besieg$ 8 door1 :om he reliev$ ( v>i\s diseases1 & f :om he expell$ _m devils 7,mk4 i4 #cb-cd2 ,mt4 viii4 #af1 #ag2 ,lu4 iv4 #dj1 #da74 ,! anxiety ( ! devils to be> witness to 8 ,messiah%ip he repress$1 on ?is z on o!r occasions4 ,m5tion+ ^! circum/ances1 ,mat!w1 ev] prone to /r5g!n 8 case by ! au?ority ( a ,hebrew prophet1 cites ,isaiah1 ,he himself took our infirmities1 & bore our sicknesses4 ,c]ta9ly n a v happy application ( prophecy2 s9ce x n[h]e appe>s t ,jesus bore ! diseases he cur$1 or 0 possess$ by ! devils he expell$4 ,anxi\s to escape f ! pressure ( ! p1 :o clamor$ = miracles1 he retir$ to a des]t place to pray4 ,b "h ,simon & o!rs foll[$ him & told him t all m5 7 seek+ him4 ,he repli$ t he mu/ c>ry 8 message to o!r villages also1 & proce$$ on a t\r ?r\gh ,galilee1 prea*+ & ca/+ out devils 7,mk4 i4 #ce-ci2 ,lu4 iv4 #db-dd74 ,x 0 on "s occasion dur+ ?is ,galilean j\rney1 :5 cr[ds1 eag] to he> 8 doctr9e & see 8 wond]s1 _h press$ ar\nd him f e qu>t] t he deliv]$ ! celebrat$ s]mon ! sc5e ( :i* is laid by ,mat!w on a m\nta91 & by ,luke 9 a pla9 7,mt4 *s4 v4-vii41 inclusive2 ,lu4 vi4 #bj-di74 ,a "p only ( ?is disc\rse has be5 pres]v$ to u1 = ,mat!w has evid5tly collect$ into "o a great numb] ( 8 be/ say+s1 :i* 7 no d\bt actually utt]$ on _m diff]5t occasions & 9 _m diff]5t places4 ,luke1 ) m s5se ( fitness1 has scatt]$ !m ab\t 8 ,gospel1 assign+ to "s an e>li]1 to o!rs a lat] date4 ,notably is ?is unlike arrangem5t rem>kable 9 ! case ( ! ,"l's pray]1 & 9 no?+ is ! untru/wor?9ess ( ^! ,gospels1 z to all ext]ior circum/ances1 m conspicu\s ?an 9 _! assign+ to ! communication ( ?is mo/ important pray] totally diff]5t times1 diff]5t antec$5ts1 & diff]5t surr\nd+s4 ,= :]eas ,mat!w br+s x )9 8 all-compreh5sive s]mon on ! m\nt1 ,luke causes x to be taught 9 a c]ta9 place :]e ,jesus 0 pray+4 ,! =m] makes ,jesus deliv] x spontane\sly2 ! latt] 9 answ] to ! reque/ ( a disciple2 ! =m] to a va/ audi5ce2 ! latt] to ! disciples alone 7,mt4 vi4 #i-ac2 ,lu4 xi4 #a-d74 ,discrepancies l ^! ev9ce ! hopelessness ( attempt+ to foll[ ) accuracy ! foot/eps ( ,*ri/4 ,we c obta9 no?+ beyond ! mo/ g5]al conception ( 8 movem5ts1 if ev5 t2 & ( ! ord] ( ! sev]al ev5ts 9 8 life we c h sc>cely any notion4 ,disc\rses1 p>ables1 conv]sations1 miracles1 foll[ "o ano!r n[ 9 rapid succession4 ,leav+ ! consid]ation ( ! doctr9es taught = ano!r place1 we w notice "h1 )\t aim+ at a *ronological arrangem5t1 ! pr9cipal sc5es ( 8 life2 &1 beg9n+ ) 8 miracles1 we w take be=e any o!rs ^? 9 :i* devils are expell$2 or z we %\ld say1 maniacs are re/or$ to sanity4 ,a /range miracle ( ?is k9d is relat$ ( a man 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es or ,g]gas5es4 ,mat!w inde$1 accord+ to a common habit ( 81 has made him into two m51 b ! o!r two ,evangeli/s agree t !re 0 b "o4 ,?is man 0 a rav+ lunatic1 :o _h defeat$ e ef=t to conf9e him hi!rto made1 & :o liv$ among tombs1 cry+ & cutt+ himself ) /ones4 ,see+ ,jesus1 he address$ him z ! ,son ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 & adjur$ him n to torm5t him4 ,on be+ ask$ 8 "n1 he said x 0 ,legion1 = !y 7 _m4 ,hav+ be5 ord]$ out by ,jesus1 he begg$ = leave to ent] into a h]d ( sw9e :i* 0 fe$+ ne> at h&2 ?is 0 grant$1 & ! h]d ran viol5tly d[n a /eep place into ! sea & 7 all dr[n$1 _! numb] be+ ab\t two ?\s& 7,mk4 v4 #a-bj2 ,mt4 viii4 #bh-cd2 ,lu4 viii4 #bf-ci74 ,aft] ?is wanton de/ruction ( prop]ty1 x is n surpris+ t ! p began to pray him to dep>t out ( _! coa/s4 ,jesus on ?is occasion c]ta9ly display$ a s+ul> t5d]ness t[>ds ! devils1 & v little consid]ation = ! un=tunate own]s ( ! pigs4 ,nor did ! ,legion ga9 mu* by ! b>ga92 = !y lo/ _! new habitation ! mom5t !y _h tak5 possession ( x4 ,! disciples1 z we h se51 _h receiv$ p[] ov] devils1 b x appe>s f a rem>kable /ory t !y 7 n always able to ma/] !m4 ,= on return+ to !m aft] ! transfiguration1 ,jesus f\nd a cr[d ab\t !m engag$ 9 "s disputation4 ,hav+ dem&$ an explanation1 a man told him t he _h br\ght 8 son1 :o 0 subject to viol5t fits1 probably epileptic 7,m>k alone makes him deaf & dumb71 & begg$ ! disciples to cure him1 :i* !y _h be5 unable to d4 ,h]eupon1 ,jesus1 bur/+ into an angry exclamation aga9/ ! fai?less & p]v]se g5]ation ) :om he liv$1 took ! boy & heal$ him4 ,luke omits ! private conv]sation ) ! disciples :i* foll[$ on ?is sc5e4 ,!y ask$ him1 x is said1 :y !y _h be5 ?us unsuccessful4 ,! answ] is diff]5t 9 ,mat!w & 9 ,m>k4 ,9 ! =m] ,gospel1 he assigns a pla9 reason3 because ( y\r unbelief2 add+ aft]w>ds1 ?is k9d does n come out except by fa/+ & pray]4 ,9 ,m>k1 ! latt] /atem5t con/itutes ! :ole reply1 no allusion be+ made to ! disciples' unbelief4 ,x is noticeable1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,m>k alone ! fa!r is requir$ to believe be=e ! boy is heal$2 a s+ul> condition to exact1 s9ce belief may g5]ally be expect$ to foll[ on a miracle r ?an to prec$e x 7,mk4 ix4 #ad-bi2 ,mt4 xvii4 #ad-ba2 ,lu4 ix4 #cg-dc74 ,9 ! case ( ! ,syro-phnician woman1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no ne$ to impose x1 = h] fai?1 f\nd$ on ! reputation ( ,jesus 0 p]fect4 ,?is woman came to him :5 he _h gone ^u an excursion to ! neighborhood ( ,tyre & ,sidon1 & begg$ him to ca/ out a devil f h] daught]1 :o 0 n pres5t4 ,he at fir/ refus$ on ! gr\nd ( h] be+ a ,g5tile1 b aft] a rem>kable dialogue1 confess$ himself conv9c$ by h] argum5ts1 & told h] t on h] return %e w\ld f9d ! daught] cur$1 :i* actually happ5$ 7,mk4 vii4 #bd-cj2 ,mt4 xv4 #ba-bh74 ,"h we h an in/ance ( a rem$y effect$ at a di/ance1 :i* c sc>cely be cr$it$ at all unless on ! supposition t ! daught] knew ( h] "m's exp$ition1 & _h equal fai? 9 ,jesus4 ,! probability is1 h[ev]1 t h] recov]y is an inv5tion1 ?\gh ! argum5t ) ! woman may possibly be hi/orical4 ,belief 9 ! production ( diseases by demoniacal possession1 & 9 ! p[] ( exorcism ov] diseases s produc$1 is ! common condition ( m9d 9 b>b>\s or semi-civiliz$ nations4 ,! ph5om5a :i* occurr$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury 9 ,judea are reproduc$ at ! pres5t day 9 m ?an "o qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,take1 to beg9 )1 ! !ory ( possession 9 ,abyss9ia1 :i* ,i f9d quot$ by ,canon ,callaway f ,/]n's ,w&]+s among ! ,fala%es4 ,canon ,callaway obs]ves t 9 ,abyss9ia we meet ) ! ^w ,b\da1 appli$ to a "* m resembl+ ! ,abatakadi or wiz>ds ( ^! p>ts ,s\? ,africa4444 ,! ,b\da1 or an evil _s call$ by ! same "n & act+ ) him1 takes possession ( o!rs1 giv+ rise to an attack kn[n z ',b\da symptoms1' :i* pres5t ! *>act]i/ics ( int5se hy/]ia1 bord]+ on insanity4 ,toge!r ) ! ,b\das !re is1 ( c\rse1 ! exorci/1 :o has unusual p[]s1 &1 l ! inyanga yokubula1 or div9] among ! ,amazulu1 po9ts out ^? :o are ,b\das1 t is1 ,abatakati 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 "p iii4 pp4 #bhj1 #bha74 ,describ+ ! diseases ( ! ,polynesian isl&]s1 ! mission>y ,turn] says3 ,insanity is occasionally met )4 ,x 0 inv>iably trac$ 9 =m] times to ! imm$iate pres5ce ( an evil _s 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #bba74 ,ris+ some:at high] 9 ! scale ( culture1 ! ,s+halese1 z depict$ by ,knox1 pres5t ! spectacle ( pati5ts ^: symptoms are an almo/ exact reproduction ( ^? :i* afflict$ ! objects ( ! m]cy ( ,jesus4 ,i h _m times1 he relates1 se5 m5 & wom5 ( ?is c\ntry /rangely posse/1 insomu* t ,i c\ld judge x no?+ else b ! effect ( ! devil's p[] ^u !m1 & !y !mselves d ackn[l$ge z mu*4 ,9 ! l condition to :i* ,i nev] saw any t did pr(ess to be a wor%ip] ( ! holy "n ( ,jesus4 ,!y t are ?us posse/1 "s ( !m w run mad into ! woods1 scree*+ & ro>+1 b d mis*ief to none2 "s w be tak5 s z to be spee*less1 %ak+ & quak+1 & danc+1 & w tread ^u ! fire & n be hurt2 !y w also talk idle1 l di/ract$ folk4 ,! au?or proce$s to say t ! fri5ds ( ^! demoniac pati5ts appeal to ! devil = _! cure1 believ+ _! attacks to proce$ f him 7,h4 ,r4 ,c41 p4 #gg74 ,! /rik+ successes ( ,jesus ) maladies ( ?is ord] naturally br\ght him ! reputation ( ability to deal no less p[]fully ) o!r diseases4 ,accord+ly1 a lep] pres5t$ himself "o day1 & kneel+ to him said t if he wi%$ he c\ld make him clean4 ,he did s1 & ! lep]1 ?\gh enjo9$ to keep sil5ce1 w5t ab\t proclaim+ ! p[] ( ,jesus1 :o 0 consequ5tly besieg$ by /ill fur!r ?rongs ( applicants & ( curi\s spectators 7,mk4 i4 #dj-de2 ,mt4 viii4 #a-d2 ,lu4 v4 #ab-af74 ,illu/rat+ ! mann] 9 :i* he 0 pursu$1 we f9d a curi\s /ory4 ,jesus 0 9 8 own h\se at ,cap]naum1 :5 a p>alytic1 borne ^u a c\*1 0 br\ght to him to be heal$4 ,unable f ! conc\rse ab\t him to p5etrate to ,jesus1 8 be>]s let him d[n ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! ro(4 ,aft] =giv+ ! man's s9s1 :i* he claim$ a "r to d1 he told him to take up 8 b$ & walk4 ,?is ! p>alytic at once did1 to ! amazem5t ( ! by/&]s 7,mk4 ii4 #a-ab2 ,mt4 ix4 #a-h2 ,lu4 v4 #ah-bf74 ,mat!w1 tell+ ! same /ory1 omits ! cr[d & ! circum/ance ( lett+ d[n ! pati5t ?r\gh ! ro(2 & ^! adjuncts may be fictiti\s 9 ! special case1 b 9 s f> z !y be> witness to ! ?aumaturgic repute ( ,jesus1 h 9 !m an elem5t ( g5u9e hi/ory4 ,( v>i\s o!r miracles ( heal+ ) :i* ,jesus is cr$it$1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! alleg$ resuscitation ( ,jairus' daught]4 ,jairus 0 a rul] ( ! synagogue2 a p]sonage !re=e ( "s note 9 8 di/rict2 & 8 daught]1 a little girl ( twelve ye>s old1 0 dang]\sly ill1 & suppos$ by h] fri5ds to be at ! po9t ( dea?4 ,at ?is critical mom5t ,jairus repair$ to ,jesus1 & reque/$ him to come & lay 8 h&s on ! little maid1 t %e might live4 ,jesus cons5t$1 b be=e he c\ld rea* ! h\se mess5g]s arriv$ :o in=m$ ,jairus t 8 *ild 0 already dead2 he ne$ n tr\ble ! ma/]4 ,none ! less did ,jesus proce$ to ! h\se1 tak+ ) him only ! mo/ intimate disciples1 ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john4 ,"h a /range sc5e await$ him4 ,ab\t1 & probably 9 ! sick-room _h ga!r$ a cr[d ( p1 relations1 fri5ds1 & dep5dants ( ,jairus1 :o 7 engag$ 9 rais+ a wild clamor ( grief ar\nd ! *ild4 ,flute-play]s 7 p]=m+ on _! in/rum5ts1 :ile _! lugubri\s music 0 accompani$ by ! tumultu\s wail+ & h[l+ ( ! m\rn]s4 ,jesus1 hav+ ent]$ ! place1 decl>$ t ! maid5 0 n dead1 b sleep+2 or z we %\ld say1 9 a /ate ( ins5sibility4 ,! p laugh$ 9 d]ision at ! ass]tion1 b ,jesus at once took ! v prop] & s5sible measure ( turn+ !m all out ( ! room 7:i* 0 ei!r ! sick-room itself or "o close to x71 & tak+ ! damsel's h&1 comm&$ h] to rise4 ,%e did s1 & ,jesus 7aga9 exhibit+ excell5t s5se7 ord]$ t %e %\ld h some?+ to eat 7,mk4 v4 #ba-bd1 & #ce-dc2 ,mt4 ix4 #ah1 #ai1 & #bc-bf2 ,lu4 viii4 #dj-db1 & #di-ef74 ,9 ?is case we h a peculi>ly valuable in/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* miracles may be manufactur$4 ,analyz$ into its elem5ts ( fact & its elem5ts ( inf]5ce1 we f9d 9 x no?+ :i* _c be easily und]/ood )\t suppos+ ei!r any ex]cise ( sup]natural p[] or any delib]ate fraud 9 ! n>rators4 ,obs]ve fir/1 t 9 two out ( ! ?ree v]sions ! girl is report$ by ,jairus n to be dead1 b dy+4 ,true1 be=e ,jesus c get to h] x is ann\nc$ t %e is actually dead4 ,b ,jesus1 hav+ rea*$ ! h\se1 & hav+ evid5tly se5 ! pati5t 7?\gh ?is fact is only suff]$ to appe> 9 ,luke's v]sion71 expressly contradicts ?is op9ion1 decl>+ t %e is n dead1 b unconsci\s4 ,on :at p>ticul> symptom he f\nd$ ?is /atem5t we d n "k1 b we _c1 )\t accus+ ,jesus ( delib]ate untru?fulness1 believe t he made x )\t reason4 ,at any rate1 ! measures tak5 by him impli$ a decid$ conviction ( ! accuracy ( 8 obs]vation4 ,if %e 71 z he ass]t$1 n dead1 ?\gh dang]\sly ill1 ! hubbub 9 ! h\se1 if suff]$ to cont9ue1 w\ld v likely h r5d]$ h] recov]y impossible4 ,quiet 0 ess5tial2 & t hav+ be5 obta9$1 x 0 p]fectly possible t "u ! soo?+ t\* & ! c>e ( ,jesus %e might awake f h] trance f> bett] ?an be=e1 & to all appe>ance sudd5ly re/or$ to heal?4 ,! crisis ( h] case 0 ov]1 & x may h be5 by prev5t+ h] fooli% fri5ds f treat+ t crisis z dea?1 t ,jesus 9 reality sav$ h] life4 ,& :5 %e awoke1 ! ord] to give h] food impli$ a /ate ( debility 9 :i* %e c\ld be assi/$1 n by sup]natural1 b by v commonplace measures4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 ! mann] 9 :i* 9 ?is case ! my? has gr[n4 ,9 two ( ! ,gospels1 ,m>k & ,luke1 ,jairus comes to ,jesus1 n :5 8 daught] is dead1 b only :5 %e is suppos$ to be at ! la/ gasp4 ,!re is no reason f _! acc\nts to believe t %e di$ at all1 h] fri5ds' op9ion on t po9t be+ contradict$ by ,jesus4 ,b 9 ,mat!w ! miracle is enhanc$ by ! /atem5t ( ! fa!r to ,jesus t %e 0 j dead 7,mt4 ix4 #ah74 ,consi/5tly ) ?is acc\nt ! message aft]w>ds s5t to him f 8 h\se is omitt$4 ,aga91 :ile x seems f ! mann] 9 :i* ,mat!w & ,m>k relate :at happ5$1 t ! words ( ,jesus1 ,! maid5 is n dead1 b sleepe?1 prec$$ 8 entry into h] room1 x is cle> f ,luke t !y succe$$ x4 ,& ?is is consi/5t ) ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,"s ( ! m\rn]s & att5dants mu/ obvi\sly h be5 by ! b$side1 & he c\ld n turn !m out till he 0 himself beside x4 ,!n cle>+ ! sick-*amb] ( useless idl]s1 he c\ld proce$ 9 peace to treat ! pati5t2 :ile if we suppose t ^! p 7 all outside ! door1 !re is f> less reason = _! prompt expulsion4 ,t ?is is ! true explanation ( ! miracle ,i d n v5ture to ass]t2 ,i h only be5 anxi\s to %[1 by a s+le in/ance1 h[ easily ! tale ( an a/\nd+ prodigy might arise out ( a few p]fectly simple circum/ances4 ,a curi\s incid5t took place on ! way to ! h\se ( ,jairus4 ,a woman :o _h _h an issue ( blood = twelve ye>s1 came beh9d ,jesus & t\*$ 8 clo!s1 :]eupon %e 0 in/antly heal$4 ,jesus1 turn+ r\nd1 told h] t h] fai? _h sav$ h] 7,mk4 v4 #be-cd2 ,mt4 ix4 #bj-bb2 ,lu4 viii4 #dc-dh74 ,su* is ! fact z relat$ by ! fir/ ,evangeli/2 b ! o!r two1 magnify+ ! m>vel1 place ,jesus 9 ! mid/ ( a ?rong ( p press+ ^u him1 & make him sup]naturally consci\s t "s "o has t\*$ him 9 su* a mann] z to extract rem$ial p[] out ( him4 ,discov]$ by ?is in/9ct1 ! woman trembl+ly confesses h] de$4 ,nei!r contact1 h[ev]1 nor ev5 ! pres5ce ( ,jesus on ! spot1 7 ess5tial to a miracle ( heal+4 ,a c5turion1 hav+ a p>alytic s]vant1 ei!r w5t or s5t o!rs to ,jesus1 reque/+ t he w\ld heal him4 ,be=e ,jesus c\ld rea* ! h\se1 he decl>$ t he 0 unwor?y ( receiv+ him )9 x1 b entreat$ t ! ^w might be spok51 add+ t 8 s]vant w\ld !n be heal$4 ,?is 0 done2 & ,jesus took occasion to po9t ! moral by contra/+ ! fai? ( ?is hea!n ) t ( ! ,jews1 dwell+ on ! sup]ior /r5g? ( ! =m] 7,mt4 viii4 #e-ac2 ,lu4 vii4 #a-aj74 ,?is my?1 :i* appe>s only 9 two ,gospels1 & 9 !m ) consid]able v>iations1 seems to h be5 design$ to glorify ,jesus by mak+ a ,roman (fic] ackn[l$ge 8 p[]s4 ,?is int5tion is m evid5t 9 ,luke ?an 9 ,mat!w2 = 9 ,mat!w ! c5turion comes himself2 b 9 ,luke he s5ds ! eld]s ( ! ,jews to pref] 8 reque/1 _! appe>ance ev9c+ 8 importance1 & !re=e increas+ ! honor done to ,jesus by ! suppliant attitude 9 :i* he /&s4 ,:5 ,jesus is ne> 8 h\se ! (fic] /ill does n approa* 9 p]son1 b s5ds fri5ds1 di/9ctly /at+ t he ?\ght himself unwor?y to come himself1 & intimat+ 8 belief t a m]e ^w w be en\gh to heal 8 s]vant4 ,x is impossible to see :y ?is message might n h be5 s5t 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! eld]s1 & ! cure effect$ at once1 b ! two embassies to ,jesus make a bett] /ory4 ,?us1 9 ?is v]sion ! c5turion1 :o 9 ! o!r v]sion gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 (ficial /atus1 & receives ! highe/ praise = 8 fai?1 nev] actually sees ,jesus at all2 & ! eulogy is spok5 n to him1 b ( him4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r example ( ! way 9 :i* tales ( ?is k9d gr[ 9 pass+ f m\? to m\?4 ,sometimes mu* m mat]iali/ic means ( heal+ 7 adopt$4 ,"o day1 by ! sea ( ,galilee1 a deaf & dumb man 0 br\ght to ,jesus4 ,9 ?is case he took ! man aside1 put 8 f+]s into 8 e>s1 spat1 t\*$ 8 tongue1 look$ up to heav51 sigh$1 & said1 ,ephpha?a1 or1 ,be op5$ 7,mk4 vii4 #ca-cg74 ,:5 a ^w 0 suffici5t1 x 0 s+ul> to g ?r\gh all ^! p]=mances1 & ! :ole proce$+ has some:at ! air ( a piece ( juggl]y4 ,at ,be?saida he dealt 9 l mann] ) a bl9d man1 lead+ him out ( ! t[n1 spitt+ ^u 8 eyes1 & !n putt+ 8 h&s ^u him4 ,ask$ :e!r he saw1 ! man repli$ t he saw m5 z trees walk+1 :]eupon a fur!r application ( ! h& to 8 eyes caus$ him to see cle>ly 7,mk4 viii4 #bb-bf74 ,"h ! rem>k pres5ts itself t if any?+ ( ! sort ev] occurr$1 ! man c\ld n h be5 born bl9d1 s9ce he w\ld !n h be5 unable to di/+ui% ei!r m5 or trees by sight4 ,x mu/ h be5 a bl9dness due to accid5t or disease ( ! eyes1 & might n h be5 total4 ,b ! :ole /ory is probably my?ical4 ,two m miracles ( heal+ re/ on ! au?ority ( ! ?ird ,gospel alone4 ,by "o ( !m t5 lep]s1 :o _h ask$ = m]cy1 7 sudd5ly cleans$ aft] !y _h gone away4 ,"o only ( ! t51 a ,sm>itan1 turn$ r\nd to glorify ,god & to utt] 8 gratitude4 ,jesus !n obs]ves3 ',7 n ! t5 cleans$8 ,:]e are ! n9e8 ,7 !re none f\nd t return$ to give glory to ,god1 except ?is /rang]8' ,& he said to him1 ',arise1 g2 ?y fai? ha? sav$ !e' 7,lu4 xvii4 #aa-ai74 ,"h ! int5tion ( exalt+ ! ,sm>itan above ! ,jews is v evid5t4 ,ano!r prodigy 0 work$ at ! t[n ( ,na91 :]e ! only son ( a wid[ 0 j dead1 & 8 body 0 be+ c>ri$ out to ! burial-place4 ,jesus t\*$ ! bi]1 & ! wid['s son rose to life1 to ! t]ror ( ! spectators1 :o decl>$ t a great prophet _h be5 rais$ up1 & t ,god _h look$ ^u 8 p 7,lu4 vii4 #aa-ag74 ,?\gh ! miracles ( ,jesus 7 pr9cipally ( a rem$ial "*1 !re 7 o!rs :i* 7 r design$ to ev9ce 8 p[]4 ,conspicu\s among ?is class is t ( fe$+ a multitude ( five ?\s& p :o _h foll[$ him into a des]t place1 & ^: hung] he satisfi$ by ! sup]natural multiplication ( five loaves & two fi%es 7,mk4 vi4 #cj-de1 & viii4 #a-i2 ,mt4 xiv4 #ad-ba1 & xv4 #bi-ch2 ,lu4 ix4 #aj-ag2 ,jo4 vi4 #a-ae74 ,( ?is wond] a d\ble v]sion1 slightly diff]5t 9 details1 has be5 embodi$ 9 ! fir/ two ,gospels4 ,x is pla9ly ! same /ory com+ f diff]5t s\rces4 ,john1 ^: miracles are seldom id5tical ) ^? ( ! synoptics1 relates ?is "o ne>ly 9 ! same way2 except t accord+ to him x 0 a lad & n 7z 9 ! o!r ,gospels7 ! disciples1 :o _h ! food on :i* ! m>vel 0 op]at$4 ,! numb] ( p]sons is /at$ 9 all f\r ,gospels to be five ?\s& 7& on ! second occasion 9 ! two fir/ ,gospels f\r ?\s&72 b ,mat!w alone has /riv5 to enhance ! miracle /ill fur!r by add+ to ^! numb]s ! words1 besides wom5 & *ildr54 ,imm$iately aft] ?is miracle ! disciples ent]$ a boat to cross ! lake ( ,galilee1 leav+ _! ma/] on l&4 ,a /orm ov]took !m at night1 & z !y 7 labor+ ?r\gh x1 !y saw ,jesus walk+ t[>ds !m on ! wat]4 ,al>m$ at su* an app>ition !y cri$ out 9 fe>2 b ,jesus reassur$ !m1 & 0 receiv$ into _! boat1 :]eupon ! w9d fell 7,mk4 vi4 #de-eb2 ,mt4 xiv4 #bb-cc2 ,jo4 vi4 #af-ba74 ,to ?is ,mat!w1 unlike ,m>k & ,john1 adds t ,pet] also attempt$ ! feat ( walk+ on ! lake2 b be+ timid1 began to s9k1 & _h to be rescu$ by ,jesus4 ,john alone adds to ! fir/ miracle a fur!r "o3 namely1 t imm$iately ^u 8 entrance into ! %ip1 !y 7 at ! l& :i!r !y w5t4 ,a some:at simil> p]=mance is t ( /ill+ a viol5t /orm on ! lake ( ,galilee1 :i* seems to h a/oni%$ ev5 ! disciples 9 ! boat1 accu/om$ z !y mu/ h be5 to prodigies4 ,at lea/ _! exclamation1 ,:at sort ( man !n is ?is1 t ev5 ! w9d & ! sea obey him8 looks z if all 8 influ5ce ov] devils & diseases _h fail$ to conv9ce !m ( 8 true "* 7,mk4 iv4 #ce-da2 ,mt4 viii4 #bc-bg2 ,lu4 viii4 #bb-be74 ,all d\bt ^u ?is score mu/ h be5 remov$ 9 ! m9ds ( ?ree at lea/ ( ! disciples by a sc5e :i* occurr$ 9 _! pres5ce4 ,pet]1 ,james & ,john accompani$ him "o day to a high m\nta91 :]e he 0 transfigur$ be=e !m2 8 raim5t becom+ :ite & %9+4 ,elijah & ,moses 7 se5 ) him1 & ,pet]1 evid5tly bewild]$1 propos$ to make ?ree tab]nacles4 ,a voice came f heav53 ,?is is my belov$ son3 he> him4 ,sudd5ly ! app>ition vani%$2 ,jesus alone rema9$ ) ! disciples1 & on ! way d[n *>g$ !m to tell no "o ( :at !y _h se5 till aft] ! resurrection 7,mk4 ix4 #b-ac2 ,mt4 xvii4 #a-ac2 ,lu4 ix4 #bh-cf74 ,?is is a suspici\s circum/ance1 :i* means1 if x mean any?+1 t ! transfiguration 0 nev] ?\ght ( till aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 & t ?is ord] ( 8 0 inv5t$ to acc\nt = ! o!rwise unacc\ntable sil5ce ( ! ?ree disciples4 ,= is x to be imag9$ t ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john c\ld keep ! secret ( ?is m>vel\s ev5t1 :i* 0 s well fitt$ to confirm ! fai? ( believ]s1 & to conv9ce ! ,jews 9 g5]al ( ! ,messianic nature ( ! prophet8 ,& if !y did keep ! secret1 :at weight is to be atta*$ to _! evid5ce1 giv5 long aft] ! ev5t1 & :5 exalt$ views ( ! div9ity ( ! ,*ri/ :o _h ris5 f dea? 7 already curr5t8 ,su* are "s ( ! mighty works = :i* ,jesus claim$1 & 8 disciples yield$1 ! title ( son ( man1 or son ( ,god1 & assum$ ! au?ority ( ! ,messiah :om ! ,jewi% nation expect$4 ,b ?is claim 0 recogniz$ nei!r by ! spiritual heads ( ! ,jews1 nor by ! great bulk ( ! p4 ,inde$ he _h giv5 great (f5se to _! religi\s s5tim5t bo? by putt+ =w>d su* pret5sions1 & by ! op9ions he _h express$ on v>i\s topics4 ,! language :i* _h caus$ _! ho/ility1 z belong+ to 8 hi/orical & n to 8 my?ical p]sonality1 w be consid]$ else:]e4 ,b ! acc\nts--semi-my?ical1 semi-hi/orical--:i* h rea*$ u ( ! clos+ sc5es ( 8 life1 mu/ be pass$ "u review n[4 ,long be=e 8 actual arre/1 ! ,gospels tell u t he _h pr$ict$ to 8 disciples ! suff]+s t 7 to befall him4 ,pet]1 accord+ to "o ( ! v]sions1 _h remon/rat$ ) him on ^! =ebod+s1 & _h receiv$ f him 9 consequ5ce "o ( ! %>pe/ reprim&s he _h ev] giv51 ) ! opprobri\s epi!t ( ,satan4 ,x is fur!r /at$ t he prophesi$ 8 resurrection1 & 8 return to e>? 9 glory ) ! angels ( 8 ,fa!r4 ,to ?is 0 add$ ano!r pr$iction :i* prov$ false1 t !re 7 "s /&+ !re :o %\ld n ta/e ( dea? till ! son ( man came 9 8 k+dom4 ,gloomy expressions z to ! necessity ( 8 foll[]s tak+ up _! crosses & be+ ready to lose _! lives also escap$ him 7,mk4 viii4 #ca-;ix4 #a2 ,mt4 xvi4 #ba-bh2 ,lu4 ix4 #bb-bg74 ,a little lat]1 he is said to h di/9ctly giv5 v5t to simil> expectations z to 8 approa*+ end1 ?\gh )\t be+ able to make himself und]/ood by 8 disciples 7,mk4 ix4 #cj-cb2 ,mt4 xvii4 #bb1 #bc2 ,lu4 ix4 #dd1 #de74 ,aga91 on ! way to ,j]usalem :]e he int5d$ to celebrate ! passov]1 he took all 8 twelve disciples aside1 & di/9ctly =etold 8 execution !re1 & 8 resurrection on ! ?ird day 7,mk4 x4 #cb-cd2 ,mt4 xx4 #ag-ai2 ,lu4 xviii4 #ca-cd74 ,^? portions ( 8 prophecies :i* relat$ to 8 dea? at ! h&s ( ! ,jewi% rul]s1 ?\gh n ^? :i* relat$ to 8 return 9 glory1 7 de/9$ to be soon fulfill$4 ,det]m9$ to insi/ publicly ^u 8 title to ! ,messianic ?rone1 ,jesus resolv$ ^u a triumphal entry into ,j]usalem4 ,hav+ s5t two disciples f ! ,m\nt ( ,olives to fet* a colt1 hi!rto unridd51 :i* he in=m$ !m ! own]s w\ld surr5d] on he>+ t ! ,"l _h ne$ ( x1 he m\nt$ ?is animal & rode into ! city amid ! %\ts & acclamations ( 8 support]s4 ,_m are said to h spread _! g>m5ts 9 8 pa?2 o!rs to h cut d[n bran*es f trees1 & /rew$ !m be=e him4 ,^? t w5t be=e & beh9d him kept *e]+ z he rode1 exclaim+3 ,hosanna1 bless$ is he :o come? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l2 bless$ is ! com+ k+dom ( our fa!r ,david2 hosanna 9 ! highe/ 7,mk4 xi4 #a-aa2 ,mt4 xxi4 #a-aa2 ,lu4 xix4 #bi-ci2 ,jo4 xii4 #ab-af74 ,?is rem>kable sc5e is describ$ 9 all ! ,gospels2 b :ile ! ?ree fir/ repres5t ,jesus z s5d+ to fet* ! colt1 or ! ass & colt1 :i* he 9 "s my/]i\s mann] kn[s t ! man w give up1 ! f\r? makes him take ! ass & m\nt x2 n z 9 ! o!r v]sions be=e ! triumphal reception1 b aft] x _h begun4 ,s t z to ^! important circum/ances ! two acc\nts are entirely at issue2 t ( ,john be+ ! m natural4 ,t ,jesus actually ent]$ ,j]usalem 9 ?is fa%ion is highly probable1 = we f9d 9 ! ,gospels !mselves a motive assign$ :i* might well h l$ him to select x = 8 approa* to ! capital4 ,!re 0 a prophecy 9 ,ze*>iah ) :i* he 0 no d\bt famili>3 ,rejoice greatly1 ,o daught] ( ,zion3 %\t1 ,o daught] ( ,j]usalem3 behold1 ?y ,k+ come? unto !e1 j & victori\s is he2 l[ly1 & rid+ ^u an ass1 & ^u a foal1 ! "y ( asses 7,ze*4 ix4 #i74 ,) ! views he held z to 8 ,messiah%ip1 ,jesus may well h be5 anxi\s to %[ t ?is prophecy 0 fulfill$ 9 8 p]son4 ,on ! day aft] 8 entry on ! ass1 on com+ f ,be?any he 0 hungry1 & f9d+ a fig-tree )\t fruit1 he curs$ x4 ,m>k says t ! disciples f\nd x )]$ ! next day2 ,mat!w increas+ ! m>vel\s elem5t1 t !y saw x )] imm$iately4 ,m>k also adds t x 0 n ! season = figs1 :i*1 if correct1 w\ld h made x absurdly irrational 9 ,jesus to expect !m 7,mk4 xi4 #ab-ad1 & #bj-bf2 ,mt4 xxi4 #ah-bb74 ,if we accept ! m natural supposition t x 0 ! season1 b t ?is individual tree 0 b>r51 !n we may easily und]/& t ! abs5ce ( fruit & ! )]$ condition ( ! tree 7 bo? p>ts ( ! same set ( ph5om5a1 & t ! disciples may h obs]v$ !m ab\t ! same "t4 ,human be+s 7 ! next victims ( ! wra? ( ,jesus4 ,! money-*ang]s & dove-sell]s 7 turn$ out ( ! temple by him2 ! f\r? ,gospel alone m5tion+ a sc\rge ( small cords z ! weapon employ$ 7,mk4 xi4 #ab-ad2 ,mt4 xxxi4 #ab1 #ac2 ,lu4 xix1 #de1 #df2 ,jo4 ii4 #ae-ah74 ,a "q put by ! au?orities z to 8 "r to act ?us 0 met by a c\nt]-"q1 & f9ally left unansw]$ 7,mk4 xi4 #bg-cc2 ,mt4 xxi4 #bc-bg2 ,lu4 xx4 #a-h474 ,! *ief prie/s n[ consult$ toge!r z to ! measures to be tak5 ) a view ( br++ him to trial1 b hesitat$ to d any?+ on ! fea/-day = fe> ( popul> di/urbances4 ,mat!w tells u1 :at ! o!r two d n "k1 t !y assembl$ at ! palace ( ! high prie/ ,caiaphas1 & also puts 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus a di/9ct prophecy t aft] two days he w be betray$ to be crucifi$ 7,mk4 xiv4 #a1 #b2 ,mt4 xxvi4 #a-e2 ,luke xxii4 #a1 #b474 ,a simil> =ebod+ is express$1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,john1 9 ref]5ce to an incid5t :i* is v>i\sly describ$ by ^! ?ree ,evangeli/s4 ,mat!w & ,m>k agree 9 say+1 t on ?is occasion he 0 tak+ a repa/ at ! h\se ( ,simon ! lep]1 :5 a woman came up to him ) a box ( v preci\s o9tm5t & p\r$ x on 8 head4 ,"h1 accord+ to ,m>k1 "s1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! disciples1 7 indignant at ! wa/e ( ! o9tm5t1 :i* might1 !y said1 h be5 sold = mu*1 or = ?ree hundr$ p5ce1 & ! proce$s giv5 to ! poor4 ,b ,jesus w>mly took up ! woman's cause1 =1 he rem>k$1 %e has wr\ght a good "w on me4 ,= y always h ! poor ) y1 b me ye h n always4 ,= 9 p\r+ ?is o9tm5t on my body %e has done x = my burial4 ,m>k n[ h[ /rangely ?is simple /ory has be5 p]v]t$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel to suit ! purposes ( ! writ]4 ,! date he assigns to x--six days be=e ! passov]--is ne>ly ! same z t giv5 9 ! second ,gospel1 :]e x is plac$ two days be=e t fe/ival4 ,! place1 ,be?any1 is also id5tical4 ,b ! o!r circum/ances are widely diff]5t4 ,9 ?is ,gospel alone is any?+ kn[n ( an intimate fri5d ( ,jesus1 ,laz>us by "n4 ,9 x alone is !re any m5tion ( "o ( 8 mo/ a/\nd+ miracles1 ! re/oration ( ,laz>us to life4 ,consi/5tly ) 8 peculi> notion ( ! relations ( ,jesus ) ?is man's family he says no?+ ( ,simon ! lep]1 b )\t tell+ u 9 ^: h\se ,jesus 01 m5tions t ,laz>us 0 among ! gue/s1 & t 8 si/] ,m>?a 0 s]v+4 ,fur!r1 he ass]ts t ! woman :o br\ght ! o9tm5t 0 ,m>y1 ! o!r si/]4 ,in/ead ( p\r+ x on 8 head1 %e is made to ano9t 8 feet1 & wipe !m ) h] hair4 ,in/ead ( ! disciples1 or "s unkn[n p1 be+ angry at ! wa/e1 x is ,judas ,isc>iot 9 ^: m\? ! obnoxi\s comm5t is plac$4 ,! sum he names1 ?ree hundr$ p5ce1 is ! same z t assign$ 9 ,m>k z ! value ( ! o9tm5t4 ,b 9 ord] to cov] ,judas ) /ill fur!r obloquy1 ! ,evangeli/ *>ges him ) a desire to obta9 ?is sum1 n = ! poor1 b = himself2 he be+ ! be>] ( ! common purse1 & be+ 9 ! habit ( di%one/ly appropriat+ "s portion ( its cont5ts 7,mk4 xiv4 #c-i2 ,mt4 xxvi4 #f-ac2 ,jo4 xii4 #c-h74 ,( su* an accusation n a trace is to be f\nd 9 ! o!r ,gospels1 ^: writ]s 7 assur$ly n likely to sp>e ! reputation ( ,judas if x 7 op5 to attack4 ,nor does ! au?or ( ?is ins9uation (f] "o p>ticle ( evid5ce 9 its support4 ,! /eps by :i* a /ory gr[s f an indef9ite to a def9ite1 f a hi/orical to a my?ical =m1 are admirably illu/rat$ 9 ?is in/ance4 ,a tradition is pres]v$ 9 :i*1 :ile ! ma9 ev5t is cle>1 _m ( ! surr\nd+ circum/ances h be5 suff]$ to escape f memory4 ,writ] aft] writ] takes x up1 & f9d+ x ?us imp]fect1 adds to x detail aft] detail until its :ole complexion is alt]$4 ,ev5 ! ma9 ev5t may n always be exempt$ f ! transfigur+ process2 z "h1 :]e ! feet ( ,jesus are sub/itut$ = ! head1 & ! int]e/+ picture introduc$ ( ,m>y wip+ !m ) h] hair1 & consequ5tly plac+ h]self 9 a situation ( ! deepe/ humility4 ,& if ! c5tral incid5t is ?us unsafe1 /ill m s are its adjuncts4 ,fir/1 ! woman is unkn[n1 z are ^? :o murmur aga9/ h]4 ,!n1 9 ! second /age1 ! woman is /ill unkn[n1 b ! murmur]s are kn[n g5]ally z ! disciples4 ,b no bad motive is z yet assign$ = _! c5sure4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ?ird /age1 ! woman is kn[n1 ! murmur] is kn[n specifically z "o disciple1 & a bad motive is assign$ = 8 c5sure4 ,su* is ! way 9 :i* my?s gr[ up4 ,! circum/ance we h next to deal ) is obscure1 n because too mu* has be5 add$1 b because some?+ has be5 omitt$4 ,jesus _h n[ drawn ^u him ! mortal hatr$ ( ! prie/s ( ! temple4 ,he 0 well aw>e ( 8 dang]1 z _m ( 8 expressions %[4 ,he endeavor$ to avoid x by liv+ 9 concealm5t 9 or ne> ,j]usalem4 ,n t we are told ( ?is 9 s _m words1 b t ! c\rse ( ! /ory r5d]s x a necess>y assumption4 ,= all ! ,gospels in=m u t "o ( 8 disciples1 ,judas nam$ ,isc>iot1 w5t to ! *ief prie/s & betray$ him1 receiv+ a pecuni>y rew>d = ! s]vice ?us r5d]$ 7,mk4 xiv4 #aj1 #aa2 ,mt4 xxvi4 #ad-af2 ,lu4 xxii4 #c-f2 ,jo4 xiii4 #b1 #bg74 ,z to ?is fact !re is complete unanimity1 & x is borne out by ! mann] ( 8 arre/ z subsequ5tly depict$4 ,we _c !n treat x z a fiction2 b x is pla9 t _h ,jesus be5 lead+ ! op5 & public life describ$ 9 ! ,gospels1 !re w\ld h be5 no secret to betray1 & no rew>d to be e>n$4 ,a p]iod1 m or less long1 ( retirem5t to "s spot kn[n only to fri5ds1 mu/ !re=e be tak5 = grant$4 ,john alludes to some?+ ( ! sort1 ?\gh n di/9ctly1 :5 he relates t !re 0 a g>d5 across ! brook ,c$ron1 to :i* he (t5 resort$ ) 8 disciples1 & :i* 0 kn[n to ,judas4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian tradition did n l to ackn[l$ge t ,*ri/1 :om x repres5ts z brav+ dea?1 ev] lurk$ 9 hidd5 places l a crim9al1 & at ! same "t x wi%$ to br& ! memory ( ,judas ) infamy4 ,h5ce ! suppression ( a fact )\t :i* ! /ory _c be und]/ood4 ,! expressions1 he s\ght h[ he might conv5i5tly betray him 7,mk4 xiv4 #aa72 or he s\ght opportunity to betray him 7,mt4 xxvi4 #bf71 pla9ly po9t to ! same inf]5ce4 ,!re are "s diff]5ces 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! proce$+s ( ,judas are relat$4 ,all ! ,gospels agree t he receiv$ money1 b ,mat!w alone kn[s h[ mu*4 ,?is ,evangeli/ _h 9 8 m9d a passage 9 ,ze*>iah1 :i* he errone\sly attributes to ,j]emiah1 & :i* moreov] he misquotes 7,mt4 xxvii4 #i74 ,9 ! orig9al x runs ?us3 ,& ,i said unto !m ! poor ( ! flock1 ,if x is good 9 y\r eyes1 give me my hire2 & if n1 =be>4 ,& !y weigh$ = my hire ?irty pieces ( silv]4#bf ,mat!w & ,m>k m]ely /ate t ,judas betray$ 8 ma/]1 giv+ no reason = 8 conduct4 ,luke1 h[ev]1 repres5ts x z a consequ5ce ( ,satan hav+ ent]$ into him 7,lu4 xxii4 #c72 :ile ,john 9 l mann] /ates t ! devil put x into 8 he>t1 & ev5 kn[s ! v mom5t :5 ,satan ent]$ into him 7,jo4 xiii4 #b1 #bg74 ,?is ,evangeli/ alone places ! fir/ /eps tak5 by ,judas aft] ! la/ supp]1 in/ead ( be=e x1 & /rangely en\gh s arranges ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 t he only acts ^u ! resolution to betray him aft] a di/9ct decl>ation by ,jesus t he 0 ab\t to d s4 ,slightly anticipat+ ! c\rse ( ! n>rative1 we may m5tion "h ! s+ul> my? ( ! unhappy end ( ! traitor ,judas2 a my? :i* is ( peculi> int]e/ inasmu* z its orig9 is di/9ctly traceable to a mi/ranslation ( a v]se 9 ,ze*>iah4 ,! passage quot$ above cont9ues ?us3 ,& ,jehovah spoke to me3 ,?r[ x to ! treasure1 ! co/ly mantle ) :i* ,i am honor$ by !m2 & ,i took ! ?irty pieces ( silv] & ?rew !m into ! temple ( ,jehovah to ! treasure4 ,b ! ^w "h us$ = ! treasure commonly signifies pott]1 & 0 h5ce int]pret$ ,?r[ x to ! pott]4 ,out ( ?is mi/ake arose ! /ory t ,judas1 a%am$ ( 8 b>ga91 return$ ! money to ! *ief prie/s1 :o1 deem+ x unlawful to put x 9 ! treasury1 b\ght !re) ! pott]'s field to bury /rang]s 94 ,?us1 obs]ves ,mat!w1 0 fulfill$ t :i* 0 spok5 by ,j]emy ! prophet4 ,judas1 hav+ p>t$ ) 8 ill-gott5 ga91 committ$ suicide by hang+ 7,mt4 xxvii4 #c-aj74 ,s at lea/ says ,mat!w2 b ,luke1 mak+ confusion worse conf\nd$1 repres5ts ,judas himself z pur*as+ ! field ) ! rew>d ( iniquity2 aft] :i* he fell headlong1 & bur/+ 9 ! middle1 8 b[els gu%$ out 7,acts i4 #ah1 #ai74 ,( ?is notori\s fact1 kn[n1 accord+ to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 to all ! dwell]s at ,j]usalem1 ,mat!w at lea/ 0 :olly ignorant4 ,b bo? v]sions equally orig9ate 9 ! defective ,hebrew ( ! translators ( ,ze*>iah4 ,9 all ! synoptical ,gospels1 ! celebration ( ! passov] by ,jesus & 8 disciples succe$s ! secret arrangem5t ( ,judas ) ! high prie/s4 ,he kept x 9 ,j]usalem1 9 ! h\se ( a man ^: "n is n m5tion$1 b :o mu/ h be5 "o ( 8 adh]5ts4 ,! enc\nt] ) ?is man is repres5t$ 9 two ( ! ?ree v]sions z some?+ miracul\s4 ,on ! fir/ day ( unleav5$ bread ,jesus told two ( 8 disciples 7accord+ to ,m>k71 ,james & ,john 7accord+ to ,luke71 to g into ,j]usalem1 :]e !y w\ld meet a man be>+ a pit*] ( wat]4 ,him !y 7 to foll[1 & :]ev] he w5t 91 !y 7 to say to ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 ,:]e is ! gue/-*amb]1 :]e ,i may eat ! passov] ) my disciples8 ,he w\ld !n %[ !m a l>ge furni%$ upp] room1 :]e !y 7 to prep>e x4 ,no?+ b a p]fectly natural v]sion ( all ?is appe>s 9 ,mat!w4 ,!re ,jesus tells 8 disciples to g into ! city to ,s-&-s 7! "n !re=e hav+ be5 giv571 & tell him t he wi%$ to keep ! passov] at 8 h\se 7,mk4 xiv4 #ab-af2 ,mt4 xxvi4 #ag-ai2 ,lu4 xxii4 #g-ac74 ,"h aga9 we see h[ easily a wondr\s tale may orig9ate 9 a v simple fact4 ,supp] 0 accord+ly prep>$ 9 ! man's h\se1 & ,jesus ate ! passov] !re ) 8 disciples4 ,at ?is supp]1 accord+ to all ! ,gospels1 he m5tion$ ! fact t "o ( !m w\ld betray him4 ,:e!r 9 s do+ he actually nam$ ! traitor is unc]ta94 ,m>k's acc\nt is t :5 he _h pr$ict$ t "o w\ld betray him1 ! disciples 9 sorr[ inquir$ "o by "o1 ,is x ,i8 & t ,jesus told !m x 0 ! "o :o dipp$ ) him 9 ! di%4 ,luke leaves x /ill m indef9ite4 ,!re ,jesus m]ely says1 ! h& ( him t betrays me is ) me on ! table1 & no fur!r inquiry is made by any "o4 ,mat!w1 l ,m>k1 repres5ts ea* disciple z ask+ :e!r he 0 ! "o1 & ,jesus z giv+ ! same indication ab\t ! di%4 ,b he adds t ,judas himself ask$1 ,is x ,i8 & t ,jesus answ]$1 ,?\ ha/ said4 ,q diff]5t is ! acc\nt 9 ,john4 ,!re1 in/ead ( all ! disciples inquir+ :e!r x 0 he1 a s+le disciple1 lean+ on ! brea/ ( ,jesus1 asks1 on a sign f ,pet]1 :o x 0 to be4 ,jesus does n reply t x 0 he :o dipp$ 9 ! di%1 b he to :om he %\ld give a sop4 ,he !n gives ! sop to ,judas1 & tells him to d quickly t :i* he is ab\t to d2 words und]/ood by no "o pres5t4#bg ,! improbability ( any ( ^! /ories is obvi\s4 ,9 ! ?ree fir/1 ,judas is po9t$ out to all ! elev5 z a man :o is ab\t to give up _! ma/] to puni%m5t1 & probable dea?1 yet no /ep 0 tak5 or ev5 sugge/$ by any ( !m ei!r to imp$e ! false disciple 9 8 movem5ts1 or to save ,jesus by flight & concealm5t4 ,! ann\ncem5t is tak5 z quietly z if x 7 an e-day occurr5ce t 0 ref]r$ to4 ,john's n>rative avoids ?is difficulty by suppos+ ! intimation t ,judas 0 ! man to be convey$ by a private signal und]/ood only by ,pet] & ! disciple next to ,jesus4 ,^! two may h felt x necess>y to keep ! secret1 b :y !n c\ld !y n und]/& ! words ( ,jesus to ,judas1 or :y n at lea/ inquire :e!r !y _h ref]5ce to 8 trea*]y1 :i* _h j be=e be5 s pla9ly intimat$8 ,t ,jesus1 ) 8 ke5 vision1 may h div9$ ! proce$+s ( ,judas1 is q possible2 t he c\ld h spok5 ( !m at ! table 9 ?is op5 way )\t excit+ m att5tion1 is h>dly cr$ible4 ,x 0 at ?is same passov] t ,*ri/1 consci\s ( 8 approa*+ end1 bless$ ! bread & ! cup ( w9e1 & giv+ !m to 8 disciples1 told !m t ! "o 0 8 body1 & ! o!r 8 blood 9 ! new te/am5t1 or ! new te/am5t ( 8 blood 7,mk4 xiv4 #bb-be2 ,mt4 xxvi4 #bf-bi2 ,lu4 xxii4 #ad-ba2 ,i ,cor4 xi4 #bc-be74 ,john :o 0 confus$ ab\t dates 9 8 biography1 supposes t ?is supp] took place be=e ! fea/ ( ! passov]1 in/ead ( at x1 &1 consi/5tly ) ?is view1 he says no?+ ( ! in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/1 :i* _h a peculi> ref]5ce to ! ,jewi% fea/-day4 ,in/ead !re(1 he introduces ano!r c]emony1 ( :i* nei!r ! o!r ,evangeli/s nor ,paul say a ^w2 t ( wa%+ ! disciples' feet by ,jesus4 ,?is 0 done to make !m clean e :it 7?\gh x _h no su* effect on ,judas71 & also to set !m an example ( mutual k9dness 7,jo4 xiii4 #d-ag74 ,! passov] eat51 ,jesus retir$ ) 8 disciples to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,be+ 9 a prophetic mood1 he =etold t all 8 disciples w\ld =sake him 9 ! h\r ( dang] n[ approa*+1 & t ,pet] w\ld d5y him4 ,?is ,pet] res5t$1 ?\gh x 0 de/9$ to be soon fulfill$4 ,aft] ?is ,jesus w5t to ,ge?semane1 & tak+ 8 ?ree pr9cipal disciples ap>t f ! re/1 told !m t 8 s\l 0 sorr[ful unto dea?1 & begg$ !m to rema9 & wat* :ile he pray$4 ,go+ a little =w>d1 he pray$ e>ne/ly t ! com+ trial might pass f him1 yet ) submission to ,god's w4 ,return+1 he f\nd 8 ?ree fri5ds asleep1 & ?is happ5$ twice aga91 ^! devot$ m5 sleep+ calmly on until ! v mom5t :5 ! (fic]s ( ! ,sanh$rim came to arre/ _! ,"l4 ,luke adorns ?is sc5e--:i* he places at ! ,m\nt ( ,olives )\t m5tion+ ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane--) ampl] details4 ,m>k & ,mat!w "k no?+ ( ! exact di/ance ( ,jesus f 8 disciples2 ,luke kn[s t x 0 ab\t a /one's ?r[4 ,moreov]1 all ! numb] are pres5t1 n only ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john4 ,sweat l drops ( blood falls f ,*ri/4 ,an angel appe>s to /r5g!n him4 ,all ?is is new2 z is ! repres5tation t ! disciples 7 sleep+ f sorr[1--a motive :i* ! ,evangeli/ no d\bt felt x ne$ful to assign 9 ord] to v9dicate _! honor4 ,! o!r two biograph]s1 :o cont5t !mselves ) say+ t ,_! eyes 7 heavy1 c]ta9ly keep m )9 ! limits ( probability 7,mk4 xiv4 #cb-db2 ,mt4 xxvi4 #cf-df2 ,lu4 xxii4 #ci-df74 ,no soon] 0 ! pray] conclud$ ?an ,judas1 accompani$ by a l>ge posse comitatus arm$ ) swords & /aves1 came f ! ,jewi% au?orities4 ,resi/ance to ! arre/ mu/ h be5 expect$1 & n :olly )\t reason2 = z soon z ! (fic]s1 9 ob$i5ce to ! preconc]t$ signal ( a kiss f ,judas1 _h seiz$ ,jesus1 "o ( 8 p>ty drew a sword & cut (f ! e> ( ! high prie/'s s]vant4 ,?is incid5t is relat$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 all ! ,gospels4 ,9 ,m>k1 ,jesus addresses no rebuke to ! disciple :o commits ?is action4 ,9 ,mat!w1 he tells him to put up 8 sword1 = all :o take ! sword %all p]i% by ! sword4 ,9 ,luke1 ! progress to great] def9it5ess :i* has be5 not$ z *>act]iz+ ^! semi-hi/orical my?s has begun4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 be=e go+ to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 ! disciples provide !mselves ) two swords2 & ,jesus1 on _! m5tion+ ! fact1 says1 ,x is en\gh4 ,!n ! writ] kn[s t x 0 ! "r e> :i* 0 cut (f4 ,m ?an ?is1 he gives arti/ic f9i% to ! :ole by mak+ ,jesus t\* ! place & heal ! w\nd3 ?\gh :e!r a new e> grew1 or ! old "o 0 put on aga91 he does n tell u4 ,m def9ite /ill is ! v]sion 9 ,john4 ,?is ,evangeli/1 z we saw 9 ano!r case1 is fond ( supply+ names4 ,?us1 he pret5ds to "k "h t x 0 ,pet] :o cut (f ! e>1 & t its own] 0 call$ ,mal*us4 ,pet] is call$ to ord] 9 8 v]sion1 b ,mal*us is n heal$4 ,pla9ly x 0 ! s5se ( ju/ice ( ! ?ird ,evangeli/ t made him %r9k f leav+ an innoc5t dep5d5t 9 ?is mutilat$ condition1 :5 he knew t ,*ri/ might s easily h re/or$ ! miss+ memb]4 ,:ile 9 ! synoptical ,gospels x is ,judas :o by a kiss po9ts out ,jesus1 9 ,john x is ,jesus himself :o comes =w>d to decl>e himself4 ,h]eupon ! p>ty deput$ by ! prie/s g backw>ds & fall to ! gr\nd4 ,!y soon recov] !mselves en\gh to arre/ him4 ,9 all ! v]sions he suff]s himself to be quietly tak51 :ile 9 all b ,john he res5ts1 ) mu* dignity1 ! s5d+ ( su* a =ce aga9/ him1 z ?\gh he _h be5 a ?ief2 :ile 9 fact he _h (t5 taught op5ly 9 ! temple & _h n be5 /opp$4 ,_! ma/] once tak51 ! c\rage ( ! disciples 0 at an end4 ,!y all fl$4 ,jesus 0 br\ght be=e ! ,sanh$rim1 & evid5ce1 ( ! t5or ( :i* we are n in=m$1 0 produc$ aga9/ him4 ,la/ly1 two witnesses depos$ t !y _h he>d him say1 ,i am able to de/roy ?is temple1 & 9 ?ree days to rebuild x2 or1 ,i w de/roy ?is temple made ) h&s1 & w build ano!r n made ) h&s 9 ?ree days4 ,m>k endeavors to depreciate ^! witnesses by say+ t _! evid5ce did n agree2 & he himself is liable to ! rem>k t 8 report ( _! evid5ce does n agree ) t ( ,mat!w1 :ile 9 nei!r ,gospel does ! utt]ance attribut$ by ^! m5 to ,jesus tally exactly ) t assign$ to him 9 ,john1 ,de/roy ?is temple1 & 9 ?ree days ,i w raise x up 7,jo4 ii4 #ai74 ,! agreem5t1 h[ev]1 is close en\gh to r5d] x probable t "s su* expression 0 us$1 & "s su* evid5ce giv54 ,nei!r ,luke nor ,john "k any?+ ( witnesses aga9/ ,jesus4 ,b ,luke1 9 common ) ! o!r synoptical ,gospels1 ass]ts t he n only admitt$1 b emphatically confirm$ ! *>ge--di/9ctly put to him by ! high prie/--( be+ ! ,son ( ,god4 ,on ?is confession he 0 unanim\sly f\nd guilty ( blasphemy4 ,:olly diff]5t is ! conduct ( ! trial 9 ,john1 ^: acc\nt1 moreov]1 is confus$ & ill-writt5 9 ! extreme4 ,) 8 usual pron5ess to give names1 he says t ,jesus 0 tak5 fir/ be=e ,annas1 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,caiaphas ! high prie/4 ,annas s5t him b\nd to ,caiaphas4 ,! high prie/ 7! c\ncil is n allud$ to7 c>ri$ on an in=mal conv]sation ) ,jesus1 inquir+ ab\t 8 doctr9e & disciples2 que/ions :i* ! latt]1 on ! plea ( ! publicity ( 8 tea*+1 refus$ to answ]4 ,!re is no m5tion ( blasphemy2 no conviction on any *>ge2 no expression ( op9ion on ! "p ( ,caiaphas2 ?\gh f ! fact t he committ$ ! prison] = trial be=e ! ,roman c\rt1 x may be inf]r$ t he consid]$ him guilty4#bh ,dur+ ! trial by ! ,sanh$rim1 a s+ul> sc5e 0 pass+ 9 ! ante-room4 ,!re ,pet]1 :o alone ( ! disciples _h foll[$ 8 ma/] 7= ! m5tion ( ano!r is peculi> to ,john71 0 w>m+ himself among ! att5dants4 ,que/ion$ by maids & (fic]s ( ! c\rt :e!r he _h n be5 among ! disciples ( ! accus$1 he vehem5tly1 ?ree sev]al times1 repudiat$ ! supposition1 ?\gh 8 ,galilean acc5t told heavily aga9/ him4 ,accord+ to ,john1 ! "q 0 put on ! ?ird occasion by a relative ( ,mal*us1 :o _h se5 him 9 ! g>d54 ,! o!r ,evangeli/s are less specific4 ,n[ ,jesus _h =etold t ,pet] w\ld ?us d5y him1 & t 8 falsehoods w\ld be foll[$ by ! cr[+ ( a cock4 ,imm$iately aft] ! la/ d5ial1 ?is signal occurr$2 & ,pet]1 accord+ to all ! ,gospels b ! f\r?1 w5t out & wept ov] 8 meanness4#bi ,convict$ by ! ,sanh$rim1 ! prison] 0 n[ plac$ at ! b> ( ! civil tribunal4 ,! procurator ( ,judea at ?is "t 0 a man nam$ ,pontius ,pilatus4 ,8 "* does n /& high4 ,ne&] t]ms him an image ( ! corruption :i* !n prevail$ among di/+ui%$ ,romans 7,leb5 ,jesu1 p4 #fhg74 ,appo9t$ 9 ! ye> #bc1 he 0 recall$ 9 #cg on acc\nt ( ! slaught] ( "s ,sm>itans 9 a battle4 ,he _h insult$ ! prejudices ( ! p he gov]n$ by sett+ up ! /&>ds ( ! ,roman army )9 ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 & _h ?reat5$ an arm$ attack ^u ! peaceable ,jews :o w5t to ,cs>ea to remon/rate aga9/ ?is novel measure4 ,on ano!r occasion he _h tak5 "s ( ! rev5ues ( ! temple to con/ruct an aqu$uct1 & :5 ! "w 0 int]rupt$ by ! p1 _h set disguis$ soldi]s ^u !m1 :o kill$ !m )\t m]cy4 ,su* a man 0 n likely to be excessively tr\bl$ by scruples ab\t ! execution ( an innoc5t victim4 ,on ! o!r h& x is p]fectly possible t he might1 comp>+ ! prison] ) ! prosecutors1 pref] ! =m]4 ,hav+ no love = ! ,jewi% p1 an object ( _! antipa?y might become to a c]ta9 ext5t an object ( 8 sympa?y4 ,b beyond ?is1 x w\ld be absurd to suppose t a man ( ! "* ( ,jesus w\ld inspire him ) any sort ( reg>d1 or t he w\ld hesitate to take 8 life if x suit$ 8 purpose4 ,! simple/ acc\nt ( ! trial be>s out ?is expectation4 ,que/ion$ by ,pilate z to ! *>ge pref]r$ aga9/ him1 ( claim+ to be ! k+ ( ! ,jews1 ! prison] answ]$ by an admission ( its tru?3 ,?\ saye/ x4 ,to o!r accusations urg$ aga9/ him by ! prie/s he made no reply4 ,pilate wond]$ at 8 sil5ce1 & endeavor$1 b )\t success1 to extract an answ]4 ,:ile ! conduct ( ! accus$ man mu/ h appe>$ to him n a little /range1 ,pilate may also h ?\ght t ! pret5sions to k+%ip ( a peaceable fanatic1 ) b few & obscure foll[]s1 7 n[ise dang]\s to ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 8 cu/om at ?is fe/ival to release a prison]1 leav+ ! p1 or ! ,jewi% au?orities1 to decide :om4 ,he n[ propos$ to release ,jesus1 b ! sugge/ion 0 n accept$1 & ! lib]ation ( a well-kn[n political prison]1 :o _h be5 engag$ 9 an insurrection>y ent]prise1 0 dem&$ in/ead4 ,pilate naturally en\gh pref]r$ ! w\ld-be ,messiah to ! actual rebel4 ,! ,jews z naturally pref]r$ ! rebel4 ,!y clamor$ = ! crucifixion ( ,jesus1 & ,pilate--afraid p]haps t by too mu* anxiety to save him he w\ld expose himself to misrepres5tation be=e ,tib]ius--gave way to _! dem&4 ,s f> ,m>k2 & z to ! *>ge aga9/ ,jesus1 & ! procurator's treatm5t ( x1 ! o!r ,evangeli/s are all at "o ) him4 ,b ea* has adorn$ ! trial ) additional incid5ts aft] 8 own fa%ion4 ,mat!w has a ridicul\s /ory ( an int]f]5ce ) ! c\rse ( ju/ice by ,pilate's wife1 :o on ! /r5g? ( a dream entreat$ him to h no?+ to d ) t j man4 ,mat!w1 z we h se5 be=e1 0 a great believ] 9 dreams4 ,!n he is s desir\s ( cle>+ ! "* ( ! ,roman1 t he describes him z wa%+ 8 h&s 9 tok5 ( 8 innoc5ce be=e ! multitude1 :o cry out t ! blood ( ,jesus is to be on !m & _! *ildr54 ,9 ,luke1 !re is a new v>iation4 ,le>n+ t ,jesus 0 a ,galilean1 ,pilate s5t him to ,h]od1 :o _h long be5 anxi\s to see him1 b :o c\ld n n[ induce him to answ] any ( 8 que/ions4 ,h]od1 l ,pilate1 f\nd no fault 9 him1 & s5t him back aft] treat+ him ) ridicule4 ,pilate's reluctance to convict ,jesus is mu* magnifi$ 9 ?is ,gospel4 ,he insi/s on ,h]od's inability1 z well z 8 own1 to discov] any capital (f5se committ$ by him1 & ?ree sev]al times proposes to ! prosecution to *a/ise him & !n dismiss him4 ,9 ,john1 ! conv]sation ( ,pilate ) ,jesus is :olly diff]5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x takes place alone1 or at any rate 9 ! abs5ce ( ! accus]s1 = ^! _h refus$ to be defil$ by ent]+ ! c\rt2 & ,pilate is repres5t$ z go+ out to !m to inquire into ! *>ge4 ,?is is to suit ! blund] ab\t dates committ$ 9 ?is ,gospel1 accord+ to :i* ! la/ supp] 0 be=e1 & ! trial at ! v "t (1 ! passov]4 ,! ,jews1 !re=e1 /& )\t1 & ! prison] is )94 ,! prison] does n refuse1 z 9 all ! o!r v]sions1 to answ] ,pilate's que/ions1 b ent]s at "s l5g? into 8 doctr9e1 expla9+ ! unworldly nature ( 8 k+dom4 ,pilate places ! purple robe & ! cr[n ( ?orns ^u him be=e 8 condemnation1 in/ead ( aft] x1 & !n tells ! ,jews t he f9ds no fault 9 him4 ,yet aft] ?is he desires !m to crucify him1 al?\gh he 0 guiltless4 ,h]eupon ! ,jews tell him t he _h made himself ! ,son ( ,god4 ,at ?is1 ,pilate is fright5$1 & ent]s into fur!r conv]sation ) ,jesus4 ,aft] he>+ him exp\nd ano!r !ory1 he is /ill v anxi\s to release him1 b is =c$ to yield by an intimation t no fri5d ( ,cs>'s w\ld protect a rival to ! ?rone 7,mk4 xv4 #a-ad2 ,mt4 xxvii4 #a1 #b1 & #aa-be2 ,lu4 xxiii4 #a-bc2 ,jo4 xviii4 #bh-dj74 ,any?+ m utt]ly improbable ?an ?is sc5e x is difficult to imag9e4 ,! picture ( ! ,roman gov]nor ( ,judea go+ backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 accus]s & accus$2 li/5+ to ! !ological fancies ( ! accus$2 helpless aga9/ ! pressure ( ! accus]s2 al>m$ at ! pret5sions to div9ity ( a "y ,galilean artisan2 are suffici5t 9 !mselves to /amp ?is ,gospel ) ! m>k ( unv]acity4 ,s5t5c$ to dea?1 ,jesus 0 n[ sc\rg$2 a purple robe 0 put ^u him1 & a cr[n ( ?orns ab\t 8 head 7n ^u x z 0 aft]w>ds said73 he 0 salut$ 9 mock]y z k+ ( ! ,jews1 & smitt5 ) a re$ ^u ! head4 ,aft] ?is cruel c]emony he 0 l$ out to ,golgo?a to be crucifi$1 a man nam$ ,simon be+ compell$ to be> 8 cross 7,mk4 xv4 #ae-ba2 ,mt4 xxvii4 #bf-cb2 ,lu4 xxiii4 #bd-bf2 ,jo4 xix4 #a-af74 ,luke is s+ul> 9 ! introduction ( a l>ge company ( wom5 :o foll[ ,jesus to ! crucifixion & draw f him a prophecy ( t]rible evils to come ^u !m & _! *ildr52 = !mselves1 & n = him1 !y 7 to weep 7,lu4 xxiii4 #bg-ca74 ,! o!r v]sions say no?+ ( any fri5ds or foll[]s1 male or female1 z be+ pres5t at ?is p]iod1 ?\gh !y d m5tion _m wom5 z look+ on f a di/ance dur+ ! crucifixion4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 n daught]s ( ,j]usalem 7l ! wom5 9 ,luke71 b ,galilean admir]s :o _h foll[$ him to ! capital4 ,8 "m 0 c]ta9ly n among !m1 or %e c\ld n fail to h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! synoptical ,gospels2 :]eas ! only names we meet ) are ^? ( ,m>y ,magdal5e2 ,m>y1 "m ( ,james & ,joses2 & ,salome1 app>5tly ! same p]son z ! "m ( ,zeb$ee's *ildr5 7,mk4 xv4 #dj1 #da2 ,mt4 xxvii4 #ee1 #ef74 ,^! 7 among ! spectators ( ! melan*oly end ( him :o _h be5 _! tea*] & _! fri5d4 ,he 0 crucifi$ betwe5 two crim9als1 ) an inscription on 8 cross :i* is diff]5tly report$ 9 e ,gospel1 b ( :i* ! sub/ance 0 t he 0 ! k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,a /upify+ dr9k :i* ,mat!w 79 accordance ) a suppos$ prophecy7 7,ps4 lxix4 #ba7 calls v9eg> & gall1 0 (f]$ him by ! execution]s2 n z ,luke supposes1 9 mock]y1 b ) ! humane int5tion ( allay+ ! pa94 ,8 clo!s 7 divid$ among ! p>ty ( soldi]s2 a circum/ance 9 :i* ! ,evangeli/s z usual endeavor to see ! fulfillm5t ( prophecy4 ,9 ,psalm xxii4 #ah1 we read3 ,!y "p my g>m5ts among !m1 & ca/ lots ^u my ve/ure4 ,! ,synoptics cont5t !mselves "h ) /at+ t ! soldi]s drew lots = 8 clo?+1 b ,john anxi\s to fulfill ?is prophecy 9 ! mo/ lit]al mann] possible1 pret5ds t !y divid$ ! articles ( 8 app>el into f\r p>ts1 b f9d+ ! coat )\t seam1 agre$ n to te> x1 b to apportion x by lot4 ,luke is ! sole report] ( a say+ ( ,jesus utt]$ 9 8 la/ mom5ts3 ,fa!r1 =give !m1 = !y "k n :at !y d 7,mk4 xv4 #bc-bh2 ,mt4 xxvii4 #cd-ch2 ,lu4 xxiii4 #cb-cd1 #cf2 ,jo4 xix4 #ag-bd74 ,! pangs ( dea? mu/ h be5 greatly embitt]$ to ,jesus if x be true t n only ! prie/s & pass]s by1 b ! v crim9als :o 7 crucifi$ ) him1 ridicul$ 8 claim to be k+ ( ,israel1 & sugge/$ t he %\ld prove x to demon/ration by sav+ himself f ! cross4 ,all ! synoptical ,gospels agree 9 ?is acc\nt1 ) ! s+le exception t ,luke includes only "o ( ! malefactors among ! scorn]s4 ,accord+ to ?is ,gospel1 ! o!r rebuk$ 8 fell[-convict = 8 misbehavior1 & address$ to him a few moral rem>ks2 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 p]haps n q dis9t]e/$1 = at its close he reque/$ ,jesus to rememb] him 9 8 k+dom1 & receiv$ an ample rew>d 9 ! %ape ( a promise f ! latt] t he %\ld be ) him t day 9 ,p>adise4 ,b :]e 0 ! imp5it5t crim9al to be8 ,ab\t 8 fate !re is an om9\s obscurity1 & x evid5tly did n occur to ! writ] t ! =giv5ess :i* ,jesus _h j be5 pray+ 8 ,fa!r to grant 8 enemies1 he might himself h ext5d$ to ?is mis]able man 7,mk4 xv4 #bi-cb2 ,mt4 xxvii4 #ci-dd2 ,lu4 xxiii4 #ce-dc74 ,ano!r incid5t ( ! clos+ h\rs ( ,jesus is kn[n to ! f\r? ,evangeli/ alone4 ,accord+ to ! o!rs1 ! wom5 :o wat*$ him expire 7 /&+ f> (f4 ,b accord+ to ,john1 8 "m ,m>y1 h] si/]1 & ,magdal5e 7 all at ! foot ( ! cross4 ,!re also 0 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 & :o 9 ! ?ree o!r ,gospels _h run away4 ,be=e he di$1 ,jesus committ$ 8 "m to ! c>e ( ?is disciple z to a son1 & he aft]w>ds took h] home4 ,! dogmatic purpose ( ?is /ory is evid5t4 ,m>y _h n be5 conv]t$ by h] son dur+ 8 life-"t1 & x 0 important to br+ h] to ! foot ( ! cross at 8 dea?1 & to place h] 9 ?is close connection ) "o ( 8 pr9cipal disciples 7,jo4 xix4 #be-bg74 ,z to ! la/ words ( ,jesus1 !re is an am\nt ( div]g5ce :i* %[s t no acc\nt c be reg>d$ z tru/wor?y4 ,m>k & ,mat!w bo? relate t he call$ out1 ,eloi1 ,eloi1 lama saba*?ani8 an exclamation :i* he may really h utt]$1 or :i*1 z com+ f a prophetic ,psalm1 may h seem$ to !m appropriate4 ,h]eupon a sponge ( v9eg> 0 (f]$ him "u ! impression t he 0 call+ ,elias1 & ) a l\d cry he gave up ! gho/4 ,9 ,luke he cries l\dly1 & !n says1 ,fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s4 ,) ^! words 7also f "o ( ! ,psalms7 ^u 8 lips1 he dies4 ,9 ,john he says1 ,i am ?ir/y3 & aft] receiv+ "s v9eg>1 adds1 ,x is f9i%$2 & b[+ 8 head1 gives up ! gho/ 7,mk4 xv4 #cd-cg2 ,mt4 xxvii4 #df-ej2 ,lu4 xxiii4 #df2 ,jo4 xix4 #bh-cj74 ,) ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 & inde$ imm$iately be=e x1 we pass f ! region ( mix$ hi/ory & my?ology into t ( pure my?ology4 ,) ! exception ( 8 burial1 all t foll[s has be5 delib]ately inv5t$4 ,! wond]s att5dant ^u 8 clos+ h\rs belong 9 "p to ! typical ord] ( my?s1 & 9 "p to an ord] peculi> to himself4 ,! d>kness f ! six? to ! n9? h\r1 ! r5d+ ( ! temple veil1 ! e>?quake1 ! r5d+ ( ! rocks1 are altoge!r l ! prodigies att5d+ ! decease ( o!r great m54 ,! c5turion's exclamation1 ,truly ?is man 0 j1 or ,truly ?is man 0 ! son ( ,god 7x is diff]5tly report$71 is a my? belong+ peculi>ly to ,*ri/1 & design$ to exhibit ! en=c$ confession ( 8 greatness by an incr$ul\s ,roman4 ,9 ,mat!w1 :]e ! m mode/ n>ratives ( ,m>k & ,luke are greatly improv$ ^u by additional details1 x is fur!r add$ t _m bodies ( sa9ts arose1 & aft] ! resurrection appe>$ to _m 9 ,j]usalem 7,mk4 xv4 #cc-ci2 ,mt4 xxvii4 #de1 & #ea-ed2 ,lu4 xxiii4 #dd-dg74 ,john1 :o kn[s no?+ :atev] ( ! d>kness1 ! accid5t to ! temple veil1 ! revival ( ! sa9ts1 or ! c5turion's exclamation1 has a my? ( 8 own con/ruct$ = ! especial purpose ( fulfill+ c]ta9 prophecies4 ,! next day be+ a fe/ival1 ! ,jews1 he says1 7 anxi\s t ! bodies %\ld n rema9 on ! crosses4 ,!y !re=e reque/$ ,pilate to break _! legs & remove !m4 ,he ord]$ ?is to be done1 & ! legs ( ! two crim9als 7 brok51 b n ^? ( ,jesus1 :o 0 already dead2 "o ( ! soldi]s1 h[ev]1 pi]c$ 8 side1 f :i* blood & wat] gu%$ out4 ,! writ] adds a /rong assev]ation ( 8 v]acity1 b imm$iately betrays himself by lett+ out t 9 relat+ ! omission to break ! legs ( ,jesus he 0 comp>+ him to ! ,pas*al lamb1 ( :om n a bone 0 to be brok52 :ile 9 tell+ ( ! soldi] :o pi]c$ 8 side1 he 0 ?9k+ ( a phrase 9 ,ze*>iah3 ,!y %all look ^u me :om !y h pi]c$ 7,ze*4 xii4 #aj2 ,jo4 xix4 #ca-cg74 ,! burial ( ! body took place quietly4 ,joseph ( ,arima?a1 a secret admir] ( ,jesus1 plac$ x 9 a new sepul*re ( 8 own4 ,) him ,john associates a "* :o exi/s only 9 8 ,gospel1 ,nicodemus1 & :om he introduces "h z tak+ "s "p 9 ! int]m5t4 ,to ! circum/ance ( ! burial 9 ! rock sepul*re1 ,mat!w adds an audaci\s fiction ( 8 own2 namely1 t ! *ief prie/s1 rememb]+ ,*ri/'s pr$iction t he %\ld rise on ! ?ird day1 obta9$ leave to seal ! /one ( ! tomb & keep x wat*$1 le/ ! disciples %\ld take ! body by night & pret5d t he 0 ris5 7,mk4 xv4 #db-dg2 ,mt4 xxvii4 #eg-ff2 ,lu4 xxiii4 #ej-ef2 ,jo4 xix4 #ch-db74 ,c]ta9ly if ! ,evangeli/ _h meant to convey ! impression t no human means c\ld prev5t ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 he w\ld h be5 p]fectly "r4 ,an actual body 0 n necess>y = ! purpose4 ,= ! leg5ds app]ta9+ to ! resurrection belong to a region 9 :i* imag9ation1 unhamp]$ by ! controll+ influ5ce ( hi/orical fact1 has be5 p]mitt$ ! free/ play4 ,( ! appe>ances ( ,jesus aft] 8 dea? we h acc\nts by no less ?an sev5 diff]5t h&s1 ea* /ory be+ di/9ct f1 ?\gh n always inconsi/5t )1 ! o!r six4 ,let u beg9 ) :at is probably ! olde/ ( all1 conta9+ b a g]m ( ! re/2 ! fir/ eight v]ses ( ! la/ *apt] ( ,m>k4 ,!re we are told t on ! day aft] ! ,sabba?1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,m>y ,james's "m1 & ,salome w5t to ! sepul*re at sunrise4 ,!y f\nd x empty1 ! /one hav+ be5 roll$ away4 ,a "y man 9 :ite clo!s 0 sitt+ 9 x4 ,he told !m t ,jesus 0 ris51 & desir$ !m to tell ! disciples t he 0 go+ to ,galilee1 :]e !y w\ld see him4 ,all t foll[s 9 ?is ,gospel is add$ by a lat] h&1 & ! v fir/ v]se ( ! addition is pla9ly writt5 9 total disreg>d ( :at has j prec$$ x4 ,obs]ve !n t ! simple/ =m ( ! /ory ( ! resurrection conta9s no m5tion ( any actual appe>ance ( ,jesus :atev]1 b m]ely an ass]tion t ! body 0 n 9 ! tomb1 & t a man1 sitt+ inside x1 made c]ta9 /atem5ts to ?ree wom54 ,to ?is ! =g] has add$ t ,jesus appe>$ fir/ to ,magdal5e1 ^: acc\nt1 giv5 to ! disciples1 0 disbeliev$ by !m2 secondly1 to two disciples :ile walk+1 ^: evid5ce 0 also disbeliev$2 ?irdly1 to ! elev5 at d9n]1 to :om he address$ a disc\rse 7,mk4 xvi474 ,! writ] ( ! fir/ ,gospel is mu* m elaborate4 ,he 0 a little emb>rass$ by ! gu>ds :om he _h set to wat* ! tomb1 :om x 0 ess5tial to f9d "s conv5i5t me?od ( gett+ out ( ! way4 ,l ,m>k1 he takes ! two ,m>ys 7n ,salome7 to ! sepul*re e>ly on ! fir/ day ( ! week2 unlike ,m>k1 he does n make !m exam9e ! tomb & f9d x des]t$4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is an e>?quake 7! au?or is r fond ( ^! natural convulsions71 & an angel ) a face l lightn+1 clo!d 9 ! pure/ :ite1 desc5ds4 ,he rolls back ! /one & sits ^u x4 ,8 appe>ance s t]rifies ! keep]s t !y become l corpses4 ,! angel tells ! wom5 t ,jesus is ris51 & t !y are to let ! disciples "k t he w\ld g be=e !m to ,galilee1 :]e !y w\ld see him4 ,z !y are engag$ on ?is err&1 ,jesus himself appe>s & gives !m a simil> injunction4 ,! second appe>ance occurr$ be=e ! elev5 disciples1 :o saw him at an appo9t$ place 9 ,galilee1 b "s d\bt$4 ,"h ,jesus address$ to !m a p>t+ disc\rse1 & ?is ,gospel does n /ate h[ or :5 he quitt$ !m4 ,! awkw>d circum/ance ( ! pres5ce ( ! gu>ds1 :o _h c]ta9ly n te/ifi$ to ! angel's desc5t1 _h /ill to be surm\nt$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by a ridicul\s /ory t !y _h be5 heavily brib$ by ! prie/s & eld]s to say t ! disciples _h /ol5 ! body :ile !y 7 asleep 7,mt4 xxviii74 ,unlike ei!r ( ! prec$+ writ]s1 ,luke conceives ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ to h be51 n to ! wom51 b to two disciples4 ,he does inde$ relate t on ! morn+ ( ! fir/ day ( ! week ,magdal5e1 ,m>y1 ,joanna1 & o!r wom5 w5t to ! tomb1 & f\nd ! /one roll$ away & ! body gone4 ,:ile !y 7 wond]+ at ?is1 two m5 9 %9+ g>m5ts /ood by !m1 & told !m t he :om !y s\ght 0 ris54 ,!y return$ to report to ! apo/les1 to :om _! words seem$ z idle tales4 ,pet]1 h[ev]1 ran to ! sepul*re to v]ify _! /atem5t1 & f\nd only ! clo!s 9 x4 ,two ( ! disciples 7 go+ t same day to ,emmaus4 ,:ile walk+ & talk+1 a /rang] jo9$ !m & ent]$ into a conv]sation1 9 :i* he exp\nd$ ! prophecies relat+ to ! ,messiah4 ,!y reque/$ ?is man to rema9 ) !m = ! night at ! h\se :]e !y 7 lodg+4 ,dur+ supp] he took bread1 bless$ x1 broke x1 & gave x to !m2 :]eupon !y recogniz$ him z ,jesus1 & he vani%$ f _! eyes4 ,on return+ to ,j]usalem1 !y f\nd ! elev5 & ! re/ ass]t+ t ,*ri/ 0 ris5 & _h appe>$ to ,pet]4 ,! two w&]]s relat$ _! exp]i5ces 9 _! turn4 ,:ile ! disciples 7 talk+1 ,jesus himself appe>$ 9 _! mid/1 & said1 ,peace unto y4 ,"s skeptical d\bts1 h[ev]1 tr\bl$ !m ev5 n[1 = ,jesus ?\ght x necess>y to prove 8 actual c>nality by %[+ 8 h&s & feet1 z well z by eat+ "s broil$ fi% & a piece ( honeycomb4 ,aft] ?is he op5$ _! und]/&+1 by an expository disc\rse 9 ref]5ce to "s ( 8 own say+s & to ! ,scriptures2 conclud+ ) an exhortation to rema9 at ,j]usalem till !y 7 end[$ ) p[] f on high 7,lu4 xxii4 #a-di74 ,?is la/ passage is expla9$ by ! same au?or 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les to ref] to ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ^u ! apo/les1 :i* 9 t "w is mu* m def9itely promis$ by ,jesus 7,acts i4 #e1 #h74 ,we also f9d 9 x an important addition to ! details furni%$ by ! ,gospel ab\t ! resurrection2 namely1 t ,jesus 0 se5 by 8 disciples = =ty days aft] 8 physical dea?1 dur+ :i* "t he kept speak+ to !m ab\t matt]s p]ta9+ to ! k+dom ( ,god 7,acts i4 #c74 ,directly contradict+ ,m>k & ,mat!w1 ,john /ates t ,magdal5e 7no "o else is m5tion$7 w5t to ! sepul*re :ile x 0 /ill d>k 7n at dawn or sunrise71 & f\nd ! /one tak5 away4 ,mak+ no fur!r inspection1 %e ran to ,pet] & to ! belov$ disciple1 say+ t ! body _h be5 ab/ract$4 ,! two ran toge!r to ! place1 & go+ 91 f\nd ! clo!s ly+ 9 ! tomb1 :]eupon ! belov$ disciple saw & believ$1 ?\gh :at he believ$ is n /at$4 ,magdal5e 0 /&+ outside2 b aft] ! two m5 _h conclud$ _! exam9ation %e ent]$1 & saw :at !y _h n se5--two angels1 sitt+ "o at ea* end ( ! place :]e ! body _h be54 ,^! angels ask$ h] :y %e 0 weep+2 %e answ]$1 because h] ,"l's body _h be5 tak54 ,turn+ r\nd1 %e saw a man :om %e at fir/ took = ! g>d5]1 b :om %e soon recogniz$ z ,jesus4 ,%e return$ & in=m$ ! disciples t %e _h se5 him4 ,! same day1 9 ! ev5+1 ,jesus appe>$ to ! disciples1 said1 ,peace unto y1 & %[$ !m 8 h&s & feet4 ,he !n brea!d ! ,holy ,gho/ into !m1 & gave !m au?ority to remit or reta9 s9s4 ,?omas1 :o 0 n pres5t on ?is occasion1 r\ndly refus$ to believe ^! facts unless he himself c\ld t\* ! m>ks ( ! nails1 & put 8 h& into ! side4 ,a week lat] ,jesus aga9 appe>$1 & ,?omas 0 n[ enabl$ to dispel 8 d\bts by actual exam9ation ( 8 p]son4 ,to ^! ?ree appe>ances1 ) :i* ! g5u9e ,gospel clos$1 a lat] h& has add$ a f\r?4 ,accord+ to ?is new writ]1 a numb] ( disciples 7 ab\t to fi% on ! lake ( ,tib]ias1 :5 ,*ri/ 0 obs]v$ /&+ on ! %ore4 ,! miracul\s draught ( fi%es is introduc$ "h 9 a =m slightly diff]5t f t :i* x has 9 ,luke4 ,by act+ on a direction f ,jesus1 ! disciples caught a va/ numb]4 ,he !n bade !m come & d9e ) him1 :i* !y did4 ,aft] d9n]1 he in/ruct$ ,pet] to fe$ 8 flock1 & h9t$ t ! belov$ disciple might possibly live till 8 return 9 glory 7,jo4 xx41 xxi474 ,completely diff]5t f any ( ^! n>ratives is ! acc\nt ( ! resurrection contribut$ by ,paul4 ,x is some:at confus$ & difficult to und]/&4 ,*ri/1 he says1 rose on ! ?ird day accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 & 0 se5 by ,cephas2 !n by ! twelve2 aft] t by m ?an five hundr$ bre?r52 aft] t by ,james2 next by all ! apo/les2 & la/ly by himself 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #c-h74 ,x is to be not$ t s9ce ,paul does n say t ,*ri/ appe>$ fir/ to ,cephas1 we may if we please comb9e ) ?is acc\nt "o ( ^? :i* make him appe> fir/ to ,magdal5e1 or to h] & o!r wom54 ,b ev5 !n ! difficulties d n disappe>4 ,= h[ c\ld s notori\s an ev5t z ! manife/ation ( ,*ri/ to five hundr$ p be pass$ ov] sub sil5tio 9 all ! ,gospels & 9 ! ,acts8 ,& grant+ t ,paul may by an ov]sight h put ! twelve = ! elev51 are we n compell$ to suppose t all ! apo/les are di/9ct f ! twelve1 & if s1 :o are !y8 ,:at1 aga91 are we to ?9k ( ! appe>ance to ,james1 ( :i* no?+ is said else:]e8 ,above all1 :at are we to ?9k ( ! fact t ! purely spiritual vision grant$ to ,paul1 :i* 0 n ev5 se5 by 8 travel+ companions1 is plac$ by him exactly on a level ) all ! o!r reappe>ances ( ,*ri/1 ! physical reality ( :i* s mu* tr\ble has be5 tak5 to prove8 ,comp>+ n[ ! sev]al n>ratives ( ! resurrection ) "o ano!r1 we f9d ?is g5]al result4 ,9 ,m>k1 ,jesus is said to h appe>$ ?ree times3-- #a4 ,to ,m>y ,magdal5e4 #b4 ,to two disciples4 #c4 ,to ! disciples at meat4 ,two su* appe>ances only are record$ 9 ,mat!w3-- #a4 ,to ! wom54 #b4 ,to ! elev5 9 ,galilee4 ,9 ,luke he appe>s3-- #a4 ,to ,cleopas & 8 companion4 #b4 ,to ,pet]4 #c4 ,to ! elev5 & o!rs4 ,9 ! two la/ *apt]s ( ,john ! appe>ances am\nt to f\r3-- #a4 ,to ,m>y ,magdal5e4 #b4 ,to ! disciples )\t ,?omas4 #c4 ,to ! disciples ) ,?omas4 #d4 ,to sev]al disciples on ! ,tib]ias lake4 ,paul ext5ds !m to six3-- #a4 ,to ,pet]4 #b4 ,to ! twelve4 #c4 ,to m ?an #ejj4 #d4 ,to ,james4 #e4 ,to all ! apo/les4 #f4 ,to ,paul4 ,^u ?is mo/ mom5t\s "q1 !n1 e "o ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s is at v>iance ) e o!r4 ,nor is ?is all1 = two ( ! numb] br+ ! e>?ly c>e] ( ,jesus to its f9al close 9 a mann] s extraord9>y t we _c ev5 imag9e ! occurr5ce ( su* an ev5t1 ( necessity s notori\s & s impressive1 to h be5 believ$ by ! o!r biograph]s1 & yet to h be5 pass$ ov] by !m )\t a ^w ( notice or allusion4 ,c x be = a mom5t suppos$ t two out ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s _h he>d ( ! asc5sion ( ,*ri/--t ! mo/ wond]ful t]m9ation ( a wond]ful life--& ei!r =got to m5tion1 or delib]ately omitt$ x8 ,& may x n be assum$ t ,paul1 :5 detail+ ! sev]al occasions on :i* ,*ri/ _h be5 se5 aft] 8 crucifixion1 mu/ ne$s1 _h he kn[n ( x1 h includ$ ?is1 p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ ( all1 9 8 li/8 ,9 fact ! asc5sion re/s entirely on ! evid5ce ( two witnesses1 bo? ( !m comp>atively late ones1 ! =g] ( ! la/ v]ses ( ,m>k1 & ! ?ird ,evangeli/4 ,nei!r ( !m /& z ne> ! ev5ts describ$ z ! true au?or ( ,m>k1 z ,mat!w1 or z ,paul1 f no "o ( :om d we he> a ^w ( ! asc5sion4 ,nor d ev5 ^! two witnesses relate _! /ory 9 ! same t]ms4 ,! f9i%] ( ,m>k m]ely tells u t aft] 8 p>t+ *>ge to ! elev51 he 0 receiv$ into heav5 & sat at ,god's "r h&2 a /atem5t c\*$ 9 su* g5]al t]ms z ev5 to leave x d\btful :e!r !re 0 any di/9ct & visible asc5sion1 or :e!r ,jesus 0 m]ely tak5 to heav5 l any o!r virtu\s man1 ?\gh enjoy+ :5 !re a high] prec$5ce 7,mk4 xvi4 #ai74 ,especially is ?is d\bt fo/]$ by ! fact t ?is ,gospel1 :5 speak+ ( ! witnesses to ,*ri/'s resurrection1 nev] alludes to any ( ! physical pro(s ( 8 actual exi/5ce s mu* dwelt ^u 9 ,luke & ! la/ *apt] ( ,john4 ,v mu* m def9ite is ! /atem5t at ! close ( ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,!re x is relat$ t ,jesus l$ 8 disciples out to ,be?any1 :]e he bless$ !m & t1 9 ! v act ( bless+1 he 0 p>t$ f !m & c>ri$ up into heav5 7,lu4 xxiv4 #ej1 #ea74 ,! same au?or subsequ5tly compos$ ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & 9 ! int]im he _h greatly improv$ ^u 8 previ\s conception ( ! asc5sion4 ,:5 he came to write ! ,acts1 he 0 able to supply1 :at he _h omitt$ be=e1 ! la/ conv]sation ( ! ma/] ) ! disciples he 0 ab\t to leave2 he kn[s too t aft] ! f9al words--no bless+ is m5tion$ "h--he 0 tak5 up & receiv$ by a cl\d2 t :ile ! disciples 7 gaz+ up1 two m5 9 :ite--no d\bt ! v c\ple :o _h be5 se5 at ! sepul*re-- 7 p]ceiv$ /&+ by !m1 & t ^! cele/ial visitors told !m t ,jesus w\ld return f heav5 9 ! same way 9 :i* he _h gone to x 7,acts i4 #i-aa74 ,unhappy ,galileans6 little c\ld !y h dreamt = h[ _m c5turies aft] t day _! successors w\ld wat* & wait1 wat*+ & wait+ 9 va91 = ! fulfillm5t ( t consol+ prophecy4 ,ca/+ a retrospective glance at ! /ories ( ! ,resurrection & ! ,asc5sion1 we may p]haps disc]n at lea/ a psy*ological explanation ( _! orig9 & ( ! curr5cy !y obta9$4 ,:atev] o!r qualities ,jesus may h possess$ or lack$1 !re c be no "q t he _h "o--t ( inspir+ 9 o!rs a /rong atta*m5t to himself4 ,he _h 9 8 brief c>e] surr\nd$ himself ) devot$ disciples2 & he 0 tak5 f _! mid/ 9 ! full bloom ( 8 p[]s by a viol5t & e>ly dea?4 ,n[ !re are "s :o h be5 taught by ! bitt] exp]i5ce ( _! lives h[ difficult1 nay1 h[ impossible x is to realize 9 imag9ation ! fact t a belov$ companion is 9 tru? gone f !m =ev]4 ,m especially w ?is m5tal difficulty be felt :5 he :om dea? has p>t$ f our sides is "y1 vigor\s1 full ( promise2 :5 ! inf9ite /illness ( et]nal re/ has succe$$ almo/ )\t a break ^u ! joy\s activity ( a well-sp5t life2 :5 ! be+ :o is n[ no m 0 b a mom5t ago ! mov+ _s ( a h\sehold1 or ! honor$ tea*] ( a b& ( fri5ds :o 7 l9k$ toge!r by 8 pres5ce4 ,:]e ! association has be5 close & con/ant2 :]e we h be5 accu/om$ to %>e our ?\ghts & to imp>t our feel+s2 :]e1 !re=e1 we h habitually entw9$ n only our pres5t lives1 b our hopes & wi%es = ! future ar\nd ! p]sonality ( ! dead1 ?is refusal ( ! m9d to compreh5d its loss is /ronge/ ( all4 ,emotion ent]s !n ^u a /range conflict ) ,reason4 ,reason may tell u b too di/9ctly t all hope ( ! return ( ! belov$ "o to life is va9 & fooli%4 ,b ,emotion speaks to u 9 ano!r language4 ,well nigh does x prev5t u f believ+ ev5 ! gha/ly realities :i* our unhappy eyes h be5 compell$ to witness4 ,deep )9 u !re arises ! crav+ = ! pres5ce ( our fri5d1 & ) x ! irrepressible ?\ght t he may ev5 yet come back to ^? :o c sc>cely be> to live )\t him4 ,7 ^! inevitable long+s n to be *eck$ by a cle> p]ception t !y orig9ate 9 our own brok5 he>ts1 we %\ld fancy t we saw ! figure ( ! dep>t$ & he>d 8 voice4 ,9 t case a resurrection w\ld h tak5 place = u1 & = ^? :o believ$ our tale4 ,s f> f ! reappe>ance ( ! well-kn[n =m seem+ to be /range1 x is its failure to reappe> t is /range to u 9 ^! times ( sorr[4 ,we fondly conceive t 9 "s way ! dead mu/ /ill exi/2 & if s1 c "o1 :o 0 s t5d] be=e1 li/5 to our cry ( pa9 & refuse to come8 c "o1 :o soo!d u 9 ! less] tr\bles ( our lives1 look on :ile we are suff]+ ! greate/ agony ( all & fail to com=t8 ,x _c be4 ,imag9ation decl9es to picture ! long future ( solitude t lies be=e u4 ,we _c und]/& t we %all nev] aga9 li/5 to ! tones ( ! famili> voice2 nev] feel ! t\* ( ! g5tle h&2 nev] be enc\rag$ by ! w>m embrace t tells u we are lov$1 or f9d a refuge f mis]able ?\ghts & ! vexations ( ! _w 9 ! affectionate & ev]-op5 he>t4 ,all ?is is too h>d = u4 ,we long = a resurrection2 we %\ld believe 9 x if we c\ld2 we d believe 9 x 9 sleep1 :5 our feel+s are free to roam at pleasure1 unre/ra9$ by ! *ill+ pres5ce ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,9 dreams ! old life is repeat$ aga9 & aga94 ,sometimes ! lo/ "o is beside u z ( old1 & we are q untr\bl$ by ! ?\ght ( p>t+4 ,sometimes !re is a /range & confus+ consci\sness t ! great calamity has happ5$1 or has be5 ?\ght to happ51 b t n[ we are aga9 toge!r1 & t a new life has succe$$ ^u dea?4 ,or ! dream takes a less def9ite =m4 ,we are unit$ n[2 b along ) our happ9ess 9 ! union !re is an oppressive s5se ( "s my/]i\s t]ror cl\d+ our enjoym5t4 ,we are afraid t x is an unsub/antial1 %ad[y be+ t is ) u2 ! lea/ t\* may dissipate its unc]ta9 exi/5ce2 ! slighte/ illness may ext+ui% its feeble brea?4 ,grant+ only a /rong emotion & a lively phantasy1 we may compreh5d at once h[1 9 _m l&s1 to _m m\rn]s1 ! images ( _! dreams may also become ! visions ( _! wak+ h\rs4 ,!y see him aga92 !y "k t he is n gone2 he is beside !m /ill4 ,b = u1 :o live 9 a calm] age1 & see ) sci5tific eyes1 !re is no su* com=t4 ,n to u c ! bodily =ms ( ^? :o h gone be=e u to ! grave appe> aga9 9 all ! lovel9ess ( life4 ,9 ! fir/ %ock ( our b]eavem5t we may inde$ indulge 9 "s su* vision>y hope2 b z day aft] day passes by & leaves u 9 a solitude t does b deep5 ) ! lapse ( "t1 we le>n to und]/& only too well t we are b]eft =ev]4 ,hope gradually dw9dl+ to a fa9t] & fa9t] remnant1 is cru%$ at la/ by ! mis]able c]ta9ty ( pr(\nd despair4 ,yet ev5 !n1 ! m9d ( man refuses to accept its fate4 ,! sc5e ( ! reunion1 :i* we _c b s ard5tly desire1 is po/pon$ to ano!r season & to a bett] _w4 ,_m are !y to :om ?is f9al hope is an endur+ consolation1 b if ev5 t %\ld fail u 9 ! h\r ( d>kness1 z ! m primitive & simpl] hope fail$ be=e x2 if "h aga9 emotion is reluctantly compell$ to yield to reason2 !n !re is /ill "o refuge 9 despond5cy1 & a refuge ( :i* we c nev] be depriv$4 ,x is ! ?\ght t dea?1 s cruel n[1 w "o day visit u ) a k9d] t\*2 & t ! tomb1 :i* already holds ! ne>e/ & ! de>e/ )9 its grasp1 w op5 to receive u also 9 our turn to its ev]la/+ peace4 ,,subdivision #c4--,! ,ideal ,jesus4 ,! ,gospel attribut$ by ! curr5t leg5d to ,/4 ,john diff]s f ! o!r ?ree ,gospels 9 almo/ e respect 9 :i* diff]5ce is possible4 ,! ev5ts record$ are diff]5t4 ,! ord] ( ev5ts is diff]5t4 ,! conv]sations ( ,jesus are diff]5t4 ,8 s]mons are diff]5t4 ,8 op9ions are diff]5t4 ,! !ories ( ! writ] ab\t him are diff]5t4 ,7 x n = ! "n & a few lead+ incid5ts1 we %\ld be compell$ to say t ! subject ( ! biography himself is diff]5t4 ,a m conspicu\s unlik5ess ?an t ( ! synoptical to ! ,johann9e ,jesus x is n easy to conceive 9 two n>ratives :i* depict ! same h]o4 ,9 ! synoptical ,gospels ,jesus is pla91 direct1 easy ( compreh5sion1 & fond ( illu/rat+ 8 mean+ by %ort & simple p>ables4 ,9 ,john he is obscure1 my/ical1 symbolic1 & ( 8 favorite me?od ( tea*+ by p>ables !re is n a trace4 ,bo? descriptions _c be true4 ,x w\ld be mon/r\s to suppose ei!r t ! synoptical ,gospels omitt$ "s ( 8 mo/ extraord9>y miracles & "s ( 8 mo/ rem>kable disc\rses1 or t ! ,gospel ( ,john pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce ! :ole ( t side ( 8 "* :i* is portray$ 9 ! e?ical maxims1 ! p>ables1 & ! exhortations ( its pr$ecessors4 ,7 x s1 none ( ! f\r c\ld be accept$ z o!r ?an an extremely "o-sid$ & imp]fect biography1 & ea* ( !m is pla9ly reg>d$ by its au?or z complete )9 itself4 ,none ( !m ref]s to extrane\s s\rces to supplem5t its own defici5cies4 ,! conclud+ v]se ( ! f\r? ,gospel does inde$ allude to _m unrecord$ actions ( ,jesus1 :i*1 if !y 7 all writt51 w\ld fill m books ?an ! _w c\ld conta94 ,b1 n to rely on ! fact t ! la/ *apt] is spuri\s1 ^! words conta9 no intimation t a mode ( tea*+ completely diff]5t f t "h record$ 0 ev] employ$ by ,jesus4 ,& ?is is ! po9t 9 :i* ,john's n>rative is peculi>4 ,aga91 to turn to ! ,synoptics1 !re is no %ad[ ( an intimation 9 !m t1 betwe5 ! la/ supp] & arre/1 ,jesus address$ to 8 disciples a long & rem>kable disc\rse1 full ( ! mo/ int]e/+ revelations4 ,c we suppose t !y c\ld h =gott5 x1 deliv]$ z x 0 at su* a mom5t z ?is1 ! v la/ be=e _! ma/]'s condemnation at :i* he 0 able to speak to !m8 ,su* a supposition is utt]ly unt5able4 ,! two traditions embodi$ 9 ^! v]sions ( 8 life d n !re=e1 z "s le>n$ m5--,ewald1 = example--h suppos$1 supplem5t1 b exclude "o ano!r4 ,let u ent] into detail into "s ( ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! ,jesus ( ,john4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we may note t 8 miracles are altoge!r new4 ,"o ( !m at lea/ is s a/\nd+ t no biograph] :o _h he>d ( x c\ld h pass$ x by4 ,! rais+ ( ,laz>us is ! greate/ feat t ,jesus ev] p]=m$4 ,9 o!r cases he br\ght p]sons :o 7 suppos$ to be j dead to life1 b skeptical ,jews might h suspect$ t !y _h nev] 9 reality di$ at all4 ,ample precautions aga9/ su* cavils 7 tak5 9 ! case ( ,laz>us4 ,?is man liv$ at ,be?any1 & 8 si/]s1 ,m>y & ,m>?a1 7 devot$ admir]s ( ,jesus4 ,^! wom5 s5t ^w to ,jesus1 :o _h retir$ beyond ,jordan1 to say t _! bro!r 0 ill4 ,he repli$ t ?is illness 0 = ! glory ( ,god4 ,aft] he _h he>d ( x he rema9$ two days 9 ! same place4 ,!n1 disreg>d+ ! dissuasions ( ! disciples1 :o rem9d$ him t ! ,jews _h rec5tly s\ght to /one him1 he proce$$ t[>ds ,judea4 ,he in=m$ !m 9 t obscure mann] :i* he almo/ inv>iably affects 9 ?is ,gospel1 t ,laz>us 0 asleep2 b on _! misund]/&+ him1 cons5t$ to speak pla9ly & say t he 0 dead4 ,he add$ t = _! sakes he 0 glad he _h n be5 !re1 9 ord] t !y might believe--ev5 ! disciples' fai? be+ app>5tly /ill 9 ne$ ( confirmation4 ,on rea*+ ,be?any1 he f\nd t ,laz>us _h be5 buri$ f\r days4 ,m>?a1 :o came to meet him1 obs]v$ t _h he be5 !re1 h] bro!r w\ld n h di$1 & t ev5 n[ :atev] he ask$ ( ,god w\ld be giv54 ,jesus told h] t h] bro!r w\ld rise aga92 a say+ :i* %e int]pret$ z ref]r+ to ! g5]al resurrection2 b he repli$ t :oev] believ$ 9 him w\ld nev] die1 & requir$ ( h] an explicit decl>ation ( h] fai? 9 ?is dogma4 ,m>?a evad$ ! inquiry by a pr(ession ( h] conviction t he 0 ! ,*ri/ & w5t to summon ,m>y4 ,%e too rem>k$ t if he _h be5 !re ,laz>us w\ld n h di$4 ,di/ress$ by h] di/ress1 ,jesus himself wept4 ,go+ to ! grave1 he ord]$ ! /one :i* cov]$ x to be remov$1 9 spite ( ,m>?a's objection t putrefaction _h set 94 ,a curi\s sc5e foll[$4 ,jesus lift$ up 8 eyes & said1 ',fa!r1 ,i ?ank !e t ?\ ha/ he>d me4 ,& ,i "k t ?\ he>e/ me always1 b because ( ! p :i* /& by ,i said x1 t !y may believe t ?\ ha/ s5t me4' ,we mu/ suppose ^! la/ words to h be5 spok5 sotto voce1 = ! p :i* /ood by w\ld h be5 little likely to believe 9 him _h !y kn[n t ! ?anksgiv+ to ,god 0 a m]e pi\s pret5ce1 (f]$ up = ! purpose ( impress+ _! imag9ations by ! ev5t t 0 to foll[4 ,kn[+ t 8 fa!r always he>d him1 he c]ta9ly _h no occasion to ?ank him on ?is "o occasion2 if inde$ he c\ld prop]ly be ?ank$ at all = tak+ ! necess>y measures to ensure ! cr$it ( 8 own son1 9 :om he desir$ mank9d to believe1 & :o is ov] & ov] aga9 describ$ z "o ) himself4 ,?is is p]haps ! only in/ance 9 any ( ! ,gospels 9 :i* some?+ l hypocrisy is ascrib$ to ,jesus2 9 :i* he is repres5t$ z consci\sly act+ a "p = ! b5efit ( ! by/&]s1 & speak+ simply ) a view to effect4 ,happily = 8 reputation we are n oblig$ to believe 9 ! accuracy ( 8 biograph]4 ,aft] ?is he call$ l\dly1 ,laz>us1 come =?4 ,! dead man accord+ly arose1 & came =? f ! tomb clad 9 8 grave-clo!s 7,jo4 xi4 #a-df74 ,8 re/oration to life 0 p]man5t1 = we f9d him aft]w>ds among ! gue/s at a supp] to :i* ,jesus 0 invit$ 7,jo4 xii4 #b74 ,ano!r s+ul> miracle to :i* !re is no allusion 9 any o!r ,gospel is t :i* is "h decl>$ to be ! fir/2 ! conv]sion ( wat] into w9e4 ,jesus 0 at a w$d+ 9 ,cana ( ,galilee1 & :5 ! w9e provid$ = ! ent]ta9m5t _h all be5 consum$1 8 "m in=m$ him ( ! /ate ( ?+s4 ,he gave h] a repell+ answ]2 b %e told ! s]vants to d :at he bade !m4 ,he !n ord]$ six wat]pots to be fill$ ) wat]1 & ! cont5ts to be drawn4 ,x 0 f\nd t !y conta9$ w9e ( a sup]ior quality to t at fir/ provid$ 7,jo4 ii4 #a-aa74 ,! second miracle accord+ to ,john is n unlike "s ( ^? record$ else:]e4 ,x consi/$ 9 ! cure by a m]e ^w1 )\t visit+ ! place1 ( a nobleman's son :o 0 on ! po9t ( dea?4 ,?is "t also ,jesus 0 at ,cana1 ?\gh ! pati5t lay at ,cap]naum 7,jo4 iii4 #df-ed74 ,ano!r cure 0 wr\ght at ! pool ( ,be!sda1 ! heal+ virtues ( :i* are kn[n only to ?is ,gospel4 ,a man :o _h long be5 ly+ on its /eps1 too infirm to desc5d at ! prop] mom5t1 0 enjo9$ to rise & walk1 :i* he did 7,jo4 v4 #a-i74 ,x is s+ul> t al?\gh a great multitude ( impot5t folk 7 wait+ at ! pool1 _m ( :om mu/ ne$s h be5 kept long1 s9ce only "o c\ld be cur$ ea* "t ! wat] 0 tr\bl$1 ?is man alone 0 select$ = ! object ( a miracle4 ,:y 7 n all ( !m heal$ at once8 ,n only are ! mo/ wond]ful pro(s ( ,*ri/'s div9ity conta9$ 9 ?is ,gospel unkn[n to ! re/1 b its dramatis p]son are 9 sev]al respects altoge!r novel4 ,na?anael1 ^: difficulties ab\t ?9k+ t any good ?+ c come f ,naz>e? are ov]come 9 a conv]sation ) ,jesus 7,jo4 i4 #de-ea72 ,nicodemus1 ! secret adh]5t :o came by night & receiv$ in/ruction 9 ! doctr9e ( reg5]ation 7,jo4 iii4 #a-ba71 :o at a lat] p]iod support$ him aga9/ ! attacks ( ! ,ph>isees 7,jo4 vii4 #ea71 & la/ly br\ght spices to 8 int]m5t 7,jo4 xix4 #ci72 ,laz>us1 bro!r ( ,m>y & ,m>?a1 :o ow$ him 8 life 7,jo4 xi4 #dd2 xii4 #b72 ! woman ( ,sm>ia1 to :om an important prophecy 0 made1 & ^: pa/ life he knew by intuition 7,jo4 iv4 #a-cj72 are all new p]sonages1 & !y hold no mean place 9 ! /ory4 ,! imm$iate att5dants on 8 p]son are no d\bt ! same2 b ! repres5tation t !re 0 "o disciple :om ,jesus lov$ above ! re/1 & to :om a great] intimacy 0 p]mitt$ 7,jo4 xiii4 #bc71 is unc\nt5anc$ by any?+ 9 ! o!r ,gospels2 & indicates a fix$ purpose ( exalt+ ! apo/le ,john above 8 compe]s4 ,:ile ! sc5e1 ! p]sons1 & ! plot are ?us div]se1 ! /yle ( ! pr9cipal actor is 9 /rik+ contra/ to t :i* he employs else:]e4 ,its mo/ conspicu\s *>act]i/ic is ! cont9ual recurr5ce to symbols4 ,x is true t 9 ! o!r ,gospels ,jesus frequ5tly ex*anges ! direct explanation ( 8 views = ! indirect me?od ( illu/ration4 ,b an illu/ration s]ves to cle> up ! mean+ ( a speak]1 a symbol to disguise x4 ,illu/rations ca/ light ^u ! pr9cipal !sis2 symbols m]ely d>k5 x4 ,& ?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! synoptical & ! ,johann9e ,jesus4 ,! "o is anxi\s to be und]/ood2 ! o!r1 9 appe>ance at lea/1 is seek+ to p]plex4 ,h5ce ! ex*ange ( ! p>able = ! symbol4 ,! numb] ( su* symbols 9 ,john is consid]able4 ,jesus is cont9ually inv5t+ new ones4 ,ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel1 he expla9s to ,nicodemus t x is ne$ful to be born aga92 a /atem5t by :i* ,nicodemus is consid]ably p]plex$ 7,jo4 iii4 #c1 #d74 ,b 8 symbols are m g5]ally appli$ to himself or 8 relations to ! ,fa!r4 ,he is ! bread ( life or ! bread ( ,god 7,jo4 vi4 #cc-dh72 aga91 he is ! liv+ wat] 7,jo4 iv4 #aj71 or he gives a wat] :i* prev5ts all future ?ir/ 7,jo4 iv4 #ad72 he is ! true v9e1 8 ,fa!r ! husb&man1 & 8 disciples ! bran*es 7,jo4 xv4 #a-e72 else:]e he is bo? ! good %eph]d & ! door by :i* ! %eep ent] ! fold 7,jo4 x4 #g-af72 he is ! way1 ! tru?1 & ! life 7,jo4 xiv4 #f72 he is ! light t came into ! _w 7,jo4 xii4 #df2 iii4 #ai72 or he is ! ,resurrection & ! ,life 7,jo4 xi4 #be74 ,john ! ,bapti/1 also1 unlike ! ,john ( ! o!r ,gospels1 adopts ! same mann]4 ,*ri/ is spok5 ( by him z ! ,lamb ( ,god1 :i* takes away ! s9s ( ! _w 7,jo4 i4 #bi72 or z ! ,bridegroom ^: voice he rejoic$ to he>1 :ile he himself 0 b ! ,bridegroom's fri5d 7,jo4 iii4 #bi74 ,sometimes ! ,jews1 z !y are t]m$ 9 ?is ,gospel1 are puzzl$ by ! enigmatical /yle ( ,jesus1 ! s5se ( :i* !y _c unriddle4 ,?us1 :5 he tells !m t if !y de/roy ! temple he w rebuild x 9 ?ree days1 !y are naturally unable to p]ceive t he is speak+ ( ! temple ( 8 body 7,jo4 ii4 #ai-ba74 ,!y murmur$ because he spoke ( himself z ! ,bread t came d[n f heav51 nor 0 any explanation (f]$ !m beyond a reit]ation ( ! same /atem5t 7,jo4 vi4 #da-ea74 ,n only ! ,jews1 b also _m ( 8 own p>tisans1 7 hopelessly p]plex$ by ! /atem5t t no "o c\ld h life 9 him :o did n eat 8 fle% & dr9k 8 blood 7,jo4 vi4 #ec1 #fj71 a /atem5t :i* diff]s mat]ially f t made at ! passov] 79 ! o!r ,gospels71 :]e ! bread & w9e 7 actually (f]$ z signs ( 8 fle% & blood1 & ! apo/les alone 7:o 7 pres5t7 7 requir$ to receive !m4 ,at o!r times he confus$ !m by my/]i\s intimations t he 0 go+ some:]e :i!r !y c\ld n come1 & t !y %\ld seek him & be unable to f9d him 7,jo4 vii4 #cc-cf2 viii4 #ba1 #bb74 ,on "o occasion1 8 auditors 7 unable to compreh5d 8 ass]tion t he mu/ be lift$ up1 & reque/$ him to expla9 x4 ,! only reply 0 ano!r enigma1 namely1 t ! light 0 ) !m b a little :ile1 & t !y %\ld believe 9 x :ile !y _h x 7,jo4 xii4 #cb-cf74 ,to su* language !y might well h retort$1 t :at !y _h f him 0 n light1 b a twilight 9 :i* no object c\ld be di/9ctly se51 & :i* nev] advanc$ t[>ds cle> daylight4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is t5d5cy to speak 9 obscure images 0 8 pr$ilection = argum5t ) ! ,jews on ab/ruse !ological topics4 ,9 ! o!r ,gospels he tea*es ! p :o surr\nd him1 & ! subject ( 8 tea*+ is g5]ally ! rules ( moral conduct2 comp>atively seldom !ology4 ,9 ,john he does n s mu* tea* z dispute1 & ! subject ( ! dispute is n morals--a field he sc>cely ev] ent]s--b 8 p]sonal pret5sions4 ,^u ^! he c>ries on a cont9ual wrangle1 support+ 8 claims by 8 peculi> views ( ! div9e nature & ( 8 relation to x 7,jo4 v4 #af-dg2 vi4 #da-ei2 vii4 #ad-cf2 viii4 #ab-bi2 ix4 #ci-da2 x4 #ai-cg74 ,9 ! same _s ! bl9d man :om he cures ent]s into a discussion ) ! ,ph>isees on ! "* ( him :o _h re/or$ 8 sight 7,jo4 ix4 #bd-cd74 ,! ,jews are depict$ z cont9ually occupi$ ab\t ?is "q4 ,ev5 _! own (fic]s receive f !m a repro( = mak+ a laudatory rem>k ab\t him 7,jo4 vii4 #dg1 #dh71 :ile ,nicodemus1 :o int]poses 9 arre/ ( judgm5t1 is %>ply ask$ :e!r he also is ( ,galilee 7,jo4 vii4 #ea-eb74 ,! v be/ in/ruction ( ,jesus is n giv51 z 9 ! o!r ,gospels1 to a multitude1 b is res]v$ = a select circle ( 8 own foll[]s4 ,x is 9 ! #ad?1 #ae?1 & #af? *apt]s t he rises to ! sublime/ heights ( 8 doctr9e1 & ! :ole ( ?is rem>kable disc\rse is deliv]$ to ! disciples aft] ,judas has left ! supp]-table 9 ord] to betray him4 ,! sub/ance ( 8 tea*+ is no less peculi> ?an its occasions4 ,! writ] conceives ( him z hold+ an altoge!r s+ul> relation to ! ,fa!r1 & t relation he repres5ts 8 ,*ri/ z cont9ually exp\nd+ & insi/+ ^u z ( vital mom5t4 ,! ,evangeli/ himself beg9s 8 "w by a concise /atem5t ( 8 doctr9e on ?is po9t4 ,! ,logos1 he says1 0 ) ,god 9 ! beg9n+2 ! ,logos 0 ,god4 ,all ?+s 7 made by x1 & no?+ 0 made )\t x4 ,9 x 0 life1 & ! life 0 ! light ( m54 ,?is ,light came into ! _w1 b ! _w did n "k him4 ,ev5 8 own1 :oev] ^! may h be51 did n receive him4 ,to ^? :o did receive him1 he gave p[] to become ! sons ( ,god2 & ^! 7 born1 n ( blood1 nor ( ! w ( ! fle%1 nor ( ! w ( man1 b ( ,god4 ,! ,logos 0 made fle%1 & dwelt among u1 & we beheld 8 glory1 z ( ! only-begott5 ( ! ,fa!r 7,jo4 i4 #a-ad74 ,! language ( ,*ri/ is duly adju/$ to ?is v speculative !ory4 ,?us1 he sc&alizes ! ,jews by ! bold ass]tion t he & 8 ,fa!r are "o2 & adds to _! horror by fur!r ma9ta9+ t he is 9 ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,fa!r 9 him 7,jo4 x4 #cj1 #ch74 ,else:]e1 ,philip is requir$ to believe 9 ! same tru?4 ,9 reply to 8 ignorant reque/ t he may be %[n ! ,fa!r1 he is told t see+ ,jesus is equival5t to see+ ! ,fa!r4 ,moreov]1 ! ,fa!r :o dwells 9 ,*ri/ p]=ms ! works :i* are app>5tly done by ,*ri/ alone 7,jo4 xiv4 #i-aa74 ,! disciples1 too1 are includ$ 9 ?is my/ic unity1 = !y are 9 ,jesus 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* he is 9 ,god 7,jo4 xiv4 #bj2 xvii4 #ba1 #bc74 ,8 ,fa!r1 nev]!less1 is great] ?an himself 7,jo4 xiv4 #bh74 ,jesus has be5 glorifi$ ) ! ,fa!r be=e ! _w exi/$1 & looks =w>d to a return to t glory4 ,he wi%es t ^? :o h be5 giv5 him on e>? may be ) him to behold ! glory :i* ,god1 :o lov$ him be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 has giv5 him4 ,t glory he has giv5 !m1 & !y are to be "o1 ev5 z he & 8 ,fa!r are "o2 he 9 !m1 & ,god 9 him 7,jo4 xvii4 #e1 #bb-bd74 ,aft] ^! prelim9>y obs]vations1 we ne$ n dwell long on ! hi/orical incid5ts ( ! ,gospel1 ( :i* !re are b few4 ,! meet+ ( ,jesus ) ,&rew & ,simon1 & 8 reception ( ,na?anael1 relat$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 h already be5 notic$4 ,x only rema9s to be said1 t ,na?anael 0 deceiv$ by a prophecy :i* 0 n fulfill$2 = at ! end ( ! int]view1 ,jesus1 ref]r+ to 8 amazem5t t he _h be5 discov]$ "u ! fig-tree1 :i* _h q put him (f 8 balance1 tells him t he %all see great] ?+s ?an ^!1 & especially m5tions among !m ! op5+ ( ! heav5s & ! desc5t ( angels ^u ! ,son ( man4 ,na?anael nev] saw any?+ ( ! k9d 7,jo4 i4 #ce-ea74 ,! conv]sion ( wat] into w9e foll[s next4 ,a peculi>ity 9 ! notions ( ?is writ] is ev9c$ by ! ass]tion t 8 "m & bro!rs w5t ) him to ,cap]naum1 = 8 family d n accompany him1 accord+ to any o!r /atem5t1 :ile "h 8 "m n only is ) him1 b is aw>e t he is able to "w a miracle 7,jo4 ii4 #a-ab74 ,jesus1 aft] visit+ ,cap]naum1 proce$$ = ! passov] to ,j]usalem1 :]e x is said t _m believ$ 9 him because ( 8 miracles4 ,8 expulsion ( ! money-*ang]s1 h[ev]1 br\ght him into collision ) ! au?orities ( 8 nation1 :o ask$ him = a sign2 a "q to :i* he repli$ by ! und]tak+ to rebuild ! temple1 if de/roy$1 9 ?ree days 7,jo4 ii4 #ac-be74 ,b "o ( ! ,jewi% rul]s1 nam$ ,nicodemus1 0 dispos$ to believe 9 8 pret5sions4 ,?is man came to him by night1 & he>d f him a long !ological disquisition 7,jo4 iii4 #a-ba74 ,jesus !n w5t into ,judea1 & rema9$ !re ) 8 disciples baptiz+ 8 conv]ts4 ,john ! ,bapti/ is made to be> an emphatic te/imony to 8 sup]iority 7,jo4 iii4 #bb-cf74 ,a visit to ,sm>ia is ! occasion = an int]e/+ dialogue ) a ,sm>itan woman :o _h come to draw wat] at a well2 & h] report leads ! inhabitants to come out & see ! prophet by :om %e _h be5 s mu* impress$4 ,?is incid5t is reproduc$ ) curi\s fidelity 9 a ,buddhi/ /ory4 ,an&a1 "o ( ,sakyamuni's disciples1 met ) a ,matangi woman1 "o ( a degrad$ ca/e1 :o 0 draw+ wat]1 & ask$ h] to give him "s ( x to dr9k4 ,j z ! ,sm>itan wond]$ t ,jesus1 a ,jew1 %\ld ask dr9k ( h]1 "o ( a nation ) :om ! ,jews _h no deal+s1 s ?is "y ,matangi girl w>n$ ,an&a ( h] ca/e1 :i* r5d]$ x unlawful = h] to approa* a monk4 ,& z ,jesus nev]!less cont9u$ to conv]se ) ! woman1 s ,an&a did n %r9k f ?is outca/ damsel4 ,i d n ask !e1 my si/]1 he repli$1 ei!r ?y ca/e or ?y family2 ,i only ask !e = wat]1 if ?\ can/ give me "s4 ,! ,buddha himself1 to :om ! ,matangi girl aft]w>ds pres5t$ h]self1 treat$ h] ) equal k9dness4 ,he contriv$ to div]t ! pr(ane love %e _h conceiv$ = ,an&a into a holy love ( religion2 mu* z ,jesus l$ ! ,sm>itan f ! ?\ght ( h] five husb&s1 & ( him :o 0 n h] husb&1 to ! conception ( ! univ]sal ,fa!r :o 0 to be wor%ip$ 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,& z ! disciples m>vel$ t ,jesus %\ld h conv]s$ ) ?is memb] ( a despis$ race1 s ! respectable ,brahm9s & h\sehold]s :o adh]$ to ,buddhism 7 sc&aliz$ to le>n t ! "y ,matangi _h be5 admitt$ to ! ord] ( m5dicants 7,jo4 iv4 #a-db2 ,h4 ,b4 ,i41 pp4 #bje1 #bjf74 ,aft] two days sp5t at ,sm>ia ,jesus w5t on to ,galilee1 :]e he heal$ ! nobleman's sons 7,jo4 iv4 #dc-ed74 ,hav+ return$ to ,j]usalem = ano!r fea/1 he cur$ ! impot5t man on ! ,sabba?1 :i* endang]$ 8 life at ! h&s ( ! indignant ,jews1 & l$ him to deliv] a long v9dication 7,jo4 v74 ,! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s& 0 foll[$ by an attempt to make him k+1 f :i* he prud5tly escap$4 ,! disciples took %ip to g to ,cap]naum1 & ,jesus jo9$ !m by walk+ on ! wat]4 ,on ! ensu+ day he prea*$ to ! p :o foll[$ him1 & %ock$ ev5 "s ( ! disciples by ! l(t9ess ( ! claims he advanc$4 ,_m ( !m are said to h left him at ?is "t 7,jo4 vi74 ,a s+ul> proce$+ is n[ m5tion$4 ,urg$ by 8 bro!rs1 :o 7 /ill incr$ul\s1 to g to ,j]usalem = ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 he decl9$ on ! gr\nd t 8 "t 0 n yet come4 ,:5 !y 7 gone he himself w5t also1 ?\gh secretly 7,jo4 vii4 #a-aj74 ,!re is no reason assign$ = ?is little /ratagem1 & he soon em]g$ f 8 incognito & taught op5ly 9 ! temple4 ,! public m9d 0 mu* divid$ ab\t 8 "*1 "s ma9ta9+ him to be ,*ri/1 o!rs cont5d+ t ,*ri/ c\ld only come f ! se$ ( ,david & ! t[n ( ,be?lehem4 ,an attempt to arre/ him fail$1 ow+ to ! impression he made ^u ! police 7,jo4 vii4 #aa-ec74 ,a discussion ) ! ,jews 0 t]m9at$ by _! tak+ up /ones to ?r[ at him1 a p]il f :i* he escap$ app>5tly by miracle 7,jo4 viii4 #ab-ei2 v]ses #a-aa are spuri\s74 ,fur!r (f5se 0 giv5 by ! re/oration ( a bl9d man's sight on ! ,sabba? 7,jo4 ix74 ,a disc\rse on 8 title to au?ority provok$ divisions1 & at ! fea/ ( ! d$ication he 0 pla9ly ask$ :e!r he 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,8 answ] aga9 l$ to an attempt to /one him1 f :i* he escap$ to ! place beyond ,jordan :]e ,john _h =m]ly baptiz$ 7,jo4 x74 ,! rais+ ( ,laz>us & ! ano9t+ by ,m>y are ! next ev5ts record$ 7,jo4 xi4 #a-xii4 #i74 ,! passov] foll[$ six days aft] ! latt] incid5t1 & 8 prea*+ at ?is fe/ival 0 int]rupt$ 9 a s+ul> mann]4 ,jesus _h us$ ! words1 ,fa!r1 glorify ?y "n6 :]eupon a voice 0 he>d f heav51 say+1 ,i bo? h glorifi$ x1 & w glorify x aga94 ,!reupon ,jesus obs]v$ t ?is voice came n = 8 sake1 b = t ( ! by/&]s4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to h produc$ b little effect ^u !m1 = a few v]ses lat] we f9d a compla9t t1 9 spite ( 8 _m miracles1 !y did n believe 9 him 7,jo4 xii4 #ab-ej74 ,! la/ supp] ) ! disciples 0 imm$iately succe$$ by a p>t+ disc\rse ( mu* beauty1 conceiv$ 9 an elevat$ tone2 & 8 la/ mom5ts ( fre$om 7 occupi$ 9 a pray] ( :i* ! pa?os has be5 r>ely equal$ 7,jo4 xiii4-xvii74 ,! rema9d] ( 8 c>e]--8 trial1 execution1 & alleg$ resurrection--h be5 fully treat$ 9 ano!r place4 ,,subdivision #d4--,:at did ! ,jews ?9k ( him8 ,victori\s ov] ,jesus ,*ri/ at ! mom5t1 ! ,jewi% nation h1 f an e>ly p]iod 9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 be5 subject 9 _! turn to 8 disciples4 ,_! polity--cru%$ "u ! iron heel ( ,vespasian1 scatt]$ to ! w9ds by ,hadrian--vani%$ f exi/5ce n long aft] x _h successfully put d[n ! f\nd] ( ! new fai?4 ,_! religion1 tol]at$ by ! hea!n ,romans only "u humiliat+ & gall+ conditions1 p]secut$ almo/ to dea? by ! ,*ri/ians1 suff]$ until mod]n times an oppression s t]rible & s cruel1 t b = ! deep & un%akeable atta*m5t ( its adh]5ts1 x c\ld nev] h surviv$ its p]ils4 ,h5ce ! c\rse ( ev5ts has be5 su* t ?is unhappy nation has nev] until q rec5tly enjoy$ ! fre$om necess>y to pres5t _! case 9 ! matt] ( ,jesus ! son ( ,joseph2 :ile ! gradual decay ( ! rancor =m]ly felt aga9/ !m1 at ! same "t t x gives !m lib]ty1 r5d]s x less important = !m to come =w>d 9 :at w\ld /ill be an unpopul> cause4 ,?us x happ5s t "o side only 9 ! controv]sy1 t ( ! ,*ri/ians1 has be5 adequately he>d4 ,!y c]ta9ly h n %runk f ! pres5tation ( _! views4 ,e epi!t t scorn1 hatr$1 or indignation c\ld sugge/ has be5 heap$ ^u ! g5]ation ( ,jews :o 7 ! imm$iate in/igators ( ! execution ( ,jesus1 :ile all ! subsequ5t mis]ies ( _! race h be5 reg>d$--by ! p>ty :i* delight$ to inflict !m--z exhibitions ( ! div9e v5geance aga9/ t "o crim9al act4 ,nor h ev5 free?9k]s %runk f condemn+ ! ,jews z guilty ( gross & unp>donable p]secution1 & t t[>ds "o :o1 if !y d n ?9k him a ,god1 nev]!less appe>s to !m s+ul>ly free f blame4 ,on ! "o side1 accord+ to ! prevail+ conception1 /&s ! innoc5t victim2 on ! o!r ! blood?ir/y ,jewi% p4 ,all good is ) ! "o2 all evil ) ! o!r4 ,x is suppos$ t only _! h>d-he>t$ness1 _! av]sion to ! pure doctr9e ( ! ,r$eem]1 _! det]m9ation to %ut _! eyes to ! light & _! e>s to ! words ( tru?1 c\ld h l$ !m to ! commission ( s great a crime4 ,:e!r or n ?is !ory be true1 x at lea/ suff]s f ! vice ( hav+ be5 adopt$ )\t due exam9ation4 ,an op9ion c re/ on no solid basis unless its opposite has be5 duly support$ by compet5t def5d]s4 ,n[ 9 ! pres5t in/ance ?is has n happ5$4 ,ow+ to ! causes m5tion$ above1 ! ,*ri/ian view has be5 practically unconte/$1 & writ] aft] writ] has tak5 x up & repeat$ x 9 ! unreflect+ way 9 :i* we all ( u repeat ass]tions ab\t :i* !re is no dispute4 ,yet a v little consid]ation w %[ t s simple an explanation ( ! transaction has at lea/ no a priori probability 9 its favor4 ,t a :ole nation %\ld be completely 9 ! wrong1 & a few individuals only 9 ! "r1 is a supposition :i* c be accept$ only on ! mo/ conv9c+ evid5ce4 ,& 9 ord] ev5 to ju/ify our ent]ta9+ x = a mom5t1 we mu/ be 9 possession ( a report ( ! circum/ances ( ! case f ! advocates ( ! nation1 z well z f ! advocates ( ! individuals :o suff]$ by its action4 ,a "o-sid$ /atem5t f ! p>tizans ( a convict$ p]son c nev] be suffici5t to enable u to pron\nce a conclusive v]dict aga9/ 8 judges4 ,! mo/ ord9>y rules ( fairness prohibit ?is4 ,yet ?is is :at is commonly done4 ,no acc\nt :atev] ( ! trial ( ,jesus has rea*$ u f ! side ( ! prosecution4 ,josephus1 :o might h enlight5$ u1 is sil5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! side ( ! def5se has furni%$ u ) its own v]sion ( :at pass$1 & f ! imp]fect mat]ials ?us suppli$ we mu/ endeavor to discrim9ate betwe5 ! two z be/ we c4 ,to d ?is ju/ly1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 t ev5 ?\gh ! *>ges produc$ aga9/ ,jesus %\ld n appe> to ju/ify ! indignation ( 8 accus]s1 x is at lea/ unlikely t t indignation 0 altoge!r )\t reasonable cause4 ,& pa9ful z x may be to be compell$ to ?9k t ,jesus 0 9 ! wrong1 x w\ld surely--_h n long habit p]v]t$ our natural s5tim5ts--be q z pa9ful to believe t a l>ge multitude ( m51 impell$ by m]e malignity aga9/ a virtu\s citiz51 _h conspir$ to put him to dea? on *>ges :i* 7 absolutely gr\ndless4 ,! honor ( an h]oic1 & above all1 ( a deeply religi\s p1 is "h at /ake4 ,x is no light matt] to deal 9 :olesale accusations ( judicial murd] aga9/ !m4 ,x w\ld surely be a happi] solution if x c\ld be %[n t ! individual condemn$ 0 n absolutely guiltless4 ,b possibly we may be able to elude ei!r alt]native4 ,j z1 accord+ to ! able reason+ ( ,grote1 ! upright "* ( ,socrates may be compatible ) a s5se ( ju/ice on ! "p ( ! ,a!nians :o condemn$ him to dea?1 s x is conceivable t ! innoc5ce ( ,jesus may consi/ ) ! fact t ! ,jews :o caus$ him to be crucifi$ 7 n altoge!r )\t excuse4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is "q mu/ be conduct$ ) a c>eful reg>d to ! h]$it>y feel+s ( or?odox ,hebrews 9 matt]s ( religion2 ) an att5tion to ! conceptions !y _h =m$ ( hol9ess1 & consequ5tly ( blasphemy1 its negation2 ) a desire to d ju/ice if possible to ! v prejudices t cl\d$ _! vision1 & to realize ! int5sity ( ! s5tim5t t rul$ _! national life & b\nd !m to uphold _! law 9 all its sev]e integrity4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! ,jews 7 above all ?+s mono!i/s4 ,ev] s9ce1 aft] ! captivity1 !y _h put away e remnant ( idolatry1 !y _h clung to ! unity & maje/y ( ,jehovah ) a /]n t5acity :i* no allur+ temptations1 no extremity ( suff]+1 _h be5 able to break4 ,if !y 7 n[ ready to p]secute = ?is fai?1 !y _h at lea/ %[n !mselves able--!y soon %[$ !mselves able aga9--to be> p]secution = its sake4 ,_! law1 ) its mono!i/ic dogmas & its practical injunctions1 0 to !m supremely holy4 ,any attempt to infr+e its precepts1 or to "q its au?ority1 excit$ _! utmo/ horror4 ,to set up any o!r object ( wor%ip ?an t :i* x recogniz$1 to tea* any o!r fai? ?an t :i* re/$ on ?is f\ndation1 0 blasphemy 9 _! eyes4 ,! happ9ess1 nay1 ! v exi/5ce1 ( ! nation 0 b\nd up ) its /rict obs]vance4 ,?is may h be5 a delusion1 b x 0 "o = :i* ! exi/+ g5]ation 0 n responsible4 ,x _h be5 h&$ d[n f _! ance/ors1 & _h rea*$ !m ) all ! sanctity ( v5]able age4 ,if x 7 a delusion1 x 0 "o :i* ! compil]s ( ! ,p5tateu*2 :i* ,josiah1 ) 8 re=m+ measures2 :i* ,ezra1 ) 8 purify+ zeal2 :i* ! prophets & prie/s ( old5 times :o _h f\ght & labor$ = ! religion ( ,jehovah1 _h ma9ly fo/]$4 ,!y _h succe$$ b too well 9 impress+ ^u ! m9d ( ! nation ! pr(\nd conviction t1 9 ord] to ensure ! favor ( ,god1 !y mu/ ma9ta9 e iota ( ! reveal$ tru? !y _h receiv$1 & t 8 ang] w\ld surely foll[ if !y suff]$ x to be 9 ! smalle/ degree corrupt$ or treat$ ) neglect4 ,nev]!less ! utmo/ ef=ts ( ! p to gu>d ! purity ( ! fai? _h be5 rew>d$ hi!rto ) little b mis]y4 ,_! exemption f tr\bles did n la/ long aft] ! rebuild+ ( ! temple4 ,a prey n[ to ! ,seleucid1 n[ to ! ,ptolemies1 _! native l& ! sc5e ( incessant w>f>e1 !y enjoy$ "u ! ,asmonean k+s b a brief p]iod ( indep5d5ce & good gov]nm5t4 ,_! polity receiv$ a rude %ock f ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ,pompey2 ma9ta9$ b a %ad[ ( fre$om "u ! tyranny ( ,h]od2 & fell at la/--"s "t be=e ! public appe>ance ( ,*ri/--"u ! direct adm9i/ration ( ! unsympa!tic ,romans4 ,a m intol]able fate c\ld h>dly be imag9$4 ,! ,romans _h no t5d]ness = _! feel+s1 no commis]ation = _! scruples1 no compreh5sion ( _! peculi> practices4 ,h5ce con/ant collision betwe5 ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$4 ,x is ne$less to ent] 9 detail ^u ! mis]able /ruggles betwe5 ^? :o 7 /rong 9 ! mat]ial =ce & ^? :o 7 /rong 9 ! =ce ( consci5ce4 ,suffice x to say1 t provocation on provocation 0 inflict$ on ! ,jews1 until at l5g? ! inevitable rebellion came1 to be t]m9at$ by ! n less inevitable suppression ) its att5dant cruelties4 ,b 9 ! "t ( ,jesus ! crisis _h n yet come4 ,all ?+s 7 9 a /ate ( ! utmo/ t5sion4 ,x 0 ( ! highe/ importance to ! p1 & _! au?orities 7 well aw>e ( x1 t !re %\ld be no?+ done t c\ld excite ! ang] ( _! rul]s4 ,! ,romans knew1 ( c\rse1 t no loyalty 0 felt t[>ds !m 9 ,pale/9e4 ,& ! lea/ indication ( resi/ance 0 en\gh to provoke !m to ! sev]e/ measures4 ,all t rema9$ ( indep5d5ce to ! ,jews--! fre$om to wor%ip 9 _! own way2 _! national unity2 _! possession ( ! temple2 _! v lives--dep5d$ on _! success 9 conciliat+ ! favor ( ! procurator :o happ5$ to be set ov] !m4 ,! ass]tion by any "o ( rights t might appe> to cla% ) ^? ( ,rome1 ev5 ! fooli% desire ( ! populace to honor "s "o :o did n pret5d to !m1 7 fraught ) ! utmo/ dang]4 ,x 0 necess>y = ! rul]s to prove t !y did n c\nt5ance ! lea/ indication ( a wi% to set up a rival p[]4 ,_! task 0 m difficult because ! p 7 cont9ually look+ = "s great national h]o :o %\ld r$eem !m f _! subjection4 ,! conception ( ! ,messiah1 ! ,ano9t$ ,"o1 ! ,k+ or ,high ,prie/ :o %\ld re/ore1 & mu* m ?an re/ore1 ! anci5t glory ( _! nation1 :o %\ld lead !m to victory ov] _! enemies & !n reign ov] !m 9 peace1 0 in]adicably imb$d$ 9 _! m9ds4 ,consequ5tly !y 7 only too ready--especially 9 ^? days ( ov]/rung n]ves & fev]i% agitation "u a hateful rule--to welcome any "o :o held out ! *ance ( deliv]ance4 ,! risk 0 n imag9>y4 ,prophets & ,messiahs1 if !y 7 n successful1 c\ld d no?+ b h>m4 ,!udas1 a lead] :o did n ev5 claim ,messiah%ip1 _h involv$ 8 foll[]s 9 de/ruction4 ,b>-co*ab1 :o at a lat] "t 0 receiv$ by _m z ! ,messiah1 br\ght ^u 8 c\ntrym5 n only enorm\s slaught]1 b ev5 ! cr[n+ mis=tune ( expulsion f ,j]usalem4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! high prie/s & eld]s no d\bt %>$ ! popul> expectation ( a ,messiah1 !y 7 b\nd z prud5t m5 to te/ ! pret5sions ( ^? :o put !mselves =w>d 9 t "*1 & if !y 7 imp]il+ ! public peace1 to put a /op to _! c>e]s4 ,x 0 n = !m1 ! appo9t$ guides ( ! p1 to be c>ri$ away by e brea? ( popul> en?usiasm4 ,!y w\ld h be5 :olly unwor?y ( _! position _h !y p]mitt$ float+ reports ( miracles & m>vels1 or ! applaud+ clamor ( admir]s1 to impose ^u _! judgm5t4 ,calmly1 & aft] exam9ation ( ! facts1 x 0 _! duty to decide4 ,jesus _h pr(ess$ to be ! ,messiah4 ,s mu* is undisput$4 ,c\ld 8 title be admitt$8 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 ! c5tral conception ( ! ,messianic (fice t its hold] %\ld ex]cise temporal p[]4 ,he 0 n expect$ to be a tea*] ( religi\s doctr9es1 = ?is 0 n :at 0 requir$4 ,! code ( !ological tru? 01 s f> z ! ,jews 7 aw>e1 complet$4 ,! ,revelation !y possess$ nev] h9t$1 f beg9n+ to end1 t x 0 imp]fect 9 any ( its p>ts1 or t x ne$$ a supplem5t>y ,revelation to fill up ! void :i* x conta9$4 ,:atev] ,*ri/ians1 in/ruct$ by ! gospel1 may h ?\ght 9 subsequ5t ages1 ! believ]s 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible nei!r _h asc]ta9$1 nor possibly c\ld asc]ta91 t ,jehovah int5d$ to s5d 8 ,son on e>? to enlight5 !m on que/ions app]ta9+ to _! religi\s belief4 ,?is !y ?\ght _h long be5 settl$1 & he :o tri$ ei!r to take any?+ f x or add any?+ to x 0 9 _! eyes an impi\s crim9al4 ,su* p]sons1 !y knew1 _h be5 /]nly dealt ) 9 ! palmy days ( ! ,hebrew /ate1 & ! example ( _! mo/ honor$ prophets & _! mo/ pi\s k+s w\ld ju/ify ! sev]e/ measures t c\ld be tak5 aga9/ !m4 ,a spiritual re=m]1 !n1 0 n :at !y ne$$3 a temporal lead] 04 ,& ?is !y _h a p]fect "r to expect t ! ,messiah w\ld be4 ,! v ^w itself--! ,ano9t$ ,"o1 a ^w commonly appli$ to ! k+--indicates ! possession ( ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,_! prophecies all po9t$ to ?is conception ( ! ,messiah4 ,_! popul> traditions all confirm$ x4 ,_! political necessities all enc\rag$ x4 ,! v disciples !mselves held x l ! re/ ( _! nation1 = :5 !y met ,jesus aft] 8 resurrection we f9d !m inquir+1 ,"l1 wilt ?\ at ?is "t re/ore ! k+dom ( ,israel8 7,acts i4 #f474 ,! conv]sation may be imag9>y1 b ! /ate ( m9d :i* su* a "q indicates 0 d\btless real4 ,! au?or repres5t$ !m z speak+ z he knew t !y _h felt4 ,n[1 if ev] !y1 :o _h enjoy$ ! intimate fri5d%ip ( ,jesus1 c\ld /ill look to him z "o :o w\ld re/ore to ,israel some?+ ( h] bygone gr&eur1 0 x to be expect$ t ! less privileg$ ,jews1 :o _h inh]it$ f _! =efa!rs a fix$ belief 9 ?is temporal re/oration1 %\ld sudd5ly surr5d] x at ! bidd+ ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?8 ,= he at lea/ did n realize ! prevail+ notions ( :at ! ,messiah ought to be4 ,= temporal sov]eignty he 0 cle>ly unfit1 nor does he seem to h ev] dem&$ x4 ,!re 0 a dang] no d\bt t 8 en?usia/ic foll[]s might ?ru/ x ^u him1 & t1 ?us urg$1 he might be tempt$ to accept x4 ,b 8 g5]al "* precludes ! supposition t he c\ld ev] be fit to /& at ! head ( a national movem5t4 ,! abs5ce1 moreov]1 ( all political en?usiasm f 8 tea*+ prov$ him n to be ! ,savior = :om !y 7 look+4 ,8 ass]tions t he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 ?\gh !y might provoke s$ition & endang] ! security ( 8 c\ntrym51 c\ld br+ !m no correspond+ good4 ,*ri/ians h ma9ta9$ t ! ,jews 7 entirely wrong 9 _! conception ( ! ,messiah's "*1 & t ,jesus by 8 admirable life br\ght a high] & m excell5t ideal ?an !irs into ! _w4 ,!y admire him = n lay+ claim to temporal dom9ion1 & laud 8 humility1 8 meekness1 8 submissiv5ess1 ! pati5ce ) :i* he bore 8 suff]+s1 & ! :ole catalogue ( simil> virtues4 ,x 01 accord+ to !m1 ! m]e bl9dness ( ! ,jews t prev5t$ !m f recogniz+ 9 him a f> great] ,messiah ?an !y _h errone\sly expect$4 ,moreov]1 !y tell u t ano!r ( ! mi/akes made by ?is gross nation 0 ! expectation ( an e>?ly k+dom 9 :i* ,*ri/ 0 to reign1 :]eas x 0 only a spiritual k+dom :i* he came to in/itute4 ,b :o 7 to be judges ( ! "* ( ! ,messiah if n ! ,jews to :om he 0 to come8 ,! v ?\ght ( a ,messiah 0 peculi>ly _! own4 ,x _h gr[n up 9 ! c\rse ( _! national hi/ory1 & 0 embodi$ 9 _! national prophecies4 ,!y alone 7 its au?oriz$ int]pret]s2 !y alone c\ld say :e!r x 0 fulfill$ 9 ! case ( a giv5 individual4 ,x is surely a piece ( ! mo/ amaz+ presumption on ! "p ( nations ( hea!n orig9 to pret5d t !y are m compet5t ?an ! ,jews !mselves to und]/& ! mean+ ( a ,jewi% t]m2 a t]m1 moreov]1 :i* nei!r _h nor c\ld h be=e ! "t ( ,jesus any s5se at all except t :i* ! ,jews !mselves atta*$ to x4 ,*ri/ians1 :o d]ive n only _! idea ( ! ,messiah's "*1 b _! v k ( ! ^w1 f ! case ( ,jesus alone1 und]take to set "r ! ,jews1 among :om x 0 a curr5t notion = c5turies be=e he _h be5 conceiv$ 9 8 "m's womb6 ,grant+1 h[ev]1 t ?is difficulty might h be5 surm\nt$1 suppos+ t x 0 a spiritual k+dom :i* ! anci5t prophets "u unc\? images ref]r$ to1 ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r ,jesus 9 o!r respects fulfill$ ! conditions dem&$ by ,scripture4 ,= ?is purpose x w be ! faire/ me?od to conf9e ourselves to ! discussion ( ^? prophecies alone :i* are quot$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 & are !re=e reli$ ^u by !m z prov+ _! case4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 !y h quot$ only a portion ( a prophecy1 & ! rema9d] gives a some:at diff]5t complexion to ! passage extract$1 ju/ice to _! oppon5ts requires t we %\ld consid] ! :ole4 ,take fir/ ! circum/ances ( ,*ri/'s bir?4 ,x 0 expect$ t ! ,messiah 0 to be ( ! family ( ,david1 & born at ,be?lehem ,ephratah4 ,n[1 accord+ to two ( our au?orities1 he fulfill$ bo? ( ^! conditions4 ,b1 )\t at all discuss+ ! po9t :e!r _! /atem5t is true1 x is abundantly suffici5t = ! v9dication ( ! ,jews to obs]ve1 t !y nei!r knew1 nor c\ld "k1 any?+ at all1 ei!r ( 8 royal l9eage or ( 8 bir? at ,be?lehem4 ,= he himself nev] /at$ ei!r ( ! two capital facts ( :i* ,luke & ,mat!w make s mu*1 nor does x appe> t any ( 8 disciples allud$ to !m dur+ 8 life-"t4 ,he 0 habitually spok5 ab\t z ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,mat!w1 9 endeavor+ to acc\nt = ! "n by misquot+ a prophecy1 be>s witness to ! fact t x express$ ! g5]al belief4 ,luke makes him speak ( ,naz>e? z 8 own c\ntry4 ,n[h]e does x appe> t he repudiat$ ! implication convey$ by 8 ord9>y title4 ,/ill less did he ev] ma9ta9--:at 8 ov]-busy biograph]s ma9ta9$ = him--t he 0 ( ! se$ ( ,david4 ,q ! rev]se4 ,he cont5ds aga9/ ! ,ph>isees t ! ,messiah 0 n to be a desc5dant ( ,david at all4 ,! dialogue z giv5 by ,mat!w runs ?us3 ',:at is y\r op9ion ab\t ! ,*ri/8 ^: son is he8' ,!y say to him1 ',david's4' ,he says to !m1 ',h[ !n does ,david 9 ! _s call him ,"l1 say+1 ,! ,"l said to my "l1 ,sit on my "r h& until ,i place ?9e enemies "u ?y feet8 ,if !n ,david calls him "l1 h[ is he 8 son8' 7,mt4 xxii4 #db-df74 ,no answ] 0 giv5 by ! ,ph>isees1 nor 0 any explanation ( ! p>adox ev] grant$ !m by ,jesus4 ,9 ! abs5ce1 !n1 ( any fur!r elucidation we c only put "o int]pretation ^u 8 argum5t4 ,x 0 cle>ly int5d$ to %[ n only t ! ,messiah ne$ n1 b t he c\ld n be ( ! h\se ( ,david4 ,david 9 t case w\ld n h call$ him ,"l4 ,! ,ph>isees may h be5 b little impress$ by ! =ce ( ! argum5t1 b ( "o ?+ !y c\ld sc>cely ent]ta9 a d\bt4 ,jesus wi%$ x to be ?\ght t he 0 ! ,messiah4 ,he also wi%$ x to be ?\ght t ! ,messiah 0 n a son ( ,david4 ,he himself !re=e 0 c]ta9ly n a son ( ,david4 ,b if any?+ m 7 ne$$ to excuse ! ignorance--suppos+ x su*--( ! ,jewi% rul]s ab\t ! bir?place & family ( ,jesus1 we f9d x ev5 sup]-abundantly 9 ! "w ( "o ( 8 own adh]5ts--! f\r? ,evangeli/4 ,n t ?is writ] is to be tak5 z an au?ority on ! facts1 b he is an au?ority on ! views t 7 curr5t1 at lea/ 9 a portion ( 8 own sect1 & on t :i* he himself--writ+ long aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/--_h receiv$ by tradition4 ,n[1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,gospel he describes ,philip ! disciple z go+ to ,na?anael1 & say+1 ,we h f\nd him ( :om ,moses 9 ! law & ( :om ! prophets wrote1 ,jesus ! son ( ,joseph f ,naz>e?4 ,at ?is ,na?anael skeptically asks1 ,c any?+ good come f ,naz>e?8 & ,philip replies1 ,come & see 7,jo4 i4 #de1 #df74 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 !n1 ! v disciples ( ,jesus believ$ 9 8 ,naz>5e nativity1 z also 7by ! way7 9 8 g5]ation by a human fa!r4 ,nor is ?is all ! evid5ce4 ,9 ano!r *apt] an active discussion is repres5t$ z go+ on among ! ,jews z to :e!r ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/ or n4 ,op9ions diff]$4 ,=emo/ among ! argum5ts = ! negative1 h[ev]1 0 ! appeal to ! ,scriptural decl>ation t ! ,*ri/ mu/ be ( ,david's se$1 & emanate f ! village ( ,be?lehem 7,jo4 vii4 #db74 ,no answ] to ?is 0 =?com+ f ! p>tizans ( ,jesus1 nor is any sugge/$ by ! ,evangeli/4 ,!re is b "o rational inf]5ce to be drawn f 8 sil5ce4 ,he ei!r _h n he>d1 or he purposely ignor$1 ! /ory ( ,*ri/'s bir? at ,be?lehem1 & ! g5ealogies :i* connect$ him ) ,david4 ,8 m9d 7if he _h ev] be5 a ,jew7 0 to no small ext5t emancipat$ f ,jewi% limitations1 & ) 8 highly ref9$ views ( ! ,logos1 he did n believe 9 ! necessity ( ^! mat]ial conditions4 ,x 0 no?+ to him t !y 7 n fulfill$4 ,m or?odox believ]s 9 ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t may be p>don$ if !y c\ld n s lightly put !m aside4 ,b :at %all be said ( ! conduct ( ,jesus8 ,if he really 7 a desc5dant ( ,david1 born at ,be?lehem1 & wrongly tak5 = a ,naz>5e1 c we acquit him ( an inexcusable fraud ^u ! ,jews 9 n br++ ^! facts "u _! notice8 ,assur$ly n4 ,if1 kn[+ z he did ! weight !y w\ld h 9 ! public m9d1 he kept !m back2 kn[+ t !y w\ld ov]come "s ( ! grave/ objections t 7 tak5 aga9/ 8 claim1 he did n urge !m 9 reply2 kn[+ at ! close ( 8 life t he 0 *>g$ ) an undue assumption ( au?ority1 he did n produce !m z at lea/ a portion ( 8 cr$5tials1--he play$ a "p :i* x w\ld be difficult to /igmatize z sev]ely z x des]ves4 ,he believ$ t 8 reception by 8 nation w\ld be an imm5se b5efit to !mselves1 yet he did n speak ! ^w :i* might h help$ !m to receive him4 ,he ?\ght he _h a mission f ,god1 yet he fail$ to use "o pot5t argum5t 9 favor ( ! tru? ( t idea4 ,he saw f9ally t he 0 condemn$ to dea? = suppos$ impiety1 yet he suff]$ ! ,sanh$rim to incur ! guilt ( 8 condemnation )\t employ+ "o ( 8 /ronge/ weapons 9 8 def5se4 ,happily we are n oblig$ to suspect him ( ?is iniquity4 ,! contradictory /ories by :i* 8 royal desc5t & 8 bir? at ,be?lehem are s\ght to be e/abli%$ suffici5tly betray _! orig9 to p]mit u to believe 9 ! honor & hone/y ( ,jesus4 ,ano!r ,messianic prophecy :i* he is suppos$ to h fulfill$ is t ( bir? f a virg91 ! necessity ( :i* 0 d$uc$ f an expression ( ,isaiah's4 ,t ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel 0 ignorant ( ?is virg9-bir? we h already %[n1 & t ! ,jewi% p 9 g5]al took him to be ! son ( ,joseph is obvi\s en\gh f _! allusions to 8 fa!r 7,mk4 vi4 #c2 ,mt4 xiii4 #ee1 #ef2 ,lu4 iv4 #bb2 ,jo4 vi4 #db74 ,"h aga9 he nev] contradict$ ! preval5t assumption4 ,b ev5 _h !y kn[n ( ! miracul\s conception1 ! ,jews might h d5i$ t ! passage f ,isaiah bore any su* con/ruction z t put ^u x by ,mat!w4 ,he r5d]s x3 ,behold1 ! virg9 %all be ) *ild1 & be> a son 7,mt4 i4 #bc74 ,b a m prop] translation w\ld be3 ,! maid5 %all conceive1 & be> a son1 = ! ^w translat$ virg9 by ,mat!w does n exclude "y wom5 :o h lo/ _! virg9ity4 ,nay1 x curi\sly en\gh happ5s to be us$ else:]e ( maid5s engag$ 9 ! v conduct by :i* !y w\ld c]ta9ly be depriv$ ( x4 ,moreov]1 ! two prophecies quot$ by ,mat!w1 :i* 71 no d\bt1 famili> to ! ,jews1 c\ld by no possibility be appli$ by !m to a p]son ( ! "* ( ,jesus4 ,ev5 ! small fragm5ts torn away f _! context by ! ,evangeli/ convict him ( a misapplication4 ,9 ! fir/ fragm5t1 ! ,virg9's son is call$ ,immanuel1 a "n :i* ,jesus nev] bore 7,mt4 i4 #bc74 ,9 ! second1 he is describ$ z a rul]1 :o %all gov]n my p ,israel1 :i* ,jesus nev] 0 7,mt4 ii4 #f74 ,b ! unlik5ess ( ! pr$ict$ p]son to ,jesus is /ill fur!r %[n by comp>+ ! circum/ances z conceiv$ by ! prophet ) ! actual circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,immanuel's bir? is to be foll[$1 :ile he is /ill too "y to *oose betwe5 good & evil1 by a t]rible desolation ( ! l&4 ,ho/s1 describ$ z flies & bees1 are to come f ,egypt & ,assyria1 & camp 9 ! valleys1 ! clefts ( ! rocks1 ! h$ges & mead[s4 ,cultivable l& w produce only ?orns & ?i/les4 ,cultivat$ hills w be surr5d]$ to cattle f fe> ( ?orns & ?i/les 7,isa4 vii4 #ad-be74 ,no?+ ( all ?is happ5$ 9 ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,b ! prophecy ( ,micah is /ill m inappropriate4 ,! rul] :o is to be born 9 ,be?lehem is to lead ,israel to victory ov] all h] enemies4 ,he is to deliv] 8 p f ! ,assyrian4 ,! remnant ( ,jacob is to be among ! hea!n1 l a lion among ! bea/s ( ! =e/1 l a "y lion among flocks ( %eep4 ,its h& is to be lift$ up aga9/ its adv]s>ies1 & all its enemies are to be de/roy$ 7,micah v74 ,^! ref]5ces to prophecy 7 c]ta9ly n happy4 ,an allusion by ,mat!w to ! words1 ,! p :o walk 9 d>kness see a great light1 is n mu* m to ! purpose1 = ,isaiah 9 ! passage 9 "q proce$s to describe ! *ild :o is to br+ !m ?is happ9ess z "o :o %all h ! gov]nm5t ^u 8 %\ld]1 :o is to be on ! ?rone ( ,david1 to e/abli% & ma9ta9 x by "r & ju/ice = ev] 7,mt4 iv4 #ae1 #af2 ,is4 ix4 #a-g74 ,ano!r extract f ,isaiah1 beg9n+1 ,behold my s]vant :om ,i h *os51 & depict+ a g5tl] "*1 is m appropriate1 b is too vague to be easily conf9$ to any "o individual4 ,jesus himself is report$ by "o ( 8 biograph]s to h reli$ on c]ta9 words f ! pseudo-,isaiah z a confirmation ( 8 mission4 ,if ! acc\nt be true1 ! circum/ance is ( great importance z %[+ ! view he himself took ( 8 (fice1 & ! means he employ$ to conv9ce ! ,jews ( 8 "r to hold x4 ,ent]+ ! synagogue at ,naz>e?1 he receiv$ ! roll ( ! prophet ,isaiah1 & proce$$ to read f ! sixty-fir/ *apt] z foll[s3 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l ,jehovah is ^u me1 because ,jehovah has ano9t$ me to ann\nce glad tid+s to ! poor2 he has s5t me to b9d up ! brok5-he>t$2 to cry to ! captives1 ,fre$om1 & to ^? 9 fett]s1 ,deliv]ance2 to cry out a ye> ( good-w f ,jehovah4 ,"h ,jesus broke (f ! read+ 9 ! middle ( a v]se1 & decl>$ t ?is day ?is scripture 0 fulfill$ 7,lu4 iv4 #af-ba74 ,b let u cont9ue our /udy ( ! prophetic vision a little fur!r4 ,to cry out a ye> ( good-w f ,jehovah1 & a day ( v5geance f our ,god3 to com=t all t m\rn2 to appo9t = ! m\rn]s ( ,zion1--to give !m ornam5ts = a%es1 ! oil ( joy = m\rn+1 a g>m5t ( praise = a despond+ _s2 t !y may be call$ oaks ( righte\sness1 a plantation ( ,jehovah to glorify himself4 ,& !y w build up ! ru9s ( old times1 !y w re/ore ! desolations ( =m] days2 & !y w r5ew desolate cities1 ! ru9s ( g5]ation ^u g5]ation4 ,& /rang]s %all /& & fe$ y\r flocks1 & ! sons ( =eign]s %all be y\r husb&m5 & y\r v9e-dress]s4 ,& y %all be call$ ',prie/s ( ,jehovah2' ',s]vants ( our ,god1' %all be said to y2 ! ri*es ( ! ,g5tiles y %all eat1 & into _! spl5dor y %all ent] 7,is4 lxi4 #a-f74 ,_h ,jesus conclud$ ! passage he _h begun1 he c\ld sc>cely h said1 ,?is day is ! scripture fulfill$ 9 y\r e>s4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! pr$iction & ! fact w\ld h be5 r too gl>+4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ app>5t simil>ity to ,jesus is f\nd 9 ! man describ$ 9 su* beautiful language by an unkn[n prophet 9 ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah4 ,b ^! words c\ld h>dly be appli$ to him by ! ,jews2 9 ! fir/ place1 because !y w\ld n be con/ru$ to ref] to him until aft] 8 crucifixion1 see+ t !y describe oppression1 prison1 judgm5t1 & execution2 9 ! second place1 because !re 0 no reason to believe t he bore _! diseases1 & took _! sorr[s ^u him4 ,& al?\gh ! famili> words--d\bly famili> f ! glori\s music ( ,h&el1--,he 0 a man ( sorr[s1 & acqua9t$ ) grief1 may seem to u1 :o "k 8 end1 to describe him p]fectly1 !y c\ld h>dly describe him to ! ,jews1 :o saw him 9 8 daily life4 ,9 t1 at lea/1 !re 0 no?+ peculi>ly unhappy4 ,fail+ ! prophecies1 :i* 7 pla9ly two-edg$ swords1 ,jesus c\ld appeal to 8 rem>kable miracles4 ,he & 8 disciples evid5tly ?\ght !m demon/rations ( a div9e commission4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is cle> t ! evid5ce ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( ^! consi/$ only ( ! rumors circulat+ among ignorant peasants1 :i* ! m in/ruct$ portion ( ! nation v prop]ly disreg>d$4 ,_! dem& = a sign 7,mt4 xii4 #ch7 proves t !y 7 n satisfi$ by ^! popul> reports1 if !y _h ev] he>d !m4 ,& 9 ! second place1 ^? miracles :i* 7 bett] atte/$ 7 n conv9c+ f ! fact t o!rs c\ld p]=m !m4 ,jesus1 *>g$ ) ca/+ out devils by ,bal-zebub1 ! pr9ce ( devils1 adroitly retort$ on ! ,ph>isees by ask+1 if t 7 s1 by :om _! sons ca/ !m out8 7,mk4 iii4 #bb2 ,mt4 xii4 #bd-cj2 ,lu4 xi4 #ad-bd74 ,b ?us he admitt$ t he 0 n s+ul> 9 8 pr(ession4 ,miracles1 9 %ort1 7 n reg>d$ by ! ,jews z any pro( ( ,messiah%ip4 ,_! own prophets _h p]=m$ !m4 ,_! own disciples n[ p]=m$ !m4 ,o!rs might possibly p]=m !m by diabolic ag5cy4 ,! ,egyptian magicians _h be5 v clev] 9 _! conte/ ) ,moses1 ?\gh ,moses _h beat5 !m1 & _h p]=m$ f> m amaz+ wond]s ?an ^? ( ,jesus1 9 s f> z ^! latt] 7 kn[n to ! ,ph>isees4 ,miracles be+ too common to conf] any peculi> title to rev]5ce on ! ?aumaturgi/1 !re rema9$ ! doctr9e & p]sonal "* ( ,jesus by :i* to judge him4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! impression :i* ^! might make ^u 8 antagoni/ w\ld dep5d ma9ly ^u 8 be>+ 9 8 relations ) !m4 ,he might prea* pure morals 9 ,galilee1 or pres5t a model ( excell5ce to 8 own foll[]s 9 ,judea2 b ?is w\ld n entitle him to reception z ! ,messiah1 nor w\ld x remove an unfavorable bias creat$ by 8 conduct t[>ds ^? :o _h n embrac$ 8 pr9ciples4 ,let u see1 !n1 :at 0 likely to be ! effect on ! ,ph>isees1 scribes1 & o!rs1 ( ^? elem5ts 9 8 op9ions & 8 behavior by :i* !y 7 m imm$iately affect$4 ,!re exi/$ among ! ,jews1 z !re /ill exi/s among ourselves1 an in/itution :i* 0 greatly honor$ among !m1 z x is /ill honor$1 ?\gh 9 a m9or degree1 among ourselves4 ,! in/itution 0 t ( a day ( re/ sacr$ to ,god once 9 e sev5 days4 ,?is cu/om !y believ$ to h be5 f\nd$ by ! v highe/ au?ority1 & embodi$ by ,moses 9 ! t5 comm&m5ts :i* he receiv$ on ,s9ai4 ,no?+ 9 ! eyes ( an or?odox ,jew c\ld be holi] ?an su* an obs]vance1 enjo9$ by 8 ,god1 f\nd$ by ! greate/ legislator ( 8 race1 consecrat$ by long tradition4 ,n[ ! ord9>y rules ) reg>d to :at 0 lawful & :at unlawful on ?is day 7 totally disreg>d$ by ,jesus4 ,n only did 8 disciples make a pa? ?r\gh a cornfield on ! ,sabba?1 b ,jesus op5ly cur$ diseases1 t is1 pursu$ 8 common occupation1 on ?is mo/ sacr$ fe/ival 7,mk4 ii4 #bc;iii4 #g2 ,mt4 xii4 #a-ad2 ,lu4 vi4 #a-aa1 xiii4 #aj-ag1 xiv4 #a-f74 ,:5 ^! violations ( propriety 7z !y seem$ to !m7 fir/ came "u ! notice ( ! ,ph>isees1 !y m]ely remon/rat$ ) ,jesus1 & endeavor$ to induce him to re/ra9 ! impiety ( 8 disciples4 ,n only did he decl9e to d s1 b he expressly ju/ifi$ _! c\rse by ! example ( ,david1 & by t ( ! prie/s1 :o1 accord+ to 8 mode ( reason+1 pr(ane ! ,sabba? 9 ! temple by do+ t to :i* by _! (fice !y 7 legally b\nd4 ,su* an argum5t c\ld sc>cely conv9ce ! ,ph>isees1 b !y mu/ h be5 %ock$ beyond measure :5 he proclaim$ himself great] ?an ! temple1 & ass]t$ 8 lord%ip ev5 ov] ! ,sabba?-day4 ,!y !n inquir$ ( him--a p]fectly legitimate "q--:e!r x 0 lawful to heal on ! ,sabba?1 to :i* he repli$ t if "o ( _! own %eep _h fall5 into ! pit !y w\ld pick x out4 ,confirm+ 8 !ory by 8 practice1 he at once heal$ a man ) a )]$ h&4 ,x is notewor?y t ! desire ( ! ,ph>isees to inflict puni%m5t ^u ,jesus is dat$ by all ?ree ,evangeli/s f ?is incid5t2 s t ! ho/ility t[>ds him may be c]ta9ly consid]$ z l>gely due to 8 unsabbat>ian pr9ciples4 ,n[ 9 ?is "q x is almo/ ne$less = me to say t my sympa?ies are entirely ) ,jesus4 ,al?\gh ,i d n p]ceive 9 8 conduct any ext5sive design aga9/ ! ,sabba? altoge!r1 yet x is mu* t he %\ld h attempt$ to mitigate its rigor4 ,= t ! _w owes him its ?anks4 ,b surely x _c be difficult1 9 ?is highly sabbat>ian c\ntry1 to und]/& ! horror ( ! ,ph>isees at 8 app>5t levity4 ,see+ t x is n s v long s9ce ! suppos$ desecration ( ! ,sunday 9 ^! isl&s subject$ ! (f5d] to be treat$ z a common crim9al2 see+ t ev5 n[ a total ab/95ce f labor on t day is 9 _m occupations en=c$ by law2 see+ t a cu/om almo/ z /rong z law =bids indulg5ce 9 a va/ numb] ( ord9>y amusem5ts dur+ its c\rse1--we c sc>cely be mu* surpris$ t ! sabbat>ians ( ,judea 7 zeal\s to pres]ve ! sanctity ( _! weekly re/4 ,! fact t highly consci5ti\s & honorable p]sons ent]ta9 simil> s5tim5ts ab\t ! ,sunday is famili> to all4 ,we "k t any "o :o neglect$ ! usual cu/oms2 :o1 = example1 play$ a game at cricket1 or danc$1 or ev5 pursu$ 8 comm]cial avocations on ,sunday1 w\ld be visit$ by !m ) p]fectly g5u9e reproa*es4 ,yet ?is 0 exactly ! sort ( way 9 :i* ,*ri/ & 8 disciples %ock$ ! ,jews4 ,to make a pa? ?r\gh a cornfield & pluck ! e>s 0 j "o ( ^? little ?+s :i* ! curr5t morality ( ! ,sabba? condemn$1 mu* z ours condemns ! op5+ ( museums or !atrical ent]ta9m5ts4 ,_! piety 0 sc&aliz$ at su* a gl>+ contempt ( ! div9e ord9ances4 ,nor 0 ! reason+ ( ,jesus likely to conciliate !m4 ,to ask :e!r x 0 lawful to d good or evil1 to save life or to kill on ! ,sabba?-day 0 no?+ to ! purpose4 ,! "q 0 :at 0 good or evil on t p>ticul> day1 :5 ?+s o!rwise good 7 by all admitt$ to be evil4 ,nor 7 ! cures effect$ by ,jesus necess>y to save life4 ,all 8 pati5ts might well h wait$ till ev5+1 :5 ! ,sabba? 0 ov]4 ,"o ( !m1 = in/ance1 a woman :o _h suff]$ f a _s ( weakness eighte5 ye>s1 be+ unable to hold h]self erect1 0 surely n 9 su* urg5t ne$ ( att5dance t a few h\rs m ( h] disease w\ld h done h] s]i\s h>m4 ,jesus1 ) 8 pr9ciples1 0 ( c\rse p]fectly "r to relieve h] at once1 b x is n to be wond]$ at t ! rul] ( ! synagogue 0 indignant1 & told ! p t !re 7 six work+ days2 9 !m !re=e !y %\ld come & be heal$1 & n on ! ,sabba?4 ,! epi!t ( hypocrite1 appli$ to him by ,jesus1 01 to say ! lea/1 h>dly ju/ifi$ 7,lu4 xiii4 #aj-ag74 ,ano!r habit ( ,jesus1 9 itself comm5dable1 excit$ ! displeasure ( ! /rict] sects4 ,x 0 t ( eat+ ) publicans & s9n]s4 ,?is practice1 & ! fact ( 8 neglect+ ! fa/s obs]v$ by ! ,ph>isees1 gave an impression ( g5]al laxity ab\t 8 conduct1 :i*1 h[ev] unju/1 0 p]fectly natural 7,mk4 ii4 #ae-bb2 ,mt4 ix4 #aj-ag2 ,lu4 v4 #bi-ci74 ,"h aga9 ,i see no reason to attribute bad motives to 8 oppon5ts :o m]ely felt z *ur*-go+ p among ourselves w\ld feel ab\t "o :o /ay$ away f div9e s]vice1 & z highly decor\s p w\ld feel ab\t "o :o kept :at !y ?\ght l[ company4 ,eat+ ) unwa%$ h&s 0 ano!r ( ! sev]al evid5ces ( 8 contempt = ! preval5t proprieties ( life :i* gave (f5se4 ,! res5tm5t felt by ! ,ph>isees at ?is practice 0 ! m excusable t ,jesus ju/ifi$ x on ! di/9ct gr\nd t he _h no respect = ! tradition ( ! eld]s1 = :i* !y ent]ta9$ ! utmo/ rev]5ce4 ,?is tradition he unsp>+ly attack$1 accus+ !m ( fru/rat+ ! comm&m5t ( ,god 9 ord] to keep x 7,mk4 vii4 #a-ac2 ,mt4 xv4 #a-i74 ,language l ?is 0 n likely to pass )\t leav+ a deep-seat$ w\nd1 especially if x be true 7z /at$ by ,luke7 t "o ( ! occasions on :i* he employ$ x 0 :5 invit$ to d9n] by a ,ph>isee4 ,indiff]5t z ! wa%+ ( h&s might be 9 itself1 c\rtesy t[>ds 8 ho/ requir$ him to ab/a9 f ne$less outrage to 8 feel+s4 ,& :51 9 addition to ! fir/ (f5se1 he proce$$ to d5\nce 8 ho/ & ho/'s fri5ds z p :o made ! outside ( ! cup & ! platt] clean1 b 7 inw>dly full ( rav5+ & wick$ness1 !re is an app>5t rud5ess :i* ev5 ! tru? ( 8 /atem5ts c\ld n h excus$ 7,lu4 xi4 #cg-ci74 ,nei!r 0 ! mann] 9 :i* he answ]$ ! que/ions address$ to him1 z to a tea*] claim+ to in/ruct ! p1 likely to remove ! prejudice ?us creat$4 ,! ,evangeli/s :o report ^! que/ions g5]ally relate t !y 7 put ) an evil int5t3 tempt+ him1 or "s su* expression be+ us$4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! secret motives ( ! que/ion]s1 no?+ c\ld be m legitimate ?an to int]rogate a man :o put =w>d ! enorm\s pret5sions ( ,jesus1 s long z ! process 0 conduct$ fairly4 ,& ?is1 on ! side ( ! ,jews1 x app>5tly 04 ,!re is n[h]e p]ceptible 9 _! inquiries a s*eme to entrap him1 or a desire to entangle him 9 difficulties by skillful exam9ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! subjects on :i* he is que/ion$ are precisely ^? on :i*1 z ! w\ld-be ma/] ( ! nation1 he might mo/ prop]ly be expect$ to give cle> answ]s4 ,& ! judgm5t =m$ ( him by ! public w\ld naturally dep5d to a l>ge ext5t on ! mode 9 :i* he acquitt$ himself 9 ?is impromptu trial4 ,let u see1 !n1 :at 0 ! impression he probably produc$4 ,on "o occasion ! ,ph>isees came to him1 tempt+ him1 to asc]ta9 8 op9ion on divorce4 ,might a man put away 8 wife8 ,jesus repli$ t he might n1 & expla9$ ! p]mission ( ,moses to give a wife a bill ( divorce z a m]e concession to ! h>dness ( _! he>ts4 ,a divorc$ man or woman :o m>ri$ aga9 0 guilty ( adult]y4 ,ev5 ! disciples 7 /agg]$ at ?is4 ,if an unhappy man c\ld nev] be releas$ f 8 wife1 x w\ld be bett]1 !y ?\ght1 n to m>ry at all 7,mk4 x4 #a-ab2 ,mt4 xix4 #a-ab74 ,mu* m mu/ ! ,ph>isees h diss5t$ f ?is novel doctr9e4 ,rightly or wrongly1 !y rev]5c$ ! law ( ,moses1 & !y c\ld n b pr(\ndly disapprove ?is assumption ( au?ority to set x aside & sub/itute = its precepts an unhe>d ( innovation4 ,ano!r "q ( consid]able importance 0 t relat+ to ! tribute4 ,"s ( ! ,ph>isees1 x seems1 aft] prais+ him = 8 indep5d5ce1 begg$ him to give !m 8 op9ion on a disput$ po9t3 ,0 x lawful or n to pay tribute to ! ,emp]or8 ,all ?ree biograph]s are indignant at ! "q4 ,!y attribute x z usual to a desire to cat* him 9 8 words1 or1 z ano!r ,evangeli/ puts x1 to entangle him 9 8 talk4 ,jesus 7!y rem>k7 p]ceiv$ :at "o calls _! wick$ness1 a second _! hypocrisy1 & ! ?ird _! craft9ess4 ,:y d y tempt me8 he began4 ,br+ me a d5>ium t ,i may see x4 ,! co9 be+ br\ght1 he ask$ !m1 ,^: image & sup]scription is ?is8 ,cs>'s4 ,!n r5d] to ,cs> ! ?+s t are ,cs>'s1 & to ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's 7,mk4 xii4 #ac-ag2 ,mt4 xxii4 #ae-bb2 ,lu4 xx4 #bj-bf74 ,"o ( ! ,evangeli/s1 report+ ?is reply1 rejoices at ! discomfiture ( ! ,ph>isees1 :o c\ld n take hold ( 8 words be=e ! p4 ,d\btless 8 decision _h ! m]it t x c\ld n be tak5 hold (1 b ?is 0 only because x decid$ no?+4 ,tak+ ! words 9 _! simple/ s5se1 !y m]ely ass]t :at nobody w\ld d5y4 ,no ,ph>isee w\ld ev] h ma9ta9$ t ! ?+s ( ,cs> %\ld be giv5 to ,god2 & no p>tizan ( ,rome w\ld ev] h dem&$ t ! ?+s ( ,god %\ld be giv5 to ,cs>4 ,b practically x is evid5t t ,jesus meant to d m ?an employ an unmean+ =m ( words4 ,he meant to ass]t t ! tribute 0 "o ( ! ?+s ( ,cs>1 & t because ! co9 9 :i* x 0 paid 0 /amp$ ) 8 image4 ,m fallaci\s reason+ c\ld h>dly be imag9$1 & x is n surpris+ t ! ,ph>isees m>vel$ at him4 ,nobody d\bt$ t ! ,emp]or possess$ ! mat]ial p[]1 & no m ?an ?is 0 prov$ by ! fact t co9s be>+ 8 effigy 7 curr5t 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! "q 0 n :e!r he actually rul$ ,judea1 b :e!r x 0 lawful to ackn[l$ge t rule by pay+ tribute4 ,& :at light c\ld x ?r[ on ?is "q to %[ t ! money us$ to pay x 0 issu$ f 8 m9t8 ,x mu/ almo/ be suppos$ t ,jesus fell into ! confusion ( suppos+ t ! d5>ium ) ,cs>'s image & sup]scription ^u x 0 9 "s peculi> s5se ,cs>'s prop]ty1 :]eas x belong$ z completely to ! man :o produc$ x at ! mom5t z did ! clo!s he wore4 ,_h ! ,roman dom9ation come to an end at any mom5t1 ! co9 ( ! ,empire w\ld h reta9$ its intr9sic value1 b ! ,romans c\ld by no possibility h f\nd$ a "r ( exact+ tribute ^u ! circum/ance ( its circulation4 ,ei!r1 !re=e1 ?is celebrat$ decl>ation 0 a m]e v]bal juggle1 or x re/$ on a transp>5t fallacy4 ,aft] ! ,ph>isees _h be5 ?us dispos$ (1 _! inquiries 7 foll[$ up by a puzzle devis$ by ! ,sadducees 9 ord] to ?r[ ridicule on ! doctr9e ( a future /ate4 ,^! sect>ies put an imag9>y case4 ,moses _h enjo9$ t if a man di$ leav+ a *ildless wid[1 8 bro!r %\ld m>ry h] = ! purpose ( keep+ up ! family4 ,suppose1 said !y1 t ! fir/ ( sev5 bro!rs m>ries1 & dies )\t issue4 ,! second bro!r !n m>ries h] ) ! l result2 !n ! ?ird1 & s on ?r\gh all ! sev54 ,9 ! resurrection ^: wife w ?is woman be1 = ! sev5 h _h h] z _! wife8 ,to ?is ,jesus replies3 fir/1 t 8 que/ion]s greatly err1 nei!r kn[+ ! ,scriptures nor ! p[] ( ,god2 secondly1 t :5 p rise f dea? !y d n m>ry1 b are l angels2 ?irdly1 t ! resurrection is prov$ by ! fact t ,god _h spok5 ( himself z ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & t he is n ! ,god ( ! dead1 b ( ! liv+ 7,mk4 xii4 #ah-bg2 ,mt4 xxii4 #bc-cc2 ,lu4 xx4 #bg-dj74 ,:e!r ! ,sadducees 7 or 7 n satisfi$ by ?is answ] we are n told1 b x is q c]ta9 t _! mod]n repres5tatives c\ld n accept x4 ,= ! inquir]s _h hit ^u "o ( ! real difficulties att5d+ ! doctr9e ( a future life4 ,we are always assur$ t "o ( ! great consolations ( ?is doctr9e is ! hope x holds out ( meet+ aga9 ^? :om we h lov$ on e>?1 & liv+ ) !m 9 a k9d ( communion n :olly unlike t :i* we h enjoy$ "h4 ,e>?ly relation%ips1 x is assum$1 w be prolong$ into t happi] _w4 ,!re ! p>5t w f9d aga9 ! *ild :om he has lo/1 & ! *ild w rejo9 8 p>5t2 !re ! b]eav$ husb& w be re/or$ to 8 wife1 & ! wid[ w be com=t$ by ! sight ( ! companion ( h] w$d$ ye>s4 ,all ?is is simple en\gh4 ,complications inevitably arise1 h[ev]1 :5 we endeavor to pick up aga9 9 ano!r life ! tangl$ ske9 ( our relations 9 ?is4 ,n only may ! feel+s ) :i* we look =w>d to meet+ =m] fri5ds be widely diff]5t aft] _m ye>s' sep>ation f :at !y 7 at _! dea?2 b ev5 9 m>riage !re may be a pref]5ce = a fir/ or a second husb& or wife1 :i* may r5d] ! ?\ght ( meet+ ! o!r positively unpleasant4 ,& if ! s5tim5ts ( ! o!r %\ld nev]!less be ^? ( undim9i%$ love1 ! "q may well arise1 ^: husb& is he1 or ^: wife is %e ( ! two8 ,are all ?ree to live toge!r8 ,b !n1 along ) ! com=t ( meet+ "o :om we love1 we h ! less agreeable prospect ( meet+ ano!r :om we h ceas$ to love4 ,or w "o ( ! two wives or two husb&s be pref]r$ & ! o!r slight$8 ,if s1 ! la/ w suff] & n ga9 by ! reunion4 ,take ! pres5t case4 ,assume t ! wife lov$ only h] fir/ husb&1 b t all ! sev5 7 atta*$ to h]4 ,!n we may well ask1 ^: wife w %e be ( !m8 ,w h] affections be divid$ among ! sev51 or w !y all be giv5 to ! fir/8 ,9 ! =m] case1 %e w be compell$ to live 9 a society = :i* %e has no desire2 9 ! latt]1 six ( h] sev5 husb&s w be unable to enjoy ! full b5efit ( h] pres5ce4 ,! "q is m]ely evad$ by say+ t 9 ! resurrection !re is nei!r m>riage nor giv+ 9 m>riage1 b t m5 are l angels4 ,ei!r !re is no consolation 9 liv+ aga91 or !re mu/ be "s k9d ( repetition ( =m] ties4 ,/ill less logical is ! argum5t by :i* ,jesus attempts to prove ! reality ( a future /ate aga9/ ! ,sadducees4 ,9 syllogi/ic =m x maybe ?us /at$3-- ,god is n ! ,god ( ! dead1 b ( ! liv+4 ,god told ,moses 9 ! bu% t he 0 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob4 ,!re=e !y are n dead1 b liv+ 7,mk4 xii4 #ah-bg2 ,mt4 xxii4 #bc-cc2 ,lu4 xx4 #bg-dj74 ,:at is ! evid5ce ( ! major premiss8 ,! mom5t x is que/ion$ x is se5 to be invalid4 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t ,moses1 or any o!r ,hebrew1 %\ld speak ( 8 ,god z ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 mean+ t ^? great =efa!rs ( 8 race _h ador$ & be5 protect$ by ! same ,jehovah 9 _! day1 b n !re=e t !y 7 /ill liv+4 ,! ,sadducees mu/ h be5 weak inde$ if su* an argum5t c\ld weigh ) !m = a mom5t4 ,aft] ?is a scribe or lawy] drew f ,jesus ! important decl>ation t 9 8 op9ion ! two greate/ comm&m5ts 7 t we %\ld love ,god ) ! :ole he>t1 s\l1 m9d1 & /r5g?2 & our neighbors z ourselves 7,mk4 xii4 #bh-cd2 ,mt4 xxii4 #cd-dj2 ,lu4 x4 #be-cg74 ,h[ gratuit\s ! imputations ( ill-w ?r[n out aga9/ ^? :o int]rogate ,jesus may be1 is admirably %[n 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,"o ,gospel 7! mo/ tru/wor?y7 ass]ts t ! "q ab\t ! fir/ comm&m5t 0 put by a scribe1 :o ?\ght t ,jesus _h answ]$ well1 & :o1 moreov]1 express$ emphatic approval ( ! reply giv5 to himself4 ,su* 7accord+ to ?is acc\nt7 0 8 sympa?y ) ,jesus1 t ! latt] decl>$ t he 0 n f> f ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,m>k n[ ! extraord9>y color giv5 to ?is simple transaction 9 ano!r ,gospel4 ,! ,ph>isees1 we are told1 saw t ! ,sadducees _h be5 sil5c$1 & !re=e drew toge!r4 ,app>5tly z a result ( _! consultation 7?\gh ?is is n /at$71 "o ( !m :o 0 a lawy] ask$ a "q1 tempt+ him1 namely1 ,:i* is ! great comm&m5t 9 ! law8 ,div]se1 aga91 f bo? v]sions is ! n>rative ( a ?ird4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all connection ) ! prec$+ que/ions is brok5 (f1 & )\t any prelim9>ies1 a lawy] /&s up1 &1 tempt+ him1 inquires1 ,ma/]1 by :at conduct %all ,i inh]it et]nal life8 ,to :i* ,jesus replies by a c\nt]-"q1 ,:at is writt5 9 ! law8 & !n1 /range to say1 ^! two great comm&m5ts are enunciat$1 n by him1 b by ! unkn[n lawy]1 ^: answ] receives ! comm5dation ( ,jesus4 ,! bias ?us ev9c$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 ev5 9 report+ ! faire/ que/ions1 seems to %[ t ,*ri/ did n l 8 op9ions to be elicit$ f him by ?is me?od1 feel+ p]haps t x 0 likely to expose 8 intellectual weaknesses4 ,9 ?is way1 & possibly 9 o!rs1 a s5tim5t ( ho/ility grew up betwe5 himself & ! dom9ant sects1 :i*1 until ! clos+ sc5es ( 8 c>e]1 0 f> m m>k$ on 8 side ?an on !irs4 ,beautiful maxims ab\t lov+ "o's enemies & return+ good = evil did n keep him f reproa*+ ! ,ph>isees on _m occasions4 ,un=tunately1 a man's p>ticul> enemies are j ^? :o sc>cely ev] appe> to him wor?y ( love1 & ?is 0 evid5tly ! case ) ,jesus & ! m5 ^u :om he p\r$ =? 8 d5unciations4 ,judg+ by 8 mode ( speak+1 we %\ld suppose t all religi\s p :o did n agree ) him 7 simply hypocrites4 ,?is is "o ( ! milde/ t]ms by :i* he c br+ himself to m5tion ! ,ph>isees or ! scribes4 ,( ! latt]1 he decl>es t !y dev\r wid[s' h\ses1 & = a pret5ce make long pray]s2 !re=e !y w\ld receive ! great] damnation 7,mk4 xii4 #dj2 ,mt4 xxiii4 #ad74 ,! scribes & ! ,ph>isees1 x is said1 b9d heavy burd5s on o!rs1 & refuse to t\* !m !mselves 7surely an improbable *>ge74 ,!y d all _! works to be se5 ( m5 7_! outw>d behavior !n 0 virtu\s74 ,"o ( _! griev\s s9s is t !y make _! phylact]ies broad1 & enl>ge ! bord]s ( _! g>m5ts4 ,worse /ill3 !y l ! be/ places at d9n]-p>ties & 9 ! synagogues 7to :i* p]haps _! position entitl$ !m74 ,!y h a pleasure 9 he>+ !mselves call$ ,rabbi1 a crime ( :i* ,*ri/'s disciples are especially to bew>e4 ,!y %ut up ! k+dom ( heav51 nei!r ent]+ !mselves1 nor all[+ o!rs to ent]4 ,!y compass sea & l& to make "o proselyte1 b all ?is seem+ zeal = religion is wor?less3 :5 !y h ! proselyte1 !y make him /ill m a *ild ( hell ?an !mselves4 ,!y pay ti!s regul>ly1 b omit ! weighti] virtues2 unhappily too common a fail+ ) ! vot>ies ( all religions4 ,!y make ! outside ( ! cup & platt] clean1 b )9 !y are full ( extortion & excess4 ,l :it$ sepul*res1 !y look well en\gh outside1 b ?is aspect ( righte\sness is a m]e cloak = hypocrisy & wick$ness4 ,!y honor ,god ) _! lips1 b _! he>t is f> f him4#cj ,he uses t[>ds !m su* designations z ^!3 ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites2 y bl9d guides2 y fools & bl9d2 ?\ bl9d ,ph>isee2 y s]p5ts1 y g5]ation ( vip]s4 ,if we may believe t he 0 ! au?or ( a p>able conta9$ only 9 ,luke1 he us$ a ,ph>isee z 8 typical hypocrite1 & held up a publican--"o ( a degrad$ class--z f> sup]ior 9 g5u9e virtue to ?is self-righte\s repres5tative ( ! hat$ ord] 7,lu4 xviii4 #i-ad74 ,_h ! ,ph>isees be5 actually guilty ( ! exce$+ wick$ness :i* ,jesus ?\ght prop] to ascribe to !m1 8 c>e] w\ld surely h be5 cut %ort at a mu* e>li] /age4 ,z x 01 !y seem to h borne ) consid]able pati5ce ! extreme lic5se :i* he p]mitt$ himself 9 8 language aga9/ !m4 ,nay1 ,i v5ture to say t _h he conf9$ himself to language1 h[ev] /rong1 he might h escap$ ! fate :i* actually befell him4 ,& ! evid5ce ( ?is proposition is to be f\nd 9 ! extreme mildness ) :i* 8 apo/les 7 aft]w>ds treat$ by ! ,sanh$rim1 ev5 :5 !y act$ 9 direct disob$i5ce to its ord]s 7,acts iv4 #ae-ba1 & v4 #bg-db74 ,only ,/eph51 :o c\rt$ m>tyrdom by 8 language1 0 put to dea?1 & t = ! legal (f5se ( blasphemy4 ,ord9>y prud5ce w\ld h sav$ ,jesus4 ,= 8 arre/ 0 closely connect$ ) 8 expulsion ( ! money-*ang]s f ! temple c\rt4 ,n inde$ t he 0 condemn$ to dea? on t acc\nt1 b t ?is ill-consid]$ de$ 0 ! imm$iate inc5tive ( ! legal proce$+s1 :i* subsequ5tly end$1 contr>y p]haps to ! expectation ( 8 prosecutors1 9 8 conviction by ! ,sanh$rim on a capital *>ge4 ,let u consid] ! evid5ce ( ?is4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( p]sons go+ to pay tribute to ! temple1 "s money-*ang]s--probably nei!r bett] nor worse ?an o!rs ( _! trade--sat outside = ! purpose ( receiv+ ! curr5t ,roman co9age & giv+ ! national money1 :i* alone ! au?orities ( ! temple receiv$ 9 ex*ange4 ,c]ta9 occasions 9 life requir+ an (f]+ ( doves1 ^! too 7 sold 9 ! prec9cts ( ! temple1 obvi\sly to ! advantage ( ! public4 ,_h ,jesus disapprov$ ( ?is practice1 he might h d5\nc$ x 9 public1 & h endeavor$ to p]suade ! p to give x up4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 he ent]$ ! temple1 expell$ ! buy]s & sell]s 7by :at means we d n "k71 upset ! money-*ang]s' tables & ! dove-sell]s' seats1 & p]mitt$ no "o to c>ry a vessel ?r\gh ! temple4 ,is x n writt51 he exclaim$1 ',my h\se %all be call$ a h\se ( pray] = all nations8' b y h made x a d5 ( ?ieves 7,mk4 xi4 #ae-ah2 ,mt4 xxi4 #ab1 #ac2 ,lu4 xix4 #de-dh74 ,! action & ! words 7 alike unju/ifiable4 ,! extreme c>e ( ! ,jews to pres]ve ! sanctity ( _! temple is well kn[n f secul> hi/ory4 ,no?+ t !y _h done or 7 likely to d c\ld prev5t x f rema9+ a h\se ( pray]4 ,& ev5 if !y _h suff]$ x to be desecrat$ by comm]ce1 0 x1 !y w\ld ask1 = ,jesus to fall sudd5ly ^u m5 :o 7 b pursu+ a call+ :i* cu/om _h sanction$1 & :i* !y _h no reason to ?9k illegal or irreligi\s8 ,0 x = him to /igmatize !m all indiscrim9ately z ?ieves8 ,pla9ly n4 ,he _h1 9 _! op9ion1 exce$$ all b\nds ( decorum1 to say no?+ ( law1 9 ?is de$ ( viol5ce & ( passion4 ,?us1 !re 0 no?+ = x n[ b to re/ra9 ! fur!r excesses he might be tempt$ to commit4 ,no imm$iate /eps 71 h[ev]1 tak5 to puni% ?is outrage4 ,x is alleg$ t ,jesus escap$ because ( ! reputation he enjoy$ among ! p4 ,at any rate1 ! c\rse ( ! au?orities 0 ! milde/ !y c\ld possibly adopt4 ,!y cont5t$ !mselves ) ask+ ,jesus by :at au?ority he did ^! ?+s1 a "q :i* assur$ly !y _h e "r to put4 ,he answ]$ by ano!r "q1 promis+ if !y answ]$ x1 he w\ld answ] !irs4 ,0 ,john's baptism f heav5 or f m58 ,h]eupon ! ,evangeli/s depict ! p]plexity :i* !y imag9e arose among ! prie/s4 ,if !y said1 f heav51 ,jesus w\ld proce$ to ask :y !y _h n receiv$ him2 if f m51 !y w\ld enc\nt] ! popul> impression t he 0 a prophet4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 may be m]e speculation2 we return )9 ! region ( ! actual k ( ! ,evangeli/s :5 we come to _! answ]4 ,& !y say 9 answ] to ,jesus1 ',we d n "k4' ,& ,jesus says to !m1 ',nei!r d ,i tell y by :at au?ority ,i d ^! ?+s4' 7,mk4 xi4 #bg-cc2 ,mt4 xxi4 #bc-bg2 ,lu4 xx4 #a-h74 ,obs]ve 9 ?is reply ! conduct ( ,jesus4 ,he _h promis$ ! prie/s t if !y answ]$ 8 "q1 he w\ld also answ] !irs4 ,!y did answ] 8 "q z be/ !y c\ld1 & he refus$ to answ] !irs6 ,ev5 9 ! ,engli% v]sion1 :]e ! contra/ betwe5 him & !m is disguis$ by ! employm5t ( ! same ^w tell z ! translation ( two v diff]5t v]bs 9 ! orig9al1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ,we _c tell & ,i d n1 t is w n tell is palpable en\gh4 ,b x is f> m s 9 ! orig9al4 ,! prie/s did n by any means decl9e to answ] ! "q2 !y simply said1 :at may v likely h be5 true1 t !y did n "k :5ce ! baptism ( ,john 04 ,9 ! divid$ /ate ( public op9ion ab\t ,john1 no?+ c\ld be m natural4 ,!y c\ld n reply decid$ly if _! feel+s 7 undecid$4 ,_! reply1 ,we d n "k1 0 !n a p]fectly prop] "o4 ,! correspond+ reply on ! "p ( ,jesus w\ld h be51 ,i d n "k by :at au?ority ,i d ^! ?+s2 b ?is ( c\rse x 0 impossible to give4 ,! *ief prie/s1 scribes & eld]s _h m "r to ask ,jesus to produce 8 au?ority = 8 assault ?an he _h to int]rogate !m ab\t _! religi\s op9ions4 ,b ,jesus1 ?\gh he _h = ! mom5t evad$ a difficulty1 mu/ h be5 well aw>e t he 0 n out ( dang]4 ,he f\nd x necess>y to retire to a secret spot1 kn[n only to fri5ds4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 he 0 discov]$ by 8 oppon5ts1 & br\ght be=e ! ,sanh$rim to answ] to ! *>ges n[ alleg$ aga9/ 8 "* & doctr9e4 ,to "s ext5t ^! *>ges are matt] ( conjecture4 ,! ,gospels intimate t !re 0 mu* evid5ce aga9/ him :i* !y h n report$4 ,n[ x is impossible = u to d complete ju/ice to ! tribunal :i* he>d ! case unless we "k ! nature & numb] ( ! (f5ces ( :i* ! prison] 0 accus$4 ,"o ( !m1 ! promise to de/roy ! temple & rebuild x 9 ?ree days1 may h pres5t$ itself to _! m9ds z an ann\ncem5t ( a s]i\s purpose1 especially aft] ! rec5t viol5ce done to ! trad]s4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re 0 n[ suffici5t evid5ce be=e ! c\rt to require ! high prie/ to call ^u ,jesus = 8 reply4 ,he might !re=e h made 8 def5se if he _h ?\ght prop]4 ,he decl9$ to d s4 ,aga9 ! high prie/ address$ him1 solemnly requir+ him to say :e!r he 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,jesus admitt$ t su* 0 8 conviction1 & decl>$ t !y w\ld aft]w>ds see him return 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,h]eupon ! high prie/ r5t 8 clo!s1 & ask$ :at fur!r evid5ce c\ld be ne$$4 ,all _h he>d 8 blasphemy2 :at did !y ?9k ( x8 ,all ( !m concurr$ 9 condemn+ him to dea? 7,mk4 xv4 #ec-fd2 ,mt4 xxvi4 #eg-ff2 ,lu4 xxii4 #ff-ga74 ,! ?ree ,evangeli/s :o report ! trial all agree t ! blasphemy ?us utt]$ 0 accept$ at once z full & suffici5t gr\nd = ! conviction ( ,jesus4 ,n[1 ,i see no reason :atev] to d\bt t ! prie/s :o 7 ?us sc&aliz$ by 8 decl>ation 7 p]fectly s9c]e 9 ! horror !y pr(ess$4 ,all :o h at all realiz$ ! extremely /rong feel+s ( ! ,jews on ! subject ( ,mono!ism1 w easily und]/& t any?+ :i* 9 ! lea/ impugn$ x w\ld be reg>d$ by !m ) ! utmo/ av]sion4 ,& a man :o claim$ to be ! ,son ( ,god c]ta9ly detract$ some:at f ! sole & exclusive adoration :i* !y consid]$ to be due to ,jehovah4 ,z inde$ ! ev5t has prov$2 = ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* soon dep>t$ f pure ,mono!ism1 adopt+ ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity2 :ile ,*ri/ along ) 8 ,fa!r1 & ev5 m ?an 8 ,fa!r1 became an object ( its wor%ip4 ,s t if ! ,jews consid]$ x _! supreme obligation to pres]ve ! purity ( _! ,jehovi/ic fai?1 z _! ,scriptures taught !m to believe x 01 !y 7 "r 9 putt+ d[n ,jesus by =cible means4 ,no d\bt !y 7 wrong 9 hold+ su* an op9ion4 ,x 0 n1 9 fact1 _! duty to gu>d _! fai? by p]secution4 ,!y w\ld h be5 morally bett] _h !y und]/ood ! mod]n doctr9e ( religi\s lib]ty1 unkn[n z x 0 to ,*ri/ians !mselves until "s sixte5 c5turies aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,b = _! mi/ak5 notions on ?is head !y 7 only 9 "p responsible4 ,!y _h inh]it$ _! cre$ ) its pr(\nd intol]ance4 ,_! hi/ory1 _! legislators1 _! prophets1 all conspir$ to uphold p]secution = ! ma9t5ance ( religi\s tru?4 ,!y c\ld n believe 9 _! sacr$ books1 & disbelieve ! propriety ( p]secution4 ,be=e !y c\ld leave ,jesus at l>ge to tea* 8 subv]sive doctr9es1 !y mu/ h ceas$ to be ,jews2 & ?is x 0 impossible = !m to d4 ,we mu/ n be too h>d ^u m5 ^: only crime 0 t !y believ$ 9 a false religion4 ,accord+ to ! dictates ( t religion1 ,jesus ought to h be5 /on$4 ,b ! ,roman supremacy preclud$ ! ,jews f giv+ effect to _! own laws4 ,jesus 0 !re=e tak5 be=e ! procurator1 & accus$ ( _m ?+s4 ,! *>ge ( blasphemy ( c\rse w\ld weigh no?+ 9 ! m9d ( a ,roman2 & x is evid5t t ano!r aspect ( ! indictm5t 0 br\ght prom95tly be=e ,pilate3 namely1 ! pret5sion ( ,jesus to be k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,z to ! sub/antial tru? ( ?is second *>ge1 we are sav$ ! necessity ( discussion1 = ,jesus himself1 :5 que/ion$ by ,pilate1 at once admitt$ x4 ,b :e!r x 0 made 9 malice1 & 9 a some:at diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* ,pilate und]/ood x1 is n s cle>4 ,jesus at no "t1 s f> z we "k1 put =w>d any direct claim to imm$iate temporal dom9ion4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ideas ( ,messiah%ip & possession ( ! k+dom 7 s intimately connect$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,jews1 t !y 7 probably unable to dissociate !m4 ,unfit z ,jesus pla9ly 0 = ! ex]cise ( ! gov]nm5t1 !y might well believe t1 if receiv$ by any consid]able numb] ( ! p1 x w\ld be =c$ ^u him z ! logical result ( 8 c>e]4 ,nor 7 ^! fe>s unreasonable4 ,8 entry into ,j]usalem rid+ on an ass 7an animal expressly select$ z emblematic ( 8 royalty71 ) palm-bran*es /rew$ be=e him1 & admir]s call+ ,hosanna6 z he w5t1 po9t$ to a v real & s]i\s dang]4 ,ano!r su* demon/ration might ) ! utmo/ ease h pass$ into a di/urbance ( ! peace1 n to say a tumult1 :i* ! ,romans w\ld h qu5*$ 9 blood unsp>+ly & indiscrim9at+ly %$4 ,jesus 0 really !re=e a dang]\s "*1 n s mu* to ! ,romans1 z to ! ,jews4 ,n be+ prep>$ to accept him z _! k+ 9 fact1 !y 7 almo/ compell$ 9 self-pres]vation to d5\nce him z _! w\ld-be k+ to ,pilate4 ,8 execution foll[$4 ,8 suppos$ resurrection1 & ! r5ew$ propagation ( 8 fai?1 foll[$ t4 ,x has be5 widely believ$ t because ,*ri/ianity 0 n put d[n by ! dea? ( its f\nd]1 because1 inde$1 x bur/ out aga9 9 r5ew$ vigor1 !re=e ! measures tak5 aga9/ him 7 a complete failure1 & s]v$ only to conf] additional glory & p[] on ! religion he _h taught4 ,b ?is op9ion arises f a confusion ( ideas4 ,if !y aim$ at pres]v+ _! own nation f :at !y deem$ an impi\s h]esy--& ,i see no pro( t !y aim$ at any?+ else--! ,jewi% au?orities 7 p]fectly successful4 ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 if our acc\nts be true1 ?reat5$ to s$uce l>ge numb]s ( p f _! allegiance to ! or?odox cre$1 0 practically ext+ui%$ among ! ,jews !mselves by ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,!y c\ld n possibly believe 9 a crucifi$ ,messiah4 ,only a v small b& ( disciples p]si/$ 9 adh]+ to ,jesus1 ju/ify+ _! cont9u$ fai? by ass]t+ t he _h ris5 f ! tomb4 ,b x 0 no long] among ! c\ntrym5 ( ,jesus1 :om he _h especially s\ght to atta* to 8 p]son & 8 doctr9e1 t ?is small remnant ( 8 foll[]s c\ld f9d _! conv]ts4 ,nei!r !n1 nor at any subsequ5t "t1 has ,*ri/ianity be5 able to wean ! ,jews f _! anci5t fai?4 ,! numb] ( ^? :o1 f t "t to ?is1 h ab&on$ x 9 favor ( ! m rec5t religion has be5 s+ul>ly small4 ,if1 z is probable1 !re 0 dur+ ! e>?ly c>e] ( ,jesus a gr[+ dang] t 8 tea*+ might lead to ! =mation ( a sect to :i* _m m9ds w\ld be attract$1 t dang] 0 completely av]t$4 ,true1 ,*ri/ianity1 :5 reject$ by ! ,jews1 made rapid progress among ! ,g5tiles4 ,b x 0 no bus9ess ( ! au?orities at ,j]usalem to look aft] ! religion ( hea!n nations4 ,!y might h ?\ght1 _h !y =ese5 ! future ( ,*ri/ianity1 t a cre$ :i* orig9at$ among !mselves1 & _h 9 x a l>ge admixture ( ,hebrew elem5ts1 0 bett] ?an ! wor%ip ( ! pagan deities4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! p>ticul> =m ( error :i* ! ,g5tiles might embrace 0 evid5tly no conc]n ( !irs4 ,b !y _h a duty1 or ?\ght !y _h "o1 t[>ds _! own p1 :o look$ to !m = guidance1 & t 0 to pres]ve ! religion t _h be5 h&$ d[n f _! =efa!rs uncorrupt$ & unmix$4 ,?is !y endeavor$ to d by /ifl+ ! new-born h]esy ( ,jesus be=e x _h become too p[]ful to be /ifl$4 ,_! measures1 hav+ reg>d to ! end !y _h 9 view1 7 und\bt$ly politic1 & ev5 j4 ,= 7 !y n p]fectly "r 9 suppos+ t fai? 9 ,*ri/ 0 dang]\s to fai? 9 ,moses8 ,! ev5t has prov$ x beyond possibility ( "q4 ,n inde$ t !y c\ld p]ceive ! ext5t ( ! p]il1 = nei!r ,jesus nor any ( 8 disciples has v5tur$ !n to ?r[ (f ,judaism altoge!r4 ,b !y did p]ceive1 ) a p]fectly correct insight1 t ! ,*ri/ians 7 sett+ up a new au?ority alongside ( ! au?orities :i* alone !y recogniz$1--! ,scriptures & ! traditional int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures4 ,& x 0 precisely ! adoption ( a new au?ority :i* !y desir$ to prev5t4 ,s completely 0 _! =esight on ?is po9t ju/ifi$1 t n long aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 8 assum$ foll[]s receiv$ conv]ts )\t circumcision1 t all-ess5tial rite2 & t1 aft] ! lapse ( no long p]iod ( "t1 ,judaism 0 entirely ab&on$1 & a new religion1 ) new dogmas1 new ritual1 & new obs]vances1 0 f\nd$ 9 its place4 ,surely ! action ( ! m5 :o sat 9 judgm5t ^u ,jesus ne$s no fur!r ju/ification1 f _! own po9t ( view1 ?an ?is "o consid]ation4 ,!y _h no m sacr$ tru/1 9 _! own eyes1 ?an to prev5t ! admission ( any o!r object ( wor%ip ?an ! ,"l ,jehovah4 ,*ri/ spe$ily became among ,*ri/ians an object ( wor%ip4 ,!y own$ no m solemn duty ?an to obs]ve 9 all its p>ts ! law deliv]$ by _! ,god to ,moses4 ,t law 0 almo/ in/antly ab&on$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,!y knew ( no m unp>donable crime ?an apo/asy f _! fai?4 ,t apo/asy 0 soon committ$ by ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians4 ,on all ^! gr\nds1 !n1 ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t ! spiritual rul]s ( ,judea 7 n s blamewor?y z has be5 commonly suppos$ 9 ! execution ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,judg$ by ! pr9ciples ( univ]sal morality1 !y 7 und\bt$ly wrong4 ,judg$ by ! pr9ciples ( _! own religion1 !y 7 no less und\bt$ly "r4 ,,subdivision #e4--,:at did he ?9k ( himself8 ,hav+ endeavor$1 z f> z our imp]fect in=mation w admit1 to realize ! view t w\ld be tak5 ( ,jesus by contempor>y ,jews1 let u seek if possible to realize ! view :i* he took ( himself4 ,9 :at relation did he suppose himself to /& to ,god ! ,fa!r8 ,& 9 :at relation to ! ,hebrew law8 ,:at 0 8 conception ( 8 own mission1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* x c\ld be/ be fulfill$8 ,?\gh1 9 reply+ to ^! que/ions1 we suff] some:at f ! sc>city ( ! mat]ials1 we d n labor "u ! same disadvantages z ^? we enc\nt]$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,= !re we _h to judge betwe5 two bitt]ly ho/ile p>ties1 ( :i* only "o _h pres5t$ its case4 ,& f ! highly color$ /atem5t ( ?is "o p>ty we _h to unravel1 z be/ we c\ld1 :atev] circum/ances might be p]mitt$ to weigh 9 favor ( ! o!r4 ,"h we h no conflict+ factions to obscure ! tru?4 ,! op9ion =m$ by ,jesus ( himself has be5 h&$ d[n to u by 8 own disciples1 :o1 ev5 if !y did n p]fectly und]/& him1 mu/ at lea/ h und]/ood him f> bett] ?an anybody else4 ,& if ! picture !y give u ( ! conception he _h =m$ ( 8 own (fice be consi/5t ) itself1 !re is also ! utmo/ probability t x is true4 ,especially w ?is hold good if ?is conception %\ld be f\nd to diff] mat]ially f t n long aft]w>ds fram$ ab\t him by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,consid] fir/ ! idea he ent]ta9$ conc]n+ 8 ,messianic "*1 & 8 consequ5t relation to ,god4 ,8 conviction t he 0 ! ,messiah1 :o 0 s5t ) a div9e message to 8 nation1 0 evid5tly ! ma9spr+ ( 8 life4 ,x 0 "u ?is conviction t he work$ 8 cures & prea*$ 8 s]mons4 ,probably x /r5g!n$ z he cont9u$ 9 8 c>e]1 ?\gh ( ?is !re is no possible evid5ce4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 ! in/ructions he gave on sev]al occasions to ^? :om he _h heal$1 & once to 8 disciples1 to tell no man ab\t him1 arose f a c]ta9 diffid5ce ab\t ! p[] by :i* 8 miracles 7 effect$ 7,e4g41 ,mk4 i4 #dd2 ,mt4 ix4 #cj71 & a reluctance to accept ! honor :i* ! populace w\ld h conf]r$ ^u him4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 he c]ta9ly put =w>d 8 belief on ?is subject pla9ly en\gh1 & its acceptance by 8 disciples no d\bt confirm$ x 9 8 own m9d1 :ile its rejection by ! nation at l>ge1 especially ! m le>n$ portion ( x1 gave a flavor ( bitt]ness to ! tone 9 :i* he insi/$ ^u x4 ,! title by :i* he habitually designates himself is ! ,son ( man4 ,?is 01 no d\bt1 select$ z a m mode/ "n ?an ,son ( ,god4 ,! latt] 0 nev] 7if we exclude ! f\r? ,gospel7 appli$ by ,jesus to himself1 b :5 appli$ to him by o!rs1 he made no objection to x1 b accept$ x z 8 due4 ,! inf]5ce f 8 behavior is1 t he lik$ to be ?\ght ! ,son ( ,god 7z inde$ is %[n by 8 eulogy ( ,pet] :5 t apo/le _h s describ$ him7 7,mt4 xvi4 #ag2 v]s4 #ah & #ai are probably int]polations71 b t he did n q v5ture to claim ! title = himself4 ,t he 0 ev] imag9$1 ei!r by himself or o!rs1 to be ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! lit]al1 mat]iali/ic s5se 9 :i* ! t]m 0 aft]w>ds und]/ood1 x w\ld be an entire mi/ake to suppose4 ,no su* notion _h ev] be5 =mulat$ by ! ,jewi% m9d1 & x w\ld1 no d\bt1 h fill$ 8 e>lie/ disciples ) horror4 ,z ,mr4 ,we/cott truly obs]ves1 ,ye>s mu/ elapse be=e we c feel t ! words ( "o :o talk$ ) m5 7 inde$ ! words ( ,god 7,canon ( ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #fd74 ,nor 0 ! ,hebrew ,jehovah ! sort ( div9ity :o w\ld h _h a son by a "y village maid54 ,proce$+s ( t k9d 7 left to ! hea!n deities4 ,nor did ,*ri/1 9 claim+ a filial relation%ip to ,god1 ev] int5d to claim unity ) ! div9e ess5ce1 /ill less to ass]t t he actually 0 ,god himself4 ,?is notion ( id5tity w\ld receive no sanction ev5 f ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* does1 q unlike its pr$ecessors1 l5d "s sanction to t ( unity 9 nature4 ,! be/ pro( ( ?is is t ,jesus nev]1 at any p]iod ( 8 life1 desir$ 8 foll[]s to wor%ip him1 ei!r z ,god or z ! ,son ( ,god4 ,_h he believ$ ( himself :at 8 foll[]s subsequ5tly believ$ ( him1 t he 0 "o ( ! con/itu5t p]sons 9 a div9e tr9ity1 he mu/ h enjo9$ 8 apo/les bo? to address him 9 pray] !mselves1 & to desire _! conv]ts to address him4 ,x is q pla9 t he did no?+ ( ! k9d1 & t !y nev] suppos$ him to h done s4 ,belief 9 ,*ri/ z ! ,messiah 0 taught z ! fir/ dogma ( apo/olic ,*ri/ianity1 b adoration ( ,*ri/ z ,god 0 n taught at all4 ,b we are n left 9 ?is matt] to dep5d on conjectural inf]5ces4 ,! words ( ,jesus are pla94 ,:5ev] occasion arose1 he ass]t$ 8 inf]iority to ! ,fa!r 7z ,milton has prov$ to demon/ration71#ca ?\gh1 z no "o _h !n dreamt ( 8 equality1 x is natural t ! occasions %\ld n h be5 frequ5t4 ,he made himself inf]ior 9 k :5 he said t ( ! day & h\r ( ! day ( judgm5t no "o knew1 nei!r ! angels 9 heav51 nor ! ,son2 no "o except ! ,fa!r 7,mk4 xiii4 #cb74 ,he made himself inf]ior 9 p[] :5 he said t seats on 8 "r h& & on 8 left 9 ! k+dom ( heav5 7 n 8 to give 7,mk4 x4 #dj72 inf]ior 9 virtue :5 he desir$ a c]ta9 man n to address him z ,good ma/]1 = !re 0 none good b ,god 7,mk4 x4 #ah74 ,! words ( 8 pray] at ,ge?semane1 all ?+s are possible unto !e1 imply t all ?+s 7 n possible to him2 :ile its conclusion1 n :at ,i w1 b :at ?\ wilt1 indicates submission to a sup]ior1 n ! m]e execution ( a purpose ( 8 own 7,mk4 xiv4 #cf74 ,inde$1 ! :ole pray] w\ld h be5 a mock]y1 useless = any purpose b ! deception ( 8 disciples1 if he _h himself be5 id5tical ) ! ,be+ to :om he pray$1 & _h m]ely be5 giv+ effect by 8 dea? to _! common c\nsels4 ,:ile ! cry ( agony f ! cross1 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8 7,mk4 xv4 #cd17 w\ld h be5 q unmean+ if ! p]son =sak5 & ! p]son =sak+ _h be5 "o & ! same4 ,ei!r1 !n1 we mu/ assume t ! language ( ,jesus has be5 misreport$1 or we mu/ admit t he nev] = a mom5t pret5d$ to be co-equal1 co-et]nal1 or con-sub/antial ) ,god4 ,?r\gh\t 8 public life he spoke ( himself z "o :o 0 s5t by ,god = a c]ta9 purpose4 ,:at 0 t purpose8 ,0 x1 z ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians s readily assum$1 to aboli% ! laws & cu/oms ( ! ,jews1 & to sub/itute o!rs 9 _! /ead8 ,did he1 = example1 propose to supplant circumcision by baptism8 ! ,sabba? by ! ,sunday8 ! synagogue by ! *ur*8 ! c]emonial obs]vances ( ! law ( ,moses by obs]vances ( ano!r k9d8 ,if s1 let ! evid5ce be produc$4 ,= unless we f9d among 8 record$ in/ructions "s specific injunction to 8 disciples t !y 7 no long] to be ,jews1 b ,*ri/ians1 we _c assume t he int5d$ any su* revolution4 ,n[1 n only c no su* injunction be produc$1 b ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life negatives ! supposition t any 0 giv54 ,= :ile tea*+ mu* on _m subjects1 he nev] at any "t alludes to ! ,mosaic disp5sation z a tempor>y arrangem5t1 de/9$ to yield to a high] law4 ,yet x w\ld surely h be5 /range if he _h left 8 disciples to guess at 8 int5tions on ?is all-important subject4 ,moreov]1 x came directly 9 8 way :5 he c5sur$ ! ,ph>isees4 ,he frequ5tly accuses !m ( ov]lay+ ! law ) a multitude ( unnecess>y & tr\blesome rules2 b :ile object+ to ^!1 he nev] = a mom5t h9ts t ! v law itself 0 n[ to become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,q ! rev]se4 ,! ,ph>isees 7 v scrupul\s ab\t pay+ ti!s & disreg>d$ weighti] matt]s2 ^!1 he says1 !y ought to h done1 & n to h left ! o!r undone4 ,if ^? ti!s 7 no long] to be paid 7at lea/ n = ! same objects71 :y does he n say s8 ,aga91 he *>ges !m ) transgress+ ! comm&m5t ( ,god by _! tradition2 :]e x is ! accretions r\nd ! law1 & n ! law itself1 :i* he attacks4 ,9 "o case he ev5 directly imposes an obs]vance ( ! legal requirem5ts on a man ov] :om he has influ5ce 7,mk4 i4 #dd74 ,moreov]1 he himself evid5tly cont9u$ to p]=m ! obligations ( 8 ,jewi% religion until ! v end ( 8 life1 = "o ( 8 la/ acts 0 to eat ! passov] ) 8 disciples4 ,! only in/itution :i* he app>5tly desires to alt] at all is ! ,sabba?1 & !re x is pla9 t he aims at an am5dm5t 9 ! mode ( its obs]vance1 n at its entire abolition4 ,inde$1 he ju/ifies 8 disciples by invok+ ! example ( ,david1 an or?odox ,hebrew2 & v happily rem>ks1 t ! ,sabba? 0 made = man1 n man = ! ,sabba?--"o ( 8 be/ & mo/ epigrammatic say+s4 ,b an in/itution made = man 0 inde$ "o to be rationally obs]v$1 b by no means "o to be lightly tamp]$ )4 ,jesus1 9 fact1 0 altoge!r a ,jew1 & ?\gh an ard5t re=m]1 he desir$ to re=m )9 ! limits ( ,judaism1 n beyond !m4 ,if fur!r pro( 7 ne$$ ( ?is ?an ! fact t he himself nei!r ab&on$ ! religion ( 8 bir?1 nor s\ght to obta9 disciples except among ^? :o belong$ to x1 x w\ld be f\nd 9 8 treatm5t ( ! hea!n woman ^: daught] 0 tr\bl$ ) a devil4 ,to h] he di/9ctly decl>$ t he 0 n s5t except to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,9 reply to h] fur!r p]si/5ce1 he told h] t x 0 n well to take ! *ildr5's meat & ?r[ x to dogs4 ,no?+ b h] appropriate yet mode/ answ] induc$ him to acc$e to h] reque/ 7,mt4 xv4 #ba-bh74 ,fur!r confirmation is af=d$ by 8 in/ructions to 8 disciples1 :om he desir$ n to g ei!r to ! ,g5tiles or ! ,sm>itans1 b to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel 7,mt4 x4 #e1 #f74 ,8 own practice 0 altoge!r 9 con=mity ) ^! in/ructions4 ,he m>k$ly conf9$ ! b5efits ( 8 tea*+ to 8 fell[-c\ntrym54 ,once only is he said to h visit$ ! neighborhood ( ,tyre & ,sidon1 & !n he 0 anxi\s to pres]ve ! /ricte/ incognito 7,mk4 vii4 #bd74 ,ev5 :5 ! ,jews refus$ to believ$ 9 him1 he s\ght no conv]ts among ! ,g5tiles4 ,he nev] ev5 intimat$ t he w\ld receive su* conv]ts )\t _! previ\s adoption ( ! ,jewi% fai?1 & aft] 8 decease 8 mo/ intimate disciples 7 d\btful :e!r x 0 lawful to associate ) uncircumcis$ p 7,acts x4 #bh2 xi4 #b1 #c74 ,n only1 !re=e1 _h he himself nev] done s1 b he _h left no in/ructions beh9d him t su* a relaxation ( ,jewi% scruples might ev] be p]mitt$4 ,true1 :5 disappo9t$ among 8 own p1 he n[ & !n contra/$ !m 9 unflatt]+ t]ms ) ! hea!n4 ,*oraz9 & ,be?saida 7 worse ?an ,tyre & ,sidon2 ,cap]naum less op5 to conviction ?an ,sodom 7,mt4 xi4 #bj-bd74 ,! fai? ( ! hea!n c5turion 0 great] ?an any he _h f\nd 9 ,israel 7,mt4 viii4 #aj74 ,b all ^! expressions ( embitt]$ feel+ imply t x 0 9 ,israel he _h look$ = fai?1 t[>ds ,israel t 8 desires 7 turn$4 ,to discov] fai? out ( x might be an agreeable surprise1 b z a g5]al rule1 0 nei!r to be expect$ nor s\ght4 ,hav+1 !n1 det]m9$1 :at ! purport ( 8 mission 0 n1 let u try to discov] :at x 04 ,! que/ is n difficult4 ,! :ole ( 8 tea*+ is p]vad$ by "o ev]-recurr+ keynote1 :i* ^? :o h e>s to he> x _c miss4 ,he came to ann\nce ! approa* ( :at he t]m$ ! k+dom ( heav54 ,a great revolution 0 to take place on e>?4 ,god 0 to come1 accompani$ by ,jesus1 to rew>d ! virtu\s & to puni% ! wick$4 ,a totally new ord] ( ?+s 0 to be sub/itut$ 9 lieu ( ! pres5t unju/ & unequal in/itutions4 ,& ,jesus 0 s5t by ,god to w>n ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to prep>e = ?is k+dom ( heav54 ,!re 0 b little "t to lose1 = ev5 n[ ! day ( judgm5t 0 at h&4 ,! m9d ( ,jesus 0 lad5 ) ?is "o great ?\ght1 to :i*1 ) him1 all o!rs 7 subord9ate4 ,x runs ?r\gh 8 maxims ( conduct1 8 p>ables1 8 famili> conv]se ) 8 disciples4 ,f> f him 0 ! notion ( f\nd+ a new religion1 to be ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! _w & to la/ = ages4 ,x 0 a "w ( mu* m imm$iate urg5cy :i* he came to d4 ,prep>e = ! k+dom ( heav51 = x w come ^u y 9 ! pres5t g5]ation2 su* 0 ! burd5 ( 8 message4 ,let u he> 8 own mode ( deliv]+ x to m54 ,! v beg9n+ ( 8 prea*+1 accord+ to ,m>k1 0 9 ?is /ra93 ,! "t is fulfill$1 & ! k+dom ( ,god has approa*$2 rep5t1 & believe ! ,gospel 7,mk4 i4 #ae74 ,precisely simil> is ! purport ( 8 e>lie/ doctr9e accord+ to ,mat!w 7,mt4 iv4 #g74 ,h[ ?or\ghly he believ$ t ! "t 0 fulfill$ is %[n by 8 decid$ decl>ation t !re 7 "s among 8 he>]s :o w\ld n ta/e ( dea? till !y _h se5 ! k+dom ( ,god come ) p[] 7,mk4 ix4 #a71 a say+ :i*1 z x w\ld nev] h be5 inv5t$1 is und\bt$ly g5u9e4 ,he told 8 disciples t ,elias1 :o 0 expect$ to prec$e ! k+dom ( heav51 _h already come 7,mk4 ix4 #ac74 ,ov] & ov] aga91 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways1 ?is absorb+ ?\ght f9ds expression 9 8 language4 ,! "o & only message ! disciples are in/ruct$ to c>ry to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel is t ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h& 7,mt4 x4 #ag74 ,:5 a city does n receive !m1 !y are to wipe (f ! du/ ( x aga9/ !m1 & bid !m be sure t ! k+dom ( ,god is ne> !m 7,lu4 x4 #aa74 ,9 ! com+ judgm5t1 ,*oraz91 ,be?saida1 & above all 8 own place ,cap]naum1 7 to suff] m ?an ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,e>?ly matt]s assume1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is conviction ( _! tempor>y nature1 a v trivial aspect4 ,! disciples are to take no ?\ght = ! morr[2 ! morr[ w take ?\ght = itself4 ,nor are !y to tr\ble !mselves ab\t food & clo?+1 b to seek fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god 7,mt4 vi4 #ca-cd74 ,!y are n to lay up treasure on e>?1 b 9 heav51 9 ord] t _! he>ts may be !re 7,mt4 vi4 #ai-ba74 ,moreov]1 !y mu/ be always on ! wat*1 z ! ,son ( man w come ^u !m at an unexpect$ h\r4 ,x w\ld n d !n to be engag$ z ! wick$ ant$iluvians 7 :5 ov]tak5 by ! flood1 9 ! occupations ( eat+ & dr9k+1 or m>ry+ & giv+ 9 m>riage4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 !y mu/ be l ! fai?ful s]vant :om 8 ma/] on return+ to 8 h\se f\nd wat*+ 7,mt4 xxiv4 #ch1 #db1 #dc2 ,lu4 xii4 #cg1 #ch74 ,prep>ation is to be made = ! k+dom :i* _! ,fa!r w give !m by sell+ :at !y h & be/[+ alms1 s lay+ up an incorruptible treasure2 by keep+ _! lo9s gird$ & _! lights burn+ 7,lu4 xii4 #cb74 ,neglect ( ^! precautions w be puni%$ by exclusion f ! joys ( ! k+dom1 z %[n 9 ! p>able ( ! t5 virg9s 7,mt4 xxv4 #a-ac74 ,b ! indications ( ! great ev5t are n und]/ood by ! p1 :o are able to read ! signs ( ! com+ wea!r1 b n ^? ( ! times 7,lu4 xii4 #ed-eg72 an inability :i* might h be5 due to ! fact t !y _h _h "s exp]i5ce ( ! "o k9d ( signs & none ( ! o!r4 ,on ano!r occasion1 he obs]ves t ! law & ! prophets 7 till ,john2 s9ce !n ! k+dom ( ,god has be5 prea*$1 & e man presses into x 7,lu4 xvi4 #af74 ,"h he specially proclaims himself z ! prea*] ( ! k+dom2 ! man :o br\ght mank9d ?is new revelation4 ,su* 0 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is revelation 0 ann\nc$1 t "s at lea/ ( ^? :o he>d him ?\ght t ! k+dom 0 to come imm$iately4 ,to c\nt]act ?is view he told ! p>able ( ! nobleman :o w5t f home to receive a k+dom1 leav+ 8 s]vants 9 *>ge ( c]ta9 monies1 & rew>d$ !m on 8 return accord+ to ! am\nt ( int]e/ !y _h obta9$ by usury1 puni%+ "o ( !m :o _h made no use ( ! sum intru/$ to him 7,lu4 xix4 #aa-bg74 ,he himself1 ( c\rse1 0 ! nobleman :o receiv$ 8 k+dom & return$ aga9 to judge 8 s]vants4 ,s urg5t 0 ! message he _h to deliv]1 t 7accord+ to "o ,evangeli/7 a man :o wi%$ to bury 8 fa!r be=e jo9+ him 0 told to let ! dead bury _! dead1 b to g himself & ann\nce ! k+dom ( ,god2 :ile ano!r1 :o ask$ leave to bid f>ewell to 8 family1 0 w>n$ t no man1 hav+ put 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 & look+ back1 0 fit = t k+dom 7,lu4 ix4 #eh-fb74 ,! arrival ( ! k+dom 0 to be prec$$ by v>i\s signs4 ,!re w\ld be false ,*ri/s2 !re w\ld be w>s1 e>?quakes1 & fam9es2 !re w\ld be p]secutions ( ! fai?ful2 b ! ,gospel 7t is1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! approa* ( ?is new /ate ( ?+s7 mu/ fir/ be publi%$ 9 all nations4#cb ,!n ! sun & moon w\ld be d>k5$ & ! />s fall2 ! ,son ( man w\ld come 9 p[] & glory1 & ga!r 8 elect f all p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,! exi/+ g5]ation 0 n to pass till all ^! ?+s 7 done4 ,n ev5 ! ,son knew :5 ?is w\ld happ52 b z x might come sudd5ly & unexpect$ly ^u !m1 !y 7 to be cont9ually on ! wat* 7,mk4 xiii42 ,mt4 xxiv74 ,! apo/les w\ld n ev5 f9i% ! cities ( ,israel be=e ! ,son ( man _h come 7,mt4 x4 #bc74 ,little is said 9 description ( ! nature ( ! k+dom ( heav5 except by ! me?od ( illu/ration4 ,! ma9 result to be ga!r$ f num]\s allusions to x is t ju/ice is to prevail4 ,?us1 ! k+dom ( heav5 is said to be l a man :o s[$ good se$ 9 8 field1 b 9 ^: prop]ty an enemy malici\sly m+l$ t>es4 ,at ! h>ve/ ! t>es are to be burnt1 & ! :eat ga!r$ into ! b>n4 ,?is p>able ,jesus himself expla9$4 ,! t>es are ! wick$2 ! :eat repres5ts ! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom4 ,& z t>es are burnt1 s ! ,son ( man %all s5d 8 angels1 & collect f 8 k+dom all (f5ses1 & ^? :o d wick$ness1 & %all ?r[ !m into ! furnace ( fire2 !re %all be weep+ & gna%+ ( tee?4 ,!n ! j %all %9e out l ! sun 9 ! k+dom ( _! ,fa!r4 ,! same idea is express$ 9 ! illu/ration ( ! net ca/ into ! sea1 :i* ga!rs good fi% & bad4 ,j z ! fi%]m5 sep>ate ^!1 s ! angels at ! end ( ! _w w sep>ate ! wick$ f ! mid/ ( ! j4 ,o!r comp>isons repres5t ! influ5ce on ! he>t ( fai? 9 ! k+dom4 ,?us1 ! k+dom ( heav5 is l a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 :i*1 ?\gh ! smalle/ ( se$s1 becomes ! l>ge/ ( h]bs4 ,or x is l leav5 leav5+ ?ree measures ( meal4 ,aga91 x is l treasure hid 9 a field1 or a pe>l ( great price 7,mt4 xiii4 #bd-ej74 ,! be/ qualification = prem95ce 9 ! k+dom 0 humility4 ,:5 ask$ :o 0 to be greate/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav51 ,jesus repli$ t x w\ld be he :o humbl$ himself l a little *ild 7,mt4 xviii4 #a-d74 ,he delights 9 ! exhibition ( /rik+ contra/s betwe5 ! pres5t & ! future /ate ( ?+s4 ,! fir/ are to be ! la/1 & ! la/ fir/4 ,^? :o h made great sacrifices n[ are !n to receive va/ rew>ds 7,mk4 x4 #bi-ca74 ,he :o has lo/ 8 life = 8 sake is to f9d x1 & he :o has f\nd x is to lose x 7,mt4 x4 #ci74 ,! /one reject$ by ! build] is to become ! head ( ! corn] 7,mk4 xii4 #aj74 ,! k+dom ( ,god is to be tak5 f ! privileg$ nation & giv5 to ano!r m wor?y ( x 7,mt4 xxi4 #dc74 ,publicans & h>lots are to take prec$5ce ( ! respectable classes 9 ent]+ ! k+dom 7,mt4 xxi4 #ca74 ,x is sc>cely possible = ri* m5 to ent] x at all1 ?\gh ,god may p]haps admit !m by an extraord9>y ex]tion ( p[] 7,mk4 x4 #bc-bg74 ,_m ev5 :o tru/ 9 _! high "* = correct religion w f9d !mselves reject$4 ,b !y w be safe :o h bo? he>d ! say+s ( ,jesus & done !m4 ,!y w h built _! h\ses on rocks1 f :i* ! /orms :i* u%] 9 ! k+dom w n dislodge !m4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o he> ^! say+s1 & neglect to p]=m !m1 w be l fooli% m5 :o h built _! h\ses on s&1 :]e ! /orms w beat !m d[n1 & great w be _! fall 7,mt4 vii4 #bb-bi74 ,t ! k+dom is to be on e>?1 n 9 "s unkn[n heav51 is manife/ f ! num]\s ref]5ces ( ,jesus to ! "t :5 ! ,son ( man w come2 a "t :i* none c "k1 yet = :i* all are to wat*4 ,he nev] speaks ( m5 go+ to ! k+dom ( heav52 x is ! k+dom ( heav5 :i* is to come to !m4 ,& ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! _m contra/s w be t betwe5 ! pres5t humiliation ( ! ,son & 8 future glory4 ,he w return to execute 8 ,fa!r's decrees4 ,8 judges !mselves w see him sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[]1 & com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav5 7,mt4 xxvi4 #fd74 ,in/ead ( /&+ z a prison] at ! b>1 he w !n be en?ron$ z a judge4 ,:5 ! ,son ( man %all come 9 8 glory1 & all ! angels ) him1 !n he %all sit on ! ?rone ( 8 glory2 & all ! nations %all be collect$ be=e him1 & he %all sep>ate !m f "o ano!r1 z ! %eph]d sep>ates ! %eep f ! goats2 & he %all put ! %eep on 8 "r h&1 b ! goats on 8 left4 ,! goats1 :o h done h>m1 are !n to g into ev]la/+ puni%m5t2 & ! %eep1 :o h done good1 are to pass into et]nal life 7,mt4 xxv4 #ca-df74 ,?is equitable adju/m5t ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts to m]it & dem]it is ! lead+ conception 9 ! revolution :i* ! k+dom ( heav5 is to make4 ,! fai?ful s]vant is to be made rul] ov] 8 ma/]'s goods2 ! unfai?ful "o to be cut (f & assign$ a portion ) ! hypocrites4 ,! virg9s ^: lamps are ready burn+ w be admitt$ to ! m>riage fe/ival4 ,! s]vants :o make ! be/ use ( ! prop]ty committ$ to _! *>ge w be rew>d$1 :ile ^? :o h fail$ to employ x prop]ly w be ca/ into out] d>kness 7,mt4 xxiv4 #db-xxv4 #cj74 ,s also ! wick$ husb&m5 9 ! v9ey>d1 :o ill treat$ _! ma/]'s s]vants & kill$ 8 heir1 are to be de/roy$ :5 he comes1 & ! v9ey>d is to be committ$ to o!r cultivators 7,mk4 xii4 #a-i74 ,all ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o h made great sacrifices = ! sake ( ,*ri/ w receive a hundr$-fold comp5sation = all t !y h n[ ab&on$ 7,mt4 xix4 #bi1 #cj74 ,su* 0 ! sort ( notion--rude1 yet tol]ably def9ite--:i* ,jesus _h =m$ ( ! k+dom 8 ,fa!r 0 ab\t to f\nd1 & = ! com+ ( :i* he taught 8 disciples to pray4 ,?is hope ( a reign ( ju/ice1 ( an exaltation ( ! l[ly & virtu\s1 & a depression ( ! pr\d & wick$1 animat$ 8 tea*+ & inspir$ 8 life4 ,to make kn[n ?is great ev5t1 s %ortly to ov]take !m1 to mank9d1 0 a duty ) :i* 9 8 op9ion he _h be5 *>g$ by ,god2 to receive ?is message at 8 h&s 0 9 8 judgm5t ! fir/ ( virtues1 to spurn x ! mo/ unp>donable ( crimes4 ,,subdivision #f4--,:at did 8 disciples ?9k ( him8 ,!re is on record a rem>kable conv]sation :i* af=ds u a glimpse1 bo? ( ! rumors t 7 curr5t ab\t ,*ri/ among ! p1 & also ( ! view tak5 ( him by 8 ne>e/ fri5ds dur+ 8 life-"t4 ,jesus _h gone ) 8 disciples into ! t[ns ( ,cs>ea ,philippi4 ,on ! way1 be+ app>5tly curi\s ab\t ! /ate ( public op9ion1 he ask$ !m1 ,:om d m5 say t ,i am8 ,to ?is !y repli$1 ,john ! ,bapti/2 & "s say ,elias1 & o!rs t ?\ art "o ( ! prophets4 ,to :i* ,jesus rejo9$1 ,b y1 :om say y t ,i am8 ,pet] return$ ! answ]1 ,?\ art ! ,messiah2 or ,?\ art ! ,messiah1 ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,x is rem>kable t ,pet] alone is repres5t$ z reply+ to ?is second "q1 z if ! o!rs _h n yet atta9$ to ! conviction :i* ?is apo/le held ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 ,especially w\ld ?is conclusion be confirm$ if we adopt$ ! v]sion ( ,mat!w1 :]e ,jesus expresses 8 high approbation ( ,pet]'s answ] 7,mk4 viii4 #bg-cj2 ,mt4 xvi4 #ac-bj74 ,if ?is apo/le 0 peculi>ly bless$ on acc\nt ( 8 p]ception ( ?is tru?1 x may be inf]r$ t 8 companions _h ei!r n yet p]ceiv$1 or 7 n yet sure ( x4 ,t ,pet] did n mean by call+ him ! ,messiah to /ate t he 0 a portion ( ! deity himself1 is evid5t f :at foll[s2 = ,jesus hav+ pr$ict$ 8 future suff]+s1 ,pet] began to rebuke him1 anxi\s to av]t ! om54 ,_h he believ$ t x 0 ,god himself ) :om he 0 conv]s+1 he c\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to "q 8 p]fect k ( ! future4 ,! doctr9e ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ is n1 9 fact1 to be f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,ev5 ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :o holds ! highe/ & mo/ my/ical view ( 8 nature1 does n tea* t4 ,(t5 inde$ 9 t ,gospel does ,jesus speak ( himself z "o ) ! ,fa!r4 ,b ! dogmatic =ce ( all ^! expressions is measur$ by ! fact t precisely 9 ! same s5se he speaks ( ! disciples z "o ) himself4 ,z ! ,fa!r & he are 9 "o ano!r1 s he prays t ! disciples may be "o 9 !m 7,jo4 xvii4 #ba74 ,moreov]1 :5 ! ,jews *>g$ him ) mak+ himself ,god1 he met !m by inquir+ :e!r x 0 n writt5 9 _! law1 ,i said1 ,ye are gods4 ,if1 !n1 ^? to :om ! ^w ( ,god came 7 call$ gods1 0 x blasphemy 9 him1 :om ! ,fa!r _h sanctifi$ & s5t1 to say1 ,i am ! ,son ( ,god8 7,jo4 x4 #cc-cg74 ,"h1 !n1 ! t]m :i* ,jesus appropriates is ,son ( ,god1 & ?is he consid]s admissible because ! ,hebrew p g5]ally _h be5 call$ gods4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 he does n admit ! *>ge ( mak+ himself ,god4 ,! au?ority ( ! f\r? ,gospel is1 ( c\rse1 ( no value 9 enabl+ u to det]m9e :at ,jesus said or did1 b x is ( great value z evid5ce ( ! view tak5 ab\t him by ^? ( 8 disciples :o1 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 _h advanc$ ! fur!/ 9 ! direction ( plac+ him on a level ) ,god himself4 ,x is ei!r ! late/1 or "o ( ! late/1 compositions 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & x proves t1 at ! p]iod :5 its au?or liv$1 ev5 ! bolde/ spirits _h n v5tur$ on ! dogma :i* aft]w>ds became ! corn]-/one ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! canonical books1 ,jesus is simply ! ,messiah1 ! ,son ( ,god2 9 :om1 9 t s5se1 x is a duty to believe4 ,:oev] believes ?is mu* is1 accord+ to ! fir/ epi/le ( ,john1 born ( ,god 7#a ,john v4 #a74 ,cle>] /ill is ! evid5ce t1 9 ! op9ion ( ^? mo/ compet5t to judge1 ,jesus _h no int5tion ( aboli%+ ! obs]vance ( ! law ( ,moses4 ,s f> 7 8 disciples f imag9+ t he contemplat$ any su* *ange1 t !y 7 at fir/ 9 d\bt :e!r x 0 all[able = !m ev5 to relax ! rules :i* =bade social int]c\rse ) hea!ns4 ,! writ] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 h[ev]1 in=ms u t1 :5 an important conv]t 0 to be won ov] f ! pagan ranks1 ,pet] _h ! privilege ( a vision :i* enjo9$ him n to call any?+ :i* ,god _h cleans$ common or unclean4 ,int]pret+ ?is to mean t he might associate ) ! ,g5tiles1 he receiv$ ! hea!n conv]t1 ,cornelius1 ) all cordiality1 & ev5 prea*$ ! gospel ( ,jesus to ! uncircumcis$ company by :om he 0 surr\nd$4 ,t ?is 0 a novel measure is pla9ly ev9c$ by ! fact t ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians :o 7 pres5t 7 a/oni%$ t ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ %\ld be p\r$ out ^u ! ,g5tiles4 ,!y !re=e _h conceiv$ t ,*ri/ianity 0 to be conf9$ to !mselves 7,acts x74 ,b !re is m direct evid5ce ( ! same fact4 ,:5 ,pet] return$ to ,j]usalem1 ! circumcis$ believ]s !re f\nd fault ) him because he _h gone 9 to uncircumcis$ m51 & _h eat5 ) !m4 ,pet]1 ( c\rse1 relat$ 8 vision 9 self-def5se1 & s9ce !re 0 no reply to be made to su* an argum5t z ?is1 !y accept$ ! new & unexpect$ fact :i* he ann\nc$3 ,well1 !n1 ,god has giv5 rep5tance to life to ! ,g5tiles also 7,acts xi4 #a-ah74 ,paul1 :o 0 too /rong-m9d$ to ne$ a revelation to tea* him ! be/ way ( promot+ ,*ri/ian int]e/s1 also receiv$ hea!n conv]ts )\t requir+ !m to come "u ,jewi% obligations4 ,b ! conduct ( ^! apo/les 0 f> f meet+ ) unmix$ approbation 9 ! community4 ,"s m5 f ,judea came to ,antio*1 :]e ,paul & ,b>nabas 71 & in=m$ ! bre?r5 !re t unless !y 7 circumcis$ !y c\ld n be sav$4 ,s important 0 ?is "q deem$1 t ,paul & ,b>nabas1 aft] mu* disput+ ) ^! ,judaic ,*ri/ians1 agre$ to g ) !m to ,j]usalem to ref] ! matt] to a c\ncil ( ! apo/les & eld]s4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 x 0 a new case :i* _h aris54 ,no au?oritative dictum ( ,jesus c\ld be produc$4 ,! possibility ( hav+ to receive hea!ns among 8 disciples 0 "o he _h nev] contemplat$4 ,call$ to deal ) ?is supremely important "q1 on :i* ! :ole future ( ! ,*ur* turn$1 ! apo/les display$ mod]ation & good s5se4 ,act+ on ! concurr5t advice ( ,pet]1 ,paul1 ,james1 & ,b>nabas1 !y wrote to ! bre?r5 9 ,antio*1 ,syria1 & ,cilicia1 t !y _h det]m9$ to lay no great] burd5 ^u !m ?an ^! necess>y ?+s3--#a4 ,ab/95ce f meat (f]$ to idols2 #b4 f blood2 #c4 f ?+s /rangl$2 #d4 f =nication4 ,h5ce x w be se5 t !y absolv$ ! hea!n believ]s f all ,jewi% obs]vances except two1 ^? t =bade blood & ?+s /rangl$4 ,^!1 f long habit & ! fix$ prejudices ( _! race1 no d\bt appe>$ to !m to h "s deep] f\ndation ?an a m]e arbitr>y comm&4 ,^! !re=e !y enjo9$ ev5 ^u pagans 7,acts xv4 #a-ca74 ,be x obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?is disp5sation appli$ only to ^? :o 7 n ( ,hebrew blood4 ,! apo/les & eld]s assembl$ at ,j]usalem _h no ?\ght ( disp5s+ !mselves f ! b9d+ =ce ( ! law ( ,moses4 ,to obs]ve x 0 alike _! privilege & _! duty4 ,!y did n conceive t1 9 becom+ ,*ri/ians1 !y _h ceas$ to be ,jews1 any m ?an a ,ca?olic :o becomes a ,prote/ant conceives t he has ceas$ to be a ,*ri/ian4 ,! "q :e!r ^? :o _h be5 born ,jews %\ld ab&on _! anci5t religion 0 n ev5 rais$ at ?is "t among !m4 ,! only "q 0 :e!r ^? :o _h n be5 born ,jews %\ld adopt x4 ,innovation1 h[ev]1 is n to be arre/$ at any giv5 po9t4 ,lib]ty hav+ be5 conc$$ to ! ,g5tiles1 x 0 n unnatural t "s ( ! apo/les1 :5 liv+ among ! ,g5tiles1 %\ld take advantage ( x = !mselves4 ,no ov]t rule 0 adopt$ on ?is subject4 ,x seems to h be5 tacitly und]/ood t all ,jews %\ld cont9ue to be b\nd by ! rigor ( _! native cu/oms1 except 9 s f> z !y _h be5 modifi$ by common cons5t3 & ! attempt ( "s to escape f ?is burd5 0 an occasion ( no small sc&al to ! m or?odox memb]s ( ! sect 7,acts xxi4 #bj2 ,gal4 ii4 #ab74 ,bo? ,pet] & ,paul inde$1 at sep>ate times1 7 compell$ to make "s concessions to ! extremely /rong feel+ 9 favor ( ! law :i* exi/$ at headqu>t]s4 ,! conduct ( ^! two em95t apo/les m]its exam9ation4 ,pet]1 x appe>s1 nev] gave up ,judaism 9 8 own p]son2 b :5 /ay+ at ,antio* he mix$ freely ) ,g5tiles1 mak+ no attempt to impose ! law ^u !m1 & approv+ ( ! proce$+s ( ,paul4 ,x s happ5$1 h[ev]1 t !re came to ,antio* "s bre?r5 f ,james at ,j]usalem4 ,^! m5 7 /rict ,jews1 & ,pet] 0 s mu* afraid ( !m1 t he )drew & sep>at$ himself f 8 =m] companions4 ,! o!r ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 & ev5 ,b>nabas1 ! =m] fri5d ( ,paul1 7 induc$ to act 9 ! same way4 ,paul1 :o 0 n likely to lose ! opportunity ( a little triumph ov] ,pet]1 ru?lessly expos$ 8 misconduct4 ,accord+ to 8 acc\nt1 he publicly address$ him 9 ^! t]ms3 ,if ?\1 be+ a ,jew1 live/ l a ,g5tile & n l a ,jew1 :y do/ ?\ compel ! ,g5tiles to be l ,jews8 7,gal4 ii4 #aa-ad474 ,:at answ] ,pet] return$1 or :e!r he return$ any1 ,paul does n in=m u4 ,8 *>ge aga9/ ,pet] ,i und]/& to be1 n t ! apo/le _h positively adopt$ hea!n cu/oms1 & !n tak5 up ,jewi% ones aga91 b t he _h relax$ 9 8 own favor ! rules :i* =bade ,jews f eat+ ) ,g5tiles4 ,on ! appe>ance ( ! /rict] ,*ri/ians f ,j]usalem he put on ! appe>ance ( a /rictness equal to _! own4 ,su* conduct 0 consi/5t ) ! "* ( ! disciple :o _h d5i$ 8 ma/]4 ,paul himself1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a complete free?9k]4 ,once conv]t$1 ! sy/em ( :i* he _h =m]ly be5 ! zeal\s uphold] no long] _h any p[] ov] 8 emancipat$ m9d4 ,8 robu/ & logical intellect soon deliv]$ him f ! fett]s 9 :i* he _h be5 b\nd4 ,f>1 h[ev]1 f foll[+ 8 example1 ! ,*ri/ians at ,j]usalem 7 %ock$ at ! laxity ( 8 morals4 ,! /eps he took to conciliate !m are graphically describ$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,on visit+ ! capital1 ,paul & 8 companions w5t to see ,james1 ) :om 7 assembl$ all ! eld]s2 & ,paul describ$ ! success he _h met ) among ! ,g5tiles4 ,h]eupon ! assembl$ company1 or m probably ,james z _! spokesman1 in=m$ ,paul :at v disadvantage\s reports 7 curr5t conc]n+ him4 ,?\ see/1 bro!r1 !y began1 h[ _m ?\s&s ( believ]s !re are among ! ,jews1 & all are zealots = ! law2 & !y h be5 in=m$ ( !e t ?\ tea*e/ ! ,jews among ! ,g5tiles apo/asy f ,moses1 say+ t !y %\ld n circumcise _! *ildr51 nor walk 9 ! cu/oms4 ,:at is x1 !n8 ,x is q necess>y t ! multitude %\ld meet1 = !y w he> t ?\ art come4 ,d !n ?is t we tell !e4 ,we h f\r m5 :o h a v[ ^u !m2 take ^! & be purifi$ ) !m1 & be> ! exp5se ) !m ( hav+ _! heads %av52 & all w "k t !re is no?+ 9 :at !y h he>d ab\t !e1 b t ?\ also walke/ 9 ! obs]vation ( ! law 7,acts xxi4 #bj-bd74 ,?is s5sible advice 0 adopt$ by ,paul2 & ! zealots = ! law1 :o compos$ ! ,*ri/ian community at ,j]usalem1 _h ! satisfaction ( see+ him purify himself & ent] ! temple ) ! m5 "u ! v[4 ,on a lat] occasion1 too1 :5 *>g$ ) crime be=e ,felix1 ,paul m5tion$ ! fact t twelve days ago he _h gone up to wor%ip at ,j]usalem1 z if he _h be5 an or?odox ,jew 7,acts xxiv4 #aa74 ,b al?\gh he might ?9k x exp$i5t to satisfy ,james & 8 fri5ds at ,j]usalem by a concession to public op9ion1 ! rumor :i* _h rea*$ ! bre?r5 !re1 if unf\nd$ 9 ! lett]1 0 9 fact an accurate repres5tation ( ! inevitable outcome ( ,paul's tea*+4 ,possibly he did n wi% to press 8 own views ^u o!rs ( 8 nation1 & !re=e did n int]f]e ) su* ( !m z1 ?\gh liv+ among hea!ns1 yet adh]$ religi\sly to _! national cu/oms4 ,b unque/ionably 8 own feel+s 7 /rongly enli/$ 9 favor ( ! abolition ( ! law1 & if ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians read & accept$ 8 writ+s1 !y c\ld h>dly fail to adopt 8 practice4 ,! law 9 8 op9ion 0 no long] necess>y = ^? :o believ$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,he is n ! true ,jew :o is "o outw>dly1 nor is t ! true circumcision :i* is outw>d4 ,he is a ,jew :o is s int]nally1 & circumcision is ( ! he>t 9 ! _s1 n 9 ! lett]4 ,if x be ask$ :at advantage ! ,jew has1 ,paul replies t he has mu*3 ! fir/ ( all1 t to 8 nation 7 confid$ ! oracles ( ,god 7,rom4 ii4 #bh1 #bi1 iii4 #a1 #b74 ,he kn[s1 he says1 & is p]suad$ 9 ! ,"l ,jesus1 t !re is no?+ unclean 9 itself1 ?\gh to him :o ?9ks x s x may be unclean4 ,x is well to ab/a9 f eat+ fle% or dr9k+ w9e1 or any?+ else t may give (f5se to o!rs1 b ^! ?+s are all unimportant 9 !mselves4 ,"o man e/eems "o day above ano!r2 ano!r man e/eems !m all alike2 let ea* be fully p]suad$ 9 8 own m9d4 ,only let u n judge "o ano!r1 nor put /umbl+-blocks 9 "o ano!r's way 7,rom4 xiv74 ,f ^! consid]ations x appe>s t ! suspicions ent]ta9$ ( ,paul at ,j]usalem 7 sub/antially true4 ,possibly he did n absolutely tea* ! ,jews to ab&on ! law2 possibly he did n ev5 completely ab&on x himself4 ,b 9 8 writ+s he con/antly treats x z a ?+ indiff]5t 9 itself2 ,*ri/ians might or might n believe 9 its obligations1 & provid$ !y act$ consci5ti\sly1 all 0 well4 ,along ) ^! v skeptical op9ions1 h[ev]1 ,paul /rongly held to ! necessity ( worldly prud5ce4 ,he is v indignant ) ! false bre?r5 privily introduc$1 :o slipp$ 9 to spy out ! lib]ty we h 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 t !y might enslave u2 to :om1 he adds1 we did n yield by subjection ev5 = an h\r 7,gal4 ii4 #d1 #e74 ,b :e!r ! bre?r5 at ,j]usalem requir$ him to cle> himself f ! report t he 0 n an obs]v] ( ! law1 !re came 9 ano!r pr9ciple ( action1 :i* he has himself expla9$ ) praisewor?y frankness4 ,to ! ,jews1 he tells ! ,cor9?ians1 ,i became z a ,jew1 t ,i might ga9 ! ,jews2 to ^? "u ! law z "u ! law1 n be+ myself "u ! law1 t ,i might ga9 ^? "u ! law2 to ^? )\t law1 z )\t law 7n be+ )\t law to ,god1 b law-abid+ to ,*ri/71 t ,i might ga9 ^? )\t law2 to ! weak ,i became weak1 t ,i might ga9 ! weak2 ,i became all ?+s to all m51 t by all means ,i might save "s 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #bj-bb74 ,act+ on ?is ela/ic rule1 ,paul might easily comply ) all ! dem&s ( ,james & 8 zealots4 ,to ! ,jews he became a ,jew = ! nonce4 ,x 0 p]haps 9 ! same _s ( worldly wisdom t he took ! precaution ( circumcis+ a "y conv]t :o 0 ,jewi% only on ! "m's side1 8 fa!r hav+ be5 a ,greek 7,acts xvi4 #a-c74 ,:ile su* 0 ! conduct ( ?is /rong-m9d$ re=m]1 x is pla9 t 8 attitude t[>ds ! law 0 n %>$ by ! p]sonal fri5ds ( ,jesus4 ,james at ,j]usalem adh]$ /rictly to ,judaism4 ,! o!r apo/les1 s f> z we "k1 did ! same4 ,! re/ ( ! bre?r5 !re did ! same4 ,paul 0 tol]at$1 & ev5 cordially receiv$1 z ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 b x does n appe> t he _h any foll[+ among ! ,jews4 ,_h any ( ! orig9al apo/les foll[$ him 9 8 bold innovations1 he w\ld surely h m5tion$ ! fact1 z he has m5tion$ ! p>tial adhesion ( ,pet]4 ,on ! contr>y1 he seems 9 8 epi/les1 :5 attack+ ! ,judaic type ( ,*ri/ianity1 to be argu+ z mu* aga9/ !m z aga9/ ! un*ri/ian ,jews or ! hea!n4 ,/rong] evid5ce ?an m]e inf]5ce is1 h[ev]1 obta9able on ?is po9t4 ,! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 :o _h receiv$ _! doctr9es direct f ! companions ( ,jesus1 soon came to =m a sect ap>t1 & 7 kn[n by ! "n ( ,ebionites4 ,( ^! m51 ,ir5u tells u t !y use ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w only1 & repudiate ! apo/le ,paul1 ma9ta9+ t he 0 an apo/ate f ! law4 ,moreov]1 !y practice circumcision1 p]sev]e 9 ! obs]vance ( ^? cu/oms :i* are enjo9$ by ! law1 & are s ,judaic 9 _! /yle ( life1 t !y ev5 adore ,j]usalem z if x 7 ! h\se ( ,god 7,adv4 ,hr4 i4 #bf74 ,x 0 a /range fate t befell ^! un=tunate p1 :51 ov]:elm$ by ! flood ( hea!nism t _h swept into ! ,*ur*1 !y 7 condemn$ z h]etics4 ,yet !re is no evid5ce t !y _h ev] sw]v$ f ! doctr9es ( ,jesus1 or ( ! disciples :o knew him 9 8 life-"t4 ,jesus himself _h be5 circumcis$1 & he c]ta9ly nev] condemn$ ! rite1 or spoke ( x z useless = ! future4 ,he 0 s ,judaic 9 8 /yle ( life t he rev]5c$ ! temple at ,j]usalem z a h\se ( pray] = all nations1 & deem$ x 8 special duty to purify x f :at he reg>d$ z pollution4 ,b ! torr5t ( progress swept pa/ ! ,ebionites1 & left !m /r&$ on ! %ore4 ,%\ld ! position "h ma9ta9$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,judaic "* ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians be ?\ght to require fur!r confirmation1 ,i %\ld f9d x 9 ! weighty words ( a !ologian :o1 :ile entirely ,*ri/ian 9 8 views1 is also "o ( ! highe/ au?orities on ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ne&]1 speak+ ( ?is "q1 obs]ves t ! disciples did n at once arrive at ! consci\sness ( t vocation :i* ,*ri/ 79 8 op9ion7 _h indicat$ to !m1 namely1 t !y %\ld =m a di/9ct community f t ( ! ,jews4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y atta*$ !mselves to ?is community 9 e respect1 & all ! =ms ( ! national !ocracy 7 holy to !m4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! conviction t ^! =ms w\ld cont9ue z !y 7 till ! return ( ,*ri/1 by :i* a new & high] ord] ( ?+s 0 to be f\nd$2 & ?is *ange !y expect$ z "o t 0 ne> at h&4 ,f> f !m1 !re=e1 lay ! ?\ght ( ! f\ndation ( a new cultus1 ev5 if f ! light ( belief 9 ! ,r$eem] new ideas _h dawn$ ^u !m ab\t t :i* belong$ to ! ess5ce ( ! true adoration ( ,god4 ,!y took "p z zeal\sly 9 ! s]vice ( ! temple z any pi\s ,jews4 ,only !y believ$ t a sift+ w\ld take place among ! !ocratic p1 & t ! bett] "p ( x w\ld be incorporat$ 9 _! community by ! recognition ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah 7,ne&]1 ,pflanzung d] ,*ri/li*5 ,kir*e1 vol4 i4 p4 #ch74 ,ne&] proce$s to po9t out--& "h too 8 rem>ks are valuable--t ! outw>d =ms ( ,judaism gave facilities = ! =mation ( su* small] bodies )9 ! g5]al body1 by means ( ! division into synagogues4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 !re=e1 con/itut$ m]ely a special synagogue1 embrac$ )9 ! mass ( believ]s :o all accept$ ! law ( ,moses1 all wor%ip$ at ! temple ( ,j]usalem4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t ,i diff] f ,ne&] 9 s f> z he supposes t ! memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian synagogue1 9 adh]+ to ,judaism1 7 neglect+ any indications giv5 by _! f\nd]4 ,on ! contr>y1 x appe>s to me a m reasonable explanation ( _! conduct t ! f\nd] himself _h nev] contemplat$ t entire emancipation f ,judaic =ms :i* 0 soon to foll[4 ,on ^! two po9ts1 !n--! humanity ( ,jesus & 8 ,judaism--! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* af=ds our position all possible support4 ,h[ is x ab\t ! ?ird--8 ann\ncem5t ( a k+dom ( heav5 soon to come8 ,paul mu/ h d]iv$ 8 doctr9e on ?is po9t1 :atev] x 01 f ^? :o 7 disciples ( ,*ri/ be=e him1 = x does n appe> t he _h any special revelation on ! subject4 ,let u he> :at 0 ! impression made ^u 8 m9d by _! report ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,we d n wi% y to be ignorant1 bre?r5--s he writes to ! ,!ssalonians--t y may n grieve l ! re/ :o h no hope4 ,= if we believe t ,jesus di$ & rose aga91 ?us also w ,god br+ ^? :o sleep ?r\gh ,jesus4 ,= ?is we say to y by ! ^w ( ! ,"l 7,paul !re=e is speak+ ) all ! au?ority ( 8 apo/olic commission71 t we :o are alive & are left = ! com+ ( ! ,"l %all n take prec$5ce ( ^? :o are asleep4 ,= ! ,"l himself %all desc5d f heav5 ) ! ^w ( comm&1 ) ! voice ( ! ar*angel1 & ) ! trumpet ( ,god1 & ! dead 9 ,*ri/ w rise fir/4 ,!n we :o are alive & are left %all be snat*$ ) !m 9 ! cl\ds to meet ! ,"l 9 ! air1 & ?us we %all always be ) ! ,"l 7#a ,!ss4 iv4 #ac-ag74 ,cle>] ?an ?is x is difficult to be4 ,!re c be no "q :atev]1 unless we put an arbitr>y significance on ^! words1 t ,paul look$ = ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ & ! f9al judgm5t long be=e ! exi/+ g5]ation _h pass$ away4 ,"s w fall asleep be=e t day1 b he fully expects t he himself & _m ( ^? :om he is address+ w be alive to witness x4 ,s confid5t is he ( ?is1 t he ev5 describes ! ord] 9 :i* ! fai?ful w proce$ to jo9 _! ,"l1 ! dead tak+ a high] rank ?an ! liv+4 ,he diff]s f ,jesus1 & probably f ! o!r apo/les1 9 plac+ ! k+dom ( heav5 some:]e 9 ! cl\ds1 & n on e>?4 ,b he entirely agrees ) !m z to ! date ( ! revolution4 ,q consi/5t ) ! above passage is ano!r 7( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! correct read+ is d\btful73 ,we %all n all sleep1 b we %all all be *ang$4 ,fill$ ) ! l hope1 he prays t ! _s1 m9d1 & body ( ! ,!ssalonians may be pres]v$ blameless to ! com+ ( ,*ri/ 7#a ,!ss4 v4 #bc74 ,& he com=ts !m 9 a subsequ5t lett] by ! promise t !y :o are tr\bl$ %all h re/ ) u 9 ! revelation ( ! ,"l ,jesus f heav5 ) ! angels ( 8 p[] 7#b ,!ss4 i4 #g74 ,:ile1 9 writ+ to ! ,cor9?ians1 he speaks ( ! exi/+ g5]ation z ^? ^u :om ! ends ( ! ages h come4 ,n less cle> is ! language ( ! o!r apo/les4 ,pet] on t memorable day ( ,p5teco/ :5 ! apo/les exhibit ! gift ( tongues1 & "s irrev]5t spectators are l$ to *>ge !m ) inebriety1 expla9s to ! assembly t ! sc5e :i* _h j be5 witness$ 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! la/ days1 z =etold by ! prophet ,joel4 ,9 ^? days _! sons & _! daught]s 7 to prophesy1 _! "y m5 to see visions1 & _! old m5 to dream dreams2 ! ,_s 0 to be p\r$ out on ,god's s]vants & h&maid5s2 !re 7 to be signs & wond]s2 blood1 fire1 & smoke2 ! sun 0 to be turn$ into d>kness1 & ! moon into blood2 & :oev] call$ on ! "n ( ! ,"l 0 to be sav$4 ,?us ,pet]1 ?an :om !re c\ld be no high] au?ority z to ! m9d ( ,*ri/1 appli$ to 8 own "t ! prophetic description ( ! day ( ! ,"l giv5 by ,joel 7,acts ii4 #ad-ba74 ,james exhorts 8 disciples n to be 9 too great a hurry = ! arrival ( ,*ri/4 ,!y are to imitate ! husb&man wait+ = ! rip5+ ( 8 crops4 ,be y also pati5t3 confirm y\r he>ts2 = ! com+ ( ! ,"l draws ne> 7,james v4 #g1 #h74 ,! au?or ( ! fir/ epi/le ( ,pet] di/9ctly in=ms ! ,*ri/ian community t ! end ( all ?+s is at h&4 ,& he w>ns !m n to ?9k x /range conc]n+ ! fi]y trial :i* is to try !m1 b rejoice1 inasmu* z y %>e 9 ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/2 t 9 ! revelation ( 8 glory y may also rejoice ) exce$+ joy 7#a ,pet4 iv4 #g1 #ab1 #ac74 ,fur!r on he promises t :5 ! *ief ,%eph]d appe>s1 !y %all receive ! unfad+ cr[n ( glory 7#a ,pet4 v4 #d74 ,9 ! fir/ epi/le ( ,john ! disciples are ?us exhort$3 ,& n[1 little *ildr51 rema9 9 him1 t :5 he comes we may h boldness1 & may n be a%am$ be=e him at 8 com+ 7#a ,jo4 ii4 #bh74 ,9 ! next *apt] he tells !m t1 :5 he appe>s we %all be l him1 = we %all see him z he is 7#a ,jo4 iii4 #b74 ,( ! ,apocalypse x _c be necess>y to speak 9 detail4 ,! "o great ?\ght t inspires x f beg9n+ to end is t ( ! spe$y return ( ,jesus1 accompani$ z x w be by ! judgm5t ( ! wick$1 ! rew>d ( ! fai?ful1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a new heav5 & a new e>? f> m glori\s & m beautiful ?an ^? t are to pass away4 ,! end ( ! book is conclusive z to its mean+3 ,i1 ,jesus1 h s5t my angel to te/ify ^! ?+s to y 9 ! *ur*es4 ,he t te/ifies ^! ?+s says1 ',surely ,i come quickly4 ,s be x2 come1 ,"l ,jesus' 7,rev4 xxii4 #af1 #bj74 ,!re is ano!r passage be>+ on ?is subject1 :i*1 z x appe>s to h be5 writt5 at a lat] date ?an any ( ^? hi!rto quot$1 may be/ be consid]$ la/4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! second epi/le attribut$ to ,pet]4 ,! epi/le 0 probably writt5 aft] ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians _h pass$ away1 b ! =g] endeavors to assume ! /yle ( ! apo/le ^: "n he borr[s4 ,f ! language he employs x is evid5t t !re 0 "s impati5ce among believ]s 9 8 day on acc\nt ( :at seem$ to !m ! long delay 9 ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,sc(f]s _h aris51 :o 7 putt+ ! awkw>d "q1 ,:]e is ! promise ( 8 com+8 = s9ce ! fa!rs fell asleep1 all ?+s cont9ue z !y 7 f ! beg9n+ ( creation4 ,su* sc(f]s1 he tells !m1 are to come 9 ! la/ days1 & he w>ns !m h[ to resi/ ! influ5ce ( _! speci\s argum5ts4 ,= ?is purpose he rem9ds !m ( ! =m] de/ruction ( ! e>? by wat]1 & assures !m t ! pres5t heav5s & ! pres5t e>? are to be de/roy$ by fire4 ,!y are n to let ! consid]ation escape !m t ) ! ,"l "o day is a ?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day4 ,h5ce ,god is n really sl[ ab\t fulfill+ 8 promise1 z "s p believe2 he is only wait+ out ( k9dness1 n be+ will+ t any %\ld p]i%1 b desir+ t all %\ld come to rep5tance4 ,b ! day ( ! ,"l w come unexpect$ly1 l a ?ief 9 ! night2 :]e=e ! ,*ri/ians :o are look+ = new heav5s & a new e>?1 accord+ to 8 promise1 mu/ take c>e to be ready t !y may be f\nd by him spotless & blameless 7#b ,pet4 iii74 ,"h1 !n1 we h a fur!r pro( ( ! hopes ent]ta9$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians2 = ?is writ]1 :o evid5tly felt t ! promises held out by ! orig9al apo/les 7 9 dang] ( be+ discr$it$ by ! long delay 9 ! expect$ cata/rophe1 conc]ns himself to %[ t ! po/ponem5t ( its arrival is n aft] all s great z x may seem1 & seeks to dispel ! d\bts t _h gr[n up conc]n+ x4 ,he ?us be>s important te/imony to ! nature ( ! expectations ent]ta9$ by ^? :o _h gone be=e him4 ,b ev5 if we _h n ?is epi/le1 we %\ld f9d "s evid5ce ( ! same fact 9 ! writ+s ( ! e>lie/ fa!rs4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ epi/le ( ,clem5t1 ! ,*ri/ians are w>n$ 9 ! foll[+ language3-- ,f> f u be t :i* is writt51 ',wret*$ are !y :o are ( a d\ble m9d & ( a d\bt+ he>t2' :o say1 ',^! ?+s we h he>d ev5 9 ! "t ( our fa!rs2 b behold1 we h gr[n old & none ( !m has happ5$ unto u6' ,ye fooli% ones6 comp>e y\rselves to a tree2 take = in/ance ! v9e4 ,fir/ ( all x %$s its leaves1 !n x buds1 next x puts =? leaves1 & !n x fl[]s2 aft] t comes ! s\r grape1 & !n foll[s ! rip5$ fruit4 ,ye p]ceive h[ 9 a little "t ! fruit ( a tree comes to maturity4 ,( a tru?1 soon & sudd5ly %all 8 w be accompli%$1 z ! ,scripture also be>s witness1 say+1 ',spe$ily w he come1 & n t>ry2' &1 ',! ,"l %all sudd5ly come to 8 temple1 ev5 ! ,holy ,"o1 = :om ye look' 7,fir/ ,ep4 ( ,clem5t1 *4 xxiii4--,a4 ,n4 ,l41 vol4 i4 p4 #bd74 ,fur!r on1 ! same writ] expressly /ates t :at ! apo/les ( ,*ri/ prea*$ 0 ! spe$y adv5t ( ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,hav+ !re=e receiv$ _! ord]s1 & be+ fully assur$ by ! resurrection ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & e/abli%$ 9 ! ^w ( ,god1 ) full assurance ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 !y w5t =? proclaim+ t ! k+dom ( ,god 0 at h& 7,ibid41 *4 xli4--,a4 ,n4 ,l41 vol4 i4 p4 #cg74 ,"h1 !n1 we h au?ority ( ?is v e>ly writ] = ! /atem5t t su* 0 ! view tak5 ( ! mission ( ,jesus by 8 orig9al disciples4 ,aga91 9 ! second epi/le ( ,clem5t1 ?is expression occurs3--,let u expect1 !re=e1 h\r by h\r1 ! k+dom ( ,god 9 love & righte\sness1 s9ce we "k n ! day ( ! appe>+ ( ,god 7,second ,ep4 ( ,clem5t1 *4 xii4--,a4 ,n4 ,l41 vol4 i4 p4 #fb74 ,?us x appe>s t ! apo/les receiv$ f ,jesus1 & ! e>ly ,*ri/ians f ! apo/les1 ! doctr9e t ! return ( ! ,messiah 9 8 glory w\ld take place soon4 ,,subdivision #g4--,:at are we to ?9k ( him8 ,we come n[ to ! mo/ important "q ( all1 namely1 :at op9ion ! evid5ce we possess %\ld lead u to =m ( ! moral "* ( ,jesus1 & ( ! value ( 8 tea*+4 ,9 consid]+ ?is subject1 we are met at ! ?re%old ( ! inquiry by ! extreme difficulty ( disc>d+ ! traditional view :i* has ga9$ curr5cy among u4 ,n only believ]s 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 b free?9k]s :o look ^u ,*ri/ z no m ?an an extraord9>y man1 h unit$ to utt] 8 praises 9 no measur$ t]ms4 ,8 conduct has be5 suppos$ to pres5t an ideal ( p]fection to ! human race1 & 8 aphorisms to embody ! supreme degree ( excell5ce & ( wisdom4 ,"s critics1 n be+ ,*ri/ians1 h ev5 gone s f> z to assume t :atev] items 9 8 report$ language or behavior seem$ to reflect "s discr$it ^u him c\ld n be g5u9e1 b mu/ be due to ! imag9ations ( 8 disciples4 ,all ?is unb\nd$ panegyric naturally raises 9 ! m9ds ( critics :o h fre$ !mselves f ! accept$ tradition a slight prejudice aga9/ him1 & ?is may lead !m to reg>d 8 errors ) too unsp>+ a sev]ity1 & to mete out scant ju/ice to ! m]its he may really possess4 ,no task c be less easy ?an t ( approa*+ ?is "q ) a m9d entirely devoid ( bias on ! "o side or on ! o!r4 ,= my own "p1 ,i %all endeavor1 if ,i _c atta9 p]fect imp>tiality1 at lea/ nei!r to praise nor to blame )\t adequate reason4 ,be=e proce$+1 h[ev]1 x may be well to /ate t ,i %all n attempt to discrim9ate betwe5 ! au!ntic & ! unau!ntic utt]ances ( ,jesus1 b %all take = grant$ t 8 report]s--exclud+ ! f\r? ,evangeli/--h 9 ! ma9 report$ him correctly4 ,no d\bt ?is position is n /rictly true4 ,!re mu/ be errors1 & !re may be grave errors 9 ! record1 s9ce ^? :o transmitt$ ! language ( _! ma/] tru/$ only to memory4 ,b x is on ! :ole mu* m likely t ! p>ables1 s]mons1 & %ort say+s ascrib$ to ,jesus repres5t ) "s approa* to fidelity :at he really said1 ?an t !y1 or any consid]able portion ( !m1 7 inv5t$ by any ( 8 disciples aft]w>ds4 ,!y h1 moreov]1 a *>act]i/ic flavor :i* x w\ld h be5 difficult = a =g] to give to ! fictiti\s utt]ances he might h add$ to ! g5u9e rema9s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a "q ( m9or import :e!r ! synoptical writ]s are or are n fai?ful report]s4 ,jesus is pres5t$ to our admiration by !m z ! ,son ( ,god1 & z a patt]n ( virtue & ( wisdom4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if we are n criticis+ a portrait f life1 we are at lea/ criticis+ ! ideal portrait :i* !y h held up z an object ( wor%ip1 & :i* ,*ri/5dom has accept$ z su*4 ,omitt+ 7z already consid]$7 ^? v consid]able portions ( 8 doctr9e :i* ref] to himself & to 8 k+dom1 we may proce$ to ! m /rictly e?ical elem5ts :i* are to be f\nd scatt]$ ab\t 9 8 in/ructions to 8 he>]s1 sometimes conta9$ 9 ^? /rik+ p>ables :i*1 foll[+ ! habit ( 8 nation1 he 0 fond ( relat+2 sometimes 9 ! %ort1 cle>1 & incisive s5t5ces ( :i* he 0 a ma/]4 ,9 consid]+ ! value & orig9ality ( 8 views1 x w be ( advantage to comp>e !m1 :]e we c1 ) ^? ( o!r great tea*]s ( mank9d4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s peculi>ities is 8 fondness = impressive contra/s4 ,he has a peculi> pleasure 9 contemplat+ ! rev]sal ( exi/+ arrangem5ts4 ,! fir/ are to be la/2 ! humble exalt$2 ! poor pref]r$ to ! ri*2 ! meane/ to become ! greate/1 & s =?4 ,/rangely simil> to ?is favorite idea1 s cont9ually mak+ its appe>ance 9 8 moral =eca/s1 is ! language frequ5tly us$ by 8 ,*9ese pr$ecessor ,la-ts1 :o 9 m ?an "o respect greatly resembles him4 ,?us ,jesus tells 8 disciples t he :o is greate/ among !m %all be _! s]vant1 & t he :o exalts himself %all be abas$1 :ile he :o humbles himself %all be exalt$ 7,mt4 xxiii4 #aj1 #aa74 ,else:]e he decl>es t if any man desire to be fir/1 he %all be la/1 & s]vant ( all 7,mk4 ix4 #ce74 ,pres5t+ a *ild1 to r5d] 8 lesson ! m impressive1 he tells !m t he :o humbles himself l ?is little *ild is greate/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav5 7,mt4 xviii4 #d74 ,exactly 9 ! same tone ,la-ts obs]ves t ! holy man places himself beh9d1 & comes to ! front2 neglects himself & is pres]v$ 7,t4 t4 k41 *4 vii74 ,heav51 accord+ to ! same sage1 does precisely z ,jesus expects 8 ,fa!r to d 9 ! k+dom ( heav54 ,x l[]s ! high1 x raises ! l[4 ,! way ( heav5 is to dim9i% :at is sup]flu\s1 to complete :at is defici5t4 ,! way ( man is n ?is2 he dim9i%es :at is defici5t to add x to :at is sup]flu\s 7,t4 t4 k41 *4 lxxvii74 ,on ! same subject ( humility1 an op9ion ( ! philosoph] ,mang1 or ,m5cius1 may be comp>$ ) "o ( ,*ri/'s4 ,!re 0 a /rife among ! disciples ( ! latt] :i* %\ld be acc\nt$ ! greate/4 ,*ri/ said3 ,! k+s ( ! e>? h dom9ion ov] !m1 & !y :o h au?ority ov] !m are call$ b5efactors4 ,b be n y s3 b let ! great] among y be z ! y\ng]1 & he t leads z he t s]ves 7,lu4 xxii4 #be1 #bf74 ,n[ ,mang 9 l mann] w>ns 8 disciples aga9/ ! crav+ = au?ority4 ,m5cius said3 ',! sup]ior man has ?ree ?+s 9 :i* he delights1 & to be rul] ov] ! empire is n "o ( !m4 ,t 8 fa!r & "m are bo? alive1 & t ! condition ( 8 bro!rs af=ds no cause = anxiety2--?is is "o delight4 ,t1 :5 look+ up1 he has no occasion = %ame be=e heav52 & bel[1 he has no occasion to blu% be=e m52--?is is a second delight4 ,t he c get f ! :ole empire ! mo/ tal5t$ individuals1 & tea* & n\ri% !m2--?is is ! ?ird delight4 ,! sup]ior man has ?ree ?+s 9 :i* he delights1 & to be rul] ov] ! empire is n "o ( !m' 7,mang1 vii4 #a1 #bj4--;,c4 ,c41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccd74 ,?is def9ition ( ! pleasures ( ! high-m9d$ man is q equal ( its k9d to any?+ t has be5 said on ! same subject by ,jesus4 ,x is true t ,mang ranges ov] a some:at wid] field1 & t !re=e ! s5t5ces j quot$ d n admit ( exact comp>ison ) any?+ com+ f ,jesus4 ,b :ile bo? agree 9 reprobat+ ! desire to ex]cise p[]1 ,mang goes beyond ,jesus 9 propos+ to sub/itute o!r int]e/s = t ( political ambition4 ,& ^! int]e/s are ( ! be/ k9d4 ,8 sup]ior man rejoices 9 ! prosp]ity ( 8 family1 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 innoc5ce ( any disgraceful conduct1 & 9 8 opportunities ( tea*+ ^? :o are mo/ wor?y ( 8 in/ructions & mo/ likely to c>ry on 8 "w4 ,! latt] is a pleasure :i* is r>ely m5tion$1 & x %[s mu* ?\ghtfulness on ! "p ( ! philosoph] to h upheld x z an object 9 life4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ano!r ,*9ese sage has anticipat$ ano!r ( ! be/ po9ts 9 ! doctr9e ( ,jesus4 ,jesus enjo9$ 8 he>]s n to practice *>ity 9 a public & o/5tati\s mann]1 l ! hypocrites1 b :5 ?\ doe/ alms1 let n ?y left h& "k :at ?y "r h& doe? 7,mt4 vi1 #c74 ,9 ?is admirable maxim he w\ld h _h ! support ( all true ,confucians1 = "o ( _! canonical writ]s _h also told !m t x is ! way ( ! sup]ior man to pref] ! concealm5t ( 8 virtue1 :ile x daily becomes m illu/ri\s1 & x is ! way ( ! mean man to seek notoriety1 :ile he daily goes m & m to ru9 7,c4 ,c41 i4 #bie4--;,*ung ,yung1 *4 xxxiii4 #a74 ,on ano!r "q1 t ( ! admonition ( an err+ fri5d1 ,jesus gave an op9ion :i* is 9 p]fect accord ) an op9ion giv5 by ,confucius4 ,if a man's bro!r trespass aga9/ him1 he is fir/1 accord+ to ,jesus1 to take him to task 9 private2 %\ld t fail1 to call 9 two or ?ree witnesses to he> ! *>ge2 & %\ld ! (f5d] /ill be obdurate1 to in=m ! ,*ur*4#cc ,if 8 imp5it5ce cont9ue ev5 aft] ?is1 he is to become to him z a hea!n & a publican 7,mt4 xviii4 #ae-ag74 ,turn+ to ! conv]sations ( ,confucius1 we f9d ! foll[+3--,tsze-kung ask$ ab\t fri5d%ip4 ,! ,ma/] said1 ',fai?fully admoni% y\r fri5d1 & k9dly try to lead him4 ,if y f9d him impracticable1 /op4 ,d n disgrace y\rself' 7,lun ,yu1 b4 xii4 *4 #cc4--;,c4 ,c41 i4 #abe74 ,! /eps inculcat$ by ! two tea*]s are1 mak+ all[ance = diff]5ce ( c\ntry1 almo/ id5tical4 ,! ?\ghts z well z ! language ( ,jesus are (t5 reproduc$ ) s+ul> fidelity 9 ! sacr$ works ( ,buddhi/s4 ,z ! ,buddha is1 on ! :ole1 ! prophet ^: "* approa*es mo/ closely to t ( ,jesus1 s we are almo/ c]ta9 to f9d 9 ! lit]ature ( ,buddhism ne>ly all ! mo/ exalt$ features ( 8 e?ical tea*+4 ,?us ,jesus praises ! poor wid[ :o contributes h] mite to ! temple treasury1 because %e has giv5 all t %e _h4 ,9 "o ( ! num]\s leg5ds suppos$ to h be5 relat$ by ,sakyamuni an exactly simil> incid5t occurs4 ,a =m] ,buddha 0 travel+ ?r\gh v>i\s c\ntries1 accompani$ by 8 att5dant monks4 ,! ri* h\sehold]s pres5t$ !m ) all k9ds ( food z (f]+s4 ,a poor man1 :o _h no prop]ty :atev]1 & liv$ by collect+ wood 9 ! m\nta9s & sell+ x1 _h ga9$ two co9s by ! pursuit ( 8 indu/ry4 ,p]ceiv+ ! ,buddha com+ f a visit to ! royal palace1 he dev\tly gave him ^! two co9s2 8 sole possession 9 ! _w4 ,! ,buddha receiv$ !m1 & m]cifully rememb]$ ! donor1 :o 7z ,sakyamuni n[ expla9$7 0 ri*ly rew>d$ dur+ n9ety-"o subsequ5t ages 7,w4 u4 ,?41 p4 #ec74 ,! wid['s mite is no less closely reflect$ 9 ! foll[+ anecdote f ! same collection4 ,9 ! "t ( a =m] ,buddha1 a c]ta9 monk belong+ to 8 tra9 _h gone out to collect ! (f]+s ( ! pi\s4 ,he arriv$ at ! hut ( a mis]able c\ple1 :o _h no?+ betwe5 !m b an old piece ( cotton-wool4 ,:5 ! husb& w5t out to beg1 ! wife sat at home nak$ 9 ! hay2 & :5 ! wife w5t out1 ! husb& rema9$ 9 ! same condition4 ,to ^! p !n ! monk approa*$1 cry+ out z usual1 ,g & pro/rate y\rself be=e ,buddha6 pres5t him ) gifts6 ,x happ5$ t ! wife 0 we>+ ! cotton-wool on ?is occasion4 ,%e !re=e reque/$ ! holy man to wait a little1 promis+ to return4 ,h]eupon %e ent]$ ! h\se & reque/$ ! p]mission ( h] husb& to (f] ! cotton-wool to ,buddha4 ,he1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out t z !y _h n ! smalle/ prop]ty beyond ?is1 extreme inconv5i5ce w\ld result f ! loss ( x1 = bo? ( !m mu/ !n rema9 at home4 ,to ?is %e repli$ t !y mu/ ne$s die 9 any case1 & t _! hopes = ! future w\ld be mu* improv$ if !y di$ aft] pres5tation ( an (f]+4 ,%e !n return$ to ! monk1 & reque/$ him to turn away 8 eyes a mom5t4 ,b he told h] to give h] alms op5ly 9 h] h&s1 & t he w\ld !n recite a b5$iction ov] !m4 ,! full delicacy ( h] situation _h n[ to be expla9$4 ,except ?is cotton-wool /uff on my body ,i h no?+1 & no o!r clo?+2 s9ce1 !n1 x w\ld be improp] = !e to behold ! f\l-smell+ impurity ( ! female body1 ,i w rea* !e out ! /uff f )94 ,s say+ %e retir$ into ! h\se & h&$ out h] g>m5t4 ,:5 ! monk deliv]$ x to ,buddha1 x caus$ great (f5se to ! k+'s c\rti]s1 :o surr\nd$ him1 on acc\nt ( its be+ old & dirty4 ,b ,buddha1 :o knew _! ?\ghts1 said1 ,i f9d1 t ( all ! gifts ( ?is assembly1 no s+le "o surpasses ?is 9 cleanl9ess & purity 7,w4 u4 ,?41 p4 #aej74 ,n only 9 ! case ( ! wid[ at ! treasury did ,jesus dwell ^u ! value ( ev5 trifl+ gifts made = ! sake ( religion4 ,ano!r "t he decl>$ to ^? ab\t him t :oev] gave !m a cup ( cold wat] 9 8 "n1 because !y belong$ to ,*ri/1 w\ld n lose 8 rew>d4 ,9 ,buddhi/ /ory ! v same ideas are to be f\nd2 almo/ ! same words4 ,an em95t memb] ( ! ,buddha's circle says t :oev] ) a purely-believ+ he>t (f]s no?+ b a h&ful ( wat]1 or pres5ts s mu* to ! spiritual assembly or to 8 p>5ts1 or gives dr9k !re) to ! poor & ne$y1 or to a bea/ ( ! field2--?is m]itori\s action w n be exhau/$ 9 _m ages 7,w4 u4 ,?41 p4 #cg74 ,! simile ( fi%+ = m51 employ$ by ,jesus 9 8 summons to ,simon & ,&rew1 is likewise to be discov]$ 9 ! works ( ! great ,asiatic religion4 ,! images ( ! ,bodhisattvas1 or ,buddhas yet to come1 frequ5tly hold 9 _! h&s a sn>e1 :i* is ?us expla9$ 9 ! ,nippon ,pan!on3--,he dissem9ates ^u ! ocean ( bir? & decay ! ,lotus-fl[] ( ! excell5t law z bait2 ) ! loop ( devotion1 nev] ca/ out 9 va91 he br+s liv+ be+s up l fi%es1 & c>ries !m to ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 :]e !re is true und]/&+ 7,b4 ,t41 p4 #bac74 ,& 9 ! book f :i* "s illu/rations h already be5 tak51 x is said ( a believ] t he _h be5 seiz$ by ! hook ( ! doctr9e1 j z a fi%1 :o has tak5 ! l9e1 is securely pull$ out 7,w4 u4 ,?41 p4 #aad74 ,hi!rto we h notic$ a few ( ! m9or po9ts 9 ! doctr9e ( ,jesus1 & :ile !re has be5 little 9 ^! to object to1 !re has also be5 little to excite excessive admiration4 ,! extreme exaltation ( humility1 & ! evid5t anxiety to see1 n equality ( conditions1 b a rev]sal ( ! actual inequalities1 are n among ! be/ features ( 8 ideal sy/em4 ,we _c b suspect some?+ ( a p]sonal bias4 ,?us1 9 ! p>able ( ! ,ph>isee & ! publican1 aim$ at a ho/ile & dete/$ ord]1 ! publican is ju/ifi$ by no?+ b 8 humility2 :ile 9 t ( ,laz>us & ,dives1 ,laz>us is et]nally rew>d$ = no?+ b 8 pov]ty4 ,x is no d\bt well to be humble1 & we %\ld be glad to see pov]ty remov$2 b x is n to be assum$ t ! ,ph>isee1 consci\s ( lead+ an honorable life1 is !re=e a bad man2 nor t ! ri* proprietor %\ld be torm5t$ 9 hell m]ely because he does n give alms to all ! begg>s :o ?rong ab\t 8 gates4 ,:5 ,jesus desires t virtu\s actions %\ld be done z quietly & ev5 z secretly z possible1 he inculcates an important pr9ciple ( morals1 & x is dev\tly to be wi%$ t we _h among u m ( ?is unconspicu\s k9dness1 & less o/5tati\s *>ity4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 he prea*es on ! virtue ( be/[+ alms on 8 disciples1 he does b e*o a s5tim5t :i* is natural to religi\s tea*]s 9 all ages1 & to :i*1 z we h se51 ! emiss>ies ( ano!r & e>li] fai?1 7 equally alive4 ,pass+ f ^! comp>atively trifl+ que/ions1 let u consid] "s ( 8 decisions on ! great] moral problems ) :i* he felt call$ ^u to deal4 ,on a va/ social subject--t ( divorce--he pron\nc$ an op9ion :i* gives u a little insight into 8 mode ( reg>d+ t mo/ important ( all topics1 ! relations ( ! sexes4 ,! ,ph>isees1 x appe>s1 came to him & ask$ him :e!r x 0 p]missible = a man to put away 8 wife1 ,moses hav+ all[$ x4 ,jesus expla9$ t ?is precept _h be5 giv5 = ! h>dness ( _! he>ts4 ,8 own view 01 t man & wife are "o fle%1 & t if ei!r %\ld leave ! o!r1 except on acc\nt ( unfai?fulness1 & m>ry aga91 t "o w\ld be guilty ( adult]y4 ,?is sev]e doctr9e he support$ by "o ( 8 %ort say+s3 ,:at ,god ha? jo9$ toge!r1 let n man put asund] 7,mk4 x4 #a-ab2 ,mt4 xix4 #a-ab1 & v4 #ca1 #cb74 ,b surely ?is judgm5t assumes ! v po9t at issue4 ,! jo9+ toge!r 9 w$lock is ascrib$ to ,god2 ! putt+ asund] to man4 ,b grant+ ! sacr$ness ( ! m>riage tie1 x w\ld /ill be no less possible to invoke ! div9e sanction = its dissolution ?an = its orig9al =mation4 ,& 9 _m in/ances ! maxim might be exactly rev]s$4 ,s un=tunate is ! result ( _m m>riages1 t x w\ld be easy = a religi\s re=m] to say ( !m1 ) p]fect s9c]ity1 ,:at man ha? jo9$ toge!r1 let ,god put asund]4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 almo/ z mu* to be said on moral gr\nds = ! divorce ( unhappy c\ples z = ! m>riage ( happy ones4 ,nor does ,jesus by any means face ! real difficulties ( ! "q by all[+ divorce :]e ei!r ( ! p>ties has be5 guilty ( adult]y4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is ! extreme case1 & if divorce is n to be giv5 "h1 x c be giv5 n[h]e4 ,b :y is adult]y to be ! sole gr\nd ( sep>ation8 ,:y is an in/itution :i* may br+ s mu* happ9ess to mank9d to be conv]t$ into "o ( ! mo/ f]tile s\rces ( human mis]y8 ,:y1 :5 bo? p>ties to ! contract desire sep>ation1 is an ext]nal au?ority1 :e!r t ( op9ion or ( law1 to en=ce union8 ,none ( ^! que/ions appe> to h pres5t$ !mselves to ! m9d ( ,jesus4 ,suppos+ ev5 t 8 decision 7 "r1 he assigns no reasons = x1 b simply lays d[n ! law 9 a tr5*ant mann]1 )\t giv+ u ! lea/ clue to ! process by :i* he arriv$ at s /range a conclusion4 ,nor is x 9 ! lea/ likely t ! _m p]plexities encompass+ ?is1 & all o!r que/ions affect+ ! morals ( sex1 _h ev] tr\bl$ him4 ,8 m9d 0 n suffici5tly subtle to ent] into !m2 & ?us x is t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( 8 c>e]1 he lays d[n no s+le doctr9e 7if we except ?is "o on divorce7 :i* c be ( ! smalle/ s]vice to 8 disciples 9 ! _m practical tr\bles t mu/ beset _! lives f ! exi/5ce ( a natural passion ( :i* he takes no acc\nt4 ,ano!r weak po9t 9 ! sy/em ( ,jesus is 8 av]sion to weal? & weal?y m51 ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ! good or bad use !y may make ( _! prop]ty4 ,?us1 ! only advice he gives to ! ri* man :o _h kept all ! comm&m5ts 0 to sell ev]y?+ he _h & give ! proce$s to ! poor2 a measure ( v que/ionable advantage to ^? = ^: b5efit x is int5d$4 ,:5 ! man naturally decl9$ to take ?is c\rse--practically a m]e ?r[+ (f ( ! responsibilities ( life--,jesus rem>k$ t x 0 h>d = ^? :o _h ri*es to ent] ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,see+ ! amazem5t ( 8 disciples1 he emphasiz$ 8 doctr9e by add+ t x 0 easi] = a camel to pass ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le ?an = a ri* man to ent] t k+dom4 ,h]eupon 8 disciples1 excessively a/oni%$1 ask$ :o !n c\ld be sav$1 & ,jesus left a loophole = ! salvation ( ! ri* by ! decl>ation t1 impossible z x might be = m5 to pass a camel ?r\gh a ne$le's eye1 all ?+s are possible ) ,god 7,mk4 x4 #ag-bg74 ,a l animus aga9/ ! weal?i] classes is ev9c$ 9 ! /ory ( ! k+ :o invit$ a numb] ( gue/s to a w$d+ fe/ivity4 ,^? :o _h receiv$ invitations made light ( !m1 "o go+ to 8 f>m1 ano!r to 8 m]*&ise1 & s =?2 or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion1 alleg+ _! worldly affairs z excuses4 ,see+ t !y w\ld n come1 ! k+ bade 8 s]vants g out into ! highways1 & br+ 9 :omsoev] !y might f9d2 or1 z ,luke puts x1 ! poor1 ! maim$1 ! halt1 & ! bl9d 7,mt4 xxii4 #a-aj2 ,lu4 xiv4 #af-bd74 ,m indiscrim9ately /ill is ?is av]sion to ! ri* express$ 9 ! p>able ( ,laz>us & ,dives4 ,"h we are n told t ! great proprietor _h be5 a bad man1 or _h act$ ) any unusual selfi%ness4 ,! utmo/ we may inf] f ! language us$ ab\t him is t he _h n be5 suffici5tly s5sitive to ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 own condition & t ( ! begg>4 ,b no positive unk9dness is ev5 h9t$ at4 ,nor _h ! begg> done any?+ to m]it rew>d4 ,he _h only l$ "o ( ^? idle & wor?less lives ( dep5d5ce on o!rs :i* are too common among ,s\!rn nations4 ,yet 9 ! future life ! begg> appe>s to be rew>d$ m]ely because 9 ?is life he _h be5 badly (f2 & ! ri* man is puni%$ m]ely because he _h be5 well (f 7,lu4 xvi4 #ai-be74 ,a /rong] in/ance ( app>5tly irrational prejudice x w\ld be difficult to f9d4 ,9 connection ) ^! notions ab\t weal? !re is a curi\s !ory ( social int]c\rse des]v+ to be consid]$4 ,jesus has express$ x ?us3 ,:5 ?\ make/ a supp] or a d9n]1 d n invite ?y fri5ds1 or ?y bro!rs1 or ?y relations1 or ?y ri* neighbors1 le/ !y also %\ld invite !e 9 return1 & ?\ %\ld/ h a recomp5se4 ,b :5 ?\ make/ a fea/1 invite ! poor1 ! maim$1 ! lame1 ! bl9d2 & ?\ %alt be bless$ because !y h n ! means ( mak+ !e a recomp5se4 ,= ?\ %alt be recomp5s$ at ! resurrection ( ! j 7,lu4 xiv4 #ab-ad74 ,nobody c object to *>itable individuals ask+ poor p or invalids )\t rank to d9n] at _! h\ses2 inde$1 x is to be wi%$ t ! practice 7 m common ?an x is4 ,b we _c admit t ?is k9d action ought to be r5d]$ obligatory1 to ! exclusion ( o!r modes ( conduct4 ,society1 prop]ly speak+1 _c exi/ except by reciprocity4 ,t sort ( fri5dly int]c\rse betwe5 equals :i* con/itutes society implies giv+ & tak+2 & x is em95tly desirable t we %\ld d exactly :at ,*ri/ w\ld =bid u do+1 namely1 invite our neighbors & be invit$ by !m z circum/ances may require4 ,! fe> t we may receive a recomp5se = ! d9n]-p>ties we may give is surely *im]ical4 ,pleasantness & mutual advantage are alike promot$ by ?is reciprocity1 :i*1 moreov]1 avoids ! discom=t produc$ :5 ! obligation is :olly on "o side4 ,jesus1 9 fact1 ov]looks entirely ! m intellectual side ( society1 & dwells exclusively on ! moral side4 ,:at he wi%es to e/abli%1 is n conv]se betwe5 m51 b *>ity4 ,s t a p]son act+ on 8 views w\ld be exclud$ f ! society ( ^? :o might b5efit him ei!r mat]ially or morally1 & w\ld be conf9$ to ^? :om he might b5efit4 ,su* an arrangem5t w\ld n 9 ! end be good ei!r = ! b5efactors or ! b5efit$4 ,8 conceptions ( ju/ice are seem+ly n m p]fect ?an 8 conceptions ( social arrangem5ts4 ,! p>able ( ! labor]s is int5d$ to ju/ify ! deity 9 assign+ equal rew>ds to ^? :o h borne unequal burd5s1 & also to illu/rate 8 doctr9e t ! fir/ w be la/1 & ! la/ fir/4 ,a h\sehold] hires a numb] ( labor]s to "w 9 8 v9ey>d2 "s ( :om he engages 9 ! morn+1 o!rs lat] 9 ! day1 o!rs t[>ds its close4 ,all ( !m receive a d5>ium 9 paym5t1 ?\gh "s _h work$ ! :ole day1 & o!rs only an h\r4 ,at ?is result ! class :i* _h work$ ! long] "t grumble2 b ! h\sehold] def5ds himself by appeal+ to ! /rict t]ms ( 8 contract1 by :i* he _h b\nd himself to give ! same wages to all 7,mt4 xx4 #a-af74 ,no d\bt ! labor]s :o _h borne ! burd5 & heat ( ! day _h no legal /&+-po9t = _! compla9t2 b ! s5tim5t t prompt$ x 0 none ! less a j "o4 ,grant+ ! validity ( ! ma/]'s plea t he _h honorably fulfill$ 8 b>ga91 x may /ill be urg$ t ! b>ga9 itself 0 n ( an equitable "*4 ,pla9ly1 a sum :i* is adequate pay = an h\r1 is inadequate = t5 or twelve2 & t :i* is suffici5t = a day is excessive = an ev5+4 ,& ! same argum5t applies to a future /ate4 ,if1 z is s (t5 urg$1 x is to be a comp5sation = ! suff]+s ( ?is /ate1 !n x ought to be> "s proportion to ^? suff]+s4 ,b h[ c ?is be effect$8 ,jesus saw ! difficulty1 & endeavor$1 b n successfully1 to meet x by ?is p>able4 ,b ! imp]fection ( 8 s5se ( ju/ice is n[h]e m conspicu\sly %[n ?an 9 ! conduct he ascribes to ,god4 ,to recur aga9 to ! case ( ,laz>us & ,dives4 ,n only is ! ri* man puni%$ ) frightful torture1 b 8 humble & k9dly reque/ t ,laz>us might be all[$ to w>n 8 five bro!rs ( _! possible fate is met ) a p]emptory refusal4 ,! only reason alleg$ = ?is cruelty is t !y h ,moses & ! prophets1 :o c]ta9ly did n in=m !m t ! m]e possession ( weal? or enjoym5t ( luxury 0 puni%$ by ev]la/+ mis]y 7,lu4 xvi4 #bg-ca74 ,9 o!r places1 too1 ! horrible doctr9e ( un5d+ puni%m5t is ass]t$ by ,jesus1 & all ! ef=ts ( 8 mod]n disciples w n expla9 away ?is fact4 ,! t>es are to be b\nd up 9 bundles to be burnt4 ,! wick$ are to be ca/ into a furnace ( fire1 :]e !re w be wail+ & gna%+ ( tee? 7,mt4 xiii4 #cj1 #db1 #ej74 ,x is bett] to ent] into life mutilat$ ?an to be ?r[n unmutilat$ into ! fire 7,mt4 xviii4 #h1 #i7 ( hell :i* is nev] qu5*$ 7,mk4 ix4 #dc-df74 ,! s]vant :o _h made no money by usury is ca/ into out] d>kness 7,mt4 xxv4 #cj74 ,! righte\s g into et]nal life2 ! wick$ to et]nal puni%m5t 7,mt4 xxv4 #df74 ,blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ _c be =giv51 b involves et]nal damnation 7,mk4 iii4 #bi74 ,x is almo/ ne$less to obs]ve t no wick$ness c\ld ev] ju/ify puni%m5t )\t an end2 t is1 puni%m5t = puni%m5t's sake2 & t ! creation ( human be+s ^: exi/5ce t]m9at$ 9 torture w\ld be itself a f> m t]rible crime ?an any :i* ! base/ ( mank9d c ev] commit4 ,!re is "o m po9t z to :i* 8 tea*+ w n be> inve/igation4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( ! p[] ( pray]4 ,he tells 8 he>]s1 9 ! mo/ absolute mann]1 t !y w receive :atev] !y may ask 9 pray]1 provid$ !y believe 7,mk4 xi4 #bd2 ,mt4 xxi4 #bb74 ,fai? is ! gr& & sole condition ( ! accompli%m5t ( all desires4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! )]$ fig-tree4 ,x 0 fai? t _h wr\ght ! *ange4 ,by fai? ! disciples might effect n only su* matt]s z ! de/ruction ( fig-trees1 b f> m /up5d\s miracles 7,mt4 xxi4 #ai-ba74 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! disciples' failure ) ! lunatic *ild4 ,x 0 ow+ to _! want ( fai?4 ,_h !y b fai? z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$--s ,jesus told !m--!y w\ld be able to say to a m\nta91 ,remove h5ce ?i!r1 & x w\ld be remov$4 ,no?+ w\ld be impossible to !m 7,mt4 xvii4 #bj74 ,& if !y _h fai? !mselves1 if !y really believ$ 9 _! ma/]'s words1 & ev] attempt$ ! exp]im5t ( work+ su* trans=mations 9 nature1 !y mu/ h exp]i5c$ ! bitt] disappo9tm5t s graphically describ$ by ! au?oress ( ,jo%ua ,davidson 9 ! case ( t s9c]e ,*ri/ian4 ,b %ort ( ?is extreme trial ( ! p[] ( fai? ov] matt]1 _m g5]ations ( pi\s believ]s w be> sad witness to ! fact t !y h ask$ _m ?+s 9 pray] :i* !y h n receiv$2 n lea/ among ! numb] be+ moral excell5ce1 :i* !y h b imp]fectly atta9$4 ,yet ?is1 x w\ld seem1 might be ! mo/ easily grant$ )\t int]f]5ce ) ! physical univ]se4 ,& if x be plead$ t no ,*ri/ian has ev] really succe$$ 9 acquir+ ! degree ( fai? requir$ to move m\nta9s1 :at becomes ( ! promise ( ,jesus8 ,is x n a m]e =m ( words1 dep5d+ = its tru? on a condition :i* human nature nev] c fulfill8 ,! op9ions ( ,jesus on ! "q ( ! lawfulness ( ! tribute1 & 8 reply to ! ,sadducean difficulty ab\t due adju/m5t ( matrimonial relations 9 a future /ate1 h be5 already notic$4 ,nei!r ( ^! decisions1 x has be5 %[n1 c be reg>d$ z ev9c+ wisdom or dep? ( ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 answ] to ! scribe :o ask$ him :i* 0 ! fir/ comm&m5t fully des]ves ! approbation :i* 8 que/ion] be/[$4 ,aft] ?is1 rem>ks ! ,evangeli/ triumphantly1 no man d>$ to int]rogate him4 ,pass+ f ^! isolat$ judgm5ts1 let u consid] n[ ! fulle/ exposition to be f\nd any:]e ( ! moral sy/em ( ,jesus1--! s-call$ ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7,mt4 v4-vii4 inclusive74 ,z report$ by ,mat!w1 ?is is a va/ collection ( precepts on _m diff]5t subjects1 deliv]$ no d\bt on _m diff]5t occasions4 ,tak5 toge!r1 !y conta9 ! conc5trat$ ess5ce ( 8 tea*+1 & (f] !re=e ! faire/ field = discussion & criticism4 ,he op5s 8 disc\rse ) a s]ies ( bless+s1 9 :i* 8 extreme fondness = contra/+ ! pres5t ) ! future ord] is m>k$ly exhibit$4 ,^? :om he selects z ! objects ( b5$iction are ! poor 9 _s2 m\rn]s2 ! meek2 ^? :o hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness2 ! m]ciful2 ! pure 9 he>t2 ! peace-mak]s2 ^? :o are p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake2 ! disciples :5 revil$1 p]secut$1 & unju/ly accus$4 ,( ! n9e classes ( ^? :o are ?us bless$1 five are compos$ ( ^? ^: pres5t condition makes !m objects ( pity1 & :o are consol$ ) ! assurance t !y %all be rew>d$ 9 ! k+dom ( heav54 ,aft] ?is1 ! foll[]s ( ,jesus are admoni%$ t !y are ! salt ( ! e>?1 & t !y mu/ cause _! light to %9e be=e m54 ,?is is foll[$ by t rem>kable decl>ation 7already notic$7 z to ! p]man5ce ( ! law1 & by a w>n+ t1 if !y wi%$ to ent] ! k+dom ( heav51 _! righte\sness mu/ exce$ t ( ^? odi\s p1 ! scribes & ,ph>isees4 ,h]eupon ,jesus takes up ?ree great comm&m5ts--n to kill1 n to commit adult]y1 n to commit p]jury--& proce$s to exp& _! mean+ beyond ! lit]al signification ( ! words4 ,?us1 x _h be5 said1 ,?\ %alt n kill4 ,b he says1 t :oev] is angry ) 8 bro!r %all be liable to ! judgm5t2 t :oev] says ,raka to 8 bro!r %all be liable to ! ,sanh$rim2 b t :oev] says ,fool1 %all be liable to hell1 or lit]ally1 to ! geh5na ( fire4 ,! puni%m5t is ( undue sev]ity 9 proportion to ! (f5se2 b :51 9 ! foll[+ v]ses1 ,jesus insi/s on ! importance ( do+ ju/ice to m5 be=e p]=m+ religi\s obligations1 he speaks 9 ! true/ _s ( humanity4 ,proce$+ to ! comm&m5t n to commit adult]y1 he enjo9s an excess ( self-discipl9e4 ,x is n desirable to pluck out ! "r eye & cut (f ! "r h& because !y (f5d u1 ?\gh x is well to tra9 !m to obey ! high] faculties4 ,! argum5t ( ,jesus re/s only on ! assumption t ! s9ful memb]s1 if n de/roy$ by su* viol5t measures z ?is1 may l& ! :ole body 9 hell4 ,deal+ next ) ! "q ( oa?s1 he enl>ges ! prohibition ( p]jury into a prohibition ( all swe>+ :atsoev]1 assign+ ! /range/ reasons = avoid+ ! employm5t1 :5 tak+ oa?s1 ( ! names ( v>i\s objects4 ,!y are n to swe> by heav51 because x is ,god's ?rone2 nor by ! e>?1 because x is 8 foot/ool2 nor by ,j]usalem1 because x is ! city ( ! great k+2 nor by ! head1 because we _c make a s+le hair black or :ite4 ,grant+ ev5 t ! advice is good1 :at is to be said ( ^! reasons8 ,:at w\ld be ?\ght ( a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t us+ an exactly p>allel argum5t3 namely1 t x is wrong to swe> by ! ,new ,te/am5t1 because ! p]son tak+ ! oa? _c make a s+le type l>g] or small]8 ,! !ory embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ v]ses occupies s c>d9al a place 9 ! philosophy ( ,jesus1 t 9 ord] to d him ju/ice !y mu/ be quot$ at l5g?4 ,y h he>d t x has be5 said1 ,an eye = an eye1 & a too? = a too?4 ,b ,i tell y n to resi/ evil2 b :oev] %all smite !e on ! "r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also4 ,& z = him :o wi%es to sue !e1 & take ?y coat1 give him ?y cloak also4 ,& :oev] %all compel !e to g "o mile1 g two ) him4 ,give to him t aske? !e2 & turn n away f him t wi%es to borr[ ( !e4 ,y h he>d t x has be5 said1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor & hate ?9e enemy4 ,b ,i say unto y1 ,love y\r enemies1 & pray = !m :o p]secute y1 t y may be sons ( y\r fa!r 9 heav52 = he causes 8 sun to rise on bad & good1 & s5ds ra9 on j & unju/ 7,mt4 v4 #ch-de74 ,p]haps !re is no s+le po9t 9 ! moral tea*+ ( ,jesus :i* has be5 m celebrat$ ?an ?is4 ,x is ?\ght to repres5t ! v acme ( p]fection1 & ,*ri/ianity takes cr$it to itself = ! embodim5t ( s magnific5t a doctr9e 9 its moral sy/em4 ,& c]ta9ly ! words ( ,jesus are s sublime z almo/ to extort admiration & dis>m criticism4 ,nor w\ld x at all detract f 8 m]its if ! pr9ciple "h laid d[n %\ld turn out to be no new discov]y ( 8 own1 b "o already rea*$ by great tea*]s 9 o!r l&s2 = x 0 ?r\gh him t x 0 made kn[n to ! ,jews ( 8 own age1 & ?us to ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,moreov]1 we _c suppose t he _h ev] he>d ( ^? :o _h anticipat$ ! s5tim5ts1 & almo/ ! words1 ( ^! beautiful s5t5ces 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,nev]!less1 ^! anticipations exi/2 & :atev] glory ?is rule may conf] on ! religion ( ,*ri/ mu/ belong equally1 & ev5 by prior "r1 to ! religion ( ,lao-tsze & ! religion ( ,buddha4 ,?us ,lao-tsze says1 ,return enmity by do+ good 7,t4 t4 k41 #fc74 ,or aga91 ,i treat ! good man well2 ! man :o is n good ,i also treat well 7,ibid41 #di74 ,! v p]fection ( pati5ce "u inju/ice1 ext5d+ to ! l5g? ( bless+ ^? :o curse1 & turn+ ! o!r *eek to ^? :o smite ! "o--is exhibit$ 9 ! old ,buddhi/ic leg5d ( ,prna4 ,prna is a conv]t :o spontane\sly betakes himself z a mission>y to a savage nation4 ,! ,buddha asks him :at he w d if !y address him 9 co>se & insol5t language4 ,he replies t he w consid] !m good & g5tle p n to /rike him ) _! fi/s or /one him4 ,%\ld !y /rike him ) _! fi/s or /one him1 he w /ill ?9k !m good & g5tle nei!r to /rike him ) /icks or swords2 %\ld !y /rike him ) /icks or swords1 he w equally praise !m = n kill+ him2 %\ld !y ev5 kill him1 he w /ill say1 ,!y are c]ta9ly good p1 !y are c]ta9ly g5tle p1 !y :o deliv] me ) s little pa9 f ?is body full ( impurity 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #bec74 ,?is is c]ta9ly a mo/ consi/5t application ( ! pr9ciple ( non-resi/ance to evil1 & ( lov+ "o's enemies4 ,no ,*ri/ian sa9t or m>tyr c\ld h foll[$ 8 ma/]'s precepts m fai?fully ?an ?is ,buddhi/ apo/le4 ,b :e!r ^? precepts admit ( g5]al adoption into ! s*eme ( human morals is a mu* m difficult "q ?an :e!r 9 occasional in/ances "h & !re !y h l$ to admirable conduct4 ,let u call 9 ano!r ,*9ese philosoph] to our assi/ance on ?is po9t4 ,! doctr9e ( return+ good = evil1 proclaim$1 z we h se51 by ,lao-tsze1 0 ?us dealt ) by 8 great rival1 ,confucius4 ,"s "o said1 ',:at d y say conc]n+ ! pr9ciple t injury %\ld be recomp5s$ ) k9dness8' ,! ,ma/] said1 ',) :at1 !n1 w y recomp5se k9dness8 ,recomp5se injury ) ju/ice1 & recomp5se k9dness ) k9dness4' ,h[ %all we decide betwe5 ^! au?orities8 ,none c "q ! nobility ( ! conduct enjo9$ by ,jesus 9 c]ta9 in/ances4 ,!re are cases :]e ! return ( good = evil1 ( bless+ = curs+1 ( b5evol5ce = p]secution1 is n only ! highe/ practicable virtue1 b also ! be/ puni%m5t ( ! evil-do]s4 ,nev]!less1 !re is great =ce 9 ! obs]vations ( ,confucius4 ,if we are to rew>d injury by k9dness1 h[ are we to rew>d k9dness8 ,is !re to be no diff]5ce made betwe5 ^? :o d u good & ^? :o d u h>m8 ,to s p]t95t a "q we are compell$ to answ] t ! practical results ( su* conduct on our "p w\ld be simply disa/r\s4 ,unk9dness w\ld n receive its natural & appropriate p5alty1 nor k9dness its natural & appropriate rew>d4 ,n only %\ld we ourselves be los]s by our failure to resi/ inju/ice1 b ! wor/ classes ( mank9d w\ld receive by t non-resi/ance a p[]ful /imulus to evil4 ,imag9e1 = example1 t1 in/ead ( oppos+ an extortionate claim1 we give up our cloak also to ! man :o wi%es to take our coat4 ,pla9ly su* conduct c h b "o result4 ,we %all become ! victims ( extortionate claims1 & our prop]ty w be squ&]$ among ! undes]v+ in/ead ( be+ kept = bett] uses4 ,or suppose t p]secution = ! sake ( our op9ions1 in/ead ( be+ met ) arm$ resi/ance1 :]ev] t resi/ance is likely to be successful1 is receiv$ only ) bless+s %[]$ on ! heads ( ! oppressors2 )\t d\bt1 ! h&s ( ! p]secut+ p>ty w be /r5g!n$1 & lib]ty1 :i* is ev]y:]e ! result ( resi/+ evil1 w nev] be e/abli%$4 ,! fre$om we ourselves enjoy1 bo? z a nation 9 respect ( o!r nations1 & z individuals 9 respect ( our dome/ic gov]nm5t1 is ! consequ5ce ( act+ on a pr9ciple ! direct rev]se ( t laid d[n by ,jesus4 ,our ance/ors1 :o 7 good ,*ri/ians b mu* bett] patriots1 w\ld h be5 amaz$ inde$ at any attempt to p]suade !m to turn ! left *eek to him :o smote !m on ! "r4 ,a doctr9e m conv5i5t = ! purposes ( tyrants & malefactors ( e description x w\ld be difficult to inv5t4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be conc$$ t !re is 9 x "s tru?1 provid$ we discrim9ate betwe5 fitt+ & unfitt+ occasions = its application4 ,x is n ! viol5t man :o assaults u1 ! unscrupul\s man :o sues u1 or ! p]secutor :o tramples on our fre$om1 :o %\ld be met by a b5evol5t return4 ,b !re are (f5ses ( s p]sonal a nature1 affect+ our individual int]e/ s l>gely1 & ! public int]e/ s slightly1 t ! be/ way ( deal+ ) !m may (t5 be n to res5t !m1 b to receive !m ) unruffl$ g5tl5ess4 ,ea* p]son mu/ judge = himself :at are ! cases to :i* ?is possibility applies4 ,b ! guid+ rule 9 ?us act+ mu/ be t we expect by ?us return+ good = evil to s(t5 ! he>t ( him :o has done u wrong1 & 9 ! language ( ,paul to heap coals ( fire on 8 head4 ,%\ld ! effect be simply to relieve him f ! p5alty ( our res5tm5t )\t induc+ him to *ange 8 c\rse1 we %all h done him a moral injury & society a mat]ial injury1 & ! probability or improbability ( su* result %\ld be measur$ 9 decid+ ^u ! conduct to be pursu$4 ,prop]ly gu>d$1 & borne 9 m9d z ! occasional exception1 by no means z ! rule1 ! return ( inju/ice or ill-w by b5evol5ce & k9dly feel+ may be ( ! utmo/ value1 bo? 9 cultivat+ ! be/ emotions 9 ^? :o practice x1 & 9 call+ =? ! rep5tance ( ^? t[>ds :om x is practic$2 b z a univ]sal & absolute pr9ciple x mu/ be utt]ly reject$4 ,lao-tsze & ,jesus :5 !y affirm$ x und\bt$ly /ruck "o ( ! highe/ notes 9 human nature4 ,yet x mu/ be grant$ t ,khung-tsze took a wid] view1 & t 8 injunction to recomp5se injury ) ju/ice1 & k9dness ) k9dness1 is m consi/5t ) a philosophic reg>d = ! int]e/s ( mank9d1 & ) a practicable s*eme ( social e?ics4 ,jesus proce$s to enjo9 8 disciples nei!r to give alms1 nor to pray1 nor to fa/ 9 an o/5tati\s mann]2 & 9 connection ) ?is excell5t advice he tea*es !m ! %ort pray] :i* has become s fam\s "u 8 "n4 ,! clauses ( ?is pray] may be wor? "s consid]ation4 ,x beg9s ) a =mula ( adoration address$ to ,our fa!r 9 heav54 ,!n foll[s a petition full ( mean+ to ,jesus & ^? to :om he imp>t$ x1 b ( little or no signification 9 ! m\?s ( ! millions ( mod]n ,*ri/ians :o daily repeat x3 ,?y k+dom come4 ,jesus hop$1 & 8 disciples caught ! hope1 t ,god's k+dom w\ld come v soon2 & ?is pray] 0 a reque/ = ! e>ly realization ( ! glories ( t k+dom4 ,^? :o !n employ$ x believ$ t at any mom5t x might be grant$1 & t at no di/ant p]iod x c]ta9ly w\ld be grant$4 ,?y w be done1 z 9 heav5 s also on e>?2 a clause embody+ ! popul> conception ( ano!r region 9 :i* ,god's w is p]fectly obey$1 :ile "h x is met by "s c\nt]act+ influ5ce4 ,give u ?is day our daily bread1 = beyond ! daily provision !y 7 n to look2 a doctr9e :i* we %all notice %ortly4 ,& =give u our debts 7or1 9 ,luke1 our s9s7 z we =give our debtors2 & lead u n into temptation1 b deliv] u f evil4 ,pass+ ov] ! s+ul> conception ( ,god z lead+ m5 into temptation1 let u r notice ! prec$+ petition1 on :i* ,jesus himself has suppli$ a comm5t>y1 t we may be =giv51 z we =give o!rs4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is he tells 8 he>]s1 t if !y =give m5 _! trespasses1 _! heav5ly fa!r w =give !irs2 & t if !y d n ?us behave1 nei!r w he4 ,a k9dr$ doctr9e is laid d[n 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! next *apt]1 :]e he tells !m n to judge1 t !y may n be judg$2 t ) :at measure !y mete1 x %all be measur$ to !m aga94 ,& ?is illu/rat$ 9 ano!r place by ! p>able ( ! s]vant :o1 hav+ be5 excus$ f ! imm$iate paym5t ( a l>ge debt by 8 ma/]1 refus$ to excuse a fell[-s]vant f ! paym5t ( a small "o2 :]eupon 8 ma/] flew into a passion1 & deliv]$ him to ! torm5tors 7,mt4 xviii4 #bc-ce74 ,!re is an app>5t ju/ice & real emotional satisfaction 9 ! h>% treatm5t ( ^? :o are h>% !mselves4 ,b we mu/ n be misl$ by ! imm$iate gratification we exp]i5ce at ! puni%m5t ( ! un=giv+ s]vant1 suppos+ t x is "r to mete out to ea* man ! measure he metes out to o!rs4 ,assur$ly x does n foll[ t because a man is unju/ or cruel1 he %\ld be treat$ ) inju/ice or cruelty himself4 ,ei!r x is "r to =give a man's s9s1 or x is n4 ,if "r1 !n 8 own h>%ness 9 refus+ =giv5ess to ano!r is "o ( ! s9s :i* %\ld be =giv54 ,if n "r1 !n nei!r t nor any o!r (f5se %\ld be =giv5 by ! supreme disp5s] ( ju/ice4 ,= :at reason %\ld ! "o crime ( n =giv+ ^? :o trespass aga9/ u be select$ = a puni%m5t ( su* extraord9>y sev]ity1 :ile x is impli$ t ! p5alty ( o!r & grav] crimes may by ,god's m]cy be remitt$8 ,! fact is1 t ,jesus is misl$ by a false analogy betwe5 ! conduct ( "o man t[>ds ano!r1 9 a case :]e he is p]sonally conc]n$1 & ! conduct ( a judge t[>ds crim9als4 ,(f5ses aga9/ morality are treat$ z p]sonal (f5ses aga9/ ,god1 :o has !re=e ! same "r to =give !m z a cr$itor has to excuse 8 debtor f paym5t4 ,b 9 a p]fect sy/em ( ju/ice1 human or div9e1 !re c\ld be no "q ( =giv5ess at all4 ,e violation ( ! law w\ld br+ its appropriate p5alty1 & no m4 ,! p5alty be+ ?us proportion$ to ! (f5se1 !re c\ld be no "q ( t sort ( =giv5ess :i* implies a suspicion t x is1 or may be1 too sev]e4 ,no d\bt1 ! temp] ( ! (f5d]1 & ! probability ( 8 repeat+ ! crime1 w\ld be elem5ts to be consid]$ 9 aw>d+ ! s5t5ce4 ,b x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t ei!r ! hope ( complete p>don1 or ! ?reat ( a puni%m5t f> heavi] ?an is ne$$ to det]1 equally t5d to neutralize ! effects ( our sy/em ( ju/ice4 ,& ?us x has be5 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ?reat ( ev]la/+ torture1 accompani$ ) ! expectation ( complete =giv5ess1 has be5 less efficaci\s ?an w\ld h be5 ! mo/ mod]ate ( e>?ly p5alties1 provid$ !y _h be5 c]ta94 ,b ,jesus 0 encumb]$ ) a sy/em 9 :i* !re 7 no gradations4 ,?us he repres5ts ! deity n[ z ext5d+ complete =giv5ess to s9s :i* %\ld h receiv$ _! fitt+ retribution2 n[ z visit+ ) immod]ate sev]ity (f5ses = :i* m l5i5t measures w\ld h amply suffic$4 ,proce$+ to ano!r subject1 ! speak] dwells ^u ! comp>ative unimportance ( t]re/rial affairs4 ,he advises m5 n to lay up treasure on e>?1 b 9 heav51 = :]e _! treasure is1 !re w _! he>t be also2 & he goes on to say1 ,take no ?\ght = y\r life :at y %all eat or :at y %all dr9k1 nor = y\r body :at y %all put on4 ,is n ! life m ?an n\ri%m5t1 & ! body ?an raim5t8 ,look at ! birds ( ! sky1 = !y s[ n1 nei!r d !y reap nor ga!r into b>ns1 & y\r heav5ly fa!r fe$s !m4 ,are y n mu* bett] ?an !y8 ,& :i* ( y by tak+ ?\ght c add a s+le cubit to 8 /ature8 ,& :y d y take ?\ght = raim5t8 ,consid] ! lilies ( ! field1 !y toil n1 nei!r d !y sp93 & ,i say to y t n ev5 ,solomon 9 all 8 glory 0 clo!d l "o ( ^!4 ,& if ,god s clo! ! grass ( ! field :i* exi/s to-day & to-morr[ is ca/ into ! ov51 w he n mu* m clo! y1 ,o y ( little fai?8 ,!re=e 8 disciples are to take no ?\ght ab\t eat+1 dr9k+1 or clo?+ 7z ! ,g5tiles d71 = _! heav5ly fa!r kn[s t !y h ne$ ( ^! ?+s4 ,!y are to seek ! k+dom ( ,god & 8 righte\sness1 & ^! w be add$4 ,!y are to take no ?\ght = ! morr[1 b let ! morr[ take ?\ght = itself 7,mt4 vi4 #be-cd74 ,^u :i* extraord9>y argum5t x w\ld h be5 int]e/+ to ask a few que/ions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ did ,jesus suppose t x _h happ5$ t m5 _h 9 fact come to tr\ble !mselves ab\t food1 dr9k1 & clo?+8 ,did he imag9e t an inh]5t pleasure 9 labor _h driv5 !m to d s8 ,w\ld he n r h be5 compell$ to admit t1 n by any *oice ( _! own1 b j because _! heav5ly fa!r _h n provid$ ^! ?+s 9 ! requisite abundance1 !y _h be5 =c$ to take ?\ght = ! morr[1 all _! primitive incl9ations not)/&+8 ,e t5d5cy ( human nature w\ld h prompt$ m5 to take no ?\ght ei!r = food or raim5t1 _h n hung] & cold br\ght vividly be=e !m ! necessity ( do+ s4 ,b = ?is !y w\ld only h be5 too glad to live l ! birds ( ! air or ! lilies ( ! field4 ,b let u exam9e a little m closely ! reason+ ( ,jesus4 ,birds nei!r s[ nor reap2 ,god fe$s !m2 !re=e he w fe$ u )\t s[+ or reap+4 ,a m un=tunate illu/ration ( ! c>e ( ,provid5ce = 8 creatures x w\ld be difficult to f9d4 ,0 ,jesus ignorant ( ! fact t he fe$s "s birds ^u o!rs :om !y seize on z _! prey1 & ^! aga9 ^u an inf]ior class ( animals8 ,s t1 if he is c>eful ( ! hawk1 x is at ! exp5se ( ! dove2 & if he is c>eful ( ! sp>r[1 x is at ! exp5se ( ! worm4 ,cannibalism1 or at lea/ a rec\rse to wild animals z ! only obta9able diet1 mu/ h be5 ! logical results ( ! doctr9e ( ,jesus4 ,n less s+ul> w\ld be ! effects ( 8 tea*+ z to clo!s4 ,! lily :i* rema9s 9 a /ate ( nature is m beautifully array$ ?an 0 ,solomon4 ,grant$2 b does x !re=e foll[ t we are to imitate ! lily8 ,we might agree ) ,jesus t nudity1 alike 9 fl[]s & 9 human be+s1 is m beautiful ?an ! mo/ sup]b dress+3 yet !re are conv5i5ces 9 clo!s :i* may ev5 ju/ify tak+ a little ?\ght 9 ord] to obta9 !m1 & ^? :o really omit to d ?is are g5]ally ! l[e/ types ( ! human race4 ,t ,god w\ld n give u clo?+ if we ourselves made no ef=t to obta9 x1 is n only admitt$1 b almo/ ass]t$1 9 ! argum5t ( ,jesus2 = he ref]s u to ! grass ( ! field1 :i* rema9s 9 its natural condition1 z an example ( ! k9d ( raim5t :i* our heav5ly fa!r provides4 ,s absurd are ^! precepts1 t no body ( ,*ri/ians has ev] attempt$ to act ^u !m4 ,"s !re h be51 inde$1 :o took no ?\ght = ! morr[1 & :o nev] ex]t$ !mselves to procure ! necess>ies ( life4 ,b !n !y liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( societies :]e ^! ?+s 7 provid$ by ! labor ( o!rs1 & :]e !y well knew t _! pi\s indol5ce w\ld n leave !m a prey to hung]1 b w\ld r /imulate ! *>itable zeal ( _! m secul> bre?r54 ,aft] lay+ d[n ! rule aga9/ judg+ o!rs1 :i* has be5 already ref]r$ to1 ,jesus gives ! excell5t advice to ^? :o w\ld pull ! mote out ( _! bro!r's eye to att5d fir/ to ! beam 9 _! own4 ,?is is foll[$ by ! prov]bial w>n+ n to ca/ pe>ls be=e sw9e4 ,a s+ul> passage succe$s1 9 :i* ! doctr9e is broadly /at$ t :atev] m5 desire ( ,god !y are to ask x1 = e "o :o asks receives1 & he :o seeks f9ds4 ,& x is add$1 t z !y give _! *ildr5 good gifts1 s _! heav5ly fa!r gives good ?+s to ^? :o ask him4 ,b :at ( ^? :o d n ask him8 ,does he1 l an unwise human p>5t1 give mo/ to ^? :o are ! l\de/ 9 _! petitions1 neglect+ ! humble or retir+ *ildr5 :o make no noise8 ,^! v]ses all[ u no option b to suppose t ,jesus ?\ght he did1 & ?is inf]5ce receives /rong confirmation f ! p>able ( ! unju/ judge1 :o yield$ to clamor :at he w\ld n give f a s5se ( ju/ice 7,lu4 xviii4 #a-e71 z also f ! illu/ration ( ! man :o 0 we>i$ by ! importunity ( 8 fri5d into do+ :at he w\ld n h done = ! sake ( fri5d%ip 7,lu4 xi4 #e-i74 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! p>able is relat$ = ! express purpose ( %[+ t m5 ought always to pray & n to fa9t2 9 ! latt]1 ! illu/ration is giv5 9 connection ) ! v v]ses :i* we are n[ criticis+4 ,!re is1 !n1 no escape f ! conclusion t ! conceptions ,jesus _h ( ! deity 7 ( a nature to lead to ! belief t ,god might be worri$ by cont9ual pray] into concessions & favors :i* w\ld n o!rwise h be5 grant$4 ,except+ a s+le v]se1 ! rema9d] ( ! s]mon is occupi$ ) a w>n+ t ! way to life is n>r[1 t to de/ruction broad2 ) a caution aga9/ false prophets1 & a v f9e description ( ! future rejection f heav5 ( _m :o h made l\d pr(essions ( religion1 & contr>iwise1 ( ! reception ( ^? :o h done _! fa!r's w1 & :om he lik5s to "o :o has built 8 h\se ^u ! solid rock z di/+ui%$ f "o :o has built x on ! s&4 ,"o v]se1 h[ev]1 rema9s1 & t n only ! mo/ important 9 ! :ole ( ?is disc\rse1 b e?ically ! mo/ important 9 ! :ole ( its au?or's sy/em4 ,t v]se is ! well-kn[n comm&m5t3 ,all ?+s :atsoev] y may wi% m5 to d to y1 ?us also d y to !m4 ,= ?is is ! law & ! prophets 7,mt4 vii4 #ab2 ,lu4 vi4 #ca74 ,:e!r ,jesus p]ceiv$ t 9 ?is brief s5t5ce he 0 enunciat+ ! c>d9al pr9ciple ( all morality is ( necessity unc]ta94 ,b f ! addition ( ! phrase ?is is ! law & ! prophets1 x is probable t he reg>d$ x z a summ>y ( ! moral tea*+s ( ! religion he pr(ess$4 ,if s1 he has rightly laid ! f\ndation ( sci5tific e?ics4 ,utilit>ians1 :o believe t ! object ( morality is human happ9ess1 may claim him 7z "o ( !m has already done7 z ! fa!r ( _! sy/em4 ,:ile ,kant1 :o gives ! fundam5tal law1 s to act t ! rule ( y\r conduct may be su* z y y\rself w\ld wi% to see adopt$ z a g5]al pr9ciple1 w be equally 9 agreem5t ) him4 ,nor does x detract f ! m]its ( ,jesus t ?is v doctr9e %\ld h be5 ann\nc$ 9 ,*9a ab\t five c5turies be=e he proclaim$ x 9 ,judea4 ,he rema9s n less orig9al2 b we1 :ile giv+ him 8 due1 mu/ be c>eful to aw>d an equal tribute to 8 great pr$ecessor1 ,confucius4 ,twice ov] did t em95t man ass]t ! pr9ciple taught 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,*ung-kung ask$ ab\t p]fect virtue4 ,! ,ma/] said1 ',x is1 :5 y g abroad1 to behave to e "o z if y 7 receiv+ a great gue/2 to employ ! p z if y 7 assi/+ at a great sacrifice2 n to d to o!rs z y w\ld n wi% done to y\rself2 to h no murmur+ aga9/ y 9 ! c\ntry1 & none 9 ! family' 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 i4 p4 #aae4--,lun ,yu1 xii4 #b74 ,mu* m /rik+ly is ?is law enunciat$ 9 ! second case4 ,tsze-kung ask$1 say+1 ',is !re "o ^w :i* may s]ve z a rule ( practice = all "o's life8' ,! ,ma/] said1 ',is n ,,reciprocity su* a ^w8 ,:at y d n want done to y\rself1 d n d to o!rs' 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 i4 p4 #afe4--,lun ,yu1 xv4 #bc74 ,& we h ano!r /atem5t ( ! rule 9 ! "w ascrib$ to ! gr&son ( ,confucius1 :]e he is report$ to h said1 ,:at y d n l :5 done to y\rself1 d n d to o!rs 7,*ung ,yung1 xiii4 #c4--;,c4 ,c41 vol4 i4 p4 #beh74 ,x is true1 z rem>k$ by ! translator1 t ! doctr9e is "h /at$ negatively1 & n positively2 b practically ?is c make little diff]5ce 9 its application4 ,n to d to o!rs :at we wi% !m n to d to u w\ld am\nt to ne>ly ! same ?+ z do+ :at we wi% !m to d4 ,obvi\sly x prohibits all actual injury :i* we %\ld res5t if inflict$ on ourselves4 ,b x also enjo9s active b5evol5ce2 = z we d n l ! lack ( k9dness t[>ds ourselves :5 9 di/ress or want1 s we mu/ n be guilty ( %[+ su* lack ( k9dness to o!rs4 ,take ! p>able ( ! good ,sm>itan1 told 9 illu/ration ( ! k9dr$ maxim to love our neighbors z ourselves4 ,pla9ly we %\ld n l ! conduct ( ! prie/ & ! ,levite 7 we 9 ! situation ( ! plund]$ man4 ,& if s1 ! behavior ( ! good ,sm>itan is t :i* ! ,*9ese z well z ! ,jewi% prophet w\ld require u to pursue4 ,mu* m might be said ( ! doctr9es ( ,jesus1 b x is "t to br+ ?is ov]-long section to a close4 ,:at answ] %all we n[ return to ! qu]y :i* /&s at ! head ( ?is f9al division8 ,:at are we to ?9k ( him8 ,is our judgm5t to be ma9ly favorable or ma9ly unfavorable8 or mu/ x be a mixture ( oppos+ s5tim5ts8 ,! reply may be giv5 "u ?ree sep>ate heads1 relat+ ! "o to 8 "w z a prophet1 ! next to 8 intellectual1 & ! la/ to 8 moral "*4 ,consid]$ z a prophet1 he =ms "o ( a mighty triad :o divide among !m ! honor ( hav+ giv5 _! religions to ! l>g] portion ( ,asia & to ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,confucius1 to :om ,ea/]n ,asia owes its mo/ preval5t fai?2 ,buddha ,sakyamuni1 ^: fai? is accept$ 9 ! s\? & c5tre ( t cont95t2 & ,*ri/1 to :om ,europe b[s ! knee1 are ! memb]s ( ?is great tr9ity n 9 unity4 ,all ?ree are alike 9 _! possession ( prophetic ardor & prophetic inspiration4 ,two ( !m1 ! ,*9aman & ! ,jew1 speak z ! consci\s ag5ts ( a high] ,p[]4 ,! o!r1 ( :om 8 cre$ prev5ts u f say+ ?is1 is yet repres5t$ 9 8 /ory z pr$e/9$ to a great mission1 becom+ aw>e ( t de/9y at a c]ta9 epo* ( 8 life1 & !nce=? feel+ t no temptations & no suff]+s c induce him to sw]ve f 8 allott$ task4 ,( ^! ?ree m5 x w\ld p]haps be accurate to say t ,confucius 0 ! mo/ ?\ghtful1 ,sakyamuni ! mo/ em95tly virtu\s1 & ,*ri/ ! mo/ deeply religi\s4 ,n t a description l ?is c be reg>d$ z exhau/ive4 ,ea* trespasses to "s degree on ! special doma9 ( ! o!rs4 ,especially is x h>d to comp>e ! moral excell5ce ( ,jesus ) t ( ,buddha4 ,! ,h9du1 z depict$ 9 8 biographies1 (f]s a "* ( s+ul> beauty1 & free f "s ( ! defects :i* may be disc]n$ 9 t ( ! ,jew4 ,hi/ory1 h[ev]1 0 too mu* despis$ by ^! ,ori5tal sect>ies to enable u to =m a tru/wor?y comp>ison4 ,all we c affirm is1 t1 assum+ ! pictures ( bo? prophets to be correctly drawn1 !re is 9 ,sakyamuni a purity ( tone1 an abs5ce ( viol5ce or rancor1 an exemption f p]sonal feel+ & f ho/ile bias1 :i* place him ev5 on a high] level ?an 8 ,jewi% fell[-prophet4 ,suppos+1 on ! o!r h&1 t ei!r picture is n hi/orical1 !n x mu/ be conc$$ t primitive ,buddhism atta9$ a m p]fect ideal ( goodness ?an primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,bo? ideals1 h[ev]1 are admirable1 & !y closely resemble "o ano!r4 ,morally n unlike1 ,jesus & ,sakyamuni h ano!r po9t ( simil>ity 9 a c]ta9 m\rnfulness ( _s1 a sorr[+ regret = ! errors ( human k9d1 & a t5d] anxiety to summon !m f ^? errors to a bett] way4 ,ea* 9 8 own mann] felt t life 0 v sad2 ea* desir$ to relieve t sadness1 ?\gh ea* aim$ at effect+ 8 end by diff]5t means4 ,sakyamuni (f]$ to 8 disciples ! peace ( ,nirvna2 ,jesus1 ! favor ( ,god & ! rew>ds to be giv5 9 8 k+dom4 ,!re is a /rik+ simil>ity 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! summons to suff]+ humanity is express$ 9 ea* religion4 ,"h are ! words ascrib$ to ,buddha3 ,_m1 driv5 by fe>1 seek an asylum 9 m\nta9s & 9 woods1 9 h]mitages & 9 ! neighborhood ( sacr$ trees4 ,b x is n ! be/ asylum1 x is n ! be/ refuge1 & x is n 9 t asylum t m5 are deliv]$ f e pa94 ,he1 on ! contr>y1 :o seeks a refuge 9 ,buddha1 9 ! ,law & 9 ! ,assembly1 :5 he p]ceives ) wisdom ! f\r sublime tru?s1 444 t man kn[s ! be/ asylum1 ! be/ refuge2 z soon z he has rea*$ x1 he is deliv]$ f e pa9 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #ahf74 ,/ill m beautifully is ! l s5tim5t express$ by ,jesus3 ,come unto me1 all ye t labor & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4 ,take my yoke ^u y & le>n ( me1 = ,i am meek & l[ly ( he>t1 & y %all f9d re/ unto y\r s\ls4 ,= my yoke is easy & my burd5 is light 7,mt4 xi4 #bh-cj74 ,:ile 9 t5d]ness & sympa?y = human sorr[ ,*ri/ resembles ,buddha1 9 ! nature ( 8 moral precepts he sometimes resembles ,confucius4 ,! pla9 duties ( man t[>ds 8 fell[-man are inculcat$ 9 ! same _s by bo?1 :ile 9 ,buddhism x is g5]ally ! mo/ extreme & (t5 prodigi\s examples ( *>ity or self-sacrifice t are held up to admiration4 ,buddhism1 moreov]1 tea*es by means ( long /ories2 ,confucius & ,jesus by means ( %ort maxims4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 inde$1 ,jesus comb9es bo? me?ods1 ! fir/ be+ repres5t$ 9 8 p>ables2 b ^! are mu* simpl]1 & g f> m directly to ! po9t1 ?an ! complicat$ n>ratives ( ! ,buddhi/ic canon4 ,on ! :ole1 we may safely say t ,jesus is c]ta9ly n surpass$ by ei!r ( ^! rival prophets1 & t 9 "s respects1 if n 9 all1 he surpasses bo?4 ,ano!r comp>ison is commonly made1 & may be j t\*$ on "h4 ,x is t betwe5 ! ,hebrew prophet & ! ,a!nian sage1 :o1 9 ! words ( ,byron1 liv$ & di$ z none c live or die4 ,)\t fully endors+ ?is emphatic op9ion ( ! poet1 we may admit t ,socrates is n unwor?y to /& beside ,jesus 9 ! =emo/ rank ( ! h]oes ( our race4 ,he %>es ) ! prophets :o h be5 already nam$ ! inspir+ s5se ( a div9e mission :i* he is b\nd to fulfill4 ,at all haz>ds & "u all conditions he w c>ry on ! special & peculi> "w :i* ! div9e voice comm&s him to d4 ,& ?is pl5>y belief 9 8 own inspiration is n accompani$1 z sometimes happ5s1 by m5tal pov]ty4 ,intellectually 8 sup]iority to ,jesus _c be disput$4 ,x is app>5t 9 ! v mann] ( 8 in/ruction4 ,socrates c\ld nev] h enunciat$ ! tru?s he _h to tell 9 t au?oritative tone :i* is appropriate to ! religi\s tea*]4 ,:atev] k he ?9ks x possible to acquire at all mu/ be acquir$ by reason+ & inquiry2 & mu/ be te/$ by comp>ison ( our own m5tal condition ) t ( o!rs4 ,no?+ mu/ be assum$ b :at is grant$ by ! he>]4 ,socrates w\ld h ?\ght t !re 0 little ga9$ by ! m]e dogmatic ass]tion ( moral or spiritual tru?s4 ,he mu/ c>ry 8 int]locutor along ) him2 mu/ compel him to admit 8 errors2 mu/ /imulate 8 desire ( improvem5t by br++ him face to face ) 8 own ignorance4 ,mu* z we mu/ value ! moral tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 x mu/ be confess$ t ! peculi> gift ( ,socrates is "o ( a f> r>] k9d4 ,! p[] ( inculcat+ hol9ess1 purity1 *>ity1 & o!r virtues1 ei!r directly by %ort maxims 7z 9 ! ,confucian ,analects1 9 ,m5cius1 or 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius71 or indirectly by /ories 7z 9 ,buddhago%a's p>ables71 is by no means s uncommon z ! ,socratic gift ( se>*+ exam9ation into m5's m9ds & s\ls4 ,if ,jesus is unsurpass$ 9 ! =m]--primus int] p>es--,socrates is absolutely )\t a rival 9 ! latt]4 ,:e!r ! %ock ( ! el5*us ( ,socrates1 or ! t\*+ beauty ( ! p>ables & ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 produc$ ! greate/ b5efit to ! he>]s is a "q t c h>dly be det]m9$4 ,! effect ( ei!r me?od mu/ dep5d ^u ! "* ( ^? to :om x is appli$4 ,outw>d appe>ances w\ld lead u to assign m influ5ce to ! me?od ( ,jesus2 = ,socrates left no ,socratics1 :ile ,*ri/ did leave ,*ri/ians to h& on 8 doctr9e4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t no la/+ sect c\ld h be5 =m$ ^u ! basis ( ! few tru?s taught by ,jesus himself2 &1 9 ! second place1 ! fact t he became ! f\nd] ( a new religion mu/ be attribut$ z mu* to ! /ate ( ,judea at ! "t z to 8 p]sonal influ5ce4 ,t ! influ5ce ( ,socrates 0 n small 9 8 own life-"t might be inf]r$ f ! bitt]ness ( ! prosecution alone1 ev5 if ,plato _h n rema9$ to atte/ ! abid+ impress he left ^u an intellect by ! side ( :i* ^? ( ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 are b z little *ildr5 to a full-gr[n a?lete4 ,we c imag9e ! havoc t w\ld h be5 made 9 ! /atem5ts & argum5ts ( ,jesus _h ,socrates met him face to face & subject$ him to 8 te/+ me?od4 ,h[ ill w\ld 8 loose popul> notions h borne a close exam9ation ( _! f\ndations2 h[ easily w\ld 8 dogmatic ass]tions h be5 expos$ 9 all _! nak$ presumption by a few simple que/ions2 h[ quickly w\ld 8 c>eless reason+ h be5 %att]$ by ! dialectic art :i* w\ld h =c$ him to exhibit its fallacies himself be=e ! assembl$ audi5ce6 ,b !re 0 no "o compet5t to ! task1 & :5 8 oppon5ts attempt$ to p]plex him by :at !y ?\ght awkw>d que/ions1 he 0 able to baffle !m )\t mu* tr\ble by 8 sup]ior skill4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 z an intellectual man t we mu/ consid] ,jesus4 ,he himself laid no claim to ! "*1 &1 if we w\ld d him ju/ice1 we mu/ judge him by 8 own idea ( 8 function & 8 duties4 ,s judg+1 !re c be no "q t we mu/ recognize 9 him a man ( ! highe/ moral gr&eur1 l(ty 9 8 aims1 pure 9 8 use ( means1 e>ne/1 en]getic1 zeal\s1 & unselfi%4 ,no d\bt he 0 sometimes misl$ by t v ardor :i* inspir$ him ) ! c\rage requir$ to pursue 8 "w4 ,no d\bt he suff]$ himself to =get ! *>ity t 0 due to ^? :o c\ld n accept 8 mission nor b[ be=e 8 prea*+4 ,no d\bt he return$ curse = curse1 & hatr$ = hatr$1 ) unsp>+ h&4 ,p]haps1 too1 he 0 sometimes ! fir/ to give way to angry passion1 & to express 9 sca?+ words ! bitt]ness he felt4 ,yet 8 fail+s are ^? ( an upright & honorable "*1 & :ile !y ought n to be ext5uat$ or d5i$1 nei!r ought !y to outweigh 8 great & unque/ionable m]its4 ,appo9t$1 z he believ$1 to a special "w1 he bravely & hone/ly devot$ 8 p[]s to ! fulfillm5t ( t "w1 n ev5 %r9k+ f 8 duty :5 x l$ him to ! cross4 ,8 unhappy end has ca/ its %ad[ ov] 8 life4 ,he has be5 cont9ually spok5 ( z a man ( sorr[s & acqua9t$ ) grief4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t 9 any special s5se he correspond$ to ! prophetic picture4 ,und\bt$ly he _h 8 sorr[s2 und\bt$ly he 0 acqua9t$ ) grief4 ,b unless !re _h be5 9 8 private life "s trag$y ( :i* we are n in=m$1 ^? sorr[s 7 n ( ! bitt]e/1 nor 0 t grief ( ! deepe/4 ,!re is no d\bt 9 8 language a t+e ( t sadness :i* all great natures :o are n 9 h>mony ) _! age mu/ ne$s exp]i5ce4 ,he believ$ t he _h great tru?s to tell1 & he f\nd 8 c\ntrym5 unwill+ to receive !m4 ,"h 0 "o s\rce ( unhapp9ess2 & ano!r he _h 9 common ) all :o are deeply consci\s ( ! mis]ies ( human exi/5ce4 ,b 9 no special or transc5d5t s5se c he be t]m$ a man ( sorr[s & acqua9t$ ) grief4 ,s f> z our evid5ce goes1 he 0 exempt f ! mo/ t]rible calamities t befall mank9d4 ,free f all e>?ly ties b ^? ( fri5d%ip ) 8 *os5 companions1 he 0 n expos$ to _m ( ! anxieties & trials :i* afflict m ord9>y m54 ,dy+ "y1 he did n suff] 7s f> z we "k7 f any s]i\s illness1 nor f ! tr\bles1 bo? physical & m5tal1 t sc>cely ev] fail to beset a long] life4 ,b]eavem5t1 ! mo/ t]rible or human ills1 nev] afflict$ him4 ,:e!r 9 8 y\? he _h suff]$ ! pa9s ( unrequit$ love at ! h&s ( "s ,galilean maid5 we _c tell4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 8 language or 8 c>e] t w\ld lead u to see 9 him an embitt]$ or disappo9t$ man4 ,judg+ by ! repres5tation giv5 9 ! ,gospels1 x does n appe> t 8 life 0 9 any special measure sad or gloomy4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 circum/ances 7 9 ! ma9 conducive to a fair %>e ( happ9ess4 ,surr\nd$ by admir+ fri5ds ( 8 own sex1 & att5d$ by sympa?iz+ 7p]haps lov+7 wom51 he pass$ f place to place1 draw+ cr[ds ar\nd him1 speak+ 8 m9d freely1 & receiv+ no inconsid]able homage4 ,grant+ t he _h enemies1 he 0 able until 8 prosecution to meet !m on equal t]ms1 & 0 n prohibit$ 7z he w\ld h be5 9 mo/ ,*ri/ian c\ntries until rec5t times7 f proclaim+ al\d 8 unor?odox op9ions4 ,true1 ?is lib]ty 0 n all[$ to cont9ue = ev]1 b x 0 no small matt] = him t x _h cont9u$ s long4 ,true1 he suff]$ a pa9ful dea?2 b f> less pa9ful ?an _m a humble m>tyr has und]gone = 8 sake2 f> less pa9ful ev5 ?an ^? tortur+ illnesses :i* s (t5 prec$e ! h\r ( re/4 ,nor is x possible t 8 dea? c\ld reflect its agonies back ^u 8 life4 ,8 life1 on ! :ole1 seems to h be5 "o1 if n ( abundant happ9ess1 yet ( a fair & reasonable degree ( *e]fulness & ( com=t4 ,! notion t he _h n :]e to lay 8 head is ( c\rse utt]ly unf\nd$4 ,n only _h he 8 own h\se at ,naz>e?1 b he _h fri5ds :o at all times 7 happy to receive him4 ,if he himself ev] drew ?is sad picture ( 8 desolation 7:i* ,i d\bt71 he mu/ h done x = a special purpose1 & )\t reg>d to ! lit]al accuracy ( 8 words4 ,:ile1 !n1 ,i see no pro( ( ! peculi> sorr[ ascrib$ to him on ! /r5g? ( a prophecy1 ,i freely admit t he _h ! melan*oly :i* belongs to a sympa!tic he>t4 ,8 words ( regret ov] ,j]usalem are unsurpass$ 9 _! beauty4 ,at ?is clos+ p]iod ( 8 c>e] we may inde$ detect ! sadness ( disappo9tm5t4 ,& 9 ! bitt] cry t 0 wrung f him at ! end1 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8 we look d[n = a mom5t into an abyss ( mis]y :i* x is pa9ful to contemplate2 physical suff]+ & a %ak5 fai?1 ! agonies ( unaccompli%$ purposes1 & ! /ill m fe>ful agony ( des]tion by ! lov+ ,fa!r 9 :om he _h put 8 tru/4 ,b ,jesus1 ?\gh he knew x n1 _h done 8 "w4 ,nay1 he _h done m ?an he himself int5d$4 ,aft]-ages saw 9 him--:at he saw only 9 8 ,god--an ideal to be wor%ip$ & a p[] to be address$ 9 pray]4 ,we1 :o are free f ?is exagg]ation ( rev]5ce1 may yet cont9ue to pay him ! high & unque/ion$ honor :i* 8 unfl9*+ devotion to 8 duty1 8 g5tle reg>d = ! weak & suff]+1 8 uncorrupt$ purity ( m9d1 & 8 self-sacrific+ love s abundantly des]ve4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,holy ,,books1 ,,or ,,bibles4 ,va/1 & ev5 immeasurable1 z ! influ5ce has be5 :i* has be5 ex]cis$ on ! c\rse ( human developm5t by ! great m5 ( :om we h spok51 x has be5 equal$1 if n surpass$1 by ! influ5ce ( ! peculi> class ( writ+s :i* we h gr\p$ toge!r "u ! designation ( ,holy ,books4 ,( ?is1 ! la/ manife/ation ( ! ,religi\s ,idea1 x w be necess>y to speak 9 consid]able detail2 bo? on acc\nt ( its intr9sic importance1 & because x is a bran* ( ! subject :i* has n hi!rto receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,we h be5 f> too mu* accu/om$ 9 ,europe to treat ! ,bible z a book /&+ altoge!r by itself2 to be admir$1 rev]5c$ & lov$1 or1 x may be1 to be criticis$1 object$ to & reject$1 n z "o ( a class1 b z some?+ altoge!r peculi> & unp>allel$ 9 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,&1 und\bt$ly1 if we comp>e x ) ord9>y lit]ature ( :atev] description1 :atev] age1 & :atev] nation1 ?is op9ion is j4 ,nei!r 9 ! poetry1 ! hi/ory1 or ! philosophy ( any o!r nation d we f9d any "w t at all resembles x4 ,nev]!less x w\ld be a v ra% conclusion to arrive at1 t because 9 ! :ole field ( ,greek or ,roman1 ,italian or ,fr5*1 ,teutonic or ,celtic lit]ature1 !re is no?+ t admits ( be+ put 9 ! same category ) ! ,bible1 !re=e ! ,bible _c be plac$ 9 any category at all4 ,x is "o ( a num]\s class2 a class m>k$ by c]ta9 di/9ct *>act]i/ics2 a class ( :i* "s specim5 is held 9 honor f ! fur!/ ,ea/ ( ,asia1 to ! extreme ,we/ ( ,am]ica1 or1 9 o!r words1 ?r\gh\t e portion ( ! surface ( ! e>? :i* is inhabit$ by any race ) ! smalle/ pret5se to civilization & to culture4 ,:]ev] !re is lit]ature at all1 !re are ,sacr$ ,books4 ,if 9 "s isolat$ cases x is n s1 ^! cases are exceptions too trifl+ 9 ext5t to invalidate ! rule4 ,speak+ g5]ally we may say1 t e p :i* has ris5 above ! conditions ( savage life2 e nation :i* possesses an organiz$ adm9i/ration1 a settl$ dome/ic life1 a religion ) develop$ & complex dogmas1 possesses also its ,sacr$ ,books4 ,if ?is tru? has be5 too g5]ally =gott52 if ! ,bible has be5 too commonly treat$ z some?+ exceptional & peculi> :i* x 0 ! glory ( ,*ri/ianity to possess1 ?is omission is probably 9 great "p due to ! fact t ! att5tion ( s*ol>s has be5 too mu* conf9$ to ! lit]ature1 ! religion1 & ! g5]al culture ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,f special circum/ances ^! nations _h no ,sacr$ writ+s among !m4 ,_! religion 0 indep5d5t ( any su* au?orities2 & our notions ( pagan religion h be5 l>gely drawn f ! religions ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,b ! ,greeks & ,romans 7 only an insignificant fraction ( ! ,aryan race2 & o!r f> m num]\s bran*es ( t race _h _! recogniz$ & au?oritative ,scriptures1 conta9+ 9 "s portions ^? mo/ anci5t traditions ( ! orig9al /ock :i* ent]$ into ! intellectual prop]ty ( ! ,hell5ic family1 9 ! =m ( my?ological tales & curr5t /ories ( _! gods4 ,we mu/ n !re=e be l$ by ! example ( classical antiquity to ignore ! exi/5ce ( ^! writ+s1 or to ov]look _! importance4#cd ,we may classify ! ,sacr$ ,books to :i* ref]5ce w be made 9 ?is *apt] z foll[s1 proce$+ 7z 9 ! case ( prophets7 f ,ea/ to ,we/3-- #a4 ,,! ,,?irte5 ,,k+1 or ,canon ( ! ,confucians4 #b4 ,! ,,ta-,t-,k,,ng1 or ,canon ( ! ,ta-s4 #c4 ,! ,,v$a1 or ,canon ( ! ,h9dus4 #d4 ,! ,,tripitaka1 or ,canon ( ! ,buddhi/s4 #e4 ,! ,,z5d ,,ave/a1 or ,canon ( ! ,p>sees4 #f4 ,! ,,koran1 or ,canon ( ! ,moslems4 #g4 ,! ,,old ,,te/am5t1 or ,canon ( ! ,jews4 #h4 ,! ,,new ,,te/am5t1 or ,canon ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! works includ$ 9 ! above li/1--:i* are m num]\s ?an might at fir/ appe>1 ow+ to ! va/ collections compris$ "u ! titles ,v$as1 & ,tripitaka1--are di/+ui%$1 z has be5 already /at$1 by c]ta9 common *>act]i/ics4 ,x w\ld be an exagg]ation to say t all ( ^! *>act]i/ics apply to ea* "o ( ! writ+s accept$ by any portion ( mank9d z canonical4 ,?is _c be s1 any m ?an ! peculi> qualities :i* may happ5 to di/+ui% any giv5 race ( m5 c ev] belong 9 equal measure to all its memb]s4 ,h5ce !re w necess>ily be "s exceptions to our rules1 b on ! :ole ,i believe we may say ) confid5ce t canonical or sacr$ books h ! foll[+ di/9ctive m>ks3-- ,a4 ,!re are c]ta9 ext]nal m>ks1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is ess5tial to con/itute !m sacr$ at all4 #a4 ,!y mu/ be accept$ by ! sect>ies ( ! religion to :i* !y belong z be+ ei!r inspir$1 or1 if ! nature ( ! fai? precludes ?is idea1 z conta9+ ! highe/ wisdom to :i* x is possible = man to atta91 & inde$ a mu* high] wisdom ?an c be rea*$ by ord9>y m54 ,nor d ^? :o accept ^! books ev] expect to atta9 x4 ,!y reg>d ! au?ors1 or suppos$ au?ors1 z enlight5$ to a degree :i* is beyond ! rea* ( _! disciples1 & receive _! words z utt]ances ( an unque/ionable au?ority4 ,b :]ev] a div9e be+ is ackn[l$g$1 ^! books are reg>d$ z emanat+ f him4 ,ei!r !y h fall5 direct f heav5 & be5 m]ely se5 by _! human editors1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,v$ic hymns2 or _! cont5ts h be5 communicat$ 9 colloquies to holy m5 by ! ,deity himself1 z happ5$ ) ! ,ave/a2 or an angel has reveal$ !m to ! prophet :ile 9 a fit or a /ate ( ec/acy1 z ,mahomet 0 made acqua9t$ ) ! ,suras ( ! ,koran2 or la/ly1 z is held to h be5 ! case ) ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 ! m9d ( ! writ] has be5 at lea/ s guid$ & in=m$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 t 9 ! words trac$ by 8 p5 x 0 impossible he %\ld err4 ,su* a conviction is expressly /at$ 9 ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 :]e x is said t all ,scripture is giv5 by inspiration ( ,god4 ,& a claim to ev5 m ?an inspiration is put =w>d 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ^: au?or fir/ calls 8 "w ! ,revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* he says ,god s5t to him by an angel deput$ = ! purpose1 & !n proce$s to describe voices he>d1 & visions p]ceiv$2 ?us re/+ 8 prophetic k n on sup]natural in=mation communicat$ to ! m9d1 b on ! direct te/imony ( 8 s5ses4 #b4 ,) ?is !ory ( inspiration1 or ( a m ?an human k & wisdom1 is closely connect$ an idea ( m]it to be obta9$ by read+ su* books1 or he>+ !m read4 ,) t$i\s it]ation is ?is notion ass]t$ 9 ! lat] works ( ! ,buddhi/ ,canon4 ,^! inde$ repres5t ! deg5]acy ( ! idea4 ,"o ( !m is s fill$ ) ! panegyrics pron\nc$ ^u itself by ! ,buddha or 8 he>]s1 & ) ! recital ( ! advantages to be obta9$ by him :o reads x1 t ! /ud5t se>*es 9 va9 "u ?is mass ( laudations = ! sub/ance ( ! book itself 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #ecf74 ,a ,stra translat$ by ,s*lag9tweit f ! ,?ibetan1 & be>+ ! m>ks 7accord+ to its translator7 ( hav+ be5 writt5 at a p]iod ( my/ic modification ( ,buddhism1 promises t1 at a future p]iod ( int5se & g5]al di/ress ?is ,stra w be an ablution = e k9d ( s9 :i* has be5 committ$ 9 ! meantime3 all animat$ be+s %all read x1 & on acc\nt ( x all s9s %all be wip$ away 7,b4 ,t41 p4 #aci74 ,9 ano!r ,stra1 t]m$ ! ,k>&a vyuha1 a great sa9t is introduc$ z exhort+ 8 he>]s to /udy ?is treatise1 ! efficaci\sness ( :i* he highly exalts 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #bbb74 ,ano!r speak] recites 9 sev]al /anzas ! advantages :i* w accrue to him :o ei!r reads ! ,k>&a vyuha or he>s x read 7,ibid41 p4 #bbf74 ,su* 0 ! =ce ( ! idea t ! m]e me*anical read+ or copy+ ( ! sacr$ texts 0 9 itself m]itori\s1 t1 by a /ill fur!r sep>ation ( ! outw>d action f its rational signification1 ! purely un9tellig5t process ( turn+ a cyl9d] on :i* s5t5ces ( ,scripture 7 pr9t$ came to be reg>d$ z equally efficaci\s4 ,an au?or :o has giv5 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ^! cyl9d]s obs]ves t1 z few m5 9 ,?ibet knew h[ to read1 & ^? :o did _h n "t to ex]cise _! p[]s1 ! ,lamas ca/ ab\t = an exp$i5t to enable ! ignorant & ! mu*-occupi$ man also to obta9 ! spiritual advantages 7namely1 purification f s9 & exemption f metempsy*osis7 atta*$ to an obs]vance ( ! practice m5tion$2 !y taught t ! m]e turn+ ( a roll$ manuscript might be consid]$ an efficaci\s sub/itute = read+ x4 ,s completely does ! "o process take ! place ( ! o!r t ea* revolution ( ! cyl9d] is consid]$ to be equal to ! read+ ( z _m sacr$ s5t5ces or treatises z are enclos$ 9 x1 provid$ t ! turn+ ( ! cyl9d] is done sl[ly & f "r to left2 ! sl[ness be+ a sign ( a dev\t m9d1 & ! direction ( turn+ be+ a curi\s remnant ( ! orig9al practice ( read+1 9 :i*1 z ! lett]s run f left to "r1 ! eye mu/ move ov] !m 9 t direction 7,b4 ,t41 pp4 #bcj1 #bca74 ,simil> s5tim5ts1 ?\gh n pu%$ to ! same extravagance1 prevail among ! ,h9dus4 ,"o ( ! ,brhmanas1 or treatises app5d$ to ! metrical portion ( ! ,v$as1 lays d[n ! pr9ciple t ( all ! modes ( ex]tion1 :i* are kn[n betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 /udy ( ! ,v$a occupies ! highe/ rank 79 ! case ( him7 :o1 kn[+ ?is1 /udies x 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bb74 ,manu1 "o ( ! highe/ ( ,indian au?orities1 obs]ves t a ,brahman :o %\ld de/roy ^! ?ree worlds1 & eat food receiv$ f any qu>t] :atev]1 w\ld incur no guilt if he reta9$ 9 8 memory ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,repeat+ ?rice ) int5t m9d ! ,sanhit ( ! ,rik1 or ! ,yaju%1 or ! ,sman1 ) ! ,upani%ads1 he is fre$ f all 8 s9s4 ,j z a clod ?r[n into a great lake is dissolv$ :5 x t\*es ! wat]1 s does all s9 s9k 9 ! triple ,v$a 7,ibid41 vol4 iii4 p4 #be74 ,read+ ! ,holy ,scriptures is ) ! ,p>sees a positive duty4 ,& ^! works1 read 9 ! prop] _s1 are ?\ght to ex]t ^u e>? an influ5ce some:at simil> to t ( ! primeval ,^w at ! orig9 ( creat$ be+s 7,z4 ,a4 ,q41 p4 #eie74 ,x is ne$less to speak ( ! importance atta*$ among ,jews & ,*ri/ians to ! read+ & re-read+ ( _! ,bibles1 or ( ! spiritual b5efits suppos$ to result !refrom4 ,x is wor? rem>k+1 h[ev]1 t ?is con/ant p]usal ( ,holy ,writ is altoge!r a diff]5t op]ation f t ( /udy+ x = ! sake ( kn[+ its cont5ts4 ,p read cont9ually :at !y are already p]fectly famili> )1 & !y nei!r ga91 nor expect to ga91 any fre% in=mation f ! p]=mance4 ,& ?is is a species ( read+ to :i* among ,*ri/ian nations ! ,bible alone is subject$4 ,! g5esis ( ?is notion is n difficult to foll[4 ,once let a giv5 "w be accept$ z conta9+ in=mation on religi\s que/ions :i* man's unaid$ faculties c\ld n h atta9$1 & x is evid5t t !re is no bett] way ( qualify+ himself = ! p]=mance ( 8 obligations t[>ds heav5 ?an by /udy+ t "w4 ,its p]usal & re-p]usal w increase 8 k ( div9e ?+s1 & r5d] him m & m fit1 ! (t5] he repeats x1 to put t k into practice4 ,b if x is ?us advantage\s to ! dev\t man to be famili> ) ! sacr$ writ+s ( 8 fai?1 x is pla9 t ! att5tion he gives to !m mu/ be 9 ! highe/ degree agreeable to ! div9ity f :om !y emanate4 ,=1 to put x on ! l[e/ gr\nd1 x is a sign ( respect4 ,x r5d]s x evid5t t he is n indiff]5t to ! communication :i* 8 ,god has be5 pleas$ to make4 ,x ev9ces a pi\s & rev]5tial disposition4 ,h5ce n only is ! read] b5efit$ by su* a /udy1 b ! ,deity is pleas$ by x4 ,or if ! books are n conceiv$ z inspir$ by any deity1 yet a c>eful att5tion to !m %[s a desire = wisdom1 & a humble reg>d = ! in/ructions ( m highly-gift$ m5 :o 9 ^! religions /& 9 ! place ( gods4 ,?us ! action ( read+ ^! works1 & becom+ ?or\ghly famili> ) _! cont5ts1 is = natural reasons reg>d$ z m]itori\s4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,an act :i* at fir/ is m]itori\s z a means1 t5ds inevitably to become m]itori\s z an end4 ,moreov]1 actions frequ5tly repeat$ = "s def9ite reason come to be repeat$ :5 t reason is abs5t4 ,?us1 ! read+ ( ,sacr$ ,books1 orig9ally a pr(itable ex]cise to ! m9d ( ! read]1 is soon und]tak5 = its own sake1 :e!r ! m9d ( ! read] be conc]n$ 9 x or n4 ,& ! action1 hav+ become habitual1 is /]eotyp$ z a religi\s cu/om1 & !re=e a religi\s obligation4 ,! words ( ! holy books are read al\d to a congregation1 )\t ef=t or intellig5ce on _! "p1 p]haps 9 a tongue :i* !y d n compreh5d4 ,ev5 if ! v]nacul> be employ$1 !re is n ! pret5ce ( an ef=t to p5etrate ! s5se ( difficult passages4 ,holy ,writ has become a *>m1 to be me*anically read & z me*anically he>d1 & ! notion ( m]it--aris+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! high importance ( und]/&+ its mean+ ) a view to practic+ its precepts--n[ atta*es to ! m]e repetition ( ! consecrat$ words4 #c4 ,! exact conv]se ( ?is un9tellig5t rev]5ce = ! sacr$ writ+s is ! excessive & ov]-subtle ex]cise ( intellig5ce ^u !m4 ,x is ! common fate ( su* works to be made ! subject ( ! mo/ m9ute1 mo/ c>eful1 & mo/ con/ant scrut9y to :i* any ( ! productions ( ! human m9d c be subject$4 ,! pi\s & ! le>n$ alike submit !m to an unceas+ /udy4 ,no phrase1 no ^w1 no lett]1 passes unobs]v$4 ,! result ( ?is dev\t inve/igation naturally is1 t mu* :i* 9 reality belongs to ! m9d ( ! read] is attribut$ to t ( ! writ]4 ,approa*$ ) ! fix$ prepossession t !y conta9 va/ /ores ( sup]human wisdom1 t :i* is s eag]ly s\ght f !m is c]ta9 to be f\nd4 ,h5ce ! natural & simple mean+ ( ! words is set aside1 or is relegat$ to a second>y place4 ,all sorts ( =c$ int]pretations are put ^u !m ) a view ( compell+ !m to h>monize ) t :i* x is suppos$ !y ought to mean4 ,/atem5ts1 doctr9es1 & allusions are discov]$ 9 !m :i* n only h no exi/5ce 9 _! pages1 b :i* are absolutely =eign to ! epo* at :i* !y 7 writt54 ,?is process ( false int]pretation is greatly favor$ by di/ance ( "t4 ,:5 an anci5t book is approa*$ by ^? :o "k b little ( ! ext]nal circum/ances1 or ( ! intellectual & spiritual atmosph]e1 ( ! age 9 :i* x 0 compos$1 mu* t 0 simple & pla9 en\gh to ! contempor>ies ( ! writ] w be dubi\s & obscure to !m4 ,& :5 !y are det]m9$ to f9d 9 ! v5]able classic no?+ b p]fect tru?1 ! result ( su* conditions is an inevitable confusion4 ,_! own actual notions ( tru? mu/ at all haz>ds be discov]$ 9 ! sacr$ pages4 ,! assumption _c be surr5d]$2 all t does n agree ) x mu/ !re=e be suitably expla9$4 ,are proce$+s or actions :i* %ock ! improv$ morality ( a lat] age spok5 ( ) approbation 9 ! canonical books8 ,"s evasion mu/ be discov]$ :i* w reconcile e?ics ) belief4 ,are doctr9es :i* ! religion ( a lat] age rejects pla9ly enunciat$1 or /atem5ts ( facts1 :i* lat] inve/igation has %[n to be impossible1 unequivocally made8 ,! inconv5i5t passages mu/ be %[n to be> ano!r con/ruction4 ,are !re portions ^: "* appe>s too trivial or too mundane to be consi/5t ) ! dignity ( works giv5 = ! in/ruction ( mank9d8 ,^! portions mu/ be %[n to possess a my/ical significance2 a _s hidd5 b5ea? ! lett]2 pr(\nd in/ruction veil$ "u ord9>y phrases4 ,are ! dogmas *]i%$ z ( supreme importance by subsequ5t g5]ations unhappily n to be f\nd 9 ! text ( ,revelation8 ,^! dogmas mu/ be read out ( !m by putt+ a /ra9 ^u words :i* app>5tly ref] to "s o!r subject4 ,p]haps1 if !y are n conta9$ 9 !m totidem v]bis1 !y may be totidem syllabis3 or if n ev5 totidem syllabis1 at lea/ totidem lit]is4 ,& ! abs5ce ( a lett] 7l ! k 9 %\ld]-knots7 c always be got ov] someh[4 ,la/ly1 are !re palpable contradictions8 ,at :atev] co/ !y mu/ be expla9$ away1 = ,holy ,writ1 be+ inspir$1 c nev] contradict itself4 ,let u consid] a few ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( ^! me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,*9a1 usually s matt] ( fact1 has manife/$ 9 ?is field a subtlety ( int]pretation n altoge!r unwor?y ( ! m my/ical ,india4 ,! ,*'un ,ts'w1 "o ( ! books ( ! ,*9ese ,canon1 is a hi/orical compilation attribut$ to ,confucius himself1 & is !re=e ( m ?an ord9>y au?ority ev5 = a ,sacr$ ,book4 ,conc]n+ "o ( ! ye>s ( :i* x conta9s a record1 ! foll[+ /atem5ts are made3-- ,9 ! n9? mon?1 on ,kang-seuk1 ! fir/ day ( ! moon1 ! sun 0 eclips$4 ,9 w9t]1 9 ! t5? mon?1 on ,kang-%91 ! fir/ day ( ! moon1 ! sun 0 eclips$ 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 v4 p4 #dhi4--;,*'un ,ts'w1 b4 #i1 *4 xxi4 p4 #e1 #f74 ,two eclipses 9 su* close proximity 7 ( c\rse an impossibility4 ,*9ese s*ol>s 7 fully aw>e ( ?is1 & knew1 moreov]1 t ! second eclipse m5tion$ did n take place4 ,a simil> mi/ake occurr$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 s t !re 7 two unque/ionable blund]s to be got ov]4 ,no wond] !n t ! critics1 z ,dr4 ,legge says1 h vex$ !mselves ) ! "q 9 va94 ,b "o ( !m proposes an explanation4 ,9 ?is ye>1 he rem>ks1 & 9 ! tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 we h ! record ( eclipses 9 successive mon?s4 ,accord+ to mod]n *ronologi/s su* a ?+ c\ld n be2 b p]haps x did occur 9 anci5t times6 7,ibid41 vol4 v4 p4 #dia74 ,dr4 ,legge has italiciz$ ! conclud+ words1 & put an exclamation aft] !m1 z if !y embodi$ a surpris+ absurdity4 ,b 8 exp]i5ce ( ,biblical criticism mu/ h pres5t$ him ) abundant in/ances ( simil> int]pretations ( ! gl>+ contradictions to mod]n sci5ce f\nd 9 ,scripture4 ,is x m ridicul\s to suppose t ! two eclipses might h occurr$ 9 two mon?s ?an to believe t ! sun /ood /ill1 9 o!r words1 t ! revolution ( ! e>? on its axis ceas$ = a space ( "t8 or t an ass c\ld be end[$ ) human spee*8 or t a man1 in/ead ( dy+1 c\ld rise f e>? to heav58 ,& if ^! & simil> /range occurr5ces be expla9$ z miracles1 !n su* miracles did occur 9 anci5t times1 & d n n[4 ,or if x be attempt$1 z x is by int]pret]s ( ! rationali/ic s*ool to get ov] ! difficulty by suppos+ a natural ev5t z ! f\ndation ( ! /ory--z "o writ] sugge/s t ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ at ,p5teco/ 0 a /rong bla/ ( w9d--!n ,european critics1 l ^? ( ,*9a1 vex !mselves 9 va94 ,no c\ntry1 h[ev]1 has done m ?an ,india1 possibly none has done s mu*1 9 ! peculi> ex]cise ( +5uity by :i* all sorts ( s5ses are d$uc$ f sacr$ texts4 ,! ,v$a =m$ 9 t highly religi\s l& ! common basis on :i* ea* v>iety ( philosophy 0 f\nd$1 & by :i* ea* 0 ?\ght to be ju/ifi$4 ,dr4 ,muir has collect$ a numb] ( facts 9 pro( ( ! div]se int]pretations t f\nd def5d]s among ! *ampions ( ! sev]al s*ools4 ,9 ^! facts1 accord+ to him1 we f9d ano!r illu/ration 7#a7 ( ! t5d5cy common to all dogmatic !ologians to int]pret 9 /rict con=mity to _! own op9ions ! unsy/ematic & n always consi/5t texts ( an e>li] age :i* h be5 h&$ d[n by tradition z sacr$ & infallible1 & to repres5t !m z conta9+1 or z necess>ily imply+1 fix$ & consi/5t sy/ems ( doctr9e2 z well z 7#b7 ( ! div]sity ( view :i* s g5]ally prevails 9 reg>d to ! s5se ( su* texts among writ]s ( diff]5t s*ools1 :o adduce !m ) equal positiv5ess ( ass]tion z e/abli%+ t5ets & pr9ciples :i* are mutually contradictory or inconsi/5t 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 iii4 p4 xx74 ,exactly ! same me?ods 7 appli$ to ! sacr$ books ( ,buddhism4 ,x is 9 g5]al1 says ,burn\f1 ! same texts t s]ve z a f\ndation = all doctr9es2 only ! explanation ( ^! texts m>ks ! naturali/ic1 !i/ic1 moral or intellectual t5d5cy 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #ddd74 ,to meet ! case ( contradictions occurr+ 9 ! ,buddhi/ic ,stras a !ory ( a d\ble mean+ has be5 inv5t$4 ,! v>i\s s*ools t _h aris5 9 ! c\rse ( "t did n v5ture to reject ! ,stras t fail$ to h>monize ) _! own op9ions1 z n hav+ emanat$ f ,buddha1 b ma9ta9$ he _h n express$ !m 9 ! =m ( absolute tru?4 ,he _h (t51 !y ?\ght1 adapt$ himself to ! conceptions ( 8 he>]s1 & utt]$ :at 0 directly contradictory to 8 v]itable ideas4 ,h5ce 8 words mu/ be tak5 9 two s5ses2 ! palpable & ! hidd5 s5se 7,wassiljew1 pp4 #aje1 #cbi74 ,z x has be5 ) ! ,*9ese ,classics1 ) ! ,v$a1 & ) ! ,tripitaka1 s x has be5 ) ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 ,speak+ ( ! progress ( s*ol>%ip 9 deciph]+ ! s5se ( t anci5t "w1 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] ju/ly obs]ves t great] viol5ce is done by successive int]pret]s to sacr$ writ+s ?an to any o!r relics ( anci5t lit]ature4 ,ideas gr[ & *ange1 yet ea* g5]ation tries to f9d its own ideas reflect$ 9 ! sacr$ pages ( _! e>ly prophets1 & 9 addition to ! ord9>y influ5ces :i* blur & obscure ! %>p features ( old words1 artificial influ5ces are "h at "w di/ort+ ! natural expression ( words :i* h be5 inve/$ ) a sacr$ au?ority4 ,passages 9 ! ,v$a or ,z5d ,ave/a :i* d n be> on religi\s or philosophical doctr9es1 are g5]ally expla9$ simply & naturally1 ev5 by ! late/ ( native comm5tators4 ,b z soon z any ^w or s5t5ce c be s turn$ z to support a doctr9e1 h[ev] mod]n1 or a precept1 h[ev] irrational1 ! simple/ phrases are tortur$ & mangl$ till at la/ !y are made to yield _! ass5t to ideas ! mo/ =eign to ! m9ds ( ! au?ors ( ! ,v$a & ,z5d ,ave/a 7,*ips1 vol4 i4 p4 #acd74 ,x is rem>kable t almo/ id5tical expressions are employ$ by a ,roman ,ca?olic writ] 9 ref]5ce to ! ef=ts t h be5 made by !ologians to discov] ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ! pages ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,i am glad to be able to quote an au?ority s unexceptionable z t ( ,m4 ,didron = ! proposition1 t ! pov]ty ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 texts relat+ to ! ,tr9ity has caus$ ! comm5tators to torture ! s5se ( ! words & ! signification ( facts4 ,he adds ! int]e/+ in=mation t arti/s1 pu%$ on by ! comm5tators1 h repres5t$ ! signs ( ! ,tr9ity 9 sc5es :i* did n admit ( !m4 ,?us1 comm5tators & arti/s h unit$ to f9d a revelation ( ! ?ree p]sons ( ! ,godhead 9 ! ?ree angels :om ,abraham met 9 ! pla9 ( ,mamre2 9 ! ?ree companions ( ,daniel :o 7 ?r[n into ! fi]y furnace1 & 9 o!r passages ( equal relevance4 ,no wond]1 :5 su* are ! texts reli$ ^u to prove ! pres5ce ( ?is c>d9al dogma1 t ,m4 ,didron %\ld obs]ve t ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s v few texts t are cle> & precise ^u ! subject1 & t 9 ?is portion ( ! ,sacr$ ,books we d n see a suffici5t numb] ( real & unque/ionable manife/ations ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity 7,ic4 ,*41 pp4 #ead-eag74 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ conspicu\s in/ance ( ! p[] ( preconceptions 9 decid+ ! s5se ( ,holy ,writ is ! traditional int]pretation ( ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,9 ?is little book1 :i* is altoge!r secul> 9 its subject & its nature1 ! love ( a "y damsel to h] swa9 is describ$ 9 peculi>ly pla9 & s5su\s language4 ,b precisely because x 0 s pla9 0 x necess>y to f9d allegorical allusions "u its r gl[+ phrases4 ,h5ce su* expressions z let him kiss me ) a kiss ( 8 m\?2 ?y c>esses are s(t] ?an w9e1 are held to ref] to ! ,*ur*'s love unto ,*ri/1 & an en?usia/ic encomium pass$ by ! ,%ulamite ^u ! physical p]fections ( h] lov] is call$ a description ( ,*ri/ by 8 graces4 ,s1 :5 ano!r speak]1 9 ?is case a man1 flatt]s a woman by enum]at+ ! beauties ( h] =m1 ! feet1 ! jo9ts ( h] ?ighs1 ! navel1 ! belly1 ! two brea/s s passionately prais$ by h] admir]1 are ?\ght 9 "s my/ic way to signify ! graces ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a passage ref]r+ to a "y girl n yet fully develop$ is made out to be a =e%ad[+ ( ! call+ ( ! ,g5tiles1 & ! natural & simple appeal to a lov] to make ha/e to come is ! ,*ur* pray+ = ,*ri/'s com+4 ,equal1 or ne>ly equal1 absurdities are f\nd 9 ! ,*9ese int]pretations ( c]ta9 ,odes conta9$ 9 _! classics4 ,^! ,odes are1 l ! ,song ( ,songs1 m]e expressions ( human love4 ,b ! critics f9d 9 !m pr(\nd hi/orical allusions2 hi/ory be+ ! /aple ( ! ,*9ese sacr$ books1 z !ology is ( ! ,hebrew ones4 ,n[ x happ5$ 9 ,*9a1 z x has happ5$ 9 ,europe1 t !re 0 a traditional mean+ atta*$ to ?is portion ( ! sacr$ books2 & ! traditional mean+ 0 embodi$ 9 a ,preface :i* 0 g5]ally suppos$ to h desc5d$ f v anci5t times1 :i* came to be incorporat$ ) ! ,odes1 & ?us appe>$ to re/ on ! same au?ority z ! text itself4 ,b a ,*9ese s*ol>1 nam$ ,*oo ,he1 :o exam9$ ! preface 9 a fre] _s ?an 0 usual among ! comm5tators1 =m$ a v diff]5t op9ion z to its age & its au?ority4 ,he believ$ x to be ( mu* m rec5t date t 0 commonly suppos$1 & by no means to =m an integral portion ( ! ,odes4 ,! prevail+ !ory 0 t ! ,preface _h exi/$ z a sep>ate docum5t 9 ! "t ( a s*ol> nam$ ,ma\1 & t he broke x up1 prefix+ to ea* ,ode ! portion belong+ to x4 ,! natural conclusion1 obs]ves ,*oo ,he1 is t ! ,preface _h come d[n f a remote p]iod1 & ,hwang 7a s*ol> :o1 9 "o acc\nt1 is said to h writt5 ! ,preface7 m]ely add$ to x & r\nd$ x (f4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 s*ol>s g5]ally hold t ! fir/ s5t5ces 9 ! introductory notices =m$ ! orig9al ,preface :i* ,ma\ di/ribut$1 & t ! foll[+ portions 7 subsequ5tly add$4 ,?is view may appe> reasonable1 b :5 we exam9e ^? fir/ s5t5ces !mselves we f9d "s ( !m :i* d n agree ) ! obvi\s mean+ ( ! ,odes to :i* !y are prefix$1 & give m]ely ! ra% & baseless expositions ( ! writ]s4 ,*oo ,he adds1 t aft] ! prefatory notices 7 publi%$ z a portion ( ! text1 !y appe>$ z if !y 7 ! production ( ! poets !mselves & ! ,odes seem$ to be made f !m z s _m !mes4 ,s*ol>s h&$ d[n a fai? 9 !m f "o to ano!r1 & no "o v5tur$ to express a d\bt ( _! au?ority4 ,! text 0 twi/$ & *isel$ to br+ x into accordance ) !m1 & nobody w\ld und]take to say pla9ly t !y 7 ! "w ( ! s*ol>s ( ! ,han dyna/y 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iv4 ,proleg41 p4 #cc74 ,ample confirmation ( ! ju/ice ( ,*oo ,he's op9ion w be f\nd on turn+ to ! ,odes & comp>+ !m ) ! notices 9 ! ,preface1 :i* be> a family lik5ess to ! head+s ( ! *apt]s 9 ! ,song ( ,songs4 ,"h1 = example1 is an ,ode3-- ,if y1 ,sir1 ?9k k9dly ( me1 ,i w hold up my l[] g>m5ts1 & cross ! ,ts94 ,if y d n ?9k ( me1 ,is !re no o!r p]son to d s8 ,y fooli%1 fooli% fell[6#ce ,! second /anza is id5tical1 ) ?is exception1 t ! "n ( ! riv] is *ang$4 ,n[ ?is "y lady's coquetti% appeal to h] lov] is said 9 ! ,preface to be an expression ( ! desire ( ! p ( ,*'+ to h ! condition ( ! ,/ate rectifi$ 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iv4 ,proleg41 p4 #ea74 ,ano!r ,ode runs ?us3-- #a4 ,! sun is 9 ! ea/1 ,& t lovely girl ,is 9 my *amb]4 ,%e is 9 my *amb]2 ,%e treads 9 my foot/eps1 & comes to me4 #b4 ,! moon is 9 ! ea/1 ,& t lovely girl ,is inside my door4 ,%e is inside my door2 ,%e treads 9 my foot/eps1 & ha/5s away4#cf ,?is simple poem is suppos$ by ! ,preface to be direct$ aga9/ ! decay ( ! times4 ,obs]ve ! !ory t any?+ appe>+ 9 a sacr$ book mu/ h a moral purpose4 ,! relation ( rul] & m9i/] 0 neglect$4 ,m5 & wom5 s\ght ea* o!r 9 lewd fa%ion2 & !re 0 no ability to alt] ! cu/oms by ! rules ( propriety 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iv4 ,proleg41 p4 #eb74 ,a comm5tator1 /udi\s to discov] ! hidd5 moral1 urges t ! incongru\s fact ( ! "y woman's com+ at sunrise & go+ at moonrise %\ld satisfy u t1 "u ! figuration ( ^! lov]s1 is int5d$ a repres5tation ( ,ts'e1 ) bright or ) gloomy relations betwe5 its rul] & (fic]s 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iv4 p4 #aec1 note74 ,9 ano!r ,ode a lady lam5ts h] husb&'s abs5ce1 pa!tically say+ t :ile %e does n see him1 h] he>t _c =get its grief3 ,h[ is x1 h[ is x1 ,t he =gets me s v mu*8 is ! burd5 ( e /anza4 ,?is piece1 accord+ to ! ,preface1 0 direct$ aga9/ a duke1 :o slight$ ! m5 ( wor? :om 8 fa!r _h collect$ ar\nd him1 leav+ ! ,/ate )\t ^? :o 7 its ornam5t & /r5g? 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iv4 p4 #bjj1 & ! note4--,%e ,k+1 pt4 i4 b4 #aa1 ode #g74 ,) su* me?ods z ^! !re is no m>vel :i* may n be accompli%$4 ,& :51 by ! lapse ( _m c5turies1 ! v language ( ! sacr$ records has be5 =gott5--z ! ,sanscrit ( ! ,v$as 0 =gott5 by ! ,h9dus1 ! ,z5d by ! ,p>sees1 & ! ,hebrew by ! ,jews--! process ( p]v]sion is /ill fur!r favor$4 ,! orig9al works are !n accessible b to a few2 & :5 ^! few und]take to expla9 !m 9 ! ord9>y tongue1 !y w d s ) a gloss sugge/$ by _! own imp]fect compreh5sion ( ! ?\ghts & language ( ! pa/4 ,^!1 !n1 may be accept$ z ! ext]nal m>ks ( ,sacr$ ,books3 #a4 ,! unusual v5]ation accord$ to !m by ! adh]5ts ( ea* religion1 on ! gr\nd t !y conta9 tru?s beyond ! rea* ( human intellig5ce :5 n specially enlight5$2 or 9 o!r words1 ! !ory ( _! inspiration4 #b4 ,! notion ( religi\s m]it atta*$ to read+ !m4 #c4 ,! application to !m ( =c$ int]pretation1 9 ord] to br+ !m into accordance ) ! assumptions made reg>d+ !m4 ,b4 ,pass+ n[ to ! int]nal m>ks by :i* writ+s ( ?is class are di/+ui%$1 we %all f9d sev]al :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute !m altoge!r a peculi> bran* ( lit]ature4 #a4 ,_! subjects are g5]ally conf9$ )9 a c]ta9 def9ite range1 b 9 ! limits ( t range !re is a consid]able portion :i* has ! peculi>ity t _! inve/igation transc5ds ! unaid$ p[]s ( ! human intellect4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! va/ field ( !ological dogma comes "u ?is head4 ,! sublim] subjects usually dealt )1 & n only dealt )1 b emphatically dwelt ^u1 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books are1 ! nature ( ! ,deity & 8 mode ( action t[>ds mank9d2 ! creation ( ! _w & its v>i\s con/itu5t p>ts1 includ+ man himself2 ! motives ( ! ,deity 9 ^! ex]cises ( 8 p[]2 ! dogmas to be believ$ 9 ref]5ce to ! ,deity himself & 9 ref]5ce to o!r sup]human p[]s or ag5cies1 :e!r good or bad2 & ! condition ( ! s\l aft] dea? ) ! rew>ds & ! puni%m5ts ( vici\s conduct4 ,com+ d[n to matt]s ( a less purely cele/ial "*1 b /ill beyond ! rea* ( ! un9spir$ faculties ( ord9>y m9ds1 !y treat ( ! primitive condition ( mank9d :5 fir/ plac$ ^u ! e>?2 ( 8 e>lie/ hi/ory2 ( ! rites by :i* ! div9e be+ is to be wor%ip$2 ( ! sacrifices :i* are to be (f]$ to him2 ( ! c]emonies by :i* 8 favor is to be won4 ,"h we move 9 a region :i* is at lea/ intelligible & free f my/]ies1 ?\gh x is pla9 t we c\ld n arrive at any c]ta9 conclusions on su* ?+s z ^! )\t div9e assi/ance & sup]human illum9ation4 ,la/ly1 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( all nations pr(ess to give in=mation on a subject ! nature ( :i* is altoge!r mundane1 & ) reg>d to :i* tru? is accessible to all1 inspir$ or un9spir$2--! rules ( moral conduct4 ,^! are1 ,i believe1 ! ma9 subjects :i* w be f\nd treat$ ( 9 ! v>i\s books t lay claim to ! title ( ,sacr$4 ,^! subjects may be briefly classifi$ z1 #a4 ,metaphysical speculations z to ! nature ( ! ,deity4 #b4 ,doctr9es z to ! pa/ or future exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 #c4 ,acc\nts ( ! creation4 #d4 ,lives ( prophets or collections ( _! say+s4 #e4 ,!ories z to ! orig9 ( evil4 #f4 ,prescriptions z to ritual4 #g4 ,e?ics4 ,t ?is does n pret5d to be an exhau/ive classification1 ,i ne$ h>dly say2 o!r topics are treat$ 9 "s ( !m to :i* no allusion is made1 & all ( ^! topics !mselves are n treat$ at all4 ,b !y are ^? ) :i* ! ,sacr$ ,books are pr9cipally conc]n$2 & m ?an ?is1 !y are ^? 9 ! treatm5t ( :i* ^! books are especially peculi>4 ,"o important feature bo? ( ! ,*9ese & ! ,jewi% ,canon is pass$ ov]1 namely1 _! hi/orical records4 ,if ^! records 7 n exceptional appe>ances 9 sacr$ works1 or if1 ?\gh exceptional1 !y pres5t$ "s ess5tial s+ul>ity m>k+ !m (f f all ord9>y hi/ory1 !y %\ld be includ$ 9 ! li/ ( subjects4 ,b z ! ,*9ese ,%oo ,k+ are p]fectly commonplace annals ( matt]s ( fact2 & z ! ,books ( ,samuel1 ,k+s1 & ,*ronicles are n o!rwise di/+ui%$ f secul> hi/ory ?an by _! !ological !ories--9 respect ( :i* !y are includ$ "u ! previ\s heads--,i see no reason to include hi/ory among ! matt]s g5]ally treat$ 9 ,sacr$ ,books4 ,x is "r1 h[ev]1 to note 9 pass+ t 9 ^! two in/ances x is f\nd 9 !m4 #b4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x w be obvi\s to all t ^! great topics are discuss$ 9 _m o!r works :i* h no pret5sion to be ?\ght sacr$1 we mu/ seek = "s fur!r & m def9ite crit]ion by :i* to sep>ate !m f g5]al lit]ature4 ,& we %all f9d x 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! above-nam$ subjects are treat$4 ,! great di/9ction betwe5 sacr$ & non-sacr$ writ+s 9 _! mann] ( deal+ ) ^! great que/ions is ! tone ( au?ority1 & if ! expression may be us$1 ( f9ality1 assum$ by ! =m]4 ,!re is no appeal beyond !m to a high] au?ority ?an _! own4 ,hav+ ,god z _! au?or & inspir]1 or be+ ! product ( ! supreme elevation ( reason1 !y take = grant$ t human be+s w n "q or cavil at _! /atem5ts4 ,:ile o!r writ]s1 :5 seek+ to en=ce ! doctr9es ( any positive religion1 inv>iably re/ _! cont5tions1 implicitly or explicitly1 on "s sup]ior au?ority1 ref]r+ _! read]s or he>]s ei!r to ! ,v$as1 ! ,koran1 ! ,bible1 ! ,*ur*1 or "s o!r recogniz$ /&>d ( belief & w\ld ?9k x 9 ! la/ degree presumptu\s to claim ass5t except to :at c be f\nd 9 or d$uc$ f t /&>d2 :ile ^? tea*]s :o are n ! expon5ts ( any positive1 reveal$ religion1 endeavor to prove _! conclusions f ! common intuitions or ! common reason+ faculties ( mank9d2 ! writ]s ( ^! books d nei!r4 ,!y seem to speak ) a full confid5ce t _! words ne$ no confirmation ei!r f au?ority or f reason4 ,if !y tell u ! /ory ( ! creation ( ! _w1 !y d n ?9k x ne$ful to in=m u f :at s\rces ! n>rative is d]iv$4 ,if !y reveal ! "* ( ,god1 x is )\t expla9+ ! means by :i* _! insight has be5 obta9$4 ,if !y lay d[n ! rules ( religi\s or moral conduct1 x is n done ) ! mode/y ( fallible tea*]s1 b ) ! voice ( unqualifi$ comm& emanat+ f ! pl5titude ( p[]4 ,( _! decisions !re c be no discussion2 f _! s5t5ces !re is no appeal4 #c4 ,x corresponds ) ?is "* t ,sacr$ ,books %\ld v g5]ally be anonym\s2 or m /rictly speak+1 imp]sonal2 t is1 t !y %\ld n be put =w>d 9 ! "n ( an individual1 & t no individual %\ld take cr$it = _! au?or%ip4 ,und]/&+ ! expression 9 ?is some:at wid] s5se1 we may say t anonymity is a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ?is class ( writ+s4 ,_! au?ors d n desire to invite att5tion to _! own p]sonality1 or to claim ass5t on ! gr\nd ( respect or consid]ation t[>ds !mselves4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y )draw entirely f obs]vation2 !y appe> to be ?or\ghly engross$ 9 ! greatness ( ! subject2 & to write n f any delib]ate design or ) any arti/ic plan1 b simply f ! fullness ( ! inspiration by :i* !y are controll$4 ,h5ce n only are ! names ( ! au?ors 9 mo/ cases completely lo/ to u1 b !y h left u n a h9t or an indication by :i* we c\ld discov] :at mann] ( m5 !y 74 ,ev5 :]e ! "n ( a writ] has be5 pres]v$ to u1 x is (t5 r by "s accid5t altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! book1 & :i* 9 no way alt]s its anonym\s "*4 ,we happ5 to "k1 on :at seems to be good au?ority1 t ,la-ts compos$ ! ,ta-t-,kng1 b assur$ly !re is n a syllable 9 ! "w itself :i* indicates its au?or4 ,we happ5 to "k beyond a d\bt t ,mahomet compos$ ! ,koran2 b ! !ory ( ! book is t x _h no human au?or at all1 & x 0 put =?1 n z ! prophet's composition1 b z ! lit]al reproduction ( revelations made to him f heav54 ,! mo/ notewor?y exceptions are ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,paul9e1 ,petr9e & ,johann9e ,epi/les ( ! ,new4 ,b ( ! prophets1 ?\gh _! names are inde$ giv51 ! great majority are little m ?an a m]e "n to u2 :ile l>ge portions ( ! prophecies1 attribut$ 9 ! ,jewi% ,canon to "s celebrat$ prophet1 are 9 reality ! "w ( unkn[n writ]s4 ,?is is notori\sly ! case ) ! :ole ( ! latt] "p ( our ,isaiah2 x is ! case ) p>ts ( ,j]emiah2 x is ! case ) ,mala*i 7^: real "n is n pres]v$72 x is ! case ) ,daniel4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les (f] inde$ a m>k$ exception to ! rule2 & "s ( !m are ( d\btful au!nticity4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,pet]1 ( ,john1 ( ,james & ,jude1 ev5 if _! au?or%ip be correctly assign$1 are ( too limit$ ext5t to con/itute an exception ( any importance4 ,! re/ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,bible foll[s ! rule4 ,l ! ,v$ic hymns1 l ! ,stras ( ,buddhism1 l ! records ( ! life & doctr9es ( ,khung-ts1 l ! ,ave/a1 all ! l>g] books ( ! ,bible--except ! prophets--are anonym\s4 ,! :ole ( ! hi/orical portion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! f\r ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 are--:atev] names tradition may h associat$ ) !m--/rictly ! production ( unkn[n au?ors4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is "o ( v high importance1 because x indicates--along ) ano!r :i* ,i am ab\t to m5tion--! _s 9 :i* ^! works 7 writt54 ,!y 7 writt5 z x 7 unconsci\sly & undesign$ly2 n ( c\rse )\t a k on ! writ]'s "p ( :at he 0 ab\t1 b )\t t consci\s & di/9ct int5tion ( compos+ a lit]>y "w ) :i* ord9>y m5 sit d[n to write a book4 ,fl[+ f ! dep?s ( religi\s feel+1 !y 7 ! reflection ( ! age t br\ght !m =?4 ,g5]ations pa/ & pres5t1 nations1 communities1 bro!rhoods ( believ]s1 spoke 9 !m & ?r\gh !m4 ,!y 7 n only ! "w ( him :o fir/ utt]$ !m or wrote !m2 o!rs work$ ) him1 ?\ght ) him1 spoke ) him2 !y 7 n m]ely ! voice ( an individual1 b ! voice ( an epo* & ( a p4 ,h5ce ! utt] abs5ce ( any app>5t & palpable au?or%ip1 ! disappe>ance ( ! individual 9 ! gr&eur ( ! subject4 ,?is ph5om5on is n inde$ q peculi> to ,sacr$ ,books4 ,x belongs also to ^? great national epics :i* likewise express ! feel+s ( :ole races & communities ( m52 to ! ,mahbhrata1 to ! ,rmyana1 to ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 to ! ,volsung5 & ,nibelung5 ,sagas1 to ! ,eddas1 to ! leg5ds ( ,k+ ,ar?ur & 8 knights4 ,^! poems1 or ^! poetical tales1 are anonym\s1 & !y occupy 9 ! v5]ation ( ! p a rank :i* is second only to t ( books actually sacr$4 ,9 "s o!r respects !y be> a resemblance to ,sacr$ ,books1 b ^! books diff] f !m 9 "o important p>ticul>1 :i* ( itself suffices to place !m 9 a diff]5t category4 ,:at t p>ticul> is mu/ n[ be expla9$4 #d4 ,if ,i 7 to describe x by a s+le ^w1 ,i %\ld call x _! =mlessness4 ,! t]m is an awkw>d "o1 b ,i "k ( no o!r :i* s exactly describes ?is mo/ peculi> feature ( ,sacr$ ,books4 ,l ! e>? 9 its *aotic condition be=e creation1 !y are )\t =m4 ,t arti/ic f9i%1 t con/ruction1 comb9ation ( p>ts into a well-def9$ edifice1 t arrangem5t ( ! :ole "w ^u an app>5t plan1 subs]vi5t to a di/9ct object1 :i* m>ks e o!r class ( ! productions ( ! human m9d1 is entirely want+ to !m4 ,!y read n unfrequ5tly z if !y _h be5 c>elessly jott$ d[n )\t ! smalle/ reg>d to ord]1 or ! lea/ att5tion to ! effect to be produc$ on ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,sometimes !y may ev5 be said to h nei!r beg9n+1 middle1 nor end4 ,we might op5 !m any:]e & close !m any:]e )\t mat]ial diff]5ce4 ,sometimes !re is a di/9ct progress 9 ! n>rative1 b x is nev]!less :olly )\t me?odical comb9ation ( ! sep>ate p>ts into a well-ord]$ :ole4 ,h]e9 !y diff] also f ^? poetical ,epics :i* we h f\nd agree+ ) !m 9 be+ virtually anonym\s4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! grace1 ! f9i%1 ! p]fection ( /yle1 ( ^? immortal poems :i* are kn[n z ,hom]ic4 ,! nor!rn ,epics are inde$ simpl]1 rud]1 f> m de/itute ( lit]>y m]it4 ,! fir/ "p1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,edda ,saemund> 7:i* p]haps ought n to be call$ an ,epic at all7 is to ! la/ degree unc\? & b>b>\s4 ,b !n ! subject-matt] ( ?is portion ( ! ,edda is su* z belongs prop]ly to ,sacr$ ,books1 & _h x ev] be5 actually curr5t among ! ,sc&9avians z a canonical "w--( :i* we h no evid5ce--x w\ld be entitl$ to a place among !m4 ,:5 we come to ! second or h]oic portion ( ?is ,edda1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,! mode ( treatm5t is /ill rude & unattractive1 b if1 unrepell$ by ! outw>d =m1 we /udy ! longe/ ( ! n>ratives :i* ?is division conta9s--! ,saga ( ! ,volsungs--we %all discov] 9 x a tale1 :i* = ! exquisite pa?os ( its s5tim5ts1 = ! deep & tragic int]e/ :i* c5tres r\nd ! pr9cipal *>act]s1 = ! vivid del9eation by a few brief t\*es ( ! int5se/ suff]+1 is sc>cely surpass$ ev5 by ! f> m f9i%$ productions ( ,hell5ic g5ius4 ,no d\bt ! f\ndation ( ! /ory is my?ological1 & ?is ?r[s ov] _m ( its incid5ts a grotesqu5ess :i* goes f> 9 mod]n eyes to m> ! effect4 ,b ! my?ological incid5ts ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey are grotesque also1 & x requires all ! g5ius ( ! poet to r5d] !m tol]able4 ,ap>t f ?is gr\ndwork1 ! ,volsunga-,saga treats its p]sonages z human1 & claims f its read]s a purely human int]e/ 9 _! v>i\s adv5tures4 ,x relates ^! adv5tures 9 a connect$ =m1 x depicts ! feel+s ( ! sev]al actors ) all ! sympa?y ( ! dramati/1 & draws no moral1 tea*es no lesson4 ,9 ! :ole range ( sacr$ lit]ature ,i recollect no?+ l ?is4 ,/ories are d\btless told 9 x1 b we are made to feel t !y are subs]vi5t to an ult]ior purpose4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,new1 !y s]ve to en=ce ! !ological doctr9es ( ! writ]s2 9 ! works ( ! ,buddhi/s !y g5]ally impress on ! he>]s "s useful lesson z to ! rew>d ( m]it1 & ! puni%m5t ( dem]it1 9 a future exi/5ce4 ,( ! g5u9e & simple relation ( a r elaborate romance1 t]m9at+ 9 itself1 !re is probably no in/ance4 ,su* /ories z are relat$ are moral tales1 & n romances2 & !y are g5]ally too %ort to absorb1 9 any consid]able degree1 ! int]e/ ( ! read]4 ,:ile ?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 secul> & ,sacr$ ,books 9 respect ( _! n>rative portions1 ! sacr$ are z a :ole ev5 m decid$ly bel[ ! secul> 9 all t belongs to /yle & composition4 ,! dulle/ hi/orian g5]ally contrives to r5d] 8 *ronicle m lucid1 & !re=e m readable1 ?an ! au?ors ( canonical books4 ,9 ^! la/ !re is ! mo/ absolute disreg>d ( arti/ic or lit]>y excell5ce4 ,h5ce !y are1 ) sc>cely an exception1 v t$i\s read+4 ,m4 ,r5an obs]ves ( ! ,koran t its cont9u\s p]usal is almo/ intol]able4 ,burn\f hesitates to inflict ^u 8 read]s ! t$ium he himself has suff]$ f ! /udy ( c]ta9 ,tantras4 ,! inconceivable t$i\sness ( ! ,buddhi/ic ,stras--except+ ! e>li] & simpl] ones--is well kn[n to ^? :o h read or attempt$ to read su* works1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,saddh>ma ,pund>ika4 ,! ,*9ese ,classics are less repulsive1 b few read]s w\ld c>e to /udy !m = long toge!r4 ,! ,v$ic hymns1 ?\gh full ( my?ological int]e/1 are yet difficult & unpleasant read+1 bo? f _! monotony & ! loos5ess ( ! connection betwe5 ea* v]se & s5t5ce4 ,! ,brhmanas are b>ely readable4 ,! ,ave/a is f> f attractive4 ,! ,bible1 ?\gh va/ly sup]ior 9 ?is respect to all ! re/ ( its class1 is yet n easy to read = any l5g? ( "t )\t fatigue4 ,d\btless1 if tak5 z a special /udy1 ) a view to some?+ :i* we desire to asc]ta9 f x1 we may )\t difficulty read l>ge portions at a "t2 yet we see t ,*ri/ians1 :o read x = edification1 inv>iably *oose 9 _! public assemblies to conf9e !mselves to v mod]ate sections ( x inde$1 :ile !y w li/5 to s]mons ( _m times ! l5g?4 ,!re c be little d\bt t a simil> practice is pursu$ 9 private devotion4 ,s+le *apt]s1 or at mo/ a few *apt]s1 are select$2 ^! are p]us$1 & p]haps made ! object ( m$itation2 b ev5 ! mo/ f]v5t admir]s ( ! ,bible w\ld probably f9d x difficult to read ?r\gh its long] books )\t paus+4 ,!y d n1 s to speak1 c>ry u on4 ,x 0 ess5tial to dwell on ?is t$i\sness ( ,sacr$ ,books1 because x =ms "o ( _! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,nor does x arise1 z is (t5 ! case1 f indiff]5ce or av]sion on ! "p ( ! read]4 ,o!r books repel u because we h no int]e/ 9 ! subjects ) :i* !y deal4 ,9 ^!1 ! ke5e/ int]e/ 9 ! subjects ) :i* !y deal w n suffice to r5d] _! pres5tation tol]able4 ,,section ,i4--,,! ,,?irte5 ,,k+4#cg ,sacr$ ,books 9 g5]al are 9 ,*9a t]m$ ,k+4 ,b z ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s h _! own sacr$ lit]ature1 & z ,ta\i/s are 9 possession ( a sacr$ "w ( _! f\nd]1 ,la-ts1 ,i call ! ,books ( ! ,/ate religion1 t is1 ( ! foll[]s ( ,confucius1 ! ,k+ p> excell5ce4 ,= ,confucianism is ! (ficial cre$ ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,*9a1 & ! ,confucian ,canon =ms ! subject ( ! ,civil ,s]vice exam9ations :i* qualify = (fice4 ,accord+ to a compet5t au?ority1 a complete k ( ! :ole ( !m1 z well z ( ! /&>d notes & criticisms by :i* !y are elucidat$1 is an indisp5sable condition t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! high] grades ( lit]>y & (ficial rank 7,*9ese1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dh74 ,! writ+s n[ recogniz$ z especially sacr$ 9 ,*9a are ! five ,k+1 & ! f\r ,%oo4#ch ,k+ is a t]m ( :i* ! prop] signification is ! w>p1 ! *a9 ( a web3 !nce t :i* progresses equally1 t :i* con/itutes a fundam5tal law1 ! normal4 ,appli$ to books1 x indicates ^? t are reg>d$ z canonical2 z an absolute /&>d1 ei!r 9 g5]al or ) ref]5ce to "s def9ite object 7,t4 ,t4 ,k41 p4 lxviii74 ,9 ! words ( ano!r ,s9ologue1 x is ! ,rule1 ! ,law1 a book ( canonical au?ority1 a classical book 7,l4 ,t41 p4 ix74 ,! ^w seems !re=e on ! :ole to correspond mo/ ne>ly to :at we mean by a canonical book4 ,%oo means ,writ+s or ,books4 ,! f\r ,%oo1 ( :i* ,i %all speak fir/1 are ^!3--,a #a4 ,! ,lun ,yu1 or ,dige/$ ,conv]sations 7( ,confucius74 ,a #b4 ,! ,ta ,ho1 or ,great ,le>n+4 ,a #c4 ,! ,*ung ,yung1 or ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean4 ,a #d4 ,! ,works ( ,mang-tsze1 or ,m5cius4 ,! five ,k+ are ^!3--,b #a4 ,! ,yih1 or ,book ( ,*anges 7,notic$ 9 ,pau?i]1 p4 #acg74 ,b #b4 ,! ,%oo1 or ,book ( ,hi/ory4 ,b #c4 ,! ,%e1 or ,book ( ,poetry4 ,b #d4 ,! ,le ,ke1 or ,record ( ,rites4 ,b #e4 ,! ,*'un ,ts'w1 or ,spr+ & ,autumn1 a *ronicle ( ev5ts f ,b4 ,c4 #gba-;,b4 ,c4 #dhj4 ,! olde/ enum]ation specifi$ only ! five ,k+1 to :i* ! ,yoke1 or ,record ( ,music 7n[ 9 ! ,le ,ke71 0 sometimes add$1 mak+ six4 ,!re 0 also a division into n9e ,k+2 & 9 ! compilation made by ord] ( ,te-,tsung 7:o reign$ 9 ! #g? c5tury ,a4 ,d47 !re are specifi$ ?irte5 ,k+1 :i* consi/ (3#ci--a-g4 ,! five ,k+1 includ+ ?ree editions ( ! ,*'un ,ts'w4 #h4 ,! ,lun ,yu 7,a #a74 #i4 ,mang-tsze 7,a #d74 #aj4 ,! ,*[ ,le1 or ,ritual ( ,*[4 #aa4 ,! ,e ,le1 or ,c]emonial ,usages4 #ab4 ,! ,urh ,ya1 a sort ( anci5t diction>y4 #ac4 ,! ,hea\ ,k+1 or ,classic ( ,filial ,piety4 ,! app>5t omission ( ! ,ta ,ho 7,a #b7 & ! ,*ung ,yung 7,a #c7 is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t bo? are includ$ 9 ! ,le ,ke 7,b #d74 ,! only works :i* x is at pres5t 9 my p[] to speak ( 9 detail are ^? classifi$ z ,a #a to ,a #d1 & z ,b #b4 ,! au!nticity ( ^! works is consid]$ to be above reasonable suspicion2 = ?\gh an emp]or :o reign$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c41 did inde$ ord] 7,b4 ,c4 #bab7 t !y %\ld all be de/roy$1 yet ?is emp]or di$ n long aft] ! issue ( 8 edict1 :i* 0 =mally abrogat$ aft] tw5ty-two ye>s2 & subsequ5t dyna/ies took pa9s to pres]ve & recov] ! miss+ volumes4 ,z x is ( c\rse improbable t e individual w\ld obey ! frantic ord] ( ! emp]or :o enjo9$ _! de/ruction1 !re appe>s to be suffici5t gr\nd = ,dr4 ,legge's conclusion1 t we possess ! actual works :i* 7 already extant 9 ! "t ( ,confucius1 or 79 s f> z !y ref]r$ to him7 7 compil$ by 8 disciples or _! imm$iate successors4 ,,subdivision #a4--,! ,lun ,yu4 #a4 ,! fir/ ( ! f\r ,books is ! ,lun ,yu1 or ,dige/$ ,conv]sations4 ,f int]nal evid5ce x seems to h be5 compil$ 9 its actual =m1 n by ! imm$iate disciples ( ,confucius1 b by _! disciples4 ,its date w\ld be ab\t ! end ( ! f\r?1 or beg9n+ ( ! fif?1 c5tury be=e ,*ri/2 t is1 ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 ,x be>s a ne>] resemblance to ! ,*ri/ian ,gospels ?an any o!r book conta9$ 9 ! ,*9ese ,classics1 be+ 9 fact a m9ute acc\nt1 by admir+ h&s1 ( ! behavior1 "*1 & doctr9e1 ( ! great ,ma/]1 ,confucius4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x conta9s no notice ( ! ev5ts ( 8 life 9 *ronological ord]1 x answ]s mu* m accurately to ! description giv5 by ,papais ( ! compos$ by ,mat!w 9 ! ,hebrew dialect ?an to t ( any ( our canonical ,gospels4 ,biographical mat]ials may inde$ be discov]$ 9 x2 b !y occur only z incid5tal allusions1 subs]vi5t to ! ma9 object ( pres]v+ a record ( 8 say+s4 ,9 ! m9ute & pa9/ak+ mode 9 :i* ?is task is p]=m$ !re is ev5 a resemblance to ,boswell's ,johnson2 z 9 t celebrat$ "w1 we h z x 7 a photographic picture ( ! great man's conv]sation1 tak5 by a rev]5t & humble foll[]4 ,& z !re is a total abs5ce ( t fondness = ! m>vel\s & t t5d5cy to exagg]ate ! ,ma/]'s p[]s :i* s g5]ally *>act]ize traditional acc\nts ( religi\s tea*]s1 we may fairly inf] t we h "h a tru/wor?y1 & 9 ! ma91 accurate repres5tation ( ,confucius' p]sonality & ( 8 tea*+4 ,z ,i h l>gely drawn ^u ?is "w 9 writ+ ! ,life ( t prophet1 ,i ne$ n n[ deta9 ! read] ) any fur!r quotations4 ,,subdivision #b4--,! ,ta ,ho4 ,pass+ to ! ,ta ,ho1 or ,great ,le>n+1 we f9d ourselves occupi$ ) a book :i* be>s ! same k9d ( relation%ip to ! ,lun ,yu z ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews does to ! ,gospels4 ,?is "w is altoge!r ( a doctr9al "*2 & z 9 ! ,epi/le1 ! exposition ( ! doctr9es is by no means s cle> & simple z 9 ! oral in/ructions ( ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool4 ,! ,ta ,ho is attribut$ by ,*9ese tradition to ,k'ung ,keih1 ! gr&son ( ,confucius2 b its au?or%ip is 9 fact1 l t ( ! ,epi/le1 unkn[n4 ,x 0 add$ to ! ,le ,ke1 or ,record ( ,rites1 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,x beg9s ) c]ta9 p>agraphs :i* are attribut$1 app>5tly )\t au?ority1 to ,confucius2 & all t foll[s is suppos$ to be a comm5t>y on ?is orig9al text4 ,! text beg9s ?us3-- #a4 ,:at ! ,great ,le>n+ tea*es1 is--to illu/rate illu/ri\s virtue2 to r5ovate ! p2 & to re/ 9 ! highe/ excell5ce4444 #d4 ,! anci5ts :o wi%$ to illu/rate illu/ri\s virtue ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 fir/ ord]$ well _! own ,/ates4 ,wi%+ to ord] well _! ,/ates1 !y fir/ regulat$ _! families4 ,wi%+ to regulate _! families1 !y fir/ cultivat$ _! p]sons4 ,wi%+ to cultivate _! p]sons1 !y fir/ rectifi$ _! he>ts4 ,wi%+ to rectify _! he>ts1 !y fir/ s\ght to be s9c]e 9 _! ?\ghts4 ,wi%+ to be s9c]e 9 _! ?\ghts1 !y fir/ ext5d$ to ! utmo/ _! k4 ,su* ext5sion ( k lay 9 ! inve/igation ( ?+s4 ,aft] a few m v]ses ( text1 we come to ! ,comm5t>y ( ! philosoph] ,tsang1 :i* is ma9ly occupi$ ) :at purports to be an explanation ( ! process describ$ 9 ! =ego+ v]ses4 ,= in/ance1 ! six? *apt] expla9s mak+ ! ?\ghts s9c]e1 ! sev5?1 rectify+ ! m9d & cultivat+ ! p]son2 until at la/ we arrive at ! "r mann] ( conduct+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate1 & ! mak+ ( ! ,empire peaceful & happy4 ,! object ( ! treatise is !re=e practical1 & ! subject a favorite "o ) ! ,*9ese ,classics1 t ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,great /ress is laid on ! influ5ce ( a good example on ! "p ( ! rul]2 & ^? model sov]eigns1 ,ya\ & ,%un1 are appeal$ to z illu/rations ( its good effect 9 su* h&s z !irs4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! exposition ( ^! pr9ciples1 we meet ) dry maxims ( political economy1 wor?y ( mod]n times1 su* z ?is3-- ,!re is a great c\rse also = ! production ( weal?4 ,let ! produc]s be _m & ! consum]s few4 ,let !re be activity 9 ! production1 & economy 9 ! exp5diture4 ,!n ! weal? w always be suffici5t 7,ta ,ho74 ,,subdivision #c4--,! ,*ung ,yung4 ,! composition ( ! ,*ung ,yung1 or ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 is univ]sally attribut$ 9 ,*9a to ,k'ung ,keih1 or ,tsze-sze1 ! gr&son ( ,confucius4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce ( 8 au?or%ip is1 9 ,dr4 ,legge's op9ion1 suffici5t2 ?\gh if t :i* he has produc$ be all t is extant1 x does n seem to be at all conclusive4 ,"s quotations f x h already be5 made 9 ! notice ( ,confucius1 _m ( ^: utt]ances are conta9$ 9 x4 ,its pr9cipal object is1 or seems to be1 to inculcate ! excell5ce ( :at is call$ ! ,mean1 b ! explanation ( :at is int5d$ by ! ,mean is f> f cle>4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,mean1 h[ev]1 is t tak5 by ! sage2 ! virtue :i* is accord+ to ! ,mean is p]fect2 ! sup]ior man embodies x 9 8 practice2 ord9>y m5 _c keep to x2 mean m5 act contr>y to x2 & ,%un1 a model emp]or1 det]m9$ ! ,mean betwe5 ! bad & good elem5ts 9 m51 & employ$ x 9 8 gov]nm5t ( ! p4 ,! ,mean1 f ! attributes ?us assign$ to x1 w\ld appe> to be a /ate ( complete & h>dly atta9able moral p]fection1 ( :i* !y :o h (f]$ an example 9 _! conduct h 7at lea/ 9 mod]n times7 be5 r>e inde$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! treatise we le>n t3-- #a4 ,:at ,heav5 has conf]r$ is call$ ,,! ,,nature2 an accordance ) ?is nature is call$ ,,! ,,pa? ( duty2 ! regulation ( ?is pa? is call$ ,,in/ruction4 #d4 ,:ile !re are no /irr+s ( pleasure1 ang]1 sorr[ or joy1 ! m9d may be said to be 9 ! /ate ( ,,equilibrium4 ,:5 ^? feel+s h be5 /irr$1 & !y act 9 _! due degree1 !re ensues :at may be call$ ! /ate ( ,,h>mony4 ,?is ,,equilibrium is ! great root f :i* gr[ all ! human act+s 9 ! _w1 & ?is ,,h>mony is ! univ]sal pa? :i* !y all %\ld pursue 7,! italics1 "h & 9 future quotations1 are 9 ,legge74 #e4 ,let ! /ates ( equilibrium & h>mony exi/ 9 p]fection1 & a happy ord] w prevail ?r\gh\t heav5 & e>?1 & all ?+s w be n\ri%$ & fl\ri% 7,*ung ,yung74 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! "w1 ! pa? is describ$ z n be+ f> f ! common indications ( consci\sness2 & ! foll[+ rule is laid d[n ) reg>d to x3-- ,:5 "o cultivates to ! utmo/ ! pr9ciples ( 8 nature1 & ex]cises !m on ! pr9ciple ( reciprocity1 he is n f> f ! pa?4 ,:at y d n l1 :5 done to y\rself1 d n d to o!rs 7,ibid41 xiii4 #c74 ,a l>ge & important portion ( ! goodness requir$ ( ^? :o w\ld walk 9 ! pa? is s9c]ity4 ,s9c]ity is decl>$ to be ! way ( ,heav5 7,ibid41 xx4 #ah71 & x is laid d[n t x is only he :o is possess$ ( ! mo/ complete s9c]ity t c exi/ "u ,heav51 :o c give its full developm5t to 8 nature4 ,hav+ ?is p[]1 he is said to be able to give developm5t to ! natures ( o!r m51 animals1 & ?+s1 & ev5 to assi/ ! trans=m+ & n\ri%+ p[]s ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 s t he may ) ,heav5 & ,e>? =m a t]nion 7,*ung ,yung1 xx4 #g74 ,! doctr9e ( ,heav5 z a protect+ p[] holds no inconsid]able place 9 ?is %ort treatise4 ,?us x is /at$ t ,heav51 9 ! production ( ?+s1 is surely b\ntiful to !m1 accord+ to _! qualities 7,ibid41 xvii4 #c74 ,9 ord] to "k m5 ! sov]eign may n disp5se ) a k ( ,heav5 7,ibid41 xxii74 ,! way ( ,heav5 & ,e>? may be completely decl>$ 9 "o s5t5ce4 ,!y are )\t any d\bl5ess1 & s !y produce ?+s 9 a mann] t is unfa?omable4 ,! way ( ,heav5 & ,e>? is l>ge & sub/antial1 high & brilliant1 f> rea*+ & long endur+ 7,*ung ,yung1 xxvi4 #g1 #h74 ,& 9 a v high-fl[n passage on ! "* ( ! sage--said to ref] to ! au?or's gr&fa!r--he is spok5 ( z ! equal ( ,heav5 7,ibid41 xxxi4 #c74 ,heav51 h[ev]1 is n ! only sup]human p[] t is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*ung ,yung4 ,9 "o ( its *apt]s we are told t ,confucius ?us express$ himself3-- ,h[ abundantly d spiritual be+s display ! p[]s t belong to !m6 ,we look = !m1 b d n see !m2 we li/5 to1 b d n he> !m2 yet !y ent] into all ?+s1 & !re is no?+ )\t !m4 ,!y cause all ! p 9 ! ,empire to fa/ & purify !mselves1 & array !mselves 9 _! ri*e/ dresses1 9 ord] to att5d at _! sacrifices4 ,!n1 l ov]fl[+ wat]1 !y seem to be ov] ! heads1 & on ! "r & left ( _! wor%ip]s 7,*ung ,yung1 xvi4 #a-c74 ,?is positive expression ( op9ion is sc>cely consi/5t ) ! habitual res]ve ( ,kung-tse on subjects ( ?is k9d 7,lun ,yu1 vii4 #bj71 & 7 x n t x re/s app>5tly on adequate au?ority1 we might be tempt$ to reject x z apocryphal4 ,,subdivision #d4--,! works ( ,mang-tsze4 ,! next place 9 ! ,*9ese ,scriptures is occupi$ by ! works ( ,mang-tsze1 ! philosoph] ,mang1 or z he is frequ5tly call$1 ,m5cius4 ,mang liv$ ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an ,confucius1 hav+ be5 born ab\t #cga1 & hav+ di$ 9 #bhh ,b4 ,c4 ,he 0 n an orig9al tea*] ass]t+ indep5d5t au?ority1 & has no claim to ! title ( prophet4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 an av[$ disciple ( ,confucius1 to ^: dicta he paid implicit rev]5ce1 & :om he quot$ ) ! respect due to ! exalt$ "* :i* ! sage _h already acquir$ 9 ! eyes ( 8 s*ool4 ,! s-call$ ,works ( ,mang are n orig9al compositions ( ?is philosoph]1 b collections ( 8 say+s1 resembl+ ! ,lun ,yu1 or ,confucian ,analects4 ,:e!r he compil$ !m1 or took any "p 9 _! compilation himself1 is unc]ta94 ,b1 consid]+ _! "*1 ! m probable hypo!sis seems to be t !y 7 committ$ to writ+ by 8 fri5ds1 or disciples1 ei!r dur+ 8 own life1 or imm$iately aft] 8 dea?4 ,! evid5ce ( _! antiquity & au!nticity mu/ be v briefly t\*$ ^u4 ,! e>lie/ notice ( ,mang is antec$5t to ! ,ts'9 dyna/y 7#bee-bjf ,b4 ,c471 t is1 )9 ?irty-?ree ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,we are indebt$ = x to ,seun ,k'+1 :o sev]al times makes m5tion ( ,mang1 & :o 9 "o *apt] ( 8 works1 quotes 8 argum5ts & endeavors to set !m aside4 ,9 ! next place1 we h acc\nts ( him1 & ref]5ces to 8 writ+s1 9 ,k'ung ,foo1 prior to ! ,han dyna/y1 t is1 be=e #bjf ,b4 ,c4 ,?irdly1 he is quot$ by writ]s f #ahf-agh ,b4 ,c41 "u ! ,han dyna/y4 ,ab\t #ajj ,b4 ,c4 occurs ! e>lie/ m5tion n[ kn[n ( ,mang's works4 ,x emanates f ,sze-ma ,tse51 :o attributes to ,mang himself ! composition ( sev5 books4 ,:ile 9 a category ( ! date ,a4 ,d4 #a1 ! works ( ,mang are ent]$ z be+ 9 elev5 books2 a discrepancy :i* has giv5 rise to p]plexities among ,*9ese s*ol>s1 ) :i* we ne$ n conc]n ourselves4 ,suffice x to say1 t ,mang's works1 z we n[ possess !m1 consi/ only ( sev5 books1 & are n kn[n to h ev] consi/$ ( m4 ,?is evid5ce w\ld appe> to be suffici5t to prove ! antiquity ( ! collection1 ?\gh n its ,m5cian au?or%ip4 ,:oev] may h be5 its au?or1 x 0 n admitt$ among ! ,sacr$ ,books till _m c5turies aft] x _h be5 receiv$ among s*ol>s z a valuable1 ?\gh n classical1 "w4 ,"u ! ,sung dyna/y1 :i* began to reign ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ifj-igj1 ! works ( ,mang 7 at l5g? plac$ on a level ) ! ,lun ,yu1 z "p ( ! great ,bible ( ,*9a4 ,on ! :ole1 ,mang's writ+s are ( little int]e/ = ,european read]s1 & ,i %all n tr\ble m9e ) any elaborate acc\nt ( !m4 ,!y are ma9ly occupi$ ) ! "q ( ! good gov]nm5t ( ! ,empire4 ,:at con/itutes a good rul]8 on :at pr9ciples %\ld ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs be c>ri$ on8 h[ c ! p be r5d]$ happy & ! :ole ,empire prosp]\s8 ^! are ! sort ( inquiries t *iefly engag$ ! att5tion ( ,mang1 & to :i* he s\ght to furni% satisfactory replies4 ,at ! c\rts ( ! mon>*s :o receiv$ him1 he inculcat$ b5evol5t conduct t[>ds _! subjects1 ) a pat]nal reg>d = _! welf>e1 & sometimes boldly reprov$ unju/ or neglig5t rul]s4 ,hold+1 9 common ) ! re/ ( 8 s*ool1 ! doctr9e ( a sup]9t5d5ce ( human affairs by a p[] nam$ ,heav51 he ass]t$ 9 uncompromis+ t]ms ! !ory t ,heav5 expresses its w ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! p at l>ge4 ,vox populi1 vox ,dei1 is ! s5tim5t t animates ! foll[+ passage1 :i* conta9s "o ( ! mo/ c\rage\s ass]tions ( popul> rights to be f\nd 9 ! productions ( any age or c\ntry3-- ,wan ,*ang said1 ',0 x ! case t ,ya\ gave ! empire to ,%un8'#dj ,m5cius said1 ',no4 ,! emp]or _c give ! empire to ano!r4' ',yes2--b ,%un _h ! empire4 ,:o gave x to him8' ',heav5 gave x to him1' 0 ! answ]4 ',heav5 gave x to him3--did ,heav5 conf] its appo9tm5t on him ) specific injunctions8' ,m5cius repli$1 ',no4 ,heav5 does n speak4 ,x simply %[$ its w by 8 p]sonal conduct1 & 8 conduct ( affairs4' ',x %[$ its w by 8 p]sonal conduct & 8 conduct ( affairs3--h[ 0 ?is8' ,m5cius' answ] 01 ',! empire 8 emp]or c pres5t a man to ,heav51 b he _c make ,heav5 give t man ! empire4 ,a pr9ce c pres5t a man to ! emp]or1 b he _c cause ! emp]or to make t man a pr9ce4 ,a great (fic] c pres5t a man to 8 pr9ce1 b he _c cause ! pr9ce to make t man a great (fic]4 ,ya\ pres5t$ ,%un to ,heav51 & ! p accept$ him4 ,!re=e ,i say1 ,heav5 does n speak4 ,x simply indicat$ its w by 8 p]sonal conduct & 8 conduct ( affairs4' ,*ang said1 ',i presume to ask h[ x 0 t ,ya\ pres5t$ ,%un to ,heav51 & ,heav5 accept$ him2 & t he exhibit$ him to ! p1 & ! p accept$ him4 ,m5cius repli$1 ',he caus$ him to preside ov] ! sacrifices1 & all ! spirits 7 well pleas$ ) !m2--?us ,heav5 accept$ him4 ,he caus$ him to preside ov] ! conduct ( affairs1 & affairs 7 well adm9i/]$1 s t ! p repos$ "u him2--?us ! p accept$ him4 ,heav5 gave ! empire to him4 ,! p gave x to him4 ,!re=e ,i said1 ,! emp]or _c give ! empire to ano!r4 ',%un assi/$ ,ya\ 9 ! gov]nm5t = tw5ty & eight ye>s2--?is 0 m ?an man c\ld h done1 & 0 f ,heav54 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,ya\1 :5 ! ?ree ye>s' m\rn+ 0 complet$1 ,%un )drew f ! son ( ,ya\ to ! s\? ( ,s\? riv]4 ,! pr9ces ( ! empire1 h[ev]1 repair+ to c\rt1 w5t n to ! son ( ,ya\1 b !y w5t to ,%un4 ,s+]s sang n ! son ( ,ya\1 b !y sang ,%un4 ,!re=e ,i said1 ,heav5 gave him ! empire4 ,x 0 aft] ^! ?+s t he w5t to ! ,middle k+dom1 & occupi$ ! emp]or's seat4 ,if he _h1 be=e ^! ?+s1 tak5 up 8 resid5ce 9 ! palace ( ,ya\1 & _h appli$ pressure to ! son ( ,ya\1 x w\ld h be5 an act ( usurpation1 & n ! gift ( ,heav54 ',?is s5tim5t is express$ 9 ! words ( ,! great ,decl>ation1--,heav5 sees accord+ z my p see2 ,heav5 he>s accord+ z my p he>' 7,! ,italics are m9e4--,mang-tsze1 b4 #e1 pt4 i4 *4 v474 ,mang's notion ( :at a really good gov]nm5t %\ld d is fully expla9$ at ! end ( ! fir/ "p ( ! fir/ book1 9 an exhortation to ! k+ ( ,ts'e4 ,8 ,maje/y1 he obs]v$1 %\ld in/itute a gov]nm5t ^: action %all all be b5evol5t1 = !n 8 k+dom w be resort$ to by (fic]s ( ! c\rt1 f>m]s1 m]*ants1 & p]sons :o are aggriev$ by _! own rul]s4 ,! k+ mu/ take c>e to regulate ! livelihood ( p1 9 ord] t all may h en\gh = p>5ts1 wives1 & *ildr52 = !y are only m5 ( education1 :o )\t a c]ta9 livelihood1 are able to ma9ta9 a fix$ he>t4 ,z to ! p1 if !y h n a c]ta9 livelihood1 x foll[s t !y w n h a fix$ he>t4 ,& if !y h n a fix$ he>t1 !re is no?+ :i* !y w n d1 9 ! way ( self-ab&onm5t1 ( moral deflection1 ( depravity1 & ( wild lic5se4 ,:5 !y h ?us be5 involv$ 9 crime1 to foll[ !m up & puni% !m1--?is is to entrap ! p4 ,h[ c su* a ?+ z entrapp+ ! p be done "u ! rule ( a b5evol5t man8 ,) a view !n to _! mat]ial & moral well-be+1 mulb]ry trees %\ld be plant$1 ! bre$+ seasons ( dome/ic animals be c>efully att5d$ to1 ! labor necess>y to cultivate f>ms n be int]f]$ )1 & c>eful att5tion paid to education 9 s*ools4 ,& x has nev] be5 kn[n t ! rul] 9 ^: ,/ate ^! ?+s 7 duly p]=m$ did n atta9 to ! ,imp]ial dignity 7,mang-tsze1 b4 #a1 pt4 i4 *4 vii4 p4 #ah-bd74 ,! only virtue requir$ = ! atta9m5t ( ,imp]ial sway is ! love & protection ( ! p2 ) ?is !re is no p[] :i* c prev5t a rul] f atta9+ x 7,ibid41 b4 #a1 pt4 i4 *4 vii4 p4 #c74 ,9 accordance ) 8 decid$ op9ions z to ! "r ( ! p to be consult$ 9 ! appo9tm5t ( _! rul]s1 he advis$ ! same k+ to be guid$ entirely by popul> feel+ 9 assum+1 or n assum+1 ! gov]nm5t ( a neighbor+ t]ritory :i* he _h conqu]$4 ,if ! p ( ,y5 w be pleas$ ) y\r tak+ possession ( x1 !n d s4444 ,if ! p ( ,y5 w n be pleas$ ) y\r tak+ possession ( x1 !n d n d s 7,mang-tsze1 b4 #a1 pt4 ii4 *4 x4 p4 #c74 ,mang 0 some?+ ( a political economi/ z well z a /atesman4 ,!re is 9 8 writ+s a j & /rik+ def5se ( ! division ( labor1 9 opposition to ! primitive simplicity recomm5d$ by a man nam$ ,heu ,h+1 :o wi%$ ! rul]s to cultivate ! soil ) _! own h&s4 ,mang's answ] to ,heu ,h+'s disciple is 9 ! =m ( an ad hom9em argum5t1 %[+ t1 z ,heu ,h+ himself does n manufacture 8 own clo!s or make 8 own pots & pans1 b obta9s !m 9 ex*ange = gra91 9 ord] t all 8 "t may be devot$ to agriculture1 x is absurd to suppose t gov]nm5t is ! only bus9ess :i* c advantage\sly be pursu$ along ) husb&ry1 z ,heu ,h+ desir$ 7,mang-tsze1 b4 #a1 pt4 ii4 *4 x4 p4 #c74 ,x 0 n en\gh1 h[ev]1 9 ,mang's eyes t a sov]eign %\ld conduct ! gov]nm5t ( 8 c\ntry 9 accordance ) ! great e?ical & economical maxims he laid d[n2 he mu/ also pay /rict att5tion to ! rules ( ,*9ese etiquette4 ,on "s occasions ,mang insi/$ ev5 haughtily on ! obs]vance t[>ds himself ( ^! rules by ! pr9ces :o wi%$ to see him1 ev5 ?\gh "o ( 8 own disciples pla9ly told him t 9 refus+ to visit !m because ( _! suppos$ failure to att5d to su* m9uti he seem$ to him to be /&+ on a small po9t 7,ibid41 b4 #c1 pt4 i4 *4 iv74 ,9 fact ! rules ( propriety held 9 8 e/imation no less a place ?an 9 t ( 8 ,ma/] & pr$ecessor4 ,x is gratify+1 h[ev]1 to f9d him admitt+ t cases may arise :]e _! op]ation %\ld be susp5d$4 ,indecor\s z x is = males & females to all[ _! h&s to t\* 9 giv+ or receiv+ any?+1 yet :5 a man's si/]-9-law is dr[n+ he is p]mitt$1 & inde$ b\nd to1 rescue h] ) ! h&4 ,nay1 ,mang 9 8 lib]ality goes fur!r1 & emphatically obs]ves1 t he :o w\ld n s rescue a dr[n+ woman is a wolf 7,mang-tsze1 b4 #d1 pt4 i4 *4 xvii4 p4 #a74 ,! mo/ important doctr9e ( a moral "* dwelt ^u by ,mang is t ( ! ess5tial goodness ( human nature1 on :i* he lays consid]able /ress4 ,accord+ to him1 ! t5d5cy ( man's nature to good is l ! t5d5cy ( wat] to fl[ d[nw>ds1 & x is %>$ by all1 z all wat] fl[s d[nw>ds4 ,y may inde$ =ce wat] to g upw>ds by /rik+ x1 b ! movem5t is unnatural1 & x is equally contr>y to ! nature ( m5 to be made to d :at is n good 7,ibid41 b4 #f1 pt4 i4 *4 ii4 pp4 #b1 #c74 ,ya\ & ,%un 7 inde$ great m51 b all may be ,ya\s & ,%uns1 if only !y w make ! necess>y ef=t 7,ibid41 b4 #f1 pt4 ii4 *4 ii4 pp4 #a-e74 ,m5's m\?s agree 9 hav+ ! same reli%es2 _! e>s agree 9 enjoy+ ! same s\nds2 _! eyes agree 9 recogniz+ ! same beauty2--%all _! m9ds alone be )\t t :i* !y simil>ly approve8 ,:at is x !n ( :i* !y simil>ly approve8 ,x is1 ,i say1 ! pr9ciples ( our nature1 & ! det]m9ations ( righte\sness4 ,! sages only appreh5d$ be=e me t ( :i* my m9d approves along ) o!r m54 ,!re=e ! pr9ciples ( our nature & ! det]m9ations ( righte\sness are agreeable to my m9d1 j z ! fle% ( grass 8-f$ & gra9-f$ animals is agreeable to my m\? 7,mang-tsze1 b4 #f1 pt4 i4 *4 vii4 p4 #h74 ,x ought n to be said t any man's m9d is )\t b5evol5ce & righte\sness4 ,b m5 lose _! goodness z ! trees are d5ud$ by axes & bills4 ,! m9d1 hewn d[n day aft] day1 _c reta9 its beauty4 ,b ! calm air ( ! morn+ is favorable to ! natural feel+s ( humanity1 ?\gh !y are de/roy$ aga9 by ! influ5ces m5 come "u dur+ ! day4 ,?is fett]+ takes place aga9 & aga91 & z ! re/orative influ5ce ( ! night is insuffici5t to pres]ve ! native hue1 ! nature becomes n mu* diff]5t f t ( ! irrational animals1 & !n p suppose x nev] _h ^! orig9al p[]s ( goodness4 ,b does ?is condition1 cont9ues ,mang1 repres5t ! feel+s prop] to humanity8 7,ibid41 b4 #f1 pt4 i4 *4 viii4 p4 #b74 ,:at "s ( ^! feel+s are he has pla9ly told u4 ,commis]ation1 %ame1 & dislike1 mode/y & complaisance1 approbation & disapprobation1 are accord+ to him f\r pr9ciples :i* m5 h j z !y h _! f\r limbs4 ,! important po9t = all m5 to att5d to is _! developm5t1 = if !y are b completely develop$1 !y w suffice to love & protect all )9 ! f\r seas 7,ibid41 b4 #b1 pt4 i4 *4 vi4 pp4 #e-g74 ,& 9 ano!r place he insi/s on ! importance ( /udy+ & cultivat+ ! nature :i* he ass]ts to be ?us in/9ctively virtu\s4 ,he :o has exhau/$ all 8 m5tal con/itution kn[s 8 nature4 ,kn[+ 8 nature1 he kn[s ,heav54 ,to pres]ve "o's m5tal con/itution1 & n\ri% "o's nature1 is ! way to s]ve ,heav5 7,ibid41 b4 #g1 pt4 i4 *4 i4 pp4 #a1 #b74 ,! moral tone ( ,mang's writ+s is exalt$ & unb5d+1 & ev9ces a man ^: "* w be> comp>ison ) ^? ( ! greate/ philosoph]s or mo/ em95t ,*ri/ians ( ! we/]n _w4 ,,subdivision #e4--,! ,%oo ,k+4 ,9 ?is "w are conta9$ ! hi/orical memorials ( ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,! au!ntic hi/ory ( ,*9a ext5ds1 z is well kn[n1 to an e>li] date ?an t ( any extant nation4 ,x possesses records ( ev5ts t occurr$ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 al?\gh ^! ev5ts are int]mix$ ) fabul\s incid5ts4 ,f ! "t ( ,t'ang ! ,successful1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,legge in=ms u1 commonly plac$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 we seem to be able to tread ! field ( hi/ory ) a some:at confid5t /ep 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iii4 ,proleg41 p4 #dh74 ,! exact dates1 h[ev]1 _c be fix$ ) c]ta9ty till ! ye> #gge ,b4 ,c4 ,tw5ty c5turies be=e our era ! ,*9ese nation appe>s1 beg9n+ to be 7,ibid41 p4 #ij74 ,)\t ent]+ into ! hi/ory ( ! text ( ! ,%oo ,k+1 x may be /at$ t its fifty-eight books may probably be accept$ z sub/antially ! same ) ^? :i* 7 kn[n to ,seun-tsze1 ,m5cius1 ,mih-tsze1 ,confucius himself1 & o!rs 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iii4 ,proleg41 p4 #dh74 ,its e>lie/ books--:i* mu/ be reg>d$ z 9 great "p leg5d>y--conta9 acc\nts ( ?ree ,*9ese ,emp]ors--,ya\1 ,%un1 & ,yu--^: conduct is held up z a model to future ages1 & :o repres5t ! beau idal ( a rul] to ! ,*9ese m9d4 ,^! admirable sov]eigns 7 succe$$ by m5 ( v inf]ior virtue4 ,t'ae-k'ang 7,b4 ,c4 #bahg71 ! gr&son ( ,yu1 pursu$ 8 pleasure & w&]+s )\t any re/ra9t4 ,an insurrection aga9/ 8 au?ority took place1 & 8 five bro!rs took occasion to admoni% him by repeat+ ! cautions ( ! great ,yu 9 ! =m ( songs4 ,! fir/ ( ^! songs may be quot$ z a good specim5 ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,%oo ,k+ ) ref]5ce to ! imp]ial duties3-- ,x 0 ! lesson ( our great ance/or3-- ,! p %\ld be *]i%$2 ,!y %\ld n be d[n-trodd53 ,! p are ! root ( a c\ntry2 ,! root firm1 ! c\ntry is tranquil4 ,:5 ,i look ?r\gh\t ! empire1 ,( ! simple m5 & simple wom51 ,any "o may surpass me1 ,if ,i1 ! "o man1 err repeat$ly3-- ,%\ld dissatisfaction be wait$ = till x appe>s8 ,be=e x is se51 x %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,9 my relation to ! millions ( ! p1 ,i %\ld feel z mu* anxiety z if ,i 7 driv+ six horses ) rott5 re9s4 ,! rul] ( m5-- ,h[ c he be b rev]5t ( 8 duty8#da ,_m successive dyna/ies1 compris+ sov]eigns ( v>i\s *>act]s1 succe$ ^! orig9al ,emp]ors4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,%oo ,k+ we f9d great /ress laid on ! doctr9e1 t ! rul]s ( ! l& enjoy ! protection ( ,heav5 only s long z _! gov]nm5t is good4 ,%\ld ! pr9ce become tyrannical1 dissolute1 or neglectful ( 8 exalt$ duties1 ! favor ( ! ,div9e ,p[] is )drawn f him & conf]r$ ^u ano!r1 :o is ?us enabl$ to drive him f ! ?rone he is no long] wor?y to fill4 ,! emphatic & reit]at$ ass]tion ( ?is revolution>y !ory is v rem>kable4 ,?us1 a k+ :o has himself j effect$ ! ov]?r[ ( an incompet5t dyna/y1 is repres5t$ z address+ ?is disc\rse to ! myriad regions3-- ,ah6 ye multitudes ( ! myriad regions1 li/5 cle>ly to ! ann\ncem5t ( me1 ! "o man4 ,! great ,god has conf]r$ ev5 on ! inf]ior p a moral s5se1 compliance ) :i* w\ld %[ _! nature inv>iably "r 7! same doctr9e insi/$ on by ,mang74 ,b to cause !m tranquilly to pursue ! c\rse :i* x w\ld indicate1 is ! "w ( ! sov]eign4 ,! k+ ( ,hea 7! mon>* :om ! speak] _h sup]s$$17 ext+ui%$ 8 virtue & play$ ! tyrant1 ext5d+ 8 oppression ov] y1 ! p ( ! myriad regions4 ,suff]+ f 8 cruel injuries1 & unable to endure ! wormwood & poison1 y prote/$ ) "o accord y\r innoc5ce to ! spirits ( heav5 & e>?4 ,! way ( ,heav5 is to bless ! good & puni% ! bad4 ,x s5t d[n calamities on ! ,h\se ( ,hea1 to make manife/ its crimes4 ,!re=e ,i1 ! little *ild1 *>g$ ) ! decree ( ,heav5 & its bright t]rors1 did n d>e to =give ! crim9al4 ,i presume to use a d>k-color$ victim1 & mak+ cle> ann\ncem5t to ! spiritual ,sov]eign ( ! high heav5s1 reque/$ leave to deal ) ! rul] ( ,hea z a crim9al4 ,!n ,i s\ght = ! great sage1 ) :om ,i might unite my /r5g?1 to reque/ ! favor ( ,heav5 on behalf ( y1 my multitudes4 ,high ,heav5 truly %[$ its favor to ! inf]ior p1 & ! crim9al has be5 degrad$ & subject$ 7,%oo ,k+1 iv4 #c4 #b74 ,x is true t ?is spee*1 proce$+ f an int]e/$ p>ty naturally anxi\s to set 8 own conduct 9 ! faire/ light1 is liable to suspicion4 ,b !re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! pages ( ! ,%oo ,k+ t ! views express$ above 7 p>ticipat$ 9 by its writ]s1 :o con/antly hold ! fate t befalls wick$ ,emp]ors z a puni%m5t f ,heav51 & laud ^? :o effect _! own d[nfall z ,heav5's ag5ts4 ,!y also frequ5tly introduce sage advis]s :o reprove ! reign+ ,emp]or = 8 faults1 & admoni% him to walk 9 ! ways ( virtue 9 a _s ( ! utmo/ frankness4 ,"o ( ^! mon>*s c&idly confesses ! b5efit he has d]iv$ f ! in/ructions ( su* a c\nselor1 ^: lessons h l$ him to effect a complete re=mation ( 8 "* 7,ibid41 iv4 #e4 pt4 ii74 ,ano!r *>g$ 8 m9i/] to be con/antly pres5t+ in/ructions to aid 8 virtue1 & to act t[>ds him z m$ic9e :i* %\ld cure 8 sickness 7,ibid41 iv4 #h4 pt4 i4 #e-h74 ,if1 h[ev]1 a dyna/y p]si/$ 9 its evil c\rses1 9 spite ( all ! w>n+s x might receive1 x 0 doom$ to p]i%4 ,los+ ! atta*m5t ( ! p1 x fell undef5d$ & unregrett$4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! h\se ( ,y94 ,! ,visc\nt ( ,wei1 :o is /at$ by old au?orities to h be5 a bro!r ( ! ,emp]or1 ?us describ$ its c>e]3-- ,! ,visc\nt ( ,wei spoke to ! foll[+ effect3--',gr& ,tutor & ,junior ,tutor1 ! ,h\se ( ,y91 we may conclude1 c no long] ex]cise rule ov] ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! empire4 ,! great de$s ( our f\nd] 7 display$ 9 =m] ages1 b by our be+ lo/ & madd5$ ) w9e1 we h de/roy$ ! effects ( 8 virtue1 9 ^! aft] times4 ,! p ( ,y91 small & great1 are giv5 to highway robb]ies1 villa9ies1 & trea*]y4 ,! nobles & (fic]s imitate "o ano!r 9 violat+ ! laws2 & = crim9als !re is no c]ta9ty t !y w be appreh5d$4 ,! less] p consequ5tly rise up1 & make viol5t outrages on "o ano!r4 ,! dyna/y ( ,y9 is n[ s9k+ 9 ru92--its condition is l t ( "o cross+ a l>ge /ream1 :o c f9d nei!r =d nor bank4 ,t ,y9 %\ld be hurry+ to ru9 at ! pres5t pace6'-- ,he add$1 ',gr& ,tutor & ,junior ,tutor1 we are manife/+ insanity4 ,! v5]able ( our families h )drawn to ! wilds2 & n[ y indicate no?+1 b tell me ( ! imp5d+ ru92--:at is to be done8' ,! ,gr& ,tutor made ab\t ! foll[+ reply3--',k+'s son1 ,heav5 9 ang] is s5d+ d[n calamities1 & wa/+ ! c\ntry ( ,y94' ,& aft] m5tion+ ! crimes ( ! ,emp]or1 he proce$s3--',:5 ru9 ov]takes ,%ang1 ,i w n be ! s]vant ( ano!r dyna/y4 ,b ,i tell y1 ,o k+'s son1 to g away z be+ ! c\rse = y4444 ,let u re/ quietly 9 our sev]al p>ts1 & pres5t ourselves to ! =m] k+s4 ,i d n ?9k ( mak+ my escape' 7,%oo ,k+1 iv4 #aa74 ,9 ano!r portion ( ! ,%oo ! causes :i* lead to ! pres]vation or loss ( ,heav5's favor are ?us describ$ by ,! ,duke ( ,*[3--,! favor ( ,heav5 is n easily pres]v$4 ,heav5 is h>d to be dep5d$ on4 ,m5 lose its favor+ appo9tm5t because !y _c pursue & c>ry out ! rev]5ce & brilliant virtue ( _! =efa!rs4 ,aga93--,heav5 is n to be tru/$4 ,our c\rse is simply to seek ! prolongation ( ! virtue ( ! ,tranquiliz+ k+1 & ,heav5 w n f9d occasion to remove its favor+ decree :i* ,k+ ,wan receiv$ 7,%oo ,k+1 xvi4 #a74 ,! p>am\nt importance to ! national welf>e ( a wise selection ( m9i/]s & (ficials receives its full %>e ( att5tion 9 ! ,*9ese ,bible4 ,! ,duke ( ,ts'91 ano!r prov9ce ( ! ,empire1 is repres5t$ z speak+ ?us3-- ,i h deeply ?\ght & conclud$2--,let me h b "o resolute m9i/]1 pla9 & s9c]e1 )\t o!r abilities1 b hav+ a simple1 complac5t m9d1 & possess$ ( g5]osity1 reg>d+ ! tal5ts ( o!rs1 z if he himself possess$ !m3 & :5 he f9ds accompli%$ & sage-l m51 lov+ !m 9 8 he>t m ?an 8 m\? expresses1 really %[+ himself able to be> !m3--su* a m9i/] w\ld be able to pres]ve my desc5dants & my p1 & w\ld inde$ be a giv] ( b5efits 7,%oo ,k+1 v4 #cj4 ,see also v4 #ai4 #b74 ,^! extracts1 )\t giv+ an adequate notion ( ! v miscellane\s cont5ts ( ! ,%oo ,k+1 a "w :i* c\ld n be accompli%$ )\t an undue ext5sion ( ! subdivision ref]r+ to x1 w s]ve to %[ t its moral tone on matt]s relat+ to ! gov]nm5t ( a nation is n inf]ior to t ( any ( ! productions ( classical or ,hebrew antiquity4 ,,subdivision #f4--,! ,%e ,k+4 ,:atev] sanctity or au?ority may atta* to ! ,%e ,k+ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,*9ese1 mu/ belong to x solely on acc\nt ( its antiquity1 = !re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 ! "* ( its cont5ts t %\ld entitle x to a place 9 ! consecrat$ lit]ature ( a nation4 ,simil> ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 are n unkn[n among m dev\t races ?an ! ,*9ese4 ,?us ! ,hebrews admitt$ into _! ,canon ! ,books ( ,ru? & ,e/h]1 & ! ,song ( ,solomon1 :i* conta9 b little ( an edify+ nature1 ?\gh full ( human int]e/4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,%e ,k+4 ,! play ( human emotions is vividly repres5t$ 9 x1 b !re is n mu* 9 :i* moral or religi\s lessons are to be f\nd1 except by do+ viol5ce to ! text4 ,! ,%e ,k+ is a collection ( anci5t poems4 ,tradition attributes ! arrangem5t & selection ( ! ,odes n[ conta9$ 9 x to ,confucius1 :o is suppos$ to h select$ !m 9 accordance ) "s wise design f a mu* l>g] numb]4 ,! pres5t translator1 h[ev]1 assigns reasons = reject+ ?is tradition1 & = believ+ t ! ,%e ,k+ 0 curr5t 9 ,*9a long be=e 8 "t 9 a =m n v diff]5t f t 9 :i* we n[ possess x4 ,at ! pres5t day1 its songs h n lo/ _! anci5t popul>ity1 = x is /at$ t !y are ! favorite /udy ( ! bett] in=m$ at ! pres5t remote p]iod4 ,e well-educat$ ,*9ese has ! mo/ celebrat$ pieces by he>t1 & !re are con/ant allusions to !m 9 mod]n poetry & writ+s ( all k9ds 7,davis' ,*9ese1 ii4 #fj74 ,! poems1 :i* 7 collect$ f _m diff]5t prov9ces1 relate to a great v>iety ( subjects4 ,"s are political1 "s dome/ic1 "s sacrificial1 o!rs fe/ive4 ,we h rul]s address+ ! pr9ces ( _! k+dom 9 laudatory t]ms1 & pr9ces 9 _! turn extoll+ ! rul]2 compla9ts ( unemploy$ politicians1 & groans f oppress$ subjects2 husb&s deplor+ _! abs5ce f _! wives on milit>y s]vice2 =lorn wives long+ = ! return ( abs5t husb&s2 /anzas writt5 by lov]s to _! mi/resses1 & maid5s' invocations ( _! lov]s2 along ) a few allusions to amatory transactions ( a m que/ionable "*4 ,all ^! miscellane\s matt]s are treat$ 9 %ort1 simple1 & r monoton\s poems1 :i*1 if !y h any beauty 9 ! orig9al1 h completely lo/ x 9 ! process ( translation4 ,!re is sometimes pa?os 9 ! feel+s utt]$2 b ! expressions are ( ! mo/ direct & unornam5tal k9d1 & ! :ole book p>takes l>gely ( t artlessness :i* we h not$ z "o ( ! ord9>y m>ks ( ,sacr$ ,books4 ,a few specim5s w suffice4 ,"h is ! prote/ ( a wid[ aga9/ be+ urg$ to m>ry aga93-- #a4 ,x floats ab\t1 t boat ( cypress wood1 ,!re 9 ! middle ( ! ,ho4 ,) 8 two tufts ( hair fall+ ov] 8 =ehead2 ,he 0 my mate2 ,& ,i swe> t till dea? ,i w h no o!r4 ,o "m1 ,o ,heav51 ,:y w y n und]/& me8 #b4 ,x floats ab\t1 t boat ( cypress wood1 ,!re by ! side ( ! ,ho4 ,) 8 two tufts ( hair fall+ ov] 8 =ehead2 ,he 0 my only "o2 ,& ,i swe> t till dea? ,i w n d ! evil ?+4 ,o "m1 ,o ,heav51 ,:y w y n und]/& me8#db ,9 ! foll[+ l9es a "y lady begs h] lov] to be m cauti\s 9 8 advances1 & t 9 a tone :i* may rem9d u ( ,nausikaa's reque/ to ,odysseus to walk at "s di/ance beh9d h]1 le/ ! busybodies ( ! t[n %\ld take occasion to gossip3-- #a4 ,i pray y1 ,mr4 ,*ung1 ,d n come leap+ into my hamlet2 ,d n break my will[-trees4 ,d ,i c>e = !m8 ,b ,i fe> my p>5ts4 ,y1 ,o ,*ung1 are to be lov$1 ,b ! words ( my p>5ts ,are also to be fe>$4 #b4 ,i pray y1 ,mr4 ,*ung1 ,d n come leap+ ov] my wall2 ,d n break my mulb]ry-trees4 ,d ,i c>e = !m8 ,b ,i fe> ! words ( my bro!rs4 ,y1 ,o ,*ung1 are to be lov$1 ,b ! words ( my bro!rs ,are also to be fe>$4 #c4 ,i pray y1 ,mr4 ,*ung1 ,d n come leap+ into my g>d52 ,d n break my s&al-trees4 ,d ,i c>e = !m8 ,b ,i dread ! talk ( p4 ,y1 ,o ,*ung1 are to be lov$1 ,b ! talk ( p ,is also to be fe>$4#dc ,! foll[+ ,ode1 conceiv$ 9 a diff]5t _s1 w s]ve to illu/rate "o ( ! mo/ prom95t features ( ,*9ese "* z depict$ 9 ^! anci5t books1--its filial piety4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! composition ( a "y mon>* :o has j succe$$ to ! gov]nm5t ( 8 k+dom3-- ,alas = me1 :o am z a little *ild1 ,on :om has devolv$ ! unsettl$ ,/ate6 ,solit>y am ,i & full ( di/ress4 ,oh my great ,fa!r1 ,all ?y life long1 ?\ wa/ filial4 ,?\ did/ ?9k ( my great gr&fa!r1 ,see+ him1 z x 7 asc5d+ & desc5d+ 9 ! c\rt4 ,i1 ! little *ild1#dd ,day & night w be s rev]5t4 ,oh ye great k+s1 ,z y\r successor1 ,i w /rive n to =get y4#de ,,subdivision #g4--,! ,*'un ,ts'w4 ,accord+ to ,*9ese tradition1 ! ,*'un ,ts'w1 or ,spr+ & ,autumn1 0 ! production ( ,confucius himself2 n inde$ 8 orig9al composition1 b a compilation made by him f prexi/+ s\rces4 ,! title ( ,*'un ,ts'w 0 n ( 8 own mak+4 ,x 0 ! "n already 9 use = ! annals ( ! sev]al ,/ates4 ,! annals 7 arrang$ "u ! f\r seasons ( ea* ye>1 & !n two ( ! seasons--,spr+ & ,autumn--7 us$ z an abbreviat$ t]m = all ! f\r4 ,& s /rictly is ?is pr9ciple ( p>cel+ out ! annals ( ea* ye> "u ! sev]al seasons adh]$ to 9 ! "w1 t ev5 :5 !re is no ev5t to be record$ we h su* entries z ^!3 ,x 0 summ]1 ! f\r? mon?4 ,x 0 w9t]1 ! t5? mon?4 ,! classical ,*'un ,ts'w 0 compil$ f ! ,*'un ,ts'w ( ! ,/ate ( ,loo4 ,x is ev5 d\btful :e!r ,confucius did any?+ m ?an copy :at he f\nd 9 ! annals ( t c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,legge evid5tly incl9es to ! belief t he alt]$ no?+4 ,at any rate1 ! "w c only be reg>d$ z v p>ticul>ly 8 own4 ,m ?an ?is1 x is que/ionable :e!r ! text we h at pres5t is t ( ! orig9al ,*'un ,ts'w at all4 ,?is classic is inde$ said to h be5 recov]$ 9 ! ,han dyna/y aft] ! de/ruction ( ! book4 ,b !re are circum/ances :i* may well make u hesitate be=e we accept ! ,*9ese acc\nt ( ?is recov]y z a fact4 ,mang1 :o _h ! be/ opportunities ( kn[+ :at 8 ma/] 0 believ$ to h writt51 if n :at he actually _h writt51 speaks ( ! ,*'un ,ts'w 9 t]ms :olly inapplicable to ! "w be=e u4 ,he ass]ts expressly t x 0 compos$ by him because "r pr9ciples _h dw9dl$ away1 because unseemly language & unrighte\s de$s 7 common1 & he attributes to its completion ! result t rebelli\s m9i/]s & villa9\s sons 7 /ruck ) t]ror4 ,n[ we may all[ :at limits we please = ! exagg]ation natural to a disciple :5 speak+ ( ! labors ( a rev]$ ma/]4 ,b c we believe t ,mang1 a man ^: own tea*+ proves him to h be5 a mod]ate & s5sible ?9k]1 w\ld h spok5 ?us ( a compilation :i* f beg9n+ to end conta9s absolutely no moral pr9ciples :atev]8 ,yet su* is ! case ) ! ,spr+ & ,autumn z we possess x4 ,!re is n 9 x ! fa9te/ glimm] ( an e?ical judgm5t on ! hi/orical ev5ts :i* x records4 ,a bir?1 an eclipse1 a fall ( sn[1 a plague ( insects1 a murd]1 a battle1 ! dea? ( a rul]1 are all *ronicl$ 9 ! same dry1 lifeless1 unv>y+ /yle4 ,n[h]e w\ld x be possible = an unprejudic$ critic to detect ! op9ions ( ! compil]1 or to ga!r f 8 words t he view$ a virtu\s action ) m favor ?an an abom9able crime4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ,i hesitate1 not)/&+ ! high au?ority ( ,dr4 ,legge1 to accept ! g5u95ess ( ?is "w z beyond cavil4 ,x has 9 fact be5 que/ion$ 9 ,*9a1 n inde$ on v valid gr\nds1 by a s*ol> ^: lett] he has translat$ 9 8 ,prolegom5a1 & he himself c&idly ackn[l$ges ! extreme difficulty ( reconcil+ ! "* ( our pres5t text ) ! /atem5t ( ,mang4 ,b he consid]s ! ext]nal te/imony to ! recov]y ( ! book suffici5tly weighty to dispose ( ?is & o!r difficulties4 ,yet1 )\t disput+ ! /r5g? ( ! gr\nds on :i* ?is conclusion re/s1 we may /ill p]mit ourselves to ent]ta9 a mode/ d\bt :e!r ?is compilation 0 really ! h&iwork ( su* a man z we "k ,confucius to h be51 & t d\bt w be /r5g!n$ :5 we recall ! common t5d5cy ( ! popul> m9d to connect ! au?or%ip ( /&>d works ) names ( high repute4 ,& ! b>e exi/5ce ( su* a d\bt w compel u to susp5d our judgm5t on ! v s]i\s *>ges ( misrepres5tation & falsehood :i* ,dr4 ,legge has br\ght aga9/ ,confucius 9 8 capacity ( hi/orian4 ,if ! actual ,*'un ,ts'w be %[n to be id5tical ) t edit$ by ,confucius1 & if he simply adopt$1 )\t alt]ation1 or ) v trivial alt]ation1 ! labors ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ! gravity ( ^! *>ges w be v consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,= we "k n b :at "s feel+ ( respect = t :i* he f\nd already record$ may h /ay$ 8 h& f revision & improvem5t4 ,pass+ to ! "w itself1 we %all f9d little 9 x wor?y ( att5tion1 unless by ^? :o may be desir\s ( /udy+ ! hi/ory ( ,*9a4 ,*9ese comm5tators h inde$ discov]$ all k9ds ( recondite mean+s 9 x1 z is usually ! case ) ! comm5tators on ,sacr$ ,books1 b ^! are ( no m value ?an ! simil> discov]ies ( types & my/ic =e%ad[+s 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,9 itself1 ! text is pr(\ndly un9t]e/+4 ,"h is "o ( ! %orte/ *apt]s z a specim54 ,! title ( ! ,book f :i* x is tak5 is ,duke ,*wang3-- ,,xxvi4 #a4 ,9 8 tw5ty-six? ye>1 9 spr+1 ! duke invad$ ! ,jung4 #b4 ,9 summ]1 ! duke arriv$ f ! invasion ( ! ,jung4 #c4 ,ts'a\ put to dea? "o ( its great (fic]s4 #d4 ,9 autumn1 ! duke jo9$ an (fic] ( ,sung & an (fic] ( ,ts'e 9 invad+ ,seu4 #e4 ,9 w9t]1 9 ! twelf? mon?1 on ,kwei-hae1 ! fir/ day ( ! moon1 ! sun 0 eclips$ 7,*'un ,ts'w1 iii4 #bf74 ,! ev5ts not$ 9 ^! annals ref] to v>i\s ,/ates--= x appe>s t ! sev]al ,/ates 7 9 ! habit ( communicat+ rem>kable occurr5ces to ea* o!r--b !y are ( a v limit$ class1 & are inv>iably record$ 9 ! brief mann] ( ! *apt] t has j be5 quot$4 ,eclipses ( ! sun are duly regi/]$1 & ! record ?us acquires a *ronological value ( high importance 9 hi/orical rese>*es4 ,among ! o!r facts commonly m5tion$ are sacrifices = ra91 :i* occur v frequ5tly2 w>s1 ) ! results ( great battles2 ! m>riages or dea?s ( rul]s & important p]sons2 _! j\rneys2 occasionally _! murd]2 meet+s ( rul]s = ! purpose ( common action 9 matt]s ( ,/ate2 diplomatic missions2 invasions ( locu/s or o!r tr\blesome insects2 & la/ly1 peculi>ities ( v>i\s k9ds 9 ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,x is pla9 t annals ( ?is k9d h no religi\s significance beyond t :i* !y d]ive f ! m]e fact ( be+ reput$ sacr$4 ,& 9 ?is aspect ! ,*'un ,ts'w is c]ta9ly curi\s4 ,hav+ be5 assign$--rightly or wrongly--to ! p5 ( ! prophet ( ,*9a1 x seems to h become a po9t ( honor ) ,*9ese s*ol>s to extract f x1 by hook or by crook1 ! pr(\nde/ lessons on politics & morals4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,! ,,ta-,t-,k,,ng4#df ,!re are 9 ,*9a ?ree recogniz$ sects or religiones licit3--,confucianism1 ,buddhism1 & ,tao-ism4 ,we h exam9$ ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! fir/2 ^? ( ! second w come "u review 9 ano!r section4 ,!re rema9s ! comp>atively small & unimportant sect ( ! ,ta-ts1 or ,doctors ( ,reason1 :o d]ive _! orig9 f ,la-ts1 & :o possess z _! classic ! s+le writt5 composition :i* emanat$ f _! f\nd]4 ,x is entitl$ ! ,ta-t-,kng4 ,anci5t z ?is book is 7probably ab\t ,b4,c4 #ebj71 !re is no reason to d\bt its au!nticity4#dg ,?is is suffici5tly gu>ante$ by quotations f x :i* are f\nd 9 au?ors belong+ to ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 & by ! fact t a s*ol> :o wrote 9 ,b4,c4 #afc made x ! subject ( a comm5t>y1 :i* accompanies x s5t5ce by s5t5ce4 ,nor does ,*9ese tradition /ate t x p]i%$ 9 ! ,burn+ ( ! ,books 7,b4,c4 #bab-bji71 :i* 0 a measure level$ aga9/ ! ,confucian s*ool1 & took place "u an ,emp]or :o 0 favorable to ! ,ta-ts4 ,we may safely conclude t we are 9 possession ( ! g5u9e composition ( ! anci5t philosoph] 7,t4 ,t4 ,k41 lxxiii41 lxxiv74 ,( ! ?ree words :i* compose its title1 ,k+ has already be5 expla9$ 7,supra p4 #cij-cia74 ,! full mean+ ( ,ta w appe> 9 ! sequel3 we may "h t]m x ! ,absolute4 ,te means ,virtue2 & ! title w\ld ?us imply ei!r t ?is ,canonical ,book deals ) ! ,absolute & ) ,virtue1 or ) t k9d ( virtue :i* emanates f1 & is f\nd$ ^u1 a belief 9 & a spiritual union ) ! ,absolute4#dh ,:atev] ! signification ( its "n1 its pr9cipal subjects und\bt$ly are ,ta & ,te3 ! ,supreme ,pr9ciple & human ,virtue4 ,let u see :at is ,la-ts's description ( ,ta1 ! great fundam5tal ,be+ on :om 8 :ole sy/em re/s4 ,ta1 if x c be pron\nc$1 is n ! et]nal ,ta4 ,! ,"n1 if x c be nam$1 is n ! et]nal ,"n4 ,! ,nameless ,"o is ! f\ndation ( ,heav5 & ,e>?2 he :o has a ,"n is ! ,"m ( all be+s 7,*4 #a74 ,^! enigmatical s5t5ces op5 ! ,ta philosophy4 ,! idea t ,ta is unnameable is a prom95t "o 9 ! au?or's m9d1 al?\gh he seems also to recognize a subord9ate creative pr9ciple--l ! ,gno/ic ons--:i* is nameable4 ,?us we read3 ,ta1 ! ,et]nal has no ,"n4444 ,he :o beg9s to create1 has a ,"n 7,*4 #cb74 ,aga93 ,= ev] & ev] x is unnameable1 & returns into non-exi/5ce4 ,or3 ,i "k n its ,"n2 if ,i describe x1 ,i call x ,ta 7,*4 #be74 ,we are rem9d$ ( ,fau/'s reply 9 ,goe!3-- ,i* habe ke95 ,nam5 ,dafr8 ,gefhl i/ alles2 ,"n i/ ,s*all und ,rau* ,umnebelnd ,himmelsglu?4 ,nor is ,ta only )\t a ,"n2 x is sometimes describ$ z if devoid ( all intelligible attributes4 ,?us1 9 "o *apt]1 we le>n t x is et]nally )\t action1 & yet )\t non-action 7,*4 #cg74 ,nay1 ! entire abs5ce ( all activity is n unfrequ5tly pr$icat$ ( ,ta1 ^: great m]it is /at$ to be complete quiesc5ce4 ,ta is moreov] incompreh5sible1 inconceivable1 undiscov]able1 obscure 7,*4 #ba74 ,its upp] "p is n cle>1 its l[] "p n obscure4 ,x returns into non-exi/5ce4 ,x is ! =m ( ! ,=mless2 ! image ( ! ,imageless 7,*4 #ad74 ,my/]i\s z ?is ,be+ is1 yet 9 o!r places attributes are ascrib$ to x :i* g f> to elucidate ! au?or's conception ( its nature4 ,productive en]gy1 = in/ance1 is pla9ly attribut$ to ,ta1 = x is /at$ t ,ta produces "o1 "o two1 & two ?ree1 :ile ?ree produces all creatures 7,*4 #cb74 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is less my/ical3 ,ta produces !m creatures1 its ,might pres]ves !m1 its ess5ce =ms !m1 its p[] p]fects !m3 !re=e ( all be+s !re is none t does n adore ,ta1 & honor its ,might4 ,! adoration ( ,ta1 ! honor+ ( its ,might1 is comm&$ by no "o & is always spontane\s4 ,= ,ta produces !m1 pres]ves !m1 br+s !m up1 fa%ions !m1 p]fects !m1 rip5s !m1 *]i%es !m1 protects !m4 ,to produce & n possess1 to act & n expect1 to br+ up & n control1 ?is is call$ sublime ,virtue4#di ,9 addition to ^! creative & pres]vative qualities1 x has moral attributes ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,?us1 its ,_s is supremely tru/wor?y4 ,9 x is fai?fulness 7,*4 #ba74 ,all be+s tru/ to x 9 ord] to live4 ,:5 a "w is complet$1 x does n call x its own4 ,lov+ & n\ri%+ all be+s1 x /ill does n "l x ov] !m4 ,x is et]nally )\t desire4 ,all be+s turn to x1 yet x does n "l x ov] !m 7,*4 #cd74 ,x is em95tly /raight=w>d4 ,x dwells only ) ^? :o are n occupi$ ) ! luxuries ( ?is _w 7,*4 #ec74 ,nay1 x is altoge!r p]fect 7,*4 #be74 ,! la/ ass]tion is f\nd 9 a *apt] :i*1 z x is probably ! mo/ important 9 ! book = ! purpose ( und]/&+ ! !ology ( ! au?or1 des]ves to be translat$ 9 full3--,!re exi/$ a ,be+1 inconceivably p]fect1 be=e ,heav5 & ,e>? arose4 ,s /ill6 s sup]s5sible6 ,x alone rema9s & does n *ange4 ,x p]vades all & is n endang]$4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! ,"m ( ! ,_w4 ,i "k n its "n2 if ,i describe x1 ,i call x ,ta4 ,conc]n$ to give x a ,"n1 ,i call x ,great2 z great1 ,i call x ,imm5se2 z imm5se1 ,i call x ,di/ant2 z di/ant1 ,i call x ,return+4 ,= ,ta is great2 ,heav5 is great2 ! ,e>? is great2 ! ,k+ is also great4 ,9 ! _w !re are _m k9ds ( greatness1 & ! ,k+ rema9s "o ( !m4 ,! measure ( ,man is ! e>?2 ! measure ( e>?1 ,heav52 ! measure ( ,heav51 ,ta2 ,ta's measure itself4#ej ,su* is ! picture ( ,ta2 b ! ,ta-t-,kng is mu* m ?an a treatise on !ology2 x is ev5 m conspicu\sly a treatise on morals4 ,ta is inde$ ! transc5d5tal f\ndation on :i* ! e?ical sup]/ructure is rais$2 b ! sup]/ructure occupies a mu* m consid]able space ?an ! f\ndation1 & seems to h be5 ! ma9 practical end = :i* ! latt] 0 laid d[n4 ,int]m+l$ ) ! image ( ,ta we f9d ! image ( ! good man1 or1 z we may call him1 9 ,scriptural phraseology1 ! righte\s man2 an ideal ( p]fect virtue1 :om ! au?or holds up1 n z an actual p]son1 b z an imag9>y model = ! guidance ( human conduct4 ,by putt+ toge!r ! scatt]$ traits ( 8 "*1 we may arrive at a tol]able compreh5sion ( ! au?or's conception ( p]fect goodness4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! righte\s man is 9 h>mony 9 8 actions ) ,ta2 he becomes "o ) ,ta1 & ,ta rejoices to receive him 7,*4 #bc74 ,he places himself 9 ! backgr\nd1 & by t v means is br\ght =w>d 7,*4 #g74 ,he does n reg>d himself1 & !re=e %9es2 he is n j to himself1 & is !re=e di/+ui%$2 does n praise himself1 & is !re=e m]itori\s2 does n exalt himself1 & is !re=e prem95t4 ,z he does n dispute1 none c dispute ) him 7,*4 #bb74 ,if he acts1 he sets no /ore by 8 action2 = he does n wi% to r5d] 8 wisdom conspicu\s 7,*4 #gg74 ,he kn[s himself1 b does n reg>d himself2 loves himself1 b does n set a high price on himself 7,*4 #gb74 ,unwill+ lightly to promise great ?+s1 he is !reby able to accompli% ! m2 by treat+ ?+s z difficult1 he f9ds no?+ too difficult dur+ 8 :ole life 7,*4 #fc74 ,inaccessible alike to fri5d%ip & enmity1 un9flu5c$ by p]sonal advantage or injury1 by honor or di%onor1 he is honor$ by all ! _w 7,*4 #ef74 ,he is *>act]iz$ by quiet e>ne/ness2 %\ld he possess spl5did palaces1 he inhabits !m or quits !m ) equal calm 7,*4 #bf74 ,he clo!s himself 9 wool 7a v co>se mat]ial 9 ,*9a71 & hides 8 jewels 7,*4 #gj74 ,he is ev] ready to help o!rs2 = ! good man is ! educator ( ! bad1 ! bad man ! treasure ( ! good 7,*4 #bg74 ,! righte\s man does n accumulate4 ,! m he sp5ds on o!rs1 ! m he has2 ! m he gives to o!rs1 ! ri*] he is 7,*4 #ha74 ,he :o kn[s o!rs is clev]2 he :o kn[s himself is enlight5$ 7,*4 #cc74 ,?us ! sage1 l ,socrates1 makes a ma9 pr9ciple ( 8 conduct4 ,%\ld he be call$ to ! adm9i/ration ( ! realm1 he adopts a policy ( laiss] faire1 = he has obs]v$ ! evils produc$ by ov]-legislation4 ,x is 8 belief t if he be inactive1 ! p w improve by !mselves2 if he be quiet1 !y w become honorable2 if he ab/a9 f int]m$dl+1 !y w become ri*2 if he be free f desires1 !y w become simple 7,*4 #eg74 ,compell$ to engage 9 w>1 he w n make use ( conque/ to triumph or exalt himself1 nei!r w he take viol5t measures 7,*4 #cj74 ,m]cy is a quality t mu/ n be despis$2 ! m]ciful w conqu] 9 battle 7,*4 #fg74 ,end[$ ) ^! *>act]i/ics1 ! good man ne$ fe> no?+4 ,l ,horace's ,integ] vit scel]isque purus1 he is pres]v$ f dang]4 ,! horn ( ! rh9oc]os1 ! claws ( ! tig]1 ! blade ( ! sword1 _c hurt him 7,*4 #ej74 ,he is l a new-born *ild3 s]p5ts d n /+ x1 nor wild bea/s seize x1 nor birds ( prey attack x4#ea ,a few features1 :i* d n directly ent] into ! del9eation ( ! "* ( ! sage1 mu/ /ill be add$ to complete t image4 ,& fir/1 a prom95t place mu/ be assign$ to a quality :i* is a l>ge +r$i5t 9 ,la-ts's conception ( goodness1 bo? human & div9e4 ,x is t ( g5tl5ess1 or1 z he w\ld call x1 weakness4 ,x is a favorite pr9ciple ( 81 t ! weak ?+s ( ! e>? ov]come ! /rong1 & t !y ov]come 9 virtue ( t v weakness4 ,he has an av]sion to all conspicu\s ex]cise ( =ce4 ,! deity ( 8 philosophy is "o :o is inde$ all-p[]ful1 b :o nev] displays 8 p[]4 ,! me?od ( ,heav5--& x %\ld also be t ( man--is app>5t yield+1 lead+ to real supremacy4 ,x /rives n1 yet is able to ov]come4 ,x speaks n1 yet is able to obta9 an answ]4 ,x summons n1 yet m5 come to x ( _! own accord2 is long-suff]+1 yet is able to succe$ 9 its designs 7,*4 #gc74 ,! sup]iority ( ! weak--or ! seem+ weak--to ! /rong1 is fur!r illu/rat$ by ,la-ts 9 sev]al p>allels4 ,we ent] life s(t & feeble2 we quit x h>d & /rong4 ,!re=e s(tness & feebl5ess are ! companions ( life2 h>dness & /r5g? ( dea? 7,*4 #gf74 ,& does n ! wife ov]come h] husb& by h] quietness8 7,*41 #fa47 ,is n wat] ! s(te/ & weake/ ( all ?+s 9 ! _w1 yet is !re any?+ :i* ev] attacks ! h>d & /rong t is able to surpass x8 7,*41 #gh47 ,?us1 ! mo/ yield+ ( all sub/ances ov]comes ! mo/ inflexible4 ,h5ce is manife/ ! advantage ( inactivity & ( sil5ce 7,*4 #dc74 ,x is fully 9 accordance ) ^! notions t ,la-ts %\ld di/9ctly deprecate w>f>e1 & %\ld ass]t t ! mo/ compet5t g5]al w n be w>like4 ,calmly consci\s ( 8 p[]1 he is n qu>relsome or eag] = battle1 & ?us possess+ ! virtue ( peaceable & pati5t /r5g?1 he becomes ! pe] ( ,heav5 7,*4 #fh74 ,w> is altoge!r to be condemn$1 z pregnant ) calamity to ! /ate 7,*4 #cj74 ,! mo/ beaute\s weapons are in/rum5ts ( mis=tune2 all creatures abhor !m2 !re=e he :o has ,ta does n employ !m4 ,!y are n ! in/rum5ts ( ! wise man4 ,if he mu/ ne$s resort to !m1 yet he /ill values peace & quietness z ! highe/ aims4 ,he conqu]s ) reluctance4 ,he :o has kill$ _m m51 let him weep = !m ) grief & compassion4 ,he :o has conqu]$ 9 battle1 let him /& z at a fun]al pomp 7,*4 #ca74 ,ano!r /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ,la-ts's moral sy/em is 8 dislike ( luxury1 & 8 e>ne/ injunction to all m5 to be cont5t$ ) mode/ circum/ances4 ,we h se5 t ! sage is depict$ z we>+ co>se clo?+1 & ,la-ts consid]s t ! v pres5ce ( consid]able ri*es indicates ! abs5ce ( ,ta f ! m9ds ( _! possessors4 ,z we %\ld express x1 ! devotion to worldly weal? is inconsi/5t ) a spiritual life4 ,to we> f9e clo!s1 to c>ry %>p swords1 to be fill$ ) dr9k & victuals1 to h a sup]fluity ( co/ly gems1 ?is is to make a p>ade ( robb]y 7,or1 ?is is magnific5t robb]y1 ,o4 ,p41 p4 #da72 truly n to h ,ta 7,*4 #ec74 ,moreov]1 ! v pomp ( ! palace leads to uncultivat$ fields & empty b>ns 7,ibid74 ,la-ts !re=e w>ns e "o n to consid] 8 abode too n>r[ or 8 life too conf9$4 ,if we d n ?9k x too conf9$1 x w n be s 7,*4 #gb74 ,nay1 he goes fur!r1 & ass]ts t ! _w is be/ kn[n by /ay+ at home4 ,! fur!r a man goes1 ! less he kn[s 7,*4 #dg74 ,a truly virtu\s & well-gov]n$ p w nev] c>e to travel beyond its own limits4 ,to su* a p its food w be s sweet1 its clo?+ s beautiful1 its dwell+s s com=table1 & its cu/oms s de>1 t x w nev] visit ! t]ritory ( its neighbors1 ev5 ?\gh t t]ritory %\ld lie s close t ! cackl+ ( ! h5s & ! b>k+ ( ! dogs may be he>d across ! b\nd>y 7,*4 #hj74 ,x results f ! above exposition ( 8 e?ical pr9ciples t ,la-ts insi/s ma9ly ^u ?ree virtues3 ,mode/y1 ,b5evol5ce1 & ,cont5tm5t4 ,= my "p1 he says himself1 ,i h ?ree treasures2 ,i gu>d !m & greatly prize !m4 ,! fir/ is call$ ,m]cy1#eb ! second is call$ ,frugality1 ! ?ird is call$ ,n d>+ to be fir/ 9 ! k+dom4 ,m]cy--!re=e ,i c be brave2 ,frugality--!re=e ,i c give away2 ,n d>+ to be fir/ 9 ! k+dom--!re=e ,i c become ! fir/ ( ! gift$ ones 7,*4 #fg74 99 99 99 99 99 ,( all ! sacr$ books1 ! ,ta-t-,kng is ! mo/ philosophical4 ,x /&s1 inde$1 on ! bord]l& betwe5 a revelation & a sy/em ( philosophy1 p>tak+ to "s ext5t ( ! nature ( bo?4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x =ms ! fundam5tal classic ( a religi\s sect1 & s9ce x has engag$ 9 its int]pretation a multitude ( comm5tators1#ec x appe>s to be fully entitl$ to a place among ,scriptures4 ,n inde$ t ! ,*9ese reg>d x z a revelation 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* nations ( a m !ological ca/ ( m9d apply t t]m to ! books compos+ _! ,canon4 ,b ,i see no reason to d\bt t ! ,ta-ts1 h[ev] little !y att5d to its precepts1 yet treat x z a "w ( unapproa*able p]fection & unque/ionable tru?4 ,inde$1 ! writ] ( a fabul\s life ( ,la-ts1 :o liv$ _m c5turies aft] 8 dea?1 expressly ascribes to x ^? peculi> qualities :i*1 z we h se51 are ! special attributes ( sacr$ books 7,l4 ,v4 ,v41 pp4 xxxi41 xxxii74 ,to ! ,european read] :o approa*es x = ! fir/ "t x w probably appe> a p]plex+ /udy4 ,p>ticipat+ l>gely 9 t disord] & confus$ness :i* *>act]izes ! class ( lit]ature to :i* x belongs1 x pres5ts1 9 addition1 consid]able difficulties peculi>ly its own4 ,! correct translation ( _m passages is d\btful4 ,! s5se ( /ill m is ambigu\s & obscure4 ,la-ts is fond ( p>adox1 & 8 con/ant employm5t ( p>adoxical anti!sis seems specially design$ to puzzle ! read]4 ,if 8 doctr9e 0 und]/ood by few1 x mu/ be confess$ t ?is 0 p>tly 8 own fault4 ,moreov]1 ! rev]5ce ) :i* he speaks ( ,ta1 & ! c>e ) :i* he insi/s t ,ta does no?+1 seem at fir/ sight inconsi/5t4 ,we feel ourselves 9 an atmosph]e ( hopeless my/icism4 ,nev]!less1 ^! sup]ficial tr\bles vani%1 or at lea/ retire into ! backgr\nd1 aft] repeat$ p]usals ( ! "w4 ,!re are few books t ga9 m on cont9u$ acqua9tance4 ,e successive /udy reveals m & m ( a wisdom & a beauty :i* we miss at fir/ 9 ! obscurity & /rang5ess ( ! /yle4 ,& fir/1 ,ta itself turns out to be a less incompreh5sible & contradictory be+ ?an we orig9ally suppos$4 ,= al?\gh he may sometimes be spok5 ( z do+ no?+1 or ev5 z de/itute ( all di/9ct qualities1 yet o!r attributes expressly exclude ! notion ( absolute inaction4 ,a be+ :i* creates1 *]i%es & loves1 & 9 :i* all ! _w implicitly tru/s1 is n ! k9d ( non5tity t c be describ$ z :olly devoid ( action1 ?\ght1 judgm5t1 & intellig5ce4#ed ,moreov]1 x is to be borne 9 m9d t ! sage is to imitate ,ta 9 ! quality--= :i* he is highly laud$--( do+ no?+4 ,! two pictures1 t ( ,ta & 8 foll[]1 mu/ be held side by side 9 ord] to be correctly und]/ood4 ,n[ :at is ! peculi> beauty1 f a philosophical po9t ( view1 ( ! ord] ( ,nature8 ,x is t all its p>ts h>moni\sly p]=m _! sev]al (fices1 )\t any viol5t or conspicu\s intrusion ( ! presid+ pr9ciple :i* guides !m all4 ,o!r tea*]s1 inde$1 h se5 ,god ma9ly 9 viol5t & convulsive manife/ations1 & h appeal$ to miracul\s susp5sions ( natural ord] z ! be/ pro(s ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,n s ,la-ts4 ,he sees him 9 ! quiet1 unobtrusive1 unapp>5t guidance ( ! _w2 9 ! unse51 yet irresi/ible p[] to :i* mank9d unresi/+ly submit1 precisely because x is nev] ?ru/ (f5sively ^u !m4 ,! ,deity ( ,la-ts is free f ^? gross & unlovely elem5ts :i* degrade 8 "* 9 s _m o!r religions4 ,he rules by g5tl5ess & love1 n by v9dictiv5ess & ang]4 ,s %\ld x be ) ! holy man :o takes him = 8 model4 ,assur$ly we are n to und]/& ^? passages :i* enjo9 quiesc5ce s e>ne/ly ^u him z a mean+ t he is to lead a life ( absolute indol5ce4 ,l ,ta1 he is to guide 8 fell[-creatures r by ! beauty ( 8 conduct ?an by positive comm&s laid imp]atively ^u !m4 ,let him b be a %9+ example2 !y w be drawn t[>ds him4 ,! activity f :i* a wise rul] is to ab/a9 is ! vexati\s multiplication ( laws & edicts1 :i* d h>m r ?an good4 ,b nei!r rul] nor philosoph] is told to d no?+2 = b5evol5ce1 love1 & ! requital ( good = evil1 to say no?+ ( o!r positive virtues1 are mo/ /rictly enjo9$ on all4 ,la-ts himself no d\bt liv$1 & lov$1 a retir$ contemplative life4 ,?is is ! k9d ( exi/5ce :i* he evid5tly consid]$ ! mo/ p]fect & ! mo/ godlike4 ,he c\nsels 8 foll[]s to be :olly unambiti\s1 & to ab/a9 f all active pursuit ( political honor4 ,su* c\nsel might possibly be well adapt$ to ! "t 9 :i* he liv$4 ,b none ! less does he lay d[n rules = ! guidance ( k+s1 /atesm51 & w>riors1 9 _! sev]al sph]es4 ,nor is ! book want+ 9 pi?y apo!gms applicable to all1 & rem>kable alike = ! wisdom ( _! sub/ance & ! neatness ( _! =m4 ,:e!r1 9 %ort1 we look to ! simplicity & gr&eur ( its speculative doctr9e1 or to ! unimpea*able excell5ce ( its moral tea*+1 we %all f9d few among ! great productions ( ! human m9d t ev9ce1 f beg9n+ to end1 s l(ty a _s & s pure a /ra94 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,section ,,ii4 ,translations ( ! ,ta-t-,kng1 *4 #be4 ,,abel ,r,,musat4--,avant le *aos qui a prcd la naissance du ciel et de la t]re1 un seul tre exi/ait1 imm5se et sil5cieux1 immuable et t\j\rs agissant sans jamais s'altr]4 ,on peut le reg>d] comme la mre de l'univ]s4 ,j'ignore son nom1 mais je le dsigne p> le mot de raison4 ,=c de lui donn] un nom1 je l'appelle gr&eur1 progression1 loignem5t1 opposition4 ,il y a dans le monde quatre gr&eurs2 celle de la raison1 celle du ciel1 celle de la t]re1 celle du roi1 qui e/ aussi une des quatre4 ,l'homme a son type et son modle dans la t]re1 la t]re dans le ciel1 le ciel dans la raison1 la raison en elle-mme4#ee ,,/anislas ,,juli54--,il e/ un tre confus qui exi/ait avant le ciel et la t]re4 ,o qu'il e/ calme6 ,o qu'il e/ immatriel6 ,il subsi/e seul et ne *ange po9t4 ,il circule p>t\t et ne priclite po9t4 ,il peut tre reg>d comme la mre de l'univ]s4 ,moi1 je ne sais pas son nom4 ,p\r lui donn] un titre1 je l'appelle ,voie 7,tao74 ,en m'ef=ant de lui faire un nom1 je l'appelle gr&4 ,de gr&1 je l'appelle fugace4 ,de fugace1 je l'appelle loign4 ,d'loign1 je l'appelle 7l'tre7 qui revi5t4 ,c'e/ p\rquoi le ,tao e/ gr&1 le ciel e/ gr&1 la t]re e/ gr&e1 le roi aussi e/ gr&4 ,dans le monde1 il y a quatre gr&es *oses1 et le roi en e/ une4 ,l'homme imite la t]re2 la t]re imite le ciel2 le ciel imite le ,tao2 le ,tao imite sa nature 7,l4 ,v4 ,v41 p4 #ce74 ,,john ,,*alm]s4--,!re is some?+ *aotic 9 nature :i* exi/$ be=e heav5 & e>?4 ,x 0 /ill4 ,x 0 void4 ,x /ood alone & 0 n *ang$4 ,x p]vad$ ev]y:]e & 0 n endang]$4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! ,"m ( ! ,univ]se4 ,i "k n its "n1 b give x ! title ( ,tau4 ,if ,i am =c$ to make a "n = x1 ,i say x is ,great2 be+ great1 ,i say t x passes away2 pass+ away1 ,i say t x is f> (f2 be+ f> (f1 ,i say t x returns4 ,n[ ,tau is great2 ,heav5 is great2 ,e>? is great2 a k+ is great4 ,9 ! univ]se !re are f\r greatnesses1 & a k+ is "o ( !m4 ,man takes 8 law f ! ,e>?2 ! ,e>? takes its law f ,heav52 ,heav5 takes its law f ,tau2 & ,tau takes its law f :at is 9 itself 7,o4 ,p41 p4 #ah74 ,,re9hold ,,von ,,pl,,nckn]4--,es exi/irt e9 das ,all erfll5des1 dur*aus vollkomm5es ,wes51 das frh] w> d5n d] ,himmel und die ,erde4 ,es exi/irt da 9 erhab5] ,/ille1 es i/ ewig und unv]nd]li*1 und ohne ,an/oss dr+t es b]all h91 b]all da4 ,man m*te es als d5 ,s*pf] d] ,welt anseh54 ,se95 ,nam5 weiss i* ni*t1 i* n5ne es am lieb/5 das ,tao2 soll i* diesem e9e bezei*n5de ,eig5s*aft beileg51 s wrde es die d] h*/5 ,erhab5heit se94 ,ja1 erhab5 i/ das ,wes51 um das si* das ,all und ,alles im ,all bewegt1 als sol*es muss es ewig se91 und wie es ewig i/1 i/ es folgli* au* allgeg5wrtig4 ,ja das ,tao i/ erhab51 erhab5 i/ au* d] ,himmel1 erhab5 die ,erde1 erhab5 i/ au* das ,ideal des ,m5s*54 ,s s9d d5n vi] erhab5e ,wes5 im ,univ]sum1 und das ,ideal des ,m5s*5 i/ ohne ,zweifel e9s d]selb54 ,d5n d] ,m5s* /ammt von d] ,erde1 die ,erde /ammt vom ,himmel1 d] ,himmel /ammt vom ,tao4--,und das ,tao /ammt ohne ,frage alle9 aus si* selb/ 7,l4 ,t41 p4 #aac74 ,,section ,,iii4--,,! ,,v$a4#ef ,! ^w ,v$a is expla9$ by ,sanskrit s*ol>s z mean+ kn[+ or k1 & z be+ relat$ to ! ,greek o4 ,! works compris$ "u ?is designation are manifold1 & app]ta9 to widely diff]5t epo*s4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y fall into two ma9 classes1 ! ,sanhit & ! ,brhmana4 ,! ,sanhit portion ( ! ,v$a consi/s ( hymns or metrical compositions address$ to ! sev]al deities wor%ip$ by _! au?ors1 & express+ religi\s s5tim5t2 ! ,brhmana portion1 ( !ological treatises 9 prose ( an expository1 rituali/ic & didactic "*4 ,across ?is subdivision into two classes !re runs ano!r ( ! :ole ,v$a into f\r s-call$ ,v$as1 ! ,rig-,v$a1 ! ,yajur-,v$a1 ! ,sma-,v$a1 & ! ,a?>va-,v$a4 ,ea* ( ^! has its own ,sanhits1 & its own ,brhmanas2 b ! ,sanhit1 or hymns1 ( ! ?ree o!r ,v$as are n mat]ially diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,on ! ,rig-,v$a !y are all f\nd$2 ?is is ! fundam5tal ,v$a1 or great ,v$a2 & 9 kn[+ ?is "o we %\ld "k all4 ,! o!r ?ree1 accord+ to ,max ,mll]1 conta9 *iefly extracts f ! ,rig-,v$a1 toge!r ) sacrificial =mulas1 *>ms1 & incantations 7,*ips1 vol4 i4 p4 #i74 ,x mu/ n !re=e be imag9$ t we h 9 ^! f\r ,v$as f\r diff]5t collections ( hymns4 ,!y are r f\r diff]5t v]sions ( ! same collection1 ! ,sma-,v$a1 = in/ance1 conta9+ b sev5ty-"o v]ses :i* are want+ 9 ! ,rig-,v$a 7,s4 ,v41 p4 xxviii71 & be+ o!rwise little m ?an a repetition ( ! ,soma ,m&ala ( ! ,ri* 7,wilson1 vol4 i4 p4 xxxvii71 or ( t book ( ! ,rig-,v$a :i* is devot$ to ! god ,soma4 ,! ,a?>va-,v$a-,sanhit is inde$ to a c]ta9 ext5t an exception2 belong+ to a lat] age1 x has "s hymns altoge!r peculi> to itself1 & its fifte5? book has some?+ ( ! nature ( a ,brhmana 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #b74 ,x mu/ be not$1 moreov]1 t ( ! ,yajur-,v$a !re are two diff]5t v]sions1 ! ,black & ! ,:ite ,yajur-,v$a1 said to h desc5d$ f two rival s*ools4 ,! hymns ( ! fir/ are t]m$ ! ,taittiriya-,sanhit1 ^? ( ! second ! ,vjasaneyi-,sanhit4 ,! orig9 ( ^? f\r di/9ct1 yet n diff]5t ,v$as1 is ?us expla9$4 ,9 c]ta9 sacrifices1 =m]ly celebrat$ 9 ,india1 f\r classes ( prie/s 7 requir$1 ea* class be+ de/9$ = ! p]=mance ( di/9ct (fices4 ,to su* ( ^! classes 0 assign$ "o ( ! ,v$as1 :i* conta9$ ! hymns requir$ by t class4 ,?us ! ,sma-,v$a 0 ! pray]-book ( ! ,udgtri prie/s1 or *ori/]s1 :o *ant ! hymns4 ,! ,yajur-,v$a 0 ! pray]-book ( ! ,adhv>yu prie/s1 or att5dant m9i/]s1 :o prep>e ! gr\nd1 slay ! victims1 & s =?4 ,! ,a?>va-,v$a 0 said to be int5d$ = ! ,brahman :o 01 accord+ to "o ( ! ,brhmanas1 ! physician ( ! sacrifice2 ! g5]al sup]9t5d5t :o 0 to tell if any mi/ake _h be5 committ$ 9 x 7,a4 ,b41 #e4 #e4--vol4 ii4 p4 #cgf74 ,= ! f\r? class1 ! ,hotri prie/s1 or recit]s ( hymns1 no special collection 0 made 9 ! =m ( a liturgy4 ,!y us$ ! ,rig-,v$a1 a collection ( ! hymns 9 g5]al )\t any special object1 & !y 7 suppos$ to "k ! sacr$ poetry )\t ! help ( a pray]-book 7,a4 ,s4 ,l41 pp4 #age1 #dgc1 & ,*ips1 vol4 i4 p4 #i74 ,orig9ally pres]v$ by scatt]$ individuals 7= ! ,mantra "p ( ! ,v$as1 or _! ,sanhit 0 compos$ 9 an age :5 writ+ 0 n 9 use71 ! hymns 7 subsequ5tly collect$ & arrang$ 9 _! pres5t =m3 a task :i* ,indian tradition assigns to ,vysa1 ! ,arrang]1 b :i* 0 probably ! "w ( _m diff]5t s*ol>s1 possibly dur+ _m g5]ations4 ,! same tradition ass]ts t ea* ,v$a 0 collect$1 "u ,vysa's sup]9t5d5ce1 by a diff]5t editor2 & t ! collections1 transmitt$ f ^! prim>y compil]s to _! disciples1 71 9 ! c\rse ( transmission1 re>rang$ 9 v>i\s ways1 until ! numb] ( ,sanhits ( ea* ,v$a 9 circulation 0 v consid]able4 ,ea* s*ool _h its own v]sion1 b ! diff]5ces are suppos$ by ,wilson to h conc]n$ only ! ord]1 n ! matt] ( ! ,sktas4 ,! extreme antiquity ( our extant ,v$a is gu>ante$ by ! ample/ te/imony4 ,9 ! indexes compil$ by native s*ol>s #ejj or #fjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 we f9d e hymn1 e v]se1 e ^w & syllable ( ! ,v$a accurately c\nt$ 7,*ips1 vol4 i4 p4 #aa74 ,be=e ?is 0 done1 n only 0 ! :ole va/ collection complete1 b x 0 anci5t2 = _h x be5 a rec5t composition x w\ld n h enjoy$ ! prem95t sanctity :i* r5d]$ x ! object ( ?is m9ute att5tion4 ,& n only is ! ,v$a anci5t1 b x has be5 %[n t1 f ! v>iety ( its compon5t /rata1 x mu/ h be5 ! gr[? ( no small p]iod ( "t1 its e>lie/ elem5ts be+ ( an almo/ unfa?omable antiquity4 ,max ,mll]1 :o has elaborately treat$ ?is "q1 divides ! ,vaidik age--! age dur+ :i* ! ,v$a 0 9 process ( =mation--into f\r great epo*s4 ,! mo/ primitive hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a he attributes to :at he t]ms ! ,*h&as p]iod 7f ,*h&as1 or metre71 ! limits ( :i* _c be fix$ 9 ! asc5d+ direction1 b :i* desc5ds no lat] ?an #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,& he ?9ks t we _c well assign a date m rec5t ?an #abjj to #aejj be=e our era 7,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #ac7 = ! composition ( ^! hymns4 ,! t5 books ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 h[ev]1 comprise ! poetry ( two diff]5t ages4 ,"s ( ! hymns betray a m rec5t orig91 & mu/ be assign$ to ! second1 or ,mantra p]iod4 ,^! comp>atively mod]n compositions belong to a "t :i* may h ext5d$ f ab\t #ajjj to ab\t #hjj ,b4,c4 ,aft] ?is we ent] on ! ,brhmana p]iod1 9 :i* ! ,rig-,v$a-,sanhit n only exi/$1 b _h rea*$ ! /age ( be+ mis9t]pret$1 its orig9al s5se hav+ be5 =gott54 ,dur+ ?is p]iod--:i* we may place f ,b4,c4 #hjj to #fjj--! national ?\ght took ! =m ( prose1 & ! ,brhmanas 7 writt54 ,"h ! age ( actually-inspir$ lit]ature t]m9ates1 & we arrive at ! ,stra p]iod1 :i* may h la/$ till #bjj ,b4,c4 ,works ( high au?ority1 b n 9 ! /rict s5se reveal$ works1 7 produc$ dur+ ^! f\r hundr$ ye>s 7,a4 ,s4 ,l41 passim74 ,an equal1 or great] antiquity is usually claim$ by o!r ,sanskriti/s = ^! sev]al classes ( sacr$ lit]ature4 ,wilson w\ld place ,manu 7:o belongs to ! ,stra p]iod7 n l[] ?an ! fif? or six? c5tury2 ! ,brhmana lit]ature 9 ! sev5? or eigh?2 & w\ld all[ at lea/ f\r or five c5turies be=e ?is = ! composition & curr5cy ( ! hymns1 ?us rea*+ ! date ( #abjj or #acjj be=e ! ,*ri/ian era 7,wilson1 vol4 i4 p4 xlvii74 ,haug1 :o believes t a /rict di/9ction betwe5 a ,*h&as & ,mantra p]iod is h>dly admissible1 & t c]ta9 sacrificial =mulas1 consid]$ by ,max ,mll] to be m rec5t1 are 9 fact "s c5turies old] ?an ! f9i%$ hymns ascrib$ by t s*ol> to ! ,*h&as age1 c>ries back ! composition ( bo? ,sanhit & ,brhmana to a mu* e>li] date4 ,! bulk ( ! ,brhmanas he assigns to ,b4,c4 #adjj-abjj2 & ! bulk ( ! ,sanhits to ,b4,c4 #bjjj-adjj2 :ile ! olde/ hymns & sacrificial =mulas may be a few hundr$ ye>s m anci5t /ill1 & ?us ! v comm5cem5t ( ,v$ic lit]ature might be betwe5 ,b4,c4 #bdjj & #bjjj 7,a4 ,b41 vol4 i4 pp4 #dg1 #dh74 ,:ile ,b5fey1 consid]+ t ! ,prtiskhyas 7a bran* ( ! ,stras7 mu/ h be5 compos$ f ,b4,c4 #hjj to #fjj1 obs]ves t ! text ( ! ,sma-,v$a mu/ ext5d beyond ?is epo* 7,s4 ,v41 p4 xxix74 ,( ! sev]al ,sanhits1 t ( ! ,rig-,v$a 7^: "n is d]iv$ f a ^w ri*1 praise7 is usually consid]$ ! mo/ anci5t1 ?\gh ,b5fey expresses ! op9ion t ! text ( ! ,sma-,v$a may possibly be borr[$ f an old] v]sion ( ! ,rig-,v$a ?an be=e u 7,ibid41 p4 xxix74 ,max ,mll]1 on ! o!r h&1 conceives ! ,sma & ,yajur-,v$as to h be5 probably ! production ( ! ,brhmana p]iod 7,a4 ,s4 ,l41 p4 #deg74 ,he ev5 d5ies to any b ! ,ri* ! "r to be call$ ,v$a at all 7,*ips1 vol4 i4 p4 #i74 ,:atev] claim1 or want ( claim1 !y may possess to ! honor1 x is c]ta9 t !y h = m ?an #b1jjj ye>s inv>iably receiv$ x at ! h&s ( ! ,h9dus !mselves4 ,s f> f admitt+ ! prem95ce ( ! ,ri*1 ! anci5t ,h9dus1 accord+ to "o ( _! desc5dants1 held ! ,sma 9 ! highe/ v5]ation 7,*h&4 ,up41 introduction1 p4 #a74 ,if a d\bt c exi/ z to ! canonicity ( any "o ( !m1 x c only apply to ! ,a?>va-,v$a2 = 9 c]ta9 texts we f9d m5tion made ( ?ree ,v$as only1 ! ,a?>va1 f its comp>atively late orig91 hav+ app>5tly be5 long d5i$ ! privilege ( admission to an equal rank ) its compe]s4 ,:atev] _! antiquity1 ! sanctity ( ^! works 9 ,indian op9ion is ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,nev] has ! !ory ( inspiration be5 pu%$ to su* an extreme4 ,! ,v$a 0 ! direct creation ( ,brahma2 & ! ,ri%is1 or ,sages1 :o are ! nom9al au?ors ( ! hymns1 did n compose !m1 b simply saw !m4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! "n ( "o ( ^! se]s is c\pl$ ) ea* hymn1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t he did m ?an p]ceive ! div9e poem :i* 0 reveal$ to 8 privileg$ vision4 ,& ! ,v$a is di/+ui%$ z ,sruti1 ,revelation1 f ! ,smriti1 ,tradition1 "u :i* t]m is includ$ a great v>iety ( works enjoy+ a high1 b n an indep5d5t1 au?ority4 ,!y are to be accept$1 9 !ory at lea/1 only :5 !y agree ) ! ,v$a1 & to be set aside if !y happ5 to diff] f x2 :ile no su* ?+ z a contradiction )9 ! body ( ! ,v$a is = a mom5t to be ?\ght ( z possible1 app>5t inconsi/5cies be+ only due to our imp]fect int]pretations4 ,! ,sruti class comprises only ! ,mantra ( ea* ,v$a & its ,brhmanas2 ! ,smriti consi/s ( ! great national epics1 namely ! ,rmyana & ,mahbhrata2 ! ,mnava-,dh>ma-,sa/ra1 or ,m5u2 ! ,purnas2 ! ,stras1 or aphorisms2 & ! s-call$ six ,v$ngas1 a t]m indicat+ six bran*es ( /udy c>ri$ on by ! help ( treatises on ! pronunciation1 gramm>1 metre1 explanation ( words1 a/ronomy1 & c]emonial ( ! ,v$a4 ,h[ ?or\ghly ! ,v$a 0 analyz$1 h[ m9utely e ^w ( x 0 inve/igat$1 is %[n by ! fact t ^! ,v$ngas all h direct ref]5ce to x1 & 7 int5d$ to assi/ 9 its compreh5sion4 ,& 9 anci5t times x 0 ! duty ( ,brahmans to be well acqua9t$ bo? ) ! ,sktas 7hymns71 & ) _! application to ritual4 ,a ,brahman1 inde$1 :o want$ to m>ry 0 n oblig$ to devote m ?an twelve ye>s to le>n+ ! ,v$a1 b an unm>ry+ ,brahman might sp5d =ty-eight ye>s ^u x 7,a4 ,s4 ,l41 p4 #ejc74 ,,subdivision #a4--,! ,sanhit4 ,pass+ n[ to a m detail$ consid]ation ( ! ,mantra division1 we f9d t ! ,rig-,v$a-,sanhit--! mo/ compreh5sive specim5 ( ?is division--comprises m ?an a ?\s& %ort poems1 ( :i* ! va/ majority are address$ to "o or m ( ! ,indian gods4 ,a few only1 & ^? believ$ to be ( lat] orig91 are ( a diff]5t "*4 ,?is collection is divid$ 9 two ways2 into t5 ,m&alas1 or eight ,a%takas1 ! two divisions be+ q indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,"u ea* ( ^! great] heads are sev]al less] ones1 :i* x is ne$less to enum]ate4 ,! deities to :om ! hymns are devot$ are exce$+ly v>i\s & num]\s1 b z ?is is n an essay specially int5d$ to elucidate ! ,v$a1 b aim+ only at a g5]al comp>ison ( ?is ) o!r sacr$ books1 x w\ld be go+ beyond our scope to attempt a full acc\nt ( _! sev]al names1 attributes1 & honors4 ,a few only ( ! m conspicu\s gods ne$ be notic$4 ,( ^!1 ,agni1 z ! "o ) ^: praises ! ,rig-,v$a op5s1 & :o1 next to ,indra1 is ! pr9cipal "* 9 ! ,v$ic hymnology1 claims our att5tion fir/4 ,he is ! god ( fire1 or m lit]ally1 he is ! fire itself1 & a god at ! same "t4 ,8 "n is almo/ id5tical ) ! ,lat9 ,ignis4 ,he is frequ5tly spok5 ( z g5]at$ by ! rubb+ ( /icks1 = 9 ?is mann] did ! ,ri%is k9dle ! fire requir$ = _! sacrifices4 ,! sudd5 bir? ( ! fi]y elem5t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is process mu/ h impress$ !m z pr(\ndly my/]i\s4 ,!y allude to x "u v>i\s images4 ,?us1 ! upp] /ick is said to impregnate ! l[]1 :i* br+s =? ,agni4 ,he is ! be>] ( human sacrifices to ! gods2 a k9d ( telegraph f e>? to heav54 ,_m are ! bless+s ask$ ( him4 ,b let ! ,ri%is speak = !mselves4 ,"h is ! fir/ ,skta ( ! ,rig-,v$a-,sanhit3-- #a4 ,i praise ,agni1 ! h\sehold prie/1 ! div9e (f]] ( ! sacrifice1 ! invit] :o keeps all treasures4 #b4 ,agni1 wor?y ( ! praises ( ! anci5t ,ri%is1 & also ( ours1 d ?\ br+ hi!r ! gods4 #c4 ,by ,agni1 ! sacrific] enjoys weal?1 t gr[s f day to day1 conf]s r5[n1 & surr\nds him ) h]oes4 #d4 ,agni1 ! sacrifice :i* ?\ keepe/ f all sides un9vad$1 approa*es surely ! gods4 #e4 ,agni1 invit]1 p]=m] ( graci\s de$s1 ?\ :o art tru?ful1 & :o %9e/ ) v>i\s glories1 come ?\1 ,o ,god1 ) ! gods4 #f4 ,! prosp]ity1 :i* ?\1 ,o ,agni1 be/[e/ ^u ! wor%ip]1 w be 9 tru? a prosp]ity to !e1 ,o ,angiras4 #g4 ,we approa* !e 9 our m9ds1 ,o ,agni1 day aft] day1 by night & day1 to (f] !e our adoration4 #h4 ,!e ! radiant gu>dian ( ! meet rew>d ( ! sacrifices1 :o is respl5d5t & increas+ 9 8 sacr$ h\se4 #i4 ,be ?\1 ,o ,agni1 accessible to u1 z a fa!r is to ! son2 be ne> u = our welf>e 7,ro]1 p4 #a74 ,ev5 m important ?an ,agni is ,indra1 ! great national god ( ! ,h9dus4 ,he is above all ?+s a combative god4 ,8 /r5g? is imm5se1 & 8 wor%ip]s implore him to give !m victory & p[]4 ,he slays ! demon ,vrittra1 a my? symboliz+ ! disp]sion ( cl\ds by ! sun4 ,above all1 he loves ! juice ( ! ,soma plant 7,asclepias acida71 :i* is p\r$ out to him abundantly 9 sacrifice1 :i* he consumes ) avidity1 & f :i* he d]ives r5ew$ =ce & en]gy4 ,^! two /anzas1 tak5 f ! ,sma-,v$a1 express "s ( 8 attributes3-- ,?\1 ,o ,indra1 art glori\s1 ?\ art victori\s1 ?\ art ! "l ( /r5g?2 ?\ conqu]e/ ! /rong enemies s+ly & alone1 ?\ unconqu]$ refuge ( m54 ,to !e1 liv+ ,"o1 we pray2 to !e n[ ! v wise1 = treasures1 z = our %>e2 may ?y bless+ be grant$ u 7,s4 ,v41 ii4 #f4 #b4 #ab74 ,! foll[+ hymn br+s into especial prom95ce ! m w>like functions ( ,indra1 & may be reg>d$ z a pray] 9 ! "t ( w> & tumults3-- #h4 ,may ,indra be ! lead] ( ^! 7our armies72 may ,brihaspati1 ,l>gess1 ,sacrifice & ,soma m>* 9 front2 may ! ho/ ( ,m>uts prec$e ! cru%+1 victori\s armies ( ! gods4 ,may ! fi]ce ho/ ( ! vigor\s ,indra1 ( ,k+ ,v>una1 ( ! ,adityas1 & ! ,m>uts 7g be=e u72 ! %\t ( ! great-s\l$1 conqu]+1 _w-%ak+ gods1 has asc5d$4444 #aj4 ,r\se1 ,o opul5t god1 ! weapons1 r\se ! s\ls ( our w>riors1 /imulate ! p[] ( ! mighty m52 may %\ts arise f ! conqu]+ *>iots4 #aa4 ,may ,indra be ours :5 ! /&>ds cla%2 may our arr[s be victori\s3 may our /rong m5 ga9 ! upp]-h&2 pres]ve u1 ,o gods1 9 ! fray4 #ab4 ,bewild]+ ! he>ts ( our enemies1 ,o ,apv 7,apv is expla9$ z a disease or fe>71 take possession ( _! limbs & pass onw>d2 come ne>1 burn !m ) fires 9 _! he>ts2 may our enemies fall into bl9d d>kness 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #aaj4--,rig-,v$a1 x4 #ajc74 ,indra's ,soma-dr9k+ prop5sities are n p>ticul>ly allud$ to 9 ^! v]ses3 else:]e !y =m ! ev]-recurr+ burd5 ( ! *ants ( :i* he is ! h]o4 ,?us1 to take b "o specim51 :i*1 by its resemblance to o!rs1 may fitly /& = all1 he is ?us laud$3-- #a4 ,may ! ,somas delight !e6 be/[ grace1 ,o hurl] ( lightn+6 de/roy him :o hates ! prie/4 #b4 ,?\ :o art praisewor?y1 dr9k our dr9k6 ?\ art spr9kl$ ) /reams ( honey6 f !e1 ,o ,indra1 glory is d]iv$4444 #d4 ,! ,indus 7! ,somas7 /ream into !e1 l riv]s1 ,indra6 into ! sea1 & nev] ov]fill !e 7,s4 ,v41 i4 #a4 #a74 ,indra is1 9 fact1 ! ,zeus ( ,indian my?ology2 ! ?und]]1 ! god ( ! sky1 ! all-p[]ful protector ( m5 & de/roy] ( ! demons ( d>kness4 ,8 functions are easily und]/ood1 b x is curi\s t ! ,soma1 :i* is (f]$ to him 9 sacrifice1 & :i* he dr9ks ) all ! avidity ( a confirm$ top]1 is itself celebrat$ z a god ( v consid]able p[]s4 ,soma appe>s to be reg>d$ z a sort ( m$iator betwe5 ! greate/ gods & m51 especially betwe5 man & ,indra4 ,he is repeat$ly entreat$ to g to ,indra1 to fl[ ar\nd him1 & ?us to conciliate & delight him4 ,b ,soma c conf] b5efits indep5d5tly4 ,"o poet implores him to /ream =? bless+ on ! ox1 ! man1 & ! horse2 &1 ,o k+1 bless+s on plants 7,s4 ,v41 ii4 #a4 #a4 #a74 ,9 ! hymns devot$ to him he is rais$ to an exalt$ /ation among ! cele/ial be+s1 :ile ! sacrifice 9 :i* he is drunk by ! prie/s is ! capital "r 9 ! ,brahmanical liturgy 7,a4 ,b41 vol4 i4 p4 #ei74 ,! mo/ em95t virtues are inh]5t 9 ?is div9e bev]age1 :5 tak5 ) all ! c]emonies prescrib$ by traditional law4 ,! ,soma juice has1 9 ! op9ion ( ,h9du !ologians1 ! p[] ( unit+ ! sacrific] on ?is e>? ) ! cele/ial ,k+ ,soma1 & mak+ him an associate ( ! gods1 & an inhabitant ( ! cele/ial _w 7,ibid41 vol4 i4 pp4 #dj1 #hj74 ,su* 0 ! excell5ce ( ?is juice1 t none b ,brahmans 7 p]mitt$ to imbibe x4 ,k+s1 at _! inaugural c]emonies1 receiv$ a goblet :i* 0 nom9ally ,soma1 b on acc\nt ( _! inf]ior ca/e !y 7 9 fact put (f ) "s k9d ( spiritu\s liquor :i* 0 suppos$1 by a my/ical trans=mation1 to receive ! prop]ties ( t mo/ holy div9ity 7,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebb74 ,agreeably to ?is !ory ( ,soma's ext5sive p[]s1 he is invok$ 9 su* t]ms1 = in/ance1 z ^!3-- #g4 ,place me1 ,o purifi$ god1 9 t ev]la/+ & imp]i%able _w :]e !re is et]nal light & glory4 ,o ,indu 7,soma71 fl[ = ,indra4 #h4 ,make me immortal 9 ! _w :]e k+ ,vaivasvata 7,yama1 ! son ( ,vivasvat7 lives1 :]e is ! inn]mo/ sph]e ( ! sky1 :]e ^? great wat]s fl[ 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #bff4--,rig-,v$a1 ix4 #aac74 ,s+ul> z x may seem t ! juice ( ! ,soma-plant %\ld be at once an object sacrific$ on ! alt> to o!r gods & a god himself1 su* a confusion ( attributes w be less surpris+ to ^? :o are famili> ) ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( ! ,atonem5t1 9 :i* ! same ,god is at once ! p]son :o decrees ! sacrifice1 ! p]son :o accepts x1 & ! victim4 ,at lea/ ! d\ble function ( ,soma is less p]plex+ ?an ! triple function ( ,*ri/4 ,consid]able among ,v$ic deities are ! ,m>uts1 or gods ( tempe/4 ,!y are 9 intimate alliance ) ,indra1 to :om _! viol5t nature is closely ak94 ,_! attributes are simple4 ,a notion ( !m may p]haps be ga9$ f ^! v]ses3-- #a4 ,:at !n n[8 ,:5 w y take 7u7 z a de> fa!r takes 8 son by bo? h&s1 ,o ye gods1 = :om ! sacr$ grass has be5 trimm$8 #b4 ,:i!r n[8 ,on :at err& ( y\rs are y go+1 9 heav51 n on e>?8 ,:]e are y\r c[s sport+8 #c4 ,:]e are y\r newe/ favors1 ,o ,m>uts8 ,:]e ! bless+s8 ,:]e all delights8444 #f4 ,let n "o s9 aft] ano!r1 difficult to be conqu]$1 ov]come u2 may x dep>t toge!r ) lu/4 #g4 ,truly !y are furi\s & p[]ful2 ev5 to ! des]t ! ,rudriyas br+ ra9 t is nev] dri$ up4 #h4 ,! lightn+ l[s l a c[1 x foll[s z a "m foll[s aft] h] "y1 t ! %[] 7( ! ,m>uts7 may be let loose4 #i4 ,ev5 by day ! ,m>uts create d>kness ) ! wat]-be>+ cl\d1 :5 !y dr5* ! e>?4 #aj4 ,f ! %\t ( ! ,m>uts ov] ! :ole space ( ! e>?1 m5 reel$ =w>d4 #aa4 ,m>uts on y\r /rong-ho($ /e$s g on easy roads aft] ^? bright ones 7! cl\ds7 :i* are /ill lock$ up4 #ab4 ,may y\r felloes be /rong1 ! *>iots1 & _! horses2 may y\r re9s be well fa%ion$4 #ac4 ,speak out =ev] ) ?y voice to praise ! ,"l ( pray]1 ,agni1 :o is l a fri5d1 ! bright "o4 #ad4 ,fa%ion a hymn 9 ?y m\?6 ,exp& l a cl\d6 ,s+ a song ( praise4 #ae4 ,wor%ip ! ho/ ( ! ,m>uts1 ! brisk1 ! praisewor?y1 ! s+]s4 ,may ! /rong ones /ay "h among u 7,r4 ,v4 ,s41 vol4 i4 p4 #fe4--,rig-,v$a1 i4 #ch74 ,! mo/ *>m+ memb] ( ! ,v$ic pan!on1 & ! "o :o seems to h call$ =? f ! ,ri%is ! deepe/ poetical feel+1 is ,u%as 771 ! ,dawn4 ,h] cont9ual reappe>ance1 or bir?1 morn+ aft] morn+1 seems to h fill$ !m ) delight & t5d]ness4 ,! hymn n[ to be quot$--too long to be extract$ 9 full--gives expression to ! feel+s ) :i* !y gaz$ ^u ?is ev]-recurr+ my/]y3-- #b4 ,! fair & bright ,u%as1 ) h] bright *ild 7! ,sun71 has arriv$2 to h] ! d>k 7night7 has rel9qui%$ h] abodes2 k9dr$ to "o ano!r1 immortal1 alt]nat+ ,day & ,night g on *ang+ color4 #c4 ,! same is ! nev]-end+ pa? ( ! two si/]s1 :i* !y travel1 comm&$ by ! gods4 ,!y /rive n1 !y re/ n1 ! prolific ,night & ,dawn1 concordant1 ?\gh unlike4 #d4 ,! %9+ ,u%as1 lead] ( joyful voices 7or hymns7 has be5 p]ceiv$2 %e has op5$ = u ! doors 7( ! sky72 sett+ 9 motion all mov+ ?+s1 %e has reveal$ to u ri*es4 ,u%as has awak5$ all creatures4444 #f4 7,ar\s+7 "o to seek royal p[]1 ano!r to foll[ aft] fame1 ano!r = gr& ef=ts1 ano!r to pursue z x 7 8 p>ticul> object1--,u%as awakes all creatures to consid] _! diff]5t modes ( life4 #g4 ,%e1 ! daught] ( ! sky1 has be5 beheld break+ =?1 y\?ful clad 9 %9+ attire3 mi/ress ( all e>?ly treasures4 ,auspici\s ,u%as1 %9e "h to-day4 #h4 ,u%as foll[s ! track ( ! ,dawns t are pa/1 & is ! fir/ ( ! unnumb]$ ,dawns t are to come1 break+ =?1 ar\s+ life & awak+ e "o t 0 dead4444 #aj4 ,h[ great is ! int]val t lies betwe5 ! ,dawns :i* h aris51 & ^? :i* are yet to arise6 ,u%as ye>ns long+ly aft] ! =m] ,dawns1 & gladly goes on %9+ ) ! o!rs 7t are to come74 #aa4 ,^? mortals are gone :o saw ! e>lie/ ,u%as dawn+2 we %all gaze ^u h] n[2 & ! m5 are com+ :o are to behold h] on future morns4444 #ac4 ,p]petually 9 =m] days did ! div9e ,u%as dawn2 & n[ to-day ! magnific5t goddess beams ^u ?is _w3 undecay+1 immortal1 %e m>*es on by h] own w 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #ahh4--,rig-,v$a1 i4 #aac74 ,h>dly a trace ( a moral elem5t is to be f\nd 9 ^? productions ( ! ,ri%is :i* h hi!rto be5 quot$4 ,& su* z ^! are is ! g5]al "* ( ! ,rig-,v$a-,sanhit4 ,x consi/s 9 petitions = purely mat]ial advantages1 c\pl$ ) unb\nd$ celebrations ( ! p[] ( ! god invok$1 (t5 "u ! co>se/ an?ropomorphic images4 ,b :ile x mu/ be admitt$ t ! s5tim5t express$ is r>ely ( a high ord]1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! old ,h9du gods are altoge!r de/itute ( e?ical attributes4 ,m>k$ exceptions to ! g5]al t5or ( ! supplications (f]$ to !m c]ta9ly occur4 ,!re are passages :i* betray a decid$ consci\sness ( s91 a desire to be =giv5 & a conviction t c]ta9 k9ds ( conduct entail div9e disapprobation1 :ile o!r k9ds br+ div9e approbation4 ,?us1 9 ! hymns address$ to ! ,adityas1 a class ( gods g5]ally reckon$ z twelve 9 numb]1 & to ,mitra & ,v>una1 two ( ^! ,adityas1 su* feel+s are pla9ly express$ 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #ef ff74 ,( ^! two1 ,mitra is sometimes expla9$ z ! ,sun1 or ! god ( ,day1 ,v>una z ! god ( ,night4 ,v>una--^: "n corresponds to t ( ,ouranos--is a v great & p[]ful div9ity1 :o is end[$ by 8 ador]s ) ! v highe/ attributes4 ,he is said to h met$ out heav5 & e>?1 & to dwell 9 all worlds z _! sov]eign1 embrac+ !m )9 him 7,ibid41 vol4 v4 p4 #fa74 ,he is said to witness s91 & is entreat$ to h m]cy on s9n]s4 ,"o p5it5t poet implores ,v>una to tell him = :at (f5se he seeks to kill 8 wor%ip] & fri5d1 = all ! sages tell him t x is ,v>una :o is angry ) him4 ,& he plead+ly cont5ds t he 0 n an int5tional culprit2 he has be5 s$uc$ by w9e1 ang]1 dice1 or ?\ghtlessness4 ,ano!r begs ! god t1 9 :atev] way mortals may h brok5 8 laws1 he w be graci\s4 ,a ?ird admits t he1 :o 0 ,v>una's fri5d1 has (f5d$ aga9/ him1 b asks t !y :o are guilty may n reap ! fruits ( _! s92 conclud+ ) ?is amicable h9t3 ,d ?\1 a wise god1 grant protection to him :o praises !e 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 pp4 #ff1 #fg74 ,! attributes & functions ascrib$ to ,v>una1 obs]ves ,dr4 ,muir1 imp>t to 8 "* a moral elevation & sanctity f> surpass+ t attribut$ to any o!r ,v$ic deity 7,ibid41 vol4 v4 p4 #ff74 ,& :ile ev5 9 ! e>li] portion ( ! ,rig-,v$a--f :i* ! above expressions h be5 collect$ by ,dr4 ,muir--su* qualities are ascrib$ to ,v>una1 we %all f9d a /ill high] conception ( 8 "* 9 a lat] "w1 ! ,a?>va-,v$a4 ,"h is ! description ( ! ,"l ( ,heav5 f ! m\? ( ! ,indian ,psalmi/3-- #a4 ,! great "l ( ^! worlds sees z if he 7 ne>4 ,if a man ?9ks he is walk+ by /eal?1 ! gods "k x all4 #b4 ,if a man /&s or walks or hides1 if he goes to lie d[n or to get up1 :at two p sitt+ toge!r :isp]1 ,k+ ,v>una kn[s x1 he is !re z ! ?ird4 #c4 ,?is e>?1 too1 belongs to ,v>una1 ! k+1 & ?is wide sky ) its ends f> ap>t4 ,! two seas 7! sky & ! ocean7 are ,v>una's lo9s2 he is also conta9$ 9 ?is small drop ( wat]4 #d4 ,he :o %\ld flee f> beyond ! sky1 ev5 he w\ld n be rid ( ,v>una1 ! k+4 ,8 spies proce$ f heav5 t[>ds ?is _w2 ) ?\s& eyes !y ov]look ?is e>?4 #e4 ,k+ ,v>una sees all ?is t is betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 & :at is beyond4 ,he has c\nt$ ! tw9kl+s ( ! eyes ( m54 ,z a play] ?r[s ! dice he settles all ?+s4 #f4 ,may all ?y fatal nooses1 :i* /& spread out sev5 by sev5 & ?reefold1 cat* ! man :o tells a lie2 may !y pass by him :o tells ! tru? 7,a4 ,s4 ,l4--,a?>va-,v$a1 iv4 #af74 ,a consci\sness ( ! unity ( ,deity1 "u :atev] =m he may be wor%ip$1 adumbrat$ "h & !re 9 e>li] hymns1 becomes v prom95t 9 ! lat] portions ( ! ,v$a4 ,f ! mo/ anci5t times1 possibly1 occasional sages may h atta9$ ! conception s famili> to ! ,h9du ?9k]s ( a lat] age1 t a s+le my/]i\s ess5ce ( div9ity p]vad$ ! univ]se4 ,& 9 ! t5? book ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 :i* is g5]ally admitt$ to belong to a m rec5t age ?an ! o!r n9e books1 z also 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 ?is ess5ce is celebrat$ "u v>i\s names2 z ,puru%a1 z ,brahma1 z ,prajapati 7,"l71 or ,skambha 7,support74 ,! hymns 9 :i* ?is consci\sness appe>s are extremely my/ical1 b a notice ( ! ,v$a1 h[ev] slight1 w\ld be v imp]fect )\t a due recognition ( _! pres5ce4 ,!y =m ! speculative elem5t p>tly 9 ! mid/ (1 p>tly succe$+ to1 ! simple1 practical1 nak$ pres5tation ( ! commonplace daily wants & physical desires ( ! e>ly ,ri%is4 ,take ! foll[+ texts f ! fir/ book ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,!y give utt]ance to an incipi5t s5tim5t ( div9e unity4 ,! fir/ celebrates a goddess ,aditi3 ,aditi is ! sky1 ,aditi is ! air1 ,aditi is ! "m & fa!r & son4 ,aditi is all ! gods & ! five classes ( m54 ,aditi is :atev] has be5 born4 ,aditi is :atev] %all be born 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #ced4--,rig-,v$a1 i4 #hi4 #aj74 ,m rem>kable ?an ?is--= we may suspect "h a sect>ian desire to glorify a favorite goddess--is ?is ass]tion3 ,!y call him ,indra1 ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ,agni2 & he is ! cele/ial 7well-w+$7 ,g>utmat4 ,sages "n v>i\sly t :i* is b "o3 !y call x ,agni1 ,yama1 ,mt>isvan 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #cec4--,rig-,v$a1 i4 #afd4 #df74 ,9 ! t5? book ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 ! pres5ce ( ! speculative elem5t 9 ! !ology ( ! ,ri%is1--_! long+ to f9d a univ]sal ,be+ :om !y c\ld adore1--is mu* m m>k$4 ,?us d !y express ?is s5tim5t3--,wise poets make ! beautiful-w+$1 ?\gh he is "o1 manifold by words 7,*ips1 vol4 i4 p4 #bi4--,rig-,v$a1 x4 #aad4 #e74 ,or m elaborately ?us3-- #a4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re arose ! gold5 ,*ild--,he 0 ! "o born "l ( all t is4 ,he e/abli%$ ! e>? & ?is sky2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #b4 ,he :o gives life1 ,he :o gives /r5g?2 ^: comm& all ! bright gods rev]e2 ^: %ad[ is immortality1 ^: %ad[ is dea?2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #c4 ,he :o ?r\gh 8 p[] is ! "o ,k+ ( ! brea?+ & awak5+ _w2 ,he :o gov]ns all man & bea/2 ,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #d4 ,he ^: greatness ^! sn[y m\nta9s1 ^: greatness ! sea proclaims1 ) ! di/ant riv]--,he ^: ^! regions are1 z x 7 8 two arms2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #e4 ,he ?r\gh :om ! sky is bright & ! e>? firm--,he ?r\gh :om ! heav5 0 e/abli%$1--nay1 ! highe/ heav52--,he :o measur$ out ! light 9 ! air2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #f4 ,he to :om heav5 & e>?1 /&+ firm by ,8 w1 took up1 trembl+ inw>dly--,he ov] :om ! ris+ sun %9es =?2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #g4 ,:]ev] ! mighty wat]-cl\ds w5t1 :]e !y plac$ ! se$ & lit ! fire1 !nce arose ,he :o is ! sole life ( ! bright gods2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #h4 ,he :o by 8 might look$ ev5 ov] ! wat]-cl\ds1 ! cl\ds :i* gave /r5g? & lit ! sacrifice2 ,he :o alone is ,god above all gods2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #i4 ,may ,he n de/roy u--,he ! creator ( ! e>?2 or ,he1 ! righte\s1 :o creat$ ! heav52 ,he also creat$ ! bright & mighty wat]s2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 7,*ips1 vol4 i4 p4 #bi1 or ,a4 ,s4 ,l41 p4 #efi4--,rig-,v$a1 x4 #aba74 ,! same book conta9s a v important hymn1 entitl$ ! ,puru%a ,skta4 ,9 x we f9d ourselves transport$ f ! transp>5t elem5tal wor%ip ( ! anci5t ,aryas into ! mi/y region ( ,brahmanical subtleties4 ,puru%a appe>s to be conceiv$ z ! univ]sal ess5ce ( ! _w1 all exi/5ces be+ b "o-qu>t] ( him4 ,! !ory ( sacrifice occupies1 z 9 ! lat] ,indian lit]ature g5]ally1 a prom95t position4 ,puru%a's sacrifice involv$ ! mom5t\s consequ5ces ( ! creation ( ! sev]al ,v$as & ( liv+ creatures4 ,! f\r ca/es sprang f diff]5t p>ts ( 8 p]son1 ! p>ts correspond+ to _! relative dignity4 ,! purpose ( ?is portion is obvi\s1 namely1 to give great] sanctity to ! sy/em ( ca/e1 a sy/em to :i* ! e>li] hymn makes no allusion1 & :i* we may suppose to h gr[n up subsequ5tly to ! era ( _! composition4 ,t$i\s z x is1 ! ,puru%a ,skta is too weighty to be q pass$ ov]4 #a4 ,puru%a has a ?\s& heads1 a ?\s& eyes1 a ?\s& feet4 ,on e side envelop+ ! e>?1 he ov]pass$ 7x7 by a space ( t5 f+]s4 #b4 ,puru%a himself is ?is :ole 7univ]se71 :atev] has be5 & :atev] %all be4 ,he is also ! "l ( immortality1 s9ce 7or :57 by food he exp&s4 #c4 ,su* is 8 greatness1 & ,puru%a is sup]ior to ?is4 ,all exi/5ces are a qu>t] ( him2 & ?ree-f\r?s ( him are t :i* is immortal 9 ! sky4 #d4 ,) ?ree-qu>t]s ,puru%a m\nt$ upw>ds4 ,a qu>t] ( him 0 aga9 produc$ "h4 ,he 0 !n diffus$ ev]y:]e ov] ?+s :i* eat & ?+s :i* d n eat4 #e4 ,f him 0 born ,virj1 & f ,virj1 ,puru%a4 ,:5 born1 he ext5d$ beyond ! e>?1 bo? beh9d & be=e4 #f4 ,:5 ! gods p]=m$ a sacrifice ) ,puru%a z ! oblation1 ! spr+ 0 its butt]1 ! summ] its fuel1 & ! autumn its 7accompany+7 (f]+4 #g4 ,?is victim1 ,puru%a1 born 9 ! beg9n+1 !y immolat$ on ! sacrificial grass4 ,) him ! gods1 ! ,sdhyas1 & ! ,ri%is sacrific$4 #i4 ,f t univ]sal sacrifice sprang ! ri* & sman v]ses1 ! metres & ! yaju%4 #aj4 ,f x sprang horses1 & all animals ) two r[s ( tee?2 k9e sprang f x2 f x goats & %eep4 #aa4 ,:5 7! gods7 divid$ ,puru%a1 into h[ _m p>ts did !y cut him up8 :at 0 8 m\?8 :at arms 7_h he78 :at 7two objects7 are said 7to h be57 8 ?ighs & feet8 #ab4 ,! ,brahman 0 8 m\?2 ! ,rjanya 0 made 8 arms2 ! be+ 7call$7 ! ,vaisya1 he 0 8 ?ighs2 ! ,sdra sprang f 8 feet4 #ac4 ,! moon sprang f 8 s\l 7manas71 ! sun f 8 eye1 ,indra & ,agni f 8 m\?1 & ,vyu f 8 brea?4 #ad4 ,f 8 navel arose ! air1 f 8 head ! sky1 f 8 feet ! e>?1 f 8 e> ! 7f\r7 qu>t]s2 9 ?is mann] 7! gods7 =m$ ! worlds4 #ae4 ,:5 ! gods1 p]=m+ sacrifice1 b\nd ,puru%a z a victim1 !re 7 sev5 /icks 7/uck up7 = x 7ar\nd ! fire71 & ?rice sev5 pieces ( fuel 7 made4 #af4 ,) sacrifice ! gods p]=m$ ! sacrifice4 ,^! 7 ! e>lie/ rites4 ,^! great p[]s h s\ght ! sky1 :]e are ! =m] ,sdhyas1 gods 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #i4--,rig-,v$a1 x4 #ij74 ,! wide int]val :i* sep>ates !ological !ories ( ?is k9d f ! primitive hymns to ! old poly!i/ic gods1 is also m>k$ by a t5d5cy to p]sonify ab/ract intellectual conceptions1 & to conf] exalt$ attributes ^u !m4 ,skambha1 or ,support1 m5tion$ above2 ,kla1 ,"t1 celebrat$ 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a2 ,spee*1 end[$ ) p]sonal p[]s 9 ! t5? book ( ! ,rig-,v$a2 ,wisdom1 to :om pray] is (f]$ 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 are in/ances ( ?is g5]aliz+ t5d5cy4 ,z a specim51 ! hymn to ,wisdom may be tak51 & read]s may console !mselves ) ! reflection t x is our la/ quotation f ! ,mantra "p ( ! ,v$a3-- #a4 ,come to u1 wisdom1 ! fir/1 ) c[s & horses2 7come7 ?\ ) ! rays ( ! sun2 ?\ art to u an object ( wor%ip4 #b4 ,to 7obta97 ! succor ( ! gods1 ,i invoke wisdom ! fir/1 full ( pray]1 inspir$ by pray]1 prais$ by ri%is1 imbib$ by ,brahma*r9s4 #c4 ,we introduce )9 me t wisdom :i* ,ribhus "k1 t wisdom :i* div9e be+s 7asurh7 "k1 t excell5t wisdom :i* ri%is "k4 #d4 ,make me1 ,o ,agni1 wise to-day ) t wisdom :i* ! wise ri%is--! mak]s ( ?+s exi/+--"k4 #e4 ,we introduce wisdom 9 ! ev5+1 wisdom 9 ! morn+1 wisdom at noon1 wisdom ) ! rays ( ! sun1 & ) spee* 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #bee note4--,a?>va-,v$a1 vi4 #ajh74 ,int]e/+ z ! ,mantra ( ! ,v$as is f ! fact ( its be+ ! olde/ ,bible ( ! ,aryan race1 x is impossible = mod]n read]s to feel mu* en?usiasm = its cont5ts4 ,! pati5t labor ( ^! s*ol>s :o h engag$ 9 translations ( "s p>ts ( x = ! b5efit ( ,european read]s is highly comm5dable1 b x is probable t few :o h read any consid]able numb] ( ^! hymns w be desir\s ( a fur!r acqua9tance ) !m1 unless = ! purpose ( "s special rese>*es4 ,inde$1 x may be said t ! devot$ indu/ry ( ,b5fey1 ,muir1 ,max ,mll]1 & o!rs1 has plac$ m ?an a suffici5t numb] ( !m )9 rea* ( ! g5]al public to enable u all to judge ( _! lit]>y value & _! religi\s tea*+4 ,) reg>d to ! =m]1 x w\ld be difficult to conc$e to !m any?+ b a v mode/ place4 ,9 beauty ( /yle1 expression1 or ideas1 !y appe> to me to be almo/ totally defici5t4 ,assum+1 z we are entitl$ to d1 t all ! be/ specim5s h be5 already cull$ by s*ol>s eag] to f9d some?+ attractive 9 ! ,v$a1 x mu/ be confess$ t ! g5]al run ( ! hymns is s+ul>ly monoton\s1 & _! language by no means conspicu\s = poetical color+4 ,no d\bt1 poetry always loses 9 translation2 b ,isaiah & ,hom] are /ill beautiful 9 a ,g]man or ,engli% dress2 ! ,sktas ( ! ,rig-,v$a are n4 ,a few exceptions no d\bt occur1 z 9 ! /anzas to ,u%as1 or ,dawn1 quot$ above1 b ! ord9>y level is n a high "o4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! lit]>y m]it ( ! ,v$a _c be rank$ high1 its value to ! religi\s hi/ory ( humanity at l>ge1 & ( our race 9 p>ticul>1 c h>dly be ov]rat$4 ,to ! comp>ative my?ologi/1 above all1 x possesses illimitable int]e/1 f ! new light x %$s ^u ! orig9 & significance ( _m ( ^? _w-wide tales :i*1 9 _! metamorphos$ ,hell5ic %ape1 c\ld n be effectually br\ght "u ! process ( dissection by :i* _! primitive elem5ts h n[ be5 laid b>e4 ,my?ology is beyond ! prov9ce ( ?is "w1 & !re=e ,i purposely refra9 f ent]+ ^u any explanation ( ! physical mean+ ( ! old ,aryan gods1 or ( ! /ories 9 :i* !y figure4#eg ,all t ,i h to d ) "h is ! grade atta9$ 9 ! developm5t ( religi\s feel+ among ^? :o wor%ip$ !m4 ,& ?is1 x is pla91 0 at fir/ a v elem5t>y "o4 ,! m /rik+ ph5om5a ( nature--! sun1 ! moon1 ! sky1 ! /orms1 ! dawn1 ! fire--at fir/ attract$ _! att5tion1 & absorb$ _! adoration4 ,to ^! p]sonal be+s1 z !y seem$ to ! awe-/ruck ,ri%is1 petitions ( ! rude/ type 7 confid5tly address$4 ,v little allusion1 if any1 0 made to ! necessities ( ! moral nature2 ! crav+ = spiritual k 0 sc>cely felt2 b great /ress 0 laid on temporal prosp]ity4 ,boons ( ! mo/ mat]ial k9d 7 look$ = at ! h&s ( ! gods4 ,pl5ty ( (fspr+1 pl5ty ( physical /r5g?1 pl5ty ( prop]ty1 especially 9 cattle1 & victory ov] enemies2 su* are ! reque/s mo/ commonly p\r$ into ! e>s ( ,indra1 or ,agni1 or ! ,m>uts4 ,^! gods are reg>d$ z ! sympa?iz+ fri5ds ( m51 & if !y %\ld fail to d :at may reasonably be expect$ ( a god1 are almo/ upbraid$ = _! neglig5ce4 ,! conception ( _! p[] is a high "o1 ?\gh t ( _! moral nature is /ill rudim5t>y4 ,_! greatness & _! glory1 _! victories1 _! spl5dor1 are describ$ 9 vigor\s & high-s\nd+ phrases4 ,! *anges are rung ^u _! peculi> attributes or _! fam\s exploits4 ,ea* god 9 8 turn is a great god2 b all are sep>ate individuals2 !re appe>s 9 ! crude ,aryan m9d to be z yet no dawn+ ( ! p]plex+ que/ions on ! unity ( ! ,div9e :i* tr\bl$ its lat] developm5t4 ,= z x progresses1 ! ,h9du religion gradually *anges4 ,ext]nal calm1 succe$+ ! w>s ( ! fir/ settl]s1 promotes int]nal activity4 ,! great problem ( ! ,univ]se is no long] solv$1 five or six c5turies aft] ! old] ,ri%is _h pass$ away1 9 ! simple fa%ion :i* satisfi$ _! curiosity4 ,multiplicity is n[ resolv$ into unity2 my/ical ab/ractions take ! place ( ! elem5t>y p[]s ( nature4 ,spee* is a goddess2 ! ,v$as !mselves--z 9 ! ,puru%a hymn--acquire a quasi-div9ity2 ! ,brahma*r91 or /ud5t ( !ology1 is end[$ ) sup]natural attributes1 due to ! sacr$ "* ( 8 pursuits4 ,sacrifice1 fix$ & regulat$ d[n to ! smalle/ m9uti1 has a peculi> efficacy1 & becomes some?+ ( f> deep] mean+ ?an a m]ely acceptable pres5t to ! gods4 ,e po/ure1 e ^w1 e tone acquires importance4 ,!re are *>ms1 !re are curses1 !re are incantations = good & evil purposes1 = ! acquisition ( weal? or ! de/ruction ( an enemy4 ,x is by its collection ( su* magical =mul t ! ,a?>va-,v$a is di/+ui%$ f its ?ree pr$ecessors4 ,x =ms ! la/ /one laid ^u ! edifice ( ! g5u9e ,v$a1 an edifice built up by ! labor ( _m c5turies1 & includ+ ! :ole ( t orig9al revelation to :i* ! c5turies t succe$$ x b[$ d[n 9 rev]5ce & 9 fai?4 ,,subdivision #b4--,! ,brhmanas4 ,atta*$ to ?is edifice z an outgr[? r ?an an integral "p1 ! treatises kn[n z ,brhmanas took _! place z app5dages ( ! ,sanhit4 ,al?\gh !y are reckon$ by ! ,h9dus z belong+ to ! ,sruti1 al?\gh _! nom9al rank is ?us n inf]ior to t ( ! true ,v$a1 yet x mu/ h tak5 !m _m g5]ations to acquire a position ( honor to :i* no?+ b tradition c\ld possibly entitle !m4 ,= any gleams ( poetical inspiration1 ( imag9ative religi\s feel+1 ( naturalness or simple e>ne/ness t _h %one a?w>t ! m9ds ( dev\t au?ors 9 prec$+ ages1 _h app>5tly pass$ away :5 ! ,brhmanas 7 compos$4 ,!y are ! elaborate disquisitions ( s*ol>s1 n ! outp\r+s ( m5 ( feel+4 ,religion 0 cut & dri$ :5 !y 7 writt52 e "p ( x has become a matt] ( def9ition1 ( !ory1 ( classification4 ,if 9 ! ,v$ic hymns we are plac$ be=e a /age :]e religi\s fai? is a liv+ body1 ^: movem5ts1 p]haps unc\?1 are /ill en]getic & g5u9e1 ! ,brmhanas1 on ! o!r h&1 take u into ! dissect+-room1 :]e ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( its corpse are expos$ to our obs]vation4 ,n inde$ t a true or deep fai? _h ceas$ 9 ! ,brhmana p]iod2 su* an ass]tion w\ld no d\bt be extravagant2 b ! ,brhmanas !mselves are ! products ( m9ds m giv5 to analysis ?an to s5tim5t1 & ( an age 9 :i* ! pr$om9ant t5d5cy1 at lea/ among cultivat$ ,brahmans1 0 n s mu* to feel religion z to ?9k ab\t x4 ,x is s ev]y:]e4 ,! ,hebrew ,bible1 once fix$ & complet$1 gives rise to ! ,mi%nah4 ,! ,apo/les & ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* are foll[$ by a race ( s*oolm54 ,! simple ,stras ( ,buddhism1 replete ) pla91 _w-wide lessons ( moral tru?1 give place to ! ab/ruse developm5ts ( incompreh5sible !ology4 ,?us ! ,brhmanas m>k ! epo* :5 ! ,v$a _h f9ally ceas$ to gr[1 & its e ^w & lett] _h become ! object ( an unque/ion+ adoration z ! imm$iate emanation ( ,god4 ,b among a p s subtle & s inquisitive 9 all matt]s ( religi\s belief z ! ,h9dus1 op9ion c\ld n re/ unmov$ ^u ! orig9al f\ndation4 ,_! m9ds did n1 l ^? ( ! ,jews1 /op %ort = ev] 9 _! intellectual progression1 *a9$ to ! un%akeable rock ( a god-giv5 ,revelation4 ,ev] active1 ev] attract$ to ! enigmas ( life1 ! ,brahmans pu%$ _! speculations into new regions ( ?\ght1 pond]$ ^u new problems1 & inv5t$ new solutions4 ,n t we are to expect to f9d 9 ! lit]ature ( ?is p]iod any valuable discov]ies or any v /rik+ philosophy4 ,! true philosophical sy/ems came lat]4 ,b /ill we d f9d a re/less _s ( inquiry1 ev] prompt+ fre% ef=ts to conceive ! significance ( ! gods or to p5etrate ! my/]ies ( nature1 ?\gh ! que/ions discuss$ are (t5 trifl+1 & ! results arriv$ at frivol\s4 ,e ,v$a has1 z already /at$1 its own ,brhmana or ,brhmanas4 ,?us1 two ( ^! treatises app]ta9 to ! ,rig-,v$a2 ?ree to ! ,sma-,v$a1 "o to ! ,black & "o to ! ,:ite ,yajur-,v$a1 & "o to ! ,a?>va-,v$a 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #e74 ,app5d$ to ! ,brhmanas1 & =m+1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,muir1 _! mo/ rec5t portions1 are ! ranyakas & ,upani%ads1 a k9d ( supplem5t>y works devot$ to ! elucidation ( ! highe/ po9ts ( !ology4 ,! ,brhmanas pres5t an example ( ,ritualism 9 all its glory4 ,!y fix ! exact nature ( e "p ( e c]emony2 describe m9utely ! mode 9 :i* ea* sacrifice is to be (f]$2 m5tion ! ,mantras to be recit$ on ea* occasion2 decl>e ! b5efits to be expect$ f ! sev]al rites1 & expla9 ! reasons--drawn f ! hi/ory ( ! gods--:y !y are all to be p]=m$ 9 ?is p>ticul> way & ord]1 & 9 no o!r4 ,!y are 9 fact liturgies1 accompani$ by exposition4 ,h5ce !y are totally unfit = quotation 9 a g5]al "w1 = !y w\ld be incompreh5sible )\t an accompany+ essay on ! ,v$ic sacrifices1 ent]+ into details :i* w\ld int]e/ none b pr(essional /ud5ts ( ! subject4 ,?us1 ! ,ait>eya ,brhmana occupies itself entirely ) ! duties ( ! ,hotri prie/s2 = ! recitation ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 to :i* ?is ,brhmana belong$1 0 _! prov9ce4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ! ,brhmanas1 ,upani%ads1 & ranyakas are enliv5$ by ! introduction ( apologues1 int5d$ to illu/rate ! po9t ( !ological dogma to :i* ! au?or is address+ himself4 ,"s ( ^! apologues are curi\s1 ?\gh ! /yle 9 :i* !y are relat$ is g5]ally s prolix z to preclude extraction4 ,a notion ( !m may be ga!r$ f cond5s$ /atem5ts4 ,?us1 9 ! ,brihad ranyaka ,upani%ad a /ory is told ( a dispute among ! vital organs z to :i* ( !m 0 be/ f\nd$1 i4 e41 mo/ ess5tial to life4 ,to obta9 ! decision ( ?is controv]sy !y repair$ to ,brahma1 :o said1 ,he among/ y is be/ f\nd$ by ^: dep>ture ! body is f\nd to suff] mo/4 ,h]eupon ,spee* dep>t$1 & return+ aft] a ye>'s abs5ce1 inquir$ h[ ! o!rs _h liv$ )\t x4 ,!y said1 ',z dumb p :o d n speak by spee*1 brea?+ by ! vital brea?1 see+ by ! eye1 he>+ by ! e>1 ?9k+ by ! m9d1 & begett+ *ildr51 s h we liv$4' ,! eye1 ! e>1 ! m9d1 ! organ ( g5]ation1 ea* dep>t$ = a ye>1 &1 mutatis mut&is1 ) simil> results2 bl9dness1 deafness1 idiocy1 impot5ce1 7 all compatible ) life4 ,la/ly1 ! vital brea? be+ ab\t to dep>t1 z a great1 noble horse f ! ,s9dhu c\ntry raises its ho(s1 s x %ook ^! vital organs f _! places4 ,!y said1 ',d n dep>t1 ,o ,v5]able4 ,we _c live )\t !e4' ',if ,i am su*1 !n (f] sacrifice to me4' 7,!y answ]$7--',be x s4' ,all ! o!r organs h]eupon admitt$ t _! own exi/5ce dep5d$ on t ( ! vital brea? 7,b4 ,a4 ,u41 *4 vi4 p4 #bei74 ,sev]al n>ratives 9 v>i\s ,brhmanas po9t to ! fact t !ological k 0 n 9 ^! e>ly days conf9$ to ! s+le ca/e by :i* x 0 aft]w>ds monopoliz$1 = !y speak ( well-read k+s by :om ,brahmans 7 in/ruct$4 ,9 ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1 = example1 five memb]s ( ! ,brahmanical ca/e engag$ 9 a debate ^u ! "q ,:i* is our s\l1 & :i* is ,brahma8 ,unable to satisfy !mselves1 !y repair$1 accompani$ by ano!r !ologian :o _h be5 unable to answ] !m1 to a mon>* nam$ ,asvapati1 & decl9+ 8 pr(f]$ gifts1 reque/$ him to imp>t to !m ! k he possess$ ( ! ,univ]sal ,s\l4 ,he accord+ly ask$ ea* ( !m 9 turn :i* s\l he ador$4 ,! fir/ repli$ t he ador$ ! heav52 ! second1 ! sun2 ! ?ird1 ! w9ds2 ! f\r?1 ! sky2 ! fif?1 wat]2 ! six?1 ! e>?4 ,to ea* ( !m 9 turn ! k+ admitt$ t x 0 inde$ a p>tial manife/ation ( ! ,univ]sal ,s\l :i* he wor%ip$1 & t its adoration w\ld conf] "s advantages4 ,b1 he f9ally add$1 ,y consume food1 kn[+ ! ,univ]sal ,s\l to be _m2 b he :o adore? t ,univ]sal ,s\l :i* p]vade? ! heav5 & ! e>?1 & is ! pr9cipal object indicat$ by 7! pron\n7 ,i1 consume? food ev]y:]e & 9 all regions1 9 e =m & 9 e faculty4 ,( t all-p]vad+ ,s\l ! sev]al ph5om5a ( ! visible ,univ]se wor%ip$ by ! ,brahmans 9 _! ignorance are b p>ts 7,*h&4 ,up41 *4 v4 section #aa-ah1 p4 #ib-ig74 ,o!r ,brhmanas tell simil> /ories ( ! occasional prem95ce ( ! ,k%attriya ca/e 9 ! rivalry ( le>n+4 ,?us1 ! ,satapa?a ,brhmana1 ! ,brihad ranyaka ,upani%ad1 & ! ,kau%taki ,brhmana ,upani%ad1 all ref] to a c]ta9 k+ ,ajtasatru1 :o prov$ himself sup]ior 9 !ological disputation to a ,brahman nam$ ,blki1 r5[n$ z a man well-read 9 ! ,v$a4 ,let u take ! v]sion ( ! la/-nam$ ,upani%ad4 ,blki propos$ to decl>e div9e k to ! k+1 :o (f]$ to give him a ?\s& c[s = 8 tuition4 ,b aft] he _h prop\nd$ 8 views on ! ,deity1 & _h be5 put to %ame by ! k+'s answ]s1 ! latt] said1 ,?\ ha/ va9ly propos$ to me2 let me tea* !e div9e k4 ,he1 son ( ,balaka1 :o is ! mak] ( ^! s\ls1 ^: "w t is1--he is ! object ( k4 ,conv9c$ ( 8 ignorance1 ,blki propos$ to become ! k+'s pupil4 ,! k+ repli$1 ',i reg>d x z an inv]sion ( ! prop] rule t a ,k%attriya %\ld initiate a ,brahman4 ,b come1 ,i w in/ruct !e' 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #dca74 ,bo? ^! /ories illu/rate ! /riv+ t[>ds conceptions ( ! unity ( ! div9e ess5ce :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ?is speculative age4 ,! next1 f ! ,satapa?a ,brhmana1 has ref]5ce to ano!r important po9t1--! future ( ! s\l4 ,a "y ,brahman1 call$ ,svetaketu1 came to a mon>* :o inquir$ :e!r he _h receiv$ a suitable education f 8 fa!r4 ,! y\? repli$ t he _h4 ,h]eupon ! k+ proce$$ to put him ?r\gh an exam9ation1 9 :i* he completely broke d[n4 ,"o ( ! que/ions 0 ?is3--,do/ ?\ "k ! means ( atta9+ ! pa? :i* leads to ! gods1 or t :i* leads to ! ,pitris 7,ance/ors 7patres772 by :at act ! "o or ! o!r is ga9$8 ,9 o!r words did he "k ! way to heav58 ,! /ud5t did n4 ,vex$ at 8 failure1 ! "y man ha/5$ to 8 fa!r1 reproa*$ him ) hav+ decl>$ t he 0 in/ruct$1 & compla9$ t ! ,rjanya _h ask$ him five que/ions1 ( :i* he knew n ev5 "o4 ,gautama inquir$ :at !y 71 & on he>+ !m1 assur$ 8 son t he _h taught him all he himself knew4 ,b come1 let u proce$ ?i!r1 & become 8 pupils4 ,receiv+ 8 gue/ ) due respect1 ! k+ (f]$ ,gautama a boon4 ,gautama begg$ = an explanation ( ! five que/ions4 ,t1 said ! k+1 is "o ( ! div9e boons2 ask "o ( ^? t are human4 ,b ,gautama prote/$ t he _h weal? en\gh ( all k9ds1 & add$1 ,be n illib]al t[>ds u 9 respect to t :i* is imm5se1 inf9ite1 b\ndless4 ,! k+ accord+ly accept$ !m z 8 pupils1 say+1 ,d n atta* any blame to me1 z y\r ance/ors 7did n74 ,?is k has nev] h]et(ore dwelt 9 any ,brahman2 b ,i %all decl>e x to !e4 ,= :o %\ld refuse !e :5 ?\ s speake/8 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #dcd47 ,unhi/orical z !y probably are 9 _! details1 ^! traditions are curi\s bo? z illu/rat+ ! pr$om9ant incl9ation to speculative inquiries1 & ! fact t 9 ^? inquiries ! prie/ly ca/e 0 sometimes out%one by _! m secul> rivals4 ,! foll[+ quotation be>s ^u ano!r doctr9e1 ! transc5d5t m]it ( pati5ce "u trials1 ev5 ( ! sev]e/ k9d4 ,manu1 ! typical ance/or ( mank9d1 is repres5t$ z resign+ 8 mo/ preci\s possessions to enable impi\s prie/s to p]=m a sacrifice3-- ,manu _h a bull4 ,into x an ,asura-slay+1 enemy-slay+ voice _h ent]$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is 7bull's7 snort+ & bell[+1 ,asuras & ,rk%asas 7^! are species ( demons7 7 cont9ually de/roy$4 ,!n ! ,asuras said1 ',?is bull1 alas6 does u mis*ief2 h[ %all we ov]come him8' ,n[ !re 7 two prie/s ( ! ,asuras call$ ,kilta & ,akuli4 ,!y said1 ',manu is a dev\t believ]3 let u make trial ( him4' ,!y w5t & said to him1 ',let u sacrifice = !e4' ',) :at victim8' he ask$4 ',) ?is bull1' !y repli$4 ',be x s1' he answ]$4 ,:5 x _h be5 slaught]$1 ! voice dep>t$ out ( x1 & ent]$ into ,manu's wife ,mnav4 ,:]ev] !y he> h] speak+1 ! ,asuras & ,rk%asas cont9ue to be de/roy$ 9 consequ5ce ( h] voice4 ,! ,asuras said1 ',%e does u yet m mis*ief2 = ! human voice speaks m4' ,kilta & ,akuli said1 ',manu is a dev\t believ]3 let u make trial ( him4' ,!y came & said to him1 ',manu1 let u sacrifice = !e4' ',) :at victim8' he ask$4 ',) ?is 7?y7 wife1' !y repli$4 ',be x s1' he answ]$ 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #ahh74 ,sometimes1 ?\gh n (t51 ! ,brhmanas conta9 ref]5ces to moral conduct4 ,a v !ological def9ition ( ,duty is giv5 9 ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1 :]e x is /at$1 ,?reefold is ! division ( ,duty4 ,sacrifice1 /udy1 & *>ity con/itute ! fir/2 p5ance is ! second2 & resid5ce by a ,brahma*r9 7a /ud5t ( !ology7 exclusively 9 ! h\se ( a tutor is ! ?ird4 ,all ^? :o att5d to ^! duties atta9 virtu\s regions2 ! believ] 9 ,brahma alone atta9s to immortality 7,a4 ,b41 vii4 #b4 #aj74 ,9 ano!r ,brhmana x is ass]t$ t ! m>riage ( ,fai? & ,tru? is a mo/ happy "o4 ,= by ,fai? & ,tru? jo9$ !y conqu] ! cele/ial _w 7,*h&4 ,up41 *4 ii4 sec4 #bc74 ,& ! ! /ory ( ,sunahsepa1 :i* conta9s an emphatic repudiation ( human sacrifice1 has a moral be>+4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! ,brhmanas d n conc]n !mselves ) e?ical que/ions4 ,! rules ( sacrifice1 & ! doctr9es ( a complicat$ !ology1 are _! ma9 bus9ess2 & ! topics !y are ?us l$ to debate 9 elaborate detail mu/ frequ5tly impress ! ,european read] z n only un9t]e/+1 b unmean+4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,! ,,tripitaka4#eh ,:5 ! ma/]-m9d :o1 by oral & p]sonal in/ruction1 has l$ 8 disciples to ! k ( new & invaluable tru?s passes away--:5 ! lips t taught !m are clos$ =ev]1 & ! intellect t solv$ ! problems ( human life is at re/1 :5 ! s\l t met ! spiritual crav+s ( _! s\ls is no m ne> !m--a necessity at once arises = ! collection ( ! say+s1 ! apologues1 or ! p>ables :i* c n[ be he>d no m1 & :i* only live 9 ! memories ( ^? :o he>d !m4 ,! preci\s possession mu/ n be lo/4 ,! light mu/ n be suff]$ to die out4 ,ei!r ! words ( ! ,dep>t$ ,"o mu/ be transmitt$ orally f disciple to disciple1 f g5]ation to g5]ation 7z happ5s 9 c\ntries :]e writ+ is uncommon or unkn[n71 or !y mu/ be r5d]$ imp]i%able by be+ once = all record$ 9 books4 ,su* 0 ! c\rse ( ev5ts ^u ! dea? ( ,gautama ,buddha4 ,tradition tells u t imm$iately aft] t great ,tea*] _h ent]$ into ,nirvna1 8 disciples assembl$ 9 c\ncil to collect 8 1 & to fix ! ,canons ( ! ,fai?4 ,?is ,canon consi/$ ( ?ree portions1 & is !re=e call$ ! ,tripitaka1 or ,?ree ,baskets4 ,( ^! baskets1 8 disciple ,upali 0 appo9t$ to recall to memory1 & edit1 ! "o t]m$ ,v9aya1 or ! ,buddha's in/ructions on discipl9e2 ,an&a 7! intimate fri5d ( ,gautama71 ! ,stras1 or practical tea*+s2 & ,ksyapa1 ! ,abhidh>ma1 or metaphysical lectures4 ,into ^! ?ree classes ! ,buddhi/ ,canon rema9s /ill divid$4 ,b ! text1 z ?us e/abli%$1 did n escape ! necessity ( fur!r revision4 ,"o hundr$ & t5 ye>s aft] ,sakyamuni's decease1 c]ta9 monks br\ght consid]able sc&al on ! ,*ur* by disreg>d+ 8 precepts4 ,to meet ! difficulty1 a c\ncil 0 held "u ! ,buddhi/ k+ ,asoka1 ! or?odox fai? 0 det]m9$1 & a new edition ( ! ,canonical ,works compil$ by sev5 hundr$ accompli%$ prie/s4 ,divisions & h]esies1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be prev5t$4 ,9 ,kani%ka's reign1 f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ,buddha1 ! ,*ur* 0 split up into eighte5 sects1 & a ?ird c\ncil _h to issue a ?ird ,revision ( ! ,sacr$ ,texts4#ei ,all ?is is n to be tak5 z lit]ally true4 ,especially is x impossible to accept ! /ory t a ,text ( ! ,buddha's precepts & lectures 0 =m$ imm$iately aft] 8 dea?4 ,x is probable t n ev5 ! e>lie/ p>ts ( ! ,tripitaka 7 committ$ to writ+ till long aft] t ev5t1 & x is q c]ta9 t its lat] elem5ts c\ld n h be5 add$ till "s c5turies aft] x4 ,nev]!less1 !re may be1 & inde$ x is almo/ beyond d\bt t !re are1 "s works 9 ?is ,canon :i* 7 already curr5t z ! ,^w ( ,buddha 9 ! "t ( ,asoka1 :o reign$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 an inscription quot$ by ,burn\f1 & indisputably emanat+ f t mon>*1 x is /at$ t ! law embraces ! foll[+ topics3--,! limits m>k$ by ! ,v9aya1 ! sup]natural faculties ( ! ,ariyas1 ! dang]s ( ! future1 ! /anzas ( ! h]mit1 ! ,stra ( ! h]mit1 ! speculation ( ,upatisa 7,s>iputtra7 only1 ! in/ruction ( ,laghula 7,rahula71 reject+ false doctr9es4 ,?is1 adds ! proclamation1 is :at has be5 said by ! bless$ ,buddha 7,lotus1 p4 #gbe74 ,9 ?is enum]ation we recognize1 z ,burn\f has obs]v$1 ! classes ,v9aya & ,stra1 :i* /ill =m two out ( ! ?ree baskets1 & we f9d also t c]ta9 texts 7 accept$ by ! ,*ur* z conta9+ ! g5u9e tea*+ ( ! ,buddha4 ,we mu/ suppose1 !re=e1 t at ! epo* ( ! ,c\ncil held "u ,asoka 9 ,b4 ,c4 #bdf1 !re 7 already _m unque/ion$ works 9 circulation4 ,nor is !re any reason to d\bt t "s ( ^! h desc5d$ to our times4 ,burn\f divides ! ,stras 79 ! m g5]al s5se ( in/ructions or s]mons7 into two k9ds3 simple1 & develop$ ,stras1 ( :i* ! simple ones be> m>ks ( antiquity & ( fairly repres5t+ primitive ,buddhism1 :ile ! develop$ ,stras conta9 ! fanciful speculations ( a lat] age4 ,two mo/ =tunate discov]ies1 ! "o made by ,mr4 ,hodgson 9 ,nepaul1 ! o!r by ,csoma ,krsi 9 ,?ibet1 h plac$ ! va/ collection =m+ ! ,canon ( ,buddhism )9 ! rea* ( ,european s*ol>s4 ,brian ,h\ghton ,hodgson 0 ! ,briti% ,resid5t 9 ,nepaul 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & he !re succe$$ 9 obta9+ a l>ge numb] ( volumes 9 ,sanskrit :i* he pres5t$ to ! ,asiatic ,societies ( ,london & ,p>is4 ,to ! latt] he pres5t$ fir/ tw5ty-f\r works1 & subsequ5tly sixty-f\r ,,mss41 be+ copies ( works he _h s5t to ! ,asiatic ,society 9 ,london4 ,^! books happily fell into ! h&s ( "o ( ! greate/ ( ,sanskrit s*ol>s1 ,eugne ,burn\f1 :o1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,buddhism1 translat$ a suffici5t numb] ( !m to s]ve z specim5s4 ,ab\t ! same "t a zeal\s ,hung>ian1 ,csoma ,krs1 und]took an adv5tur\s j\rney into ! he>t ( ,asia1 ) a view ( discov]+ ! orig9al /ock ( ! ,hung>ian race4 ,fail+ 9 ?is object1 he a*iev$ ano!r ( great] value1 t ( une>?+ ! :ole ( ! sacr$ books kn[n 9 ,?ibet "u ! "n ( ! ,kah-gyur1 or ,kan-gyur 7prop]ly bkah-hgyur71 :i* is ! ,?ibetan translation1 9 "o hundr$ volumes1 ( ! v works ( :i* ,hodgson 9 ,nepaul _h discov]$ ! ,sanskrit orig9als4 ,su* is ! nature ( our gu>antees = ! au!nticity ( ! text4 ,,subdivision #a4--,! ,v9aya-,pitaka4 ,let u proce$ to consid] 9 detail ! division :i* /&s fir/ 9 ! ,buddhi/ classification1 ! ,v9aya-,pitaka1 or basketful ( works on ,discipl9e4 ,^!1 accord+ to ,burn\f1 are ( v diff]5t ages1 "s be+1 f ! details !y furni% ) ref]5ce to ,sakyamuni1 8 in/itutions & 8 surr\nd+s1 ( v anci5t date1 & o!rs1 :i* relate ev5ts t did n occur till two hundr$ ye>s or m aft] 8 dea?1 belong+ to a m rec5t p]iod4 ,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive ( ! leg5ds :i* =m ! /aple ( ! works on ,discipl9e1 is t ( ,prna4 ,only a brief extract ( x c be attempt$ "h4 ,bhagavat 7t is1 ! ,"l1 or ,buddha7 0 at ,srva/i1 9 ! g>d5 ( ,an?a-p9dika4 7,an?a-p9dika 0 a h\sehold] :o _h embrac$ ! religion ( ! ,buddha1 & 9 ^: g>d5 he 0 accu/om$ to prea*47 ,!re resid$ at ?is "t 9 ! t[n ( ,surp>aka a v weal?y h\sehold]1 nam$ ,bhava4 ,?is ,bhava _h ?ree sons by 8 legitimate wife1 :o 7 *ri/5$ respectively ,bhavila1 ,bhavatrata1 & ,bhavan&94 ,aft] "s ye>s he fell into an illness :i* l$ to 8 us+ language ( extraord9>y viol5ce4 ,8 wife ) h] ?ree sons des]t$ him 9 consequ5ce1 b a "y female slave1 reflect+ t he _h imm5se weal?1 & t x w\ld n be suitable = h] to des]t him1 rema9$ 9 ! h\se & nurs$ him ?r\gh\t 8 malady4 ,see+ t he ow$ h] 8 life1 ,bhava on 8 recov]y told h] t he w\ld give h] a rew>d4 ,! "y woman begg$ t if satisfi$ %e might be admitt$ to h] ma/]'s b$4 ,bhava endeavor$ to get (f1 promis+ a h&some sum ( money & h] lib]ty in/ead1 b ! girl 0 det]m9$1 & obta9$ h] wi%4 ,! result 0 t aft] eight or n9e mon?s %e gave bir? to a beautiful boy1 to :om ! "n ( ,prna 7! ,accompli%$7 0 giv54 ,! infant ,prna 0 confid$ to eight nurses1 & subsequ5tly receiv$ a fir/-rate education4 ,9 due "t1 ! ?ree eld] sons 7 m>ri$ by _! fa!r's desire1 b ! fa!r1 see+ !m absorb$ 9 m]e uxori\sness1 reprov$ _! indol5ce1 tell+ !m t he _h n be5 m>ri$ until he _h amass$ a lac 7#ajj1jjj7 ( ,suv>na 7repres5t+ ab\t tw5ty-eight %ill+s74 ,/ruck by ?is repro(1 ! ?ree sons w5t to sea on a m]cantile exp$ition1 & return$ aft] hav+ ea* made a lac ( ,suv>nas4 ,b ,prna1 :o _h rema9$ at home to manage ! %op1 0 f\nd to h ga9$ an equal sum 9 ! same "t4 ,bhava1 p]ceiv+ ,prna's tal5ts1 impress$ on 8 sons ! importance ( union1 & ! duty ( disreg>d+ :at 0 said by _! wives1 wom5 be+ ! de/roy]s ( family peace4 ,he illu/rat$ 8 rem>ks by a /rik+ exp$i5t4 ,hav+ desir$ 8 sons to br+ "s wood1 & to k9dle x1 he !n ord]$ !m all to )draw ! br&s4 ,?is be+ done1 ! fire w5t out1 & ! moral 0 at once und]/ood by ! f\r "y m54 ,unit$ ! fuel burns2 & ?us ! union ( bro!rs makes _! /r5g?4 ,bhavila 9 p>ticul> 0 w>n$ by 8 fa!r nev] to ab&on ,prna4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ,bhava di$1 & ! ?ree legitimate sons und]took ano!r voyage4 ,dur+ _! abs5ce1 ! wives ( ! two y\ng] sons fanci$ !mselves ill-treat$ by ,prna1 :o1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 bus9ess 9 ! %op1 did n supply _! maids fa/ en\gh ) all !y s5t =4 ,on ! return ( _! husb&s ^! two compla9$ to !m t 7 treat$ z happ5s to ^? 9 ^: family ! son ( a slave ex]cises ! comm&4 ,! two bro!rs m]ely reflect$ t wom5 s[$ divisions 9 families4 ,unhappily1 h[ev]1 "s trifl+ incid5ts1 9 :i* ,bhavila's *ild appe>$ to h be5 treat$ by ,prna ) undue p>tiality1 gave ! si/]-9-law a m plausible pretext = _! compla9ts4 ,su* 0 ! effect ( _! jeal\sy1 t ! y\ng] bro!rs det]m9$ to dem& a division ( ! prop]ty1 9 :i* ,prna 7z a slave7 0 to =m "o ( ! lots4 ,bhavila1 z elde/ bro!r1 _h fir/ *oice1 & rememb]+ 8 fa!r's advice1 *ose ,prna4 ,"o ( ! o!r bro!rs took ! h\se & l&1 & eject$ ,bhavila's wife2 ! o!r took ! %op & ! prop]ty 9 =eign p>ts1 & eject$ ,prna4 ,bhavila1 8 wife1 & ,prna1 retir$ p5niless to ! h\se ( a relative4 ,! wife 9 di/ress s5t out ,prna ) no?+ b a brass co91 :i* _h be5 atta*$ to h] dress1 to buy provisions4 ,prna met a man :o _h pick$ up "s /r&$ s&al-wood on ! sea-%ore1 & buy+ x ( him 7on cr$it7 = five hundr$ ,kr%panas1 sold a portion ( x aga9 = "o ?\s&4 ,) ?is sum he fir/ paid ! man :o _h sold ! wood1 & !n obta9$ provisions = ! h\sehold4 ,he _h /ill 9 8 possession "s pieces ( ! s&al-wood1 :i* 0 ( a v valuable species call$ ,gosir%a4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 ! k+ fell ill1 & 8 doctors hav+ prescrib$ an ungu5t ( ?is v wood1 x 0 f\nd t no "o b ,prna _h any 9 8 possession4 ,prna sold a piece ( x to ! ,gov]nm5t at "o ?\s& ,kr%panas1 & ! k+ recov]$4 ,h]eupon he reflect$ t he 0 b a poor sort ( k+ :o _h no ,gosir%a s&al-wood 9 8 e/abli%m5t1 & s5t = ,prna4 ,prna1 guess+ 8 object1 approa*$ him ) "o piece 9 8 h&1 & ?ree 9 8 robe4 ,! k+1 aft] asc]ta9+ t ! price ( ! "o piece w\ld be a lac ( ,suv>nas1 inquir$ if !re 0 m4 ,prna !n %[$ him ! ?ree o!r pieces1 & ! k+ w\ld h giv5 him f\r lacs ( ,suv>nas4 ,! wily m]*ant1 h[ev]1 (f]$ to pres5t him ) "o piece1 & :5 ! grateful mon>* (f]$ him a boon1 reque/$ t he might h5ce=? be protect$ aga9/ all insults1 :i* 0 at once accord$4 ,ab\t ?is "t five hundr$ m]*ants arriv$ at ,surp>aka ) a c>go ( goods4 ,! ,m]*ants' ,company pass$ a resolution t none ( !m %\ld act indep5d5tly ( ! re/ 9 buy+ any ( ^! goods2 9 %ort1 t !re %\ld be no competition4 ,any "o deal+ ) ! m]*ants alone 0 to pay a f9e4 ,prna1 h[ev]1 at once w5t to ! vessel & b\ght ! :ole c>go at ! price dem&$1 eighte5 lacs ( ,suv>nas1 pay+ ! ?ree lacs he _h receiv$ z security4 ,! ,m]*ants' ,company1 f9d+ !mselves anticipat$1 seiz$ ,prna & expos$ him to ! sun to =ce him to pay ! f9e4 ,no soon] 0 ! k+ in=m$ ( ?is ?an he s5t = ! ,m]*ants' ,company to le>n ! cause ( _! proce$+s4 ,!y told him2 b be+ oblig$ to confess t !y _h nev] in=m$ ,prna or 8 bro!r ( ! resolution pass$1 !y _h to release him ) %ame4 ,=tune /ill favor$ him4 ,soon aft] ?is1 ! k+ happ5$ to require ! v articles :i* ,prna _h pur*as$1 & desir$ ! ,m]*ants' ,company to pur*ase !m4 ,prna h]eupon sold !m at d\ble ! price he _h paid4 ,8 next /ep 0 to und]take a sea-voyage = comm]cial purposes1 & ! fir/ hav+ be5 successful1 x 0 foll[$ by five o!rs1 all equally s4 ,8 sev5? 0 und]tak5 at ! in/ance ( "s ,buddhi/ m]*ants f ,srva/i1 :]e ,gautama 0 tea*+4 ,dur+ ! voyage he 0 pr(\ndly impress$ ) _! religi\s demeanor4 ,^! m]*ants1 at night & at dawn1 read al\d ! hymns1 ! pray]s :i* lead to ! o!r %ore1 ! texts :i* disclose ! tru?1 ! v]ses ( ! ,/haviras1 ^? relat+ to ! sev]al sci5ces1 & ^? ( ! h]mits1 z well z ! ,stras conta9+ sections ab\t temporal int]e/s4 ,prna1 :o he>d !m1 said to !m1 ',g5tlem51 :at is t f9e poetry :i* y s+8' ',x is n poetry1 ,o pr9ce ( m]*ants2 x is ! v words ( ! ,buddha4' ,prna1 :o _h nev] till n[ he>d ?is "n ( ,buddha m5tion$1 & :o felt 8 hair /& up all ov] 8 body1 inquir$ ) deep respect1 ',g5tlem51 :o is he :om y call ,buddha8' ,! m]*ants repli$1 ',! ,sramana ,gautama1 desc5d$ f ! ,sakya family1 :o hav+ %av5 8 hair & be>d1 hav+ put on g>m5ts ( yell[ hue1 left 8 h\se ) p]fect fai? to ent] ^u a religi\s life1 & :o has rea*$ ! supreme condition ( an all-p]fect ,buddha2 x is he1 ,o pr9ce ( m]*ants1 :o is call$ ! ,buddha4' ',9 :at place1 g5tlem51 does he n[ reside8' ',at ,srva/i1 ,o pr9ce ( m]*ants1 9 ! wood ( ,jetavana1 9 ! g>d5 ( ,an?a-p9dika4' ,! result ( ?is conv]sation 0 t ,prna1 on 8 return1 ann\nc$ to 8 bro!r 8 int5tion ( becom+ a monk1 & advis$ him nev] to g to sea1 & nev] to live ) 8 two bro!rs4 ,aft] ?is he w5t /raight to ,an?a-p9dika1 & 0 by him pres5t$ to ! ,buddha1 :o receiv$ him ) ! rem>k t ! mo/ agreeable pres5t he c\ld h 0 a man to conv]t4 ,prna !n receiv$ ! inve/iture & tonsure by miracle1 & 0 in/ruct$ 9 ! law 79 an abridg$ v]sion7 by 8 ma/]4 ,a beautiful1 & v *>act]i/ic conv]sation foll[s ! reception ( ! new doctr9e4 ,! ,buddha inquir$ ( ,prna :]e he w\ld n[ reside1 & ! latt] 7:o int5d$ to lead an ascetic life7 repli$ t he w\ld reside 9 ! l& ( ! ,sronap>antakas4#fj ',o ,prna1' says ,gautama1 '!y are viol5t1 ^! m5 ( ,sronap>anta3 !y are passionate1 cruel1 angry1 furi\s1 & insol5t4 ,:5 ! m5 ( ,sronap>anta1 ,o ,prna1 %all address !e to ?y face 9 wick$1 co>se1 & insult+ language1 :5 !y %all become enrag$ aga9/ !e & rail at !e1 :at wilt ?\ ?9k ( t8' ',if ! m5 ( ,sronap>anta1 ,o ,"l1 address me to my face 9 wick$1 co>se1 & insult+ language1 if !y become enrag$ aga9/ me & rail at me1 ?is is :at ,i %all ?9k ( t3 ,!y are c]ta9ly good m51 ^! ,sronap>antakas1 !y are g5tle1 mild m51 !y :o address me to my face1 9 wick$1 co>se & insult+ language1 !y :o become enrag$ aga9/ me & rail at me1 b :o nei!r /rike me ) ! h& nor /one me4' ,! re/ mu/ be giv5 9 an abridg$ =m4 ,b if !y d /rike !e ) ! h& or /one !e8 ,i %all ?9k !m good & g5tle = n /rik+ me ) swords or /icks4 ,& if !y d t8 ,i %all ?9k !m good & g5tle = n depriv+ me entirely ( life4 ,& if !y d t8 7,:at foll[s is lit]al47 ,if ! m5 ( ,sronap>anta1 ,o ,"l1 deprive me entirely ( life1 ?is is :at ,i %all ?9k3 ,!re are he>]s ( ,bhagavat ! ,"l :o by reason ( ?is body full ( ordure1 are torm5t$1 cov]$ ) confusion1 despis$1 /ruck ) swords1 :o take poison1 :o die ( hang+1 :o are ?r[n d[n precipices4 ,!y are c]ta9ty good p1 ^! ,sronap>antakas1 !y are g5tle p1 !y :o deliv] me ) s little pa9 f ?is body full ( ordure4 ,good1 good1 ,prna2 ?\ can/1 ) ! p]fection ( pati5ce ) :i* ?\ art end[$1 yes1 ?\ can/ live1 ?\ can/ take up ?y abode 9 ! l& ( ! ,sronap>antakas4 ,g1 ,prna2 deliv]$ ?yself1 deliv]2 arriv$ ?yself at ! o!r %ore1 cause o!rs to arrive !re2 consol$ ?yself1 console2 hav+ come ?yself to complete ,nirvna1 cause o!rs to arrive !re4 ,h]eupon ,prna took 8 way to ,sronap>anta1 :]e he conv]t$ a huntsman :o _h int5d$ to kill him1 & obta9$ five hundr$ novices compos$ ( bo? sexes4 ,aft] a "t1 ,bhavila1 8 bro!r1 0 reque/$ by ,bhavatrata & ,bhavan&9 to ent] into p>tn]%ip ) !m2 & 8 repugnance to ! proposal 0 ov]come by ! reproa*es ( 8 y\ng] bro!rs1 :o said t he w\ld nev] h d>$ to g to sea z ,prna _h done4 ,/ung by ?is taunt1 he engag$ ) !m 9 a sea-voyage4 ,! vessel 0 attack$ by a furi\s /orm1 rais$ by a demon 9 consequ5ce ( ! m]*ants hav+ cut "s s&al-wood :i* 0 "u ?is demon's protection4 ,bhavila /ood dumbf\nd$2 & :5 ! pass5g]s inquir$ ! reason1 in=m$ !m t he 0 ?9k+ ( 8 bro!r's advice nev] to g to sea4 ,x turn$ out t ! m]*ants on bo>d knew ( ,prna's great sanctity1 & !y address$ _! pray]s to him4 ,he came ?r\gh ! air1 aft] ! mann] ( ,buddhi/ ascetics1 appe>$ sitt+ cross-legg$ ov] ! vessel1 & allay$ ! tempe/4 ,! vessel1 load$ ) s&al-wood1 0 br\ght safety back to ,surp>aka4 ,! s&al-wood ,prna took possession ( 9 ord] to make a palace = ! ,buddha1 & desir$ 8 bro!rs to invite t p]sonage & 8 disciples to a repa/4 ,! invitation 0 miracul\sly convey$ to ! ,buddha 7:o 0 a long way (f1 at ,srva/i71 & he told 8 foll[]s to prep>e to accept x4 ,prna return$ sudd5ly to ! ,assembly 7ar\nd ,buddha7 & p]=m$ a miracle4 ,! k+ ( ,surp>aka1 on 8 side1 made prep>ations on ! gr&e/ scale = ! reception ( ! ,buddhi/ hi]>*y1 :i* came to 8 city by all k9ds ( sup]natural means4 ,prna1 /&+ by him1 expla9$ ! v>i\s prodigies z !y occurr$4 ,omitt+ "s m>vel\s conv]sions wr\ght by ! ,buddha on 8 way1 x may be m5tion$ t he desc5d$ into ! middle ( ! t[n ( ,surp>aka f ! air1 & !re taught ! law1 by :i* hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( liv+ be+s atta9$ ! sev]al degrees ( k :i* lead1 soon] or lat]1 to salvation4 ,pass+ ov] a passage 9 :i* two royal ,ngas 7or s]p5t-k+s7 make _! appe>ance to receive ! law1 & ano!r 9 :i* ,gautama proce$s to ano!r univ]se to in/ruct ! "m ( 8 disciple ,maudgalyyana1 we arrive at ! moral :i* always =ms ! conclusion ( ^! ,buddhi/ tales4 ,! monks surr\nd+ ! ,buddha inquir$ :at actions ,prna _h p]=m$ 9 ord]1 fir/1 to be born 9 a ri* family2 secondly1 to be ! son ( a slave2 & la/ly1 :5 he _h ent]$ on a religi\s life1 to behold ! condition ( an ,arhat#fa face to face1 aft] hav+ annihilat$ all ! corruptions ( evil8 ,buddha repli$1 t 9 ! v age 9 :i* we live1 b at a p]iod ( x :5 m5 liv$ tw5ty ?\s& ye>s1 !re 0 a v5]able ,ta?gata1 or ,buddha1 nam$ ,ksyapa1 :o resid$ ne> ,b5>es4 ,prna1 :o _h adopt$ a religi\s life "u him1 fulfill$ among ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur*#fb ! duties ( s]vant ( ! law4 ,! s]vant ( a c]ta9 ,arhat set himself to sweep ! mona/]y1 b ! w9d bl[+ ! dirt f side to side1 he gave up ! attempt1 int5d+ to proce$ :5 ! w9d %\ld h abat$4 ,! s]vant ( ! law com+ 91 & f9d+ ! mona/]y unswept1 all[$ himself to be c>ri$ away by rage1 & to utt] ^! (f5sive words3 ,?is is ! s]vant ( "s slave's son4 ,:5 he _h _h "t to recov] 8 calmness1 ! ,arhat's s]vant pres5t$ himself1 & ask$ if he knew him4 ,! s]vant ( ! law repli$ t he did1 & t !y bo? _h ent]$ into a religi\s life "u ! ,buddha ,ksyapa4 ,! o!r rejo9$ t :ile he _h fulfill$ all 8 duties1 ! s]vant ( ! law _h be5 guilty ( a fault 9 giv+ way to 8 temp]1 & exhort$ him to dim9i% t fault by confession4 ,! latt] rep5t$1 & 0 !reby sav$ f re-bir? 9 hell2 b he 0 doom$ to be re-born = five hundr$ g5]ations 9 ! womb ( a slave4 ,9 ?is la/ exi/5ce he 0 /ill ! (fspr+ ( a slave2 b because he _h =m]ly s]v$ ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 he 0 born 9 a ri* & prosp]\s family2 & because he _h =m]ly read & /udi$ ,buddhi/ !ology1 he n[ became an ,arhat "u ,gautama ,buddha1 aft] annihilat+ evil 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #bce ff474 ,su* is a favorable specim5 ( a va/ numb] ( leg5ds conta9$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,canon4 ,! foll[+ fragm5t is ( a r diff]5t k9d4 ,x illu/rates ! extravagant adoration paid to ! p]son ( ,buddha "s g5]ations aft] 8 dea?4 ,a k+ nam$ ,rudrayana _h s5t to ano!r1 nam$ ,bimbisra1 an armor ( m>vel\s prop]ties & priceless value4 ,bimbisra1 at a loss :at pres5t he c\ld s5d back :i* w\ld be a fitt+ return = su* a gift1 det]m9$ to seek out ,buddha & consult him on ! po9t3-- ,k+ ,bimbisra address$ him ?us3--',9 ! t[n ( ,rruka1 ,"l1 !re lives a k+ call$ ,rudrayana2 he is my fri5d2 ?\gh ,i h nev] se5 him1 he has s5t me a pres5t ( an armor compos$ ( five pieces4 ,:at pres5t %all ,i give him 9 return8' ',h ! repres5tation ( ! ,ta?gata trac$ on a bit ( /uff1' answ]$ ,bhagavat1 '& s5d x him z a pres5t4' ,bimbisra s5t = "s pa9t]s1 & said--',pa9t on a bit ( /uff ! image ( ! ,ta?gata4' ,! bless$ ,buddhas are n v easy to get at1 :i* is ! reason :y ! pa9t]s c\ld f9d no opportunity ( pa9t+ ,bhagavat4 ,s !y said to ,bimbisra--',if ! k+ w\ld give a fea/ to ,bhagavat 9 ! int]ior ( 8 palace1 x w\ld be possible = u to seize ! occasion ( pa9t+ ! bless$ "o' ,k+ ,bimbisra hav+ accord+ly invit$ ,bhagavat to 8 palace1 gave him a fea/4 ,! bless$ ,buddhas are be+s t p are nev] we>y ( look+ at4 ,:i*ev] limb ( ,bhagavat ! pa9t]s look$ at !y c\ld n leave (f contemplat+ x4 ,s !y c\ld n seize ! mom5t to pa9t him4 ,bhagavat !n said to ! k+--',! pa9t]s w h tr\ble1 ,o great k+2 x is impossible = !m to seize ! mom5t to pa9t ! ,ta?gata1 b br+ ! canvass4' ,! k+ hav+ br\ght x1 ,bhagavat project$ 8 %ad[ on x1 & said to ! pa9t]s--',fill t outl9e ) colors2 & !n write ov] x ! =mulas ( refuge z well z ! precepts ( in/ruction2 y w h to trace bo? 9 ! direct ord]1 & 9 ! inv]se ord] ! production ( ! successive causes ( exi/5ce1 :i* is compos$ ( twelve t]ms2 & on x w be writt5 ^! two v]ses3 ',beg91 g out ( ! h\se2 apply y\rself to ! law ( ,buddha2 annihilate ! army ( dea?1 z an elephant upsets a hut ( re$s4 ',he :o %all walk )\t di/raction "u ! discipl9e ( ?is law1 escap+ bir? & ! revolution ( ! _w1 w put an end to sorr[4#fc ',if any "o asks :at ^! v]ses are1 y mu/ answ]3 ,! fir/ is ! introduction2 ! second1 ! in/ruction2 ! ?ird1 ! revolution ( ! _w2 & ! f\r?1 ! ef=t4' 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #cda74 ,bimbisra1 act+ "u ,bhagavat's dictation1 !n wrote to ,rudrayana t he 0 ab\t to s5d him ! mo/ preci\s object 9 ! ?ree worlds1 & t he mu/ adorn ! way by :i* x w\ld arrive = two & a half yojanas4 ,rudrayana 0 r irritat$ by ?is message1 & propos$ imm$iate w>1 b 0 dissuad$ by 8 m9i/]s4 ,! picture !re=e 0 receiv$ ) all honor1 & n uncov]$ till aft] x _h be5 duly ador$4 ,c]ta9 =eign m]*ants :o happ5$ to be on ! spot1 on see+ ! portrait1 cri$ out altoge!r3 ,adoration to ,buddha4 ,at ?is "n ! k+ felt 8 hair /& on end1 & inquir$ :o ,buddha 04 ,8 position1 & ! mean+ ( ! inscription1 0 expla9$ to him by ! m]*ants4 ,! consequ5ce1 z may be suppos$1 0 8 conv]sion to ,buddhism4 ,he reflect$ on ! causes ( exi/5ce1 & atta9$ ! degree ( ,srotpatti 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #cdd47 ,v little allusion is made 9 ^! leg5ds to ! imm$iate subject ( ! ,v9aya-pitaka1 namely1 ,discipl9e4 ,b a ref]5ce to ,csoma's ,analysis ( ! ,dulva 7! ,?ibetan title = ! ,v9aya7 w %[ t x is 9 fact l>gely occupi$ 9 lay+ d[n rules = ! guidance ( monks & nuns1 ^! rules be+ frequ5tly suppos$ to h aris5 out ( p>ticul> ev5ts1 :ile moral tales are freely int]m+l$ ) ! treatm5t ( ! ma9 bus9ess4 ,! hap-haz>d mann] 9 :i* ! regulations ne$ful = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* 7 fram$--accord+ to ! !ory ( ! ,scriptures--may be illu/rat$ by a few specim5s4 ,?us1 two p]sons 9 debt _h tak5 ord]s1 ,%akya 7,sakyamuni7 prohibits ! admission into ! religi\s ord] ( any "o :o is 9 debt 7,z4 ,re41 vol4 xx4 p4 #ec74 ,?is rule entirely agrees ) ! g5]al _s ( ,gautama's proce$+s1 z n>rat$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ books1 & we are w>rant$ 9 suppos+ t /atem5ts s h>moni\s re/ on a hi/orical f\ndation4 ,?us1 he is said to h refus$ to admit "y p )\t ! cons5t ( _! p>5ts1 or s]vants ( a k+ )\t _! royal ma/]'s sanction4 ,regulations l ^! may well h be5 made by ,buddha f a cauti\s anxiety to avoid all conflict ) e/abli%$ au?orities4 ,fur!r on 9 ! same volume ( ! ,dulva ! reception ( h]maphrodites is likewise prohibit$ 7,z4 ,re41 vol4 xx4 p4 #ee74 ,on ano!r occasion1 leave is giv5 to le>n swimm+4 ,indec5cies are !n committ$ 9 ! ,ajirapati riv]4 ,!y are prohibit$ f t\*+ any woman2--!y may n save ev5 "o t has fall5 into ! riv] 7,ibid41 vol4 xx4 p4 #ei74 ,else:]e we are told ( a pi\s lady :o provid$ ! infant community ) clo? to make ba?+ clo!s1 s9ce %e _h he>d t bo? monks & nuns ba!d )\t any g>m5ts 7,ibid41 vol4 xx4 p4 #gj74 ,a little fur!r on1 ! dress ( ! prie/hood is prescrib$4 ,"s ( ! disciples wi%$ to we> "o ?+1 & "s ano!r2 o!rs to g nak$4 ,%akya tells !m ! impropriety & indec5cy ( ! latt]1 & prohibits x absolutely3 & rebuk+ !m1 adds t su* a g>b1 or to g nak$1 is ! *>act]i/ic sign ( a ,mu-/egs-*an 7,sansk7 ,tr?ika 7,ibid41 vol4 xx4 p4 #ga74 ,"h aga9 we seem to h a hi/orical trait1 = x 0 "o ( ! di/9ctive features ( ,buddhism t its vot>ies 7 nev] nak$1 l ! ,tr?ikas1 or h]etical ascetics1 b always wore ! yell[ robe4 ,9 o!r places !re are rules on lodg+1 on b$d+1 on ! treatm5t ( qu>relsome prie/s1 ! use ( fragrant sub/ances1 & _m o!r trivial po9ts ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e4 ,! volumes conta9+ all ^! in/ructions are foll[$ by "o 9 :i* ! same /ories are told1 & ! same morals d$uc$ f !m1 conc]n+ ! nuns4 ,!n !re are "s injunctions app>5tly peculi> to ?is sex1 z1 = in/ance1 ! re/ra9t impos$ on _! possession ( a multiplicity ( g>m5ts4 ,ano!r prohibition 0 call$ =? by ! foll[+ conduct ( a nun4 ,a k+ _h s5t a piece ( f9e l95 clo? z a pres5t to a bro!r k+4 ,x comes aft]w>ds into ! h&s ( ,gtsug-,dgah-,mo 7a lewd or wick$ prie/ess72 %e puts x on1 appe>s 9 public1 b f its ?9 texture1 seems to be nak$4 ,! prie/esses are prohibit$ f accept+ or we>+ su* ?9 clo!s 7,z4 ,re41 vol4 xx4 p4 #he74 ,x w be obs]v$ f ^! few quotations t accord+ to ! ,canon ! ,buddha's usual mode ( proce$+ 0 to lay d[n rules z occasion requir$4 ,"s in/ructive anecdote is relat$1 & ! new ord] foll[s z a natural consequ5ce ( ! ev5t4 ,m probably ! rules 7 9 fact made fir/1 & ! anecdotes subsequ5tly compos$ to acc\nt = !m4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re exi/ 9 ! ,canon "s und\bt$ly anci5t ord9ances n call$ =? by any special circum/ances1 con=mity to :i* 0 requir$ ( ! monks1 if n by _! f\nd] himself1 at lea/ by ! rul]s ( 8 ,*ur* 9 its mo/ primitive condition4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! ?irte5 rules by :i* s9 is %ak51 report$ by ,burn\f1 :i* are also f\nd1 ) ! exception ( a s+le "o1 9 a ,*9ese "w entitl$ ! sacr$ book ( ! twelve obs]vances 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #cjd74 ,^! rules belong1 accord+ to ,burn\f1 to an epo* :5 ! organization ( ! monks "u a p[]ful hi]>*y1 & _! resid5ce 9 settl$ mona/]ies1 _h sc>cely begun4 ,"s ( !m are ev5 inconsi/5t ) ! in/itution ( su* mona/]ies1 or ,vih>is1 :i* are nev]!less v anci5t4 ,! fact t ! above-nam$ ,*9ese treatise1 ! p5taglot ,buddhi/ ,vocabul>y1#fd & a li/ curr5t among ! ,s+halese1 all conta9 ^! articles ( discipl9e 7?\gh ) slight v>iations7 proves1 moreov]1 t !y app]ta9 to t common fund on :i* ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s drew alike4 ,! fir/ article 7foll[+ ! ord] 9 ! ,vocabul>y7 signifies we>+ rags f\nd 9 ! du/1 & ref]s to an injunction address$ to ! monks to we> ve/m5ts compos$ ( rags pick$ up 9 heaps ( ordure1 9 cemet]ies1 & su* places4 ,! second1 he :o has ?ree g>m5ts1 corresponds to an ord] f\nd 9 ! ,*9ese book =bidd+ monks to h m ?an ?ree g>m5ts4 ,( ! ?ird article :i* is corrupt1 ,burn\f c give no satisfactory explanation2 & ! f\r? means he :o lives by alms1 a practice at all times impos$ on ! mona/ic ord]s4 ,fif?ly1 ! ascetic is describ$ z he :o has b "o seat2 six?ly1 z "o :o eats no sweetmeats aft] 8 meal1 all eat+ = ! day hav+ to be f9i%$ by noon4 ,sev5?ly1 he lives 9 ! =e/1 t is1 9 lonely places2 & eigh?ly1 he is ne> a tree1 ! ,*9ese injunction requir+ him to sit ne> a tree1 & to seek no %elt]4 ,! n9? ord] obliges !m to sit on ! gr\nd1 t is1 to live 9 ! op5 air2 ! t5?1 to dwell among tombs1 :i* ! ,s+halese int]pret z an ord] to visit cemet]ies & m$itate on ! in/ability ( human affairs2 ! elev5?1 to sit1 & n to lie d[n4 ,( ! mean+ ( ! twelf? !re is "s d\bt2 x may signify t ! monk is to rema9 :]e he is1 or t he is n to *ange ! position ( 8 mat :5 once laid d[n4 ,to ^! twelve ! ,s+halese add a ?irte5? article1 t ! monk is to live by begg+ f h\se to h\se4 ,n less rem>kable are ! t5 comm&m5ts ( ,buddhism1 :i* are d\btless also ( consid]able antiquity4 ,burn\f /ates t he has f\nd !m 9 ! sequel ( ! ,prtimok%a ,stra 9 ! ,pali-,burman copy ( t mo/ important "w 7to :i* ref]5ce w %ortly be made74 ,^! are ! t5 comm&m5ts z giv5 9 t au?ority3-- #a4 ,n to kill any liv+ creature4 #b4 ,n to /eal4 #c4 ,n to break ! v[ ( *a/ity4 #d4 ,n to lie4 #e4 ,n to dr9k intoxicat+ liquors4 #f4 ,n to take a meal except at ! appo9t$ "t4 #g4 ,n to visit dances1 p]=mances ( vocal or in/rum5tal music1 or dramatic repres5tations4 #h4 ,n to we> g>l&s1 or use p]fumes & ungu5ts4 #i4 ,n to sleep on a high or l>ge b$4 #aj4 ,n to accept gold or silv] 7,lotus1 p4 #ddd74 ,( ^! comm&m5ts1 "s are evid5tly g5]al1 be+ f\nd$ on ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( e?ics2 o!rs are address$ only to ^? 9 ord]s4 ,su* is ! case ) ! la/ five1 all ( :i* be> ref]5ce to c]ta9 discipl9>y laws impos$ ^u ! monks & nuns4 ,_! object is to prohibit luxury ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z ! use ( a l>ge b$1 & to re/ra9 ! love ( s5sual enjoym5ts1 su* z plays1 music1 & danc+4 ,ano!r li/ ( (f5ses1 aft] enum]at+ ! fir/ five ( ^? conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ li/1 adds five m1 namely3-- #a4 ,blasphemy ( ! ,buddha4 #b4 ,blasphemy ( ! ,law4 #c4 ,blasphemy ( ! ,*ur*4 #d4 ,h]esy4 #e4 ,violation ( a nun 7,lotus1 p4 #dde74 ,su* are ! lead+ po9ts ( mona/ic discipl9e among ! primitive ,buddhi/s4 ,a m elaborate & =mal treatise on ! subject ( ! s9s to be avoid$1 & ! p5alties to be impos$ on _! commission1 is ! ,prtimok%a ,stra1 or ,stra on ,emancipation4 ,x is ! /&>d "w on ?is subject1 & %\ld be recit$ be=e ! assembl$ ,vihra twice 9 ea* mon?1 any guilty bro!r confess+ any transgression ( its precepts ( :i* he might be consci\s4 ,its antiquity is und\bt$1 = 9 a ,stra kn[n to h be5 br\ght to ,*9a f ,india 9 ,a4,d4 #gj 7& !re=e already ( e/abli%$ repute7 ! ,prtimok%a is ref]r$ to z ! two hundr$ & fifty rules 7,c4 ,b4 ,s41 p4 #ahi74 ,x does1 9 fact1 conta9 two hundr$ & fifty rules 9 its ,*9ese =m1 :ile ! ,?ibetan v]sion conta9s two hundr$ & fifty-?ree1 & ! ,pali v]sion b two hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #cjc74 ,:ile ! ,prtimok%a ,stra n[ to be quot$ is de/9$ = monks1 or ,bhik%us1 x is to be not$ t !re exi/s likewise a ,bhik%un ,prtimok%a ,stra1 or ,treatise on ,emancipation = ,nuns 7,z4 ,re41 vol4 xx4 pp4 #gi1 #hd74 ,! rules are1 mutatis mut&is1 ! same = bo? sexes4 ,x w be int]e/+ to glance rapidly at ! nature ( ! faults & crimes ! confession ( :i* is "h impos$ on ,bhik%us & ,bhik%uns4#fe ,! ,stra op5s ) c]ta9 /anzas design$ to celebrate ! ,buddhi/ ,tr9ity1--! ,buddha1 ! ,law1 & ! ,*ur*4 ,!n foll[ "s prep>atory que/ions3-- ,are ! prie/s assembl$8 7,!y are47 ,are all ?+s arrang$8 7seats1 wat]1 sweep+1 c47 7,!y are47 ,let all dep>t :o are n orda9$4 7,if any1 let !m g2 if none are pres5t1 let "o say s47 ,does any ,bhik%u "h pres5t ask = absolution8 7,let him answ] accord+ly47 ,exhortation mu/ be giv5 to ! prie/esses 7b if !re are none pres5t1 let "o say s74 ,are we agre$ :at our pres5t bus9ess is8 ,x is to repeat ! precepts 9 ?is lawful assembly4 ,v5]able bre?r51 att5d n[6 ,on ?is 444 day ( ! mon? 444 let ! assembl$ prie/s li/5 att5tively & pati5tly1 :il/ ! precepts are di/9ctly recit$4 ,,comm5cem5t4 ,bre?r56 ,i desire to g ?r\gh ! ,prtimok%a4 ,bhik%us6 assembl$ ?us1 let all consid] & dev\tly reflect on ^! precepts4 ,if any h transgress$1 let him rep5t6 ,if none h transgress$1 !n /& sil5t6 sil5t6 ,?us1 bre?r51 x %all be kn[n t ye are guiltless4 ,n[ if a /rang] ask "o ( u a "q we are b\nd to reply tru?fully3 s1 also1 ,bhik%us1 we :o reside 9 community1 if we "k t we h done wrong1 & yet decl9e to ackn[l$ge x1 we are guilty ( prev>ication4 ,b ,buddha has decl>$ t prev>ication effectually prev5ts our religi\s advancem5t4 ,t bro!r1 !re=e1 :o is consci\s ( transgression1 & desires absolution1 ought at once to decl>e 8 fault1 & aft] prop] p5ance he %all h re/ & peace4 ,bre?r56 hav+ repeat$ ?is preface1 ,i dem& ( y all--,is ?is assembly pure or n8 7,repeat ?is ?ree times47 ,bre?r56 ?is assembly is pure2 sil5t6 sil5t6 ye /&6 ,s let x be6 ,bre?r51 ,i n[ proce$ to recite ! f\r p>ajika laws1 ord]$ to be recit$ twice e mon?4 ,^! f\r laws are !n repeat$1 & ! p5alty ( excommunication1 :i* atta*es to a brea* ( any ( !m1 is enunciat$4 ,! fir/ ( ! f\r prohibits impure conduct2 ! second1 !ft4 ,! ?ird runs z foll[s3-- ,if a ,bhik%u cause a man's dea?1 or hold a weapon & give x a man 7= ! purpose71 or if he speak ( ! advantages ( dea?1 or if he c>elessly exhort "o to meet dea? 7say+71 ',tu%1 y are a brave man1' or use su* wick$ spee* z ?is1 ',x is f> bett] to die & n to live1' us+ su* consid]ations z ^!1 br++ e sort ( exp$i5t into use1 prais+ dea?1 exhort+ to dea?3 ?is ,bhik%u ought to be exclud$ & cut (f4 ,! f\r? rule is aga9/ pret5d+ to a p]fect k ( ! ,tru? :i* ! ,bhik%u does n 9 fact possess4 ,at ! end ( ! recitation ( ^! f\r rules x is decl>$ t a bro!r :o has transgress$ any "o ( !m has acquir$ ! guilt :i* dem&s exclusion1 & ought n to live z a memb] ( ! prie/hood4 ,! "q z to ! purity ( ! ,assembly is !n aga9 put1 & ! prie/ 7aft] decl>+ x pure7 proce$s to ?irte5 rules1 ! brea* ( :i* is puni%$ by susp5sion4 ,! fir/ re/ra9s a monk f pamp]+ lu/ful ?\ghts1 ! second f br++ any "p ( 8 body 9 contact ) t ( a woman1 ! ?ird f lewd talk ) a woman1 ! f\r? f obta9+ a woman to m9i/] to him4 ,= a violation ( ?is la/ injunction ! highe/ p5ance1 z well z susp5sion1 is appo9t$4 ,!re foll[ rules aga9/ build+ a resid5ce ( illegal size1 or )\t due consecration1 or on an inconv5i5t site2 aga9/ build+ a ,vihra on an inconv5i5t site2 aga9/ sl&] ( a ,bhik%u 7two rules71 aga9/ caus+ disunion 9 a community1 aga9/ =m+ a cabal = mutual protection aga9/ j c5sure1 aga9/ disord]ly conduct :5 liv+ 9 a h\se1 aga9/ a refusal to li/5 to expo/ulation or repro(4 ,solit>y conf9em5t1 & six days ( p5ance1 are ! p5alties impos$ on ^! (f5ses2 aft] ! infliction ( ! s5t5ce absolution is to be giv54 ,next we h two rules n capable ( exact def9ition1 b relat+ to lic5ti\s talk ) a fai?ful laywoman4 ,?irty rules relat+ to prie/s' robes & ! l matt]s are n[ recit$4 ,!y seem to be aim$ at covet\sness 9 receiv+ or ask+ gifts4 ,aft] ! usual inquiry z to ! purity ( ! bre?r51 n9ety rules aga9/ (f5ses requir+ confession & absolution are to be read4 ,"s ( ^! seem to be repetitions ( previ\s ones belong+ to a m s]i\s category1 z ! fir/ two1 on ly+ & sl&]1 & ! eigh?1 aga9/ pret5d$ k4 ,!n ! ,prtimok%a proce$s to say t if a ,bhik%u use hypocritical language1 if he occupy ! same lodg+ z a woman1 or ! same z a man n yet orda9$ above two nights1 if he *ant pray]s ) a man n yet orda9$1 if he rail at a prie/1 if he use wat] conta9+ insects 7s z to de/roy life71 if he give clo!s to a ,bhik%un1 or nun1 if he g ) a ,bhik%un 9 any boat except a f]ry-boat1 if he agree to walk ) a ,bhik%un along ! road1 if he gambol 9 ! wat] :ile ba?+1 if he dr9k di/ill$ or f]m5t$ liquor1 or commit any ( ! _m o!r faults1 p>tly aga9/ morality 9 g5]al1 p>tly aga9/ conv5tual rule1 he is guilty ( a transgression ( ?is class4 ,f\r rules foll[ aga9/ receiv+ food f a nun1 aga9/ all[+ a nun 9 a layman's h\se to po9t out c]ta9 di%es1 & h !m giv5 to c]ta9 monks2 aga9/ go+ to d9n] un9vit$2 aga9/ ! omission on ! "p ( a monk resid+ 9 a dang]\s place to w>n ^? :o may br+ him victuals ( ! risk !y run4 ,a hundr$ rules1 mo/ly trifl+1 are n[ ent]$ on4 ,!y are su* z ^!3 ,n to ent] a layman's h\se 9 a b\nc+ mann]4 ,n to mun* or make a mun*+ noise 9 eat+ rice1 & likewise1 n to make a lapp+ noise4 ,n to clean ! tee? "u a pagoda2 ) _m o!r m9ute regulations on a multitude ( trivial po9ts4 ,! sev5 conclud+ laws ref] simply to ! mode ( decid+ cases4 ,,subdivision #b4--,! ,stra-,pitaka4 ,we h ?us conclud$ our notice ( ! ,prtimok%a ,stra1 & may pass on to ! ,stra-pitaka1 ! second ( ! ?ree baskets into :i* ! ,canon is divid$4 ,stra is a t]m signify+ a disc\rse1 or lecture1 & ! ,stras ( ,buddhism are frequ5tly moral /ories1 suppos$ to emanate f ,gautama ,buddha himself1 & embody+ ! great features ( 8 gospel1 z ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ! ,p>ables d ^? ( ! gospel ( ,jesus4 ,a v int]e/+ collection ( su* /ories belong+ to ! ,stra-pitaka is conta9$ 9 a "w translat$ f ! ,?ibetan by a ,russian s*ol>1 & =m+1 "u ! title ( ! ,hdsangs-blun1 or ! ,wise ,man & ! ,fool1 a portion ( ! tw5ty-eigh? volume ( ! ,md1 or ,stra-pitaka4 ,f ,csoma's ,analysis x appe>s t _m o!r n>ratives ( a simil> nature are embodi$ 9 ?is section ( ! ,canon1 ?\gh mu* ( x also consi/s ( m direct dogmatic in/ruction4 ,f ,! ,wise ,man & ! ,fool ,i select a *apt] :i* af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! b\ndless *>ity :i* ,buddhism inculcates4 ,! victori\sly-p]fect ,"o 0 liv+ at ,srva/i4 ,:5 ! "t came to receive alms1 he set out ) 8 disciple ,an&a1 alms-b[l 9 h&1 along ! road4 ,x s happ5$ t he met two m5 :o _h be5 condemn$ to dea? = repeat$ robb]ies1 & 7 be+ l$ to execution4 ,_! "m1 see+ ! ,buddha1 ?us address$ him3--,o *ief ( gods1 ?9k ( u ) m]cy1 & v\*safe to take "u ?y protection ^! my sons :o are go+ to execution4 ,buddha accord+ly int]c$$ ) ! k+1 :o gave !m a free p>don4 ,t\*$ ) gratitude1 ! two m5 ask$ leave to become monks1 & on ,buddha's cons5t+ to receive !m1 _! hair at once fell (f f head & face1 & _! g>m5ts assum$ ! yell[ hue ( ! ord]4#ff ,bo? "m & sons atta9$ high spiritual grades4 ,an&a m>vel$ :at good de$s ^! ?ree c\ld h p]=m$ to meet ) ! victori\sly-p]fect ,"o1 to be sav$ f su* great evils1 & to obta9 ! prospect ( ,nirvna4 ,buddha !reupon in=m$ him t ?is 0 n ! fir/ occasion on :i* he _h sav$ _! lives1 & on ,an&a's reque/ = a fur!r explanation1 relat$ ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,c\ntless ye>s ago1 !re liv$ 9 ,jambudwpa 7,india7 a c]ta9 k+ :o _h ?ree sons4 ,! y\nge/ son 0 mild & m]ciful f 8 *ildhood upw>ds4 ,"o day1 :5 ! k+1 ) 8 m9i/]s1 wives & sons1 0 at a picnic outside ! t[n1 ! ?ree sons w5t into a wood1 :]e !y f\nd a tigress1 ) "y rec5tly litt]$1 s ne>ly />v$ t %e 0 almo/ on ! po9t ( dev\r+ h] own brood4 ,! y\nge/ ask$ 8 bro!rs :at food a tigress w\ld eat4 ,newly-kill$ meat & w>m blood4 ,is !re any "o :o w\ld support its life ) 8 own body8 ,no "o1 repli$ ! eld] bro!rs2 t w\ld be too difficult 7,i give only ! sub/ance ( ?is colloquy74 ,!n ! y\nge/ pr9ce ?\ght )9 himself3 ,= a long "t ,i h be5 driv5 ab\t 9 ! circle ( bir?s1 & h ?r[n away my body & my life innum]able times2 (t5 h ,i sacrific$ x = ! passion ( ! desires1 (t5 = t ( rage1 (t5 too = folly & ignorance2 :at value !n has ?is body1 :i* has n "o s+le "t trodd5 ! field ( m]itori\s actions = ! sake ( religion6 ,meantime1 all ?ree _h walk$ on2 b ! y\nge/1 plead+ "s bus9ess ( 8 own1 desir$ !m to g on1 leav+ him to foll[4 ,hav+ return$ to ! cave ( ! tigress1 he laid himself d[n beside h]1 b f\nd h] too weak to op5 h] m\?4 ,h]eupon ! pr9ce contriv$ to ble$ himself ) a %>p spl9t] ( wood1 & ! tigress1 aft] lick+ ! blood t fl[$ f him1 0 suffici5tly refre%$ to consume him altoge!r4 ,! two eld] bro!rs1 wond]+ at 8 long abs5ce1 return$ to ! tig]'s hole1 :]e1 on f9d+ 8 rema9s1 !y roll$ ^u ! gr\nd & fa9t$1 ov]come ) grief4 ,! que51 :o _h _h an al>m+ dream1 que/ion$ !m anxi\sly on _! return z to _! bro!r1 & %e too on le>n+ ! sad ev5t1 :i* _! *ok+ voices = "s "t prev5t$ !m f tell+1 fell s5seless to ! gr\nd4 ,soon aft]1 bo? k+ & que5 visit$ ! d51 b c\ld f9d no?+ b bones4 ,meantime1 ! pr9ce _h be5 born aga9 9 ! ,tu%ita heav54 ,look+ ab\t to discov] :at good action ( 8 _h br\ght him to ?is place1 he saw ! bones ( 8 =m] body 9 ! tigress's d51 & 8 p>5ts sigh+ & groan+ ar\nd !m4 ,he return$ f 8 heav5ly abode to give !m "s consolation & "s good advice4 ,!y 7 at l5g? some:at com=t$1 & collect+ 8 bones1 buri$ !m 9 a co/ly s>cophagus4 ,buddha !n turns to ,an&a & asks him :om he supposes ! actors 9 ?is trag$y to h be54 ,he tells him1 )\t wait+ = an answ]1 t ! k+ 0 8 pres5t fa!r1 ! que5 8 pres5t "m1 ! eld] pr9ces c]ta9 p]sonages nam$ ,maitreya & ,vasumitra1 & ! y\nge/ pr9ce no o!r ?an himself4 ,! "y tig]s 71 x ne$ h>dly be said1 ! condemn$ felons :om he _h n[ aga9 deliv]$ f dea?4 ,:ile ?is anecdote inculcates *>ity 9 its fulle/ ext5t1 ! "o :i* is n[ to be quot$ illu/rates ano!r mo/ conspicu\s po9t 9 ! e?ics ( ,buddhism1--! reg>d paid by x to p]sonal purity & ! dead5+ influ5ce x ex]cis$ on ! s5ses4 ,! translation ( ?is curi\s leg5d is due to ,burn\f3-- ,!re 0 at ,ma?ur a c\rtesan call$ ,vsavadatt4 ,h] maid w5t "o day to ,upagupta to buy h] "s p]fumes4 ,vsavadatt said to h] on h] return3 ',x seems1 my de>1 t ?is p]fum] pleases y1 z y always buy f him4' ,! maid answ]$ h]3 ',daught] ( my ma/]1 ,upagupta1 ! son ( ! m]*ant1 :o is gift$ ) beauty1 ) tal5t1 & ) g5tl5ess1 passes 8 life 9 ! obs]vance ( ! law4' ,on he>+ ^! words ,vsavadatt conceiv$ an affection = ,upagupta1 & at la/ %e s5t h] maid to say to him3 ',my int5tion is to g & f9d y2 ,i wi% to enjoy myself ) y4' ,! maid deliv]$ h] message to ,upagupta2 b ! "y man told h] to answ] h] mi/ress3 ',my si/]1 x is n yet "t = y to see me4' ,n[ x 0 necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 ! favors ( ,vsavadatt to give five hundr$ ,purnas4 ,?us ! c\rtezan imag9$ t if he refus$ h]1 x 0 because he c\ld n give ! five hundr$ ,purnas4 ,= ?is reason1 %e s5t h] maid to him aga9 to say1 ',i d n ask a s+le ,kr*pana f ! son ( my ma/]2 ,i only wi% to enjoy myself ) him4' ,! maid aga9 deliv]$ ?is new message1 & ,upagupta answ]$ h] 9 ! same way3 ',my si/]1 x is n "t yet = y to see me4' ,h[ev]1 ! son ( a ma/]-workman _h come to settle ) ,vsavadatt1 :5 a m]*ant1 :o 0 br++ f ! nor? five hundr$ horses :i* he wi%$ to sell1 came to ! t[n ( ,ma?ur1 & ask$ :o 0 ! mo/ beautiful c\rtezan4 ,he 0 answ]$ t ,vsavadatt 04 ,imm$iately1 tak+ #ejj ,purnas & a great numb] ( pres5ts1 he w5t to ! c\rtezan4 ,!n ,vsavadatt1 urg$ by covet\sness1 assass9at$ ! son ( ! ma/]-workman1 :o 0 at h] h\se1 ?rew 8 body into ! middle ( ! fil? ( ! t[n1 & gave h]self up to ! m]*ant4 ,aft] "s days1 ! "y man 0 extricat$ f ! fil? by 8 p>5ts1 :o d5\nc$ ! murd]4 ,! k+ at once gave ord]s to ! execution]s to g & cut (f ,vsavadatt's h&s1 feet1 e>s1 & nose1 & to leave h] 9 ! cemet]y4 ,! execution]s c>ri$ out ! ord]s ( ! k+1 & left ! c\rtezan 9 ! place nam$4 ,n[ ,upagupta he>d ( ! puni%m5t t _h be5 inflict$ on ,vsavadatt1 & at once ?is idea came into 8 m9d3 ',"s "t ago1 ?is woman wi%$ to see me = a s5sual object1 & ,i did n cons5t t %e %\ld see me4 ,b n[ t h] h&s & feet1 e>s & nose1 h be5 cut (f1 x is "t %e %\ld see me1' & he pron\nc$ ^! v]ses3 ',:5 h] body 0 cov]$ ) beautiful attire1 :5 %e %one ) ornam5ts ( diff]5t sorts1 ! be/ ?+ = ^? :o aspir$ to deliv]ance & :o wi%$ to escape ! law ( r5ew$ bir? 0 n to g & see ?is woman4 ',to-day1 :5 %e has lo/ h] pride1 h] love & h] joy1 :5 %e has be5 mutilat$ by ! edge ( ! knife1 :5 h] body is r$uc$ to its true nature1 x is "t to see h]4' ,!n %elt]$ by a p>asol c>ri$ by a "y man :o accompani$ him z a s]vant1 he w5t to ! cemet]y ) a measur$ /ep4 ,vsavadatt's maid _h /ay$ ) h] mi/ress out ( gratitude = h] pa/ k9dness1 & %e prev5t$ ! cr[s f approa*+ h] body4 ,see+ ,upagupta %e said to h]3 ',daught] ( my ma/]1 he to :om y s5t me sev]al times1 ,upagupta1 is com+ ?is way4 ,no d\bt he comes attract$ by ! desire = pleasure4' ,b ,vsavadatt1 he>+ ^! words1 answ]$3 ',:5 he sees me depriv$ ( beauty1 rack$ ) grief1 ly+ on ! gr\nd all cov]$ ) blood1 h[ c he feel love ( pleasure8' ,!n %e said to h] maid1 ',fri5d1 pick up ! limbs t h be5 sev]$ f my body4' ,! maid pick$ !m up at once1 & hid !m "u a bit ( l954 ,at ?is mom5t ,upagupta arriv$1 & he /ood up be=e ,vsavadatt4 ,! c\rtezan1 see+ him /&+ up be=e h]1 said to him3 ',son ( my ma/]1 :5 my body 0 :ole1 :5 x 0 made = enjoym5t1 ,i sev]al times s5t my maid to y1 & y answ]$ me3 ,my si/]1 x is n "t = y to see me4 ,to-day1 :5 ! knife has c>ri$ (f my h&s & feet1 my e>s & nose1 :5 ,i am ?r[n 9 ! dirt & 9 blood1 :y d y come8' ,& %e utt]$ ! foll[+ v]ses3 ',:5 my body 0 s(t l ! lotus fl[]1 :5 x 0 adorn$ ) ornam5ts & ri* clo!s1 :5 x _h all :i* attract$ ! eye1 ,i 0 s unhappy z n to see y4 ',to-day :y d y come to contemplate a body1 ! sight ( :i* ! eyes _c be>1 :i* games1 pleasure1 joy1 & beauty h ab&on$1 :i* inspires horror1 & is /a9$ ) blood & dirt8' ,upagupta answ]$ h]3 ',i h n come to y1 my si/]1 attract$ by ! love ( pleasure2 b ,i am come to see ! real nature ( ! mis]able objects ( ! enjoym5ts ( man' 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #adf ff474 ,su* is ! "* ( ! m anci5t portions ( ! ,stra-pitaka4 ,x consi/s l>gely ( tales1 mo/ ( :i* h mu* ! same outw>d =m1 ! details only be+ v>i$2 & all ( :i* are int5d$ to impress "s k9d ( moral ^u _! he>]s4 ,b ! ,stra collection is compos$ ( two diff]5t classes ( works1 ! "o class be+ nam$ by ,burn\f simple ,stras1 ! o!r develop$ ,stras4 ,! develop$ ,stras belong1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 to a mu* lat] p]iod1 & are m>k$ (f f ! simple ,stras by c]ta9 well-def9$ *>act]s4 ,!y are inde$ ( a k9d :i* absolutely precludes ! notion t !y c emanate 9 any way :atev] f ,sakyamuni1 or t !y c\ld h be5 compos$ dur+ ! mode/ beg9n+s ( 8 ,*ur*1 :5 8 foll[]s 7 r int5t on practical goodness ?an on pomp\s & high-fl[n descriptions ( _! ,ma/]'s magnific5ce4 ,n t all ! ,stras class$ by ,burn\f z simple mu/ ne$s belong to a v e>ly age2 b t ! develop$ ,stras c]ta9ly c\ld n h be5 writt5 until "s c5turies aft] ,sakyamuni's dea?1 :5 8 disciples1 in/ead ( us+ _! voices 9 actual conv]sation1 enjoy$ ! leisure & ! means to employ _! p5s 9 attempt$ f9e writ+4 ,burn\f has giv5 ! public a s+le specim5 ( a ,stra ( ?is class1 & !y mu/ be v devot$ /ud5ts ( ,ori5tal lit]ature :o wi% = ano!r4 ,"h is a sample ( its /yle3-- ,!n ! ,bodhisattva ,mahsattva ,ak%ayamati hav+ ris5 f 8 seat1 aft] ?r[+ 8 upp] g>m5t ov] 8 %\ld]1 & plac+ 8 "r knee on ! gr\nd1 direct+ 8 jo9$ h&s1 9 tok5 ( respect1 to ! qu>t] :]e ,bhagavat 01 address$ him 9 ^! words3 ',:y1 ,o ,bhagavat1 does ! ,bodhisattva ,mahsattva ,avalokitesv>a be> t "n8' ,?is hav+ be5 said1 ,bhagavat spoke ?us to ! ,bodhisattva ,ak%ayamati3 ',o son ( a family1 all ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( myriads ( creatures exi/+ 9 ! _w :o suff] pa9s1 h b to he> ! "n ( ! ,bodhisattva ,avalokitesv>a to be deliv]$ f ?is mass ( pa9s' 7,lotus1 p4 #bfa74 ,! extraord9>y diffus5ess ( ?is k9d ( composition is sc>cely cr$ible4 ,n only is e doctr9e elaborat$ 9 ! utmo/ numb] ( words possible1 b its exposition 9 prose is regul>ly foll[$ by a second exposition 9 v]se4 ,add to ?is peculi> feature ( develop$ ,stras ano!r1 namely1 t innum]able cr[ds ( sup]natural auditors 7especially ,bodhisattvas1 or future ,buddhas7 are pres5t at _! deliv]y by ! ,buddha1 & take "p 9 ! dialogue1 or dem& explanations on knotty po9ts1 & "s conception may be =m$ ( _! :olly unreal & unnatural "*4 ,?us1 ! ,lotus concludes ) ! /atem5t t innum]able ,ta?gatas 7,buddhas7 come f o!r univ]ses1 seat$ on ?rones ne> diamond trees1 innum]able ,bodhisattvas1 & ! :ole ( ! f\r assemblies ( ! univ]se1 ) ,devas 7gods71 m51 ,asuras1 & ,g&h>vas1 transport$ ) joy1 prais$ :at ,bhagavat _h said4 ,al?\gh ! simple ,stras m5tion ! pres5ce ( gods at ! ,buddha's tea*+1 yet !y d n 7s f> z ,i am aw>e7 introduce ^! ho/s ( ,bodhisattvas & ,buddhas belong+ to o!r worlds ?an ours4 ,_! horizon _h n ext5d$ itself to su* va/ limits1 & !y conf9$ !mselves to ! univ]se 9 :i* we live4 ,,subdivision #c4--,! ,abhidh>ma-pitaka4 ,a ?ird section ( ! ,canon rema9s1 ! ,abhidh>ma1 or ,metaphysics4 ,buddhi/ metaphysics are s absolutely my/ical t x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to enl>ge ^u !m 9 a "w n specially consecrat$ to ,ori5tal subjects4 ,! subtleties ( ! ,indian m9d w\ld require f> m space to expla9 ?an w\ld be consi/5t ) ! objects 9 view "h1 ev5 if ! writ] 7 compet5t to expla9 !m4 ,! impression left on ! m9d by ! p]usal ( ! ,abhidh>ma is t we delude ourselves if we believe 9 ! reality ( any?+ :atev]4 ,!re is no mat]ial _w2 all we see1 he>1 feel or believe1 is illusion2 our ?\ghts !mselves are no-?\ghts2 ?is doctr9e is t ( wisdom & tru?1 b !re is no wisdom & no tru?4 ,! ,buddha arrives by 8 m$itations at ?is sublime k2 b !re is no m$itation & no k4 ,he conducts liv+ creatures to ,nirvna3 b !re are nei!r creatures to be conduct$1 nor a ,buddha to conduct !m4 ,all is no?+ness1 & no?+ness is all4 ,t ?is nihilism is common to all ! s*ools into :i* ,buddhi/s are divid$1 ,i d n mean to ass]t4 ,!re are 9 ,nepaul c]ta9 s*ools :i* hold a peculi> modification ( !ism1 & !y probably may n embrace ^! /range & un9telligible sy/ems4 ,b ! views--if views !y c be call$--:i* h j be5 describ$1 d m>k ! canonical books ( ! ,abhidh>ma ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$2 su* z ! s-call$ ,pradjn ,pramit1 or ,p]fection ( ,wisdom4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o metaphysical !ory :i* is n a m]e s]ies ( contradictions1 & :i*1 f its close connection ) ! deepe/ roots ( ! ,buddhi/ic fai?1 des]ves m ?an a m]e cursory m5tion4 ,x is ! dogma kn[n z t ( ! twelve ,nidnas1 or successive causes ( exi/5ce4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ t ! orig9al aim ( ,buddhism--! salvation (f]$ by ,sakyamuni--0 deliv]ance f ?is pa9ful exi/5ce4 ,! f\r tru?s :i* =m$ ! f\ndation ( 8 sy/em h also be5 spok5 (4 ,x may be well to rem9d ! read] t !y are ^!3--#a4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,pa92 #b4 ,! production ( ,pa92 #c4 ,! annihilation ( ,pa92 #d4 ,! way to ! annihilation ( ,pa94 ,n[ if exi/5ce 01 z ! ,buddhi/s believ$1 ! s\rce ( pa91 x 0 important to discov] ! s\rce ( exi/5ce4 ,?is ! !ory ( ! ,nidnas pr(esses to d4 ,x is !re=e n only intimately relat$ to ! f\r great tru?s1 b =ms an ess5tial supplem5t to !m4 ,a v anci5t =mula1 discov]$ n only 9 books b on images1 decl>es t1 ,( all ?+s proce$+ f cause1 ! cause ( _! procession ha? ! ,ta?gata expla9$4 ,! great ,sramana has likewise decl>$ ! cause ( ! ext9ction ( all ?+s4 ,:e!r ?is =mula ref]s to ! f\r tru?s1 or to ! ,nidnas1 x is impossible to say4 ,! ,nidnas1 h[ev]1 might well be ref]r$ to 9 ^! t]ms4 ,!y are describ$ 9 a passage :i* ,burn\f has quot$ f ! ,lalitavi/>a1 9 :i* ! ,bodhisattva 7aft]w>ds ,buddha7 is /at$ to h ris5 ?r\gh prolong$ m$itation f ! k ( ea* successive consequ5t to t ( its antec$5t4 ,! ,bodhisattva1 we are told1 collect$ 8 ?\ghts & fix$ 8 intellig5ce 9 ! la/ wat* ( night1 j be=e ! dawn appe>$4 ,!n ?is ?\ght came into 8 m9d3 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is _w1 :i* is born1 gr[s old1 dies1 falls1 & is born aga91 is c]ta9ly an evil4 ,b he c\ld n recognize ! means ( quitt+ ?is _w1 :i* is no?+ b a great accumulation ( sorr[s1 :i* is compos$ b ( decrepitude1 illness1 dea?1 & o!r mis]ies1 :i* are altoge!r =m$ ( !m4 ,?is reflection br\ght ! foll[+ ?\ght into 8 m9d3 ,:at is ! ?+ ! exi/5ce ( :i* leads to decrepitude & dea?1 & :at cause h decrepitude & dea?8 ,?is reflection came into 8 m9d3 ,bir? exi/+1 decrepitude & dea? exi/2 = decrepitude & dea? h bir? z _! cause4 ,a simil> process ( reason+ l$ him to see t ! cause ( bir? 0 exi/5ce2 t ( exi/5ce1 conception2 t ( conception1 desire2 t ( desire1 s5sation2 t ( s5sation1 contact2 t ( contact1 ! six seats ( s5sible qualities2 t ( ! six seats1 "n & =m2 t ( "n & =m1 k2 t ( k1 ! concepts2 t ( ! concepts1 ignorance4 ,x is ?us1 exclaims ! ,bodhisattva :5 ?is great light _h bur/ ^u him1 x is ?us t ! production ( ?is _w1 :i* is b a mass ( sorr[s1 takes place4 ,& by an inv]se process he w5t on to reflect t if ignorance did n exi/1 nei!r w\ld ! concepts1 & s on ?r\gh e l9k ( ! *a94 ,until at l5g?1 f ! annihilation ( bir? results ! annihilation ( decrepitude1 ( dea?1 ( suff]+s1 ( lam5tations1 ( sorr[1 ( regret1 ( despair4 ,x is ?us t ! annihilation ( ?is _w1 :i* is b a mass ( sorr[s1 takes place 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #dhg74 ,?is speculation is by no means easy to und]/&4 ,app>5tly x means t ignorance1 9 ! s5se ( a mi/ak5 notion ( ! reality ( ! mat]ial _w1 leads to a :ole s]ies ( blund]s1 end+ inevitably 9 bir?4 ,f ?is fundam5tal error or belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( s5sible objects spr+ c]ta9 o!r false conceptions4 ,k1 :i* next ensues1 may mean n m]ely cognition b consci\sness1 k ( our exi/5ce2 & 9 ?is s5se1 or 9 some?+ l x1 x mu/ be tak5 9 ord] to expla9 ! app>5t p>adox ( a d$uction ( ! p$igree ( k directly f ignorance4 ,h5ce "n & =m1 a /ill fur!r di/9ction ( ! individual--a specialization ( ! vague k ( himself :i* ! la/ /age br\ght him to4 ,! next /ep c>ries u on to ! six seats ( s5sible qualities2 a phrase express+ ! organs by :i* s5sible qualities are p]ceiv$--! five s5ses1 & ,manas1 ! he>t1 :i* ! ,indians consid]$ z a six? s5se4 ,x appe>s also f ,burn\f's rem>ks t ! ,sanskrit t]m includes along ) ! organs ! qualities !y p]ceive1 ! ,law be+ assign$ to ! he>t or int]nal s5se z ! object ( its p]ception4 ,! six seats be+ giv51 contact foll[s2 contact implies s5sation1 & s5sation naturally leads to desire4 ,conception is repres5t$ z ! effect ( desire1 b ano!r translation ( ?is t]m by atta*m5t1 fondness = mat]ial ?+s1 r5d]s ! sequ5ce easi] to und]/&4 ,atta*m5t to any?+ b ! ?ree gems--! ,buddha1 ! ,law1 & ! ,*ur*--is1 h[ev]1 a fatal error1 & leads to ! melan*oly result ( exi/5ce4 ,evid5tly1 h[ev]1 ! be+ ^: d[nw>d progress has ?us be5 describ$ mu/ h exi/$ be=e1 & ! ev5t "h allud$ to mu/ probably be ! passage into ! def9ite condition ( ! human embryo4 ,& ?is is r confirm$ by ! fact t ! next /ep is t ( bir?1 foll[$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 by ! mis]ies ( human life1 t]m9at+ 9 dea?4#fg ,& dea?1 unless e remnant ( atta*m5t to1 & desire =1 all worldly ?+s has be5 purg$ away1 unless e trace ( s9ful t5d5cies has be5 oblit]at$1 is b a fre% beg9n+ ( ! same we>y r\nd4 ,,subdivision #d4--,!ology & ,e?ics ( ! ,tripitaka4 ,?us we h exam9$ 9 succession ! ?ree great divisions ( ! ,buddhi/ ,canon4 ,we may pass ov] a comp>atively late & spuri\s addition to x1 ! ,tantras--full ( ! wor%ip ( /range gods & goddesses1 & ( magical =mul>ies--to consid] ! g5]al features ( ^! sacr$ works 9 ref]5ce to _! !ological tea*+ & to _! moral t5d5cy4 ,!ology is p]haps a t]m t w be held to be misplac$ 9 speak+ ( a sy/em :i* ackn[l$ges no ,god4 ,yet ,buddhism is s full ( sup]natural creatures1 & ! ,buddha himself occupies a position s ne>ly div9e1 t x w\ld be h>d to f9d a m appropriate ^w4 ,buddha himself is ! c5tral figure ( ! :ole ( 8 sy/em1 f> m completely ?an ,*ri/ is ! c5tral figure ( ,*ri/ianity1 or ,mahomet ( ,islam4 ,!re is no ,deity above him2 he /&s out alone1 unrival$1 unequal$1 & unapproa*able4 ,! gods ( ! ,h9du pan!on are by no means annihilat$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,scriptures4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y play a c]ta9 "p 9 !m1 z :5 "s ( ! greate/ among _! numb] assi/ at ! deliv]y ( ,my4 ,b ! "p assign$ to !m is always a subord9ate "o2 !y are practically set aside1 n by ! skeptical process ( que/ion+ _! exi/5ce1 b by ! m subtle "o ( introduc+ !m z humbly seat$ at ! ,buddha's foot/ool1 & dev\t recipi5ts ( 8 in/ructions4 ,ho/ility to ,gautama ,buddha !re may be1 b n f !m4 ,x proce$s f h]etical ,brahmans--rivals 9 trade--& f ^? :om !y may = a "t deceive4 ,! gods are among ! mo/ docile ( 8 pupils1 & display a praisewor?y eag]ness to acquire ! k he may condesc5d to imp>t4 ,inf9itely above gods & m51 because possess+ inf9itely deep] k & inf9itely high] virtue1 /&s ! ,ta?gata1 ! man :o walks 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 position is ! greate/ to :i* any mortal creature c atta94 ,b x has be5 atta9$ by _m be=e1 & w be by _m h]eaft]4 ,f> away into ages sep>at$ f ours by millions ( millions ( ye>s /ret*es ! long li/ ( ,buddhas1 = e age has receiv$ a simil> light to light5 up its d>kness4 ,all h l$ lives m>k$ by ! same incid5ts1 & h taught ! same tru?s4 ,b by & by ! d>kness has return$2 ! doctr9es ( ! =m] ,buddha h be5 =gott51 & a new "o has be5 ne$$4 ,!n 9 due season he has appe>$1 & has aga9 op5$ to mank9d ! pa? ( salvation4 ,?us ,ksyapa ,buddha prec$$ ,gautama ,buddha1 & ,maitreya 7n[ a ,bodhisattva7 w succe$ him4 ,! ,buddha is an object ( ! mo/ dev\t adoration4 ,pray]s are address$ to him2 8 relics are en%r9$ 9 ,/pas1 or build+s erect$ by ! piety ( believ]s to cov] !m2 8 footpr9ts are view$ ) rev]5tial awe1 & 8 too?1 pres]v$ 9 ,ceylon1 receives ! con/ant homage ( t pi\s population4 ,?us 8 position is n unlike t ( a true ,deity1 ?\gh ! !ory ( ,buddhism w\ld require u to suppose t he is non-exi/5t1 & !re=e :olly unable to aid 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,b ?is !ory is n act$ ^u1 & is probably n held 9 all its /rictness2 = ,buddha--?\gh to "s ext5t sup]s$$ 9 ,nor!rn ,buddhism by o!r div9ities--is ! object ( a decid$ wor%ip 9 bo? its elem5ts ( pray] & praise4 ,b ! prem95t /ation occupi$ by a ,buddha is n rea*$ )\t a long & pa9ful education4 ,?r\gh ages1 ! l5g? ( :i* is sc>cely to be express$ by numb]s1 !y are qualify+ !mselves = _! glori\s task4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !y are t]m$ ,bodhisattvas1 t is1 be+s :o h tak5 a solemn resolution to become ,buddhas1 & are practic+ ! necess>y virtues4 ,! v fact ( tak+ ?is resolution is an ex]cise ( exalt$ b5evol5ce1 = _! excell5ce is su* t !y might1 if !y pleas$1 ent] at once into ,nirvna4 ,b su* is _! love = ! human race1 t !y pref] to be born aga9 & aga9 9 a _w ( woe1 9 ord] to ?r[ op5 ,nirvna to o!rs besides !mselves4 ,to atta9 _! end1 !y mu/ make an (f]+ to "s actual ,buddha1 wi%+ at ! same "t t by virtue ( ?is act !y may become ,buddhas !mselves2 & !y mu/ receive an assurance f ! object ( _! gift t ?is wi% w be fulfill$4 ,?us ,gautama1 :o happ5$ at ! "t to be a pr9ce1 pres5t$ a gold5 vessel full ( oil to a ,buddha nam$ ,purana ,dpank>a1 ) ! wi% allud$ to1 & 0 assur$ by him t he w\ld 9 a future age become a supreme ,buddha 7,m4 ,b41 p4 #ib74 ,! tales ( ! pa9s endur$1 ! sacrifices made1 ! virtues practic$ by ,gautama dur+ ?is probation>y p]iod are num]\s & v>i$4 ,he himself1 by virtue ( 8 faculty ( kn[+ ! pa/1 relat$ !m to 8 disciples4 ,he _h sacrific$ wife1 *ildr51 prop]ty1 ev5 8 own p]son1 = ! good ( o!r liv+ creatures2 he _h endur$ all k9ds ( suff]+s2 he _h %[n himself capable ( ! r>e/ unselfi%ness1 ! mo/ p]fect purity1 ! mo/ unsw]v+ rectitude4 ,! tale ( 8 endurances might move compassion1 _h x n be5 cr[n$ at la/ ) ! highe/ rew>d to :i* a mortal c aspire4 ,:ile ! ,buddha occupies ! fir/ rank among human & sup]human be+s1 & a ,bodhisattva ! second1 ! ,scriptures introduce u to o!rs hold+ v conspicu\s places among ! spiritual nobility4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! ,pratyeka ,buddhas4 ,^! are p]sons ( v high intellig5ce & v extraord9>y m]it4 ,b !y are unable to communicate _! k to o!rs4 ,!y c save !mselves2 o!rs !y _c save4 ,h]e9 lies _! inf]iority to supreme ,buddhas1--t :ile _! spiritual atta9m5ts are suffici5t to ensure _! entry into ,nirvna1 !y are inadequate to enable !m to obta9 ! same privilege = any o!r p]son4 ,9 addition to ^! n v int]e/+ ,buddhas1 ! leg5ds speak ( c]ta9 grades ( intellig5ce atta9$ by ,gautama's he>]s4 ,?us1 we are (t5 told t _m ( ! audi5ce--p]haps hundr$s ( ?\s&s--aft] he>+ a s]mon f him1 became ,arhats2 o!rs are said to h become ,angm91 ,sakridgm91 or ,srotpanna4 ,^! degrees are bas$ ^u ! reception ( ! f\r tru?s4 ,accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* a man receiv$ ^! tru?s1 he ent]$ "o ( eight pa?s1 ea* ( ! f\r degrees hav+ two classes1 a high] & a l[] "o4 ,sometimes ^! pa?s are call$ fruits2 a disciple is said to obta9 ! fruits ( su* & su* a /ate4 ,an ,arhat is a p]son ( v high /ation inde$4 ,except+ a ,buddha1 none is equal to him1 ei!r 9 k or miracul\s p[]s1 bo? ( :i* he possesses to a prem95t ext5t4 ,! ,arhat aft] 8 dea? ent]s at once into ,nirvna4 ,! ,angm9 ent]s ! ?ird pa? 7f ! bottom71 & is exempt f re-bir? except 9 ! _w ( ,devas1 or gods4 ,he :o obta9s or sees ! fruit ( ! second pa? is born once m 9 ! _w ( gods or 9 t ( m54 ,f9ally1 ! ,srotpanna und]goes re-bir? ei!r among gods or m5 sev5 times1 & is !n deliv]$ f ! /ream ( exi/5ce4#fh ,bel[ ! =tunate travel]s along ! pa? /&s ! mass ( ord9>y believ]s4 ,all ( ^!1 ( c\rse1 aim ultimately--or %\ld aim--at t p]fection ( k & ( "* :i* ensures ,nirvna2 b 9 popul> ,buddhism at ! pres5t day ?is di/ant goal appe>s to be well-nigh =gott51 & to h giv5 place to "s heav51 or place ( enjoym5t1 above :i* ! g5]al hope does n rise4 ,believ]s 9 g5]al are divid$ into two classes1 ,bhik%us & ,bhik%uns1 or monks & nuns2 & ,upsakas1 lay disciples4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! classes is well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ extract f a sacr$ book1 ! consid]ation ( :i* w lead u f ! doma9 ( !ology into t ( morality3--,:at is to be done 9 ! condition ( a m5dicant8--,! rules ( *a/ity mu/ be obs]v$ dur+ ! :ole ( life4--,t is n possible2 are !re no o!r means8--,!re are o!rs1 fri5d2 namely1 to be a devotee 7,upsaka74--,:at is to be done 9 ?is condition8--,x is necess>y dur+ ! :ole ( "o's life to ab/a9 f murd]1 !ft1 pleasure1 ly+1 & ! use ( intoxicat+ liquors4 ,! injunctions ?us /at$ to be b9d+ on ! laity are 9 fact ! fir/ five ( ! t5 comm&m5ts1 pleasure be+ simply a designation ( un*a/ity1 :i* ! layman z well z ! monk is "h ord]$ to es*ew4 ,! fir/ five comm&m5ts are 9 fact g5]al1 ref]r+ to univ]sal e?ical obligations1 n m]ely to mona/ic discipl9e1 l ! o!r five4 ,b ,buddhi/ morality is by no means m]ely negative4 ,x enjo9s n only ab/95ce f su* def9ite s9s z ^!1 b ! practice ( positive virtues 9 _! mo/ exalt$ =ms4 ,9 no sy/em is b5evol5ce1 or1 z x is t]m$ 9 ! ,engli% ,new ,te/am5t1 *>ity1 m emphatically inculcat$4 ,exhibit$1 z we h se5 x is1 9 ! highe/ degree by ,buddha himself1 x %\ld be illu/rat$ to ! ext5t ( _! capabilities by all 8 foll[]s4 ,*a/ity is ! subject ( almo/ equal praise4 ,& ! o!r virtues come 9 = _! %>e ( recognition1 ! g5]al object ( ! examples held up to admiration be+ to exhort ! fai?ful to a life spotless 9 all its p>ts1 l t ( _! ma/]4 ,) ?is aim ! leg5ds relat$ g5]ally fall into "s su* =m z ?is3 ,*>act]s appe> :o und]go "s suff]+1 b receive also "s great rew>d1 su* z meet+ ) ,buddha1 & embrac+ 8 religion4 ,x is !n expla9$ by ,buddha t ! suff]+s 7 ! result ( "s bad action done 9 a =m] life1 & ! b5efit receiv$ ! result ( "s good action2 :ile he w probably add t he himself 9 t bygone age /ood 9 ! relation ( a b5efactor to ! recipi5t ( 8 fai?4 ,or a numb] ( p]sons are introduc$ play+ v>i\s p>ts1 good & evil1 & receiv+ bless+s or mis=tunes4 ,"o ( ^! is conspicu\s by ! excell5ce ( 8 conduct4 ,!n1 at ! end ( ! /ory1 ! disciples are told n to imag9e t ?is model ( virtue is any o!r ?an ,sakyamuni himself1 :ile ! o!r *>act]s are translat$1 accord+ to _! special peculi>ities1 ea* into "s individual liv+ at ! "t1 & =m+ ei!r "o ( ,buddha's ret9ue1 or connect$ ) him by ties ( k9dr$1 or 7if wick$7 m>k$ by ho/ility to 8 p]son or doctr9e4 ,?us1 ! bad p>ts 9 ^! dramas are (t5 allott$ to 8 c\s9 ,devadatta1 :o figures 9 ^! ,scriptures z 8 typical oppon5t4 ,! ess5tial doctr9e ( all ^! moral fictions--! corn]-/one ( ,buddhi/ e?ics--is t e s+le act ( virtue receives its rew>d1 e s+le transgression its puni%m5t4 ,! consequ5ces ( our good de$s or misde$s1 my/ically embodi$ 9 our ,k>ma1 foll[ u f life to life1 f e>? to heav51 f e>? to hell1 & f heav5 or hell to e>? aga94 ,k>ma expresses an idea by no means easily seiz$4 ,p]haps x may be def9$ z ! sum total ( our moral actions1 good & bad1 conceiv$ z a k9d ( entity end[$ ) ! =ce ( de/9y4 ,x is our ,k>ma t det]m9es ! "* ( our successive exi/5ces4 ,x is our ,k>ma t det]m9es :e!r our next bir? %all be 9 heav5 or hell1 9 a happy or mis]able condition "h bel[4 ,& z ,k>ma is b ! result ( our own actions1 ea* ( :i* mu/ be> its prop] fruit1 ! balance1 ei!r on ! cr$it or debit side ( our acc\nt1 mu/ always be paid2 to u or by u1 z ! case may be4 ,let u illu/rate ?is by an in/ance or two4 ,a c]ta9 pr9ce1 nam$ ,kunla1 rem>kable = 8 p]sonal beauty1 _h be5 depriv$ ( 8 eyes ?r\gh an intrigue 9 8 fa!r's h>em4 ,sakyamuni1 9 po9t+ ! moral1 in=ms 8 disciples t ,kunla _h =m]ly be5 a huntsman1 :o f9d+ five hundr$ gazelles 9 a cave1 _h put out _! eyes 9 ord] to preclude _! escape4 ,= ?is cruelty he _h suff]$ ! pa9s ( hell = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & _h !n _h 8 eyes put out 9 human exi/5ces4 ,b ,kunla also enjoy$ great advantages4 ,he 0 ! son ( a k+1 he possess$ an attractive p]son1 &1 above all1 he _h embrac$ ! tru?s ( ,buddhism4 ,:y 0 ?is8 ,because he _h once caus$ a ,/pa ( a =m] ,buddha1 :i* an unbeliev+ mon>* _h suff]$ to be pull$ to pieces1 to be rebuilt1 & _h likewise re/or$ a /atue ( ?is same ,buddha :i* _h be5 spoilt 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #dad74 ,! truly ,buddhi/ic _s ( ?is "y pr9ce is ev9c$ by ! circum/ance t he int]c$$ e>ne/ly ) 8 fa!r = ! p>don ( 8 /epmo!r :o _h caus$ him to be s cruelly mutilat$4 ,9 ano!r case1 a poor old woman1 :o _h l$ a mis]able exi/5ce z ! slave ( an unfeel+ ma/] & mi/ress1 0 re-born 9 "o ( ! heav5s1 kn[n z t ( ! ?ree-&-?irty gods4 ,five hundr$ goddesses desc5d$ to ! cemet]y :]e %e _h be5 he$lessly ?r[n into ! gr\nd1 /rew$ fl[]s on h] bones1 & (f]$ !m spices4 ,! reason ( all ?is honor 01 t on ! previ\s day %e _h met ) ,ktyyana1 an apo/le ( ,buddhism1 _h drawn wat] & pres5t$ x to him 9 8 b[l1 & _h consequ5tly receiv$ a bless+ f him1 ) an exhortation to ent] h] mi/ress's room aft] %e _h gone to sleep1 & sitt+ on a heap ( hay to fix h] m9d exclusively ^u ,buddha4 ,?is advice %e _h att5d$ to1 & _h consequ5tly receiv$ ! above-nam$ rew>d 7,w4 u4 ,t41 p4 #aec74 ,good & evil1 "u ?is elaborate sy/em1 are ?us ! se$s :i*1 by an inv>iable law1 produce _! appropriate fruits 9 a future /ate4 ,! doctr9e may 9 fact be be/ describ$ 9 ! words attribut$ to its au?or3--,a previ\s action does n die2 be x good or evil1 x does n die2 ! society ( ! virtu\s is n lo/2 t :i* is done1 t :i* is said1 = ! ,aryas1#fi = ^! grateful p]sons1 nev] dies4 ,a good action well done1 a bad action wick$ly done1 :5 !y h arriv$ at _! maturity1 equally be> an inevitable fruit 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #ih74 ,,section ,v4--,,! ,,z5d-,,ave/a4#gj ,p]sia 0 once a great p[] 9 ! _w2 ! ,p]sian religion1 a conqu]+ & encroa*+ fai?4 ,! ,p]sian ,empire ?reat5$ to de/roy ! indep5d5ce ( ,greece4 ,x held ! ,jews 9 actual subjection1 & its religi\s views pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! developm5t ( !irs4 ,?r\gh ! ,jews1 its ideas h p5etrat$ ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & leav5$ ,europe4 ,x once possess$ an ext5sive & rem>kable sacr$ lit]ature1 b a few scatt]$ fragm5ts ( :i* h desc5d$ to u4 ,^! fragm5ts1 recov]$ & fir/ translat$ by ,anquetil du ,p]ron1 h be5 b imp]fectly elucidat$ z yet by ,european s*ol>s2 & !re c be no d\bt t mu* m light rema9s to be ca/ ^u !m by philology z x progresses4 ,su* z !y are1 h[ev]1 ,i %all make use ( ! translations already be=e u to give my read]s an imp]fect acc\nt ( ! "* ( ! ,p>see ,scriptures4 ,^! compositions are ! productions ( sev]al c5turies & are widely sep>at$ f "o ano!r 9 ! "* ( _! ?\ght1 & 9 ! objects ( wor%ip propos$ to ! fai?ful foll[] ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,! olde/ among !m1 :i* may belong to ! "t ( ! prophet himself1 are consid]$ by ,haug to be z anci5t z ,b4,c4 #abjj1 :ile ! y\nge/ 7 v likely z rec5t z ,b4,c4 #ejj4 ,haug consid]s ! ,ave/a to be ! mo/ anci5t text1 :ile ! ,z5d 0 a k9d ( comm5t>y ^u ?is already sacr$ book4 ,tak+ ! sev]al portions ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a 9 _! *ronological ord] 7z f> z ?is c be asc]ta9$71 we %all beg9 ) ! five ,g?s1 :i* are pron\nc$ by _! translator to be by f> ! olde/1 weightie/1 & mo/ important pieces ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a 7,f4 ,g41 xiii74 ,"s portions ( ^! v5]able hymns are ev5 attribut$ by him to ,z>a?u/ra himself2 b ?is--except :]e ! prophet is 9 "s way nam$ z ! au?or--mu/ be consid]$ only z an individual op9ion1 :i* c c>ry no positive conviction to o!r m9ds until x is support$ by /rong] evid5ce ?an any at pres5t accessible4 ,meantime1 we may re/ assur$ t we possess among ^! hymns "s und\bt$ productions ( ! ,z>a?u/rian age4 ,,subdivision #a4--,! ,five ,g?s4 ,proce$+ to ! individual ,g?s1 we f9d t ! fir/1 :i* beg9s ) ! #bh? *apt] ( ! ,yana1 be>s ! foll[+ head+3 ,! reveal$ ,?\ght1 ! reveal$ ,^w1 ! reveal$ ,de$ ( ! tru?ful ,z>a?u/ra4--,! immortal sa9ts *ant$ ! hymns4#ga ,! ,g? ,ahunavaiti--su* is its title--!n proce$s3-- #a4 ,adoration to y1 ye tru?ful hymns6 #b4 ,i raise al(t my h&s 9 devotion1 & wor%ip fir/ all true works ( ! wise & holy ,_s1 & ! ,und]/&+ ( ! pi\s ,disposition1 9 ord] to p>ticipate 9 ?is happ9ess4 #c4 ,i w draw ne> to y ) a pi\s disposition1 ,o ,wise ,"o6 ,o ,liv+ ,"o6 ) ! reque/ t y w grant me ! mundane & ! spiritual life4 ,by tru? are ^! possessions to be obta9$1 :i* he :o is self-illum9at$ be/[s on ^? :o /rive = !m 7,f4 ,g41 vol4 i4 p4 #bd4--,yana1 xxviii4 #a-c74 ,! mo/ important portion ( ?is ,g? is ! #cj? *apt]1 because 9 x we h a vivid picture ( ! conflict 9 :i* ! religion ( ,ahura-,mazda 0 born4 ,philological inquiry has r5d]$ x cle> beyond dispute1 t ,p>seeism took its rise 9 a religi\s s*ism betwe5 two sections ( ! great ,aryan race1 at a p]iod s remote t ! occupation ( ,h9doo/an by an (f%oot ( t race _h n yet occurr$4 ,! common ance/ors ( ,h9dus & ,p]sians /ill dwelt toge!r 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 :5 ! great ,p>see ,re=mation di/urb$ _! h>mony2 ! "o section adopt+1 or adh]+ to1 ! ,v$ic poly!ism :i* !y subsequ5tly c>ri$ to ,india2 ! o!r embrac+ ! m mono!i/ic cre$ :i* aft]w>ds became ! national religion ( ,p]sia4 ,! foll[+ hymn ( ! re=m]s c>ries u into ! v mid/ ( ! /rife3-- #a4 ,i w n[ tell y :o are assembl$ "h1 ! wise say+s ( ! mo/ wise1 ! praises ( ! liv+ ,god1 & ! songs ( ! good _s1 ! sublime tru? :i* ,i see aris+ out ( ^! sacr$ flames4 #b4 ,y %all1 !re=e1 he>k5 to ! s\l ( nature 7i4 e41 pl\gh & cultivate ! e>?72#gb contemplate ! beams ( fire ) a mo/ pi\s m9d6 ,e "o1 bo? m5 & wom51 ought to-day to *oose 8 cre$ 7betwe5 ! ,deva & ! ,ahura religion74 ,ye (fspr+ ( r5[n$ ance/ors1 awake to agree ) u 7i4 e41 to approve ( my lore1 to be deliv]$ to y at ?is mom5t76 7,! prophet beg9s to deliv] ! words1 reveal$ to him ?r\gh ! sacr$ flames47 #c4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 a pair ( tw9s1 two spirits1 ea* ( a peculi> activity2 ^! are ! good & ! base1 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$4 ,*oose "o ( ^! two spirits6 ,be good1 n base6 #d4 ,& ^! two spirits unit$ creat$ ! fir/ 7mat]ial ?+s72 ! "o1 ! reality1 ! o!r1 ! non-reality4 ,to ! li>s 7! wor%ip]s ( ! devas1 i4 e41 gods7 exi/5ce w become bad1 :il/ ! believ] 9 ! true god enjoys prosp]ity4 #e4 ,( ^! two spirits y mu/ *oose "o1 ei!r ! evil1 ! orig9ator ( ! wor/ actions1 or ! true holy _s4 ,"s may wi% to h ! h>de/ lot 7i4 e41 ^? :o w n leave ! poly!i/ic deva-religion71 o!rs adore ,ahura-,mazda by means ( s9c]e actions4 #f4 ,y _c belong to bo? ( !m 7i4 e41 y _c be wor%ip]s ( ! "o true ,god & ( _m gods at ! same "t74 ,"o ( ! devas1 aga9/ :om we are fight+1 might ov]take y1 :5 9 delib]ation 7:at fai? y are to embrace71 :isp]+ y to *oose ! no-m9d4 ,!n ! devas flock toge!r to assault ! two lives 7! life ( ! body1 & t ( ! s\l71 prais$ by ! prophets 7,p>sees1 pp4 #ada1 #adb4--,yasna1 #cj74 ,9 ano!r portion ( ?is ,g? x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! _s ( religi\s zeal break+ out1 z x s g5]ally does1 into ! language ( p]secution3-- xxxi4 #ah4 ,d n li/5 to ! say+s & precepts ( ! wick$ 7! evil _s71 because he has giv5 to de/ruction h\se1 village1 di/rict1 & prov9ce4 ,!re=e kill !m 7! wick$7 ) ! sword6 ,! wick$1 z appe>s f ! context1 are ^? :o did n accept ! ,z>a?u/rian revelation4 ,9 ! second ,g?1 or ,g? ,u/avaiti1 !re are "s v curi\s passages4 ,a few h be5 quot$ 9 ! notice ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,! foll[+ v]ses indicate ! nature ( ! wor%ip address$ to ,ahura-,mazda 9 ! mo/ anci5t p]iod ( ! ,p>see religion3-- xliii4 #b4 ,i believe !e to be ! be/ ?+ ( all1 ! s\rce ( light = ! _w4 ,ev]ybody %all *oose !e 7believe 9 !e7 z ! s\rce ( light1 !e1 !e1 holie/ _s ,mazda6 ,?\ create/ all good true ?+s by means ( ! p[] ( ?y good m9d at any "t1 & promise/ u 7:o believe 9 !e7 a long life4 #d4 ,i w believe !e to be ! p[]ful1 holy 7god7 ,mazda6 ,= ?\ give/ ) ?y h&1 fill$ ) helps1 good to ! pi\s man1 z well z to ! impi\s1 by means ( ! w>m? ( ! fire /r5g!n+ ! good ?+s4 ,= ?is reason ! vigor ( ! good m9d has fall5 to my lot4 #e4 ,?us ,i believe 9 !e z ! holy ,god1 ?\ liv+ ,wise ,"o6 ,because ,i beheld !e to be ! primeval cause ( life 9 ! creation4 ,= ?\ ha/ made 7in/itut$7 holy cu/oms & words1 ?\ ha/ giv5 a bad =tune 7empt9ess7 to ! base1 & a good "o to ! good man4 ,i w believe 9 !e1 ?\ glori\s ,god6 9 ! la/ 7future7 p]iod ( creation 7,p>sees1 p4 #adi74 xliv4 #c4 ,t :i* ,i %all ask !e1 tell x me "r1 ?\ liv+ ,god6 ,:o 0 9 ! beg9n+ ! fa!r & creator ( tru?8 ,:o made ! way = ! sun & />s8 ,:o causes ! moon to increase & wane1 if n ?\8 ,?is ,i wi% to "k besides :at ,i already "k4 #d4 ,t ,i w ask !e1 tell x me "r1 ?\ liv+ ,god6 ,:o is hold+ ! e>? & ! skies above x8 ,:o made ! wat]s & ! trees ( ! field8 ,:o is 9 ! w9ds & /orms t !y s quickly run8 ,:o is ! creator ( ! good-m9d$ be+s1 ?\ ,wise ,"o8 #e4 ,t ,i w ask !e1 tell x me "r1 ?\ liv+ ,god6 ,:o made ! lights ( good effect & ! d>kness8 ,:o made ! sleep ( good effect & ! activity8 ,:o made morn+1 noon & night1 always rem9d+ ! prie/ ( 8 duties8 7,ibid41 p4 #aej47 xlvi4 #g4 ,:o is appo9t$ protector ( my prop]ty1 ,wise ,"o6 :5 ! wick$ endeavor to hurt me8 ,:o else1 if n ?y fire1 & ?y m9d1 ?r\gh :i* ?\ ha/ creat$ ! exi/5ce 7good be+s71 ?\ liv+ ,god6 ,tell me ! p[] necess>y = hold+ up ! religion 7,ibid41 p4 #aef74 ,! ?ird ,g? is t]m$ peta-,ma9yus4 ,x beg9s ) praise ( ,ahura-,mazda z ! giv] ( ! two =ces ( p]fection & immortality4 ,f ?is holie/ _s proce$s all ! good conta9$ 9 ! words utt]$ by ! good m9d4 ,he is ! fa!r ( all tru?4 ,( su* a _s is he :o creat$ ?is e>? ) ! fire re/+ 9 its lap4 ,ahura-,mazda plac$ ! gift ( fire 9 ! /icks t are rubb$ toge!r by ! duality ( tru? & piety4 ,! foll[+ v]se ref]s to ,mazda's prophet1 ,z>a?u/ra3-- xlviii4 #d4 ,he :o creat$1 by means ( 8 wisdom1 ! good & ! no-m9d 9 ?9k+1 words1 & de$s1 rew>ds 8 ob$i5t foll[]s ) prosp]ity4 ,art ?\ 7,mazda7 n he 9 :om ! la/ cause ( bo? intellects 7good & evil7 is hidd58 7,p>sees1 p4 #aei74 ,! conclud+ *apt] ( ?is ,g? is a hymn ( praise suppos$ to emanate f ! ,_s ( ,e>? & to be address$ to ! highe/ g5ii4 ,x is n )\t beauty & sublimity1 b ,i =be> to make quotations f x1 z "s ( its mo/ int]e/+ v]ses are notic$ else:]e4 ,! f\r? & fif? ,g? are mu* %ort]1 & are consid]$ by ,haug z an app5dix4 ,! foll[+ v]se may s]ve z a specim5 ( ! =m]3-- lii4 #bj4 ,may y all toge!r grant u ?is y\r help1 tru? ?r\gh ! good m9d1 & ! good ^w 9 :i* piety consi/s4 ,be laud$ & prais$4 ,! ,wise ,"o be/[s happ9ess4 #ba4 ,has n ! ,holy ,"o1 ! liv+ wise "o1 creat$ ! radiant tru?1 & possession ) ! good m9d by means ( ! wise say+s ( rmaiti1 by h] actions & h] fai?8 #bb4 ,! liv+ ,wise ,"o kn[s :at is always ! be/ = me 9 ! adoration ( ^? :o exi/$ & /ill exi/4 ,^! ,i w invoke ) m5tion ( _! names1 & ,i w approa* !m z _! panegyri/ 7,f4 ,g41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ef74 ,( ! fir/ ?ree v]ses ( ! fif? ,g? ,i h spok5 above 7p4 #ahd74 ,! f\r? & fif? run ?us3-- liii4 #d4 ,i w zeal\sly confess ?is y\r fai?1 :i* ! bless$ "o de/9$ to ! l&lord = ! c\ntry p1 to ! tru?ful h\sehold] = ! tru?ful p1 ev] ext5d+ ! glory & ! beauty ( ! good m9d1 :i* ! liv+ ,wise ,"o has be/[$ on ! good fai? = ev] & ev]4 #e4 ,i proclaim =mul ( bless+ to girls ab\t to be m>ri$3 ,att5d6 att5d to !m6 ,y possess by means ( ^? =mul ! life ( ! good m9d4 ,let "o receive ! o!r ) upright he>t2 = ?us only w y prosp] 7,f4 ,g41 vol4 ii4 p4 #eg74 ,,subdivision #b4--,yana #ce-da1 or ! ,yana ( sev5 *apt]s4 ,! ,yana ( sev5 *apt]s1 :i* 9 ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ! text is ins]t$ betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,g?s1 is ( m rec5t date ?an ! ,g?s1 b m anci5t ?an ! re/ ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,x appe>s to be ! "w ( "o ( ! e>lie/ successors ( ! prophet1 call$ 9 anci5t times ,z>a?u/ra or ,z>a?u/rotema1 :o1 deviat+ some:at f ! high & pure mono!i/ic pr9ciples ( pitama1 made "s concessions to ! adh]5ts ( ! ante-,zoroa/rian religion by address+ pray]s to o!r be+s ?an ,ahura-,mazda 7,p>see1 p4 #bai74 ,! sev5 *apt]s may be mo/ accurately describ$ z ,psalms ( praise1 9 :i* a great v>iety ( objects1 spiritual & natural1 receive a tribute ( pi\s rev]5ce f ! wor%ip]4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 on t acc\nt to be consid]$ z gods1 or z 9 any way ! equals ( ,ahura-,mazda1 :o is /ill supreme4 ,! be+s ?us address$ are portions ( ! good creation1 or ( ! ?+s creat$ by ! good p[]1 ,ahura-,mazda2 & !y are ei!r subjects ( 8 spiritual k+dom1 su* z ! ,ame%a-p5tas 7sev5 v important spirits71 or !y are simply portions ( ! mat]ial univ]se treat$ z semi-div9e1 & exalt$ to objects ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,?us 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ?is section1 ! au?or directs 8 laudations to ! foll[+1 among o!r1 g5ii & p[]s3 ! dwell+ ( ! wat]s1 ! p>t+ ( ! ,ways1 m\nta9s1 ! w9d1 ! e>?1 ! pure ass 9 ,lake ,v\ru-,ka%a1 ?is lake itself1 ! ,soma1 ! fl[+ ( ! wat]s1 ! fly+ ( ! birds4 ,x is pla9 f ?is enum]ation t we are already a /ep beyond ! simple adoration ( ,ahura-,mazda s conspicu\s 9 ! ,g?s1 & t ! door is op5$ to ! multitude ( spirits & div9ities t make _! appe>ance 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,p>see ritual4 ,?is section ( ! ,yana op5s1 h[ev]1 ) a /rik+ address to ,ahura-,mazda3#gc-- xxxv4 #a4 ,we wor%ip ,ahura-,mazda ! pure1 ! ma/] ( purity4 ,we wor%ip ! ,ame%a-p5tas 7! ar*angels71 ! possessors ( good1 ! giv]s ( good4 ,we wor%ip ! :ole creation ( ! true _s1 bo? ! spiritual & t]re/rial1 all t supports 7raises7 ! welf>e ( ! good creation1 & ! spread ( ! good ,mazdayana religion4 #b4 ,we praise all good ?\ghts1 all good words1 all good de$s1 :i* are & w be 7:i* are be+ done & :i* h be5 done7 & we likewise keep clean & pure all t is good4 #c4 ,o ,ahura-,mazda1 ?\ true happy be+6 we /rive to ?9k1 to speak1 & to d only ^? ( all actions :i* might be be/ fitt$ to promote ! two lives 7t ( ! body & ( ! s\l74 #d4 ,we besee* ! _s ( e>? by means ( ^! be/ works 7agriculture7 to grant u beautiful & f]tile fields1 to ! believ] z well z to ! unbeliev]1 to him :o has ri*es z well z to him :o has no possession 7,p>sees1 p4 #afc74 ,! foll[+ invocation ( fire des]ves to be m5tion$ be=e we quit ?is portion ( ! ,yana3-- xxxvi4 #d4 ,happy is ! man to :om ?\ come/ 9 p[]1 ,o ,fire1 ,son ( ,ahura-,mazda4 #e4 ,fri5dli] ?an ! fri5dlie/1 m des]v+ ( adoration ?an ! mo/ adorable4 #f4 ,maye/ ?\ come to u helpfully to ! greate/ ( transactions4444 #i4 ,o ,fire1 ,son ( ,ahura-,mazda1 we approa* !e #aj4 ) a good _s1 ) good purity 7,av41 ii4 #acg74 ,,subdivision #c4--,yana1 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,?is *apt] is /at$ by ,haug to be writt5 9 ! ,g? dialect2 x is !re=e extremely anci5t1 & z x conta9s ! ,confession ( ,fai? made by ,z>a?u/rian conv]ts on _! ab&onm5t ( idolatry1 or wor%ip ( ! ,devas1 x is ( suffici5t importance to be quot$ at l5g?3-- xii4 #a4 ,i cease to be a ,deva wor%ip]4 ,i pr(ess to be a ,zoroa/rian ,mazdayana 7wor%ip] ( ,ahura-,mazda71 an enemy ( ! ,devas1 & a devotee to ,ahura1 a prais] ( ! immortal sa9ts 7,ame%a-p5tas71 a wor%ip] ( ! immortal sa9ts4 ,i ascribe all good ?+s to ,ahura-,mazda1 :o is good1 & has good1 :o is true1 lucid1 %9+1 :o is ! orig9ator ( all ! be/ ?+s1 ( ! _s 9 nature 7gu71 ( ! gr[? 9 nature1 ( ! lum9>ies & ! self-%9+ brightness :i* is 9 ! lum9>ies4 #b4 ,i *oose 7foll[1 pr(ess7 ! holy rmaiti1 ! good2 may %e be m9e6 ,i abom9ate all fraud & injury committ$ on ! _s ( e>?1 & all damage & de/ruction ( ! qu>t]s ( ! ,mazdayanas4 #c4 ,i all[ ! good spirits :o reside on ?is e>? 9 ! good animals 7z c[s1 %eep1 c471 to g & roam ab\t free accord+ to _! pleasure4 ,i praise1 besides1 all t is (f]$ ) pray] to promote ! gr[? ( life4 ,i %all cause nei!r damage nor de/ruction to ! qu>t]s ( ! ,mazdayanas1 nei!r ) my body nor my s\l4 #d4 ,i =sake ! ,devas1 ! wick$1 bad1 false1 untrue1 ! orig9ators ( mis*ief1 :o are mo/ baneful1 de/ructive1 ! base/ ( all be+s4 ,i =sake ! ,devas & ^? :o are ,devas-l1 ! wit*es & _! l1 & any be+ :atev] ( su* a k9d4 ,i =sake !m ) ?\ghts1 words & de$s3 ,i =sake !m h]eby publicly1 & decl>e t e lie & falsehood is to be done away )4 #e1 #f4 ,9 ! same way z ,z>a?u/ra at ! "t :5 ,ahura-,mazda 0 hold+ conv]sations & meet+s ) him1 & bo? 7 conv]s+ ) ea* o!r1 =sook ! ,devas2 s d ,i =sake ! ,devas1 z ! holy ,z>a?u/ra did4 #g4 ,to t p>ty to :i* ! wat]s belong1 to :atev] p>ty ! trees1 & ! animat+ _s ( nature1 to t p>ty to :i* ,ahura-,mazda belongs1 :o has creat$ ?is _s & ! pure man2 to t p>ty ( :i* ,z>a?u/ra1 & ,kava ,vi/pa & ,fra%ao/ra & ,jmpa 71 ( t p>ty ( :i* all ! anci5t fire-prie/s 7,so%yato7 71 ! pi\s1 :o 7 spread+ ! tru?3 ( ! same p>ty & cre$ am ,i4 #h4 ,i am a ,mazdayana1 a ,zoroa/rian ,mazdayana4 ,i pr(ess ?is religion by prais+ & pref]r+ x to o!rs 7! ,deva religion74 ,i praise ! ?\ght :i* is good1 ,i praise ! ^w :i* is good1 ,i praise ! "w :i* is good4 #i4 ,i praise ! ,mazdayana religion1 & ! pure bro!rhood :i* x e/abli%es & def5ds aga9/ enemies1 ! ,zoroa/rian ,ahura religion1 :i* is ! greate/1 be/1 & mo/ prosp]\s ( all t are1 & t w be4 ,i ascribe all good to ,ahura-,mazda4 ,?is %all be ! praise 7pr(ession7 ( ! ,mazdayana religion4 ,,subdivision #d4--,! ,y\ng] ,yana1 & ,visp]$4 ,:ile ! ,g?s & ! confession j quot$ repres5t ! mo/ anci5t phase ( ! ,mazdayana fai?1 we ent]1 9 ! rema9+ portion ( ! ,yana1 on a mu* lat] /age ( ! gr[+ cre$4 ,s _m new div9ities1 or at any rate1 objects ( rev]5tial addresses1 n[ ent] ^u ! sc5e1 t we almo/ lose sight ( ,ahura-,mazda 9 ! ?rong ( 8 att5dants4 ,we seem to be "s ages away f ! days :5 ,z>a?u/ra bade 8 he>]s *oose betwe5 ! "o true ,god & ! multitude ( false gods wor%ip$ by 8 enemies4 ,ahura-,mazda is safely en?ron$1 & ,z>a?u/ra %9es out glori\sly z 8 prophet2 b ,z>a?u/ra's cre$ is ov]load$ ) elem5ts ( :i* he himself knew no?+4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,yana1 a liturgical pray]1 br+s ^! elem5ts conspicu\sly be=e u4 ,x is an invocation & celebration ( a great v>iety ( p[]s belong+ to :at is t]m$ ! good creation1 or ! _w ( virtu\s be+s & good ?+s1 z oppos$ to ! malici\s be+s & bad ?+s :o =m ! realm ( evil4#gd ,?us x op5s3-- ,i invoke & ,i celebrate ! creator ,ahura-,mazda1 lum9\s1 respl5d5t1 v great & v good1 v p]fect & v en]getic1 v intellig5t & v beautiful1 em95t 9 purity1 :o possesses ! excell5t k1 ! s\rce ( pleasure2 him :o has creat$ u1 :o has =m$ u1 :o has n\ri%$ u1 ! mo/ accompli%$ ( intellig5t be+s4#ge ,e v]se1 until we approa* ! end1 comm5ces ) ! same =mula3--,i invoke & ,i celebrate2 or1 z ,spiegel translates x1 ,i invite & ann\nce x2 ! sole diff]5ce is 9 ! be+s invok$4 ,_m ( ^! are p[]s ( m or less em95ce 9 ! ,p>see spiritual hi]>*y1 b x w\ld be go+ beyond our object "h to enum]ate _! names & specify _! attributes4 ,to a l>ge proportion ( !m ! epi!ts pure1 "l ( purity1 are add$1 :ile "s are dignifi$ ) m special titles ( honor4 ,aft] ! above homage to ,ahura-,mazda1 ! writ] invokes & celebrates1 among o!rs3 ,mi?ra 7a v fam\s god71 :o increases ox51 :o has "o ?\s& e>s1 & t5 ?\s& eyes2 ! fire ( ,ahura-,mazda2 ! wat] giv5 by ,ahura-,mazda2 ! ,frava%is 7angels or gu>dian spirits7 ( holy m5 & ( wom5 :o are "u m5's protection2 en]gy1 ) a good con/itution & an impos+ figure2 victory giv5 by ,ahura2 ! mon?s2 ! new moon2 ! full moon2 ! "t ( fecundation2 ! ye>s2 all ! lords ( purity1 & ?irty-?ree g5ii surr\nd+ ,hvani1 :o are ( admirable purity1 :om ,mazda has made kn[n1 & ,z>a?u/ra has proclaim$2 ! />s1 especially a /> nam$ ,ti/rya2 ! moon1 :i* conta9s ! g]m ( ! ox2 ! sun1 ! eye ( ,ahura-,mazda2 ! trees giv5 by ,mazda2 ! ,^w made kn[n by ,z>a?u/ra aga9/ ! ,devas2 ! excell5t law ( ! ,mazdayanas2 ! p]fect b5$iction2 ! pure & excell5t man2 ^! c\ntries & di/ricts2 pa/ures & h\ses2 ! e>?1 ! sky1 ! w9d2 ! great "l ( purity2 days1 mon?s1 & seasons2 ! ,frava%is ( ! m5 ( anci5t law2 ^? ( contempor>ies & relations1 & 8 own2 all g5ii :o ought to be invok$ & ador$4 ,x is manife/ f ?is invocation1 9 :i* ,i h omitt$ _m names & _m repetitions1 h[ f> we are f ! /]n & e>ne/ simplicity ( ! ,g?s4 ,regul> liturgical =ms h sprung up1 & ^! express ! m develop$ & complicat$ wor%ip :i* ! ,p>see prie/hood has n[ engraft$ on ! ,z>a?u/rian mono!ism4 ,! conclud+ v]ses run z foll[s3-- ,o ?\ :o art giv5 9 ?is _w1 giv5 aga9/ ! ,devas1 ,z>a?u/ra#gf ! pure1 "l ( purity1 if ,i h w\nd$ !e1 ei!r 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 or de$1 volunt>ily or involunt>ily1 ,i aga9 address ?is praise 9 ?9e honor2 yes1 ,i invoke !e if ,i h fail$ aga9/ !e 9 ?is sacrifice & ?is invocation4 ,o all ye v great lords1 pure1 ma/]s ( purity1 if ,i h w\nd$ y1 c4 z above4 ,may ,i1 a wor%ip] ( ,mazda1 an adh]5t ( ,z>a?u/ra1 an enemy ( ! ,devas1 an obs]v] ( ! precepts ( ,ahura1 address my homage to him :o is giv5 "h1 giv5 aga9/ ! ,devas2 to ,z>a?u/ra1 pure1 "l ( purity1 = ! sacrifice1 = ! invocation1 = ! pray] t r5d]s favorable1 = ! b5$iction4 7,may ,i address my homage7 to ! lords 7:o are7 ! days1 ! p>ts ( days1 c41 = ! b5$iction2 t is to say3 7may ,i address my homage7 to ! lords 7:o are7 ! days1 ! p>ts ( days1 ! mon?s1 ! seasons ( ! ye> 7,gahanbrs71 ! ye>s2 = ! sacrifice1 = ! invocation1 = ! pray] t r5d]s favorable1 = ! b5$iction4#gg ,! re/ ( ! ,yana consi/s ma9ly ( praises or pray]s address$ to ! v num]\s objects ( ,p>see adoration1 & mo/ ( x is ( little int]e/4 ,! foll[+ %ort section1 h[ev]1 des]ves rem>k3-- ,yana #ab4 #a4 ,i praise ! ?\ghts rightly ?\ght1 ! words rightly spok51 & ! de$s rightly done4 #b4 ,i seize ^u 7or resort to7 all good ?\ghts1 words & de$s4 #c4 ,i =sake all bad ?\ghts1 words1 & de$s4 #d4 ,i br+ y1 ,o ,ame%a-p5tas1 #e4 ,praise & adoration1 #f4 ,) ?\ghts1 words1 & de$s1 ) heav5ly m9d1 ! vital =ce f my own body4#gh ,9 ! foll[+ v]ses aga9 !re is "s excell5ce3-- #a4 ,may t man atta9 t :i* is be/ :o tea*es u ! "r way to our pr(it 9 ?is _w1 bo? ! mat]ial & ! spiritual _w1 ! pla9 way t leads to ! worlds :]e ,ahura is en?ron$1 & ! sacrific]1 resembl+ !e1 a sage1 a sa9t1 ,o ,mazda4 #b4 ,may !re come to ?is dwell+ cont5tm5t1 bless+1 fidelity1 & ! wisdom ( ! pure4 #h4 ,9 ?is dwell+ may rao%a#gi 7ob$i5ce7 put an end to disob$i5ce1 peace to /rife1 lib]ality to av>ice1 wisdom to error1 tru?ful spee* to ly+1 :i* dete/s purity 7,av4 ii4 #ahf1 #ahg4--,yana #ei74 ,! prom95t position occupi$ by fire 9 ! ,p>see fai? is well kn[n4 ,! pres5ce ( fire is inde$ an ess5tial "p ( _! ritual1 9 :i* x is treat$ ) no less honor ?an ! consecrat$ waf] 9 t ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is x employ$ 9 _! rites1 b x is address$ z an indep5d5t be+1 to :om wor%ip is due4 ,n t its place 9 ! hi]>*y is to be conf\nd$ ) t ( ,ahura-,mazda4 ,x is n put ^u a level ) ! supreme be+1 b x is address$ z 8 son1 its rank be+ ?us /ill m closely assimilat$ to t ( ! ho/1 :i* is 9 l mann] a "p ( ! liturgical ma*9]y & an embodim5t ( ! son ( ,god4 ,a special *apt] ( ! ,yana--! #fa/--is devot$ to ,fire1 & a summ>y ( its cont5ts w help u to und]/& ! light 9 :i* ?is deity 0 reg>d$4 ,! sacrific] beg9s by v[+ (f]+s & praise & good n\ri%m5t to ,fire1 son ( ,ahura-,mazda4 ,he tru/s t ,fire may ev] be provid$ ) a prop] supply ( wood1 & may always burn brightly 9 ?is dwell+1 ev5 till ! f9al resurrection4 ,he besee*es ,fire to give him mu* prop]ty1 mu* di/9ction1 hol9ess1 a ready tongue1 wit & und]/&+1 activity1 sleeplessness1 & po/]ity4 ,fire is said to await n\ri%m5t f all2 :oev] comes1 he looks at 8 h&s1 say+3 ,:at does ! fri5d br+ 8 fri5d1 ! com+ "o to him :o sits alone8 ,& ?is is ! bless+ he be/[s on him :o br+s him dry wood1 pick$ out = burn+3 ,maye/ ?\ be surr\nd$ ) h]ds ( cattle1 ) abundance ( m54 ,may x be ) !e accord+ to ! desire ( ?y he>t1 accord+ to ! desire ( ?y s\l4 ,be joy\s1 live ?y life ! :ole "t t ?\ %alt live4#hj ,! la/ *apt] b "o ( ! ,yana is a hymn 9 univ]sal praise ( ! good creation4 ,all ! objects belong+ to t creation--t is1 made by ,ahura-,mazda1 & /&+ 9 contra/ ) ! bad creation ( ,agra-,ma9yus--are enum]at$1 & z a catalogue ( ^! ! hymn is int]e/+4 ,ahura-,mazda himself is nam$ fir/2 !n ,z>a?u/ra2 aft] ?is foll[s ! ,frava%i 7angel7 ( ,z>a?u/ra1 ! ,ame%a-p5tas1 ! ,frava%is ( ! pure1 & s =?1 ?r\gh a long li/ ( animate & inanimate be+s4 ,ea* is nam$ ) ! =mula we praise foll[+ ! title1 z3 ,! :ole e>? we praise 7,av41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjb4--,yana1 #gj74 ,s close is ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,visp]$ & t portion ( ! ,yana :i* we h j exam9$1 t x w be ne$less to dwell ^u ! cont5ts ( ! =m]4 ,we may !re=e at once pass on to a v important section1 = !ological purposes1 ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 namely-- ,,subdivision #e4--,v5didad4 ,totally unlike ei!r ! ,yana1 ! ,visp]$1 or ! ,ya%ts1 ! ,v5didad is a legislative code--deal+ inde$ l>gely ) religi\s que/ions1 b n conf9+ itself exclusively to !m4 ,x diff]s f ! rema9d] ( ! sacr$ volume mu* z ,leviticus diff]s f ! ,psalms1 or z ! ,in/itutes ( ,m5u diff] f ! hymns ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,x is reg>d$ z equally holy ) ! re/ ( ! ,ave/a1 & is recit$ 9 div9e s]vice along ) ,visp]$ & ,yana1 ! ?ree toge!r =m+ :at is t]m$ ! ,v5didad-,sade 7,av41 ii4 lxxv74 ,its abrupt t]m9ation indicates t ! code is n be=e u 9 its entirety2 ! portion :i* has be5 pres]v$1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to h suff]$ great mutilation4 ,let u briefly summ>ize its cont5ts1 fir/ premis+ t ! =m !y assume 7) trifl+ exceptions7 is t ( conv]sations betwe5 ,ahura-,mazda & 8 prophet4 ,! fir/ ,f>g>d 7or *apt]7 is an enum]ation ( ! good c\ntries or places creat$ by ,ahura-,mazda1 & ( ! evils--su* z ! s]p5t1 ! wasp1 & v>i\s moral (f5ses1 includ+ t ( d\bt--creat$ 9 opposition to him 9 ea* case by ! presid5t ( ! bad creation1 ,agra-,ma9yus4 ,! second ,f>g>d is a long n>rative ( ! proce$+s ( a my?ological h]o nam$ ,yima 7! ,indian ,yama71 to :om ,ahura-,mazda is /at$ to h once committ$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 or ( "s "p ( x4 ,?us f> we h n ent]$ on ! prop] subject-matt] ( ! ,v5didad4 ,! ?ird ,f>g>d1 :ile /ill introductory1 approa*es m ne>ly to ! subsequ5t *apt]s1 alike 9 its =m & its cont5ts4 ,9 x ,z>a?u/ra lays c]ta9 qu]ies be=e ,ahura-,mazda1 & ! replies giv5 by t deity are ( high importance = ! compreh5sion ( bo? ! social & moral /atus ( ! ,p>sees at ! "t :5 ?is dialogue 0 writt54 ,! /ress laid ^u ! virtue ( cultivat+ ! soil is especially to be notic$4 ,simil> s5tim5ts are frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ! ,v5didad1 & indicate a p among :om agriculture 0 /ill 9 its infancy1 ! transition f ! pa/oral /ate to ! m settl$ condition ( till]s ( ! soil be+ /ill incomplete4 ,! compil]s ( ?is code evid5tly felt /rongly ! extreme value to _! y\?ful community ( agricultural pursuits1 & !re=e enc\rag$ !m at e conv5i5t opportunity by repres5t+ !m z peculi>ly m]itori\s 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,z>a?u/ra beg9s 8 inquiries by ask+ :at is 9 ! fir/ place mo/ agreeable to ?is e>?1 & successively asc]ta9s :at are ! five ?+s :i* give x mo/ satisfaction1 & :at ! five :i* cause x ! mo/ displeasure4 ,ahura-,mazda answ]s t1 9 ! fir/ place1 a holy man ) objects ( sacrifice is ! mo/ agreeable2 !n a holy man mak+ 8 dwell+-place1 & /or+ x ) all t p]ta9s to a happy & righte\s life2 !n ! production ( gra9 & ( fruit trees1 ! irrigation ( ?ir/y l&1 or ! dra9age ( moi/ l&2 f\r?ly1 ! bre$+ ( live-/ock & draught-cattle2 fif?ly1 a special incid5t connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( su* animals on ! l&4 ,! five displeas+ ?+s are1 ! meet+s ( ,daevas & ,drujus 7evil spirits71 ! int]m5t ( m5 or dogs 7:i* 0 contr>y to ! law71 ! accumulation ( ,dakhmas1 or places :]e ! bodies ( ! dead 7 left expos$1 ! d5s ( animals made by ,agra-,ma9yus1 & la/ly1 unbecom+ conduct on ! "p ( ! wife or son ( a holy man4 ,fur!r que/ions are !n put z to ! mode ( conduct :i* w9s ! approbation ( ! e>?1 & x is /at$ to consi/ 9 actions :i* t5d to c\nt]act ! evils above enum]at$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! replies occasion is aga9 tak5 to eulogize ! man :o vigor\sly cultivates ! soil1 & to c5sure him :o idly leaves x uncultivat$4 ,c]ta9 p5alties are !n impos$ on ^? :o bury dogs or m51 b ! s9 ( leav+ !m und]gr\nd = two ye>s is decl>$ to be inexpiable1 except by ! ,mazdayana ,law1 :i* c purify ! wor/ (f5d]s3-- ,= x 7! ,law7 w take away ^! 7s9s7 f ^? :o praise ! ,mazdayana ,law1 if !y d n aga9 commit wick$ actions4 ,= ?is ! ,mazdayana ,law1 ,o holy ,z>a?u/ra1 takes away ! bonds ( ! man :o praises x4 ,x takes away deceit4 ,x takes away ! murd] ( a pure man4 ,x takes away ! burial ( ! dead4 ,x takes away inexpiable actions4 ,x takes away accumulat$ guilt4 ,x takes away all s9s :i* m5 commit 7,av41 vol4 i4 p4 #hg1 #hh4--,v5didad1 iii4 #adj-adh74 ,we see f ?is t ! p[] ( ! ,law to deliv] s9n]s f ! burd5 ( _! (f5ses 0 9 no way inf]ior to t ( ! ,atonem5t ( ,*ri/4 ,x is unnecess>y to dwell ^u ! f\r? ,f>g>d1 :i* deals ) ! p5alties--consi/+ ma9ly ( corporal puni%m5t--= brea* ( contract & o!r (f5ses4 ,! fif? & six?1 be+ conc]n$ ) ! regulations to be obs]v$ 9 case ( impurity aris+ f ! pres5ce ( dead bodies1 are ( little int]e/4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! sev5? is occupi$ ) ! same subjects1 b its c\rse is int]rupt$ by c]ta9 precautions to be att5d$ to 9 ! graduation ( /ud5ts ( m$ic9e1 :i* may be comm5d$ to ! notice ( o!r religi\s communities4 ,%\ld a ,mazdayana desire to become a physician1 on :om1 inquires ,z>a?u/ra1 %all he fir/ try 8 h&1 ! ,mazdayana 7or?odox ,p>sees71 or ! ,daevayanas 7adh]5ts ( a false cre$78 ,ahura-,mazda replies t ! ,daevayanas are to be 8 fir/ pati5ts4 ,if he has p]=m$ ?ree surgical op]ations on ^! h]etics1 & 8 ?ree pati5ts h di$1 he is to be held unfit = ! m$ical pr(ession1 & mu/ on no acc\nt presume to op]ate on ! adh]5ts ( ! ,law4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he is successful ) ! ,daevayanas1 he is to receive 8 degree1 & may proce$ to practice on ! m valuable bodies ( fai?ful ,p>sees4 ,s c>eful a contrivance to ensure t none b infidels %all fall victims to ! knife ( ! unskilful surgeon ev9ces no little +5uity4 ,! eigh? ,f>g>d relates *iefly to ! treatm5t ( dead bodies1 :ile ! n9? proce$s to n>rate ! rites = ! purification ( ^? :o h come 9 contact ) !m4 ,a t]rible p5alty--t ( decapitation--is enact$ aga9/ ! man :o v5tures to p]=m ?is rite )\t hav+ le>nt ! law f a prie/ compet5t to purify4 ,! t5? ,f>g>d prescrib$ ! pray]s by :i* ! ,drukhs1 or impure _s suppos$ to atta* itself to corpses1 & to come f !m ^u ! liv+1 is to be driv5 away3 & ! subject is cont9u$ 9 ! elev5?1 :i* conta9s =mul>ies = ! purification ( dwell+s1 fires1 & o!r objects4 ,along ) injunctions z to ! purification ( h\ses :]e a dea? has occurr$1 ! twelf? ,f>g>d in=ms its he>]s h[ _m pray]s !y are to (f] up = deceas$ relatives4 ,! numb] v>ies bo? accord+ to _! relation%ip1 be+ highe/ = ^? t are ne>e/ ak91 & accord+ to _! purity or s9fulness1 d\ble z _m be+ requir$ = ! s9ful z = ! pure4 ,aft] a %ort introduction exp\nd+ ! m]it ( kill+ a c]ta9 species ( animal & ! dem]it ( kill+ ano!r 7:at !y are is unc]ta971 ! ?irte5? ,f>g>d proce$s to enum]ate 9 detail ! v>i\s k9ds ( (f5ses aga9/ dogs1 & ! correspond+ p5alties4 ,dogs 7 evid5tly ( ! utmo/ importance to ! community1 & _! p]sons are gu>d$ ) sc>cely less c>e ?an ^? ( human be+s4 ,!y are held to h s\ls1 :i* migrate aft] _! decease to a can9e ,p>adise4 ,x seems1 too1 t %ades ( dep>t$ dogs are appo9t$ to wat* ! dang]\s bridge ov] :i* m5's s\ls mu/ travel on ! road to felicity1 & :i* ! wick$ _c pass2 = we are in=m$ ( ! s\l ( a man :o has kill$ a wat*-dog1 t ! deceas$ dogs :o gu>d aga9/ crime & wat* ! bridge d n make fri5ds ) x on acc\nt ( its abom9able & horrible nature 7,av41 vol4 i4 p4 #aib4--,v5didad1 xiii4 #be72 :ile a man :o has kill$ a wat]-dog is requir$ to make (f]+s = its pi\s s\l = ?ree days & ?ree nights 7,av41 vol4 i4 p4 #bja4--,v5didad1 xiii4 #agc74 ,! place to :i* ! s\ls ( ^! animals repair is t]m$ ! wat]-dwell+1 & x is /at$ t two wat]-dogs meet !m on _! arrival1 app>5tly to welcome !m to _! aque\s heav5 7,av41 vol4 i4 p4 #bjj4--,v5didad1 xiii4 #afg74 ,n only kill+ dogs1 b w\nd+ !m or giv+ !m bad food1 are crimes to be sev]ely puni%$2 & ev5 9 case ( madness ! dog's life is on no acc\nt to be tak54 ,on ! contr>y1 ! utmo/ c>e is to be tak51 by fa/5+ him s z to prev5t escape1 t he %\ld d himself no injury1 = if he %\ld happ5 9 8 madness to fall into wat] & die1 ! community w h incurr$ s9 by ! accid5t4#ha ,! foll[+ v]ses convey an int]e/+ notion ( ! e/eem 9 :i* ! dog 0 held among ! e>ly ,p>sees4 ,! speak] is ,ahura-,mazda3-- ,i h creat$ ! dog1 ,o ,z>a?u/ra1 ) 8 own clo!s & 8 own %oes2 ) a %>p nose & %>p tee?2 atta*$ to mank9d1 = ! protection ( ! h]ds4 ,!n ,i creat$ ! dog1 ev5 ,i ,ahura-,mazda1 ) a body capable ( bit+ enemies4 ,:5 he is 9 good heal?1 :5 he is ) ! h]ds1 :5 he is 9 good voice1 ,o holy ,z>a?u/ra1 !re comes n to 8 village ei!r ?ief or wolf to c>ry (f prop]ty unp]ceiv$ f ! villages 7,av41 vol4 i4 p4 #aig4--,v5didad1 xiii4 #ajf-aac74 ,9 ! f\rte5? ,f>g>d1 wat]-dogs are fur!r protect$ aga9/ w\nds2 :ile 9 ! fifte5?1 ! pres]vation ( ! can9e species at l>ge is ensur$ by elaborate enactm5ts4 ,to give a dog bones :i* he _c gnaw1 or food s hot z to burn its tongue1 is a s92 to fright5 a bit* 9 pup1 z by clapp+ ! h&s1 is likewise to incur guilt2 & !y are gravely crim9al :o suff] puppies to die f inatt5tion4 ,if born 9 camel-/alls1 /ables1 or any su* places1 x is incumb5t on ! proprietor to take *>ge ( !m2 or1 if ! litt] %\ld be at l>ge1 at lea/ ! ne>e/ inhabitant is b\nd to become _! protector4 ,/rangely int]m+l$ ) ^! precautions are rules prohibit+ cohabitation ) wom5 9 c]ta9 physical conditions1 & enactm5ts = ! prev5tion ( abortion1 & = ensur+ ! support ( a pregnant girl by h] s$uc]1 at lea/ until h] *ild is born4 ,! crime ( abortion is describ$ 9 a mann] :i* curi\sly reveals ! practices occasionally resort$ to by ,p>see maid5s4 ,%\ld a s+le woman be ) *ild1 & say1 ,! *ild 0 begott5 by su* & su* a man-- ,if !n ?is man says1 ',try to make fri5ds ) an old woman & inquire ( h]2 if !n ?is girl does make fri5ds ) an old woman1 & inquire ( h]1 & ?is old woman br+s ,baga1 or ,%ata1 or ,ghnna1 or ,frapta1 or any ( ! vegetable purgatives1 say+1 ',try to kill ?is *ild2' if !n ! girl does try to kill ! *ild1 !n ! girl1 ! man1 & ! old woman are equally crim9al4 ,nei!r ! sixte5? nor ! sev5te5? ,f>g>d ne$ deta9 u4 ,!y relate1 ! "o to ! above-m5tion$ rules to be obs]v$ t[>ds wom51 ! o!r to ! disposal ( ! hair & nails1 :i* are held to pollute ! e>?4 ,! eighte5? ,f>g>d beg9s1 z if 9 ! middle ( a conv]sation1 ) an address by ,ahura-,mazda1 on ! *>act]i/ics ( true & false prie/s1 "s1 x appe>s1 hav+ improp]ly pret5d$ to ! prie/hood4 ,aft] "s que/ions on o!r po9ts ( doctr9e put by ,z>a?u/ra1 we are sudd5ly introduc$ to a conv]sation betwe5 ! angel rao%a & ! ,drukhs1 or evil _s1 9 :i* ! latt] describes ! sev]al (f5ses t cause h] to become pregnant1 or1 9 o!r words1 increase h] influ5ce 9 ! _w4 ,aft] ?is int]lude1 we return to ,ahura-,mazda & ,z>a?u/ra4 ,! prophet1 hav+ be5 exhort$ to put que/ions1 inquires ( 8 god :o causes him ! greate/ annoyance4 ,ahura-,mazda replies t x is he :o m+les ! se$ ( ! pi\s & ! impi\s1 ( ,daeva-wor%ip]s & ( ^? :o d n wor%ip ! ,daevas1 ( s9n]s & non-s9n]s4 ,su* p]sons are r to be kill$ ?an poison\s snakes4 ,h]eupon ,z>a?u/ra proce$s to asc]ta9 :at are ! p5alties = ^? :o cohabit ) wom5 at seasons :5 ! law requires !m to be sep>ate4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? ,f>g>d1 we h an acc\nt ( ! temptation ( ! prophet by ! evil "o1 to :i* allusion has be5 made 9 ano!r place4 ,z>a?u/ra seeks = in=mation z to ! means ( gett+ rid ( impurities1 & is taught by ,ahura-,mazda to praise ! objects he has creat$4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! *apt] we h a rem>kable acc\nt ( ! judgm5t ( dep>t$ s\ls4 ,9 conclusion1 we h a psalm ( praise recit$ by ! prophet 9 honor ( ,god1 ! e>?1 ! />s1 ! ,g?s1 & num]\s o!r portions ( ! good creation4 ,!re is little 9 ! tw5tie? ,f>g>d beyond ! in=mation t ,?rita 0 ! fir/ physician1 & a =mula ( conjuration1 app>5tly int5d$ to be us$ 9 ord] to drive away diseases4 ,9 ! tw5ty-fir/1 we f9d praises ( ! cl\d1 ! sun1 & o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,! la/ ,f>g>d ( ! ,v5didad diff]s widely f ! re/ 9 its mann] ( repres5t+ ,ahura-,mazda4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 z ,spiegel obs]ves1 ( late orig94 ,ahura-,mazda compla9s ( ! opposition he has enc\nt]$ f ,agra-,ma9yus1 :o has afflict$ him ) illness 7:e!r 9 8 own p]son1 or 9 t ( mank9d1 is n cle>74 ,he calls ^u ,man?ra-p5ta1 ! ,^w1 to heal him1 b t _s decl9es1 & a mess5g] is accord+ly s5t to ,airyama to summon him to ! task4#hb ,airyama comm5ces 8 prep>ations on an ext5sive scale1 b at ?is po9t ! ,v5didad breaks (f1 & we are left 9 d\bt z to ! result ( 8 ef=ts4 ,,subdivision #f4--,! ,khorda-,ave/a1 ) ! ,homa ,ya%t4 ,! t]m ,khorda-,ave/a1 or little ,ave/a1 is appli$1 accord+ to ,spiegel1 to t "p ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a :i* includes ! ,ya%ts1 & c]ta9 pray]s1 "s ( !m ( extreme sanctity1 & con/antly employ$ 9 ,p>see wor%ip4 ,he in=ms u t1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! sacr$ texts s]ve m especially = prie/ly /udy & = public read+1 ! ,khorda-,ave/a is ma9ly us$ 9 private devotion 7,av41 vol4 iii4 p4 #a74 ,"s ( its pray]s belong to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 be+ compos$ no long] 9 ! ,z5d language1 b 9 a y\ng] dialect2 & we meet 9 !m ) ! ,p]sian =ms ( ! old names--,ormazd /&+ = ,ahura-,mazda1 ,ahriman = ,agra-,ma9yus1 & ,z]dos*t = ,z>a?u/ra4 ,! names ( ! g5ii h und]gone correspond+ alt]ations4 ,we f9d ourselves 9 ^! pray]s1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ya%ts1 _m c5turies remov$ f ! age ( ,z>a?u/ra & 8 imm$iate foll[]s4 ,"s ( ! m celebrat$ pray]s1 h[ev] 7n belong+ to ! class ( ,ya%ts71 mu/ be ( consid]able antiquity1 if we may judge f ! fact ( _! be+ m5tion$ 9 ! ,yana4 ,?us1 9 ! #ai? *apt] ( ! ,yana1 we f9d an elaborate exaltation ( ! p[]s ( ! ,ahuna-,vairya1 :i* /&s second 9 ! ,khorda-,ave/a4 ,z>a?u/ra is repres5t$ z ask+ ,ahura-,mazda1 ,:at 0 ! spee* :i* ?\ spoke/ to me1 z exi/+ be=e ! sky1 be=e ! wat]1 be=e ! e>?1 be=e ! ox1 be=e ! trees1 be=e ! fire1 son ( ,ahura-,mazda1 be=e ! pure m51 be=e ! ,daevas ) p]v]t$ m9ds1 & be=e m51 be=e ! :ole corporeal _w1 be=e all ?+s creat$ by ,mazda :i* h a pure orig98 ,?is spee*1 exi/+ prior to all creat$ objects1 is decl>$ to h be5 a "p ( ! ,ahuna-,vairya4 ,! imm5se b5efits ( repeat+ ?is pray]1 :i* is /at$ to ensure salvation1 are !n rec\nt$ to ! prophet4 ,! #bj? *apt] is occupi$ ) ! m]its ( ano!r ( ^! %ort =mul>ies1 ! ,a%em-voh4 ,^! pray]s are 9 cont9ual use1 n only 9 ! liturgy1 b among ! laity4 ,!y are sometimes requir$ to recite great numb]s ( ,ahuna-,vairyas at "o "t1 & at ! comm5cem5t ( s[+1 or ( any good "w1 x is prop] to repeat x4 ,! ,a%em-voh is to be said on v>i\s occasions1 p>ticul>ly on wak+ & be=e go+ to sleep 7,av41 vol4 ii4 pp4 lxxxii41 lxxxiii74 ,! high] sanctity1 z well z great] antiquity1 ( ^! pray]s is ev9c$ by ! fact t we f9d !m con/antly introduc$ 9 ! c\rse ( o!rs1 to :i* !y =m a necess>y supplem5t4 ,!re are (t5 sev]al ,a%em-vohs 9 a s+le brief pray]4 ,! ,a%em-voh1 9 fact1 fulfills a function mu* l t ( ! ,"l's pray] 9 ! liturgies ( "s ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es4 ,let u n[ see :at ^! mo/ sacr$ =ms ( adoration conta94 ,! ,a%em-,voh is to ?is effect3-- ,purity is ! be/ possession4 ,hail1 hail to him3 ,namely1 to ! pure man be/ 9 purity4#hc ,x is /range t1 9 a =mul>y occupy+ s conspicu\s a place 9 ,p>see devotion1 !re %\ld be no ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god4 ,b ?is want is suppli$ 9 ! ,ahuna-,vairya1 or ,ya?-ah-vairyo1 :i* foll[s x4 ,ya?-ah-vairyo3-- ,z x is ! ,"l's w1 s 7is he7 ! rul] f purity4 7,we %all receive7 gifts f ,vohu-mano = ! works 7we d7 9 ! _w = ,mazda4 ,& 7he gives7 ! k+dom to ,ahura :o protects ! poor 7,av41 vol4 iii4--,khorda-,ave/a1 #b74 ,c]ta9ly ?is is n v intelligible1 b ! la/ clause is rem>kable1 z imply+ t ! way to advance ,god's k+dom on e>? is to conf] b5efits on ! poor4 ,pass+ ov] a numb] ( o!r pray]s1 we ent] ^u ! ,ya%ts1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f all o!r p>ts ( ! ,ave/a by ! fact t ea* ( !m is writt5 9 celebration ( "s p>ticul> god or g5ius4 ,ahura-,mazda1 inde$1 /ill reta9s 8 supremacy1 & e ,ya%t beg9s ) a =mula1 ( :i* ! fir/ words are ,9 ! "n ( ! ,god ,ormazd1 :ile ! fir/ ,ya%t is devot$ exclusively to 8 praise4 ,subject to ?is recognition1 h[ev]1 ! inf]ior pot5tates are ea* 9 turn ! object ( panegyrics 9 t exagg]at$ /yle 9 :i* ,ori5tal lit]ature delights4 ,we ne$ n /op to rec\nt ! p>ticul> honors r5d]$ to ea*4 ,"o ,ya%t1 h[ev]1 is suffici5tly curi\s to m]it our att5tion1 ! m s z we possess a translation ( x by ,burn\f4#hd ,x is t]m$ ! ,homa ,ya%t1 & is int5d$ to extol ! brilliant qualities ( ! god ^: "n x be>s4 ,at t p]iod ( ! day :i* is t]m$ ,hvani--s x beg9s--,homa came to f9d ,z>a?u/ra1 :o 0 clean+ 8 fire1 & s++ ! ,g?s4 ,z>a?u/ra ask$ him3 ',:at man art ?\ :o 9 all ! exi/+ _w appe>e/ to my sight z ! mo/ p]fect1 ) ?y beautiful & immortal p]son8' ,!n ,homa1 ! holy "o1 :o bani%es dea?1 answ]$ me3 ',i am1 ,o ,z>a?u/ra1 ,homa1 ! holy "o1 :o bani%es dea?4 ,invoke1 ,o pitama1#he extract me to eat me1 praise me to celebrate me1 9 ord] t o!rs1 :o desire _! good1 may praise me 9 _! turn4' ,!n ,z>a?u/ra said3 ',adoration to ,homa6 ,:o is ! mortal1 ,homa1 :o fir/ 9 ! pres5t _w extract$ !e = sacrifice8 ,:at hol9ess did he acquire8 ,:at advantage accru$ to him !reby8' ,homa replies t ,vivanghat 0 ! fir/ to extract him = sacrifice1 & t he acquir$ ! advantage ( becom+ fa!r to ! glori\s ,yima1 9 ^: reign !re 0 nei!r cold nor 7excessive7 heat1 nor old age nor dea?1 nor envy produc$ by ! ,deva4 ,fa!rs & sons alike _h ! figure ( m5 ( fifte5 ye>s ( age1 z long z ,yima reign$4 ,simil> que/ions are !n put by ,z>a?u/ra reg>d+ ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? mortals :o wor%ip$ ,homa1 & simil> replies are giv54 ,all _h di/+ui%$ sons2 b ! la/1 ,puru*aspa1 0 rew>d$ beyond all o!rs by ! bir? ( ,z>a?u/ra himself4 ,homa !reupon magnifies ,z>a?u/ra 9 ! usual /yle ( ! lat] p>ts ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 & ,z>a?u/ra1 :o is n to be outdone 9 ! language ( complim5t1 ?us addresses him 9 return3 ,adoration to ,homa6 ,homa1 ! good1 has be5 well made2 he has be5 made j2 made good2 he be/[s heal?2 he has a beautiful p]son2 he does good2 he is victori\s2 ( ! color ( gold2 8 bran*es are incl9$ to be eat52 he is excell5t2 & he is ! mo/ cele/ial way = ! s\l4 ,o ?\ :o art ( ! color ( gold1 ,i ask !e = prud5ce1 en]gy1 victory1 beauty1 ! =ce t p5etrates ! :ole body1 greatness :i* is spread ov] ! :ole figure2 & s =?1 ?r\gh sev]al o!r by no means mode/ petitions4 ,9 a m =mal mann] ,z>a?u/ra !n dem&s ( ,homa ! foll[+ favors3 #a/1 ! excell5t abode ( ! sa9ts2 #b;dly1 ! duration ( 8 body2 #c;dly1 a long life2 #d?ly1 & #e?ly1 to be able to annihilate hatr$ & /rike d[n ! cruel man2 #f?ly1 t !y 7! fai?ful87 may see robb]s1 assass9s1 & wolves be=e be+ se5 by !m4 ,aft] ?is1 ,homa is prais$ g5]ally4 ,he gives _m good gifts1 among !m po/]ity to /]ile mo!rs1 & husb&s to sp9/]s ( advanc$ ye>s4 ,he is f9ally reque/$1 if !re %\ld be 9 ! village or ! prov9ce a man :o is hurtful to o!rs1 to take f him ! p[] ( walk+1 to d>k5 8 intellig5ce1 & to break 8 he>t 7,= ano!r ,ya%t1 see *4 i74 ,! ,ya%ts are succe$$ by v>i\s pieces1 ( :i* "o relates to ,p>see es*atology1 & ! o!rs1 celebrat+ num]\s sup]natural objects ( wor%ip1 d n call = any special rem>k4 ,aft] ^! we come to ! s-call$ ,patets1 :i* belong to ! mo/ rec5t portions ( ! book1 & indicate a highly develop$ consci\sness ( s91 & ( ! ne$ ( div9e =giv5ess4 ,!y correspond 9 tone & "* to ! ,g5]al ,confession :i* has be5 plac$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 ! =efront ( h] ,liturgy1 except t !y conta9 long enum]ations ( ! sev]al classes ( (f5ses = :i* p>don is to be entreat$4 ,"o ( !m1 aft] su* a catalogue1 ?us addresses ! ,deity3-- ,:atev] 0 ! wi% ( ! ,creator ,ormazd1 & ,i ought to h ?\ght & did n ?9k1 :atev] ,i ought to h said & did n say1 :atev] ,i ought to h done & did n d4--,i rep5t ( ^! s9s1 ) ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 bo? ! corporeal & ! spiritual1 ! e>?ly & ! heav5ly s91 ) ! ?ree words 7t is1 ) ?\ghts1 words1 & works74 ,=give1 ,o ,"l2 ,i rep5t ( ! s94 ,:atev] 0 ! wi% ( ,ahriman1 & ,i ought to h ?\ght & yet did ?9k1 :atev] ,i ought n to h said & yet did say1 :atev] ,i ought n to h done & yet did1--,i rep5t ( ^! s9s ) ?\ghts1 words1 & works1 bo? ! corporeal & ! spiritual1 ! e>?ly & ! heav5ly s9s1 ) ! ?ree words4 ,=give1 ,o ,"l2 ,i rep5t ( ! s9 7,av41 vol4 iii4 p4 #baa4--,khorda-,ave/a1 xlv4 #h1 #i74 ,ano!r ( ^! ,patets conta9s ! foll[+ compreh5sive =mula3-- ,9 :atev] way ,i may h s9n$1 aga9/ :omsoev] ,i may h s9n$1 h[soev] ,i may h s9n$1 ,i rep5t ( x ) ?\ghts1 words1 & works2 =give6 7,av41 vol4 iii4 p4 #baf4--,khorda-,ave/a1 xlv4 #a47 ,! same ,patet conta9s a confession ( fai?1 :i*1 z x alludes to ! sev]al dogmas t 7 held to be ( fir/-rate importance 9 ! cre$ ( ! true disciple ( ,z>a?u/ra1 may be wor? quot+ be=e we quit ! subject3-- ,i believe 9 ! exi/5ce1 ! purity1 & ! indubitable tru? ( ! good ,mazdayana fai?1 & 9 ! ,creator ,ormazd & ! ,ams*asp&s1 9 ! exaction ( an acc\nt1 & 9 ! resurrection ( ! new body4 ,i rema9 9 ?is fai?1 & confess t x is n to be d\bt$1 z ,ormazd imp>t$ x to ,z]tus*t1 ,z]tus*t to ,fras*ao/ra & ,jmp1 z d]bt1 ! son ( ,mahresf&1 ord]$ & purifi$ x1 z ! j ,paoiryotkae%as & ! ,detrs 9 family succession h br\ght x to u1 & ,i !nce am acqua9t$ ) x 7,av41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bah4--,khorda-,ave/a1 xlv4 #bh74 ,9 m ?an "o respect ?is confession is int]e/+4 ,fir/1 x ass]ts ! excell5ce & ! unque/ionable infallibility ( ! traditional fai? 9 t]ms :i* a ,ca?olic c\ld h>dly improve ^u4 ,secondly1 x br+s be=e u 9 succ9ct =m ! lead+ po9ts includ$ 9 t fai?--! ,creator1 at ! head ( all ! creat$ _w2 ! sev5 ,ams*asp&s or ,ame%a-p5tas1 heav5ly p[]s ( :om ,ormazd himself 0 *ief2 ! judgm5t to be expect$ aft] dea?1 & ! /rict acc\nt !n to be requir$2 la/ly1 ! g5]al resurrection ) its new body4 ,proce$+ next to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is fai? _h be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 we h fir/ ! c>d9al doctr9e t ,god himself 0 ! direct tea*] ( 8 prophet2 aft] t1 a /atem5t t ! prophet communicat$ x to o!rs1 f :om x desc5d$ to /ill lat] foll[]s1 "o ( :om is decl>$ to h ord]$ & purifi$ x4 ,?us ! consci\sness ( subsequ5t additions to ! orig9al law is betray$4 ,?us am5d$1 ! prie/s1 or ,detrs1 are said to h transmitt$ x to ! "t ( ! speak]1 ! au?ority ( ! ecclesia/ical ord] 9 ! int]pretation ( ! sacr$ records be+ ?us c>efully ma9ta9$4 ,h[ _m g5]ations _h elaps$ be=e ! transmission ( ! law c\ld ?us become ! subject ( delib]ate incorporation among recogniz$ dogmas1 x is impossible to say4 ,und\bt$ly1 h[ev]1 we /& a long way (f--n only 9 actual "t1 b 9 modes ( ?\ght & =ms ( wor%ip--f ! anci5t ,iranian prophet4 ,! *ange f ! fai? ( ,pet] to t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e is n great] ?an t f ! fai? ( ,z>a?u/ra's rude disciples to t ( ! subtle1 self-consci\s prie/s :o compos$ ^! lat] =mul>ies1 or ! laity :o accept$ !m4 ,/ill1 aft] all has be5 said1 aft] x has be5 freely admitt$ t subsequ5t speculation1 or imag9ation1 or ! influ5ce ( neighbor+ cre$s1 introduc$ a ho/ ( m9or spirits or quasi-gods1 ( :om ,z>a?u/ra knew no?+1 x mu/ also be emphatically ass]t$ t ! ,god ( ,z>a?u/ra nev] loses1 among ! multitude ( 8 associates1 ei!r 8 supremacy or 8 unique & transc5d5t attributes4 ,:ile 9 ! ,g?s ,ahura-,mazda alone is wor%ip$2 :ile 9 ! lat] *apt]s ( ! ,yana _m o!r p]sonages receive a m or less limit$ homage along ) him2 :ile 9 ! ,ya%ts ^! p]sonages are s+l$ out "o aft] ano!r = :at appe>s unb\nd$ adoration1--! orig9al ,god inv>iably ma9ta9s 8 rank z ! ,creator2 ! "o ,supreme ,"l ( mank9d1 z ( all 8 creatures2 ! in/ructor ( ,z>a?u/ra2 ! ,be+ comp>$ to :om all o!rs /& relat$ z ! ?+ made t[>ds its ,mak]4 ,!ism does n 9 ! ,ave/a pass into poly!ism4 ,/rictly speak+1 its _s is mono!i/ic ?r\gh\t1 ?\gh we might (t5 be betray$ into ?9k+ ! contr>y by ! extravagance ( its language4 ,nor c ,i discov] 9 its pages ! doctr9e :i* "s h held to be conta9$ 9 x1 namely1 t above ,ahura-,mazda1 some:]e 9 ! d>k backgr\nd ( ! univ]se1 0 a ,god /ill great] ?an him1 ! ultimate ,p[] to :i* ev5 he mu/ yield1 ,zrvna-,ak>ana1 or ,inf9ite ,"t4 ,! v "n ( ?is highly ab/ract be+ appe>s b r>ely 9 ! ,ave/a1 & nev]1 s f> z ,i am able to discov]1 9 ! "* ?us assign$ to him4 ,ahura-,mazda rema9s ?r\gh\t ! ,god ( ,gods2 8 is ! highe/ & mo/ sacr$ "n kn[n to 8 wor%ip]s1 & none c comp>e ) him1 ! ,inf9ite ,creator1 9 greatness1 9 glory1 or 9 p[]4 ,x is n to be expect$ t1 9 ! e>ly /age ( social progress at :i* a great "p at lea/ ( ! ,ave/a 0 writt51 its moral doctr9es %\ld be altoge!r faultless4 ,nev]!less1 x may well su/a9 a comp>ison 9 ?is respect ) ! codes :i* h be5 receiv$ z au?oritative by o!r nations4 ,subject to ! drawback1 common to all !ologically-influ5c$ sy/ems ( e?ics1 ( lay+ z mu* /ress ^u correct belief & ! dilig5t p]=mance ( ! cu/om>y rites z ^u ! really fundam5tal duties ( m51 ! ,z5d-,ave/a upholds a high /&>d ( morality1 & hone/ly seeks to inculcate ^u believ]s ! imm5se importance ( lead+ an upright & virtu\s life4 ,su* a life alone is pleas+ to ,god2 su* a life alone c insure a safe passage ov] ! haz>d\s bridge by :i* ! s\l mu/ pass to ,p>adise4 ,n only are ! m obvi\s virtues--respect = life1 c>eful obs]vance ( promises1 indu/ri\s conduct--s$ul\sly enjo9$ on ! fai?ful ,p>see1 b "s o!rs1 less obvi\s & too frequ5tly ov]look$1 are urg$ ^u !m4 ,! s$uc] is b\nd to provide bo? = ! infant he has call$ into exi/5ce1 & = its "m1 at lea/ = a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,dome/ic animals are n =gott51 & humanity t[>ds ^! dep5d5t creatures is comm&$ 9 a s]ies ( precepts1 ! _s ( :i* w\ld d honor to any age4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 ! blamelessness requir$ 9 ?\ghts1 words1 & works impos$ on ! dev\t ,mazdayana a compreh5sive att5tion to ! _m ways 9 :i* he might lapse f virtue1 & held be=e him an exalt$ conception ( moral purity4 ,yet1 :5 all ?is has be5 said1 x mu/ /ill be admitt$ t ! ,z5d-,ave/a hides its light1 su* z x is1 "u a bu%el4 ,su* is ! numb] ( supra-mundane spirits to be laud$1 su* a mass ( c]emonies to be att5d$ to1 s great ! proportion ( space devot$ to gu>d+ aga9/ legal impurities z comp>$ ) t consign$ to prev5t+ moral evil1 t ! impression left ^u ! m9ds ( unbeliev+ read]s is on ! :ole f> f favorable4 ,morality has1 9 fact1 got buri$ "u !ology4 ,! trivialities1 inanities1 & repetitions t ab\nd 9 ! sacr$ text draw (f ! m9d f ! occasional excell5ces ( ?\ght & expression :i* x conta9s4 ,?us he :o toils ?r\gh ! v]bose ,f>g>ds ( ! ,v5didad1 ! obscure *apt]s ( ! old] & y\ng] ,yana1 or ! panegyrical rhapsodies ( ! ,ya%ts1 w f9d b little to rew>d 8 se>*4 ,) ! ,g?s inde$ x is o!rwise4 ,^! are full ( int]e/1 & n q devoid ( a simple gr&eur4 ,b z a :ole1 ! ,ave/a is a m9e :i*1 among va/ heaps ( rubbi%1 discloses b "h & !re a gra9 ( gold4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,! ,,koran4#hf ,alone among ! ,scriptures ( ! sev]al great religions1 ! ,koran is ! "w ( a s+le au?or4 ,x is1 !re=e1 *>act]iz$ by great] uni=mity ( /yle1 subject1 & doctr9e ?an ! sacr$ collections ( o!r nations4 ,consid]able z ! diff]5ce is betwe5 its e>li] & its lat] ,suras1 a consi/5t l9e ( ?\ght is visible ?r\gh\t1 & pi\s ,moslems are free f ! difficulty t has always beset ,*ri/ian !ologians ( h>moniz+ contradictory passages bo? suppos$ to emanate f ,god4 ,!re are1 inde$1 e>li] revelations inconsi/5t ) lat] ones2 b 9 ?is case1 ! =m] are held to h be5 abrogat$ by ! latt]4 ,m$iocre 9 ! ord] ( its ?\ght1 diffuse 9 /yle1 abundant 9 repetitions1 !re are few books m calculat$ to task ! pati5ce ( a consci5ti\s read]4 ,b we mu/ recollect1 9 judg+ x1 t its au?or did n write x1 & v possibly nev] contemplat$ its exi/5ce z a complete "w4 ,he publi%$ x f "t to "t z occasion requir$1 mu* z a mod]n /atesman w\ld ann\nce 8 views by means ( spee*es1 pamphlets1 or election addresses4 ,:5 a revelation arriv$1 ,mahomet 9 ! fir/ in/ance dictat$ x to 8 secret>y ,zayd1 :o wrote x on palm-leaves or sk9s1 or tablets ( any k9d t might be at h&4 ,( ! rema9+ ,moslems1 "s took copies1 b _m m committ$ ! revelations to memory2 ! ,arab memory be+ rem>kably ret5tive4 ,"u ! reign ( ,abu ,bekr1 ! prophet's successor1 ,om>1 f9d+ t "s "o :o knew a piece ( ! ,koran _h be5 kill$1 sugge/$ t ! :ole %\ld be collect$4 ,! sugge/ion 0 adopt$1 & ,abu ,bekr intru/$ ! "w ( collection to ! secret>y ,zayd4 ,! ,koran 0 !n put toge!r1 n only f ! leaves t _h be5 left by ,mahomet1 & ?r[n )\t any reg>d to ord] into a *e/1 b also f ! fragm5ts1 ei!r writt5 or pres]v$ 9 ! memory1 t 7 contribut$ by individual believ]s4 ,! copy ?us made 0 n publi%$1 b 0 committ$ = safe cu/ody to ,hafsa1 daught] ( ,om>1 & "o ( ! wid[s ( ! prophet4 ,%e kept x dur+ ! t5 ye>s ( h] fa!r ,om>'s caliphate4 ,b z !re 7 no (ficial & au?oriz$ copies ( ?is g5u9e ,koran1 x came to pass t ! v>i\s mission>ies :o 7 s5t z tea*]s to ! newly-conqu]$ c\ntries repeat$ x diff]5tly1 & t v>i\s read+s crept into ! transcripts 9 use4 ,h5ce s]i\s ?reat5+s ( division & sc&al among ! ,moslems4 ,! caliph ,o?man1 =esee+ ! dang]1 appo9t$ a commission1 ) ! secret>y ,zayd at its head1 to copy ! copy ( ,hafsa & return x to h]1 _! duty be+ to det]m9e on diff]5ces ( read+1 & to be c>eful to re/ore ! ,meccan idiom :]e x _h be5 dep>t$ f 9 any ( ! v]sions4 ,sev]al copies 7 made by ! commission]s1 ( :i* "o 0 kept at ,m$9a1 & ! o!rs s5t to ! great milit>y /ations4 ,?is 0 ! (ficial text1 prep>$ ab\t ,a4 ,h4 #be-cj2 & aft] its e/abli%m5t1 all private copies or fragm5ts ( ! ,koran 7 ord]$ by ,o?man to be de/roy$4#hg ,! orig9al ,koran1 :i* ,mahomet did b reproduce1 is suppos$ by ^? :o accept x z div9e to be pres]v$ 9 heav51 9 ! v pres5ce ( its orig9al au?or1 on an enorm\s table4 ,9 ! ,koran1 z arrang$ by ,zayd1 !re is app>5tly no fix$ pr9ciple 9 ! ord] ( ! ,suras or *apt]s4 ,9 ! ma91 ! longe/ ,suras come fir/1 b ev5 ?is rule is n adh]$ to consi/5tly4 ,( *ronological arrangem5t !re is n a trace1 & x has be5 left to ! +5uity ( ,european s*ol>s to endeavor to discov] approximately ! date ( ! sev]al revelations4 ,( "s1 ! occasions ( _! publication are kn[n1 b 9 ! case ( ! great majority1 no?+ beyond a conjectural arrangem5t c be atta9$4 ,! pr9cipal !mes ) :i* ! ,koran is occupi$ are ! unity ( ,god2 8 attributes2 ! sev]al prophets prec$+ ,mahomet1 :om he has s5t to conv]t unbeliev]s2 ! joys ( ,p>adise & ! t]rors ( hell2 & ! legislative edicts promulgat$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,arabs "u ! new religion4 ,( ^! sev]al subjects1 ! fir/ two occupy a pr$om9ant place 9 ! e>lie/ revelations4 ,leg5ds ( prophets1 ( :om ,mahomet recogniz$ a consid]able numb]1 =m "o ( ! /&+ di%es set be=e ! fai?ful dur+ all b ! v beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]4 ,he 0 also fond ( speak+ ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! position ( believ]s & skeptics 9 a future /ate2 b he seems at fir/ to h expect$ a temporal judgm5t on 8 ,meccan oppon5ts1 & aft]w>ds to h be5 cont5t$ ) await+ ! div9e v5geance 9 ano!r _w4 ,legislation1 ( c\rse1 belongs only to t portion ( ! ,koran :i* 0 reveal$ aft] ! ,hegira4 ,a few specim5s w be q suffici5t to give a notion bo? ( ! e>li] & lat] /yle ( ?is sacr$ volume4 ,"h is a ,sura reveal$ at ,mecca dur+ ! fir/ /ruggles ( ! prophet's m9d1 :5 x 0 completely possess$ ) ! awfulness ( ! new tru?3-- ,o ?\ enfold$ 9 ?y mantle1 /& up all night1 except a small portion ( x1 = pray]4 ,half2 or curtail ! half a little1--or add to x3 & ) measur$ tone intone ! ,koran1 = we %all devolve on !e weighty words4 ,v]ily1 at ! com+ ( night are dev\t 7,italics1 "h & else:]e1 9 ,rodwell7 impressions /ronge/1 & words are mo/ collect$2 b 9 ! daytime ?\ ha/ cont9ual employ--& commemorate ! "n ( ?y ,"l1 & devote ?yself to him ) entire devotion4444 ,( a tru?1 ?y ,"l kn[e? t ?\ praye/ almo/ two-?irds1 or half1 or a ?ird ( ! night1 z d a "p ( ?y foll[]s 7,k41 p4 #g4--,sura1 #gc74 ,?is is ! op5+ ,sura ( ! ,koran3-- ,praise be to ,god1 ,"l ( ! worlds6 ! compassionate6 ! m]ciful6 ,k+ on ! day ( reckon+6 ,!e only d we wor%ip1 & to !e d we cry = help4 ,guide ?\ u on ! /raight pa?1 ! pa? ( ^? to :om ?\ ha/ be5 graci\s2 ) :om ?\ art n angry1 & :o g n a/ray 7,k41 p4 #aa4--,sura1 #a74 ,9 ! ,sura n[ to be quot$ we f9d an allusion to "o ( ! prophets :om ,mahomet reg>d$ z precursors--! prophet ,saleh1 :o _h s5t !m to a p call$ ,!m\d to bid !m wor%ip ,god4 ,! leg5d associat$ ) 8 "n is1 t he appeal$ to a %e-camel z a pro( ( 8 div9e mission1 comm&+ ! p to let h] g at l>ge & d h] no hurt4 ,"s ( ! ,!m\dites believ$2 b !y 7 ridicul$ by ! skeptical *iefs ( ! nation1 ^: wick$ness w5t s f> z actually to ham/r+ ! apo/olic camel4 ,h]eupon an e>?quake ov]took !m by night1 & !y 7 all f\nd dead 9 ! morn+ 7,k41 p4 #cgf4--,sura1 #g4 #ga-gg74 ,su* ?+s 7 ,mahomet's /ock-9-trade2 & ! foll[+ ,sura exemplifies ! mixture ( 8 e>ly poetic ?\ghts ) ! prosaic n>ratives :i* did duty s con/antly dur+ ! maturity ( 8 apo/le%ip3-- ,by ! ,sun & 8 noonday brightness6 by ! ,moon :5 %e foll[e? him6 by ! ,day :5 x reveale? 8 glory6 by ! ,night :5 x en%r\de? him6 by ! ,heav5 & him :o built x6 by ! ,e>? & him :o spread x =?6 by a ,s\l & him :o balanc$ x1 & brea!d into x its wick$ness & its piety6 bless$ n[ is he :o ha? kept x pure1 & undone is he :o ha? corrupt$ x6 ,!m\d 9 8 impiety reject$ ! message ( ! ,"l1 :5 ! greate/ wret* among !m ru%$ up3--,said ! apo/le ( ,god to !m1--,! camel ( ,god6 let h] dr9k4 ,b !y treat$ him z an impo/] & ham/rung h]4 ,s _! ,"l de/roy$ !m = _! crime1 & visit$ all alike3 nor fe>$ he ! issue 7,k41 p4 #bd4--,sura1 #ia74 ,! same ,sura :i* conta9s ! hi/ory ( ,saleh1 prophet ( ,!m\d1 ref]s also to v>i\s o!r div9e mess5g]s :o _h fulfill$ ! same (fice ( ann\nc+ ! judgm5ts ( ,god4 ,mahomet's g5]al view ( ! prophetic function seems to be express$ 9 ^! words3-- ,e nation ha? its set "t4 ,& :5 _! "t is come !y %all n ret>d x an h\r2 & !y %all n advance x4 ,o *ildr5 ( ,adam6 !re %all come to y ,apo/les f among y\rselves1 rehe>s+ my signs to y2 & :oso %all fe> ,god & d good works1 no fe> %all be ^u !m1 nei!r %all !y be put to grief4 ,b !y :o *>ge our signs ) falsehood1 & turn away f !m 9 _! pride1 %all be inmates ( ! fire2 = ev] %all !y abide !re9 7,k41 p4 #cga4--,sura1 #g4 #cb-cd74 ,! prophets :om he m5tions 9 ?is ,sura are ,noah1 :o 0 s5t to w>n 8 p ( ! ,deluge2 ,h\d1 s5t to ,ad1 an unbeliev+ nation :om ,god cut (f1 ) ! exception ( ^? :o _h accept$ ,h\d2 ,saleh1 s5t to ,!m\d z above relat$2 ,lot1 s5t to ,sodom to w>n x aga9/ s92 ,%oaib1 s5t to ,madian1 a p ( :i* ! unbeliev+ memb]s 7 de/roy$ by e>?quakes2 ,moses1 s5t ) signs to ,ph>aoh & 8 nobles1 z also to ! ,israelites1 ( :om "s wor%ip$ ! calf1 & 7 ov]tak5 by ! wra? ( _! ,"l 7,k41 p4 #cge-chf4--,sura1 #g4 #eg-aed74 ,9 ano!r ,sura he makes m5tion ( o!r prophets besides ^!3 namely1 ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ,abraham1 ,i%mael1 & ,eno* 7,k41 p4 #abg ff4--,sura1 #ai74 ,8 view ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is peculi> & int]e/+4 ,he inv>iably treats him ) ! highe/ respect z a s]vant ( ,god & 8 own precursor1 b he is c>eful to prote/ t ! op9ion ( 8 div9ity 0 n held by ,jesus1 & 0 a baseless inv5tion ( 8 foll[]s4 ,! notion t ,god c\ld h a son seems to him a gross pr(anation1 & he (t5 recurs to x 9 t]ms ( ! /ronge/ reprobation4 ,?us he endeavors to claim ,*ri/ z a g5u9e ,moslem1 & to include ,*ri/ianity )9 ! pale ( ! new fai?4 ,a ,*ri/ian :o adopt$ x might cont9ue1 inde$ mu/ cont9ue1 to believe ev]y?+ 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 except su* passages z expressly ass]t ! inc>nation & div9ity ( ,jesus4 ,yet ,mahomet's own v]sion ( ?is prophet's conception involves a sup]natural elem5t1 & only diff]s f t ( ,luke 9 n ass]t+ ! pat]nity ( ,god4 ,& make m5tion 9 ! ,book1 he says1 ( ,m>y :5 %e w5t ap>t f h] family1 ea/w>d1 & took a veil to %r\d h]self f !m1 & we s5t our _s to h]1 & he took be=e h] ! =m ( a p]fect man4 ,%e said3 ',i fly = refuge f !e to ! ,god ( ,m]cy6 ,if ?\ fe>e/ him begone f me4' ,he said3 ',i am only a mess5g] ( ?y ,"l1 t ,i may be/[ on !e a holy son4' ,%e said3 ',h[ %all ,i h a son1 :5 man ha? nev] t\*$ me1 & ,i am n un*a/e4' ,he said3 ',s %all x be4 ,?y ,"l ha? said3 easy is ?is ) me1 & we w make him a sign to mank9d & a m]cy f u4 ,= x is a ?+ decre$4' ,& %e conceiv$ him1 & retir$ ) him to a f>-(f place 7,k41 p4 #abh4--,sura1 #ai4 #af-bb74 ,h] virg9ity is expressly ass]t$ 9 ano!r place1 :]e %e is describ$ z ,m>y1 ! daught] ( ,imran1 :o kept h] maid5hood1 & into ^: womb we brea!d ( our _s4#hh ,:5 ! *ild 0 born ! woman 0 accus$ ( un*a/ity1 b ! infant prophet at once op5$ 8 m\? & decl>$ 8 prophetic "*4 ,f ?is n>rative x appe>s t1 9 ,mahomet's op9ion1 ,jesus 0 nei!r begott5 by a human fa!r1 nor 0 ! son ( ,god4 ,he f9ds a via m$ia 9 ! doctr9e t he 0 creat$1 l ,adam1 by an express ex]tion ( ! p[] ( ! ,almighty4 ,he creat$ him ( du/3 ,he !n said to him1 ',be1' & he 0 7,k41 p4 #ejb4--,sura1 #c4 #eb74 ,& aga91 9 ! ,sura above quot$3 ,x beseeme? n ,god to beget a son1 ,glory be to him6 :5 he decree? a ?+1 he only sai? to x1 ,be1 & x is 7,k41 p4 #acj4--,sura1 #ai4 #cf74 ,he is v indignant aga9/ ^? :o hold ! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation1 :i* he app>5tly consid]s z equival5t to t ( physical g5]ation by ! ,deity1 & :i*1 "u any aspect1 is c]ta9ly %ock+ to a g5u9e mono!i/4 ,!y say3 ',! ,god ( ,m]cy ha? gott5 (fspr+4' ,n[ h ye done a mon/r\s ?+6 ,almo/ might ! v heav5s be r5t !reat1 & ! e>? cleave asund]1 & ! m\nta9s fall d[n 9 fragm5ts1 t !y ascribe a son to ! ,god ( ,m]cy1 :5 x beseeme? n ! ,god ( ,m]cy to beget a son6 7,k41 p4 #ace4--,sura1 #ai4 #ia-ic47 ,& !y say1 ',god ha? a son3' ,no6 ,praise be to him6 ,b 8 :atev] is 9 ! heav5s & ! e>?6 ,all obeye? him1 sole ,mak] ( ! heav5s & ( ! e>?6 & :5 he decree? a ?+ he only sai? to x1 ,be1 & x is 7,k41 p4 #dde4--,sura1 #b4 #aaj-aaa74 ,mahomet's conception ( 8 own "* is mo/ cle>ly express$ 9 ! sev5? ,sura1 :]e1 aft] enum]at+ "s ( ! prophets :o _h gone be=e him 7z already relat$71 he proce$s to describe a suppos$ dialogue betwe5 ,moses & ,god1 9 :i* ! ,deity speaks ?us3-- ,my *a/isem5t %all fall on :om ,i w1 & my m]cy embrace? all ?+s1 & ,i write x d[n = ^? :o %all fe> me1 & pay ! alms1 & believe 9 our signs1 :o %all foll[ ! ,apo/le1 ! unlett]$ ,prophet--:om !y %all f9d describ$ ) !m 9 ! ,law & ,evangel4 ,:at is "r w he enjo9 !m1 & =bid !m :at is wrong1 & w all[ !m heal?ful vi&s & prohibit ! impure1 & w ease !m ( _! burd51 & ( ! yokes :i* 7 ^u !m2 & ^? :o %all believe 9 him1 & /r5g!n him1 & help him1 & foll[ ! light :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n ) him1--^! are !y ) :om x %all be well4 ,! revelation to ,moses n[ ceases1 & ,god cont9ues to address ,mahomet ) ! usual prelim9>y say3-- ,say to !m3 ,o m56 ,v]ily ,i am ,god's apo/le to y all3 ^: is ! k+dom ( ! ,heav5s & ( ! ,e>?6 ,!re is no ,god b he6 ,he make? alive & kille?6 ,!re=e believe 9 ,god & 8 apo/le--! unlett]$ ,prophet--:o believe? 9 ,god & 8 ^w4 ,& foll[ him t ye may be guid$ aright 7,k41 p4 #chf4--,sura1 #g4 #aee-aeh74 ,mahomet lik$ to describe himself z unlett]$1 & ?us to obta9 = ! scriptural k & lit]>y skill display$ 9 ! ,koran ! cr$it ( its be+ due to inspiration4 ,9 ano!r place he aga9 describes 8 prophetic "* 9 ! foll[+ /ra93-- ,muhamm$ is n ! fa!r ( any man among y1 b he is ! ,apo/le ( ,god & ! seal ( ! prophets3 & ,god kn[e? all ?+s4444 ,o ,prophet6 we h s5t !e to be a witness1 & a h]ald ( glad tid+s1 & a w>n]2 & "o :o1 ?r\gh 8 own p]mission1 summone? to ,god1 & a light-giv+ tor* 7,k41 p4 #efg4--,sura1 #cc1 #dj1 #dd1 #de74 ,a conspicu\s feature ( ! ,koran to :i* allusion has n yet be5 made is its frequ5t ref]5ce to ! pleasures ( ,p>adise to be enjoy$ by ! fai?ful1 & ! pa9s ( hell to be suff]$ by ! infidels4 ,! day ( judgm5t is cont9ually held out z an enc\ragem5t to ! =m]1 & a t]ror to ! latt]4 ,! fifty-six? ,sura conta9s a description ( heav5 :i* is en\gh to make ! m\? ( good ,moslems wat]4 ,! p ( ! "r h& are to be happy2 ^? ( ! left h&1 wret*$4 ,! =m] are to h g>d5s ( delight1 ) inwr\ght c\*es1 :]eon recl9+1 aye-bloom+ y\?s are to br+ !m fl[+ w9e ( ! be/ cele/ial v9tage4 ,!y are to enjoy _! favorite fruits1 & to eat :atev] birds !y long =4 ,h\ris ) l>ge d>k eyes1 & ev] virg9s1 nev] gr[+ old1 are to supply !m ) ! pleasures ( love1 s /rangely ov]look$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian pictures ( heav5ly life4 ,on ! o!r side1 we h ! p ( ! left h&1 :o are to be torm5t$ ) pe/il5tial w9ds & scald+ wat]1 & are to live 9 ! %ad[ ( a black smoke1 ) ! fruit ( a bitt] tree to eat & boil+ wat] to dr9k 7,k41 p4 #fj4--,sura1 #ef74 ,! prophet delights 9 w>n+ 8 enemies ( _! com+ fate4 ,v]ily1 says ,god 9 ano!r place1 we h got ready ! flame = ! infidel 7,k41 p4 #eih4--,sura1 #dh4 #ac74 ,o ,prophet6 we read else:]e1 make w> on ! infidels & hypocrites1 & deal rigor\sly ) !m4 ,hell %all be _! abode6 & wret*$ ! passage to x6 7,k41 p4 #fjf4--,sura1 #ff4 #i74 ,god promise? ! hypocritical m5 & wom51 & ! unbeliev]s1 ! fire ( hell--!re9 %all !y abide--?is _! suffic+ portion6 7,k41 p4 #fba4--,sura1 #i4 #fi74 ,"s1 :o _h decl9$ to m>* ) ! ,prophet f ,m$9a on acc\nt ( ! heat1 are /]nly rem9d$ t a fi]c] heat w be ! fire ( hell 7,k41 p4 #fbc4--,sura1 #i4 #hb74 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! deplorable /ate ( ! hypocrites & unbeliev]s--bl9d 9 ?is _w & de/9$ to suff] et]nally 9 ! next--we h a pleas+ picture ( ! condition ( ! fai?ful ,moslems3-- ,muhamm$ is ! apo/le ( ,god2 & 8 comrades are vehem5t aga9/ ! infidels1 b full ( t5d]ness among !mselves4 ,?\ may/ see !m b[+ d[n1 pro/rat+ !mselves1 implor+ favors f ,god1 & 8 acceptance4 ,_! tok5s are on _! faces1 ! m>ks ( _! pro/rations4 ,?is is _! picture 9 ! ,law & _! picture 9 ! ,evangel2 !y are z ! se$ :i* putte? =? its /alk2 !n /r5g!ne? x1 & x gr[e? /\t1 & rise? ^u its /em1 rejoic+ ! husb&man--t ! infidels may be wra?ful at !m4 ,to su* ( !m z believe & d ! ?+s t are "r1 ha? ,god promis$ =giv5ess & a noble recomp5se 7,k41 p4 #fja4--,sura1 #dh4 #bi74 ,,section ,,vii4--,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! comp>ative exam9ation ( ! ,hebrew ,canon1 x is necess>y to say a few words ( ! extraord9>y race :o 7 its au?ors4 ,!re is probably no o!r book ( :i* x may be said1 ) ! same dep? & fulness ( mean+1 t x is ! "w ( a nation & ! reflection ( a nation's life4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,bible & ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews are m intimately b\nd up toge!r ?an is t ( any o!r nation ) t ( any o!r book4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( _! political exi/5ce z a sep>ate p !y wrote ! ,canon4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( political annihilation :i* has succe$$1 !y h n ceas$ to write comm5t>ies on ! ,canon4 ,?is "o great production has fill$ ! imag9ations1 has influ5c$ ! intellect1 has f$ ! religi\s ardor ( ea* succe$+ g5]ation ( ,jews4 ,to "n ! canonical ,scriptures1 & ! endless s]ies ( writ+s sugge/$ by !m or bas$ ^u !m1 w\ld be almo/ to sum up ! results ( ! lit]>y activity ( ! ,hebrew race4 ,our fir/ hi/orical acqua9tance ) ! ,hebrews br+s !m be=e u z obta9+ by conque/1 & !n inhabit+1 t n>r[ /rip ( t]ritory bord]+ ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea :i* is kn[n z ,pale/9e4 ,_! own leg5ds1 inde$1 c>ry u back to a /ill e>li] p]iod1 :5 !y liv$ z slaves 9 ,egypt2 b on ^!1 f ! "* ( ! n>rative1 v little reliance c be plac$4 ,! /ory1 gradually becom+ less & less my?ical1 tells u1 :at is probably true1 t !y ov]came ! native inhabitants ( ,pale/9e 9 w>1 & seiz$ ^u _! l&2 t !y !n pass$ ?r\gh an an>*ial p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! c5tre ( au?ority seems to h be5 lo/1 & ! national unity 0 9 no small dang] ( be+ de/roy$1 _h n vigor\s & able lead]s int]pos$ to save x2 t1 "u ! pressure ( ^! circum/ances1 !y adopt$ a mon>*ial con/itution1 by :i* ! dang]s ( ?is "t ( an>*y 7 at lea/ to a l>ge ext5t av]t$1 & ! discordant elem5ts br\ght into subjection to a common c5tre4 ,?us unit$1 ! ,jewi% mon>*y rapidly atta9$ a consid]able height ( spl5dor & ( p[]4 ,surr\nd+ nations fell "u its sway1 & x took rank z "o ( ! great p[]s :i* divid$ ,we/]n ,asia4 ,b ?is glory 0 n to la/ long4 ,! mon>*y1 brok5 up into two ho/ile p>ts by ! folly ( ,rehoboam1 lo/ alike its unity & its /r5g?2 & aft] a long s]ies ( k+s1 :om x is ne$less to enum]ate1 bo? its bran*es fell victims1 at sep>ate times1 ! "o to ,%almanes]1 k+ ( ! ,assyrians1 ! o!r to ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ! ,*aldees4 ,! latt] ev5t1 :ile x put an end to ! v exi/5ce ( ! ,jewi% nation z an indep5d5t political p[]--= x 0 b a fitful indep5d5ce :i* 0 recov]$ "u ! ,asmoneans--m>ks an epo* :i* sev]s ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews into two p]iods1 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by ! completely diff]5t "* borne by ! p 9 ea*4 ,x is cu/om>y1 = !ological purposes1 to repres5t ! religi\s developm5t ( ! ,jews z p]vad$ by a fundam5tal unity4 ,!y are suppos$ to h kn[n & wor%ip$ ! true ,god f ! beg9n+1 to h be5 %>ply m>k$ (f f ! re/ ( ! _w by _! /rict mono!ism1 & to h be5 unfai?ful to _! inh]it$ cre$ only :5 !y refus$ to recognize ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les z its au?oriz$ int]pret]s4 ,_! own records tell a v diff]5t /ory4 ,accord+ to ^!1 ! religion ( ! ,jews1 l t ( o!r nations1 progress$1 *ang$1 improv$1 und]w5t purification & alt]ation1 & 01 9 its e>li] =ms1 n mu* unlike t ( ! surr\nd+ hea!ns4 ,_! lead]s1 inde$1 & all ^? :om _! ,scriptures uphold z examples ( excell5ce1 wor%ip$ a national ,god1 ,jehovah1 :om !y may h consid]$ ! only god :o enjoy$ actual exi/5ce & possess$ actual p[]4 ,b :e!r or n ?is 7 ! case1 he 01 = all practical purposes1 simply ! tutel>y deity ( ! ,hebrews4 ,9 8 "n ! conqu]ors ( ,pale/9e pillag$1 murd]$1 & inflict$ cruelties on ! vanqui%$2 to him !y look$ = aid 9 _! bellig]5t und]tak+s2 to him !y (f]$ ! fir/ fruits ( victory4 ,x 0 "u 8 direct lead]%ip t !y pr(ess$ to subdue ! hea!ns1 & to atta9 national security4 ,! ark 0 8 dwell+1 & x c\ld only br+ de/ruction to ! ,phili/9es1 :o 7 n "u ! protection ( its inmate4 ,& :5 ! ,jews ask$ to be plac$ "u ! rule ( a mon>*1 !y 7 told by ! m\?piece ( ,jehovah t x 0 8 div9e gov]nm5t :i* !y 7 reject+4 ,! morality ( ! *iefs :o conduct$ ! invasion & subjugation ( ,pale/9e 0 n "o :it sup]ior to t ( _! enemies1 nor 0 ! god on ^: p[] !y reli$ ( an ess5tially high] nature ?an _m o!r national or local div9ities :o 7 wor%ip$ by o!r nations4 ,!y 7 ! rude lead]s ( a rude p wor%ip+ a rude deity4 ,8 "* 0 su* z we might expect ! tutel>y div9ity ( a tribe ( w&]+ & unsettl$ ,b$\9s to be4 ,hav+ to e/abli% _! "r to a p]man5t home & an organiz$ gov]nm5t by =ce ( arms1 x 0 only natural t !y %\ld repres5t _! ,god z favor+ ! exploits ( ^? arms1 & ev5 urg+ !m on to ! mo/ ru?less ex]cise ( ! rights ( conqu]ors4 ,x 0 natural t ev5 _! mo/ revolt+ acts %\ld be plac$ "u ! especial patronage ( ?is approv+ god4 ,x 0 natural1 too1 t :5 ! conque/ _h be5 at lea/ 9 great "p effect$1 :ile yet ! an>*ial & semi-savage condition ( ! victors cont9u$ 7z x did m or less until aft] ! accession ( ,david71 & int]nal /rife took ! place ( ext]nal w>f>e1 ! national god %\ld become to "s ext5t a p>ty-god2 %\ld favor "o section aga9/ ano!r1 & ev5 excite ! f]oci\s passion ( ^? to ^: side he incl9$4 ,! god ( ,moses1 ( ,jo%ua1 & ! ,judges 0 ?us a passionate1 rel5tless1 & cruel p>tisan4 ,no d\bt ! facts 7 n precisely su* z !y are repres5t$ to u by ! writ]s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 s9ce 9 ! int]nec9e conflicts :i* occasionally broke =? we may assume t ea* side claim$ = itself ! approbation ( ,jehovah4 ,b /ill ! /ory ( ! ,hebrew annals is cle> en\gh to %[ u ! semi-savage "* ( ! p 9 ^! e>ly days1 & _! utt] failure to =m t l(ty conception ( ! deity ) :i* !y h be5 s l>gely cr$it$ by believ]s 9 ! sup]natural inspiration ( _! hi/orical records4 ,! primitive conception ent]ta9$ at ?is p]iod1 :i* correspond$ ) t g5]ally f\nd among unciviliz$ nations1 0 improv$ & elevat$ to "s ext5t dur+ ! age ( comp>atively settl$ gov]nm5t :i* succe$$4 ,z ! ,israelites advanc$ 9 ! practice ( ! arts1 9 ! possession ( weal?1 9 ! cultivation ( ! lit]>y or musical atta9m5ts t ref9e dome/ic life1 9 ! peaceful organization ( a society t _h become m indu/rial & less w>like1 _! idea ( ,jehovah und]w5t ! modifications :i* ^! *anges imply4 ,! god ( ,samuel is widely diff]5t f ! god ( ,isaiah or ,j]emiah4 ,:e!r ! popul> notion _h ris5 to ! height atta9$ by ^! prophets may inde$ be d\bt$2 b ?is too mu/ h alt]$ 9 ord] to make su* prophets possible4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! comp>ative improvem5t1 !re are abundant indications dur+ ! k+ly p]iod t ! old ,hebrew deity /ill reta9$ ! f]oci\s *>act]i/ics by :i* he _h =m]ly be5 di/+ui%$4 ,elijah's patron is graci\s en\gh to 8 own adh]5ts1 b ! attributes ( m]cy or g5tl5ess t[>ds human be+s g5]ally are undiscov]able 9 8 "*4 ,& ! de$s ( blood :i* pi\s mon>*s f "t to "t 7 guilty ( 9 8 honor1 & :i* receiv$ 8 approbation1 %[ t if ! process ( 8 civilization _h begun1 x 0 /ill v f> f be+ complet$4 ,b ! special glory ( ! ,jewi% race is suppos$ to consi/ ev5 m 9 ! fact t ?is ,god1 su* z he 01 /ood alone1 ?an 9 ! excell5ce ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y conceiv$ ( 8 nature4 ,! con/ancy ( _! mono!ism1 amid ! poly!ism ( surr\nd+ nations1 has appe>$ to subsequ5t g5]ations s m>vel\s z to require a revelation to acc\nt = x4 ,! facts1 h[ev]1 z relat$ to u by ! ,jews !mselves1 d n w>rant ! supposition t mono!ism actually 0 ! cre$ ( ! p until aft] ! ,captivity4 ,x appe>s1 inde$1 t t =m ( belief 0 held by ^? :o are depict$ to u z ! mo/ em95t & ! mo/ virtu\s among !m1 & x w\ld seem t !re 0 g5]ally a consid]able p>ty :o adh]$ to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 & at times succe$$ 9 =c+ x ^u ! nation at l>ge4 ,b t ,jehovism 0 ! au?oriz$ & e/abli%$ national religion1 & t e o!r =m & v>iety ( fai? 0 an au?oriz$ innovation1 is a f> wid] conclusion ?an ! facts w w>rant u 9 draw+4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 & no?+ less ?an ?is1 is ! cont5tion ( ! hi/orical writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b ev5 _! own /atem5ts1 made z !y are "u ! influ5ce ( ! /ronge/ ,jehovi/ic bias1 po9t ) tol]able cle>ness to a diff]5t conclusion4 ,!y in=m u t :ile ! mo/ anci5t lead]s ( ! ,israelites :o conduct$ !m to ! promis$ l&1 ! di/+ui%$ ,judges :o f "t to "t arose1 & all ! mo/ virtu\s k+s1 belong$ to ! religion ( ,jehovah1 ! p1 not)/&+ ^! great examples1 7 cont9ually guilty ( relapses into idolatry ( ! mo/ flagrant k9d4 ,?is t5d5cy manife/$ itself s e>ly1 & reappe>$ ) su* p]si/5ce dur+ ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,israelites ( bo? bran*es up to ! de/ruction ( _! respective mon>*ies1 t we _c1 consi/5tly ) ! admitt$ facts1 suppose t ,jehovism _h at any "t tak5 v deep root 9 ! m9d ( ! p4 ,!y seem1 on ! contr>y1 to h be5 readily sway$ to & fro by ! example ( ! reign+ mon>*4 ,:e!r inde$ !y s9c]ely adopt$ mono!ism "u a mono!i/ic sov]eign1 may p]haps be d\bt$2 b ! emphatic d5unciations ( ! ,biblical writ]s leave u no room to "q ! p]fect s9c]ity ( _! idolatry4 ,all !re=e t we c be ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ f :at !y tell u is1 t a succession ( prie/s & prophets ma9ta9$ ! fai? ( ,jehovah f age to age1 & t f "t to "t a sov]eign arose :o favor$ _! views1 & did all 9 8 p[]1 sometimes by fair means & n unfrequ5tly by f\l1 to advance ! int]e/s ( ! ,jehovi/ic p>ty4 ,indian hi/ory acqua9ts u ) v simil> fluctuations 9 ! religion ( a prov9ce1 accord+ z ! prie/s ( "o or ! o!r cont5d+ sect succe$$ 9 obta9+ influ5ce ov] ! m9d ( ! reign+ ,rajah4 ,b al?\gh we ma9ta9 t mono!ism 0 n1 previ\s to ! captivity1 ! popul> religion ( ! ,jews1 we ne$ n g ! l5g? ( ass]t+ t !re 0 no diff]5ce 9 _! m9ds betwe5 ,jehovah & ! o!r deities :om !y adopt$ f surr\nd+ nations4 ,jehovah 0 unque/ionably ! national god1 :o 0 held to ext5d a peculi> protection ov] ! ,hebrew race4 ,nor does x foll[ t ^? :o betook !mselves to "s idolatr\s cultus necess>ily ab&on$ t ( ,jehovah4 ,bo? might well h be5 c>ri$ on toge!r1 & !re is abundant evid5ce t ! ,jews ( ?is p]iod _h mu* ( t ela/icity :i* *>act]izes poly!ism1 & makes x ev] ready to add new memb]s to its pan!on )\t disc>d+ old favorites4 ,s f> z !re 0 a national wor%ip c>ri$ on by a national prie/hood1 ,jehovah mu/ h be5 its object4 ,b we are n !re=e compell$ to imag9e t ! nation _h adopt$ ,jehovism 9 s solemn & b9d+ a mann] z to r5d] its ab&onm5t a gross violation ( _! fundam5tal in/itutions4 ,no d\bt1 accord+ to ! ,scriptural writ]s1 x 0 a delib]ate brea* ( ! orig9al con/itution to =sake1 ev5 = a mom5t1 ! exclusive s]vice ( ! national god = t ( any o!r deity :atsoev]4 ,b ! sup]natural orig9 assign$ by !m to ?is orig9al con/itution ?r[s a d\bt on _! ass]tions1 :ile ! facts !y report s]ve to increase x4 ,= :ile we le>n t ,jehovah 0 des]t$ by "o g5]ation aft] ano!r 9 favor ( m popul> rivals1 mu* to ! indignation ( 8 prie/s & prophets1 we d n p]ceive any traces ( a consci\sness on ! "p ( ! idolat]s t !y 7 guilty ( infidelity to fundam5tal & un*angeable laws4 ,!y r appe> to h act$ 9 m]e levity1 & ! repeat$ objurgations ( ! ,jehovi/ic p>ty w\ld t5d to ! conclusion t ! p 7 n aw>e ( any b9d+ obligation to adh]e to ! wor%ip ( ?is deity to ! exclusion ( t ( e o!r4 ,! ef=ts ( ! ,jehovi/s may inde$ %[ t !y believ$ su* an obligation to exi/3 b n t _! oppon5ts 7 equally aw>e ( x4 ,moreov]1 we are n )\t "s m positive te/imony :i* /rongly favors ?is view ( _! mutual relations4 ,"u ! reign ( ! pi\s1 & no d\bt cr$ul\s1 ,josiah1 a c]ta9 prie/ pr(ess$ to h discov]$ a book ( ! law my/]i\sly hidd5 9 ! temple4 ,)\t discuss+ 9 ?is place :at book ?is may h be51 x is pla9 t x inculcat$ ,jehovism "u ! p5alty ( curses simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ,deut]onomy1 & x is pla9 too t its cont5ts caus$ ! mon>* a pa9ful surprise1 :i* express$ itself by 8 r5d+ 8 clo!s & s5d+ a commission to inquire ( ! ,"l conc]n+ ! words ( ?is book t is f\nd4 ,n[ is x possible to suppose t ! words ( su* a book z ?is c\ld h inflict$ on ,josiah s great a %ock1 or h requir$ ! appo9tm5t ( a special commission to inquire conc]n+ !m1 if x _h be5 a matt] ( famili> & g5]al k among ! ,jews t _! =efa!rs _h solemnly adopt$ ,jehovism z ! only lawful national cre$1 invok+ ^u !mselves ^? v curses :i* ! mo/ dev\t ( mon>*s 0 n[ unable to he> )\t a/oni%m5t & al>m8 ,& h[ are we to expla9 ! production ( ?is book by ! prie/s z a new discov]y8 ,if x _h be5 m]ely ! re-discov]y ( a lo/ volume w\ld ! language ( ! n>rative h be5 at all appropriate8 ,mu/ n ,josiah 9 t case h rejoic$ at ! re/oration to ,judah ( s preci\s a treasure1 h[ev] mu* he might h regrett$ ! failure ( ! nation to obs]ve its precepts8 ,! difficulty ( suppos+ su* facts to h be5 =gott5 is equally great4 ,x w\ld be sc>cely possible to imag9e t n only ! p1 b ! prie/s1 c\ld at any p]iod h lo/ all memory ( ! fact t !y 7 b\nd1 "u ! mo/ t]rible p5alties1 to adh]e to ! fai? ( ,jehovah4 ,at lea/ ! spiritual advis]s ( s religi\s a mon>* mu/ h be5 well aw>e t _! own cre$ =m$ an ess5tial "p ( ! ,jewi% con/itution2 & we _c d\bt t !y w\ld c>efully h impress$ ?is fact on _! will+ pupil1 n z a />tl+ disclosure made only aft] he _h be5 sev5te5 ye>s on ! ?rone & _h atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-five1 b z "o ( 8 e>lie/ & mo/ famili> lessons4 ,9 fact1 ?is sudd5 discov]y1 9 "s secret recess ( ! temple1 ( a hi!rto unkn[n volume1 conc]n+ ^: claims to au?ority or antiquity ! writ]s pres]ve a my/]i\s sil5ce1 r sugge/s ! notion ( a ,jehovi/ic c\p d'tat1 prep>$ by ! zeal ( ,hilkiah ! prie/ & ,%aphan ! scribe4 ,a long "t _h pass$ s9ce ! accession ( ! k+4 ,8 favorable dispositions 7 well kn[n4 ,s9ce ! eigh? ye> ( 8 reign at lea/ he _h be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! prie/s1 & 9 ! twelf? he _h ent]$ 7no d\bt "u _! directions7 ^u t c>e] ( p]secut+ viol5ce :i* 0 usual ) pi\s mon>*s 9 ,judea4#hi ,8 m9d 0 und\bt$ly pr$ispos$ to receive ) implicit confid5ce any /atem5ts !y might make4 ,h5ce1 if ,hilkiah & 8 associates _h conceiv$ ! idea ( compil+1 f mat]ials at _! comm&1 a book :i*1 :ile recapitulat+ "s ev5ts 9 ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,israel1 %\ld repres5t ^? ev5ts 9 a light favorable to _! designs1 !y c\ld h>dly h *os5 a bett] mom5t = ! execution ( su* a s*eme4 ,t !y actually did ?is1 x w\ld be go+ beyond ! evid5ce 9 our possession to ass]t4 ,x may be t ! book 0 an old "o2 & 9 any case1 x is unnecess>y to suppose t x 0 an orig9al composition ( ,hilkiah's1 palm$ (f ^u ! k+ z anci5t4 ,all t appe>s to me cle>ly to foll[ f ! t]ms ( ! n>rative is1 t ! law :i* ?is book conta9$ 7evid5tly ! law ( ,jehovah7 _h n hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z ! e/abli%$ law ( ! c\ntry1 & t ! production ( ?is volume1 9 :i* its claims to t dignity 7 emphatically ass]t$1 & its violation repres5t$ z entail+ ! mo/ grevi\s curses1 0 "o ( ! plans tak5 by ! prie/ly p>ty to procure = x ! recognition ( t supremacy :i* !y decl>$ x _h actually enjoy$ 9 ! days ( _! =efa!rs4 ,b al?\gh ! hi/ory ( ,israel has be5 writt5 by adh]5ts ( ?is p>ty1 & we are un=tunately preclud$ f *eck+ _! /atem5ts by any docum5t rec\nt+ ! same ev5ts f ! po9t ( view ( _! oppon5ts1 _! records1 bias$ z !y are1 cle>ly %[ u a nation ^: favorite & ord9>y cre$ 0 n mono!ism2 :i* 0 ev] ready to adopt ) f]vor ! idolatr\s practices ( its neighbors2 & :i* 0 n conv]t$ to pure & exclusive mono!ism till aft] ! t]rible lesson ( ! ,captivity 9 ,babylon4 ,?is great ev5t 0 turn$ to excell5t acc\nt by ! prie/s & prophets ( ,jehovah4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ x z a natural consequ5ce ( ! political relations ( ,judea ) m p[]ful empires1 !y repres5t$ x z ! fulfillm5t ( ! p5alties ?reat5$ by ,jehovah = infidelity t[>ds himself4 ,& z ?is view (f]$ a plausible explanation ( _! unp>allel$ mis=tunes1 x 0 naturally accept$ by _m z ! true solution ( suff]+s s difficult to reconcile ) ! protection suppos$ to be accord$ by _! national god4 ,"u ^! circum/ances a d\ble process w5t on dur+ _! compulsory resid5ce 9 hea!ndom4 ,great numb]s1 :o 7 ei!r n ,jehovi/s1 or ^: ,jehovism 0 b lukew>m1 gradually adapt$ !mselves to _! situation among idolat]s1 & became at l5g? indi/+ui%ably fus$1 z ! t5 scribes _h be51 ) ! ali5 races4 ,b a few rema9$ fai?ful to _! ,god4 ,^! few x 0 :o =m$ ! :ole ( ! nation :i*1 :5 return 0 possible1 return$ to _! native soil4 ,^? :o 7 n inspir$ by a deep s5se ( ! sanctity ( _! national religion2 ^? to :om ! re/oration ( _! national rites 0 n ! "o object ( ov]:elm+ importance2 ^? ^: hopes ( national re/oration 7 ( a temporal r ?an a spiritual nature1 _h no suffici5t motive to return to _! native soil4 ,j]usalem c\ld h no attractions = !m :i* ,babylon did n possess4 ,?us1 by a natural process1 ! mo/ ard5t1 ! mo/ spiritual1 ! mo/ unb5d+ mono!i/s 7 we$$ out f ! mass ( ! community1 & x 0 !y :o accompani$ ,z]ubbabel or ,ezra on 8 sacr$ mission4 ,mis=tune1 :i* _h n %ak5 _! fai?1 _h deep5$ & purifi$ x4 ,n only 7 !y ,jehovi/s1 b !y 7 ,jehovi/s ( ! /]ne/ type4 ,!re 0 among !m none ( t admixture ( levity1 & none ( t facile adaptability to =eign rites1 :i* *>act]iz$ ! olde/ ,jews4 ,f ?is "t =w>d _! mono!ism has nev] be5 brok5 by a s+le relapse4 ,?us ! ,captivity =ms ! turn+-po9t 9 ! "* ( ! ,jews2 =1 9 fact1 ! nation :i* 0 conqu]$ by ,nebu*adnezz> 0 n ! nation :i*1 9 ! days ( ,kyros & ,artax]xes return$ to re-colonize & rebuild ,j]usalem4 ,! conqu]$ p belong$ to a mon>*y :i*1 if x 0 n[ feeble & sunk51 0 directly desc5d$ f "o :i* _h be5 glori\s & mighty1 & :i* _h aim$ at pres]v+ = ,judea ! /atus & dignity ( an indep5d5t p[]4 ,"u its influ5ce ! ,jews _h be5 mobile1 idolatr\s1 deaf to ! voice ( ,jehovi/ic prophets1 neglectful ( ,jehovi/ic rites2 desir\s ( conque/1 &1 :5 t 0 impossible1 unwill+ on political gr\nds to submit to =eign dom9ation2 rude if n semi-b>b>\s 9 morals1 & di/ract$ by ! cont5tion ( rival religi\s p>ties4 ,b ?is polity1 ( :i* ! rul+ motives 7 ma9ly political1 0 succe$$ aft] ! return ( ! exiles by a polity ( :i* ! rul+ motives 7 exclusively religi\s4 ,all 7 n[ adh]5ts ( ,jehovah2 all 7 zeal\s p]=m]s ( ! rites conceiv$ to be 8 due4 ,?is *ange mu/ be borne 9 m9d if we w\ld und]/& ,jewi% hi/ory2 = ! same language is n applicable to ! ,jews be=e & aft] ! ,captivity1 nor c we reg>d 9 ! same light a /ruggl+ & feeble race uphold+ its unanim\s fai? 9 ! mid/ ( trials1 & an indep5d5t nation 9 :i* a p>ty1 f "t to "t victori\s1 endeavors to impose t fai? by =ce4 ,we may )\t inconsi/5cy c5sure ! viol5ce ( ! ,jehovi/ic sect>ies1 & admire ! c\rage ( ! ,jehovi/ic p4 ,b al?\gh !re is mu* 9 ?is *ange t is good1 x mu/ be admitt$ t x has its bad side4 ,:ile becom+ m consci5ti\s1 m scrupul\sly true to its own pr9ciples1 & m p5etrat$ ) a s5se ( religion1 ,judaism became at ! same "t m rigid1 m =mal1 m rituali/ic1 & m unsocial4 ,ewald has rem>k$ t ! con/itution e/abli%$ aft] ! return f captivity is "o t lays undue /ress ^u ! ext]ior =ms ( religion1 & may 9 "t ev5 become ho/ile to :at is truly holy4 ,z x claims to be 9 possession ( some?+ holy :i* temporal gov]nm5ts d n possess1 x _c submit to _! dom9ion2 h5ce1 he obs]ves1 ,israel c\ld nev] become an indep5d5t nation aga9 "u ?is con/itution4#ij ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,ev5 ap>t f its t5d5cy to magnify ext]nal =ms1 :i* 0 p]haps n ( its ess5ce1 ! religion ( ,jehovah _h inh]5t vices4 ,! ,jews1 believ+ _! god to be ! only true "o1 & insi/+ above all on ! supreme importance ( pres]v+ ! purity ( 8 cultus1 7 necess>ily l$ to assume a haughty & exclusive attitude t[>ds all o!r nations1 :i* c\ld n fail to provoke _! ho/ility4 ,?is unloveable _s 0 %[n imm$iately aft] _! return by _! contumeli\s rejection ( ! ,sm>itan proposals to aid 9 build+ ! temple--proposals :i* seem to h be5 made 9 good fai?2 by ! ,sabbat>ian legislation ( ,nehemiah2 & ev5 m by ! exclusively h>% measures tak5 by ,ezra = ! purification ( ! race4 ,x 0 simply inevitable t all hea!n nations :o came 9 contact ) !m %\ld hate a p :o act$ on su* pr9ciples4 ,nor 7 ! fe>s ( ! hea!n altoge!r )\t f\ndation4 ,:5 ! ,jews recov]$ a tempor>y indep5d5ce "u ! ,maccabees1 _! intol]ance1 n[ able to v5t itself 9 acts ( conque/1 became a s\rce ( s]i\s dang]4 ,?us1 ,john ,hyrcanus de/roy$ ! temple ( ! ,sm>itans 7:o also wor%ip$ ,jehovah7 on ,m\nt ,g]izim1 & ! ,jews actually commemorat$ ! ev5t by a semi-fe/ival4 ,alex&] ,jannasus1 too1 c>ri$ on w>s ( conque/ aga9/ 8 neighbors4 ,9 "o ( ^! he took ! t[n ( ,gaza1 & ev9c$ ! treatm5t to be expect$ f him by lett+ loose 8 army on ! inhabitants & utt]ly de/roy+ _! city4 ,x 0 no d\bt _! unsocial & pr\d behavior t[>ds all :o 7 n ,jews t provok$ ! hea!ns to try _! temp] by s _m insults direct$ to ! s5sitive po9t--_! religion4 ,culpable z ?is 01 x mu/ be admitt$ t x 0 9 "s degree ! excessive scrupulosity ( ! ,jews 9 reg>d to ?+s indiff]5t 9 !mselves t expos$ !m to s mu* annoyance4 ,_h !y be5 cont5t to p]mit ! exi/5ce ( ,hell5ic or ,roman cu/oms side by side ) !irs1 !y might h be5 sp>$ ! mis]ies :i* !y subsequ5tly endur$4 ,b ! ,scriptures1 f beg9n+ to end1 brea!d a _s ( fi]ce & exclusive atta*m5t to ,jehovah2 he 0 ! only deity2 all o!r objects ( adoration 7 an abom9ation 9 8 sight4 ,p5etrat$ ) ?is _s1 ! ,jews pati5tly submitt$ to ! yoke ( e succe$+ au?ority--,*aldeans1 ,syrians1 ,egyptians1 ,romans--until ! /rang] presum$ to tamp] ) ! national religion4 ,!n _! resi/ance 0 fi]ce & ob/9ate4 ,! great rebellion :i* broke out 9 ! reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,matta?ias1 0 provok$ by ! attempt ( t mon>* to =ce ,greek in/itutions on ! ,jewi% p4 ,! glori\s dyna/y ( ! ,asmoneans 7 prie/s z well z k+s1 & ! royal (fice1 inde$1 0 only assum$ by !m 9 ! g5]ation aft] t 9 :i* !y _h borne ! prie/ly (fice1 & z a consequ5ce ( ! au?ority d]iv$ !refrom4 ,"u ! semi-=eign family ( ! ,h]ods1 :o supplant$ ! ,asmoneans1 & rul$ "u ,roman patronage1 z aft]w>ds "u ! direct gov]nm5t ( ,rome1 x 0 no?+ b actual or suspect$ aggressions aga9/ ! national fai? t provok$ ! l\de/ murmurs or ! mo/ det]m9$ opposition4 ,x 0 ?is fai? :i* _h upheld ! ,jews 9 _! h]oic revolt aga9/ ,syrian innovations4 ,x 0 ?is :i* inspir$ !m to support e (f%oot ( ! ,asmonean family aga9/ ! odi\s ,h]od4 ,x 0 ?is :i* l$ !m to entreat ( ,pompey t he w\ld ab/a9 f ! violation ( ! temple2 to implore ,caligula1 at ! p]il ( _! lives1 n to =ce 8 /atue ^u !m2 to raise tumults "u ,cumanus1 & f9ally to bur/ ! bonds ( _! allegiance to ,rome "u ,gessius ,florus4 ,x 0 ?is :i* su/a9$ ! w> t foll[$ ^u t outbreak--a w> 9 :i* ev5 ! unconqu]able p[] ( ! ,roman ,empire quail$ be=e ! unrival$ skill & c\rage ( ?is indomitable race2 a w> ( :i* ,i d n hesitate to say t x is probably ! mo/ wond]ful1 ! mo/ h]oic1 & ! mo/ d>+ :i* an oppress$ p has ev] wag$ aga9/ its tyrants4 ,b aga9/ su* discipl9e z t ( ,rome1 & su* g5]als z ,vespasian & ,titus1 success1 h[ev] brilliant1 c\ld be b mom5t>y4 ,! ,jewi% insurrection 0 quell$ 9 blood1 & ! ,jewi% nationality 0 ext+ui%$--nev] to revive4 ,"o m desp]ate ef=t 0 inde$ made2 once m ! be/ legions & ! be/ comm&]s ( ! ,empire 7 put 9 requisition2 once m ! hopes ( ! p 7 inflam$1 ?is "t by ! suppos$ appe>ance ( ! ,messiah1 only to be doom$ aga9 to a /ill m cruel disappo9tm5t4 ,j]usalem 0 raz$ to ! gr\nd2 ,aelia ,capitol9a took its place2 & on ! soil ( ,aelia ,capitol9a no ,jew might presume to trespass4 ,b if ! trials impos$ on ! fai? ( ?is devot$ race by ! ,romans 7 h>d1 !y 7 /ill insignificant comp>$ to ^? :i* x _h to be> f ! ,*ri/ian nations :o inh]it$ f !m ! dom9ion ( ,europe4 ,^! nations consid]$ ! mis=tunes ( ! ,jews z proce$+ f ! div9e v5geance on ! crime !y _h committ$ aga9/ ,*ri/2 & le/ ?is v5geance %\ld fail to take effect1 !y made !mselves its will+ in/rum5ts4 ,no inju/ice & no p]secution c\ld be too bad = ^? :om ,god himself s evid5tly hat$4 ,besides1 ! ,jews _h a mis]able habit ( acquir+ weal?2 & x 0 conv5i5t to ^? :o did n %>e _! ability or _! indu/ry to plund] !m f "t to "t4 ,b ! ,jewi% race & ! ,jewi% religion surviv$ x all4 ,torm5t$1 tortur$1 robb$1 put to dea?1 hunt$ f clime to clime2 outca/s 9 e l&1 /rang]s 9 e refuge1 ! t5acity ( _! "* 0 pro( aga9/ e trial1 & sup]ior to e temptation4 ,9 ?is unequal combat ( ! /rong aga9/ ! weak1 ! synagogue has fairly beat5 ! ,*ur*1 & has v9dicat$ = itself t lib]ty :i* dur+ c5turies ( suff]+ its enemy refus$ to grant4 ,eighte5 hundr$ ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! soldi]s ( ,titus burn$ d[n ! temple1 laid ,j]usalem 9 a%es1 & scatt]$ to ! w9ds ! rema9+ inhabitants ( ,judea2 b ! religion ( ! ,jews is un%ak5 /ill2 x /&s unconqu]$ & unconqu]able1 :e!r by ! blood?ir/y fury ( ! legions ( ,rome1 or by ! /ill m blood?ir/y intol]ance ( ! m9i/]s ( ,*ri/4 ,,subdivision ,i4--,! ,hi/orical ,books4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t no complete acc\nt ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t c be attempt$ "h4 ,to accompli% any?+ l a full description ( its v>i\s p>ts1 & to discuss ! num]\s critical que/ions t mu/ arise 9 connection ) su* a description1 w\ld 9 itself require a l>ge volume4 ,9 a treatise on comp>ative religion1 any?+ ( ?is k9d w\ld be out ( place4 ,x is ma9ly 9 its comp>ative aspect t we are conc]n$ ) ! ,bible4 ,h5ce _m v int]e/+ topics1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! age or au?or%ip ( ! sev]al books1 mu/ be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,tempt+ z x may be to turn aside to su* inquiries1 !y h no imm$iate be>+ on ! subject 9 h&4 ,:atev] may be ! ultimate v]dict ( ,biblical criticism respect+ !m1 ! conclusions "h rea*$ w rema9 unaffect$4 ,all t ,i c d is to assume )\t discussion ! results obta9$ by ! mo/ em95t s*ol>s1 9 s f> z !y appe> to me likely to be p]man5t4 ,t ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 = example1 is n ! "w ( a s+le writ]1 b t at lea/ two h&s may be di/+ui%$ 9 x2 t ! ,song ( ,solomon is1 z expla9$ bo? by ,r5an & ,ewald1 a drama1 & n an effusion ( piety2 t ! latt] "p ( ,isaiah is n writt5 by ! same prophet :o compos$ ! =m]1--are conclusions ( criticism :i* ,i v5ture to ?9k may n[ be tak5 = grant$ & made ! basis ( fur!r reason+4 ,at ! same "t ,i h tak5 = grant$--n z c]ta91 b z likely to be an approximation to ! tru?--! *ronological arrangem5t ( ! prophets propos$ by ,ewald 9 8 great "w on t portion ( ,scripture4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ,i believe !re are no assumptions ( a critical "* 9 ! ensu+ pages4 ,fir/1 !n1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! problems :i* occupi$ ! writ]s ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 & :i* 9 _! own fa%ion !y attempt$ to solve1 7 ! same z ^? :i* 9 all ages h engag$ ! att5tion ( ?\ghtful m51 & :i* h be5 dealt ) 9 _m o!r !ologies besides t ( ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,hebrew solution may or may n be sup]ior 9 simplicity or gr&eur to ! solutions ( ,p>sees1 ,h9dus1 & o!rs2 b ! attempt is ! same 9 "*1 ev5 if ! execution be m successful4 ,! au?ors ( ,g5esis endeavor especially to acc\nt =3-- #a4 ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 #b4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,animals4 #c4 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,evil4 #d4 ,,! ,,div]sity ,,( ,,languages4 ,al?\gh ! f\r? ( ^! que/ions is1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 n a common subject ( consid]ation 9 popul> my?ologies1 ! fir/ ?ree are ! /&>d subjects ( primitive !ological speculation4 ,let u beg9 ) ! ,creation4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ inquiries t human be+s address !mselves to :5 !y arrive at ! /age ( reflection is3--,h[ did ?is _w 9 :i* we f9d ourselves come into be+8 ,out ( :at elem5ts 0 x =m$8 ,:o made x1 & 9 :at way8 ,a natural & obvi\s reply to su* an inquiry is1 t a ,be+ ( some:at simil> nature to _! own1 ?\gh l>g] & m p[]ful1 took ! mat]ials ( :i* ! _w is =m$ & m\ld$ !m1 z a workman m\lds ! mat]ials ( 8 h&icraft1 into _! pres5t %ape4 ,! m5tal process gone ?r\gh 9 rea*+ ?is conclusion is simply t ( pursu+ a famili> analogy 9 su* a mann] z to br+ ! unkn[n )9 ! range ( conceptions applicable to ! kn[n4 ,! solution1 z w be se5 %ortly1 contrives to satisfy "o-half ( ! problem only by leav+ ! o!r half out ( consid]ation4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h occurr$ to ! anci5t ,hebrew writ]s :o prop\nd$ ! foll[+ hi/ory ( ! ,creation ( ! ,univ]se3-- ,9 ! beg9n+1 !y say1 ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,& ! e>? 0 desolate & wa/e1 & d>kness on ! face ( ! abyss1 & ! ,_s ( ,god hov]+ on ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,& ,god said3 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light4 ,& ,god saw ! light t x 0 good1 & ,god divid$ betwe5 ! light & ! d>kness4 ,& ,god call$ ! light ,day1 & ! d>kness he call$ ,night4 ,& x 0 ,ev5+1 & x 0 ,morn+3 "o day4 ,& ,god said3 ,let !re be a vault = sep>ation ( ! wat]s1 & let x divide betwe5 wat]s & wat]s4 ,h]eupon he made ! vault1 & sep>at$ ! wat]s above x f ^? bel[ x4 ,! vault he call$ ,heav5s4 ,?is 0 8 second day's "w4 ,on ! ?ird1 he sep>at$ ! dry l& f ! sea1 & saw t x 0 good2 besides :i* he caus$ ! e>? to br+ =? h]bs & fruit-trees4 ,& ,god said3 ,let !re be lights 9 ! vault ( ! heav5s to divide betwe5 ! day & betwe5 ! night1 & let !m be = signs & = times & = days & = ye>s4 ,h]eupon he made ! sun = ! day1 ! moon = ! night1 & ! />s4 ,& ,god put !m on ! vault ( ! heav5s to give light to ! e>?1 & to rule by day & by night1 & to sep>ate betwe5 ! light & ! d>kness2 & ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& x 0 ev5+1 & x 0 morn+2 ! f\r? day 7,g54 i4 #a-ai74 ,let u pause a mom5t "h be=e pass+ on to ! next bran* ( ! subject3 ! creation ( animals & man4 ,! au?or _h two que/ions be=e him2 h[ ! mat]ials ( ! univ]se came into be+1 & h[1 :5 9 be+1 !y assum$ _! pres5t =ms & relative positions4 ,( ! fir/ he says no?+1 unless ! fir/ v]se be tak5 to ref] to x4 ,b ?is c sc>cely be2 = ! expression1 ,god made ! heav5s & ! e>?1 _c easily be suppos$ to ref] to ! orig9al production ( ! matt] out ( :i* ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 subsequ5tly made4 ,r mu/ we take x z a %ort head+1 ref]r+ to ! creation :i* is ab\t to be describ$4 ,& 9 any case1 ! mann] 9 :i* !re came to be any?+ at all out ( :i* heav5s & e>? c\ld be con/ruct$ is n consid]$4 ,we are left app>5tly to suppose t matt] is coeval ) ! ,deity2 = ! au?or nev] faces ! "q ( its orig91 :i* is ! real difficulty 9 all su* cosmogonies z 81 b ha/5s at once to ! easi] task ( describ+ ! sep>ation & classification ( mat]ials already 9 exi/5ce4 ,some:at simil> to ! ,hebrew leg5d1 bo? 9 :at x records & 9 :at x omits1 is ! /ory ( creation z told by ! ,qui*s 9 ,am]ica3-- ,?is is ! fir/ ^w & ! fir/ spee*4 ,!re 7 nei!r m5 nor brutes1 nei!r birds1 fi%1 nor crabs1 /ick nor /one1 valley nor m\nta91 /ubble nor =e/1 no?+ b ! sky2 ! face ( ! l& 0 hidd54 ,!re 0 naught b ! sil5t sea & ! sky4 ,!re 0 no?+ jo9$1 nor any s\nd1 nor ?+ t /irr$2 nei!r any to d evil1 nor to rumble 9 ! heav5s1 nor a walk] on foot2 only ! sil5t wat]s1 only ! pacifi$ ocean1 only x 9 its calm4 ,no?+ 0 b /illness1 & re/1 & d>kness1 & ! night2 no?+ b ! ,mak] & ,m\ld]1 ! ,hurl]1 ! ,bird-,s]p5t 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #aif4--,popol ,vuh1 p4 #g74 ,ano!r cosmogony is d]iv$ f ! ,mixtecs1 also aborig9es ( ,am]ica3-- ,9 ! ye> & 9 ! day ( cl\ds1 be=e ev] 7 ei!r ye>s or days1 ! _w lay 9 d>kness2 all ?+s 7 ord]less1 & a wat] cov]$ ! slime & ! ooze t ! e>? !n 0 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #aif74 ,two w9ds are 9 ?is my? ! ag5ts employ$ to effect ! subsid5ce ( ! wat]s1 & ! appe>ance ( dry l&4 ,9 ano!r acc\nt1 relat$ by "s o!r tribes1 ! muskrat is ! in/rum5t :i* divides ! l& f ! wat]s4 ,^! my?s1 z ,mr4 ,br9ton1 :o has collect$ !m1 truly rem>ks1 are n ( a con/ruction1 b a recon/ruction only1 & are 9 t respect altoge!r simil> to ! creative my? ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,9 ! ,buddhi/ic hi/ory ( ! ,ea/ ,mongols1 ! creation ( ! _w is made1 z 9 ,g5esis1 ! />t+ po9t ( ! relation4 ,b ! creative =ces 9 ?is my?ology are app>5tly suppos$ to be inh]5t 9 primeval matt]4 ,h5ce we h a ,lucretian acc\nt ( ! movem5ts ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! compon5t mass )\t any consid]ation ( ! "q h[ ! impulse to ^! movem5ts 0 orig9ally giv54 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re arose ! ext]nal res]voir f ?ree diff]5t masses ( matt]2 namely1 f ! creative air1 f ! wav+ wat]1 & f ! firm1 pla/ic e>?4 ,a /rong w9d f t5-qu>t]s n[ br\ght ab\t ! blue atmosph]e4 ,a l>ge cl\d1 p\r+ d[n cont9u\s ra91 =m$ ! sea4 ,dry l& arose by means ( gra9s ( du/ collect+ on ! surface ( ! ocean1 l cream on milk4#ia ,al?\gh ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,p>sees conta9 no connect$ acc\nt ( ! creation1 yet ?is void is fully suppli$ by traditions :i* h acquir$ a religi\s sanction1 & h ent]$ into ! popul> belief4 ,^? traditions are f\nd 9 ! ,bundehe% & ! ,%ahnahmeh1 works ( high au?ority 9 ! ,p>see sy/em4 ,accord+ to !m1 ,ahura-,mazda1 ! good pr9ciple1 induc$ 8 rival1 ,agra-,ma9yus1 ! evil pr9ciple1 to ent] into a truce ( n9e ?\s& ye>s1 =esee+ t by means ( ?is int]val he w\ld be able to subdue him 9 ! end4 ,agra-,ma9yus1 hav+ discov]$ 8 blund]1 w5t to ! d>ke/ hell1 & rema9$ !re ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,ahura-,mazda took advantage ( ?is repose to create ! mat]ial _w4 ,he produc$ ! sky 9 =ty-five days1 ! wat] 9 sixty1 ! e>? 9 sev5ty-five1 ! trees 9 ?irty1 ! cattle 9 eighty1 & human be+s 9 sev5ty-five2 ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days 7 ?us occupi$ ) ! bus9ess ( creation4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 ?\gh ! "t tak5 is long]1 ! ord] ( production is ! same 9 ! ,p>see z 9 ! ,hebrew leg5d4 ,?is fact t5ds to confirm ! supposition1 :i* w h]eaft] appe> /ill m probable1 ( an intimate relation betwe5 ! two4 ,always prone to speculation1 ! ,h9dus 7 c]ta9 to f9d 9 ! d>k subject ( creation abundant mat]ials = _! my/ic !ories4 ,v>i\s explanations are accord+ly giv5 9 ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,?us1 ! foll[+ acc\nt is f\nd 9 ! t5? ,book3-- ,let u1 9 *ant$ hymns1 ) praise1 decl>e ! bir?s ( ! gods1--any ( u :o 9 ?is latt] age may behold !m4 ,brhmanaspati blew =? ^! bir?s l a blacksmi?4 ,9 ! e>lie/ age ( ! gods1 ! exi/5t sprang f ! non-exi/5t3 !reaft] ! regions sprang f ,uttnapad4 ,! e>? sprang f ,uttnapad1 f ! e>? sprang ! regions3 ,dak%a sprang f ,aditi1 & ,aditi f ,dak%a4 ,!n ! gods 7 born1 & drew =? ! sun1 :i* 0 hidd5 9 ! ocean 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #dh4--,rig-,v$a1 x4 #gb74 ,) high] wisdom1 ano!r ,vaidik ,ri%i decl>es x impossible to "k ! orig9 ( ! univ]se3-- ,!re 0 !n nei!r non5tity nor entity3 !re 0 no atmosph]e1 nor sky above4 ,:at envelop$ all8 ,:]e1 9 ! receptacle ( :at1 0 x conta9$8 ,0 x wat]1 ! pr(\nd abyss8 ,dea? 0 n !n1 nor immortality2 !re 0 no di/9ction ( day or night4 ,t ,"o brea!d calmly1 self-support$2 !re 0 no?+ diff]5t f1 or above1 x4 ,9 ! beg9n+ d>kness exi/$1 envelop$ 9 d>kness4 ,all ?is 0 undi/+ui%able wat]4 ,t ,"o :i* lay void1 & wrapp$ 9 no?+ness1 0 develop$ by ! p[] ( f]vor4 ,desire fir/ arose 9 ,x1 :i* 0 ! primal g]m ( m9d2 & :i* sages1 se>*+ ) _! intellect1 h discov]$ 9 _! he>t to be ! bond :i* connects entity ) non5tity4 ,! ray or cord :i* /ret*$ across ^! worlds1 0 x bel[ or 0 x above8 ,!re 7 !re impregnat+ p[]s & mighty =ces1 a self-support+ pr9ciple b5ea?1 & en]gy al(t4 ,:o kn[s1 :o "h c decl>e1 :5ce has sprung1 :5ce1 ?is creation8 ,! gods are subsequ5t to ! developm5t ( ?is univ]se2 :o !n kn[s :5ce x arose8 ,f :at ?is creation arose1 & :e!r any "o made x or n1 he :o 9 ! highe/ heav5 is its rul]1 he v]ily kn[s1 or ev5 he does n "k 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #cef4--,rig-,v$a1 x4 #abi74 ,a lat] n>rative ascribes creation to ! god ,prajapati1 :o1 x is said1 hav+ ! desire to multiply himself1 und]w5t ! requisite au/]ities1 & !n produc$ e>?1 air1 & heav5 7,a4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgb74 ,we n[ return to ,g5esis1 :i* proce$s to its second problem3 ! creation ( liv+ creatures & ( man4 ,?is is solv$ 9 two di/9ct fa%ions by two diff]5t writ]s4 ,! fir/ relates t on ! fif? day ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s sw>m ) ! sw>m+ ( animals hav+ life1 & let birds fly to & fro on ! e>?1 on ! face ( ! vault ( ! heav5s4 ,hav+ ?us produc$ ! inhabitants ( ! ocean & air on ! fif? day1 he produc$ ^? ( e>? on ! six?4 ,on ?is day too he made man 9 8 own image1 & creat$ !m male & female4 ,! :ole ( 8 "w 0 n[ f9i%$1 & on ! sev5? day he enjoy$ repose f 8 creative ex]tions1 = :i* reason he bless$ ! sev5? day 7,g54 #a-;ii4 #c74 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h ! fir/ acc\nt ( creation ends2 ! second beg9s ) a descriptive title at ! f\r? v]se ( ! second *apt]4 ,! writ] ( ?is v]sion1 unlike 8 pr$ecessor1 in/ead ( ascrib+ ! creation ( man to ! imm$iate fiat ( ,elohim1 describes ! process z resembl+ "o ( manufacture4 ,god =m$ ! human figure out ( ! du/ ( ! e>?1 & !n blew life into x1 a conception drawn f ! wide-spread notion ( ! id5tity ( brea? ) life4 ,aga9 ! n>rator ( ! second /ory v>ies f ! n>rator ( ! fir/ ab\t ! creation ( ! sexes4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! male & female are made toge!r4 ,9 ! second1 a deep sleep falls ^u ! man1 dur+ :i* ,god takes out a rib f 8 side & makes ! woman out ( x4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x may be rem>k$ t ! =m] writ] moves 9 a m transc5d5tal sph]e ?an ! latt]4 ,he likes to conceive ! orig9 ( ! _w1 ) all its flora & all its fauna1 z aris+ f ! simple p[] ( ! ^w ( ,god4 ,h[ !y arise he nev] tr\bles himself to say4 ,! latt] is m t]re/rial4 ,god ) him is l a p[]ful arti/2 extremely skill$ inde$ 9 deal+ ) 8 mat]ials1 b nev]!less oblig$ to adapt 8 proce$+s to _! nature & capabilities4 ,?is au?or delights 9 ! concrete & p>ticul>2 & n only does he aim at relat+ ! ord] ( ! creation1 b also at mak+ ! modus op]&i m or less intelligible to 8 he>]s4 ,a some:at diff]5t acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( man is giv5 9 ! traditions ( ,samoa1 "o ( ! ,fiji isl&s4 ,^! traditions also describe an epo* :5 ! e>? 0 cov]$ ) wat]4 ,tangaloa1 ! great ,polynesian ,jupit]1 s5t 8 daught] to f9d a dry place4 ,aft] a long "t %e f\nd a rock4 ,9 subsequ5t visits %e report$ t ! dry l& 0 ext5d+4 ,he !n s5t h] d[n ) "s e>? & a creep+ plant1 z all 0 b>r5 rock4 ,%e cont9u$ to visit ! e>? & return to ! skies4 ,next visit1 ! plant 0 spread+4 ,next "t1 x 0 )]$ & decompos+4 ,next visit1 x sw>m$ ) worms4 ,& ! next "t1 ! worms _h become m5 & wom56 ,a /range acc\nt ( man's orig96 ,on :i* x may be rem>k$1 z a curi\s psy*ological ph5om5on1 t5d+ to illu/rate ! effects ( habit1 t ! mission>y consid]s x a /range acc\nt ( man's orig9 :i* repres5ts ,god z mak+ him f worms1 b readily accepts ano!r 9 :i* he is made out ( du/4 ,! ?ird "q dealt ) 9 ,g5esis is t ( ! orig9 ( evil4 ,?is is a problem :i* has engag$ ! att5tion & p]plex$ ! m9ds ( _m inquir]s besides ^! anci5t ,hebrews1 & = :i* mo/ religions provide "s k9d ( solution4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x is treat$ "h is z foll[s3-- ,:5 ,god made ,adam1 he plac$ him 9 a g>d5 full ( delights1 & especially di/+ui%$ by ! excell5ce ( its fruit-trees4 ,!re 0 "o ( ^! trees1 h[ev]1 ! fruit ( :i* he did n wi% ,adam to eat4 ,he accord+ly gave him /rict ord]s on ! subject 9 ^! words3 ,( e tree ( ! g>d5 ?\ may/ eat2 b ( ! tree ( k ( good & evil1 ( t ?\ may/ n eat1 = on :at day ?\ eate/ !re(1 ?\ die/ ! dea? 7,g54 ii4 #af1 #ag74 ,?is ord] we mu/ suppose to h be5 imp>t$ by ,adam to ,eve1 :o 0 n produc$ until aft] x _h be5 giv54 ,at any rate1 we f9d h] fully cognizant ( x 9 ! ensu+ *apt]1 :]e ! s]p5t appe>s ^u ! sc5e & endeavors1 only too successfully1 to induce h] to eat ! fruit4 ,aft] yield+ to ! temptation h]self1 %e induc$ h] husb& to d ! l2 :]eupon bo? recogniz$ ! hi!rto unnotic$ fact ( _! nudity1 & made !mselves aprons ( fig-leaves4 ,%ortly aft] ?is crisis 9 _! lives ,god came d[n to enjoy ! cool ( ! ev5+ 9 ! g>d52 & ,adam & ,eve1 feel+ _! guilt1 ran to hide !mselves among ! trees4 ,god call$ ,adam1 & ! latt] repli$ t he _h hidd5 himself because he 0 nak$4 ,b ,god at once ask$ :o _h told him he 0 nak$4 ,_h he eat5 ( ! =bidd5 tree8 ,( c\rse ,adam & ,eve _h to confess1 & ,god !n curs$ ! s]p5t = 8 gross misconduct1 & puni%$ ! man by impos+ labor ^u him1 & ! woman by r5d]+ h] liable to ! pa9s ( *ildbir?4 ,he also condesc5d$ s f> z to become ! fir/ tailor1 mak+ g>m5ts ( sk9s = ,adam & ,eve4 ,b ?\gh he _h ?us f> got ! bett] ( !m by 8 sup]ior /r5g?1 he 0 n )\t appreh5sion t !y might outwit him /ill4 ,& ,god1 ! ,ev]la/+1 spoke3 ,see1 ! man is become z "o ( u1 to "k good & evil2 & n[1 le/ he %\ld /ret* out 8 h& & take also ( ! tree ( life1 & eat & live =ev]6 ,!re=e ,god1 ! ,ev]la/+1 s5t him out ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 to cultivate ! gr\nd f :i* he _h be5 tak5 7,g54 iii4 #bb1 #bc74 ,& 9 ord] to make q sure t ! man %\ld n get hold ( ! tree ( life1 a calamity :i* w\ld h defeat$ 8 int5tion to make him mortal1 he gu>d$ ! approa* to x by means ( ,*]ubim1 po/$ z s5t9els ) ! flame ( a sword t turn$ ab\t4 ,9 ?is way he conceiv$ t he _h secur$ himself aga9/ any invasion ( 8 privilege ( immortality on ! "p ( ! human race4 ,l ! my? ( creation1 ! my? ( a happi] & bright] age1 :5 m5 did n suff] f any ( ! evils t oppress !m n[1 is common1 if n univ]sal4 ,common too1 if n equally common1 is ! notion t !y fell f t sup]ior /ate by contract+ ! /a9 ( s94 ,i ne$ sc>cely ref] to ! classical /ory ( a gold5 age1 embodi$ by ,hesiod 9 8 ,works & ,days1 nor to ! fable ( ,p&ora all[+ ! ills enclos$ 9 ! box to escape into ! _w4 ,b x may be ( int]e/ to rem>k1 t ! conception ( a ,p>adise 0 no less famili> to ! natives ( ,am]ica ?an to ^? ( ,europe4 ,:5 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 obs]ves ,br9ton1 fir$ by ! hope ( discov]+ ?is t]re/rial p>adise1 broke ! en*antm5t ( ! cl\dy sea & f\nd a new _w1 x 0 b to light ^u ! same race ( m51 delud+ !mselves ) ! same hope ( e>?ly joys1 ! same fiction ( a long-lo/ g>d5 ( _! y\? 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #hg74 ,else:]e he says3 ,once aga91 9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,mixtecas1 we he> ! old /ory repeat$ ( ! g>d5 :]e ! fir/ two bro!rs dwelt4444 ',_m trees 7 !re1 su* z yield fl[]s & roses1 v lusci\s fruits1 div]s h]bs1 & aromatic spices' 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #ij74 ,correspond+ to ! gold5 age among ! ,greeks 0 ! ,p>see conception ( ! reign ( ,yima1 a my?ological mon>* :o 0 9 imm$iate & fri5dly int]c\rse ) ,ahura-,mazda4 ,yima's k+dom is ?us describ$ 9 ! ,v5didad3 ,!re 0 !re nei!r qu>rel+ nor disput+2 nei!r /upidity nor viol5ce2 nei!r begg+ nor impo/ure2 nei!r pov]ty nor illness4 ,no unduly l>ge tee?2 no =m t passes ! measure ( ! body2 none ( ! o!r m>ks1 :i* are m>ks ( ,agra-,ma9yus1 t he has made on m5 7,av41 vol4 i4 p4 #gf4--,v5didad1 ,f>g>d ii4 #aaf ff474 ,9 ano!r passage1 f\nd 9 ! ,khorda-,ave/a1 n only is ! happ9ess ( ,yima's "t depict$1 b x is also di/9ctly ass]t$ t he fell ?r\gh s94 ,dur+ 8 rule !re 0 no cold1 no heat1 no old age1 no dea?1 no envy creat$ by ! ,devas1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( ly+1 previ\sly1 be=e he 7himself7 began to love ly+1 untrue spee*es4 ,!n1 :5 he began to love ly+1 untrue spee*es1 ,maje/y fl$ f him visibly ) ! body ( a bird 7,av41 vol4 iii4 p4 #age4--,khorda-,ave/a1 xxxv4 #cb1 #cd74 ,m elaborately ?an 9 any ( ^! sy/ems is ! fall ( man describ$ 9 ! my?ology ( ,buddhism4 ,9 ?is religion1 z 9 t ( ! ,jews1 man is ( div9e orig91 ?\gh aft] a some:at diff]5t fa%ion4 ,a spiritual be+1 or god1 fell f "o ( ! upp] sph]es1 to be born 9 ! _w ( man4 ,?r\gh ! progressive increase ( ?is be+ arose ! six species ( liv+ creatures 9 ! ?ree worlds4 ,! mo/ em95t ( ^! species1 ,man1 enjoy$ an untold duration ( life 7ano!r po9t 9 :i* ,buddhi/ic leg5ds resemble ^? ( ! ,hebrews74 ,locomotion 0 c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! air2 !y did n consume impure t]re/rial food1 b liv$ on cele/ial victuals2 & propagation1 s9ce !re 0 no di/9ction ( sex1 0 c>ri$ on by means ( emanation4 ,!y did n require sun or moon1 = !y saw by _! own light4 ,alas6 "o ( ^! pure be+s 0 tempt$ by a fool call$ e>?-butt] & ate x4 ,! re/ foll[$ its example4 ,h]eupon ! heav5ly food vani%$2 ! race lo/ _! p[] ( go+ ab\t ! sky1 & ceas$ to %9e by _! own light4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! evil ( ! d>k5+ ( ! m9d4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! de$s1 sun1 moon1 & />s appe>$4 ,/ill great] calamities 7 9 /ore = m54 ,ano!r1 at ano!r "t1 ate a diff]5t k9d ( food1 an example aga9 foll[$ by ! re/4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! di/9ctions ( sex 7 e/abli%$ 9 !m2 passion arose2 !y began to beget *ildr54 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! evil ( s5sual love4 ,on a fur!r occasion1 "o ( !m ate wild rice1 & all liv$ = a "t on wild rice1 ga!r$ z x 0 ne$$ = imm$iate consumption4 ,b :5 "s fooli% fell[ took x into 8 head to collect en\gh = ! foll[+ day1 ! rice ceas$ to gr[ )\t cultivation4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! evil ( idle c>elessness4 ,x be+ n[ necess>y to cultivate rice1 p]sons began to appropriate & qu>rel ab\t l&1 & ev5 to kill "o ano!r4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! evil ( ang]4 ,aga91 "s :o 7 bett] (f hid _! /ores f ^? :o 7 n s well (f4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! evil ( covet\sness4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! age ( m5 began to decl9e s z to be expressible 9 numb]s4 ,x cont9ues gradually to decl9e until a turn+-po9t arrives1 at :i* x aga9 increases 7,g4 ,o4 ,m41 p4 #e-i74 ,sev]al po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ! ,hebrew my? & t j n>rat$ w d\btless occur to ! read]4 ,! fall ( man is due1 9 ?is1 z 9 ,g5esis1 to ! eat+ ( a peculi> food by a s+le p]son2 & ?is example is foll[$1 9 ! "o case1 by ! only o!r inhabitant2 9 ! o!r1 by all4 ,! calamity ?us entail$ does n t]m9ate 9 ! loss ( =m] pleasures1 b ext5ds to ! introduction ( crime & sexual relations4 ,eve is curs$ by hav+ to be> *ildr52 ! same mis=tune happ5$ to ! ,buddhi/ wom54 ,ca9 qu>rel$ ) ,abel & kill$ him2 s did ! l&$ proprietors 9 ! ,indian leg5d qu>rel ) & kill "o ano!r4 ,! f\r? "q :i* appe>$ to h engag$ ! att5tion ( ! au?ors ( ,g5esis 0 t ( ! v>iety ( languages4 ,h[ 0 x1 if all mank9d 7 desc5d$ f a s+le pair1 & if aga9 all b ! ,noa*ian family _h be5 dr[n$1 t !y did n all speak ! pure language 9 :i* ,adam & ,eve _h conv]s$ ) _! ,creator 9 ,p>adise8 ,emb>rass$ by _! own !ories1 ! writ]s attempt$ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on ( ! div]se modes ( spee* 9 use among m5 by an awkw>d my?4 ,m5 _h det]m9$ to build a t[n1 ) a t[] :i* %\ld rea* to heav54 ,jehovah1 h[ev]1 came d[n "o day to see :at !y 7 ab\t1 & 0 fill$ ) appreh5sion t1 if !y succe$$ 9 ?is und]tak+1 he might f9d x impossible to prev5t !m f c>ry+ out _! wi%es 9 o!r ways also1 :atev] ^? wi%es might be4 ,s he det]m9$ to conf\nd _! language1 t !y might n und]/& "o ano!r1 & by ?is happy contrivance put an end to ! con/ruction ( ! dang]\s t[] 7,g54 xi4 #a-i74 ,we h anticipat$ ! c\rse ( ! n>rative 9 ord] to consid] ! solutions (f]$ 9 ,g5esis ( ! f\r pr9cipal problems ) :i* x attempts to deal4 ,we mu/ n[ return to ! po9t at :i* we left ! p>5ts ( ! race1 namely1 imm$iately aft] _! expulsion f ,ed54 ,!y n[ began to beget *ildr5 rapidly2 & ,adam's elde/ son1 ,ca91 aft]w>ds kill$ 8 second son1 ,abel1 = :i* ,jehovah curs$ him z he _h previ\sly curs$ 8 p>5ts4 ,adam & ,eve _h sev]al o!r *ildr51 & 7?\gh ?is is n[h]e expressly /at$1 b only impli$7 ! bro!rs & si/]s unit$ 9 m>riage to c>ry out ! propagation ( ! species4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 ! sons ( ,god began to admire ! beauty ( ! daught]s ( m51 & to take wives f among !m4 ,jehovah1 indignant at su* a sc&al1 fix$ ! limits ( man's life--:i* _h hi!rto be5 measur$ by c5turies--at #abj ye>s4 ,at ! same "t !re 7 giants on e>?4 ,n[ ,jehovah saw t ! human race 0 extremely wick$1 s mu* s1 t he began to wi% he _h nev] creat$ x4 ,to rem$y ?is blund]1 h[ev]1 he det]m9$ to de/roy x2 & 9 ord] t ! improvem5t %\ld be ?or\gh1 to de/roy along ) x all cattle1 creep+ ?+s1 & birds1 :o _h n 7s f> z we are aw>e17 ent]$ into ! same k9d ( irregul> alliances ) o!r species z m54 ,nev]!less1 he _h /ill a l+]+ fondness = 8 h&iwork1 badly z x _h turn$ out2 & !re=e det]m9$ to pres]ve en\gh ( ea* k9d ( animal1 man includ$1 to c>ry on ! bre$ )\t ! necessity ( resort+ a second "t to creation4 ,act+ ^u ?is resolve1 he ord]$ an individual nam$ ,noah to build an ark ( goph]-wood1 ann\nc+ t he w\ld %ortly de/roy all fle%1 b wi%$ to save ,noah & 8 ?ree sons1 ) _! sev]al wives4 ,he also desir$ him to take two memb]s ( ea* species ( bea/s & birds1 or1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 sev5 ( ea* clean bea/ & bird1 & two ( ea* unclean bea/2 b 9 any case tak+ c>e t ea* sex %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! ark4 ,:5 ,noah _h done all ?is1 ! wat]s came up f bel[ & d[n f above1 & !re 0 an increas+ flood = =ty days4 ,all t]re/rial life b t :i* float$ 9 ! ark 0 de/roy$4 ,at la/ ! wat]s began to ebb1 & f9ally ! ark re/$ on ! #ag? day ( ! #g? mon? on ,m\nt ,ar>at4 ,aft] =ty m days ,noah s5t out a rav5 & a dove1 ( :i* only ! dove return$4 ,9 sev5 days he s5t ! dove aga91 & x return$1 br++ an olive-leaf2 & aft] ano!r week1 :5 he aga9 s5t x out1 x return$ no m4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! #bg? ( ! #b;d mon? ( ! ensu+ ye> 7^! *ronicl]s be+ v exact ab\t dates7 t ! e>? 0 dri$1 & t ,noah & 8 p>ty 7 able to quit ! ark4 ,to commemorate ! goodness ( ,god 9 dr[n+ all ! _w except himself & 8 family1 ,noah erect$ an alt> & (f]$ burnt-(f]+s ( e clean bea/ & e clean f[l4 ,! effect 0 in/antane\s4 ,s pleas$ 0 ,jehovah ) ! pleasant smell1 t he resolv$ nev] to de/roy all liv+ be+s aga91 ?\gh /ill ( op9ion t ! imag9ation ( man's he>t is evil f 8 y\? 7,g54 vi4 #g1 #h74 ,! my? ( ! deluge is v g5]al4 ,! ,hebrews h no exclusive prop]ty 9 x4 ,_m diff]5t races relate x 9 diff]5t ways4 ,we may easily suppose t ! p>tial deluges to :i* !y mu/ (t5 h be5 witnesses sugge/$ ! notion ( a univ]sal deluge1 9 :i* n only a few tribes or villages p]i%$1 b all ! inhabit$ e>? 0 laid "u wat]2 or ! memory ( "s actual flood ( unusual dim5sions may h surviv$ 9 ! popul> m9d1 & be5 h&$ d[n ) traits ( exagg]ation & di/ortion su* z are commonly f\nd 9 ! n>ratives ( ev5ts pres]v$ by oral tradition4 ,let u exam9e a few in/ances ( ! flood-my?4 ,! ,fijians relate t ! god ,degei 0 r\s$ e morn+ by ! coo+ ( a mon/r\s bird1 b t two "y m51 8 gr&sons1 "o day accid5tally kill$ & buri$ x4 ,degei hav+1 aft] "s tr\ble1 f\nd ! dead body1 det]m9$ to be av5g$4 ,! y\?s took refuge ) a p[]ful tribe ( c>p5t]s1 :o built a f5ce to keep out ! god4 ,unable to take ! f5ce by /orm1 ,degei br\ght on heavy floods1 :i* rose s high t 8 gr&sons & _! fri5ds _h to escape 9 l>ge b[ls t happ5$ to be at h&4 ,!y l&$ at v>i\s places2 b x is said t ! two tribes became ext9ct 7,viti1 p4 #cid74 ,! ,gre5l&]s h a tol]ably di/9ct tradition ( a flood4 ,!y say t all m5 7 dr[n$ except+ "o4 ,?is "o beat ) 8 /ick ^u ! gr\nd & !reby produc$ a woman 7,grnl&1 p4 #bdf74 ,kamts*atka has a some:at simil> leg5d1 except t x admits a l>g] numb] ( survivors4 ,v _m1 accord+ to ?is v]sion1 7 dr[n$1 & ! waves _h sunk ^? :o _h got into boats2 b o!rs took refuge 9 rafts1 b9d+ ! trees toge!r to make !m4 ,on ^! !y sav$ !mselves ) _! provisions & all _! prop]ty4 ,:5 ! wat]s subsid$1 ! rafts rema9$ on ! high m\nta9s 7,kamts*atka1 p4 #bgc74 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]icans ! notion ( a univ]sal deluge 01 9 ! "t ( ! ,jesuit ,de ,*>levoix1 r wide-spread4 ,9 "o ( _! /ories1 told by ! ,iroquois1 all human be+s 7 dr[n$2 & x 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to re-populate ! e>?1 to *ange animals into m5 7,n4 ,f41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cde74 ,! ,tupis ( ,brazil are suppos$ to be nam$ aft] ,tupa1 ! fir/ ( m51 :o alone surviv$ ! flood 7,m4 ,n4 ,w41 p4 #ahe74 ,aga91 ! ,p]uvians imag9$ t two de/ructions _h tak5 place1 ! fir/ by a fam9e1 ! second by a flood2 accord+ to "s a few only escap+1 b1 aft] ! m widely accept$ op9ion1 accompani$ by ! absolute extirpation ( ! race4 ,! pres5t race came f eggs dropp$ out ( heav5 7,ibid41 p4 #bac74 ,sev]al o!r tribes relate 9 div]se =ms ?is _w-wide /ory4 ,9 "o ( ! v]sions1 f\nd 9 an old ,mexican "w1 a man & 8 wife are sav$1 by ! directions ( _! god1 9 a holl[ cypress4 ,9 ano!r1 ! e>? is de/roy$ by wat]1 because m5 did n ?9k nor speak ( ! ,creator :o _h creat$ !m1 & :o _h caus$ _! bir?4 ,because !y _h n ?\ght ( _! ,"m & ,fa!r1 ! ,he>t ( ,heav51 ^: "n is ,hurakan1 !re=e ! face ( ! e>? grew d>k1 & a p\r+ ra9 comm5c$1 ra9+ by day1 ra9+ by night 7,ibid41 p4 #bjf ff474 ,! diluvian leg5d appe>s 9 a v s+ul> =m 9 ,india 9 ! ,satapa?a ,brhmana4 ,!re x is /at$1 t 9 ! bas9 :i* 0 br\ght to ,manu to wa% 8 h&s 91 !re 0 "o morn+ a small fi%4 ,! fi% said to him1 ,pres]ve me1 ,i %all save !e4 ,manu inquir$ f :at x w\ld save him4 ,! fi% repli$ t x w\ld be f a flood :i* w\ld de/roy all creatures4 ,x in=m$ ,manu t fi%es1 :ile small1 7 expos$ to ! risk ( be+ eat5 by o!r fi%es2 he 0 !re=e to put x fir/ into a j>2 !n :5 x grew too l>ge = t1 to dig a tr5* & keep x 9 t2 t :5 x grew too l>ge = ! tr5*1 to c>ry x to ! ocean4 ,/raightway x became a l>ge fi%1 & said3 ,n[ 9 su* & su* a ye>1 !n ! flood w come2 ?\ %alt !re=e con/ruct a %ip1 & resort to me2 ?\ %alt emb>k 9 ! %ip :5 ! flood rises1 & ,i %all deliv] !e f x4 ,manu took ! fi% to ! sea1 & 9 ! ye> t _h be5 nam$1 he con/ruct$ a %ip & resort$ to him4 ,:5 ! flood rose1 ,manu emb>k$ 9 ! %ip4 ,! fi% swam t[>ds him4 ,he fa/5$ ! cable ( ! %ip to ! fi%'s horn4 ,by ?is means he pass$ ov] ?is nor!rn m\nta94 ,! fi% said1 ',i h deliv]$ !e2 fa/5 ! %ip to a tree4 ,b le/ ! wat] %\ld cut !e (f :il/ ?\ art on ! m\nta91 z mu* z ! wat] subsides1 s mu* %alt ?\ desc5d aft] x4' ,he accord+ly desc5d$ aft] x z mu* 7z x subsid$74444 ,n[ ! flood _h swept away all ^! creatures2 s ,manu alone 0 left "h 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #ahc74 ,! /ory goes on to relate t ,manu1 be+ q alone1 produc$ a woman by ardu\s religi\s rites1 & t ) ?is woman1 :o call$ h]self 8 daught]1 he begot ?is (fspr+1 :i* is ?is (fspr+ ( ,manu1 t is1 ! exi/+ human race4 ,aft] ! flood1 ! hi/ory proce$s = "s "t to n>rate ! lives ( a s]ies ( patri>*s1 ! my?ological ance/ors ( ! ,hebrew race4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is ,abram1 aft]w>ds call$ ,abraham2 to :om a solemn promise 0 made t he 0 to be ! prog5itor ( a great nation2 t ,jehovah w\ld bless ^? :o bless$ him1 & curse ^? :o curs$ him2 & t 9 him all g5]ations ( ! e>? %\ld be bless$ 7,g54 xii4 #a-c74 ,:5 ,abraham visit$ ,egypt1 he desir$ 8 wife ,s>ah to call h]self 8 si/]1 fe>+ le/ ! ,egyptians %\ld kill him = h] sake4 ,%e did s1 & 0 tak5 into ,ph>aoh's h>em 9 consequ5ce ( h] false /atem5t2 b ,jehovah plagu$ ,ph>aoh1 & 8 h\se s sev]ely t ! tru? 0 discov]$1 & ,s>ah 0 re/or$ to h] lawful husb&4 ,x is rem>kable t ,abraham is /at$ to h subsequ5tly repeat$ ! same contemptible trick1 ?is "t alleg+ by way ( excuse t ,s>ah really 0 8 /ep-si/]2 & t ,abraham's son1 ,isaac1 is said to h done ! same ?+ 9 ref]5ce to ,rebekah 7,g54 xii4 #aj-bj1 xx41 xxvi4 #f-aa74 ,abimele*1 k+ ( ,g]>1 :o 0 twice impos$ ^u by ^! patri>*s1 mu/ h ?\ght x a s+ul> cu/om ( ! family ?us to pass (f _! wives z si/]s4 ,app>5tly1 too1 bo? ( !m 7 q prep>$ to surr5d] _! consorts to ! h>ems ( =eign mon>*s r ?an run ! smalle/ risk 9 _! def5se4 ,abraham1 at n9ety-n9e ye>s ( age1 0 =tunate 9 all ?+s b "o3 he _h no legitimate heir4 ,b ?is too 0 to be giv5 him4 ,jehovah appe>$ to him1 ann\nc$ himself z ,almighty ,god1 & e/abli%$ ) ,abraham a solemn cov5ant4 ,he promis$ to make him fruitful1 to give 8 po/]ity ! l& ( ,canaan1 9 :i* he !n 01 & to cause ,s>ah to h a son4 ,at ! same "t he desir$ t all males %\ld be circumciz$1 an op]ation :i* 0 =?) p]=m$ on ,abraham1 8 illegitimate son ,i%mael1 & all ! m5 9 8 h\se 7,g54 xvii74 ,9 due "t ,s>ah _h a son :om ,abraham nam$ ,isaac4 ,b :5 ,isaac 0 a lad1 & all ,abraham's hopes ( po/]ity 7 c5t]$ 9 him z ! only *ild ( ,s>ah1 ,god "o day comm&$ him to sacrifice him z a burnt-(f]+ on a m\nta9 9 ,moriah4 ,)\t a murmur1 )\t a ^w ( inquiry1 ,abraham prep>$ to obey ?is extraord9>y injunction1 & 0 only )held f plung+ ! sacrificial knife into ! bosom ( 8 son by ! positive int]position ( an angel4 ,look+ ab\t1 he p]ceiv$ a ram caught 9 a ?icket1 & (f]$ him z a burnt (f]+ in/ead ( ,isaac4 ,= ?is s]vile & un9tellig5t submission1 he 0 rew>d$ by ,jehovah ) fur!r promises z to ! amaz+ numb]s ( 8 po/]ity 9 future times 7,g54 xxi4 #a-h2 xxii4 #a-ai74 ,! tradition ( human sacrifice1 ?us pres]v$ 9 ! /ory ( ,abraham & ,isaac1 is f\nd also 9 a curi\s n>rative ( ! ,ait>eya ,brhmana4 ,t sacr$ book also commemorates an important p]sonage1 9 ?is in/ance a k+1 :o _h no son4 ,al?\gh he _h a hundr$ wives1 yet none ( !m bore him a male heir4 ,he inquir$ ( 8 prie/1 ,n>ada1 :at 7 ! advantages ( hav+ a son1 & le>n$ t !y 7 v great4 ,! fa!r pays a debt 9 8 son1 & ga9s immortality1 su* 0 "o ( ! privileges to be obta9$ by means ( a son4 ,! ,ri%i ,n>ada !re=e advis$ ,k+ ,h>is*&ra to pray to ,v>una = a son1 promis+ at ! same "t to sacrifice him z soon z he 0 born4 ,! k+ did s4 ,!n a son1 ,rohita by "n1 0 born to him4 ,v>una said to him1 ',a son is born to !e1 sacrifice him to me4' ,h>is*&ra said1 ',an animal is fit = be+ sacrific$1 :5 x is m ?an t5 days old4 ,let him rea* ?is age1 !n ,i w sacrifice him to !e4 ,at t5 days ,v>una aga9 dem&$ him1 b n[ 8 fa!r _h a fre% excuse1 & s po/pon$ ! sacrifice f age to age until ,rohita _h receiv$ 8 full armor4 ,v>una hav+ aga9 claim$ him1 ,h>is*&ra n[ said1 ,well1 my de>1 to him :o gave !e unto me1 ,i w sacrifice !e n[4 ,b ,rohita1 come to man's e/ate1 _h no m9d to be sacrific$1 & ran away to ! wild]ness4 ,v>una n[ caus$ ,h>is*&ra to suff] f dropsy4 ,rohita1 he>+ ( x1 left ! =e/1 & w5t to a village1 :]e ,indra1 9 disguise1 met him & desir$ him to w&]4 ,! advice 0 repeat$ e ye> until ,rohita _h w&]$ six ye>s 9 ! =e/4 ,?is la/ ye> he met a poor ,ri%i1 nam$ ,ajig>ta1 :o 0 />v+1 to :om he (f]$ "o hundr$ c[s = "o ( 8 ?ree sons z a ransom = himself 9 ! sacrifice to be (f]$ to ,v>una4 ,! fa!r hav+ object$ to ! elde/1 & ! "m to ! y\nge/1 ! middle "o ,sunahsepa1 0 agre$ ^u z ! ransom1 & ! hundr$ c[s 7 paid = him4 ,rohita pres5t$ to 8 fa!r ! boy ,sunahsepa1 :o 0 accept$ by ! god ) ! rem>k t a ,brahman 0 wor? m ?an a ,k%attriya4 ,v>una !n expla9$ to ! k+ ! rites ( ! ,rajasuya sacrifice1 at :i* on ! day appo9t$ = ! inauguration he replac$ ! 7sacrificial animal7 by a man4 ,b at ! sacrifice a /range incid5t occurr$4 ,no "o c\ld be f\nd will+ to b9d ! victim to ! sacrificial po/4 ,at la/ 8 fa!r (f]$ to d x = ano!r hundr$ c[s4 ,b\nd to ! /ake1 no "o c\ld be f\nd to kill him4 ,?is act also 8 fa!r und]took to d = a ?ird hundr$4 ,he !n :ett$ 8 knife & w5t to kill 8 son4 ,sunahsepa !n got aw>e t !y 7 go+ to but*] him j z if he 7 no man 7b a bea/74 ',well1' said he1 ',i w seek %elt] ) ! gods4' ,he appli$ to ,prajapati1 :o ref]r$ him to ano!r god1 :o did ! same2 & ?us he 0 driv5 f god to god ?r\gh ! pan!on1 until he came to ,u%as1 ! dawn4 ,h[ev]1 z he 0 prais+ ,u%as1 8 fett]s fell (f1 & ,h>is*&ra's belly became small]2 until at ! la/ v]se he 0 free1 & ,h>is*&ra well4 ,sunahsepa 0 n[ receiv$ among ! prie/s z "o ( !mselves1 & he sat d[n by ,visvamitra1 an em95t ,ri%i4 ,ajig>ta1 8 fa!r1 reque/$ t he might be return$ to him1 b ,visvamitra refus$1 =1 he said1 ! gods h pres5t$ him to me4 ,f t "t =w>d he became ,visvamitra's son4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ,ajig>ta himself entreat$ 8 son to return to 8 home1 & ! answ] ( ! latt] is rem>kable4 ,sunahsepa answ]$1 ',:at is n f\nd ev5 9 ! h&s ( a ,%udra1 "o has se5 9 ?y h&1 ! knife 7to kill ?y son72 ?ree hundr$ c[s ?\ ha/ pref]r$ to me1 ,o ,angiras4' ,ajig>ta !n answ]$1 ',o my de> son6 ,i rep5t ( ! bad de$ ,i h committ$2 ,i blot out ?is /a96 "o hundr$ ( ! c[s %all be ?9e6' ,sunahsepa answ]$1 ',:o once might commit su* a s91 may commit ! same ano!r "t4 ,?\ art /ill n free f ! brutality ( a ,%udra1 = ?\ ha/ committ$ a crime = :i* no reconciliation exi/s4' ',yes1 irreconcilable 7is ?is act71' int]rupt$ ,visvamitra6 7,a4 ,b41 p4 #dfj-dfi47 ,on ! lik5ess ( ?is /ory to ! ,hebrew leg5d ( ! int5d$ sacrifice ( ,isaac1 & on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 ,i %all comm5t else:]e4 ,f ! days ( ,abraham ! hi/ory proce$s ?r\gh a s]ies ( patri>*al biographies--^? ( ,isaac & ,rebekah1 ( ,jacob & ,ra*el1 ( ,joseph & 8 bro!rs--to ! captivity ( ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt "u ! successor ( ! mon>* ^: prime m9i/] ,joseph _h be54 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews z a di/9ct nation may be said to beg94 ,! patri>*s belong to univ]sal hi/ory4 ,b f ! days ( ! ,egyptian captivity x is ! =tunes ( a peculi> tribe1 & aft]w>ds ( an indep5d5t p t are foll[$4 ,we h _! deliv]ance f slav]y1 _! progress ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 _! triumphant e/abli%m5t 9 _! de/9$ home1 ! rise1 decl9e1 & fall ( _! national greatness1 depict$ ) mu* graphic p[]1 & int]m+l$ ) episodes ( ! deepe/ int]e/4 ,x w\ld n be consi/5t ) ! plan or limits ( ?is "w to foll[ ! hi/ory ?r\gh its v>i$ details2 all we c d is to t\* ^u x "h & !re1 :]e ! adv5tures1 in/itutions1 or imag9ations ( ! ,hebrews pres5t po9ts ( contact ) ^? ( o!r nations z record$ 9 _! au?oriz$ writ+s4 ,x 0 only by ! especial favor ( ,jehovah t ! ,hebrew slaves 7 enabl$ to escape f ,egypt at all4 ,t deity appo9t$ a man nam$ ,moses z _! lead]2 &1 employ+ him z 8 m\?piece1 desir$ ,ph>aoh to let !m g4 ,on ,ph>aoh's refusal1 he visit$ ,egypt ) a s]ies ( calamities2 all ( !m inadequate to ! object 9 view1 until at l5g? ,ph>aoh & all 8 army 7 ov]:elm$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i* _h op5$ to all[ ! ,israelites to pass4 ,^! la/ n[ escap$ into ! wild]ness1 :]e1 "u ! guidance ( ,moses1 !y w&]$ = =ty ye>s1 und]go+ all sorts ( h>d%ips1 be=e !y rea*$ ! promis$ l&4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( _! travels1 ,jehovah gave ,moses t5 comm&m5ts1 :i* /& out f a mass ( o!r injunctions & enactm5ts1 by ! solemnity ) :i* !y 7 deliv]$1 & by ! extreme importance ( _! subject-matt]4 ,!y are report$ to h be5 giv5 to ,moses by ,jehovah 9 p]son on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 9 ! mid/ ( a v consid]able am\nt ( noise & smoke1 app>5tly int5d$ to be impressive4 ,by ^! laws ! ,israelites 7 ord]$-- #a4 ,to h no o!r ,god b ,jehovah4 #b4 ,to make no image = purposes ( wor%ip4 #c4 ,n to take ,jehovah's "n 9 va94 #d4 ,n to "w on ! ,sabba? day4 #e4 ,to honor _! p>5ts4 #f4 ,n to kill4 #g4 ,n to commit adult]y4 #h4 ,n to /eal4 #i4 ,n to be> false witness aga9/ a neighbor4 #aj4 ,n to covet4 ,conc]n+ ^! comm&m5ts1 x may be obs]v$ t ! acts enjo9$ or =bidd5 are ( v diff]5t *>act]s4 ,"s ( ! obligations ?us impos$ are univ]sally b9d+1 & ! precepts relat+ to !m =m a portion ( univ]sal e?ics4 ,o!rs aga9 are ( a purely special !ological "*1 & h no application at all except to ^? :o hold c]ta9 !ological doctr9es4 ,la/ly1 o!rs comm& /ates ( m9d only1 :i* h no prop] place 9 positive laws en=c$ "u p5alties4 ,to illu/rate ^! rem>ks 9 detail3 ! f\r comm&m5ts aga9/ kill+1 /eal+1 adult]y1 & calumny are ( univ]sal obligation1 & ?\gh !y are f> f exhau/+ ! li/ ( actions :i* a moral code %\ld prohibit1 yet prop]ly belong to x & are among its mo/ important con/itu5ts4 ,b ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? comm&m5ts presuppose a nation believ+ 9 ,jehovah z _! ,god2 & ev5 ) t proviso ! f\r?1 requir+ ! obs]vance ( a day ( re/1 is purely arbitr>y2 belong+ only to ritual1 n to morals4 ,to place x along ) prohibitions ( murd] & !ft1 is simply to confuse 9 ! m9ds ( he>]s ! all-important di/9ction betwe5 special obs]vances & univ]sal duties4 ,aga91 ! fif? & t5? comm&m5ts require m]e emotional conditions2 respect = p>5ts 9 ! "o case1 abs5ce ( covet\sness 9 ! o!r4 ,no d\bt bo? ^! m5tal conditions h actions & ab/95ces f action z _! correlatives2 b x is ) ^! la/ t law %\ld deal1 & n ) ! m]e /ates ( feel+ ov] :i* no comm&m5t c ex]cise ! smalle/ control4 ,law may =bid u to annoy our neighbor1 or d him an injury on acc\nt ( 8 wife :om we love1 or 8 e/ate :i* we desire to possess2 b x is idle to =bid u to wi% t ! wife or ! e/ate 7 ours4 ,^! errors are avoid$ 9 ! five fundam5tal comm&m5ts ( ,buddhism1 :i* relate :olly to matt]s t1 if b9d+ ^u any1 are b9d+ ^u all4 ,!y are ^!3-- #a4 ,n to kill4 #b4 ,n to /eal4 #c4 ,n to indulge 9 illicit pleasures ( sex4 #d4 ,n to lie4 #e4 ,n to dr9k intoxicat+ liquors4#ib ,no d\bt ! fif? is n ( equal importance ) ! re/2 yet its int5tion is simply to put a /op to drunk5ness1 & ?is x accompli%es1 l teetotal societies1 by requir+ entire ab/95ce4 ,probably 9 hot climates1 & ) populations n capable ( mu* self-control1 ?is 0 ! wise/ way4 ,! ?ird comm&m5t1 z ,i h pres5t$ x1 is some:at vague1 b ?is is because ! =m 9 :i* x is giv5 by ! au?orities is n always ! same4 ,sometimes x appe>s z a m]e prohibition ( all un*a/ity2 b ! m probable view appe>s to be t ( ,burn\f1 :o int]prets x z direct$ aga9/ adult]y1 9 sub/antial accordance ) ,alaba/]1 :o r5d]s x z an injunction n to indulge ! passions1 s z to invade ! legal or natural rights ( o!r m54 ,9 ! eight pr9cipal comm&m5ts ( ! ,p>sees1 ! brea* ( :i* 0 to be puni%$ ) dea?1 !re is ! ! same confusion ( !ological & natural duties z 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,! ,p>sees 7 =bidd5-- #a4 ,to kill a pure man 7i4 e41 a ,p>see74 #b4 ,to put out ! fire ,behram4 #c4 ,to ?r[ ! impurity f dead bodies into fire or wat]4 #d4 ,to commit adult]y4 #e4 ,to practice magic or contribute to its be+ practic$4 #f4 ,to ?r[ ! impurity ( m5/ruat+ wom5 into fire or wat]4 #g4 ,to commit sodomy ) boys4 #h4 ,to commit highway-robb]y or suicide 7,av41 vol4 ii4 p4 lx74 ,besides ^! comm&m5ts1 ,jehovah gave 8 p a va/ mass ( laws1 am\nt+ 9 fact to a complete crim9al code1 ?r\gh 8 m\?piece ,moses4 ,among ^! laws 7 ^? :i* 7 writt5 on ! two tables ( /one1 commonly ?\gh errone\sly suppos$ to h be5 ! t5 comm&m5ts ( ! tw5tie? *apt]4 ,! express /atem5t ( ,exodus =bids su* a supposition4 ,x is !re /at$ t :5 ,god _h f9i%$ commun+ ) ,moses he gave him two tables ( te/imony1 tables ( /one1 writt5 ) ! f+] ( ,god4 ,?is mo/ valuable autograph ,moses _h ! folly to break 9 8 ang] at f9d+ t ! ,israelites1 l$ by 8 bro!r ,a>on1 _h tak5 to wor%ip+ a gold5 calf 9 8 abs5ce 7,ex41 xxxi4 #ah1 & xxxii4 #ai74 ,god1 h[ev]1 desir$ him to prep>e o!r tables l ^? he _h de/roy$1 & k9dly und]took to write ^u !m ! v words t _h be5 on ! fir/4 ,app>5tly1 h[ev]1 he only dictat$ !m to ,moses1 :o is said to h writt5 ^u ! tables ! words ( ! cov5ant1 ! t5 comm&m5ts4 ,:at ^! words 7 !re c be no d\bt1 = he _h begun 8 address to ,moses by say+1 ,behold1 ,i make a cov5ant2 & _h conclud$ x by ! expression1 ,write ?\ ^! words3 = aft] ! t5or ( ^! words h ,i made a cov5ant ) !e & ) ,israel 7,ex4 xxxiv4 #a-bh74 ,n[ ! comm&m5ts ?us ass]t$ to h be5 writt5 on ! tables ( /one 7 v diff]5t f ! t5 giv5 be=e on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & resemble m closely /ill ! /yle ( ^? quot$ f ! ,p>see books4 ,yet !y 7 evid5tly deem$ by ! writ]s ( great importance1 f ! honor ascrib$ to !m ( hav+ be5 orig9ally writt5 9 ,god's own h&writ+ on /one4 ,_! purport is3--#a4 ,to =bid any cov5ant ) ! inhabitants ( ! l& to :i* ! ,israelites 7 go+1 & to enjo9 !m to de/roy _! alt>s1 break _! images1 & cut d[n _! groves2--#b4 ,to require ! obs]vance ( ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread2--#c4 ,to lay claim to fir/l+s = ,jehovah1 & dem& _! r$emption2--#d4 ,to comm& ! ,sabbatical re/2--#e4 ,to enjo9 ! obs]vance ( ! fea/ ( weeks2--#f4 ,to desire t all males %\ld appe> ?rice ye>ly be=e ! ,"l2--#g4 ,to =bid ! sacrifice ( blood ) leav52--#h4 ,to =bid leav+ ! sacrifice ( ! fea/ ( ! passov] till morn+2--#i4 ,to dem& ! fir/-fruits = ,jehovah2--#aj4 ,to =bid see?+ a kid 9 its "m's milk4#ic ,em95t z ,moses 01 & high z he /ood 9 ! favor ( 8 ,god1 he 0 n p]mitt$ to lead 8 p to ,canaan4 ,jehovah puni%$ him = a mom5t>y weakness by depriv+ him ( t privilege1 :i* 0 res]v$ = ,jo%ua4 ,j z ! wat]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea 7 cleft 9 two to all[ ! ,israelites to quit ,egypt1 s 7 ^? ( ! ,jordan cleft 9 two to all[ !m to ent] ,canaan4 ,no soon] did ! feet ( ! prie/s be>+ ! ark t\* ! wat]1 ?an ! portion ( ! riv] bel[ 0 cut (f f t above1 ! upp] wat]s ris+ into a heap 7,jo%4 iii74 ,/rik+ z ?is miracle is1 x is n m s ?an t p]=m$ by ,visvamitra1 an ,indian sage4 ,:5 he arriv$ at a riv] :i* he desir$ to cross1 t holy man said3 ,li/51 ,o si/]s1 to ! b>d :o has come to y f af> ) wagon & *>iot4 ,s9k d[n2 become =dable2 rea* n up to our *>iot-axles ) y\r /reams4 7,! riv]s answ]73 ,we %all li/5 to ?y words1 ,o b>d2 ?\ ha/ come f f> ) wagon & *>iot4 ,i w b[ d[n to !e l a woman ) full brea/ 7suckl+ h] *ild71 z a maid to a man w ,i ?r[ myself op5 to !e4 7,visvamitra says73 ,:5 ! ,bh>atas1 t w>-lov+ tribe1 s5t =w>d1 impell$ by ,indra1 h cross$ !e1 !n ?y headlong curr5t %all hold on its c\rse4 ,i seek ! favor ( y ! adorable4 ,! w>-lov+ ,bh>atas h cross$2 ! ,sage has obta9$ ! favor ( ! riv]s4 ,swell on1 impetu\s & f]tiliz+2 fill y\r *annels2 roll rapidly 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #cdj74 ,s t ! v same prodigy :i*1 accord+ to ! ,book ( ,jo%ua1 0 wr\ght = ! b5efit ( ! ,hebrew p 9 ,pale/9e1 01 accord+ to ! ,rig-,v$a1 wr\ght = ! b5efit ( a w>like tribe 9 ,india4 ,aft] _! arrival & settlem5t 9 ,pale/9e ! ,israelites pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( great tr\ble & di/urbance4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 a direct !ocracy2 m5 appo9t$ by ,god1 t is1 self-appo9t$1 put !mselves at ! head ( affairs & gov]n$ ) m or less success "u ! inspiration1 & 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! p 7 expos$ to great annoyance f _! enemies ! ,phili/9es1 by :om !y 7 = a c]ta9 space held 9 subjugation4 ,! leg5d ( ! national h]o & deliv]]1 ,samson1 falls )9 ?is p]iod ( depression "u a =eign yoke4 ,samson is ! ,jewi% ,h]akles1 & 8 exploits are altoge!r z fabul\s z ^? ( 8 ,hell5ic c\nt]p>t2 ?\gh x is n impossible t su* a p]sonage z ,samson may h liv$ & may h l$ ! p ) "s glory aga9/ _! h]$it>y enemies4 ,_m int]nal di/urbances contribut$ to r5d] ! condition ( ! ,israelites "u _! !ocracy f> f enviable2 & at l5g?1 "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,samuel1 ! la/ repres5tative ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ! p c\ld be> _! di/ress no long] & unit$ to dem& a k+4 ,! reque/ 0 und\bt$ly a wise "o2 = ! au?ority ( a mon>* 0 em95tly ne$$ to give int]nal peace & protection aga9/ ext]nal attacks to ! di/ract$ nation4 ,samuel1 h[ev]1 0 naturally oppos$ to su* a *ange4 ,8 feel+s & 8 int]e/s 7 alike conc]n$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! direct gov]nm5t ( ,jehovah1 ^: pl5ipot5ti>y he 04 ,b all 8 repres5tations t ! proposal to elect a k+ 0 a crime 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 7 unavail+4 ,he 0 compell$ to yield1 & select$1 z ! mon>* appo9t$ by ,jehovah himself1 a "y man nam$ ,saul4 ,be=e long1 h[ev]1 ,jehovah discov]$ t he _h made a mi/ake1 & t ,saul 0 n ! k9d ( man he _h hop$ to f9d him4 ,samuel 0 !re=e desir$ to ano9t ,david to supplant him4 ,9 o!r words1 ,saul did n prove ! ob$i5t in/rum5t :i* ,samuel _h hop$ to make ( him1 & he !re=e ent]$ into a secret conspiracy to procure 8 deposition4 ,! conduct ( ,saul1 & 8 relations to ,david1 h probably be5 misrepres5t$ by ! ecclesia/ical hi/orians1 :o p]si/5tly favor ,david4 ,nev]!less1 !y _c :olly disguise ! lawless & savage c>e] ( ?is mon>* be=e 8 accession to ! ?rone1 ( :i* at l5g? he obta9$ possession4 ,nor 0 8 conduct dur+ 8 occupation ( x altoge!r exempl>y4 ,he1 h[ev]1 promot$ ! views ( ! prie/ly p>ty1 & ?is 0 en\gh to cov] a multitude ( s9s4 ,8 son ,solomon :o succe$$ him 0 ! mo/ magnific5t ( ! mon>*s ( ,israel & ! la/ :o rul$ ov] ! undivid$ k+dom4 ,he 0 especially r5[n$ = 8 wisdom1 :i* is exemplifi$ by a fam\s decision4 ,two wom5 came be=e him to dispute ! own]%ip ( an infant4 ,"o ( !m /at$ t ! o!r1 :o 0 alone 9 ! same h\se ) h]1 _h kill$ h] own *ild by ly+ ^u x dur+ ! night1 & tak5 ! liv+ *ild f its "m :ile t "m 0 asleep4 ,! o!r ass]t$ t ! liv+ *ild 0 h]s4 ,hav+ he>d ! two /atem5ts1 ! k+ ord]$ ! liv+ *ild to be cut 9 two & half giv5 to ea* woman4 ,h]eupon ! "o decl>$ t %e w\ld pref] to resign x altoge!r2 b ! o!r pr(ess$ h] acquiesc5ce 9 ! judgm5t4 ,! k+ at once aw>d$ x to h] :o _h be5 will+ to resign x r ?an see x divid$ 7#a ,k+s1 iii4 #af-bh74 ,equal1 or p]haps ev5 great] wisdom1 0 display$ by a mon>* ^: hi/ory is record$ 9 "o ( ! sacr$ books ( ,buddhism4 ,two wom5 7 cont5d+ be=e him ab\t _! "r to a boy4 ,he desir$ ea* ( !m to take hold ( x by "o ( its h&s & to pull at x2 ! "o :o succe$$ 9 gett+ x to keep x4 ,%e :o 0 n ! "m pull$ unm]cifully2 :]eas ! true "m1 ?\gh /rong] ?an h] rival1 only pull$ g5tly 9 ord] to avoid hurt+ x4 ,! k+ p]ceiv$ ! tru?1 & adjudg$ x to ! "o :o _h pull$ x g5tly 7,g4 ,o4 ,m41 p4 #cdd74 ,rehoboam1 ! son & successor ( ,solomon1 fail+ to conciliate ! p at 8 accession1 br\ght ab\t ! s*ism betwe5 ,sm>ia & ,judea1 betwe5 ! t5 tribes & ! two1 :i* 0 nev] aft]w>ds heal$4 ,aft] ?is ! gov]nm5t 9 ea* k+dom may be describ$ z absolute mon>*y temp]$ by prophetical admonition4 ,! prophets1 :o =m$ a k9d ( pr(essional body ( advis]s 9 ! int]e/ ( ,jehovah1 made x _! bus9ess to reprove ! crimes1 & especially ! idolatries ( ! k+s4 ,!y ex]cis$ ! k9d ( influ5ce :i* a corps diplomatique may sometimes ex]cise on a feeble c\rt4 ,! mon>*s sometimes att5d$ to _! advice2 sometimes reject$ x2 & !y receive comm5dation or repro( at ! h&s ( ! hi/orians accord+ to _! conduct 9 ?is respect4 ,two ( ^! prophets1 ,elijah & ,eli%a1 7 m5 ( great em95ce1 & _! actions are record$ at l5g?4 ,su* 0 ! p[] ( ,eli%a t :51 on "o occasion1 he curs$ "s *ildr5 :o _h call$ him bald head1 %e-be>s came out ( ! wood & ate =ty-two ( !m 7#b ,k+s1 ii4 #bc-be74 ,respect = ecclesia/ics or prophets is sometimes inculcat$ by su* decid$ measures z ^!4 ,a "y ,buddhi/ monk once laugh$ at ano!r = ! alacrity ) :i* he leapt ov] a grave1 say+ he 0 z active z a monkey4 ,! man :om he _h ridicul$ told him t he belong$ to ! highe/ rank 9 ! ,*ur*2 t is1 t he 0 an ,arhat4 ,^u he>+ ?is ! "y monk 0 s al>m$ t all 8 hair /ood on end1 & he begg$ = =giv5ess4 ,8 rep5tance sav$ him f be+ born 9 hell2 b because he _h laugh$ at an ,arhat he 0 condemn$ to be born #ejj times z a monkey 7,g4 ,o4 ,m41 p4 #cea74 ,eli%a's p[]s 9 o!r respects 7 n less wond]ful4 ,he c\ld cause iron to swim1 c\ld =etell ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 a w>1 c\ld re/ore ! dead to life1 & c\ld smite ! k+'s enemies ) bl9dness 7#b ,k+s1 vi4 #g74 ,9 ?is la/ accompli%m5t he has rivals1 z ,canon ,callaway has correctly not$1 among ! ,amazulu prie/s4 ,! ,amazulus h a ^w 9 _! language to describe ! practice4 ,x is call$ an uml+o1 !y say1 if1 :5 a *ief is ab\t to fight ) ano!r *ief1 8 doctors cause a d>kness to spread among 8 enemies1 s !y are unable to see cle>ly 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cch74 ,! k+dom ( ,israel1 unfai?ful to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 fell "u ! yoke ( ,%almanes]1 ,k+ ( ,assyria2 :ile ,judah1 ?\gh attack$ & summon$ to submit1 by 8 successor1 ,s5na*]ib 7or m correctly ,sanh]ib71 rema9$ indep5d5t "s "t long]4 ,! ,k+ ( ,judah 0 at ?is "t ,hezekiah1 a man ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,jehovi/ic p>ty1 & !re=e mu* laud$ by ! hi/orians4 ,! prophet ( ! day 0 ,isaiah1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ^? :o h fill$ ! prophetic (fice4 ,isaiah w>mly enc\rag$ ,hezekiah to resi/ ! designs ( conque/ *]i%$ by ,sanh]ib1 & promis$ a successful issue4 ,! mess5g]s ( ! ,assyrian mon>* _h insult+ly reproa*$ ,jehovah ) 8 inability to deliv] ! l&1 alleg+ t none ( ! gods ( ! t]ritories :i* he _h conqu]$ _h avail$ !m any?+4 ,b a signal confutation ( ?is pr(ane belief 9 l>ge armies z aga9/ deities 0 ab\t to be giv51 & t 9 a mann] :i* gave an equally signal triumph to ,jehovah1 ! god ( ! ,jews1 & ,ptah1 ! god ( ! ,egyptians4 ,sanh]ib 0 engag$ 9 an exp$ition aga9/ ,egypt1 :i* 0 gov]n$ at ?is "t by a prie/-k+1 resembl+ ,hezekiah 9 ! piety ( 8 "*4 ,?is prie/ 0 9 bad odor ) 8 army1 :o refus$ to assi/ him aga9/ ! invad]s4 ,dur+ 8 tr\ble on ?is acc\nt1 ! god :om he s]v$ appe>$ to him 9 8 sleep & promis$ t he %\ld suff] no?+1 = he w\ld s5d him 8 div9e assi/ance1 j z ,jehovah promis$ deliv]ance ?r\gh ! m\? ( ,isaiah4 ,he !re=e w5t ) "s foll[]s to ,pelusium1 & :5 !re1 a numb] ( field-mice1 p\r+ 9 ^u ! ,assyrians1 dev\r$ _! quiv]s1 _! b[s1 & ! h&les ( _! %ields1 s t on ! next day !y fl$ def5seless1 & _m 7 kill$4 ,h]odotus tells u t 9 8 day !re 0 /ill to be se5 ! /atue ( ! k+ 9 ! temple ( ,ptah1 a m\se 9 8 h&1 & ?is inscription3 ,:oev] looks on me1 let him rev]e ! gods 7,h]od41 ii4 #ada74 ,9 ! ,hebrew v]sion ( ?is cata/rophe1 ! field-mice are conv]t$ into ! angel ( ! ,"l1 & ! de/ruction ( ! weapons into ! slaught] by t angel ( #ahe1jjj m54 ,sanh]ib1 x is add$1 return$ to ,n9eveh1 :]e he 0 assass9at$ by 8 two sons 7#b ,k+s1 xix4 #ce-cg74 ,b ,sanh]ib himself1 9 a deciph]$ inscription1 decl>es t he _h beat5 ! ,egyptians1 subject$ ,judea1 c>ri$ (f _m ( its inhabitants1 & only left ,j]usalem to ! k+ 7,r4 ,i41 p4 #cbh74 ,c]ta9ly ?is /atem5t is /rongly confirm$1 s f> z ,judea is conc]n$1 by ! admission ( ! hi/orians !mselves1 t ,sanh]ib _h tak5 ! f5c$ cities ( ! c\ntry2 t ,hezekiah _h made an unres]v$ submission to him1 & _h ev5 s5t him1 by way ( tribute1 n only all ! treasures 9 8 own palace & 9 ! temple1 b ! v gold f ! doors ( ! temple1 & f ! pill>s :i* he himself _h ov]laid 7#b ,k+s xviii4 #ac-af74 ,s humiliat+ a position w5t f> to ju/ify ! taunts ( ! ,assyrian ambassadors1 t ! god ( ,judea 0 no m to be tru/$ z a def5se aga9/ mat]ial weapons ?an ! gods ( ! subjugat$ nations4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! favor ( ,heav5 t[>ds ,hezekiah 0 subsequ5tly ev9c$4 ,! k+ fell dang]\sly ill1 & 0 w>n$ by ,isaiah to make ! necess>y arrangem5ts 9 view ( 8 dea?1 :i* 0 ab\t to happ54 ,hezekiah did n be> ! ann\ncem5t ) mu* dignity4 ,he passionately implor$ ,jehovah to rememb] 8 piety & good de$s1 & !n wept sore4 ,mov$ by ?is pitiable supplication1 ,jehovah s5t ,isaiah back aga9 to promise him fifte5 ye>s' m life4 ,on ,hezekiah's ask+ = a sign t he w\ld be heal$1 ,isaiah ask$ him :e!r he w\ld pref] t ! %ad[ on ! dial %\ld advance or g back t5 degrees4 ,hezekiah1 ?9k+ t x 0 a m]e trifle = a god to cause x to advance1 desir$ t x might turn backw>ds 7#b ,k+s1 xx4 #a-aa74 ,a simil> grace 0 %[n t[>ds ,k+ ,woo 9 ,*9a1 b 9 ?is case x 0 ! pray] ( o!rs1 n 8 own1 t effect$ 8 recov]y4 ,8 bro!r1 ! ,duke ( ,*[1 erect$ f\r alt>s1 put c]ta9 symbols ^u !m1 & address$ himself to ?ree dep>t$ k+s4 ,! gr& hi/orian by 8 ord] wrote on tablets 8 pray] to ! foll[+ effect3-- ,a4 ,b41 y\r *ief desc5dant1 is suff]+ f a sev]e & dang]\s sickness2--if y ?ree k+s h 9 heav5 ! *>ge ( wat*+ ov] him1 ,heav5's great son1 let me1 ,tan1 be a sub/itute = 8 p]son4 ,i h be5 lov+ly ob$i5t to my fa!r2 ,i am possess$ ( _m abilities & arts :i* fit me to s]ve spiritual be+s4 ,y\r *ief desc5dant1 on ! o!r h&1 has n s _m abilities & arts z ,i1 & is n s capable ( s]v+ spiritual be+s4 ,&1 moreov]1 he 0 appo9t$ 9 ! hall ( ,god to ext5d 8 aid to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! empire1 s t he might e/abli% y\r desc5dants 9 ?is l[] _w4 ,! p ( ! f\r qu>t]s /& 9 rev]5t awe ( him4 ,oh6 d n let t preci\s heav5-conf]r$ appo9tm5t fall to ! gr\nd1 & all our =m] k+s w also h a p]petual reliance & resort4 ,i w n[ seek = y\r ord]s f ! great tortoise 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cec4--,%oo ,k+1 "p #e1 book #f74 ,aft] ?is pray]1 ! ,duke div9$ ) ! tortoises1 :i* gave favorable indications4 ,! oracul> responses 7 favorable too4 ,accord+ly ! k+ recov]$1 b ! devot$ bro!r1 ?\gh he did n die1 suff]$ = "s "t f unju/ suspicions1 & retir$ f c\rt4 ,?is 0 aft] ! decease ( ,k+ ,woo4 ,! discov]y ( ! tablets by ,woo's successor l$ to 8 re/oration to favor4 ,! relation ( ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 "o ( ! mo/ +lori\s ( ,judah's rul]s1 is an example ( ! use made ( a !ory :i* p]vades & colors ! :ole hi/ory ( ! k+s f beg9n+ to end4 ,t !ory is1 t ,god favor$ & protect$ ^? mon>*s :o wor%ip$ & obey$ 8 prophets1 :ile he puni%$ ^? :o wor%ip$ o!r gods & neglect$ 8 ord]s4 ,! deposition ( ,saul1 ! glory ( ,david1 ! de/ruction ( ! families ( ,j]oboam & ,baa%a1 ! mis]able fate ( ,ahab & 8 sev5ty sons1 ! exaltation ( ,jehu & 8 mild] puni%m5t proportion$ to 8 mitigat$ idolatry1 are all examples ( ! preval5ce ( ?is !ory4 ,"s ( ! facts inde$ 7 r difficult to deal )2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! palpable decl9e ( ,judea "u ,hezekiah1 & ! cont9uance ( its previ\s mis=tunes "u ,josiah1 ! mo/ praisewor?y ( ! k+s1 :o1 9 spite ( 8 unrival$ piety1 0 sla9 9 a battle aga9/ a m]e pagan4 ,b inconsi/5cies l ^! might be gloss$ ov] or expla9$ away4 ,! be/ k+s might meet ) ! greate/ calamities1 & ! p ( ,jehovah might prove ev5 m un=tunate ?an ! hea!n4 ,x matt]$ n4 ,!y 7 /ill "u 8 protection2 & if !y suff]$1 x 0 because !y _h n wor%ip$ him en\gh1 or n wor%ip$ him exclusively4 ,) ?is ela/ic hypo!sis ! key to all hi/orical ev5ts 0 f\nd4 ,traces ( a simil> !ory are to be f\nd 9 ! sacr$ books ( ,*9a1 ?\gh 9 "o in/ance x is plac$ 9 ! m\? ( a successful sov]eign desir\s ( v9dicat+ 8 sup]session ( a =m] dyna/y4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 precisely 9 su* cases1 :]e "s ,david or ,jehu has depos$ a =m] mon>* & tak5 8 ?rone1 t ?is !ory is useful1 transf]r+1 z x does1 ! responsibility ( ! issue to a high] p[]4 ,?us speaks ! ,*9ese k+3--,i h he>d ! say+--',god leads m5 to tranquil security1' b ! sov]eign ( ,hea w\ld n move to su* security1 :]eupon ,god s5t d[n corrections1 indicat+ 8 m9d to him4 ,ke1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be w>n$ by ,god1 b proce$$ to great] dissolut5ess & slo? & excuses = himself4 ,!n ,heav5 no long] reg>d$ nor he>d him1 b disall[$ 8 great appo9tm5t1 & inflict$ extreme puni%m5t4 ,h]eupon x *>g$ y\r f\nd]1 ,t'ang ! ,successful1 to set ,hea aside1 & by means ( able m5 to rule ! empire4 ,f ,t'ang ! ,successful d[n to ! ,emp]or ,yih1 e sov]eign s\ght to make 8 virtue illu/ri\s1 & duly att5d$ to ! sacrifices4 ,& ?us x 0 t :ile ,heav5 ex]t$ a great e/abli%+ influ5ce1 pres]v+ & regulat+ ! h\se ( ,y91 b its sov]eigns on _! "p 7 humbly c>eful n to lose ! favor ( ,god1 & /rove to manife/ a good-do+ correspond+ to t ( ,heav54 ,b 9 ^! times1 _! successor %[$ himself greatly ignorant ( ! ways ( ,heav51 & mu* less c\ld x be expect$ ( him t he w\ld be reg>dful ( ! e>ne/ labors ( 8 fa!rs = ! c\ntry4 ,greatly ab&on$ to dissolute idl5ess1 he paid no reg>d to ! bright pr9ciples ( heav51 nor ! awfulness ( ! p4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,god no long] protect$ him1 b s5t d[n ! great ru9 :i* we h witness$4 ,heav5 0 n ) him because he did n seek to illu/rate 8 virtue4 ,inde$1 ) reg>d to all /ates1 great & small1 ?r\gh\t ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! empire1 9 e case !re are reasons to be alleg$ = _! puni%m5t4444 ,! sov]eigns ( our ,*[1 f _! great goodness1 7 *>g$ ) ! "w ( ,god4 ,!re 0 ! *>ge to !m1 ,cut (f ,y94 ,!y proce$$ to p]=m x1 & ann\nc$ ! correct+ "w ( ,god4444 ,! ?+ 0 f ! decree ( ,heav52 d n resi/ me2 ,i d>e n h any fur!r *ange = y 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iii4 p4 #dfj4--,%oo ,k+1 "p #e1 b4 #ad1 ii4 #a-ah74 ,b x 0 n only by int]e/$ p>ties t ?is doctr9e 0 proclaim$ 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,%e ,k+1 a sacr$ book correspond+ 9 "* to ! ,psalms1 di/9ctly adopts x1 & ?us gives x ! highe/ sanction4 ,?is is ! language ( "o ( ! ,odes3-- ,great is ,god1 ,behold+ ?is l[] _w 9 maje/y4 ,he survey$ ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! k+dom1 ,seek+ = "s "o to give settlem5t to ! p4 ,^? two e>li] dyna/ies ,_h fail$ to satisfy him ) _! gov]nm5t2 ,s ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ,/ates ,he s\ght & consid]$ ,= "o on :i* he might conf] ! rule4 ,hat+ all ! great ,/ates1 ,he turn$ 8 k9d reg>ds on ! we/1 ,& !re gave a settlem5t to k+ ,t'4444 ,god hav+ br\ght ab\t ! removal ?i!r ( ?is ,intellig5t rul]1 ,! ,kwan hordes fl$ away2 444 ,god1 :o _h rais$ ! ,/ate1 rais$ up a prop] rul] = x4444 ,?is ,k+ ,ke ,0 gift$ by ,god ) ! p[] ( judgm5t1 ,s t ! fame ( 8 virtue sil5tly grew4 ,8 virtue 0 highly intellig5t1 ,highly intellig5t & ( r>e discrim9ation2 ,able to lead2 able to rule1-- ,to rule ov] ?is great c\ntry2 ,r5d]+ a cordial submission1 effect+ a cordial union4 ,:5 ! sway came to ,k+ ,wn1 ,8 virtue left no?+ to be dissatisfi$ )4 ,he receiv$ ! bless+ ( ,god1 ,& x 0 ext5d$ to 8 desc5dants4 ,! ,ode proce$s to relate h[ completely victori\s ?is virtu\s k+ 0 ov] 8 enemies1 & h[ p]fect 0 ! security f invasion enjoy$ by ! c\ntry :ile he gov]n$ x 7,c4 ,c41 vol4 iv4 p4 #ddh4--,%e ,k+1 "p #c1 b4 #a1 ode #g74 ,feel+s l ^? t inspir$ ! ,jewi% *ronicl]s are /ill m cle>ly visible 9 ! hi/ory ( ,?ibet ?an 9 t ( ,*9a4 ,"h ! or?odox compil]s frequ5tly in=m u t ! reign ( a k+ :o obs]v$ ! law & honor$ ! cl]gy 0 di/+ui%$ 9 a peculi>ly high degree by ! prosp]ity ( ! l& & ! happ9ess ( its p4 ,( "o1 = in/ance1 :o ent]$ ! portals ( religion at ?irty-eight ye>s ( age1 x is not$ t he f\nd$ ! con/itution ( ! :ole great nation on ord]1 & fur!r$ its welf>e & peace 7,g4 ,o4 ,m41 p4 #bja74 ,8 son made ! :ole great nation happy by promot+ religion & ! laws 7,ibid41 p4 #bjc74 ,ano!r mon>* receives a /ill high] panegyric4 ,by ! unb\nd$ honor he %[$ t[>ds ! cl]gy1 he exalt$ religion1 s t by ! religi\s c>e :i* he be/[$ on ! inhabitants ( ! sn[-k+dom1 ! welf>e ( ! p ( ,?ibet equal$ t ( ! ,tegri 7gods or spirits74 ,a pa9ful contra/ is pres5t$ by 8 successor on ! ?rone1 ,lang-,dh>ma1 :o belong$ to ! h]etical black religion1 :o de/roy$ ! temples ( ,buddhism1 p]secut$ its adh]5ts1 burnt its books1 & degrad$ its m9i/]s4 ,s impi\s 0 he1 t ! v names ( ! ?ree gems & ( ! f\r ord]s ( cl]gy ceas$ to be m5tion$ 9 ! l&4 ,he met1 h[ev]1 ) 8 well-des]v$ puni%m5t at ! h&s ( a fai?ful ,buddhi/1 :o assass9at$ him ) a b[ & arr[1 at ! same "t us+ words to ! effect t1 z ,buddha ov]came ! unbeliev]s1 s he _h kill$ ! wick$ k+ 7,ibid41 p4 #di74 ,ano!r k+ %[$ respect to ! hidd5 sanctu>ies1 :]eby 8 p[] & ! welf>e ( ! l& increas$ 7,ibid41 p4 #cba74 ,comp>able to ,josiah 9 8 piety & rev]5ce = ! true religion 0 a k+ ^: reign is describ$ 9 gl[+ language by 8 admir+ hi/orians4 ,?is p[]ful rul]1 !y say1 :o reg>d$ ! religion ( ,buddha z ! mo/ preci\s gem1 gave great fre$oms & privileges to ! cl]gy4 ,he honor$ temples & respect$ ! pi\s end[m5ts ( 8 ance/ors4 ,n only did he puni% ?ieves1 robb]s1 & simil> crim9als1 b if any man1 ( high or l[ position1 0 inimical or ill-dispos$ t[>ds ! fai? he 0 depriv$ ( 8 prop]ty & r$uc$ to ! greate/ di/ress4 ,"s ( ^? ^: h]esy 0 visit$ ) ?is sev]e *a/isem5t 7 s unreasonable z to grumble1 & po9t$ out t x 0 only ! cl]gy :o 7 fatt5+ on _! mis]y & oppression4 ,9 say+ ?is !y po9t$ at ! spiritual m5 :o pass$ by2 :]eupon ! fai?ful k+ issu$ a decree1 say+1 ,x is /rictly prohibit$ to look contemptu\sly at my cl]gy & to po9t at !m ) ! f+]2 :oev] d>$ to d s 0 to h 8 eyes put out & 8 f+] cut (f4 ,un=tunately ^! ord]s ( ! pi\s k+ l$ to ! =mation ( a p>ty ( malcont5ts1 by two ( :om he 0 /rangl$ 9 8 sleep4 ,! lam5tations ( ! hi/orian at ?is unt[>d ev5t are unmeasur$4 ,! p[] & /r5g? ( ! ,?ibetan k+dom ran away l ! /ream ( spr+ wat]s2 ! happ9ess & welf>e ( ! p 7 ext+ui%$ l a lamp ^: oil is exhau/$2 ! royal p[] & maje/y vani%$ l ! colors ( ! ra9b[2 ! black religion began to prevail l a de/ructive tempe/2 ! incl9ation to good dispositions & good de$s 0 =gott5 l a dream4 ,moreov]1 ! translation ( religi\s writ+s rema9$ unf9i%$--= ?is k+ _h also resembl$ ,josiah 9 8 int]e/ 9 sacr$ books2--& ^? great m5 :o adh]$ to ! true religion c\ld only weep ov] its decl9e & fall 7,g4 ,o4 ,m41 p4 #cfa74 ,n less pitiable 0 ! fate ( ,judea "u ! irreligi\s mon>*s :o foll[$ ^u ,josiah4 ,"o 0 tak5 prison] by ! k+ ( ,egypt2 two o!rs 7 c>ri$ (f to ,babylon by ,nebu*adnezz>2 "u ! f\r?1 ! national indep5d5ce 0 f9ally ext+ui%$1 & ! p r$uc$ to a condition ( captivity 9 a =eign l&4 ,?is calamity is di/9ctly ascrib$ to _! neglect ( ! true religion1 & _! contempt = ! mess5g]s ( ,god 7#b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #ad-ag74 ,/rictly speak+1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% nation ends ) ! ,captivity4 ,b !re are /ill ?ree books ( a hi/orical "* 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 relat+ ! =tunes ( a small numb] ( ,jews :o return$ to ! l& ( _! =efa!rs1 :5 a *ange ( policy 9 _! rul]s r5d]$ ?is return possible2 & ,e/h]1 conta9+ ! acc\nt ( ! reception ( a ,jewi% woman into ! h>em ( a hea!n k+1 & %[+ h[ ably %e contriv$ to use h] influ5ce 9 favor ( ! int]e/s ( h] race4 ,,subdivision #b4--;,job1 ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 & ,ecclesia/es4 ,! ,book ( ,job1 ! ,psalms attribut$ to ,david1 & ! ,prov]bs & ,ecclesia/es attribut$ to ,solomon1 resemble "o ano!r 9 tea*+ religion & morality by ! me?od ( %ort s5t5ces or maxims4 ,!y d n1 l ! books we h j exam9$1 convey _! moral by means ( hi/orical n>rative2 nor d !y1 l ! prophets1 impress x 9 fl[+ & cont9u\s rhetoric4 ,betwe5 ! sob] & ev5 c\rse ( ! hi/ory1 & ! impassion$ emotional torr5ts p\r$ out by ! prophets1 !y occupy a m$ium position4 ,!y are m introspective1 m occupi$ ) feel+s & reflections1 ?an ! fir/2 m he$ful ( ext]nal nature1 m able to contemplate facts1 ap>t f _! peculi> con/ruction ( ^? facts1 ?an ! la/4 ,job is ! /ory ( a weal?y l&-own]1 conc]n+ :om ,god & ,satan ent] into a sort ( wag]2 ,god1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 *all5g+ ,satan to consid] 8 piety & g5]al good "*1 & ,satan reply+ t1 if only 8 prosp]ity 7 de/roy$1 he w\ld curse ,god to 8 face4 ,god !n gives ,satan leave to put 8 !ory to ! te/ by attacks direct$ aga9/ ,job's prop]ty1 desir+ at ! same "t t 8 p]son may be sp>$4 ,job be>s ! loss ( 8 weal? ) resignation2 b at a second colloquy ,satan ins9uates t 8 virtue w\ld give way if 8 mis=tunes ext5d$ to 8 p]son4 ,h]eupon ,god gives ,satan leave to attack him 9 e respect s long z he sp>es 8 life4 ,poor ,job is accord+ly cov]$ ) boils f head to foot1 & 8 pati5ce1 pro( aga9/ pov]ty1 breaks d[n "u ?is t]rible infliction4 ,he l\dly curses ! day ( 8 bir?1 & wi%es he _h di$ f ! womb4 ,aft] ?is introduction1 :i*1 9 its famili> conv]sations betwe5 ,jehovah & ! devil1 resembles ! grotesque leg5ds ( ! middle ages1 ! bulk ( ! book is occupi$ ) ! compla9ts ( ,job1 ! disc\rses ( 8 ?ree fri5ds :o come to com=t him1 ! reproa*es direct$ aga9/ 8 self-righte\sness by a p]son nam$ ,elihu1 &1 f9ally1 a long address--conta9+ z x 7 ! moral ( ! tale--f ! ,almighty himself4 ,at ! close ( ! book ,job expresses 8 abhorr5ce ( himself & 8 pr(\nd rep5tance1 & 8 =m] prosp]ity is !n n only re/or$ b amplifi$ to a high degree4 ,he has sev5 sons & ?ree beautiful daught]s1 & dies "o hundr$ & =ty ye>s aft] ! ev5ts n>rat$1 hav+ se5 f\r g5]ations ( 8 desc5dants4 ,:at 0 ! effect on ! m9d ( ,satan ( ?is result1 :e!r he consid]$ himself defeat$1 or :e!r he 0 confirm$ 9 8 malici\s op9ion t ,job did n fe> ,god = n\ght1 is n[h]e /at$4 ,b "o ( ! mo/ curi\s features ( ?is book is ! picture x gives ( t p]son1 z a be+ n altoge!r bad1 ?\gh fond ( mis*ief1 tak+ a some:at cynical view ( ! motives ( human conduct1 & anxi\s1 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 !ory1 to try exp]im5ts ^u a subject select$ = him by 8 antagoni/1 & !re=e peculi>ly likely to disappo9t 8 expectations4 ,x does n appe> t he _h any desire to hurt ,job fur!r ?an 0 necess>y = 8 purpose1 nor is !re a trace ( ! bad "* he subsequ5tly obta9$ z a m]e devil1 long+ to involve m5's s\ls 9 et]nal de/ruction4 ,9 ! ,psalms we h a s]ies ( religi\s songs ( v>y+ "*--prais+1 bless+1 supplicat+1 compla9+1 lam5t+1 invok+ good or evil ^u o!rs1 accord+ to ! mood ( ! sev]al writ]s1 or ( ! same writ] at diff]5t seasons4 ,"s ( !m are ( consid]able beauty1 & express mu* dep? ( religi\s feel+4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are inspir$ by s5tim5ts ( malevol5ce1 & m]ely appeal to ,god 9 support ( national or private animosities4 ,z examples ( ! latt] class1 take ! #aaj? ,psalm1 suppos$ to h be5 address$ to ,david1 :]e x is pr$ict$ t ! ,"l at ! "r h& %all /rike ?r\gh k+s 9 ! day ( 8 wra?1 & t he %all fill ! places ) ! dead bodies2 he %all w\nd ! heads ov] _m c\ntries4 ,9 ! imm$iately prec$+ ,psalm1 ! #aji?1 ! writ] is /ill m v9dictive1 & 8 enemy is m exclusively 8 own4 ,he beg9s by call+ him wick$1 & says he has spok5 aga9/ him ) a ly+ tongue4 ,premis+ t he is altoge!r 9 ! act ( pray]1 he prays aga9/ ! adv]s>y 9 some:at emphatic language3-- ,set ?\ a wick$ man ov] him1 & let ! accus] /& at 8 "r h&4 ,:5 he %all be judg$1 let him be f\nd guilty1 & let 8 pray] become s94 ,let 8 days be few1 & let ano!r take 8 (fice4 ,let 8 *ildr5 be fa!rless1 & 8 wife a wid[4 ,let 8 *ildr5 w&] ab\t & beg1 & seek food f> f _! desolate places4 ,let ! cr$itor cat* all t he ha?1 & /rang]s rob ! fruit ( 8 indu/ry4 ,let !re be none to ext5d m]cy to him1 & let none be m]ciful to 8 fa!rless *ildr54 ,let 8 po/]ity be cut (f1 & 9 ! foll[+ g5]ation let _! "n be blott$ out4 ,let ! iniquity ( 8 fa!rs be rememb]$ ) ! ,"l1 & let n ! s9 ( 8 "m be blott$ out4 ,let !m be be=e ! ,"l cont9ually1 & let him cut (f ! memory ( !m f ! e>? 7,psalms cix4 #a-ae74 ,9 ! foll[+ v]se ! enemy is decl>$ to h p]secut$ ! poor & ne$y1 & ?is is put =w>d z ! excuse = imprecations evid5tly inspir$ by p]sonal ill-w4 ,9 ano!r ( ^! ,psalms1 ,jehovah is entreat$ to p]secute ! enemies ( ,israel ) /orm & tempe/1 z fires burn up woods & flames set m\nta9s on fire 7,psalms lxxxiii4 #ad1 #ae74 ,else:]e ! k+ is said to tru/ 9 ! ,"l1 & he !re=e hopes t ! ,"l w f9d out 8 enemies1 & w make !m z a fi]y ov5 9 ! "t ( 8 ang]2 t ! fire w dev\r !m2 & t he w de/roy _! fruit f ! e>? & _! se$ f among ! *ildr5 ( m5 7,ps4 xxi4 #h-aj74 ,p>allels to ^! ,psalms ( curs+ may be met ) 9 ! ,v$a1 j z ! ,psalms 9 g5]al are m ne>ly p>allel$ by ! ,v$ic hymns ?an by ^? ( any o!r sacr$ book4 ,"o poet writes z foll[s3-- ,bl9d$ %all ye be1 ,o enemies1 l headless snakes1 & ?us plagu$ by ,agni1 may ,indra always kill ! be/ ( y4 ,:atev] relation tr\bles u1 :atev] /rang] wi%es to kill u1 him may all ! gods de/roy2 pray] is my p[]ful protection1 my refuge & p[]ful protection 7,s4 ,v41 p4 #big4--,sma ,v$a1 #b4 #i4 #c4 #h74 ,rem>kably close is ! simil>ity betwe5 ! ass]tion ( ! ,h9du ,ri%i t pray] is 8 p[]ful protection1 & t ( ! ,hebrew ,psalmi/ t he is1 or gives himself to1 pray]4 ,9 ano!r hymn ! aid ( a goddess ,apv 7said to mean disease or fe>7 is invok$ aga9/ ! enemies ( ! s+]3-- ,bewild]+ ! he>ts ( our enemies1 ,o ,apv1 take possession ( _! limbs & pass onw>ds2 come ne>1 burn !m ) fires 9 _! he>ts2 may our enemies fall into bl9d d>kness 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #aaj74444 ,attack1 ye h]oes1 & conqu]2 may ,indra grant y protection2 may our arm be productive ( t]ror1 t ye may be unconqu]able4 ,arr[-goddess1 %>p5$ by pray]2 fly pa/ z :5 %ot (f2 rea* ! enemies2 p5etrate into !m2 let n ev5 "o escape !e 7,s4 ,v41 p4 #big4--,sma ,v$a1 #b4 #i4 #c4 #e74 ,b ^! expressions ( ho/ility1 direct$ app>5tly aga9/ enemies :o 7 engag$ 9 actual w> ) ! fri5ds ( ! writ]1 make no approa* 9 ! bitt]ness ( _! curses to ! language ( ! ,psalmi/ :5 deal+ ) 8 p]sonal foes4 ,a p>allel to ?is m private enmity may be f\nd 9 ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 :]e ! god ,kama is invok$ to br+ d[n ! sev]e/ evils ^u ! objects ( ! imprecation3-- ,) oblations ( butt] ,i wor%ip ,kama1 ! mighty slay] ( enemies4 ,d ?\1 :5 laud$1 beat d[n my foes by ?y great might4 ,! sleeplessness :i* is displeas+ to my m9d & eye1 :i* h>asses & does n delight me1 t sleeplessness ,i let loose ^u my enemy4 ,hav+ prais$ ,kama1 may ,i r5d him4 ,kama1 d ?\1 a fi]ce "l1 let loose sleeplessness1 mis=tune1 *ildlessness1 homelessness1 & want ^u him :o designs u evil4444 ,may brea?1 cattle1 life1 =sake !m4444 ,indra1 ,agni1 & ,kama1 m\nt$ on ! same *>iot1 hurl ye d[n my foes2 :5 !y h fall5 into ! ne!rmo/ d>kness1 d ?\1 ,agni1 burn up _! dwell+s4 ,kama1 slay my enemies2 ca/ !m d[n into ?ick lit]ally1 bl9d d>kness4 ,let !m all become de/itute ( p[] & vigor1 & n live a s+le day4444 ,let !m 7my enemies7 float d[nw>ds l a boat sev]$ f its moor+s4444 ,d ?\1 ,kama1 drive my enemies f ?is _w by t same weapon or amulet :]e) ! gods repell$ ! ,asuras1 & ,indra hurl$ ! ,dasyus into ! ne!rmo/ d>kness 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #djd74 ,z correspond+ to ! _m expressions to be f\nd 9 ! ,psalms ( tru/ 9 ,god1 ( pi\s belief 9 8 protection1 & ( s5sibility to 8 all-embrac+ k1 we may quote ! language ( a ,*9ese mon>* 9 "o ( ! ,odes ( ! ,%e ,k+4 ,! fir/ six l9es are1 x appe>s1 held by ! curr5t int]pretation 9 ,*9a to conta9 ! admonition address$ by ! m9i/]s to ! k+1 & ! la/ six ! k+'s reply4 ,b we may m reasonably suppose1 ) ,dr4 ,legge1 t ! :ole ,ode is spok5 by ! k+ himself3-- ,let me be rev]5t1 let me be rev]5t 9 att5d+ to my duties2 ,! way ( ,heav5 is evid5t1 ,& its appo9tm5t is n easily pres]v$4 ,let me n say t ,x is high al(t above me4 ,x asc5ds & desc5ds ab\t our do+s2 ,x daily inspects u :]ev] we are4 ,i am b z a little *ild1 ,)\t intellig5ce to be rev]5tly att5tive to my duties2 ,b by daily progress & mon?ly advance1 ,i w le>n to hold fa/ ! gleams ( k1 till ,i arrive at bright intellig5ce4 ,assi/ me to be> ! burd5 ( my position1 ,& %[ me h[ to display a virtu\s conduct4#id ,we may fairly place ?is simple expression ( ! au?or's desire to d 8 duty1 & ( 8 rev]5tial consci\sness t ,heav5 is ev] ab\t u & inspects u :]ev] we are1 beside ! words attribut$ to ,david3-- ,o ,jehovah1 ?\ ha/ se>*$ me1 & kn[n me4 ,?\ kn[e/ my d[n-sitt+ & m9e upris+1 ?\ und]/&e/ my ?\ght af> (f4 ,?\ w9n[e/ my pa? & my ly+ d[n1 & art acqua9t$ ) all my ways 7,psalm cxxxix4 #a-c74 ,we ne$ n dwell ^u ! ,prov]bs1 traditionally ascrib$ to ,solomon1 b sc>cely wor?y ( ! r5[n$ wisdom ( t mon>*4 ,"s ( !m are inde$ %rewd & well express$2 o!rs are commonplace2 & o!rs aga9 display m worldly wisdom ?an religion or virtue4 ,su* is ! recomm5dation ( brib]y3 ,a gift 9 secret pacifie? ang]1 & a rew>d 9 ! bosom /rong wra? 7,prov4 xxi4 #ad72 :i*1 if writt5 by a k+ & disp5s] ( ju/ice1 w\ld be a tol]ably broad h9t to 8 lov+ subjects4 ,x is notewor?y t ,*ri/ _h /udi$ ?is book1 & t x _h sunk deep into 8 m9d 7e4 g41 ,prov4 xxv4 #ba1 #bb1 & xxvii4 #a74 ,! two conclud+ *apt]s are n by ! same au?or1 at lea/ if we may believe 9 _! sup]scriptions4 ,9 ! la/ ( all1 a k+ nam$ ,lemuel repeats = ! b5efit ( po/]ity ! advice giv5 him by 8 "m1 & no d\bt by _m mo!rs to _m sons bo? be=e & aft] him1 to be c>eful ab\t wom5 & n to dr9k w9e or spiritu\s liquors4 ,ecclesia/es1 or ,kohele?1 compos$ 7accord+ to ,ewald7 9 ! latt] end ( ! ,p]sian dom9ion1 is ! "w ( a cynic :o has _h mu* exp]i5ce ( ! _w1 & has f\nd x holl[ & unsatisfactory4 ,he is n a man ( v dev\t m9d1 & c f9d no com=t 9 ! ord9>y commonplaces ab\t ! goodness ( ,god1 or ! mann] 9 :i* mis=tunes are s5t z puni%m5ts = s94 ,!re is mu* good s5se mix$ ) 8 lam5tations ov] ! vanity ( life4 ,he has se5 all ! works done "u ! sun1 & all are 9 8 op9ion vanity & vexation ( _s4 ,wisdom & k d b br+ m grief4 ,kohele? tri$ v>i\s k9ds ( pleasure & f\nd !m va9 too4 ,he built1 he plant$1 he made pools ( wat]4 ,he procur$ m5-s]vants & maid-s]vants1 & 7z a natural consequ5ce7 _h s]vants born 9 8 h\se4 ,all 0 equally fruitless4 ,b :atev] a man does1 he has no?+ b sorr[ & grief4 ,ev5 wisdom is ( little use1 = a dolt may inh]it ! fruit ( ! wise man's labors4 ,m5 are no bett] ?an animals2 !y all die equally2 all return to ! du/4 ,:o c say t man's _s goes upw>ds1 & ! animal's d[nw>ds8 ,j m5 are (t5 rew>d$ l wick$ m51 & wick$ m5 l j ones2 ?is is "o ( ! _m vanities on e>?4 ,s !n ! be/ ?+ a man c d is to eat1 dr9k1 & enjoy life ) an agreeable wife2 = ?is life is all he has4 ,once dead1 !re is no fur!r consci\sness1 or p>ticipation 9 any?+ t is go+ on4 ,:atev] a man's h& f9ds to d1 let him d x ) all 8 might2 = !re is nei!r action nor k 9 ! grave4 ,x is well to rememb] ,god 9 y\? be=e ! evil days come4 ,words ( ! wise are z goads1 b book-mak+ & prea*+ are bo? ( !m a bore4 ,la/ly1 ,kohele? concludes ) ! pi\s advice to ! "y man :om he is address+1 to fe> ,god & keep 8 comm&m5ts1 = t ,god w judge e action1 be x good or be x bad4 ,,subdivision #c4--,! ,song ( ,solomon4#ie ,x is a s+ul>ly =tunate circum/ance t ! ,song ( ,songs1 a little "w ( an altoge!r secul> nature & :olly unlike any o!r portion ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 %\ld h be5 admitt$ into ! ,canon4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! delusion1 :e!r its reput$ ,solomonian au?or%ip or "s o!r !ory ab\t x1 "u :i* x obta9$ ?is privilege1 we owe x to ?is mi/ake t ! solit>y example ( ! ,jewi% drama 9 exi/5ce %\ld h be5 pres]v$ = ! in/ruction ( mod]n read]s4 ,i say mod]n read]s1 because x is n until q rec5tly t ! dramatic "* ( ?is piece has be5 asc]ta9$ & e/abli%$ beyond reasonable d\bt4 ,?anks to ! s*ol>%ip ( ,g]many & ,france1 we are n[ able to read ! ,song 9 ! light ( common s5se4 ,! /]n !ology ( ,judaism is = once laid aside1 & we h be=e u a common love-/ory su* z might happ5 among any ,g5tile & unbeliev+ race4 ,a "y girl1 call$ a ,sulamite1 :o is atta*$ to a "y man ( h] own rank 9 life1 has be5 c>ri$ (f to ! h>em ( ,solomon aga9/ h] w4 ,%e is indiff]5t to ! spl5dor ( ! royal palace1 & resi/s ! amor\s advances ( ! k+4 ,?us %e succe$s 9 keep+ h] v9ey>d2 & is rew>d$ by rejo9+ h] %eph]d lov] 9 h] native village4 ,! play is n )\t beauty1 al?\gh x ev9ces a some:at primitive condition ( ! drama at ! "t ( its composition4 ,,subdivision #d4--,! ,prophets4 ,we h 9 ! prophetical books a class ( writ+s altoge!r peculi> to ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,! prophets 7 m5 :o dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,hebrew mon>*y1 & ev5 long aft] its close1 act$ z ! inspir$ organs ( ! ,almighty2 admoni%+1 reprov+1 w>n+1 or c\nsel+ 9 8 "n4 ,at fir/ ! me?od by :i* ! revelations !y receiv$ 7 made kn[n by !m1 0 oral communication4 ,writ+ 0 n employ$ by !m z an in/rum5t ( prophetic disc\rse until aft] ! e>lie/ & mo/ fl\ri%+ /age ( ! mon>*y 0 pa/4 ,p]haps !y 7 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! prophets :o address$ _! exhortations directly to ^? = :om !y 7 int5d$ 9 eloqu5t disc\rse or timely p>able4 ,su* prophets 7 ,samuel1 ,na?an1 ,elijah1 & ,eli%a1 at ! c\rts ( ! sev]al k+s 9 ^: days !y liv$4 ,prophecy _h decl9$ a little 9 its influ5ce on ! p :5 its repres5tatives betook !mselves to ! calm] me?od ( writt5 composition4 ,nev]!less1 "s ( ! prophets :o h left u _! works 9 writ+ cont9u$ at ! same "t to employ ! old] in/rum5t ( spok5 addresses4 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah are conspicu\s in/ances ( ?is employm5t ( ! two organs ( communication d[nw>ds4 ,dur+ ?is same p]iod !re 7 _m prophets :o tru/$ exclusively to writ+2 :ile 9 ! late/ /age ( prophetical inspiration1 oral in/ruction 0 altoge!r dropp$1 & lit]>y means alone 7 employ$ to make kn[n ! m9d ( ,jehovah to 8 *os5 p4 ,! con/ant !me ( all ! prophets ^: works h come d[n to u is ! future greatness ( ! ,hebrew race2 _! complete triumph ov] all _! enemies2 ! glory ( _! ultimate condition1 & ! confusion or de/ruction ( ^? :o h oppos$ _! m>* to ?is f9al victory4 ,! human ag5t by :om ?is great revolution is to be effect$ is ! ,messiah4 ,he is ! de/9$ weapon 9 ! h& ( ,god by :om ,jewi% religion1 ,jewi% in/itutions1 & ,jewi% rul]s are to atta9 t supremacy ov] hea!n religion1 hea!n in/itutions1 & hea!n rul]s :i* is _! natural bir?right4 ,cont9ual disappo9tm5t _h no effect ^u ^! sangu9e expectations4 ,! ,messiah mu/ come1 ,israel mu/ be victori\s ov] e o!r nation t came 9 ! way3 ?is 0 ! ^w ( ,god1 & x c\ld n fail to be fulfill$4 ,tr\bles ( _m k9ds might beset ! p 9 ! meantime2 b ( ! atta9m5t ( ! goal at la/ !re c\ld be no d\bt4 ,( c\rse ?is ev]-recurr+ burd5 ( ! prophetic song is v>i$ by _m /ra9s on subord9ate or outly+ topics4 ,! prophets con/antly ref] to ! ev5ts ( ! day1 & use !m = _! own purposes4 ,!y reprove ! s9s ( k+s & p1 endeavor+ to %[ t ^! br+ ^u !m ! mis=tunes f :i* !y suff] & :i* po/pone ! day ( _! triumph ov] ! ,g5tiles4 ,!y connect special calamities ) special (f5ses4 ,!y indicate ! conduct :i* "u exi/+ circum/ances ought to be pursu$4 ,!y draw eloqu5t & beautiful pictures ( ! /ate ( _! own & ( =eign c\ntries4 ,& !y endeavor to raise ! popul> conceptions ( ! maje/y ( ,god1 ( 8 "*1 & 8 requirem5ts1 to ! level !y h !mselves atta9$4 ,turn+ n[ to ! individual books :i* h come d[n to u 9 ! ,canon1 & :i* mu/ by no means be tak5 z compreh5d+ all ! works ( ! prophets :o wrote _! prophecies1 we f9d t ! olde/ ( ^! is t ( ,joel1 ! son ( ,pe?uel4#if ,joel is suppos$ by ! highe/ au?ority to h liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,jehoa%1 or ,joa%1 :o is prais$ = 8 dev\t ob$i5ce to ,jehoiada1 ! prie/ 7#b ,k+s1 xii74 ,8 prophecy 0 occasion$ by a deva/ation ( locu/s4 ,locu/s _h wa/$ ! l& = "s ye>s1 & !re _h be5 dr\ght at ! same "t4 ,on ! occasion ( a long dr\ght ,joel fe>$ a fre% invasion ( locu/s1 & !re=e summon$ 8 p to a fe/ival ( rep5tance at ! temple4 ,?is fe/ival occurr$1 & ra9 soon foll[$ 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 i4 p4 #hg ff474 ,"h ! old notion ( a direct connection betwe5 ! att5tion paid by ! p to ,jehovah & 8 c>e = !m is almo/ grotesquely manife/$4 ,locu/s are to be av]t$ by fa/+2 ra9 obta9$ by r m ?an usual devotion to ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m spiritual view ( religion to :i* ! prophets g5]ally t5d1 is %[n 9 ! ord] to ! p to r5d _! he>ts & n _! g>m5ts4 ,aft] ?us att5d+ to imm$iate necessities1 ,joel 9 /irr+ language exhorts ! p to w>1 hop+ t !y w\ld ?us get rid ( ! =eign oppressors :o _h brok5 into ! sunk5 k+dom ( ,david4 ,he bids !m beat _! pl\gh-%>es into swords1 & _! prun+-hooks into spe>s1 & desires ! weak to say t !y are /rong4 ,he promises 8 p rev5ge ov] _! enemies1 & holds out ! *e]+ prospect ( a "t :51 in/ead ( _! sons & daught]s be+ sold z slaves to /rang]s1 !y w !mselves make slaves ( ! sons & daught]s ( ! hea!n4 ,"s %ort passages subsequ5tly embodi$ by ,isaiah 9 8 works are consid]$ by ,ewald to belong to ! same e>ly age z ,joel4 ,! next complete prophet1 h[ev]1 9 ord] ( "t1 0 ,amos1 ^: revelations appli$ to ! nor!rn k+dom & ?reat5$ x ) invasion by ! ,assyrians4 ,amos 9 fact utt]s a s]ies ( ?reat5+ pr$ictions aga9/ v>i\s peoples1 & 8 tone is ma9ly t ( repro(4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 he =etells ! captivity ( ,israel1 & holds out no?+ b ! mo/ depress+ prospects ( ru9 & mis]y ?r\gh\t ! bulk ( 8 book1 he falls at ! end into ! accu/om$ /ra9 ( hopeful exultation4 ,! tab]nacle ( ,david is to be rais$ up2 ,israel is to be supreme ov] ! hea!n2 & ! ,israelites are n to be di/urb$ aga9 f ! l& :i* ,god has giv5 !m1 :]e exub]ant prosp]ity is to be _! lot4 ,incid5tally1 ,amos tells u a little ( 8 p]sonal hi/ory1 :i* is n )\t int]e/4 ,he attributes 8 consecration to ! prophetic (fice to ! direct int]v5tion ( ,jehovah4 ,he _h orig9ally no connection ) o!r prophets1 b 0 a simple h]dsman1 & 0 employ$ to ga!r sycamore fruit4 ,b ,jehovah took him :ile he 0 foll[+ ! flock1 & said1 ,g1 prophecy unto my p ,israel4 ,8 is ?us a typical case ( ! belief 9 imm$iate inspiration1 & he is an example ( ! k9d ( "* :i* l$ to ! exi/5ce among ! ,israelites ( ! peculi> & p[]ful class :o 7 holy1 b n consecrat$4 ,amos also tells u ( a qu>rel he _h _h ) ,amaziah1 a prie/ at ! c\rt ( ,j]oboam4 ,?is prie/ _h compla9$ ( 8 dismal pr$ictions to ! k+1 & _h bidd5 him g to ,judah & prophecy !re4 ,9 return = ?is evid5ce ( ho/ility ,amos in=ms ! prie/ t 8 wife is to become a pro/itute 9 ! t[n1 t 8 sons & 8 daught]s are to fall by ! sword1 t 8 l& is to be divid$ by lot1 & t he himself is to die on pollut$ soil 7,amos vii4 #aj-ag74 ,su* 7 ! c\rtesies t pass$ betwe5 rival tea*]s ( religion at ! c\rt ( ,j]oboam4 ,hosea also tells u some?+ ( 8 p]sonal affairs1 m especially ( 8 matrimonial relations1 9 :i* he 0 f> f =tunate4 ,we feel1 9 8 op5+ *apt]s1 ! sor5ess ( a husb& ^: wife has contemn$ 8 company & s\ght ! amusem5t ( a troop ( lov]s4 ,gom]1 9 fact1 0 %ock+ly unfai?ful1 & ,hosea uses h] z a type ( ! infidelity ( ,israel to ,jehovah4 ,at l5g? %e des]t$ him altoge!r1 & w5t to ano!r h\se1 b he br\ght h] back z a slave & put h] "u /rict conjugal discipl9e4 ,9 l mann] is ,israel to return to h] ,god1 :om %e has des]t$ = a "t1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ,god's love1 freely be/[$ aft] 8 ang] has pass$ away1 is to enjoy a p]iod ( great prosp]ity4 ,hosea1 x w be obs]v$1 belong$ to ! nor!rn k+dom1 & 8 book is prem95tly ! ,ephraimitic book ( prophecy4 ,b he wrote x 9 ,judah4 ,he work$ 9 ! nor? at two di/9ct epo*s1 fir/ t[>ds ! close ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4's reign1 aft]w>ds 9 ! "t ( ,za*>iah1 ,%allum1 & ,m5ahem 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 i4 p4 #aga ff474 ,an anonym\s prophet1 contempor>y ) ,isaiah1 /&s next 9 ord] ( "t4 ,he is ! au?or ( ,ze*>iah ix4-xi4 inclusive1 & ( ,ze*>iah *ap4 xiii4 v]4 #g-i 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol i4 p4 #bdg ff474 ,^! *apt]s conta9 ! fir/ di/9ct ann\ncem5t ( ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 :o is describ$ 9 ! fam\s pr$iction ( a ,k+ com+ to ,j]usalem on an ass1 & on a colt1 ! foal ( an ass4 ,"h too we f9d ! curi\s allegory ( ! two /aves1 ,beauty & ,b&s1 :]e( "o 0 brok5 by ! prophet 9 tok5 ( ! brea* ( 8 cov5ant ) all ! nations2 ! o!r1 9 tok5 ( ! rupture ( frat]nal relations betwe5 ,israel & ,judah4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is allegory1 ! prophet dem&s 8 price1 ?irty pieces ( silv]1 & ?r[s x into ! temple treasure2 a passage :i*1 by an accid5tal obscurity 9 ! ,hebrew1 has be5 mi/ranslat$ z ref]r+1 n to ! treasure1 b to ! pott] 9 ! h\se ( ,"l1 & !n misappli$ to ! betrayal ( ,*ri/ & ! pur*ase ( ! pott]'s field4 ,9 ! conclud+ words ( ?is prophet x is ann\nc$ t two-?irds ( ! p w p]i%1 b t ! rema9+ ?ird w1 aft] ref9+ & trial1 be accept$ by ,god z 8 own p4 ,we ent] n[ ^u ! consid]ation ( a prophet :o /&s 9 ! =emo/ rank ( ^? di/+ui%$ lead]s ( op9ion ^: works h be5 includ$ 9 ! ,canon4 ,!re is no great] "n among ! prophets ( ,israel ?an t ( ,isaiah4 ,b 9 speak+ ( ,isaiah we mu/ n fall into ! confusion ( includ+ "u 8 writ+s ! compositions ( a prophet ( f> lat] date1 :i* h be5 mi/ak5ly b\nd up ) 84 ,isaiah himself _c receive cr$it = all t is publi%$ 9 8 "n4 ,b t :i* he has actually left u is en\gh to entitle him to admiration z a ma/] ( rhetoric4 ,isaiah liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 & enjoy$ a position ( high public consid]ation4 ,"s ( 8 prophetic say+s he wrote d[n soon aft] he _h utt]$ !m2 o!rs n till long aft]4 ,he _h begun to come =w>d z a prophet 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,uzziah4 ,:5 he _h labor$ a long "t 9 8 vocation ( tea*]1 he det]m9$ to collect 8 say+s 9 a book4 ,8 olde/ "w 0 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #gdj ,b4 ,c41 j aft] ! accession ( ! "y & weak ,ahaz at ,j]usalem1 :5 ! ,assyrians _h r5d]$ ! nor!rn k+dom tribut>y b _h n yet come to ,judea4 ,8 second 0 writt5 app>5tly 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 9 #gbd2 & 8 ?ird 9 ! days ( ! same k+1 :5 ! s]vice ( ,jehovah _h be5 re/or$4 ,su* at lea/ are ! conclusions ( ! highe/ liv+ au?ority on ! lit]ature ( ! ,hebrew race 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 i4 p4 #bga ff474 ,! e>lie/ /ratum disc]nible 7accord+ to t au?ority7 9 ! ,book ( ,isaiah is f *ap4 ii4 #b to *ap4 v4 inclusive1 & *ap ix4 #g-x4 #d4 ,! la/ five v]ses ( *ap4 v4 %\ld n be tak5 along ) ! re/ ( ! *apt]1 b %\ld foll[ ^u *ap4 x4 #d 7,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #bhf ff474 ,^! passages beg9 ) a beautiful description ( ! happ9ess ( ! ,israelites 9 ! days ( _! com+ glory1 :5 ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l's h\se w be e/abli%$ on ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 & exalt$ above ! hills2 & :5 all nations w fl[ to x1 to wor%ip & to le>n ! true fai?4 ,x is rem>kable z evid5ce ( ! wide di/9ction betwe5 ! view ( ,joel & t ( ,isaiah1 t ,isaiah exactly rev]ses ! image ( 8 pr$ecessor1 decl>+ t swords w be beat5 into pl\gh-%>es & spe>s into prun+-hooks4 ,joel 0 look+ to ! necessities ( ! imm$iate pres5t2 ,isaiah to ! prospects ( ! future4 ,^! *apt]s also conta9 an amus+ ironical acc\nt ( ! f9]y ( ! ,j]usalem ladies1 :i* might apply ) slight alt]ations to ! ri* wom5 ( all ages & c\ntries4 ,no d\bt x 0 v (f5sive to ,isaiah t !y %\ld g ab\t ) necks erect & wanton eyes1 walk+ ) a m9c+ gait2 b a prophet :o %\ld ?reat5 ! wom5 ( ,london or ,p>is ) scab on ! head & ! exposure ( _! p]sons on acc\nt ( s9s l ^!1 w\ld c]ta9ly br+ m reprobation on himself ?an on !m4 ,b mann]s 9 ,isaiah's days 7 n s delicate4 ,a "t is pr$ict$ :5 ,jehovah w wa% away ! fil? ( ,zion's daught]s1 & :5 all 9 ,j]usalem %all be call$ holy4 ,9 ! second "p ( 8 book 7*ap4 vi4 #a1 *ap4 ix4 #f1 & *ap4 xvii4 #a-aa7 ,isaiah gives an int]e/+1 ?\gh only figurative1 acc\nt ( 8 consecration to ! prophetic (fice4 ,9 ! ye> ( ,k+ ,uzziah's dea? he says he saw ! ,"l sitt+ on 8 ?rone ) a tra9 s long z to fill ! temple4 ,:5 he cri$ out t he 0 undone1 = t he1 a man ( unclean lips1 _h se5 ! ,k+1 ! ,"l ( ho/s1 a s]aph flew up to him ) a live coal 9 a pair ( tongs1 laid ! coal on 8 m\?1 & told him t 8 iniquity 0 n[ tak5 away & 8 s9 purg$4 ,aft] ?is ! voice ( ! ,"l 0 he>d inquir+ :om he %\ld s5d1 & ,isaiah (f]$ to take ! po/ ( 8 ambassador3 ,"h am ,i1 s5d me4 ,! proposal 0 accept$1 & he at once receiv$ 8 in/ructions f headqu>t]s4 ,! prophet began to prea* 9 ! mann] desir$1 & among mu* disc\rag+ matt] he utt]$ ! magnific5t description ( ! ,messiah1 :i* is famili> to all3-- ,= unto u a *ild is born1 unto u a son is giv53 & ! gov]nm5t %all be ^u 8 %\ld]3 & 8 "n %all be call$ ,wond]ful1 ,c\nselor1 ! mighty ,god1 ! ev]la/+ ,fa!r1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,isaiah's ?ird "w 7compos$ 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah7 beg9s at ! fir/ *apt] ( ! canonical book4 ,x op5s ) a pa!tic lam5tation ov] ! infidelity ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to _! ,god1 & proce$s at *ap4 xiv4 #bh to rec\nt a burd5 :i* came 9 ! dea?-ye> ( ,k+ ,ahaz4 ,a prophecy by :i* a mu* old] prophet 7belong+1 z is suppos$1 to ! "t ( ,joel7 is embodi$ 9 ! burd5 ( ,moab1 & ext5ds ?r\gh *ap4 xv4 & *ap4 xvi4 #g-ab1 aft] :i* ,isaiah1 hav+ m5tion$ t ?is 0 =m]ly ! ^w ( ! ,"l ab\t ,moab1 proce$s to say t 8 pres5t ^w is t )9 ?ree ye>s ! glory ( ,moab %all be contemn$4 ,! latt] "p ( *ap4 xxi4 7v]4 #aa-ag71 deal+ ) ,dumah & ,arabia1 also belongs to ?is p]iod4 ,fur!r divisions are di/+ui%able 9 ! writ+s ( ,isaiah aft] ^! ?ree p>ts h be5 sep>at$ f ! re/4 ,?us1 we h a f\r? division consi/+ ( ! #bb;d & #bc;d *apt]s1 & conta9+ a p]sonal attack on ,%ebna & a pr$iction ( ! fall ( ,tyre4 ,a fif? division1 f *ap4 xxviii4 to xxxii4 inclusive1 ends ) a beautiful description ( ! happi] "t t is to come1 :5 ! fruit ( ju/ice w be peace1 & ! result ( ju/ice quietness & security1 :5 ! p w dwell 9 sure habitations & untr\bl$ abodes4 ,!re is ano!r writ+1 ! six? 9 ord]1 :i* beg9s at *ap4 x4 #e1 & ext5ds1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! end ( *ap4 xii4 ,?is prophecy is rem>kable1 ev5 9 ?is eloqu5t book1 = ! m>vel\s eloqu5ce ) :i*1 9 8 visions ( future glory1 ! inspir$ se] depicts ! gov]nm5t ( ! rod out ( ! /em ( ,jesse1 ! ,bran* t is to gr[ out ( 8 roots1 9 ^: reign ! wild bea/s w no long] p]secute _! prey1 nor ,ephraim & ,judah keep up ! memory ( _! anci5t feud2 :o w cause 8 belov$ p to put ! ,phili/9es to flight1 to conqu] ,edom & ,moab1 & r$uce ! *ildr5 ( ,ammon to submission4 ,prophecies direct$ aga9/ ,e?iopia & ,egypt 7*ap4 xvii4 #ab-xviii4 #g1 & *ap4 xx47 belong to ! same portion ( ,isaiah's collect$ works4 ,?reats aga9/ ! ,assyrians are conta9$ 9 additional *apt]s1 namely1 *ap4 xxxiii4 & *ap4 xxxvii4 #bb-ce4 ,la/ly1 a sev5? portion ( ,isaiah consi/s ( *ap4 xix41 :i*1 aft] hold+ out ! prospect ( great mis=tunes to ,egypt1 ends 9 a some:at unusual /ra9 by admitt+ bo? ,egyptians & ,assyrians to be equal %>]s ) ! ,israelites 9 ! ultimate prosp]ity ( ! e>?1 & decl>+ t ! ,"l himself w bless !m all1 say+1 ,bless$ be ,egypt my p1 & ,assyria ! "w ( my h&s1 & ,israel m9e inh]itance4 ,x %\ld be not$ t1 if ,ewald's supposition be correct1 ! fir/ f\r sections ( ! "w1 ?us decompos$ into its sev]al con/itu5ts1 7 edit$ by ,isaiah himself1 :ile ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? 7 add$ by subsequ5t compil]s to ! collection he _h left beh9d 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 i4 p4 #dhh74 ,a v %ort prophecy call$ by ,obadiah's "n foll[s ^u ! g5u9e writ+s ( ,isaiah 9 *ronological ord]4 ,x is 9 fact anonym\s4 ,9 its pres5t =m x belongs to ! "t ( ! ,captivity4 ,! object ( ! unkn[n prophet 0 to reprove ! ,idumeans = rejoic+ 9 & pr(it+ by ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 8 writ+ he embodi$ an old] prophecy by ! actual ,obadiah1 ref]r+ to a calamity t _h befall5 ,edom1 :5 a "p ( its t]ritory _h be5 surpris$ & completely plund]$ by a p ) :om x _h j be5 9 alliance4 ,! same old piece 0 us$ by ,j]emiah 7*ap4 xlix4 #g7 9 8 prophecy ^u ,edom 7,ib41 vol4 i4 p4 #dhi ff474 ,micah1 ! next prophet1 0 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,isaiah1 b liv$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5 he wrote ! nor!rn k+dom 0 approa*+ its end1 & he ?reat5s ,judah ) *a/isem5t & de/ruction4 ,he =esaw ! fulfillm5t ( ,messianic hopes z aris+ only f ! ru9 ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s4 ,no m ?an ! fir/ five *apt]s are by ,micah himself 7,ib41 vol4 i4 p4 #dih ff474 ,8 book is rem>kable = ! extremely w>like description he gives ( ,messianic happ9ess4 ,_m o!r prophets conceive x z an important elem5t 9 t happ9ess t ! ,israelites %all be victori\s ov] _! enemies2 b few1 if any1 h come up to ,micah 9 ! f]vor ) :i* he =etells ! desolation1 ! c>nage1 ! utt] suppression ( rival nations1 :i* w accompany t age4 ,! au?or ( ! sc5es ( blood w be ! rul] :o is to come f ,be?lehem-,ephratah4 ,! prophet :o has add$ ! la/ two *apt]s also looks =w>d to an age :5 ,jehovah w at l5g? p]=m 8 promises to ,abraham & ,jacob1 to ! t]ror ( ! unbeliev+ nations4 ,next aft] ,micah /&s ,nahum4 ,! occasion ( 8 prophecy 0 a ho/ile attack direct$ aga9/ ,n9eveh4 ,he mu/ h se5 ! dang] ) 8 own eyes1 & he 0 !re=e a desc5dant ( "o ( ! ,israelites :o _h be5 c>ri$ (f to ,assyria4 ,he evid5tly liv$ f> f ,pale/9e1 & 0 famili> ) ,assyrian affairs4 ,elko%1 :]e ! inscription places 8 resid5ce1 0 a little t[n on ! ,tigris4 ,8 book may ref] to ! siege ( ,n9eveh by ! ,m$ian k+ ,phraortes ab\t six hundr$ & ?irty-six 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #a74 ,! int]e/ ( ,nahum's prophecy is m]ely local2 he does n rise beyond ! politics ( ! h\r1 & we ne$ n !re=e /op to exam9e 8 utt]ances 9 detail4 ,x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t an expression :i* has become fam\s ?r\gh its adoption by a mu* lat] prophet1 ,behold1 ^u ! m\nta9s ! feet ( him t br+e? good tid+s1 t publi%e? peace1 is fir/ f\nd 9 ,nahum4 ,zephaniah's prophecy arose out ( a great movem5t ( nations4 ,he liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,josiah1 b wrote be=e ! re=mation effect$ by t mon>*4 ,! movem5t allud$ to by him mu/ h be5 ! great irruption ( ! ,scy?ians m5tion$ by ,h]odotus z hav+ int]rupt$ ! siege ( ,n9eveh by ,kyax>es1 ,k+ ( ! ,m$es 7,h]od41 i4 #ajc74 ,^! la/ days ( ! ,assyrian k+dom gave rise to long di/urbances 9 :i* ! ,*aldeans became conqu]ors 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ad74 ,aft] v>i\s ?reat5+s aga9/ div]s p1 ! prophecy ( ,zephaniah ends ) a beautiful vision ( ! age to come1 :5 ! suppliants ( ,jehovah w come f beyond ! riv]s ( ,e?iopia2 & :5 a virtu\s & happy remnant w be left 9 ,israel4 ,:5 ,habakkuk1 ! next prophet1 wrote 8 ?\ghts1 & compos$ ! public pray] or psalm :i* =ms 8 conclud+ *apt]1 ! ,*aldeans 7 already 9 ! l&4 ,?is bitt] & ha/y nation 0 q a new ph5om5on !re4 ,habakkuk liv$ aft] ! re=mation ( ,josiah1 & !re=e 9 ! reign ( ,jehoiakim 7,ib41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bi74 ,he seems to h writt5 to plead ) ! ,almighty = deliv]ance1 & to express unabat$ confid5ce 9 him2 & he hop$ t 8 words1 set to music & sung 9 public wor%ip1 w\ld induce him to abate 8 ang] z manife/$ 9 ! ,*aldean sc\rge4 ,an anonym\s prophet 7,ib41 vol4 ii4 p4 #eb7 7,ze*>iah xiii4 #a-xiii4 #f1 & xiv47 pr$icts ! siege & capture ( ,j]usalem1 ) all ! mis]able incid5ts ( conque/3 ! rifl+ ( h] h\ses1 ! ravi%+ ( h] wom51 ! condemnation to captivity ( half h] inhabitants4 ,l o!r prophets1 h[ev]1 he looks =w>d 9 sangu9e anticipation to a day :5 ! hea!n nations :o n[ make w> ^u ,j]usalem w regul>ly g up !re e ye> to wor%ip ,jehovah1 & keep ! fea/ ( tab]nacles4 ,at lea/ if any ( !m d n1 !y w h no ra94 ,9 t glori\s age ! v pots 9 ! ,"l's h\se w be l ! b[ls = (f]+s2 nay1 e pot 9 ,judah & ,j]usalem w be holy to ! ,"l ( ho/s4 ,we pass n[ to ! consid]ation ( a prophet :o /&s second 9 em95ce only to ,isaiah1 & to ! unkn[n au?or ( ! lat] "w :i* 9 ! ,canon is includ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,isaiah4 ,j]emiah began to prophesy 9 ! ?irte5? ye> ( ,josiah1 & cont9u$ to d s dur+ ! reigns ( ,jehoiakim & ,z$ekiah4 ,8 active life1 l t ( ,isaiah1 ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( half a c5tury 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #fc ff474 ,x is notewor?y t ,j]emiah 0 a prie/1 & !re=e comb9$ 9 8 p]son ! d\ble qualification ( consecration & ( exceptional hol9ess3 t is1 he 0 consecrat$ to ,jehovah1 & also appo9t$ expressly by ,jehovah4 ,! mann] ( 8 appo9tm5t to be a holy p]son resembles ! mann] ( ! appo9tm5t ( ,isaiah4 ,! ^w ( ! ,"l came to him1 say+1 t be=e ,god _h =m$ him 9 ! belly he _h kn[n him1 & be=e he _h come =? f ! womb he _h sanctifi$ him1 & orda9$ him a prophet unto ! nations4 ,j]emiah object$ t he 0 b a *ild4 ,b ,jehovah told him n to say he 0 a *ild1 = t he 0 to g :]e he 0 s5t1 & speak :at he 0 comm&$4 ,he 0 n to be afraid ( m5's faces1 = he1 ! ,"l1 w\ld deliv] him4 ,!n he t\*$ ,j]emiah's m\? ) 8 h&1 & said3 ,behold1 ,i put my words 9 ?y m\?4 ,see1 ,i appo9t !e ?is day ov] ! nations & ov] ! k+doms1 to root out1 & to pull d[n1 & to de/roy1 & to ?r[ d[n1 to build & to plant4 ,aft] ?is solemn d$ication to 8 duties ,j]emiah 0 c]ta9ly end[$ ) ! fulle/ qualifications = ! prophetic (fice4 ,he imm$iately began to see images2 namely1 a rod ( an almond-tree & a see?+ pot1 & x cont9u$ aft]w>ds to be "o ( 8 *>act]i/ics to employ mat]ial imag]y ( ?is nature = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! tru?s he _h to communicate4 ,aft] ?is introduction1 we h a long section ( ! "w1 namely1 f ! second *apt] to ! tw5ty-f\r?1 beg9n+ ) ! prophecies ( ! ?irte5? ye> ( ,josiah4 ,among o!r ?+s ?is portion includes ,j]emiah's bitt] imprecation ^u 8 p]sonal enemies1 ! m5 ( ,ana?o?1 on :om he begs to be p]mitt$ to witness ! v5geance ( ,god1 & conc]n+ :om he receives ! consol+ assurance t _! "y m5 w die by ! sword1 & _! sons & daught]s by fam9e1 & t !re w n be a remnant left4 ,?is section conta9s also ! t]rible pray] aga9/ ^? :o devis$ devices aga9/ ,j]emiah1 9 o!r words1 did n believe 9 8 pr$ictions4 ,9 its int5se intol]ance1 9 its unblu%+ disclosure ( private malignity1 9 its unscrupul\s enum]ation ( ! ills desir$ = ^! oppon5ts ( ! prophet1 x is p]haps unrival$ 9 !ological lit]ature4 ,to d ,j]emiah ju/ice x ought to be quot$ at l5g?3-- ,give he$ to me1 ,o ,jehovah1 & li/5 to ! voice ( my oppon5ts4 ,%all evil be recomp5s$ = good1 t !y dig a pit = my life8 ,rememb] h[ ,i /ood be=e !e1 to speak a good ^w = !m1 to turn away ?y wra? f !m4 ,!re=e give _! sons to fam9e1 & deliv] !m into ! p[] ( ! sword2 & let _! wives be b]eav$ ( _! *ildr5 & wid[$1 & let _! m5 be put to dea?2 let _! "y m5 be sla9 by ! sword 9 battle4 ,let a cry be he>d f _! h\ses1 :5 ?\ sudd5ly br+e/ troops ^u !m2 = !y h digg$ a pit to take me1 & hid sn>es = my feet4 ,yet ?\1 ,jehovah1 kn[e/ all _! c\nsel aga9/ me to slay me2 & blot n out _! s9 f ?y sight1 & let !m be ov]?r[n be=e !e2 deal ) !m 9 ! "t ( ?9e ang] 7,j]4 xviii4 #ai-bc74 ,9 ano!r *apt] !re is a curi\s acc\nt ( an incid5t ) ,pa%ur1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,temple1 :o _h caus$ ,j]emiah to be put 9 /ocks = a day4 ,j]emiah compla9s bitt]ly ( ! treatm5t he meets ) on acc\nt ( 8 prophesy+1 & wi%es to resign ! (fice1 b ! impulse proves too /rong = him4 ,he consoles himself ) a pi\s hope t ,jehovah w let him see 8 v5geance on 8 enemies 7,j]4 xx4 #a-ab74 ,he cont9ues to pr$ict mis=tunes1 b int]m+les ) 8 gloomi] =ebod+s a f9e vision ( ! "t :5 ,god %all ga!r toge!r ! remnant ( 8 flock f ! c\ntries to :i* he has driv5 !m1 & raise up a righte\s ,bran* ( ! h\se ( ,david1 :o w reign & prosp]1 :o w execute ju/ice & equity1 9 ^: days ,judah w be sav$1 & ,israel dwell secure 7,j]4 xxiii4 #b-f74 ,9 a ?ird section ( 8 "w 7*ap4 xlvi4 #a-ab1 & *ap4 xlvii4 #di7 ,j]emiah deals ) =eign nations1 & !n 79 *ap4 xxv47 decl>es t he has be5 prophesy+ a long "t )\t be+ able to get ! ,jews to li/5 to him1 =etells _! subjugation by ,nebu*adnezz>1 & 7r un=tunately = 8 own & ,jehovah's reputation = correct =esight7 commits himself to ! def9ite t]m ( sev5ty ye>s z ! duration ( ! com+ captivity4 ,a wise prophet w\ld h kept )9 ! safe region ( vagu5ess1 :]e he c\ld n come into collision ) awkw>d dates nor drive or?odox int]pret]s into su* pitiable /raits z ^? 9 :i* ,ewald1 = example1 f9ds himself1 :5 he is compell$ to say t sev5ty ye>s is a p]fectly g5]al indication ( a future t _c be m precisely fix$1 & t x m]ely ref]s to ! ?ird g5]ation f ! writ] 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcj74 ,! rema9d] ( ?is section 7*ap4 xxvi4-xxix47 relates c]ta9 enc\nt]s ) o!r prophets ^: pr$ictions _h turn$ out false1 & "o ( :om1 z ,j]emiah exult+ly relates1 di$ dur+ ! ye>1 exactly z ,j]emiah _h decl>$ he w\ld4 ,int]e/+ evid5ce is suppli$ by ^! *apt]s ( ! exi/5ce ( num]\s prophets :o diff]$ f ea* o!r1 & betwe5 ^: claims only ! ev5t c\ld decide4 ,9 ! f\r? section 7*ap4 xxx4-xxxv47 ,j]emiah prophesies ! re/oration ( ,israel1 & tells 8 read]s h[ he b\ght a field f 8 c\s9 on ! /r5g? ( 8 hopes t ! captivity w\ld h an end4 ,a fif? "p 7*aps4 xxxvi41 xlv47 relates to ,b>u*1 ,j]emiah's secret>y2 & an app5dix 7*ap4 xxxvii4-xliv41 & *ap4 xlvi4 #ac-bh7 conta9s hi/orical matt]1 & pr$ictions ab\t ,egypt1 b concludes ) ! usual promise ( ! ultimate return ( ! ,jewi% nation to its ance/ral home4 ,! la/ *apt] ( ,j]emiah is purely hi/orical1 &1 l ! hi/orical portions ( ,isaiah1 ne$ n be consid]$ "u ! prophets2 b x mu/ be not$ t *aps4 l4 & li4 are n by ,j]emiah1 be+ ! "w ( a mu* lat] writ]1 :o liv$ 9 ,pale/9e1 & :o compos$ !m to %[ t ! words ( ! g5u9e ,j]emiah 7 fulfill$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,babylon by ! ,m$es1 :i* 0 tak+ place at ?is "t 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 iii4 p4 #adj ff474 ,! small ,book ( ,lam5tations ov] ! unhappy fate ( ,j]usalem1 ascrib$ to ,j]emiah1 is an arti/ic attempt to embody ! grief ( ! writ] 9 a song ( :i* ea* v]se beg9s ) a new lett]1 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,we pass n[ to ! prophet ,ezekiel1 a ,jew :o 0 tak5 into captivity ) ,jehoia*91 & liv$ at a small t[n ( ,mesopotamia4 ,he felt ! fir/ prophetic impulses 9 ! fif? ye> ( ! ,captivity 7,ib41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbb ff474 ,at ?is "t ! heav5s 7 op5$2 he saw visions1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l came expressly to him4 ,su* 0 ! nature ( 8 consecration4 ,! fir/ section ( ,ezekiel ext5ds f *ap4 i4 to xxiv41 & conta9s utt]ances ab\t ,israel be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,! second section 7*ap4 xxv4-xxxii47 deals ) =eign nations1 & ! ?ird 7*ap4 xxxiii4-xlviii47 holds out promises ( re/oration4 ,ezekiel is v inf]ior to 8 great pr$ecessors1 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah4 ,he has nei!r ! f]vid1 manly oratory ( ! fir/ nor ! pa!tic1 ?\gh r s(t & fem99e fl[ ( ! second4 ,he takes pleasure 9 r co>se images1 su* z t ( ! bread bak$ ) human dung 7,ezek4 iv71 t ( ,jehovah ) 8 two concub9es1 :o bore him sons & vex$ him ) _! lic5ti\s conduct 7,ezek4 xxiii71 or t ( ! *ild ^: navel 0 n cut1 :o grew up into a woman1 ov] :om ,jehovah spread 8 skirt & cov]$ h] nak$ness 7,ezek4 xvi4 #h74 ,& 9 g5]al1 ,ezekiel is p>ticul>ly prone to tea*+ by means ( similes & illu/rations4 ,sometimes he sees visions 9 :i* ,god expla9s 8 mean+2 at o!r times he acts 9 a mann] :i* is design$ to be typical ( com+ ev5ts4 ,?us1 on "o occasion1 he op5ly br+s out 8 furniture = removal1 z a sign to ! rebelli\s h\se ( ,israel 7,ezek4 xii4 #a-g74 ,z 9 ,j]emiah1 s 9 ,ezekiel we f9d traces ( ho/ility t[>ds rival prophets1 :om he d5\nces 9 no measur$ t]ms4 ,x is int]e/+1 too1 to obs]ve t !re 7 female prophets 9 8 day1 :o prophesi$ out ( _! own he>ts4 ,to !m also he conveys ! reprobation ( ! ,almighty 7,ezek4 xiii74 ,! =m 9 :i* he looks =w>d to ! re/oration ( ,israel & ,judah to _! homes1 is some:at diff]5t f t 9 :i* x 0 expect$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,9 a v s+ul> vision1 he relates t 8 ,god took him into a valley :i* 0 full ( bones1 & told him t ^! 7 ! bones ( ! :ole h\se ( ,israel4 ,ezekiel is !n in=m$ t ,god w op5 ! graves ( ! dead1 & cause ^! bones to live aga91 & w br+ !m to ! l& ( ,israel4 ,aft]w>ds1 he is told to jo9 two /icks into "o1 ?is junction repres5t+ ! future union ( ,ephraim & ,judah1 :o are to be ga!r$ f among ! hea!n1 & are to =m "o nation gov]n$ by "o k+4 ,t k+ is to be ,david1 :o w be _! pr9ce =ev]4 ,god w make an ev]la/+ cov5ant ( peace ) !m1 & put 8 sanctu>y 9 _! mid/ = ev]more4 ,"h ! resurrection ( ! dead1 & ! return ( ,david1 in/ead ( ! appe>ance ( a new k+1 are peculi> features4 ,an anonym\s prophet is suppos$ to h writt5 ,isaiah xxi4 #a-aj1 & ano!r ,isaiah xiii4 #b-xiv4 #bc1 ! latt] ref]r+ to ,babylon1 & conta9+ ! imag9>y exultation ( ! re/or$ ,israelites ov] ! fall5 ,babylonians4 ,aft] ^! fragm5ts we h ! "w ( "o :o is p]haps ! greate/ ( all ! prophets1 b :o also is unkn[n to u by "n4 ,z ! mo/ fitt+ description we may p]haps call him ! anonym\s prophet4 ,! :ole ( ! latt] portion ( ,isaiah1 f *ap4 xl4 to ! end1 is 8 "w4 ,! anonym\s prophet liv$ 9 ,egypt4 ,8 peculi> conception 0 t ,israel 0 ! s]vant ( ! ,"l = ! peace & ! salvation ( nations1 z ,kyros 0 8 s]vant 9 w> 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bj ff474 ,alike 9 beauty ( language & sublimity ( ?\ght he is supreme among ! writ]s ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,he is ! prophet ( sorr[3 yet also ! prophet ( consolation4 ,:e!r by a curi\s accid5t1 or :e!r by virtue ( a t5d5cy 7n uncommon among truly great writ]s7 to )draw 8 p]sonality f obs]vation & conf9e himself :olly to ! message he _h to deliv]1 he tells u no?+ ( himself4 ,h5ce he has = c5turies be5 hidd5 beh9d ! figure ( ,isaiah1 :om nev]!less he surpasses 9 ! purity ( 8 ideal4 ,to him we owe ! beautiful passage beg9n+ ,com=t ye1 com=t ye1 my p1 ) ! description aft]w>ds appli$ by ,jesus ,*ri/ to ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,f him also we h ! mo/ exalt$ conceptions ( ! ,messiah1 ! moral elem5t 9 8 "* be+ rais$ z comp>$ ) ! elem5t ( mat]ial p[]1 to a height hi!rto unexampl$ 9 prophetic vision4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ?is description ( 8 mildness comb9$ ) indomitable p]sev]ance3-- ,he %all n cry1 nor lift up1 nor cause 8 voice to be he>d 9 ! /reet4 ,a bruis$ re$ %all he n break1 & ! smok+ flax %all he n qu5*2 he %all br+ =? judgm5t unto tru?4 ,he %all n fail nor be disc\rag$1 till he h set judgm5t 9 ! e>?1 & ! isles %all wait = 8 law 7,is4 xlii4 #b-d74 ,x is ! anonym\s prophet1 too1 :o has giv5 u ! famili> passage1 ,he is despis$ & reject$ ( m52 a passage describ+ ! c>e] ( a great man ^: tea*+s involv$ him 9 p]secution & ultimately 9 m>tyrdom1 b n[ise applicable to ! ,messiah4 ,t a hi/orical incid5t1 kn[n to ! writ]1 is allud$ to 9 ?is t\*+ acc\nt ( suff]+ goodness1 admits ( no reasonable d\bt4 ,! anonym\s prophet is prem95tly ! prophet ( consolation4 ,liv+ 9 ! days ( ,kyros & ( ! re/oration ( ! ,temple1 he _h ! elem5ts ( soo?+ spee* ready to 8 h&2 & z 8 pr$ecessors _h prophesi$ de/ruction & woe1 occasionally v>i$ ) /ra9s ( hope1 s he prophesies 9 /ra9s ( hope1 occasionally v>i$ ) /]n] language4 ,x is 8 especial mission to heal ! w\nds t h be5 made 9 ! _s ( ,judah4 ,god _h inde$ =sak5 h] = a :ile2 b he w n[ take h] back z a des]t$ wife1 :o _h suff]$ h] puni%m5t4 ,he _h hidd5 8 face 9 a little wra? = a mom5t2 b ) ev]la/+ k9dness w he n[ h m]cy ^u h] 7,is4 liv4 #e-g74 ,! conclud+ *apt] ( ! anonym\s prophet conta9s a magnific5t description ( ! ultimate ga!r+ ( all nations & tongues1 :5 ,j]usalem w be ! c5tral po9t ( human wor%ip1 & ! glory ( ,god w be se5 by all4 ,! picture is n inde$ unm+l$ ) d>k] %ades1 = great numb]s are to be de/roy$ by ,jehovah 9 8 indignation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a trait exhibit+ ! sup]iority ( ?is prophet to 8 pr$ecessors 9 tol]ation = ! ,g5tiles3 namely1 ! rem>kable pr$iction t "s ( !m also are to be prie/s & ,levites 7,is4 lxvi4 #ab-bd74 ,! man :o c\ld utt] ?is s5tim5t _h made a signal advance ^u ! ord9>y n>r[ & exclusive notions ( ! pr]ogatives ( ! ,jewi% race4 ,x 0 m5tion$ t ! fiftie? & fifty-fir/ *apt]s ( ,j]emiah 7 add$ by a lat] h&4 ,! same h& 79 ,ewald's op9ion7 compos$ ! ?irty-f\r? & ?irty-fif? *apt]s ( ,isaiah1 ( :i* ! second describes 9 v eloqu5t t]ms ! com+ glory1 :5 ! ransom$ ( ! ,"l %all return1 & come to ,zion ) songs1 & ev]la/+ joy ^u _! heads2 !y %all obta9 joy & gladness1 & sorr[ & sigh+ %all flee away 7,is4 xxxv4 #aj74 ,ano!r unkn[n writ] 7,isaiah xxiv4-xxvii47 pr$icts 9 ! fir/ place ! desolation :i* ! ,"l is ab\t to effect1 & !n ! happ9ess ( ! ,jews :o w be br\ght to _! own l& aga91 to wor%ip ,jehovah 9 ! holy m\nt at ,j]usalem4 ,"o ( 8 expressions1 ,he w swall[ up dea? 9 victory1 has be5 adopt$ by ,/4 ,paul2 ano!r1 ,! ,"l ,god w wipe away te>s f (f all faces1 by ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! int]e/ ( ,haggai's prophecy is purely special3 x ref]s to ! build+ ( ! temple at ,j]usalem 9 ! reign ( ,d>ius4 ,x 0 ! unexpect$ ob/acles by :i* ! build+ 0 h9d]$ t k9dl$ 8 zeal2 he made 8 five spee*es 9 ?ree mon?s ( ! same ye>4 ,probably he _h n se5 ! fir/ temple1 & he left 8 prophetic "w to 8 y\ng] contempor>y ,ze*>iah 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 iii4 p4 #agg ff474 ,ze*>iah also liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,d>ius1 & dealt pr9cipally ) ! build+ ( ! temple 7,ib41 vol4 iii4 p4 #ahg ff474 ,a s]ies ( visions :i* he pr(esses to see %[s h[ 8 m9d 0 runn+ ^u ?is absorb+ !me2 & he ev5 expects ! ,messiah1 :om ,isaiah & ,j]emiah _h call$ a ,bran* ( ,david1 & :om he m emphatically t]ms ! ,bran*1 to appe> at ! head ( affairs & to c>ry ! works to _! completion 7,ze*41 #h1 & vi4 #ab74 ,he supposes t he w !n sit & rule ^u 8 ?rone2 a prie/ w be beside him1 & !re w be a c\nsel ( peace betwe5 ^! two--! mon>* & 8 ecclesia/ical m9i/] 7,ze*41 vi4 #ac74 ,x 0 probably m ?an half a c5tury lat] t ! %ort book be>+ ! title ( ,mala*i 0 writt54 ,! true "n ( its au?or is unkn[n1 & t ( ,mala*i1 my mess5g]1 0 tak5 by its editor f ! fir/ v]se ( ! ?ird *apt] 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bad ff474 ,he is n a prophet ( a high calibre1 z is %[n by 8 d5unciation1 already quot$1 ( ^? among ! ,jews :o (f]$ ,jehovah _! lea/ valuable cattle4 ,nor is 8 conception ( ! ,messianic epo* 9 any way comp>able to t ( ! great prophets ^: works he might h /udi$4 ,he says inde$ t ! ,sun ( righte\sness w arise ) heal+ 9 8 w+s2 b x appe>s t ?is heal+ is to consi/ 9 ! ,israelites tread+ d[n ! wick$1 :o w be z du/ "u _! feet4 ,he concludes by ann\nc+ ! return ( ,elijah1 be=e ! great & dreadful day ( ! ,"l1 & says1 9 8 ?reat5+ tone1 t ?is prophet w turn ! he>ts ( ! fa!rs to ! *ildr51 & ( ! *ildr5 to ! fa!rs1 le/ ,god %\ld come & smite ! e>? ) a curse4 ,! ,book ( ,jonah1 :i* may h be5 writt5 9 ! fif? or six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bcc ff471 is a /ory ) a moral r ?an a prophecy4 ,jonah 0 desir$ by ,jehovah to prea* aga9/ ,n9eveh1 b fl$ f 8 duty1 & took passage 9 ! %ip to ,t>%i%1 duly pay+ 8 f>e4 ,h[ev]1 :5 a /orm arose1 ,jonah knew t x 0 s5t z a p5alty = 8 disob$i5ce1 & told ! sailors to ?r[ him ov]bo>d4 ,?is !y did1 b he 0 swall[$ alive by a l>ge fi% prep>$ = ! purpose1 & rema9$ )9 x ?ree days4 ,by ?is lesson he 0 prep>$ to execute ,god's comm&s1 & 0 accord+ly ?r[n up by ! fi% on dry l&4 ,he prea*$ to ! p ( ,n9eveh1 z desir$1 ! com+ de/ruction ( _! city2 b :5 !y rep5t$1 ,jehovah *ang$ 8 m9d1 mu* to ! annoyance ( 8 prophet1 :o repres5t$ t 8 un=tunate t5d5cy to clem5cy 0 ! v reason :y he _h n wi%$ to ent] 8 s]vice4 ,b ,jehovah1 by caus+ him to regret ! de/ruction ( a g\rd :i* _h %elt]$ him1 %[$ him t !re w\ld be mu* m reason to sp>e s l>ge a city z ,n9eveh1 :i* conta9$1 n only a va/ population1 b also a great deal ( cattle4 ,if ,mala*i & ,jonah /& 9 unfavorable contra/ to ! works compos$ dur+ ! gold5 age ( ,hebrew lit]ature1 ,daniel1 ! late/ book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 repres5ts ! complete deg5]acy ( prophecy4 ,x is f beg9n+ to end artificial2 pr(ess+ to be writt5 at "o "t & by an au?or ^: "n & p]sonality are giv52 9 reality writt5 at ano!r "t1 & by an au?or ^: "n & p]sonality are conceal$4 ,h5ce x conta9s pseudo-prophecies1 :i* are comp>atively cle>1 ext5d+ f ! imag9$ date ( ! suppos$ prophet to ! actual date ( ! real prophet2 & x conta9s g5u9e prophecies :i* are obscure1 & :i* ext5d f ! actual date into ! actual future4 ,x conta9s also mu* t relates to ! politics ( ! day1 & :i*1 = obvi\s reasons1 is ca/ into an enigmatic =m4 ,daniel 0 writt5 ab\t ! ye> ,b4 ,c4 #afh1 a little be=e ! dea? ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 & ! allusions to t mon>* are ( c\rse made "u ! veil ( prophecy1 9 a /yle design$ to be intelligible1 )\t be+ direct4 ,! pr$ictions ( ! elev5? *apt] ref] to ! w>s ( ! ,syrian & ,egyptian k+s1 & especially to ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 :o is ! vile p]son m5tion$ 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ v]se4 ,! purpose ( ! "w 0 to set an example ( fidelity to ,jehovah to ! p[]ful ,jews :o 7 connect$ ) ! ,syrian c\rt1 & especially to ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! great ,jewi% families1 :o 7 9 dang] ( be+ corrupt$ by its s$uctions 7,p4 ,a4 ,b41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bih ff474 ,! =m *os5 to effect ! writ]'s object is autobiographical4 ,9 ?is way he 0 able to utt] 8 political views--:i*1 directly express$1 w\ld h be5 dang]\s to 8 safety--"u ! guise ( s5tim5ts utt]$ by ,daniel1 ! fictiti\s n>rator ( ! /ory4 ,daniel 0 tak5 z a captive *ild along ) o!r *ildr5 ( ,jewi% race to s]ve at ! c\rt ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 & rema9$ at ! ,*aldean c\rt until ! dea? ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s son1 ,bel%azz>1 & ! subjugation ( 8 empire by ! ,m$es & ,p]sians4 ,he cont9u$ to hold an honorable position at ! ,p]sian c\rt "u ,d>ius & ,kyros4 ,he fir/ rose to di/9ction by relat+ & int]pret+ to ,nebu*adnezz> a dream :i* ! k+ _h himself =gott54 ,?us1 f be+ a m]e page he rose to be a sort ( a/rolog] royal4 ,8 life 0 n1 h[ev]1 free f tr\ble4 ,among ! *ildr5 :o _h be5 br\ght ) him f ,judea he _h ?ree fri5ds1 ,hananiah1 ,mi%ael1 & ,az>iah1 :om ! ,*aldeans call$ ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$nego4 ,:5 ,daniel _h successfully int]pret$ ! k+'s dream1 he contriv$ to obta9 lucrative situations 9 ! prov9ce ( ,babylon = ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$nego4 ,b ^! ?ree hav+ refus$ to wor%ip a gold5 image :i* ! k+ _h set up 9 t prov9ce 7 by ! k+'s ord]s ca/ into a burn+ fi]y furnace1 heat$ beyond its usual temp]ature4 ,b ?\gh !y fell b\nd 9 ! mid/ ( x1 !y 7 n burnt1 & 7 se5 walk+ ab\t at _! ease 9 x1 accompani$ by a f\r?1 :o look$ l ! ,son ( ,man 7,dan4 iii74 ,x is rem>kable t a precisely simil> prodigy occurr$ 9 "o ( ! innum]able previ\s exi/5ces ( ! ,buddha ,sakyamuni4 ,he 0 at ?is "t ! son & heir ( a great k+1 & to prove 8 devotion to ! true doctr9e he lit]ally obey$ ! in/ructions ( a ,brahman1 :o desir$ him to fill a dit* t5 y>ds deep ) gl[+ coals & jump into x4 ,on ?is condition ! ,brahman _h cons5t$ to tea* him ! holy doctr9e4 ,resi/+ all entreaties to pres]ve 8 life1 ! pr9ce caus$ ! pool ( fire to be prep>$ & leapt into x )\t %r9k+ = a mom5t4 ,on ! in/ant x 0 conv]t$ into a bas9 ( fl[]s1 & he appe>$ sitt+ on a lotus-fl[] 9 its mid/1 :ile ! gods caus$ a ra9 ( fl[]s1 t rose knee-deep to fall ^u ! assembl$ p 7,g4 ,o4 ,m41 p4 #ad74 ,nor is ?is ! only o!r example ( a wise discrim9ation be+ ex]cis$ by ! fi]y elem5t4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ! ,indian k+ ,asoka1 :o 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 c>e] 0 f]oci\s & irreligi\s1 ! public execution] enjoy$ ! s+ul> privilege ( be+ entitl$ to reta9 9 8 h\se e "o1 :atev] 8 position or "*1 :o might cross ! ?re%old ( 8 door4 ,n[ ! outside ( ! execution]'s h\se 0 beautiful & attractive1 ?\gh )9 x 0 full ( in/rum5ts ( torture1 ) :i* he inflict$ on 8 victims ! puni%m5ts ( hell4 ,"o day a holy monk1 nam$ ,samudra1 arriv+ at ?is app>5tly *>m+ h\se1 ent]$ x1 b on discov]+ ! nature ( its int]ior wi%$ to make 8 exit4 ,b x 0 too late4 ,! execution] _h se5 him1 & told him t he mu/ die4 ,aft] sev5 days' respite1 he ?rew ! monk into an iron caldron fill$ ) wat] mix$ ) loa?some mat]ials1 & k9dl$ a fire bel[ x4 ,b ! fire w\ld n burn4 ,f> f exp]i5c+ any pa91 ! holy man appe>$ calmly seat$ on a lotus4 ,! execution] hav+ in=m$ ,asoka ( ?is fact1 ! k+ arriv$ ) a suite ( ?\s&s ( p]sons4 ,see+ ?is cr[d1 ! monk d>t$ into ! air1 & !re produc$ miracul\s appe>ances4 ,! k+1 /ruck by ! extraord9>y sight1 reque/$ ! ascetic to say :o he 01 decl>+ t he honor$ him z a disciple4 ,samudra1 p]ceiv+ t ! mom5t _h arriv$ at :i* ! k+ 0 to receive ! grace ( in/ruction 9 ! law1 repli$ t he 0 a son ( ,buddha1 t m]ciful ,be+1 & t he 0 deliv]$ f ! bonds ( exi/5ce4 ,& ?\1 ,o great k+1 ?y adv5t 0 pr$ict$ by ,bhagavat1 :5 he said3 ,a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,i %all h ent]$ into complete ,nirvna1 !re w be 9 ! t[n ( ,pataliputtra a k+ call$ ,asoka1 a k+ rul+ ov] ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w1 a j k+1 :o w di/ribute my relics1 & s =?4 ,he proce$$ to po9t out to ,asoka ! wick$ness ( e/abli%+ a h\se ( torm5t l t he 0 91 & entreat$ him to give security to ! be+s :o implor$ 8 compassion4 ,h]eupon ! k+ accept$ ! law ( ,buddha1 & det]m9$ to cov] ! e>? ) monum5ts = 8 relics4 ,b :5 ! royal p>ty 7 ab\t to leave ! place1 ! execution] _h ! audacity to rem9d ,asoka ( 8 promise t no "o :o _h once ent]$ 8 doors might ev] g out4 ,:at1 cri$ ,asoka1 d y wi% !n to put me also to dea?8 ,yes1 repli$ ! man4 ,on ?is he 0 seiz$ & ?r[n into ! torture-room1 :]e he di$ 9 ! flames1 & 8 h\se 0 de/roy$ 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #cfe-cgb74 ,daniel himself met ) an adv5ture ( ! same p]il\s nature z t :i* _h befall5 8 ?ree fri5ds1 ?\gh "u ano!r gov]nm5t4 ,d>ius1 by ! advice ( "s c\nselors :o desir$ to de/roy ,daniel1 _h made an ord] t no "o %\ld ask a petition ( any god or man save himself = ?irty days4 ,b ,daniel ( c\rse cont9u$ to wor%ip ,jehovah z be=e1 & 0 s5t5c$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! edict to be ?r[n into a lions' d54 ,b ! lions w\ld no m eat ,daniel ?an ! fire w\ld burn 8 co-religioni/s2 & j z ,asoka1 :5 he _h witness$ ! escape ( ! ascetic1 wor%ip$ ,buddha1 s ,d>ius1 hav+ discov]$ ,daniel un9jur$ 9 ! lions' d51 imm$iately ord]$ t 9 all p>ts ( 8 dom9ions p %\ld tremble & fe> be=e ! ,god ( ,daniel 7,dan4 vi74 ,( ! prophecies conta9$ 9 ?is book ! mo/ rem>kable is t conc]n+ ! ,messiah1 :o is ann\nc$ z de/9$ to come at a "t fix$ by a my/ical calculation express$ 9 weeks4 ,! object ( ! writ] 0 to fix a date = ! ,messiah's appe>ance1 )\t express+ himself 9 su* unambigu\s t]ms z w\ld be univ]sally und]/ood4 ,su* is ! true me?od ( prophecy 9 all religions1 = a prophet :o utt]s 8 =eca/ ( ! future 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] 8 mean+ unmi/akable1 exposes himself to ! haz>d\s possibility t ! ev5t 9 hi/ory may turn out altoge!r unlike ! ev5t =etold4 ,,subdivision #e4--,! ,god ( ,israel4 ,"o great "q has hi!rto be5 left untreat$--t ( ! !ology & morals ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,!ology & morals are s intimately bl5d$ 9 its pages t ! "o c sc>cely be discuss$ )\t involv+ ! o!r4 ,! "* ( ,jehovah is ! patt]n ( morality2 8 w is its fundam5tal law2 8 actions its exemplification4 ,h5ce to consid] ! "* ( ,jehovah is ( necessity to consid] also ! ,hebrew notions ( e?ics2 :ile to inquire into ! ,hebrew /&>d ( e?ics is to enquire into ! comm&s ( ,jehovah4 ,let u try !n to asc]ta9 :at mann] ( deity ,jehovah is4 ,to d s1 our be/ c\rse w be to select ! sali5t features ( 8 hi/ory1 z relat$ by ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,n[1 at ! v outset ( 8 proce$+s we obs]ve t he takes up t[>ds mank9d a v def9ite attitude3 t ( a sup]ior entitl$ to dem& implicit ob$i5ce4 ,:e!r ! fact t he 0 man's creator ju/ifi$ s ext5sive a claim x is ne$less 9 ?is place to discuss4 ,suffice x t he _h ! p[] to en=ce "u ! sev]e/ p5alties ! submission he dem&$4 ,b x might h be5 expect$ t a div9e be+1 :o assum$ su* unlimit$ rights ov] a race s va/ly 8 inf]iors 9 k & 9 /r5g?1 %\ld at lea/ ex]cise !m ) discretion & mod]ation4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t :]e he claim$ ob$i5ce x w\ld be ) a view to ! well-be+ ( 8 creatures2 n m]ely z an arbitr>y ex]cise ( 8 enorm\s p[]4 ,:at1 on ! contr>y1 is ! conduct he pursu$8 ,8 v fir/ act aft] he _h creat$ ,adam & ,eve & plac$ !m 9 ,p>adise 0 to =bid !m1 "u p5alty ( dea?1 to eat ! fruit ( a c]ta9 tree :i* grew 9 _! g>d54 ,!re is n ev5 a ve/ige ( a pret5se 9 ! n>rative t ! fruit ( ?is tree w\ld 9 itself1 & ap>t f ! div9e prohibition1 h done !m any h>m4 ,q ! contr>y2 ! fact ( eat+ x enl>g$ _! faculties2 mak+ !m l gods1 :o "k good & evil4 ,& ,jehovah 0 afraid t !y might1 aft] eat+ ! fruit ( ! tree ( k1 eat also t ( ! tree ( life1 aft] :i* he w\ld be unable to kill !m4 ,s t x 0 8 delib]ate purpose 9 issu+ ?is injunction to keep mank9d feeble1 ignorant & dep5d5t4 ,nor is ?is by any means ! :ole ext5t ( 8 misconduct4 ,"o ( two *>ges he _c escape4 ,ei!r he knew :5 he creat$ ,adam & ,eve t _! nature 0 su* t !y w\ld disobey1 or he did n4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 he kn[+ly =m$ !m liable to fall1 kn[+ly plac$ !m amid conditions :i* r5d]$ _! fall inevitable2 & !n puni%$ !m = ! cata/rophe he _h all along =ese5 z ! necess>y result ( ! "* he _h be/[$ ^u !m4 ,9 ! second case1 he 0 ignorant & %ortsight$1 be+ unable to guess :at w\ld be ! nature ( 8 own h&iwork2 & %\ld n h m$dl$ ) tasks :i* 7 obvi\sly beyond ! scope ( 8 faculties4 ,& ev5 9 ?is latt] case1 ! mo/ favorable "o = ,jehovah1 he act$ ) unp>donable inju/ice t[>ds ! man & woman 9 fir/ creat+ !m ) a nature ^: p[]s ( resi/ance to temptation he c\ld n tell1 !n plac+ temptation1 rais$ to its utmo/ /r5g? by a my/]i\s ord]1 cont9ually "u _! noses1 !n all[+ a s]p5t to sugge/ t !y %\ld yield to x1 & la/ly puni%+ ! unhappy victims ( ?is *a9 ( unt[>d circum/ances by expulsion f _! g>d54 ,a human p>5t :o %\ld ?us treat 8 *ildr5 w\ld be sev]ely & ju/ly c5sur$4 ,x is a /rik+ pro( h[ rudim5t>y 7 ! ,hebrew conceptions ( ju/ice1 t !y %\ld h accept$1 9 ref]5ce to _! deity1 a /ory :i* ev9ces s flagrant a disreg>d ( its mo/ elem5t>y requirem5ts 7,g54 ii4 #h1 & iii74 ,j z 9 ! case ( ,adam & ,eve1 he requir$ implicit ob$i5ce to an arbitr>y comm&1 s 9 ! case ( ,abraham he requir$ implicit ob$i5ce to an immoral "o4 ,!re 0 ) him no fix$ sy/em ( morality4 ,submission to 8 w 0 ! alpha & omega ( virtue4 ,obs]ve n[ h[ sup]ior is ! feel+ %[n 9 ! ,h9du leg5d :i* has be5 quot$ z a p>allel to t ( ! project$ sacrifice ( ,isaac4 ,al?\gh 9 t /ory ! fa!r 0 b\nd by a solemn promise to sacrifice 8 son1 yet he is nev] blam$ = 8 reluctance to d s1 ?\gh ,abraham is prais$ = 8 will+ness2 :ile ! ,brahman :o is actually prep>$ to plunge ! sacrificial knife into 8 *ild's brea/ is treat$ ) scorn & reprobation = 8 unfeel+ behavior4 ,ev5 ! s]vice ( ! gods is n made supreme ov] e human emotion4 ,b ! conception ( ! exi/5ce ( duties indep5d5t ( ! div9e w seems n to h ent]$ ! m9ds ( ! ,hebrew !ologians :o wrote ^! books4 ,! fur!r proce$+s ( ,jehovah are q 9 keep+ ) 8 beg9n+ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ! hi/ory he %[s ! mo/ gl>+ p>tiality4 ,9 its e>li] p]iod he is p>tial to individuals2 9 its lat]1 to ! ,hebrew race4 ,let u notice a few cases ( ?is favoritism z %[n t[>ds individual favorites4 ,imm$iately aft] ! curse ^u ,adam & ,eve1 & _! bani%m5t f ,ed51 we h ! in/ructive /ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel1 s magnific5tly dramatiz$ by ,byron4 ,^! two bro!rs1 sons ( ! orig9al c\ple1 bo? br\ght (f]+s to ,jehovah2 ,ca91 ! fruit ( ! gr\nd2 ,abel1 ! fir/l+s ( 8 flock4 ,b ! ,"l _h respect to ,abel & 8 (f]+1 b n to ,ca9 & 8 (f]+4 ,:y 0 ?is diff]5ce made8 ,absolutely no reason is assign$ = x1 & x is n surpris+1 h[ev] lam5table1 t x %\ld h excit$ ! jeal\sy ( ! bro!r :o 0 ?us ill-treat$ 7,g54 iv4 #a-h74 ,aga91 x has be5 rem>k$ above t ,abraham & ,isaac _h a s+ul> way ( pass+ (f _! wives z _! si/]s4 ,ph>aoh 0 once deceiv$ 9 ?is way ab\t ,s>ah2 ,abimele* ( ,g]>1 once ab\t ,s>ah1 & once ab\t ,rebekah4 ,^! two mon>*s 7 plagu$ by ,jehovah on acc\nt ( _! innoc5t mi/ake2 ! patri>*s 7 n ev5 reprov$ = ?is c[>dly surr5d] ( _! consorts to adult]\s embraces 7,g54 xii4 #aa-bj1 xx41 xxvi4 #g-aa74 ,jacob is ano!r favorite1 :ile 8 bro!r ,esau is coldly treat$4 ,yet ! inh]5t meanness ( ,jacob's "*1 & ! comp>ative excell5ce ( ,esau's1 are too obvi\s to escape ev5 a c>eless read]4 ,:at c be m pitiful ?an ! conduct ( ,jacob 9 tak+ advantage ( a mom5t ( weakness 9 8 bro!r to pur*ase 8 bir?right8 7,g54 xxv4 #bi-cd47 ,:at m ung5]\s ?an ! odi\s trick by :i* he impos$ ^u 8 fa!r1 & *eat$ ,esau ( 8 bless+8 7,g54 xxvii47 ,:at aga9 c be m magnanim\s ?an ! long subsequ5t reception by ,esau ( ! bro!r ^: mis]able subs]vi5cy %[$ 8 consci\sness ( ! wrong he _h done him8 7,g54 xxxiii4 #a-ae74 ,yet ?is is ! man :om ,jehovah selects z ! object ( 8 peculi> bless+1 & ^: v deceitfulness t[>ds a k9d employ] he suff]s to become a means ( aggr&izem5t 7,g54 xxx4 #da-dc74 ,! same p>tisan%ip :i* 9 ^! cases =ms s conspicu\s a trait 9 ! "* ( ,jehovah di/+ui%es ! :ole c\rse ( 8 proce$+s 9 ref]5ce to ! deliv]y ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt & _! settlem5t 9 ,pale/9e4 ,e o!r nation is compell$ to give way = _! advantage4 ,ph>aoh & all ! ,egyptians are plagu$ = hold+ !m 9 slav]y1 n 9 ! lea/ because ,jehovah 0 an abolitioni/ 7= he nev] tr\bl$ himself ab\t slav]y any:]e else71 b because x 0 8 own peculi> p :o 7 ?us 9 subjugation to a race :om he did n equally affect4 ,?r\gh\t ! long j\rney f ,egypt to ! promis$ l&1 ,jehovah accompanies ! ,israelites z a sort ( comm&]-9-*ief1 direct+ !m :at to d1 & giv+ !m ! victory ov] _! enemies4 ,z ! ,r$ ,sea 0 divid$ to enable !m to escape f _! enemies on ! "o side1 s ! ,jordan 0 cleft 9 two to enable !m to conqu] _! enemies on ! o!r 7,ex4 xiv4 #ba1 #bb4--;,jo%4 iii4 #g-ag74 ,! walls ( a =tifi$ city 7 ?r[n d[n to enable !m to ent] 7,jo%4 vi4 #bj74 ,! sun 0 arre/$ 9 8 c\rse to enable !m to w9 a battle 7,jo%4 x4 #ab-ad74 ,hornets 7 employ$ to accompli% ! expulsion ( ho/ile tribes )\t tr\ble to ! ,israelites 7,jo%4 xxiv4 #ab74 ,?us1 z ,jehovah aft]w>ds took c>e to rem9d !m1 he gave !m a l& = :i* !y did n labor1 & cities :i* !y did n build 7,jo%4 xxiv4 #ac74 ,nev]!less ! lot ( ! race :o 7 ?us highly favor$ 0 f> f happy4 ,_! ,god 0 inde$ a p[]ful protector1 b he 0 also an exact+ rul]4 ,8 s]vice 0 at no "t an easy "o1 & he 0 liable to outbur/s ( passion :i* r5d]$ x peculi>ly oppressive4 ,tol]ant z he might be t[>ds "s descriptions ( immorality1 he _h no m]cy :atev] = disloyalty t[>ds himself4 ,on "o occasion he *>act]iz$ himself by ! "n ( ,jeal\s 7,ex4 xxxiv4 #ad71 :i* 0 b too appropriate1 & impli$ ! possession ( "o ( ! lea/ admirable ( human weaknesses4 ,n[ ! ,israelites 7 un=tunately prone to lapses ( ?is k9d4 ,su* 0 ! sev]ity ) :i* ^! (f5ses 7 treat$ t x is que/ionable :e!r x w\ld n h be5 a f> happi] fate to be dr[n$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea ) ! ,egyptians ?an pres]v$ ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,a few in/ances ( :at !y _h to und]go w illu/rate ?is rem>k4 ,moses _h impress$ ^u ! p ! importance ( hav+ no o!r deity b ,jehovah1 & _h succe$$ :ile he 0 actually among !m 9 re/rict+ !m to 8 wor%ip alone4 ,b no soon] 0 he abs5t = a season ?an !y imm$iately =sook ,jehovah1 & took to wor%ip+ a gold5 calf4 ,wor/ ( all1 ?is new div9ity 0 set up by ,a>on1 ! bro!r ( ,moses1 & high prie/ ( ! ,jehovi/ic fai?4 ,t ,jehovah %\ld be r vex$ at su* ungrateful behavior1 aft] all ! tr\ble he _h tak5 9 plagu+ & slaught]+ ! ,egyptians1 0 only natural2 b x 0 surely an extraord9>y want ( self-control to propose to consume ! :ole nation at once1 res]v+ only ,moses z ! prog5itor ( a bett] race4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r cases1 ,moses %[$ himself m m]ciful ?an 8 ,god4 ,he +5i\sly urg$ z a motive to clem5cy t ! ,egyptians w\ld say extremely unpleasant ?+s if ! ,israelites 7 de/roy$2 & aft] 8 return to ! camp he contriv$ to appease him by induc+ ! ,levites to p]petrate a fratricidal massacre1 :]eby ?ree ?\s& p fell4 ,?is measure 0 describ$ by ,moses z a consecration ( !mselves to ! ,"l1 t he might be/[ 8 bless+ ^u !m4 ,x prov$ successful1 = ,jehovah n[ cont5t$ himself ) m]ely plagu+ ! p in/ead ( ext]m9at+ !m 7,ex4 xxxii74 ,?us1 he _h sc>cely f9i%$ plagu+ ! ,egyptians be=e he began plagu+ ! ,israelites 9 _! turn4 ,inde$ he 0 at ?is p]iod peculi>ly prone to s5d+ plagues ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,"s compla9ts ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness 7 visit$ by fire :i* burnt up ^? :o 7 at ! extremities ( ! camp 7,num4 xi4 #a-c74 ,:5 !y began to p9e = ! v>i$ food !y _h enjoy$ 9 ,egypt1 & to lam5t ! abs5ce ( fle% meat1 he s5t !m quails inde$1 b accompani$ ! gift ) a v great plague1 ( :i* l>ge numb]s p]i%$ 7,num4 xi4 #d-cd74 ,:5 !y 7 dismay$ by ! reports br\ght !m conc]n+ ! inhabitants ( ,pale/9e1 & compla9$ ( _! ,god = ! position he _h br\ght !m into1 he aga9 fell into a rage & propos$ to de/roy !m all by pe/il5ce except ,moses4 ,b ,moses a second "t appeal$ to him on :at seems to h be5 8 weak side1--8 reg>d = 8 reputation among ! ,egyptians4 ,^! _h all he>d ( :at he _h be5 do+1 & w\ld n !y & ! o!r neighbor+ nations ascribe ! de/ruction ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness to 8 inability to br+ !m into ! promis$ l&8 ,mov$ by ?is reason+1 ,jehovah cons5t$ to sp>e ! p1 b det]m9$ at ! same "t to av5ge himself ^u !m by n p]mitt+ any ( ^? t _h come f ,egypt 7except ,jo%ua & ,caleb1 :o _h report$ 9 ! prop] _s ab\t ,pale/9e7 to set foot )9 ! c\ntry to :i* he _h solemnly engag$ himself to conduct !m 7,num4 xiv4 #a-ci74 ,?us1 !y 7 only sav$ f ! ,egyptians to p]i% 9 ! wild]ness4 ,truly1 ! t5d] m]cies ( ! ,"l 7 cruel4 ,b ! mis]ies ( ^! un=tunate w&]]s 7 by no means end$4 ,:51 oppress$ by ! tr\bles & we>9ess ( ! way1 !y d>$ to murmur1 & inquir$ ( ,moses :y he _h br\ght !m out ( ,egypt to die 9 ! wild]ness1 :]e !re 0 nei!r tol]able bread1 nor wat]1 ! res5tm5t ( ,jehovah 0 excit$ by ?is audacity4 ,!y ought to h be5 only too grateful t !y _h rema9$ alive4 ,jehovah _h n caus$ ! e>? to swall[ !m z x _h done ,korah1 ,da?an1 & ,abiram1 ) _! wives & little *ildr51 because !y _h v5tur$ to compla9 ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,moses2 nor _h he de/roy$ !m by plague1 z he _h de/roy$ #ad1gjj p because !re _h be5 "s expressions ( dissatisfaction at ! sudd5 dea? ( ^? s$iti\s m54 ,if !n !y _h hi!rto escap$ de/ruction1 !y 7 c]ta9ly fooli% 9 compla9+ ( ! h>d%ips ( ! des]t4 ,at any rate ,jehovah soon conv9c$ !m t _! grumbl+ 0 useless4 ,no con/itutional opposition 0 p]mitt$ 9 ^? days4 ,fi]y s]p5ts 7 despat*$ to bite !m1 & _m ( !m di$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,su* 0 ! ext5t ( ! calamity t ,moses1 always m m]ciful ?an 8 ,god1 int]c$$ = 8 p2 & 0 direct$ to set up a braz5 s]p5t1 by look+ at :i* ! bites ( ! liv+ s]p5ts 7 heal$ 7,num4 xxi4 #a-i74 ,! extraord9>y cruelty ascrib$ by ! ,hebrews to _! national deity is %[n 9 _m o!r in/ances besides ^? t h be5 m5tion$4 ,& x is to be notic$ t x is cruelty m+l$ ) caprice4 ,no "o c\ld tell be=eh& precisely :at actions he w\ld visit ) puni%m5t1 nor :at w\ld be ! puni%m5t ) :i* he w\ld visit !m4 ,ev]y?+ ) him 0 unc]ta94 ,he _h no fix$ sy/em ( laws at all1 & he sometimes condemn$ a crim9al 9 virtue ( ex po/ facto legislation4 ,! deluge is an example ( all ^! vices comb9$4 ,x 0 an excessively cruel puni%m5t2 x 0 inflict$ caprici\sly1 & once 9 a way only1 because ,god _h *ang$ 8 m9d z to ! propriety ( hav+ creat$ man2 & x 0 ! result ( a resolution arriv$ at aft] ! (f5ses x 0 design$ to *a/ise _h already be5 committ$4 ,no human be+ c\ld possibly h guess$ be=eh& t 8 crimes w\ld be puni%$ 9 t p>ticul> way4 ,& aft] ! crimes ( ! ant$iluvians _h be5 ?us puni%$1 ! survivors receiv$ a promise t no misconduct on _! "p w\ld ev] be visit$ ^u !m 9 ! same way4 ,s t any conceivable utility :i* ! deluge might h _h z a w>n+ = ! future 0 utt]ly de/roy$4 ,equal caprice1 ?\gh n equal cruelty1 0 %[n t[>ds ! build]s ( ! t[] ( ,babel1 :o 7 suff]$ to beg9 _! labors )\t h9drance1 b 7 aft]w>ds /opp$ by ! confusion ( _! languages4 ,:y x 0 wrong to erect su* a t[] is nev] /at$4 ,c\ld any ( ^? engag$ ^u x h guess$ t ! attempt 0 "o des]v+ ( puni%m5t8 ,/ill worse 0 ,jehovah's behavior to ! prophet ,balaam1 = he fir/ ord]$ him to g ) ! m5 :o 7 s5t = him1 & !n 0 angry ) him because he w5t 7,num4 xxii4 #bj1 #bb74 ,su* conduct 0 on a level ) t ( a petti% woman4 ,in/ances ( b>b>\s sev]ity may be f\nd 9 abundance4 ,nadab & ,abihu1 sons ( ,a>on1 7 dev\r$ by fire f ! ,"l1 because !y _h tak5 _! c5s]s1 & (f]$ /range fire be=e him 7,lev4 x4 #a1 #b74 ,a man :o on ! fa!r's side 0 ,egyptian1 0 ord]$ to be /on$ = blasphem+ & curs+ ! "n ( ! ,"l2 ,jehovah be+ peculi>ly eag] 9 av5g+ p]sonal affronts 7,lev4 xxiv4 #aj-af74 ,on ?is occasion no d\bt a g5]al law 0 ann\nc$ affix+ ! p5alty ( /on+ to ! (f5se ( blasphemy2 b ! law 0 ex po/ facto s f> z ! individual :o suff]$ by its op]ation 0 conc]n$4 ,on ano!r occasion ! heads ( ! p 7 ord]$ to be all hung = :or$om ) ! daught]s ( ,moab1 & = idolatry4 ,ph9ehas1 ,a>on's son1 see+ an ,israelite ) a ,midianiti% woman1 ran !n bo? ?r\gh ! body ) a javel92 = :i* h]oic exploit aga9/ an unprep>$ man & a def5seless woman he 0 specially prais$2 0 decl>$ to h turn$ away ,god's wra? f ,israel1 & receiv$ a cov5ant ( peace = himself & 8 po/]ity 7,num4 xxv4 #a-ae74 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod1 :5 ,david 0 caus+ ! ark to be br\ght back f ! ,phili/9es1 an un=tunate man :o _h put out 8 h& to t\* x because ! ox5 %ook x1 0 imm$iately sla92 an act at :i* ev5 ! pi\s ,david 0 displeas$1 & :i* caus$ him1 n unnaturally1 to be afraid be=e ! ,"l t day 7#b ,sam4 vi4 #f-i74 ,9 ! reign ( ,j]oboam a prophet :o _h only be5 guilty ( ! involunt>y error ( believ+ ano!r prophet :o _h told him a falsehood1 0 kill$ by a lion s5t expressly = 8 puni%m5t1 :ile ! man :o _h deceiv$ him escap$ scot free 7#a ,k+s xiii4 #a-cb74 ,ano!r man suff]$ = refus+ to obey ! ^w ( a prophet :at ?is "o _h suff]$ = obey+ x4 ,be+ desir$ by "o ( ! sons ( ! prophets to smite him s z to cause a w\nd1 & hav+ decl9$ ! (fice1 he 0 in=m$ t = 8 disob$i5ce to ! voice ( ! ,"l he w\ld be sla9 by a lion1 :i* accord+ly happ5$ 7#a ,k+s xx4 #ce1 #cf74 ,m]cy t[>ds a conqu]$ enemy 0 sometimes an actual crime4 ,because he sp>$ ,agag1 ,saul 0 reject$ f be+ k+ ov] ,israel1 & ! ,"l rep5t$ t he _h appo9t$ s weak-m9d$ a man4 ,samuel1 :o 0 made ( /]n] /uff1 _h no scruple 9 c>ry+ out ! behe/s ( 8 ,god1 = he hew$ ,agag 9 pieces be=e ! ,"l 7#a ,sam4 xv74 ,9 l mann] ,ahab 0 reprov$ = sp>+ ! life ( ,b5-hadad1 ,k+ ( ,syria 7#a ,k+s xx4 #db1 #dc74 ,! same mon>* ^: l5i5cy _h ?us br\ght him into tr\ble 0 aft]w>ds ! victim ( a sangu9>y fraud practic$ ^u him by ,jehovah4 ,tir$ ( 8 reign1 & eag] to effect 8 de/ruction1 ! ,"l put a ly+ _s into ! m\? ( all 8 prophets1 :o 7 ?us induc$ to prophesy victory 9 an engagem5t :i* actually t]m9at$ 9 8 defeat & dea? 7#a ,k+s xxii4 #a-dj74 ,obs]ve1 t h[ev] fooli% ,ahab may h be5 9 believ+ ! false prophets & disbeliev+ ,micaiah1 ?is does n excuse ,jehovah1 :o accord+ to 8 own *os5 spokesman1 delib]ately arrang$ ?is s*eme = ! ov]?r[ ( ! k+ 9 ! c\rt ( heav54 ,o!r b>b>\s de$s foll[$ ^u ?is4 ,to gratify ,elijah1 a hundr$ m5 :o 7 guiltless ( any crime :atev]1 7 consum$ by fire 7#b ,k+s i4 #i-ab74 ,to assuage ! w\nd$ vanity ( ,eli%a1 =ty-two little *ildr5 7 eat5 by be>s 7#b ,k+s ii4 #bc1 #bd74 ,to ma9ta9 ! glory ( ! true ,god1 ,elijah slaught]$ ! prophets ( ,baal to ! numb] ( _m hundr$s 7#a ,k+s xviii4 #ag-dj74 ,to re/abli% ! or?odox fai?1 ,jehu got rid ( ! wor%ip]s ( ,baal1 collect$ toge!r by an infam\s trick1 9 "o indiscrim9ate massacre2 an atrocity = :i* he 0 specially prais$ & rew>d$ by ! ,"l 7#b ,k+s x4 #ah-cj74 ,x is ne$less to prolong ! li/ ( cruelties practic$ ^u private individuals4 ,b ! subject w\ld be incompletely treat$1 did we n obs]ve t ! same _s prevail$ 9 ! deal+s ( ,jehovah ) nations4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,israelites 7 ab\t to ent] ! l& ( ,canaan1 !y 7 desir$ utt]ly to de/roy ! sev5 nations :o possess$ x already 7,deut4 vii4 #b74 ,:5 !y captur$ ,j]i*o1 !y slew all its inhabitants1 "y & old1 except ! h\sehold ( ! pro/itute ) :om _! mess5g]s _h lodg$1 & :o _h %amelessly betray$ h] c\ntrym54 ,h]1 ) h] family !y sav$ 7,jo%4 vi4 #a-be74 ,all ! inhabitants ( ,ai 7 utt]ly de/roy$ 7,jo%4 viii4 #bf74 ,all ! inhabitants ( ,makk$ah 7 utt]ly de/roy$ 7,jo%4 x4 #bh74 ,all ! inhabitants ( _m o!r places 7 utt]ly de/roy$ 7,jo%4 x4 #bi-dc1 & xi4 #aa1 #ad74 ,"o city alone made peace ) ,israel2 all ! re/ 7 tak5 9 battle1 & t because ,jehovah _h delib]ately & ( set purpose h>d5$ ! he>ts ( _! inhabitants1 t !y might be utt]ly de/roy$ 7,jo%4 xi4 #bj74 ,su* a catalogue ( crimes--& ! numb] is by no means exhau/$--w\ld be suffici5t to de/roy ! "* ( any pagan div9ity :atsoev]4 ,i fail to p]ceive :y ! ,jews alone %\ld be privileg$ to repres5t _! ,god z guilty ( su* actions )\t suff]+ ! inf]5ce :i* 9 o!r cases w\ld und\bt$ly be drawn--namely1 t _! conceptions ( deity 7 n ( a v exalt$ ord]1 nor _! pr9ciples ( morals ( a v admirable k9d4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no?+ extraord9>y 9 ! fact t1 liv+ 9 a b>b>\s age1 ! anci5t ,hebrews %\ld h behav$ b>b>\sly4 ,! rev]se w\ld r be surpris+4 ,b ! rem>kable fact is1 t _! savage de$s1 & ! equally savage ones attribut$ to _! ,god1 %\ld h be5 accept$ by ,*ri/5dom z fl[+ 9 ! "o case f ! comm&s1 9 ! o!r f ! imm$iate action ( a j & b5efic5t ,be+4 ,:5 ! ,h9dus relate ! /ory ( ,brahma's ince/ ) 8 daught]1 !y add t ! god 0 b[$ d[n ) %ame on acc\nt ( 8 subjugation by ord9>y passion 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 i4 p4 #aab74 ,b :ile !y ?us betray _! feel+ t ev5 a div9e be+ is n sup]ior to all ! /&>ds ( morality1 no su* consci\sness is ev] app>5t 9 ! n>rators ( ! passions ( ,jehovah4 ,:ile f> worse (f5ses are committ$ by him1 !re is no trace 9 8 "* ( ! grace ( %ame4 ,turn+ n[ to ! legislation :i* emanat$ f him1 we %all f9d evid5ce ( ! same _s :i* has be5 se5 to m>k 8 daily deal+s4 ,x is impossible "h to exam9e t legislation 9 detail1 & x may be freely conc$$ t mu* ( x 0 well adapt$ to ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 deliv]$4 ,"s ( ! precepts giv5 are inde$ trivial1 su* z ! ord] to ! ,israelites n to r\nd ! corn]s ( _! heads1 nor m> ! corn]s ( _! be>ds 7,lev4 xix4 #bg71 & o!rs are su* z are m]ely special to ! ,hebrew religion4 ,b ! mass ( enactm5ts may v probably h be5 wise1 or1 at lea/1 n conspicu\sly ! rev]se4 ,^? to :i* ! *ief exception mu/ be tak51 are su* z demon/rate ! ess5tially inhuman "* ( ! au?ority f :om !y emanat$4 ,?us1 dea? is ! p5alty affix$ to ! insignificant (f5se ( ,sabba?-break+ 7,ex4 xxxv4 #b74 ,if ! ne>e/ relation1 or ev5 ! wife ( 8 bosom1 or ! fri5d :o is z 8 own s\l1 secretly entice a man to g & wor%ip o!r gods1 he himself is to put ! tempt] to dea?1 8 own h& be+ ! fir/ to fl+ ! /ones by :i* he is to p]i% 7,deut4 xiii4 #f-aa74 ,! ,inquisition itself c\ld h no m dete/able law ?an ?is4 ,if x is a city t is guilty ( su* h]esy1 x is to be burnt d[n1 & all its inhabitants put to ! sword 7,deut4 xiii4 #ab-af74 ,! m]e wor%ip ( pagan div9ities1 ap>t f any ef=t to s$uce o!rs1 is likewise puni%$ ) /on+ 7,deut4 xvii4 #b-g74 ,9 cities n 9 ,pale/9e1 tak5 9 w>1 all ! males only are to be put to dea?2 b 9 ! cities ( ,pale/9e itself1 no?+ t brea!s is to be sav$ alive 7,deut4 xx4 #ac-ah74 ,a /ubborn & rebelli\s son may be put to dea? by /on+1 & t at ! in/ance ( 8 p>5ts 7,deut4 xxi4 #ah-ba74 ,9 appe>ance ?is t]rible process = deal+ ) a naughty boy is less sev]e ?an ! patria pote/as ( ! ,romans1 by :i* ! p[] ( life & dea? 0 lodg$ 9 ! fa!r alone4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 ! ex]cise ( ?is unlimit$ legal "r 0 prev5t$ to a l>ge ext5t1 = a religi\s curse re/$ on ! fa!r :o ev5 sold 8 m>ri$ son1 & he c\ld n pron\nce s5t5ce on any *ild till aft] consult+ ! ne>e/ blood-relations on bo? sides1 )\t incurr+ ! same ana!ma 7,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 vol4 i4 p4 #fe74 ,no d\bt ! purely legal p[] ( ! head ( ! family 0 unaffect$ by ^! re/ra9ts4 ,human au?ority /ill p]mitt$ him to expose 8 *ildr5 at bir?1 to sell !m1 or to s5t5ce !m to dea?4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,roman & ,jewi% in/itutions 01 t 9 ,rome1 religion s\ght to mitigate ! cruelty ( ! civil law2 9 ,pale/9e1 religion n only did no?+ to s(t51 b positively sanction$1 by its augu/ comm&s ! mo/ revolt+ enactm5ts ( b>b>ic legislation4 ,x is true t no in/ance is kn[n to hi/ory ( ! employm5t ( ?is law by ,jews aga9/ _! *ildr51 b ?is c only %[ t _! p>5tal morality 0 sup]ior to ! morality ( ! div9e law4 ,at a mu* lat] "t ?an t at :i* ?is enactm5t 0 giv51 :5 ! ,israelites return$ f ! ,captivity1 ! same h>% & intol]ant _s z we h obs]v$ 9 _! e>li] legislation broke =? aga94 ,by a cruel measure1 enact$ by ,ezra1 ! repres5tative ( ,jehovah1 & tak+ ! =m ( a cov5ant ) ,god1 ! p 7 =c$ to repudiate all _! wives :o 7 n ( pure ,israeliti% blood 7,ezra ix1 & x74 ,nehemiah1 :o 0 likewise zeal\s 9 ! s]vice ( ,jehovah1 0 no less an enemy to outl&i% wom51 & took r /rong measures aga9/ ^? :o _h m>ri$ !m1 su* z curs+ !m1 smit+ !m1 pluck+ (f _! hair1 & mak+ !m swe> n to give _! sons or daught]s 9 m>riage to =eign]s 7,neh4 xiii4 #bc-bh74 ,su* be+ ! moral *>act]i/ics ( ! ,hebrew ,god1 c x be said t ! intellectual ideas ( ! div9e nature f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are ( a highly ref9$ & spiritual ord]8 ,on ! contr>y1 z comp>$ ) ! gods ( o!r races1 ,jehovah is rem>kably an?ropomorphic & mat]iali/ic4 ,he does n approa* 9 spirituality to ! high] conceptions ( ! ,h9dus1 nor is he ev5 equal to ^? ( less subtle & speculative nations4 ,he is on a level ) ! gods ( popul> my?ologies1 b n ) ^? m my/]i\s p[]s :o (t5 /& above !m4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is proposition is to be f\nd 9 ! :ole t5or ( ! hi/orical books4 ,?us1 9 ! v beg9n+ ( ,g5esis1 we f9d t he re/$ on ! sev5? day1 7,g54 ii4 #b7 z if he 7 a be+ altoge!r ap>t f ! =ces ( nature1 & might leave ! _w to g on )\t him4 ,a little lat] he is f\nd walk+ 9 ! g>d5 9 ! cool ( ! day 7,g54 iii4 #h74 ,he cle>ly _h a body resembl+ t ( man1 = on "o occasion ,moses 0 s highly favor$ z to be p]mitt$ to see 8 back p>ts1 & 0 cov]$ ) 8 h& :ile he 0 pass+ by4 ,8 face ,moses 0 n p]mitt$ to behold1 z x w\ld h caus$ 8 dea? 7,ex4 xxxiii4 #bj-bc74 ,9 ord] to pass by he desc5d$ 9 a cl\d1 imply+ local habitation1 & at ?is "t he magniloqu5tly proclaim$ 8 own titles & virtues1 :i* he might m gracefully h employ$ an angel to d = him4 ,else:]e x is /at$ t ,moses & ! eld]s saw ! ,god ( ,israel1 & t he _h "s sort ( pav$ "w ( sapphire /one "u 8 feet4 ,:5 ,moses w5t up alone into ! m\nt1 ! sight ( ! glory ( ! ,"l 0 l dev\r+ fire4 ,god 0 at ?is "t suppos$ to be on ! m\nt1 & !re held disc\rse ) ,moses 7,ex4 xxiv4 #aj-be74 ,9 ! c\rse ( x he says t he w commune f above ! m]cy-seat 9 ! tab]nacle1 aga9 7z 9 s _m o!r places7 imply+ occupation ( def9ite space 7,ex4 xxv4 #bb74 ,he promises to dwell among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 t is1 to be a national & local ,god 7,ex4 xxix4 #de1 #df74 ,confirmation ( ! view "h tak5 ( 8 limit$ nature is f\nd 9 ! fact t he ?\ght x necess>y to g d[n to ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 to v]ify ! reports :i* _h rea*$ him conc]n+ ! conduct ( _! inhabitants4 ,& :5 ,abraham appeal$ to him = m]cy = ^? ( !m :o 7 righte\s1 8 sev]al answ]s cle>ly impli$ t :5 he w5t to ^? cities he w\ld discov] h[ _m ( !m came "u t d5om9ation4 ,if ,i f9d 9 ,sodom fifty righte\s1 & s =?1 is ! language ( "o :o does n "k a fact1 b is go+ to asc]ta9 x4 ,& accord+ly at ! end ( ! colloquy ! ,"l w5t 8 way 7,g54 xviii4 #bj-cc74 ,s completely an?ropomorphic is ! conception ( deity t1 al?\gh ! expression occurs only 9 a p>able1 x is n at v>iance ) ! mode 9 :i* he is usually spok5 ( :5 w9e is said to *e] ,god & man 7,judg4 ix4 #ac74 ,evid5tly !re 0 no?+ %ock+ to ! ,hebrew m9d 9 su* an expression4 ,& :5 !y pictur$ _! ,god z walk+1 talk+1 indignant1 angry1 rep5t+1 jeal\s1 %[+ himself to human be+s1 & g5]ally indulg+ 9 ! passions ( mortals1 x 0 p]fectly easy to conceive t w9e might ex]cise ! same effect on him z x did on !m4 ,no d\bt ! ,hebrew my?ology is free f all t class ( /ories 9 :i* a div9e be+ is repres5t$ z mak+ love to or cohabit+ ) wom54 ,or1 to speak m accurately1 !y nev] repres5t ,jehovah himself z indulg+ 9 su* amusem5ts4 ,!re is a rem9isc5ce ( ?is =m ( my? 9 ! /atem5t t be=e ! deluge ! sons ( ,god int]m>ri$ ) ! daught]s ( m5 7,g54 vi4 #b72 b _! supreme ,be+ 0 free at lea/ f sexual passion4 ,s f> z x goes1 ?is is well2 b if ,i _h to *oose betwe5 a ,god :o 0 some:at lic5ti\s 9 8 relations ) mank9d1 & "o :o did n /ick at de$s ( blood%$ ( ! mo/ outrage\s "*1 ,i confess ,i %\ld see no v p[]ful reason to pref] ! latt]4 ,t1 9 spite ( all ^! drawbacks1 !re are "s bett] elem5ts 9 ! ,hebrew ideal ,i d n at all d5y4 ,! poetical description ( ,god z a /ill small voice is bo? eloqu5t & spiritual2 & ! pray] ( ,solomon1 ) its admission t ! heav5 ( heav5s _c conta9 ! ,inf9ite ,p[] :o is entreat$ to dwell 9 ! ,temple1 is 9 _m respects beautiful & admirable4 ,s also ! views ( ,jehovah atta9$ & utt]$ by "s ( ! prophets are f> l(ti] ?an ^? g5]ally express$ 9 ! hi/orical books4 ,_m ( ! ,psalms1 aga91 are full ( beauty 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y speak ( him to :om !y are address$4 ,9 a nation s deeply religi\s z ! ,jews1 & s mu* giv5 to m$itation on ,god1 x 0 inevitable t ! high] class ( m9ds %\ld conceive him m spiritually ?an ! l[]1 & x is ?is class to :om we owe ! poetical & prophetic writ+s4 ,x 0 inevitable also t z civilization advanc$1 ! gross] elem5ts ( ! conception1 :i* belong$ to a b>b>\s p1 %\ld be elim9at$1 & t ! f9] ones %\ld rema94 ,! entire sup]session ( ! old] ,god by ! new] 0 prev5t$ by ! fact t ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 a sacr$ book1 & t h5ce e "o ( its /atem5ts _h to be receiv$ z absolutely true4 ,! inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! wra?ful mon>* ( anci5t times & ! lov+ ,_s ( m rec5t ages 0 s\ght to be surm\nt$ by ^? processes ( int]pretation :i* h be5 %[n to be inv>iably adopt$ :5 x is desir$ to br+ ! infallible ,scriptures ( any nation into h>mony ) ! op9ions ( _! read]s4 ,b happily ! language ( ! hi/orical portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is s+ul>ly pla91 & no +5i\s manipulation ( ! text c ) ! smalle/ plausibility put aside ! obvi\s mean+ ( ! broad ass]tions on :i* is f\nd$ ! above del9eation ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,,section ,,viii4--,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,s9ce a consid]able portion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has already be5 dealt ) 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 we h only1 9 ! pres5t section1 to consid] ! rema9+ works ( :i* x is compos$4 ,^! w n require a v elaborate treatm5t4 ,!y consi/ ( "o hi/orical book1 cont9u+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian community f ! dea? ( its f\nd] till ! imprisonm5t ( ,paul at ,rome1 ( lett]s1 p>tly g5u9e1 p>tly spuri\s1 be>+ ! names ( em95t apo/les z _! au?ors1 & ( "o composition some:at ak9 9 its nature to ! writ+s ( ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,( ^! sev]al p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7exclud+ ! ,gospels7 "s ( ! ,epi/les are probably ! mo/ anci5t2 b z x w\ld be difficult to e/abli% any precise *ronological sequ5ce among ! sev]al books1 x w be mo/ conv5i5t to beg9 ) t :i* /&s fir/ 9 actual ord]4 ,,subdivision #a4--,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! au?or ( ! ?ird gospel1 hav+ writt5 ! life ( ,jesus1 proce$$ to compose1 9 addition to x1 a hi/ory ( ! proce$+s ( 8 apo/les aft] 8 decease4 ,we are greatly indebt$ to him = hav+ done s1 = ?is book is1 not)/&+ "s extravagances1 ( consid]able value1 & is ! mo/ tru/wor?y ( ! five hi/orical books 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x br\ght ! n>rative ( ev5ts ne>] to ! date at :i* x 0 writt5 ?an ! gospel c\ld d1 & x dealt ) ev5ts conc]n+ :i* bett] evid5ce 0 accessible to ! writ]4 ,!re 0 ?us n ! same scope = fiction z !re _h be5 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,nev]!less ! /ory ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is by no means free f leg5d>y admixture4 ,beg9n+ ) ! asc5sion1 :i* has be5 already notic$ 9 connection ) ! gospel1 x proce$s to relate ! *oice ( a new apo/le 9 place ( ! unfai?ful ,judas4 ,! c]emony by :i* ! *oice 0 made ev9ces a s+ul> sup]/ition on ! "p ( ! apo/les4 ,hav+ select$ two m51 ,joseph & ,mat?ias1 !y simply pray$ t ,god w\ld %[ :i* he _h *os54 ,!y !n drew lots1 & ! lot fell ^u ,mat?ias 7,acts i4 #ae-bf74 ,! next important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ?us recruit$1 0 ! reception ( ! ,holy ,gho/ on ! day ( ,p5teco/4 ,on ?is occasion ! ,*ri/ians 7 all assembl$1 :5 sudd5ly !re 0 a s\nd l t ( /rong w9d2 clov5 tongues appe>$ & sat ^u !m2 !y 7 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 & sudd5ly acquir$ ! p[] ( speak+ =eign languages 7,acts ii4 #a-ac74 ,s9ce ! gift ( tongues has n be5 unkn[n 9 c]ta9 communities 9 rec5t times1 we might p]haps =m a tol]ably correct notion f ! reports ( mod]n obs]v]s z to :at ! sc5e among ! disciples 0 l4 ,ev51 h[ev]1 )\t ?is mod]n exp]i5ce1 we %\ld n be altoge!r 9 ! d>k z to ! "* ( ! ph5om5on ( :i* ! au?or ( ! ,acts makes m5tion4 ,= al?\gh x is inde$ /at$ t "s ( ! /rang]s :o 7 pres5t he>d ea* 8 own language spok5 by ! disciples1 x is add$ t ! conviction produc$ ^u o!rs 0 t ! ,*ri/ians 7 drunk4 ,x mu/ h be5 a wild & s+ul> exhibition :i* c\ld lead to ! =mation ( su* an op9ion4 ,b if we want$ fur!r explanation we %\ld f9d x 9 ! words ( ,paul1 ^: /rong practical judgm5t l$ him to depreciate ! value ( ! gift ( tongues z comp>$ ) t ( prea*+4 ,_h ?is gift consi/$ 9 ! p[] ( speak+ _! own languages to =eign nations1 !re is none to :om x w\ld h be5 ( great] s]vice ?an ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,yet x is he :o tells u t at a meet+ he w\ld r speak five words ) 8 und]/&+1 t he might tea* o!rs also1 ?an t5 ?\s& 9 a tongue4 ,s t ! words spok5 9 tongues 7 n spok5 ) ! und]/&+2 !y 7 m]e s\nds )\t a mean+ to him :o utt]$ !m4 ,equally cle> is ! evid5ce ( ,paul to ! fact t !y 7 )\t a mean+ to him :o he>d !m4 ,8 reason = desir+ 8 correspond5ts to cultivate ! gift ( prophesy+ 7or prea*+7 r ?an t ( tongues is t he t speaks 9 a tongue speaks n to m51 b to ,god1 = nobody und]/&s him1 b 9 ! _s he speaks my/]ies4 ,b he t prea*es speaks to m5 edification1 & exhortation1 & com=t4 ,he t speaks 9 a tongue edifies himself2 b he t prea*es edifies ! ,*ur* 7#a ,cor4 xiv4 #b-d74 ,tongues1 he says fur!r on1 are = a sign to unbeliev]s2 t is1 !y are ( use m]ely to impress ! s5ses ( ^? ^: m9ds _c yet be appeal$ to4 ,b if ! unbeliev+ or unle>n$ %\ld happ5 to ent] a meet+ :]e ! disciples 7 all speak+ ) tongues1 !y w\ld consid] !m mad3 a /rik+ te/imony to ! tumultu\s "* ( sc5es l t pres5t$ by ! en?usia/ic assembly ( ! ,*ri/ians at ,p5teco/4 ,h5ce ,paul desires t two1 or at mo/ ?ree1 %\ld speak ) tongues at a "t1 & t !re %\ld always be somebody to int]pret1 9 o!r words1 to translate nons5se into s5se4 ,)\t an int]pret]1 he w\ld n sanction any ex]cise ( ?is peculi> faculty on ! "p ( ! inspir$ l+ui/ 7#a ,cor4 xiv4 #a-bh74 ,to satisfy ! d\bts ( ^? :o attribut$ ! sudd5 atta9m5ts ( ! apo/les to intoxicat+ dr9ks1 ,pet] deliv]$ a disc\rse1 :i* end$ 9 ! addition ( #c1jjj memb]s to ! ris+ sect4 ,x is rem>kable t ^! new memb]s at once became communi/s1 bo? !y & all ! disciples hav+ all ?+s 9 common2 a notewor?y indication ( :at 0 requir$ by ! religion ( ,*ri/ z und]/ood by 8 imm$iate disciples 7,acts ii4 #ad-dg74 ,fur!r evid5ce1 if any 7 ne$$1 ( ! communi/ic "* ( ! ,*ur* is conta9$ at ! end ( ! f\r? *apt]1 :ile ! fif? in=ms u ( ! tol]ably sev]e measures tak5 to en=ce x4 ,!re 0 "o he>t & "o s\l among ! multitude ( ^? :o believ$1 nor did a s+le "o say t any ( ! ?+s he possess$ 0 8 own2 b !y _h all ?+s common4 ,unhappily ! "o he>t & "o m9d did n ext5d to ,ananias or to 8 wife ,sapphira1 = ?is naughty c\ple sold a possession & kept back "p ( ! price4 ,b ,pet] 0 n ?us to be tak5 94 ,x does n appe> f ! acc\nt t ,ananias 0 ask$ :e!r ! sum he produc$ 0 ! :ole price ( ! l&1 or t he told any falsehood reg>d+ x4 ,h[ev]1 ,pet] rem>k$ t he might h kept ei!r ! prop]ty or its price1 _h he ?\ght prop]1 & *>g$ him ) ly+ to ,god2 :]eupon ! poor man fell d[n dead4 ,ab\t ?ree h\rs lat]1 ,sapphira came 92 & %e di/9ctly /at$ t ! sum produc$ by ,ananias 0 ! full price4 ,pet] told h] t ! feet ( ^? :o _h buri$ h] husb& 7 at ! door1 & w\ld c>ry h] out too4 ,%e !n fell d[n at 8 feet1 & expir$ 9 h] turn 7,acts4 iv4 #ca-v4 #aa74 ,no wond] t great fe> came ^u all ! ,*ur* :5 !y he>d ^! ?+s4 ,pet]'s proce$+s 7 inde$ al>m+1 & c\ld we = a mom5t accept ! acc\nt ( 8 hi/orian1 we %\ld h no option b to hold him guilty ( ! wilful murd] ( ,sapphira4 ,he knew1 accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 :at ! effect ( 8 words ^u ?is woman w\ld be1 & he %\ld h ab/a9$ f any expression t c\ld br+ ab\t s t]rible a cata/rophe4 ,happily1 we may reject ! :ole /ory z ei!r a fiction or a p]v]sion ( fact4 ,_h x be5 true1 x w\ld h call$ = v mu* /]n] measures ?an ^? tak5 by ! ,sanh$rim1 :o1 hav+ already desir$ ,pet] & ,john to keep sil5ce ab\t ! new religion1 n[ m]ely imprison$ ! apo/les1 & aft]w>ds1 on ! prud5t advice ( ,gamaliel1 det]m9$ to release !m2 n inde$ till aft] !y _h beat5 !m & aga9 prohibit$ _! propag&i/ ef=ts 7,acts v4 #ag-db74 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ,luke effects ! deliv]ance ( ! apo/les f prison by ! int]v5tion ( an angel1 & t at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ,pet] _h be5 imprison$ by ,h]od1 he aga9 gets him out by means ( an angel :o appe>s to him :ile sleep+1 & at ^: pres5ce 8 *a9s fall (f 7,acts xii4 #a-ai74 ,?is is q 9 accordance ) ! proce$+s ( ! same au?or 9 ! gospel1 :]e 8 p>tiality = angels z "p ( 8 !atrical ma*9]y has be5 %[n to be *>act]i/ic4 ,! infant community 0 n[ increas+ 9 numb]s1 & along ) ?is increase !re arose ! cu/om>y consequ5ces--diss5sion & mutual di/ru/4 ,we are =tunate 9 possess+ 9 ! ,acts an acc\nt ( ! v fir/ qu>rel 9 ! ,*ur*2 ! e>lie/ symptom ( ^? discords & ho/ilities1 :i*1 s9ce t "t1 h s incessantly rag$ )9 h] limits4 ,x 0 on a "q ( money2 ! ,greeks murmur+ aga9/ ! ,hebrews1 because !y ?\ght _! wid[s 7 neglect$ 9 ! daily m9i/ration4 ,! apo/les tid$ ov] ! imm$iate difficulty by appo9t+ subord9ate (fic]s to att5d to matt]s ( bus9ess4 ,! plan succe$$2 b _! peace 0 soon to be di/urb$ aga9 by grav] que/ions 7,acts vi4 #a-h74 ,among ^? appo9t$ to sup]9t5d ! pecuni>y int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* 0 "o nam$ ,/eph54 ,?is man is report$ to h p]=m$ great wond]s & miracles1 b "s ( ! ,jews accus$ him ( blasphemy1 & aft] an eloqu5t def5se1 :i* to ,jewi% e>s am\nt$ to an admission ( ! *>ge1 he 0 s5t5c$ to dea? by /on+4 ,=emo/ 9 ! execution ( ! s5t5ce 0 a man nam$ ,saul1 :o 0 conspicu\s at ?is "t = ! bitt]ness ) :i* he pursu$ ! ,*ri/ians1 ent]+ _! private h\ses1 & caus+ !m to be imprison$ 7,acts vi4 #i-viii4 #c74 ,if any pro( 7 ne$$ ( ! entire consci5ti\sness ( ! ,jewi% p]secutors ( ,*ri/ianity at ?is "t we %\ld f9d x 9 ! "* ( ,saul4 ,( ! hone/y ( 8 religi\s zeal1 ( ! s+le-m9d$ s5se ( duty f :i* he act$ 9 8 anti-,*ri/ian p]iod1 8 subsequ5t c>e] makes x impossible to ent]ta9 a d\bt4 ,m5 l ! apo/le ,paul are n made out ( selfi%1 di%one/1 or cruel natures4 ,he 0 at ! m>tyrdom ( ,/eph5 z honorable & fe>less an uphold] ( ! anci5t fai? z he 0 aft]w>ds to ! new4 ,he himself sev]al times ref]s 9 8 writ+s to 8 p]secution ( ! ,*ur*1 & always 9 ! tone ( a man :o _h no?+ to be a%am$ ( b a mi/ake 9 judgm5t4 ,z t\*+ ! righte\sness :i* is 9 ! law1 he tells u he 0 blameless 7,phil4 iii4 #f74 ,& al?\gh 9 intellectual p[] he 0 d\btless above ! av]age ( 8 class1 9 po9t ( g5u9e devotion to 8 cre$1 he may fairly be tak5 z a type ( ! m5 ) :om he cons5t$ to act4 ,saul _h probably be5 impress$ by ! conduct ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :om he _h s ru?lessly deliv]$ up to ju/ice4 ,at any rate ! subject ( ! ,*ri/ian religion _h tak5 great hold ^u 8 m9d1 = on 8 way to ,damascus he saw a vision :i* induc$ him to become himself a foll[] ( ,jesus4 ,x is un=tunate t we h no detail$ acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! ev5t :i* l$ to 8 conv]sion f ,paul himself4 ,he (t5 alludes to x1 b n[h]e describes x4 ,! mo/ important passage be>+ ^u ! subject is 9 ! ,second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 :]e he ?us my/]i\sly ref]s to 8 exp]i5ce on ?is occasion3 ,i knew a man 9 ,*ri/ above f\rte5 ye>s ago 7:e!r 9 ! body ,i d n "k1 :e!r out ( ! body ,i d n "k7 su* an "o caught up to ! ?ird heav54 ,& ,i knew su* a man 7:e!r 9 ! body1 :e!r out ( ! body1 ,god kn[s71 t he 0 caught up into p>adise1 & he>d unspeakable words1 :i* x is n lawful = a man to utt] 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #b-d74 ,s f> z x goes1 ?is acc\nt does n v well agree ) t ( ! ,acts1 s9ce !re we are told exactly :at 7 ! words ,paul he>d1 & :at he answ]$4 ,we are left 9 d\bt !n :e!r ! conv]sation betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! apo/le !re relat$ re/s on ! au?ority ( ,paul himself1 or repres5ts m]ely ! imag9ation ( o!rs z to :at might h pass$ betwe5 !m4 ,b t ,paul saw "s k9d ( vision1 :i* he himself believ$ to be a vision ( ,*ri/1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,f ,luke we h two v]sions ( ?is incid5t1 "o 9 ! =m ( hi/orical n>rative1 ! o!r 9 t ( a spee* put into ! m\? ( ,paul4 ,accord+ to ^! he saw a light1 & he>d a voice say+1 ,saul1 ,saul1 :y p]secute/ ?\ me8 ,on inquiry1 he le>nt t ! voice emanat$ f ,jesus1 & he 0 desir$ to proce$ to ,damascus1 :]e fur!r in/ructions w\ld be giv5 him4 ,luke has n tak5 suffici5t pa9s to make 8 two v]sions h>monize1 = 9 ! fir/ we are told t 8 companions he>d a voice1 b saw no man2 9 ! second t !y saw ! light1 b did n he> ! voice ( him t spoke 7,acts ix4 #g1 & xxii4 #i74 ,at ,damascus a man nam$ ,ananias1 direct$ also by a vision1 w5t to ,saul to re/ore 8 sight1 :i* _h be5 de/roy$ = ! mom5t by ! brilliancy ( ! cele/ial light4 ,aft] ?is1 ,saul1 subsequ5tly call$ ,paul1 escap+ f ! pursuit ( ! ,jews :o _h designs ^u 8 life1 began to prea* 9 ! "n ( ,jesus 7,acts ix4 #a-ca74 ,ano!r conv]t ( "s consid]ation1 f 8 (ficial position & f ! fact t he 0 a hea!n1 0 add$ to ! community ab\t ?is "t4 ,?is 0 ,cornelius1 ! ,c5turion ( ! ,italian b&4 ,cornelius 0 a religi\s man1 mu* giv5 to pray]4 ,tir$ p]haps ( visions1 ( :i* !re _h be5 two 9 ! la/ *apt] & 0 to be ano!r 9 ?is1 ,luke introduces 8 angel--a sort ( sup]num]>y ev] ready to appe> :5 want$--to effect ! conv]sion ( ,cornelius4 ,! angel told him to apply to ,pet]1 n[ at ,joppa1 = fur!r advice z to :at he %\ld d4 ,mean:ile ,pet] _h on 8 "p be5 prep>$ by a vision ( unclean bea/s1 :i* he 0 desir$ to eat1 = ! reception ( ! ,g5tile embassy1 & ! admission ( ,g5tiles to ! flock4 ,he accord+ly proce$$ to ,cs>ea1 :]e ,cornelius 01 & baptiz$ bo? him & o!r hea!ns1 ^u :om1 to ! great a/oni%m5t ( ! ,jews1 ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 p\r$ out & ! gift ( tongues conf]r$4 ,?us did ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ beg91 timidly & feel+ h] way ) caution1 to ext5d h] b\nd>ies beyond ! limits ( ! ,hebrew p 7,acts x74 ,"s sc&al 0 creat$ 9 ! congregation at ,j]usalem by ,pet]'s violation ( ,jewi% rules 9 d9+ ) uncircumcis$ p1 b !re 0 no ga9say+ a vision l t :i* he produc$ 9 reply4 ,%ortly aft] ^! ev5ts ! apo/le ,james1 "o ( ^? two bro!rs ^: "m _h petition$ t !y might sit on two ?rones1 "o on ea* side ( ,jesus1 :5 8 k+dom came1 0 execut$ by ,h]od1 ! tetr>*2 :o also imprison$ ,pet]1 b 0 unable to keep him on acc\nt ( ! angelic int]v5tion m5tion$ above4 ,! dea? ( ?is mon>* f a pa9ful int]nal disease1 is curi\sly p]v]t$ by ! writ] into a sudd5 judgm5t ( ,god1 inflict$ ^u him because he accept$ div9e honors at ! h&s ( 8 flatt]]s 7,acts xi4 xii74 ,! hi/ory n[ proce$s to foll[ ! =tunes ( ,paul4 ,x is /at$ t !re 7 at ,antio* c]ta9 prophets & tea*]s1 :o 7 inspir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to appo9t ,b>nabas & ,saul to ! "w :]eunto !y 7 call$4 ,hav+ laid _! h&s ^u !m1 !y s5t !m away4 ,paul n[ began to travel f place to place1 mak+ conv]ts among ! hea!n4 ,at ,paphos he met ) a ,jewi% sorc]] nam$ ,elymas1 :o he caus$ to be bl9d = a season1 !reby induc+ ! ,roman proconsul ,s]gius ,paulus to believe 9 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* _h ?us %[n itself able to produce m p[]ful sorc]]s ?an ! rival cre$ 7,acts xiii4 #a-ab74 ,x is a /rik+ pro( ( ! lib]ality ( ! ,jews at ?is p]iod t :5 ,paul & 8 companions _h gone into ! synagogue ( ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 ! rul]s ( ! synagogue invit$ !m to speak2 a fre$om :i* ev5 9 ! pres5t day w\ld sc>cely be grant$ 9 any ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to ^? :o 7 reg>d$ z h]etics4 ,paul took advantage ( ! pr(f]$ opportunity to deliv] a spee* :i* end$ 9 ! conv]sion ( "s ( ! ,jews4 ,on ! foll[+ ,sabba? great cr[ds came to he> ,paul1 b ! ,jews1 z 0 natural1 oppos$ him & contradict$ him4 ,aft] ?is !y /irr$ up pi\s wom5 & ! pr9cipal m5 ( ! city aga9/ ,paul & ,b>nabas1 & 7x is /at$7 expell$ !m f _! coa/s 7,acts xiii4 #ej74 ,^! apo/les hav+ already det]m9$ to g 7,acts xiii4 #df71 x 0 n a sev]e treatm5t t 0 ?us inflict$ on !m4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 left ,antio* 9 no v *>itable frame ( m9d1 = !y %ook (f ! du/ ( _! feet aga9/ its inhabitants 7,acts xiii4 #ad-eb74 ,! cure ( an impot5t man at ,ly/ra l$ ! multitude ( t place to adore ,paul & ,b>nabas z gods4 ,paul1 z ! orator1 !y call$ ,h]mes1 & ,b>nabas1 ,zeus4 ,! prie/ ( ,zeus br\ght ox5 & g>l&s1 & int5d$ to sacrifice to !m1 an int5tion :i* ! p 7 b>ely prev5t$1 by ! indignant prote/s ( ! two apo/les1 f c>ry+ into effect 7,acts xiv4 #h-ah74 ,?is 0 n ! only occasion on :i* ,paul 0 tak5 = a god2 = :5 he 0 ca/ by %ipwreck on ! isl& ( ,melita1 8 escape f injury by a v5om\s reptile :i* _h fa/5$ on 8 h& 0 reg>d$ by ! savages ( t isl& z a pro( ( div9ity 7,acts xxviii4 #a-f74 ,extremely simil> to ^! incid5ts1 especially to ! fir/1 is a circum/ance rec\nt$ by ,sir ,francis ,drake 9 8 voyage ( circumnavigation4 ,8 vessel hav+ sprung a leak1 :ile he 0 explor+ ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 0 br\ght to an*or to be repair$1 & ! sailors l&$ to build t5ts & make a =t = purposes ( def5se4 ,! natives approa*$ !m 9 companies1 arm$1 & z if design+ an attack1 b x appe>$ t !y _h no ho/ile mean+ or int5t2 = :5 !y came ne>1 !y /ood z m5 ravi%$ 9 _! m9ds1 ) ! sight ( su* ?+s z !y nev] _h se5 or he>d ( be=e t "t3 _! err& be+ r ) submission & fe>e to wor%ip u z gods1 ?an to h any w>re ) u z ) mortall m54 ,:i* ?+1 z x did p>tly %[ itself at t in/ant1 s did x m & m manife/ itself aft]w>ds1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( our abode among/ !m4 ,! ,g5]al gave !m mat]ials = clo?+1 )all signify+ unto !m we 7 no gods1 b m51 & _h ne$e ( su* ?+s to cov] our own %ame2 tea*+ !m to use !m = ! same ends1 = :i* cause wee did eate & dr9ke 9 _! pres5ce1 giv+ !m to und]/& t )\t t wee c\ld n live1 & !re=e 7 b m5 z well z !y 7we also are m5 ( l passions ) y7 7,acts xiv4 #ae74 ,not)/&+ no?+ c\ld p]suade !m1 nor remove t op9ion :i* !y _h conceiv$ ( u1 t wee %\ld be gods 7,w4 ,e41 p4 #abj74 ,&1 z ! hea!ns ( ,ly/ra 7 eag] to sacrifice to ,b>nabas & ,paul1 s ^? ( ?is c\ntry actually conf]r$ ?is m>k ( div9ity ^u "s ( ! :ite m5 9 ! company ( ,drake1 nor 7 ! utmo/ prote/s ( ! travel]s ( avail to put a /op to :at appe>$ to !m1 j z x did to ! apo/les1 an impi\s rite1 d]ogat+ f ! honor due to ! true ,god4 ,! p _h come 9 a l>ge body1 accompani$ by _! k+1 to make a =mal pres5tation ( ! sov]eignty to him1 & ! k+ _h made ov] into 8 h&s ! insignia ( ! royal (fice1 :5 ! sc5e n[ describ$ by ,sir ,francis took place4 ,! c]emonies ( ?is resign+ & receiv+ ( ! ,k+dome be+ ?us p]=m$1 says ,sir ,francis1 ! common sort1 bo? ( m5 & wom51 leav+ ! k+ & 8 gu>d ab\t him1 ) our ,g5]all1 disp]s$ !mselves among our p1 tak+ a dilig5t view or survey ( e man2 & f9d+ su* z pleas$ _! fancies 7:i* commonly 7 ! y\nge/ ( u71 !y pres5tly enclos+ !m ab\t (fr$ _! sacrifices unto !m cry+ out ) lam5table %reekes & moanes1 weep+ & scrat*+ & te>+ _! v fle% (f _! faces ) _! nails2 nei!r 7 x ! wom5 alone :i* did ?is1 b ev5 old m51 ro>+ & cry+ out1 7 z viol5t z ! wom5 74 ,we groan$ 9 _s to see ! p[] ( ,sa?an s f>re prevaile 9 s$uc+ ^!1 s h>mlesse s\les1 & labor$ by all meanes1 bo? by %ew+ our great dislike1 & :5 t s]v$ n1 by viol5t )hold+ ( _! h&s f t madnesse1 direct+ !m 7by our eyes & h&s lift up t[>ds heav57 to ! liv+ ,god :om !y ought to s]ve2 b s mad 7 !y ^u _! ,idolatry1 t =cible )hold+ !m w\ld n prevaile 7= z soon z !y c\ld get lib]ty to _! h&s aga9e1 !y w\ld be z viol5t z !y 7 be=e7 till su* "t1 z !y :om !y wor%ip$ 7 convey$ f !m into ! t5ts1 :om yet z m5 besides !mselves1 !y w\ld ) fury & outrage seeke to h aga9 7,w4 ,e41 p4 #abi74 ,we are aga9 rem9d$ ( ! ,acts3 ,& ) ^! say+s sc>ce re/ra9$ !y ! p1 t !y _h n done sacrifice unto !m 7,acts xiv4 #ah74 ,an un=tunate *ange 9 ! popul> m9d soon occurr$2 = on ! arrival ( "s ,jews :o /irr$ !m up to ho/ility aga9/ ! ,apo/les1 !y flew f "o extravagance to ano!r1 & /on$ ,paul s sev]ely t he 0 left by !m = dead4 ,b z ! disciples /ood ab\t him he rose1 & 0 able to cont9ue 8 j\rney on ! next day4 ,! ,*ri/ians at ,j]usalem 7 n[ requir$ to consid] ! difficult "q ( ! circumcision ( ! ,g5tiles2 _! decision ^u :i* has already be5 discuss$4 ,aft] ! c\ncil ,paul 7:o _h return$ to ,antio*7 propos$ to revisit ! places :]e he _h =m]ly prea*$1 & ,b>nabas int5d$ to g ) him4 ,b a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r !y %\ld take ,m>k ) !m l$ to a viol5t qu>rel betwe5 ^! two apo/les2 z ! result ( :i* ,paul *ose ,silas z 8 companion1 & left ,b>nabas to pursue 8 own c\rse ) 8 fri5d ,m>k 7,acts xv74 ,! writ] n[ foll[s ! =tunes ( ,paul 9 8 mission>y "w 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & x is rem>kable t 9 ! sixte5? *apt] he drops ! ?ird p]son1 & beg9s to speak 9 ! fir/ p]son plural1 imply+ t he himself 0 "o ( ! company4 ,! fact t f ?is po9t onw>ds ! book becomes practically n ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 b ! ,acts ( ,paul1 :o is evid5tly ! h]o ( ! /ory1 indicates an au?or :o belong$ to ! ,paul9e section ( ! ,*ur*1 & to :om ,paul 0 ! *ief liv+ embodim5t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,:o ?is au?or 0--:e!r ,silas1 or "s o!r companion--x w\ld be h>d to say1 b he seems to h writt5 "u ! direct inspiration ( ,paul himself4 ,increas$ by ! addition ( ,timo!us1 ! p>ty1 guid$ by a vision se5 by ,paul ( a ,mac$onian entreat+ !m to come1 w5t into ,mac$onia4 ,at ,philippi !y met ) "s success among wom51 mak+ p>ticul> fri5ds ) a purple-sell] nam$ ,lydia4 ,b ! conv]sion ( a div9+ girl :o 0 a s\rce ( pr(it to h] employ]s1 l$ to ! imprisonm5t ( ,paul & ,silas1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 an opportune e>?quake set !m free 7,acts xvi74 ,at ,a!ns ,paul made a spee* on ! ,areopagos1 9 :i* he +5i\sly avail$ himself ( an alt> he _h notic$1 inscrib$ ,to an ,unkn[n ,god1 to ma9ta9 t ?is unkn[n ,god 0 no o!r ?an ! ,jehovah ( ! ,jews 7,acts xvii4 #af-cd74 ,at ,cor9? he 0 all[$ to prea* e ,sabba? 9 ! synagogue 7z he _h done at ,!ssalonica1 & did aga9 at ,ephesus71 ano!r evid5ce ( ! tol]ant _s ( ! ,jews z comp>$ ) ,*ri/ians4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 t ! ,jews 7 n bigot$ adh]5ts ( _! n>r[ cre$1 or t !y _h any scruple ab\t support+ x by physical =ce2 b !y 7 will+ to all[ ^? :o _h a re=mation to propose to be he>d 9 ! synagogues4 ,! effect1 z might be expect$1 0 to embitt] ^? :o rema9$ or?odox aga9/ ,paul4 ,b an attempt on _! "p to br+ him "u ! jurisdiction ( ! civil tribunals fail$1 & aft] rema9+ a long "t at ,cor9?1 he w5t on to ,ephesus1 & !nce cont9u$ 8 c\rse ?r\gh ,galatia & ,phrygia 7,acts xviii4 #a-bc74 ,an eloqu5t & able ,alex&rian1 ,apollos by "n1 came to ,ephesus1 aft] ,paul _h left x4 ,he 0 a believ] 9 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & 0 receiv$ into ! ,*ur* by ,paul's fri5ds1 ,aquila & ,priscilla1 :om he _h left beh9d4 ,a s+ul> incid5t occurr$ on a subsequ5t visit ( ,paul's to ,ephesus4 ,he f\nd "s disciples !re & ask$ !m :e!r !y _h receiv$ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!y repli$ t !y did n ev5 "k :e!r !re 0 a ,holy ,gho/4 ,su* crass ignorance mu/ h a/oni%$ ,paul1 :o inquir$ into :at !y _h be5 baptiz$4 ,!y said1 into ,john's baptism1 & ! apo/le accord+ly baptiz$ !m 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 ) ! /rik+ result t !y imm$iately receiv$ ! ,holy ,gho/ & began to speak 9 tongues 7,acts xix4 #a-g74 ,curi\s incid5tal evid5ce is ?us suppli$ by ! case ( ,apollos & by t ( ^! ,ephesians ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,johann9e sect :i* ,*ri/ianity sup]s$$ & swept into oblivion2 & x is rem>kable1 z af=d+ a presumption t ! ,bapti/ did n reg>d himself z ! m]e precursor ( ,*ri/1 t ^! ,johanni/s d n appe> to h be5 look+ =w>d to any fur!r developm5t ( _! pr9ciples su* z ! religion ( ,jesus suppli$4 ,at ,ephesus ,paul prea*$ = ?ree mon?s 9 ! synagogue1 & !n1 meet+ ) mu* opposition1 betook himself to a public room1 :]e he disput$ daily4 ,b aft] he _h taught two ye>s1 a dang]\s riot 0 excit$ by ! tradesm5 :o dealt 9 silv] %r9es = ! ,ephesian ,artemis1 & ,paul1 aft] ! di/urbance _h be5 quell$1 det]m9$ to g into ,mac$onia 7,acts xix4 #h-xx4 #a74 ,:ile he 0 prea*+ at ,troas1 a "y man1 :o _h fall5 asleep1 fell f ! w9d[ at :i* he 0 sitt+1 & 0 suppos$ to h be5 kill$4 ,paul1 h[ev]1 decl>$ t he 0 /ill alive1 & told !m n to be di/urb$4 ,?is op9ion prov$ to be correct4 ,to ?is simple incid5t ! hi/orian1 by /at+ t he 0 tak5 up dead1 has contriv$ to give ! aspect ( a miracle4 ,! case exactly resembles ! suppos$ miracle ( ,jesus1 discuss$ above 7,supra1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbj-cbc71 & is ano!r illu/ration ( ! facility ) :i* natural occurr5ces may1 by ! turn ( a phrase1 be conv]t$ into m>vels 7,acts xx4 #g-ab74 ,no argum5ts 7 n[ avail+ to dissuade ! apo/le f visit+ ,j]usalem1 :]e x 0 well kn[n t p]il await$ him4 ,arriv$ at ! c5tre ( ,judaism1 8 fir/ bus9ess 0 to cle> himself f ! suspicions ent]ta9$ ( 8 rationali/ic t5d5cies by tak+ a v[ accord+ to ! ,mosaic ritual4 ,aft] ?is ! ,asiatic ,jews rais$ a clamor aga9/ him :i* end$ 9 a dang]\s tumult4 ,f ! viol5t dea? :i* ?reat5$ him at ! h&s ( ! enrag$ multitude he 0 rescu$ by ! ,roman troops1 "u cov] ( ^: protection he made 8 def5se be=e ! p 7,acts xxi4 #bg-xxii4 #ba74 ,x naturally did n conciliate ! ,jews2 & ! ,roman (fic] :o _h made him prison]1 hav+ be5 det]r$ f ! application ( torture by ,paul's ,roman citiz5%ip1 desir$ 8 accus]s to appe> 9 c\rt to pref] _! *>ges on ! foll[+ day 7,acts xxii4 #bb-cj74 ,b :5 ! case came on1 ,paul +5i\sly contriv$ to set ! ,ph>isees aga9/ ! ,sadducees by ! ass]tion t he himself 0 a ,ph>isee1 & t he 0 *>g$ ) believ+ 9 a future /ate4 ,by ?is n v c&id %ift he obta9$ ! support ( ! ,ph>isaic p>ty1 & produc$ among 8 prosecutors a sc5e ( clamor & discord f :i* x 0 ?\ght exp$i5t to remove him4 ,defeat$ 9 ! c\rts ( law1 ! m embitt]$ ( 8 enemies =m$ a s*eme ( private assass9ation :i* 0 reveal$ to ! capta9 ( ! gu>d by ,paul's nephew1 & f :i* he 0 rescu$ by be+ s5t by night "u a /rong milit>y escort to ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce1 a man nam$ ,felix 7,acts xxiii74 ,ananias1 ! high prie/1 & o!rs ( ! prosecutors1 foll[$ ,paul to ,cs>ea 9 five days1 b ! nature ( _! *>ges 0 su* t !y made little impression ^u ! m9d ( ! gov]nor4 ,he nev]!less kept ,paul 9 conf9em5t1 p]haps hop+ 7z ! n>rator sugge/s7 t he w\ld receive a bribe to set him free 7,acts xxiv74 ,aft] two ye>s ,fe/us succe$$ ,felix1 & :5 ?is gov]nor visit$ ,j]usalem he 0 entreat$ by ! prie/s to s5d = ,paul1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he refus$ to d1 & requir$ ! prosecutors to come to him at ,cs>ea4 ,!y w5t1 & *>g$ ,paul ) (f5ses :i* x is said !y c\ld n prove4 ,:5 ,fe/us ask$ him :e!r he w\ld g to ,j]usalem to be tri$ by him1 ,paul repli$ t he ought to be tri$ at ,cs>'s judgm5t-seat1 z he _h done ! ,jews no wrong1 & t he appeal$ to ,cs>4 ,! policy ( ?is appeal 0 que/ionable1 = aft] a "t ,fe/us 0 visit$ by ,k+ ,agrippa1 to :om he relat$ ! facts ( ! case2 & ! k+1 hav+ he>d ! /atem5t ( ! prison] himself1 decl>$ t he might h be5 set at lib]ty _h he n appeal$ to ,cs> 7,acts xxv41 xxvi74 ,paul !re=e 0 n[ s5t ) a gang ( prison]s to ,rome1 on ! way to :i* ! %ip he 0 9 0 wreck$ (f ! isl& ( ,melita1 :]e ! w9t] mon?s 7 accord+ly pass$4 ,"h he cur$ num]\s inhabitants ( diseases1 & receiv$ high honors 9 consequ5ce4 ,aft] ?ree mon?s an ,alex&r9e vessel convey$ ! %ipwreck$ company to ! capital4 ,arriv$ at ,rome1 ,paul summon$ ! ,jews to come to ! h\se :]e1 gu>d$ by a soldi]1 he 0 all[$ to live1 & endeavor$ to conv]t !m4 ,meet+ ) indiff]5t success1 he dismiss$ !m ) insult+ words drawn f ,isaiah1 & r\ndly in=m$ !m t ! salvation ( ,god 0 n[ s5t to ! ,g5tiles1 & t ^! w\ld he> x 7,acts xxvii41 xxviii74 ,:at 0 ! ultimate fate ( ?is great tea*] ( ,*ri/ianity1 :e!r 8 case 0 ev] he>d1 & if s1 h[ x 0 decid$2 :e!r he liv$ a prison]1 or 0 set free1 or di$ a m>tyr1 we h no hi/orical in=mation1 & x is useless1 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce1 to attempt to conjecture4 ,,subdivision #b4--,! ,epi/les4 ,9 ! epi/les :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u1 & :i* are no d\bt b a few rescu$ f a mu* l>g] correspond5ce1 ! apo/olic au?ors en=ce ^u _! respective conv]ts or congregations ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity z und]/ood by !m4 ,!y expla9 ! relation ( ,jesus to ! ,jewi% law2 !y inculcate morality2 !y reply to objections2 !y hold out ! prospect ( ! spe$y revolution :i* !y expect4 ,s9ce _! op9ions on all ! topics ^u :i* !y t\* _c1 )9 ! limits ( a g5]al treatise1 be discuss$ 9 detail1 all t is necess>y n[ is to glance rapidly at ! m g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! sev]al writ]s4 ,a lett] address$ to ! twelve tribes scatt]$ abroad1 & traditionally ascrib$ to ! apo/le ,james1 may be/ be tak5 9 connection ) an anonym\s epi/le address$ to ! ,hebrews4 ,!y h ^! two features 9 common1 t !y are writt5 to ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 & t !y discuss ! relation ( fai? to works4 ,x is true t ?is "q is treat$ by _! au?ors f opposite po9ts ( view4 ,!ological controv]sy began e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & its fir/ controv]sial treatises h be5 embodi$ 9 ! ,canon ( its ,sacr$ ,books4 ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 to be highly probable1 n only t ! two epi/les 7 writt5 on opposite sides ( a disput$ "q1 b t ! *apt] 9 ! "o deal+ ) t "q 0 design$ z an answ] to ! correspond+ *apt] 9 ! o!r4 ,x may be difficult to say :i* 0 ! orig9al /atem5t1 :i* ! reply2 b :5 we f9d ! v same examples *os5 by bo?1 ! "o ma9ta9+ t ,abraham & ,rahab 7 ju/ifi$ by fai?1 ! o!r t !y 7 ju/ifi$ by works1 x is n easy to believe t s exact a co9cid5ce 9 ! mode ( treat+ _! subject 0 accid5tal4 ,! m argum5tative tone tak5 by ,james--z ( "o answ]+ an oppon5t--induces me to believe t 8 epi/le 0 ! lat] ( ! two4 ,! au?or ( ! ,hebrews insi/s ^u ! p>am\nt necessity ( fai?2 %[+ by a numb] ( hi/orical examples t ! conduct ( ! great h]oes ( ! ,hebrew race1 besides t ( _m inf]ior models ( excell5ce1 0 :olly due to ?is cause4 ,! au?or ( ,james1 on ! contr>y1 /r5u\sly ma9ta9s t fai? is ( no value )\t works1 &1 z if endeavor+ to set aside ! =ce ( ! examples produc$ on ! o!r side1 selects = 8 consid]ation ! hi/ory ( two p]sons :o _h be5 held up z illu/rations ( ! doctr9e t we are ju/ifi$ by fai?4 ,abraham1 he says1 0 n ju/ifi$ by fai? only1 b by works2 = he (f]$ ,isaac on ! alt>1 :i* 0 a v practical illu/ration ( 8 fai? 7,james ii4 #ba-bc74 ,rahab aga91 :o accord+ to y 0 sav$ f de/ruction ) ! unbeliev]s by fai?1 0 9 reality ju/ifi$ by works1 = x 0 a "w to receive ! mess5g]s & s5d !m out ano!r way 7,james ii4 #be74 ,n t we d5y ! importance ( fai? altoge!r2 b we d d5y ! exclusive position :i* y1 9 y\r ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 assign to x4 ,)\t works fai? is a dead1 unproductive ?+2 l a body )\t its animat+ _s4 ,inde$ a man may say to him :o relies ^u 8 fai? alone1 ,%[ me y\r fai? )\t works1 & ,i w %[ y m9e by my works4 ,:at is ! use ( a fai? unaccompani$ by works8 c x save any "o by itself8 ,c]ta9ly n1 answ]s ,james2 ,c]ta9ly1 says ! au?or ( ! ,hebrews4 ,! :ole "q turns on ^? hair-splitt+ di/9ctions 9 :i* !ologians h ev] delight$2 = :ile ! "o p>ty consid]s fai? z ! produc+ cause ( good actions1 ! o!r treats good actions z ! evid5ce ( fai?4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r really meant to "q ! necessity ( ei!r elem5t 9 ! comb9ation4 ,9 o!r respects !re is a broad diff]5ce betwe5 ! two epi/les4 ,t to ! ,hebrews is ,judaic 9 tone & _s2 its ma9 object be+ to prove t ,*ri/ is a sort ( high-prie/1 end[$ ) au?ority to set aside ! old ,jewi% in/itutions & sub/itute some?+ bett]4 ,james is m ca?olic & m practical4 ,he insi/s ^u ! necessity ( n only he>+1 b do+ ! ^w2 ( keep+ ! :ole moral law2 ( bridl+ ! tongue1 & ( %[+ no respect to p]sons on acc\nt ( _! worldly position4 ,he is extremely ho/ile to ! ri*1 & draws a v unfavorable picture ( _! conduct 7,james ii4 #f1 #g1 & v4 #a-f74 ,he enc\rages ! poor ,*ri/ians to endure pati5tly till ,*ri/ comes1 :i* w be v soon 7,james v4 #g1 #h74 ,la/ly1 he emphatically urges ! duty ( proselytism ^u 8 flock2 rem>k+ t "o :o conv]ts ano!r :5 w&]+ f ! tru?1 bo? saves ! s\l ( ! w&]] & hides a multitude ( 8 own s9s 7,james v4 #ai1 #bj74 ,two epi/les are attribut$ to ! apo/le ,pet]1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 address$ to ! /rang]s 9 ,pontus1 ,galatia1 ,cappadocia1 ,asia1 & ,bi?ynia1 purports to be writt5 f ,babylon4 ,he holds out to 8 correspond5ts ! hope ( salvation :i* !y h ?r\gh ,jesus1 :i* is a s\rce ( joy1 not)/&+ _! pres5t tr\bles4 ,among o!r precepts he c\nsels husb&s & wives z to _! mutual behavior2 exhort+ wives to be ob$i5t1 & n to c>e too mu* = dress2 & requir+ husb&s to honor _! wives z ! weak] vessels 7#a ,pet4 iii4 #a-g74 ,! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet] w\ld appe> to be by a r lat] au?or1 = he has read ! epi/les ( ,paul4 ,he is tr\bl$ ab\t false tea*]s1 :o introduce h]esies ( de/ruction1 & d5\nces !m 9 no measur$ t]ms 7#b ,pet4 ii74 ,hav+1 z above describ$1 com=t$ ! ,*ri/ians = ! long delay 9 ! second com+ ( ! ,savior1 he exhorts !m n to be l$ away by ! error ( ! wick$1 b to gr[ 9 grace & 9 ! k ( _! ,"l 7#b ,pet4 iii4 #ag1 #ah74 ,( ! ?ree epi/les be>+ ! "n ( ,john1 ! fir/ only is ( any consid]able l5g?4 ,! /yle ( ?is epi/le is extremely simple1 & x reads l ! k9dly talk ( an old man to *ildr54 ,he tells 8 flock n to s91 n to love ! _w1 & to love "o ano!r4 ,s mu* does he keep to ^! purely g5]al maxims1 t x w\ld be difficult to ga!r any really useful in/ruction f 8 b5evol5t g>rulity4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( him to insi/ aga9 & aga9 ^u love z ! c>d9al virtue ( a ,*ri/ian4 ,besides ?is1 p]haps ! mo/ def9ite advice he gives is to pray = any?+ desir$1 & to entreat ( ,god ! =giv5ess ( a bro!r :o has committ$ a s9 n unto dea? 7#a ,john v4 #ad-af74 ,) great self-complac5cy he calmly ass]ts t he & 8 fri5ds are ( ,god1 & t ! :ole _w lies 9 wick$ness 7#a ,john v4 #ai72 a pleasant mode ( putt+ ^? t[>ds :om x 0 impossible to practice ! love ab\t :i* he spoke outside ( ! pale ( bro!rhood4 ,! writ] ( ,john's second epi/le1 address$ to a lady & h] *ildr51 illu/rates ! k9d ( *>ity result+ f su* views z ?is1 :5 he tells !m n to receive into _! h\se1 nor bid f>ewell to any "o :o does n hold correct doctr9es 7#b ,john #aj74 ,! ?ird epi/le1 writt5 to ,gaius1 conta9s little beyond matt]s ( purely p]sonal int]e/4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 :o calls himself bro!r ( ,james1 d5\nces c]ta9 ungodly m51 :o h crept 9 unaw>es1 & are do+ great mis*ief 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,x is pr9cipally int]e/+ f its ref]5ce to ! leg5d ( ! conte/ ( ,mi*ael ! ar*angel ) ! devil = ! body ( ,moses1 :i* popul> tale ! writ] seems to accept z unque/ionably au!ntic 7,jude #i74 ,hav+ ?us ref]r$ to ! writ+s :i* be>1 :e!r correctly or n1 ! names ( ! orig9al apo/les ( ,jesus1 we come to ^? ( "o :o 0 f> great] ?an any ( ^!--! apo/le :o 0 n conv]t$ until aft] ! dea? ( 8 ,ma/]4 ,paul1 to :om ! great majority ( ! epi/les pres]v$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are ascrib$1 & by :om _m ( !m 7 und\bt$ly writt51 is ! c5tral figure ( ! apo/olic age1 & ! "o :o r$eems x f ! some:at un9tellectual "* x w\ld o!rwise h _h4 ,?r\gh him x pr9cipally 0 t ,*ri/ianity pass$ f ! condition ( a ,jewi% sect to t ( a compreh5sive religion4 ,:at ,*ri/ himself _h be5 unable to d1 he did4 ,:at ! apo/les ( ,*ri/ %runk f attempt+1 he accompli%$4 ,he himself 0 n unconsci\s ( ! magnitude ( 8 labors4 ,h5ce !re is noticeable n[ & !n 9 8 writ+s1 ?\gh veil$ "u respectful phrases1 a sort ( intellectual contempt = ! old] apo/les1 :o 7 n always prep>$ = ! ?or\gh-go+ measures :i* appe>$ to him s obvi\sly exp$i5t4 ,he is extremely anxi\s n to be ?\ght "o :it inf]ior to !m by reason ( 8 comp>atively late appo9tm5t to ! apo/le%ip4 ,he c>efully rebuts ! suspicion t he act$ 9 subord9ation to !m1 or ev5 9 conjunction ) !m1 aft] 8 conv]sion4 ,8 c\rse1 he is anxi\s to let e "o "k1 0 tak5 9 entire indep5d5ce ( ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem4 ,moreov]1 he insi/s emphatically ^u 8 p]sonal qualifications4 ,0 any "o a ,hebrew8 s 0 he4 ,_h o!rs receiv$ visions or revelations8 s _h he4 ,_h o!rs be5 p]secut$8 s _h he4 ,he is fond ( dwell+ ^u 8 individual hi/ory 9 ord] to support 8 claims4 ,?us he tells u t 9 =m] times he p]secut$ ! ,*ur* ( ,god1 & t he 0 m ,jewi% ?an ! ,jews1 be+ ev5 m zeal\s ?an !y ( ! traditions ( 8 fa!rs4 ,x 0 !re=e entirely by special revelation f ,god1 & n by any human ag5cy :atev]1 t he 0 consecrat$ to 8 pres5t "w4 ,inde$ 8 revelations 7 s abundant t x ne$$ a ?orn 9 ! fle% to prev5t him f be+ too pr\d ( !m--a "w1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! ?orn 0 n entirely successful4 ,8 suff]+s = ! sake ( ! gospel af=d$ him ano!r & m legitimate cause ( satisfaction4 ,he says ( ^! t he receiv$ ?irty-n9e /ripes f ! ,jews on five occasions2 t he 0 ?rice beat5 ) rods2 once /on$2 ?rice %ipwreck$2 a day & night 9 ! deep 79 an op5 boat872 (t5 9 all sorts ( p]ils1 9 wat*+s1 cold & ?ir/1 hung] & nak$ness4 ,once too he escap$ f arre/ at ,damascus1 :i* does n seem a v s]i\s calamity 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #bb-bh4--;,gal4 i4 #aa-bd74 ,n[ ! object ( all ^! autobiographical /atem5ts is evid5tly to place himself on a level ) o!r apo/les :o might seem at fir/ to be m highly privileg$ ?an he 04 ,n s1 he cont5ds2 if !y are m9i/]s ( ,*ri/1 ,i am q z mu* s2 if !y saw ,*ri/ be=e 8 dea?1 ,i h se5 him aft] x2 if !y h labor$ 9 8 cause1 ,i h labor$ m2 if !y h suff]$ = 8 sake1 ,i h suff]$ m4 ,h5ce my au?ority is 9 e respect equal to !irs1 & %\ld !re be a diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 u y mu/ believe me1 y\r pa/or1 r ?an !m4 ,nay1 ev5 if an angel f heav5 %\ld prea* any o!r gospel ?an t :i* ,i h prea*$1 y mu/ n believe him2 mu* m !n mu/ y disbelieve an apo/le4 ,besides1 appe>ances are deceptive1 & z ,satan may appe> 9 ! "* ( an angel ( light1 s ! m9i/]s ( ,satan may1 & d appe> 9 ! "* ( apo/les ( ,*ri/ 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #ac-ae4--;,gal4 i4 #h74 ,!re 0 !re=e a section ( ! ,*ur*--probably ! ,judaic section1 "u ! guidance ( "o ( ! orig9al apo/les--) :om ,paul 0 at issue1 & :om he consid]$ x incumb5t ^u him to oppose by e argum5t 9 8 p[]4 ,^! are !y :om he ref]s to z tr\bl+ ! ,galatians1 & p]v]t+ ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ 7,gal4 i4 #g74 ,su* 0 ! view tak5 by ,paul ( 8 function 9 ! ris+ sect4 ,:atev] may h be5 its logical ju/ification1 x 0 fully ju/ifi$ by facts4 ,9 p[] ( reason+1 9 grasp ( pr9ciples1 9 compreh5siv5ess ( view1 he 0 n only n a :it beh9d ! *iefe/ apo/les1 b f> be=e !m4 ,8 lett]s are by f> ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! writ+s :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s4 ,!y ev9ce a m9d almo/ ov]burd5$ by ! mass ( feel+s /ruggl+ = expression4 ,he is pr(\ndly p5etrat$ ) ! new tru? he has discov]$1 or r :i* ,*ri/ has discov]$ to him1 & he seems to h sc>cely "t to consid] h[ he may be/ express x4 ,8 m9d1 ?\gh weal?y 9 ideas & f]tile 9 apply+ !m to practice1 is n always cle>4 ,x seems r to /ruggle ) its ?\ghts ?an to comm& !m4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 confus$ness 9 /yle1 a cr[d+ toge!r ( notions 9 a s+le s5t5ce1 & a want ( logical arrangem5t 9 8 pres5tation ( a subject1 :i* r5d] 8 epi/les n altoge!r easy read+4 ,x may h be5 ^? *>act]i/ics :i* caus$ ano!r apo/le 7or "o :o wrote 9 t apo/le's "n7 to say t !re 7 "s ?+s 9 ! writ+s ( 8 belov$ bro!r ,paul t 7 h>d to be und]/ood 7#b ,pet4 iii4 #af74 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! unc\? /yle is surm\nt$1 ! ?\ght w be f\nd well wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,( all ! writ]s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,paul is ! "o :o pres5ts ! l>ge/ mat]ials = intellectual reflection4 ,:e!r or n we agree 9 8 views1 we c sc>cely refuse to consid] 8 argum5ts4 ,& h]e9 he is peculi> among 8 associates4 ,he is ! only "o ( ! canonical writ]s :o has any notion ( pres5t+ argum5ts = consid]ation at all4 ,:ile o!rs dogmatize1 he reasons4 ,he may reason badly1 b he has at lea/ ! m]it ( be+ able to ent] 9 "s degree into ! views ( 8 oppon5ts1 & ( attempt+ to reply to !m on rational gr\nds4 ,ano!r /rik+ feature ( ! m9d ( ,paul is its robu/ness4 ,br\ght up a ,ph>isee1 a sect devot$ to ext5d+ ! regulations ( ! law to ! utmo/ m9uti1 he nev]!less rose completely above ! dom9ation ( trifles4 ,ev5 matt]s :i* 9 mo/ religions are reg>d$ z ( capital importance1 he treat$ z ( little mom5t 9 !mselves4 ,c]emonies1 obs]vances1 outw>d =ms ( e k9d he held 9 slight e/eem 9 comp>ison ) moral conduct4 ,n ! m]e k ( ! ,jewi% law or ! p[] ( tea*+ x to o!rs1 is ( any avail1 b ! obs]vance ( its e?ical precepts 7,rom4 ii4 #ag-bc74 ,uncircumcision is j z good z circumcision1 provid$ ! uncircumcis$ man keep ! law4 ,! true ,jew is n he :o is a ,jew outw>dly1 nor true circumcision t p]=m$ ^u ! fle%4 ,he is ! true ,jew :o is "o inw>dly1 & t is true circumcision :i* is 9 ! he>t 7,rom4 ii4 #bd-bi74 ,inde$1 9 ! r5ovat$ condition :i* is effect$ by ,*ri/ianity1 !re is nei!r ,greek nor ,jew2 nei!r circumcision nor uncircumcision2 nei!r b>b>ian1 ,scy?ian1 slave1 nor freeman2 b ,*ri/ is ev]y?+ & 9 ev]y?+ 7,col4 iii4 #aa4--;,gal4 iii4 #bh74 ,9 ! same rationali/ic _s he lays d[n ! admirable rule t ext]nal =ms are valuable only to ^? :o ?9k !m s4 ,"o man believes he may eat ev]y?+2 ano!r eats only h]bs4 ,"o man e/eems all days alike2 ano!r e/eems "o day above ano!r4 ,! free?9k] mu/ n despise ! "o :o holds himself b\nd by su* ?+s1 nor mu/ ?is latt] condemn ! free?9k]4 ,! really important matt] is t e "o %\ld h a complete conviction ( 8 own4 ,9 t case1 :atev] conduct he pursues 9 ^! trivialities1 be+ dictat$ by 8 consci5ce1 is religi\s conduct4 ,on ! "o side1 ! m scrupul\s mu/ n pass judgm5t on ! less scrupul\s1 t be+ ! (fice ( ,*ri/2 b1 on ! o!r side1 ! less scrupul\s mu/ endeavor n to give (f5se to ! m scrupul\s4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is doctr9e ,paul confesses t to him p]sonally ! ,jewi% di/9ction betwe5 clean & unclean meat is totally unmean+2 yet if 8 bro!r 7 griev$ by 8 eat+ ! s-call$ unclean meats1 he w\ld r give up ! practice ?an de/roy by 8 meat ones = :om ,*ri/ _h di$4 ,all ?+s1 inde$1 are pure 9 !mselves1 yet x is n well to eat fle% or dr9k w9e if ano!r is sc&aliz$ !reby4 ,we :o are /rong-m9d$1 & h surm\nt$ ^! *ildi% scruples ( our =efa!rs1 mu/ be> ! infirmities ( ! weak r ?an please ourselves 7,rom4 xiv41 xv4 #a74 ,c]ta9ly :5 ! ?+s are 9 !mselves totally indiff]5t1 ! pr9ciple ( concession to ! sup]/itions ( m9ds gov]n$ by traditional beliefs may sometimes be advantage\sly adopt$4 ,b ! importance ( prote/+ aga9/ ! bondage ex]cis$ by su* beliefs ov] human life is also n to be und]rat$1 & ,paul seems sc>cely to give x suffici5t weight 9 ! prec$+ argum5t4 ,no d\bt on ! gr\nd ( policy1 & 9 ref]5ce to ! desirability ( keep+ ! memb]s ( ! nasc5t sect f int]nal qu>rels1 ,paul 0 "r2 b a pr9ciple :i* 9 c]ta9 cases may be exp$i5t = a giv5 end1 is n to be set up z a univ]sal rule ( e?ics4 ,nor is x obvi\s t ,paul int5d$ to d ?is4 ,he himself1 if que/ion$1 w\ld probably h admitt$ t !re 7 limits beyond :i* concession ought n to g1 ^? limits be+ fix$ by ! consid]ation t su* concession1 if pu%$ too f>1 mu/ end 9 ! p]petual subord9ation ( ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ian body to ! weaknesses ( its lea/ enlight5$ memb]s4 ,! morality express$ 9 ! l9es ,leave ?\ ?y si/] :5 %e prays ,h] e>ly heav51 h] happy views1 ,nor ?\ ) %ad[$ h9t confuse ,a life t leads melodi\s days1 is good morality "u c]ta9 conditions1 b !re is too great a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ^? :o reta9 _! e>ly heav5 to press ?is conduct ^u ^? ^: fai? has c5tre ev]y:]e1 nor c>es to fix itself to =m4 ,x ought n to be =gott5 t b = ! ,*ri/ian disreg>d ( =ms1 p]sev]$ 9 9 despite ( ! sc&al to ! ,jews1 ,*ri/ianity mu/ always h rema9$ a bran* ( ,judaism4 ,a peculi> m]it to be set to ,paul's acc\nt is1 t he is ! only "o ( all ! writ]s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :o treats ! supremely important "q ( ! relations ( ! sexes1 a subject s rem>kably ov]look$ by ,*ri/ himself4 ,:e!r ! guidance he af=ds 8 conv]ts on ?is head is good guidance or n1 he does at lea/ attempt to guide !m4 ,let u notice fir/ :at he consid]s abnormal relations1 & !n proce$ to :at he lays d[n z a normal "o4 ,9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians he is l\d 9 8 d5unciations ( a man :o cohabit$ ) 8 fa!r's wife1 ! fa!r be+1 ,i presume1 deceas$4 ,:e!r ! son _h m>ri$ 8 /epmo!r1 or m]ely liv$ ) h]1 is n altoge!r cle>1 s9ce1 9 ei!r case1 ! apo/le might br& _! connection ) ! title ( =nication4 ,h[ev]1 he condemns x utt]ly & )\t ref]5ce to any accompany+ circum/ances1 desir+ ! ,cor9?ian community to deliv] up ! man to ,satan = ! de/ruction ( ! fle%1 9 ! "n & ) ! p[] ( _! ,"l ,jesus1 9 ord] t 8 _s might be sav$ at ! day ( judgm5t 7#a ,cor4 v74 ,"h !n we h an e>ly example ( excommunication1 accompani$ by ! =mula to be us$ 9 p]=m+ ! solemnity4 ,t ! sev]e repro( be/[$ by ,paul ^u ! ,cor9?ians = p]mitt+ su* conduct greatly affect$ !m1 we ga!r f ! t5d]] language employ$ 9 ! subsequ5t epi/le1 :]e he admits hav+ at "o mom5t rep5t$ t he _h caus$ !m s mu* sorr[1 ?\gh he soon saw t x _h be5 = _! good 7#b ,cor4 vii4 #h-ac74 ,x is gratify+1 also1 to f9d t 8 tone t[>ds ! un=tunate individual :o _h be5 excommunicat$ at 8 desire is greatly s(t5$1 & t he desires ! ,cor9?ians to =give him1 & receive him back into _! body1 le/ he %\ld be swall[$ up ) too mu* sorr[ 7#b ,cor4 ii4 #f1 #g74 ,x w\ld h be5 int]e/+ _h he in=m$ u :y he consid]$ cohabitation ) a /epmo!r s t]rible a crime1 b su* a recurr5ce to fir/ pr9ciples 0 n to be expect$4 ,he1 no d\bt1 act$ on a purely in/9ctive s5tim5t ( repugnance to su* an arrangem5t4 ,a second k9d ( relation betwe5 ! sexes :i* ! apo/le condemns is t ( pro/itution4 ,"h he has n left u equally 9 ! d>k z to ! gr\nds ^u :i* 8 condemnation is f\nd$4 ,n only does he prohibit pro/itution to ! ,*ri/ians1 b he tells !m exactly :y !y ought n to indulge 9 x2 & 8 argum5t ^u ?is subject is suffici5tly curi\s to m]it a mom5t's exam9ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 he tells 8 disciples t nei!r =nicators1 nor adult]]s1 nor ,sodomites1 nor practic]s ( v>i\s o!r vices n ( a sexual nature1 w inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 vi4 #i1 #aj2 ,eph4 v4 #e74 ,=nication %\ld n ev5 be nam$ among ! ,*ri/ians 7,eph4 v4 #c74 ,!y mu/ mortify _! memb]s ^u e>?1 = impure connections & sexual lic5se br+ d[n ! wra? ( ,god 7,col4 iii4 #e1 #f74 ,!y mu/ exclude f _! society any "o :o is guilty ( su* irregul>ities 7#a ,cor4 v4 #i-aa74 ,! body is n = pro/itution1 b = ! ,"l1 & ! ,"l = ! body4 ,! bodies ( ,*ri/ians are ! memb]s ( ,*ri/3 ,%all ,i !n take ! memb]s ( ,*ri/1 & make !m ! memb]s ( a pro/itute8 ,god =bid4 ,:at6 d y n "k t he :o is jo9$ to a pro/itute is "o body8 = ! two he says %all be "o fle% 7#a ,cor4 vi4 #ac-af74 ,x 0 surely a v orig9al notion ( ,paul's to ext5d to ! casual connections =m$ by ! tempor>y passion ! solemn sanction be/[$ ^u ! p]man5t union ( man & wife4 ,x is said 9 ,g5esis t a man & 8 wife are to be "o fle%1 & ?is is obvi\sly an emphatic mode ( express+ ! clos5ess & b9d+ "* ( ! alliance into :i* !y ent]4 ,b :at may appropriately be said ( m>ri$ p]sons _c ( necessity be said ( p]sons l9k$ toge!r only by ! mo/ fleet+ & m]c5>y k9d ( ties4 ,! v evil ( pro/itution is1 t ! pro/itute & h] companion are n "o fle% 9 ! allegorical s5se 9 :i* husb& & wife are s2 & to condemn x on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ! v circum/ance :i* is conspicu\sly abs5t1 is to cut ! gr\nd f "u our feet4 ,b let u he> ! apo/le fur!r4 ,b he t is jo9$ to ! ,"l is "o _s4 ,flee pro/itution4 ,e s9 t a man commits is outside ( ! body :at c ?is mean81 b ! =nicator s9s aga9/ 8 own body4 ,:at6 d y n "k t y\r body is ! temple ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 y8 :i* y h ( ,god1 & y are n y\r own 7#a ,cor4 vi4 #ag-ai74 ,n[ 9 ?is s+ul> argum5t x is noticeable t ! gr\nd tak5 up is entirely !ological4 ,de/roy ! !ological f\ndation1 & ! e?ical sup]/ructure is involv$ 9 its ru94 ,?us1 if we d n believe t our bodies are ! memb]s ( ,*ri/1 nor ! temples ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ,paul has no moral reason to give u aga9/ ! mo/ unlimit$ indulg5ce 9 pro/itution4 ,:ile1 ev5 if we admit 8 premises1 x is n v easy to see h[ 8 conclusion foll[s4 ,= :y %\ld we n make ! memb]s ( ,*ri/ ^? ( a pro/itute1 unless x be previ\sly %[n t x w\ld 9 any case be wrong to d s ) our own memb]s8 ,x w\ld n 7accord+ to ,paul himself7 be wrong to make ! memb]s ( ,*ri/ memb]s ( a wife2 :y1 !n1 %\ld x be wrong to make !m memb]s ( any o!r woman :atev]8 ,cle>ly ?is "q c\ld n be answ]$ )\t an attempt to prove1 on indep5d5t gr\nds1 ! evil ( promiscu\s indulg5ce ( ! sexual passion4 ,b no su* attempt is made by ,paul4 ,he has !re=e fail$ completely to make out a case aga9/ ev5 ! mo/ unbridl$ lic5se4 ,n t 8 conclusion ne$ !re=e be reject$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! dang] ( 8 argum5ts is n t 8 view ( morals is fundam5tally errone\s1 b t he re/s an important precept ^u a dang]\sly n>r[ basis4 ,pass we n[ to t :i* he consid]s z ! normal relation betwe5 ! sexes4 ,! subject may be divid$ into ?ree heads3 t ( ! =mation ( su* relations1 t ( _! "* :5 =m$1 & t ( _! disruption4 ,^u all ( ^! ! apo/le has advice to give4 ,9 ! fir/ place x appe>s t ! ,cor9?ians _h appli$ to him = a solution ( "s "q t _h be5 rais$ among !m z to ! propriety ( ent]+ at all into ! matrimonial /ate4 ,9 answ] to _! inquiries he beg9s by in=m+ !m t x is good = a man n to t\* a woman4 ,he w\ld pref] x if e "o 7 l himself unm>ri$4 ,to unm>ri$ p & wid[s he says t !y _h bett] rema9 z !y are4 ,conc]n+ virg9s ( ei!r sex he deliv]s 8 private op9ion t _! condition is a good "o = ! pres5t necessity4 ,a m>ri$ man inde$ %\ld n endeavor to get rid ( 8 wife2 b nei!r %\ld an unm>ri$ man endeavor to obta9 a wife4 ,! "t is s %ort till ! f9al judgm5t ( ! _w t x makes little diff]5ce2 be=e long bo? m>ri$ & unm>ri$ w be 9 ! same position4 ,meantime1 h[ev]1 celibacy is ! pref]able /ate2 & t because celibates c>e = ! ?+s ( ! ,"l1 h[ !y may please ! ,"l2 b m>ri$ p c>e = "o ano!r1 & /udy to please "o ano!r 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #a-cd74 ,:y ,paul %\ld suppose t m>ri$ p1 ev5 :ile /udy+ "o ano!r's happ9ess1 might n also endeavor to please ! ,"l1 x is h>d to und]/&4 ,he seems 9 ?is passage to l5d 8 sanction to ! v dang]\s doctr9e t a due dis*>ge ( ! ord9>y duties ( life is incompatible ) att5tion to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,z if ! highe/ type ( ,*ri/ian life 0 n precisely t 9 :i* bo? 7 comb9$ 9 su* a mann] t nei!r %\ld be sacrific$ to ! o!r4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is fundam5tal objection to 8 !ory x is liable to ! rem>k t ! assumptions on :i* x re/s are untrue4 ,unm>ri$ p]sons1 unless ! :ole lit]ature ( fiction1 dramatic & noveli/ic1 utt]ly belies !m1 c>e at lea/ z mu* to become m>ri$ z m>ri$ p]sons c>e to promote "o ano!r's com=t4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be no less true to nature to say1 t ! unm>ri$ 9 g5]al take m pa9s to please "s p]sons ( ! opposite sex ?an husb&s take to please _! wives1 or wives _! husb&s4 ,n to dwell ^u ! fact t c\rt%ip involves a great] ef=t1 m5tal & physical1 ?an ! m]e cont9uance ( love assur$ ( be+ return$1 !re is ! obvi\s consid]ation t ! m]e outw>d circum/ances ( ! unm>ri$ are f> less favorable ?an ^? ( ! m>ri$ to ! enjoym5t ( _! mutual society )\t consid]able sacrifice ( "t4 ,h5ce ! e/imate made by ,paul ( ! relative advantages ( ! two /ates is untrue to facts1 except 9 ! r>e cases ( ^? :o h firmly resolv$ ^u a life ( celibacy1 & :o1 9 addition to ?is1 h s p]fect a control ov] _! passions1 or s little passion at all1 z to be untr\bl$ by sexual imag9ations4 ,t ^! objections are well f\nd$ might be prov$ by ref]5ce to a picture 7drawn ei!r by ,paul himself or by "s "o :o assum$ 8 "n7 ( ! conduct ( "y wid[s4 ,hav+ to consid] ! "q :at wid[s may prop]ly be support$ by ! *>ity ( ! ,*ur*1 ?is writ] refuses to admit any ( !m to ! numb] ( p5sion]s until !y are sixty ye>s old1 app>5tly on ! gr\nd t !y _c be tru/$ to give up flirt+ altoge!r be=e !y h rea*$ t age4 ,"y wid[s are to be reject$1 = :5 !y h begun to wax wanton aga9/ ,*ri/1 !y wi% to m>ry2 a damnable t5d5cy1 b "o :i* x is s hopeless to get rid (1 t ! be/ ?+ !y c d is to m>ry1 to h *ildr51 & manage _! h\seholds4 ,o!rwise !y w gad ab\t gossip+ & tale-be>+ f h\se to h\se2 n only idle1 b mis*iev\s 7#a ,tim4 v4 #i-ae74 ,s t ! ideal conception ( unm>ri$ p]sons c>+ only to please ! ,"l _h at lea/ no application to ,*ri/ian wid[s4 ,:ile recomm5d+ celibacy1 ,paul is c>eful n to enc\rage brea* ( promise ( m>riage4 ,if a man ?9ks he is behav+ unh&somely t[>ds 8 betro!d1 :o is pass+ ! fl[] ( h] age1 he may m>ry h]3 he is n do+ wrong4 ,nev]!less1 if he feel no necessity = a sexual relation1 & resolve to keep h] a virg91 he does well4 ,s !n m>riage is good1 b celibacy is bett] 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #cf-ch74 ,not)/&+ ^! views1 ,paul1 or at lea/ ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ian :o wrote ! fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 by no means contemplates a celibate cl]gy4 ,x is specially enum]at$ among ! qualifications ( a bi%op t he is to be a good manag] ( 8 h\sehold1 keep+ 8 *ildr5 well 9 ord]2 = 7x is argu$7 if a man _c rule 8 own h\se1 h[ w he be able to take c>e ( ! ,*ur* ( ,god8 ,! only limitation plac$ ^u ! bi%ops is t !y are n to be polygami/s4 ,!y1 z well z ! deacons1 are to keep to a s+le wife 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #a-e74 ,not)/&+ 8 g5]al pref]5ce = celibacy1 ,paul recognizes c]ta9 reasons z suffic+ to excuse ! e/abli%m5t ( a sexual relation1 & x is important to note :at1 9 ! apo/le's judgm5t1 ^! reasons are4 ,n[ x is rem>kable t he seems to p]ceive no consid]ation :atev] 9 favor ( ! matrimonial condition b its ability to satisfy ! sexual appetite4 ,to avoid =nication a man is to h 8 own wife2 if p _c re/ra9 !mselves1 !y %\ld m>ry1 = x is bett] to m>ry ?an to burn4 ,^? :o m>ry are n guilty ( s91 al?\gh !y w h tr\ble 9 ! fle% 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #b1 #i1 #bh74 ,su* a view ( ! functions ( matrimony z ?is is simply degrad+4 ,x treats x z exactly equival5t to pro/itution 9 ! uses x fulfills1 & z diff]+ only 9 ! durability ( ! connection4 ,b if ! :ole object ( ! connection is m]ely to gratify passion1 its great] durability is b a que/ionable advantage4 ,= exactly z m>riage is recomm5d$ to avoid =nication1 s divorce might (t5 be recomm5d$ to avoid adult]y4 ,a union ( :i* ! ma9 purpose is to give a conv5i5t outlet to desire1 _h bett] be brok5 :5 x ceases to fulfill t (fice to ! satisfaction ( bo? ! p>ties4 ,x is /range t ,paul %\ld seem to h no conception :atev] ( ! intellectual or moral advantages to be d]iv$ f ! sympa!tic companion%ip ( "o ( ! opposite sex4 ,p]haps 8 age pres5t$ him ) sc>cely any examples ( m>riages 9 :i* t companion%ip 0 c>ri$ into ! high] fields ( human ?\ght or action4 ,yet he might /ill h ackn[l$g$ some?+ m 9 ! emotion ( love ?an a special condition ( ! human body4 ,*ri/ianity has done mu* to raise ! "* ( m>riage1 b n "o ( its a*ievem5ts 9 t respect c be cr$it$ to ! writ+s ( its *ief apo/le4 ,su* be+ ! gr\nds on :i* ! matrimonial bond 0 to be contract$1 x 0 natural t :5 contract$1 ! relation ( ! p>ties to ea* o!r %\ld n be "o ( a v exalt$ ord]4 ,paul has1 9 fact1 little ( mom5t to recomm5d "u ! second head 7t ( ! "* ( ^! relations7 except ! subjection ( wom51 & on ?is he is c]ta9ly emphatic en\gh4 ,wives are to submit !mselves to _! own husb&s3 husb&s are to love _! wives 7,col4 iii4 #ah1 #ai4--;,eph4 v4 #bb1 #be74 ,an extraord9>y reason is giv5 9 "o epi/le 7possibly inde$ n writt5 by ,paul7 = requir+ wom5 to le>n ) subjection1 & =bidd+ !m to tea*1 or usurp au?ority ov] m54 ,x is t ,adam 0 =m$ fir/1 & ,eve aft] him1 & t ,adam 0 n deceiv$1 b ,eve 0 7#a ,tim4 ii4 #aa-ad74 ,sc>cely less absurd ?an ?is is ! argum5t 7& aga9 ,i mu/ note t x occurs 9 an epi/le ( d\btful au!nticity7 t ! husb& is ! head ( ! wife1 z ,*ri/ is ( ! ,*ur*1 & t j z ! ,*ur* is subject to ,*ri/1 s mu/ wives be subject to _! husb&s4 ,& z ,*ri/ lov$ ! ,*ur*1 s are husb&s to love _! wives1 consid]+ !m z equival5t to _! own bodies1 :i* !y _c hate 7,eph4 v4 #bb-cc7--;al?\gh x did n appe> t :5 man became "o body ) a pro/itute he 0 !re=e to love h]4 ,^! views ( ! duty ( submission on ! "p ( wives are n inde$ surpris+ 9 t e>ly age1 = !y h cont9u$ to ! pres5t day4 ,! writ] ( ^! epi/les is only *>geable ) n be+ 9 advance ( 8 fell[-m54 ,x requir$ all ! g5ius ( ,plato1 :om n ev5 ! greate/ apo/le c\ld approa*1 to =e%ad[ = wom5 a position ( equality :i* !y are b n[ beg9n+ to atta94 ,besides ^! rules !re is ano!r laid d[n by ,paul = ! conduct ( m>ri$ p>ties :i* ev9ces 8 /rong common s5se4 ,husb&s & wives are mutually to r5d] "o ano!r _! due4 ,!y h n absolute p[] ov] _! own bodies4 ,!y mu/ n !re=e defraud "o ano!r ( conjugal rights1 unless = a %ort "t ) a view to fa/+ & pray]1 & !n only ) mutual cons5t 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #c-e74 ,paul !re=e w\ld h giv5 no sanction to t v que/ionable =m ( asceticism 9 :i* husb&s des]t$ _! wives1 or wives _! husb&s1 to pursue _! own salvation1 reg>dless ( ! happ9ess ( _! un=tunate consorts4 ,all su* p]sons he w\ld h bidd5 to return to ! m indisputable duties ( ! m>riage-b$4 ,su* a doctr9e1 h[ev]1 to make x prop]ly applicable to practice1 w\ld require to be supplem5t$ by a doctr9e ( divorce2 o!rwise !re is no provision = ! case ( an inv9cible repugnance aris+ 9 "o ( ! p>ties t[>ds ! o!r1 or 9 bo? t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,& ?is br+s me to ! ?ird head ( ! apo/le's tea*+2 8 views on ! disruption ( ! m>riage-tie4 ,"h he has little to say except t ! wife is n to quit h] husb&1 or t1 if %e d1 %e mu/ rema9 unm>ri$ or be reconcil$ to h] husb&2 & t ! husb& is n to put away 8 wife4 ,9 cases :]e "o is a ,*ri/ian & ! o!r n1 !y are n absolutely "u bondage3 !y may sep>ate1 ?\gh x does n appe> t !y may m>ry aga94 ,b ! apo/le /rongly advises !m to keep toge!r1 9 ! hope t ! believ+ memb] ( ! c\ple may save ! o!r 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #aj-af74 ,x is pla9 f ?is summ>y t ! apo/le1 no m ?an 8 ,ma/]1 faces ! real difficulties ( ! "q ( divorce4 ,= ! case ( unhappy unions1 except 9 ! s+le in/ance ( ! "o p>ty be+ a ,*ri/ian1 he has no provision :atev]4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t he sev]al times intimates 9 ! c\rse ( ?is *apt] t he is n speak+ ) ! au?ority ( ,*ri/1 b simply express+ 8 p]sonal op9ions2 a proviso :i* looks z if he himself 7 unwill+ to inve/ ^! views ) full =ce ( ! sanction !y w\ld o!rwise h d]iv$ f 8 apo/olical commission4 ,!re is ano!r subject on :i* ! op9ions express$ by ,paul are op5 to consid]able comm5t--! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,9 a *apt] :i* = its beauty & its eloqu5ce is unp>allel$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 he discusses ! ,*ri/ian prospect ( ano!r life4 ,_h he conf9$ himself to rhetoric ,i %\ld h be5 cont5t$ simply to admire1 b he has un=tunately m+l$ argum5t ) poetic vision 9 a v unsatisfactory mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he attempts to d$uce ! resurrection ( ! dead f ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,if1 he cont5ds1 !re be no resurrection ( ! dead1 !n ,*ri/ is n ris52 our prea*+ is va91 & s also is y\r fai? 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ab-bj74 ,he fails to p]ceive t ! resurrection ( ,*ri/--a man ^: :ole life1 accord+ to him1 0 full ( prodigies--c\ld be no gu>antee = ! resurrection ( any o!r individual :atev]4 ,*ri/ _h already be5 re/or$ to life 9 a mann] 9 :i* no o!r p]son _h ev] be5 re/or$4 ,8 body _h be5 reanimat$ aft] two days1 be=e x _h _h "t to suff] decomposition1 & t )\t ! int]v5tion ( any o!r p]son1 compet5t l ,*ri/ himself1 to p]=m a miracle4 ,h[ !n c\ld s unprec$5t$ an occurr5ce w>rant ! expectation ( ! reanimation ( ^? :o _h be5 long dead1 & ^: bodies _h suff]$ decomposition8 ,pla9ly !re is "h a palpable non sequitur4 ,*ri/ might be rais$ )\t ?is fact involv+ a g5]al resurrection2 & a g5]al resurrection might happ5 )\t ,*ri/ hav+ be5 rais$4 ,fur!r on he makes a /ill m amaz+ blund]4 ,answ]+ a suppos$ antagoni/1 :o puts ! natural "q1 ,) :at body are ! dead rais$8 he exclaims1 ,fool6 t :i* ?\ s[e/ is n quick5$ except x die2 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #cf47 imply+ t he conceiv$ ! *ange und]gone by se$ dropp$ into ! gr\nd to resemble ! dea? ( ! human body4 ,n[ x is ne$less to po9t out t ! organic processes con/itut+ physical life d n cease 9 ! gra9 :i* 7z he says7 gr[s up into :eat or "s o!r corn2 & t if !y did cease1 t body t %all be1 :i* he comp>es to ! bodies ( m5 9 _! expect$ resurrection1 nev] w\ld appe> at all4 ,! gra91 9 %ort1 w\ld n gr[4 ,an adv]s>y1 _h he be5 on ! al]t1 might h retort$ ^u ,paul 7borr[+ 8 own c\rte\s phraseology73 ,idiot6 t :i* ?\ s[e/ is n quick5$ if x die4 ,su* a retort w\ld h be5 completely cru%+4 ,ano!r v fatal mi/ake ( ,paul's is ! cont5tion t if ! dead d n rise1 we h no reason to d any?+ b enjoy ! pass+ h\r4 ,let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #cb74 ,no?+ c be m dang]\s ?an su* language z ?is2 = if a man bases 8 moral sy/em ^u ! belief 9 a future life1 ! de/ruction ( t belief w involve ! de/ruction ( 8 moral sy/em4 ,x is f\nd+ ! m c]ta9 ^u ! less s2 univ]sal conceptions ^u special ones2 t :i* is ess5tial to human exi/5ce ^u ! doctr9es ( a p>ticul> cre$ held only by a portion ( ! human race4 ,! argum5t is a favorite "o ) !ologians1 because x enli/s 9 favor ( ! doctr9e ( a future /ate all ! /rong atta*m5t by :i* we cl+ to pr9ciples ( morals4 ,none ! less is x illegitimate1 & x ought to be /]nly reject$4 ,next 9 beauty to ?is eloqu5t description ( ! future /ate ( man may be reckon$ ! extremely f9e *apt] on bro!rly love 9 ! same epi/le4 ,bro!rly love1 accord+ to ,paul1 nev] fails1 ?\gh intellectual gifts1 su* z prophecies1 tongues1 & k1 w pass away4 ,hope1 fai?1 & bro!rly love are jo9$ toge!r by him z a tr9ity ( virtues :i* n[ abide2 b ! greate/ ( ^! is bro!rly love 7#a ,cor4 xiii74 ,scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! writ+s ( ?is apo/le !re are also "s admirable maxims ( conduct1 extremely simil> 9 tone to ^? ( ,jesus4 ,?us1 he tells 8 fell[-,*ri/ians to be k9dly affection$ "o to ano!r2 to bless ^? t p]secute !m--to bless & n to curse2 to return no man evil = evil2 give food to a hungry enemy & dr9k to a ?ir/y "o2 & g5]ally1 n to be ov]come by evil1 b to ov]come evil by good 7,rom4 xii4 #aj-ba4--a ,!ss4 v4 #ae74 ,x 7 mu* to be wi%$ t he himself _h rememb]$ ^! b5efic5t rules ( conduct 9 ! case ( ,alex&] ! copp]smi?1 :o he says did him mu* evil1 & conc]n+ :om he utt]s ! significant pray] t ! ,"l may rew>d him accord+ to 8 works 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #ad74 ,,subdivision #c4--,! ,apocalypse4 ,! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse1 or ,book ( ,revelation1 :o pr(esses to h se5 ! vision he describes at ,patmos1 gives himself ! "n ( ,john2 a circum/ance :i* l$ 9 =m] times to ! belief t ! "w 0 ! composition ( ,john ! disciple ( ,jesus4 ,x is a r late production1 hav+ be5 writt5 subsequ5tly to ! e/abli%m5t by ,paul ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ian communities 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,asia4 ,x also presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a sect ( h]etics t]m$ ,nicolaitanes1 :o _h aris5 9 "s places1 & 0 !re=e probably n writt5 until "s "t aft] ! f\ndation ( ^! *ur*es by ! great apo/le4 ,! au?or endeavors to add lu/re to 8 "w by proclaim+ at its outset t x 0 committ$ to writ+ "u ! direct inspiration ( ,jesus ,*ri/ himself1 :o dictat$ x to him1 or r %[$ x to him1 :5 he 0 9 ! ,_s on ! ,"l's day4 ,not)/&+ ?is exalt$ au?or%ip1 x is a production ( v inf]ior m]its inde$4 ,x is conceiv$ 9 t /yle ( ov]load$ allegory ( :i* ! art consi/s 9 conceal+ ! ?\ght ( ! writ] "u images deciph]able only by an initiat$ few4 ,! ,book ( ,daniel is an example ( ! same k9d ( ?+4 ,a false int]e/ is excit$ by ?is /yle f ! m]e difficulty ( compreh5d+ ! mean+4 ,h[ widely x diff]s f t mode ( allegory :i* possesses a real lit]>y ju/ification1 may be %[n by comp>+ ! ,apocalypse ) ! ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,9 ,bunyan1 ! ?\ght is reveal$ "u cle> & transp>5t images2 9 ,john1 x is conceal$ "u obscure & turbid ones4 ,h5ce !re h be5 endless int]pretations ( ! ,apocalypse2 !re has be5 only "o ( ! ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,t *>act]i/ic :i* ,holy ,writ has be5 %[n to possess ( call+ =? a multitude ( comm5ts & speculations ^u its mean+ belongs 9 a prem95t degree to ! ,revelation ( ,john4 ,aft] writ+ by ! in/ructions ( ,*ri/ a lett] to ea* ( ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es1 ! au?or proce$s to describe 8 vision4 ,!re 0 a ?rone 9 heav51 ^u :i* ,god himself 0 seat$4 ,he _h ! s+ul> appe>ance ( a jasp] & a s>d9e /one4 ,bea/s1 eld]s1 angels1 sa9ts1 & a promiscu\s company besides 7 ar\nd ! ?rone1 engag$ 9 p]=m+ ! c]emonies ( ! cele/ial c\rt4 ,v>i\s works 7 execut$ accord+ to ord]s by ! att5dant angels4 ,a bea/ !n arises out ( ! sea1 & is wor%ip$ by ^? ^: names are n 9 ,*ri/'s book4 ,babylon ! ,great1 "u ! =m ( a h>lot1 is judg$ & put an end to4 ,an angel comes d[n f heav5 & b9ds t old s]p5t1 :i* is ! ,devil & ,satan1 = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is mill5nium ,*ri/ reigns on e>?1 & all :o h be5 m>tyrs = 8 sake1 or h n wor%ip$ ! bea/1 rise f ! dead to reign ) him4 ,aft] ! ?\s& ye>s are ov] ,satan is un=tunately releas$ f prison1 & does a great deal ( mis*ief1 b is ultimately recaptur$ aga9 & ca/ into a lake ( fire & brim/one4 ,a second resurrection1 = ! unprivileg$ multitude1 n[ takes place4 ,all ! dead /& be=e ,god1 & are judg$ by ref]5ce to ! records :i* h be5 c>efully kept 9 heav5 9 books provid$ = ! purpose4 ,all :o are n 9 ! book ( life are ?r[n into ! lake ( fire1 to :i* dea? & hell are consign$ also4 ,! inspir$ se] is n[ %[n a new heav51 a new e>?1 & a new ,j]usalem :i* comes d[n f heav54 ,= a mom5t he rises f ! extremely commonplace level ^u :i* he usually moves to an eloqu5t picture ( t happi] _w 9 :i* ,god %all wipe away all te>s f ! eyes ( m52 :5 !re %all be no m dea?1 nei!r sorr[1 nor cry+1 nei!r %all !re be any m pa94 ,! book concludes ) a curse ^u any "o :o %all 9 any mann] tamp] ) x1 ei!r by way ( addition or erasure1 & ) a promise f ,jesus t he w come quickly4 ,,subdivision #d4--,! ,god ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,al?\gh ! ,god :om ,jesus ?\ght himself commission$ to repres5t1 & 9 :om 8 disciples believ$1 is ! hi/orical cont9uation ( ! ,jehovah ( ,hebrew ,scripture1 yet 8 "* is 9 _m important aspects widely diff]5t4 ,no long] ! arbitr>y & irascible p]sonage :o cont9ually int]f]$ ) ! curr5t ( human affairs1 rew>d+ "h1 puni%+ !re2 n[ ov]?r[+ a mon>*1 n[ de/roy+ a nation2 he ex]cises a calm] & m equitable sway ov] ! de/9ies ( ! _w4 ,z ! s]vile occupants ( ! b5* 9 =m] days too (t5 comb9$ ! functions ( prosecutors ) ^? ( judges1 s ,jehovah 9 ! anci5t times ( ,israel _h sometimes ?r[n (f ! judicial dignity to act ) all ! animus ( a p>ty to ! cause4 ,?is 0 natural p]haps :]e ! subject-matt] ( ! inquiry 0 ! wor%ip & honor to be paid to himself4 ,x 0 natural t he %\ld take a /rong p]sonal int]e/ 9 su* cases2 b z all opposition 7among ! ,jews at lea/7 _h pass$ away1 & he rema9$ 9 exclusive possession ( ! ?rone1 he c\ld af=d to treat ! *>ges ) :i* he _h n[ to deal--m]e infractions ( morality1 = example--9 a mu* m imp>tial _s4 ,9 addition to ?is cause ( trans=mation1 ! natural gr[? ( religi\s feel+ _h t5d$ to replace ! old] deity by a modifi$ conception1 & ,jesus1 fall+ 9 9 ?is respect ) ! c\rse ( ?\ght already 9 progress1 contribut$ to effect a /ill fur!r modification 9 ! same direction4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh !re is n[h]e an absolute break betwe5 ! old & ! new conceptions1 ! ,god ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is practically a v diff]5t p]son f ! ,god ( ! ,old4 ,we _c conceive him do+ ! same ?+s4 ,! wor/ action1 9 ! way ( int]f]5ce 9 mundane matt]s1 ( :i* ! ,god ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is guilty1 is1 p]haps1 ! sudd5 slaught] ( ,ananias & ,sapphira4 ,b :at is ?is to su* enormities z ! deluge1 ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 or ! commission ( be>s to dev\r little *ildr5 :o _h ridicul$ ! baldness ( a prophet8 ,horrors l ^!1 s consi/5t ) ! g5]al mode ( proc$ure ( ! anci5t ,jehovah1 are :olly incompatible ) ! *>act]i/ics s (t5 ascrib$ to ! m rec5t ,god4 ,accord+ to ! !ories ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! crime committ$ by ! ,jews 9 execut+ ,jesus 0 at lea/ z great z ! crimes = :i* ! ant$iluvians & ! ,sodomites _h be5 s ru?lessly ext]m9at$4 ,yet we _c imag9e ,jesus z ev5 wi%+ = ! ext]m9ation ( 8 contempor>ies by wat] or by fire4 ,! ,god ^: love = mank9d he _h be5 tea*+ c\ld n = a mom5t be ?\ght ( z cons5t+ to su* a c\rse4 ,:ile ,elijah ! ,ti%bite is repres5t$ z positively pray+ = ! in/ant dea? ( "o hundr$ m5 :o came to him ) a message f 8 k+1 ,jesus1 on ! contr>y1 is depict$ z actually heal+ ! only "o ( 8 enemies :o _h be5 9 any way injur$ 9 effect+ 8 arre/4 ,pla9ly :5 ! conduct ( ! prophets is ?us dissimil>1 ! deity :om !y repres5t on e>? is dissimil> also4 ,ano!r v m>k$ alt]ation to be obs]v$ 9 pass+ f ! "* ( ,jehovah to t ( ,god1 is ! emancipation ( ! object ( wor%ip f ! limits ( race4 ,jehovah 0 altoge!r a ,jew4 ,he kept ! ,sabba?-day2 he lov$ fa/s & fe/ivals2 he believ$ /rongly 9 ! virtue ( circumcision2 he 0 int]e/$ n s mu* 9 ! g5]al well-be+ ( ! human species1 z 9 ! success ( ! s+le p ( :om he 0 ! true lead] 9 battle & ! ultimate sov]eign at home4 ,:at happ5$ to all ! rema9d] ( mank9d 0 to him a matt] ( trivial mom5t1 al?\gh x might suit him occasionally to use !m z in/rum5ts ei!r = ! *a/isem5t or ! re/oration to favor ( 8 belov$ ,israel4 ,b ,god 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t has l>gely ca/ (f ! special features ( 8 race1 & al?\gh he sometimes betrays 8 ,judaic orig91 he is 9 ! ma9 cosmopolite 9 8 sympa?ies & imp>tial 9 8 behavior4 ,?\gh by no means ca?olic 9 religion1 b hold+ exclusively to a s+le fai?1 he receives all :o embrace t fai?1 ( :atev] nation1 )9 ! range ( 8 favor4 ,?is great & deeply important *ange1 ?\gh begun by ,jesus1 0 9 ! ma9 ! "w ( ,paul4 ,if x 0 ,jesus :o con/ruct$ ! tab]nacle1 x 0 ,paul :o built ! temple4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 !re is an enorm\s improvem5t if we comp>e ! adm9i/ration ( human affairs by ,jehovah & by ,god1 !re is nev]!less a blot ^u ! "* ( ,god :i* suffices1 if rigor\sly balanc$ aga9/ ! fail+s ( ,jehovah1 to outweigh !m all4 ,x is ! et]nity ( ! puni%m5t :i* he inflicts 9 a future life4 ,no am\nt ( sophi/ry c ev] ju/ify ! creation ( be+s ^: lives are to t]m9ate 9 endless suff]+4 ,b :ile ! reality ( condemnation to su* endless suff]+ w\ld be a f> m gigantic crime ?an any ( ! m]ely t]re/rial p5alties inflict$ by ! ,hebrew ,jehovah1 ! belief 9 su* endless suff]+ is q consi/5t ) a mu* high] g5]al conception ( ! div9ity ?an ! "o t coxi/$ ) ! belief 9 ^? t]re/rial p5alties4 ,! explanation ( ?is app>5t p>adox is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! necess>y inju/ice ( et]nal puni%m5t is n v easily p]ceiv$2 t1 9 fact1 x is n und]/ood at all 9 ! rud] /ages ( social evolution1 & n by e individual ev5 9 s advanc$ a society z our own4 ,"s degree ( puni%m5t = (f5ses is felt to be requisite2 & x is n obs]v$ )\t consid]able reflection t t puni%m5t 9 ord] to be j mu/ ne$s be f9ite2 mu/ ne$s1 if impos$ by absolute p[]1 aim at ! ultimate re=mation ( ! crim9al1 n at 8 ultimate mis]y4 ,& x takes a f> high] degree ( m5tal cultivation to feel ?is ?an x takes to feel ! inju/ice ( ! viol5t outbur/s attribut$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to ,jehovah4 ,tradition & cu/om alone c\ld h prev5t$ ,jesus & 8 disciples f feel+ %ock$ at ^!2 :ile x 0 intellectual capacity :i* 0 ne$$ to enable !m to reject et]nal puni%m5t z incompatible ) ju/ice4 ,add to ^! consid]ations ! v important fact t ! conduct conduc+ to salvation1 & avoid+ condemnation 9 ! future /ate1 0 suppos$ to be kn[n to all m5 be=eh&1 be+ fix$ by unalt]able rules2 :ile ! conduct necess>y to ensure ! t]re/rial rew>ds1 & escape ! t]re/rial p5alties ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 n kn[n till ! occasion arose2 sometimes n till aft] x _h aris54 ,?us1 ,jesus lays d[n 9 8 tea*+ bo? ! rules to be obs]v$ by human be+s if !y w\ld obta9 ! approbation ( 8 ,fa!r1 & ! exact mann] 9 :i* ! violation ( ^? rules w be visit$ ^u !m if !y fail to rep5t & obta9 =giv5ess4 ,b ,jehovah only made 8 rules f "t to "t1 & nev] ann\nc$ be=eh& :at 8 puni%m5ts w\ld be4 ,:o1 = in/ance1 c\ld tell :at he w\ld d to ! ,israelites = wor%ip+ ! gold5 calf8 :o c\ld say :e!r he w\ld treat ga!r+ /icks on ! ,sabba?1 z to :i* !re 0 z yet no law1 z a capital crime8 /ill m1 :o c\ld imag9e t he w\ld visit ! action ( a mon>* 9 tak+ a c5sus ( ,israel by a pe/il5ce inflict$ on ! un(f5d+ p8 ,pla9ly x 0 a v rude notion ( deity inde$ :i* 0 satisfi$ to suppose an arbitr>y int]position 9 all su* cases4 ,! ,god ( ! ,new ,te/am5t may be m cruel1 b he is also m consi/5t4 ,if ,i may v5ture on a homely comp>ison1 ,i %\ld say t ! ,jehovah ( ! ,israelites is l a caprici\s ,ori5tal despot1 ^: subjects' lives are 9 8 h&1 :ile ! ,god ( ,*ri/5dom r resembles a judge adm9i/]+ a ,draconian code 9 :i* !re %\ld be no gradations betwe5 capital puni%m5t & entire acquittal4 ,! laws may 9 fact dem& m blood%$ ?an ! tyrant2 b _! exi/5ce & adm9i/ration by fix$ rules w\ld und\bt$ly imply t a p _h rea*$ a high] grade ( civilization4 ,moreov]1 exactly z gov]nm5t conduct$ by laws is capable ( improvem5t by modification ( ! legislative enactm5ts1 :ile despotic gov]nm5t is ess5tially vici\s1 s ! "* ( ,god admits ( easy adaptation to ! ne$s ( a m cultivat$ /ate1 :ile t ( ,jehovah c by no possibility be r5d]$ consi/5t ) a high ideal ( div9ity4 ,su* adaptation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,god has actually tak5 place to a v l>ge ext5t4 ,! doctr9e ( ,purgatory1 leav+ only ! mo/ incorrigible (f5d]s to be consign$ to hell1 0 already a consid]able /ep 9 advance ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x got rid ( ! fundam5tal weakness 9 ! conception ( ,jesus1 :]e9 !re 0 no proportion ( puni%m5t to (f5se2 e s91 small or great1 0 ei!r absolutely =giv5 or puni%$ to ! utt]mo/ ext5t4 ,x effect$ ! same b5efic5t *ange z ,romilly effect$ 9 ! ,engli% law4 ,precisely z our =m] code puni%$ ev5 trifl+ crimes ) dea? or n at all1 s ! ,god ( ,jesus puni%$ s9 ei!r et]nally or n at all4 ,precisely z ! excessive sev]ity ( ,engli% law l$ to ! entire acquittal ( _m crim9als :o %\ld h receiv$ "s degree ( puni%m5t1 s ! excessive sev]ity ( ,god l$ to ! belief & hope t _m s9n]s w\ld be entirely p>don$ :o %\ld 9 ju/ice h receiv$ "s measure ( correction4 ,?us1 9 bo? ^! cases1 ! undue h>%ness ( ! ?reat5$ p5alty t5d$ to defeat ! v object 9 view4 ,b ! "* ( ! ,god ( ,*ri/5dom admits ( a mu* m ?or\gh re=mation ?an t effect$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,t5d] spirits1 (f5d$1 l ,uncle ,toby1 at ! notion t ev5 ! wor/ ( be+s %\ld be damn$ to all et]nity1 h simply refus$ to accept ! notion ( endless torture4 ,?9k]s1 aim+ at a sy/em ( ab/ract ju/ice1 h s\ght to prove t x c\ld n be4 ,!ologians h contriv$ all sorts ( %ifts to disp5se ) ! necessity ( believ+ x4 ,mod]n feel+1 :e!r on gr\nds ( logic or ( s5tim5t1 has gradually come to suppress x m & m z an inconv5i5t article 9 ! nom9al cre$1 to be1 if n consci\sly reject$1 at lea/ in/9ctively ?ru/ z mu* z possible out ( sight4 ,!re has result$ an idea ( ! ,deity 9 :i* ! h>%] elem5ts are swept away1 & ! g5tl] ones1 su* z 8 fa!rhood1 8 c>e1 & 8 love1 are left beh9d4 ,su* writ]s z ,!odore ,p>k]1 ,francis ,w4 ,newman1 & ,frances ,p[] ,cobb1 h c>ri$ ?is ideal to ! highe/ po9t ( p]fection ( :i* x appe>s to be capable4 ,_! ,god is /ill ! ,god ( ,*ri/5dom1 b ref9$1 purifi$ & exalt$4 ,! "w :i* ! ,jewi% prophets began1 :i* ,jesus c>ri$ on1 at :i* all ! nations ( ,*ri/5dom h labor$1 !y h mo/ wor?ily complet$4 ,:e!r ! ideal ?us atta9$ is de/9$ to be f9al1 :e!r x really repres5ts ! ultimate possibilities ( religi\s ?\ght t c rema9 z ! corn]-/one ( a univ]sal fai?1 are que/ions t c be answ]$ only :5 we h und]tak5 ! complete analysis ( ^? mo/ g5]al con/itu5ts ( all !ological sy/ems :i* ! =ego+ exam9ation has disclos$4 ,on t la/ analysis we are ab\t to ent]4 ,a*1 me9 ,k9d*51 s*on als ,knabe1 ,als i* sass auf ,mutt]s ,s*oss1 ,glaubte i* an ,gott d5 ,vat]1 ,d] da waltet gut und gross4 ,d] die s*ne ,erd' ers*aff51 ,und die s*n5 ,m5s*5 d'rauf1 ,d] d5 ,sonn51 ,mond51 ,/]n51 ,vorgezei*net ihr5 ,lauf4 ,als i* grss] wurde1 ,k9d*51 ,no* vielmehr begriff i* s*on1 ,und begriff1 und w>d v]nnftig1 ,und i* glaub' au* an d5 ,sohn2 ,an d5 lieb5 ,sohn1 d] lieb5d ,uns die ,liebe (f5b>t1 ,und zum ,lohne1 wie gebru*li*1 ,von dem ,volk gekreuzigt w>d4 ,jetzo1 da i* ausgewa*s51 ,viel geles51 viel g]ei/1 ,s*willt me9 ,h]z1 und ganz von ,h]z5 ,glaub i* an d5 heil'g5 ,gei/4 --,,he9e4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,s5tim5t ,,itself4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ultimate ,,elem5ts4 ,we h n[ exam9$ & classifi$ ! v>i\s ph5om5a manife/$ by ! religi\s s5tim5t ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,we h f\nd ^! ph5om5a to h be5 9 all ages ( hi/ory1 & to be n[ among all races ( m51 fundam5tally alike4 ,div]se z ! sev]al cre$s exi/+ on ! face ( ! e>? appe> to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 yet ! rites1 ! practices1 ! dogmas !y conta91 admit ( be+ rang$ "u c]ta9 def9ite categories & d$uc$ f c]ta9 inv>iable assumptions4 ,! two lead+ ideas ( consecration & ( sanctity p]vade !m all1 & :ile ! mode ( consecration1 ! objects consecrat$1 ! ?+s1 places1 m51 or books reg>d$ z sacr$1 diff] 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe1 ! feel+s ( ! religi\s man rema9 ! same4 ,let u take a rapid survey1 be=e proce$+ fur!r1 ( ! gr\nd we h already trav]s$4 ,:]ev] any religion exi/s at all1 we h f\nd consecrat$ actions3 t is1 actions devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,su* actions1 x is assum$1 h "s k9d ( validity or =ce1 ei!r 9 br++ f ! deities address$ by ! wor%ip]s "s species ( temporal bless+1 or 9 ensur+ happ9ess 9 a future /ate1 or 9 improv+ 8 moral "* 9 ?is4 ,secondly1 we no soon] rise above ! v rude/ =ms ( religion1 ?an we f9d places set ap>t = wor%ip1 & entirely ab/ract$ f all pr(an] uses4 ,?irdly1 we f9d t x is a univ]sal practice to d$icate c]ta9 objects to ! special use ( ! div9e be+s receiv$ 9 ! c\ntry2 su* objects be+ v>i\s 9 _! nature1 b v frequ5tly consi/+ ( gifts to ! accr$it$ m9i/]s ( ! ,god = :om !y are int5d$4 ,f\r?ly1 we f9d 9 all ! great] religions--! ,confucians possibly except$--a numb] ( p]sons :o h devot$ !mselves to a mode ( life suppos$ to be especially pleas+ to ,god1 & c>ry+ ) x 9 _! m9ds ! notion ( sup]ior sanctity4 ,la/ly1 we h 9 almo/ e =m ( fai? a special class1 g5]ally ( male p]sons only1 :o are set ap>t1 by "s di/9ctive rite1 to ! p]=mance ( ! consecrat$ actions requir$ by ! community to be done on _! behalf2 ^! actions ?us acquir+ a d\ble consecration1 d]iv$ prim>ily f _! own nature1 & second>ily f ! "* ( ^? by :om !y are p]=m$4 ,pass+ to ! second ( our ma9 divisions1 we f\nd ! conception ( sanctity appli$ g5]ally :]e t ( consecration _h be5 appli$1 ! di/9ction be+ t :ile ! latt] 0 imp>t$ by man1 ! =m] 0 ! gift ( ,god4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ place1 j z human be+s consecrate "s ( _! actions to ! s]vice ( ,god1 s he1 9 8 turn1 sanctifies c]ta9 ev5ts to ! enlight5m5t ( mank9d4 ,x is ! same 9 ! second case1 t ( places2 = "h ! deity sometimes po9ts out a holy spot by "s special m>k ( 8 pres5ce1 sometimes 7& m commonly7 condesc5ds to sanctify ^? :i* man has devot$ to 8 wor%ip4 ,&1 ?irdly1 z m5 set ap>t "s ( _! prop]ty = him1 s he imp>ts to "s ( ! objects 9 _! possession a holy "*1 :i* end[s !m ) peculi> p[]s1 ei!r ov] ext]nal nature1 or ov] ! m9d & consci5ce ( ^? :o see1 t\*1 or o!rwise use !m4 ,f\r?ly1 he end[s ! class :o p]=m ! c]emonies ( religion ) 8 peculi> grace2 a grace commonly ev9c$ 9 _! p[] to consecrate places1 ?+s1 & m51 to =give s9s1 to convey ! apo/olic succession1 to adm9i/] sacram5ts1 & s =?2 b occasionally manife/$ 9 ! %ape ( sup]natural end[m5ts4 ,& fif?ly1 z !re are _m ( bo? sexes :o give !mselves to him1 s !re h be5 a few m5 to :om he may be said to h giv5 himself1 hav+ inve/$ !m ) au?ority to tea* infallible tru?1 & f\nd religions call$ aft] _! names4 ,six?ly1 he has reveal$ himself 9 a way to :i* !re is no?+ correspond+ on ! human side1 by means ( books compos$ by au?ors :om he inspir$ ) ! words he desir$ !m to write4 ,view$ 9 ! gross1 z we h view$ !m n[1 ^! sev]al manife/ations ( religi\s feel+ cancel "o ano!r4 ,t feel+ has inde$ express$ itself 9 ! same g5]al mann]1 b ) diff]5ces 9 detail :i* r5d] all its expressions equally unimportant 9 ! eyes ( sci5ce4 ,=1 to take ! simple/ in/ance1 no?+ c be said by a ,*ri/ian1 on behalf ( ! inspiration ( 8 ,scriptures1 :i* might n be said by ! ,buddhi/1 ! ,confucian1 or ! ,mussulman on behalf ( ! inspiration ( !irs4 ,if 8 appe> to him m beautiful1 m p]fect1 m sublime1 s d !irs to !m2 & ev5 if we conc$e 8 claims1 ! diff]5ce is "o ( degree1 & n ( k9d4 ,s x is 9 ref]5ce to miracles4 ,*ri/ianity c po9t to no miracles t5d+ to e/abli% its tru?1 :i* may n be mat*$ by o!rs t5d+ to e/abli% ! tru? ( rival cre$s4 ,& if we f9d believ]s ( e k9d 9 e clime1 atta*+ ! mo/ pr(\nd importance to ! exact p]=mance ( religi\s rites 9 c]ta9 exact ways1 :ile1 nev]!less1 ^? ways diff] f age to age & f place to place1 we _c b conclude t e =m ( wor%ip is equally good & equally indiff]5t2 & t ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian :o dr9ks ! blood ( ,*ri/ on ! banks ( ! ,?ames1 /&s on ! same intellectual level ) t ( ! ,brahman :o quaffs ! juice ( ! ,soma on ! banks ( ! ,ganges4 ,b ?is l9e ( argum5t seems to t5d to no?+ %ort ( ! absolute annihilation ( religion4 ,"u ! t\* ( a comp>ative anatomy ( cre$s1 all t 0 impos+ & magnific5t 9 ! edifice ( !ology crumbles into du/4 ,sy/ems ( ?\ght pil$ up ) elaborate c>e1 philosophies evolv$ by c5turies ( toilsome prep>ation1 fall into %apeless ru9s at our feet4 ,& all ?is by ! simple process ( putt+ !m side by side4 ,c we1 h[ev]1 re/ cont5t 9 ! assumption t s va/ a sup]/ructure z t ( religion has no solid f\ndation 9 ! m9d ( man8 ,& is x de/9$1 l ! !ologies x has evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( its exi/5ce to disappe> entirely f a _w enlight5$ by sci5tific k8 ,two que/ions mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 reply+ to ! d\bt ?us sugge/$4 ,! fir/ is :e!r religion1 al?\gh x may conta9 no objective tru?1 or no objective tru? asc]ta9able by u1 nev]!less possesses1 f "s circum/ance 9 its own nature1 or 9 ! nature ( ! _w we live 91 a hold ^u ! human race1 ( :i* x _c by any advance ( k be depriv$4 ,is !re1 9 %ort1 if n an ev]la/+ tru?1 yet an ev]la/+ dream f :i* !re is to be no awak5+1 & 9 :i* spectral %apes d duty = ext]nal realities8 ,an affirmative reply w\ld admit ! exi/5ce ( religi\s s5tim5t to be a necess>y result ( ! con/itution ( ! human m9d1 b w\ld n conc$e ! inf]5ce t conclusions rea*$ by means ( t s5tim5t _h any objective validity1 or any intellectual wor? beyond t :i* !y d]ive f ! imag9ation ( ^? :o believe !m4 ,! second "q is :e!r !re are 9 ! fundam5tal composition ( religi\s s5tim5t any elem5ts n only necess>y1 b true2 & if s1 :at ^? elem5ts are1 & :at is ! pro( ( _! cr$ibility1 if pro( !re be4 ,z a prelim9>y to answ]+ ei!r ( ^! que/ions1 x is ne$ful to asc]ta9 :e!r 9 ! mid/ ( ! v>iety we h pass$ 9 review1 !re is any fundam5tal unity2 9 o!r words1 :e!r ! v>i$ =ms ( religion are all we c ev] "k ( x1 or :e!r und]ly+ ^? =ms !re is a p]man5t /ructure ^u :i* !y are sup]pos$4 ,= only :5 we "k :e!r !re is 9 all ! cre$s ( ! _w a common elem5t1 c we proce$ to inquire :e!r !re is an elem5t :i* is a necess>y result ( ! con/itution ( our m9ds4 ,if ! ph5om5a ev9c$ by ! sev]al religions to :i* we h ref]r$ 9 ! previ\s book h no common s\rce 9 human nature2 if1 :ile !y diff] 9 e article ( _! !ology1 !re is no?+ beyond !ology 9 :i* !y agree2 !n religion is a m]e sup]ficial product ( circum/ances1 hav+ no m solid gu>antee ?an ! au?ority ( ! p>ticul> tea*]s ( ea* special v>iety4 ,!re is 9 fact no religion2 !re are only religions4 ,!re is no univ]sal ,fai?2 !re is only p>ticul> ,belief4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! qu]ies to :i* our att5tion mu/ be address$3-- #a4 ,are !re 9 ! sev]al religions ( mank9d any common elem5ts8 #b4 ,if s1 are ^? common elem5ts a necess>y1 & !re=e p]man5t1 portion ( our m5tal furniture8 #c4 ,if s1 are ^? elem5ts ! correlatives ( any actual tru?s1 or n8 ,x may h be5 obs]v$ t all ! ph5om5a we h exam9$ 9 ! previ\s ,book imply "o assumption1 & _c be und]/ood )\t t assumption4 ,all ( !m imply "s k9d ( p[] or p[]s ei!r beh9d1 beyond1 or ext]nal to ! mat]ial _w & ! human be+s :o inhabit x1 or at lea/ involv$ 9 & manife/$ ?r\gh t _w & its inhabitants2 "s p[] ^: nature is n cle> to u1 b ^: effects are p]ceptible to our s5ses2 "s p[] to :i* we ourselves & ! mat]ial _w are equally subject4 ,sometimes inde$ ! p[] :i* religion ?us assumes is brok5 up into sev]al m9or =ces1 & in/ead ( a s+le deity we h sev]al deities controll+ ! op]ations ( nature4 ,b1 )\t dwell+ n[ ^u ! fact t poly!i/ic cre$s (t5 look above ! less] be+s :om !y commonly put =w>d to a m my/]i\s & great] ,god1 x may be obs]v$ t ^! m9or =ces are no m ?an =ms ( ! "o great =ce f :i* !y are p>t$ (f by an imag9ative subdivision4 ,to place ! ocean "u "o div9ity1 ! w9ds "u ano!r1 & ! sun "u a ?ird1 is practically a m5tal process ( ! same k9d z to place !m all "u a s+le div9ity2 & ! exi/5ce ( "s su* cause ( mat]ial ph5om5a be+ grant$1 x is a m]e "q ( less or great] repres5tative capacity :e!r we range !m "u num]\s *iefs or compreh5d !m all "u "o4 ,9 ei!r case we assume extra-mundane & sup]human p[]1 & ?is is ! ess5tial assumption ( all religion4 ,! lea/ assumption a religion c make is t ( a s+le su* p[]1 & ?is 7or m ?an ?is7 x always mu/ assume4 ,= )\t ?is we %\ld rema9 )9 ! b\nd>ies ( sci5ce2 we %\ld exam9e & classify ph5om5a1 b we c\ld nev] pass beyond ! ph5om5a !mselves to _! my/]i\s orig9 or _! hidd5 cause4 ,b ?is is n ! only assumption involv$ 9 e possible religion4 ,e religion assumes also t !re is 9 human nature some?+ equally hyp]physical ) ! p[] :i* x wor%ips1 :e!r we call ?is some?+ s\l1 or m9d1 or _s4 ,& betwe5 ?is human ess5ce & ! div9e p[] !re is held to be a s+ul> correspond5ce1 _! relation%ip f9d+ its concrete expression 9 religi\s wor%ip on ! "o side & !ological dogma on ! o!r4 ,all ! practices & all ! doctr9es ( e positive religion are b ! modes 9 :i* m5 h s\ght to give body to _! idea ( ?is relation%ip4 ,we h !n1 /rictly speak+1 ?ree fundam5tal po/ulates involv$ 9 ! religi\s idea3-- ,fir/1 t ( a hyp]physical p[] 9 ! univ]se4 ,secondly1 t ( a hyp]physical entity 9 man4 ,?irdly1 t ( a relation betwe5 ! two4 ,! p[] assum$ 9 ! fir/ po/ulate we may t]m ! objective elem5t 9 religion2 ! entity assum$ 9 ! second po/ulate we may t]m ! subjective elem5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] we %all deal ) ! objective elem5t 9 ! religi\s idea4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,objective ,,elem5t4 ,! g5]al result :i* has ?us be5 rea*$ by ! decomposition ( religion into its ultimate con/itu5ts mu/ n[ be r5d]$ some:at m specific by illu/rative examples t5d+ to expla9 ! "* ( ! p[] ! idea ( ^: exi/5ce =ms ! f\ndation ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 & su* examples w t5d to ?r[ light ^u ! "q :e!r ! admission ( su* a p[] is or is n a necessity ( ?\ght4 ,= ! pro( ( necessity is tw(old2 a po/]iori & a priori4 ,we may %[ by ! fir/ mode t c]ta9 assumptions are always made "u c]ta9 conditions z a matt] ( fact2 n t !y are always made by e human be+1 b t giv5 ! appropriate grade ( culture1 ! beliefs 9 "q arise4 ,& we may %[ by ! second t no ef=t ( ours is able to sep>ate c]ta9 ideas :i* h become associat$ 9 our m9ds2 t ! association p]si/s "u e /ra9 we c put ^u x1 & t ! result+ belief is !re=e a necess>y "p ( ! con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,bo? modes ( pro( mu/ be attempt$ "h4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t few1 if any1 ( ! nations ( ! _w are :olly de/itute ( "s religi\s cre$2 & t ^? :i* h be5 suppos$1 rightly or wrongly1 to be )\t x1 h g5]ally be5 savage tribes ( ! l[e/ grade ( culture4 ,s sl5d] is ! evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( a p )\t "s !ological conception t x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! travel]s :o h report$ su* facts h n be5 misl$1 ei!r by inability to compreh5d ! language1 or unfamili>ity ) ! ord] ( ?\ght1 ( ^? ) :om !y conv]s$4 ,sometimes ! abs5ce ( religion seems to be pr$icat$ ( a p :i* does n pres5t an example ( ! k9d ( belief :i* ! ,european obs]v] has be5 accu/om$ to consid] z religi\s4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is af=d$ 9 ,angas' acc\nt ( ,savage ,life 9 ,au/ralia4 ,( ! ,au/ralians he /ates t !y appe> to h no religi\s obs]vances :atev]4 ,!y ackn[l$ge no ,supreme ,be+1 wor%ip no idols1 & believe only 9 ! exi/5ce ( a _s :om !y consid] z ! au?or ( ill1 & reg>d ) sup]/iti\s dread4 ,s t 9 ! v act ( d5y+ a religion to ^! p he practically ascribes "o to !m4 ,!y1 l ,*ri/ians1 appe> to ackn[l$ge a p[]ful _s2 & if !y dwell ^u ! evil side ( 8 works m ?an ^u ! good side1 x is to be rememb]$ t ,*ri/ians too consid] _! deity z ! au?or ( ill by 8 action 9 curs+ ,adam ) all 8 po/]ity2 & t !y too reg>d him ) sup]/iti\s dread z a be+ :o w s5d !m to et]nal torture if !y fail to wor%ip1 to ?9k1 & to act z he enjo9s !m4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is1 ! au?or in=ms u t ! ,au/ralians con/antly c>ry fire/icks at night1 to repel malignant spirits1 & t !y place great fai? 9 sorc]]s :o pr(ess to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( ! spirits 7,s4 ,l4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #hh74 ,s t _! de/itution ( religi\s obs]vances is 9 l mann] m]ely comp>ative4 ,v little1 if any1 belief 9 deity appe>s to exi/ 9 ,kamts*atka4 ,/ell]1 :o has describ$ ! cre$ ( its inhabitants1 /ates t !y believe 9 no provid5ce1 & hold t !y h no?+ to d ) ,god1 nor he ) !m 7,kamts*atka1 p4 #bfi74 ,:e!r ?is am\nts to a d5ial ( 8 exi/5ce ,i _c say4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 ano!r elem5t ( religion1 belief 9 a future /ate1 z w aft]w>ds appe>4 ,9 primitive religions ! ab/ract =m ( ,deity is (t5 fill$ up ) ! concrete figures ( dep>t$ relatives4 ,inde$ ?is is "o ( ! modes 9 :i* t =m acquires def9it5ess1 becom+ compreh5sible to ! savage m9d f ?is limitation ( its g5]ality4 ,?us 9 ,fiji1 al?\gh a supreme ,god & v>i\s o!r gods exi/1 ! ance/ors appe> to be ! mo/ popul> objects ( wor%ip4 ,deceas$ relations ( ! ,fijians 7accord+ to ,seemann7 take _! place at once among ! family gods 7,viti1 p4 #chi-cia74 ,ano!r au?or confirms ?is te/imony4 ,9 ,s&wi* ,isl&1 9 ! ,fijian gr\p1 he /ates t !re are no idols4 ,! p wor%ip ! spirits ( _! ance/ors 7,n4 ,y41 p4 #cid74 ,9 ,savage ,isl& aga9 !y pay _! =efa!rs simil> homage1 & rem>k t !y once _h an image :i* !y wor%ip$1 b t !y broke x 9 pieces dur+ an epidemic :i* !y ascrib$ to its influ5ce 7,ib41 p4 #dgj74 ,among ! ,kafirs ! spirits ( ! dead are believ$ to possess consid]able p[] = good & evil2 !y are elevat$ 9 fact to ! rank ( deities1 & 7except :]e ! ,great-,great is wor%ip$ concurr5tly ) !m7 !y are ! only objects ( a ,kafir's adoration 7,k4 ,n41 p4 #afa74 ,simil> evid5ce is giv5 by ,aco/a 9 ref]5ce to ,p]u4 ,9 t c\ntry !re exi/$ a highly-develop$ & elaborat$ wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,! bodies ( ! ,incas1 or gov]nors ( ,p]u1 7 kept & wor%ip$4 ,regul> m9i/]s 7 devot$ to _! s]vice4 ,liv+ ,incas _h images ( !mselves con/ruct$1 t]m$ bro!rs1 to :i*1 bo? dur+ ! life-"t ( _! orig9al & aft] 8 dea?1 z mu* honor 0 %[n z to ! ,incas !mselves4 ,^! images 7 c>ri$ 9 procession design$ to obta9 ra91 & fair wea!r1 & 9 "t ( w>4 ,!y 7 also ! objects ( fea/+ & ( sacrifices 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e1 *4 vi74 ,b ! adoration ( ! dead 0 n ( su* exclusive importance 9 ,p]u z 9 "s c\ntries ( inf]ior culture1 & ! mo/ prom95t positions 9 _! sy/em 7 occupi$ by ! ,sun & ! s\l ( ! _w1 ,pa*acamac1 :o 0 9 fact _! highe/ ,god 7,c4 ,r4 b4 #b1 *4 iii74 ,^! la/ examples introduce u to ! m g5]al conception ( deity :i*1 9 all religions b ! v l[e/1 is f\nd along ) ! belief 9 sup]natural be+s ( an inf]ior class1 & 9 "s ( !m ov]%ad[s & expels x4 ,! ,p]uvians1 z j /at$1 assign$ ! fir/ rank to him :om !y conceiv$ to h creat$ & to animate ! univ]se4 ,! ,fijians ador$ a supreme ,be+ ,degei or ,tang>oa4 ,la/ly1 ! ,great-,great1 m5tion$ 9 ! above quotation f ,%oot]1 is a be+ :o seems f ! some:at contradictory evid5ce ( travel]s to h be5 reg>d$ z ,god by "s ( ! ,kafirs1 b to h be5 :olly neglect$ by o!rs4 ,?us1 9 a passage quot$ f a "w ( ,capta9 ,g>d9]'s by ,canon ,callaway1 we f9d a conv]sation ( ! writ]'s ) a native1 9 :i* ! latt] d5ies all k ( deity :atev]1 & expresses a vague notion t ! ?+s 9 ! _w may come ( !mselves4 ,( ano!r tribe ! same writ] ass]ts t !y ackn[l$g$1 inde$1 a tradition>y acc\nt ( a ,supreme ,be+1 :om !y call$ ,ookoolukoolu 7lit]ally ! ,great-,great71 b knew no?+ fur!r respect+ him1 ?an t he orig9ally issu$ f ! re$s1 creat$ m5 & cattle1 & taught !m ! use ( ! assagai4 ,canon ,callaway is app>5tly ( op9ion t ! ^w ,unkulunkulu 0 n 9 use among ! natives ( ,s\? ,africa 9 ! s5se ( ,god until x 0 introduc$ by ,capta9 ,g>d9] 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 vol4 i4 pp4 #ed1 #ee74 ,consid]able suspicion is ?us ?r[n ^u any /atem5ts 9 :i* ?is "n is employ$ = ! ,creator4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we may accept a /atem5t ( ,%oot]'s1 ! ,kafirs ( ,natal h pres]v$ ! tradition ( a ,be+ :om !y call ! ,great-,great & ! ,fir/ ,appe>] or ,exi/]4 ,accord+ to ?is writ] he is repres5t$ z hav+ made all ?+s1 b ?is tradition is n univ]sally kn[n among ! p4 ,a *ief :o 0 ask$ ab\t ,unkulunkulu1 ! ,great-,great1 knew no?+ ab\t him1 b "o ( 8 old m51 :5 a *ild1 _h be5 told by wom5 /oop+ ) age t !re 0 a great be+ above4 ,!re is also a tribe 9 ,natal :i* /ill wor%ips ! ,great-,great1 ?\gh its recollection ( him is v dim4 ,?is tribe calls ^u ,unkulunkulu 9 ! act ( sacrifice & 9 sickness 7,k4 ,n41 pp4 #aei1 #afj74 ,:ile ?is te/imony leaves x d\btful :e!r ,unkulunkulu is wor%ip$ at all1 except by ?is s+le tribe1 ! traditions collect$ by ,canon ,callaway 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 valuable "w po9t to ! pres5ce ( a well-m>k$ leg5d ( creation 9 :i* t deity figures z ! orig9ator ( human life4 ,true1 he is also spok5 ( z ! fir/ man1 & 9 ?is fact we h ! probable reconciliation ( ! view :i* treats him z ! ,supreme ,be+1 ) t :i* d5ies t 8 "n 0 us$ ) ?is signification4 ,unkulunkulu 0 ! primval ance/or ( mank9d1 b he 0 also ! ,creator4 ,ance/or-wor%ip f9ds its culm9ation 9 him4 ,b he has be5 mu* neglect$ 9 comp>ison ) m9or deities1 & ! ^w ,unkulunkulu has be5 appli$ to ! ance/or ( special tribes in/ead ( to ! ance/or ( all mank9d4 ,! g5]al result seems to be t "s1 ?\gh n all ( ! ,zulus1 h 9 _! m9ds a m or less def9ite idea ( a ,fir/ ,cause ( exi/5ce1 b t ?is ,fir/ ,cause is n wor%ip$ & is b little spok5 (4 ,?us1 an old woman que/ion$ by an emiss>y ( ,canon ,callaway's relat$ ?is3-- ,:5 we spoke ( ! orig9 ( corn1 ask+1 ',:5ce came ?is8' ! old p said1 ',x came f ! ,creator :o creat$ all ?+s4 ,b we d n "k him4' ,:5 we ask$ cont9ually1 ',:]e is ! ,creator8 = our *iefs we see8' ! old m5 d5i$1 say+1 ',& ^? *iefs too :om we see1 !y 7 creat$ by ! ,creator4' ,& :5 we ask$1 ',:]e is he8 = he is n visible at all4 ,:]e is he !n8' we he>d our fa!rs po9t+ t[>ds heav5 & say+1 ',! ,creator ( all ?+s is 9 heav54 ,& !re is a nation ( p !re too' 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #eb74 ,b :ile ,unkulunkulu is g5]ally consid]$ z ! ,creator by ! ,zulus1 x w\ld appe> t a neighbor+ p1 call$ ! ,amakxosa1 _h he>d ( a "l 9 heav5 ev5 great] ?an him1 :om !y call$ ,utikxo4 ,accord+ to ! evid5ce ( an old native ! ^w ,utikxo is n ( =eign orig94 ,utikxo 0 appeal$ to :5 a man sneez$1 & z reg>ds ! use ( ,utikxo1 we us$ to say x :5 x ?und]$1 & we ?us knew t !re is a p[] :i* is 9 heav52 & at l5g? we adopt$ ! cu/om ( say+1 ,utikxo is he :o is above all4 ,b x 0 n said t he 0 9 a c]ta9 place 9 heav52 x 0 said he fill$ ! :ole heav54 ,no di/9ction ( place 0 made 7,ib41 vol4 i4 p4 #fe74 ,9 ! op9ion ( ?is au?ority1 ,utikxo _h be5 9 a mann] sup]s$$ by ,unkulunkulu1 :o1 because he 0 visible :ile ! orig9al p[] 0 invisible1 0 mi/ak5 = ! ,creator & = ,god 7,ib41 vol4 i4 p4 #fg74 ,te/imony ( a simil> nature is giv5 9 reg>d to o!r regions ( ,africa4 ,9 ,juda x is /at$ t ! mo/ intellectual ( ! great m5 _h a confus$ idea ( ! exi/5ce & unity ( a ,god 7,v4 ,g41 vol4 ii4 p4 #afj74 ,old5dorp /ates broadly t all negro peoples believe t !re is a ,god1 :om !y repres5t to !mselves z v p[]ful & b5efic5t4 ,he adds t among all ! black nations he has kn[n1 !re is none t has n ?is belief 9 ,god & t does n reg>d him z ! au?or ( ! _w4 ,!y call him by ! same "n z heav51 & x is ev5 d\btful :e!r !y d n take heav5 = ! supreme ,be+4 ,b p]haps1 he adds1 !y d n ev5 ?9k s def9itely 7,g4 d4 ,m41 p4 #cah74 ,s t ! conception ( ! ,highe/ ,god 9 ! regions visit$ by ?is mission>y is /ill vague & indef9ite1 l t we h f\nd 9 ,juda & 9 ,natal4 ,if n[ we turn to ano!r qu>t] ( ! globe we f9d ! peculi>ly degrad$ & ignorant ,gre5l&]s ass]t+ t1 al?\gh !y knew no?+ ( ,god be=e ! arrival ( ! mission>ies1 yet t ^? ( !m :o _h reflect$ on ! subject _h p]ceiv$ ! necessity ( creative p[]1 & _h inf]r$ t !re mu/ be a be+ f> sup]ior to ! clev]e/ man4 ,!y _h1 9 fact1 us$ ! argum5t f design1 & ?us prep>$1 !y _h gladly believ$ 9 ! ,god prea*$ by ! mission>ies1 = !y f\nd t x 0 he :om !y _h 9 _! he>ts desir$ to "k 7,h4 ,g41 p4 #bdj74 ,a simil> conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( a supreme ,god prevail$ 9 ! new _w :5 x 0 discov]$ by ,europeans4 ,su* a ,god 0 ackn[l$g$ 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 z also 9 ! less civiliz$ regions ( ! ,nor?4 ,speak+ ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 ,*>levoix obs]ves t no?+ is m c]ta91 yet no?+ m obscure1 ?an ! idea :i* ^! savages h ( a primval ,be+4 ,all agree 9 reg>d+ him z ! fir/ ,_s1 ! ,rul] & ! ,creator ( ! _w2 b :5 fur!r press$1 !y h no?+ to (f] b grotesque fancies1 ill-consid]$ fables1 & undige/$ sy/ems4 ,ne>ly all ! ,algonqu9 nations 7he adds7 call ! fir/ ,_s ! ,great ,h>e2 "s t]m him ,mi*ab\1 & o!rs ,atahocan4 ,he 0 app>5tly suppos$ by "s to h be5 a k9d ( quadrup$1 & to h creat$ ! e>? f a gra9 ( s& drawn f ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & m5 f ! dead bodies ( animals 7,n4 ,f41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cdc74 ,! great religions ( ! _w h all ( !m 7,buddhism alone except$7 ackn[l$g$ a ,god1 :om !y pictur$ to _! m9ds 9 v>i\s ways accord+ to ! degree ( _! developm5t & _! p[]s ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,dimly %ad[$ =? 9 ! ,confucian sy/em "u ! title ( ,heav51 pla9ly ackn[l$g$1 yet my/ically describ$ by ! ,h9doos "u _m titles1 :]e( ,brahma is "o ( ! mo/ usual1 celebrat$ 9 pla9] language by ! classical hea!ns z ,zeus or ,jupit]1 ?is great be+ appe>s 9 ! ?ree k9dr$ cre$s ( ,judaism1 ,islam1 & ,*ri/ianity1 z ,jehovah1 z ,allah1 & z ,god4 ,9 ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 !re is no article ( fai? correspond+ to ! belief 9 ,god4 ,! ,buddha is himself ! mo/ exalt$ be+ 9 ! univ]se1 & he is nei!r almighty nor et]nal4 ,! creation ( matt] z also ( man appe>s to be unacc\nt$ =4 ,!re is no s+le be+ :o c be reg>d$ z ! rul] ( all ?+s1 & ! highe/ object ( ,buddhi/ wor%ip4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ,buddhism has escap$ ! univ]sal necessity ( admitt+ spiritual p[]s sup]ior to human be+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place x reta9$ ! ,indian deities1 su* z ,brahma1 ,indra1 & o!rs1 & ?\gh1 subord9at+ all ( !m to ,buddha1 yet left !m 9 possession ( enorm\s capacities4 ,9 ! second place1 ! ,buddha 9 fact1 ?\gh n 9 "n1 assum$ ! rank ( a ,god4 ,practically1 he is f> m ?an human4 ,he himself det]m9es ! place1 "t1 & mann] ( 8 inc>nation4 ,he deliv]s infallible doctr9e4 ,he becomes an object ( adoration1 receiv+ div9e honors f 8 foll[]s4 ,& al?\gh ! reign+ ,buddha 7hav+ ent]$ ,nirvna7 is non-exi/5t1 & _c aid 8 disciples1 ! future ,buddha1 or ,bodhisattva1 c d s1 & he is address$ 9 pray] = ! same purposes = :i* a ,*ri/ian w\ld invoke ! int]cession ( 8 ,savior4 ,?irdly1 x is to be rem>k$ t ,buddhism1 free f ! s+le idea ( ,god1 is n free f ! multitud9\s idea ( sup]natural ess5ces4 ,its !ology1 s to speak1 is q full ( cele/ial be+s ( v>i\s ranks & functions1 :o sw>m ar\nd ! t]re/rial believ]s & p]=m all k9ds ( wond]s4 ,to ^! rem>ks x may be add$ t 9 ,nepaul1 "o ( ! c\ntries :]e ,buddhism prevails1 ! non-!i/ic =m has be5 sup]s$$ by a !i/ic =m1 9 :i* !re are div9e ,buddhas correspond+ to ! human ,buddhas2 ! highe/ ( ^!1 ,adi-,buddha1 be+ equival5t to ! highe/ ,god ( o!r cre$s4 ,& x is at lea/ notewor?y1 t 9 ,ceylon1 :]e ! non-!i/ic =m prevails 9 all its purity1 ! p h a habit ( invok+ demons to _! aid1 & ( employ+ ! prie/s ( ^! demons1 9 all ! m important em]g5cies ( _! dome/ic lives4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$1 h[ev]1 t ,i wi% to und]value ! importance ( ! exception :i* ,buddhism pres5ts to ! g5]al rule4 ,f> f x4 ,x ought1 9 my op9ion1 to be always borne 9 m9d z a refutation ( ! /atem5t t belief 9 a p]sonal ,god is a necess>y elem5t ( all religion4 ,europeans are apt to c>ry ) !m ?r\gh\t ! _w _! cle>-cut notions ( deity z a p[]ful be+ :o creat$ ! _w1 put man into x1 gov]ns x 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 & assigns puni%m5ts & rew>ds to ! s\ls ( m5 9 a future /ate4 ,?is belief appe>s to !m s necess>y & s natural t !y expect to f9d x univ]sally prevail+1 & reg>d x z ! indisp5sable f\ndation on :i* all religion mu/ be built4 ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 ! cre$ :i*1 aft] ,*ri/ianity1 has probably ex]t$ ! greate/ & mo/ wide-spread influ5ce on human affairs1 kn[s no su* article ( fai?2 & our g5]al ideas ( ! univ]sal con/itu5ts ( religion mu/ ne$s be modifi$ to embrace ?is fact4 ,"s sup]human p[] mu/1 h[ev]1 be recogniz$ 9 e religion1 & x is ! mann] 9 :i* ?is sup]human p[] is describ$1 ! qualities ascrib$ to x1 its unity or plurality1 its relation t[>ds man1 & simil> di/9ctions1 :i* s]ve to diff]5tiate "o =m ( religion f ano!r4 ,! degree ( def9it5ess is "o ( ! mo/ important features 9 ?is diff]5tiation4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! def9it5ess ( ?is idea & ! developm5t ( ! religion v>y inv]sely z "o ano!r4 ,?is law1 h[ev]1 is obscur$ by ! cont9ual t5d5cy to put =w>d1 to wor%ip1 & to speak ab\t 9 ord9>y cases1 "s inf]ior deity or deities1 :ile !re is lurk+ beh9d ! vague idea ( a high] entity :o is seldom m5tion$1 little or nev] wor%ip$1 & :o possibly has no "n 9 ! language4 ,s t ! gods or idols :o are wor%ip$ by ! p mu/ n be tak5 z embody+ ! be/ expression ( _! religi\s ?\ghts4 ,"s in/ances ( ! occurr5ce ( ?is ph5om5on w s]ve z illu/rations ( ! =ego+ /atem5t4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea ! p h a fa9t idea ( ! true ,god1 & ascribe to him ! attributes ,almighty & ,omnipres5t2 !y believe he creat$ ! univ]se1 & !re=e va/ly pref] him be=e _! idol-gods2 b yet !y d n pray to him1 or (f] any sacrifices to him2 = :i* !y give ! foll[+ reasons4 ,god1 !y say1 is too highly exalt$ above u & too great to condesc5d s mu* z to tr\ble himself1 or ?9k ( mank9d3 :]e=e he commits ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w to _! idols 7,c4 ,g41 p4 #cdh74 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,utikxo1 ! highe/ ,god1 is ?r[n into ! %ade by ! m intelligible & human ,unkulunkulu 7z %[n 9 a previ\s extract7 is ano!r example ( ! op]ation ( ?is law4 ,& x is especially notewor?y t ! ,amazulu h also a "l ( heav51 ) attributes correspond+ to ^? ( ,utikxo1 = :om !y h no "n4 ,anonymity1 or if n absolute anonymity1 ! abs5ce ( any "n commonly employ$ 9 ! popul> language is1 z we %all see1 "o ( ! mo/ usual features ( ?is mo/ exalt$ ,be+4 ,o!r travel]s give simil> acc\nts ( o!r regions ( ,africa4 ,w9t]bottom1 :o 0 especially acqua9t$ ) ,si]ra ,leone & its neighborhood1 says t ! ,africans all ackn[l$ge a supreme ,be+1 ! creator ( ! univ]se2 b !y suppose him to be end[$ ) too mu* b5evol5ce to d h>m to mank9d1 & !re=e ?9k x unnecess>y to (f] him any homage 7,s4 ,l41 vol4 i4 p4 #bbb74 ,( ,dahomey we le>n f ,w9wood ,reade 7a writ] n likely to be p>tial to !ism1 or to discov] x :]e x does n exi/71 t ! natives erect temples to snakes1 b h also ! unkn[n1 unse5 ,god1 ^: "n !y seldom d>e to m5tion 7,s4 ,a41 p4 #di74 ,9 ano!r c\ntry 9 ,africa ! same writ] f\nd t ! natives wor%ip$ num]\s spirits1 & believ$ also 9 an evil ,g5ius & a good ,_s4 ,! =m] !y 7 9 ! habit ( propitiat+ by religi\s s]vice2 b ! latt] !y d n deem x necess>y to pray to 9 a regul> way1 because he w n h>m !m4 ,! ^w by :i* !y express ?is supreme ,be+ answ]s exactly to our ^w ,god4 ,l ! ,jehovah ( ! ,hebrews1 l t ^w 9 masonry :i* is only kn[n to ma/]s & nev] pron\nc$ b 9 a :isp] & 9 full lodge1 ?is ^w !y seldom d>e to speak2 & !y display uneas9ess if x is utt]$ be=e !m4 ,! writ] /ates t he only he>d x on two occasions2 once :5 8 m5 cri$ x out 9 a dang]\s /orm1 & once :5 hav+ ask$ a slave ! "n = ,god1 ! man rais$ 8 eyes1 & po9t+ to heav51 said 9 a s(t voice ,njambi 7,ib41 p4 #bej74 ,aga91 9 a lecture on ! ,a%antees1 ,mr4 ,reade in=m$ 8 he>]s t ! ,oji p1 al?\gh believ+ 9 a supreme ,be+1 d n wor%ip him3 :ile !y d wor%ip a numb] ( inf]ior gods or demons1 to :om !y believe ! sup]ior ,god1 (f5d$ ) mank9d1 has left ! managem5t ( t]re/rial affairs4 ,/range to say1 ! peculi>ity ?us obs]v$ 9 ! old _w is precisely repeat$ 9 ! new4 ,( ! ,mexicans x is /at$ t !y nev] (f]$ sacrifices to ,tonacatecotle :o 0 ,god1 ,"l1 ,creator1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,univ]se1 & :om !y pa9t$ alone ) a cr[n1 z "l ( all4 ,z _! explanation ( ?is conduct !y said t he did n reg>d !m4 ,all ! o!rs to :om !y sacrific$ 7 m5 once on a "t1 or demons 7,a4 ,m41 vol4 vi4 p4 #ajg1 plate #a74 ,conc]n+ ! ,p]uvians1 ,aco/a tells u t !y give _! deity a "n ( great excell5ce1 ,pa*acamac1 or ,pa*aya*acic 7creator ( heav5 & e>?71 & ,usapu 7admirable74 ,he rem>ks1 h[ev]1 ) mu* surprise1 t !y _h no prop] 7or p]haps g5]al7 "n 9 _! language = ,god4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! language ( ,cuzco or ,mexico answ]+ to ,deus1 & ! ,spani>ds us$ _! own ^w ,dios4 ,:5ce he concludes1 some:at ha/ily1 t !y _h b a slight & sup]ficial k ( ,god 7,h4 ,i41 b4 #e1 *4 iii74 ,9 ref]5ce to ,p]u1 h[ev]1 we h /ill m tru/wor?y evid5ce f a memb] ( ! gov]n+ family1 or ,incas4 ,f 8 /atem5ts x appe>s t ! "n appli$ to ! ,highe/ 0 pron\nc$ only on r>e occasions1 & !n ) extreme/ rev]5ce4 ,?is "n 0 ,pa*acamac1 a ^w signify+ he :o animates ! :ole _w1 or ! ,univ]sal ,s\l1 z x w\ld be t]m$ 9 ,indian philosophy4 ,l o!r cre$s t ( ,p]u _h its second>y deity1 ! ,sun1 9 ^: honor sacrifices 7 (f]$ & fe/ivals held1 :ile no temples 7 erect$1 & no sacrifices (f]$ to ,pa*acamac1 al?\gh ! ,p]uvians ador$ him 9 _! he>ts & look$ ^u him z ! unkn[n ,god 7,c4 ,r41 b4 #b1 *4 iii74 ,anci5t religion pres5ts simil> facts4 ,9 8 exhau/ive "w on ,sabaeism1 ,*wolsohn obs]ves t ! fundam5tal idea ( t =m ( fai? 0 n1 z is (t5 suppos$1 a/rolatry4 ,to ,%ahra/ani 7! ,arabian s*ol>71 & _m o!rs :o foll[$ him1 ,sabaeism express$ ! idea t ,god is too sublime & too great to occupy himself ) ! imm$iate managem5t ( ?is _w2 t he has !re=e transf]r$ ! gov]nm5t !re( to ! gods1 & reta9$ only ! mo/ important affairs = himself2 t fur!r1 man is too weak to be able to apply imm$iately to ! ,highe/2 t he mu/ !re=e address 8 pray]s & sacrifices to ! int]m$iate div9ities1 to :om ! managem5t ( ! _w has be5 intru/$ by ! ,highe/4 ,fur!r on1 ! au?or asks himself :e!r ?is conception 0 peculi> to ! ,h>ranian ,sabaeans1 & replies1 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,?is fundam5tal idea is tol]ably old1 & 9 lat] times f\nd admission to "s ext5t ev5 among ! /rictly mono!i/ic ,jews4444 ,9 ! hea!n _w ?is view 0 univ]sally %>$ by ! cultivat$ classes1 at lea/ 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era 7,ssabismus1 vol4 i4 p4 #gbe74 ,indian !ology teems ) ! conception ( a sublime b unkn[able deity f> sup]ior to ! deities ( popul> adoration1 :o has no "n & ^: greatness _c be adequately express$ 9 human language4 ,indian philosophy loses itself 9 a sea ( my/ic t]ms :5 x endeavors to speak ( ?is all-p]vad+ & prem95t ,be+4 ,take1 = example1 ! foll[+ f ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1 "o ( ! treatises app5d$ to ! ,sma ,v$a4 ,a fa!r is in/ruct+ 8 son3-- ',dissolve ?is salt 9 wat]1 & appe> be=e me to-morr[ morn+4' ,he did s4 ,unto him said 7! fa!r71 ',my *ild1 f9d out ! salt t y put 9 t wat] la/ night4' ,! salt1 hav+ be5 dissolv$1 c\ld n be made out4 7,unto ,swetaketu said 8 fa!r71 ',*ild1 d y ta/e a little f ! top ( t wat]4' 7,! *ild did s4 ,aft] a :ile ! fa!r inquir$71 ',h[ ta/es x8' ',x is salti%' 7said ,swetaketu74 ,! same result foll[$ ) wat] tak5 f ! middle & ! bottom4 ',if s 7?r[+ x away71 wa% y\r m\? & grieve n4' ,v]ily he did s 7& said to 8 fa!r71 ',! salt t ,i put 9 ! wat] exi/s = ev]2 7?\gh ,i p]ceive x n by my eyes x is felt by my tongue74' 7,unto him7 said 78 fa!r71 ',v]ily1 su* is ! case ) ! ,tru?1 my *ild4 ,?\gh y p]ceive x n1 x nev]!less p]vades ?is 7body74 ,t p>ticle :i* is ! s\l ( all ?is is ,tru?2 x is ! ,univ]sal ,s\l4 ,o ,swetaketu1 ,?\ art t' 7,*4 ,up41 *4 vi4 sec4 #ac1 p4 #aac74 ,simil> notions ( an all-p]vad+ & inf9ite ,be+ are f\nd 9 ! ,bhagavat-,gta1 a !ological episode ins]t$ 9 ! great epical poem kn[n z ! ,mahbhrata4 ,!re ,vi%nu is n m]ely ! ord9>y god ,vi%nu ( ,indian !ology2 b ! univ]se itself is express$ z an inc>nation ( t deity :o is se5 9 ev]y?+ & himself is ev]y?+4 ,i am ! s\l1 ,o ,arjuna1 ?us he addresses 8 mortal pupil1 :i* exi/s 9 ! he>t ( all be+s1 & ,i am ! beg9n+ & ! middle & also ! end ( exi/+ ?+s 7,bh4 ,g41 *4 x4 p4 #ga74 ,aga91 ,vi%nu ?us describes himself 9 language :i* translat$ into ord9>y prose1 w\ld s]ve to convey ! idea embodi$ 9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,unkn[able3-- ,"k t t brilliance :i* ent]s ! sun & illum9es ! :ole e>?1 & :i* is 9 ! moon1 & 9 fire1 is ( me4 ,& ,i ent] ! gr\nd & support all liv+ ?+s by my vigor2 & ,i n\ri% all h]bs1 becom+ t moi/ure ( :i* ! peculi> prop]ty is ta/e4 ,& becom+ fire1 ,i ent] ! body ( ! liv+1 & be+ associat$ ) _! inspiration & expiration1 cause food ( ! f\r k9ds to dige/4 ,& ,i ent] ! he>t ( ea* "o1 & f me come memory1 k1 & reason 7,ib41 *4 xv4 p4 #ajj74 ,nor did ! writ]s ( ! ,v$a & ! comm5t>ies !reupon omit to look above ! concrete =ms ( ! my?ological gods :o p _! ,pan!on to a m compreh5sive & less compreh5sible primordial ,s\rce4 ,! gods 7 unfitt$ to s]ve z explanations ( ! orig9 ( ! univ]se by reason ( ! !ory t !y 7 n et]nal1 & t !y came into exi/5ce subsequ5tly to ! creation ( ! _w4 ,! writ] ( a hymn 9 ! t5? book ( ! ,rig-,v$a ass]t$ t ! ,"o1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ brea!d calmly1 self-su/a9$1 is develop$ by 444 its own inh]5t heat1 or by rigor\s & int5se ab/raction4 ,b ?is ,ri%i av[$ himself unable to say any?+ ( creation1 or ev5 to "k :e!r !re 0 a creator4 ,ev5 its rul] 9 ! highe/ heav5 may n be 9 possession ( ! great secret4 ,expla9+ ?is passage1 a comm5tator1 writ+ at a mu* lat] date1 obs]ves t ! la/ v]se ( ! hymn decl>es t ! rul] ( ! univ]se kn[s1 or t ev5 he does n "k1 f :at mat]ial cause ?is visible _w arose1 & :e!r t mat]ial cause exi/s 9 any def9ite =m or n4 ,t is to say1 ! decl>ation t 'he kn[s1' is made f ! /&-po9t ( t popul> conception :i* di/+ui%es betwe5 ! rul] ( ! univ]se & ! creatures ov] :om he rules2 :ile ! proposition t 'he does n "k' is ass]t$ on ! gr\nd ( t highe/ pr9ciple :i*1 transc5d+ all popul> conceptions1 affirms ! id5tity ( all ?+s ) ! supreme ,s\l1 :i* _c see any o!r exi/5ce z di/9ct f itself 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 pp4 #cfc1 #cfd74 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! comm5tator correctly po9ts out ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,unkn[n ,cause ( philosophic ?\ght & ! gods ( popul> !ology1 ! latt] be+ limit$1 & hav+ ! univ]se outside ( & objective to !m1 ! =m] compreh5d+ x )9 itself1 & hav+ no?+ objective :atev]4 ,& he p]ceives app>5tly t ^! are b diff]5t modes ( conceiv+ ! same ,ultimate ,ess5ce1 dep5d5t on ! v>y+ repres5tative capacities ( ^? by :om !y are employ$4 ,9 ,india1 z else:]e1 ?is ,ultimate ,ess5ce _h no prop] "n4 ,sometimes x is spok5 ( z ,t4 ,?us1 9 a passage quot$ by ,dr4 ,muir f ! ,taittirya ,brhmana we f9d ! foll[+3 ,?is univ]se 0 n orig9ally any?+4 ,!re 0 nei!r heav51 nor e>?1 nor atmosph]e4 ,t be+ non-exi/5t 7asat7 resolv$ ',let me be4' ,t became f]v5t1 & s =?4 ,h]eupon ! comm5tator /ates t ! ,supreme ,_s 0 non-exi/5t only 9 respect ( "n & =m1 b t nev]!less x 0 really exi/+ 7sat7 7,o4 ,s4 ,t41 vol4 v4 p4 #cff74 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 9 8 essay on ! ,v$a1 has obs]v$ t aft] nam+ ! sev]al p[]s ( nature1 & wor%ip+ !m z gods1 ! anci5t ,h9du f\nd t !re 0 yet ano!r p[] )9 him & ar\nd him = :i* he _h no "n4 ,?is he t]m$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ,brahman1 =ce1 w1 wi%4 ,b :5 ,brahman too _h become a p]son1 he call$ ! my/]i\s & imp]sonal p[] tman1 orig9ally mean+ brea? or _s1 subsequ5tly ,self4 ,atman rema9$ always free f my? & wor%ip1 diff]+ 9 ?is f ,brahman 7neut]71 :o has 8 temples 9 ,india ev5 n[ & is wor%ip$ z ,brahman 7mascul9e71 toge!r ) ,vi%nu & ,siva & o!r popul> gods 7,*ips1 vol4 i4 pp4 #gj1 #ga74 ,di/+ui%+ ^! two deities1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ,engli% read]s1 z ,brahm1 ! neut]1 & ,brahma1 ! mascul9e ,god1 x is to be obs]v$ t ev5 ! latt]1 :o holds 9 !ology ! function ( ,creator1 is b little wor%ip$ 9 ,india1 & holds no conspicu\s place 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,?us ,wilson says1 ,x is d\btful if ,brahma 0 ev] wor%ip$4 ,indications ( local adoration ( him at ,pu%k>a1 ne> ,ajmir1 are f\nd 9 "o ,purana1 ! ,brahma ,purana1 b 9 no o!r "p ( ,india is !re ! slighte/ ve/ige ( 8 wor%ip 7,w4 ,w41 vol4 ii4 p4 #fc74 ,else:]e ! same mo/ compet5t au?ority /ates x might be difficult to meet ) any ,brahma-wor%ip]s n[2 exclusive ador]s ( ?is deity1 & temples d$icat$ to him1 d n n[ occur p]haps 9 any "p ( ,india2 at ! same "t x is an error to suppose t public homage is nev] paid to him4 ,h]eupon he m5tions a few places :]e ,brahma is p>ticul>ly rev]5c$4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 !re may be discov]$ "s fa9t traces ( ! wor%ip ( ,brahma ! ,creator1 & fir/ memb] ( ! ,h9du ,tr9ity1 !re does n appe> to be any wor%ip :atev] ( ! m imp]sonal & ab/ract ,brahm4 ,brahm is relat$ to ,brahma mu* z ! ,absolute or ! ,unkn[able ( philosophy is relat$ to ! ,god ( ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures4 ,9 ! conception ( ,brahm ! idea ( deity is pu%$ to ! utmo/ limits ( :i* human ?\ght is capable1 & we h a be+ ^: v exaltation above ! my?ological p]sonages :o pass = gods among ! p precludes him f receiv+ ! adoration ( any b philosophic m9ds4 ,:5 !re=e ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] speaks ( temples d$icat$ to ,brahm ,i presume t he is speak+ ( ! temples ( ,brahma1 ! corporeal =m ( ?is unembodi$ idea4 ,= ,brahm is /at$ to be immat]ial1 invisible1 unborn1 uncreat$1 )\t beg9n+ or end2 to be inappreh5sible by ! und]/&+1 at lea/ until t is fre$ f ! film ( mortal bl9dness2 to be devoid ( attributes1 or to h only purity1 & to be susceptible ( no int]e/ 9 ! acts ( man or ! adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! univ]se4 ,con=mably to ^! views1 adds ,wilson1 no temples are erect$1 no pray]s are ev5 address$ to ! ,supreme 7,w4 ,w41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ia74 ,?us ,brahma1 ! ,god1 is b little wor%ip$2 ,brahm1 ! inf9ite be+1 & tman1 _s1 are n wor%ip$ at all4 ,n[ ,brahma1 ! creative & =mative p[]1 corresponds to ,god ! ,fa!r2 :ile ,brahm & tman1 especially ! latt]1 be> m resemblance to ! ,holy ,gho/2 a fact to be especially not$ 9 ref]5ce to ! comp>ison h]eaft] to be made betwe5 ! positions occupi$ by ! m & ! less spiritual memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity4 ,?us we h ?is s+ul> neglect ( ! ,supreme ,div9ity prevail+ among anci5t hea!ns1 among mod]n ,africans1 among ,h9dus ( all ages1 & among pre-,*ri/ian ,mexicans & ,p]uvians4 ,d ,judaism1 & its (f%oot1 ,*ri/ianity1 (f] no sign ( a simil> relegation ( ! highe/ to an invisible backgr\nd8 ,i ?9k !y d4 ,! evid5ce is n inde$ q s simple z 9 ! o!r cases4 ,b x is des]v+ ( rem>k t ! ord9>y "n = ,god 9 ,hebrew1 ,elohim1 is plural1 & mu/ at "o "t h signifi$ gods2 :ile ! ^w :i* is sometimes us$ alone1 b m commonly 9 comb9ation ) x1 is reg>d$ z s sacr$ t ! ,jews 9 read+ ! ,scriptures nev] pron\nce x1 b sub/itute ,adonai1 my "l1 9 its place4 ,ow+ to ?is anci5t cu/om ! v s\nd ( ! ^w has be5 absolutely =gott51 & ,jehovah1 by :i* we commonly r5d] x1 has be5 m]ely con/ruct$ by supply+ ! v[els f ,adonai4 ,n[ ! exi/5ce ( a mo/ holy "n1 b r>ely us$1 & !n only ) great rev]5ce1 is a manife/ation ( religi\s feel+ exactly correspond+ to t relat$ by ,reade conc]n+ ! ,african "n ,njambi4 ,suppose t ) ! progress ( !ological dogmas & ecclesia/ical usages ! use ( ! ^w ,njambi %\ld be entirely dropp$1 its pronunciation might !n be entirely lo/ 7if1 z 9 ,hebrew1 its v[el s\nds 7 nev] writt574 ,& ) ! adoption ( a mono!i/ic cre$ "s "n1 n[ belong+ to an idol1 might be us$ z synonym\s ) ,njambi4 ,n[ some?+ ( ?is k9d may h happ5$ ) ! ,hebrews4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! ,elohim 7 orig9ally gods accept$ by ! ,hebrews z "p ( a poly!i/ic sy/em4 ,deep 9 ! m9ds ( ,hebrew ?9k]s lay ! m ab/ract notion ( a s+le ,god1 m p[]ful & m my/]i\s ?an ! ,elohim4 ,!y call$ him ,jahveh1 or :atev] else may h be5 ! "n express$ by 4 ,b z ! mono!i/ic view triumph$ ov] ! poly!i/ic1 ! ,elohim 7 adopt$ into ! framework ( ! new religion1 & 9 a mann] subord9at$ to ,jahveh by a process ( fusion4 ,! "n ( ,jahveh1 :i* mu/ once h be5 9 common use1 0 n[ treat$ z too holy to be ev] utt]$ by mortal lips4 ,! anci5t ,god :o _h /ood at ! head ( ! sy/em ( 8 p>ty1 0 9 a c]ta9 s5se )drawn f active life1 b reta9$ z ! nom9al occupant ( supreme au?ority4 ,:e!r ?is acc\nt is probable or n1 mu/ be left to bett] judges to decide1 b x t5ds at lea/ to br+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% fai? into h>mony ) t ( o!r religions4 ,moreov]1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t a process extremely simil> to t "h imag9$ z occurr+ 9 ! developm5t ( ,judaism1 0 actually pass$ ?r\gh by its y\ng] rival4 ,*ri/ianity1 aris+ 9 ! mid/ ( a p :o _h arriv$ at highly ab/ract views ( deity1 proce$$ at once to d :at s _m o!r cre$s h done1 to embody ! conception ( div9e p[] 9 a concrete object4 ,?is concrete object 0 9 ! ,*ri/ian !ology a man4 ,& z g5]ally happ5s 9 ^! cases1 ! m ab/ract idea 0 ov]%ad[$ & to "s ext5t driv5 f ! field by ! m concrete4 ,*ri/ occupies a l>g] place bo? 9 au?oriz$ ,*ri/ian wor%ip & 9 ! popul> ,*ri/ian imag9ation ?an does 8 ,fa!r4 ,! cre$ no d\bt treats !m bo? ) equal rev]5ce1 z p]sons 9 a s+le ,god2 b to und]/& :at is truly felt & believ$ by ! p1 we mu/ look n to ! lett] ( _! cre$s1 b to _! actual1 & above all _! unconsci\s practice4 ,do+ ?is we f9d fir/ an entire abs5ce ( any special fe/ival 9 honor ( ! ,fa!r4#ig ,look at ! l>ge place occupi$ by ! hi/ory ( ,jesus 9 ecclesia/ical fa/-days & fea/-days4 ,we h ! ,annunciation1 ! ,nativity1 ! =ty days ( ,l5t1 ! ,crucifixion1 ! ,resurrection1 ! ,asc5sion1 all ref]r+ to him4 ,b we h q =gott5 to celebrate ! creation ( ! human species1 ! expulsion f ,ed51 ! deluge1 ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 & o!r mighty works due to 8 ,fa!r4 ,! weekly holiday1 orig9ally a memorial ( 8 repose on ! sev5? day1 has inde$ be5 reta9$ f ,judaism2 yet ev5 "h its ref]5ce has be5 *ang$ f ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ p]son to t ( ! second by its transf] f ! la/ day ( ! week to ! fir/4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,didron rem>ks t 9 e>ly works ( art ,jesus is made to take ! place ( 8 ,fa!r 9 creation & 9 simil> labors1 j z 9 hea!n religions an inf]ior div9ity does ! "w "u a sup]ior "o4 ,di%onorable & ev5 ridicul\s positions 7 assign$ to ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,! m anci5t arti/s 7 reluctant to pa9t ! :ole ( ! ,fir/ ,p]son1 j z ,africans1 ,p]uvians & ,hebrews 7 reluctant to speak 8 "n4 ,a m]e h& or an arm is held suffici5t to repres5t him4 ,b 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 ,god ! ,fa!r beg9s to manife/ 8 figure2 at fir/ 8 bu/ only1 & !n 8 :ole p]son4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury we take "p 9 ! bir? & developm5t ( ! figure ( ! et]nal ,fa!r4 ,at fir/ equal to 8 ,son 9 age & /ation1 he beg9s 9 process ( "t to become slightly diff]5t1 until1 t[>ds #acfj1 ! notion ( pat]nity is atta*$ irrevocably to him2 he is !nce=? uni=mly old] ?an 8 ,son1 & assumes ! fir/ place 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,! middle age may be divid$ 7accord+ to ,didron7 into two p]iods4 ,9 ! fir/1 prec$+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 we h ! ,fa!r 9 ! image & similitude ( ! ,son4 ,9 ! second1 aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury until ! sixte5?1 ,jesus ,*ri/ loses 8 iconographic di/9ctness1 & is conqu]$ by 8 ,fa!r4 ,he 9 8 turn puts on ! lik5ess ( ! ,fa!r1 becom+ old & wr9kl$ l him 7,ic4 ,*41 p4 #adh-bjc74 ,bas+ 8 conclusions on ^! rem>kable disclosures1 ,mi*elet1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,france1 obs]ves ) consid]able reason t f ! fir/ c5tury until ! twelf? ,god 0 n wor%ip$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,nay1 ev5 = fifte5 c5turies n a temple1 n an alt> 0 erect$ to him4 ,& :5 he did v5ture to appe> beside 8 ,son 9 ,*ri/ian art1 he rema9$ neglect$ & solit>y4 ,nobody made an (f]+ to him1 or caus$ a mass to be said 9 8 honor 7,mi*elet1 ,hi/oire de ,france1 vol4 vii4 p4 xlix74 ,b :ile ! fir/ ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity has n[ obta9$1 especially 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 a degree ( recognition :i* he did n always enjoy1 !re rema9s beh9d ano!r ,p]son1 :o is m ab/ract1 m spiritual1 m undef9able ?an ei!r ! ,fa!r or ! ,son4 ,=mally includ$ 9 ! liturgies ( ! ,*ur*1 hav+ an (fice e/abli%$ 9 8 honor1 *ur*es d$icat$ to 8 "n1 ?is memb] ( ! ,tr9ity has nev]!less be5 /rangely neglect$ by all ,*ri/ian nations4 ,nobody practically wor%ips ! ,holy ,gho/2 nobody pays him especial att5tion2 nobody appe>s to be mu* conc]n$ ab\t 8 proce$+s4 ,arti/s h treat$ him ) a degree ( indiff]5ce :i* !y h nev] manife/$ t[>ds ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,n only h !y sometimes =gott5 to include ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 _! repres5tations ( ! ,godhead1 b !y h omitt$ him ev5 f a sc5e :]e he _h ! be/ possible claim to figure1 namely1 ! reception ( ! ,_s by ! apo/les at ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/4 ,else:]e !y h n completely left him out1 b h plac$ him 9 an attitude ( subord9ation & indignity1 ev9c+ b scant respect1 z :]e an arti/ _h depict$ an angel z app>5tly re/ra9+ ! impetuosity ( ! dove by hold+ its tail 9 bo? 8 h&s4 ,:ile 9 ! ,catacombs x 0 ! ,fa!r :o 0 suppress$1 9 ! ,tr9ities ( ! twelf?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5? c5turies x is ! ,holy ,gho/ :o is f\nd to be miss+4 ,?us1 obs]ves ! ,roman ,ca?olic au?or to :om ,i am indebt$ = ^! facts1 ! ,holy ,gho/ has sometimes _h reason to compla9 ( ! arti/s 7,ic4 ,*41 p4 #dhi-die74 ,7 ?is ,p]son1 9 fact1 dispos$ to be punctili\s1 x is n only arti/s1 m]e reflectors ( ! g5]al s5tim5t1 b ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w ( :om he w\ld h reason to compla94 ,s little does he occupy ! ord9>y ?\ghts ( ,*ri/ians1 t ,abail>d gave ! greate/ (f5se by nam+ a mona/]y aft] him1 & ?is proc$ure ( ! great !ologian rema9s1 ,i believe1 a solit>y example 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( su* an honor be+ paid to ! ,p>aclete4 ,yet surely he :o be>s ! great (fice ( ! ,com=t] is des]v+ ( "s m express recognition ?an he n[ receives6 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is univ]sal oblivion8 ,i suspect x is t :i* leads to ! neglect by ! ,africans ( _! highe/ god1 namely1 8 entire innocu\sness4 ,we saw t v>i\s tribes1 :ile omitt+ to wor%ip a b5evol5t deity1 :o w nev] d !m any k9d ( h>m1 address _! pray]s to a class ( gods :o are describ$ by travel]s z demons1 or evil spirits1 b :om !y no d\bt reg>d z mixtures ( good qualities ) bad2 capable ( propitiation by pray]1 b res5tful ( irrev]5ce4 ,n[ ! ,fa!r & ! ,son correspond 9 "s degree to ^! inf]ior gods4 ,n t !y are actively malevol5t1 b !y h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( a t]rify+ ord]4 ,god ! ,fa!r is ?r\gh\t ! ,bible ! au?or ( *a/isem5ts & sc\rges4 ,god ! son1 m]ciful ?\gh he be1 yet intimates t he w return to judge ! _w1 & t he w disav[ ^? :o are n truly 8 disciples1 ?us consign+ !m to ! secul> arm ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 :o w condemn !m to et]nal puni%m5t4 ,b ,god ! ,_s has no %>e 9 ^! horrors4 ,:5ev] he appe>s ^u ! sc5e1 he is quiet1 g5tle1 & in(f5sive2 & ^! qualities1 comb9$ ) ! abs5ce ( ! m def9ite p]sonality possess$ by 8 colleagues1 h effectually ensur$ 8 comp>ative insignificance 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip & 9 ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,:ile ?is has be5 ! c\rse ( affairs 9 ref]5ce to ! p]sons 9 ! ,tr9ity--:o1 ?\gh dogmatically "o1 are popul>ly & practically ?ree--a simultane\s displacem5t ( all its memb]s by /ill m compreh5sible objects ( wor%ip has be5 go+ on4 ,fir/ 9 rank among ^! /&s ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 s univ]sally wor%ip$ 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,aft] h] come ! mass ( sa9ts1 "s ( g5]al1 "s ( local celebrity2 b :o1 no d\bt1 receive1 ea* f 8 or h] p>ticul> devotees1 a f> l>g] %>e ( devotional att5tion ?an ! ,fa!r or ! ,son !mselves4 ,= !y are reque/$ to int]c$e ) ^! m exalt$ pot5tates2 & we naturally pay m reg>d to our int]cessors1 %[ !m m assidu\s respect1 feel t[>ds !m m gratitude1 ?an we d to ^? ) :om !y int]c$e1 & :o /& too f> above u to be approa*$ directly by u4 ,keightley1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 expresses himself z %ock$ by ! f> l>g] %>e ( ! (f]+s ( ! pi\s receiv$ at ,cant]bury by ! alt> ( ,?omas--,becket ?an 0 receiv$ by ! alt>s ( ! ,virg9 & ( ! ,son4 ,! proportion is z foll[s3--,9 "o ye> ,/4 ,?omas receiv$ #hcb1 #abs4 #c;d42 ! ,virg9 #fc1 #es4 #f;d42 ,*ri/ only #c1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,next ye> ! m>tyr _h #ied1 #fs4 #c;d42 ,m>y #d1 #as4 #h;d42 & ,*ri/ no?+ at all4 ,?is relation is p]fectly natural4 ,?omas--,becket 0 ! local sa9t4 ,he /ood ne>] to ! p1 0 m intelligible to _! m9ds1 ?an ! ,virg9 ,m>y2 & ! latt]1 aga91 0 m intelligible to !m ?an ,jesus ,*ri/1 ^: my/ic attributes %e did n %>e4 ,?is fact does b illu/rate ! common t5d5cy ( mank9d to neglect ! wor%ip ( ! highe/ deity recogniz$ 9 _! =mal cre$1 & to (f] _! pray]s & _! sacrifices to idols ( l[] pret5sions & m human proportions4 ,t :i*1 z ! up%ot ( ^! speculations1 we are *iefly conc]n$ to note1 is t religion ev]y:]e conta9s1 z its mo/ ess5tial +r$i5t1 ! conception ( an unkn[n p[]2 :i* p[]1 ?us (f]$ by religion to ! adoration ( mank9d1 becomes ! object ( a d\ble t5d5cy3 a t5d5cy on ! "o h& to pres]ve x z a dim idea1 repres5t$ to ! m9d "u highly ab/ract =ms2 a t5d5cy on ! o!r h&1 to br+ x d[n to common compreh5sion by pres5t+ x to ! s5ses "u concrete symbols4 ,b "u all images1 h[ev] mat]ial2 "u all embodim5ts1 h[ev] gross2 ! c5tral ?\ght ( a p[] hidd5 beh9d s5sible ph5om5a1 unkn[n & unkn[able1 /ill rema9s4 ,s f> !n z hi/orical inquiry ?r[s light ^u ! answ] to ! second "q 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 t answ] w be 9 ! affirmative4 ,x r5d]s x at lea/ highly probable t ! common elem5ts ( religion are1 f _! univ]sal or all b univ]sal preval5ce1 a necess>y & !re=e p]man5t portion ( our m5tal furniture4 ,nor is ?is conclusion invalidat$ by ! hypo!tical objection t !re are races )\t a religion at all4 ,grant+ ! fact1 x admits ( an explanation q consi/5t ) ?is view4 ,= ! races :i* are de/itute ( ! religi\s idea may be s1 n because !y are sup]ior to x1 & c d )\t x1 b because !y are inf]ior to x1 & h n yet p]ceiv$ x4 ,?us1 ! savage nations :o _c c\nt beyond _! f+]s1 prove no?+ aga9/ ! necessity ( num]ical relations4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y _c add _! t5 toes to _! t5 f+]s1 & ?us make tw5ty1 yet ! mom5t we p]ceive t t5 plus t5 equals tw5ty1 we p]ceive also t ?is relation is an absolute necessity1 & x rema9s an unalt]able fact 9 our intellectual treasury4 ,no inability on ! "p ( ! savage to und]/& u c %ake our conviction4 ,n[ ! same ?+ may hold good ( ! ultimate elem5ts ( religi\s feel+4 ,^! also1 :5 once ! conditions are realiz$ 9 ?\ght1 may prove necess>y beliefs4 ,:e!r !y are s or n is a "q = philosophy4 ,to ! exam9ation ( t "q we mu/ n[ proce$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,religion1 z ! =ego+ analysis has %[n1 puts =w>d z its c>d9al tru? ! conception ( a p[] :i* is nei!r p]ceptible by ! s5ses nor def9able by ! intellect4 ,= s5sible p]ception requires a mat]ial object & a mat]ial organ2 & intellectual def9ition requires an object :i* c be comp>$ ) o!r objects t are l x1 discrim9at$ f o!rs t are unlike x1 & classifi$ accord+ to t lik5ess & t unlik5ess4 ,9 ei!r case !re=e ! object mu/ be a ph5om5on hav+ its place among ph5om5a1 :e!r ^? ( ! s5sible or ^? ( ! intelligible sph]e4 ,b if ! p[] accept$ by religion be nei!r p]ceptible nor def9able1 are we oblig$ to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( s ab/ract an entity at all1 or may we reject x z a figm5t ( ! human bra98 ,p]haps we %all be/ be able to discov] :e!r su* a belief is necess>y or n by endeavor+ to d )\t x1 & to frame a consi/5t conception ( ! univ]se f :i* x is entirely exclud$4 ,!re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* su* a conception might be attempt$4 ,we may reg>d ! _w f ! plat=m ( ,realism or f t ( ,idealism1 & ! nature ( our ,realism or ( our ,idealism may v>y ) ! special s*ool ( ?\ght to :i* we may belong4 ,realism 9 ! fir/ in/ance admits ( two ma9 subdivisions3 into ,common1 or z ,mr4 ,sp5c] calls x1 ,crude ,realism1 & into ,metaphysical ,realism2 & ^! two =ms ( x require sep>ate treatm5t4 ,common ,realism is ! primitive op9ion ( un$ucat$ & ( unreflect+ p]sons1 & is 9 fact simply ! abs5ce ( any g5u9e op9ion at all4 ,!y1 ,i imag9e1 reg>d ! ext]nal objects by :i* !y are surr\nd$ z s _m actual entities1 n only hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce ( _! own1 b an exi/5ce l t :i* !y possess 9 our consci\sness4 ,?us1 an egg !y w\ld take to be 9 reality a :ite1 brittle1 h>d ?+ on ! outside1 hav+ a c]ta9 %ape1 size1 & weight1 & conta9+ inside ! %ell a quantity ( s(t :iti% & yell[i% sub/ance ) a giv5 ta/e4 ,^! qualities1 n except+ ! ta/e1 tak5 along ) any o!r qualities t may be disclos$ by m c>eful inquiry1 !y w\ld conceive to con/itute ! :ole ( ! egg4 ,x is ! same ) o!r objects4 ,:at we p]ceive by our s5ses is ?\ght by !m to be a copy ( ! real ?+s z !y exi/ 9 nature1 mu* z ! ret9a ( ! eye1 reg>d$ f )\t1 is se5 to conta9 a copy 9 m9iature ( ! surr\nd+ sc5e4 ,common ,realism1 h[ev]1 :ile x tacitly takes = grant$ an inf9ite numb] ( sep>ate entities1 _c acc\nt ei!r = ! orig9 ( ^? entities or = _! nature4 ,nor has x any acc\nt to give ( ! orig9 ( life1 = mat]ial ?+s are 9 ?is sy/em utt]ly de/itute ( life1 & inde$ oppos$ to x4 ,!y are precisely :at our s5ses in=m u (1 & no?+ m4 ,h5ce !y furni% no answ]s to ! que/ions3 ,h[ did ?is _w come into be+1 & h[ did x rea* its pres5t %ape8 ,h[ d m5 come to exi/ 9 x2 = matt] conta9s no vitality & no p[] ( infus+ vitality into itself8 ,!re=e x is t ! adh]5ts ( ,common ,realism are inv>iably driv5 back ^u a sup]ior be+1 :om !y t]m a ,creator1 & :o supplies ! motive impulse :i* is want+ 9 _! _w4 ,metaphysical ,realism pr(esses to be ! improvem5t ( s*ol>s ^u ! unsift$ notions ( ! vulg>4 ,x is ! sy/em to :i*1 9 its e>li] & crud] =m1 ,b]keley a c5tury ago gave :at once appe>$ to be its dea?-bl[1 b :at may p]haps turn out to h be5 a w\nd suffici5tly sev]e to cause prolong$ ins5sibility1 b n absolute ext9ction4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ) ! purpose ( complet+ ! "w ( de/ruction1 b ( exam9+ :e!r x af=ds a possible escape f ! necessity ( ! religi\s po/ulate1 t ,i ref] to x "h4 ,metaphysical ,reali/s p]ceiv$ cle>ly en\gh t ! app>5t qualities ( s5sible objects c\ld n be ! objects !mselves4 ,ev5 if !y did n recognize ?is ) reg>d to all ! app>5t qualities1 !y did s ) reg>d to ^? t]m$ second>y1 su* z ta/e1 smell1 & color4 ,lat] repres5tatives ( ! s*ool1 su* z ,kant1 ext5d$ ! process by :i* ?is conclusion 0 rea*$ to all app>5t qualities1 :atsoev]4 ,bel[ ! app>5t qualities1 h[ev]1 ^! ?9k]s assum$ a sub/ance1 sub/antia1 9 :i* !y inh]$1 & by :i* !y 7 b\nd toge!r1 s z to con/itute ! object4 ,& ?is sub/ance--some?+ unp]ceiv$ und]ly+ ! qualities p]ceiv$--0 _! notion ( matt]4 ,obs]ve n[ ! position we h arriv$ at4 ,no soon] does ,realism ab&on ! unt5able hypo!sis t ! qualities ( ! object are ! object itself1 ?an x is driv5 ^u ! assumption ( an utt]ly unkn[able & inconceivable entity2 a matt] :i* is n p]ceptible by any ( our s5ses1 :i* is bel[1 or 9 addition to1 ph5om5a conc]n+ :i* we c pr$icate no?+1 & ^: relation to ! qualities x is suppos$ to support we _c und]/&4 ,b ! necessity ( "s su* assumption is ! v ass]tion impli$ 9 all =ms ( religi\s fai?4 ,realism1 !n1 does n escape ! pressure ( ?is necessity1 ev5 ?\gh ! entity x assumes is n precisely ( ! same "*4 ,b is ! diff]5ce 9 its "* "o t tells 9 favor ( ?is v>iety ( ,realism1 or 9 favor ( religion8 ,assur$ly sub/ance1 or matt]1 imag9$ z ! bond betwe5 app>5t qualities1 is n an easi]1 simpl]1 or m intelligible conception ?an t ( a univ]sal p[] z ! orig91 s\rce1 or objective side ( all physical ph5om5a4 ,grant+ ev5 t ! latt] conception _c be repres5t$ to ! m9d1 a repres5tation ( ! =m] is equally impossible4 ,b does x expla9 ! facts bett]8 ,let u see4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ dem& an accurate def9ition ( :at ?is suppos$ matt] is4 ,is x passive1 inanimate1 incapable ( indep5d5t action1 & unable to develop out ( itself ! liv+ creatures :i* 9 "s way h come to exi/8 ,if s1 we pla9ly require ano!r entity 9 addition to matt]1 bo? to acc\nt = ! active =ces ( our univ]se1 & to orig9ate ! ph5om5on ( life4 ,= if ! qualities ( body ne$ a sub/ratum1 s also d ^? ( m9d4 ,if x be held t ! p[] f :i* m9d emanates be ! same z t :i* is ev9c$ 9 s-call$ physical =ces1 !n we h two di/9ct1 if n indep5d5t1 sub/ances1 be+s1 or :atev] we may pref] to call !m3 matt]1 p]vad+ mat]ial objects 9 _! /atical condition1 & =ce or life1 p]vad+ bo? consci\sness & mat]ial objects 9 _! dynamical condition4 ,or if ! fir/ be reg>d$ z suffici5t to acc\nt = motion z well z matt]1 !n we h /ill two p[]s1 "o subsi/+ ?r\gh\t ! physical1 ! o!r ?r\gh\t ! m5tal _w4 ,h[ are ^! two sub/ances relat$ to "o ano!r8 ,is ! sub/ance ( m9d supreme1 gov]n+ its mat]ial colleague8 or is t ( matt] at ! head ( affairs1 & t ( m9d subord9ate8 or are !y equal & cord9ate au?orities1 z 9 ! ,gno/ic philosophy8 ,suppose we endeavor to elude ^! difficulties by ! ass]tion t !re is no?+ else b ! unp]ceivable sub/ratum support+ mat]ial objects1 & t 9 ?is all modes ( exi/5ce take _! rise1 we are met by fur!r & /ill m tr\blesome que/ions4 ,= if1 "u ! manife/ations ( ?is sub/ance we include consci\sness1 !n ! di/9ction betwe5 matt] & m9d has vani%$1 & 9 call+ ?is sub/ance matt] we are simply giv+ x an unmean+ "n4 ,9 fact1 x is a sub/ance support+ n only ! qualities ( bodies1 b also ! *emical1 electric1 mol>1 molecul>1 & o!r =ces ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 z well z s5sation1 ?\ght1 & emotion4 ,matt] 9 %ort does ev]y?+ :i* deity c be requir$ to d2 x orig9ates motion2 x produces liv+ creatures2 x feels2 x ?9ks2 x lives4 ,?us we h b /umbl$ ^u ,god 9 an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t we take :at is 9 ?is sy/em ! easi] & m natural hypo!sis ( a sub/ance ( matt]1 a sub/ance ( m9d1 & a /ill m hidd5 p[] sup]ior to bo?1 & f :i* bo? are d]iv$1 !n we h b ab&on$ ! p]plex+ que/ions rais$ by metaphysical ,realism to take refuge 9 ! religi\s position f :i* x seem$ to (f] a plausible deliv]ance4 ,does ,idealism help u8 ,idealism is ( sev]al =ms4 ,t repres5t$ by ,b]keley ne$ n occupy u "h1 = ,b]keley n only admitt$1 b expressly ass]t$1 ! exi/5ce ( an all-compreh5d+ ,p[]1 & )\t ?is 8 philosophy w\ld h appe>$ to himself unmean+ & incompreh5sible4 ,nor ne$ we /op to exam9e t m rec5t species ( ,idealism1 z ,i hold x to be1 :i* its illu/ri\s au?or1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 has *ri/5$ ,transfigur$ ,realism4 ,:atev] diff]5ces may exi/ betwe5 ,sp5c] & ,b]keley--& ,i believe !m to be m app>5t ?an real--!y are at "o 9 ! c>d9al doctr9e t s5sible ph5om5a are b ! v>i$ manife/ations ( ?is ultimate ,p[]4 ,all su* ,idealism z ?is is 9 h>mony ) religion4 ,b !re are two =ms :i* seem to be at v>iance ) x1 "o ( :i* ,i w t]m ,mod]ate1 & ! o!r ,extreme ,idealism4 ,mod]ate ,idealism agrees ) ,b]keley 9 dismiss+ to ! limbo ( ext9ct metaphysical creatures ! sub/ance suppos$ to lurk b5ea? ! app>5t qualities ( bodies4 ,x holds t !re is no su* sub/ance1 & t ^! qualities1 & !re=e bodies !mselves1 exi/ only 9 consci\sness4 ,b x diff]s f ,b]keley 9 omitt+ to provide any s\rce :atev]1 ext]nal to ourselves1 f :i* ^! bodies c be d]iv$4 ,n only are !y 9 _! ph5om5al aspect m]e /ates ( our own consci\sness1 b !y h no o!r aspect ?an ! ph5om5al "o1 & are 9 !mselves no?+ b ph5om5a4 ,r inconsi/5tly1 ?is s*ool ( ,idealism does n pu% its reason+ to its natural results1 b conc$es to o!r human be+s some?+ m ?an a m]ely ph5om5al exi/5ce4 ,no?+ exi/s b /ates ( consci\sness2 b ^? peculi> /ates ( my consci\sness :i* ,i t]m m5 & wom5 may be %[n1 by c>eful reason+1 to possess 79 all probability7 an exi/5ce ( _! own1 ev5 ap>t f my see+1 he>+1 or feel+ !m4 ,! process by :i* we rea* ?is conclusion is exactly p>allel to t by :i* ,newton prov$ t ! =ce :i* keeps ! planets 9 _! orbits is id5tical ) t by :i* an apple falls to ! gr\nd4#ih ,^? peculi> modifications ( color1 & t special mode ( fill+ up empty space :i* ,i t]m my fri5d1 d inde$ seem1 if we pu% matt]s to an extreme1 to come into exi/5ce only :5 he ent]s my room1 & to cease to exi/ ! mom5t he quits x4 ,if he has any fur!r vitality1 x is only 9 ! %ape ( t /ate ( consci\sness :i* is kn[n z recollection4 ,b ,mod]ate ,idealism escapes f ?is consequ5ce1 on ! gr\nd t modifications ( body & outw>d actions1 s9ce !y are connect$ ) feel+s 9 ourselves1 mu/ be connect$ ) feel+s also 9 ! case ( ^? o!r ph5om5a :i* we t]m human be+s1 & p]haps 9 ! case ( ^? we t]m animals4#ii ,b if ?is be s1 h[ did s extraord9>y a fact z t ( consci\sness arise8 ,ex hypo!si1 !re 0 no?+ be=e x4 ,did x !n sudd5ly spr+ into be+1 full-gr[n l ,m9]va1 b1 unlike ,m9]va1 ) no head ( ,jupit] to spr+ f8 ,or 0 x a gradual gr[?1 & if s1 f :at orig98 ,g back z f> z y w1 y c f9d no?+ b consci\sness1 & t ! consci\sness ( limit$ be+s 7ei!r m5 or animals72 & x is no less difficult to conceive ! beg9n+1 f no?+ at all1 ( ! lea/ atom ( consci\s life1 ?an to conceive t ( ! pr(\nde/ philosoph]4 ,obs]ve1 !re is no _w ( any k9d1 & 9 ?is no-_w 7! contradiction is unavoidable7 !re sudd5ly arises1 f no antec$5t1 a consci\sness ( ext]nal objects :i* are no-objects4 ,geology ^u ?is !ory is a my?2 s is t bran* ( a/ronomy :i* treats ( ! =mation ( our planet>y sy/em f nebul> matt]4 ,/>s1 suns1 planets1 & cru/ ( ! e>? only arose :5 !y 7 p]ceiv$1 & w cease to be :5 !re is no liv+ creature to p]ceive !m any long]4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 conclusions l ^! are 9 reality un?9kable1 :atev] ef=ts metaphysicians may make to ?9k !m1 ,mod]ate ,idealism mu/ ( necessity complete its fabric by ! admission ( a ,p[] f :i* bo? consci\sness & ! objects ( consci\sness h tak5 _! rise4 ,%\ld x p]si/ 9 d5y+ any?+ b a m5tal reality to ! objects ( consci\sness1 x mu/ /ill suppose an unkn[n s\rce f :i* consci\sness itself has be5 d]iv$2 o!rwise x w entangle itself 9 two un?9kable propositions4 ,fir/1 t be=e m5 7or animals7 exi/$ !re 0 absolute no?+ness1 an idea :i* we _c frame2 secondly1 t :]e !re 0 no?+ at "o mom5t !re 0 ! next mom5t some?+1 a process :i* we _c realize )\t suppos+ a "t antec$5t to t some?+1 & :i* we may n1 )\t ! contradiction ( introduc+ "t 9 ! mid/ ( no?+ness1 realize by suppos+ a "t antec$5t to t some?+4 ,x 0 no d\bt ! vague feel+ ( ^! p]plexities t =c$ ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ! mo/ em95t def5d] ( ?is s*ool ( ?\ght1 to d5om9ate matt] a ,p]man5t ,possibility ( ,s5sation4 ,?is s+ul> phrase well exemplifies ! difficulties ( 8 position4 ,= is matt] an ext]nal sub/ance1 exi/+ indep5d5tly1 or n8 ,if x is1 !n :at becomes ( ! ,b]keleyan doctr9e8 ,mill & 8 foll[]s are simply metaphysical ,reali/s4 ,b if n1 :at becomes ( ! p]man5ce8 ,x is n 9 u1 = our s5sations are n p]man5t2 x is n 9 ! matt]1 = !re is none4 ,& :at is !re a possibility (8 ,caus+ s5sation1 or hav+ x8 ,n ! =m]1 = !re is no?+ to cause x2 n ! latt]1 = ! possibility ( our hav+ s5sations is a m]e fact ( our nature1 & _c s]ve to def9e matt]4 ,& :]e is ! s5sation locat$8 ,! phraseology w\ld seem to imply1 t matt] is 9 ! p]man5t condition ( possible feel+2 j z ! n]ve may be 9 ! p]man5t condition ( possible excitation4 ,b ?is w\ld be plac+ s5sation 9 ! wrong qu>t]4 ,& if s5sation be 9 u1 we h n a p]man5t possibility1 b a p]man5t actuality ( s5sation4 ,s t unless ! words be con/ru$ to mean t !re is outside ( u a p]man5t some?+ :i* excites s5sation1 ( :i* ! modes v>y 7= ?is is ! s5se ( possibility71 !y h no assignable mean+ :atev]4 ,mill1 9 fact1 _h be5 compell$1 )\t wi%+ x1 to recognize an ultimate p[] 9 nature2 & 8 p]ception ( ?is tru? conflict$ /rangely1 9 8 c&id m9d1 ) 8 ideali/ic prepossessions4 ,a m consi/5t & rigor\s =m ( ,idealism is t :i* has be5 ref]r$ to z ! /rict consequ5ce ( ,mod]ate ,idealism4 ,?is =m1 :i* ,i w t]m ,extreme ,idealism1 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( p]sons z well z ?+s4 ,! ,extreme ,ideali/ believes himself to be ! only be+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,!re is to him no p]iod prec$+ 8 own exi/5ce2 none succe$+ x4 ,pa/ & future1 except 9 8 own life1 h no mean+ = him4 ,we _c reason ) him1 = all we may say is only a transi5t mode ( 8 own s5sations4 ,obvi\sly1 to su* a philosophy !re is no reply b "o3 x is simply un?9kable4 ,7 any "o s]i\sly to def5d x1 ! v s]i\sness ( 8 def5se w\ld prove t he did n believe x4 ,= aga9/ :at or :om w\ld he be cont5d+8 ,aga9/ a phantom ( 8 own m9d4 ,& ! m pa9s he took to prove to u t he believ$ u to h no exi/5ce b z a "p ( himself1 ! less cr$it %\ld we atta* to 8 ass]tions4 ,philosophy1 !re=e1 is "u a logical compulsion to make ! same fundam5tal assumption z ,religion--t ( an ultimate1 unkn[n1 & all-p]vad+ ,p[] ,orig91 or ,cause4 ,sci5ce1 9 a v>iety ( ways1 does ! same4 ,x does s1 fir/1 9 its belief ( a pa/ & a future 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em f> transc5d+ ! pa/ & future ( humanity1 or inde$ ( any =m ( life :atev]4 ,pass+ at a glance ov] our brief abode on ! face ( ! e>?1 ,geology pu%es its rese>*es back into a "t prec$+ by innum]able ages ! exi/5ce ( mank9d1 :ile h] eld] si/] ,a/ronomy c>ries h] vision to a /ill remot] age1 :5 ev5 ! planet we n[ inhabit 0 b a fragm5t 9 "o indi/+ui%able mass4 ,b x is n only ^! two sci5ces t assume ! cont9uance ( nature q indep5d5tly ( our pres5ce or abs5ce2 e o!r sci5ce does ! l4 ,! botani/1 ! *emi/1 ! physici/1 all believe t ! facts !y ass]t are facts 9 an ext]nal nature1 ! relations ( :i* z n[ discov]$ by _! sev]al sci5ces held good be=e man exi/$1 & w hold good aft] he has ceas$ to exi/4 ,b to say ?is1 is to say 9 effect t !re is some?+ m ?an ! m]e ph5om5a disclos$ by inve/igation2 namely1 an ext]nal reality p]si/+ ?r\gh all "t 9 :i* ! v>i$ s]ies ( ph5om5a take _! rise4 ,m cle>ly /ill does ,sci5ce ass]t "s su* reality 9 its great mod]n doctr9e ( ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 ,n t ?is doctr9e is entirely new2 = reg>d$ 9 its metaphysical r ?an its physical aspect x is b an expression 9 ! language ( ! day ( a tru? :i* has long be5 realiz$ z a necessity ( ?\ght4 ,x is ! conv]se ( ! anci5t axiom1 ,nihil ex nihilo fit1 = if no?+ c be made f no?+1 nei!r c some?+ pass into no?+4 ,! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce is an expression ( ! fact t e cause mu/ h an adequate effect2 t 9 nature no?+ c be lo/1 no p>ticle ( =ce pass into non5tity4 ,conc5trat$ =ces may be dissipat$1 & dissipat$ =ces may be conc5trat$2 or "o v>iety ( =ce may pass into ano!r4 ,b ! ultimate fund ( =ce rema9s ev] un*angeable2 no?+ is ev] creat$1 no?+ de/roy$4 ,obs]ve1 !n1 t ,sci5ce1 h[ev] cauti\sly x may keep )9 ! range ( ! mat]ial _w1 h[ev] eag]ly x may repudiate all inve/igation ( ultimate causes z fruitless & unpr(itable1 _c take "o s+le /ep t[>ds prov+ ! propositions x advances )\t tacitly lay+ d[n an ontological entity z ! basis ( its demon/ration4 ,= to speak ( its discov]ies z laws ( nature is simply to pr$icate a con/ant1 unv>y+ =ce1 :i* "u l conditions always produces l results4 ,& to decl>e ! uni=mity ( nature1 is m]ely to say t ! me?ods ( t =ce d n *ange--t x is ! same n[ z x ev] 01 & w be ! same ?r\gh\t ! et]nal ages4 ,?us1 writes ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 by ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 we really mean ! p]si/5ce ( "s ,p[] :i* transc5ds our k & conception4 ,! manife/ations1 z occurr+ 9 ourselves or outside ( u1 d n p]si/2 b t :i* p]si/s is ! ,unkn[n ,cause ( ^! manife/ations4 ,9 o!r words1 ass]t+ ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 is b ano!r mode ( ass]t+ an ,unconditional ,reality1 )\t beg9n+ or end 7,sp5c]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #fj1 p4 #ahi74 ,philosophy1 or ,reason$ ,?\ght1 & ,sci5ce1 or ,reason$ ,obs]vation1 h bo? l$ u to admit1 z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 ! necess>y exi/5ce ( an unkn[n1 inconceivable1 & omnipres5t ,p[]1 ^: op]ations are ev] 9 progress be=e our eyes1 b ^: nature is1 & c nev] cease to be1 an imp5etrable my/]y4 ,& ?is is ! c>d9al tru? ( all religion4 ,f all sides !n1 by e mode ( contemplation1 we are =c$ ^u ! same irresi/ible conclusion4 ,! f9al "q /ill rema9s1 ,is ?is ultimate elem5t ( all religion ! correlative ( any actual tru? or n8 ,b = ! preval5ce1 9 rec5t times1 ( a philosophy :i* d5ies all connection betwe5 ! necessity ( a belief & its tru?1 ,i %\ld h reg>d$ su* a "q z sc>cely wor? ! answ]+4 ,to say t a belief is necess>y & to say t x is true1 w\ld appe> to all1 b adh]5ts ( ! extreme exp]i5tial s*ool1 "o & ! same ?+4 ,b 9 ! pres5t day ?is _c be tak5 = grant$1 & ,i %\ld be ! la/ to compla9 t ev5 t :i* seems mo/ obvi\s %\ld be te/$ by adv]se criticism4 ,+5i\s1 h[ev]1 z _! argum5ts are1 philosoph]s ( ?is s*ool1 :5 driv5 to reason out _! views1 cut _! own ?roats4 ,!y commit a logical suicide4 ,= :at is ! te/ ( tru? !y hold up to u 9 lieu ( necessity8 ,exp]i5ce4 ,b :at 9 ! la/ resort does our belief 9 exp]i5ce re/ ^u8 ,simply ^u a m5tal necessity4 ,nobody c tell u :y he believes t ! laws ( nature w hold good to-morr[ z !y d to-day4 ,he c inde$ tell u t he has always f\nd !m con/ant be=e1 & !re=e expects !m to rema9 s4 ,b ?is is m]ely to /ate ! belief1 n to ju/ify x4 ,exp]i5ce itself _c be appeal$ to1 to support our confid5ce 9 exp]i5ce4 ,true1 we habitually say t we believe su* & su* results w foll[ su* & su* antec$5ts because we h always f\nd !m foll[ be=e4 ,b our pa/ exp]i5ce is n ! :ole ( ! fact involv$ 9 ! belief4 ,x is our pa/ exp]i5ce1 conjo9$ ) ! m5tal necessity ( ?9k+ t ! future w resemble ! pa/1 t =ms ! convictions on :i* we act4 ,exp]i5ce alone1 )\t t m5tal necessity1 c\ld tea* u no?+4 ,if !re=e our necess>y beliefs ne$ n be true1 ! belief 9 exp]i5ce falls to ! gr\nd along ) ! re/1 & exp]i5ce _c be put 9 place ( necessity z a te/ ( tru?4 ,9 fact1 e argum5t drawn f ! pa/ fallibility ( ! te/ ( necessity might be retort$ ) t5fold =ce aga9/ ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,obs]vation has con/antly misl$ mank9d1 & ?\s&s ( alleg$ facts1 accept$ ^u imag9$ exp]i5ce1 h be5 disprov$ by m accurate exam9ation4 ,obs]vation & reason+ comb9$ 7z !y (t5 are7 are expos$ to ! d\ble dang] ( false premises & false inf]5ces f true premises2 :ile ! addition ( an elem5t ( te/imony 7a circum/ance common 9 sci5tific inquiries7 exposes e conclusion to a ?reefold possibility ( error4 ,human be+s are no m exempt f ! possibility ( mi/ak5 sci5ce ?an f t ( ha/y metaphysics4 ,b z1 9 matt]s ( physical rese>*1 we d n discr$it ! use ( our eyes because _! p]ceptions are sometimes inaccurate1 s 9 matt]s ( metaphysical inquiry we ne$ n discr$it ! use ( our m9ds because _! app>5t intuitions are n[ & !n fallaci\s4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! prop] c\rse is n to ca/ contempt ^u ! only in/rum5ts ( discov]y we h1 b to apply ^? in/rum5ts aga9 & aga91 omitt+ no precaution t may s]ve to correct an obs]vation & to te/ an argum5t4 ,b :5 we h done our utmo/ to atta9 :atev] c]ta9ty ! nature ( ! subject p]mits1 we _c reasonably turn r\nd ^u ourselves & say3 ,true1 my eyes assure me ( ?is fact1 b human eyes h err$ s (t5 t ,i _c accept _! v]dict2 or1 ,no d\bt my m9d =ces ?is conclusion ^u me z a necessity ( ?\ght1 b s _m assum$ necessities h turn$ out n to be necess>y at all t ,i mu/ refuse to li/5 to my m9d3 = ?is is n really ! caution ( sci5ce1 b ! ra%ness ( philosophic !ory4 ,= we c h no high] conviction ?an t aris+ 9 a necessity ( ?\ght4 ,no?+ c surpass ! c]ta9ty ( ?is4 ,grant t we may yet be wrong3 we c nev] "k x1 & we c h no reason to ?9k x4 ,to oppose to a necess>y belief su* a tra9 ( reason+ z ?is3 ,necess>y beliefs 7s-call$7 h (t5 prov$ false3 ,?is is a necess>y belief 7s-call$73 ,!re=e x may prove false1 is 9 reality to seek to ov]?r[ a /rong conviction by a weak "o2 an intuition by a syllogism2 a proposition felt imm$iately to be true by an inf]5ce op5 to discussion4 ,argum5ts l ?is resemble ! proc$ure ( a man :o %\ld tell u1 :5 we meet a fri5d1 t we _c possibly be sure ( 8 id5tity because on "s previ\s occasion 9 our lives we mi/ook ,jones = ,?ompson4 ,exagg]at$ z ?is doctr9e ( ! exp]i5tial s*ool is ?us se5 to be1 yet x has done good s]vice by putt+ ?9k]s on _! gu>d1 n to accept z necess>y & ultimate "s beliefs :i* are only cont+5t & dissoluble4 ,two conditions mu/ be fulfill$ 9 ord] to effect a presumption ( necessity4 ,! belief mu/ always arise "u c]ta9 conditions2 t is1 x mu/ be univ]sal 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* t t]m c fitly be appli$4 ,hav+ aris51 x mu/ be incapable ( expulsion f ! m9d2 its t]ms mu/ adh]e toge!r s firmly t !y _c be p>t$ by adv]se criticism1 ei!r our own or t ( o!rs4 ,bo? ^! conditions are fulfill$ by ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( religion4 ,giv5 ! appropriate conditions--human be+s rais$ ev5 a little above ! l[e/ savag]y--& x at once takes possession ( _! m9ds4 ,aft] ?is1 x p]si/s 9 spite ( e attempt to d )\t x1 & ! highe/ philosophy is compell$ to give x ! place ( honor 9 ! =efront ( its tea*+4 ,obs]ve n[1 t :at ?is philosophy accepts & incorporates into its sy/em is religion & n !ology4 ,^! two mu/ be broadly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,religion might be describ$ z ! s\l ( :i* !ology is ! body4 ,religion is an ab/ract1 indef9able1 p]vad+ s5tim5t2 !ology a concrete1 well-def9$1 limit$ cre$4 ,! "o is emotional2 ! o!r intellectual4 ,! "o is a con/ant elem5t ( our nature2 ! o!r fluctuates f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & v>ies f place to place4 ,!ology seeks to b9d d[n religion ) immovable =ms4 ,aga9/ ^! =ms !re is con/antly aris+ bo? an intellectual & an emotional prote/4 ,! intellect objects to !m z untrue 9 ! "n ( sci5ce 79 ! l>ge/ s5se72 ! emotions /ruggle aga9/ !m z cramp+ _! fre$om 9 ! "n ( religion itself4 ,?us betwe5 ! human m9d & dogma1 betwe5 ! religi\s s5tim5t & dogma1 !re is go+ on a p]petual w>f>e4 ,religi\s s5tim5t is no soon] born ?an ! t5d5cy to limit & to def9e makes itself felt4 ,x is conf9$ )9 a set ( dogmas1 & =bidd5 "u e species ( pa9s & p5alties to pass ov] its allott$ b\nds4 ,soon] or lat]1 religi\s s5tim5t bur/s ?r\gh e re/riction2 seems = a mom5t to brea! ! invigorat+ air ( fre$om1 b falls aga9 into ! h&s ( new !ologians1 ) ano!r framework ( dogmas2 to be aga9 brok5 ?r\gh 9 its turn :5 its fett]+ influ5ce c be no long] borne4 ,9 c>ry+ on ?is cont9ually r5ovat$ conte/--:i* is se5 9 its highe/ activity 9 great religi\s re=mations--! religi\s s5tim5t seeks ! alliance ( intellect1 :i* latt] supplies x ) deadly weapons drawn f ! armories ( sci5ce1 logic1 & hi/orical rese>*4 ,?us ! ov]?r[ ( !ology is 9 great "p an intellectual "w4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! v deepe/ ho/ility to !ological sy/ems is inspir$ by ! v emotion to :i* ^! sy/ems seek to give a =mal & def9ite expression4 ,! hi/orical progress ( religion is ?us 9 "s degree a c\nt]p>t ( ! progress describ$ by ,he9e 79 ! l9es head+ ?is ,book7 z t ( 8 individual m9d4 ,fir/ ( all !re arises 9 ! m9d ( man1 s soon z he beg9s to speculate on ! _w 9 :i* he lives1 ! idea ( a ,creator4 ,he _c conceive ! exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial objects ) :i* he is famili> )\t conceiv+ also "s be+ m p[]ful ?an himself :o has made !m :at !y are4 ,8 notions ( creation may be1 no d\bt (t5 are1 extremely limit$4 ,he may conf9e ! op]ations ( 8 ,god to t small portion ( ! univ]se ) :i* he is mo/ famili>4 ,b t ! idea ( an invisible yet prem95t deity arises v e>ly 9 ! m5tal developm5t ( ! human race1 & rema9s brood+ dimly above ! popul> idolatry1 has be5 abundantly %[n4 ,?is is ! belief 9 ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,! second /age1 s closely int]wov5 ) ! fir/ z to be insep>able f x 9 actual hi/ory1 is ! inc>nation ( ?is idea4 ,! supreme ,creator is too l(ty1 too ab/ract1 too great1 to be held /eadily be=e ! m9d & wor%ip$ 9 8 uncl\d$ glory4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel _c be> ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,jehovah1 nor c ev5 ,moses meet ! brightness ( 8 face4 ,h5ce ! mat]ial %apes 9 :i* ! objects ( adoration are embodi$4 ,:5 div9e attributes are giv5 to idols2 :5 a gold5 calf is tak5 in/ead ( ! invisible ,god2 :5 ! ,fa!r is said to assume ! =m ( a man to live a human life1 & die a human dea?1 :5 apo/les1 sa9ts1 & virg9s are address$ 9 pray] or celebrat$ 9 praise1 an inc>nation has occurr$4 ,9 ! language ( ! traditions we h quot$1 ! supreme ,god has gone away & left ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w to 8 inf]iors4 ,practically1 su* inc>nations belong to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( religion1 & no popul> cre$ has ev] be5 entirely )\t !m4 ,no soon] is ! religi\s idea conceiv$ 9 ! m9d1 ?an x beg9s to be clo!d 9 fle% & bones4 ,b 9 ! ord] ( ?\ght ^! two /ages are sep>able4 ,= idols are n wor%ip$ until ! notion ( "s p[] :i* is n human1 ( :i* ! nature is n und]/ood1 has aris5 9 ! wor%ip]s4 ,!n a concrete expression is desir$1 & we h 9 poetical language ! belief 9 ,god ! ,son4 ,la/ ( all comes ! belief--m prop]ly an emotion ?an a belief--9 ! ,holy ,_s4 ,) ?is /ep a f> high] grade ( religi\s s5tim5t is rea*$4 ,= ,god is n[ conceiv$1 n only z creat+ or z gov]n+ ! _w )\t1 b z ent]+ into ! m9d ( man to inspire 8 actions & influ5ce 8 he>t4 ,a relation :i* up to ?is po9t 0 m]ely ext]nal--l t ( ! ,creator to ! creat$1 or ( sup]ior to inf]ior--is r5d]$ int]nal & intimate4 ,! ,holy ,_s n only speaks to our s\ls1 b x speaks 9 !m & ?r\gh !m4 ,we receive1 n ! arbitr>y comm& ( an almighty pot5tate1 b ! inspir+ =ce ( a be+ :o1 :ile rais+ u above ourselves1 is /ill a "p1 ! be/ "p1 ( ourselves4 ,?is inde$1 9 ! deep imag9ation ( ! poet1 makes all m5 noble4 ,yet n 9 su* a cre$ z ?is1 sublime z x is 9 comp>ison ) ^? t h gone be=e x1 is ! f9al re/+-place ( religi\s feel+4 ,= e ^w or phrase 9 :i* we endeavor to give =m to t feel+ t5ds to l[] & to corrupt x by ! admixture ( elem5ts :i* are =eign to its g5u9e nature4 ,to clo! ?is s5tim5t 9 language is itself an inc>nation4 ,= :e!r we speak ( a ,=ce1 a ,p[]1 or a ,_s1 ( an ultimate ,cause1 or an all-p]vad+ ,ess5ce2 ( ! ,absolute1 or ( ! ,reality beyond ph5om5a1 ^! t]ms are b symbols ( ! ,supreme1 n ! ,supreme itself4 ,"n i/ ,s*all und ,rau* ,umnebelnd ,himmelsglu?4 ,all t we c say is1 t :ile we "k no?+ b t :i* ei!r our s5ses p]ceive1 or our m9ds und]/&1 we feel t !re is some?+ m4 ,bo? ! _w )\t & ! _w )91 bo? t :i* is p]ceiv$ & t :i* p]ceives1 require an orig9 beyond !mselves4 ,bo? compel u to look1 z _! common s\rce1 to a ,be+ alike unkn[n & unkn[able1 ^: nature is %r\d$ 9 a my/]y no eye c pi]ce1 & no intellect c fa?om4 ,?is is ! great tru? :i* religion has pres5t$ to philosophy1 & :i* philosophy1 if %e be truly 7z h] "n implies7 ! love ( wisdom1 w n disda9 to incorporate ) ! m rec5tly discov]$ treasures belong+ to h] peculi> sph]e4 ,= x is n ! "p ( wisdom to spurn z wor?less ev5 ! *ildi% lisp+s prompt$ by ! pr(\nd idea t has inspir$ ! fai? ( m51 f t ( ! f> pa/ to t ( ! pres5t h\r1 f t ( ! rude/ ,african to t ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ,european4 ,r is x ! "p ( wisdom to excavate t idea f amid/ ! /range incru/ations "u :i* x is hidd51 to und]/& its significance1 & to recognize its value4 ,?us may we assign to x a fitt+ place )9 ! limits ( a sy/em :i* does equal honor1 & accords equal rights1 to ! sci5tific faculty & to ! emotional in/9ct4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,subjective ,,elem5t4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! fundam5tal po/ulates involv$ 9 ! religi\s idea1 we po9t$ out t1 besides ! unkn[n cause ( physical ph5om5a1 e religion assumes also t !re is 9 human nature some?+ equally hyp]physical ) ! object :i* x wor%ips1 :e!r we call ?is some?+ s\l1 or m9d1 or _s4 ,let u call x s\l4 ,& fir/ let u exam9e :at x is t religion says ( ! s\l1 aft] :i* we may be 9 a position to consid] :at degree ( tru?1 if any1 is involv$ 9 its ass]tions4 ,n[ ! great fact :i* pres5ts itself to our notice 9 ?is inquiry is ! broad l9e ( dem>cation :i* religion has ev]y:]e drawn betwe5 ! m5tal & corporeal functions ( man1 or 9 o!r words1 betwe5 8 s\l & 8 body4 ,g5]ally1 x expresses ?is gr& di/9ction by ! ass]tion t ! s\l cont9ues to live aft] ! body is dissolv$4 ,?is doctr9e is v anci5t & v wide-spread4 ,a few illu/rations ( its preval5ce are all t c be giv5 "h4#ajj ,! rude p ( ,kamts*atka1 :o _h s little notion ( a provid5ce1 believ$ 9 a subt]ranean life aft] dea?4 ,! s\l !y ?\ght 0 immortal1 & ! body w\ld at "s "t rejo9 x1 :5 ! two w\ld live on toge!r1 mu* z !y d "h b "u happi] conditions4 ,_! place ( abode 0 to be "u ! e>?1 :]e !re 0 ano!r e>? resembl+ ours4 ,"s ( !m object$ to be+ baptiz$1 because !y w\ld !n be compell$ to meet _! enemies ! ,russians1 in/ead ( liv+ among _! own p "u gr\nd4 ,animals too 7 all ( !m to live aga9 7,kamts*atka1 p4 #bfi-bgc74 ,! ,t>t>s1 :5 visit$ by ,c>p91 _h "s notion t aft] dea? !y w\ld enjoy ano!r life :]e !y w\ld p]=m ! same actions z 9 ?is 7,b]g]on1 vol4 i4 art4 #c1 p4 #cb74 ,! mo/ intellig5t ,gre5l&]s1 writes a travel] among t p1 ass]t t ! s\l is a spiritual be+ q diff]5t f ! body & f all matt]1 t requires no mat]ial n\ri%m5t1 & :ile ! body is decay+ 9 ! gr\nd1 lives aft] dea? & ne$s a n\ri%m5t t is n corporeal1 b :i* !y d n "k 7,h4 ,g41 p4 #bdb74 ,! ,am]ican ,indians firmly believ$ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,!y ?\ght x w\ld keep ! same t5d5cies aft] dea? z ! liv+ man _h ev9c$2 h5ce _! cu/om--"o t is widely spread--( bury+ ! prop]ty ( ! dead along ) ! body4 ,! s\ls 7 oblig$ aft] dea? to take a long j\rney1 at ! end ( :i* !y arriv$ at _! appropriate places ( suff]+ & enjoym5t4 ,! ,p>adise ( virtu\s ,indians consi/$ 9 ! v def9ite pleasures ( good hunt+ & fi%+1 et]nal spr+1 abundance ( ev]y?+ ) no "w1 & all ! satisfactions ( ! s5ses 7,n4 ,f41 tome #c1 p4 #cea-cec74 ,! ,kafirs1 z we h already se51 wor%ip _! ance/ors1 ^: ,amadhlozi1 or spirits1 !y believe to cont9ue 9 exi/5ce aft] dea?4 ,:at !y mean by ,amadhlozi !y expla9 ) tol]able cle>ness by say+ t !y are id5tical ) ! %ad[4 ,^! spirits are ! true objects ( a ,kafir's wor%ip1 be+ suppos$ to possess great p[] ov] ! affairs ( _! desc5dants & relatives = weal or woe4 ,!y are believ$ to reappe> 9 ! =m ( a c]ta9 species ( h>mless snakes1 & %\ld a man obs]ve su* a snake on ! grave ( 8 deceas$ relation1 he w say1 ,oh1 ,i h se5 him to-day bask+ on ! top ( ! grave 7,r4 ,s4 ,a41 pt4 #b1 p4 #adb4--,k4 ,n41 pp4 #afa1afb74 ,simil> rev]5ce = ! dead is %[n 9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa4 ,9 8 lecture on ! ,a%antees1 ,mr4 ,reade says t1 on ! dea? ( a memb] ( ! h\sehold he is sometimes buri$ "u ! floor ( ! hut1 9 ! belief t 8 _s may occasionally jo9 9 ! circle ( ! liv+4 ,food also is plac$ ^u ! grave1 = !y ?9k t z ! body ( man conta9s an indwell+ _s1 s !re exi/s 9 ! corruptible food an immat]ial ess5ce on :i* ! gho/ ( ! dep>t$ w fe$4 ,to come to races /&+ high] 9 ! scale ( civilization3 ! ,p]uvians _h def9ite notions ( a future /ate1 ) an upp] _w 9 :i* ! good liv$ a quiet life1 free f tr\ble1 & a l[] _w 9 :i* ! bad 7 puni%$ by suff]+ all ! mis]ies & tr\bles ( ?is t]re/rial condition )\t int]mission 7,c4 ,r41 b4 #b1 *4 vii74 ,9 ,*9a ! utmo/ respect is paid to deceas$ prog5itors1 :o are ! objects ( a regul> cultus4 ,india has _h f e>ly ages its highly-develop$ & subtle notions ( ! di/9ction ( _s f body1 & ! =m] is held to prolong its exi/5ce aft] its sep>ation f ! latt]1 bo? z disembodi$ 9 heav5s or hells1 & embodi$ 9 animals or o!r m54 ,"s s*ools believ$ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l2 o!rs ass]t$ t its f9al de/9ation 0 ext9ction4 ,buddhism rang$ itself ) ! latt] op9ion1 :ile /ill ma9ta9+ ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 & ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 num]\s o!rs to :i* spirits w5t 9 ! c\rse ( _! w&]+s4 ,p>see s\ls hov] ab\t ! grave a few days2 !n proce$ ^u a long j\rney4 ,at its conclusion !y pass ov] a n>r[ bridge1 :i* ! good trav]se 9 safety to ent] ,p>adise1 :ile ! bad fall ov] x & g into hell4 ,9 ! ,mussulman fai? !re are likewise b two de/9ies op5 to man--et]nal happ9ess & et]nal suff]+4 ,among ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ two doctr9es prevail$4 ,_! anci5t religion1 :ile aw>e ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! _s & ! body1 left ! cont9u$ life ( ! =m] an op5 "q4 ,h5ce ! ,ph>isees ass]t$1 :ile ! ,sadducees d5i$1 a future /ate4 ,*ri/ 0 9 ?is respect a ,ph>isee ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,he1 h[ev]1 l ,mahomet1 provid$ only two abodes = ! s\ls ( m52 "o 9 heav5 ) 8 ,fa!r1 ! o!r 9 hell1 :]e ! fire 0 nev] qu5*$4 ,x 0 felt1 h[ev]1 by ! g5]al ,*ri/ian _w t ?is %>p sep>ation ( all mank9d into black & :ite1 goats & %eep1 0 q unt5able4 ,h5ce ! ,ca?olic in/itution ( ,purgatory1 :i*1 :atev] may be said aga9/ x1 is a wise & lib]al modification ( ! h>% doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 af=d+ a res\rce = ! va/ int]m$iate mass :o are nei!r :olly virtu\s nor :olly wick$1 & provid+ an agreeable ex]cise = t natural piety :i* prompts u to m+le ! names ( dep>t$ fri5ds 9 our devotions1 :e!r 7z 9 ,africa7 to pray to !m1 or 7z 9 ,europe7 to pray = !m4 ,f ?is brief review ( ! op9ions ( v>i\s races1 x w be evid5t t "s conception ( a _s 9 man z di/+ui%$ f 8 body prevails & always has prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! special *>act]i/ic ( ?is spiritual ess5ce has always be5 held to be its immat]iality4 ,all religions conceive x z di/9ct f ! body1 mo/ ( !m ev9c+ ?is view by treat+ x z capable ( indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,_m ( !m no d\bt inve/ ! _s aft] dea? ) a mat]ial =m1 b ?is is ! clo?+ ( ! idea1 n ! idea itself4 ,! =m is receiv$ aft] ! _s has left its t]re/rial body1 & does n orig9ally belong to x2 z 9 ! case ( ! s]p5ts 9 ,s\? ,africa1 9 :i* ance/ral s\ls are ?\ght to dwell4 ,?is immat]ial nature is cle>ly express$--s f> z su* an ab/ract idea c f9d cle> expression f a rude p--by ^? ,kafirs :o comp>e ! s\l to a %ad[4 ,no?+ 9 ! ext]nal _w seems to h s purely subjective a "* z %ad[s2 ?+s :i* _c be felt or h&l$1 & :i* appe> to h no indep5d5t sub/ance4 ,immat]iality !n is univ]sally ass]t$ 7or attempt$ to be ass]t$7 ( ! s\l4 ,?is is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! idea4 ,no race believes t any portion ( ! body1 or ! body z a :ole1 is ! same ?+ z m9d or _s4 ,b immortality is n equally involv$ 9 ! idea or insep>able f x4 ,notably ! ,buddhi/ic cre$--held by a consid]able fraction ( mank9d--tea*es its vot>ies to look =w>d to utt] ext9ction z ! summum bonum4 ,true1 ! masses ( av]age believ]s may n dwell ^u ! hope ( ,nirvna1 b ^u t ( heav54#aja ,b ! au?oriz$ dogma ( ! ,*ur* is1 t n enjoym5t & n sorr[ is our de/9$ end or goal1 b ! absolute re/1 if s x may be call$1 ( ceas+ to exi/4 ,& t ?is dogma 0 f]v5tly accept$ & ?or\ghly believ$ 9 z a g5u9e gospel1 ! e>ly lit]ature ( ,buddhism amply proves4 ,! ,jews1 a mo/ religi\s p1 _h no settl$ hope ( immortality provid$ by _! cre$1 ?\gh ! acc\nt ( ! creation ( ,adam %[s h[ cle>ly !y di/+ui%$ m9d f matt]4 ,w>burton inde$ inf]s ! au!nticity ( ! ,hebrew ,revelation f ! v fact ( ! abs5ce ( ! doctr9e ( immortality2 = no au?or ( a popul> religion1 except ,god himself1 c\ld h af=d$ to disp5se ) s important an article4 ,! m defective ,judaism 01 ! m cle>ly x 0 div9e4 ,nor 7 ! classical nations ( ,greece & ,rome at all m c]ta94 ,) !m also op9ions diff]$--"s1 l ,plato & 8 foll[]s1 ass]t+ ! immortality ( ! s\l2 o!rs1 l ,epicurus & 8 s*ool1 d5y+ x4 ,cic]o discusses x z an op5 "q1 ?\gh himself hold+ to ! belief 9 future exi/5ce4 ,8 two possible alt]natives are cont9u$ life 9 a condition ( happ9ess1 or utt] cessation ( life2 ei!r ( :i* he accepts ) equal calmness4 ,! fe> ( hell did n torm5t him3 po/ mortem quidem s5sus aut opt&us aut nullus e/ 7,cato ,major1 xx4 #gd74 ,ev5 if we are n to be immortal1 z he hopes1 nev]!less x is a happy ?+ = man to be ext+ui%$ at ! fitt+ season 7,ibid41 xxiii4 #hf74 ,less philosophical p1 h[ev]1 7 tr\bl$1 l ,*ri/ians1 ) ! notion ( a future _w ( puni%m5t2 & ,lucretius addresses himself ) all ! ardor ( a man proclaim+ a b5efic5t gospel to ! dissipation ( ?is popul> delusion3-- ,nil igitur mors e/1 ad nos neque p]t9et hilum1 ,qu&oquidem natura animi mortalis habetur4#ajb ,l o!r ?9k]s ( 8 "t1 he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! animus & anima--_s & s\l1 & ?is ?reefold division ( ! nature ( man subsi/$ = a "t 9 ! language & ideas ( ,*ri/ians4 ,b ! ess5tial po9t is t1 :atev] fur!r subdivisions may h be5 made1 all s*ools1 anci5t & mod]n1 pagan & ,*ri/ian1 agre$ 9 ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! spiritual pr9ciple & ! mat]ial in/rum5ts2 betwe5 m9d & matt]1 or s\l & body4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! univ]sal voice ( ! religi\s in/9ct4 ,let u te/ ! tru? ( ?is second po/ulate z we did t ( ! fir/3 by endeavor+ to d )\t x4 ,!n we h matt] & motion ( matt]2 & ! problem is3--,giv5 ^! elem5ts to f9d ! resultant1 m9d4 ,motion is m]ely *ange ( matt] f place to place2 !re=e ! "q is1 :e!r 9 any k9d ( matt] & any *anges ( matt] we c discov] m9d4 ,consid] ! mat]ial _w /atically4 ,z kn[n to sci5ce 7& we h no "r to g beyond sci5tific obs]vation n[71 x conta9s c]ta9 prop]ties p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 su* z color1 s\nd1 ta/e1 & smell1 r\ghness1 smoo?ness1 & o!r tangible qualities1 ) ext5sion & resi/ance1 discov]able by ! muscul> s5se & t\* comb9$4 ,any fur!r prop]ties :i* a deep] analysis may disclose w /ill belong to ! doma9 ( s5sible p]ception1 ! s5ses be+ ! in/rum5ts employ$ 9 _! discov]y4 ,9 :i* ( ^! /atical conditions ( matt] c m9d be %[n to be involv$8 ,or :at comb9ation ( /atical conditions c produce m9d z a "p ( ! comp\nd8 ,pla9ly any attempt to discov] x 9 matt] at re/ w\ld be an absurdity4 ,n[ consid] ! _w dynamically4 ,"h we h matt] 9 motion1 matt] z ! recipi5t & ! transmitt] ( c]ta9 qualities ( =ce4 ,! mode ( motion may be ei!r mol> 7t ( masses ?r\gh space71 or molecul> 7t ( p>ticles )9 a mass74 ,9 ei!r case x is no?+ b a *ange ( position relatively to o!r objects4 ,n[1 h[ c *ange ( position ei!r be m9d1 or result 9 m9d8 ,take ! case ( a planet :irl+ ?r\gh space4 ,does ?is mol> motion1 consid]$ 9 any conceivable light1 br+ u "o /ep ne>] to m5tal ph5om5a8 ,b all mol> motion is ( ! same k9d1 & h[ev] completely analyz$1 c lead to no?+ b matt] *ang+ its position 9 space4 ,is molecul> motion 9 bett] case8 ,:5 light is transmitt$ to ! eye1 ! vibrations ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* =m ! objective side ( ?is ph5om5on1 arriv+ at ! optic n]ve1 cause correspond+ vibrations 9 x1 & ^! transmitt$ to ! bra9 result 9 c]ta9 movem5ts 9 its compon5t p>ticles4 ,:i* ( all ^! vibrations & movem5ts is s5sation8 ,at :at po9t does ! physical fact ( *anges 9 molecules ( matt] pass into ! m5tal fact ( *anges 9 ! quantity or quality ( ! light p]ceiv$8 ,evid5tly no su* po9t ( transition c be f\nd4 ,& n only c x n be f\nd1 b ! b>e hypo!sis ( its exi/5ce is negativ$ by ! fact t e physical movem5t produces an exactly equival5t am\nt ( physical movem5t2 s t !re is no?+ :atev] 9 ! resultant :i* is n acc\nt$ = 9 ! antec$5ts1 & no?+ 9 ! antec$5ts :i* has n its full effect 9 ! resultant4 ,!re is ?us no room left = ! passage ( ! objective fact ( molecul> motion into ! subjective fact ( feel+4 ,al?\gh ^! consid]ations practically exhau/ ! "q1 yet ano!r aspect ( x may1 = ! sake ( great] cle>ness1 be briefly t\*$ ^u4 ,if ! doctr9e ( abiog5esis be accept$1 x may be ?\ght to af=d "s confirmation to ! mat]iali/ic hypo!sis t m9d is b a function or prop]ty ( matt]4 ,d we n "h see 7x may be ask$7 life & s5sation aris+ out ( non-s5ti5t mat]ials8 ,& if a s+le liv+ creature c ?us arise1 !n1 by ! doctr9e ( evolution1 all m9d :atev] is affiliat$ on matt]4 ,su* a conclusion1 h[ev]1 w\ld be q unw>rant$ by ! facts obs]v$4 ,9 abiog5esis unorganic matt] is se5 to pass into organic matt]1 & ?is is ! :ole ( ! process kn[n to sci5ce4 ,to assume t at "s p]iod 9 ?is process ! mat]ial con/itu5ts ( ! newly-=m$ creature acquire ! prop]ty ( s5sation is1 to say ! lea/1 a v unsci5tific proce$+4 ,=1 ?r\gh\t all _! p]mutations1 ! compon5t elem5ts c 7or c\ld ) improv$ in/rum5ts7 be exactly obs]v$1 measur$1 & weigh$2 enabl+ u to say t s & s mu*1 su* & su* ( ! inorganic elem5ts has become s & s mu*1 su* & su* ( ! organic comp\nd4 ,n[ ! factors ( ?is comp\nd d n 7ex hypo!si7 conta9 s5sation4 ,h[1 !n1 did ! comp\nd acquire x8 ,:]e is y\r w>rant = sudd5ly introduc+ a consequ5t s5sation--= :i* y h no assignable antec$5t8 ,?us x is evid5t t betwe5 m9d & matt]1 betwe5 _s & body1 betwe5 int]nal & ext]nal ph5om5a1 !re is a great gulf fix$1 :i* no sci5tific or metaphysical cunn+ c succe$ 9 bridg+ ov]4 ,matt] is nev] s5sation1 & _c be conceiv$ z ev] becom+ s5sation4 ,! *a9 ( mat]ial ph5om5a1 ) its sev]al s]ies ( causes & effects1 is nev] brok52 no physical cause is )\t its adequate physical effect1 nor is any physical effect )\t a physical cause suffici5t to produce x4 ,! body is to ! m9d an ext]nal1 mat]ial ph5om5a2 closely connect$ inde$ ) m5tal /ates1 & always m or less pres5t to consci\sness1 b no "p ( our true selves1 no necess>y elem5t 9 our conception ( :at we actually are4 ,e portion ( ! bodily frame c be reg>d$ by u z an outw>d object1 :olly indep5d5t ( ourselves1 & logically1 if n practically1 sep>able f ourselves4 ,_m portions1 su* z ! limbs1 are actually s sep>able2 & all ( !m are sep>able 9 ?\ght4 ,/ill m impassable is ?is *asm 9 nature se5 to be :5 we rem>k1 t !re are two all-p]vad+ elem5ts 9 :i* m9d & matt] h _! be+1 & t ! ph5om5a )9 ea* elem5t h def9ite relations to o!r ph5om5a )9 ! same elem5t1 b are incapable ( be+ br\ght into a l relation ) ^? ( ! o!r elem5t4 ,^! two elem5ts are ,space & ,"t4 ,mat]ial p>ticles are relat$ to "o ano!r 9 space1 & 9 space alone4 ,!y are ne>] to1 or m di/ant f1 above or bel[1 to ! nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 or we/ (1 ! o!r mat]ial p>ticles ) :i* we comp>e !m4 ,b !y are n e>li] or lat] ?an o!r p>ticles4 ,! exi/5ce ( concrete objects may be e>li] or lat] ?an t ( o!r concrete objects2 b :5 we talk ( _! exi/5ce z e>li] or lat]1 we are talk+ ( _! relation to consci\sness1 n ( _! relation to "o ano!r4 ,x is ! total fram$ & classifi$ by ! m9d t has a relation 9 "t to "s o!r simil> total2 ea* total1 analyz$ into its ultimate atoms1 has only relations 9 space to ! o!r total1 likewise analyz$ into its ultimate atoms4 ,contr>iwise1 m5tal objects1 or /ates ( consci\sness1 are relat$ to "o ano!r 9 "t1 & 9 "t alone4 ,/ates ( consci\sness c be comp>$ z e>li] or lat]1 simultane\s or successive4 ,!y h no space-relations ei!r to "o ano!r or to ! mat]ial _w4 ,x is common inde$ to consid] ! m9d z locat$ 9 ! body1 b ?is is incorrect4 ,= absolutely no?+ is meant by say+ t any?+ is 9 a giv5 place except t x /&s 9 giv5 space-relations to surr\nd+ objects4 ,my body is 9 a place because x is ^u ! gr\nd1 9 ! air1 bel[ ! cl\ds1 amid a c]ta9 environm5t :i* con/itutes ! c\ntry & locality ( t c\ntry :i* x is 94 ,b my m9d has no surr\nd+ objects ( ?is nature at all4 ,! ?\ght1 say1 ( a di/ant fri5d c by no possibility be imag9$ z enclos$ )9 ! grey matt] ( ! bra91 j to ! "r ( a n]ve ,a1 & 9 contact ) a ganglion ,b4 ,?is ?\ght1 & its accompany+ emotion1 c\ld n be f\nd by any vivisection 7if su* 7 possible71 ?\gh its correlative physical condition might4 ,h5ce ! m9d is n 9 ! body1 b is an indep5d5t entity ^: ph5om5a1 successive 9 "t1 run p>allel to b nev] int]m+le ) ! ph5om5a ( body1 ext5d$ 9 space4 ,f ! view "h /at$ ( ! irremoveable di/9ction betwe5 m9d & matt] an important coroll>y w be se5 to foll[4#ajc ,no physical movem5t 7x has be5 %[n7 c be conceiv$ z pass+ into a /ate ( consci\sness1 = ea* physical movem5t begets fur!r physical movem5t1 & :ile x is fully sp5t 9 its physical consequ5t is itself fully acc\nt$ = by its physical antec$5t4 ,! conv]se ( ?is doctr9e mu/ !re=e be equally true4 ,t is to say1 no /ate ( consci\sness c pass into a physical movem5t1 =1 if x c\ld1 ?is movem5t w\ld h ano!r ?an a physical antec$5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m9d c 9 no way influ5ce ! actions ( ! body4 ,x _c /& 9 a casual relation to any physical fact :atev]4 ,h5ce ! doctr9e ( ! w 7n only ( free w b ( any w7 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,= ! curr5t conception ( a w supposes t a *a9 ( mat]ial ev5ts passes at "s po9t 9 its c\rse into a /ate ( consci\sness1 & t ?is /ate ( consci\sness aga9 orig9ates a *a9 ( mat]ial ev5ts4 ,say t ,i he> "s "o call my "n1 & g to ! w9d[ to asc]ta9 :o x is4 ,!n ! common explanation w\ld be1 n only t ! atmosph]ic undulations1 :i* are ! mat]ial correlative ( s\nd pass+ into ! bra9 by ! auditory n]ves1 produc$ ! s5sation ( he>+1 :i* is true1 b t ?is s5sation 9 its turn produc$ ^? ex]tions ( ! limbs :i* result 9 my arrival at ! w9d[1 :i* is errone\s4 ,accord+ to ! view "h adopt$1 ! atmosph]ic undulations /& 9 a direct relation ( causation to ! affection ( ! auditory n]ve1 & ?is affection1 9 a direct relation ( causation1 to ! result+ movem5ts4 ,! /ates ( consci\sness 9 l mann] /& 9 a direct relation ( simple sequ5ce to ea* o!r2 ! s5sation ( sitt+ 9 a room be+ foll[$ by t ( he>+ my "n1 ?is by ! ?\ght t !re is "s "o outside call+ me1 ?is by ! s5sation ( motion ?r\gh space1 & ?is la/ by t ( see+ ! p]son f :om ! call emanat$ /&+ 9 ! expect$ place4 ,b at no po9t c ! "o tra9 ( ev5ts be conv]t$ into ! o!r4 ,& :ile ! tra9 ( ext]nal sequ5ces does influ5ce ! tra9 ( int]nal sequ5ces1 ?is latt] has no correspond+ influ5ce ^u ! =m]4 ,= ?is w\ld imply t at "s p]iod 9 ! succession physical movem5ts lo/ !mselves 9 consci\sness2 ceas$ to be physical movem5ts1 & became some?+ ( an ali5 nature4 ,x w\ld imply fur!r t su* movem5ts orig9at$ de novo f some?+ ( an ali5 nature hav+ no calculable or measurable relation to !m4 ,ei!r ( :i* implications w\ld con/itute an exception to ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 ,man is1 9 %ort1 z ! adh]5ts ( ?is op9ion h call$ him1 a consci\s automaton4 ,he does n w 8 own actions1 nor d ext]nal manife/ations1 :e!r ^? ( ! unconsci\s or ! consci\s ord]s ( exi/5ce1 influ5ce 8 w4 ,b along ) ! set ( objective facts !re is always pres5t a p>allel set ( subjective facts1 & ! subjective facts /& 9 an inv>iable relation to ! objective facts4 ,s t :]e ! mat]ial circum/ances1 bo? ^? ( ! surr\nd+ _w & ^? ( ! body1 are ( a giv5 "*1 ! non-mat]ial circum/ances1 ! /ate ( m9d1 is also ( a giv5 & precisely correspond+ "*4 ,v>iations 9 ! "o imply v>iations 9 ! o!r2 feel+s 9 ! "o *ange or rema9 fix$ ) *anges or fixity 9 ! o!r4 ,c\ld ! fri5ds ( dogmatic religion "k ! ?+s belong+ to _! peace1 !y w\ld be/[ ^u ?is doctr9e _! mo/ e>ne/ support2 = x deals ! dea?-bl[ to t semi-sci5tific mat]ialism :i* d]ives a c]ta9 c\nt5ance f ! discov]ies ( ! day1 & :i* is--second to religi\s dogmas !mselves--! mo/ dang]\s enemy ( ! spiritual conception ( ! univ]se & ( mank9d4 ,n t 9 lift+ a voice aga9/ mat]iali/ic views1 ,i mean = a mom5t to l5d a help+ h& to ! vulg> & irrev]5t outcry :i* is s (t5 rais$ aga9/ matt] itself z some?+ gross & degrad$1 & des]v+ only ( a contemptu\s tol]ance at our h&s4 ,i %\ld h ?\ght t ! endless beauty ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 & ! v>i$ enjoym5ts to be d]iv$ f its contemplation1 z also ! pr(\nd in/ruction to be obta9$ by its /udy1 w\ld h suffic$ to give x a high] place 9 ! e/imation ( religi\s m9ds4 ,) su* opposition to mat]ialism z ?is ,i c h no ve/ige ( sympa?y4 ,! =m ( mat]ialism :i* ,i cont5d aga9/1 n z irreligi\s b z unphilosophic1 is t :i* conf\nds ! two ord]s ( ph5om5a--physical & m5tal--"u "o idea1 t ( matt]4 ,matt] is suppos$ 9 ?is philosophy to be ! p>5t ( m9d4 ,a bridge is s\ght to be ?r[n across ! great gulf :i* is fix$ betwe5 u & ! _w )\t4 ,b ! mom5t we seek to walk ov] ?is imag9>y bridge x cra%es b5ea? our feet1 & we are hurl$ into ! abyss bel[4 ,betwe5 t :i* feels1 ?9ks1 p]ceives1 & reasons on ! "o h&1 & t :i* is felt1 ?\ght ab\t1 p]ceiv$1 & reason$ on1 !re is no community ( nature4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two1 ?\gh x ne$ n be ultimate 9 ! ord] ( ?+s1 is absolutely ultimate 9 ! ord] ( ?\ght4 ,9 _! own undiscov]able nature ^! two manife/ations may be "o2 9 _! relation to u !y are = ev] two4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,objective ,,to ,,! ,,subjective ,,elem5t4 ,"o f9al po/ulate has be5 f\nd to be involv$ 9 all religion1 namely1 t betwe5 ! human ess5ce spok5 ( z ! subjective elem5t1 & ! p[] spok5 ( z ! objective elem5t1 !re is held to be a s+ul> correspond5ce1 _! relation%ip f9d+ its concrete expression 9 religi\s wor%ip on ! "o side & !ological dogma on ! o!r4 ,ritual1 consecration ( ?+s & places1 ord9ation ( prie/s1 om5s1 inspiration ( prophets & ( books1 all ( !m imply ! suppos$ possibility ( su* a relation4 ,all ( !m1 h[ev]1 f _! contradictory & v>iable "*1 prove t !y are b imp]fect ef=ts to f9d utt]ance = ! emotion :i* und]lies !m all4 ,b t ?is emotion is incapable ( an explanation consi/5t ) rational belief is n !re=e to be tak5 = grant$4 ,consid]1 fir/1 t 9 ord] to be aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ultimate & unkn[n p[]1 we mu/ possess "s faculty 9 our con/itution by :i* t p[] is felt4 ,x mu/1 s to speak1 come 9 contact ) u at "s po9t 9 our nature4 ,n[1 no s5sible p]ception c lead u to ?is conception z a g5]alization4 ,! :ole univ]se1 reg>d$ m]ely z a s]ies ( pres5tations to ! s5ses1 conta9s n a s+le object :i* c possibly sugge/ x4 ,nor c any comb9ation ( su* pres5tations be %[n to include )9 !m any su* idea4 ,nei!r c ! exi/5ce ( su* a p[] be inf]r$ by ! ex]cise ( ! reason+ faculty4 ,!re is no analogical case f :i* ! inf]5ce c be drawn4 ,:5 we reason we proce$ f some?+ kn[n to some?+ unkn[n1 & conclude t ! latt]1 resembl+ ! =m] 9 "o or m ( its qualities1 w resemble x also 9 ! quality yet to be e/abli%$4 ,9 explor+1 = in/ance1 "s des]t$ spot1 we f9d traces ( a build+4 ,n[1 previ\s exp]i5ce has taught u t su* build+s are only f\nd :]e human build]s h made !m4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t we h /umbl$ ^u a "w ( human h&s4 ,suppose we explore fur!r & f9d ! rema9s ( ! build+ v ext5sive4 ,we n[ draw ! fur!r inf]5ce t x 0 inhabit$ by a weal?y man1 because we "k t only ! weal?y c af=d to live 9 magnific5t h\ses4 ,b if prolong$ excavation lead to ! discov]y ( long r[s ( build+s1 ( v>i\s sizes & hav+ /reets betwe5 !m1 we confid5tly ass]t t we h une>!d a ru9$ city2 = we are aw>e t no s+le man1 h[ev] ri* or p[]ful1 is likely to h built s mu*4 ,( ^! ?ree inf]5ces1 ! fir/ only is1 /rictly speak+1 infallibly true4 ,b ! o!rs are r5d]$ by famili> analogies s highly probable z to be practically c]ta94 ,n[ let ! ?+ s\ght be1 n "s s+le cause ( a s+le ph5om5on1 or ! v>i\s causes ( v>i\s ph5om5a1 b ! ultimate cause ( all ph5om5a :atev]1--:]e is ! correspond+ case on :i* we c proce$ to argue8 ,pla9ly !re is none4 ,!re is no o!r _w or sy/em to :i* we c appeal & say1 ,^? />s & ^? planets 7 made by a ,god1 !re=e our own sun & its planets mu/ h be5 made by a ,god also4 ,e s+le argum5t we c frame to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( deity assumes 9 its major premiss ! v ?+ to be prov$4 ,x takes = grant$ t ph5om5al objects require a cause1 & 7 n ! idea ( ?is necessity already 9 ! m9d x c\ld n take "o s+le /ep4 ,= if x be cont5d$1 say1 t ! _w c\ld n exi/ )\t a ,creator1 we h b to ask1 ,:y n8 & our adv]s>y c proce$ no fur!r ) 8 argum5t4 ,all he c ev] d is to appeal to a s5tim5t 9 u correspond+ to ! s5tim5t ( :i* he himself is consci\s4 ,?us x appe>s t nei!r direct obs]vation1 nor reason+1 :i* is g5]aliz$ obs]vation1 supplies ! mat]ial = an induction z to ! exi/5ce ( an ,unkn[able ,cause4 ,yet ?is idea is s p]si/5t 9 ! human race z to resi/ e ef=t to d )\t x4 ,9 "o =m or ano!r x inv>iably creeps 94 ,!re is b "o possible explanation ( su* a fact3 namely1 t x is "o ( ^? prim>y con/itu5ts ( our nature :i* are incapable ( pro( because !y are !mselves ! f\ndations on :i* pro( mu/ be erect$4 ,we _c demon/rate a s+le law ( nature )\t suppos+ a _w ext]nal to ourselves4 ,& we _c suppose a _w ext]nal to ourselves )\t ref]r+ explicitly or implicitly to an unkn[n entity manife/$ 9 t _w4 ,! faculty by :i* ?is tru? is kn[n mu/ be consid]$ z a k9d ( int]nal s5se4 ,x is a direct p]ception4 ,& precisely z objects ( direct p]ception by ! s5ses appe> widely dissimil> at diff]5t di/ances1 to diff]5t m51 & to ! same man at diff]5t times1 s ! object ( ! religi\s emotion is v>i\sly conceiv$ 9 diff]5t places & ages1 by diff]5t m51 & by ! same man at diff]5t times4 ,moreov]1 z ! religi\s s5tim5t 9 ! m9d ( man p]ceives its object1 ! ,ultimate ,be+1 s t ,be+ is conceiv$ z mak+ itself kn[n to ! m9d ( man ?r\gh ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,a reciprocal relation is ?us e/abli%$2 ! ,unkn[able caus+ a peculi> intuition1 ! m9d ( man receiv+ x4 ,& ?is is ! gra9 ( fact at ! f\ndation ( ! num]\s /atem5ts ( religi\s m51 t !y h felt !mselves inspir$ by ,god1 t he speaks to !m & speaks ?r\gh !m1 t !y ent] into communion ) him 9 pray]1 & obey 8 influ5ce dur+ _! lives4 ,we ne$ n disc>d su* feel+s z idle delusions4 ,9 =m !y are fanciful & errone\s2 9 sub/ance !y are g5u9e & true4 ,& 9 a high] s5se ! adh]5t ( ! univ]sal religion may himself admit _! title to a place 9 8 nature4 ,to use ! words ( a great philosoph]1 he1 l e o!r man1 may consid] himself z "o ( ! myriad ag5cies ?r\gh :om works ! ,unkn[n ,cause2 he too may feel t :5 ! ,unkn[n ,cause produces 9 him a c]ta9 belief1 he is !reby au?oriz$ to pr(ess & act out t belief 7,sp5c]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #b;d ed41 #cd1 p4 #abc74 ,b we may g /ill deep] 9 our exam9ation ( ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 ! ,ultimate ,be+ & ! m9d ( man4 ,to d s we mu/ briefly recur to ! philosophical que/ions t\*$ ^u 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ?is ,book4 ,we !re discuss$ f\r possible modes ( view+ ! great problem pres5t$ by ! exi/5ce ( s5sible objects3 ,common & ,metaphysical ,realism1 ,mod]ate & ,complete ,idealism4 ,let u briefly reconsid] ^! sev]al sy/ems to discov] :e!r any ( !m af=ds a satisfactory solution4 ,common ,realism is exclud$ by ! consid]ation t x treats ! qualities ( ext]nal objects z exi/+ 9 ^? objects & n 9 ! p]cipi5t subject4 ,x requires b little reflection to prove t su* qualities are modes ( consci\sness1 n modes ( absolute be+4 ,?is defect is surm\nt$ 9 ,metaphysical ,realism1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is liable to ! fatal objection1 t x takes = grant$ an ab/ract sub/ance 9 mat]ial ?+s1 :i* sub/ance is l ! ,unkn[able1 utt]ly inconceivable1 yet is n ! ,unkn[able1 & is incapable ( acc\nt+ = any ( ! manife/ations belong+ to ! m5tal ord]4 ,s t we %\ld h a sup]flu\s entity br\ght 9 to =m ! sub/ance ( matt]1 ( :i* entity nei!r our s5ses1 nor our reason1 nor our emotions1 give u any in=mation4 ,= matt]1 9 ! ab/ract1 is n ! matt] p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses2 nor is x ! object ( ! religi\s s5tim5t2 nor is its exi/5ce capable ( any k9d ( pro( save t :i* consi/s 9 e/abli%+ ! necessity ( "s k9d ( ,p]man5t ,reality bel[ ph5om5a4 ,& ?is ,reality is n only ! sub/ratum ( mat]ial1 b ( all ph5om5a :atsoev]4 ,mod]ate ,idealism is 9 no bett] case4 ,= 9 d5y+ all true exi/5ce except to liv+ creatures x fails utt]ly to give any rational acc\nt ( t ord] ( ev5ts :i* is univ]sally & in/9ctively ref]r$ to ext]nal causes1 nor c x f9d any possible orig9 = ! liv+ creatures 9 ^: reality x believes4 ,extreme ,idealism recognizes no problem to be dealt )1 & c !re=e (f] no solution4 ,ea* ( ^! sy/ems1 h[ev]1 :ile false z a :ole1 conta9s a p>tial tru?4 ,extreme ,idealism is ! outcome ( ! ord9>y1 unreflect+ ,realism2 = if ! ,common ,reali/ be conv9c$ t appe>ances d n imply exi/5ce1 & if he believe 9 no exi/5ce b appe>ances1 ! gr\nd is cut f "u 8 feet1 & he rema9s /&+ ^u no?+4 ,he kn[s only ph5om5a1 & ! ph5om5a are m]e ideas ( 8 own m9d4 ,! tru? common to ^! two extremes is t s emphatically ass]t$ by ,b]keley1 t ! esse ( mat]ial objects is p]cipi2 t we exhau/ ! physical ph5om5on :5 we describe its app>5t qualities1 & ne$ n introduce besides ^! a mat]ial sub/ance to :i* ^? qualities are relat$ z its accid5ts4 ,!y are n ! accid5ts1 b ! actual ?+1 9 s f> z x is mat]ial4 ,metaphysical ,realism & mod]ate ,idealism are unit$ 9 ! recognition ( ! tru? t ! ph5om5a are n ! ultimate realities1 & t ! qualities ( bodies1 :5 analyz$1 are subjective1 n objective2 =ms ( ! human m9d1 & n indep5d5t1 ext]nal exi/5ces4 ,h5ce ^! v>i\s philosophies1 l ! v>i\s religions ( :i* !y are 9 "s sort metaphysical p>allels1 mu/ be consid]$ z prep>+ ! way = ! admission ( t all-embrac+ tru? :i* is ! common gr\nd ( metaphysics & religion4 ,exam9e a simple objective ph5om5on4 ,!n y f9d t y c sep>ate x into all its compon5t qualities3 its color1 ta/e1 smell1 ext5sion1 & s =?2 & t aft] all ^! qualities h be5 tak5 into acc\nt no?+ ( ! object rema9s save ! vague feel+ ( an unkn[n cause by :i* ! :ole ph5om5on is produc$4 ,all ! app>5t qualities1 )\t exception1 are resolvable into modes ( consci\sness1 b ! :ole object is n s resolvable4 ,= ! "q /ill rema9s1 ,h[ did we come to h ^? modes ( consci\sness8 ,?us ! analysis ( ! commone/ mat]ial object leads u /raight to an unkn[able orig9 ( kn[n manife/ations4 ,& ea* p>ticul> ph5om5on br+s u to ! same result4 ,b are we to assume a special ,unkn[able = ea* special object8 ,a little consid]ation w %[ t ! division & subdivision we make ( ! objects ( s5sible p]ception resembles _! app>5t qualities 9 be+ purely subjective1 & inde$ m ?an subjective1 arbitr>y4 ,= ,i consid] an object z "o or _m1 accord+ to ! po9t ( view f :i* ,i reg>d x4 ,! glass :i* ,i hold 9 my h& is at ?is mom5t "o2 b ! next mom5t x is %iv]$ into a ?\s& atoms1 & ea* ( ^! atoms is ( complex "*1 & resolvable into /ill simpl] p>ts4 ,! planet we inhabit is1 = ! a/ronom]1 "o object2 = ! geologi/ a numb] ( di/9ct rocks2 = ! botani/ x is compos$ ( m9]al & vegetable con/itu5ts1 & ( ^!1 ! latt]1 :i* alone engage 8 att5tion1 are num]\s & v>i\s2 = ! *emi/ x consi/s ( an inf9ite multitude ( elem5t>y atoms v>i\sly comb9$4 ,h5ce unity & multiplicity are m]e modes ( subjective reflection2 n ultimate modes ( objective be+4 ,& ! ,unkn[able _c1 /rictly speak+1 be reg>d$ z ei!r "o or _m1 s9ce ea* alike implies limitation & sep>ation f some?+ else4 ,r is x all-compreh5d+2 ! ,univ]sal ,f\ndation ^u :i* unity & multiplicity alike are built4 ,mat]ial ?+s1 !n1 are analyzable into modes ( consci\sness ) an unkn[n cause to :i* ^! modes are due4 ,b :at is consci\sness itself8 ,l matt]1 x has its subjective & its objective aspect4 ,! subjective aspect consi/s ( its v>i\s ph5om5al conditions2 ! s5sations :i* we ascribe to outw>d objects z _! produc+ causes1 & ! emotions1 passions1 ?\ghts1 & feel+s :i* we conceive z ( int]nal orig94 ,! objective aspect consi/s ( ! unkn[n ess5ce itself :i* exp]i5ces ^! v>i\s /ates2 ( ! v self :i* is suppos$ to p]si/ ?r\gh all its *anges ( =m2 ( ! actual be+ :i* is ! ultimate ,reality ( our m5tal lives4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is ultimate ,ego is kn[n z an imm$iate fact ( consci\sness1 & _c be call$ 9 "q )\t impugn+ ! direct assurance :i* e "o feels ( 8 own be+ z ap>t f 8 p>ticul> & transi5t feel+s4 ,nobody believes t he is ! sev]al s5sations & emotions :i* he exp]i5ces 9 life2 he believes t he has !m4 ,& if ! exi/5ce ( ! ,unkn[able und]ly+ mat]ial manife/ations is p]ceiv$ by a direct1 indubitable inf]5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,unkn[able und]ly+ m5tal manife/ations is p]ceiv$ )\t an inf]5ce at all by an intuition f :i* !re is no appeal4 ,= no "o c ev5 attempt to reason ) me ab\t ?is conviction )\t re/+ 8 argum5t ^u facts1 & inf]5ces f facts1 :i* are 9 !mselves less c]ta9 ?an ?is prim>y c]ta9ty :i* he is seek+ to ov]?r[4 ,exi/5ce1 !n1 is kn[n to u imm$iately 9 our own case2 m$iately 9 e o!r--consequ5tly1 ! only conception we c frame ( exi/5ce is d]iv$ f ourselves4 ,h5ce :5 we say t any?+ exi/s1 we c only mean "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r t x exi/s z a mode ( human consci\sness1 z 9 ! case ( mat]ial ?+s2 or t x exi/s p] se1 & is ! v sub/ance ( consci\sness itself4 ,& ! =m] ( ^! modes ( exi/5ce is altoge!r dep5d5t ^u a consci\s subject4 ,a mat]ial object is a cong]ies ( mat]ial qualities1 none ( :i* c be conceiv$ at all except 9 relation to "s p]cipi5t subject4 ,take away ! subject1 & color1 ext5sion1 solidity1 s\nd1 smell1 & e o!r quality1 vani% into no?+4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! qualities1 & h5ce ! exi/5ce ( matt] itself 9 its ph5om5al "*1 is relative & second>y4 ,!re rema9s !re=e only ! second ( ^! two modes ( exi/5ce z absolute & prim>y4 ,! sub/ance ( consci\sness1 !n1 is ! "o reality :i* is kn[n to exi/2 & 9 no o!r =m is exi/5ce 9 its purity conceivable by u4 ,= if we attempt to conceive a some?+ z exi/5t :i* is nei!r object nor subject1 nei!r t :i* is felt nor t :i* feels1 nei!r t :i* is ?\ght nor t :i* ?9ks1 we mu/ inevitably fail4 ,!re is no t]tium quid :i* is nei!r m9d nor matt] ( :i* we c frame ! mo/ remote conception4 ,we may1 if we please1 imag9e ! exi/5ce ( su* a t]tium quid1 b ! hypo!sis is altoge!r fanciful1 & w\ld h no?+ 9 sci5ce1 no?+ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! human m9d1 to r5d] x ev5 plausible4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be mak+ an illegitimate use ( ! ^w exi/5ce to apply x 9 su* a s5se4 ,exi/5ce to u means consci\sness1 & nev] c mean any?+ else4 ,we _c by any ef=t conceive a univ]se previ\s to ! orig9 ( life 9 :i* !re 0 no consci\sness2 = ! mom5t we attempt to conceive x1 we import our own consci\sness into x4 ,we ?9k ( ourselves z see+ or feel+ x4 ,! ef=t1 !re=e1 to frame an idea ( any exi/+ ?+ )\t includ+ consci\sness 9 ! idea is self-defeat+1 & :5 we pr$icate ,exi/5ce ( ! ,unkn[n ,cause1 we pr$icate its k9%ip to t ultimate sub/ance ( ! m9d f :i* alone our conception ( absolute exi/5ce is d]iv$4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a second & m intimate relation%ip betwe5 ! objective & ! subjective elem5ts 9 ! religi\s emotion4 ,!y are f\nd to be ( k9dr$ nature2 or1 to speak ) /rict] caution1 x is f\nd t we _c ?9k ( !m b z ?us ak9 to "o ano!r4 ,we mu/ ev] be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t our ?\ghts ^u su* a subject z ?is c be no m ?an p>tial approximations to ! tru?2 t5tative explorations 9 a d>k region ( ! m9d r ?an accurate measurem5ts ( ! gr\nd4 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 we h spok5 ( ! ,unkn[able z m or less ak9 to ! m9d ( man2 yet we _c ?9k ( ! ,unkn[able z resembl+ ! fleet+ /ates :i* are all t we "k by direct obs]vation ( ! con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,x is n ! pass+ & v>iable modes1 b ! fix$ & un*angeable sub/ratum on :i* ^! modes are conceiv$ to be impress$1 :i* ! ,unkn[able mu/ be held to resemble4 ,& ?is sub/ratum itself is an absolute my/]y4 ,we c 9 no way picture x to ourselves )\t its modes1 :i* nev]!less we _c reg>d z app]ta9+ to its ultimate be+4 ,"o fur!r consid]ation w e/abli% a yet clos] relation%ip ?an t ( lik5ess4 ,! ,unkn[n ,reality1 :i* is ! s\rce ( all ph5om5a :atsoev]1 m5tal & physical1 mu/ ( necessity include )9 itself t mode ( exi/5ce :i* is manife/$ 9 consci\sness2 = o!rwise1 we mu/ imag9e yet ano!r p[] z ! orig9ator ( consci\s life1 & we %\ld !n h two unkn[n entities1 /ill requir+ a high] entity beh9d !m bo?1 to effect t entire h>mony :i* actually subsi/s betwe5 !m4 ,! ,unkn[able is1 !re=e1 ! hidd5 s\rce f :i* bo? ! great /reams ( be+1 int]nal & ext]nal1 take _! rise4 ,s9ce1 !n1 our m9ds !mselves orig9ate 9 t ,univ]sal ,s\rce1 s9ce x compreh5ds e =m ( exi/5ce )9 itself1 we /& to x 9 ! relation ( p>ts to a :ole1 9 :i* & by :i* ^? p>ts subsi/4 ,!re is ?us n only lik5ess b id5tity ( nature betwe5 ourselves & our unkn[n ,orig94 ,& x is lit]ally true t 9 x we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! summit to :i* we h at l5g? atta9$1 we may survey ! gr\nd we h already trav]s$1 & compreh5d1 n[ t !y lie bel[ u1 a few ( ! intricacies :i* we met ) on our way4 ,! app>5t puzzle ( automatism1 = example1 may be resolv$ into a m compreh5sive law4 ,x 0 %[n1 at ! conclusion ( ! prec$+ *apt]1 t a tra9 ( physical ev5ts c\ld 9 no way imp+e ^u1 or pass ov] into1 a tra9 ( m5tal ev5ts1 nor a /ate ( consci\sness be conv]t$ into physical movem5ts4 ,b x 0 h9t$ t1 :ile ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two great s]ies ( manife/ations1 ^? ( m9d & ^? ( matt]1 0 ultimate 9 ! ord] ( ?\ght1 x ne$ n be ultimate 9 ! ord] ( ?+s4 ,( ?is sugge/$ possibility we h n[ f\nd ! confirmation2 = we h se5 t mat]ial ph5om5a1 analyz$ to _! l[e/ t]ms1 resolve !mselves into =ms ( consci\sness1 & =ms ( consci\sness1 analyz$ 9 _! turn1 prove to be ! v>i$ modes ( an unkn[n subject2 & ?is unkn[n subject has its roots 9 ! ultimate ,be+ 9 :i* bo? ^! great divisions ( ! ph5om5al univ]se f9d _! f\ndation & _! orig94 ,! di/9ction1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! m5tal & ! mat]ial tra9 belongs to ^! tra9s 9 _! "* ( ph5om5a alone4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ 9 ! human m9d1 n 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,?us1 if we recur to ! illu/ration us$ 9 expla9+ automatism1 we po9t$ out t 9 ! circum/ance ( he>+ a call & go+ to ! w9d[1 two s]ies might be ?us di/+ui%$3 #a4 ,! mat]ial s]ies1 consi/+ ( atmosph]ic undulations1 affections ( ! n]ves & matt] ( ! bra91 movem5ts ( ! body2 #b4 ,! m5tal s]ies1 consi/+ ( ! s5sations ( sitt+ /ill1 & he>+ ( ! ?\ght ( a p]son1 ( ! s5sations ( motion1 & see+ ! p]son4 ,n[1 if we take ! tr\ble to obs]ve ! t]ms ( :i* ! fir/ s]ies is compos$1 we %all see t !y also express /ates ( consci\sness1 ?\gh /ates ( a diff]5t k9d f ^? conta9$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! second s]ies4 ,undulations1 n]v\s affections1 movem5ts1 & s =?1 are only intelligible by u z modifications ( our consci\sness4 ,to conceive 9 any degree ! atmosph]ic p]turbations :i* are ! physical correlatives ( s\nd1 we mu/ imag9e !m z someh[ felt or p]ceiv$--= in/ance1 z a fa9t breeze4 ,to conceive ! c]ebral *anges impli$ 9 he>+1 we mu/ imag9e ourselves z dissect+ & exam9+ ! int]ior ( ! bra94 ,9 o!r words1 ! ext]nal tra9 ( ev5ts to :i* consci\sness runs ov] p>allel c only be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght by translat+ x into t]ms ( consci\sness2 & ! absolute h>mony ( bo? ^! tra9s1 ! fact t :ile /ates ( consci\sness d n orig9ate ! movem5ts ( our bodies1 !y yet be> s unv>y+ a relation to !m z to be mi/ak5 = _! causes1 f9ds its solution 9 ! reflection t1 :5 we look bel[ ! appe>ances to ! reality p]vad+ bo?1 x is ! same ,univ]sal ,be+ :i* is manife/$ 9 ea* alike4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! s5se ( indep5d5t p[] to produce physical effects 9 accordance ) m5tal conceptions1 :i* =ms ! great ob/acle to ! g5]al admission ( ! doctr9e ( human automatism4 ,reason z we may1 we /ill feel t we are res]voirs ( =ce :i* we give out 9 ! %ape ( mat]ial movem5t :5ev] we please & z we please4 ,& if ! doctr9e ( ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce appe>s1 by %[+ t e physical consequ5t has a purely physical antec$5t1 to contradict ?is feel+1 we naturally give ! pref]5ce to ! feel+ ov] ! doctr9e4 ,b s9ce ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce is itself no less firmly seat$ 9 consci\sness ?an ! s5se ( indep5d5t p[]--s9ce all nature w\ld be a *aos )\t ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce--x is ! "p ( true philosophy to give its due to ea*4 ,& ?is may be done by admitt+ ! p>ticle ( tru? conta9$ 9 ! belief t ! human w influ5ces ! ext]nal _w4 ,we are inde$ res]voirs ( =ce4 ,b x is n our own peculi> =ce t is ex]t$ ?r\gh u2 x is ! ,univ]sal ,=ce1 :i* is ev9c$ no less 9 ! actions ( m5 ?an 9 ! movem5ts ( inanimate nature4 ,& s9ce ^? actions are 9 con/ant unison ) _! wi%es1 !re is n1 & _c be1 ! s5se ( con/ra9t :i* is usually oppos$ to volunt>y p]=mance4 ,?us1 to take a simple illu/ration1 ! necessities ( our physical con/itution absolutely compel u to support ourselves by food2 yet no man feels t 9 eat+ 8 meals he is act+ "u ext]nal compulsion4 ,x w\ld be a /range except ion inde$ to ! univ]sal preval5ce ( unv>y+ law1 if human be+s 7 p]mitt$ to ex]t indep5d5t influ5ce ^u ! ord] ( ev5ts4 ,n 9 s slov5ly a mann] has ! "w ( nature be5 p]=m$4 ,we are no m free to di/urb ! h>mony & beauty ( ! univ]se ?an are ! />s 9 _! c\rses or ! planets 9 _! orbits4 ,our c\rses & orbits are no less fix$ ?an !irs1 & x is b ! imp]fection ( our k1 if !y h n be51 & _c yet be discov]$4 ,b x w\ld be a lam5table blot ^u a univ]se1 :]e all ?+s are fix$ by a ,p[] 9 :om !re is no v>iabl5ess nor %ad[ ( turn+1 7 !re p]mitt$ to exi/ a race ( creatures :o 7 a law unto !mselves4 ,aga91 ! relation n[ e/abli%$ betwe5 ! human m9d & ! ultimate ,s\rce bo? ( m9d & matt]1 s]ves to ?r[ light ^u t d>k spot 9 ! hypo!sis ( evolution--! orig9 ( consci\sness4 ,= :ile 9 ?is hypo!sis !re is a cont9ual progression1 ( :i* ea* /ep is ! natural consequ5ce ( ano!r1 f ! gase\s to ! solid condition ( our sy/em1 f inorganic to organic sub/ances1 f ! humble/ organization to ! mo/ complex1 !re is absolutely no traceable gradation f ! abs5ce to ! pres5ce ( consci\s life4 ,no cunn+ contrivance ( sci5ce c d]ive s5sation f non-s5ti5t mat]ials1 = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is n a diff]5ce 9 degree ( developm5t1 b 9 k9d4 ,!re is a radical unlik5ess betwe5 ! two1 & x is unphilosophic1 z well z unsci5tific1 to disguise ! fact t a m]e process ( mat]ial evolution c nev] lead f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! mom5t ( aris+ ( consci\sness1 says ,mr4 ,%adwor? ,hodgson1 is ! mo/ important break 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a or nature tak5 z a :ole2 ! ph5om5a above & ! ph5om5a bel[ x c nev] be r$uc$ completely into ea* o!r2 !re is a c]ta9 het]og5eity betwe5 !m4 ,b ?is is n ! only in/ance ( su* a het]og5eity 7,hodgson's ,!ory ( ,practice1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdj74 ,i v5ture to say t x is ! only in/ance1 & t !re is no?+ else 9 nature :i* c prop]ly be comp>$ ) x4 ,! in/ances ( simil> het]og5eity :i* ,mr4 ,hodgson gives appe> to me less c>efully consid]$ ?an might h be5 expect$ f s c>eful a writ]4 ,t betwe5 ,"t & ,space1 :i* is 8 fir/ case1 is involv$ 9 t betwe5 m9d & matt]1 & is only ano!r expression ( x 7see supra1 p4 #ddg72 :ile curves & /raight l9es1 & physical & vital =ces1 are n truly het]og5e\s at all1 unless "u vital =ces we include m5tal ef=t1 & s aga9 illu/rate ! prim>y unlik5ess by a case includ$ "u x4 ,b ! la/ example is rem>kable4 ,until ,mr4 ,d>w9 prop\nd$ 8 law ( natural selection1 x 0 suppos$ also t !re 0 het]og5eity betwe5 species ( liv+ organisms 9 physiology4 ,n[ x is ! great triumph ( ! evolutional sy/em to h rid u ( ?is un9telligible break1 & to h %[n t ! :ole ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 inorganic & organic1 is ! result ( ! un*angeable op]ation ( laws :i* are no less active n[ ?an !y h ev] be54 ,9 o!r words1 evolution disp5ses ) ! necessity ( suppos+ ! exi/5ce1 at "s po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! planet1 ( a special law = ! production ( species br\ght into op]ation ad hoc4 ,b ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* apply to ! orig9 ( organic products mu/ apply also to ! orig9 ( consci\s life4 ,?is also mu/ be figur$ z an evolution4 ,?is also mu/ take place )\t ! aid ( a special law br\ght into op]ation ad hoc4 ,l ! evolution ( mat]ial products1 x c only be conceiv$ z tak+ place f a prexi/+ fund1 conta9+ pot5tially ! :ole ( ! effects :i* are aft]w>ds f\nd 9 actual exi/5ce4 ,let u te/ ?is by try+ to conceive ! process 9 o!r ways4 ,consci\sness might be suppos$ to arise 9 two ways3 by special creation1 & by uncaus$ orig91 f no?+4 ,bo? possibilities are 9 absolute contradiction to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( evolution4 ,creation by a sup]ior p[] is a hypo!sis /&+ on a level ) t ( ! creation ( man out ( ! du/ ( ! e>?4 ,to realize x 9 ?\ght at all we mu/ suppose ! v ?+ int5d$ to be d5i$1 namely1 ! mat]ial ( m9d already exi/+ 9 ! univ]se1 z t ( body exi/$--9 ! e>?4 ,o!rwise1 we %\ld be oblig$ to admit ! un?9kable hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( some?+ f no?+4 ,?is latt] difficulty presses ) its full =ce ^u ! second supposition4 ,m9d w\ld !reby be repres5t$ z sudd5ly spr++ into be+ )\t any imag9able antec$5t4 ,= no mat]ial antec$5t c produce x )\t an exception to ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce1 :i* requires a mat]ial consequ5t4 ,& x _c arise )\t any antec$5t b by a simil> exception4 ,nei!r creation nor de/ruction c 9 fact be repres5t$ z occurr+ 9 nature4 ,we _c conceive a new be+ aris+ out ( no?+1 or pass+ into no?+4 ,z ! developm5t ( ! physical univ]se takes place by ! *ange1 composition1 decomposition1 & re-composition ( prexi/+ con/itu5ts1 s x mu/ be ) ! developm5t ( m9d4 ,we _c suppose ! orig9 ( s5sation1 its advance to m v>i$ & complex k9ds1 ?r\gh emotions1 passions1 & reason+s to ! mo/ subtle feel+s & ! pr(\nde/ ?\ghts1 )\t believ+ t all ( ^! h _! s\rce 9 ! ,ultimate ,reality ( nature1 :i* compreh5ds n ^! only1 b e fur!r p]fection ( :i* we may yet be capable 9 ages to come4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! solution ( ! difficulty :i* 0 %[n 7p4 #fij7 to beset ! !ory ( abiog5esis2 a !ory :i*1 if ultimately accept$ by sci5ce1 z ,i believe x w be1 w = ! fir/ "t br+ p]fect unity into our conceptions ( ! developm5t ( ! _w we live 94 ,:ile sci5ce w ?us %[ t !re is no impassable break betwe5 inorganic & organic =ms ( matt]1 philosophy w confirm x by %[+1 t !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 ! univ]sal life :i* is manife/$ 9 ! 7s-call$7 inanimate =ces & con/itu5ts ( our sy/em & ! fragm5t>y life :i* comes to light 9 animat$ creatures4 ,!re is het]og5eity n[h]e4 ,!re are no breaks 9 nature4 ,!re are no unimag9able leaps 9 h] unbrok5 c\rse4 ,f ! po9t ( view n[ rea*$ we c und]/& also--s f> z und]/&+ is possible 9 su* a case--! app>5t riddle ( our k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,unkn[able4 ,we c expla9 ! univ]sal s5tim5t ( religi\s m9ds t !re is "s direct relation betwe5 !m & ! object ( _! wor%ip4 ,! s5se ( an intuitional p]ception ( t object1 ! s5se ( undef9able simil>ity !reto1 ! s5se ( inspiration & ( guidance !reby1 are includ$ "u & r5d]$ intelligible by ! actual id5tity 9 _! ultimate natures ( ! subject & ! object ( religi\s feel+4 ,& ! incompreh5sibility ( ! latt] is %[n to h an obvi\s reason4 ,= ! "p _c compreh5d ! :ole ( :i* x is a "p4 ,x c b feel t !re is a :ole1 9 "s my/]i\s way relat$ to itself4 ,b :at t :ole is1 ! conditions ( its exi/5ce r5d] x impossible t x %\ld ev5 guess4 ,imag9e ! :ole ( ! atmosph]e divid$ into two great curr5ts3 a hot curr5t cont9ually asc5d+1 & a cold curr5t cont9ually desc5d+4 ,& let ! hot curr5t repres5t ! /ream ( consci\s life1 ! cold curr5t ! /ream ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,to complete ! simile1 conceive t !re is a %>p b\nd>y betwe5 ! two curr5ts1 s t atoms ( air c nev] cross to & fro2 :ile yet ! consci\s atoms 9 ! hot curr5t are aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ! unconsci\s atoms 9 ! cold "o4 ,n[ if ! atoms or p>ticles 9 ! consci\s curr5t %\ld be gift$ ) s5ses 9 proportion to _! size1 !y w see & feel an inf9itely m9ute portion bo? ( ! asc5d+ curr5t 9 :i* !y !y !mselves are plac$1 & ( ! desc5d+ curr5t !y are pass+ by4 ,b ( ! :ole ( ! atmosph]e ( :i* !y are !mselves fragm5t>y portions !y w be able to =m no conception :atev]4 ,its exi/5ce !y w be aw>e (1 = x w be ne$$ to expla9 _! own4 ,b ( its nature !y w h no idea1 except t 9 "s undef9able way x is l !mselves4 ,nor w !y be able to =m any picture ( ! cause :i* is cont9ually c>ry+ !m upw>ds1 & =c+ _! homologues 9 ! opposite curr5t d[nw>ds4 ,:ile1 if we suppose ^! opposite movem5ts to repres5t ! elem5ts ( ,"t & ,space1 !y w be consci\s ( !mselves only 9 t]ms ( movem5t upw>ds1 & ( ! unconsci\s p>ticles 9 t]ms ( movem5t d[nw>ds4 ,!y w suppose ^! two movem5ts to be ( ! v ess5ce ( hot & cold p>ticles1 & w be able to conceive !m only "u ^! t]ms4 ,suppose1 la/ly1 t at a c]ta9 po9t 9 _! progress ! hot p>ticles become cold & pass into ! oppos+ curr5t1 los+ _! individual1 p>ticul> life1 !n _! fell[-p>ticles 9 ! hot curr5t w lose sight ( !m at t po9t1 & !y w be m]g$ 9 ! g5]al /ream ( be+ to em]ge aga9 9 _! turn into ! /ream ( consci\s be+4 ,imp]fect z ?is simile is1 & z all su* similes mu/ be1 x s]ves 9 "s fa9t measure to express ! relation ( ! m9d ( man to its my/]i\s ,s\rce4 ,& x s]ves also to illu/rate ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ,religion & ,!ology1 or ,fai? & ,belief1 ! function ( ! fir/ hav+ ev] be5 to conceive ! exi/5ce ( t relation1 & ! function ( ! second to misconceive its "*4 ,?us !re runs ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( religi\s hi/ory a p]vad+ error & a g5]al tru?4 ,9 all its special manife/ations ^! two h be5 m+l$ confus$ly toge!r1 & ! manifold =ms ( error h g5]ally obscur$ f sight ! s+le =m ( tru?4 ,! relation held by ,fai? to ,belief1 by ! true elem5ts to ! false1 9 special cre$s1 may be ?us express$3 ,t ! cre$s h s\ght to individualize1 & ?us to limit t :i* is ess5tially g5]al & unlimit$4 ,?us wor%ip1 9 its pure/ "* a m]e commun+ ( ! m9d ) its unkn[n ,s\rce1 has be5 n>r[$ to ! pres5tation ( petitions to a p]sonal deity4 ,p>ticul> places & peculi> objects h be5 select$ z ev9c+1 9 "s exceptional mann]1 ! pres5ce ( ! inf9ite ,be+ :i* p]vades all places & ?+s alike4 ,c]ta9 m5 h be5 reg>d$ z ! exclusive organs ( ! ultimate ,tru?2 c]ta9 books1 z its au?oriz$ expressions2 :]eas ! sev]al races ( m5 9 _! diff]5t modes ( life1 & 9 ! div]se products ( _! art & _! culture1 are all 9 _! v>iety1 & ev5 9 _! conflict1 inspir$ work]s 9 ! h&s ( t ,tru? :i* is manife/$ completely 9 none1 p>tially 9 all4 ,& z x has be5 ) ! special objects ^u :i* ,!ology has fix$ its gaze1 s x has be5 ) ! g5]al object :i* und]lies !m all4 ,?is1 too1 has be5 individualiz$1 limit$ & def9$4 ,x has be5 =gott5 t we are b =ms ( t :i* we are seek+ to br+ )9 ! grasp ( our reason1 & _c !re=e see ar\nd x1 above x1 & bel[ x4 ,b ?is tru?1 :i* ,!ology is ev] =gett+1 ,religion mu/ ev] proclaim4 ,! proclamation ( ?is tru? is ! title-de$ ( its acceptance by mank9d4 ,)\t ?is1 x w\ld s9k into ! di%onor$ subject ( incessant wrangl+s & pr(itless dispute4 ,:5 x beg9s to def9e ! ,inf9ite1 x ceases1 9 ! pur] s5se ( ! ^w1 to be ,religion1 & c only comm& ! ass5t ( reasonable be+s 9 s f> z its ass]tions comply ) ! rigor\s me?ods ( logical demon/ration4 ,b ?is condition is 9 fact impossible ( fulfillm5t1 = ! nature ( ! object conc]n+ :i* we reason1 r5d]s ! exact t]ms ( logical propositions mislead+ & inadequate4 ,! ,unkn[able ,reality does n admit ( def9ition1 compreh5sion1 or description4 ,h[ %\ld we1 m]e fragm5ts ( t ,reality1 def9e1 compreh5d1 or describe ! ,inf9ite ,be+ :]e9 we h tak5 our rise1 & :]eto we mu/ return8 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us is ,religion analyz$1 expla9$ & ju/ifi$4 ,its v>i$ =ms h be5 %[n to be uness5tial & tempor>y2 its uni=m sub/ance to be ess5tial & p]man5t4 ,belief has melt$ away "u ! comp>ative me?od2 ,fai? has rema9$ beh9d4 ,f two sides1 h[ev]1 objections may be rais$ to ! results ( ?is analysis4 ,^? :o admit no ultimate residuum ( tru? 9 ! religi\s s5tim5t at all1 may hold t ,i h done x too mu* honor 9 conc$+ s mu*2 :ile ^? :o adh]e to "s m positive !ology ?an is admitt$ "h1 w ?9k t ,i h left sc>cely any?+ wor? ! hav+ 9 conc$+ s little4 ,to ! fir/ class ( objectors ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to po9t out ! extreme improbability ( ! pres5ce 9 human nature ( a univ]sally-felt emotion )\t a correspond+ object4 ,ev5 if !y !mselves d n realize 9 _! own m9ds ! =ce ( t emotion !y w at lea/ n d5y its hi/orical manife/ations4 ,!y w sc>cely "q t x has be5 9 all ages kn[n to hi/ory z an inspir+ =ce1 & (t5 an ov]ma/]+ passion4 ,!y w believe ! evid5ce ( ^? :o affirm t !y are consci\s ( t emotion n[1 & _c attribute x to any?+ b ! k9d ( ,cause :i* religion po/ulates4 ,! actual pres5ce ( ! emotion !y w n d5y1 ?\gh ! explanation attempt$ ( its orig9 !y w4 ,b ^? :o make ! r />tl+ ass]tion t a deep-seat$ & wide-spread emotion is absolutely )\t any object resembl+ t :i* x imag9es to be its s\rce1 are b\nd to give "s t5able acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( t emotion4 ,h[ did x come into be+ at all8 ,h[ hav+ come into be+1 did x cont9ue & ext5d8 ,h[ did x come to mi/ake a subjective illusion = an objective reality8 ,^! are que/ions press+ = an answ] f ^? :o ask u to believe t "o ( our /ronge/ feel+s exi/s m]ely to deceive4 ,b x w be f\nd1 ,i believe1 t all explanations t5d+ to %[ t ?is emotion is illusory 9 its nature assume ! v unreality !y seek to prove4 ,%\ld x1 = example1 be cont5d$ t human be+s1 consci\s ( a =ce 9 _! own bodies1 ext5d ! conception ( ?is =ce to a sup]human be+1 :i* ext5sion is illegitimate1 x is assum$1 n prov$1 9 su* an argum5t z ?is1 t ! =ce manife/$ 9 ! univ]se at l>ge is n 9 "s way ak9 to t manife/$ 9 human be+s4 ,aga91 %\ld x be urg$ t man1 be+ aw>e ( design 9 8 own works1 fancies a l design 9 ! works ( nature1 x is a m]e assumption t ?is attribution ( ! ideas ( 8 own m9d to a m9d great] ?an 8 is an unw>rantable process4 ,! argum5t f design may be1 & 9 my op9ion is1 op5 to o!r grave objections2 b its m]e pres5ce _c be us$ z expla9+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! religi\s emotion has come to exi/4 ,r is x ! religi\s emotion :i* has f\nd expression 9 ! argum5t f design4 ,! same criticism applies to all acc\nts ( ?is s5tim5t :i* aim at f9d+ an orig9 = x suffici5t to expla9 its pres5ce )\t admitt+ its tru?4 ,!y all ( !m assume ! v po9t at issue4 ,b ! real difficulty t is felt ab\t religion lies deep] ?an 9 ! m]e belief t a giv5 emotion may be deceptive4 ,x lies 9 ! d\bt :e!r a m]e emotion c be tak5 9 evid5ce ( ! pres5ce 9 nature ( any object at all4 ,emotions are by _! v nature vague1 & ?is is ( all p]haps ! vague/4 ,nor are emotions vague only2 !y are inexpressible 9 precise language1 & ev5 :5 we express !m z cle>ly z we c1 !y rema9 un9telligible to ^? :o h n felt !m4 ,n[ ?is g5]al & unspecific "* ( emotions r5d]s x h>d = ^? :o are want+ 9 any giv5 emotion to und]/& its int5sity 9 o!rs1 & ev5 fully to believe 9 _! /atem5ts ab\t x4 ,7 religion a case ( s5sible p]ception !y w\ld h no su* d\bt4 ,color-bl9d p]sons d n "q ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ colors 9 o!rs4 ,b :ile ! %>p def9itions ( ^! s5ses compel u to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( _! objects1 ! comp>atively hazy outl9es drawn by ! emotions leave u at lea/ a physical possibility ( disput+ ! exi/5ce ( !irs4 ,yet ! cases are 9 _! natures id5tical4 ,we see a table1 & because we see x we inf] ! exi/5ce ( a real ?+ ext]nal to ourselves4 ,! pres5ce ( ! s5sations is conceiv$ to be an adequate w>rant = ass]t+ ! pres5ce ( _! cause4 ,precisely 9 ! same way1 we feel ! ,unkn[able ,be+1 & because we feel x we inf] ! exi/5ce ( a real object bo? ext]nal to ourselves & )9 ourselves4 ,! pres5ce ( ! emotion is conceiv$ to be an adequate w>rant = ass]t+ ! pres5ce ( its cause4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! suppos$ object ( ! s5sations & ! suppos$ object ( ! emotion might be bo? ( !m illusory4 ,?is is conceivable 9 logic1 ?\gh n 9 fact4 ,b !re c be no reason = ma9ta9+ ! unreality ( ! emotional1 & ! reality ( ! s5sible object4 ,exi/5ce is believ$ 9 bo? in/ances on ! /r5g? ( an imm$iate1 intuitional inf]5ce4 ,! m5tal processes are exactly p>allel4 ,& if x be cont5d$ t s5sible p]ception c>ries ) x a /rong] w>rant = our belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( its objects ?an int]nal feel+1 ! reasons = ?is cont5tion mu/ be exhibit$ be=e we c be ask$ to accept x2 o!rwise1 x w aga9 turn out to be a pure assumption1 con/itut+1 n a reason = ! rejection ( religion by ^? :o n[ accept x1 b a m]e explanation ( ! conduct ( ^? :o d n4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 ! d5ial ( ! tru? ( religion is no less emotional ?an its affirmation4 ,x is n d5i$ because ^? :o disbelieve 9 x h any?+ to produce aga9/ x1 b because ! inn] s5se :i* results 9 religion is ei!r abs5t 9 !m1 or too fa9t to produce its usual consequ5ces4 ,= ?is ( c\rse !y are n to blame1 & no?+ c be m irrational ?an to *>ge !m ) moral del9qu5cy or culpable bl9dness4 ,if ! ,unkn[n ,cause is n p]ceptible to !m1 t surely is n a defici5cy to be laid to _! *>ge4 ,b :5 !y quit ! emotional /ronghold :]e9 !y are safe to speak ( ^? to :om t ,unkn[n ,cause is p]ceptible z ! victims ( delusion1 ^! latt] may confid5tly meet !m on ! field :i* !y !mselves h *os54 ,fir/1 !n1 x is at lea/ a r />tl+ supposition t _! fell[ creatures h always be51 & are /ill1 ! victims ( a univ]sal delusion1 f :i* !y alone enjoy ! privilege ( exemption4 ,presumption1 at all ev5ts1 is aga9/ a man :o ass]ts t ev]ybody b himself sees wrongly4 ,he may be ! only p]son ^: eyes h n deceiv$ him1 b we %\ld require him to give ! /ronge/ pro( ( s extraord9>y an ass]tion4 ,& 9 all cases :i* are 9 ! lea/ degree simil>1 ?is condition is compli$ ) )\t ! smalle/ hesitation4 ,!re are1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no in/ances ( prov$ univ]sal delusions1 save ^? aris+ f ! mislead+ sugge/ions ( ! s5ses4 ,t ! e>? is a flat surface1 t ! sun moves r\nd x1 t ! sun & moon are l>g] ?an ! />s1 t ! blue sky beg9s at a fix$ place1 are inf]5ces :i* ! un9/ruct$ obs]v] _c fail to draw f ! mo/ obvi\s appe>ances4 ,b ^? :o h combat$ ^! errors h n done s by m]ely tell+ ! _w at l>ge t x 0 mi/ak52 !y h po9t$ out ! ph5om5a f :i* ! errone\s inf]5ces 7 drawn1 & h %[n at ! same "t t o!r ph5om5a1 no less evid5t to ! s5ses ?an ^!1 7 inconsi/5t ) ! explanation giv54 ,!y h !n sub/itut$ an explanation :i* acc\nt$ = all ! ph5om5a alike1 bo? ! m obvi\s ph5om5a & ! less s4 ,precisely simil> is ! me?od ( proc$ure 9 hi/ory & philosophy1 ?\gh ! me?ods ( pro( 9 ^! sci5ces are n equally rigor\s4 ,great hi/orical delusions--su* z ! ,popi% plot--are put to re/ by %[+ ! mis9t]pret$ facts out ( :i* !y h gr[n1 expos+ ! mis9t]pretation1 & sub/itut+ true int]pretation4 ,imp]fect psy*ological analysis1 say ( an emotion1 is sup]s$$ by %[+ f :at facts ?is analysis has be5 obta9$1 & :at o!r facts x fails to acc\nt =4 ,obs]ve1 !n1 t 9 all ^! cases ! appeal is made f ! fir/ impressions ( ! mi/ak5 p]son to 8 own impressions on fur!r exam9ation2 n to ^? ( ano!r4 ,consid]ations are laid be=e him :i* x is suppos$ w cause him to *ange 8 m9d1 & 9 all t class ( cases :]e /rict demon/ration is possible actually d s4 ,to a man :o believes ! e>? to be a flat ext5d$ surface we po9t out ! fact t ! top ( a %ip's ma/ is ! fir/ "p ( x to appe>1 & t ?is & o!r k9dr$ ph5om5a imply sph]icity4 ,our appeal is f ! s5ses to ! s5ses bett] in=m$2 n f ano!r man's s5ses to our own4 ,& we ju/ly assume t 7 all ! _w 9 possession ( ! facts we h be=e u1 all ! _w w\ld be ( our op9ion4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! conclusion f ^! analogies8 ,x surely is1 t ^? :o w\ld d5y ! reality ( ! object ( religi\s emotion mu/ %[ f :at appe>ances1 misund]/ood1 ! belief 9 t object has aris51 & mu/ po9t out o!r appe>ances lead+ to o!r emotions :i* are 9 conflict ) x4 ,z ! a/ronom] appeals f s5sible p]ception to s5sible p]ception1 s !y mu/ appeal f emotion to emotion4 ,b x mu/ n be _! own emotions to :i* !y g z =m+ a /&>d = ours4 ,!y c dem& no he>+ at all until !y attempt to influ5ce ! emotions ( ^? :om !y address4 ,g5]ality ( belief ne$ n1 = ! purposes ( ?is argum5t1 be tak5 z ev5 a presumption ( tru?4 ,we c grant our adv]s>ies ?is advantage :i*1 9 ! p>allel cases ( ! illusions ( ! s5ses1 0 nei!r ask$ nor giv54 ,b we mu/ ask !m 9 return to conc$e to u t1 if ! g5]ality ( a belief entitles x to no weight 9 philosophic e/imation1 ! s+ul>ity ( a belief entitles x to none ei!r4 ,all mank9d may be delud$3 well & good3 a =tiori a few individuals among mank9d may be delud$ too4 ,grant t ! human faculties at l>ge are subject to error & deception1 x foll[s f ?is t ! faculties ( individuals lie "u ! same disability4 ,no ^w c be said z to ! g5]al liability to false beliefs1 :i* does n c>ry ) x ! liability to false beliefs ( ! v p]sons :o are seek+ to conv9ce u4 ,by :om1 9 fact1 are we ask$ to admit1 9 ! int]e/s ( _! peculi> !ory1 ! preval5ce ( a univ]sal deception1 & a deception embrac+ 9 its grasp n only ! ignorant multitude1 b m5 ( sci5ce1 ?9k]s & philosoph]s ( ! v highe/ altitude ( culture8 ,by :om is x t ! great mass ( humank9d is *>g$ ) baseless ?\ghts1 illusory emotions1 & unt5able ideas8 ,by ^? :o1 9 ?us d5y+ ! capacity ( ! :ole human race to p]ceive ! tru?1 nev]!less ma9ta9 _! own capacity to see ov] ! heads ( _! fell[ m5 s f> z to ass]t t !y are all ! victims ( an error4 ,by ^? :o1 :ile bidd+ u di/ru/ ! /ronge/ feel+s1 nev]!less require u to tru/ !m s f> z to bani%1 at _! bidd+1 ^? feel+s f our he>ts4 ,n f our reason to our m in/ruct$ reason d !y appeal1 only f our reason to _! own4 ,b ,i d5y ! compet5ce ( ! tribunal2 & ,i ma9ta9 t until n m]ely disbelief1 b dispro(1 ( ! position ( ,religion c be (f]$1 ,religion mu/ rema9 9 possession ( ! field4 ,yet !re is "o mi/ake :i*1 z x may t5d to obscure ! issue1 x w be desirable to cle> away4 ,x is (t5 cont5d$1 (t5] p]haps tacitly assum$1 t ! burd5 ( pro( mu/ re/ on ^? :o 9 any case ma9ta9 ! affirmative side ( a belief1 :ile ! negative on its side requires no pro(1 b c simply claim reception until ! affirmative is e/abli%$4 ,n[ ?is pr9ciple is true1 :]e ! negative is simply a susp5sion ( judgm5t2 ! m]e non-acceptance ( a fact ass]t$1 )\t a c\nt]-ass]tion ( its opposite4 ,to und]/& ! true application ( ! rule we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 :at ,i w t]m sub/antial affirmations or negations1 & affirmations or negations 9 =m4 ,?us1 to ass]t t ,a4 ,b4 is six feet tall1 is a sub/antial affirmation4 ,out ( _m possible alt]natives x selects "o1 & po/ulates t "o z true1 :ile all ! re/ x disc>ds z false4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 !re are num]\s possibilities besides ?is "o ) reg>d to ,a4 ,b4's height--s9ce he may be ei!r tall] or %ort] by v>i\s degrees--! negative1 9 ! abs5ce ( all k on ! subject1 is inh]5tly m probable1 = x cov]s a l>g] gr\nd4 ,x is a sub/antial negation4 ,t is1 x affirms no?+ at all1 b simply que/ions ! fact affirm$1 leav+ ! field op5 to c\ntless o!r sub/antial affirmations4 ,s1 9 law1 x is ! prosecution :i* is requir$ to prove its case2 = ! prosecution affirms t ?is man 0 at a giv5 place at a giv5 "t & did ! crim9al action4 ,! opposite hypo!sis ( ?is cov]s innum]able alt]natives3 n ?is man b ano!r1 may h be5 at t place1 or he may h be5 !re & n done ! action *>g$1 or "s o!r man may h done x1 or ! crime may h n be5 committ$ at all1 & s =?4 ,^! are cases ( sub/antial affirmations2 ass]t+ "o alone out ( _m conceivable possibilities1 & !re=e ne$+ pro(4 ,& _! opposites are sub/antial negations2 que/ion+ only ! "o fact affirm$1 & ev5 ) ref]5ce to t m]ely ma9ta9+ t 9 ! abs5ce ( pro( !re is an inh]5t probability 9 favor ( ! negative side4 ,widely diff]5t is ! case be=e u4 ,"h ! affirmation & negation are affirmative & negative 9 =m alone4 ,! ass]tions1 ,an ,unkn[able ,be+ exi/s1 & ,an ,unkn[able ,be+ does n exi/1 are n oppos$ to "o ano!r z ! affirmative & ! negative sides 7 oppos$ 9 ! previ\s cases4 ,! latt] proposition does n cov] a numb] ( possible alt]natives :]e( ! =m] selects & affirms a s+le "o4 ,bo? propositions are true & sub/antial affirmations4 ,bo? ass]t a suppos$ actual fact4 ,& ! latt] does n1 z ! previ\s negative propositions did1 leave ! judgm5t 9 simple susp5se4 ,x requires ass5t to a giv5 doctr9e4 ,t ! "o ca/ is 9 a negative =m is ! m]e accid5t ( expression1 & )\t 9 any way affect+ _! sub/ance1 _! positions 9 ?is respect may be rev]s$4 ,?us1 we may say = ! fir/1 ,! univ]se _c exi/ )\t an ,unkn[able ,be+2 & = ! second1 ,! univ]se c exi/ )\t an ,unkn[able ,be+4 ,!re are n "h a multitude ( alt]natives1 b two only1 & ( ^! ea* side affirms "o4 ,ea* proposition is equally ! ass]tion ( a positive belief4 ,?us1 ! reason :i*1 9 g5]al1 causes ! great] antec$5t probability ( a d5ial z aga9/ a positive ass]tion1 9 no way applies to ! d5ial ( ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( ,religion4 ,! /atem5t t !re is nobody 9 a c]ta9 room is n 9 itself m probable ?an ! /atem5t t !re is somebody4 ,& ! proposition3 all m5 are n mortal1 ?\gh negative 9 =m1 is truly z affirmative z ! c\nt]-proposition3 all m5 are mortal4 ,b ?is argum5t1 inasmu* z x places ! d5ial ( all tru? 9 ! religi\s emotion on a level ) its affirmation1 fails to d ju/ice to ! real /r5g? ( ! case4 ,!re are n "h two cont5d+ beliefs1 ( :i* ! "o is z probable z ! o!r4 ,9 conc$+ s mu* to ! skeptical p>ty we h giv5 !m a f> great] advantage ?an !y are entitl$ to dem&4 ,g5]ality ( belief is1 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce or argum5t to ! contr>y1 a presumption ( tru?2 =1 unless its orig9 f "s k9d ( fallacy c be %[n1 its g5]ality is 9 itself a pro( t x p]si/s 9 virtue ( ! g5]al laws ( m9d :i* =bid ! sep>ation ( its subject f its pr$icate4 ,& x is n only t we h "h a g5]al belief1 or1 m correctly speak+1 a g5]al emotion1 b we h categories 9 ! human m9d :i* are n fill$ up or capable ( be+ fill$ up by ! objective elem5t 9 ! religi\s idea4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! category ( ,cause2 ,nature pres5ts u n ) ,cause1 b ) causes2 & ^! causes are m]e antec$5ts1 physical causation 9 g5]al be+ no?+ :atev] b inv>iable antec$5ts & inv>iable sequ5ce4 ,b ?is analysis ( ! facts ( nature by no means satisfies ! conception ( causation :i* is root$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,t conception imp]i\sly dem&s a cause :i* is n a m]e antec$5t1 b a ,p[]4 ,)\t t1 ! idea w\ld rema9 z a blank =m1 hav+ no reality to fill x4 ,& h[ d we come to be 9 ! firm possession ( ?is idea if !re be no?+ 9 nature correspond+ to x8 ,f :at ph5om5a c\ld x be d]iv$8 ,ak9 to our notion ( ,cause is our notion ( ,=ce4 ,:5 ! sci5tific man speaks ( a ,=ce1 he m]ely means an unkn[n some?+ :i* effects c]ta9 movem5ts4 ,& ,sci5ce _c possibly disp5se ) ! metaphysical idea ( ,=ce4 ,yet ,=ce is n only unkn[able2 b x is ! ,unkn[able manife/$ 9 c]ta9 modes4 ,aga91 !re=e1 ,i ask1 :5ce d we d]ive in]adicable feel+ ( ! manife/ation ( ,=ce1 if t feel+ be a m]e illusion8 ,simil> rem>ks apply to o!r categories :i*1 l ^!1 h no objects 9 actual exi/5ce 9 ! con=mity ( ! religi\s s5tim5t to tru? be d5i$4 ,su* is ! category ( ,reality4 ,imag9ation _c picture ! _w save z conta9+1 ?\gh 9 its ess5ce unkn[n to u1 "s real & p]man5t be+4 ,we "k x only z a comp\nd ( ph5om5a1 all ( !m fleet+1 v>iable1 & unsub/antial4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ph5om5a :i* c satisfy our m5tal dem& = absolute be+4 ,z be+ transi5t1 & z be+ relative1 ! ph5om5a 9 fact are no?+4 ,b our intellectual1 our emotional1 & our moral natures dem& ! --t :i* really is1 z ! necess>y completion ( --t :i* only appe>s4 ,& x is precisely ! un%akeable belief 9 an un*angeable1 ?\gh unkn[able ,reality2 an ev]la/+ ,tru? amid %ift+ =ms1 a ,sub/ance among %ad[s1 :i* =ms ! univ]sal f\ndation ( religi\s fai?4 ,a %ip t has be5 driv5 f h] int5d$ c\rse is drift+1 ) a crew :o h no cle> k ( h] :]eab\ts1 ^u an unexplor$ ocean4 ,sudd5ly h] capta9 exclaims t he sees l& 9 ! di/ance4 ,! mate1 h[ev]1 summon$ to v]ify ! capta9's obs]vation1 fancies t ! black speck on ! horizon is n l&1 b a l>ge vessel4 ,! sailors & pass5g]s take "p1 "s ) ! "o1 "s ) ! o!r2 :ile _m ( !m =m op9ions ( _! own n agree+ ) t ( ei!r1 "o ma9ta9+ x to be a :ale1 ano!r a d>k cl\d1 a ?ird some?+ else1 & s =?4 ,m9or diff]5ces ab\nd4 ,^? :o take x to be l& are at issue z to its be+ a pla9 or a m\nta91 ^? :o ?9k x a vessel _c agree z to ! description ( ! craft4 ,"o solit>y pass5g] sees no?+ at all4 ,in/ead ( draw+ :at w\ld appe> to be ! mo/ obvi\s conclusion1 t he is ei!r m %ortsight$ or less apt to discov] di/ant objects ?an ! re/1 he inf]s t 8 vision alone is "r1 & t ( all ! o!rs1 capta91 pass5g]s1 & crew1 defective & mislead+4 ,oblivi\s ( ! fact t ! m]e failure to p]ceive an object is no pro( ( its non-exi/5ce1 he p]si/s 9 ass]t+ n only t ! speck se5 9 ! di/ance1 be+ s v>i\sly describ$1 probably does n resemble any ( ! ideas =m$ ( x on bo>d ! %ip1 b t !re is no speck at all4 ,ev5 ! fact t ! crews ( _m o!r %ips1 pass+ 9 ?is direction1 p]ceive ! same dim outl9e on ! horizon1 does n %ake 8 conviction t x is a m]e idol ( ! tribe4 ,su* is ! proc$ure ( ^? :o d5y ! reality ( ! object ( ! religi\s idea4 ,in/ead ( draw+ f ! div]sity ( cre$s ! legitimate inf]5ce t ! ,be+ ( :om !y sev]ally speak is ( unkn[n nature1 !y conclude1 f ! m]e abs5ce ( ! idea ( t ,be+ 9 _! individual consci\sness1 t its v exi/5ce is a dream4 ,la/ly1 a few words1 & a few only1 mu/ be said 9 reply to ^? :o w ?9k t ! c5ception ( ! ,unkn[able result+ f our analysis is too vague & %ad[y to =m ! fitt+ f\ndation = religi\s feel+4 ,!y w probably object t ! ,be+ :om t feel+ requires is n an inconceivable ,cause or ,sub/ance ( ! ,univ]se1 b a ,p]sonal ,god2 n an undef9$ some?+ :i* we c b>ely imag9e1 b a def9ite ,"s "o :om we c adore & love4 ,!re is no?+1 !y w say1 9 su* a conception z ?is ei!r to satisfy ! affections or to impress ! moral s5tim5ts4 ,& bo? purposes 7 fulfill$ by ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( a lov+ ,fa!r & a righte\s ,judge4 ,to ^! objections ,i w\ld reply1 fir/ ( all1 t ,i h simply attempt$ to analyze religion z ,i f\nd x1 nei!r omitt+ :at 0 ( ! ess5ce ( ! religi\s idea1 nor ins]t+ :at 0 n4 ,if ?is analysis is 9 any respect defective1 t is a matt] = criticism & discussion4 ,b if x has be5 correctly p]=m$--( :i* ,i frankly admit !re is abundant room = d\bt--!n ,i am n responsible = n f9d+ 9 ! univ]sal elem5ts ( religion t :i* is n conta9$ )9 !m4 ,! expression f\nd = ! ultimate tru?s mu/ embrace )9 x1 if possible1 ! crude notions ( deity =m$ by ! savage1 & ! highly ab/ract ideal =m$ by ! mo/ em95t ?9k]s ( mod]n times4 ,ev5 !n1 if ,i myself held ! doctr9es ( ! p]sonality & ! fa!rhood ( ,god1 ,i c\ld n h requir$ f o!rs any admission ( ^! views ( m9e z univ]sal +r$i5ts 9 religi\s fai?4 ,! utmo/ ,i c\ld h done w\ld h be5 to tack !m on z supplem5t>y developm5ts ( ! idea ( ! ultimate ,be+4 ,& ?us x is /ill op5 to any "o :o wi%es x to d4 ,difficult z x is to reconcile ! ideas ( ,love & ,ju/ice ) unlimit$ ,p[] & absolute ,exi/5ce1 yet if !re are "s :o f9d x possible to accompli% ! reconciliation1 x may be well = !m s to d4#ajd ,und\bt$ly1 h[ev]1 all su* ef=ts d appe> to me m]e hank]+s aft] an inc>nation ( t idea :i*1 by its v nature1 does n admit ( repres5tation by inc>nate =ms1 ev5 ?\gh ^? =ms be moral p]fections4 ,& ,i w\ld reply1 secondly1 to ! above objection1 t1 :ile we lose some?+ by giv+ up ! def9ite p]sonality ( ,god1 we ga9 some?+ also4 ,if we "p ) ! image ( a lov+ ,fa!r1 we "p also ) t ( a /]n mon>* & an implacable judge4 ,if we c no long] indulge 9 ! contemplation ( p]fect virtue1 embodi$ 9 an actual ,p]son1 we are free f ! problem t has p]plex$ !ologians ( e age3 h[ to reconcile ! und\bt$ evil 9 ! _w ) ! omnipot5ce ( t ,p]son4 ,i "k t !re are "s :o ?9k x possible to reta9 ! g5tl] features 9 ! popul> conception ( deity1 :ile dropp+ all t is h>% & repulsive4 ,to !m ! idea ( ,god is z free f t]ror z ! idea ( ! ,unkn[able1 & ! fir/ ( ^! ga9s is !re=e no ga9 to !m4 ,b ! problem ( ! exi/5ce ( evil presses p]haps ) great] sev]ity ^u !m ?an ^u any o!r class ( !ologians4 ,to suppose t ,god c\ld n prev5t ! pres5ce ( wick$ness1 or c\ld n prev5t x )\t "s great] calamity1 is to d5y 8 omnipot5ce2 to suppose t he c\ld1 & did n1 is to "q 8 b5evol5ce4 ,b ev5 admitt+ ! improvem5t made by purg+ f ! "* ( ,god all its sev]ity1 its v9dictiv5ess1 & its t5d5cy to excessive puni%m5t1 ! fact rema9s t ! conception ?us atta9$ is n t ( ! popul> cre$ at all1 b t ( a few enlight5$ ?9k]s4 ,& x is ) ! =m]1 n ) ! latt]1 t ! doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able mu/ be comp>$1 9 ord] fairly to e/imate its advantages or disadvantages 9 relation to ! curr5t belief 9 a p]sonal ,god4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! dim figure we h %ad[$ out ( an inconceivable & all-embrac+ ultimate ,exi/5ce1 if widely diff]5t f ! m ord9>y !ological embodim5ts ( ! religi\s idea1 is altoge!r 9 h>mony ) _m ( its expressions by ! mo/ dev\tly religi\s m9ds4 ,if religion has always _h a t5d5cy to run to se$ 9 dogma1 x has also always _h a t5d5cy to rev]t to its fundam5tal my/icism4 ,! v be/ & highe/ m9ds h cont9ually ev9c$ ?is t5d5cy to my/icism1 & x has mix$ itself up ) ! logical def9itions ( o!rs :o did n rise to s exalt$ a level4 ,s t ! exam9ation ( ! writ+s ( religi\s m5 w cont9ually disclose t pr(\nd impression ( ! utt]ly incompreh5sible & my/]i\s nature ( ! ,supreme ,be+ :i* is n[1 9 its complete developm5t 9 ! =m ( ,agno/icism1 /igmatiz$ z incompatible ) g5u9e religi\s fai?4 ,t t5d5cy to be deeply s5sible ( ! impossibility ( conceiv+ ! ,absolute :i* ,religion has ?us ev9c$1 x is ! result ( ,sci5ce to /r5g!n & to increase4 ,sci5ce %[s ! imp]fection ( all ! concrete expressions :i* h be5 f\nd = ! ,unkn[able4 ,x proves t we _c ?9k ( ! ,unkn[able z ent]+ 9 any peculi> s5se into special objects 9 nature1 dwell+ 9 special places1 or speak+ ?r\gh special *annels4 ,miracul\s ph5om5a1 :i* 7 suppos$ to con/itute ! peculi> sph]e ( its manife/ations1 are ?r[n by ,sci5ce completely out ( ! acc\nt4 ,b all ph5om5a :atsoev] are %[n to manife/ ! ,unkn[able4 ,?us1 :ile sci5tific inquiry t5ds to dim9i% ! int5sity ( religi\s ideas1 x t5ds to wid5 _! ext5sion4 ,!y d n any long] cl+ to p>tial symbols4 ,!y d n atta* !mselves ) ! same f]vor to individual embodim5ts4 ,b1 9 becom+ m ab/ract1 !y become also m p]vad+4 ,religion is f\nd ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+4 ,all nature is ! utt]ance ( ! idea4 ,&1 z x ga9s 9 ext5sion :ile los+ 9 int5sity 9 ref]5ce to ! ext]nal _w1 x goes ?r\gh a simil> process 9 relation to human life4 ,no long] a =ce seiz+ on giv5 mom5ts ( our exi/5ce1 at "o mom5t inspir+ devotional obs]vances1 at ! next =gott5 9 ! pleasures or ! bus9ess ( ! day2 at "o "t fill+ m5 ) ! zeal ( m>tyrs or crusad]s1 at ano!r leav+ !m to ! unre/ra9$ indulg5ce ( gross inju/ice or revolt+ cruelty1 x becomes a calm1 all-p]vad+ s5tim5t1 %[n 7if x be %[n at all7 9 ! g5]al beauty & spirituality ( ! "*1 n 9 ! /at$ ex]cises ( a rigor\s piety1 or 9 ! passionate outbur/s ( an en?usia/ic f]vor4 ,b ^! consid]ations w\ld lead me on to a subject :i* ,i _h once hop$ to treat )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! pres5t volume1 b :i* ,i am n[ compell$1 ow+ to ! enl>gem5t ( ! s*eme1 to po/pone to a future "t4 ,t subject is ! relation ( religion to e?ics4 ,x may h /ruck "s read]s z an omission t ,i h said no?+ ( religion z a =ce inspir+ moral conduct1 :i* is ! pr9cipal aspect "u :i* x is reg>d$ by "s compet5t au?orities4 ,b ! omission has be5 altoge!r int5tional4 ,x w\ld take me a long "t to expla9 :at 9 my judgm5t has be5 ! actual influ5ce ( religion ^u morals 9 ! pa/1 & :at is likely to be its influ5ce 9 ! future4 ,mean:ile ,i m]ely note ! fact t ?is analysis pr(esses to be complete 9 its own k9d2 t ,i h endeavor$ to probe ! religi\s s5tim5t to ! bottom1 & to discov] all t x conta9s4 ,?us1 if religion be n only an emotion1 b a moral =ce1 x mu/ acquire ?is "* 9 virtue ( ! relation ( its emotional elem5ts to human "*1 n 9 virtue ( ! pres5ce ( e?ical elem5ts actually belong+ to ! religi\s emotion1 & compreh5d$ "u x by ! same indefeasible title z ! s5se ( ! ,unkn[able itself4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ,i c attempt no answ] to ! objection :i* w no d\bt be urg$1 t s ab/ract & cold a fai? z t exp\nd$ "h c af=d no satisfaction to ! moral s5tim5ts4 ,inde$ ,i mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t admit ! reality ( ! loss :i* ! adoption ( ?is fai? entails4 ,!re is consolation no d\bt 9 ! ?\ght ( a ,heav5ly ,fa!r :o loves u2 !re is /r5g? 9 ! idea t he sees & helps u 9 our cont9ual combat aga9/ evil )\t & evil )92 !re is happ9ess 9 ! hope t he w assign u 9 ano!r life an inf9ite rew>d = all ! endurances ( ?is4 ,above all1 !re is com=t 9 ! reflection t :5 we are p>t$ by dea? we are n p>t$ = ev]2 t our love = ^? :om we h *]i%$ on e>? is no tempor>y bond1 to be brok5 ere long 9 bitt]ness & despair1 b a possession nev] to be lo/ aga91 a union ( s\ls int]rupt$ = a little :ile by ! sep>ation ( ! body1 only to be aga9 r5ew$ 9 f> great] p]fection & c>ri$ on into f> high] joys ?an c be ev5 imag9$ "h4 ,all ?is is beautiful & full ( fasc9ation3 :y %\ld we d5y x8 ,c&or compels u to admit t 9 giv+ x up ) ! o!r illusions ( our y\ng] days we are resign+ a balm = ! w\nd$ _s = :i* x w\ld be h>d to f9d an equival5t 9 all ! rep]tories 9 ,sci5ce1 & 9 all ! treasures ( philosophy4 ,yet x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t e /ep f a l[] to a high] cre$ involves a precisely simil> loss4 ,h[ mu* m beautiful 0 nature 7z ,s*ill] has %[n u 9 8 poem on ! gods ( ,greece7 :5 e f\nta91 tree & riv] _h its presid+ g5ius1 :5 ! ,sun 0 driv5 by a div9e *>iote]1 :5 ! deities ( ,olympus int]v5$ 9 ! affairs ( m5 to prev5t inju/ice & to ma9ta9 ! "r4 ,h[ cold & lifeless1 nay1 h[ pr(\ndly irreligi\s1 w\ld our mod]n conception ( ! e>? & ! sol> sy/em h appe>$ to ! wor%ip] ( ,poseidon & ,apollon4 ,& if ! loss ( ! ,*ri/ian z comp>$ to ! ,pagan is ?us great1 h[ great also is ! loss ( ! enlight5$ ,prote/ant z comp>$ to ! ignorant ,ca?olic peasant4 ,:at com=t mu/ be f\nd 9 ! imm$iate int]v5tion ( ! ,virg9 9 answ] to pray]1 :at security af=d$ by ! protection ( ! local sa9t4 ,or aga91 h[ great ! pleasure ( contribut+ by our piety to ! release ( a fri5d f purgatorial torm5t1 & ( kn[+ t our fri5ds w d u ! same k9dly s]vice4 ,ev5 )\t contra/+ su* broad & conspicu\s divisions ( ,*ri/ianity z ^!1 we %all f9d en\gh ( ! same k9d ( diff]5ce )9 ! limits ( ,prote/antism itself4 ,:at m]e intellectual conviction ( a future /ate c vie ) ! consol+ c]ta9ty (f]$ by ! ,spirituali/ic belief1 t ^? :om we h lo/ on e>? /ill hov] ar\nd u 9 our daily c\rse2 sometimes ev5 appe> to u 9 bodily =m1 & conv]se ) u 9 human spee*4 ,no m]e hope ( meet+ !m aga9 c = a mom5t equal ! delight ( see+ _! well-kn[n %apes & he>+ _! famili> tones4 ,h5ce ! ,spirituali/ has und\bt$ly a s\rce ( com=t 9 8 fai? :i* m rational cre$s c (f] no?+ to supply4 ,b :o t does n %>e x c envy !m s baseless a conviction1 s illusory a joy8 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! v condition ( progress t1 z we advance 9 k & 9 culture1 we give up some?+ on ! road4 ,b x is also a condition t we d n feel ! ne$ ( t :i* we h lo/4 ,n only z we become m5 d we put away *ildi% ?+s1 b we c no long] realize 9 ?\ght ! enjoym5t :i* ^? *ildi% ?+s br\ght ) !m4 ,o!r int]e/s1 new occupations1 deep] affections take ! place ( ! int]e/s1 ! occupations1 & ! affections ( our e>ly ye>s4 ,s too %\ld x be 9 religion4 ,m5 h dwelt ^u ! love ( ,god because !y c\ld n satisfy ! crav+ ( nature = ! love ( _! fell[ m54 ,!y h look$ =w>d to et]nal happ9ess 9 a future life because !y c\ld n f9d tempor>y happ9ess 9 ?is4 ,x is ^! reflections :i* po9t out ! way 9 :i* ! void left by ! removal ( ! religi\s affections %\ld h]eaft] be suppli$4 ,! ef=t ( ^? :o _c turn = consolation to a fri5d 9 heav5 %\ld be to /r5g!n ! bonds ( fri5d%ip on e>?1 to wid5 ! range ( human sympa?y & to increase its dep?4 ,we %\ld seek t love 9 "o ano!r :i* we h hi!rto be5 requir$ to seek 9 ,god4 ,above all1 we %\ld sweep away ^? b>ri]s ( conv5tion & fanci$ propriety :i* cont9ually h9d] ! free expression ( affection1 & =ce u to turn f ! re/rictions ( ! _w to ,"o t[>ds :om !re ne$ be no irksome con=mity to artificial regulation1 & 9 speak+ to :om we are "u no %ad[ ( res]ve4 ,7 we ?us p]mitt$ to f9d 9 our fell[ creatures t sympa?y :i* s _m m\rn]s1 s _m suff]]s1 s _m lonely he>ts1 h be5 compell$ to f9d only 9 ! idea ( _! heav5ly ,fa!r1 ,i hesitate n to say t ! consolations ( ! new religion w\ld f> surpass 9 _! /r5g? & _! p]fection all ^? t 7 (f]$ by ! old4 ,t[>ds su* increas+ & su* deep5+ ( ! sympa?ies ( humanity ,i believe t we are cont9ually t5d+ ev5 n[4 ,meantime1 :ile we are /ill f> f ! promis$ l&1 ! adh]5ts ( ! univ]sal religion are n )\t a happ9ess ( _! own4 ,_! fai? is at lea/ a fai? ( p]fect peace4 ,untr\bl$ by ! /orms ( controv]sy1 9 :i* s _m o!rs are toss$ ab\t1 !y c welcome all m5 z bro!rs 9 fai?1 = all ( !m1 ev5 ! mo/ ho/ile1 contribute to supply ! /ones ( ! broad f\ndation ^u :i* _! philosophy is built4 ,^? !re=e :o cont5d aga9/ !m1 be x ev5 ) vehem5ce & passion1 yield1 !m involunt>y help 9 br++ ! mat]ials ^u :i* _! judgm5t is =m$4 ,no man c truly oppose _! religion1 = he :o seems to be ho/ile to x is himself b "o ( ! notes /ruck by ! ,unkn[able ,cause1 :i* s plays ^u ! va/ in/rum5t ( humanity z to br+ h>mony out ( jangl+ s\nds1 & to produce ! univ]sal *ords ( tru? f ! individual discords ( error4 ,sci5tific discov]ies & philosophic inquiries1 s fatal to o!r cre$s1 t\* n ! univ]sal religion4 ,!y :o accept x c b desire ! increase ( k1 = ev5 ?\gh new facts & deep] reason+ %\ld ov]?r[ some?+ ( :at !y h hi!rto believ$ & taught1 !y w rejoice t _! mi/akes %\ld be correct$1 & _! imp]fections br\ght to light4 ,!y desire b ! ,tru?1 & ! ,tru? has made !m free4 ,& z 9 _! ?\ghts !y c wi% no?+ s mu* z to "k & to believe t :i* is true1 s 9 _! lives !y w express ! s]5ity :i* t desire w inevitably br+4 ,!y are n pa9$ or tr\bl$ because o!r m5 see n z !y see4 ,!y h no va9 hope ( a unity ( ?\ght :i* ! v conditions ( our be+ d n p]mit4 ,!y aim n at conqu]+ ! m9ds ( m52 f> r w\ld !y /imulate & help !m to discov] a high] ,tru? ?an !y !mselves h be5 p]mitt$ to "k4 ,& z _! action w ?us be inspir$ ) hope ( contribut+ _! mite to ! treasury ( human k1 well-be+1 & moral good1 s _! dea? w be ! expression ( t1 peaceful fai? :i* has su/a9$ _! lives4 ,ev5 ?\gh torn away :51 9 _! own judgm5t1 !y h /ill mu* to d1 !y w n rep9e at ! necessity ( leav+ x undone1 ev5 ?\gh !y are well aw>e t _! names1 :i* might h be5 illu/ri\s 9 ! annals ( our race1 w n[ be buri$ 9 oblivion4 ,= ! disappe>ance ( a s+le life is b a ripple on ! ocean ( humanity1 & humanity feels x n4 ,h5ce !y w meet _! end su/a9$ & soo!d by an unfalt]+ tru/1 ,l "o :o wraps ! drap]y ( 8 c\* ,ab\t him1 & lies d[n to pleasant dreams4 ,b ! opposite fate1 sometimes /ill m t]rible1 t ( cont9u+ to live :5 ! joys ( life are gone1 & its pure/ happ9ess is turn$ into ! bitt]e/ pa91 w be accept$ too4 ,?us !y w be will+1 x ne$ be1 to rema9 9 a _w :]e _! labor is n yet end$1 ev5 ?\gh t labor be wr\ght ?r\gh suff]+1 despond5cy1 & sorr[2 will+ also1 if ne$ be1 to meet ! univ]sal lot--ev5 ?\gh x /rike !m 9 ! mid/ ( prosp]ity1 happ9ess1 & hope2 b[+ 9 ei!r case to ! v]dict ( fate ) unmurmur+ resignation & fe>less calm4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,abhidh>ma-,pitaka1 its metaphysics1 #dgc-dgf ,abiog5esis1 ! !ory (1 #fij2 its de/9$ functions1 #gjb ,abraham1 a ,hanyf1 #aie2 /ory (1 #ede-edf ,acts1 ! book (1 its value1 #fjd2 review (1 #fjd-fag ,aditi1 ! godess1 #dcg ,africa1 burial rites 91 #dcj2 div9ation 91 #aad2 ordeals 91 #aai ,africans1 we/]n1 sacrifice among1 #db2 dr9k-(f]+s among1 #dg ,agag hewn 9 pieces1 #eih ,age1 a gold51 traditions (1 #ech1 #eci ,agni1 ! god1 #dcj ,agno/icism alli$ to my/icism1 ii4 #dhi ,ahab1 8 tr\bles1 #eih ,ahuna-,vairya1 !1 #ejc1 #ejd ,ahura-,mazda1 & ,z>a?u/ra1 #ahb1 #ahc2 ! god ( ! ,p>sees1 #ahe2 anci5t wor%ip (1 #dhf1 #dhg2 praise (1 #dhg1 #dhh2 rank & "*1 #dhi2 address to1 #dhi1 #dij2 wor%ip (1 #dij-dib2 fire & wat] giv5 by1 #dic2 que/ion$ by ,z>a?u/ra1 #dig-ejd2 ?+s :i* please & ?+s :i* displease1 #dig1 #dih2 prescribes = m$ical tra9+1 #dii2 ! same z ,ormazd1 #eje2 ?r\gh\t ! god ( ! ,p>sees1 #ejh2 creates ! _w1 #ece ,ais*ylos1 8 conception ( ! comm]cial relation betwe5 gods & m51 #ch ,akaba1 ! v[ ( ! fir/ & second1 #ahh ,ali1 sign at 8 bir?1 #bbf ,amatongo1 sacrifice to !1 #dj ,amuzulus1 sacrifice among !1 #dg sneez+ z an om5 among1 #aaa ,amos1 8 prophecy & hi/ory1 #fa2 conduct t[>ds ,amaziah1 #egc ,angm91 !1 #dgh1 #dgi 7note7 ,analysis1 ultimate metaphysical1 #dfd ,an&a & ! ,matangi girl1 #bhe2 & ,buddha1 #acd1 #acf ,ananias & 8 wife1 /ory (1 #fjg ,ance/ors1 wor%ip (1 9 ,fiji & among ! ,kafirs1 #fej1 #fea2 9 ,p]u1 #fea4 ,angekoks1 !1 consecration (1 #ajj1 #aja ,apocalypse1 !1 its au?or1 #fcd2 its /yle1 #fcd2 comp>$ ) ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 #fcd2 its visions1 #fce1 #fcf ,apollo1 wor%ip (1 #ch2 8 s5se ( gratitude appeal$ to1 #ch2 oracle ( ! ,cl>ian1 #abg ranyakas1 !1 #abg ,arhats1 !1 rank (1 #ddd1 #dde1 #deg1 #deh ,asceticism1 v>i\s degrees (1 #hi2 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 #ij-ib2 rules ( ,*9ese1 #dfa ,a%em-,voh1 !1 #ejc1 #ejd ,asiti1 ! ,ri%i1 ! *ild & ,buddha1 #bca ,asoka1 ! ,buddhi/ k+1 #dej1 #dea ,a/rology1 #aah ,a/rolog]s 9 ,?ibet1 #add ,asvago%a1 a ,buddhi/ prea*]1 #abb ,a?>va-,v$a-,sanhit1 !1 #dbf1 #dbg ,atman1 #ffa ,atmosph]ic curr5ts1 an illu/ration1 #dga ,automatism1 app>5t puzzle (1 resolv$1 #dfd-dff ,au/ralia1 burial rites 91 #gg ,babel1 confusion at1 #eig ,balaam1 treatm5t (1 #eig ,balaki1 ! ,brahman1 #ddf ,ban%ee1 ! ,iri%1 #aad ,baptism1 a g5]al religi\s rite1 #eh2 9 ,fantee1 #ei2 among ! ,*]okees1 ,aztecs1 c41 #ei2 9 ,mexico1 #ei2 9 ,mongolia & ,?ibet1 #fa2 among ! ,p>sees1 #fa2 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #fa1 #fb2 mean+ ( ! rite1 #fb1 #fc ,b>abbas1 #bae1 #baf ,b>nabas1 & ,paul 9 ,antio*1 #faa2 tak5 = ,zeus1 #faa2 sep>ation1 #fac ,beatitudes1 !1 #cej1 #cea ,beauty & ,b&s1 allegory (1 #egc ,beliefs1 necess>y1 v9dication (1 #fgh-fhj2 conditions (1 #fhj2 example1 #fie1 #fif ,b5fey1 translation ( ! ,sma-,v$a ,sanhit1 #dbe ,bhik%u1 a def9$1 #ie ,bhik%us & ,bhik%uns1 !1 #dgi ,bible1 !1 ?\gh above1 yet among ! sacr$ books ( ! _w1 #cfi1 #cgj2 =c$ int]pretations ( #cgi1 #chj2 mo/ly anonym\s1 #chf2 /yle (1 #chi1 #cij ,bir?1 religi\s rites at1 among savage nations1 #eg1 #eh2 9 ,mexico1 #ei1 #fj2 9 ,mongolia & ,?ibet1 #fa ,bodhisattva1 #age-ahj2 9 ! womb1 #bbe2 ! nature (1 #dgg1 #dgh2 _! sacrifice ( ,nirvna1 #dgh ,bogda1 ?aumaturgic p[]s (1 #abb ,books1 sacr$1 all civiliz$ nations ne>ly h1 #cgj1 #cga2 ,greeks & ,romans )\t1 #cgj2 li/ (1 #cgj2 _! ext]nal m>ks--recogniz$ inspiration1 #cga1 #cgb2 suppos$ m]it ( read+ or repeat+ !m1 #cgb-cge2 subjection to =c$ int]pretations1 #cge-chc2 int]nal m>ks--transc5d5tal-subject-matt]1 #chb-chd2 au?oritativ5ess1 #chd1 #che2 g5]al anonymity1 #bc-bf2 =mlessness1 #che-chi2 ( ! ,*9ese1 #cij-dbd2 seldom writt5 by ! au?ors ( ! religion1 #dac2 ( ,india1 #dbe-ddh2 ( ! ,buddhi/s1 #ddi-dhb2 necessity =1 #ddi2 ( ! ,p>sees1 #dhb-eji2 ( ! ,moslems1 #ejj-ebj2 ( ! ,jews1 #eah-fjc2 ( ,*ri/ianity1 #fjd-fda ,bo-tree1 sanctity (1 9 ,ceylon1 #abg ,buddha1 "u1 #ahj1 #aha ,brahma1 8 ince/1 #fjj2 n wor%ip$1 #dje1 #djf2 & ,brahm1 #djf1 #djg ,brahman1 ! ca/e1 #ahc2 ! supreme1 #dje ,brhmanas1 !1 #cgi1 #dbe1 #dbf2 _! "*1 #ddd1 #dde2 rituali/ic app5dages to ! ,v$as1 #ddd1 #dde2 tea*+ ( apologue1 #dde2 on a univ]sal s\l1 #dde1 #ddf2 on ! future ( ! s\l1 #ddg2 on pati5ce1 #ddg2 ref]5ces to moral conduct1 #ddh ,bread & w9e 9 ! ,eu*>i/1 virtue (1 #ace ,buddha1 ,gautama1 a ?aumaturgi/1 #abb2 ! too? (1 #abd1 #abe2 prep>ation = 8 la/ manife/ation1 #agj2 unc]ta9 data to g ^u = 8 life1 #aga2 :5 he liv$1 #agb2 e>ly asceticism1 #agb1 #agc2 aboli%es ca/e1 8 !oretic1 #bag2 8 f\r tru?s1 #agc2 ! int]pretation ( ^!1 #agc2 8 dea?1 #bgd2 8 *ief disciples1 #bgd2 spread ( 8 religion1 #bgd2 ess5tial pr9ciples1 #agd1 #age2 8 blamelessness1 #age2 ! my?ical twelve p]iods ( 8 life1 i4 #agf2 resolution to be born1 #agf2 *oice ( p>5ts1 #agf2 8 bir?1 #agg2 v>i\s names (1 #agg2 adoration by an old ,ri%i1 #agh2 qualifies himself = m>riage1 #agh2 enjoym5t ( dome/ic life1 #agi2 dep>ture f home & assumption ( ! mona/ic "*1 #agh2 temptations1 #agh2 8 horse ,kantaka1 #agh2 8 p5ances1 #ahj2 8 triumph ov] ! devil1 #ahj2 becomes p]fect ,buddha1 #ahj1 #aha2 turns ! ,:eel ( ! ,law1 #ahj2 8 reception by k+s1 #ahj2 8 fir/ conv]sions1 #ahj2 f\nds mona/ic in/itutions1 #ahj2 ent]s ,nirvna1 #ddi2 fun]al rites1 #aha2 relics1 #aha2 ari/ocratic desc5t1 #bba2 ge/ation (1 #bbd1 #bbe2 signs at 8 bir?1 #bbf2 infant1 recogniz$ ,simeon-wise by ! ,ri%i ,asita1 #bca2 8 temptations 9 ! wild]ness1 #bca2 & ! ,matangi girl1 #bhe2 comp>$ ) ,*ri/1 #bdb-cdd2 & ! wid['s mite1 #cdb1 #cdc2 & ! cup ( cold wat]1 #cdd2 z a fi%] ( m51 #cdd2 exalts humility & pov]ty1 #cde2 on divorce1 #cde1 #cdf2 & ,*ri/1 #cfb-cfe2 8 say+s collect$1 #cdc2 sects 9 ! ,*ur* ( #ddi2 extravagant adoration #deh2 pa9t+ ! picture (1 #deh1 #dei2 & ! two condemn$ felons1 #acf-aci2 c5tral figure ( ,buddhism1 #adf2 successive manife/ations1 #dgf2 wor%ip (1 #dgg2 tra9+ (1 #dgf1 #dgh1 #dha2 disciples (1 #dhj ,buddha ,sakymuni1 leaps into ! fire1 #eh ,buddhas1 !1 ,pratyeka1 #dgh4 ,buddhism1 ascetic nature & rules (1 #ic-ie2 fa!rs (1 miracle work]s1 #aba1 #abb2 goal (1 #abj2 its sacr$ canon1 #ddi-dea2 t5 comm&m5ts (1 #dfg2 b\ndless *>ity (1 #dfh2 reg>d = p]sonal purity1 #dfi-dga2 its f\r tru?s1 #dgc2 ,buddha its c5tral figure1 #dgf2 gods (1 #dgf2 grades 91 #dgh1 #dgi2 morality (1 #dhj-dhc2 five comm&m5ts (1 #eej2 n )\t a god1 ii4 #fee-feg4 ,buddhi/s1 #ic-ie2 antec$5t to ,buddhism1 #ie2 9 ,india1 #if1 #ig2 ( ,visvamitra1 #if1 #ig ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress comp>$ ) ! ,apocalypse1 #cff1 #cfg ,caaba1 !1 #ahh-aij4 ,c>lyle1 ,?omas1 =e/all$ by ,confucius1 #afg2 8 ,ev]la/+ ,no4 #ahf2 on ,mahomet1 #aib ,cause1 ! notion (1 #dhd2 ! kn[n4 ,see ,,p[]4 ,ceylon1 religi\s obs]vance 91 #ea2 fe/ivals 91 #ec2 m>riage 91 #ge1 #gf2 burial rites 91 #gh2 om5s 91 #aab1 #aac2 div9ation 91 #aag2 ! ,bo-tree1 #abg4 ,*ild1 my? ( ! dang]\s1 #bbg-bcj ,*9a1 ,emp]or (1 pray+ = ra91 #cf2 sacrifice 91 #db2 div9ation 91 #aag1 #aah2 9 ! days ( ,confucius1 #aei2 (ficial cre$ (1 #cia2 sacr$ writ+s (1 #ci2 au!ntic hi/ory (1 remote1 #djc2 fate ( ! e>ly ,emp]ors (1 z good or bad1 #djc-djf2 its sages & k+s1 #dje-djg2 ! religiones licit (1 #dac ,*9ese1 !1 sacr$ books once ne>ly de/roy$1 #cia2 _! political doctr9es1 #cid2 _! e?ics1 #cie1 #cif2 _! loyalty to ! h]oes z heav5-appo9t$1 #cih1 #cii ,*ri/1 ,jesus1 conceiv$ necessity ( 8 dea?1 #dg2 8 appeal to miracles1 #abc2 div9ity (1 n f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #cbf1 #cbg2 ,mahomet's view (1 #eac1 #ead2 wor%ip (1 #ffe4 ,see ,,jesus4 ,*ri/ians1 ! e>ly1 communi/s1 #fjg2 fir/ brea* among1 #fjh2 sev]e discipl9e (1 #fad ,*ri/ianity1 fundam5tal conception (1 #dh1 #di2 fe/ivals (1 #eb2 ascetic _s ( e>ly1 #ig2 ascetic developm5t (1 #ih1 #ii2 p[]less ov] ! ,jews s9ce ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 #cad1 #cae2 orig9ally ,judaic1 #ccd2 its wor%ip ( ,*ri/1 #cjh2 its treatm5t ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,_s1 #cji1 #caj ,*ri/mas1 a pagan fe/ival1 #ec4 ,*ur*1 !1 necess>y infallibility (1 #aeb ,*oo ,he1 8 criticism ( preface to ,*9ese odes1 #chj1 #cha ,*[1 ! ,duke (1 on ! favor ( heav51 #djf ,*'un ,ts'w1 !1 =c$ int]pretation appli$ to1 #cgf-cgh1 #daa2 its subject matt] & au?or%ip1 #daa-dac2 op9ions ( ,dr4 ,legge1 #daa-dac1 ( ,mang1 #daa1 #dab2 extract1 #dab2 topics1 #dab ,*ung ,yung1 !1 au?or%ip (1 #cid2 its doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 #cid1 #cie2 its doctr9e ( virtue & heav51 #cie1 #cif ,cic]o on immortality1 #fhh4 ,circumcision1 wide-spread practice (1 #fc2 among ! ,jews1 #fd2 ( wom5 among ! ,suzees & ,m&+oes1 #gc1 #gd ,clem5t1 quotation f1 on second com+1 #cch1 #cci ,cl]gy1 secul> & regul>1 #ajj ,cobbe1 ,frances ,p[]1 #fda ,com+1 ! second1 apo/olic doctr9e on1 #ccd-cci4 ,confucius1 nei!r an ascetic recluse nor a religi\s en?usia/1 #aeh1 #aei2 reg>d = ritual1 #aei-bja2 bir? & e>ly life1 #aei2 z a tea*]1 #aei2 subject ( 8 doctr9es1 #afj2 refuses /ate end[m5ts1 #afj2 *ief magi/rate ( ,loo1 #afj2 resignation #afj2 dea?1 #afa2 "*1 #afb2 want+ 9 ! bold orig9ality ( ! o!r re=m]s ( religion1 #afb2 *>ge ( ins9c]ity1 #afb2 8 purity1 #afc2 8 c\rte\s mann]s1 #afd2 =mal deportm5t1 #afe2 relations ) 8 disciples1 #afe2 f\r virtues ( :i* he 0 ma/]1 #aff2 s5se ( a mission1 #aff1 #afg2 pa9 at be+ misund]/ood1 #afg2 _h no !ological beliefs1 #afg2 lays all /ress ^u t]re/rial virtues1 #afh2 _h an esot]ic doctr9e1 #afi2 subjects on :i* he did n talk1 #agj2 m9ds n ?+s too high = him1 b is sil5t1 #agj2 summ>y ( moral duties1 #aga2 moral p]fection1 #aga2 doctr9e ( reciprocity1 #agb2 "s ( 8 say+s1 #agb1 #agc2 ,c>lylean utt]ances1 #agc2 ,tsge-,kung's admiration = him1 #agc2 int]view ) & op9ion ( ,la-ts1 #agd1 #age2 ante-natal signs1 #bbe2 8 tea*+s simil> to ,*ri/'s1 #cdb2 doctr9e ( recomp5se1 #ced-ceg2 idea ( p]fect virtue1 #cfa2 & ,*ri/1 #cfb-cfe2 on unse5 spiritual be+s1 #cie1 #cif2 left writ+s1 #dad ,confucianism ! (ficial cre$ 9 ,*9a1 #cia ,consci\sness1 its rise unacc\nt$ = by mat]ial evolution1 #gje2 necess>ily ( spiritual evolution1 #gjf1 #gjg2 n by creation1 nor f no?+1 #gjg ,consecration1 p[] (1 among ! ,mongolians1 #hf2 among ! ,ca?olics1 #hf2 diff]s f sacrifice1 #hf2 p]man5ce (1 #hg ,consecrat$ objects 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 #hd2 among ! ,t>t>s1 #hd2 9 ,ceylon1 #hf2 value (1 #hf ,cornelius1 conv]sion (1 #cbh1 #faj ,creation ( ! univ]se1 ,hebrew acc\nt ( #eca-ecc2 acc\nt1 ( ! ,qui*s1 #ecc1 ( ! ,mixtecs1 #ecc1 #ecd1 ( ! ,buddhi/s1 #ecd1 ( ! ,p>sees1 #ecd1 #ece2 ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 #ece1 #ecf2 ( animals & man1 ,hebrew acc\nt1 #ecf-ech1 ,fijian acc\nt1 #ech2 impossible1 #gjg ,cre$s1 ! error (1 #gji1 #gaj ,cyl9d]s1 rot>y1 9 ,?ibet1 ) sacr$ texts1 #cgc1 #cgd ,dakhmas1 !1 #gi1 #hj ,daniel1 ! book (1 #ehf1 #ehg2 ! prophet1 #ehg1 #ehh1 #eij ,d>w9ism1 an epo*1 #gje ,dea?1 rites at1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #gg2 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 #gg1 #gh2 9 ,polynesia1 #gg2 9 ,mexico1 #gh2 9 ,ceylon1 #gg2 9 ,?ibet1 #hh2 among ,*ri/ians1 #hi1 #ij ,dea?-wat*1 !1 9 ,scotl&1 #aad ,debt a disqualification 9 ,buddhism1 #dfj ,delphi1 oracle at1 #abf ,deluge1 !1 ,hebrew acc\nt (1 #eda1 #edb2 o!r traditions1 #bdc1 #bdd2 ,indian tradition1 #bdd1 #bde2 ! judgm5t by1 #eig ,demoniac possession 9 ! days ( ,*ri/1 #baj1 #baa2 9 ,judea1 ,abyss9ia1 ,polynesia1 & ,ceylon1 #bde1 #bdf ,design1 argum5t f1 #gaa1 #gab ,de/ruction1 impossible1 #gjf ,devadatta1 #dha ,devas1 ! wor%ip (1 r5\nc$ by ! ,p>sees1 #dij ,didron1 ,m41 on ! ,scriptural pro( ( ! ,tr9ity1 #cgi2 on m$ival repres5tations ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son 9 ! ,tr9ity1 #ffe1 #fff ,disciples1 !1 rebuk$ by ,*ri/ = n ca/+ out a devil1 #bdd2 & ,judaism1 #cbh-cda1 #cde ,disease1 moral !ory (1 #ada ,disease-mak]s 9 ,tanna1 #adj ,div9ation a pr(ession1 #aae2 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #aae2 f /icks & bones1 #aae1 #aaf2 by famili> spirits1 #aaf1 #aag2 among ! ,am]ican ,indians1 #aag1 #aah2 among ! ,o/iacks1 #aah2 9 ,*9a1 #aah1 #aai2 9 ,ceylon1 #aai2 by ! />s1 #abj ,div9]s1 me?ods (1 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 #adc2 9 ,mexico1 #adc2 among ! ,jews1 #ade ,divorce1 ,*ri/'s doctr9e (1 #cjd2 ,paul's doctr9e (1 #fcb ,dogs1 ,p>see respect =1 #dji1 #ejj ,drake1 ,sir ,francis1 & 8 m51 div9e honors paid to1 #bef1 #beg ,dreams1 presum$ sup]natural orig9 (1 #ajf2 !ory (1 #ajg2 int]pretation (1 #ajg2 ,jewi% c]emony aga9/ bad1 #ajg1 #ajh2 9 ,scripture1 #ajh1 #aji2 9 ,hom]1 #aaj2 horn & ivory gates (1 #aaj ,dreams1 ,joseph's1 z a ma9 pro( ( ! inc>nation1 #ajh ,dress1 ,buddhi/ rule = nuns1 #dfg ,duty1 ,*9ese def9ition (1 #cie ,ea/]1 #ee ,ebionite1 !1 a sect ap>t1 #ccc2 _! fate1 #ccd ,ecclesia/es1 ! "w ( a cynic1 #efh2 acc\nt (1 #efi ,eddas1 ! ,norse1 #chh ,ego1 consci\sness ( !1 #gjj ,eli%a1 an ,amazulu1 #eef ,elohim1 !1 #ffc1 #ffd ,epi/les1 !1 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 g5]al burd5 (1 #fah1 #fai ,equilibrium ( s\l1 ,*9ese def9ition (1 #cie ,ess5es1 !1 #if ,ess5ce1 ! ultimate1 ( ,brahm9ism1 #ffa1 #ffb ,evil1 orig9 (1 ,hebrew acc\nt (2 #ecg1 #ech2 ,buddhi/ acc\nt1 #eci1 #edj ,evolution !ory1 its d>k spot1 #gje2 its great triumph1 #gjf ,exi/5ce ! c\rse ( evil1 #dgd1 #dge2 at bottom1 :at8 #gjb ,exorcism among ! ,jews1 #bab2 among ! disciples ( ,*ri/1 #bac ,exp]i5ce z a te/ ( tru?1 #fgh1 #fgi ,ezekiel ! prophet & 8 prophecies1 #ehb1 #ehd ,fai? & belief di/+ui%$1 #bc2 & works1 ,scripture controv]sy on1 #fah1 #fai2 & belief1 relations (1 #gji-gaa ,fa/+ z a religi\s rite1 #ee ,fe/ivals1 idea (1 #eb2 natural seasons (1 #eb2 9 ,gu9ea1 ,*9a1 c41 #ec2 ,new ,ye>'s day 9 ,*9a1 #ec2 ,*ri/mas1 #ed2 among ! ,jews1 #ee2 ?ree k9ds (1 #ed1 #ee2 ( ,p]uvians1 #ef ,feti%1 idea ( a1 #acb2 p[] to *>m1 #acc1 prie/s z heal]s1 #ada ,fire a sacr$ symbol1 #ef2 invocation (1 #dhi2 ,p>see wor%ip1 #did1 #die ,=ce1 p]si/5ce (1 #fgb-fgg2 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] on1 #fgg1 #gje2 ! notion (1 #gag ,fra%ao/ra1 #ahc1 #ahd ,frava%is1 !1 #dic ,gad>5e demoniac1 !1 i4 #bdc ,g?1 ! fif?1 i4 #ahb2 acc\nt ( ! fir/1 ii4 #dhg1 #dhh2 ! second1 ii4 #dhe1 #dhf2 ?ird1 ii4 #dhf1 #dhg2 f\r? & fif?1 ii4 #dhg1 #dhh ,g?s1 ! five1 antiquity (1 ii4 #dhd2 acc\nt (1 ii4 #dhe-dij ,g5tl5ess1 ,la-ts on1 ii4 #dai ,gho/1 ! ,holy1 ! ,*ri/ian art1 ii4 #fff1 #ffg2 g5]ally unwor%ip$1 #ffh ,god1 p]sonality (1 n an ess5tial elem5t 9 religi\s belief1 #gai2 loss ( p]sonality (1 a ga91 #gbj ,god ( ,israel1 !1 8 imp]i\s attitude1 #eij2 arbitr>y conduct t[>ds man 9 ,p>adise1 #eia1 #eib2 8 comm& to ,abraham1 #eib2 a ,bramanical contra/1 #eib2 8 favoritism = ,abel1 #eic1 = ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 #eid2 p>tizan%ip 9 deliv]+ ! ,israelites f ,egypt1 #eid1 & giv+ !m ,canaan1 #eid2 exact+ & jeal\s1 #eid2 ang] & ! calf idolat]s1 #eie2 treatm5t ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness1 #eid1 #eie2 caprici\sness1 #eie1 #eif1 9 ! puni%m5t by deluge1 #eif1 t[>ds ! build]s ( ,babel1 #eif2 9 reg>d to ,balaam1 ii4 #eif1 ,nadab & ,abihu1 ii4 #eig1 ! man t t\*$ ! ark1 ii4 #eig1 8 rejection ( ,saul1 ii4 #eih2 pref]5ce = ,samuel1 #eih2 treatm5t ( ,ahab1 ii4 #eih2 8 treatm5t ( ali5 nations1 #eii2 8 legislation1 #fjj1 9 reg>d to ! ,sabba?1 #fjj1 idolatry1 #fjj1 filial impiety1 #fjj2 an?ropomorphic conceptions (1 #fjb1 #fjc2 bett] elem5ts 9 ! ideal1 #fjc1 #fjd ,god ( ,*ri/5dom1 !1 diff]s f ! ,god ( ,israel1 #fcf2 8 wor/ action1 #fcg2 ! *ange acc\nt$ =1 #fcg1 #fch2 no long] ! ,god ( a race1 #fch2 "o blot on 8 "*1 makes puni%m5t et]nal1 #fch1 #fci2 /ep t[>d a mild] view1 ,purgatory1 #fdj2 rec5t /ill mild] conceptions1 #fda ,god ! ,fa!r 9 m$ival art1 #ffe1 #fff ,god1 belief 91 z ,fa!r1 #fhb2 z ,son1 #fhb1 #fhc2 z ,_s1 #fhc ,god among ! ,fijians1 #fej1 #fea2 ! ,negroes1 #fec1 #fed2 ! ,gre5l&]s1 #fed2 orig9al ,am]icans1 #fed1 #fee2 ! great religions ( ! _w1 #fee2 ( ,buddhism1 & #fec-feg2 int]ior sup]ior1 #feg ,god1 ! highe/1 recogniz$ amid/ inf]ior1 wor%ip$ gods1 9 ,gu9ea1 #feg2 among ! ,kafirs1 #feg2 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 #feh2 9 ,dahomey1 #feh2 among ! ,a%antees1 #feh1 #fei2 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 #fei2 9 ,sabaeism1 #fei2 among ! ,h9dus1 #fei-ffd2 9 ,judaism1 #ffd1 #ffe2 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #ffd-fff2 v>i\s explanations ( ! idea (1 #ffi1 ( common realism1 #fgj1 #fih1 ( metaphysical realism1 #fga1 #fgb1 #fih2 comp>ative e/imate ( ^! !ories1 #fgb1 #fgc2 ( mod]ate idealism1 #fgc1 #fgf1 #fih2 philosophical conclusion1 #dgf1 #dgg ,gods appeal$ to z m51 #ci1 #dj ,goe!1 quotation1 #dae ,gopa1 wife ( ,buddha1 #agg-agi ,gospels1 !1 #aii2 criticism ( ! n>ratives1 #aii-bjd2 discrepancies 9 reg>d to ! g5ealogies1 #bah-bbj2 acc\nts ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 #bba1 #bbb2 discrepancies reg>d+ ,*ri/'s habitation1 #bci2 reg>d+ ! call+ ( 8 fir/ disciples1 #bcj1 #bca2 discrepancies ab\t ! s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 #bdc2 hopelessness ( *ronology1 #bdc2 acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s entry into ,j]usalem1 #bec2 acc\nt ( ! fig-tree1 #bed2 acc\nts ( ,*ri/'s anno9t+1 #bbe2 acc\nts ( ,*ri/'s betrayal by ,judas1 #bdj1 #bda2 acc\nts ( ,*ri/'s la/ passov]1 #beh1 #bei2 acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s passion1 #bfj1 #bfa2 acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s arre/1 #bfa1 #bfb1 ( ,jesus be=e ! ,sanh$rim1 #bfb1 #bfc1 ( ,jesus be=e ,pilate1 #bfc-bfe1 ( ! crucifixion1 #bfe-bfg1 ( ! resurrection1 #bfi-bge2 acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s l9eage & bir?place1 #bie-bih ,greece1 gods (1 #chf ,groves1 sacr$1 ,africa & ! ,s\? seas1 #abg ,habakkuk1 ! prophet1 #egi ,haggai1 8 prophecy1 #ehe ,hanyfites1 #eej ,haoma1 ! plant1 #df1 #dg ,h>is*&ra1 leg5d (1 #bdf-bdi ,h>mony1 ,*9ese spiritual1 #cie ,haug1 ,dr1 on ! ages ( ! ,v$as1 #dbh1 #dbi2 8 translation ( ! ,g?s1 #dhb ,hea1 decrees aga9/ ! ,k+ (1 #djd1 #dje ,heav5 & hell1 ,mahometan1 #eaf1 #eag ,heav51 ,*9ese def9ition (1 ii4 #cif ,hebrews1 !1 its tea*+s1 z contra/$ ) t ( ,james1 #fah-fbj ,hegira1 !1 #ahi ,"h's conception ( ,hephai/os1 #bbc ,h]mits1 ,indian1 #aie ,h]od & ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 #bbg-bbi ,h]od ! ,tetr>*1 fate (1 #faa ,heu ,h+1 political economy (1 #djj ,hezekiah1 & ,isaiah1 #eej2 div9e favor to1 #eeg2 +lori\s reign (1 #eeh ,hilkiah1 & 8 associates1 & ,josiah1 #ebc-ebe ,h9dus1 ritual among !1 #ea2 fe/ivals among !1 #eb-ed ,hodgson1 8 discov]y 9 ,nepaul1 #dea ,homa1 ! god1 #ejf-ejh ,homa-,ya%t1 !1 #ejf ,hom]1 poems (1 #chh1 #chi ,horace1 quotation1 #dah ,hosea1 ! prophet1 #egc ,h[-tseih1 miracul\s bir? (1 #bbd ,huran1 pray] ( a1 #cc ,hymns1 ,v$ic1 ( curs+1 #efe1 #eff ,hy/]ia 9 ,judea 9 ! days ( ,*ri/1 #baj1 #baa ,ibos1 sacrifice among !1 #db ,idealism1 its =ms1 #fgc2 mod]ate1 z a solution1 #fgg-fgf2 extreme1 #fgf ,idolatry1 ! crime (1 among ! ,jews1 #fjj ,immortality ( ! s\l1 n an article 9 ei!r ! ,buddhi/ or ,jewi% cre$1 #fhg2 ! ,greek & ,roman philosoph]s on1 #fhg1 #fhh ,incas1 ! wor%ip (1 by images1 #fea ,indian1 ,nootka1 pray] (1 #cb ,indra1 8 praises1 #dcc2 8 soma-dr9k+1 #dcc2 ! ,indian ,zeus1 #dcc ,infallibility ( ! cl]gy1 #aec ,inspiration ( sacr$ books1 #caa1 #cgb2 among ! ,*9ese1 #chj1 #cha ,in/ruction1 ,*9ese def9ition (1 #cje ,int]pretation1 =c$1 ( sacr$ books1 #cge-chc ,isaac1 ! sacrifice (1 an ,indian p>allel to1 #ede-edh ,isaiah quot$ to prove ,messiah%ip ( ,*ri/1 #big-bii2 #ec;d z a prophecy ( ,*ri/1 #bii2 8 rank z a prophet1 #eag2 dates ( 8 prophecies1 #eah2 e>lie/ /ratum ( 8 prophecies1 #eah2 contra/ ) ,joel1 #eai2 on ! ,j]usalem ladies1 #eai2 second "p1 #eai2 accepts ! div9e call1 #ebj2 ?ird "p1 #ebj2 f\r? "p1 #ebj1 #eba2 fif?1 six?1 & sev5? p>ts1 #eba2 vision ( ! future1 #eba ,jacob1 8 b>ga9 ) ,jehovah1 #ci2 8 conduct to ,esau1 #eid ,jahveh1 ! holy "n1 #ffd ,james1 ! ,epi/le (1 its tea*+ contra/$ ) t ( ! ,hebrews1 #fai1 #fbj ,jehovah1 8 praises 9 ! ,psalms1 #ch2 & ,adonia1 #ffc1 #ffd ,j]emiah1 ! prophet1 #egi2 8 call #egi1 #ehj2 d5unciatory prophecies1 ii4 #ehj1 #eha2 & ,pa%ur1 #eha2 analysis ( 8 prophecies1 ii4 #eha1 #ehb2 lam5tations (1 #ehc ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! hi/orical 7see ,,*ri/71 difficulties 9 reg>d to mat]ials = 8 life1 #aii2 comp>$ ) ! my?ical1 & ! ideal1 #bjj2 8 say+s cr$ibly report$1 #bja2 criticism ( 8 do+s1 #bjb2 fur!r te/s appli$1 #bjb-bjd2 8 p>5ts & family1 #bjd-bjf2 8 "m1 #bje2 bir? at ,naz>e?1 #bjf2 orig9ally a c>p5t]1 #bjg2 influ5ce ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 #bjf1 #bjg2 comes =? a ,messiah1 #bjg2 boldly ass]ts 8 claim1 #bjg2 8 e>ly disciples1 ! ?ree mo/ intimate1 #bjg1 #bjh2 female foll[]s1 #bji2 8 own family & neighbors unfri5dly to 8 mission1 #bjh1 #bji2 8 public tea*+1 #bji2 /ate ( ,judea at ! "t1 #bji1 #baj2 ca/s out devils1 #baj1 #baa2 8 s]mons & p>ables1 #bab2 au?ority z a tea*]1 #bab1 #bac2 (f5ds ! ,jews by =giv+ s91 #bac2 disreg>d ( ,sabbatical cu/oms1 #bac2 claim+ ,messiah%ip1 #bac1 #bad2 abus+ 8 enemies1 #bad2 viol5t conduct 9 ! ,temple1 #bad2 8 betrayal & appreh5sion1 #bad2 accusation & trial1 #bae1 #baf2 ! witnesses & 8 def5se1 #bae1 #baf2 8 condemnation1 #baf2 be=e ,pilate1 #baf2 crucifixion1 #baf2 int]m5t1 #baf ,jesus1 ( ! ,gospels1 indiff]5ce to alleg$ l9eage & bir?place1 #bid2 believ$ to be ( ,naz>e?1 #bif2 misapplies a prophecy to himself1 #bih1 #bii2 & ! ,jewi% ,sabba?1 #cja1 #cjb2 (f5se tak5 at ! company he kept & free liv+1 #cjb2 8 neglect ( ! tradition ( ! eld]s1 #cjc2 views ( divorce1 #cjd2 on pay+ tribute1 #cjd1 #cje2 & ! ,sadducees 9 reg>d to ! future /ate1 #cje-cjg2 two *ief comm&m5ts1 #cjg2 on ! d5unciation ( ! ,scribes1 #djh1 #dji2 provokes opposition1 #dji2 expulsion ( ! money-*ang]s1 #dji1 #daj2 def5se ( 8 conduct1 #daj1 #daa2 gives (f5se to ! ,sanh$rim1 #cab2 be=e ! ,sanh$rim1 #cab2 be=e ,pilate1 #cac2 8 fai? 9 8 ,messiah%ip1 #caf2 consci\s ( be+ son ( ,god1 #caf1 #cag2 comp>ative mode/y ( ! claim1 #cag2 ass]t$ inf]iority to ! ,fa!r1 #cah2 8 relation to ! law1 #cai1 #cbj2 8 mission conf9$ to ! ,jews1 #cbj1 #cba2 8 idea ( 8 mission 8 "o ?\ght1 #cba-cbf2 8 w>n+ to 8 disciples to be ready1 #cba-cbc2 8 idea ( 8 k+dom1 #cbc2 8 "o qualification = admission1 #cbd2 8 k+dom to be on e>?1 #cbe2 ,pet]'s confession (1 #cbg2 doctr9e ( 8 div9ity n f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #cbg2 n ?\ght to h a design ( subv]t+ ! ,mosaic law1 #cbh2 mod]n laudation (1 #cci2 mat]ials = criticism1 #cci1 #cdj2 8 fondness = contra/s1 #cdj1 #cda2 8 resemblance to ,la-ts1 #cdd2 av]sion to weal? & weal?y m51 #ddf1 #ddg2 8 doctr9e 9 reg>d to invitations to fea/s1 #ddh2 p>able ( ! labor]s 9 9 ! v9ey>d1 #ddi2 8 ass]tion ( et]nal puni%m5t1 #cej2 8 false e/imate ( ! p[] ( pray]1 #cdi2 8 s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 #dej-dfb2 8 doctr9e ( murd]1 adult]y1 & p]jury1 #dea1 #deb2 ( resi/+ evil by do+ good1 #deb1 #dec2 8 model pray]1 #cef1 #ceh2 on ! sup]iority ( heav5ly to temporal int]e/s1 #ceh-dfa2 f\nd] ( sci5tific e?ics1 #cfj2 z a prophet1 comp>$ ) ,buddha & ,confucius1 #cfb-cfd2 comp>$ ) ,socrates1 #dfd1 #dfe2 8 transc5d5t moral gr&eur1 #cff2 z a man ( sorr[s1 #cff-cfh ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,mahomet's view (1 #eac1 #ead ,jesus1 ! ideal1 ( ,/4 ,john1 peculi>ities ( ! n>rative1 #bgg-bhh2 improbabilities1 #bhh2 rais+ ,laz>us1 #bhh-bia2 at ! m>riage fea/1 #bgi1 #bhj2 heals by a ^w1 #bhb2 at ! pool ( ,be!sda1 #bhb2 int]views ) ,na?aniel1 c41 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhc2 symbolic tea*+s1 #bha-bhc2 la/ disc\rse to 8 disciples1 #bhc2 z ! ,logos1 #bhc1 #bhd2 ,on5ess ) ,god1 z 8 fa!r1 #bhd2 la/ days & mom5ts1 #bhf1 #bhg ,jesus1 ! my?ical1 ! acc\nts (1 #baf1 #bag2 v>iety ( ^!1 #bag2 ! g5ealogies1 #bag-bba2 conception & nativity1 #bba-bbc2 my?ological p>allels1 #bbc-bbf2 m$ival pa9t+ (1 9 ! womb1 #bbe2 recognition by ! %eph]ds1 #bbf1 #bbg2 by ! ,magi1 #bbg2 & ,h]od1 #bbg1 #bbh2 a dang]\s *ild1 #bbh-bcj2 circumcision1 #bcj2 recogniz$ by ,simeon1 #bca2 by ,anna1 #bca2 9 ! ,temple1 #bcb-bcc2 call$ a ,naz>5e1 #bcd2 8 baptism1 #bcd1 #bcf2 message f ,john ! ,bapti/1 #bcf2 temptation1 #bcg2 comes to ,cap]naum1 #bch2 reasons = leav+ ,naz>e? #bch1 #bci2 reception 9 ,naz>e? z a prea*]1 #bci2 has an abode1 #bci2 no ascetic1 #bdj2 9 com=table circum/ances1 #bdj2 collects foll[]s1 #bdj1 #bda2 calls ,pet]1 #bda2 calls ,mat!w1 #bda2 appo9ts twelve1 #bda2 8 f\r select1 #bda1 #bdb2 works miracles1 #bdb2 s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 #bdb1 #bdc2 heals ! ,gad>5e demoniac1 #bdc2 expels a devil1 & rebukes 8 disciples = _! want ( fai?1 #bdd2 heals ! ,syroph5ician damsel1 #bdd1 #bde2 heals a lep]1 #bdf2 a p>alytic1 #bdf2 raises ,j>ius' daught]1 #bdf1 #bdh2 heals a woman ) an issue ( blood1 #bdh2 ! c5turion's s]vant1 #bdh1 #bdi2 heals a deaf mute1 #bej2 heals a bl9d man1 #bej1 t5 lep]s1 #bej2 raises ! wid['s son1 #bej2 miracul\sly fe$s a multitude1 #bej2 walks on ! wat]1 #bea2 /ills ! /orm1 #bea2 8 transfiguration1 #bea1 #beb2 =etells 8 crucifixion & resurrection1 #bec2 triumphal entry into ,j]usalem1 #bec1 #bed2 bla/s ! fig-tree1 #bed2 purges ! temple1 #bed2 la/ ano9t+1 #bed2 betrayal by ,judas1 #beg2 keeps 8 la/ passov]1 #beh2 in/itutes ! supp]1 #bei2 wa%es 8 disciples' feet1 #bfj2 9 ,ge?semane1 #bfj2 arre/1 #bfa2 be=e ! ,sanh$rim1 #bfa1 #bfb2 be=e ,pilate1 #bfb-bfe2 be=e ,h]od1 #bfd2 mock]y1 #bfe2 crucifixion1 #bfe-bfg2 la/ words1 #bfg2 wond]s accompany+ 8 dea?1 #bfg2 8 burial1 #bfh1 #bfi2 resurrection1 #bfi-bgc2 asc5sion1 #bge ,jews1 sacrifices among !1 #db-dd2 pray]s1 #ej2 fe/ivals (1 #eb1 #ec2 passov] among1 #ee2 rite ( circumcision among1 #fd2 hi/orical result ( _! rejection ( ,*ri/1 #bhg1 #bhh2 unju/ treatm5t1 #bhi2 consid]ation 9 ext5uation1 #bhi2 _! provocations1 #bij1 #bia2 cr$ulity ( skepticism 9 reg>d to ,messianic pret5sions1 #bib2 ju/ification ( _! ,messianic expectations1 #bic-bid2 excusable ignorance z to ,*ri/'s l9eage1 #bie1 #bif2 & _! own prophecies1 #bif-bii2 treatm5t ( ,*ri/'s miracles1 #bii2 _! e/eem = ! ,sabba? law1 #cjj1 #cja2 _! (f5se at ,*ri/ = 8 disreg>d ( c]emonial obs]vance1 #cjj-cjc2 _! "r to int]rogate ,*ri/1 #cjc2 "q to ,jesus ab\t tribute1 #cjd1 #cje2 j (f5se1 z mono!i/s1 at ,*ri/1 #cac2 & ,*ri/ianity1 #cad-caf2 ju/ification ( _! rejection ( ,*ri/1 #cae2 id5tifi$ ) _! ,bible1 #afb2 settlem5t 9 ,judea1 #afb1 #afc2 "u k+s1 #afc2 9 captivity1 #afc2 epo* 9 _! hi/ory1 #afc2 _! national god1 #afd-aff2 e>ly cre$ n mono!i/ic1 #aff2 idolatry1 #afg2 n ,jehovi/ic1 only ! prie/s1 #afg1 #afi2 effects ( ! captivity1 #agj-agb2 "u ! ,maccabees1 #agc2 _! pride & intol]ance1 #acc1 #agc2 "u ! ,asmoneans & ! ,h]ods1 #agc2 "u ! ,romans1 #agd2 9 ,*ri/5dom1 #age2 _! t\ghness1 #age4 ,job1 /ory ( ! book (1 #efc1 #efd ,jocelyn1 ,lam>t9e's1 #ajb1 #ajc ,joel1 8 prophecy1 #ega2 ,isaiah1 #ege ,john1 ,bapti/1 asceticism (1 #if1 #bjf1 #bjg2 baptizes ,*ri/1 #bce2 message f prison to ,*ri/1 #ccf2 ,*ri/'s e/imate (1 #ccf ,john1 ,gospel (1 sil5ce ab\t miracul\s conception1 #bba2 acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s baptism1 #bce2 acc\nt ( ! crucifixion1 #bfh2 on ,*ri/'s ,div9ity1 #cbg1 #cbh2 its value 9 evid5ce1 #cbh ,john1 ! apo/le1 ! belov$ disciple1 #bha2 8 ,gospel1 its fondness = symbolic spee*1 #bha1 #bhb2 = obscure !ological que/ions1 #chc1 #chd2 doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 #chd1 #che2 8 ,gospel z reg>ds ,*ri/'s bir?place & l9eage1 #bid1 #bie ,john1 ! ?ree epi/les (1 #fbj1 #fba ,jonah1 book & /ory (1 #ehf1 #ehg ,jongleurs1 !1 9 ,new ,france1 in/allation (1 #fja ,jordan1 cross+ !1 an ,indian p>allel1 #eec ,joseph1 ! fa!r ( ,jesus1 #bjd1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbi1 #bcc ,josiah1 ,jehovi/ic c\p d'tat "u1 #ebc1 #ebe ,judas1 8 betrayal ( ,jesus1 #bad2 sl&] aga9/1 #bee2 betrays ,*ri/1 #bfc2 my? ( 8 unhappy end1 #beg1 #beh2 *>g$ ) 8 int5d$ crime at ! la/ supp]1 #beh1 #bei2 arre/ ( ,*ri/1 #bfa1 #bfc ,judaism1 antagonism to asceticism1 #if2 ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 #ig2 t5d5cy ( ,*ri/ianity to enc\rage1 #ig2 idea (1 #ih2 ,prote/ant disreg>d (1 #ii2 & ,*ri/ianity1 #cbh2 & ! apo/le ,paul1 #ccj1 #cca2 & ! e>ly ,*ur*1 #ccd ,kafirs1 pray] (1 #cd2 sacrifice among !1 #db1 #dc2 sneez+ an om5 among1 #aaj2 o!r om5s among1 #aab ,kama1 burn+ (1 #ee2 invok$ to curse1 #eff ,kantaka1 horse ( ,buddha1 #agi ,k>ma1 !1 ( ,buddhi/ e?ics1 #dha ,kava-,vi/aspa1 #ahc1 #ahd ,keightley1 data f1 on sa9t wor%ip 9 ,engl&1 #ffh ,khadija1 ! fir/ wife ( ,mahomet1 #ahg2 h] relations ) ! prophet1 #ahg2 h] dea?1 #ahj ,khorda-,ave/a1 !1 #ejb-eji2 its use1 #ejb2 subject-matt] & date1 #ejc ,k+1 ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 #cia2 ! five1 #cia1 #cib ,k+dom ( heav51 ,*ri/'s idea (1 #cba-cbd2 ,paul's1 #cce2 ,pet]'s #ccf ,koran1 /yle (1 #aid1 #cgh-chi2 ! /aple (1 #aih2 ! s+le au?or%ip & unity (1 #eaj2 apology = its /yle1 #eaj2 translations1 #eaj2 orig9 & =mation (1 #eaj2 orig9al copy1 #eaa2 arrangem5t1 #eaa2 !mes1 #eaa1 #eab2 specim5s1 #eab2 its p>adise1 #eag2 its hell1 #eag ,korosi1 8 discov]y1 #dea ,ko/i1 inve/ure ) !1 #gd ,kronos1 8 dread ( 8 *ildr51 #bbi ,kunla1 leg5d (1 #dha ,kyros1 a dang]\s *ild1 #bcj ,lady1 a pi\s1 #dfj ,la-ts1 probable date ( bir?1 #afh2 admonition to ,confucius1 #afh2 acc\nt ( himself1 #afh2 resembl$ ,plato's philosoph]1 #afi2 8 /yle simil> to ,*ri/'s1 #cdj2 ! ,*ri/ianity (1 #cec2 left writ+s1 #dac2 description ( ,tao1 #dad2 conception ( goodness1 #dah2 on g5tl5ess1 #dai2 aga9/ luxury1 #dai2 has ?ree c>d9al virtues1 #dbj2 my/icism1 #dbj2 conception ( ,god1 #dba1 #dbb2 8 "* & tea*+1 #dbb ,laz>us1 /ory (1 peculi> to ,john's ,gospel1 #bee2 8 resurrection1 #cdg1 #cdh ,laz>us & ,dives1 #cdd1 #cdg1 #cej ,legge1 ,dr4 ,james1 8 ,*9ese classics1 #cij2 8 op9ion ( ! au?or%ip ( ,*'un' ,tsew1 #ei ,legislation1 ,hebrew1 #fjj-fjc ,libations 9 sacrifice1 #dg2 9 ,t>t>y1 ,samoa1 ,?ibet1 c41 #dg ,life1 vital =ces1 ,indian apologue1 #dde1 #ddf ,l+a1 !1 wor%ip (1 #ed ,lucretius on immortality1 #fhh ,luke1 8 g5ealogy ( ,jesus1 #bah-bba2 acc\nt ( miracul\s conception & bir?1 #bbb1 #bbc2 acc\nt ( ! %eph]ds1 #bbf1 #bbg2 acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s infancy1 #bcj2 discrepancies ) ,mat!w1 #bcc-bcf2 8 free _s1 #bcb2 acc\nt ( ! call ( ,pet]1 #bda2 v]sion ( ! s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 #bdc2 acc\nt ( lunatic boy1 #bdd2 8 p>tiality = angels1 #beb2 accompanies ,paul1 #beg ,lun ,yu1 !1 date (1 #cib2 subject matt]1 #cib2 its ,boswellian m9ut5ess ( detail1 #cib ,luxury1 ,la-ts on1 #dai ,magi & ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 #bbh-bcj ,mahomet1 pret5sions (1 to ! sup]natural1 #abb2 ! la/ ( ! great prophets1 #ahf2 8 religion self-d]iv$1 #ahg2 8 p>5ts & bir?1 #ahg2 8 orig9al social position1 #ahg2 m>ries ,khadija1 #ahg2 8 fir/ revelation1 #ahg2 passes ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ! ,ev]la/+ ,no4 #ahg2 ,gabriel 8 gu>dian angel1 #ahg2 fir/ disciples1 #ahg2 8 doctr9es provoke p]secution1 #ahg2 8 mom5t>y relapse into idolatry & rep5tance1 #ahh2 p]secution ( 8 family1 #ahh2 b9ds by a v[ pilgrims f ,m$9a1 #ahh2 8 flight to ,m$9a1 #ahi2 success !re1 #ahi2 w> ) ,mecca1 #ahi2 truce ) ! ,meccans1 #aij2 summons cr[n$ heads to submit to 8 religion1 #aij2 fir/ pilgrimage to ,mecca1 #aij2 ent]s ,mecca 9 triumph1 #aia2 proclamation to ! inhabitants1 #aib2 f9al triumph & dea?1 #aia2 8 "* an op5 "q1 #aib2 8 s9c]ity1 #aic-aie2 s5se ( inspiration1 #aic2 "t-s]v+ )al1 #aic2 inspir$ poetic /yle1 #aic2 8 pr$ecessors1 #aie2 8 s\rces ( in=mation1 #aie2 takes to ! sword1 #aie2 conduct to ! ,jews1 #aie1 #aif2 8 weak po9t1 #aif1 #aig2 8 h>em1 #aig2 8 m>riages1 #aih2 8 jeal\sy1 #aih2 triumph ( 8 religion1 #aii1 #bjj2 ari/ocratic desc5t1 #bba2 ante-natal intimations ( 8 greatness1 #bbf2 ! infant recogniz$ by 8 gr&fa!r1 #bca2 8 awe "u ! new revelation1 #eab2 8 /ock-9-trade1 #eac2 view ( 8 prophetic function1 #eac2 prophets ackn[l$g$ by1 #ead2 views ( ,*ri/1 #ead1 #eae2 ( himself1 #eaf1 #eag2 address ( ,god to1 #eaf ,mala*i on sacrifices to ,god1 #dd2 prophecies (1 #ehf1 #ehg ,man1 ! wise & ! fool1 *apt] f1 #dfh ,mang1 on high-m9d$ness1 8 tea*+ simil> to ,*ri/'s1 #cda2 a disciple ( ,confucius1 #cif2 8 works1 #cif1 #cig2 late introduction to ! canon1 #cig1 #cih2 8 democratic philosophy1 #cih2 8 view h[ heav5 makes kn[n its w1 #cii1 #djj2 notions ( good gov]nm5t1 #cii1 #djj2 a political economi/1 #dja2 8 reg>d = propriety1 #dja1 #djb2 8 fai? 9 human nature1 #djb1 #djc2 8 moral tone1 #djc ,manu1 code (1 on legal & illegal =ms ( m>riage1 #gf1 #gg2 ! typical ance/ors ( m51 #ddg2 & ! deluge1 #edc1 #edd ,m>k1 ,gospel (1 its cr$ibility1 #bjc2 omits miracul\s conception1 #bba2 acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s baptism1 #bce2 ref]5ce to ,*ri/'s temptation1 #bcg ,m>riage1 rites at1 peculi> to civiliz$ nations1 #ge2 9 ,ceylon1 #ge2 9 ,?ibet1 #gf2 accord+ to ! code ( ,manu1 #gf2 among ,p>sees1 ,jews1 & ,*ri/ians1 #gg2 ) /rang]s1 among ! ,jews1 #fjj ,m>riage-tie1 !1 ,*ri/ on1 #cde ,m>uts1 !1 pray] to1 #ce1 #ch2 _! nature1 #dcd ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,jesus1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bah1 #bba-bbc1 #bcc1 #bcd2 at ! cross1 #bfg ,masses = ! dead1 #hj ,mat]ialism1 unphilosophic1 #fid ,mat!w1 8 g5ealogy ( ,jesus1 #bah-bba2 acc\nt ( miracul\s conception1 & bir?1 #bba1 #bbb2 acc\nt ( ! ,magi1 #bbg2 retic5ce ab\t infancy ( ,*ri/1 #bcj2 discrepancies ) ,luke1 #bcc-bcf2 call (1 #bda2 v]sion ( s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 #bdc2 8 misappropriation ( prophecy1 #big1 #bih ,maya ,devi1 h] dream1 #agf2 h] pregnancy1 #agf2 deliv]y ( a son1 #agg2 dea? !reaft]1 #agg ,maya1 h] ge/ation-"t1 #bbe ,mean1 !1 ,*9ese doctr9e (1 #cid1 #cie ,m5cius4 ,see ,,mang ,messiah1 !1 ! t]m1 #bib1 #bic2 ,jewi% ideas (1 #bib1 #bic2 ^! ideas n respond$ to by ,*ri/1 #bic2 presumptu\s ,*ri/ian int]pretations1 #bic1 #bid2 pr$ictions z to l9eage & bir?1 #bid-bif2 z son ( ,david1 #bie2 pr$ictions ( 8 bir? f a virg91 #big1 #bih2 9 #ec;d ( ,isaiah1 #bgi ,metaphysics1 ,buddhi/1 #dgc1 #dgd ,mexico1 human & o!r sacrifices 91 #da1 #db1 #dc2 wor%ip 91 #ea2 burial rites 91 #gh2 mona/icism 91 #ia1 #ic ,mexican fe/ival = ra91 #ce ,micah1 ! prophecy (1 #egh ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 a metaphysical reali/1 #fgf ,m9d1 n resolvable 9 matt]1 or physical cause1 #fhi-fib ,miracles z cr$5tials ( ! div9e1 #abj1 #aba2 ( ,buddhism1 #aba2 among ! ,mongols1 #abb2 among ! ,moslems1 #abb2 ( ,*ri/ianity1 #abc2 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 #abc1 #abd2 ( ! ,mormons1 #abd1 #abe2 insuffici5cy ( ! evid5ce 9 ! case ( ,*ri/1 #bii1 #cjj ,mite1 ! wid['s1 #cdb1 #cdc ,mi?ra1 ! god1 #dfg1 #dga1 #dic ,mitra1 #dce ,mom5ts1 f\r sacr$1 #eg ,mona/icism 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 #hi1 #ib2 among ! ,buddhi/s1 #ic-ie2 9 ,siam1 #if2 9 ,nepaul1 #ig2 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #ajd ,monk1 ,buddhi/1 condemn$1 to monkeyhood1 #eef ,mono!ism1 fate (1 #cab ,monteuma & human sacrifice1 #da ,mormons1 !1 claim to sup]natural gifts1 #abd1 #abe ,moses1 a dang]\s ,*ild1 #bbi2 address ( ,god to1 #eae2 ! t5 comm&m5ts (1 #edi1 #eej2 comm&m5ts ( ! tables ( /one giv5 to1 #eie1 #eif2 m]cifulness1 #bci2 div9e manife/ations to1 #fjb ,moslems1 pray] among !1 #ea ,muir1 ,dr41 ,sanskrit texts1 #dbe ,mll]1 ,max1 translator ( ,rig-,v$a-,sanhit1 #dbe2 acc\nt1 ( ! ,v$as1 #dbg1 #dbh2 on ! supreme god ( ! ,h9dus1 #ffb1 #ffc ,my?s1 ?ree classes (1 ab\t ,jesus1 #bag2 in/ance ( fir/ ord]1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbd2 ( ! dang]\s *ild1 #bbg2 ,p]seus's bir?1 #bbi2 ( ,oidip\s1 #bbi2 ( ,*ri/'s baptism1 #ceb2 illu/ration ( ! gr[? (1 #bcd ,nag>djuna1 ?aumaturgic p[]s (1 #abb ,nahum1 ! prophet1 & 8 prophecy1 #egh ,na?aniel1 #bhj-bhe ,nature1 ,*9ese def9ition (1 #cie ,nausikaa1 a ,*9ese1 #dji ,naz>e?1 ,*ri/'s reput$ bir?place1 #bif ,naz>ites1 !1 #if ,ne&] on ! ,judaism ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 #ccc1 #ccd ,newman1 ,francis ,w41 #fdj ,nicodemus1 #bfg1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhe ,nidnas1 ! twelve1 #dgc-dge ,nirvna1 !ory (1 #dgd1 #dge2 sacrifice (1 #dgh ,obadiah1 prophecy (1 #egg ,objects1 holy1 9 ,p]u1 #acc2 trees z1 #acd2 animals z1 #acd2 s]p5ts z1 #acd2 images z1 #ace ,odes1 ,*9ese1 traditional int]pretation (1 #cgi-cha ,(f]+s1 religi\s1 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 #hd2 9 ,t>t>y1 #he ,oidip\s1 #bbi ,om>1 8 conv]sion to ,mahometanism1 #ahh ,om5s1 div9e1 #ajf2 9 dreams1 #ajf2 9 sneez+1 #aji-aaj2 int]pretation (1 #aaa2 f flight ( eagles1 #aaa2 f a horse turn+ back1 #aaa2 f bleat+ ( a %eep1 #aaa2 among ! ,kafirs & ,*9ese1 #aab2 9 ,ceylon1 #aab1 #aac2 9 ! heav5s1 #aac2 9 ,tacitus1 #aac1 #aad2 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 #aad2 at bir? ( great m51 #aad1 #aae ,ophites1 !1 _! wor%ip1 #acd ,ordeals1 z a moral te/1 #aai2 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 #aai2 among ! ,hebrews1 #abj2 among ! ,negroes1 #abj2 among ! ,o/iacks1 #aba ,ord]s1 holy1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 #ajb1 #ajc2 ,buddhi/ mona/ic rules1 #ajd-ajf ,ormazd4 ,see ,,ahura-,,mazda ,pa*acamac1 or ! univ]sal s\l1 #feh ,pale/9e1 /ate (1 9 days ( ,*ri/1 #bji1 #baj ,p>k]1 ,!odore1 #fda ,p>sees1 sacrifices among !1 #dd2 pray]s1 #ej2 fe/ivals (1 #ec2 baptism among1 #fa1 #fb2 burial rites1 #gh1 #hj ,p>seeism1 rise (1 #dhd2 re=m]s' hymn1 #dhc2 religi\s zeal (1 #dhf2 objects ( wor%ip1 #dhi2 fire-wor%ip1 #dij1 #dia2 confession ( fai?1 #dij1 #dia2 new div9ities1 #dia1 #dic2 respect = dogs1 #dii1 #ejj2 lat] respect = purity1 #ejj1 #eja2 times (1 #ejg1 #ejh2 eight comm&m5ts (1 #eej1 #eea ,passov]1 ! ,jewi%1 #ee ,patets1 ! ,p>sees1 #ejf1 #ejg ,patria ,pote/as1 !1 9 ,judea & ,rome1 #fjj1 #fja ,paul1 8 indep5d5ce & concession to ,jewi% prejudices1 #ccj1 #cca2 8 views ( ! ,mosaic law1 #ccb1 #ccc2 idea ( ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 #ccd1 #cce2 z a p]secutor1 #fjh2 acc\nts ( 8 conv]sion1 #fjh-faj2 8 consecration1 #faa2 at ,paphos1 #faa2 9 ,antio*1 #faa2 at ,ly/ra1 tak5 = ,h]mes1 #faa2 = a god1 #faa2 p>allel 9 ! case ( ,sir ,francis ,drake1 #fab1 #fac2 /on$1 #fad2 p>ts ) ,b>nabas1 #fad2 *ooses ,silas1 #fad2 at ,phillippi1 #fad2 at ,a!ns1 #fad2 at ,cor9?1 #fad2 at ,ephesus1 #fad1 #fae2 at ,troas1 #faf2 at ,j]usalem1 #faf1 #fag2 appeal to ,cs>1 #faf2 9 ,rome1 #fag2 8 equal apo/le%ip1 #fba1 #fbb2 8 epi/les1 _! /yle & _s1 #fbc2 8 reason+ p[]s1 #fbc1 #fbd2 8 exclusive reg>d = ess5tial pr9ciples1 #fbc1 #fbd2 d5unciation ( cohabitation ) a /epmo!r1 #fbf2 aga9/ pro/itution1 #fbf2 views on matrimony1 #fbh1 #fbi1 #fcj1 #fcb2 rules affect+ wid[s1 #fbi2 pref]5ce = celibacy1 #fcj2 all[s bi%ops & deacons to m>ry1 #fcj2 on divorce1 #fcb2 on ! resurrection ( ! dead1 #fcb-fcd2 on bro!rly love1 #fcd2 o!r maxims1 #fcd ,p]seus1 my? ( 8 bir?1 #bbi ,p]sia1 p[] (1 #dhb ,p]u1 mona/icism 91 #ia1 #ib ,p]uvians1 fe/ivals (1 #ee2 baptism among1 #eh ,pet]1 call (1 #bdj2 8 d5ial ( ,*ri/1 #bfb2 8 confession1 #cbg2 8 vision1 #cbh2 & ,judaism1 #cbi1 #ccj2 idea ( k+dom ( heav51 #cce1 #ccf2 conduct t[>ds ,ananias & ,sapphira1 #fjf1 #fjg2 deliv]ance by an angel1 #fjh2 sc&al caus$ by1 #faj2 8 epi/les1 #fai ,ph>isee1 !1 & publican1 #cdd ,ph>isees1 & ,*ri/1 #cjj1 #cje2 d5\nc$ by ,*ri/1 #cjh1 #cji ,ph9ehas & ! ,midianiti% woman1 #eig ,pilate1 z gov]nor ( ,judea1 #bfb1 #bfc2 treatm5t ( ,*ri/1 #bfc1 #bfe2 ,*ri/ be=e1 #cac ,pilgrim's ,progress1 #fce1 #fcf4 ,see ,,bunyan ,places1 holy1 #hb1 #hc2 special haunts ( ! div9e1 #abf1 #abg2 9 ,africa & ,s\? ,seas1 #abg2 9 ,ceylon1 7! ,bo-tree71 #abg2 graves z1 #abg1 #abh2 9 hi/ory1 #abh2 oracles1 #abh2 by consecration--! temple1 #abh1 #abi2 holy ( holies1 #acj ,plato1 8 description ( a philosoph] 9 8 ,!tetus1 #agj ,polynesia1 burial rites 91 #gh ,positivism1 weak po9t 91 #aeg ,p\ruts*i/a1 ,/41 #ahc1 #ahd ,p[]1 ! ,unkn[n1 n a sugge/ion ( s5se1 #fif1 or ( reason1 #fif1 #fig1 b ( religi\s s5tim5t1 #fig1 #fih2 idea (1 unacc\nt$ = by ,realism1 common & metaphysical1 #fih2 mod]ate & extreme ,idealism1 #fih2 nei!r "o nor _m1 b all1 #fii1 #gjj2 s5se (1 an intuition1 #gjj1 #gja2 ( k9 to m9d1 z 9 man1 #gja1 #gjb2 includes consci\sness1 #gjb2 includes our nature1 #gjb2 ! univ]sal solv5t1 #gjc1 #gjd2 f\nta9 ( all res]voirs ( =ce1 #gje2 all[s no?+ to be a law to itself1 #gje2 our k (1 no riddle1 #gjg2 illu/rations1 #gjh-gab2 ! d5ial (1 an affirmation1 #gag2 fai? 91 ! f\ndation ( religi\s fai?1 #gah2 answ] to *>ge ( vagu5ess1 #gai1 #gbj2 n a fa!r1 n a judge1 #gbj2 h>mony ( ! idea (1 ) deep religi\s feel+1 #gba ,praise conjo9$ ) pray]1 #cb-cg2 "p ( wor%ip1 #cg1 #ch2 ,*ri/ian & hea!n comp>$1 #ch ,prajapati1 #ece ,pray]1 its influ5ce1 #cb2 its concomitant1 praise1 #cb2 its primitive =m & purpose1 #cc2 specim5s ( primitive1 #cc2 ( ,indians1 prep>+ = w>1 #cc2 ( a ,huron1 #cc2 ( ,kafirs1 #cd2 ( ,c>ibbean ,isl&]s1 #cd2 ( ! ,samoans1 #cd2 ,polynesian1 #cd2 ,v$ic1 #ce-cg2 ,solomon's1 #ce2 special1 #ce2 efficacy1 #ce2 = ra9 & o!r physical b5efits1 #cf2 = ,!bes1 #ch2 specim5s (1 #ch-dj2 & sacrifice1 #ci2 =ms (1 #ej2 ,*ri/'s doctr9e (1 #cej2 ! ,"l's1 #cef-ceh ,pre-,adamites1 ,buddhi/1 #dfj ,prie/s1 special function (1 #ii2 9 relation to ! mona/ic ord]1 #ii1 #ajj2 consecration (1 9 ,gre5l&1 #ajj2 among ! ,am]ican tribes1 #ajj2 among c]ta9 ,negroes1 #ajj2 9 ,mexico1 #aja2 among ! ,jews1 #aja1 #ajb2 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #ajb1 #ajc2 sanctity (1 #acf2 au?ority (1 #acf-ach2 grades (1 #acg2 prophets v]sus1 #ach2 privileges (1 #ach2 primitive1 #ach2 =mation z a sep>ate class1 z m$ical practition]s1 #aci1 #adj2 disease-mak+1 #adj2 z doctors 9 ,au/ralia1 ,africa1 c41 #ada2 z heal]s among ! ,negroes1 #adj1 #ada2 z m$iators = ! sick1 #adb2 irregul>1 #adb2 miscellane\s functions1 #adb2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica z soo?say]s1 #add2 z =tune-tell]s1 c41 9 ,?ibet1 #ade2 claim to inspiration1 #ade2 ,jewi% high1 claims & p[]s (1 #adf2 protect$ by heav51 #adf2 repute ( ,brahm9ical1 #adg2 functions (1 #adg2 z ra9 mak]s1 c41 #adh2 p[] & sanctity (1 #adh1 #adi2 9 ,ceylon & ,siam1 #adi2 rew>d (1 #adi2 ti!s to1 #adi2 ! duty & privilege ( (f]+1 #aeb2 privileges (1 #aej2 h]$it>y1 #aea2 int]nally call$1 #aeb2 a dem& =1 #aeb2 infallibility1 #aec ,prie/esses 9 ,gu9ea1 #adh1 #adi ,prophet1 anonym\s1 #egd2 ano!r1 #egh2 ! anonym\s1 8 rank among ! prophets1 #ehc2 8 prophecies1 #ehd2 ! prophet ( consolation1 #ehd1 #ehe ,prophets ( ! _w1 !1 #aed2 _! ultimate au?ority1 #aee2 my/ically inve/$ ) sup]human end[m5t1 #aee2 _! absolute consci\sness1 #aee1 #aef2 _! cons]vative _s1 #aef2 ! ,hebrew1 civil /&+1 #eed1 #eee2 ,elijah & ,eli%a1 #eee2 ! mo/ p[]ful1 #egj ,prophecy1 ,hebrew1 orig9ally oral1 !n writt51 #egj2 con/ant !me (1 #egj1 #ega2 m9or topics1 #ega ,prosp]ity1 national or royal1 ,jewi%1 ,*9ese1 & ,?ibetan !ories (1 #eeh1 #eei ,prote/antism & asceticism1 #ih ,prov]bs1 !1 a criticism1 #efh ,psalms1 !1 _! 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"o1 #gja ,reason1 ! process (1 #fif ,relations1 !1 ( "t & space to m9d & matt]1 #fia1 #fib ,religion1 int]e/ & importance ( ! subject1 #ai1 #bj2 fallaci\s evid5ces1 #bj1 #ba2 me?od ( inquiry1 #bb1 #bc2 univ]sality & v>i$ phases1 #bb1 #bc2 sub/ance & =m1 #bb2 its root pr9ciple1 #bg2 crav+ aft]1 #bh2 tw(old aspect & function1 #bi2 analysis ( treatm5t ( ! subject 9 ^! volumes1 #bh-cj2 two di/9ct que/ions reg>d+1 #fde1 #fdf2 ^! resolv$ into ?ree1 #fdf2 ess5tial assumption1 #fdg2 ?ree fundam5tal po/ulates1 #fdh2 two k9ds ( pro(1 #fdi2 univ]sal1 #fdi1 #fej2 meagre among ! ,au/ralians1 #fej2 9 ,kamts*atka1 #fej2 ! p]man5t 91 #ffh1 #ffi2 "q sugge/$ by1 z reg>ds ,god1 #ffi2 conclusion ( sci5ce1 #fgg1 #fgh2 t5d5cy to limit itself 9 !ology1 #fgi1 #fhj2 hi/orical progress (1 #fha1 #fhb2 ! great tru? 91 (f]$ to philosophy1 #fhc2 involves a fai? 9 ! s\l1 #fhd-fid2 f9al po/ulate1 #fie2 conclusion (1 nei!r f s5se nor reason1 b s5tim5t1 #fif2 conclusion (1 necess>y1 #fif2 a p]vad+ error & a g5]al tru? 91 #gji2 real difficulty ab\t1 #gaa2 d5ial ( its tru? emotional z well z ! affirmation1 #gab2 objections met1 #gaj1 #gbe2 ! "o univ]sal f\ndation (1 #gah ,religions1 f\nd]s ( new1 #aed2 _! comp>ison1 #fde ,resurrection1 ( ,*ri/1 acc\nts ( !1 #bfi2 ! g]m ( ^! 9 ,m>k1 #bfi1 #bgj2 ,mat!w's1 #bfi1 #bgj2 ,luke's1 #bgj2 ,john's1 #bga1 #bgb2 ,paul's1 #bgb1 #bgc2 summ>y ( acc\nts1 #bgb1 #bgc2 psy*ological explanation ( ! my?1 #bge1 #bgg2 ( ,laz>us1 #bgh1 #bgi ,rev]5d1 ! title (1 #adi ,review1 g5]al1 #fdc-fde ,rig ,v$a1 !1 #dbf1 #dbg1 #dbi ,rig-,v$a1 ,sanhit1 its cont5ts1 #dcj1 #dce2 its praise ( ,agni1 #dca2 ( ,indra & ! ,soma1 #dca-dcd2 ( ! ,m>uts1 #dcd2 ( ,u%as1 ! dawn1 #dcd2 ( ,v>una1 #dce1 #dcf2 consci\sness ( "o ,god1 #dcg1 #dch2 speculative elem5t1 #ddj2 on ! ,puru%a ,skta1 #dch1 #dci2 p]sonification ( ab/ractions1 #dci1 #ddj2 g5]al e/imate (1 #ddj1 #dda2 int]e/ to ! my?ologi/1 #dda2 elem5t>y religi\s ideas1 #ddb1 #ddc ,ritual1 e>ly1 univ]sal developm5t ( a fix$1 #di1 #ej2 9 pray]1 #ej2 9 wor%ip1 #ea2 9 ,mexican & o!r wor%ips1 #ea2 ,griggories1 *>ms 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 #acc ,rome1 ,*ur* (1 & ,paganism1 #ef ,rudrayana1 leg5d ( 8 conv]sion to ,buddhism1 #deh1 #dei ,sabaeism1 god (1 #fei ,sabba?1 ! ,jewi%1 ,*ri/'s treatm5t (1 #cji-cjb ,sacram5t1 ! ,*ri/ian1 #df1 #dg ,sacrifice1 idea & orig9 (1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #dh2 motive to & duty (1 #di1 #ej2 to ! ,amatongo1 #dj2 object (1 #da1 #dd2 9 ,kamts*atka1 #db2 human1 #da2 animal1 among ! ,kafirs & 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 #db2 among ! ,am]ican ,indians1 #db2 9 ,*9a1 #db2 among ! ,jews1 #db1 #df2 ! ,ibos1 #db2 9 ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 #dc2 among ! ,mexicans1 ,p]uvians1 ,incas1 #dc2 among ! ,h9dus1 #dc2 among ! ,p>sees1 #dd2 ,mala*i on1 #de2 among ! ,buddhi/s1 #de2 a requirem5t ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 #de2 "p (1 ! prie/s' & wor%ip]s'1 #df2 among ! ,tembus1 #df2 by libation1 #df2 suppos$ effects on ! deity1 #dg2 !ory (1 among ! ,h9dus1 #dg2 idea (1 fundam5tal to ,*ri/ianity1 #dh1 #di ,sadducees1 !1 & ,*ri/1 #cje1 #cjh ,sa9ts1 wor%ip (1 #caj1 #caa ,sakyamuni4 ,see ,,buddha ,saleh1 ! leg5d ( ! prophet1 #eab-ead ,sma ,v$a1 !1 #dbg1 #dbi ,sm>ia1 ! woman (1 #bha-bhd ,samoans1 pray] ( !1 #cd2 dr9k-(f]+s (1 #dg ,samson1 ! ,jewi% ,h]cules1 #eec ,samudra1 ! leg5d (1 #ehh1 #ehi ,samuel1 gov]nm5t (1 #eec1 #eed ,sanhits1 !1 :at8 #dbe1 #dbf ,satan 9 ! book ( ,job1 #efc1 #efd ,saturday1 holy1 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #ee ,scala ,santa1 !1 #abh ,sect1 ,johann9e1 trace ( a1 #faf ,self-consecration common to all religions1 #hh2 its nature1 #hi2 its elem5ts1 #hi ,s5na*]ib1 leg5d (1 #eef1 #eeg ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 #cej1 #cea ,%ak]s1 !1 #ih ,%e ,k+1 !1 slight religi\s int]e/ (1 #djg2 popul>ity ( its songs1 #djh2 v>i$ !mes ( ^!1 #djg2 ! wid['s prote/1 #djh2 "y lady's reque/ to h] lov]1 #djh2 ode ( filial piety1 #daj2 !ory ( k+ly success1 #efj2 ode simil> to "o ( psalmi/ ,david's1 #efg ,%ip adrift1 a p>allel1 #gah1 #gai ,%oo1 ! f\r1 #cia ,%oo ,k+1 !1 its antiquity1 #djc2 doctr9e ( imp]ial duties & rights1 #djc1 #djd2 respect = ! popul> m9d1 #djd2 on ! h\se ( ,hea1 #djd1 #dje2 on ! h\se ( ,y91 #djf2 c\nsels ( ! ,duke ( ,*[1 #djf2 ( ! ,duke ( ,ts'91 #djf ,%un1 heav5's *oice (1 z k+1 #cii1 #djj1 #djb1 #djf ,simeon1 8 recognition ( ! infant ,*ri/1 #bca-bce ,s91 suppos$ physical effects (1 #cf ,s9c]ity1 a ,*9ese virtue1 #cie ,sneeze1 a fam\s1 9 ,x5ophon1 #aaa ,sneez+1 an om51 #aaj2 exclamations connect$ )1 9 ,polynesia1 ,g]many1 ,africa1 c41 #aaj2 z an om5 9 ,g]many1 #aaa ,socrates1 & ,*ri/1 8 sup]ior gift1 #cfd1 #cff2 a ,*9ese1 #dag ,solomon1 pray] (1 #ce2 d$ication ( ,temple1 #hc2 an ,indian1 #eed ,soma1 a god z well z a juice1 #dca ,son1 !1 9 ! ,tr9ity1 #fhb1 #fhc ,song ( ,solomon1 traditional int]pretation (1 #cgi2 dramatic "* (1 #efi1 #egj2 brief acc\nt (1 #egj ,sophocles1 pray] to ,apollo1 #ci ,s\l1 ,indian conception ( a univ]sal1 #dde1 #ddf2 ,indian idea ( ! future ( !1 #ddf2 ! univ]sal1 ( ! ,v$a1 #fei1 #ffa2 fai? 91 involv$ 9 e religion1 #fhd2 9 ,kamts*atka1 ,t>t>y1 ,am]ica1 #fhe2 ! ,kafirs1 ! ,a%antees1 #fhf2 immat]iality (1 #fhg2 fai? 9 its immortality n univ]sal1 #fhg1 #fhh ,space & "t z elem5ts1 #fia ,spiegel1 ,dr41 translation ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 #dhc ,_s1 !1 9 ! ,tr9ity1 #fhc ,spirits1 famili>1 div9ation by1 #ajh1 #aji ,spiritualism1 #gbd ,sramana1 a1 def9$1 #id ,srotpanna1 !1 #dgi 7note7 ,suddhodana & 8 que5 wor?y to produce ,buddha1 #agf ,sunday1 ,jewi% notions (1 #cja ,s]p5t1 wor%ip ( !1 #acc1 #acd ,suras1 %[+ h[ ,mahomet 0 possess$ by 8 idea1 #eab2 ! op5+ ( ! ,koran1 #eab2 ( ! prophet's maturity1 #eac ,stras1 ! ,buddhi/ic1 ! int]pretation (1 #cgh2 t$i\sness1 #chi2 ! simple & develop$1 #dej2 diffus5ess & sup]natural ge>1 #dgb2 ! simple1 #dgb ,stra1 ,prtimok%a1 !1 mona/ic rules (1 #id2 its subject1 #dfc2 antiquity1 #dfc2 mona/ic rules (1 #dfd-dff ,stra-,pitaka1 !1 #dfg1 #dfh2 /ories f1 #dfg1 #dfh2 cont5ts (1 #dfh ,svetaketu1 ! ill-educat$ "y ,brahman1 #ddf ,syrophnicia1 woman (1 #bdd1 #bde ,swimm+1 mix$1 #dfj ,tables ( /one1 comm&m5ts (1 #eea1 #eeb ,t'ae-k'ang1 ! ,%oo ,k+ on1 #djc ,ta ,ho1 !1 its doctr9al "*1 #bic2 ! orig9al text1 #cic1 #cid2 ,tsang's comm5t>y1 #cid2 its politico-practical "*1 #cid ,talapo9s1 !1 #adh1 #adi ,tantras1 !1 #dgf ,tao1 description (1 #dad1 #dag2 8 "*1 #dba ,ta-t-,kng1 book ( ! ,ta-sse1 #dac2 ,european translations1 #dac2 au!nticity (1 #dad2 mean+ ( ! title1 #dad2 its pr9cipal subjects1 #dad2 on ,tao1 #daf1 #dag2 its ideal man1 #dag1 #dai2 moral doctr9es1 #dag1 #dah2 mo/ philosophical ( sacr$ books1 #dad2 a p]plex+ /udy1 #dad2 its conception ( ,god1 #dba1 #dbb2 extract 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man1 #dbc1 #dbd ,tao-ts1 ! sect1 #dac ,t>t>s1 dr9k-(f]+s among !1 #dg ,ta?gata1 !1 #dgg ,temple1 rude/ =m (1 kn[n1 #hc2 ,solomon's1 its d$ication1 #hc2 usual spl5dor ( su* /ructures1 #hb2 ! ,jewi%1 z a holy place1 #abi2 ,fijian1 #abi1 #acj2 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 #acj1 #aca ,te/am5t1 ! ,old1 ! sum ( ! lit]>y activity ( ! ,jews1 #eah2 hi/orical books1 #ecj1 #efc2 doctr9e ( creation ( ! univ]se1 #eca1 #ecb2 ( animals & man1 #ece-ech2 acc\nt ( ! deluge1 #edb1 #edc2 ( ,abraham1 #ede1 #edf2 ( ! ,jews 9 ,egypt & _! deliv]ance1 #edh1 #edi2 ( ! law1 #edi2 ( ! laws ( ! /one tablets1 #eeb2 ( settlem5t 9 ,pale/9e1 #eed2 ( ! k+s1 #eed1 #eee2 ( ! s*ism1 #eee2 ( ! captivity1 #efc ,te/am5t1 ,new1 its cont5ts1 #fjd ,!ologians1 royal1 #dde-ddg ,!ology & religion1 #fha ,!ology1 misconception (1 #gji ,!rapeut1 !1 #ie ,?ibet1 m>riage 91 #gf2 dea? rites 91 #gi ,?read1 inve/iture ) !1 among ! ,h9dus1 #gc1 #gd ,tombs1 sacr$1 #abg ,tongues1 ! gift (1 at ,p5teco/1 #fje1 #fjf2 ,paul's view (1 #fjf1 #fjg ,tree1 ! ,rum9al1 #aac ,trees1 holy1 #abg1 #acc1 #acd ,tribute1 ,*ri/ on pay+1 #cjd-cjf ,tr9ity1 ,scripture pro( ( ! doctr9e1 #cgi2 rationally view$1 #fha1 #fhb ,tripitaka1 !1 translations (1 #ddi2 its orig91 #dej2 its divisions & _! au?or%ip1 #dej2 second & ?ird editions call$ =1 #dej2 real antiquity1 #dea2 discov]ies connect$ )1 #dea2 !ology & e?ics (1 #dgf ,tsang1 comm5t>y (1 #cic ,ts'9 on ! *oice ( rul]s1 #djf ,tsze-,kung1 h]o-wor%ip (1 #afh ,unkulunkulu1 ! ,great-great ( ! ,kafirs1 #fea1 #feb ,upagupta & ! c\rtesan1 #dfi1 #dgj ,upani%ad1 !1 #ddd1 #dde ,upsakas1 #dgi1 #dhj ,u%as1 ! ,indian aurora1 #dcd ,utikxo1 a great] ?an ! ,great-great1 #fec ,utilit>ianism sanction$ by ,*ri/1 #cfj ,ut%aka1 8 pray] = ra91 #ce ,v>una1 8 p[] & attributes1 #dce1 #dcf ,v$a1 !1 m]it ( /udy+1 #cgc2 =c$ int]pretation (1 #cgg1 #cgh2 its inspiration1 #dbi ,v$as1 !1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #dbe2 subdivisions1 lit]ature1 & v]sions1 #dbe1 #dbf2 ! ,sanhit portion1 #dbe2 ! ,brhmana1 #dbe2 orig9 ( ! f\r1 #dbg2 arrangem5t1 #dbg1 #dbh2 antiquity1 #dbg-dbi2 f\r epo*s ( developm5t1 #dbg2 !ories ( !m1 #dbh1 #dbi2 division into ,sruti & ,smriti1 #dbi2 ! /udy (1 #dcj ,v$ic hymns1 pray] & praise 91 #cg1 #ch2 ! /yle (1 #ci ,v5didad1 !1 a legislative code1 #dig1 #ejb2 on agriculture1 #dih1 #dii2 on p5alties1 #dii2 on surgical tra9+1 #dii ,v9aya-,pitaka1 ! date1 #dea1 #deb2 specim5 leg5d ( ,prna1 #deb1 #deh2 imm$iate subject (1 #dfj1 #dfa2 mona/ic rules1 #dfa-dfc ,virg91 ! t]m 9 ,scripture1 #big ,vi%nu1 ! unkn[able ( ,sp5c]1 #fei1 #ffj ,visvamitra1 8 m]its & trials z an ascetic1 #ie1 #if2 an ,indian ,jo%ua1 #eec ,vocabul>y1 ,p5taglot ,buddhi/1 rules1 #dfa1 #dfb ,voice1 ! /ill small1 #fjc ,volsunga-,saga1 #chh1 #cii ,wat]1 holy1 #ee2 virtues (1 #ace ,wilson1 ,h4 ,h41 translation ( fir/ five ,a%takas1 #dbe2 on ! age ( ! ,v$as1 #dbh ,wisdom1 ,indian hymn to1 #ddj2 wor%ip a univ]sal necessity1 #ca2 its elem5ts1 #ca2 its grades1 #cb2 efficacy (1 #cb2 (t5 selfi%1 #cg2 consid]$ z pleas+ to deity1 #cg2 matt] ( comm]ce1 #ch2 ( ,zeus & ,apollo1 #ci2 ritual 91 #abb ,woo1 ,k+1 leg5d (1 #eeg1 #eeh ,x5ophon1 enc\rag$ by a sneeze1 #aaa ,yana1 !1 ( sev5 *apt]s1 antiquity1 #dhh2 !me (1 #dhh-dij2 *apt] xi41 #dij1 #dia2 ! y\ng]1 #dia1 #dif2 hymn (1 9 praise ( ! good creation1 #die ,yajur-,v$a1 !1 #dbf1 #dbg1 #dbh ,ya\1 ! ,emp]or1 & ,%un1 #cih1 #cii2 a great man1 #djj2 a model rul]1 #djc ,ya%ts1 !1 #ehb1 #ehc2 nature (1 #ehe ,y91 ! h\se (1 fate (1 #dje1 #djf1 #eei1 #efj ,yu1 ! great1 #cig ,za*>ias & ,elizabe?1 /ory (1 #bbb1 #bcb1 #big ,z>a?u/ra1 abs5ce ( docum5ts1 #ahb2 fragm5t ( biography1 #ahb2 8 daught] a disciple & apo/le ( 8 fai?1 #ahc2 8 disciples1 #ahc2 ! oppon5ts (1 #ahc2 )\t honor 9 8 own c\ntry1 #ahd2 reject$ & despis$1 #ahe2 *ief article ( 8 cre$1 #ahe2 fai? 9 ,ahura-,mazda z ! "o god1 #ahe2 high desc5t (1 #bba2 8 temptation1 #bch2 int]rogates ,ahura-,mazda1 #dgi-ejb2 ! favors he asks f ,homa1 #ejf ,zayd1 a =]unn] ( ,mahomet1 #aie ,zeal&1 a pret]natural bir? 91 #bbc1 #bbd ,ze*>iah1 prophecies (1 #bbi ,z5d-,ave/a1 ! int]pretation (1 #cgh1 #cgi2 /yle1 #chi2 translation (1 #dhc2 *ronology (1 #dhc2 e?ics (1 #eji2 !ology1 #eji ,zephaniah1 ! prophecy (1 #egh1 #egi ,zeus1 wor%ip (1 #ch1 #ci ,zoroa/]4 ,see ,,z>a?u/ra ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is pray]1 :i* is too long to quote1 may be f\nd 9 ,aglio1 ,a4 ,m41 v4 #cgb1 & 9 ,sahagun1 ,c4 ,n4 ,e41 book vi4 *ap4 #h4 ,accord+ to ,sahagun1 x conta9s muy delicada mat]ia4 #b ,lewis1 ,! ,bible1 c41 p4 #dif4 ,= a full acc\nt ( ! c]emonies on ,holy ,saturday at ,rome1 see ,a4 ,m4 ,baggs1 ,d4 ,d41 ,! ,c]emonies ( ,holy ,week1 p4 #if4 #c ,a4 ,m41 vol4 v4 p4 #ij 7,spani%71 & vol4 vi4 p4 #de 7,engli%74 #d ,br9ton has giv5 a v imp]fect v]sion ( two ( !m 9 8 ,m4 ,n4 ,w41 pp4 #abg1 #abh4 #e ,griffi?1 ,! ,ramayan1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfh4 #f ,h5ry ,,iv41 pt4 #a1 act iii4 sc5e #a4 #g ,ir5u adv4 ,hreses1 ,,ii4 xxxi4 #b4--;,a4 ,n4 ,l41 vol4 v4 p4 #bda4 #h ,ibid41 ,,ii41 xxxii4 #d4--;,a4 ,n4 ,l41 vol4 v4 p4 #bdf4 #i ,= ! evid5ce ( ^! miracles1 see a pap] by ! au?or on ,! ,latt]-day ,sa9ts1 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,decemb]1 #ahfi4 #aj ,bryant1 a ,=e/ ,hymn4 #aa ,aft] "s hesitation1 ,i h det]m9$ to adh]e to ! ,lat9iz$ =m ( ! "n ( ! prophet ( ,*9a1 z m famili> to ,engli% e>s4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ,i consid] ! movem5t 9 lit]ature :i* is re/or+ prop] names to _! orig9al spell+s1--giv+ u ,h]akles = ,h]cules1 & ,oidip\s = dipus1--z des]v+ ( all support4 ,b :]e ! common =m1 9 addition to be+ ! m famili>1 may be consid]$ z ,engli% prop] & n ,lat9 us$ 9 ,engli% 7z 9 su* names z ,hom]1 ,ari/otle1 ,jesus ,*ri/71 ,i conceive x to be m conv5i5t to reta9 ! accu/om$ designation1 ev5 ?\gh x may be regrett$ t x has come into g5]al use4 ,h5ce1 ,i ?9k1 we may reta9 ,confucius1 :o w\ld sc>cely be recogniz$ by ,engli% read]s "u 8 full "n1 ,khung-fu-tsze1 or "u 8 m usual abridg$ "n1 ,khung-tsze1 or "u ! "n else:]e giv5 him1 ,*ung-ne4 ,no simil> ju/ification appe>s to me to exi/ = ! ,greek =m ,zoroa/]1 z comp>$ ) ,z>a?u/ra1 :i* la/ =m is z easy to pron\nce z ! o!r1 & n v dissimil> f x 9 s\nd4 ,my au?orities = ! life ( ,confucius h be5 ,dr4 ,legge's ,*9ese ,classics1 vol4 i4 ,proleg4 p4 #ed-aac1 & ! ,lun ,yu & ,*ung ,yung1 translat$ 9 ! same volume4 #ab ,ibid41 vii4 #bb4 ,! occasion ( ?is utt]ance is said to h be5 an attack by ! emiss>ies ( an (fic] nam$ ,hwan ,t'uy1 ) a view ( kill+ ! sage4 #ac ,= au?orities on ,la-ts1 see vol4 ii4 *ap4 vi4 section ii4 #ad ,juli5 assigns ,b4 ,c4 #fjd z ! date1 b confesses t he has no au?ority b hi/orical tradition4 ,l4 ,v4 ,v4 xix4 #ae ,! foll[+ works may be advantage\sly consult$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,buddha ,sakyamuni3--,notices on ! ,life ( ,%akya1 by ,csoma ,korosi2 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 xx4 "p ii4 p4 #bhe3 ! ,rgya ,t*'er ,rol ,pa1 p> ,ph4 ,ed4 ,f\caux2 ,h>dy's ,manual ( ,buddhism2 ,big&et's ,life or ,leg5d ( ,gautama1 ! ,buddha ( ! ,burmese2 ,alaba/]'s ,:eel ( ! ,law2 & ,koepp5's ,religion des ,buddha1 vol4 i4 p4 #ga1 ff4 ,"s in=mation w also be f\nd 9 my article on ,rec5t ,publications on ,buddhism1 9 ! ,!ological ,review = ,july1 #ahgb4 #af ,= an acc\nt ( all t is to be made out conc]n+ ?is prophet1 see ,haug's ,p>sees1 p4 #beh-bfd4 #ag ,yasna liii4 #a-c4 ,! translations conta9$ 9 ?is section are tak5 ei!r f ,dr4 ,haug's ,f4 ,g41 or 8 ,p>sees4 ,"h & !re ,i h v5tur$ to am5d 8 ,engli% )\t alt]+ ! s5se4 #ah ,! s\rce f :i* ?is notice is ma9ly drawn is ,spr5g]1 ,das ,leb5 und die ,lehre des ,mohamm$1 #c vols4 ,9 addition to ?is ,i h consult$ ,muir's ,life ( ,mahomet2 ,causs9 de ,p]ceval1 ,les ,arabes2 ,gu/av ,weil1 ,mohamm$ d] ,prophet1 & o!r works4 ,! facts "h /at$ w g5]ally be f\nd 9 ,spr5g]4 ,! translations ( ,koranic passages are tak5 f ,rodwell's ,koran4 #ai ,! au?or ( ,! ,messiah 7,london1 #ahgb7 cont5ds t he 0 n only a ma/] build]1 b ! pr9cipal build] ( ,naz>e?4 ,8 rem>ks on ?is subject 7pp4 #ia ff47 des]ve consid]ation1 ?\gh !y are n conclusive4 #bj ,lu4 xi4 #ai4 ,i use ?is v]se1 n z evid5ce t ,jesus actually spoke ! words ascrib$ to him1 b t ! practice ( ca/+ out devils 0 common to ,jesus & ! disciples ( ! ,ph>isees4 #ba ,k+s omitt$ 9 ! ,gospel are ins]t$ 9 brackets & italiciz$4 #bb ,mt4 i4 #a-ag2 ,lu4 iii4 #bc-ch4 #bc ,c4 ,c4 vol4 iv4 p4 #dfe4--,%e ,k+1 ,"p iii4 ,bk4 #b4 i4 #a4 #b4 #bd ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #gc4 ,x is v rem>kable t ! same notion is express$ 9 ,*ri/ian pa9t+s ( ! middle ages4 ,on a pa9t$ glass ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 f\nd 9 ! *ur* ( ,j\y1 a little village 9 ,france1 ! virg9 is repres5t$ /&+1 h] h&s clasp$ 9 pray]1 & ! nak$ body ( ! *ild 9 ! same attitude appe>s ^u h] /oma*1 app>5tly suppos$ to be se5 ?r\gh ! g>m5ts & body ( ! "m4 ,m4 ,didron saw at ,lyons a ,salutation pa9t$ on %utt]s1 9 :i* ! two infants1 likewise depict$ on _! mo!rs' /oma*s1 7 also salut+ ea* o!r4 ,?is precisely corresponds to ,buddhi/ acc\nts ( ! ,bodhisattva's ante-natal proce$+s4--,ic4 ,*r4 p4 #bfc4 #be ,c4 ,c41 vol4 iv4 p4#dfh4--,%e ,k+1 ,pt4 iii4 ,bk4 #b4 i4 #c4 #bf ,ze*4 xi4 #ab1 #ac4 ,accord+ to ,ewald1 ?is portion ( ,ze*>iah is by an anonym\s prophet contemporane\s ) ,isaiah4 #bg ,mk4 xiv4 #ag-ba2 ,mt4 xxvi4 #bj-be2 ,lu4 xxii4 #ba1 #bb2 ,jo4 xiii4 #ba-bh4 #bh ,mk4 xiv4 #dc-fe2 ,mt4 xxvi4 #dg-fh2 ,lu4 xxii4 #dg-ec1 & #fc-ga2 ,jo4 xviii4 #c-ad & #ai-bd4 #bi ,mk4 xiv4 #bf-cj1 & #ff-gb2 ,mt4 xxvi4 #cj-ce1 & #fi-ge2 ,lu4 xxii4 #cc1 #cd1 & #ee-fb2 ,jo4 xiii4 #cg1 #ch1 & xviii4 #ae-ah1 & #be-bg4 #cj ,mt4 xxiii4 #a-cc2 ,mk4 vii4 #f4 ,i omit ! conclud+ v]ses 9 ,mt4 xxiii41 z ! allusion 9 v]se #ce r5d]s x impossible t ,*ri/ c\ld h utt]$ !m4 ,inde$1 ! :ole *apt] is suspici\s2 b z portions ( x are confirm$ by ,m>k1 ,i conclude t ! s5tim5ts at lea/1 if n ! precise words1 are g5u9e4 #ca ,milton1 ,treatise on ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 ,sumn]'s translation1 p4 #ajj ff4 #cb ,?is v]se is s inconsi/5t ) o!r decl>ations ( ,*ri/1 especially ) ,mt4 x4 #bc1 t ,i am dispos$ to reg>d x z an int]polation4 #cc ,! use ( ?is ^w ca/s suspicion on ! au!nticity ( ! v]se :]e x occurs4 #cd ,see on ?is subject ! truly admirable rem>ks ( ,k>l ,otfri$ ,mull]1 9 8 ,prolegom5a zu e9] ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,my?ologie 7,gtt+51 #ahbe71 pp4 #bhb-bhd4 #ce ,c4 ,c41 vol4 iv4 p4 #adj4--,%e ,k+1 pt4 i4 b4 #g1 ode #ac4 #cf ,c4 ,c41 vol4 iv4 p4 #aec4--,%e ,k+1 pt4 i4 b4 #h1 ode #d4 #cg ,9 treat+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,confucian ,s*ool 9 ,*9a1 ,i rely entirely ^u ! admirable & 7s f> z x has yet gone7 complete "w ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,james ,legge4 ,al?\gh ,i h consult$ o!r publications1 ,i h n drawn my in=mation f !m1 because x 0 at once evid5t t ,dr4 ,legge's ,*9ese ,classics 0 immeasurably sup]ior to all t _h prec$$ x on ! same subject4 ,un=tunately1 ! v ?or\ghness ( ! "w r5d]s x volum9\s2 & x ?us happ5s t ! au?or has n fulfill$ m ?an a portion ( ! promise held out at its comm5cem5t4 ,x mu/ be ! e>ne/ hope ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 ^! /udies t ! le>n$ mission>y w live to complete 8 design2 meantime1 we are oblig$ to conf9e ourselves to a notice ( t portion ( ! ,classics :i* he has translat$4 ,= ,pau?i]'s ,fr5* translation ( ! ,*9ese ,classics 79 ! ,pan?on ,littraire3 ,les ,livres ,sacrs de l',ori5t7 embraces only t portion ( ! ,k+ :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! hi!rto-publi%$ volumes ( ,dr4 ,legge4 #ch ,( :i* an ,engli% translation by ,david ,collie1 entitl$ ,! ,*9ese ,classical ,"w1 commonly call$ ! ,f\r ,books1 0 publi%$ at ,malacca 9 #ahbh4 #ci ,sir ,j4 ,davis 7,! ,*9ese1 ii4 #dh7 reckons only n9e ,k+1 ^? enum]at$ above4 ,i presume t ! rema9+ f\r enjoy an inf]ior degree ( v5]ation4 #dj ,ya\ & ,%un are ! ideal ,*9ese emp]ors1 & belong to a my?ical age4 ,%un 0 n ! legitimate successor ( ,ya\1 :o _h rais$ him f pov]ty1 & giv5 him 8 two daught]s 9 m>riage4 ,on ,ya\'s dea?1 8 son at fir/ succe$$ him1 & ,%un )drew2 b ! latt] 0 soon call$ to ! ?rone by ! g5]al desire4 #da ,%oo ,k+1 b4 #c1 pt4 iii4 *4 i4 pp4 #f1 #g4 #db ,%e ,k+1 i4 #d4 #a4 #dc ,%e ,k+1 i4 #g4 #b4 #dd ,n lit]ally a *ild4 ,little *ild is ! usual /yle ( ,*9ese rul]s :5 design+ to express feel+s ( mode/y & religi\s rev]5ce4 #de ,%e ,k+1 iv4 #a4 iii4 #a4 #df ,by f> ! be/ ,european "w on ! ,ta-t-,kng is t ( ,victor von ,/rauss1 & ,i h foll[$ 8 translation1 ?\gh n )\t consult+ ^? ( o!rs4 ,i am fully s5sible ( ! inconv5i5ce ( a d\ble translation1 & ,i %\ld h pref]r$ to foll[ ,*alm]s' ,engli% r5d]+ ( ,la-ts1 _h n ! obscurity ( 8 v]sion be5 s great z to r5d] x almo/ un9telligible to ! g5]al read]4 ,re9hold von ,plnckn]'s translation errs on ! o!r side by excess ( cle>ness4 ,x is a palpable attempt to =ce ^u ! anci5t ,*9aman a connect$ sy/em pr(ess$ly unravel$ f ! text by ! +5uity ( ! mod]n ,g]man4 ,x %\ld be us$ only ) extreme caution1 or n at all4 #dg ,x des]ves to be not$1 z a peculi>ity ( ! ,*9ese prophets--,confucius & ,la-ts--t !y alone among _! pe]s h left au!ntic writt5 compositions4 ,! ,koran c sc>cely be said to h be5 writt5 by ,mahomet1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we talk ( writ+ a book4 ,& nei!r ,z>a?u/ra1 ,jesus1 nor ! ,buddha1 7 au?ors4 ,! calm] ,*9ese temp]am5t p]mitt$1 9 ! case ( ^! two great tea*]s1 a mode ( convey+ in/ructions :i* is repugnant1 z a rule1 to ! f]vid prophetic nature4 ,obs]ve t ( ! ,jewi% 7s-call$7 prophets1 ^? :o committ$ _! prophecies to writ+1 g5]ally belong$ to a comp>atively late age1 9 :i* oral prophecy 0 no long] 9 vogue1 & ! /ate ( feel+ t _h inspir$ x no long] preval5t4 #dh ,! =m] view is t ( ,/an4 ,juli52 ! latt] t ( von ,plnckn]4 #di ,*4 #ea4 ,i h borr[$ "s expressions f ,*alm]s4 ,o4 ,p4 #ej ,*4 #be4 ,= ! sake ( enabl+ ! read] to comp>e ! int]pretations ( ?is important *apt] giv5 by v>i\s ,s9ologues1 ,i subjo9 9 an app5dix f\r o!r translations4 #ea ,*4 #ee4 ,von ,/rauss expla9s ?is to mean t he is l ! *ild 9 its unconsci\sness ( dang] f ^! s\rces4 #eb ,or ,compassionat5ess4 ,*alm]s translates compassion1 b ?is t]m d5otes ! s5tim5t r ?an ! virtue4 #ec ,see _! names 9 ,le ,livre de la ,voie et de la ,v]tu 7h]eaft] abbreviat$ ?us--,l4 ,v4 ,v474 ,compos dans le ,,vi ,sicle avant l're *rti5ne p> le ,philosophe ,la-tsu4 ,traduit en ,franais et publi avec le texte *9ois p> ,/anislas ,juli54 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahgb1 xxxvi4 #ed ,su* is ! description ( ,m4 ,juli51 d]iv$ f ! mo/ anci5t ,*9ese comm5tators4 ,i am at a loss to reconcile x ev5 ) 8 own translation1 ?\gh x w\ld be presumptu\s 9 me to d5y t ! le>n$ ,s9ologue may h reasons = x ( :i* ,i am n aw>e4--,see ,l4 ,v4 ,v41 p4 xiii4 #ee ,mmoire sur la ,vie et les ,op9ions de ,la-tsu1 p> ,m4 ,abel ,rmusat1 ,p>is1 #ahbc1 p4 #bg4 #ef ,! lit]ature ( ! ,v$a is n[ copi\s4 ,to m5tion only a few works1 ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson publi%$ a translation ( ! fir/ five ,a%takas ( ! ,rig-,v$a-,sanhit1 b ,i h =borne to make use ( x1 f a conviction t ! advance ( ,v$ic s*ol>%ip has to a great degree1 if n :olly1 sup]s$$ ! me?ods ( int]pretation employ$ by him4 ,b5fey has translat$ ! :ole ( ! ,sma-,v$a-,sanhit into ,g]man1 & ,i h /udi$ 8 translation1 b h pref]r$ to rely ma9ly on ! labors ( ,engli% s*ol>s1 bo? because ! inh]5t obscurity ( ^! anci5t hymns might be increas$ by ! process ( re-translation1 & also because ,i might possibly fail to cat* ! exact %ade ( mean+ ( ! ,g]man words4 ,8 "w %\ld1 h[ev]1 be consult$ by ^? :o desire to acqua9t !mselves ) ! /yle ( ! ,v$a4 ,max ,mll] has unhappily publi%$ b "o volume ( 8 translation ( ! ,rig-,v$a-,sanhit1 :i* is d\btless de/9$ 7if complet$7 to become ! /&>d ,engli% v]sion ( t portion ( ! text4 ,! same em95t s*ol> has translat$ _m ( ! hymns 9 8 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature4 ,ano!r s\rce f :i* ,i h d]iv$ valuable assi/ance is ,dr4 ,muir's labori\s "w entitl$ ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal au?orities on ! hymns4 ,( ! ,brhmanas1 ! :ole ( ! ,ait>eya ,brhmana has be5 translat$ by ,haug1 & portions ( o!rs by ,ro] & by ,raj5dralal ,mitra4 #eg ,all ?is w be f\nd admirably treat$ 9 ,mr4 ,cox's ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations4 #eh ,no complete translation ( ! ,tripitaka exi/s1 or is ev] likely to exi/ 9 any ,european language4 ,its va/ ext5t1 & ! comp>ative wor?lessness ( _m ( its p>ts1 w\ld preclude its publication z a :ole4 ,b complete treatises1 or portions ( treatises1 h be5 translat$ by ,burn\f1 9 8 ,hi/oire du ,buddhisme ,indi51 & ,lotus de la ,bonne ,loi2 by ,beal1 9 8 ,*9ese ,buddhi/ ,scriptures2 by ,s*midt1 9 ,d] ,weise und d] ,?or2 by ,h>dy1 9 8 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 & by ,alaba/]1 9 8 ,mod]n ,buddhi/4 ,an exact analysis ( ! cont5ts ( ! hundr$ volumes ( ! great collection call$ ! ,kah-gyur is suppli$ by ,csoma ,krsi 9 ! #bj? vol4 ( ! ,asiatic ,rese>*es4 ,! lead+ features ( ! books1 & p>ts ( books ?us translat$1 are s well m>k$ & uni=m1 t no?+ fur!r is ne$$ to enable u to e/imate ! g5]al "* ( ea* division ( ! :ole ,tripitaka4 #ei ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s fix ! dates ( ^! ,g5]al ,c\ncils some:at diff]5tly4 #fj ,app>5tly a p liv+ beyond ! fronti]s 7( ! civiliz$ _w74 ,see ,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #beb1 n4 #fa ,! /ate ( an ,arhat is ! highe/ ( f\r degrees :i* ! he>]s ( ! ,buddha us$ to atta92 i4 e41 ! "o :i* l$ mo/ directly to ,nirvna4 ,! o!r ?ree degrees 7 ^? ( ,srotpatti1 ( ,sakridgm91 & ,angm94 ,! ,arhat 0 n born aga92 ea* ( ! o!r ?ree _h a small] or great] numb] ( exi/5ces to und]go be=e ,nirvna4 #fb ,i translate l',assemble by ?is phrase1 :i* appe>s to r5d] its mean+ m precisely ?an a m lit]al translation4 #fc ,^! two v]ses are a /&+ =mula by :i* ! ,buddha ( ! ,canon summons ! _w to receive 8 law4 #fd ,?is ,vocabul>y is a ,*9ese compilation1 =m+ "o ( a class ( catalogues drawn up 9 anci5t times by ,buddhi/ prea*]s4 ,su* catalogues are f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( canonical books1 & are ( high au?ority among ,buddhi/s4 #fe ,! translation ( ?is ,stra is due to ,mr4 ,beal1 to ^: mo/ useful labors on ,buddhism ,i am mu* indebt$4--,c4 ,b4 ,s41 p4 #bjf4 #ff ,?is is a /&+ miracle on ! reception ( novices by ,buddha4 #fg ,i d n pret5d to any c]ta9ty t ! above int]pretation is correct1 b ,i h 9 ! ma9 foll[$ a tru/wor?y guide1 ,burn\f4 ,see ,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #dia-ejg4 #fh ,! au?orities d n entirely agree 9 ! acc\nts !y give ( ! spe$ ) :i* ^! pa?s lead to ,nirvna4 ,! above /atem5t appe>s to me unque/ionably ! olde/ & mo/ au!ntic4 ,x is 9 agreem5t ) ,eitel1 ,sanskrit-,*9ese ,diction>y1 sub vocibus ,sakridgm91 h[ev]1 is omitt$1 & ) ,h>dy1 ,e4 ,m41 p4 #bhj4 ,eitel inde$ adds t an ,arhat1 if he does n ent] ,nirvna1 may become a ,buddha1 b ?is is probably a ,nor!rn p]v]sion ( ! orig9al notion4 ,9 ! g5u9e au?orities1 a ,bodhisattva is q di/9ct f an ,arhat4 ,! acc\nt d]iv$ by ,burn\f 7,h4 ,b4 ,i41 p4 #bia ff47 f ,nor!rn s\rces is palpably a corruption ( ! olde/ doctr9e1 proce$+ f t unb\nd$ love ( exagg]at$ numb]s :i* is ! besett+ s9 ( ,buddhi/ writ]s4 ,accord+ to ?is v]sion1 ! ,srotpanna mu/ pass ?r\gh #hj1jjj ages be=e 8 sev5 bir?s2 ,sakridgm91 aft] #fj1jjj ages1 is to be born once z a man & once z a god2 ! ,angm91 aft] #dj1jjj ages1 is exempt$ f re-bir? 9 ! _w ( desire1 & arrives at supreme k2 :i* ! ,arhat rea*es aft] #bj1jjj ages4 ,poor com=t ?is to s\ls long+ = _! et]nal re/4 ,cf4 ,kpp51 ,r4 ,b41 vol4 i4 p4 #dih4 #fi ,aryas is a t]m compreh5d+ ! sev]al classes ( believ]s4 #gj ,!re is a complete translation ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a by ,spiegel4 ,x conta9s useful introductory essays2 b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,z5d s*ol>%ip ! translation _c be reg>d$ z f9al4 ,dr4 ,haug1 9 a ,g]man treatise1 has elucidat$ z well z translat$ a small1 b v important1 portion1 ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 t]m$ ! five ,g?s4 ,! same s*ol> has also publi%$ a volume ( ,essays on ! ,p>see language & religion1 :i* conta9s "s translat$ passages1 & may be consult$ ) advantage1 ?\gh ,dr4 ,haug's ,engli% /&s 9 great ne$ ( revision4 ,burn\f has translat$ b a v small "p ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 9 a "w entitl$ ,le ,yana4 ,un=tunately ,dr4 ,haug & ,dr4 ,spiegel--bo? v em95t ,z5d s*ol>s--are entirely at v>iance z to ! prop] me?od ( translat+ ^! anci5t docum5ts2 & p5d+ ! settlem5t ( ?is "q1 any int]pretation propos$ mu/ be reg>d$ by ! un9/ruct$ read] z unc]ta94 ,i _c refra9 f add+ an expression ( regret t ,dr4 ,haug1 to ^: labors 9 ! int]pretation ( ^! obscure fragm5ts ( antiquity we owe s mu*1 %\ld h s f> =gott5 himself z to fall f\l ( ,dr4 ,spiegel 9 a tone :olly unbecom+ a s*ol> & inappropriate to ! subject4 ,x is n by ?is k9d ( le>n$ ,bill+sgate t ! sup]iority ( 8 translation to t ( 8 rival1 z he evid5tly consid]s him1 or 8 fell[-labor] z ,i %\ld pref] to call him1 c be e/abli%$4 #ga ,?r\gh\t ! ,g?s ,i foll[ ,haug2 & ,i ne$ make no apology = neglect+ ,spiegel's translation1 because t s*ol> himself admits1 ) cr$itable c&or1 t ev5 8 indefatigable p]sev]ance 0 baffl$ by ! difficulties ( ?is portion ( ! ,yana4--,av41 #b4 xi4 #gb ,! s5t5ces enclos$ 9 p>5!ses are ,haug's explanations ( ! s5se ( ! text4 #gc ,x is a satisfaction to f9d t ,spiegel's translation does n diff] s widely f ,haug's aft] we leave ! t]ritory ( ! ,g?s4 ,z a specim51 ,i quote ! foll[+ v]ses f 8 ,ave/a1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ace1 :i* ! read] may comp>e ) ! ,engli% r5d]+ ( ! same passage 9 ! text3-- ,yana ,haptahiti4 xxxv4 #a4 #a4 7,rapi74 ,d5 ,ahura-,mazda1 d5 re95 ,h]rn des ,re951 preis5 wir4 ,die ,ame%a-p5ta1 die gut5 ,h]rs*]1 die weis51 preis5 wir4 #b4 ,die ganze ,welt des ,re95 preis5 wir1 die himmlis*e wie die irdis*e1 #c4 mit ,v]lang5 na* d] gut5 ,re9heit1 mit ,v]lang5 na* dem gut5 mazdayanis*5 ,gesetze4 #d4 7,zaota47 ,d] gut5 ,g$ank51 ,worte und ,w]ke1 die hi] und &]swo #e4 ge?an word5 s9d od] no* ge?an w]d51 #f4 ,lobpreis] und ,v]breit] s9d wir1 damit wir zu d5 ,gut5 gehr5 mg54 #g4 ,das glaub5 wir1 ,ahura-,mazda1 ,re9]1 ,s*n]1 #h4 ,das woll5 wir d5k51 sag5 und ?un3 #i4 0 das ,be/e i/ unt] d5 ,h&lung5 d] ,m5s*5 fr beide ,welt54 #aj4 ,dur* diese be/5 ,?at5 nun erbitt5 wir1 dass fr das ,vieh #aa4 ,annehmli*keit und ,futt] gesp5det w]d5 mge #ab4 d5 ,gelehrt5 wie d5 ,ungelehrt51 d5 ,m*tig5 wie d5 ,unm*tig54 #gd ,i foll[ ,burn\f's translation1 because ! /rict accuracy ( 8 me?od is ackn[l$g$ by bo? ,haug & ,spiegel4 ,!re are consid]able diff]5ces 9 ! text foll[$ by ,burn\f & ,spiegel1 :i* ,i ne$ n we>y ! read] by p>ticul>iz+ 9 detail4 #ge ,y41 p4 #adf4--;,cf4 ,spiegel3 #a4 ,i* lade e9 und ?ue es kund3 dem ,s*pf] ,ahura-,mazda1 dem glnz5d51 maje/tis*51 grs/51 be/51 s*n/51 #b4 dem /rk/51 v]/ndig/51 mit be/em ,krp] v]seh551 dur* ,heiligkeit h*/54 #c4 ,d] sehr weise i/1 d] wei?9 erfreut1 #d4 wel*] uns s*uf1 wel*] uns bildete1 wel*] uns erhielt1 d] ,heilig/e unt] d5 ,himmlis*5--,av41 ii4 #ce4 #gf ,no m5tion ( ,z>a?u/ra "h 9 ,spiegel4--,av4 ii4 #dd4 #gg ,y4 pp4 #ehe1 #ehh1 #eib4 ,! conclud+ /anza is simpl] & m intelligible 9 ,spiegel4--,av41 ii4 #dd4 #gh ,av41 vol4 ii4 p4 #he4--,yana1 #ab4 ,! *4 xii4 quot$ above is ,no4 #ac4 9 ,spiegel4 #gi rao%a is an important div9ity 9 ,p>see wor%ip1 :o is consid]$ by ,spiegel to express ! moral quality ( ob$i5ce4 #hj ,av41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aia4--,yana1 #fa4 ,?is bless+ is repeat$1 ,khorda-,ave/a1 #aa4 #ha ,!re is1 inde$1 a passage :i* p]mits ! mutilation ( a mad dog by cutt+ (f an e>1 or a foot1 or ! tail2 ,spiegel1 h[ev]1 reg>ds x z int]polat$1 & x is palpably at v>iance ) ! rema9d] ( ! *apt]4 #hb ,spiegel holds t ,airyama is only a c]ta9 pray] hypo/atiz$4--,cf4 ,av41 vol4 iii4 p4 #cd4 #hc ,av41 vol4 iii4 p4 #c4--,khorda-,ave/a1 #a4 #hd ,9 ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #dme ,srie1 tom4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,i h foll[$ x exclusively4 ,! ,homa ,ya%t is n =mally includ$ 9 ! ,khorda-,ave/a2 x =ms ! #i? *apt] ( ! ,yana4 ,b ! fact t1 :ile utt]ly ali5 to ! re/ ( ! ,yana1 x is truly a ,ya%t--be+ 9 honor ( a special p]sonage--induc$ me to def] its consid]ation till n[4 #he ,! t]m pitama1 usually c\pl$ ) ! "n ( ,z>a?u/ra1 is translat$ by ,spiegel holy1 b is treat$ by ,haug & ,burn\f z a prop] "n4 ,!re are indications t x may h be5 ! family "n ( ! prophet4 ,see ,av41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bji1 n4 #hf ,complete translations ( ! ,koran into ,engli% h be5 made by ,sale & by ,rodwell4 ,consid]able portions h be5 r5d]$ into ,g]man by ,spr5g]1 ,das ,leb5 und die ,lehre des ,mohamm$2 & by ,gu/av ,weil1 ,mohamm$ d] ,prophet2 & into ,engli% by ,dr4 ,muir1 9 8 ,life ( ,mahomet4 #hg ,l4 ,l4 ,m41 vol4 iii41 ,vorr$e2 ,sale1 prelim9>y disc\rse1 p4 #df4--,k41 p4 vii4 #hh ,k41 p4 #fjd4--,sura1 #ff4 #ab4 ,%e is call$ ! daught] ( ,imran1 by a confusion betwe5 ,m>y1 "m ( ,jesus1 & ,m>iam1 si/] ( ,moses4 #hi ,s 9 #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #c-g4 ,b 9 #b ,k+s xxii4 #a1 #b1 !re is no m5tion ( ! p]iod at :i* he began to seek aft] ! ,god ( ,david4 #ij ,ewald1 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel1 vol4 iv4--,die ,heiligh]rs*aft1 #c ,die be/immt]e ,ge/altung d] ,zeit d] neu5 ,w5dung4 #ia ,ges*i*te d] ,o/-,mongol5 und ihres ,fr/5hauses1 v]fas/ von ,ssanang ,ssets5 ,*ungtaids*i4 ,aus dem ,mongolis*5 b]setzt von ,i4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahbi4 #dto4 p4 #c4 ,?is "w w1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 always be ref]r$ to "u ,g4 ,o4 ,m4 #ib ,r4 ,b41 vol4 i4 p4 #dcd4--,lotus1 p4 #ddg4--,:eel1 p4 xliii4 #ic ,my att5tion 0 drawn to ! fact t ^! 7 ! cont5ts ( ! tables by ,goe!'s int]e/+ essay3 ,zwei wi*tige1 bi%] un]rtete biblis*e ,frag54 #id ,c4,c41 vol4 iv4 p4 #eih4--,%e ,k+1 "p #d1 b4 i4 iii4 #c4 #ie ,= in=mation on ! "* & signification ( ?is book1 see ,le ,cantique des ,cantiques1 p> ,erne/ ,r5an4 #if ,?r\gh\t ^! descriptions ( ! prophetic books1 ,i foll[ ! *ronological arrangem5t ( ,ewald4 #ig ,! rem>k is n m9e1 b is made by ,didron1 a dev\t ,roman ,ca?olic writ]1 to :om ,i am mu* indebt$ = ?is & o!r h9ts4--,ic4 ,*41 p4 #egb n4 #ih ,mill's ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 p4 #bji 7second edition74 #ii ,mr4 ,mill1 9 treat+ ! po9t1 seems to h =gott5 ! animal _w1 b 8 argum5t w\ld cov] x4--,mill's ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 pp4 #bjh1 #bji4 #ajj ,see mu* int]e/+ evid5ce 9 ,dulaure1 ,hi/oire ,abrge de diffr5s ,cultes4 vol4 i4 *s4 xxiv4-xxvii42 & a valuable discussion ( ! :ole subject 9 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture4 #aja ,see "s evid5ce be>+ on ?is po9t 9 a pap] by ! au?or1 entitl$ ,rec5t ,publications on ,buddhism4 ,!ological ,review1 ,july1 #ahgb1 p4 #cac4 #ajb ,de ,r]um ,nat41 iii4 #hcj4 #ajc ,! doctr9e "h /at$ is n my own inv5tion4 ,x 0 fir/ publi%$ 7s f> z ,i "k7 by ,mr4 ,%adwor? ,hodgson 9 8 ,!ory ( ,practice1 vol4 i4 p4 #daf-dcf1 #eg2 b ,i am indebt$ = my acqua9tance ) x to ,mr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,spald+1 :o discov]$ x indep5d5tly1 & ann\nc$ x 9 ! ,exam9]1 ,decemb] #cj1 #ahga2 ,septemb] #f1 #ahgc2 ,m>* #ad1 #ahgd2 & 9 ,nature1 ,janu>y #h1 #ahgd4 #ajd ,see an +5i\s attempt to ma9ta9 ! p]sonality1 along ) ! moral ,qualities ( ,god1 9 ,mr4 ,%adwor? ,hodgson's ,!ory ( ,practice1 vol4 i4 p4 #cje ff4