,,practical ,,argum5tation ,,practical ,,argum5tation ,,by ,,george ,k4 ,,pattee1 ,a4,m4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,engli% & ,rhetoric 9 ,! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college ,,to ,,fr$ ,,lewis ,,pattee ,preface ,! au?or's aim has be5 to produce a book t is practical1-- practical f ! /ud5t's /&po9t1 & practical f ! tea*]'s /&po9t4 ,! /udy ( ,argum5tation has (t5 be5 criticiz$ = be+ purely academic1 or = be+ a m]e /epp+- /one to ! /udy ( law4 ,x has ev5 be5 said t c\rses 9 ,argum5tation & ,debate h be5 introduc$ into ,am]ican colleges & univ]sities = no o!r purpose ?an to give ! intellectual /ud5t ! opportunity1 s long monopoliz$ by 8 a?letic classmate1 to take "p 9 int]collegiate conte/s4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to tea* ,argum5tation1 :i* is n a sci5ce by itself b "o ( ! f\r bran*es ( ,rhetoric1 9 su* a way z to remove ^! criticisms4 ,l>gely by 8 *oice ( illu/rative mat]ial ! au?or has endeavor$ to %[ t ?is subject is conf9$ nei!r to ! class room nor to any "o pr(ession4 ,he has drawn 8 illu/rations1 = ! mo/ "p1 f contempor>y & popul> s\rces2 he has _h rec\rse to _m curr5t magaz9es1 newspap]s1 books1 & rec5t spee*es1 hop+ to %[ !reby t ,argum5tation is a practical subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he has c>efully avoid$ tak+ a majority ( 8 illu/rations ei!r f /ud5ts' "w or f legal practice1 crim9al cases especially be+ seldom us$ on ! gr\nd t al?\gh !y af=d ! easie/ examples a writ] c give1 !y furni% ! lea/ help to ! av]age /ud5t1 :o1 unless he /udies law1 w r>ely1 p]haps nev]1 h occasion to argue ^u su* subjects4 ,?is book _c ju/ly be call$ ! ef=t ( a s+le au?or4 ,x is r an outgr[? ( ! "w t = _m ye>s has be5 c>ri$ on by ! ,engli% dep>tm5t at ,! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college4 ,! book has1 9 fact1 gradually develop$ 9 ! class room4 ,e rule t is giv5 has be5 te/$ "t & aga92 e /ep has be5 c>efully ?\ght out & taught = sev]al ye>s4 ,! au?or wi%es to ackn[l$ge especial indebt$ness to ,pr(essor ,fr$ ,lewis ,pattee1 :o bo? inspir$ ! writ+ ( ! book & assi/$ 9 ! "w4 ,to ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h[ry ,esp5%ade are due _m ?anks = invaluable sugge/ions & advice1 & = a c>eful read+ ( ! great] "p ( ! manuscript4 ,mr4 ,william ,s4 ,dye is also to be ?ank$ = valuable assi/ance4 ,z a /ud5t ! au?or /udi$ ,bak]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,argum5tation2 z a tea*] he has taught ,laycock & ,scales' ,argum5tation & ,debate1 ,ald5's ,! ,art ( ,debate1 & ,fo/]'s ,argum5tation & ,debat+4 ,! debt he owes to ^! is beyond e/imate4 ,,/ate ,,college1 ,,pa4 ,m>* #ag1 #aiji ,cont5ts ,i4 ,prelim9>ies ,,ii4 ,! ,subject ,,iii4 ,! ,introduction--,p]suasion ,,iv4 ,! ,introduction--,conviction ,v4 ,! ,introduction--,brief-,draw+ ,,vi4 ,! ,discussion--,conviction & ,p]suasion ,,vii4 ,! ,discussion--,brief-,draw+ ,,viii4 ,me?ods ( ,refutation ,,ix4 ,debate--,"s ,practical ,sugge/ions ,x4 ,! ,conclusion ,,app5dix4 ,a4 ,a ,writt5 ,argum5t & its ,brief ,b4 ,a ,li/ ( ,propositions ,,practical ,,argum5tation ,,practical ,,argum5tation ,,*apt] ,i ,,prelim9>ies ,argum5tation is ! art ( pres5t+ tru? s t o!rs w accept x & act 9 accordance ) x4 ,debate is a special =m ( argum5tation3 x is oral argum5tation c>ri$ on by oppos+ sides4 ,a consid]ation ( ! s]vice :i* argum5tation p]=ms %[s t x is "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ useful ( arts4 ,by argum5tation m5 ov]?r[ error & discov] tru?4 ,c\rts ( law1 delib]ative assemblies1 & all bodies ( p t engage 9 discussion recognize ?is fact4 ,argum5tation ?re%es out a problem until ! *aff has bl[n away1 :5 x is easy to see j :at k]nels ( tru? rema9 & :at action ought to be tak54 ,m5 ( affairs1 be=e ent]+ ^u any great ent]prise1 call 9 advocates ( diff]5t sy/ems1 & by becom+ famili> ) argum5ts f e po9t ( view try to discov] :at is be/4 ,?is me?od ( proc$ure presupposes a diff]5ce ( op9ion & belief among m51 & holds t :5 ea* "o tries to e/abli% 8 ideas1 ! tru? w rema91 & t :i* is false w be swept away4 ,! field ( argum5tation includes e k9d ( disc\rse t attempts to *ange man's actions or op9ions4 ,exposition is explanation :5 only "o !ory or "o int]pretation ( ! facts is possible2 :5 views ( tru? or ( policy conflict1 & "o c\rse is exp\nd$ 9 opposition to ano!r1 ! process becomes argum5tation4 ,?is art is us$ n only by pr(essional speak]s1 b by m5 ( e occupation4 ,! s*oolboy plead+ = a holiday1 ! workman seek+ employm5t1 ! /atesman advocat+ a pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t are all engag$ 9 "s =m ( argum5tation4 ,ev]y:]e t m5 meet toge!r1 on ! /reet or 9 ! assembly hall1 debate is c]ta9 to arise4 ,writt5 argum5t is no less common4 ,h>dly a p]iodical is publi%$ b conta9s argum5tative writ+4 ,! fi]y editorial t urges vot]s to ! polls1 ! calm & poli%$ essay t po9ts out ! dang]s ( organiz$ labor1 ! sci5tific treatise t demon/rates ! practicability ( a sea-level canal on ! ,i/hmus are attempts to *ange exi/+ conditions & ideas1 & ?us come )9 ! field ( argum5tation4 ,! practical b5efit to be d]iv$ f ! /udy & application ( ! pr9ciples ( argum5tation c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,! man :o wi%es to influ5ce ! op9ions & actions ( o!rs1 :o wi%es to become a lead] ( m5 9 h[ev] great or h[ev] humble a sph]e1 mu/ be famili> ) ?is art4 ,! editor1 ! lawy]1 ! m]*ant1 ! contractor1 ! labor]--m5 9 e walk ( life--dep5d = _! success ^u br++ o!rs to believe1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 z !y believe4 ,ev]y:]e m5 :o c po9t out :at is "r & be/1 & c br+ o!rs to see x & act ^u x1 w9 ! day4 ,ano!r b5efit to be obta9$ f ! /udy ( argum5tation is ! ability to be conv9c$ intellig5tly4 ,! good argu] is n likely to be c>ri$ away by speci\s argum5ts or fallaci\s reason+4 ,he c weigh e bit ( evid5ce2 he c te/ ! /r5g? & weakness ( e /atem5t2 he c sep>ate ! ess5tial f ! uness5tial2 & he c di/+ui% betwe5 prejudice & reason4 ,a ma/] ( ! art ( argum5tation c bo? pres5t 8 case conv9c+ly to o!rs1 & discov] ! tru? 9 a matt] t is pres5t$ to him4 ,argum5tation c h>dly be consid]$ z a di/9ct art /&+ by itself2 x is r a composite ( sev]al arts1 d]iv+ its fundam5tals f !m1 & dep5d+ ^u !m = its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s9ce argum5tation is spok5 or writt5 disc\rse1 x belongs to rhetoric1 & ! rules :i* gov]n composition apply to x z /rongly z to any o!r k9d ( expression4 ,9 fact1 p]haps rhetorical pr9ciples %\ld be obs]v$ 9 argum5tation m rigidly ?an else:]e1 = 9 ! case ( n>ration1 description1 or exposition1 ! read] or he>]1 9 an endeavor to d]ive pleasure or pr(it1 is seek+ ! au?or1 :ile 9 argum5tation x is ! au?or :o is try+ to =ce 8 ideas ^u ! audi5ce4 ,h5ce an argum5t mu/ conta9 no?+ crude or repulsive1 b mu/ be attractive 9 e detail4 ,9 ! second place1 any composition t attempts to alt] beliefs mu/ deal ) reasons1 & ! sci5ce ( reason+ is logic4 ,!re is no ne$ = ! /ud5t ( argum5tation to make an exhau/ive /udy ( ?is sci5ce1 = ! good argu] is n oblig$ to "k all ! diff]5t ways ! m9d may "w2 he mu/1 h[ev]1 "k h[ x %\ld "w 9 ord] to produce tru/wor?y results1 & to ! ext5t ( tea*+ correct reason+1 argum5tation includes logic4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 a /udy ( ! emotions belongs to argum5tation4 ,accord+ to ! def9ition1 argum5tation aims bo? at pres5t+ tru? & compell+ action4 ,z action dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u man's emotions1 ! way to ar\se 8 feel+s & passions is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ?is art4 ,argum5tation1 !n1 :i* is commonly classifi$ z ! f\r? division ( rhetoric1 consi/s ( two fundam5tal elem5ts4 ,! "p t is bas$ ^u logic & dep5ds = its effectiv5ess ^u pure reason+ is call$ conviction2 ! "p t consi/s ( an emotional appeal to ! p address$ is call$ p]suasion4 ,if ! only purpose ( argum5tation 7 to demon/rate ! tru? or falsity ( a hypo!sis1 conviction alone w\ld be suffici5t4 ,b its purpose is great] ?an ?is3 x aims bo? 7#a7 to conv9ce m5 t c]ta9 ideas are true1 & also 7#b7 to p]suade !m to act 9 accordance ) ! tru? pres5t$4 ,nei!r conviction nor p]suasion c ) safety be omitt$4 ,an appeal to ! intellect alone may demon/rate pr9ciples t _c be refut$2 x may prove beyond a d\bt t c]ta9 !ories are logical & "r1 & ought to be accept$4 ,b ?is sort ( argum5t is likely to leave ! p]son address$ cold & unmov$ & unwill+ to give up 8 =m] ideas & practices4 ,a purely intellectual disc\rse ^u ! evils result+ f a high t>iff w\ld sc>cely cause a life-long protectioni/ to *ange 8 politics4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s emotion su* z duty1 public _s1 or patriotism 7 ar\s$1 ! desir$ action might result4 ,aga9 x frequ5tly happ5s t be=e ! argu] c make any appeal to ! logical faculties ( ^? he wi%es to influ5ce1 he w fir/ h to use p]suasion 9 ord] to ga9 _! att5tion & to ar\se _! int]e/ ei!r 9 himself or 9 8 subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p]suasion alone is und\bt$ly ( ev5 less value ?an conviction alone4 ,a purely p]suasive argum5t c nev] be tru/$ to produce la/+ effects4 ,z soon z ! emotions h cool$1 if no reasonable conviction rema9s to guide future ?\ght & action1 ! plea t at fir/ seem$ s p[]ful is likely to be =gott54 ,! prea*] ^: s]mons are all p]suasion may1 = a "t1 h _m conv]ts1 b x w take some?+ besides emotional ec/asy to keep !m 9 good & regul> /&+4 ,! proportion ( conviction & p]suasion to be us$ 9 any argum5tative ef=t dep5ds entirely ^u ! att5d+ circum/ances4 ,if ! read]s or he>]s possess a high degree ( intellig5ce & education1 conviction %\ld pr$om9ate2 = x is a g5]ally accept$ fact t ! high] man rises 9 ! scale ( civilization1 ! less he is mov$ by emotion4 ,a lawy]'s argum5t be=e a judge conta9s little except reason+2 be=e a jury p]suasion plays an important "p4 ,9 ! next place1 ! argu] mu/ consid] ! attitude ( ^? :om he w\ld move4 ,if !y are favorably dispos$1 he may devote mo/ ( 8 "t to reason+2 if !y are ho/ile1 he mu/ use m p]suasion4 ,also ! correct proportion v>ies to "s ext5t accord+ to ! am\nt ( action desir$4 ,9 an int]collegiate debate :]e little or no action is expect$ to result1 p]suasion may almo/ be neglect$2 b ! political spee* or editorial t urges m5 to foll[ its in/ructions usually conta9s at lea/ z mu* p]suasion z conviction4 ,! aspirant = di/9ction 9 argum5tation %\ld /udy & acquire c]ta9 *>act]i/ics common to all good argu]s4 ,fir/ ( all1 he %\ld /rive to ga9 ! ability to analyze4 ,no satisfactory discussion c ev] take place until ! conte/ants h pick$ ! "q to pieces & discov]$ j exactly :at x means4 ,! man :o does n analyze 8 subject is likely to seize ^u ideas t are m]ely connect$ ) x1 & fail to f9d j :at is involv$ by ! "q z a :ole4 ,! man skillful 9 argum5tation1 h[ev]1 consid]s ea* ^w ( ! proposition 9 ! light ( its def9ition1 & only aft] mu* ?\ght & /udy decides t he has f\nd ! real mean+ ( ! "q4 ,b ! "w ( analysis does n end "h2 e bit ( pro( connect$ ) ! case mu/ be analyz$ t its value & its relation to ! matt] 9 h& may be det]m9$4 ,_m an argum5t is fill$ ) :at its au?or ?\ght 0 pro(1 b :at1 ^u close inspection1 turns out to be m]e ass]tion or fallaci\s reason+4 ,?is error is surpass$ only by ! fault ( br++ 9 z pro( t :i* has no direct be>+ at all ^u ! "q at issue4 ,fur!rmore1 ! argu] mu/ analyze n only 8 own side ( ! discussion b also ! "w ( 8 oppon5t1 s t ) a full k ( :at is /rong & :at is weak he may make 8 attack to ! be/ advantage4 ,next to ! ability to analyze1 ! mo/ important qualification = an argu] to possess is ! faculty ( cle>ly pres5t+ 8 case4 ,new ideas1 new tru?s are seldom readily accept$1 & x is nev] safe to assume t ! he>] or ! read] ( an argum5t w labori\sly "w 8 way ?r\gh a mass ( obscure reason+4 ,absolute cle>ness ( expression is ess5tial4 ,! me?od ( arriv+ at a conclusion %\ld be s pla9 t no "o c avoid see+ :at is prov$ & h[ x is prov$4 ,l9coln's great success z a debat] 0 due l>gely to 8 cle>ness ( pres5tation4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! p]son :o w\ld control 8 fell[ m5 mu/ assume qualities ( lead]%ip4 ,rememb]+ t m5 c be l$1 b seldom be driv51 he mu/ %[ 8 audi5ce h[ he himself has rea*$ c]ta9 conclusions1 & !n by lead+ !m along ! same pa?s ( reason+1 br+ !m to ! desir$ de/9ation4 ,if exhortation1 c\nsel1 & enc\ragem5t are requir$1 !y mu/ be at 8 comm&4 ,moreov]1 a lead] :o wi%es to attract foll[]s mu/ be e>ne/ & en?usia/ic4 ,! lea/ t\* ( ins9c]ity or indiff]5ce w ru9 all4 ,to analyze ideas1 to pres5t !m cle>ly1 & z a lead] to en=ce !m en?usia/ically & s9c]ely are necess>y qualities = e argu]4 ,a debat] %\ld possess additional atta9m5ts4 ,he ought to be a ready ?9k]4 ,! disputant :o dep5ds entirely ^u a set spee* is greatly h&icapp$4 ,s9ce x is impossible to tell be=eh& j :at argum5ts an oppon5t w use & :at l9e ( attack he w pursue1 ! man :o _c mass 8 =ces to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! m9ute is at great disadvantage4 ,( c\rse all facts & ideas mu/ be ma/]$ be=eh&1 b unless "o is to be ! fir/ speak]1 he c mo/ effectually det]m9e dur+ ! progress ( ! debate j :at argum5ts are pref]able & :at _! arrangem5t %\ld be4 ,a debat] mu/ also h "s ability z a speak]4 ,he ne$ n be graceful or especially flu5t1 ?\gh ^! accompli%m5ts are ( s]vice1 b he mu/ be =ceful4 ,n only 8 words1 b also 8 mann] mu/ reveal ! e>ne/ness & en?usiasm he feels4 ,8 argum5t1 cle>1 irrefutable1 & to ! po9t1 %\ld g =? 9 simple1 burn+ words t ent] into ! he>ts & und]/&+ ( 8 he>]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,subject ,! subject ( an argum5t mu/ always be a complete /atem5t4 ,! reason = ?is requirem5t lies 9 ! fact t an argum5t c occur only :5 m5 h conflict+ op9ions ab\t a c]ta9 ?\ght1 & try to prove ! tru? or falsity ( ?is def9ite idea4 ,s9ce a t]m--a ^w1 phrase1 or o!r comb9ation ( words n a complete s5t5ce--sugge/s _m ideas1 b nev] /&s = "o p>ticul> idea1 x is absurd z a subject to be argu$4 ,a debatable subject is always a proposition1 a /atem5t 9 :i* some?+ is affirm$ or d5i$4 ,x w\ld be impossible to uphold or attack ! m]e t]m1 gov]nm5t railroad sup]vision1 = ?is expression c>ries ) x no specific ?\ght4 ,x may sugge/ t gov]nm5t railroad sup]vision has be5 inadequate 9 ! pa/2 or t gov]nm5t sup]vision is at pres5t unnecess>y2 or t ! gov]nm5t is ab\t to assume /rict] sup]vision4 ,! t]m af=ds no common gr\nd on :i* ! conte/ants w\ld h to meet4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s exact idea 7 express$ 9 su* a /atem5t z1 ,fur!r gov]nm5t railroad sup]vision is necess>y = ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 an argum5t might well foll[4 ,al?\gh ! subject ( an argum5t mu/ be a complete ?\ght1 x does n foll[ t ?is proposition is always explicitly /at$ or =mulat$ 9 words4 ,! same di/9ction betwe5 subject & title t exi/s 9 o!r k9ds ( writ+ is f\nd also 9 argum5tation2 ! subject is a /atem5t ( ! matt] ab\t :i* ! controv]sy c5t]s2 ! title is ! "n by :i* ! composition is kn[n4 ,sometimes ! subject s]ves z ! title1 & sometimes ! subject is left to be discov]$ 9 ! body ( ! "w4 ,! title ( ! spee* deliv]$ by ,web/] 9 ! ,s5ate1 ,janu>y #bf1 #ahcj1 is ,web/]'s ,reply to ,hayne2 ! subject1 9 ! =m ( a resolution1 is f\nd close to ! op5+ s5t5ces3-- ,resolv$1 ,t ! ,committee on ,public ,l&s be in/ruct$ to inquire & report ! quantity ( public l&s rema9+ unsold )9 ea* ,/ate & ,t]ritory1 & :e!r x be exp$i5t to limit = a c]ta9 p]iod ! sales ( ! public l&s to su* l&s only z h h]et(ore be5 (f]$ = sale1 & are n[ subject to entry at ! m9imum price4 ,&1 also1 :e!r ! (fice ( ,surveyor- ,g5]al1 & "s ( ! l& (fices1 may n be aboli%$ )\t detrim5t to ! public int]e/2 or :e!r x be exp$i5t to adopt measures to ha/5 ! sales & ext5d m rapidly ! surveys ( ! public l&s4 ,! ?irte5 resolutions (f]$ by ,burke =m ! subject ( ! argum5t kn[n by ! title1 ,burke's ,spee* on ,conciliation ) ,am]ica4 ,a rec5t issue ( ,! ,outlook conta9$ an article entitl$ ,russian ,despotism2 c>eful read+ disclos$ t ! subject 0 ?is1 ,! ,pres5t ,gov]nm5t ( ,russia has no ,"r to ,exi/4 ,9 legislative proce$+s ! subject ( argum5t is f\nd 9 ! =m ( a bill1 or a motion1 or a resolution2 9 law c\rts x is embodi$ 9 /atem5ts call$ plead+s1 :i* set =? ) c]ta9ty & ) tru? ! matt]s ( fact or ( law1 ! tru? or falsity ( :i* mu/ be decid$ to decide ! case4 ,footnote3 ,laycock & ,scales' ,argum5tation & ,debate1 page #ad4 ,9 college debate x is cu/om>y to frame ! subject 9 ! =m ( a resolution1 & to use ?is resolution z ! title4 ,! g5]ally accept$ =m is z foll[s3 ,resolv$1 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates army %\ld be p]man5tly enl>g$4 ,notice ! use ( italics1 ( punctuation m>ks1 & ( capital lett]s4 ,9 all k9ds ( argum5tation1 :e!r ! proposition to be discuss$ is cle>ly express$ or n1 ! argu] mu/ keep 8 subject con/antly 9 m9d1 t 8 ef=ts may all be direct$ t[>d a def9ite end 9 view--to conv9ce & p]suade 8 audi5ce4 ,9 debate ! speak] %\ld pla9ly /ate ! subject1 & con/antly hold x up to ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce4 ,?is proc$ure r5d]s x impossible = an oppon5t to ignore ! "q & evade ! real issue4 ,only ^? :o are debat+ = practice exp]i5ce any difficulty 9 obta9+ a subject4 ,9 ! bus9ess _w m5 argue because !y are confront$ ) "s p]plex+ problem1 because "s issue arises t dem&s discussion2 b ! /ud5t1 g5]ally speak+1 *ooses 8 own topic4 ,!re=e a few sugge/ions 9 reg>d to ! *oice ( a subject & ! word+ ( a proposition are likely to be ( consid]able s]vice to him4 ,! /ud5t %\ld fir/ select "s g5]al1 popul> topic ( ! day 9 :i* he is int]e/$4 ,he %\ld1 = sev]al reasons1 n ! lea/ ( :i* is t he w ?us ga9 consid]able in=mation t may be ( value to him outside ! class room1 select a popul> topic r ?an "o t has be5 worn out or t is comp>atively unkn[n4 ,he %\ld1 moreov]1 *oose an int]e/+ topic1 = !n 8 "w w be m agreeable & consequ5tly ( a high] ord]4 ,( ?is g5]al idea he mu/ decide ^u "s specific phase :i* readily l5ds itself to discussion4 ,!n he has to express ?is specific idea 9 ! =m ( a proposition4 ,z x is n always an easy matt] to /ate a proposition ) precision & fairness1 he mu/ take ?is la/ /ep v cauti\sly4 ,"o mu/ always ex]cise great c>e 9 *oos+ words t d5ote ! exact mean+ he wi%es to convey4 ,_m writ]s & speak]s h f\nd !mselves 9 false positions j because1 ^u exam9ation1 x 0 f\nd t _! subjects did n express ! precise mean+ t 0 int5d$4 ,moreov]1 9 phras+ ! proposition1 ! debat] %\ld s /ate ! subject t ! affirmative side1 ! side t op5s ! discussion1 is ! "o to advocate a *ange 9 exi/+ conditions or belief4 ,?is me?od obvi\sly corresponds to ! way 9 :i* bus9ess is conduct$ 9 practical affairs4 ,no "o has reason to def5d an e/abli%$ condition until x is fir/ attack$4 ,! law presumes a man to be innoc5t until he is prov$ guilty1 & !re=e x is ! prosecution1 ! side to affirm guilt1 t op5s ! case4 ,! "q ab\t gov]nm5t own]%ip ( railroads %\ld be s word$ t ! affirmative side w advocate ! new sy/em1 & ! negative w uphold ! old4 ,x %\ld be /at$ ?us3 ,resolv$1 ,t all railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be own$ & op]at$ by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,?is obligation ( adduc+ evid5ce & reason+ to support "o side ( a proposition be=e an answ] f ! o!r side c be dem&$1 is call$ burd5 ( pro(4 ,! burd5 always re/s ^u ! side t advocates a *ange1 & ! proposition %\ld be s word$ t ! affirmative w h to und]take ?is duty4 ,"o m pr9ciple mu/ be obs]v$3 no?+ 9 ! word+ ( ! subject %\ld give "o side any advantage ov] ! o!r4 ,argum5t c exi/ only :5 reasonable m5 h a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,if ! word+ ( ! proposition removes ?is diff]5ce1 no discussion c ensue4 ,= in/ance1 ! ^w undesirable1 if all[$ to /& 9 ! foll[+ proposition1 precludes any debate3 ,resolv$1 ,t all colleges %\ld aboli% ! undesirable game ( football4 ,f ! prec$+ sugge/ions x is se5 t ! subject ( an argum5t is a def9ite1 re/rict$ ?\ght d]iv$ f "s g5]al idea4 ,:e!r express$ or n1 ! subject mu/ be a proposition1 n a t]m4 ,9 debate ! proposition is usually fram$ 9 ! =m ( a resolution4 ,?is resolution mu/ always be s word$ t ! burd5 ( pro( w re/ ^u ! affirmative side4 ,no?+ 9 ! word+ ( ! proposition %\ld give ei!r side any advantage ov] ! o!r4 ,^! pr9ciples h to d ) ! mann] ( expression2 subjects w next be consid]$ ) respect to ! ideas !y conta94 ,a common & conv5i5t me?od ( classification divides propositions into two gr\ps3 propositions ( policy1 & propositions ( fact4 ,! fir/ class consi/s ( ^? propositions t aim to prove ! tru? ( a !ory1 t indicate a pref]5ce = a c]ta9 policy1 = a c]ta9 me?od ( action4 ,! second class comprises ^? propositions t affirm or d5y ! occurr5ce ( an ev5t1 or ! exi/5ce ( a fact4 ,propositions ( policy usually1 ?\gh n always1 conta9 ! ^w %\ld or ought2 propositions ( fact usually conta9 "s =m ( ! ^w to be4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations w make ! di/9ction pla9]3-- ,,propositions ,,( ,,policy4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld adopt a sy/em ( b\nties & subsidies = ! protection ( ! ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e4 ,/ate laws prohibit+ secul> employm5t on ,sunday %\ld be repeal$4 ,a city furni%es a m desirable location = a college ?an ! c\ntry4 ,! aggressions ( ,engl& 9 ,africa are ju/ifiable4 ,,propositions ,,( ,,fact4 ,hom] wrote ! ,iliad4 ,n]o 0 guilty ( burn+ ,rome4 ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots1 murd]$ h] husb&4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( /udy+ propositions to see :at subjects are desirable = /ud5t debates is to consid] fir/ ^? propositions t %\ld be avoid$4 #a4 ,,propositions ,,) ,,only ,,"o ,,side4 ,z argum5tation presupposes a diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t a c]ta9 subject1 evid5tly x is impossible to argue ^u a subject on :i* all are agre$4 ,sometimes su* propositions z1 ,resolv$1 ,t ,napoleon 0 a great soldi]1 & ,resolv$1 ,t railroads %\ld take e precaution to protect ! lives ( _! pass5g]s1 are f\nd on ! programs ( lit]>y societies & debat+ clubs4 ,9 su* cases m]e comm5t1 n debate1 c foll[4 ,only subjects on :i* reasonable m5 actually disagree are suitable = argum5t4 #b4 ,,ambigu\s ,,propositions4 ,if a proposition is capable ( sev]al int]pretations1 ^? :o *oose x z a subject = an argum5t are liable n to agree on :at x means1 & "o side w debate 9 accordance ) "o int]pretation1 & ! o!r side 9 accordance ) a totally diff]5t int]pretation4 ,?us ! oppon5ts w nev] meet 9 conflict except :5 !y expla9 _! subject4 ,= example1 9 a c]ta9 debate on ! "q1 ,resolv$1 ,t colleges %\ld aboli% all a?letic sports1 ! affirmative held t only int]class & int]collegiate games 7 involv$2 :ile ! negative ma9ta9$ t ! t]m a?letic sports includ$ all =ms ( a?letic games p>ticipat$ 9 by college m54 ,manife/ly ! debate h+$ l>gely on ! def9ition ( ?is t]m2 b z !re 0 no au?ority to settle j :at 0 meant1 ! debate 0 a failure4 ,x is usually desirable1 & frequ5tly necess>y1 to expla9 :at ! subject means1 = unless x has "s mean+ :i* bo? sides are b\nd to accept1 ! argum5t becomes a m]e controv]sy ov] ! def9ition ( words4 ,ano!r ambigu\s proposition w\ld be1 ,republican gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is pref]able to any o!r4 ,! ^w republican is op5 to two legitimate def9itions1 & s9ce ! context does n expla9 :i* mean+ is int5d$1 a debat] is at lib]ty to accept ei!r def9ition t he wi%es4 ,a few alt]ations easily turn ?is proposition into a debatable subject1 ,gov]nm5t by ! ,republican p>ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is pref]able to any o!r4 #c4 ,,too ,,g5]al ,,propositions4 ,x is nev] wise = a writ] or a speak] to *oose a subject :i* is s g5]al or s ab/ract t he _c h&le x ) "s degree ( complet5ess & facility4 ,n only w su* "w be difficult & di/a/eful to him1 b x w be equally di/a/eful & un9t]e/+ to 8 audi5ce4 ,no /ud5t c write good !mes on su* subjects z1 ,w>1 ,! ,p[] ( ! ,press1 ,race ,prejudice2 nor c he argue well on propositions l1 ,resolv$1 ,t w>s are ju/ifiable2 ,resolv$1 ,t ! p5 is mighti] ?an ! sword2 or ,resolv$1 ,t race prejudice is ju/ifiable4 ,^! are entirely beyond 8 scope4 ,b he c h&le re/rict$ propositions t h to d ) "o phase ( "s concrete1 tangible ev5t or idea4 ,resolv$1 ,t ,japan 0 ju/ifi$ 9 wag+ w> aga9/ ,russia2 ,resolv$1 ,t ,bacon wrote ! plays commonly attribut$ to ,%akespe>e2 ,resolv$1 ,t ! segregation ( ,japanese s*ool *ildr5 9 ,san ,francisco is = ! be/ int]e/s ( all conc]n$1 are subjects t c be argu$ ) success4 #d4 ,,comb9$ ,,propositions4 ,x sometimes happ5s t sev]al het]og5e\s ideas1 ea* ( :i* by itself w\ld =m an excell5t subject = argum5t1 are embodi$ 9 a s+le proposition4 ,! difficulty ( argu+ on ?is k9d ( subject is app>5t4 ,x is none too easy to e/abli% "o idea satisfactorily2 b :5 sev]al ideas mu/ be upheld & def5d$1 ! "w is enorm\s & sometimes op5 to ! *>ge ( inconsi/5cy4 ,moreov]1 ! pr9ciple ( ,unity dem&s t a composition be ab\t a s+le topic4 ,! proposition1 ,resolv$1 ,t ,a>on ,burr 0 guilty ( murd] & %\ld h be5 put to dea?1 involves two debatable subjects1 ea* ( :i* is ( suffici5t importance to /& 9 a proposition by itself3 ,0 ,burr guilty ( murd]8 & ,%\ld a murd]] be puni%$ by dea?8 ,! error ( comb9+ 9 a comp\nd s5t5ce sev]al di/9ct subjects = debate is g5]ally detect$ ) ease2 b :5 ! error ( comb9ation exi/s 9 a simple s5t5ce1 x is n always s obvi\s4 ,9 ! case ( ! subject1 ,resolv$1 ,t =eign immigrants h be5 unju/ly treat$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re are1 z ! same privileges h n be5 grant$ all immigrants1 sev]al debatable que/ions4 ,"o :o attempts to argue on ?is subject mu/ take into consid]ation ! treatm5t t has be5 accord$ ! ,*9ese1 ! ,engli%1 ! ,g]mans1 ! ,italians1 ! paup]s1 ! well-to-d1 & o!rs4 ,9 "o case ! laws may be palpably unfair1 & 9 ano!r case1 all t c be desir$4 ,:5 two ideas1 h[ev]1 are v closely relat$ & are dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r = int]pretation & support1 !y may & sometimes %\ld be comb9$ 9 ! same proposition4 ,= example1 ,education %\ld be compulsory to ! age ( sixte51 involves two ma9 issues3 ,education %\ld be compulsory1 & ,! age ( sixte5 is ! prop] limit4 ,b 9 ?is case ! "o :o advocates compulsory education is "u obligation to expla9 "s def9ite sy/em1 & ?is explanation mu/ include ! e/abli%+ ( "s limit4 ,to "n ?is limit 9 ! proposition r5d]s ! argum5t cle>] to an audi5ce & fair] to an oppon5t4 ,= simil> reasons1 ! proposition1 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld own & op]ate ! railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _c be condemn$ on ! gr\nd t x is a proposition ) m ?an "o ma9 issue4 ,propositions1 !n1 adapt$ to class room argum5t1 are ^? :i* give rise to a conflict ( op9ion2 :i* conta9 a def9ite & unmi/akable ?\ght2 :i* are specific & suffici5tly re/rict$ to admit ( ?or\gh treatm5t2 & :i* conta9 a s+le idea4 ,fur!rmore1 ! /ud5t w d well to select subjects t are z ne>ly z possible l ! problems :i* /atesm51 educators1 pr(essional & bus9ess m5 meet 9 practical life4 ,he %\ld try to remove 8 argum5t z f> z he c f ! realm ( pure academic ex]cise1 & endeavor to ga9 "s insight into ! issues t are n[ confront+ ! mak]s ( mod]n civilization4 ,! /ud5t :o takes ?is "w s]i\sly is sure to ga9 in=mation1 =m op9ions1 & acquire habits ( ?\ght t w be ( great practical value to him :5 he takes 8 place z a man among m54 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,n>r[ ea* ( ! foll[+ t]ms into good1 debatable propositions3-- ,election ( ,s5ators2 ,*9ese exclusion2 woman suffrage2 temp]ance2 compulsory manual tra9+2 ! honor sy/em2 compulsory education2 vivisection2 reciprocity2 an enl>g$ army2 ! educational vot+ te/2 /rikes2 b\nties & subsidies2 capital puni%m5t2 ,hamlet's insanity2 municipal gov]nm5t2 p]man5t copyright2 a?letics2 civil s]vice2 milit>y tra9+2 ,panama canal2 jury sy/em2 =eign acquisitions2 ,monroe ,doctr9e2 =e/ res]ves2 protective t>iff4 ,b4 ,criticise ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,! exi/5ce & attributes ( ! ,supreme ,be+ c be prov$ )\t ! aid ( div9e revelation4 #b4 ,m money is sp5t = luxuries ?an = necessities4 #c4 ,! gr[? ( l>ge =tunes %\ld be *eck$ by a graduat$ income tax & an inh]itance tax4 #d4 ,! ,monroe ,doctr9e %\ld receive ! support ( e ,am]ican4 #e4 ,h>d "w is ! secret ( success4 #f4 ,law is a bett] pr(ession ?an m$ic9e4 #g4 ,college football %\ld be aboli%$ & lacrosse adopt$ 9 its place4 #h4 ,newspap]s ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce on mod]n politics4 #i4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates po/al sy/em %\ld be "u ! control ( ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 #aj4 ,! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts is a /raight l9e4 #aa4 ,immigration is detrim5tal to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ab4 ,presid5t ----'s =eign policy %\ld be upheld4 #ac4 ,canada %\ld n be annex$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ad4 ,! cruel bani%m5t ( ! ,acadians 0 unju/4 #ae4 ,beauty has practical uses4 #af4 ,! democratic policy ( gov]nm5t w\ld be = ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,philipp9es4 #ag4 ,dick5s' novels1 :i* are sup]ior to ,scott's1 effect$ re=ms4 #ah4 ,an uncon/itutional income tax %\ld n be levi$4 #ai4 ,a majority vote ( a jury %\ld n convict or acquit4 #bj4 ,edison is a great inv5tor4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,introduction--,,p]suasion ,e complete argum5t consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 introduction1 discussion1 & conclusion4 ,ea* ( ^! divisions has def9ite & specific duties to p]=m4 ,! "w ( ! introduction is ?reefold3 7#a7 to conciliate ! audi5ce2 7#b7 to expla9 ! subject2 & 7#c7 to outl9e ! discussion4 ,z ! conciliation ( ! audi5ce is accompli%$ by an appeal to ! emotions r ?an to ! reason1 x is prop]ly classifi$ "u p]suasion4 ,expla9+ ! proposition & outl9+ ! discussion are ( an expository nature & w be discuss$ "u ! head ( conviction4 ,z has be5 /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! am\nt ( p]suasion to be us$ 9 any piece ( argum5tative "w dep5ds entirely ^u ! att5d+ circum/ances4 ,! subject1 audi5ce1 au?or1 occasion1 & purpose ( ! ef=t mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,b :e!r ! am\nt us$ be great or small1 practically e argum5t %\ld beg9 ) conciliation4 ,! conciliation ( ! audi5ce--! ^w audi5ce is us$ ?r\gh\t ?is book to designate bo? he>]s & read]s--consi/s ( ga9+ ! good w ( ^? to be conv9c$1 ( ar\s+ _! int]e/1 & ( r5d]+ !m op5 to conviction4 ,no argum5t c be expect$ to atta9 any consid]able degree ( success s long z any?+ ab\t its au?or1 or any?+ 9 ! subject itself1 is peculi>ly disagreeable to ! p x is design$ to affect4 ,if ! ill w rema9s too great1 x is n likely t ! argum5t w ev] rea* ^? = :om x is int5d$1 mu* less produce ! desir$ result4 ,9 address+ ,s\!rn sympa?iz]s at ,liv]pool1 dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 ,bee*] _h to fight ev5 = a he>+4 ,! spee* ( an unpopul> ,s5ator frequ5tly empties ! ,s5ate *amb]4 ,m5 ( "o political belief (t5 refuse to read ! publications ( ! opposite p>ty4 ,obvi\sly1 ! fir/ duty ( ! introduction is to ga9 ! approval ( ! audi5ce4 ,9 ! next place1 int]e/ mu/ be ar\s$4 ,active dislike is less frequ5tly enc\nt]$ ?an indiff]5ce4 ,h[ _m times s]mons1 lectures1 books h fail$ 9 _! object j because no "o took any int]e/ 9 !m6 ,!re 0 no opposition1 no ho/ility2 e "o wi%$ ! cause well2 & yet ! ef=t fail$ to meet ) any att5tion or response4 ,! argum5t did n ar\se int]e/--& int]e/ is a prime cause ( att5tion & ( action4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! conciliatory "p ( ! introduction %\ld induce ! audi5ce to assume an unbias$1 judicial attitude1 ready to decide ! "q accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! pro(4 ,?is result is n always easy ( atta9m5t4 ,long/&+ beliefs1 prejudice1 /ubbornness mu/ be ov]come1 & a desire = ! tru? sub/itut$ = ev]y?+ else4 ,all ?is is frequ5tly difficult1 b unless an argu] c ga9 ! good w ( ! p address$1 ar\se _! int]e/1 & r5d] !m will+ to be conv9c$1 no am\nt ( reason+ is likely to produce mu* effect4 ,n[ ! "q arises1 ,h[ is x possible to conciliate ! audi5ce8 ,to ?is qu]y !re is no answ] t w positively gu>antee success4 ,! argu] mu/ always /udy 8 audi5ce & suit 8 disc\rse to ! occasion4 ,:at means success 9 "o in/ance may br+ failure 9 ano!r4 ,! secret ( ! :ole matt] is adaptability4 ,humor1 gravity1 pa?os1 ev5 defiance may at times be us$ to advantage4 ,x is n always possible1 h[ev]1 = ! orator or writ] to "k be=eh& j ! k9d ( p he is to address4 ,9 ?is case x is usually be/ = him to foll[ out a few well e/abli%$ pr9ciples t mo/ argu]s h f\nd to be ( b5efit4 ,,mode/y4 ,mode/y 9 ^w & action is indisp5sable to "o :o w\ld ga9 ! fri5d%ip ( 8 audi5ce4 ,any?+ t savors ( egotism at once creates a feel+ ( enmity4 ,no "o c endure ano!r's consci\sness ( sup]iority ev5 ?\gh ! sup]iority be real4 ,an appe>ance ( haught9ess1 self-e/eem1 condesc5sion1 intol]ance ( inf]iors1 or a desire = p]sonal glory w at once raise b>ri]s ( dislike4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mode/y %\ld nev] be c>ri$ s f> z to become affectation2 t attitude is equally despicable4 ,p]sonal unobtrusiv5ess %\ld exi/ )\t be+ conspicu\s4 ,! argu] %\ld always take ! attitude t ! cause he is uphold+ is great] ?an its advocate4 ,9 ! foll[+ quotations1 comp>e ! ov]be>+ arrogance ( ,burke's introduction ) ! simple mode/y ( ,proctor's3-- ,mr4 ,speak]1 ,i rise "u "s emb>rassm5t occasion$ by a feel+ ( delicacy t[>d "o-half ( ! h\se1 & ( sov]eign contempt = ! o!r half4 ,footnote3 ,edmund ,burke1 ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,m>* #bb1 #agge4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 m importance seems to be atta*$ by o!rs to my rec5t visit to ,cuba ?an ,i _h giv5 x1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ,i make a public /atem5t ( :at ,i saw & h[ ! situation impress$ me4 ,?is ,i d on acc\nt ( ! public int]e/ 9 all t conc]ns ,cuba1 & to correct "s inaccuracies t h1 n unnaturally1 appe>$ 9 report$ int]views ) me4 ,footnote3 ,r$field ,proctor1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 ,m>* #ag1 #ahih4 ,,fairness4 ,few ?+s w assi/ an argu] m 9 secur+ a respectful he>+ f ^? :o d n agree ) him1 b :om he w\ld conv9ce1 ?an ! quality ( fairness4 ,! argu] %\ld take ! position ( "o seek+ ! tru? reg>dless ( :at x may be4 ,if he wi%es o!rs to look at ! "q f 8 /&po9t1 he w h to %[ t he is will+ to consid] ! "q f _! po9t ( view4 ,ev]y?+' 9 ! %ape ( prejudice1 ev]y?+ :i* w\ld t5d to indicate t he _h =m$ conclusions prior to 8 inve/igation1 he mu/ c>efully avoid4 ,9 ?is connection consid] ! foll[+3-- ,i v mu* regret t x %\ld h be5 ?\ght necess>y to sugge/ to y t ,i am br\ght "h to hurry y aga9/ ! law & beyond ! evid5ce4 ,i hope ,i h too mu* reg>d = ju/ice1 & too mu* respect = my own "*1 to attempt ei!r2 & 7 ,i to make su* attempt1 ,i am sure t 9 ?is c\rt no?+ c be c>ri$ aga9/ ! law1 & t g5tlem51 intellig5t & j z y are1 are n1 by any p[]1 to be hurri$ beyond ! evid5ce4 ,?\gh ,i c\ld well h wi%$ to %un ?is occasion1 ,i h n felt at lib]ty to )hold my pr(essional assi/ance1 :5 x is suppos$ t ,i may be 9 "s degree useful 9 inve/igat+ & discov]+ ! tru? respect+ ?is mo/ extraord9>y murd]4 ,x has seem$ to be a duty incumb5t on me1 z on e o!r citiz51 to d my be/ & my utmo/ to br+ to light ! p]petrators ( ?is crime4 ,aga9/ ! prison] at ! b>1 z an individual1 ,i _c h ! slighte/ prejudice4 ,i w\ld n d him ! smalle/ injury or inju/ice4 ,b ,i d n affect to be indiff]5t to ! discov]y & ! puni%m5t ( ?is deep guilt4 ,i *e]fully %>e 9 ! opprobrium1 h[ great s ev] x may be1 :i* is ca/ on ^? :o feel & manife/ an anxi\s conc]n t all :o _h a "p 9 plann+1 or a h& 9 execut+1 ?is de$ ( midnight assass9ation1 may be br\ght to answ] = _! enorm\s crime at ! b> ( public ju/ice4 ,footnote3 ,works ( ,daniel ,web/]1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ea4 ,little1 ,br[n ,co41 ,bo/on1 #aheg4 ,,s9c]ity4 ,ano!r quality ( p>am\nt importance to ! argu] is s9c]ity4 ,?is he mu/ really possess if he is to be em95tly successful4 ,to feign x is almo/ impossible2 "s ^w or expression1 "s ge/ure or inflection ( ! voice1 ! v attitude ( ! ins9c]e argu] w betray 8 real feel+s4 ,if he tries to ar\se an emotion t he himself does n feel1 8 affectation w be app>5t & 8 ef=t a failure4 ,!re are few ?+s t an audi5ce res5ts m ?an be+ trick$ into an expression ( feel+4 ,if !y ev5 mi/ru/ t a speak] is try+ to deceive !m1 t he is argu+ m]ely = p]sonal ga9 or reputation & has no o!r int]e/ 9 ! case1 no desire to e/abli% ! tru?1 !y w n only )hold _! confid5ce1 b w also become prejudic$ aga9/ him4 ,x is usually invit+ disa/] to *ampion a cause 9 :i* "o is n int]e/$ he>t & s\l4 ,( c\rse 9 class room "w ! /ud5t _c always avoid tak+ a false position1 & ! tra9+ he receives !reby is excell5t1 b he _c make 8 p]suasion ( ! highe/ type ( effectiv5ess unless he hone/ly & s9c]ely believes :at he says1 & feels ! emotions he w\ld ar\se4 ,,an ,,appeal ,,to ,,"s ,,emotion4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ =ms ( conciliation is ! direct appeal to a dom9ant emotion4 ,if an argu] c f9d "s common gr\nd on :i* to meet 8 audi5ce1 "s emotion by :i* !y may be mov$1 he c usually obta9 a p]sonal hold t w ov]come ho/ility & lack ( int]e/4 ,9 decid+ :at emotion to ar\se1 he mu/ make z c>eful & ?or\gh a /udy ( 8 audi5ce z he c4 ,9 g5]al1 ! use ( conviction ne$ v>y b little to produce ! same results on diff]5t m52 processes ( pure reason+ are ess5tially ! same ! _w ar\nd4 ,b ) p]suasion ! case is diff]5t2 emotions are v>i$1 & 9 ea* sep>ate in/ance ! argu] mu/ c>efully consid] ! rul+ passions & ideals ( 8 audi5ce4 ,! hopes & aspirations ( a gang ( ignorant m9]s w\ld diff] widely f ! desires ( an assembly ( college /ud5ts1 or ( a cot]ie ( metropolitan capitali/s4 ,education1 weal?1 social /&+1 politics1 religion1 race1 nationality1 e motive t is likely to h weight ) ! audi5ce %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,rememb]+ t he has to *oose betwe5 su* div]se emotions z ambition1 fe>1 hatr$1 love1 patriotism1 s5se ( duty1 honor1 ju/ice1 self-int]e/1 pleasure1 & rev5ge1 ! argu] mu/ make 8 selection ) ! greate/ c>e1 & !n drive home ! appeal ) all ! =ce & eloqu5ce at 8 comm&4 ,! high] & nobl] ! emotion he c ar\se1 ! great] & m p]man5t w be ! result4 ,if ! audi5ce is su* t he c successfully ar\se no high] feel+ ?an t ( self-int]e/ or rev5ge1 he w1 ( necessity1 h to appeal to ^! motives2 b :5ev] he c1 he %\ld appeal to ! noble/ s5tim5ts ( mank9d4 ,a fam\s illu/ration ( ! effectiv5ess ( ?is sort ( conciliation is f\nd 9 ,w5dell ,phillips' oration entitl$ ,! ,murd] ( ,lovejoy4 ,by appeal+ to _! rev]5ce = ! pa/1 he sil5c$ ! mob t _h come to break up ! meet+1 & 9 ! end he won ov] ! h\se t _h be5 pack$ aga9/ him4 ,we h met = ! free/ discussion ( ^! resolutions1 & ! ev5ts :i* gave rise to !m4 ,i hope ,i %all be p]mitt$ to express my surprise at ! s5tim5ts ( ! la/ speak]1 surprise n only at su* s5tim5ts f su* a man1 b at ! applause !y h receiv$ )9 ^! walls4 ,a comp>ison has be5 drawn betwe5 ! ev5ts ( ! ,revolution & ! trag$y at ,alton4 ,we h he>d x ass]t$ "h1 9 ,faneuil ,hall1 t ,great ,brita9 _h a "r to tax ! colonies1 & we h he>d ! mob at ,alton1 ! drunk5 murd]]s ( ,lovejoy1 comp>$ to ^? patriot fa!rs :o ?rew ! tea ov]bo>d6 ,fell[ citiz5s1 is ?is ,faneuil ,hall doctr9e84444 ,sir1 :5 ,i he>d ! g5tleman lay d[n pr9ciples :i* place ! murd]]s ( ,alton side by side ) ,otis & ,hancock1 ) ,qu9cy & ,adams1 ,i ?\ght ^? pictur$ lips 7po9t+ to ! portraits 9 ! ,hall7 w\ld h brok5 into voice to rebuke ! recreant ,am]ican-- ! sl&]] ( ! dead4 ,! g5tleman said t he %\ld s9k into insignificance if he d>$ to ga9say ! pr9ciples ( ^! resolutions4 ,sir1 = ! s5tim5ts he has utt]$1 on soil consecrat$ by ! pray]s ( ,puritans & ! blood ( patriots1 ! e>? %\ld h yawn$ & swall[$ him up4 ,footnote3 ,am]ican ,orations1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #ajb4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,specific directions = ar\s+ ! emotions are h>d to give4 ,! appeal mu/ suit bo? ! audi5ce & ! occasion1 & until ^! are kn[n1 sugge/ions are n p>ticul>ly helpful4 ,:5 no bett] plan = conciliat+ an audi5ce seems practicable1 speak]s & writ]s try to ar\se int]e/ 9 ! discussion4 ,!re are sev]al conv5i5t me?ods = accompli%+ ?is result4 #a4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,"o ( ! commone/ me?ods ( ar\s+ int]e/ 9 an audi5ce apa!tic & indiff]5t is to impress ^u !m ! importance & gravity ( ! "q at issue4 ,matt]s ?\ght to be trivial are apt to receive scant att5tion4 ,?is fact is s univ]sally recogniz$ t _m writ]s & speak]s attempt at ! v outset to %[ t ^u ! correct solution ( ! problem at h& dep5d s]i\s & f>-rea*+ results4 ,x is seldom en\gh m]ely to /ate t a subject is important2 its s]i\sness %\ld be made app>5t4 ,?is me?od is v popul>4 ,:5ev] "o feels x necess>y to op5 an argum5t ) p]suasion1 b is at loss to "k h[ to d s1 he may well resort to ?is device4 ,:ile x does n1 p]haps1 con/itute ! /ronge/ possible appeal1 yet x is em95tly s]viceable1 s9ce1 if h&l$ prop]ly1 x does ar\se int]e/1 &1 moreov]1 x applies to _m cases4 ,sev]al examples w %[ h[ ?is me?od is commonly us$3-- ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ! "q n[ ab\t to be discuss$ by ?is body is 9 my judgm5t ! mo/ important t has attract$ ! att5tion ( ,congress or ! c\ntry s9ce ! =mation ( ! ,con/itution4 ,x affects e int]e/1 great & small1 f ! slighte/ conc]n ( ! individual to ! l>ge/ & mo/ compreh5sive int]e/ ( ! nation4 ,footnote3 ,j4 ,p4 ,jones1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 ,may #ab1 #ahij4 ,no city ev] _h su* a problem 9 pass5g] transportation to solve1 & no city ( any pret5sions has solv$ x mu* worse4 ,london is n 9 ! /rict s5se a t[n1 b r a prov9ce ( h\ses4 ,! c\nty ( ,london1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 is only a "p ( ! ,metropolis4 ,! f\r millions & a half ( resid5ts enclos$ by ! legal r+-f5ce ( ! ,c\nty are supplem5t$ by two millions m :o live 9 gr\ps ( suburbs includ$ )9 ! wide limits ( ,great] ,london2 :ile ev5 beyond t l>ge tract ( s\!a/]n ,engl&1 ) its six millions & a half ( inhabitants1 are _m t[ns & villages1 popul\s & increas+1 :i* are conc]n$ ) ! "q ( ,metropolitan locomotion4 ,footnote3 ,! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,jan4 #a1 #aijb4 #b4 ,,timel9ess ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,to %[ t a subject is timely is ano!r effective device = ar\s+ int]e/4 ,z mo/ p wi% to keep pace ) ! times & face ! issues ( ! day1 x is natural & =ceful to introduce an argum5t by %[+ t ! subject is be+ discuss$ else:]e1 or by %[+ h[ an ev5t or sequ5ce ( ev5ts places ! problem be=e ! public4 ,! argu] calls att5tion to ! fact t ! "q does n belong to ! pa/ or to ! di/ant future1 b is ( imm$iate int]e/ & mu/ be settl$ at once4 ,z ! day ( ! ,cuban ,conv5tion = ! fram+ & adoption ( a con/itution approa*es1 ! "q ( ,cuban indep5d5ce assumes great]1 & /ill great]1 proportions1 & ! eyes ( ! ,am]ican p are beg9n+ to turn anxi\sly t[>d ! ,pe>l ( ! ,antilles4 ,by ! "t ?is article appe>s 9 pr9t1 delegates to ! conv5tion w h be5 elect$1 & int]e/ 9 ! conv5tion itself w h become widespread4 ,! task ,i h set be=e me is briefly to review ! situation1 & to discuss ! probable results to be expect$ f a numb] ( causes1 remote z well z proximate4,footnote3 ,*>les ,w>r5 ,curri]4 ,! ,=um1 ,octob]1 #aijj4 ,! rec5t objection made 9 ,g]many t ,am]ican pre/ige might suff] %\ld !re be dim9ution 9 our ,b]l9 ,embassy's social brilliancy has /irr$ ,congress f apa?y reg>d+ ,am]ican repres5tatives abroad4 ,congressm5 are com+ to realize t bra9s1 n money1 ought to =m ! fir/ passport to a c&idate's favor1 agreeable adjunct z ! money may be4 ,footnote3 ,! ,outlook1 ,april #ah1 #aijh1 p4 #hdd4 #c4 ,,appeal ,,= ,,"o',s ,,self4 ,! safe/ me?od ( /irr+ ! emotions is to make an appeal 9 behalf ( ! subject1 b occasionally a writ] or speak] :o is truly s9c]e1 :o is cont5d+ aga9/ un=tunate circum/ances1 & is n seek+ p]sonal aggr&izem5t1 may ar\se int]e/ by mak+ an appeal on 8 own behalf4 ,he may pres5t "s p]sonal reason :y ! audi5ce %\ld be int]e/$ & give him a respectful he>+2 he calls att5tion n prim>ily to 8 subject1 b to 8 connection ) x1 or to "s circum/ance 9 8 own life4 ,?is me?od is h$g$ ab\t ) sev]al pitfalls3 x may expose "o to ! *>ge ( egotism1 ( ins9c]ity1 or ( false mode/y2 & x may draw ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce away f ! matt] 9 h&4 ,to use ?is me?od successfully "o %\ld possess consummate tact & ?or\gh k ( human nature4 ,! foll[+ op5+ ( a spee* by ,abraham ,l9coln at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 %[s h[ he us$ ?is device to ga9 ! sympa?y ( ! audi5ce3-- ,fell[-citiz5s ( ! ,/ate ( ,ohio3 ,i _c fail to rememb] t ,i appe> = ! fir/ "t be=e an audi5ce 9 ?is n[ great ,/ate1-- an audi5ce t is accu/om$ to he> su* speak]s z ,corw91 & ,*ase1 & ,wade1 & _m o!r r5[n$ m52 & rememb]+ ?is1 ,i feel t x w be well = y1 z = me1 t y %\ld n raise y\r expectations to t /&>d to :i* y w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 rais+ !m _h "o ( ^! di/+ui%$ m5 appe>$ be=e y4 ,y w\ld p]haps be only prep>+ a disappo9tm5t = y\rselves1 &1 z a consequ5ce ( y\r disappo9tm5t1 mortification = me4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 t y w comm5ce ) v mod]ate expectations2 & p]haps1 if y w give me y\r att5tion1 ,i %all be able to int]e/ y 9 a mod]ate degree4 ,footnote3 ,complete ,works ( ,abraham ,l9coln1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ech4 ,nicolay ,hay4 ,c5tury ,company4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! sugge/ions (f]$ = conciliat+ an audi5ce3 ,be mode/2 be fair2 be s9c]e2 & appeal to "s /rong emotion4 ,to make ?is appeal successfully1 /udy y\r audi5ce4 ,9 case ( inability to ar\se any /rong] feel+1 appeal to ! int]e/ ( ! p by %[+ t ! subject is important1 or timely1 or bo?2 or %[ t y h "s p]sonal claim ^u ! audi5ce4 ,^! directions are f> f complete4 ,any?+ l an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ?is subject w\ld 9 itself con/itute a book4 ,! advice (f]$ "h1 h[ev]1 %\ld be ( consid]able value to "o :o has difficulty 9 gett+ a writt5 argum5t or a debate successfully laun*$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld supplem5t ?is *apt] ) c>eful /udy ( ! "w ( pr(ici5t writ]s4 ,if he w notice h[ !y h ga9$ success 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & if he w imitate !m1 he is b\nd to improve 8 own compositions4 ,! pr9cipal dang]s to be avoid$ consi/ ( go+ to extremes4 ,! conciliatory "p ( ! introduction %\ld n be s meag] t x w fail to accompli% its purpose1 nor %\ld x be s elaborate & artificial z to hamp] ! onw>d movem5t ( ! argum5t4 ,! important ?+ is to ga9 ! good w & ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce1 &1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! %ort] ! introduction ! bett]4 ,fur!r directions = ! spok5 argum5t may be f\nd 9 ! *apt] entitl$ ,debate4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,criticise ! foll[+ introductory passages = p]suasiv5ess1 po9t+ out specifically ! me?ods ( conciliation us$1 & any defects t may be f\nd3-- #a4 ,! build+ ( ! ,panama ,canal is a topic ( int]e/ & importance to e ,am]ican4 ,n only d we wi% to see our c\ntry build ! canal successfully1 b we also desire to see built ! be/ canal t ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! canal is necess>y2 ! great loss ( "t & money1 ! annual sacrifice ( %ips & lives involv$ 9 ! passage ar\nd ! ,horn1 n to m5tion ! exp5se & conge/ion ( ! railroad freight sy/ems across ! cont95t1 pla9ly %[ ! ne$ ( quick] %ip communication betwe5 ! two oceans4 #b4 ,i /& "h to raise ! la/ voice t ev] c be he>d ?is side ! judgm5t seat ( ,god 9 behalf ( ! p]sonal honor & judicial integrity ( ?is respond5t4 ,i fully realize ! responsibilities ( my position1 & ,i %all endeavor to meet !m z be/ ,i c4 ,i also realize z deeply z any o!r man c h[ important x is n only to my cli5t b to e ,am]ican man1 woman1 & *ild t ju/ice %all be done & true deliv]ance made4 #c4 ,! op5+ ( ! rac+ season 9 ,new ,york1 at ! ,aqu$uct track on ,long ,isl&1 gives a fre% opportunity = obs]vation ( ! conditions "u :i* horse-rac+1 & m especially gambl+ on horse races1 is c>ri$ on4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! rac+ manag]s t c]ta9 re=ms _h be5 inaugurat$ 9 ! control ( ! gambl+ makes ! opportunity ( especial int]e/4 #d4 ,i approa* ! discussion ( ?is bill & ! k9dr$ bills & am5dm5ts p5d+ 9 ! two ,h\ses ) unaffect$ diffid5ce4 ,no problem is submitt$ to u ( equal importance & difficulty4 ,our action w affect ! value ( all ! prop]ty ( all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! wages ( labor ( e k9d1 & our trade & comm]ce ) all ! _w4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( su* a "q we %\ld n be controll$ by previ\s op9ions or b\nd by local int]e/s1 b ) ! light ( exp]i5ce & full k ( all ! complicat$ facts involv$1 give to ! subject ! be/ judgm5t :i* imp]fect human nature all[s4 #e4 ,ea* g5]ation has ! p[] to %ape its own de/9ies2 & _h ,wa%+ton & 8 fell[ patriots be5 gov]n$ by w>n+s aga9/ a dep>ture f traditions1 our pres5t =m ( gov]nm5t w\ld nev] h be5 e/abli%$1 ! ,con/itution w\ld h be5 reject$ by ! ,/ates1 & untold evils w\ld h result$4 ,madison1 :5 argu+ = ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 met argum5ts v l to ^? n[ be+ made 9 favor ( political isolation4 #f4 ,z a race !y h )]$ f ! l&4 ,_! arr[s are brok5 & _! spr+s are dri$ up2 _! cab9s are 9 ! du/4 ,_! c\ncil fire has long s9ce gone out on ! %ore1 & _! w> cry is fa/ dy+ out to ! untrodd5 ,we/4 ,sl[ly & sadly !y climb ! m\nta9s & read _! doom 9 ! sett+ sun4 ,!y are %r9k+ be=e ! mighty tide :i* is press+ !m away2 !y mu/ soon he> ! ro> ( ! la/ wave1 :i* w settle ov] !m =ev]4 ,ages h5ce ! inquisitive :ite man1 z he /&s by "s gr[+ city1 w pond] on ! /ructure ( _! di/urb$ rema9s & wond] to :at mann] ( p]son !y belong$4 ,!y w live only 9 ! songs & *ronicles ( _! ext]m9ators4 ,let ^! be fai?ful to _! rude virtues z m51 & pay due tribute to _! unhappy fate z a p4 #g4 7,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ,engl& l>gely favor$ ! ,s\?4 ,to c\nt]act ?is feel+ ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] spoke 9 _m ( ! pr9cipal cities 9 behalf ( ,nor!rn int]e/s4 ,9 ,liv]pool he met an audi5ce t 0 extremely ho/ile4 ,! foll[+ is ! introduction to 8 spee*47 ,= m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s ,i h be5 made p]fectly famili> ) popul> assemblies 9 all p>ts ( my c\ntry except ! extreme ,s\?4 ,!re has n be5 = ! :ole ( t "t a s+le day ( my life :5 x w\ld h be5 safe = me to g s\? ( ,mason & ,dixon's l9e 9 my own c\ntry1 & all = "o reason3 my solemn1 e>ne/1 p]si/5t te/imony aga9/ t :i* ,i consid] to be ! mo/ atroci\s ?+ "u ! sun--! sy/em ( ,am]ican slav]y 9 a great free republic4 7,*e]s47 ,i h pass$ ?r\gh t e>ly p]iod :5 "r ( free spee* 0 d5i$ me4 ,aga9 & aga9 ,i h attempt$ to address audi5ces t1 = no o!r crime ?an t ( free spee*1 visit$ me ) all mann] ( contumeli\s epi!ts2 & n[ s9ce ,i h be5 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh ,i h met ) great] k9dness & c\rtesy on ! "p ( mo/ ?an ,i des]v$1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i p]ceive t ! ,s\!rn influ5ce prevails to "s ext5t 9 ,engl&4 7,applause & upro>47 ,x is my old acqua9tance2 ,i und]/& x p]fectly-7laught]7-& ,i h always held x to be an unfail+ tru? t :]e a man _h a cause t w\ld be> exam9ation he 0 p]fectly will+ to h x spok5 ab\t4 7,applause47 ,& :5 9 ,man*e/] ,i saw ^? huge plac>ds1 ,:o is ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]8 7laught]1 cries ( ,q "r1 & applause71 & :5 9 ,liv]pool ,i 0 told t !re 7 ^? blood-r$ plac>ds1 purport+ to say :at ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] has said1 & call+ ^u ,engli%m5 to suppress free spee*1 ,i tell y :at ,i ?\ght4 ,i ?\ght simply ?is1 ,i am glad ( x4 7,laught]47 ,:y8 ,because if !y _h felt p]fectly secure1 t y are ! m9ions ( ! ,s\? & ! slaves ( slav]y1 !y w\ld h be5 p]fectly /ill4 7,applause & upro>47 ,&1 !re=e1 :5 ,i saw s mu* n]v\s appreh5sion t1 if ,i 7 p]mitt$ to speak --7hisses & applause7--:5 ,i f\nd !y 7 afraid to h me speak--7hisses1 laught]1 & ,no1 no67--:5 ,i f\nd t !y consid]$ my speak+ damag+ to _! cause--7applause7--:5 ,i f\nd t !y appeal$ f facts & reason+s to mob law-- 7applause & upro>7--,i said1 no man ne$ tell me :at ! he>t & secret c\nsel ( ^! m5 are4 ,!y tremble & are afraid4 7,applause1 laught]1 hisses1 ,no1 no6 & a voice1 ,new ,york mob47 ,n[1 p]sonally1 x is ( v little consequ5ce to me :e!r ,i speak "h to-night or n4 7,laught] & *e]s47 ,b "o ?+ is v c]ta91 if y d p]mit me to speak "h tonight1 y w he> v pla9 talk+4 7,applause & hisses47 ,y w n f9d a man-- 7int]ruption7--y w n f9d me to be a man t d>$ to speak ab\t ,great ,brita9 ?ree ?\s& miles (f1 & !n is afraid to speak to ,great ,brita9 :5 he /&s on h] %ores4 7,imm5se applause & hisses47 ,& if ,i d n mi/ake ! tone & temp] ( ,engli%m51 !y _h r h a man :o opposes !m 9 a manly way--7applause f all p>ts ( ! hall7--?an a sneak t agrees ) !m 9 an unmanly way4 7,applause & ,bravo67 ,n[1 if ,i c c>ry y ) me by s\nd convictions1 ,i %all be imm5sely glad 7applause72 b if ,i _c c>ry y ) me by facts & s\nd argum5ts1 ,i d n wi% y to g ) me at all2 & all t ,i ask is simply ,,fair ,,play4 7,applause1 & a voice1 ,y %all h x1 too47 ,^? ( y :o are k9d en\gh to wi% to favor my speak+1--& y w obs]ve t my voice is slightly husky f hav+ spok5 almo/ e night 9 succession = "s "t pa/1--^? :o wi% to he> me w d me ! k9dness simply to sit /ill2 & ,i & my fri5ds ! ,secessioni/s w make all ! noise4 7,laught]47 ,b4 ,on ! affirmative side ( ! foll[+ propositions1 write conciliatory introductions1 ( ab\t two hundr$ words ea*1 suit$ to ! audi5ces indicat$3-- ,,an ,,audi5ce ,,( ,,college ,,/ud5ts4 #a4 ,all colleges %\ld aboli% haz+4 #b4 ,frat]nities t5d to de/roy college _s4 #c4 ,a classical education is n wor? :ile4 #d4 ,all colleges %\ld aboli% secret class societies4 #e4 ,int]collegiate a?letic conte/s are h>mful to a college4 ,,an ,,audi5ce ,,( ,,work+m54 #f4 ,/rikes are b>r5 ( pr(itable results4 #g4 ,unions are detrim5tal to ! labor+ man4 #h4 ,! conc5tration ( great weal? 9 ! h&s ( a few m5 b5efits indu/rial conditions4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,introduction--,,conviction ,z soon z ! p]suasive portion ( an introduction has r5d]$ ! audi5ce fri5dly1 att5tive1 & op5 to conviction1 ! process ( reason+ %\ld beg94 ,fir/ ( all1 x is ! duty ( ! argu] to see t ! mean+ ( ! proposition is p]fectly cle> bo? to himself & to all ! p :om he wi%es to rea*4 ,if ! argu] does n ?or\ghly compreh5d 8 subject1 he is likely to produce only a jumble ( facts & reason+1 or at be/ he may e/abli% a totally diff]5t proposition f ! "o t confronts him2 if ! audi5ce fails to und]/& j :at is be+ prov$1 !y rema9 un9flu5c$4 ,! am\nt ( explanation requir$ to %[ :at ! proposition means v>ies accord+ to ! intellig5ce ( ! p address$ & _! famili>ity ) ! subject4 ,,def9ition4 ,to beg9 )1 if !re are any unfamili> words 9 ! proposition1 any t]ms or expressions t are liable to be misund]/ood or n compreh5d$ in/antly1 !y mu/ be def9$4 ,at ?is po9t ! argu] has to ex]cise consid]able judgm5t bo? 9 det]m9+ :at words to def9e & 9 *oos+ a def9ition t is accurate & cle>4 ,synonyms are almo/ always untru/wor?y or z incompreh5sible z ! orig9al ^w1 & o!r diction>y def9itions are usually fram$ ei!r 9 too te*nical language to be easily grasp$ or 9 too g5]al language to apply inevitably to ! case at h&4 ,,def9ition ,,by ,,au?ority4 ,z a rule1 ! v be/ def9itions t c be us$ are quotations f ! works ( m5 di/+ui%$ = _! k 9 ! special subject to :i* ! ^w to be def9$ belongs4 ,! em95t economi/ def9es economic t]ms2 ! /atesman1 political t]ms2 ! juri/1 legal t]ms2 ! sci5ti/1 sci5tific t]ms2 ! !ologian1 ! mean+ ( religi\s phraseology4 ,to pres5t ^! def9itions accurately1 & to be sure ( ! au?or's mean+1 "o %\ld take ! quotations directly f ! au?or's "w itself4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is s\rce is n at h&1 or if "t = rese>* is lack+1 "o may (t5 f9d 9 legal & economic diction>ies & 9 encyclopa$ias ! v quotations t he wi%es to use 9 def9+ a t]m4 ,x is always well1 9 quot+ a def9ition1 to tell :o ! au?ority is1 & 9 :at book1 9 :at volume1 & on :at page ! passage occurs4 ,ano!r conv5i5t way ( us+ def9ition by au?ority is n to quote ! entire def9ition b to summ>ize x4 ,frequ5tly an au?oritative def9ition is s exhau/ive t x cov]s sev]al pages or ev5 *apt]s ( a book4 ,9 su* a case ! argu] may well cond5se ! def9ition into 8 own words1 n omitt+1 h[ev]1 to "n ! s\rces us$4 ,! foll[+ example is an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is me?od3-- ,! be>+ ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e on all ^! cont5tions & c\nt] cont5tions is n at once evid5t to ! casual obs]v]4444 ,( c\rse ) *ang+ times its mean+ has *ang$ also1 = no "o attempts to decl>e x to be z immutable z ! law ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians4 ,x is appli$ 9 v>i\s ways to meet v>y+ conditions4 ,nev]!less1 ,i may say ,i believe1 aft] a p]usal ( ! m important works on ! subject1 t dur+ ! =escore ye>s ( its exi/5ce two pr9ciples h /eadily und]la9 x3 7#a7 t ,europe %all acquire no m t]ritory = p]man5t occupation ^u ?is cont95t2 7#b7 t ,europe %all affect ! de/9ies (1 t is ex]t influ5ce ov]1 no ,am]ican /ate4,footnote3 ,a4 ,b4 ,h>t1 ,f\ndations ( ,am]ican ,=eign ,policy1 *ap4 ,,vii2 ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/]1 ,a ,c5tury ( ,am]ican ,diplomacy1 *ap4 ,,xii2 ,j4 ,a4 ,kasson1 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 pages #bba ff4 ,footnote3 ,nutt]1 ,h]sey ,gre5\gh1 ,specim5s ( ,prose ,composition1 p4 #bah4 ,,def9ition ,,by ,,illu/ration4 ,s9ce ! purpose ( ea* /ep 9 ! reason+ portion ( ! introduction is to convey in=mation accurately1 quickly1 &1 above all else1 cle>ly1 a p>ticul>ly good me?od = def9+ t]ms is by illu/ration4 ,9 us+ ?is me?od1 "o holds up to view a concrete example ( ! special significance ( ! ^w t is be+ expla9$4 ,he %[s h[ ! law1 or cu/om1 or pr9ciple1 or :atev] is be+ exp\nd$ works 9 actual practice4 ,= example1 if he is advocat+ ! sup]iority ( ! l>ge college ov] ! small college1 he %\ld def9e ea* t]m by giv+ specific examples ( l>ge colleges & ( small colleges4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od lies 9 its simplicity & cle>ness1 qualities :i* enable ! audi5ce to und]/& ! discussion )\t mu* consci\s ef=t on _! "p4 ,inve/igation reveals t ! def9itions ( great writ]s & speak]s are replete ) illu/ration4 ,:5ev] ! /ud5t ( argum5tation has some?+ to def9e t is p>ticul>ly intricate or h>d to und]/&1 he %\ld illu/rate x4 ,if he fails to f9d already prep>$ an illu/rative def9ition t exactly fits 8 ne$s1 he w (t5 d well to le>n j :at ! t]m means1 & !n make 8 own illu/ration4 ,consid] h[ ?is me?od has be5 us$4 ,! ,hon4 ,*>les ,emory ,smi? def9es reciprocity z foll[s3-- ,its pr9ciple1 rightly und]/ood1 is axiomatic4 ,brazil gr[s c(fee & makes no ma*9]y4 ,we make ma*9]y & gr[ no c(fee4 ,%e ne$s ! fabrics ( our =ges & factories1 & we ne$ ! fruit ( h] tropical soil4 ,we agree to concessions = h] c(fee & %e agrees to concessions = our ma*9]y4 ,t is reciprocity4 ,! foll[+ is a def9ition ( free silv] by ,! ,hon4 ,edw>d ,o4 ,lee*1 =m] ,director ( ! ,m9t3-- ,x is important to und]/& cle>ly & exactly :at ! free co9age ( silv] "u pres5t conditions means4 ,x may be def9$ z ! "r ( anyone to deposit silv] ( any k9d at a m9t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & h e #cga4be gra9s ( pure silv] 7n[ wor? 9 its unco9$ /ate ab\t #eb c5ts7 /amp$1 free ( *>ge1 ,"o ,doll>1 :i* doll> %all be a full legal t5d] at its face value 9 ! paym5t ( debts & obligations ( all k9ds1 public & private1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 uphold+ 8 op9ion t a majority ( ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives h ! "r to make ! rules gov]n+ p>liam5t>y proc$ure 9 ! ,h\se1 ,! ,hon4 ,?omas ,b4 ,re$ c>efully def9es ! t]m rights3-- ,x is ! fault ( mo/ discussions :i* are decid$ incorrectly t !y are decid$ by ! misuse ( t]ms4 ,un=tunately1 words h v little precision1 & mean "o ?+ to "o man & a diff]5t ?+ to ano!r4 ,words are also us$ ) "o mean+ & quot$ ) ano!r4 ,:5 m5 speak ( ! rights ( m9orities & claim = !m ! sacr$ness ( e/abli%$ law1 !y are correct or incorrect accord+ z !y int]pret ! ^w rights4 ,a man has a "r to an e/ate 9 fee simple1 a "r to l&1 & !re is no "r m indisputable "u our sy/em4 ,no?+ b ! supreme law c take ! e/ate away1 & !n only aft] comp5sation4 ,! same man has a "r ( passage ov] l& us$ z a highway1 b 8 t[n or c\nty c take t privilege away f him )\t 8 cons5t & )\t comp5sation4 ,9 bo? cases ! man has rights1 b ! rights are entirely diff]5t1 & ! diff]5ce arises f ! nature ( ?+s4 ,x is good = ! community1 or at lea/ x has be5 s ?\ght1 t a man %\ld h unre/rict$ "r ov] 8 l&4 ,on x he c build z high z heav5 or dig z deep z a probable h]eaft]4 ,?is is n because x is pleasant = ! man1 b because x is be/ = ! community4 ,!re=e 8 "r to build or dig is limit$ by ! "r ( em95t doma9--! "r ( ! :ole p to take 8 prop]ty at any "t = ! common b5efit on pay+ its value4 ,= ! same reason ! "r ( a man to walk ov] ! l& ( a roadway is an inf]ior "r :i* may m easily be tak5 f him2 = if x be m conv5i5t = ! :ole community t nobody %\ld walk ov] t l&1 ea* man's "r1 :i* is a p]fect "r :ile x exi/s1 is tak5 away f him1 & he alone be>s ! loss4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to multiply examples 9 ord] to lay a f\ndation = ! ass]tion t ! rights1 s call$1 ( any man or set ( m51 h _! f\ndation only 9 ! common good4 ,,explanation4 ,n only mu/ ! argu] def9e ! unfamili> words t occur 9 ! proposition1 b he mu/ also expla9 ! mean+ ( ! proposition tak5 z a :ole4 ,s9ce an audi5ce (t5 has nei!r ! incl9ation nor ! opportunity to give a proposition c>eful ?\ght & /udy1 ! disputant himself mu/ make cle> ! matt] 9 dispute1 & %[ exactly :]e ! diff]5ce 9 op9ion betwe5 ! affirmative & ! negative lies4 ,?is process is ( great importance2 x removes ! subject ( dispute f ! realm ( m]e words--words :i* arrang$ 9 a =mal /atem5t are to _m (t5 incompreh5sible--& br+s out cle>ly ! idea t is to be support$ or condemn$4 ,to discov] j :at ! proposition means1 ! argu] mu/ weigh ea* ^w1 c>efully not+ its mean+ & its significance 9 ! proposition4 ,to neglect a s+le ^w is disa/r\s4 ,an int]collegiate debate 0 once lo/ because ! affirmative side did n take into consid]ation ! words pres5t t5d5cy 9 ! proposition1 ,resolv$1 ,t ! pres5t t5d5cy ( labor unions is detrim5tal to ! prosp]ity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! negative side admitt$ ev]y?+ t ! affirmative e/abli%$1 namely1 t unions are detrim5tal2 & won by %[+ t _! t5d5cy is b5eficial4 ,9 ano!r college debate on ! subject1 ,resolv$1 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld imm$iately dispose ( ! ,philipp9es1 "o side fail$ to meet ! real po9t at issue because x ignor$ ! ^w imm$iately4 ,a ?or\gh explanation ( ! proposition w\ld h %[n ! limitations t ?is ^w impos$ ^u ! discussion4 ,9 ! next place1 ! argu] %\ld usually pres5t to ! audi5ce a brief hi/ory ( ! matt] 9 dispute4 ,_m debatable subjects are ( su* a nature t ! argu] himself _c1 until he ,has /udi$ ! hi/ory ( ! proposition1 fully und]/& :at con/itutes ! cla% 9 op9ion betwe5 ! affirmative & ! negative sides4 ,to und]/& ! debate1 ! audi5ce mu/ possess ?is same in=mation4 ,a hi/ory ( ! idea conta9$ 9 ! proposition w\ld be absolutely necess>y to r5d] intelligible su* subjects z3 ,! aggressions ( ,engl& 9 ! ,transvaal are ju/ifiable2 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld re-e/abli% reciprocity ) ,canada2 ,football re=m is advisable4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ! argu] mu/ give 8 audi5ce all ess5tial in=mation conc]n+ ! matt] 9 dispute4 ,= example1 if ! proposition is1 ,naturalization laws 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be m /r+5t1 a m]e def9ition ( naturalization laws is n en\gh2 ! disputant mu/ tell j :at naturalization laws exi/ at ! pres5t "t1 & j h[ /r+5t !y are to-day4 ,aga91 if ! subject is1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates army %\ld be enl>g$1 ! argu] mu/ tell exactly h[ l>ge ! army is n[4 ,if ! proposition is1 ,! "r ( suffrage %\ld be fur!r limit$ by an educational te/1 ! argu] mu/ /ate :at limits n[ exi/1 & he mu/ also tell :at is meant by an educational te/4 ,9 a debate ! "w ( ! affirmative & ( ! negative diff] slightly at ?is po9t4 ,s9ce ! proposition reads an educational te/1 ! advocate = ! affirmative has ! privilege ( uphold+ any sort ( educational te/ t he wi%es to def5d1 provid$ only t x comes )9 ! limits ( an educational te/4 ,he may say t ! te/ %\ld consi/ ( a k ( ! alphabet1 or he may advocate an exam9ation 9 high] ma!matics2 b he is "u obligation to outl9e c>efully & ?or\ghly "s specific sy/em4 ,! negative1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ be prep>$ to ov]?r[ :atev] sy/em is br\ght =w>d4 ,if ! affirmative fails to outl9e any sy/em1 ! negative has only to call att5tion to ?is fact to put ! affirmative 9 a v emb>rass+ position4 ,! foll[+ quotations are good illu/rations ( h[ a proposition may be expla9$3-- ,! supremely significant & in/ructive fact1 9 ! deal+s ( society ) crime 9 our day1 & "o :i* has n be5 fully grasp$ z yet by ! legal pr(ession1 n ev5 by ^? :o practice 9 crim9al c\rts1 & :o %\ld be famili> ) x1 is ?is3 ,we h n[ two classes ( in/itutions fundam5tally di/9ct 9 "* & purpose1 bo? ( :i* are design$ by society1 erect$ & conduct$ at public exp5se1 = ! purpose ( deal+ ) crim9als4 ,! mo/ num]\s class ( ^! in/itutions consi/s ( prisons1 9 :i* to conf9e m5 = t]ms specifi$ by ! trial c\rts z p5alties = _! (f5ses4 ,! laws1 "u :i* (f5d]s are s5t5c$ to ^! prisons1 aim at classify+ crimes accord+ to ! degree ( guilt !y imply1 & assign+ to ea* ( !m ! p5alty :i* x des]ves4 ,?us1 to ^! prisons are s5t m5 s5t5c$ to conf9em5t = two1 five1 t51 f\rte51 or ?irty ye>s1 or = life1 accord+ to ! "n :i* ! law atta*es to ! crime prov$ ^u !m2 & ea* man1 :5 he has s]v$ ! prescrib$ t]m1 is turn$ loose ^u society4 ,! o!r class ( in/itutions includes :at are kn[n z re=matories4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple "h is t an (f5d] is s5t to !m n = a t]m1 b = a specifi$ "w4 ,x is assum$ t 8 "* & habits unfit him = social life4 ,= reasons to be f\nd 9 8 own nature1 he _c yet be tru/$ ) fre$om & ! responsibilities ( citiz5%ip4 ,b he may possess ! capacity to become an hone/1 indu/ri\s1 & useful citiz54 ,to ! re=matory1 !n1 he is s5t to be educat$2 to be tra9$ to habits ( indu/ry2 above all1 to be discipl9$ 9 ! habit ( look+ =w>d to ! future ) ! consci\sness t 8 welf>e & happ9ess to-morr[ dep5d on 8 conduct to-day1 & t he is con/antly %ap+ 8 own de/9y4 ,he is expect$ to rema9 until x satisfactorily appe>s t ?is tra9+ is effective1 & he may !n g =? ) a prospect ( lead+ an hone/ & respectable life4 ,?is1 9 brief1 is ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two classes ( in/itutions4 ,= a g5]ation pa/1 ^! two k9ds ( prisons h be5 /&+ side by side 9 ,new ,york1 ,massa*usetts1 & o!r ,/ates4 ,ea* ( !m has receiv$ _m ?\s&s ( crim9als "u s5t5ce = grave (f5ses4 ,ea* ( !m has s5t out ?\s&s ( inmates into ! _w ( human society1 ) :atev] impress ! life1 tea*+s1 & associations ( ! in/itutions c\ld make ^u _! natures1 z a prep>ation = _! aft] c>e]4 ,:at is ! result8 ,footnote3 ,*>lton ,t4 ,lewis1 9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,augu/1 #aijd4 ,congress has at la/ decid$ t ! long-talk$-( canal %all be built1 & %all be built at ,panama4 ,^? issues no long] confront u4 ,! "q n[ to be decid$ conc]ns ! k9d ( canal t %all be con/ruct$4 ,two plans h be5 sugge/$3 ! lock-canal plan & ! sea-level plan4 ,! advocates ( ! lock-canal plan aim to build a gigantic dam 9 ! valley ( ! ,*agres ,riv]2 ! enorm\s artificial lake ?us =m$ be+ us$ z "p ( ! passageway = ! vessels4 ,!y say t ?is lake w be at an elevation ( ab\t eighty-five feet above mean sea-level2 ! passage to & f x w be made by means ( canals at bo? ends1 ea* canal conta9+ ?ree locks4 ,?us !re w be1 if ?is plan is adopt$1 six locks 9 ! entire sy/em4 ,! canal w be ( suffici5t wid? & dep? to accommodate vessels ( su* size z may be expect$ to be built :5 ! canal is complet$4 ,if ! canal is built at sea-level1 x w be ( ! same dep? & wid? z ! lock-canal1 b x w be at ! level ( ! sea ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific h a diff]5ce 9 extreme level ( tw5ty feet1 an automatic tide-lock w h to be in/all$4 ,a small lake w also be built1 m]ely to div]t ! ,*agres & to furni% light & p[]4 ,! "q t n[ confronts u is1 ,:i* plan %\ld be adopt$8 ,,issues4 ,foll[+ ! discov]y ( ! real mean+ ( ! proposition1 comes ! f9d+ ( ! issues4 ,:5ev] a man 9 bus9ess1 pr(essional1 or political life1 or 9 any circum/ances :atsoev]1 mu/ det]m9e ^u "s policy or come to "s decision reg>d+ !oretical or practical matt]s1 he =mulates 8 belief & *ooses 8 l9e ( action 9 accordance ) ! answ]s t he makes to c]ta9 que/ions ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly pres5t 9 8 m9d4 ,= in/ance1 if he consid]s ! pur*ase ( a c]ta9 piece ( real e/ate1 he says to himself3 ,is ! price fair8 ,h ,i ! money to inve/8 ,c ,i sell or use ! prop]ty to good advantage8 ,h[ mu* pleasure %all ,i d]ive f x8 ,if he answ]s ^! que/ions 9 "o way1 ! pur*ase is likely to be made2 if 9 ano!r1 x is n4 ,aga91 a bo>d ( college tru/ees may be consid]+ ! aboli%m5t ( football4 ,9 arriv+ at a decision1 !y are confront$ ) ^! que/ions3 ,is ! game b5eficial or detrim5tal to ! play]8 ,h[ does x affect ! college z a :ole8 ,^? :o favor ! game w1 ( c\rse1 say t x is a b5efit to ! play] & ! :ole college2 :ile ^? :o oppose x w ma9ta9 t x is a detrim5t to all conc]n$4 ,b evid5tly ! same que/ions mu/ be met & answ]$ by bo? sides4 ,^! que/ions are call$ issues4 ,issues are subdivisions ( ! subject "u discussion1 & are always ess5tially ! same = any giv5 idea4 ,! fir/ requirem5t = ! issues ( any proposition is t !y be compreh5sive2 t is1 ! sum ( _! ideas mu/ equal ! ma9 idea express$ 9 ! proposition4 ,to ^? :o are c>ry+ on ! discussion & to ! audi5ce1 if !re be "o1 x mu/ be p]fectly evid5t t ^! que/ions cov] ! entire field ( controv]sy2 t if ^! que/ions are satisfactorily answ]$ 9 "o way or ! o!r1 ! discussion is settl$ & no?+ rema9s to be said4 ,! second requirem5t is t ! issues consid] only disput$ matt]4 ,a "q t gives rise to no disagreem5t1 t admitt$ly has b "o answ]1 is nev] an issue4 ,issues1 !re=e1 may be def9$ z ! que/ions t mu/ be answ]$ by bo? ! affirmative & ! negative sides ( ! proposition "u discussion & t1 if answ]$ 9 "o way1 e/abli% ! proposition1 & if answ]$ 9 ano!r way1 ov]?r[ x4 ,! issues ( a proposition exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! side t is be+ upheld4 ,! affirmative w f9d ! same issues z ! negative1 b x r>ely happ5s t two m5 w divide a proposition 9 exactly ! same mann] & ?us /ate ! issues 9 precisely ! same language4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! "w ( bo? has be5 fair & complete1 _! issues w n v>y 9 any important p>ticul>4 ,= example1 "u ! subject1 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld own & op]ate ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o p]son might give z issues3-- #a4 ,has ! gov]nm5t ! "r to take ! roads )\t ! cons5t ( ! pres5t own]s8 #b4 ,is ! gov]nm5t f9ancially able to buy ! roads8 #c4 ,does ! pres5t sy/em conta9 s]i\s defects8 #d4 ,w ! propos$ sy/em remove ^! defects )\t br++ 9 new evils equally s]i\s8 ,ano!r might /ate z issues3-- #a4 ,is ! propos$ plan practicable8 #b4 ,w x b5efit ! p8 ,! issues 9 bo? in/ances1 h[ev]1 are ess5tially ! same1 z que/ions "o & two ( ! fir/ li/ are equival5t to "o ( ! second2 & ?ree & f\r ( ! fir/1 to two ( ! second4 ,at ?is po9t x may be well to m5tion a common error t mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a "q is /at$ z an issue :i* is n a subdivision ( ! proposition at all1 b is ! entire proposition itself1 fram$ 9 slightly diff]5t language4 ,su* w\ld be ! error if ! "q1 ,w\ld ! *ange be desirable8 7 us$ z an issue = ! proposition1 ,all /ate colleges %\ld aboli% milit>y drill ,x sometimes happ5s t "o is =c$ to def5d or attack :at has be5 call$ a comb9$ proposition1 a proposition t conta9s two di/9ct subjects = argum5t4 ,su* subjects are to be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 b :5 !y mu/ be met1 x is usually necess>y to h two sep>ate sets ( issues4 ,an example ( su* a proposition w\ld be1 ,all ,am]ican colleges & univ]sities %\ld adopt ! honor sy/em4 ,! only practicable me?od ( f9d+ ! issues ( a proposition is to "q x f all p]t95t po9ts ( view1 & !n to elim9ate all que/ions t h no vital be>+ on ! subject1 or t are ackn[l$g$ to h b "o answ]4 ,! que/ions t rema9 are ! issues4 ,9 us+ ?is me?od ( analysis1 "o mu/ be c>eful to consid] ! proposition 9 all its phases & details1 & f bo? ! affirmative & ! negative sides4 ,neglect to give ! subject ?or\gh consid]ation (t5 results 9 "o's be+ sudd5ly confront$ ) an issue t he has n previ\sly discov]$ & consequ5tly _c meet4 ,failure to ca/ aside all que/ions t are n real issues may cause equal emb>rassm5t3 an argu] nev] wi%es to wa/e "t & ef=t 9 e/abli%+ pro( t is n ess5tial to ! argum5t1 or t is admitt$ by ! o!r side4 ,x is h>dly possible ev5 to sugge/ all ! v>i\s k9ds ( que/ions t may be ask$ ab\t debatable subjects4 ,an argu] mu/ dep5d l>gely ^u 8 own judgm5t & common s5se 9 analyz+ ea* proposition t he meets4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 f9d ! issues ( _m propositions by c>efully que/ion+ !m f c]ta9 important & compreh5sive po9ts ( view4 ,! li/ ( /&po9ts indicat$ "h is n exhau/ive2 only ! m important & g5]al /&po9ts are consid]$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! foll[+ in/ructions are design$ to tea* him a practical me?od ( analysis2 !y d n con/itute a =mula t c be appli$ 9 all in/ances4 ,fir/1 ! analysis ( propositions ( policy w be tak5 up2 secondly1 ! analysis ( propositions ( fact4 ,,propositions ,,( ,,policy4 #a4 ,,is ,,! ,,plan ,,practicable8 ,:5ev] a plan is propos$1 fir/ ask :e!r or n x is practicable4 ,if ^? :o oppose ! idea c ma9ta9 t great ob/acles exi/ :i* w prev5t ! und]tak+ ( ! project or h9d] its execution1 !n ! "q ( practicability con/itutes an important issue4 ,= in/ance1 "o :o contemplates a ?or\gh argum5t on ! proposition1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates navy %\ld be greatly enl>g$1 mu/ prove t ! plan is1 or is n1 practicable4 ,pla9ly1 su* h9drances z enorm\s exp5se1 inadequate facilities = build+ & repair+ battle%ips1 & ! increas$ dem& = (fic]s & sailors r5d] que/ionable ! exp$i5cy ( su* a measure4 ,?is issue1 h[ev]1 is n f\nd 9 connection ) all propositions2 x does n conc]n propositions t m]ely approve or condemn exi/+ conditions or ass]t ! occurr5ce ( an ev5t4 ,= example1 practicability does n ent] into su* subjects z ^!3 ,/rikes are ju/ifiable2 ,! pres5t p[]s ( ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives are dang]\sly great2 ,a?letics h be5 excessively develop$ 9 ,am]ican colleges & univ]sities4 ,b all propositions t advocate a *ange1 t propose "s new sy/em ( op]ation1 usually h ?is issue involv$4 ,su* subjects are3 ,am]ican cities %\ld own & op]ate public plants = ! furni%+ ( light1 heat1 & p[]2 ,milit>y drill %\ld be taught 9 ! public s*ools2 ,porto ,rico %\ld be giv5 a t]ritorial =m ( gov]nm5t4 #b4 ,,w ,,! ,,propos$ ,,plan ,,be ,a ,,moral ,,b5efit ,,or ,,detrim5t ,,to ,,^? ,,conc]n$8 ,n all propositions1 by any means1 b _m1 are ( su* a "* t !y mu/ be consid]$ f ! /&po9t ( morality4 ,! argu] mu/ ask :e!r ! idea involv$ 9 ! subject is morally "r or wrong2 :e!r x is morally b5eficial or h>mful4 ,?is po9t ( view includes m ?an at fir/ appe>s4 ,x takes into consid]ation ju/ice1 duty1 hone/y1 fai?fulness1 religion1 ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to :at is "r or wrong4 ,"u ! proposition1 ,! treatm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,indians by ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be condemn$1 appe>s ! moral issue1 ,:at is our duty t[>d ! p ( ?is race8 ,! proposition1 ,public libr>ies1 museums1 & art gall]ies %\ld be op5 on ,sunday1 pres5ts ?is issue1 ,is ! me?od ( recreation af=d$ by ! op5+ ( ^! build+s 9 accordance ) ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion8 ,! proposition1 ,football is an undesirable college game1 mu/ be settl$ 9 "p by ! answ] to ! "q1 ,is ! game b5eficial or h>mful to ! play]'s "*8 #c4 ,,w ,,! ,,propos$ ,,plan ,,be ,a ,,mat]ial ,,b5efit ,,or ,,detrim5t8 ,9 ! ?ird place ! proposition %\ld be que/ion$ f a mat]ial po9t ( view1 to det]m9e :e!r ! plan is1 or is likely to be1 a b5efit or a detrim5t4 ,9 "s =m ?is issue w d\btless be f\nd 9 connection ) almo/ e proposition ( policy4 ,9 all sy/ems ( gov]nm5t1 ( bus9ess1 & ev5 ( education1 mat]ial bett]m5t is inv>iably "o ( ! ultimate objects s\ght4 ,! "q ( national expansion pres5ts ! issue1 ,w su* a c\rse add to ! glory1 ! pre/ige1 or ! weal? ( ! nation8 ,:5 a boy consid]s go+ to college1 he desires to "k :e!r a college education is a valuable asset 9 bus9ess1 social1 or pr(essional life4 ,an issue :i* puts to ! t\* ! matt] ( p]sonal ga9 is sure to involve a sub/antial portion ( ! controv]sy4 ,! argu] :o c decisively settle ! "q ( doll>s & c5ts always has a /rong argum5t4 ,usually ! issue involv+ ! "q ( mat]ial b5efit or detrim5t is pla9 & direct2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is p>tially conceal$4 ,a man debat+ on ! affirmative side ( ! proposition1 ,resolv$1 ,t ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ators %\ld be elect$ by a direct popul> vote ( ! p1 may urge z a reason t su* a me?od w result 9 pur] politics4 ,?is p>ticul> l9e ( argum5t he may c>ry no f>!r1 tak+ x = grant$ t ev]yone w recognize ! connection betwe5 hone/ (fice hold]s & mat]ial ga94 #d4 ,,w ,,! ,,propos$ ,,plan ,,be ,,an ,,intellectual ,,b5efit ,,or ,,detrim5t8 ,all propositions t deal ) education or ) o!r matt]s t p]ta9 to man's progress & advancem5t %\ld be view$ f an intellectual /&po9t4 ,no p]son 9 discuss+ a measure be>+ ^u ! welf>e ( an individual1 ( a community1 or ( a nation1 c af=d to neglect que/ion+ its influ5ce = m5tal advancem5t or retrogression4 ,propositions relat+ to s*ools1 colleges1 & simil> in/itutions1 & propositions deal+ ) social & indu/rial conditions pres5t ?is issue4 ,mod]n !ories ( gov]nm5t1 bo? municipal & national1 are frequ5tly bas$ to "s ext5t ^u ! idea ( tea*+ ! p h[ to live & h[ to gov]n !mselves4 ,! policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,philipp9es & 9 ! ,we/ ,indies has be5 greatly influ5c$ by ! qu]y1 ,h[ w x affect ! intellectual welf>e ( ! p conc]n$8 #e4 ,,w ,,! ,,propos$ ,,plan ,,be ,a ,,physical ,,b5efit ,,or ,,dettrim5t8 ,all subjects t conc]n ! life1 heal?1 /r5g?1 or 9 any way be> ^u ! physical well-be+ ( man pres5t ?is issue4 ,an argum5t on gov]nm5t own]%ip ( railroads w\ld h to answ] ! "q1 ,"u :i* sy/em w few] accid5ts occur8 ,all su* propositions z1 ,eight h\rs ought legally to con/itute a work+ day2 ,/ate bo>ds ( heal? %\ld compel all p]sons afflict$ ) contagi\s diseases to be qu>ant9$2 ,football is an undesirable college game1 give rise to ! issue ( physical welf>e4 #f4 ,,w ,,! ,,propos$ ,,plan ,,be ,a ,,political ,,b5efit ,,or ,,detrim5t8 ,if a plan is ( su* f>-rea*+ significance t its adoption or rejection w\ld affect a :ole t[n1 /ate1 or nation1 !n its m]its usually dep5d to "s ext5t ^u its political significance4 ,! issue may take "s su* =m z1 ,h[ w ! sy/em affect ! c\ntry politically8 ,w ! sy/em enc\rage brib]y & graft1 or w x t5d to d away ) ^! evils8 ,:at w be its effect ^u bossism8 #g4 ,,h[ ,,has ,,! ,,plan ,,succe$$ ,,:]e ,,x ,,has ,,be5 ,,tri$8 ,?is "q frequ5tly occurs z an issue 9 connection ) all sorts ( propositions4 ,its importance & significance are s evid5t t no explanation is ne$$4 ,! value ( prec$5t is kn[n to e "o4 #h4 ,,does ,,! ,,pres5t ,,sy/em ,,conta9 ,,s]i\s ,,evils8 ,! ask+ ( ?is "q is frequ5tly "o ( ! v be/ ways to get at ! he>t ( a proposition ( policy4 ,to be sure1 ?is "q ov]laps & embraces sev]al o!r que/ions t h be5 sugge/$1 b a compreh5sive issue l ?is is sometimes pref]able f ! /&po9t bo? ( ! argu] & ( ! audi5ce4 ,x removes f ! argu] ! necessity ( classify+ ea* evil "u ! head ( moral1 f9ancial1 intellectual1 etc42 & 9 _m cases x results 9 an argum5t m easily und]/ood by ! audi5ce4 ,9 "s =m ?is issue applies to ne>ly all political1 economic1 & f9ancial propositions4 #i4 ,,if ,,! ,,pres5t ,,sy/em ,,does ,,conta9 ,,s]i\s ,,evils1 ,,w ,,! ,,propos$ ,,sy/em ,,remove ,,!m8 ,equal 9 importance ) ! "q z to :e!r ! exi/+ sy/em is defective1 is ! "q z to :e!r ! propos$ sy/em w remove ^! defects1 )\t1 ( c\rse1 introduc+ equally great disadvantages4 ,^! two issues almo/ inv>iably g toge!r2 !y set ! sy/em advocat$ by ! affirmative & ! sy/em advocat$ by ! negative side by side1 & comp>e & contra/ ea* ) ! o!r4 #aj4 ,,if ,,! ,,pres5t ,,sy/em ,,conta9s ,,s]i\s ,,evils1 ,,is ,,! ,,propos$ ,,sy/em ,,! ,,only ,,rem$y8 ,?is la/ "q is v closely connect$ ) ! two prec$+ que/ions4 ,! :ole discussion may h+e n on :e!r evils exi/1 b on h[ !y %all be rem$i$4 ,if ! argum5t takes ?is turn1 ! advocates ( a c]ta9 sy/em mu/ %[ t _! plan is ! only "o suitable = adoption1 or1 at lea/1 is ! be/ plan1 :ile ! negative mu/ introduce & uphold a totally diff]5t s*eme4 ,= in/ance1 "u ! proposition1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates army %\ld be greatly enl>g$1 ! fir/ two issues w\ld probably be ^!3 ,is ! pres5t army adequate to protect ! nation8 & ,is ! enl>gem5t ( ! army ! only means ( r5d]+ ! nation safe f invasion8 ,,propositions ,,( ,,fact4 #a4 ,,does ,,! ,,proposition ,,/ate ,a ,,possible ,,tru?8 ,to f9d ! issues ( a proposition ( fact1 fir/ ask :e!r ! occurr5ce 9 "q c\ld h happ5$ or ! condition alleg$ 9 ! proposition c\ld possibly h exi/$4 ,?is "q is s important t if x c conclusively be answ]$ 9 ! negative ! discussion is end$4 ,legal proce$+s inv>iably c5t] ar\nd "s =m ( a proposition ( fact4 ,9 ! crim9al c\rt a man to prove 8 innoc5ce has only to e/abli% an alibi or prove physical inability to commit ! crime ) :i* he is *>g$4 ,n always1 ( c\rse1 does ! "q ( possibility con/itute an issue1 s9ce frequ5tly ! possibility is admitt$4 ,su* w\ld be ! case if ! foll[+ propositions came up = discussion3 ,joan ( ,arc 0 burn$ at ! /ake2 ,n]o 0 guilty ( burn+ ,rome4 ,9 ^! in/ances possibility gives way to probability4 #b4 ,,does ,,! ,,proposition ,,/ate ,a ,,probable ,,tru?8 ,if ! "q ( possibility has be5 answ]$ affirmatively or inconclusively1 ! issue ( probability next arises4 ,9 connection ) _m propositions ( fact ?is is ! mo/ important issue to be enc\nt]$4 ,unless a condition or an ev5t--its possibility be+ admitt$--c be affirm$ or d5i$ by reliable witnesses :o te/ify f _! own p]sonal k ( ! matt]1 ! mo/ t any argu] c d is to e/abli% a balance ( probability4 ,^? :o believe t ,bacon wrote ! plays attribut$ to ,%akespe>e try to %[ h[ improbable x is t a man l ,%akespe>e c\ld h produc$ su* works1 & h[ v likely x is t ,bacon 0 ! real au?or4 ,_m crim9als are convict$ or acquitt$ on evid5ce t e/abli%es m]ely a /rong probability ( guilt or ( innoc5ce4 #c4 ,,is ,,!re ,,any ,,direct ,,evid5ce ,,be>+ ,,on ,,! ,,proposition8 ,9 ! ?ird place1 a p]son :o is try+ to prove or disprove a proposition ( fact mu/ consid] ! direct evid5ce involv$4 ,indirect evid5ce t5ds to e/abli% ! possibility or probability t a /atem5t is true or false1 :ile direct evid5ce ass]ts t x is true or false4 ,direct evid5ce on ! "q1 ,c\ntry roads 9 ,new ,engl& are inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,middle ,we/1 w\ld n be a description ( ! topographical & geographical features ( bo? regions1 = ?is in=mation c\ld at its be/ e/abli% only a /rong probability2 direct evid5ce on ?is subject w\ld be ! te/imony ( p :o h inve/igat$ ! roads1 & c\ld ?us speak f direct p]sonal k4 ,?is issue ( direct evid5ce has two phases4 ,! argu] mu/ ask1 ,is any direct evid5ce available8 & ,if !re is any1 :at is its value8 ,x is easily se5 t n all evid5ce is equally reliable4 ,bo? ! man & :at he says mu/ be te/$3 ! man = su* qualities z tru?fulness1 intellig5ce1 & exp]i5ce2 ! /atem5ts = consi/5cy & g5]al cr$ibility4 ,! te/s ( evid5ce are giv5 9 detail 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,,te/s ,,= ,,issues4 ,aft] an argu] has secur$ 8 li/ ( issues1 he %\ld te/ 8 "w by ask+ ! f\r foll[+ que/ions3-- #a4 ,does ea* issue really be> ^u ! proposition8 #b4 ,is ea* issue a subdivision ( ! proposition1 or is x ! proposition itself =mulat$ 9 diff]5t language8 #c4 ,does ea* issue comprise only disput$ matt]8 #d4 ,d ! issues1 tak5 collectively1 consid] all phases ( ! proposition8 ,sev]al illu/rations w %[ m pla9ly j :at issues are & h[ !y are us$ 9 connection ) o!r p>ts ( an introduction4 ,,%all ,,greek ,,be ,,taught ,,9 ,,high ,,s*ools8 ,9 tak+ up ! discussion ( ,greek 9 ! high s*ools1 ,i %all consid] ^! ?ree que/ions3 ,fir/1 is ,greek m valuable ?an o!r /udies 9 tra9+ ! m9d8 ,second1 does ! /udy ( ,greek acqua9t u ) ! be/ t has be5 kn[n & said 9 ! _w1 &1 !re=e1 ) ! hi/ory ( ! human _s8 ,& ?ird1 :]e %all ,greek be taught8 ,footnote3 ,w4,f4 ,web/]1 ,! ,=um1 ,decemb]1 #ahii1 page #dei4 ,,does ,,colonization ,,pay8 ,! po9ts to be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ ! some:at m]c5>y "q1 ,does ,colonization ,pay8 z view$ ) reg>d to ! int]e/s ( ! coloniz+ c\ntry1 are3 7#a7 ! m>ket t ! colonies af=d = ! goods :i* ! coloniz+ c\ntry has to sell2 & :e!r control gives to ! "m-c\ntry a l>g] %>e ( _! m>ket ?an %e w\ld h )\t t control2 7#b7 ! supplies ! colonies are able to furni% = use 9 ! "m- c\ntry2 & :e!r ! pur*ase ( ^! supplies f ! colonies proves m advantage\s to ! "m-c\ntry ?an if !y %\ld be pur*as$ f o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 7#c7 ! advantages1 if any1 :i* accrue to ! native population ( ! c\ntry controll$4 ,footnote3 ,o4 ,p4 ,au/91 ,! ,=um1 ,janu>y1 #aijj1 p4 #fbc4 ,! foll[+ passage1 tak5 f ,daniel ,web/]'s spee* 9 :i*1 z c\nsel = ! city ( ,bo/on1 he argues t a c]ta9 piece ( l& has n become a public highway1 is a good illu/ration ( an introduction on :at 0 virtually a proposition ( fact4 ,notice ) :at skill he ca/ aside all irrelevant matt] & r$uc$ ! proposition to cle>ly /at$ & indisputable issues3-- ,if ?is /reet1 or l&1 or :atev] x may be1 has become & n[ is a public highway1 x mu/ h become s 9 "o ( ?ree ways1 & to ^! po9ts ,i p>ticul>ly call y\r honors' att5tion4 #a/4 ,x mu/ h ei!r become a highway by hav+ be5 regul>ly laid out accord+ to usage & law2 or #bnd4 ,by d$ication z su* by ^? hav+ ! p[] to d$icate x1 & acceptance & adoption s f> z !y are requir$2 or #c;d4 ,z a highway by long us]1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( pro( ( any orig9al lay+ out1 or d$ication4 ,x is n pret5d$ by any "o t ! l& 9 "q is a highway1 ^u ! la/ ( ^! gr\nds4 ,i %all !re=e conf9e myself to ! consid]ation ( ! o!r two que/ions3 namely4 ,0 !re ev] a =mal & regul> lay+ out ( a /reet "h8 or 0 !re ev] a regul> & suffici5t d$ication & acceptance8 ,footnote3 ,! ,works ( ,daniel ,web/]1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ahf4 ,little1 ,br[n ,co41 ,bo/on1 #aheg4 ,,p>tition4 ,9 college debate1 ?\gh n frequ5tly else:]e1 ! issues z a rule are imm$iately foll[$ by a s]ies ( /atem5ts t %[ h[ ea* issue is to be answ]$4 ,^! /atem5ts con/itute :at is kn[n z ! p>tition4 ,:5 a p>tition is made1 ea* /atem5t becomes a ma9 po9t to be e/abli%$ by pro( 9 ! discussion4 ,! foll[+ portion ( a /ud5t's argum5t conta9s bo? ! issues & ! p>tition3-- ,9 consid]+1 !n1 :e!r colleges %\ld adopt ! sy/em ( exempt+ f f9al exam9ations all /ud5ts :o h atta9$ an av]age daily grade ( eighty-five p] c5t4 or ov]1 we h only to consid] ! effect su* a rule w\ld h ^u ! /ud5ts1 individually & collectively4 ,w\ld ! sy/em raise or l[] ! /&>d ( s*ol>%ip8 ,w\ld x assi/ or ret>d ! gr[? ( o!r qualities :i* a college c\rse %\ld develop8 ,! negative w oppose ! adoption ( ?is rule by e/abli%+ ! ?ree foll[+ po9ts3-- #a4 ,su* a sy/em w l[] ! s*ol>%ip bo? ( ^? :o are exempt$ f exam9ations & ( ^? :o are n4 #b4 ,su* a sy/em w fo/] di%one/y1 jeal\sy1 & conceit4 #c4 ,su* a sy/em w deprive ^? :o are exempt$ f exam9ations ( valuable discipl9e 9 prep>+ = exam9ations & 9 tak+ ! exam9ations4 ,!re are sev]al =ms 9 :i* ! p>tition may be express$3 x may consi/ ( a s+le s5t5ce t indicates h[ ! issues are to be answ]$2 x may consi/ ( ! issues !mselves turn$ into decl>ative s5t5ces s t !y read 9 favor ( ! side be+ upheld2 or x may answ] ea* issue by means ( sev]al /atem5ts4 ,! foll[+ w illu/rate ! sev]al me?ods3-- ,proposition3 ,resolv$1 ,t football is an undesirable college game4 ,issues3 #a4 ,does football b5efit or injure ! play]8 #b4 ,does football b5efit or injure ! college z a :ole8 ,p>tition 7negative73 ,fir/ me?od4 #a4 ,we w e/abli% our side ( ! argum5t by prov+ t 9 ea* case football is a b5efit4 ,second me?od4 #a4 ,football b5efits ! play]4 #b4 ,football b5efits ! college z a :ole4 ,?ird me?od4 #a4 ,football b5efits ! play] physically4 #b4 ,football b5efits ! play] m5tally4 #c4 ,football b5efits ! play] morally4 #d4 ,football b5efits ! /ud5ts :o d n p>ticipate 9 ! game4 #e4 ,int]collegiate football games adv]tise ! college4 ,! p>tition is usually f\nd 9 college debate because 9 a conte/ ( ?is sort absolute cle>ness is a pr]equisite = success4 ,z b little int]e/ cu/om>ily c5t]s ar\nd ! subject itself1 ea* debat] kn[s t if he is to make any impression on ! audi5ce he mu/ s arrange 8 argum5t t x w1 ) a m9imum am\nt ( ef=t on ! "p ( ! li/5]1 be cle> to e "o4 ,to "o read+ an argum5t1 a p>tition1 unless ( ! simple/ k9d1 w probably seem sup]flu\s2 to "o li/5+ to a spee* 9 :i* he is truly int]e/$1 ! p>tition may seem labor$4 ,b :5 ! :ole int]e/ c5t]s 9 ! me?od ( pres5tation1 & 9 ! processes ( reason+ r ?an 9 ! subject matt]1 ! p>tition does increase ! cle>ness ( ! argum5t1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be us$4 ,by way ( summ>y1 !n1 x may be said t ! "w ( conviction 9 ! introduction is to %[ ! relation betwe5 ! proposition & ! pro(4 ,! argu] accompli%es ?is task1 fir/1 by def9+ all words ! mean+ ( :i* is n g5]ally compreh5d$2 secondly1 by expla9+1 9 ! light ( ^! def9itions1 ! mean+ ( ! proposition tak5 z a :ole2 ?irdly1 by discov]+ ! issues ?r\gh a c>eful process ( analysis2 & f\r?ly1 by mak+ a p>tition :5 he is engag$ 9 debate & has reason to ?9k t ! audi5ce w n see ! connection betwe5 ! issues & ! discussion4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,inve/igate ,a ,,subject4 ,a /ud5t w h>dly h rea*$ ?is po9t 9 ! /udy ( ,argum5tation be=e f9d+ x necess>y to se>* = in=mation t w assi/ him 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 argum5t4 ,to "o unfamili> ) a libr>y1 a se>* aft] facts be>+ ^u a giv5 subject is likely to prove t$i\s4 ,= ?is reason a few words ( advice conc]n+ ! prop] way 9 :i* to use a libr>y may be ( great help to a beg9n]4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c be giv5 "h t w ev5 approximate ! value ( a few h\rs' in/ruction by ! libr>ian ( ! college 9 :i* ! /ud5t is enroll$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* in/ruction1 "o c seldom d bett] at ! outset ?an to become famili> ) indexes to p]iodical & contempor>y lit]ature1 encyclopa$ias1 gov]nm5t reports1 & ! libr>y catalogue4 ,! be/ indexes are ! ,read]'s ,guide1 ,poole's ,index1 ,! ,annual ,libr>y ,index1 & ! ,curr5t ,ev5ts ,index4 ,^! give ref]5ces to all articles publi%$ 9 ! pr9cipal magaz9es & newspap]s = _m ye>s4 ,9 ^! articles "o w f9d almo/ limitless mat]ial on ne>ly e popul> topic ( ! day-- political1 economic1 sci5tific1 social1 educational4 ,! writ]s1 too1 are (t5 ( national & ev5 ( int]national reputation1 & ! op9ions & ideas giv5 "h are frequ5tly z weighty & progressive z c be f\nd4 ,9 se>*+ ?r\gh an index = articles ^u a c]ta9 subject1 "o %\ld inv>iably look "u sev]al head+s4 ,= example1 if "o is seek+ mat]ial 9 reg>d to ! aboli%m5t ( baseball f ! li/ ( college sports1 he ought n to consult j ! "o head+ baseball2 he %\ld 9 addition look "u a?letics1 college sports1 & simil> topics4 ,o!r valuable s\rces ( in=mation are encyclopa$ias4 ,!y (t5 give broad surveys & compreh5sive dige/s t _c readily be f\nd else:]e4 ,al?\gh !y d n1 z a rule1 discuss subjects t are ( m]e local or pres5t-day int]e/1 yet ! ?or\gh se>*] aft] evid5ce w usually d well to consult at lea/ sev]al4 ,a fact wor? be>+ 9 m9d is t 9 connection ) ^! articles 9 encyclopa$ias1 ref]5ces are (t5 giv5 to books & articles t treat ! subject v ?or\ghly4 ,9 ! next place1 (ficial publications frequ5tly furni% invaluable help 9 reg>d to public problems4 ,bo? /ate gov]nm5ts & ! national gov]nm5t con/antly publi% reports conta9+ /ati/ics1 ! op9ions ( exp]ts1 & sugge/ions = economic & political *anges4 ,"s ( ! mo/ valuable ( ^! docum5ts = ! purposes ( ! argu] are ,c5sus1 ,immigration1 ,education1 & ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission reports1 ! messages ( ! ,presid5ts1 & ! ,congressional ,record4 ,!re are indexes to all ^!1 & "o c easily f9d out h[ to use !m4 ,fur!rmore1 "o %\ld n fail to consult ! libr>y catalogue4 ,to be sure1 if ! books are catalogu$ only accord+ to titles & au?ors1 "o w probably get little assi/ance f ?is s\rce unless he kn[s be=eh& :at p>ticul> books or au?ors to se>* =4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! books are also catalogu$ accord+ to ! subjects ( :i* !y treat1 "o c see almo/ at a glance :at books ! libr>y has t be> ^u ! matt] "u inve/igation4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,def9e ! foll[+ t]ms3--monopoly1 free trade1 railway pool+1 income tax1 honor>y degree1 tutorial sy/em ( in/ruction1 indu/rial education1 classical education1 ,g]man univ]sity me?od ( /udy1 vivisection1 temp]ance1 ,indian ag5cy sy/em1 yell[ p]il1 graft1 s5sational1 mass play1 mon>*1 civilization1 autonomy4 ,b4 ,criticise ! issues t are giv5 = ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,resolv$1 ,t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates naturalization laws %\ld be m /r+5t4 a4 ,are ! pres5t laws satisfactory8 b4 ,h ! results ( ! laws be5 satisfactory8 c4 ,w\ld a *ange be wise8 #b4 ,resolv$1 ,t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! re=matory sy/em ( imprisonm5t %\ld be sub/itut$ = ! punitive4 a4 ,is ! re=matory sy/em practicable8 b4 ,does x re=m ! crim9al8 c4 ,:at has be5 its success ?us f>8 d4 ,is x 9 accordance ) mod]n civilization8 #c4 ,resolv$1 ,t education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be compulsory to ! age ( sixte54 a4 ,is compulsory education practicable8 b4 ,w compulsory education b5efit ! *ild8 c4 ,w compulsory education b5efit ! public8 #d4 ,resolv$1 ,t ,am]ican univ]sities %\ld admit wom5 on equal t]ms ) m54 a4 ,is woman's education z important z man's8 b4 ,is co$ucation a b5efit to bo? sexes8 c4 ,is co$ucation a b5efit to ! college8 d4 ,is ! desirable sy/em ( sep>ate education wor? ! extra money x co/s8 #e4 ,resolv$1 ,t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re %\ld be an educational te/ = vot+4 a4 ,is vot+ a privilege or a natural "r8 b4 ,ought illit]ates to be exclud$ f ! polls8 c4 ,w\ld ! te/ be unfair to any class ( citiz5s8 d4 ,c\ld su* a te/ be easily incorporat$ into our laws8 #f4 ,resolv$1 ,t vivisection %\ld be prohibit$4 a4 ,is vivisection ( great assi/ance to m$ic9e8 b4 ,is vivisection humane8 c4 ,is x "r = u z human be+s to sanction ! _m =ms ( ne$less & excessive cruelty practis$ by vivisectors8 ,c4 ,make a brief introduction to ea* ( ! foll[+ propositions1 def9+ all words t require def9ition1 expla9+ ! mean+ ( ! proposition1 /at+ ! issues1 & mak+ ! p>tition3-- #a4 ,all colleges %\ld deb> fre%m5 f p>ticipation 9 int]collegiate a?letic conte/s4 #b4 ,play+ baseball ) organizations n "u ! national agreem5t %\ld n r5d] a?letes ineligible = college teams4 #c4 ---- ,college %\ld adopt ! honor sy/em ( hold+ exam9ations4 #d4 ,all colleges %\ld aboli% haz+4 #e4 ,! climate ( our c\ntry is *ang+4 #f4 ,macbe?'s wife 0 ! cause ( 8 ru94 #g4 ,! ,rhodes s*ol>%ips = ! ,unit$ ,/ates w accompli% ! objects ( its f\nd]4 #h4 ,national expositions are a b5efit to ! c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,introduction--,,brief-,,draw+ ,prec$+ *apt]s h dwelt on ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! introduction & h %[n :at x %\ld be l :5 complet$4 ,no "o b an exp]t writ]1 h[ev]1 c hope t 8 argum5t1 9 ei!r introduction1 discussion1 or conclusion1 w atta9 any consid]able complet5ess & excell5ce )\t fir/ pass+ ?r\gh a prelim9>y =m kn[n z ! brief4 ,a brief is a special k9d ( outl9e3 x is an outl9e t sets =? 9 specific language all ! ideas to be us$ 9 t portion ( ! argum5t kn[n z conviction1 & t %[s ! exact relation ^! ideas be> to ea* o!r & to ! proposition4 ,an outl9e 9 n>rative1 descriptive1 or expository composition is inv>iably made up ( g5]al sugge/ions1 :i* seldom indicate ! same ideas to diff]5t p]sons2 x is inexact & incomplete4 ,a brief1 on ! contr>y1 fails 9 its purpose unless x conveys accurate in=mation4 ,! mat]ial compos+ x is always 9 ! =m ( complete s5t5ces2 ! ideas are express$ 9 z exact & specific language z ! writ] is capable ( us+4 ,a good brief means z mu* to ! "o :o reads x z to ! "o :o draws x4 ,x is1 too1 a complete "w 9 itself4 ,x does n deal ) p]suasion2 ) ?is exception1 h[ev]1 x conta9s 9 cond5s$ =m all ! mat]ial to be us$ 9 ! f9i%$ argum5t4 ,!re are _m reasons :y an argu] %\ld fir/ ca/ 8 mat]ial 9 ! =m ( a brief4 ,to beg9 )1 ?is device enables him to grasp1 almo/ at a glance1 all ! mat]ial us$ = ! purpose ( conviction2 x keeps con/antly be=e him ! po9ts t he mu/ expla91 & %[s him in/antly j h[ f> he has progress$ ) ! pro( ( ea* /atem5t4 ,fur!rmore1 a brief r5d]s ! argu] invaluable assi/ance 9 pres]v+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( composition1 especially ^? ( ,unity1 ,coh]5ce1 ,proportion1 & ,emphasis4 ,x greatly simplifies 8 task ( assort+ mat]ial & assign+ ea* "p its prop] place & function4 ,x exhibits s cle>ly e p>ticle ( evid5ce & e process ( reason+ employ$ t x af=ds great conv5i5ce = te/+ bo? ! quality & ! quantity ( ! pro(4 ,9 fact1 a good brief is s ess5tial a "p ( a good argum5t t a /ud5t :o neglects to draw ! fir/ is b\nd to meet failure 9 ! second4 ,! rules gov]n+ brief-draw+ logically divide !mselves into f\r classes3 ^? :i* apply to ! brief z a :ole con/itute ! fir/ class & are call$ ,g5]al ,rules2 ^? rules :i* apply to ea* ( ! ma9 divisions ( a brief con/itute ! ?ree rema9+ classes & are call$ ,rules = ! ,introduction1 ,rules = ! ,discussion1 & ,rules = ! ,conclusion4 ,,g5]al ,,rules4 ,9 draw+ a brief1 ! /ud5t %\ld fir/ divide 8 mat]ial into ?ree gr\ps1 correspond+ to ! ?ree divisions ( ! complete argum5t3 ! ,introduction1 ,discussion1 & ,conclusion4 ,moreov]1 s9ce absolute cle>ness 9 e p>ticul> is ! prime requisite = a good brief1 he %\ld label ea* ( ^! p>ts ) its prop] "n1 s t !re may nev] be ! slighte/ d\bt or confusion z to :]e "o "p ends & ano!r beg9s4 ,h5ce ! fir/ rule = brief-draw+ is3-- ,rule ,i4 ,divide ! brief into ?ree p>ts1 & m>k !m respectively1 ,introduction1 ,discussion1 & ,conclusion4 ,a brief1 z has be5 expla9$1 is an outl9e t conta9s all ! reason+ to be f\nd 9 ! f9i%$ argum5t4 ,reason+ processes are c>ri$ on1 n ) vague ideas & g5]al sugge/ions1 b ) specific facts & exact ?\ghts4 ,= ?is reason1 only complete /atem5ts are ( value 9 a brief4 ,m]e t]ms mu/ be avoid$4 ,a /atem5t1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 is a decl>ative s5t5ce2 a t]m is a ^w or any comb9ation ( words o!r ?an a s5t5ce4 ,! foll[+ examples ( t]ms pla9ly %[ t no reason+ process c exi/ )\t ! use ( complete /atem5ts3-- ,/rikes dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,p]c5tage ( /rikes conduct$ by labor organizations4 ,build+ trades & /rikes4 ,s9ce su* expressions z ^! give no in=mation1 !y are manife/ly out ( place 9 a brief4 ,ea* t]m may call to m9d any "o ( sev]al ideas4 ,no "o b ! au?or kn[s :e!r ! fir/ t]m is int5d$ to indicate t /rikes h be5 ( frequ5t or ( infrequ5t occurr5ce1 b5eficial or detrim5tal4 ,! second t]m does n indicate :e!r ! p]c5tage ( /rikes conduct$ by labor organizations has be5 great or small1 increas+ or decreas+4 ,! ?ird t]m is equally indef9ite4 ,notice1 h[ev]1 t z soon z ^! t]ms are turn$ into complete s5t5ces1 !y may well s]ve z explanation or z pro(3-- ,dur+ ! tw5ty-five ye> p]iod end+ 9 #aije !re occurr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #cf1geg /rikes4 ,labor organizations direct$ ab\t two-?irds ( ^! /rikes4 ,! build+ trades h _h m /rikes ?an has any o!r indu/ry4 ,?is explanation gives rise to ! foll[+ rule3-- ,rule ,,ii4 ,express ea* idea 9 ! brief 9 ! =m ( a complete /atem5t4 ,moreov]1 ea* s5t5ce %\ld conta9 only "o idea4 ,e ?\ght express$ has "s specific "w to d1 & x c d x f> m effectively if x /&s by itself z a unit4 ,! awkw>dness & impracticability ( prov+ ! tru? or falsity ( a /atem5t t makes sev]al ass]tions has be5 treat$ "u ! head ( ,comb9$ ,propositions4 ,obvi\sly1 !re are unw>rantable difficulties 9 gr\p+ explanation or pro( ab\t su* a /atem5t z1 ,municipal own]%ip has fail$ 9 ,philadelphia1 has succe$$ 9 ,ed9burgh1 & is likely to meet ) indiff]5t success 9 ,new ,orleans4 ,fur!rmore1 a s5t5ce t conta9s sev]al di/9ct ?\ghts is v ineffective z pro( = "s o!r /atem5t4 ,s9ce "o "p ( ! s5t5ce may be accept$ z true & ano!r "p reject$1 ! result+ confusion is v great4 ,to avoid all errors ( ?is k9d1 ! /ud5t %\ld use1 z f> z possible1 only simple s5t5ces4 ,rule ,,iii4 ,make 9 ea* /atem5t only a s+le ass]tion4 ,9 ! next place1 "o :o draws a brief %\ld take pa9s to frame all 8 /atem5ts 9 z concise a =m z he c4 ,if he is able to /ate an idea 9 six words1 he %\ld n use sev54 ,?is pr9ciple does n mean t small words l a1 an1 & ! %\ld be left out1 or t an obvi\s subject may be omitt$2 x does n mean t ! di>y /yle ( writ+ is p]missible4 ,x means simply t "o %\ld always /ate 8 ideas z briefly z possible )\t violat+ any ( ! rules ( ,composition4 ,quotations %\ld r>ely appe> 9 a brief1 nev] unless !y are v %ort4 ,:5 an argu] wi%es to make use ( ano!r writ]'s mat]ial1 he %\ld cond5se x into 8 own language1 & /ate f :at s\rce he d]iv$ 8 in=mation4 ,9 an exp&$ argum5t ! full quotation may appe>4 ,! ability to express ideas bo? concisely &1 at ! same "t1 cle>ly1 is atta9$ only by consid]able labor1 yet a dep>ture f ! pr9ciple ( brevity is a s]i\s violation ( good brief-draw+4 ,h5ce ! rule3-- ,rule ,,iv4 ,make ea* /atem5t z concise z is consi/5t ) cle>ness4 ,e brief is prim>ily a process ( explanation4 ,f ?is fact x is evid5t t cle>ness mu/ be s\ght above all o!r qualities4 ,n only mu/ ! idea express$ be und]/ood1 b ! relation betwe5 ideas1 mu/ be p]fectly pla9 & evid5t4 ,! read] %\ld be able to see at a glance :at mat]ial is ( co-ord9ate rank & :at is ( subord9ate rank4 ,?is p]spicuity is especially necess>y 9 ! discussion1 :]e ea* /atem5t is ei!r be+ prov$ by subord9ate /atem5ts or is s]v+ z pro( = "s o!r /atem5t4 ,! device ord9>ily adopt$ = exhibit+ at a glance ! relation betwe5 ! ideas 9 a brief consi/s ( two p>ts3 fir/1 all subord9ate /atem5ts are ind5t$ f>!r ?an m important /atem5ts2 & second1 numb]s & lett]s are us$ to indicate :at /atem5ts are ( co-ord9ate importance & :at are ( second>y rank4 ,! sy/em ( m>k+ mo/ g5]ally adopt$ is z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,a4 #a4 a4 #a'4 a'4 ,b4 #a4 a4 ,,ii4 ,a4 etc4 ,?us ! fif? rule is3-- ,rule ,v4 ,indicate ! relation betwe5 /atem5ts by ind5tation & by ! use ( symbols4 ,9 indicat+ ! relation betwe5 ideas1 a writ] %\ld nev] put m ?an "o symbol be=e a /atem5t4 ,x seems almo/ sup]flu\s to m5tion an error s app>5t z ! d\ble use ( symbols1 b ! mi/ake is frequ5tly made & mu* confusion results4 ,! num]al ,i be=e a head+ indicates t ! /atem5t is ( prim>y importance2 ! lett] ,a indicates t x is ( second>y importance4 ,if a /atem5t is m>k$ ,,ia1 app>5tly x is bo? prim>y & second>y1 cle>ly an impossibility4 ,rule ,,vi4 ,m>k ea* /atem5t ) only "o symbol4 ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,introduction4 ,x has be5 se5 t a brief is a complete composition 9 itself1 embody+ all ! mat]ial = conviction t w lat] be f\nd 9 ! exp&$ argum5t4 ,! introduction1 !re=e1 mu/ conta9 suffici5t in=mation to make ! pro( ( ! proposition p]fectly cle>4 ,?is portion ( ! brief s]ves z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! proposition & ! discussion2 x mu/ expla9 ! nature ( ! proposition & !n %[ h[ ! pro( :i* is to foll[ applies to x4 ,! exact "w t ! introduction to a brief mu/ p]=m is /at$ 9 ! foll[+ rule3-- ,rule ,,vii4 ,put into ! introduction suffici5t explanation = a complete und]/&+ ( ! discussion4 ,?is explanation usually involves3-- 7a7 a def9ition ( t]ms1 7b7 an explanation ( ! mean+ ( ! proposition1 7c7 a /atem5t ( ! issues1 & 7d7 ! p>tition4 ,nei!r an introduction to a brief nor an introduction to a complete argum5t %\ld conta9 any /atem5ts n admitt$ by bo? sides4 ,all ideas t savor ( controv]sy or prejudice h no place 9 an introduction4 ,! sole purpose ( ! introduction is to prep>e ! way = ! discussion2 if x conta9s any?+ 9 ! nature ( pro(1 any?+ :i* is n admitt$ly true1 x is no long] pure introduction1 b becomes 9 "p discussion4 ,if explanation & pro( are ?us ?r[n toge!r indiscrim9ately1 confusion w result4 ,accord+ly ! foll[+ rule is ( great importance3-- ,rule ,,viii4 ,put into ! introduction only /atem5ts admitt$ by bo? sides4 ,! foll[+ introductions to briefs may well s]ve z models = /ud5t's "w3-- ,,fir/ ,,model4 ,resolv$1 ,t ,engl& %\ld p]man5tly reta9 control ( ,egypt4 ,,negative ,,brief4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,because ( ! rec5t rapid developm5t ( ,egypt1 ! "q ( ! ret5tion ( ?is c\ntry is becom+ important4 ,,ii4 ,! foll[+ explanations w aid 9 ! discussion ( ! problem3-- ,a4 ,egypt is t /rip ( c\ntry 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,africa1 dra9$ by ! ,nile & its tribut>ies4 ,b4 ,engl& has an army ( occupation 9 ,egypt1 & gov]ns x nom9ally ?r\gh ! ,kh$ive4 ,c4 ,engl& has nev] sugge/$ annexation4 ,d4 ,engl& has %ut out ! int]f]5ce ( ,france & o!r ,european nations4 ,e4 ,engl& has practically rul$ ,egypt z a dep5d5cy4 ,,iii4 ,! foll[+ facts are agre$ ^u3-- ,a4 ,"s nation _h to take *>ge ( ,egypt1 = #a4 ,! c\ntry 0 heavily 9 debt4 #b4 ,! p 7 />v+4 ,b4 ,x is = ! advantage ( ,engl& to reta9 control ( ! c\ntry4 ,,iv4 ,! conflict+ argum5ts on ! "q are z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,^? :o favor ! control ( ,egypt by ,engl& h c]ta9 beliefs3-- #a4 ,!y believe t ! control ( ,egypt by ,engl& is ! only practical solution ( ! problem4 #b4 ,!y believe t ! pres5t /atus ( affairs is b5eficial to ,egypt & to ! :ole _w4 ,b4 ,^? oppos$ to ! control ( ,egypt by ,engl& ma9ta9 ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ,engl& rules 9 a selfi% mann]4 #b4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ,turkey & n ,engl& %\ld h control ( ,egypt4 ,v4 ,f ?is conflict ( op9ion x appe>s t ! po9ts to be det]m9$ are3-- ,a4 ,is ,egypt b5efit$ by ! control ( ,engl&8 ,b4 ,is ! suz]a9ty ( ,engl& ov] ,egypt ! only practical solution ( ! problem8 ,c4 ,is ! control ( ,egypt by ,engl& a b5efit to ! :ole _w8 ,,vi4 ,! negative w attempt to prove t ,engl& %\ld n p]man5tly reta9 ,egypt = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,a4 ,engli% control is h>mful to ,egypt4 ,b4 ,engli% control is n ! only solution to ! ,egyptian problem4 ,c4 ,engli% control is h>mful to o!r nations4 ,,second ,,model4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be elect$ by direct popul> vote4 ,,affirmative ,,brief4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,! pres5t me?od ( elect+ ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 bo? prais$ & condemn$ ev] s9ce ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution4 ,a4 ,two me?ods ( elect+ ! ,presid5t are "u consid]ation3 ! pres5t sy/em :]eby ! ,presid5t is elect$ by ! electoral college1 & ! propos$ sy/em :]eby ! ,presid5t w\ld be elect$ by a direct popul> vote4 ,,ii4 ,^! two sy/ems may be describ$ z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,! pres5t sy/em has ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3-- #a4 ,ea* /ate elects a numb] ( electors equal to ! :ole numb] ( ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives to :i* ! /ate is entitl$ 9 ,congress4 #b4 ,^! electors are *os5 z ! ,legislature ( ea* /ate may direct4 #c4 ,! electors meet 9 _! respective /ates & vote by ballot = ! ,presid5t4 #d4 ,s9ce ! ye> #ahjj ! electors h always vot$ = ! c&idate nom9at$ by ! national p>ty :i* elect$ !m1 ?\gh ! ,con/itution does n make ?is requirem5t4 #e4 ,! ballots are s5t 9 seal$ packages to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 :o c\nts !m & decl>es ! c&idate receiv+ a majority vote elect$4 #f4 ,if ! electors fail to elect1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives *ooses a ,presid5t f ! ?ree c&idates t receive ! greate/ numb] ( electoral votes4 ,b4 ,! propos$ sy/em has ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3-- #a4 ,! p vote directly = ! ,presid5t1 ! c&idate receiv+ a majority ( ! votes be+ elect$4 #b4 ,if !re be no majority1 ! ,presid5t is elect$ z "u ! pres5t sy/em :5 ! electors fail to elect4 ,,iii4 ,! real "q to be answ]$ is1 ,%\ld ! direct me?od be sub/itut$ = ! pres5t me?od8 ,a4 ,! comp>ative value ( ea* me?od mu/ be judg$ by ! foll[+ /&>ds3-- #a4 ,:i* w\ld be ! m practicable8 #b4 ,:i* w\ld give ! vot] full] enjoym5t ( 8 "r ( suffrage8 #c4 ,:i* me?od w\ld h ! bett] effect ^u ! g5]al welf>e ( ! nation8 ,,iv4 ,! affirmative w uphold its side ( ! proposition by e/abli%+ ! ?ree foll[+ facts3-- ,a4 ,! direct popul> vote sy/em w\ld be m practicable4 ,b4 ,! direct popul> vote sy/em w\ld be m democratic4 ,c4 ,! direct popul> vote sy/em w\ld be bett] = ! g5]al welf>e ( ! nation4 ,,ex]cises4 ,a4 7#a7 ,criticise ! foll[+ ,introduction to a brief1 & 7#b7 ,write a suitable ,introduction to a brief on ?is subject4 ,city ,location = ,college4 ,introduction4 ,a4 ,?is "q is important4 ,i4 ,! foll[+ explanation w aid-- 7a7 ,9 ! und]/&+1 & 7b7 ,9 ! discussion ( ! "q4 #a4 ,prim>ily m5 come to college to /udy4 #b4 ,m5 c /udy bett] 9 ! c\ntry4 #c4 ,b is ?is really ! case8 ,b4 ,a college is an in/itution ( le>n+ high] 9 rank ?an a high s*ool or an academy4 ,c4 ,! issues ( ! "q are ! foll[+3 ,i4 ,:i* college location is m favorable to heal? & intellectual developm5t8 ,,ii4 ,is ! /ud5t able to ent] a?letics8 ,,iii4 ,does ! /ud5t 9 ! lonely c\ntry college =m m la/+ fri5d%ips8 ,,iv4 ,:i* is ! *eap]8 ,:i* is ! bett] location8 ,b4 ,put into brief =m ! ,introduction f\nd above1 ,*apt] #c1 ,ex]cise #g1 deal+ ) ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]4 ,c4 ,put ! foll[+ ,introductions into brief =m3-- 7#a7 ,,h[ ,,tru/s ,,affect ,,prices4 ,p]haps no subject 9 connection ) ! ,indu/rial ,comb9ations ( ! la/ few ye>s has be5 m discuss$ ?an t ( _! influ5ce ^u prices4 ,op9ions h diff]$ widely1 ! oppon5ts ( ! ,comb9ations usually believ+ t !y h increas$ prices mat]ially1 _! def5d]s claim+ ) equal positiv5ess t !y h r$uc$ prices4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion h probably orig9at$ l>gely f ! fact t ! subject has be5 approa*$ f diff]5t po9ts ( view2 & mi/akes h also1 9 _m cases1 be5 made ?r\gh lack ( a c>eful int]pretation ( available facts4 ,x by no means foll[s t ! ,tru/s h l[]$ prices because prices h fall5 )9 a few ye>s aft] _! =mation2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,tru/s h rais$ prices because prices h be5 increas$4 ,nei!r does x foll[ t1 because ! ,indu/rial ,comb9ations might ?r\gh _! economies l[] prices1 !y h1 z a matt] ( fact1 actually done s2 nor aga9 t1 ) ! possible ability to increase prices ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( monopoli/ic p[]1 !y h n f\nd x advisable "u c]ta9 circum/ances really to l[] !m4 ,any c>eful discussion ( ! subject w involve1 fir/1 :at ! influ5ce ( comb9ation w\ld enable ! ,tru/s to d reg>d+ prices2 second1 :at ! ,comb9ations actually h done2 &1 ?ird1 :at effects ^u society may be anticipat$ f any *anges 9 prices made by ,indu/rial ,comb9ations4 ,footnote3 ,j]emiah ,w4 ,j5ks1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,june1 #aija1 p4 #ijf4 7#b7 ,mr4 ,*airman3 ,?is bill 7,h4 ,r4 #agjai7 :i* ,i %all ask ?is ,h\se to pass to-day is "o ( t g5]al class usually call$ private bills2 & :ile ! usage ( ?is ,h\se might catalogue x "u t head1 x is 9 reality a public bill1 because x has to d ) ! int]e/s ( _m p--inde$1 an entire city ( #ge1jjj population4 ,?is bill provides t ! legal title to a c]ta9 tract ( l& situat$ ne> ! city ( ,tacoma1 ! title to :i* is n[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 %all be transf]r$ to ! city ( ,tacoma4 ,h[ev]1 ,i wi% to assure ?is ,h\se t z a matt] ( fact ! ,gov]nm5t practically loses no?+ by ! passage ( ?is bill4 ,i realize t ^! two /atem5ts plac$ side by side seem to involve a contradiction4 ,!re=e ,i w make a brief explanation ( ?is matt]4 ,s9ce ! ye> ( #ahff ! ,gov]nm5t has own$ a tract ( l& adjo9+ :at is n[ ! city ( ,tacoma2 ?is tract ( l& conta9s #fcg4i acres4 ,9 ! ye> ( #ahhh ! ,gov]nm5t gave ! city ( ,tacoma a "r or lic5se to use & occupy ?is l& z a city p>k1 b reta9$ ! legal title 9 ! ,gov]nm5t1 because x 0 ?\ght t at "s future "t ! ,gov]nm5t might ne$ to use & occupy ?is l& = milit>y purposes4 ,!re=e y w obs]ve t ! pres5t condition ( ! title to ?is l& is t ! legal title is 9 ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) ! "r 9 ! city to use & occupy ! same4 ,?is bill1 if x %all pass1 w simply rev]se & place ! legal title to ?is l& 9 ! city ( ,tacoma1 ) ! "r rema9+ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t = all "t to come to take possession or use & occupy any or all ( ?is l& t x might ne$ = milit>y1 naval1 or ligh?\se purposes4 ,i wi% to expla9 briefly to ?is ,h\se :y ! passage ( ?is bill & ?is *ange 9 ! title is n only fair & j1 b ! failure to pass ?is bill w\ld1 9 my judgm5t1 be v unfair to ! #ge1jjj p 9 ! city ( ,tacoma4 ,footnote3 ,spee* ( ,hon4 ,francis ,w4 ,cu%man ( ,wa%+ton1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,feb4 #bh1 #aije4 7#c7 ,,gov]nm5t ,,managem5t ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,ent]prises4 ,footnote3 ,a4 ,t4 ,hadley1 ,economics1 pp4 #cij-cic4 ,by f> ! mo/ important "p ( consum]s' co-op]ation is exemplifi$ 9 gov]nm5t managem5t ( indu/rial ent]prises4 ,?is diff]s 9 two important p>ticul>s f ! co-op]ative ag5cies already describ$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! *oice ( manag]s ( a gov]nm5t bus9ess ent]prise is connect$ ) ! g5]al political ma*9]y ( ! c\ntry1 & regulat$ by con/itutional law in/ead ( by /atutes ( incorporation4 ,9 ! second place1 ^! manag]s are likely to fall back on ! tax+ p[]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t to make up any deficit :i* may arise 9 ! op]ations ( a public bus9ess ent]prise2 or 9 ! conv]se case to devote any surplus above exp5ses to ! relief ( tax burd5s else:]e4 ,a gov]nm5t ent]prise is manag$ by ! p :o repres5t1 or are suppos$ to repres5t1 ! consum]s2 b ! good or bad economy ( its managem5t does n necess>ily r$\nd to ! pr(it or loss ( ^? :o mo/ use x4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory1 ! gov]nm5t is ! p[] t controls ! army4 ,:5 tribes 7 9 a /ate ( w>f>e ) "o ano!r def5se aga9/ =eign enemies 0 a matt] ( prim>y importance4 ,no man c\ld let 8 private conv5i5ce /& 9 ! way ( effective milit>y op]ations4 ,! discipl9e & subord9ation necess>y to wage successful w> 7 all-important2 & all ! p[]s necess>y to ma9ta9 su* discipl9e 7 entru/$ to ! lead]s ( ! army4 ,some:at lat] ! milit>y au?orities und]took ! "w ( ma9ta9+ discipl9e 9 "t ( peace z well z w>1 & ( def9+ & en=c+ ! rights ( memb]s ( ! tribe aga9/ "o ano!r1 no less ?an aga9/ =eign enemies4 ,?is function 0 n accord$ to !m )\t a /ruggle4 ,! prie/s1 "u ^: tutelage ! religi\s sanction = tribal cu/oms _h gr[n up1 tri$ to keep 9 _! own h&s ! responsibility ( uphold+ ^! cu/oms & ! physical p[] connect$ ) x4 ,9 "s races !y succe$$1 b among ,european peoples ! milit>y au?orities took ! "w ( en=c+ & def9+ laws out ( ! h&s ( ! prie/s1 & made x a function ( ! /ate z di/9ct f ! ,*ur*4 ,z security f =eign enemies increas$1 ?is law-mak+ p[] became m & m important4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 0 less exclusively id5tifi$ ) ! army1 & m occupi$ ) ! c\rts1 ! legislatures1 & ! int]nal police4 ,its judicial & legislative functions assum$ a prom95ce at lea/ z great z its milit>y function4 ,! gr[? ( private prop]ty 0 also co9cid5t ) ! developm5t ( ^! dome/ic functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 fact1 ! two ?+s re9=c$ "o ano!r4 ,! production & accumulation ( capital1 to :i* private prop]ty gave s vigor\s an impulse1 plac$ ! /rong m5 ( ! community 9 a position :]e !y _h less to ga9 by w> & m by peace4 ,x put !m on ! side ( int]nal tranquility4 ,x ?us made ! gov]nm5t m p[]ful1 & ?is 9 turn /ill fur!r increas$ ! accumulations ( capital4 ,b along ) ?is mutual help1 :i* /rong dome/ic gov]nm5t & /rong prop]ty "r r5d]$ "o ano!r1 !re 0 an elem5t ( mutual antagonism4 ,! v fulfillm5t ( ^? functions :i* made ! accumulation ( capital possible1 r5d]$ x impossible = ! gov]nm5t to d its "w except at ! exp5se ( ! capitali/s4 ,x 0 no long] possible to support armies by booty1 or c\rts by f9es & =feitures4 ,! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ ord] _h to be paid by its fri5ds in/ead ( by its enemies4 ,! gr[? ( private prop]ty 0 foll[$ by ! developm5t ( a sy/em ( taxation1 :i*1 9 !ory at any rate1 involv$ ! p[] to de/roy su* prop]ty4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a sy/em ( taxation1 ) ! ma*9]y = collect+ money 9 ?is way1 all[s ! gov]nm5t m fre$om ( indu/rial action ?an any private individual c comm&4 ,x c make up a deficit by compulsory paym5ts2 & ?is gives x a wid] range ( p[] 9 decid+ :at s]vices x w und]take & :at prices x w *>ge--a p[] :i* af=ds almo/ unlimit$ opportunity = good or bad use1 accord+ to ! degree ( skill & integrity ) :i* x is ex]cis$4 ,e ext5sion ( gov]nm5t activity into new fields re/ricts private ent]prise 9 two ways3 fir/ by limit+ ! field = inve/m5t ( private capital1 & second1 by possibly1 if n probably1 appropriat+ ?r\gh taxation a "p ( ! returns f private ent]prise 9 all o!r fields4 ,! "q :e!r a gov]nm5t %\ld manage an indu/ry r$uces itself to ?is3 ,are ! defici5cies or evils connect$ ) private managem5t su* t x is wise to give gov]nm5t (ficials ! tax+ p[] :i* con/itutes ! di/9ctive feature ( public indu/rial managem5t8 ,d4 ,draw an ,introduction to a brief on ea* ( ! propositions giv5 on page #hb4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,discussion--,,conviction ,x has be5 se5 t "o :o wi%es to e/abli% ! tru? or ! falsity ( a proposition mu/ answ] c]ta9 vital que/ions t are b\nd to arise 9 connection ) x4 ,!n1 z diff]5t p]sons may answ] ^! que/ions 9 diff]5t ways1 x becomes necess>y = him to conv9ce 8 audi5ce t 8 answ]s are correct4 ,he mu/ always bew>e ( ass]tiv5ess4 ,?is defect occurs :5ev] a speak] or writ] makes a /atem5t b does n e/abli% its tru?4 ,z simple d5ial is always suffici5t answ] to m]e ass]tion1 an unsupport$ /atem5t is wor?less4 ,no "o c hope to w9 9 debate or *ange ano!r's belief unless he c prove t :at he says is true2 he mu/ sub/antiate ) pro( e /atem5t t he makes1 & %[ t no possibility = error or deceit c exi/4 ,9 argum5tation e /atem5t n commonly acc5t$ z true mu/ be prov$4 ,! foll[+ passage is a highly ass]tive bit ( argum5t2 its wor?lessness is app>5t4 ,! decision ( ,congress to increase /ill fur!r our already enorm\s navy is an inju/ice to e individual :o contributes to ! support ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,x is a crime to squ&] millions ( money on a fleet t we d n ne$4 ,our navy to-day is m ?an ! equal ( any =eign armam5t t floats4 ,?\gh second 9 numb] ( %ips1 x ranks fir/ 9 effici5cy among all ! navies ( ! _w4 ,no o!r c\ntry c boa/ ( su* m>ksman%ip z our gunn]s display2 no o!r c\ntry c boa/ ( su* armor plate z is to be f\nd on our fir/-class battle%ips2 n ev5 ,engl& c successfully compete ) u 9 seaman%ip & 9 g5]al effici5cy4 ,pro( is any?+ :i* s]ves ei!r imm$iately or m$iately to conv9ce ! m9d ( ! tru? or ! falsehood ( a fact or proposition4 ,footnote3 ,on ,evid5ce1 ,be/1 p4 #de4 ,belief 9 a specific /atem5t is induc$ by a pres5tation ( p]t95t facts1 & usually by a process ( reason+ :]eby f ! exi/5ce ( ^! kn[n facts1 ! conclusion1 hi!rto unaccept$1 is rea*$4 ,^? facts t h to d ) ! proposition "u discussion are kn[n z evid5ce4 ,! process ( comb9+ facts & d]iv+ an inf]5ce f !m is kn[n z reason+4 ,evid5ce may be made up ( ! te/imony ( witnesses1 ! op9ion ( exp]ts1 k d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 ! te/imony ( docum5ts1 or circum/ances t are g5]ally kn[n to h exi/$4 ,reason+ is ! process by :i* m5 =m op9ions1 r5d] judgm5ts1 expla9 ev5ts1 or 9 any way seek new tru?s f e/abli%$ facts4 ,9 ! foll[+ bit ( pro(1 notice ! facts t are /at$1 & see h[1 by a process ( reason+1 !y g to sub/antiate ! idea t !y are int5d$ to prove3-- ,new ,york hires two policem5 :]e ,na%ville hires "o1 & pays !m d\ble ! sal>y2 yet ,na%ville is z peaceable & ord]ly z ,new ,york4 ,9 ,na%ville any *ild ( s*ool age c h a seat 9 ! public s*ools all ?r\gh ! ye>2 9 ,new ,york !re has be5 a %ortage ( seats = _m ye>s4 ,na%ville has a filt]$ wat] supply2 ,new ,york is go+ to h "o z soon z ! #ab1jjj1jjj filtration plant c be built at ,j]ome ,p>k4 ,/reet c> f>es are five c5ts 9 bo? cities2 9 ,na%ville "o c always get a seat2 9 ,new ,york "o has to scramble = /&+ room4 ,! s\!rn city ma9ta9s hospitals1 p>ks1 food inspectors1 & all o!r ?+s common to ,new ,york & o!r l>ge cities4 ,app>5tly1 ,na%ville is giv+ z mu* to its inhabitants = six doll>s p] capita z ,new ,york = ?irty-"o4 ,^! facts c po9t to b "o conclusion--t ,na%ville has a sup]ior sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,s9ce ! fir/ /ep 9 ! g5]ation ( pro( is ! discov]y ( facts1 ! argu] %\ld at ! v outset become suffici5tly famili> ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( evid5ce to e/imate ! value & /r5g? ( ea* idea t has a be>+ ^u ! subject4 ,i4 ,,evid5ce4 ,!re are two k9ds ( evid5ce3 7a7 direct1 & 7b7 indirect or circum/antial4 ,if a man sees a gang ( /rik]s set fire to ! build+s ( _! =m] employ]1 8 evid5ce is direct4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he only sees !m /eal?ily leav+ ! build+s j be=e ! fire breaks out1 8 evid5ce is indirect4 ,9 ! latt] case ! man's te/imony is direct evid5ce t ! m5 7 9 ! vic9ity ( ! fire :5 x />t$1 b x is indirect evid5ce t !y p]petrat$ ! crime4 ,if a /ud5t :o has fail$ to d good "w ?r\gh\t ! t]m1 & :o has _h little or no opportunity = special prep>ation1 passes 9 a p]fect pap] at ! close ( an exam9ation1 ! presumption is t he has receiv$ aid4 ,! evid5ce on :i* ?is supposition re/s is entirely circum/antial4 ,b if "s "o saw ! /ud5t obta9+ aid1 t fact w\ld be direct evid5ce aga9/ him4 ,direct evid5ce1 z a rule1 is consid]$ m valuable ?an indirect1 b ea* k9d is frequ5tly suffici5t to induce belief4 ,! be/ possible k9d ( evid5ce1 ! k9d t is lea/ liable to conta9 error or falsehood1 is a comb9ation ( bo? direct & indirect4 ,ei!r "o by itself may be untru/wor?y4 ,! unreliability ( evid5ce giv5 by eyewitnesses is %[n by ! conflict+ /ories !y frequ5tly tell conc]n+ ! same incid5t ev5 :5 !y are hone/ly attempt+ to relate ! facts z !y occurr$4 ,also1 x is always possible t ! inf]5ces drawn f a comb9ation ( circum/ances may be entirely wrong4 ,:51 h[ev]1 bo? k9ds ( evid5ce are available1 ea* confirm+ ! o!r & lead+ up to ! same conclusion1 !n ! possibility ( error is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! opportunity ( ! college /ud5t = obta9+ evid5ce 9 8 argum5tative "w is limit$4 ,a lawy] be=e ent]+ ^u an important case (t5 sp5ds weeks & mon?s 9 inve/igation2 sci5ti/s sometimes devote a :ole lifetime 9 try+ to e/abli% a s+le hypo!sis4 ,b ! college /ud5t 9 prep>+ an argum5t mu/ obta9 8 evid5ce 9 a few days4 ,!re are sev]al s\rces at 8 disposal4 ,! fir/ available s\rce is 8 fund ( g5]al k & exp]i5ce4 ,if a man c e/abli% a /atem5t by say+ t he p]sonally kn[s x to be true1 he has valuable pro(4 ,!n ! p ) :om ! /ud5t comes 9 contact con/itute ano!r s\rce ( evid5ce4 ,anyone :o c give in=mation on a subject t is be+ inve/igat$ is a valuable witness4 ,especially 9 discussions on que/ions :i* p]ta9 to college life1 ! op9ions & exp]i5ces ( college m5 & ( prom95t educators are unsurpass$ z evid5ce4 ,b ! greate/ s\rce ( evid5ce = ! /ud5t ( argum5tation is ! libr>y4 ,"h he may consult ! be/ ?\ght ( all "t 9 e bran* ( activity4 ,he may review ! op9ions ( /atesm51 economi/s1 educators1 & sci5ti/s1 & introduce z evid5ce _! exp]i5ces & ! results ( _! inve/igations4 ,"h he may famili>ize himself ) ! curr5t ev5ts ( ! _w1 & draw 8 own conclusions z to _! significance4 ,9 fact1 a well equipp$ libr>y treats ( all subjects1 h[ev] broad or n>r[ !y may be1 & furni%es evid5ce = all sorts ( debatable que/ions4 ,z n all evid5ce is equally valuable1 a l>ge "p ( ! "w ( argum5tation consi/s 9 apply+ te/s to ! evid5ce at h& = ! sake ( det]m9+ :at facts are irrefutable1 :at are d\btful1 & :at are wor?less4 ,moreov]1 "o engag$ 9 argum5tation mu/ te/ n only 8 own evid5ce b also t ( ! o!r side4 ,no bett] me?od ( refut+ an oppon5t's argum5t exi/s ?an to %[ t ! facts on :i* x re/s are untru/wor?y4 ,te/s ( evid5ce may be divid$ into two classes3 te/s ( ! s\rce f :i* x comes1 & te/s ( ! quality ( ! evid5ce itself4 ,a4 ,,te/s ,,( ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,evid5ce4 ,s9ce 9 c\rts ( law1 9 college debate1 & 9 all k9ds ( argum5tation1 facts are e/abli%$ by ! te/imony ( witnesses1 ! s\rces ( evid5ce are ! witnesses :o give x4 ,! debat] & ! argum5tative writ] h n ! opportunity1 z has ! lawy]1 ( produc+ ! witnesses & p]mitt+ !m to tell _! own /ories to ! audi5ce4 ,he mu/ himself relate ! evid5ce2 &1 9 ord] t x may be believ$1 he mu/ tell :5ce x comes4 ,! s\rces ( evid5ce may be common rumor1 newspap]s1 magaz9es1 (ficial docum5ts1 private citiz5s1 or public (ficials4 ,! ext5t to :i* ^! witnesses are accept$ z tru/wor?y by ! p be=e :om !y are quot$ det]m9es 9 a l>ge measure :e!r or n ! evid5ce w be believ$4 ,te/s = det]m9+ ! tru/wor?9ess ( witnesses w next be giv54 ,! fir/ te/ ( ! s\rce ( evid5ce %\ld be3-- 7#a7 ,is ! witness compet5t to give a tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ! matt] "u consid]ation8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 fir/ det]m9e :e!r ! facts to be e/abli%$ are su* t any ord9>y p]son c speak conc]n+ !m ) reasonable accuracy1 or :e!r !y c be und]/ood only by p]sons :o h receiv$ special tra9+4 ,a l&sman c\ld well te/ify t a naval battle _h occurr$1 b only a man ) nautical tra9+ c\ld accurately describe ! maneuv]s ( ! %ips & tell j h[ ! engagem5t progress$4 ,a coal heav]'s description ( a surgical op]ation w\ld e/abli% no?+1 except p]haps ! id5tity ( ! p & a few o!r g5]al matt]s2 only a p]son ) a m$ical education c\ld accurately describe ! proc$ure4 ,! te/imony ( any "o b a naturali/ w\ld n ev5 t5d to prove ! exi/5ce ( an hi!rto unkn[n species ( animal life4 ,a witness )\t te*nical k _c give reliable evid5ce on matt]s ( a te*nical nature4 ,!n1 if x is f\nd t ! witness does possess ! necess>y te*nical tra9+1 or t no previ\s tra9+ is necess>y1 /ill fur!r te/ 8 ability to give reliable evid5ce by ask+ :e!r he has _h ample opportunity = inve/igat+ ! facts to ! exi/5ce ( :i* he te/ifies4 ,= ev5 a skill$ play] sitt+ 9 ! fir/ base blea*]s at a baseball game to criticise an umpire's decisions on balls & /rikes is absurd2 ! op9ion ( a transi5t visitor to ,panama on ! me?ods us$ 9 digg+ ! canal is n valuable2 a travel] :o has sp5t a s+le mon? 9 ,japan _c draw reliable conclusions on ! m]its & defects ( its political /ructure4 ,9 n "o ( ^! cases has ! opportunity = inve/igation be5 suffici5t to r5d] ! witness able to give reliable evid5ce4 ,a curr5t magaz9e 9 discuss+ ! weakness ( te/imony t comes f incompet5t witnesses says3-- ,g5]alizations ab\t ! ta/es & int]e/s ( ! age are s easy t all except ! mo/ w>y fall into !m1 & ! _w is full ( (f-h& op9ions t\*+ ! condition ( society & ! /ate ( ! _w1 :i* are f> m conspicu\s = c\rage ?an = discretion4 ,!re are v few m5 or wom5 9 any p>ticul> p]iod :o "k x intimately en\gh1 & ) suffici5t insight & sympa?y1 to pass judgm5t ^u x4 ,"o he>s almo/ e day sweep+ judgm5ts ab\t ,am]icans1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]mans1 ,*9ese1 & ,japanese :i* are entirely valueless1 unless !y are bas$ on a v broad & intimate k ( ^! v>i\s peoples1 a k :i*1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 few p possess4 ,! *>m+ ,am]ican girl :o decl>$ t1 s9ce gloves are *eap] 9 ,p>is1 ,am]ican civilization is a failure1 may /& = a type ( int]e/+ & piquant oracles1 to be he>d ) att5tion1 b "u no circum/ances to be foll[$4 ,am]icans are s famili> ) ! ,european travel] :o arrives & makes up 8 op9ion ov] night 9 reg>d to m51 morals1 & mann]s 9 ! ,we/]n _w & h s (t5 be5 ! victim ( ?is self-confid5t critic1 t !y ought n to repeat ! same blund] 9 deal+ ) o!r peoples4 ,footnote3 ,! ,outlook1 ,july #bj1 #aijg4 ,9 ! c\rt room1 :]e witnesses are pres5t & c be c>efully exam9$ by ! lawy]s on bo? sides1 x is cu/om>y to apply bo? m5tal & physical te/s4 ,! witness :o te/ifies to k ( "s ev5t t occurr$ a long "t be=e is giv5 a memory te/2 ! s5ses1 also1 ?r\gh :i* occurr5ces are p]ceiv$ are frequ5tly exam9$4 ,b z writ]s & debat]s 9 g5]al seldom h ! opportunity to apply te/s ( ?is sort to _! s\rces ( in=mation1 & z ^! te/s are seldom important outside ( ! law c\rts1 !y are n tak5 up 9 detail 9 ?is book4 ,! second te/ ( ! s\rce ( evid5ce %\ld be3-- 7#b7 ,is ! witness will+ to give an accurate acc\nt ( ! matt]8 ,"o important influ5ce t may cause a witness to give false evid5ce is self-int]e/4 ,n only individuals1 b social & indu/rial organizations1 political p>ties1 communities1 & /ates are frequ5tly sway$ by ?is emotion to ! ext5t ( delib]ately p]v]t+ ! tru?4 ,! evid5ce f\nd 9 newspap]s & o!r publications is (t5 false1 or at lea/ mislead+1 because x has be5 tamp]$ ) by ^? :o put _! selfi% int]e/s be=e all else4 ,! own] ( an indu/ry protect$ by a high t>iff w\ld sc>cely be consid]$ a reliable witness 9 matt]s affect+ t>iff re=m4 ,! op9ion ( a railroad magnate on ! subject ( a compulsory two-c5t rate law w\ld n be consid]$ z unbias$4 ,no dis9t]e/$ seek] aft] tru? w\ld accept ! political conclusions ( a newspap] own$ by a politician or recogniz$ z ! organ ( a c]ta9 p>ty4 ,9 all su* cases1 self-int]e/ may prompt ! witness to make /atem5ts n 9 /rict accordance ) ! tru?4 ,p]jury 9 ! c\rt room is n uncommon2 falsehood else:]e mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! argu] %\ld always c>efully scrut9ize ! te/imony ( a witness t has any special int]e/ 9 ! matt] = :i* evid5ce is be+ s\ght4 ,?\gh ! self-int]e/ is /rong1 ! witness may be will+ to /ate ! matt] accurately2 b1 z long z human nature rema9s z x is1 ?is will+ness %\ld n be tak5 = grant$4 ,! ?ird te/ ( ! s\rce ( evid5ce %\ld be3-- 7#c7 ,is ! witness prejudic$8 ,ano!r emotion t frequ5tly keeps a witness f tell+ ! exact tru? is prejudice4 ,e "o is famili> ) in/ances ( h[ ?is passion w>ps m5's morals & corrupts _! judgm5t4 ,if a man is prejudic$ = or aga9/ a p]son or a sy/em1 he _c be accept$ z a tru/wor?y witness 9 matt]s :]e 8 prejudice comes into play4 ,%\ld an economi/ kn[n to favor socialism write a treatise advocat+ municipal own]%ip ( public utilities1 8 evid5ce & 8 reason+ w\ld n be conv9c+2 x w\ld be tak5 = grant$ t he look$ at ! subject ?r\gh sociali/ic spectacles4 ,a p]son :o sets out ) ! expectation & int5tion ( f9d+ flaws 9 any?+ usually succe$s4 ,?\gh he is will+ to tell ! exact tru?1 yet because ( 8 prejudice he is sure to see only t :i* w co9cide ) 8 preconceiv$ op9ions4 ,= ?is reason1 political spee*es & int5sely p>tisan books & pap]s are inv>iably unreliable s\rces ( evid5ce ev5 ?\gh !y are n int5tionally di%one/4 ,! f\r? te/ ( ! s\rce ( evid5ce is3-- 7#d7 ,does ! witness h a good reputation = hone/y & accuracy8 ,! human consci5ce is s con/itut$ t _m p deviate f ! tru? = no app>5t reason :atev]4 ,"s are giv5 to exagg]ation2 "s habitually pret5d to "k t ( :i* !y are entirely ignorant2 o!rs are s inaccurate t ev]y?+ !y say is op5 to grave suspicion4 ,if a witness is kn[n to h be5 repeat$ly di%one/ or inaccurate 9 ! pa/1 little reliance %\ld be plac$ 9 8 te/imony4 ,yell[ j\rnalism1 :i* is l>gely ! reflection ( common rumor1 af=ds con/ant examples ( witnesses t give que/ionable evid5ce4 ,ability & will+ness to give exact evid5ce1 an unprejudic$ attitude1 & a good reputation = hone/y & accuracy are ! qualities t %\ld *>act]ize ! s\rces ( evid5ce4 ,if a writ] or speak] is secur+ te/imony f fri5ds or acqua9tances1 ! application ( ^! te/s is n difficult4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! s\rces are books & p]iodicals1 8 "w is h>d]2 b to be successful1 he mu/ n %irk x4 ,:5 "o procures evid5ce f books1 he %\ld inve/igate ! "* & /&+ ( ! au?or4 ,:5 "o obta9s x f sign$ articles 9 pap]s & magaz9es1 he mu/ consid] bo? ! au?or & ! "* ( ! publication4 ,9 ! case ( newspap] /ories & editorials1 "o %\ld f9d out on :at g5]al policy & pr9ciples ! pap] is conduct$4 ,a cauti\s argu] w always avoid1 z f> z he c1 ! use ( evid5ce t comes f a d\btful s\rce4 ,if "o f9ds t an oppon5t has us$ ! te/imony ( que/ionable witnesses1 he c1 by expos+ ! fact1 easily refute ! argum5t4 ,,necessity ,,( ,,/at+ ,,s\rces4 ,x sometimes happ5s t an argu] fails to /ate ! s\rce ( 8 evid5ce4 ,?is omission is usually fatal to success4 ,no "o is likely to put mu* confid5ce 9 /atem5ts t are introduc$ by su* flimsy preambles z1 ,a c]ta9 /atesman has decl>$2 ,i h read some:]e2 ,an acqua9tance told me4 ,n only mu/ evid5ce come f s\rces t seem good to ! writ]1 b ^? s\rces mu/ be satisfactory to ! audi5ce4 ,9 ! la/ analysis ! audi5ce is ! judge ( :at is cr$ible & :at is n4 ,moreov]1 if ! evid5ce is ( great importance1 or is liable to be disput$1 ! argu] %\ld %[ 9 a few words :y ! witness is especially reliable4 ,b4 ,,int]nal ,,te/s ,,( ,,evid5ce 7#a7 ,is ! evid5ce consi/5t ) 7a7 o!r evid5ce 9 ! same argum5t2 7b7 kn[n facts2 7c7 human exp]i5ce8 ,! requirem5t t e sep>ate bit ( evid5ce 9 an argum5t %all be consi/5t ) e o!r bit ( evid5ce 9 ! same argum5t is too well und]/ood to ne$ explanation4 ,"o famili> ) c\rts ( law kn[s t a witness :o contradicts himself is n believ$4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! te/imony ( sev]al witnesses = ! same side is inconsi/5t1 ! case = t side is mat]ially weak5$4 ,s x is 9 g5]al debate3 ! argu] :o wi%es to succe$ mu/ n use evid5ce t is self-contradictory4 ,8 pro( mu/ hang toge!r2 8 facts mu/ all g to e/abli% ! same conclusion4 ,a flagrant violation ( ?is pr9ciple once occurr$ 9 a class-room debate4 ,! speak] = ! negative on ! proposition1 ,resolv$1 ,t fre%m5 %\ld be ineligible = college teams1 said t su* a rule w\ld deprive ! fre%m5 ( mu*- ne$$ physical ex]cise4 ,lat] on1 he said t j z _m fre%m5 w\ld receive injuries "u ?is rule z )\t x1 s9ce !y w\ld take "p 9 equally dang]\s conte/s z memb]s ( fre%m5 teams4 ,?is contradiction ru9$ 8 argum5t4 ,9 ! next place1 evid5ce to be ( any value :atev]1 mu/ be consi/5t ) :at is kn[n ab\t ! case4 ,if an argu] is s c>eless z to make /atem5ts contradictory ei!r to well- e/abli%$ facts or to facts easily prov$1 he _c hope to atta9 ! slighte/ measure ( success4 ,only "o guilty ( gross neglect or absolute falsehood is likely to fall into su* an error4 ,at "o "t ! /ory 0 circulat$ t1 dur+ 8 e>ly life1 ,l9coln _h be5 insane4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage ,ida ,m4 ,t>bell %[s t ! te/imony on :i* ?is belief 0 f\nd$ is inconsi/5t ) ! kn[n facts ( ! case1 & is1 !re=e1 palpably untrue3-- ,mr4 ,?ornton w5t on to say t he knew beyond a d\bt t ! s5sational acc\nt ( ,l9coln's insanity 0 untrue1 & he quot$ f ! ,h\se j\rnal to %[ h[ x 0 impossible t1 z ,lamon says1 us+ ,h]ndon's notes1 ',l9coln w5t crazy z a loon1 & did n att5d ! legislature 9 #ahda-ahdb1 = ?is reason'2 or1 z ,h]ndon says1 t he _h to be wat*$ con/antly4 ,accord+ to ! record tak5 f ! j\rnals ( ! ,h\se by ,mr4 ,?ornton1 :i* h be5 v]ifi$ 9 ,spr+field1 ,mr4 ,l9coln 0 9 8 seat 9 ! ,h\se on t 'fatal fir/ ( ,janu>y' :5 he is ass]t$ to h be5 grop+ 9 ! %ad[ ( madness1 & he 0 also !re on ! foll[+ day4 ,l9coln himself 0 an exp]t at detect+ inconsi/5cy :]ev] x exi/$4 ,he won _m ( 8 lawsuits by ! /raight=w>d me?od ( %[+ t ! "o or two vital /atem5ts on :i* ! :ole case ( ! opposition re/$ 7 false1 inasmu* z !y 7 inconsi/5t ) well-e/abli%$ & incontrov]tible facts4 ,an in/ance ( ?is sort is "h describ$3-- ,! mo/ damag+ evid5ce 0 t ( "o ,all51 :o swore t he _h se5 ,arm/rong /rike ,metzk] ab\t t5 or elev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,:5 ask$ h[ he c\ld see1 he answ]$ t ! moon %one brightly4 ,"u ,l9coln's que/ion+ he repeat$ ! /atem5t until x 0 impossible t ! jury %\ld =get x4 ,) ,all5's te/imony unimpea*$1 conviction seem$ c]ta94 ,l9coln's address to ! jury 0 full ( pa?os4 ,x 0 n z a hir$ attorney t he 0 !re1 he said1 b to dis*>ge a debt ( fri5d%ip4444 ,b ,l9coln 0 n rely+ on sympa?y alone to w9 8 case4 ,9 clos+ he review$ ! evid5ce1 %[+ t all dep5d$ on ,all5's te/imony1 & ?is he said he c\ld prove to be false4 ,all5 nev] saw ,arm/rong /rike ,metzk] by ! light ( ! moon1 = at ! h\r :5 he said he saw ! fight1 betwe5 t5 & elev5 o'clock1 ! moon 0 n 9 ! heav5s4 ,!n procur+ an almanac1 he pass$ x to ! judge & jury4 ,! moon1 :i* 0 on t night only 9 its fir/ qu>t]1 _h set be=e midnight4 ,footnote3 ,! ,life ( ,abraham ,l9coln1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgb4 ,ida ,m4 ,t>bell4 ,! ,d\bl$ay ,mc,clure ,co4 ,an argu] %\ld also be extremely c>eful to use evid5ce t on its face appe>s reasonable4 ,only an extremely cr$ul\s audi5ce w accept ideas t run c\nt] to human belief & exp]i5ce4 ,to attribute ! occurr5ce ( an ev5t to sup]natural causes w\ld br+ a smile ( d]ision to any b a mo/ ignorant & sup]/iti\s p]son4 ,to attribute to m5 qualities & *>act]i/ics t human exp]i5ce has %[n !y d n possess w br+ equal discr$it4 ,no "o is likely to accept evid5ce t contradicts 8 habits ( ?9k+1 t is contr>y to :at 8 life & exp]i5ce h taught him is true4 ,= ?is reason savage p are sl[ to believe ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,= ?is reason x is difficult to make an audi5ce believe t any "o w delib]ately & consi/5tly "w aga9/ 8 own int]e/s1 or foll[ any o!r unusual l9e ( action4 ,evid5ce contr>y to human exp]i5ce may be true1 b unless ! exig5cies ( ! argum5t dem& its use1 ! argu] w d well to omit x entirely4 ,if he is oblig$ to use x1 he %\ld make x appe> z reasonable z he c1 & also sub/antiate x ) c>eful pro(4 ,huxley appreciat$ ! fact t evid5ce1 to be believ$1 mu/ be 9 accordance ) man's exp]i5ce :5 he wrote ! foll[+3-- ,if any "o 7 to try to p]suade y t an oy/] %ell 7:i* is also *iefly compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime7 _h cry/alliz$ out ( sea-wat]1 ,i suppose y w\ld laugh at ! absurdity4 ,y\r laught] w\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! fact t all exp]i5ce t5ds to %[ t oy/]-%ells are =m$ by ! ag5cy ( oy/]s1 & 9 no o!r way4 ,! ease ) :i* an argum5t t does n satisfy ?is requirem5t may be ov]?r[n is cle>ly %[n 9 ! foll[+ extract f a /ud5t's =5sic3-- ,to say t ! ,cuban reconc5trados sunk ! ,ma9e 9 an ef=t to embroil ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a conflict ) ,spa9 is ! v]ie/ fooli%ness4 ,!re is n "o scrap ( docum5t>y evid5ce to %[ t su* 0 ! case4 ,moreov]1 su* an act w\ld be unp>allel$ 9 ! annals ( hi/ory4 ,x is unreasonable1 contr>y to all exp]i5ce1 t ^? oppress$ p %\ld h br\ght disa/]1 involv+ ! de/ruction ( prop]ty & ! loss ( _m lives1 ^u ! v nation t !y 7 look+ to = assi/ance4 7#b7 ,is ! evid5ce fir/-h& or he>say evid5ce8 ,x is univ]sally recogniz$ t he>say evid5ce is unreliable4 ,a n>rative is sure to become s g>bl$ by pass+ f m\? to m\? t unless a witness c te/ify to a fact f 8 own p]sonal k ! evid5ce he gives is wor?y ( little cr$5ce4 ,!re is suffici5t *ance = error :5 ! p]son :o witness$ ! ev5t relates ! acc\nt himself2 if ! /ory is told by a second1 & p]haps by a ?ird p]son1 x is likely to reflect b little ( :at really happ5$4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! exagg]ations ( common rumor2 x di/orts facts s t !y are unrecognizable4 ,! works ( ,h]odotus are untru/wor?y because he frequ5tly believ$ he>say evid5ce4 ,s9ce second-h& evid5ce bo? fails to e/abli% any?+ wor? :ile1 if all[$ to /&1 & is easily ov]?r[n ev5 by a v little fir/-h& evid5ce1 an argu] w d well to foll[ ! cu/om ( ! law c\rts1 &1 z a rule1 exclude x altoge!r4 7#c7 ,c ! evid5ce be consid]$ z especially valuable8 7a7 ,hurtful admissions con/itute an especially valuable k9d ( evid5ce4 ,s9ce m5 are n wont to give evid5ce detrim5tal to _! p]sonal int]e/ unless impell$ to d s by consci5ti\s scruples1 any te/imony damag+ to ! "o :o gives x is 9 all probability n only tru?ful1 b also ! result ( c>eful inve/igation4 ,:5 a practis+ physician admits t half ! ailm5ts ( mank9d are imag9>y or s trivial z to ne$ no m$ical att5tion1 he is mak+ a /atem5t t is likely to injure 8 bus9ess2 = ?is reason he is probably /at+ ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce tru?fully4 ,if a railroad presid5t says t 9 8 op9ion gov]nm5t sup]vision ( railroads w b5efit ! public 9 ! matt] ( rates & s]vice1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t he has giv5 8 hone/ belief1 & t 8 natural reluctance to surr5d] any au?ority ( 8 own has kept him f speak+ c>elessly4 ,if a memb] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate admits t t body is corrupt1 & selfi%1 & untru/wor?y1 he is l[]+ 8 own rank2 !re=e x is reasonable to believe t he is speak+ ! tru? accord+ to 8 hone/ belief4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( ?is k9d ( evid5ce3-- ,x 0 /at$ dur+ ! ,man*urian campaign t ! ,jewi% soldi]s1 ( :om ,kuropatk9 _h ab\t #ce1jjj1 n only fail$ to hold _! gr\nd "u fire1 b by _! timidity ?rew _! comrades into panic4 ,b good evid5ce c be cit$ f ! correspond5ts ( ! ,novoye ,vremya1 an ,anti-,semitic organ1 to ! effect t among ! ,jews 7 f\nd _m intrepid & intellig5t soldi]s1 & t a numb] ( !m 7 aw>d$ ! ,/4 ,george's cross = gallantry4 ,footnote3 ,! ,nation1 ,june #aa1 #aijh4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t "o :o places especial reliance on ?is k9d ( evid5ce mu/ be sure t ! admission is really & n m]ely app>5tly contr>y to ! int]e/ ( ! "o :o gives x4 7b7 ,ano!r p>ticul>ly valuable k9d ( evid5ce is negative evid5ce1 or ! evid5ce ( sil5ce4 ,:5ev] a witness fails to m5tion an ev5t :i*1 if x _h occurr$1 w\ld h be5 ( su* int]e/ to him t he might reasonably h be5 expect$ to h m5tion$ x1 8 sil5ce ^u ! matt] becomes negative evid5ce t ! ev5t did n occur4 ,= _m ye>s no "o sugge/$ t ,bacon wrote ! ,%akespe>ean plays2 ?is abs5ce ( te/imony to ! belief t ,bacon wrote !m is /rong evid5ce t su* belief did n exi/ until rec5tly1 a fact t t5ds to discr$it ! ,baconian !ory ( au?or%ip4 ,! fact t 9 ! writ+s ( ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay no m5tion is made ( ! bicycle is negative evid5ce t ! bicycle _h n !n come into use4 ,t ,moses n[h]e 9 8 writ+s speaks ( life aft] dea? is negative evid5ce t ! ,hebrews did n believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,if admitt$ly capable & imp>tial (ficials d n inflict p5alties = f\l play+ dur+ a football game1 !re is /rong presumption t little or no f\l play+ occurr$4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 tak5 f a curr5t magaz9e1 %[s h[ ?is k9d ( evid5ce may be h&l$ v effectively3-- ,a %>p controv]sy has be5 rag+ 9 ! ,european press ov] ! "q :e!r ,gambetta secretly visit$ ,bism>ck 9 #ahgh4 ,francis ,laur1 ,gambetta's lit]>y executor1 has publi%$ an article ass]t+ t he did1 & giv+ details 7r vague1 x mu/ be admitt$7 ( ! conv]sation betwe5 ! two /atesm54 ,b he (f]s n a scrap ( docum5t>y pro(4 ,he is n ev5 sure :e!r ! int]view took place at ,fri$ri*sruh or at ,v>z94 ,?is is r disconc]t+1 especially 9 view ( ! fact t ,bism>ck nev] made ! slighte/ ref]5ce 9 8 rem9isc5ces or lett]s to ! visit ( ,gambetta1 if x occurr$1 & t ! m9ute ,bus* nev] m5tion$ x4 ,footnote3 ,! ,nation1 ,septemb] #e1 #aijg ,,argum5t ,,f ,,au?ority4 ,!re is a p>ticul> k9d ( evid5ce frequ5tly available = debat]s & argum5tative writ]s kn[n z argum5t f au?ority4 ,?is evid5ce consi/s ( ! op9ions & decisions ( m5 :o are recogniz$1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 z au?orities on ! subjects ( :i* !y speak4 ,an em95t sci5ti/ might expla9 ) unque/ion$ c]ta9ty ! op]ation ( c]ta9 natural ph5om5a4 ,a bus9ess man ( wide exp]i5ce & ) well recogniz$ insight into national conditions might speak au?oritatively on ! causes ( bus9ess depressions4 ,9 religi\s matt]s ! ,bible is ! highe/ au?ority = or?odox ,*ri/ians2 ! ,koran1 = ,mohamm$ans4 ,9 legal affairs ! highe/ au?orities are c\rt decisions1 op9ions ( em95t juri/s1 & ! ,con/itution4 ,if a c]ta9 college presid5t is consid]$ an au?ority 9 ! matt] ( college discipl9e1 !n a quotation f him on ! evils ( haz+ becomes valuable evid5ce = ! affirmative ( ! proposition1 ,haz+ %\ld be aboli%$ 9 all colleges4 ,if ! argu] wi%es to /r5g!n 8 evid5ce1 he may d s by giv+ ! presid5t's reasons = condemn+ haz+2 b he !n dep>ts f pure argum5t f au?ority4 ,pure argum5t f au?ority does n consi/ ( a /atem5t ( ! reasons involv$2 x ass]ts t some?+ is true because "s "o :o is ackn[l$g$ to be an au?ority on t subject says x is true4 ,argum5t f au?ority diff]s f o!r evid5ce 9 t x involves n m]ely inve/igation b also ! ex]cise ( a high degree ( judgm5t4 ,! /atem5t t 9 #aijb1 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 two hundr$ & n9ety-five communities ( f #h1jjj to #be1jjj inhabitants 7 )\t /reet-c> l9es is n argum5t f au?ority2 ! discov]y ( ?is tru? involv$ m]ely inve/igation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "s reputable /atesman or bus9ess man %\ld say t /reet-c> facilities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates excell$ ^? ( ,engl&1 ?is evid5ce w\ld be argum5t f au?ority2 only ?r\gh bo? inve/igation & judgm5t c\ld su* a /atem5t be evolv$4 ,?is k9d ( evid5ce is v /rong :5 ^? address$ h confid5ce 9 ! integrity1 ability1 & judgm5t ( ! p]son quot$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y d n "k him1 or if !y d n consid] him reliable1 ! evid5ce is ( little value4 ,!re=e1 ! te/ t an argu] %\ld apply be=e us+ ?is k9d ( evid5ce is z foll[s3-- ,is ! witness an ackn[l$g$ au?ority on ! subject ab\t :i* he speaks8 ,sometimes a %ort /atem5t %[+ :y ! witness quot$ is able to speak wisely & conclusively w r5d] ! evid5ce m valuable 9 ! eyes ( ! audi5ce4 ,9 ! foll[+ example1 notice h[ ,judge ,james ,h4 ,bl\nt us$ au?ority 9 prov+ t ! ,filip9os desir$ self-gov]nm5t3-- ,s5ator ,dubois1 ( ,idaho1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! ,congressional p>ty t visit$ ! ,philipp9es1 has s9ce said 9 ! ,new ,york ,indep5d5t3 ,all ! ,filip9os1 ) ! exception ( ^? :o 7 hold+ positions "u & draw+ sal>ies f our ,gov]nm5t1 favor a gov]nm5t ( _! own4 ,!re is sc>cely an exception among !m4444 ,!re is nobody 9 ! isl&s1 no organization ( any k9d or description1 :i* favors ! policy ( our ,gov]nm5t t[>d !m4 ,s5ator ,newl&s1 ( ,nevada1 also a memb] ( ! ,congressional p>ty a=esaid1 has decl>$1 9 ! numb] ( ?is ,review = ,decemb]1 #aije1 t practically ! :ole p desire indep5d5ce4 ,congressman ,p>sons1 also a memb] ( ! same p>ty1 has s9ce said3 ,!re is no "q t all ! ,filip9o p>ties are n[ 9 favor ( indep5d5ce4 ,capta9 ,j4 ,a4 ,moss1 ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,infantry1 a memb] ( ,g5]al ,corb9's /aff1 is quot$ by ,mr4 ,bryan1 9 ! ,common] ( ,april #bg?1 #aijf1 z say+ 9 an article publi%$ 9 a ,manila pap] :ile ,mr4 ,bryan 0 9 ! isl&s1 ) ref]5ce to ! wi%es ( ! great majority ( ,filip9os1 t to please !m1 we _c get out ( ! isl&s too soon4 ,footnote3 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,vol4 ,,clxxxiv1 p4 #acf4 ,,ii4 ,,reason+4 ,z has be5 said1 pro( consi/s ( evid5ce & reason+4 ,evid5ce has be5 consid]$ fir/ because ?is ord] corresponds to ! way 9 :i* pro( is usually g5]at$2 obvi\sly1 ! discov]y ( facts prec$es ! process ( reason+ :i* %[s _! significance4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 ?is ord] is rev]s$3 a man may =m a !ory & !n hunt = ! facts on :i* to base x2 b 9 g5]al1 facts prec$e inf]5ces4 ,s9ce all p :5 !y reason d n rea* ! same conclusion1 x is v ess5tial = a /ud5t to inve/igate ! v>i\s processes ( reason+4 ,giv5 exactly ! same evid5ce1 "s m5 w draw "o conclusion1 "s ano!r4 ,a curr5t p]iodical recognizes ?is fact :5 x says3-- ,h[ widely div]g5t may be conclusions drawn f ! same s\rce c be judg$ by contra/+ ^! two /atem5ts3 ,messrs4 ,cl>k & ,edg> decl>e t :]e municipal own]%ip has be5 remov$ f ! realm ( philosophic discussion & put to ! te/ ( actual exp]i5ce x has fail$ +lori\sly2 ,pr(essor ,p>sons & ,mr4 ,bemis on ! contr>y ass]t1 to use ,pr(essor ,p>sons' words1 x is n public own]%ip1 b private own]%ip1 t is responsible = our p]iodic crisis & ! ru9 ( our indu/ries1 & x is n impossible t ! elim9ation ( ! public s]vice corporations ?r\gh public own]%ip is "o ( ! ?+s t w\ld d m to help along ! process ( mak+ our cities fit4 ,footnote3 ,outlook1 ,july #bg1 #aijg4 ,because ( ! div]g5cies 9 ! results produc$ by reason+1 a /ud5t %\ld /udy ) consid]able c>e ! v>i\s processes ( arriv+ at a conclusion1 s t he may be able to tell :at me?ods are /rong1 :at are weak1 & :at are fallaci\s4 ,accord+ to a common classification1 !re are two me?ods ( reason+3 ! inductive process1 & ! d$uctive process4 #a4 ,,inductive ,,reason+4 ,:5 "o c>efully inve/igates 8 reasons = believ+ z he does1 he (t5 f9ds t he accepts a c]ta9 /atem5t z true because he is famili> ) _m specific in/ances t t5d to e/abli% its tru?4 ,! belief t prussic acid is poison\s is bas$ ^u ! l>ge numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* its deadly effect has be5 app>5t4 ,! fact t railroad m5 are expos$ to injury is unque/ion$ because e "o is famili> ) ! _m accid5ts t occur ea* ye>4 ,! /atem5t t wat] freezes at ?irty-two degrees ,fahr5heit has be5 prov$ true by innum]able te/s4 ,?is process ( reason+ by :i*1 f _m specific in/ances1 ! tru? ( a g5]al /atem5t is e/abli%$1 is call$ induction4 ,an example ( inductive reason+ is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,does ! clos+ ( ! saloons affect appreciably ! am\nt ( drunk5ness 9 ! community8 ,a comp>ison ( ! same t[n or city 9 successive ye>s--"o ye> "u "o sy/em1 & ! next ye> "u ! o!r--furni%es a basis = accurate judgm5t4 ,evid5ce ( ?is sort is all "o way1 & x seems to be conclusive4 ,! tables prep>$ by ! ,massa*usetts ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics ( ,labor1 9 #aije1 "u special in/ructions f ! legislature1 %[ t 9 ,hav]hill ! av]age numb] ( arre/s p] mon? "u lic5se 0 #ha4fc1 "u no-lic5se1 #bf4ej2 9 ,lynn1 "u lic5se1 #cae1 "u no-lic5se1 #aag4fc2 9 ,m$=d1 "u lic5se1 #bj4ab1 "u no-lic5se1 #ac4be2 9 ,pittsfield1 "u lic5se1 #ic4be1 "u no-lic5se1 #cf4ge2 & 9 ,salem1 "u lic5se1 #adj4ej1 "u no-lic5se1 #bi4fc4 ,su* comp>isons might be multipli$1 b x is unnecess>y4 ,!re is no escap+ ! conclusion t ! clos+ ( ! saloons1 "u ! ,local ,option sy/em1 does s5sibly dim9i% ! volume ( drunk5ness4 ,footnote3 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 ,,xc1 p4 #dcg4 ,9 us+ inductive reason+1 "o mu/ always be on 8 gu>d aga9/ draw+ conclusions too ha/ily4 ,x is nev] correct to conclude f a consid]ation ( only a few in/ances t a g5]al tru? has be5 discov]$4 ,fur!r exam9ation may %[ t ! op9ion fir/ =m$ w n hold4 ,"s p call all m5 di%one/ because sev]al acqua9tances h n kept fai? ) !m4 ,o!rs are ready to believe t because !y h made money 9 ! /ock m>ket all c d likewise4 ,mo/ sup]/itions arise ?r\gh g5]alization f too few in/ances3 ^? :o h sev]al times met mis=tune on ! ?irte5? day ( ! mon? are apt to say t ! ?irte5? is always an unlucky day4 ,su* reason+ z ?is %[s ! weakness ( inductive argum5t3 a conclusion is wor?less if x is drawn f too few examples4 ,pr(essor ,fr$ ,lewis ,pattee1 9 writ+ on ,errors 9 ,reason+1 says3-- ,*ildr5 & ev5 adults (t5 g5]alize f a s+le exp]i5ce4 ,a little boy caution$ me at "o "t to keep away f a c]ta9 horse1 = :ite horses always kick4 ,an old ,p5nsylvania f>m] laid d[n ! law t %+les laid dur+ ! increase ( ! moon always curl up4 ,he _h tri$ x once & f\nd out4 ,a fri5d w advise y to take ,blank's ,bitt]s3 ,i took a bottle "o spr+ & felt mu* bett]2 !y always cure4 ,physicians base _! k ( m$ic9es ^u ! obs]vations ( ?\s&s ( tra9$ obs]v]s ?r\gh _m ye>s1 & n ^u a s+le exp]i5ce4 ,mo/ p are prone to judge _! neighbors f too slight acqua9tance4 ,if a man is late at an appo9tm5t twice 9 succession1 someone is sure to say3 ,oh1 he's always late4 ,?is is poor ?9k+ because x is bad judgm5t4 ,judgm5ts %\ld be made ) c>e & f fullness ( exp]i5ce4 ,footnote3 ,! ,adult ,bible ,class & ,tea*] ,tra9+ ,mon?ly1 ,may1 #aijh1 page #bie4 ,! foll[+ quotation illu/rates h[ (t5 ha/y g5]alizations create prejudice & sway public judgm5t3-- ,!re is an impression %>$ by _m t ! relation betwe5 ! :ite & black races 9 ?is c\ntry is becom+ less amicable & m & m sur*>g$ ) inju/ice4 ,! basis = ?is impression is to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 dramatic & s5sational ev5ts1 9 p>ticul> ! riots 9 ,spr+field1 ,ill9ois1 & 9 ,atlanta1 ,georgia4 ,! memory ( ^? ev5ts is becom+ fa9t 9 _m m9ds2 b ! impression !y creat$ rema9s4 ,a dramatic ev5t w h an effect ^u public op9ion :i* /ati/ics1 m significant b less picturesque1 w altoge!r fail to produce4 ,9 ! horror at ! brief "w ( a mob ! dim9ution 9 ! annual numb] ( lyn*+s is =gott54 ,! fundam5tal mi/ake 9 ?is is 9 ! pick+ out ( a />tl+ episode or a reckless utt]ance & reg>d+ x z typical4 ,we d n arrive at ! tru? 9 t way4 ,! ,black ,h& assass9 does n furni% a true index to ! ,italian "*4 ,a>on ,burr is n an exhibit ( ! product ( ,am]ican ,puritanism4 ,s1 if we wi% to f9d out :at ,am]ican democracy has done ) ! negro1 we d n se>*1 if we are wise1 into ! *a9-gang ( ,georgia or into ! slums ( ,new ,york4 ,footnote3 ,! ,outlook1 ,april #d1 #aijh4 ,! value ( inductive reason+ dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( in/ances obs]v$4 ,v seldom is x possible to inve/igate e case ( ! class "u discussion4 ,( c\rse ?is c sometimes be done4 ,= in/ance1 "o may be able to /ate t all 8 bro!rs are college graduates1 s9ce he c speak au?oritatively conc]n+ ea* "o ( !m4 ,b usually an exam9ation ( e in/ance is out ( ! "q1 & :5ev] induction is bas$ on less ?an all exi/+ cases1 x e/abli%es only probable tru?4 ,f ! =ego+ x is se5 t ! te/s = induction are two3-- 7#a7 ,h en\gh in/ances ( ! class "u consid]ation be5 inve/igat$ to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( a g5]al law8 7#b7 ,h en\gh in/ances be5 inve/igat$ to e/abli% ! probable exi/5ce ( a g5]al law8 #b4 ,,d$uctive ,,reason+4 ,d$uctive reason+ is ! me?od ( demon/rat+ ! tru? ( a p>ticul> /atem5t by %[+ t "s g5]al pr9ciple1 :i* has previ\sly be5 e/abli%$ or :i* is admitt$ to be true1 applies to x4 ,a /rang] on com+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates might ask :e!r our po/al sy/em is a success4 ,! answ] w\ld p]haps be1 ,yes1 c]ta9ly x is1 = x is ma9ta9$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & all our gov]nm5t ent]prises are successful4 ,:5 ! metal ?urium 0 discov]$1 a qu]y d\btless arose z to :e!r x 0 fusible4 ,x 0 !n reason$ t s9ce all metals hi!rto kn[n 7 fusible1 & s9ce ?urium 0 a metal1 und\bt$ly x 0 fusible4 ,/at$ 9 cle>] =m1 ! reason+ 9 ea* case w\ld be3-- ,a4 ,all our gov]nm5t ent]prises are successful4 ,b4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates po/al sy/em is a gov]nm5t ent]prise4 ,c4 ,!re=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates po/al sy/em is successful4 ,a4 ,all metals are fusible4 ,b4 ,?urium is a metal4 ,c4 ,!re=e ?urium is fusible4 ,su* a s]ies ( /atem5ts is call$ a syllogism4 ,a syllogism always consi/s ( a major premise 7,a71 a m9or premise 7,b71 & a conclusion 7,c74 ,! major premise always /ates a g5]al law2 ! m9or premise %[s t ! g5]al law applies to ! p>ticul> case "u consid]ation2 & ! conclusion is1 9 ! light ( ! two premises1 an e/abli%$ tru?4 ,! /r5g? ( d$uctive argum5t dep5ds on two ?+s3 ! tru? ( ! premises & ! fram+ ( ! syllogism4 ,! syllogism mu/ always be s /at$ t a conclusion is d]iv$ f ! application ( a g5]al law to "s specific in/ance to :i* ! law obvi\sly applies4 ,9 ! next place1 ! premises mu/ be true4 ,if !y are only probably correct1 ! conclusion is a m]e presumption2 if ei!r "o is false1 ! conclusion is probably false4 ,b if ! syllogism is correctly fram$1 & if bo? premises are true1 ! conclusion is irrefutable4 ,z premises are facts t h fir/ be5 e/abli%$ by induction1 ! relation betwe5 inductive & d$uctive reason+ is v close4 ,9 fact1 d$uction dep5ds on induction = its v exi/5ce4 ,to ov]?r[ a d$uctive argum5t all t is necess>y is to %[ ! error 9 ! inductive process t built up ei!r "o or bo? ( ! premises4 ,! te/s = d$uction are3-- 7#a7 ,are bo? premises true8 7#b7 ,is ! fact /at$ 9 ! m9or premise an in/ance ( ! g5]al law express$ 9 ! major premise8 ,9 practical argum5tation x is n always necess>y or desirable to express a d$uctive argum5t 9 full syllogi/ic =m4 ,"o premise is frequ5tly omitt$2 ! syllogism ?us %ort5$ is call$ an en?ymeme4 ,! reason+ !n takes "s su* =m z1 ,?is man w fail 9 bus9ess because he is incompet5t4 ,! major premise1 ,all incompet5t m5 fail 9 bus9ess1 is und]/ood1 b is n express$4 ,! en?ymeme con/itutes z /rong & =ceful an argum5t z ! syllogism1 provid$ ! suppress$ premise is a well- e/abli%$ fact2 b :5ev] ?is premise is n accept$ z true1 x mu/ be /at$ & prov$4 ,! argum5t w !n consi/ ( ! full syllogi/ic process4 ,! foll[+ outl9e illu/rates ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 induction & d$uction3-- ,! game ( football b5efits ! play]s physically1 because 7,induction47 #a4 ,football is kn[n to h b5efit$ ,h5ry ,h>vey4 #b4 ,football is kn[n to h b5efit$ ,frank ,b>rs4 #c4 ,football is kn[n to h b5efit$ ,p5n ,arm/rong4 7,d$uction47 #a4 ,! game af=ds ! play]s regul> ex]cise4 #b4 ,! game takes !m out 9 ! op5 air4 #c4 ,! game develops ! lungs4 ,! d$uctive reason+ express$ 9 full w\ld be3-- 7#a7 ,a4 ,all games t af=d ! play]s regul> ex]cise b5efit !m physically4 ,b4 ,football af=ds ! play]s regul> ex]cise4 ,c4 ,!re=e football b5efits ! play]s physically4 ,! reason+ giv5 9 7#b7 & 7#c7 may be express$ 9 simil> syllogisms4 ,to te/ ! inductive "p ( ?is argum5t1 "o %\ld det]m9e h[ well ! ?ree examples %[ ! exi/5ce ( a g5]al law4 ,to te/ ! d$uctive "p1 he %\ld ask :e!r ! premises1 bo? ^? /at$ & ^? suppress$1 are admitt$ facts1 or :e!r !y ne$ to be prov$4 ,if all reason+ 7 purely inductive or purely d$uctive1 & if x always appe>$ 9 z simple a =m z 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration1 "o w\ld h little difficulty 9 classify+ & te/+ x4 ,b frequ5tly ! two k9ds appe> 9 su* obscure =m & 9 su* v>i$ comb9ations t only an exp]t logician c sep>ate & classify !m4 ,because ( ?is difficulty1 x is wor? :ile to "k a second me?od ( classification1 "o :i* is (t5 ( great] practical s]vice ?an ! me?od already discuss$ 9 assi/+ ! argu] to det]m9e :at me?ods ( reason+ are /rong & :at are weak4 ,a k ( ?is classification is also v helpful to "o :o is se>*+ = ways 9 :i* to g5]ate pro(4 ,?is me?od consid]s pro( f ! /&po9t ( its use 9 practical argum5t2 x tea*es n s mu* ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! m9d may "w1 z ! ways 9 :i* x mu/ "w to arrive at a s\nd conclusion4 #a4 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,antec$5t ,,probability4 ,! process ( reason+ f cause to effect is kn[n z ! argum5t f antec$5t probability4 ,:5ev] a ?9k+ man is ask$ to believe a /atem5t1 he is mu* readi] to accept x z true if "s reasonable cause is assign$ = ! exi/5ce ( ! fact t is be+ e/abli%$4 ,! argum5t f antec$5t probability supplies ?is cause4 ,! reason+ may be f ! pa/ t[>d ! pres5t1 or f ! pres5t t[>d ! future4 ,if an inspector condemns a bridge z unsafe1 ! "q arises1 ,:at has made x s8 ,if "s "o prophesies a rise 9 ! price ( railroad bonds1 he is n likely to be believ$ unless he c %[ an adequate cause = ! increase4 ,9 itself1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a cause proves no?+4 ,a bridge may h be5 subject$ to great /ra9 & /ill be unimpair$4 ,?\gh at pres5t !re may be ample cause = a future rise 9 ! securities m>ket1 "s o!r condition may int]v5e & prev5t its op]ation4 ,! assignm5t ( a cause c at be/ e/abli% m]ely a probability1 & yet ! laws ( cause & effect are s fundam5tal t man is usually loa? to believe t a condition exi/s or w exi/1 until he kn[s :at has br\ght x ab\t or :at w br+ x ab\t4 ,a c\rse ( reason+ :i* argues t a proposition is true because ! fact affirm$ is ! logical result ( "s adequate cause is call$ argum5t f antec$5t probability4 ,simple examples ( ?is k9d ( reason+ are f\nd 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,x w ra9 because an ea/ w9d is bl[+2 ,z mo/ ( our (fic]s 9 ! /&+ army h be5 ,we/ ,po9t graduates1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates milit>y sy/em has rea*$ a high /&>d ( effici5cy4 ,! foll[+ are m ext5d$ illu/rations3-- ,x appe>s to h be5 fully e/abli%$ t1 9 c]ta9 indu/ries1 v>i\s economies 9 production--su* z elim9at+ cross freights1 conc5trat+ ! sup]9t5d+ =ce1 runn+ be/ plants to full capacity1 etc4--c be made f production on a l>ge scale1 or1 9 o!r in/ances1 ?r\gh ! comb9ation ( diff]5t e/abli%m5ts favorably locat$ 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n to be expect$ t any "o s\rce ( sav+ w be f\nd applicable 9 all indu/ries1 nor t ! importance ( any w be ! same 9 diff]5t indu/ries2 b 9 _m indu/ries en\gh s\rces ( sav+ w be f\nd to make comb9ation pr(itable4 ,?is /atem5t does n ignore ! fact t !re may be1 9 _m in/ances1 disadvantages en\gh to (fset ! b5efits2 b exp]i5ce does seem to %[ t1 9 _m cases1 at lea/1 ! co/ ( manufacture1 & di/ribution is mat]ially less5$4 ,grant+ t ^! sav+s c be made1 x is evid5t t ! influ5ce ( ,indu/rial ,comb9ations might readily be to l[] prices to consum]s4 ,footnote3 ,j]emiah ,w4 ,j5ks1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,june1 #aija1 page #ijg4 ,9 attempt+ to prove t op]as c be successfully produc$ 9 ,engli%1 ,francis ,rog]s says3-- ,we h a poetic lit]ature ( m>vel\s ri*ness4 ,only ! ,g]mans c lay claim to a lyric weal? z great z ours4 ,! language we inh]it is an extraord9>ily ri* "o4 ,a ,g]man au?ority cr$its x ) a vocabul>y ?ree times z l>ge z t ( ,france1 ! poore/1 9 numb] ( words1 ( all ! great languages4 ,) su* an enorm\s fund ( words to *oose f x seems z if we %\ld be able to express our ?\ghts n only ) unp>allel$ exactness & subtlety1 b also ) unequall$ v>iety ( s\nd4 ,fur!r x is probable t ,engli% surpasses ! o!r ?ree great languages ( song1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 & ,fr5*1 9 numb] ( di/+ui%able v[el s\nds1 b 9 que/ions ( e> au?orities usually diff]1 & x is haz>d\s to claim 9 ?is an indubitable supremacy4 ,x seems c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ,engli% has r m ?an twice z _m v[el s\nds z ,italian 7! poore/ language 9 ?is respect71 :i* has only sev5 or eight4 ,footnote3 ,scribn]'s1 ,janu>y1 #aiji1 p4 #db4 ,s9ce reason+ f antec$5t probability c at be/ e/abli% only a /rong presumption1 & s9ce x is (t5 n ( suffici5t weight to accompli% ev5 ?is1 an argu]1 to be successful1 mu/ "k ! te/s t det]m9e h[ /rong & h[ weak an argum5t ( ?is sort is4 ,he may apply ^! te/s bo? to 8 own reason+ & to ! reason+ ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ te/ is3-- 7#a7 ,is ! assign$ cause ( suffici5t /r5g? to produce ! alleg$ effect8 ,! significance ( ?is "q is at once app>5t4 ,9 ! case ( a crim9al prosecution1 x asks :e!r ! accus$ _h suffici5t motive = p]=m+ ! de$4 ,9 connection ) political & economic propositions t advocate a *ange 9 exi/+ conditions1 ?is te/ asks :e!r ! new me?od propos$ is suffici5tly virile & f>-rea*+ actually to produce ! excell5t results anticipat$4 ,a few ye>s ago ! advocates ( free silv] 7 ma9ta9+ t sixte5 to "o w\ld be a sure cure = all pov]ty & f9ancial di/ress4 ,a c>eful application ( ?is te/ w\ld h mat]ially weak5$ su* an argum5t4 ,believ]s 9 re=matory r ?an punitive me?ods ( imprisonm5t say x is antec$5tly probable t k9d treatm5t1 heal?ful surr\nd+s1 & in/ruction 9 v>i\s directions w reclaim mo/ crim9als to an hone/ life4 ,be=e accept+ or reject+ ?is argum5t1 "o %\ld decide 9 8 own m9d :e!r or n su* treatm5t is adequate to make a releas$ convict give up 8 =m] crim9al practices4 ,if ! argum5t /&s ! fir/ te/1 ! next "q to ask is3-- 7#b7 ,may "s o!r cause int]v5e & prev5t ! action ( ! assign$ cause8 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #aijh x 0 g5]ally kn[n t ! ,erie ,railroad _h no money ) :i* to pay ! int]e/ t 0 ab\t due on its out/&+ bonds4 ,wall ,/reet prophesi$ t ! road w\ld g into a receiv]'s h&s4 ,?is result 0 extremely probable4 ,mr4 ,h>riman1 h[ev]1 presid5t ( ! ,union ,pacific1 /epp$ 9 & by arrang+ = ! paym5t ( ! int]e/ sav$ ! road f bankruptcy4 ,?is 0 an example ( h[ an int]v5+ cause prev5t$ ! action ( ! assign$ cause4 ,:5 ,congress pass$ ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution1 _m p said t ?is legislation w\ld inevitably cause ! social1 political1 & f9ancial ru9 ( ! :ole ,s\?4 ,s9ce !y did n take into consid]ation ! int]v5+ action ( ano!r cause1 namely1 dra/ic measures = negro disfran*isem5t by ! :ite inhabitants ( ! ,s\?1 _! reason+ f antec$5t probability 0 entirely errone\s4 #b4 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,sign4 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,effect ,,to ,,cause4 ,! process ( reason+ f effect to cause is call$ argum5t f sign4 ,s9ce e circum/ance mu/ be ! result ( "s prec$+ circum/ance1 ! argu] tries to f9d ! cause ( "s fact t is kn[n to exi/1 & !reby to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( a hi!rto unkn[n fact4 ,= in/ance1 :5 "o sees a pond froz5 ov]1 he is likely to reason back to ! cause ( ?is condition & decide t !re has be5 a fall 9 temp]ature1 a fact t he may n h kn[n be=e4 ,! sight ( smoke indicates ! pres5ce ( fire4 ,human footpr9ts 9 ! sn[ are und\bt$ pro( t someone has be5 pres5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ quotation1 ! rec5t prohibition movem5t 9 ! ,s\? is said to be a sign t ! vot]s wi% to keep liquor away f ! negro3-- ,:at is ! cause ( ?is drift t[>d prohibition 9 ! ,s\?8 ,! obvi\s cause1 & ! "o mo/ (t5 giv5 9 explanation1 is ! pres5ce ( ! negro4 ,x is said t ! vote = prohibition 9 ! ,s\? repres5ts exactly ! same reason+ :i* excludes liquor f ,indian res]vations1 %uts x out by int]national agreem5t f ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 & excludes x f great areas 9 ,africa "u ! ,briti% flag2 & t1 :]ev] !re is an undevelop$ race1 ! reasons = re/rictions ^u ! liquor traffic become conv9c+4 ,footnote3 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,may1 #aijh1 p4 #fcb4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is k9d ( reason+ dep5ds ^u ! clos5ess ( ! connection betwe5 ! effect & ! assign$ cause4 ,9 te/+ argum5t f sign1 "o %\ld ask3-- 7#a7 ,is ! cause assign$ adequate to produce ! obs]v$ effect8 ,?is te/ is precisely ! same z ! te/ ( adequacy = antec$5t probability4 ,"o c\ld n ma9ta9 t ! productiv5ess ( a c]ta9 piece ( gr\nd 0 due entirely to ! k9d ( f]tiliz] us$ on x1 nor t a national f9ancial upheaval 0 caus$ by ! failure ( a s+le unimportant bank4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! cause sugge/$ may h assi/$ 9 produc+ ! result1 b obvi\sly x 0 n ( itself adequate to be ! sole cause4 7#b7 ,c\ld ! obs]v$ effect h result$ f any o!r cause ?an ! "o assign$8 ,if sev]al possible causes exi/1 !n x is necess>y to consid] !m all1 & %[ t all ! causes except ! assign$ cause did n produce ! obs]v$ effect4 ,if an employ] :o has be5 robb$ discov]s t "o ( 8 cl]ks has sudd5ly come into possession ( a l>ge sum ( money1 he may surmise t 8 cl]k is a ?ief4 ,?is argum5t is valueless1 h[ev]1 unless he c %[ t 8 employee did n receive 8 newly acquir$ weal? ?r\gh inh]itance1 =tunate inve/m5t1 or "s o!r reasonable me?od4 ,b if no o!r reason ?an burgl>y or embezzlem5t c expla9 ! pres5ce ( ?is money1 ! argum5t is v /rong4 ,"o might greatly weak5 ! argum5t 7quot$ e>li]7 :i* assign$ ! cause ( ! rec5t prohibition movem5t 9 ! ,s\? to ! pres5ce ( ! negro by %[+ t ?is action 0 n ! result ( ! assign$ cause1 b l>gely ( ano!r cause4 ,he might prove t dur+ ! debate 9 ! ,georgia ,legislature ^u ! p5d+ prohibitory bill1 ! negro 0 n once m5tion$ z a reason = ! enactm5t ( prohibition2 & t ! *ief argum5ts 9 favor ( prohibition 7 bas$ ^u ! fact t ! saloon elem5t _h =m$ a political r+ 9 ! ,s\? & 7 controll+ ! election ( %]iffs1 mayors1 ald]m51 & legislators4 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,effect ,,to ,,effect4 ,argum5t f sign also includes ! process ( reason+ f effect to effect ?r\gh a common cause4 ,?is me?od consi/s ( comb9+ ! process j describ$ ) ! argum5t f antec$5t probability4 ,a r$uction ( wages 9 "o cotton mill is a sign t !re may be a r$uction 9 o!r cotton mills4 ,"h ! reason+ goes f effect to effect1 pass+1 h[ev]1 ?\gh p]haps ! reason] is n aw>e t ! process is s complex1 ?r\gh a cause common to bo? effects4 ,9 full1 ! reason+ w\ld be3 a r$uction 9 ! fir/ mill is ! result ( ! cause h>d times2 x is !n antec$5tly probable t ?is cause w produce a simil> r$uction ( wages 9 o!r mills4 ,?is me?od may be repres5t$ by ! foll[+ figure3-- ,cause _/ _/ _/ _/ ,effect ,effect ,only "o effect is kn[n2 ! o!r effect is inf]r$1 fir/1 by a process ( reason+ f a kn[n effect to an unkn[n cause1 & secondly1 by ! process ( reason+ f ?is assum$ cause to an unkn[n effect4 ,?is me?od ( reason+ is s\nd & legitimate :5 bo? effects h ! same cause4 ,its weakness lies 9 ! fact t x may be attack$ on two sides3 on ! reason+ f effect to cause1 & on ! reason+ f cause to effect4 ,if ! connection c be brok5 9 ei!r process1 ! argum5t is ov]?r[n4 ,! te/s to be us$ h already be5 giv54 #c4 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,example4 ,argum5t f example is ! "n giv5 to ! process by :i* "o reasons t :at has be5 true "u c]ta9 circum/ances w aga9 be true "u ! same or simil> circum/ances4 ,9 us+ ?is me?od ( reason+ "o argues t :5ev] sev]al p]sons or ?+s or conditions are alike 9 "s respects1 any giv5 cause op]at+ ^u !m w 9 ea* case produce ! same effect2 any l9e ( action adopt$ by !m w 9 ea* case h ! same result4 ,!re are two divisions ( argum5t f example4 ,:5 ! resemblance betwe5 ! ?+s comp>$ is close1 ! process is call$ argum5t by g5]alization2 :5 ! resemblance is s slight t !re c be no direct comp>ison1 b only a comp>ison ( functions1 ! process is call$ argum5t f analogy4 ,,argum5t ,,by ,,g5]alization4 ,if "o f9ds t a c]ta9 ma/iff becomes ) tra9+ an excell5t wat* dog1 he may reasonably take x = grant$ t tra9+ w produce ! same result 9 ano!r dog ( ! same bre$4 ,if a college /ud5t ) c]ta9 pron\nc$ physical & m5tal *>act]i/ics is kn[n to be an exceptionally good football play]1 ! a?letic tra9] is sure to reason by g5]alization t ano!r /ud5t ) ^! same *>act]i/ics w\ld be a valuable addition to ! team4 ,burke 9 8 ,spee* on ,conciliation uses ?is k9d ( reason+ :5 he says t j z ,turkey & ,spa9 h f\nd x necess>y to gov]n _! di/ant possessions ) a loose re91 s1 too1 ,engl& w be oblig$ to gov]n ! ,am]ican ,colonies l5i5tly4 ,b5jam9 ,h>rison us$ ?is me?od ( argum5t 9 ! foll[+ quotation3-- ,t we give back to ,porto ,rico all ! rev5ue d]iv$ f ! cu/oms we levy1 does n seem to me to s(t5 our deal+s ) h] p4 ,our fa!rs 7 n mollifi$ by ! sugge/ion t ! tea & /amp taxes w\ld be exp5d$ :olly = ! b5efit ( ! colonies4 ,x is to say3 ,we d n ne$ ?is money2 x is only levi$ to %[ t y\r c\ntry is no "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t y are n citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 save at our pleasure4 ,footnote3 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aija1 p4 #ag4 ,argum5t by g5]alization v r>ely con/itutes absolute pro(4 ,9 deal+ ) ?+s1 x may d s 9 r>e cases2 9 deal+ ) human actions1 almo/ nev]4 ,! reason :y x c e/abli% only a /rong probability lies 9 a weakness 9 ! process ( reason+4 ,notice t :ile ?is k9d ( argum5t app>5tly reasons directly f ! example cit$ to ! case 9 h&1 !re is 9 reality an int]m$iate /ep4 ,?is /ep is a g5]al tru? ( :i* bo? ! kn[n fact & ! fact to be prov$ mu/ be in/ances4 ,:5 x is argu$ t s9ce "o ma/iff makes a good wat* dog ano!r ma/iff w also make a good wat* dog1 ! reason+ passes ?r\gh ! g5]al /atem5t1 ,all ma/iffs make good wat* dogs4 ,graphically ! process might be repres5t$ ?us3-- ,g5]al ,law _/ _/ _/ _/ ,kn[n ,fact ,fact to be ,prov$ ,?is me?od is v mu* l ! me?od ( reason+ f effect to effect1 except t "h ! int]m$iate /ep does n cause1 b m]ely acc\nts = ! facts4 ,9 ! illu/ration tak5 f ,burke1 ! kn[n fact is t nei!r ,turkey nor ,spa9 c gov]n _! di/ant prov9ces despotically4 ,! g5]al law is t no c\ntry c gov]n a di/ant dep5d5cy h>%ly4 ,! fact prov$ is t ,engl& _c play ! despot ) ! ,am]ican ,colonies4 ,! weakness ( ?is sort ( reason+ is n[ easily se54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are few g5]al laws gov]n+ human action t always hold true4 ,9 ! second place1 unless !re is a v /rong resemblance betwe5 ! cases comp>$1 unless !y are alike 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s1 !y w n bo? be examples ( ! work+ ( "o g5]al law4 ,! foll[+ quotation po9ts out an error t might be made f too ha/y reason+ by example3-- ,on ,augu/ #bc;d ! ,s\!rn ,railway1 :i* s9ce #aijb _h be5 pay+ #e p] c5t4 annual divid5ds on its pref]r$ /ock1 vot$ to r$uce ^? divid5ds f a #e p] c5t4 annual rate to "o ( #c4 ,five days lat]1 on ,augu/ #bh?1 ! ,erie ,railroad1 :i* _h be5 pay+ #d p] c5t 444 ann\nc$ t x w\ld pay no ca% divid5d ?is "t1 b w\ld issue to ! am\nt ( ! usual #d p] c5t4 divid5d1 :at x call$ divid5d w>rants1 :i* 7 practically notes at #d p] c5t4 r$eemable 9 ca% 9 #aijg4 ,x 0 natural t ?is action reg>d+ divid5ds %\ld h awak5$ mu* uneas9ess4444 ,to pr$ict a simil> cutt+ ( divid5ds by o!r railway companies w\ld1 h[ev]1 be unw>rant$4 ,! case ( ! ,s\!rn ,railway & ! ,erie 0 peculi>4 ,ea* _h be5 class$ among ! f9ancially weak railways ( ! c\ntry4 ,bo? 7 reorganiz$ f absolute railway wrecks1 & 9 ea* ! new s*eme ( capitalization 0 propos$ to ! m>kets at a "t :5 recov]y f ! depression ( #ahic _h n made su* progress z x _h a*iev$ :5 ! great] companies1 l ! ,union ,pacific1 7 reorganiz$4 ,! result 0 t1 ) bo? ^! railways1 provisions ( work+ capital & adju/m5t ( liabilities to ! possible ne$s ( an active indu/rial future 7 inadequately made4 ,footnote3 ,alex&] ,d4 ,noyes1 ,! ,=um1 ,octob]-,decemb]1 #aijg1 p4#aih4 ,an excell5t illu/ration ( h[ to refute argum5t by g5]alization is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ quotation4 ,x has be5 said t s9ce ,engl& f9ds free trade b5eficial1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld adopt ! same policy4 ,mr4 ,re$1 a lead+ advocate ( protection1 po9ts out ! weakness ( ?is argum5t4 ,accord+ to ! usual /ory t is told1 ,engl& _h be5 engag$ ) a long & va9 /ruggle ) ! demon ( protection1 & _h be5 ye> aft] ye> s9k+ f>!r into ! dep?s1 until at a mom5t :5 %e 0 9 h] di/ress & sadde/ plight1 h] manufactur+ sy/em broke d[n1 protection1 hav+ de/roy$ home trade by r$uc+1 z ,mr4 ,atk9son says1 ! entire population to begg>y1 de/itution1 & want4 ,mr4 ,cobd5 & 8 fri5ds provid5tially appe>$1 & aft] a h>d /ruggle e/abli%$ a pr9ciple = all "t & = all ! _w1 & /raightway ,engl& enjoy$ ! sum ( human happ9ess4 ,h5ce all good nations %\ld d z ,engl& has done & be happy ev] aft]4 ,suppose ,engl&1 in/ead ( be+ a little isl& 9 ! sea1 _h be5 ! half ( a great cont95t full ( raw mat]ial1 capable ( an int]nal comm]ce :i* w\ld rival ! comm]ce ( all ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,suppose e ye> new millions 7 flock+ to h] %ores1 & e "o ( ^? new millions 9 a few ye>s1 z soon z !y ta/$ ! delights ( a broad] life1 w\ld become z great a consum] z any "o ( h] own p4 ,suppose t ^! millions1 & ! #gj1jjj1jjj already ga!r$ "u ! folds ( h] flag1 7 e ye> dem&+ & receiv+ a high] wage & !re=e broad5+ h] m>ket z fa/ z h] ma*9]y c\ld furni% production4 ,suppose %e _h produc$ *eap food beyond all h] wants1 & t h] labor]s sp5t s mu* money t :e!r :eat 0 sixty c5ts a bu%el or twice t sum h>dly ent]$ ! ?\ghts ( "o ( !m except :5 "s democratic t>iff bill 0 p>alyz+ 8 bus9ess4 ,suppose t %e 0 n only b a cannon %ot f ,france1 b t e c\ntry 9 ,europe _h be5 br\ght z ne> to h] z ,baltimore is to ,wa%+ton--= t is :at *eap ocean freights mean betwe5 u & ,european produc]s4 ,suppose all ^? c\ntries _h h] ma*9]y1 h] skill$ workm51 h] indu/rial sy/em1 & labor =ty p] c5t4 *eap]4 ,suppose "u t /ate ( facts1 ) all h] manufactures proclaim+ aga9/ x1 frantic 9 _! disapproval1 ,engl& _h be5 call$ ^u by ,cobd5 to make ! plunge into free trade1 w\ld %e h done x8 ,n if ,cobd5 _h be5 back$ by ! angelic ho/4 ,hi/ory gives ,engl& cr$it = great s5se4 ,footnote3 ,?omas ,b4 ,re$1 ,spee* 9 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,feb4 #a1 #aijd4 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,analogy4 ,:5 two in/ances ( objects :i* are unlike 9 !mselves1 b :i* p]=m simil> functions or h simil> relations1 are comp>$ = ! sake ( %[+ t :at is true 9 "o case is true 9 ! o!r1 ! process is call$ argum5t f analogy4 ,! foll[+ quotation is a good illu/ration ( ?is k9d ( argum5t3-- ,mr4 ,p9*ot comp>$ our pres5t consumption ( wood to ! case ( a man 9 an op5 boat at sea1 cut adrift f "s %ipwreck & ) b a few days' supply ( wat] on bo>d4 ,he dr9ks all ! wat] ! fir/ day1 simply because he is ?ir/y1 ?\gh he kn[s t ! wat] w n la/ long4 ,! ,am]ican p "k t _! wood supply w la/ b a few decades4 ,yet !y %ut _! eyes to ! facts4 ,wat] & wood are n alike 9 !mselves2 !y _c be directly comp>$1 b !y are alike 9 ! relations !y be> to o!r circum/ances4 ,:5 ,presid5t ,l9coln refus$ to *ange g5]als at a c]ta9 "t dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 say+ t x 0 n wise to swap horses :ile cross+ a /ream1 he reason$ f analogy4 ,s9ce ! horse 9 tak+ its ma/] across ! /ream & ! g5]al 9 conduct+ a campaign are totally unlike 9 !mselves b h simil> relations1 ! argum5t is f analogy & n f g5]alization4 ,x is easy to see t su* reason+ nev] con/itutes indubitable pro(4 ,if argum5t f g5]alization1 :]e ! objects comp>$ diff] f ea* o!r 9 only a few respects1 is weak1 pla9ly1 argum5t f analogy is mu* weak]1 s9ce ! objects are alike m]ely 9 ! relations !y be>4 ,?\gh argum5t f analogy does n con/itute pro(1 yet x is (t5 valuable z a means ( illu/ration4 ,tru?s frequ5tly ne$ illum9ation m ?an v]ification1 & 9 su* cases ?is sort ( comp>ison may be v useful4 ,_m prov]bs are cond5s$ argum5ts f analogy1 _! /r5g? dep5d+ ^u ! simil>ity betwe5 ! kn[n case & ! case 9 h&4 ,x is n h>d to f9d ! analogy 9 ^! expressions3 ,lightn+ nev] /rikes twice 9 ! same place2 ,don't c\nt y\r *ick5s be=e !y are hat*$2 ,a fool & 8 money are soon p>t$4 ,! /ud5t :o has c>efully read ?is *apt] up to ?is po9t %\ld h a fairly cle> idea ( ! nature ( pro(2 he %\ld "k t pro( consi/s ( evid5ce & reason+2 he %\ld "k ! te/s = ea* ( ^!2 & he %\ld be able to di/+ui% betwe5 /rong & weak argum5ts4 ,! next /ep = him to take w be to apply ^! in/ructions 9 g5]at+ pro( = any /atem5t t he wi%es to e/abli%4 ,a common fault 9 argum5tation is ! failure to support important po9ts ) suffici5t pro(4 ,"o or two po9ts well e/abli%$ w g f>!r t[>d induc+ belief 9 a proposition ?an a doz5 po9ts t are b weakly sub/antiat$4 ,a /atem5t %\ld be prov$ n only by inductive reason+1 b1 if possible1 by d$uctive4 ,if "o uses argum5t f antec$5t probability 9 e/abli%+ a /atem5t1 he %\ld n re/ cont5t ) ?is "o me?od ( pro(1 b he %\ld try also to use argum5t f sign1 & argum5t f example1 &1 :5ev] he c1 he %\ld quote au?ority4 ,notice t 9 ! foll[+ outl9e ?ree k9ds ( pro( are us$4 ,! am\nt ( pro( "h giv5 is by no means suffici5t to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! proposition be+ upheld2 ! outl9e1 h[ev]1 does illu/rate ! prop] me?od ( build+ up ! pro( ( a proposition4 ,! pres5t condition ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate is deplorable4 ,,antec$5t ,,probability4 ,i4 ,! pres5t me?od ( elect+ ,s5ators is ample cause = su* a condition1 s9ce ,a4 ,s5ators are n responsible to any "o1 z #a4 ,!y are n responsible to ! p1 = a4 ,! p d n elect !m4 #b4 ,!y are n responsible to ! legislature1 = a4 ,! legislature *anges inside ( six ye>s4 ,,sign4 ,,ii4 ,!re is ample evid5ce to prove t ! condition is deplorable4 ,a4 ,/ates are (t5 unrepres5t$ 9 ! ,s5ate4 7,haynes' ,election ( ,s5ators1 page #aeh47 ,b4 ,_m ,s5ators h fall5 into disrepute1 = #a4 ,"o out ( e t5 memb]s ( ! ,fifty-eigh? ,congress _h be5 be=e ! c\rts on crim9al *>ges4 7,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,vol4 ,,xliv1 page #aac47 ,c4 ,_m ,s5ators h engag$ 9 fi/ fights on ! floor ( ! ,s5ate ,*amb]4 ,,au?ority4 ,,iii4 ,prom95t m5 te/ify to its deplorable condition4 7,a4 ,m4 ,l[1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,vol4 ,,clxxiv1 page #bca2 ,d4 ,g4 ,phillips1 ,cosmopolitan1 ,vol4 ,,xl1 page #dhg47 ,,p]suasion4 ,?\gh x has be5 /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt] t ! p]suasive portions ( an argum5t %\ld be f\nd = ! mo/ "p 9 ! introduction & ! conclusion1 /ill p]suasion 9 ! discussion is extremely important4 ,x is true t ! real "w ( ! discussion is to prove ! proposition2 b if conviction alone be us$1 !re is great dang]1 9 mo/ cases1 t ! argu] w we>y 8 audi5ce1 lose _! att5tion1 & ?us fail to drive home ! ideas t he wi%es !m to adopt4 ,s9ce ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u h[ ! argu] has already treat$ 8 subject1 & h[ x has be5 receiv$ by ! audi5ce1 specific directions = p]suasion 9 ! discussion _c possibly be giv54 ,sugge/ions 9 reg>d to ?is matt] mu/ be ev5 m ab/ract & g5]al ?an 7 ! directions = p]suasion 9 ! introduction4 ,to beg9 )1 p]suasion 9 ! discussion %\ld usually be ( a supplem5t>y nature4 ,unless ! argu] has won ! att5tion &1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 ! good w ( 8 audi5ce be=e he comm5ces ^u 8 pro(1 he may z well confess failure & proce$ no f>!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! p]suasiv5ess ( 8 introduction has accompli%$ ! purpose = :i* x exi/s1 he may introduce 8 pro( )\t hesitation1 tak+ c>e all ! "t to int]weave en\gh p]suasion to ma9ta9 ! favorable impression t he has already made4 ,9 g5]al1 ! directions = do+ ?is are ! same z ^? = secur+ p]suasion 9 ! introduction4 ,9 bo? divisions mode/y1 fairness1 & s9c]ity1 are ! *>act]i/ics t make = success4 ,! same conditions t dem& ^! qualities 9 "o place require _! use ?r\gh\t ! :ole argum5t4 ,!n1 too1 x is (t5 effective to make occasionally an appeal to "s /rong emotion4 ,z a rule1 ! attitude ( ! mod]n audi5ce is ess5tially "o ( indiff]5ce1 ( s great indiff]5ce t special ef=t mu/ be made fir/ to ga91 !n to hold1 _! att5tion4 ,! direct emotional appeal1 :5 ! subject1 ! occasion1 & ! audi5ce are su* t !re is no dang] ( its be+ ludicr\s1 w usually accompli% ?is result4 ,if su* a me?od1 h[ev]1 is manife/ly out ( place1 o!r means mu/ be s\ght = produc+ a simil> effect4 ,"o ( ! v commone/ devices = ga9+ att5tion is to relate a %ort anecdote4 ,ev]ybody enjoys a good /ory1 & if x is *os5 ) prop] reg>d = its illu/rative value1 ! argum5t is sure to be /r5g!n$4 ,on ! :ole1 humor\s /ories are be/4 ,!y (t5 relieve ! t$ium ( an o!rwise dry spee*1 & n only s]ve z p]suasion1 b drive home a po9t ) great] emphasis ?an c\ld ! mo/ elaborate c\rse ( reason+4 ,?is me?od is s famili> to e "o t detail$ explanation is unnecess>y4 ,ow+ to ! limit$ am\nt ( "t at _! comm&1 /ud5t debat]s c1 z a rule1 use only ! v %orte/ /ories1 & ^! %\ld be *os5 = _! illu/rative r ?an = _! p]suasive value2 9 writt5 argum5ts great] latitude is possible4 ,ano!r me?od t (t5 f9ds favor 9 bo? writt5 & spok5 argum5ts is ! introduction ( a p>agraph %[+ ! importance ( ! topic "u consid]ation4 ,(t5times ! argu] c %[ t ?is p>ticul> phase ( ! subject is ( wid] significance ?an at fir/ appe>s4 ,p]haps he c draw a picture t w turn a seem+ly un9t]e/+ & commonplace subject into "o t is teem+ ) romance & wond]m5t4 ,= example1 consid] ! foll[+ extract f ,burke's spee* on ,conciliation ) ! ,am]ican ,colonies3-- ,?is is ! relative proportion ( ! importance ( ! colonies at ^! two p]iods3 & all reason+ conc]n+ our mode ( treat+ !m mu/ h ?is proportion z its basis2 or x is a reason+ weak1 rott5 & sophi/ical4 ,mr4 ,speak]1 ,i _c prevail on myself to hurry ov] ?is great consid]ation4 ,x is good = u to be "h4 ,we /& :]e we h an imm5se view ( :at is1 & :at is pass$4 ,cl\ds1 inde$1 & d>kness re/ ^u ! future4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 be=e we desc5d f ?is noble em95ce1 reflect t ?is gr[? ( our national prosp]ity has happ5$ )9 ! %ort p]iod ( ! life ( man4 ,x has happ5$ )9 sixty-eight ye>s4 ,!re are ^? alive ^: memory might t\* ! two extremities4 ,= in/ance1 my ,"l ,ba?ur/ might rememb] all ! /ages ( ! progress4 ,he 0 9 #agjd ( an age at lea/ to be made to compreh5d su* ?+s4 ,he 0 !n old en\gh acta p>5tum jam leg]e1 et quae sit pot]it cognosc]e virtus4 ,suppose1 sir1 t ! angel ( ?is auspici\s y\?1 =esee+ ! _m virtues :i* made him "o ( ! mo/ amiable1 z he is "o ( ! mo/ =tunate1 m5 ( 8 age1 _h op5$ to him 9 vision1 t :5 9 ! f\r? g5]ation ! ?ird pr9ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,brunswick _h sat twelve ye>s on ! ?rone ( t nation :i* 7by ! happy issue ( mod]ate & heal+ c\nsels7 0 to be made ,great ,brita91 he %\ld see 8 son1 ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&1 turn back ! curr5t ( h]$it>y dignity to its f\nta9 & raise him to an high] rank ( pe]age1 :il/ he enri*$ ! family ) a new "o2 --if1 amid/ ^! bright & happy sc5es ( dome/ic honor & prosp]ity1 t angel %\ld h drawn up ! curta9 & unfold$ ! ris+ glories ( 8 c\ntry1 &1 :il/ he 0 gaz+ ) admiration on ! !n comm]cial gr&eur ( ,engl&1 ! g5ius %\ld po9t out to him a little speck1 sc>cely visible 9 ! mass ( ! national int]e/s1 a small sem9al pr9ciple r ?an a =m$ body1 & %\ld tell him1--,"y man1 !re is ,am]ica1 :i* at ?is day s]ves = little m ?an to amuse y ) /ories ( savage m5 & unc\? mann]s2 yet %all1 be=e y ta/e ( dea?1 %[ itself equal to ! :ole ( t comm]ce :i* n[ attracts ! envy ( ! _w4 ,:atev] ,engl& has be5 gr[+ to by a progressive increase ( improvem5t1 br\ght 9 by v>ieties ( p1 by succession ( civiliz+ conque/s & civiliz+ settlem5ts 9 a s]ies ( sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s1 y %all see z mu* add$ to h] by ,am]ica 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le life6 ,if ?is /ate ( 8 c\ntry _h be5 =etold to him1 w\ld x n require all ! sangu9e cr$ulity ( y\? & all ! f]vid gl[ ( en?usiasm to make him believe x8 ,=tunate man1 he has liv$ to see x6 ,=tunate inde$1 if he lives to see no?+ t %all v>y ! prospect & cl\d ! sett+ ( 8 day6 ,excuse me1 sir1 if1 turn+ f su* ?\ghts1 ,i resume ?is comp>ative view once m4 ,footnote3 ,spee* 9 ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,m>* #bb1 #agge4 ,^! devices an argu] w (t5 f9d helpful = br++ an elem5t ( p]suasion into 8 pro(1 b he %\ld aim at a type ( p]suasion mu* m effective1 yet mu* h>d] to atta91 ?an is ! result ( any m]e device4 ,pro( is ! /ronge/ :5 ea* sep>ate bit ( x appeals bo? to ! reason & ! emotions4 ,if an argu] c connect 8 subject ) ! feel+s ( 8 audi5ce & !n introduce reason+ processes t w at ! same "t bo? conv9ce !m & play ^u _! feel+s1 he is c]ta9 to atta9 a l>ge measure ( success4 ,al?\gh n all subjects readily l5d !mselves to ?is me?od ( treatm5t1 yet if ! debat] w g to ! v bottom ( 8 subject & consid] ! real significance ( ! "q he is argu+ ^u1 he c usually succe$ 9 mak+ 8 conviction p]suasive & 8 p]suasion conv9c+4 ,und\bt$ly ! be/ way = a /ud5t to tra9 himself 9 ?is respect is to /udy great argum5ts4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,bee*]'s spee* 9 ,liv]pool1 deliv]$ be=e an audi5ce compos$ mo/ly ( m5 engag$ 9 manufactur+1 is an excell5t example ( p]suasive pro(3-- ,! ?+s requir$ = prosp]\s labor1 prosp]\s manufactures1 & prosp]\s comm]ce are ?ree3 fir/1 lib]ty2 secondly1 lib]ty2 ?irdly1 lib]ty--b ^! are n m]ely ! same lib]ty1 z ,i %all %[ y4 ,fir/1 !re mu/ be lib]ty to foll[ ^? laws ( bus9ess :i* exp]i5ce has develop$1 )\t impo/s or re/rictions1 or gov]nm5tal intrusions4 ,bus9ess simply wants to be let alone4 ,!n1 secondly1 !re mu/ be lib]ty to di/ribute & ex*ange products ( indu/ry 9 any m>ket )\t burd5some t>iffs1 )\t impo/s1 & )\t vexati\s regulations4 ,!re mu/ be ^! two lib]ties--lib]ty to create weal?1 z ! mak]s ( x ?9k be/ accord+ to ! light & exp]i5ce :i* bus9ess has giv5 !m2 & !n lib]ty to di/ribute :at !y h creat$ )\t unnecess>y vexati\s burd5s4 ,! compreh5sive law ( ! ideal indu/rial condition ( ! _w is free manufacture & free trade4 ,i h said !re 7 ?ree elem5ts ( lib]ty4 ,! ?ird is ! necessity ( an intellig5t & free race ( cu/om]s4 ,!re mu/ be fre$om among produc]s2 !re mu/ be fre$om among ! di/ributors2 !re mu/ be fre$om among ! cu/om]s4 ,x may n h occurr$ to y t x makes any diff]5ce :at "o's cu/om]s are2 b x does1 9 all regul> & prolong$ bus9ess4 ,! condition ( ! cu/om] det]m9es h[ mu* he w buy1 det]m9es ( :at sort he w buy4 ,poor & ignorant p buy little & t ( ! poore/ k9d4 ,! ri*e/ & ! intellig5t1 hav+ ! m means to buy1 buy ! mo/1 & always buy ! be/4 ,"h1 !n1 are ! ?ree lib]ties3 lib]ty ( ! produc]1 lib]ty ( ! di/ributor1 & lib]ty ( ! consum]4 ,! fir/ two ne$ no discussion--!y h be5 long1 ?or\ghly1 & brilliantly illu/rat$ by ! political economi/s ( ,great ,brita91 & by h] em95t /atesm52 b x seems to me t en\gh att5tion has n be5 direct$ to ! ?ird1 &1 ) y\r pati5ce1 ,i w dwell on t = a mom5t1 be=e proce$+ to o!r topics4 ,x is a necessity ( e manufactur+ & comm]cial p t _! cu/om]s %\ld be v weal?y & intellig5t4 ,let u put ! subject be=e y 9 ! famili> light ( y\r own local exp]i5ce4 ,to :om d ! tradesm5 ( ,liv]pool sell ! mo/ goods at ! highe/ pr(it8 ,to ! ignorant & poor1 or to ! educat$ & prosp]\s8 ,! poor man buys simply = 8 body2 he buys food1 he buys clo?+1 he buys fuel1 he buys lodg+4 ,8 rule is to buy ! lea/ & ! *eape/ t he c4 ,he goes to ! /ore z seldom z he c1--he br+s away z little z he c--& he buys = ! lea/ he c4 ,pov]ty is n a mis=tune to ! poor only :o suff] x1 b x is m or less a mis=tune to all ) :om !y deal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man well (f--h[ is x ) him8 ,he buys 9 f> great] quantity4 ,he c af=d to d x2 he has ! money to pay = x4 ,he buys 9 f> great] v>iety1 because he seeks to gratify n m]ely physical wants1 b also m5tal wants4 ,he buys = ! satisfaction ( s5tim5t & ta/e1 z well z ( s5se4 ,he buys silk1 wool1 flax1 cotton2 he buys all metals--iron1 silv]1 gold1 plat9um2 9 %ort1 he buys = all necessities & ( all sub/ances4 ,b t is n all4 ,he buys a bett] quality ( goods4 ,he buys ri*] silks1 f9] cottons1 high] gra9$ wools4 ,n[1 a ri* silk means s mu* skill & c>e ( somebody's t has be5 exp5d$ ^u x to make x f9] & ri*]2 & s ( cotton1 & s ( wool4 ,t is1 ! price ( ! f9] goods runs back to ! v beg9n+1 & remun]ates ! workman z well z ! m]*ant4 ,inde$1 ! :ole labor+ community is z mu* int]e/$ & pr(it$ z ! m]e m]*ant1 9 ?is buy+ & sell+ ( ! high] grades 9 ! great] v>ieties & quantities4 ,! law ( price is ! skill2 & ! am\nt ( skill exp5d$ 9 ! "w is z mu* = ! m>ket z are ! goods4 ,a man comes to ! m>ket & says1 ,i h a pair ( h&s2 & he obta9s ! l[e/ wages4 ,ano!r man comes & says1 ,i h some?+ m ?an a pair ( h&s--,i h tru? & fidelity2 he gets a high] price4 ,ano!r man comes & says1 ,i h some?+ m2 ,i h h&s & /r5g?1 & fidelity1 & skill4 ,he gets m ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,! next man comes & says1 ,i h got h&s & /r5g?1 & skill1 & fidelity2 b my h&s "w m ?an t4 ,!y "k h[ to create ?+s = ! fancy1 = ! affections1 = ! moral s5tim5ts2 & he gets m ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,! la/ man comes & says1 ,i h all ^! qualities1 & h !m s highly t x is a peculi> g5ius2 & g5ius c>ries ! :ole m>ket & gets ! highe/ price4 ,s t bo? ! workman & ! m]*ant are pr(it$ by hav+ pur*as]s t dem& quality1 v>iety1 & quantity4 ,n[1 if ?is be s 9 ! t[n or ! city1 x c only be s because x is a law4 ,?is is ! specific developm5t ( a g5]al or univ]sal law1 & !re=e we %\ld expect to f9d x z true ( a nation z ( a city l ,liv]pool4 ,i "k x is s1 & y "k t x is true ( all ! _w2 & x is j z important to h cu/om]s educat$1 intellig5t1 moral1 & ri*1 out ( ,liv]pool z x is 9 ,liv]pool4 ,!y are able to buy2 !y want v>iety2 !y want ! v be/2 & ^? are ! cu/om]s y want4 ,t nation is ! be/ cu/om] t is free/1 because fre$om works prosp]ity1 indu/ry1 & weal?4 ,great ,brita91 !n1 aside f moral consid]ations1 has a direct comm]cial & pecuni>y int]e/ 9 ! lib]ty1 civilization1 & weal? ( e p & e nation on ! globe4 ,y h also an int]e/ 9 ?is1 because y are a moral & a religi\s p4 ,y desire x f ! highe/ motives1 & godl9ess is pr(itable 9 all ?+s1 hav+ ! promise ( ! life t is1 z well z ( t :i* is to come2 b if !re 7 no h]eaft]1 & if man _h no progress 9 ?is life1 & if !re 7 no "q ( moral gr[? at all1 x w\ld be wor? y\r :ile to protect civilization & lib]ty1 m]ely z a comm]cial speculation4 ,to evangelize has m ?an a moral & religi\s import--x comes back to temporal relations4 ,:]ev] a nation t is cru%$1 cramp$1 degrad$ "u despotism1 is /ruggl+ to be free1 y1 ,le$s1 ,%effield1 ,man*e/]1 ,paisley1 all h an int]e/ t t nation %\ld be free4 ,:5 depress$ & backw>d p dem& t !y may h a *ance to rise--,hung>y1 ,italy1 ,pol&--x is a duty = humanity's sake1 x is a duty = ! highe/ moral motives1 to sympa?ize ) !m2 b beside all ^! !re is a mat]ial & an int]e/$ reason :y y %\ld sympa?ize ) !m4 ,p\nds & p5ce jo9 ) consci5ce & ) honor 9 ?is design4 ,footnote3 ,! ,_w's ,fam\s ,orations1 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #ab4 ,funk & ,wagnalls ,company4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage po9t out all ass]tions t are made1 note :e!r ! s\rce ( ! evid5ce is def9itely /at$1 & te/ ! witnesses t give ! evid5ce4 ,reciprocity is ! only rem$y = ! comm]cial antagonism :i* is fa/ sep>at+ ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,canada has long wait$ 9 va9 = ! culm9ation ( treaties :]eby %e c trade ) u on equal t]ms4 ,n[1 ang]$ by our long evasion ( ! "q1 %e is1 accord+ to prom95t ,canadian /atesm51 contemplat+ ! passage ( high protective t>iff laws1 :i* w effectually close ! doors ( ,canadian trade to u4 ,canada is "y1 b %e is gr[+ fa/4 ,! value ( h] imports is /eadily gr[+ l>g]1 & if we d n make "s concession to h] we %all lose ?is va/ trade4 ,%e makes & sells _m ?+s ( :i* we d n h a home supply4 ,:y n !n op5 our doors to h] & admit h] products8 ,w\ld x n be ( di/9ct advantage to u8 ,! ,am]ican ,press is almo/ unanim\s 9 decl>+ t ! sum ( ! advantages att5d+ ?is /ep w\ld f> (fset any disadvantages4 ,= in/ance1 ! supply ( lumb] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is fa/ becom+ exhau/$2 exp]ts say t 9 fifte5 ye>s we %all h a lumb] fam9e4 ,if we turn to ,canada1 h[ev]1 we see h] m\nta9 slopes gre5 ) trees & h] wood$ valleys cov]$ ) millions ( feet ( lumb]4 ,:y1 !n1 n get our lumb] f ,canada & pres]ve :at few =e/s we d h8 ,because ( ! exorbitant t>iff on import$ lumb]4 ,lumb] at its pres5t high prices is ev5 *eap comp>$ ) ! price ( import$ lumb]4 ,moreov]1 lumb] is n ! only article t is exp5sive "h1 ?\gh x is *eap j across ! l9e 9 ,canada4 ,! ,_w's ,"w1 ,vol4 ,v1 page #bigi1 says t reciprocity ) ,canada w\ld *eap5 _m articles t are n[ co/ly4 ,b4 ,po9t out ! k9d ( reason+ f\nd 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ argum5ts3-- #a4 ,! :olesale de/ruction ( ! =e/s 9 _m ,/ates port5ds ! loss ( our :ole timb] supply4 #b4 ,8 fai?ful p]=mance ( e duty assures him an e>ly promotion4 #c4 ,s9ce he succe$$ well 9 8 college "w1 x is an assur$ fact t he w make a brilliant reputation = himself 9 bus9ess4 #d4 ,caes> _h 8 ,brutus1 ,*>les ,i 8 ,cromwell1 & ,george ,,iii--may pr(it by _! example4 #e4 ,! well-till$ fields1 ! c>efully-trimm$ h$ges1 & ! sleek appe>ance ( ! /ock bespoke a ?rifty & indu/ri\s f>m]4 #f4 ,y tri$ 9 ,wales to raise a rev5ue :i* ! p ?\ght excessive & unju/3 ! attempt end$ 9 oppression1 resi/ance1 rebellion1 & loss to y\rselves4 ,y tri$ 9 ! ,du*y ( ,lanca/] to raise a rev5ue :i* ! p believ$ unju/3 ?is ef=t end$ 9 oppression1 rebellion1 vexation1 & loss to y\rselves4 ,y are n[ try+ to raise 9 ,am]ica a rev5ue :i* ! ,coloni/s disapprove4 ,:at mu/ be ! result8 #g4 ,!n1 sir1 f ^! six capital s\rces3 ( desc5t2 ( =m ( gov]nm5t2 ( religion 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces2 ( mann]s 9 ! s\!rn2 ( education2 ( ! remot5ess ( situation f ! fir/ mov] ( gov]nm5t--f all ^! causes a fi]ce _s ( lib]ty has gr[n up4 #h4 ,collective b>ga9+ is an advantage to work+ m52 x t5ds to give !m "s %>e 9 ! control ( ! indu/ry to :i* !y contribute4 #i4 ,t a free labor union is n ! impractical dream ( an ideali/ is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t "s ( ! greate/ & mo/ successful ( ! labor organizations h always adh]$ to ! pr9ciple ( ! op5 %op4 ,9 ! ,p5nsylvania coal-m9es union & non-union m9]s labor$ toge!r 9 ! same m9e & reap$ ! same b5efits f ! collective b>ga9+ c>ri$ on = !m by ,john ,mit*ell4 ,9 ! rec5t an>*y 9 ,colorado1 ! "o m9e :i* w5t on ) its "w peacefully1 prosp]\sly1 & )\t di/urbance1 until x 0 clos$ by milit>y ord]s1 0 a m9e :i* ma9ta9$ ! pr9ciple ( ! op5 %op1 & 9 :i* union & non-union m5 work$ peacefully toge!r4 #aj4 ,suppose t all ! prop]ty y 7 wor? 0 9 gold1 & y _h put x 9 ! h&s ( ,blond91 ! fam\s rope-walk]1 to c>ry across ! ,niag>a ,falls on a tight rope4 ,w\ld y %ake ! rope :ile he 0 pass+ ov] x1 or keep %\t+ to him1 ,blond91 /oop a little m6 ,g a little fa/]6 ,no1 ,i am sure y w\ld n4 ,y w\ld hold y\r brea? z well z y\r tongue1 & keep y\r h& (f until he 0 safely ov]4 ,n[ ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! same situation4 ,x is c>ry+ an imm5se weight across a /ormy ocean4 ,untold treasures are 9 its h&s4 ,x is do+ ! be/ x c4 ,don't badg] x6 ,j keep /ill & x w get y safely ov]4 ,c4 ,prove or disprove ! foll[+ /atem5ts1 us+1 :]ev] x is possible1 argum5t f antec$5t probability1 sign1 example1 & au?ority4 ,give ref]5ces = all evid5ce except g5]ally admitt$ facts4 #a4 ,! negro is n prep>$ to receive ! same k9d ( education t ! :ite man receives4 #b4 ,railway pool+ l[]s freight rates4 #c4 ,! election ( ,s5ators by ,/ate ,legislatures is undemocratic4 #d4 ,! pres5t comm]cial relations betwe5 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are detrim5tal to ! indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #e4 ,! influ5ce ( labor unions has greatly dim9i%$ *ild labor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #f4 ,woman suffrage w\ld purify politics4 #g4 ,egypt is b5efit$ by ! control ( ,engl&4 #h4 ,/rikes b5efit ! work+ man4 #i4 ,! municipal own]%ip ( /reet railways is a f9ancial failure4 #aj4 ,lumb] companies ?reat5 ! ext]m9ation ( ! =e/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,discussion--,,brief-,,draw+ ,! second division ( a brief1 correspond+ to ! second division ( a complete argum5t1 is call$ ! discussion4 ,9 ?is "p ( 8 brief ! argu] logically arranges all ! evid5ce & reason+ t he wi%es to use 9 e/abli%+ or ov]?r[+ 8 proposition4 ,illu/rative mat]ial1 rhetorical embelli%m5t1 & o!r =ms ( p]suasion t may ent] into ! f9i%$ argum5t are omitt$1 b ! real pro( is complete 9 ! brief4 ,!re are two possible sy/ems ( arrang+ pro(4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce !y may be call$ ! because me?od & ! !re=e me?od4 ,^! me?ods d]ive _! names f ! connectives t are us$4 ,:5 ! because me?od is us$1 ! pro( foll[s ! /atem5t be+ e/abli%$1 & is connect$ to ?is /atem5t ) "s su* ^w z3 z1 because1 =1 or s9ce4 ,to illu/rate3-- ,i4 ,exp5ses at a c\ntry college are less ?an at a city college1 because ,a4 ,at ! c\ntry college room r5t is *eap]4 ,b4 ,table bo>d co/s less4 ,c4 ,amusem5t places are less num]\s4 ,"u ! !re=e me?od1 ! pro( prec$es ! /atem5t be+ e/abli%$2 ! connectives are h5ce & !re=e4 ,! previ\s argum5t arrang$ 9 ?is =m w\ld read z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,s9ce room r5t is *eap] at ! c\ntry college ?an at ! city college1 & ,b4 ,s9ce table bo>d co/s less1 & ,c4 ,s9ce amusem5t places are less num]\s1 !re=e4 ,i4 ,exp5ses at a c\ntry college are less ?an at a city college4 ,! /ud5t %\ld always use ! because me?od ( arrangem5t4 ,x is pref]able to ! !re=e me?od s9ce x af=ds a mu* easi] appreh5sion ( ! argum5t advanc$4 ,if ! read] ( ! brief has ! conclusion 9 8 m9d at ! v />t1 he c te/ ! /r5g? & adequacy ( ! pro( v quickly1 & c1 p]haps1 ! fir/ "t he reads ! argum5t =m an op9ion z to its wor?4 ,b he w almo/ always h difficulty 9 grasp+ ! significance ( evid5ce & reason+ be=e he kn[s :at ! pro( is expect$ to prove4 ,! !re=e me?od usually obliges a c>eful reason]1 aft] f9ally rea*+ ! conclusion1 to g ov] ! :ole pro( a second "t4 ,to assi/ ! /ud5t 9 c>ry+ out ! prop] arrangem5t ( 8 pro(1 two rules h be5 =mulat$4 ,"o rule deals ) ma9 head+s1 ! head+s m>k$ ) ! ,roman num]als2 ! o!r deals ) subord9ate head+s4 ,rule ,,ix4 ,phrase ea* pr9cipal /atem5t 9 ! discussion s t x w read z a reason = ! tru? or ! falsity ( ! proposition4 ,rule ,x4 ,phrase ea* subord9ate /atem5t 9 ! discussion s t x w read z a reason = ! tru? ( ! /atem5t to :i* x is subord9ate4 ,! connectives to be us$ are3 z1 because1 =1 & s9ce4 ,9 connection ) ! fir/ ( ^! rules1 notice t pr9cipal head+s read z reasons = ! tru? or ! falsity ( ! proposition4 ,obvi\sly !y read z reasons = ! tru? if ! brief is on ! affirmative side1 & = ! falsity if ! brief is on ! negative side4 ,head+s & subhead+s %\ld always be support$1 n demoli%$4 ,! error ( mak+ unsupport$ /atem5ts 9 a complete argum5t has already be5 discuss$4 ,ass]tion 9 a brief is equally faulty4 ,to insure belief1 all /atem5ts mu/ re/ ultimately ei!r ^u ! te/imony ( witnesses or ^u /atem5ts admitt$ to be true4 ,notice h[ unconv9c+ is ! foll[+ portion ( a brief3-- ,proposition--,am]ican cities %\ld own & op]ate all /reet-c> l9es )9 _! limits4 ,i4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( op]at+ /reet-c> l9es is effici5t1 = ,a4 ,! /reet-c> s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,b4 ,/reet-c> f>e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is rem>kably l[4 ,! ins]tion ( te/imony1 h[ev]1 to sub/antiate ,a & ,b turns ?is bit ( brief into excell5t pro(4 ,i4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( op]at+ /reet-c> l9es is effici5t1 = ,a4 ,! /reet-c> s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! be/ 9 ! _w1 because #a4 ,x is be/ 9 respect to ext5t1 s9ce a4 ,james ,w4 ,g>n] says t ,engl& has less ?an a qu>t] ( ! /reet-c> facilities f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,dial1 ,feb4 #aijh1 p4 #bj47 b4 ,9 #aijb1 two hundr$ & n9ety-five communities 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( f #h1jjj to #be1jjj inhabitants 7 )\t /reet c>s2 :ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 7 only tw5ty-"o su* communities4 7,municipal & ,private ,op]ation ( ,public ,utilities1 ,w4 ,j4 ,cl>k1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dde47 #b4 ,x is be/ 9 reg>d to equipm5t & accommodation1 s9ce a4 ,! c>s are ! be/ equipp$ 9 ! _w4 7,ibid47 b4 ,! c>s are run ) %ort] int]vals betwe5 !m ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w4 7,ibid47 ,b4 ,! f>e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is rem>kably l[1 because #a4 ,al?\gh ! f>e 9 ,glasg[1 a lead+ expon5t ( municipal own]%ip1 is b twop5ce1 yet x w c>ry "o only eight miles2 b five c5ts 9 ,new ,york w c>ry "o fifty miles4 ,rule ,,xi4 ,make no unsupport$ /atem5ts unless !y are g5]ally admitt$ to be true4 ,x has already be5 %[n t ! argu] mu/ reveal to 8 audi5ce ! s\rces f :i* he ga!r$ 8 evid5ce4 ,if he ga9$ c]ta9 in=mation f magaz9es1 he %\ld /ate def9itely ! "n1 ! volume1 & ! page2 if he ga9$ 8 in=mation else:]e1 he %\ld be equally explicit4 ,s9ce ?is k ( ! s\rce ( ! evid5ce is ess5tial to ! success ( ! pro(1 a /atem5t ( ! s\rces is a "p ( ! "w ( conviction4 ,accord+ly1 ^! s\rces mu/ be /at$ 9 ! brief z well z 9 ! exp&$ argum5t4 ,?us ! rule3-- ,rule ,,xii4 ,aft] all evid5ce /ate 9 p>5!ses ! s\rce f :i* x came4 ,9 addition to e/abli%+ ! side ( ! proposition :i* x advocates1 a good brief almo/ inv>iably refutes ! ma9 argum5ts ( ! opposite side4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is refutation is express$ is v important4 ,a brief on ! affirmative side ( ! proposition1 ,resolv$1 ,t ! ,panama canal %\ld be built at sea-level1 w\ld be weak & ludicr\s1 if1 :5 answ]+ ! argum5t = ! negative t ! co/ ( a sea-level canal w\ld be enorm\s1 x %\ld conta9 ! foll[+ reason+3-- ,! ,panama ,canal %\ld be built at sea-level1 7=7 ,i4 ,! co/ w\ld n be mu* great] ?an = a lock canal4 ,"o might ?9k f ?is /atem5t t ! draw] ( ! brief consid]$ ! cont5tion t ! sea-level type w\ld co/ a little ?\gh n mu* m ?an ! o!r type1 a positive argum5t 9 favor ( ! sea-level canal4 ,9 reality x is no?+ ( ! sort4 ,! argu] is m]ely try+ to de/roy 8 oppon5t's argum5t to ! effect t exp5se is an ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! sea-level type4 ,?is refutation %\ld be express$ 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t x is refutation & n positive pro(4 ,x might well read some?+ l ?is3-- ,! ,panama ,canal %\ld be built at sea-level1 7=7 ,i4 ,! cont5tion ( ! negative t a sea-level canal w\ld co/ enorm\sly m ?an a lock-canal is uns\nd1 s9ce1 ,a4 ,etc4 ,notice t ?is =m ( refutation /ates cle>ly ! argum5t to be answ]$4 ,no d\bt c arise f su* a /atem5t z to ! direction ! argum5t is tak+2 no confusion c occur betwe5 refutation & positive pro(4 ,h5ce ! rule3-- ,rule ,,xiii4 ,phrase refutation s t ! argum5t to be answ]$ is cle>ly /at$4 ,,! ,,conclusion4 ,z !re is b "o rule = brief-draw+ t applies to ! conclusion1 x may well be giv5 at ?is po9t4 ,! purpose & ! value ( ?is rule are s app>5t t no explanation is necess>y4 ,rule ,,xiv4 ,put into ! conclusion a summ>y ( ! ess5tial po9ts e/abli%$ 9 ! discussion4 ,,rules ,,= ,,brief-,,draw+4 ,,g5]al ,,rules4 ,i4 ,divide ! brief into ?ree p>ts1 & m>k !m respectively1 ,introduction1 ,discussion1 & ,conclusion4 ,,ii4 ,express ea* idea 9 ! brief 9 ! =m ( a complete /atem5t4 ,,iii4 ,make 9 ea* /atem5t only a s+le ass]tion4 ,,iv4 ,make ea* /atem5t z concise z is consi/5t ) cle>ness4 ,v4 ,indicate ! relation betwe5 /atem5ts by ind5tation & by ! use ( symbols4 ,,vi4 ,m>k ea* /atem5t ) only "o symbol4 ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,introduction4 ,,vii4 ,put into ! introduction suffici5t explanation = a complete und]/&+ ( ! discussion4 ,?is explanation usually involves 7a7 a def9ition ( t]ms1 7b7 an explanation ( ! mean+ ( ! proposition1 7c7 a /atem5t ( ! issues1 & 7d7 ! p>tition4 ,,viii4 ,put into ! introduction only /atem5ts admitt$ by bo? sides4 ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,discussion4 ,,ix4 ,phrase ea* pr9cipal /atem5t 9 ! discussion s t x w read z a reason = ! tru? or ! falsity ( ! proposition4 ,x4 ,phrase ea* subord9ate /atem5t 9 ! discussion s t x w read z a reason = ! tru? ( ! /atem5t to :i* x is subord9ate4 ,! connectives to be us$ are3 z1 because1 =1 & s9ce4 ,,xi4 ,make no unsupport$ /atem5ts unless !y are g5]ally admitt$ to be true4 ,,xii4 ,aft] all evid5ce /ate 9 p>5!ses ! s\rce f :i* x came4 ,,xiii4 ,phrase refutation s t ! argum5t to be answ]$ is cle>ly /at$4 ,,rule ,,= ,,! ,,conclusion4 ,,xiv4 ,put into ! conclusion a summ>y ( ! ess5tial po9ts e/abli%$ 9 ! discussion4 ,,model ,,brief4 ,resolv$1 ,t immigration to ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be fur!r re/rict$ by an educational te/4 ,,affirmative ,,brief4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,! "q ( fur!r re/rict+ immigration to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by an educational te/ ga9s 9 importance f ! alleg$ impairm5t ( ,am]ican in/itutions & /&>ds by immigration4 ,,ii4 ,! foll[+ explanations w aid 9 ! discussion ( ! "q3-- ,a4 ,immigration to ! ,unit$ ,/ates means ! migrat+ ( p into ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! purpose ( p]man5t resid5ce4 7,c5tury ,diction>y47 ,b4 ,! re/rictive measures n[ 9 =ce are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,idiots1 insane p]sons1 paup]s1 convicts1 diseas$ p]sons1 an>*i/s1 polygami/s1 wom5 = immoral purposes1 assi/$ ali5s1 contract labor]s1 & ! ,*9ese are exclud$4 7,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates47 #b4 ,a head tax ( f\r doll>s is impos$4 7,ibid47 ,c4 ,! propos$ re/rictive measure is z foll[s3-- #a4 ,e immigrant to ! ,unit$ ,/ates betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & fifty mu/ be able to read & write a few s5t5ces ( "s language4 7,congressional ,record1 ,vol4 ,,xxviii1 page #edba474 ,,iii4 ,! po9ts to be det]m9$ seem to be3-- ,a4 ,is !re a ne$ = fur!r re/riction ( immigration8 ,b4 ,if !re is su* a ne$1 w\ld ! educational te/ accompli% ?is fur!r re/riction 9 a prop] mann]8 ,,discussion4 ,i4 ,!re is great ne$ = fur!r re/riction ( immigration1 because ,a4 ,! "* ( ! immigrants s9ce #ahhj has greatly *ang$ = ! worse1 = #a4 ,be=e #ahhj mo/ ( ! immigrants 7 e>ne/1 en]getic p f nor!rn & we/]n ,europe4 7,int]national ,encyclopa$ia1 "u ,immigration47 #b4 ,at ! pres5t "t sev5ty & "o-half p] c5t4 ( ! total numb] ( immigrants are f ! un5]getic p ( s\!rn & ea/]n ,europe4 7,ibid47 #c4 ,m immigrants h become paup]s ?an 0 =m]ly ! case1 = a4 ,prior to #ahhj !re 7 comp>atively few paup]s among ! immigrants4 7,ibid47 b4 ,at pres5t ! p]c5tage ( paup]ism among ! =eign]s "h is f\r times z great z among ! natives4 7,ibid47 #d4 ,:ile ! ,g]mans1 ,engli%1 & o!r immigrants f nor!rn ,europe :o came "h be=e #ahhj 7 moral & upright1 ! pres5t immigrants f s\!rn ,europe h a l[ code ( morals1 = a4 ,! moral deg5]acy ( ! races ( s\!rn ,europe is well kn[n4 7,h5ry ,rood1 ,=um1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 page #aaf47 #e4 ,crime among =eign]s 9 ?is c\ntry has increas$ imm5sely1 = a4 ,9 #aije tw5ty-eight p] c5t1 ( our crim9als 7 ( =eign bir?4 7,report ( ! ,commission]-,g5]al ( ,immigration = #aije47 #f4 ,illit]acy among immigrants has greatly increas$1 = a4 ,9 #aije ! p]c5tage ( illit]ates ( =eign bir? 0 tw5ty-six4 7,ibid47 b4 ,_m ( ! pres5t immigrants are illit]ates f s\!rn ,italy4 7,s4 ,e4 ,m(fett1 ,review ( ,reviews1 ,vol4 #bh1 page #ee47 ,b4 ,! condition ( ! cities & especially ( _! slum di/ricts is al>m+1 = #a4 ,! numb] ( immigrants is increas+ a/oni%+ly1 inasmu* z1 a4 #h1che immigrants arriv$ 9 #ahbj4 b4 #ghh1iib immigrants arriv$ 9 #ahhb4 c4 #a1jbf1dii immigrants arriv$ 9 #aije4 7,report ( ,commission]-,g5]al ( ,immigration1 #aije4 page #db47 #b4 ,two-?irds ( ! total numb] ( immigrants 9 #aijb settl$ 9 ! cities4 7,editorial 9 ,outlook1 ,vol4 ,,lxxi1 page #aed47 #c4 ,^! conge/$ di/ricts fo/] unsanit>y conditions1 physical deg5]ation1 & crime4 7,deputy ,cl]k ( ,*ildr5's ,c\rt1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,vol4 ,,clxxix1 page #gca47 #d4 ,*>itable organizations are unable to cope ) ! problems 9 conge/$ di/ricts1 = a4 ,! numb] ( immigrants is increas+ too rapidly4 7,report ( ,commission]-,g5]al ( ,immigration1 #aije47 ,c4 ,! pres5t immigration is politically h>mful1 = #a4 ,immigrants ( ! k9d t are n[ com+ 9 d n make good citiz5s1 because a4 ,!y are indiff]5t to civic mann]s1 = #a'4 ,!y _c appreciate ! _s ( ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 z has previ\sly be5 %[n4 b4 ,!y are easily influ5c$ 9 all political affairs by pecuni>y p]suasion1 = #a'4 ,_! sole object 9 ?is c\ntry is to acquire weal?4 7,prescott ,f4 ,hall1 ,secret>y ( ! ,immigration ,re/riction ,league1 ,annals ( ,am]ican ,academy1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 page #agb47 ,d4 ,! numb] ( immigrants is too great to be assimilat$ prop]ly1 s9ce #a4 ,mo/ ( ! immigrants are extremely clanni%1 = a4 ,little ,italies1 ,little ,hung>ies1 & ,ghettos1 exi/ 9 great numb]s & size ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,h5ry ,rood1 ,=um1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 page #aad47 #b4 ,mo/ ( ! immigrants nev] try to le>n ! ,engli% language1 = a4 ,!y h no ne$ = x1 s9ce #a'4 ,!y seldom come 9 contact ) ,engli%-speak+ p4 7,ibid47 #c4 ,_! t5d5cy is n to become citiz5s1 = a4 ,?irty-"o p] c5t4 ( ! immigrants return home aft] hav+ be5 "h a few ye>s4 7,report ( ! ,commission]-,g5]al ( ,immigration1 #aije47 b4 ,^? :o rema9 _c = ! mo/ "p appreciate our gov]nm5t1 = #a'4 ,!y h be5 cont9ually trodd5 ^u 9 _! home c\ntries4 #b'4 ,!y h _h no opportunity to int]e/ !mselves 9 gov]nm5t4 7,n4 ,s4 ,%al]1 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 ,,lxxi1 page #fdf47 #d4 ,! argum5t t because we 7 able to assimilate ! immigrants 9 ! pa/ we %all be able to d s 9 ! future1 is uns\nd1 = a4 ,! "* ( ! pres5t immigrants has *ang$1 z %[n previ\sly4 b4 ,9 ! future we may expect a mu* l>g] immigration4 7,prescott ,f4 ,hall1 ,annals ( ,am]ican ,academy1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 page #agb47 ,e4 ,immigrants l[] ! /&>ds ( ,am]ican labor1 because #a4 ,!y create h>mful competition1 s9ce a4 ,m immigrants are com+ n[ ?an we really ne$1 = ,i'4 ,9 #aijf at lea/ #bjj1jjj ali5s came "h :o 7 ( no use :atev]4 7,commission] ( ,immigration = ,new ,york1 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 ,,lxvi1 page #age47 b4 ,!y "w = l[] wages ?an d ,am]icans1 = #a'4 ,!y are able to live m *eaply4 7,h5ry ,rood1 ,ibid47 #b'4 ,!y place a l[] value on _! labor4 7,t4 ,v4 ,p[d]ly1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,vol4 ,,cxlvii1 page #afe47 #b4 ,!y t5d to de/roy ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,am]ican labor]1 = a4 ,!y "w "u conditions t no ,am]ican labor] w tol]ate1 = #a'4 ,!y create degrad+ =ms ( employm5t4 7,w4 ,h4 ,wilk9s1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 page #ehh47 b4 ,_! selfi% desires keep !m f organiz+ ) ,am]ican labor]s = protection4 ,,ii4 ,! educational te/ w\ld accompli% ! fur!r re/riction ( immigration 9 a prop] mann]1 = ,a4 ,x w\ld *ange ! "* ( ! immigrants = ! bett]1 s9ce #a4 ,x w\ld keep out ! un5]getic races ( s\!rn & ea/]n ,europe1 because a4 ,n9ety-?ree p] c5t1 ( illit]ates come f s\!rn & ea/]n ,europe4 7,int]national ,encyclopa$ia1 "u ,immigration47 #b4 ,x w\ld decrease ! am\nt ( paup]ism1 = a4 ,! s\!rn ,italians1 :o are ! mo/ illit]ate1 produce ! mo/ paup]ism4 7,ibid47 #c4 ,x w\ld raise ! /&>d ( morality1 s9ce a4 ,ignorance is closely c\pl$ ) immorality1 = #a'4 ,! s\!rn ,italians h a v l[ /&>d ( liv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,h5ry ,rood1 ,=um1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 page #aaf47 b4 ,! educational te/ w\ld exclude su* p4 #d4 ,x w\ld decrease ! am\nt ( crime1 = a4 ,x w\ld keep out mo/ ( ! immigrants f s\!rn ,europe1 = #a'4 ,n9ety-?ree p] c5t1 ( ! illit]ates come f ?is s\rce4 b4 ,! crim9al t5d5cies ( p f s\!rn ,europe are well kn[n4 7,h5ry ,rood1 ,ibid47 ,b4 ,! educational te/ w\ld improve ! condition ( ! cities1 = #a4 ,!y w\ld be m sanit>y & less crim9al1 s9ce a4 ,^! evils are due l>gely to conge/ion4 b4 ,"u ?is te/ ! cities w\ld be less conge/$1 = #a'4 ,immigration w\ld be r$uc$ tw5ty-two & six t5?s p] c5t4 #b'4 ,educat$ immigrants are n likely to settle 9 ! slums4 c4 ,if ! cities 7 less conge/$1 *>itable societies c\ld remove m evils f ! slums1 & 9 "t ev5 elim9ate ! slums4 ,c4 ,! educational te/ w\ld aid ! c\ntry politically1 = #a4 ,we %\ld receive only ^? immigrants :o are intellectually capable ( becom+ good citiz5s1 = a4 ,education enables a man to become int]e/$ 9 ! gov]nm5t 9 :i* he lives4 #b4 ,brib]y w\ld cease1 = a4 ,gre$ = small am\nts ( money is n s /rong among ! intellig5t4 7,prescott ,f4 ,hall1 ,ibid47 ,d4 ,! educational te/ w\ld aid ! "w ( assimilation1 = #a4 ,x w\ld b> to a great ext5t ! clanni% immigrants1 z a4 ,clanni%ness is l>gely a result ( sup]/ition & ignorance4 7,h5ry ,rood1 ,ibid47 #b4 ,x w\ld practically =ce ! immigrants to le>n ! ,engli% language1 = a4 ,_! clans brok5 up1 !y w\ld naturally come 9 contact m & m ) ,engli%-speak+ p4 #c4 ,x w\ld produce among ! =eign-born elem5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a wid] int]e/ 9 civic affairs1 = a4 ,^? :o h "s education c bett] appreciate our gov]nm5t ?an ^? :o are illit]ate4 b4 ,x w\ld admit only ^? :o1 by reason ( _! education1 small ?\gh x may be1 h _h ! *ance to /udy some:at _! home gov]nm5ts4 7,n4 ,s4 ,%al]1 ,ibid47 ,e4 ,! educational te/ w\ld t5d to raise ! /&>ds ( ,am]ican labor1 = #a4 ,x w\ld cut d[n competition1 s9ce a4 ,x w\ld %ut out _m labor]s1 = #a'4 ,mo/ ( ^? affect$ by ?is te/ w\ld be common labor]s4 b4 ,x w\ld t5d to equalize ! rate ( wages1 because #a'4 ,immigrants w\ld n be will+ to "w = l[] wages1 = a'4 ,! slums be+ gone1 !y w\ld ne$ m money = exi/5ce4 #b4 ,x w\ld aid ! indep5d5ce ( ,am]ican labor1 = a4 ,immigrants w\ld no long] be s reluctant to coop]ate ) ,am]ican labor]s = protection1 = #a'4 ,x is well kn[n t1 z a rule1 only ! mo/ ignorant classes refuse to jo9 unions4 b4 ,! l[ indu/rial competition w\ld be remov$1 z previ\sly %[n4 ,f4 ,! educational te/ w\ld be practical1 = #a4 ,x is n a te/ dep5d+ ^u ! repres5tations ( immigrants or ! decisions ( inspectors4 7,prescott ,f4 ,hall1 ,=um1 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 page #efd47 #b4 ,! educational te/ has work$ well 9 ,au/ralia4 7,pr(essor ,frank ,p>sons1 ,annals ( ,am]ican ,academy1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 page #bae47 ,g4 ,x w\ld less5 ! burd5 ( education = ! gov]nm5t1 = #a4 ,x w\ld =ce prospective immigrants to get _! elem5t>y education 9 ,europe4 #b4 ,! immigrants w\ld h "s education z a f\ndation = m4 ,,conclusion4 ,! affirmative has prov$ ! foll[+3-- ,i4 ,!re is great ne$ = fur!r re/riction ( immigration4 ,,ii4 ,! educational te/ w\ld accompli% ! fur!r re/riction ( immigration 9 a prop] mann]4 ,!re=e1 immigration to ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be fur!r re/rict$ by an educational te/4 ,,ex]cises ,/ate ! propositions upheld 9 ! foll[+ argum5ts1 & put ! mat]ial into brief =m3-- #a4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is is cle>3 t ?r\gh\t ^? six mon?s ! gov]nm5t knew p]fectly well ! dang] 9 :i* ,g5]al ,gordon 0 plac$4 ,x has be5 said t ,g5]al ,gordon did n ask = troops4 ,well1 ,i am surpris$ at t def5se4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,g5]al ,gordon 0 ! extreme abnegation ( 8 nature4 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t he %\ld s5d home a telegram to say1 ,i am 9 great dang]1 !re=e s5d me troops4 ,he w\ld probably h cut (f 8 "r h& be=e he w\ld h s5t su* a telegram4 ,b he did s5d a telegram t ! p ( ,kh>tum 7 9 dang]1 & t ! ,mahdi mu/ w9 unless milit>y succor 0 s5t =w>d1 & di/9ctly tell+ ! gov]nm5t--& ?is is ! ma9 po9t--t unless !y w\ld cons5t to 8 views ! supremacy ( ! ,mahdi 0 assur$4 ,my lords1 is x conceivable t aft] t--two mon?s aft] t--9 ,may1 ! prime m9i/] %\ld h said t ! gov]nm5t 0 wait+ to h reasonable pro( t ,gordon 0 9 dang]8 ,by t "t ,kh>tum 0 surr\nd$1 & ! gov]nor ( ,b]b] _h ann\nc$ t 8 case 0 desp]ate1 :i* 0 too surely prov$ by ! massacre :i* took place 9 ,june4 ,& yet 9 ,may ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 wait+ = reasonable pro( t !y 7 9 dang]4 ,app>5tly he did n get t pro( till ,augu/4 ,a g5]al s5t =w>d on a dang]\s exp$ition does n l to g :9+ = assi/ance1 unless he is press$ by absolute p]il4 ,all ^? great qualities :i* g to make m5 h]oes are su* z are absolutely incompatible ) su* a c\rse1 & lead !m to %r9k z f a great disgrace f any unnecess>y appeal = ex]tion = _! protection4 ,x 0 ! bus9ess ( ! gov]nm5t n to int]pret ,g5]al ,gordon's telegrams z if !y _h be5 /atutory decl>ations1 b to judge = !mselves ( ! circum/ances ( ! case1 & to see t ^? :o 7 surr\nd$1 :o 7 ! only ?ree ,engli%m5 among ?is va/ body ( ,mohamm$ans1 :o 7 already cut (f f all communication ) ! civiliz$ _w by ! occupation ( e important t[n ^u ! riv]1 7 9 real dang]4 ,i d n "k any o!r in/ance 9 :i* a man has be5 s5t to ma9ta9 su* a position )\t a c]ta9 numb] ( ,briti% troops4 ,if ! ,briti% troops _h be5 !re trea*]y w\ld h be5 impossible2 b s5d+ ,gordon by himself to rely on ! fidelity ( ,africans & ,egyptians 0 an act ( extreme ra%ness1 & if ! gov]nm5t succe$ 9 prov+1 :i* ,i d n ?9k !y c1 t trea*]y 0 inevitable1 !y only pile up an additional reason = _! condemnation4 ,i confess x is v difficult to sep>ate ?is "q f ! p]sonal matt]s involv$4 ,x is v difficult to argue x on purely ab/ract gr\nds )\t turn+ = a mom5t to ! "* ( ! man :o 0 engag$ & ! t]rible position 9 :i* he 0 plac$4 ,:5 we consid] all t he und]w5t1 all t he sacrific$ 9 ord] to save ! gov]nm5t 9 a mom5t ( extreme exig5cy1 !re is some?+ inf9itely pa!tic 9 reflect+ on 8 feel+s1 z day aft] day1 week aft] week1 mon? aft] mon? pass$ by--z he sp>$ no ex]tions1 no p]sonal sacrifice1 to p]=m ! duties t 7 plac$ ^u him--z he l5g!n$ out ! siege by inconceivable prodigies ( +5uity1 ( activity1 ( res\rce--& z1 9 spite ( x all1 9 spite ( ! deep devotion to 8 c\ntry1 :i* _h prompt$ him to ?is great risk & und]tak+1 ! conviction gradually grew ^u him t 8 c\ntry _h ab&on$ him4 ,x is t]rible to ?9k :at he mu/ h suff]$ :5 at la/1 z a desp]ate measure to save ^? he lov$1 he p>t$ ) ! only two ,engli%m5 ) :om dur+ ^? long mon?s he _h any conv]se1 & s5t ,/ew>t & ,p[] d[n ! riv] to escape f ! fate :i* _h become inevitable to himself4 ,x is v pa9ful to ?9k ( ! reproa*es to 8 c\ntry & to 8 c\ntry's gov]nm5t t mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ! m9d ( t devot$ man dur+ ^? mon?s ( unm]it$ des]tion4 ,9 ,gordon's lett] ( ! f\rte5? ( ,decemb] he said3 ,all is up4 ,i expect ! cata/rophe 9 t5 days' "t2 x w\ld n h be5 s if our p _h kept me bett] in=m$ z to _! int5tions4 ,!y _h no int5tions to in=m him (4 ,!y 7 m]ely act+ f h& to m\? to av]t ! p>liam5t>y c5sure ) :i* !y 7 ?reat5$4 ,!y _h no plan1 !y _h no int5tions to c>ry out4 ,if !y c\ld h kn[n _! int5tions1 a great h]o w\ld h be5 sav$ to ! ,briti% army1 a great disgrace w\ld n h fall5 on ! ,engli% gov]nm5t4 ,footnote3 ,on ! ,des]tion ( ,gordon 9 ,egypt1 ,"l ,salisbury1 ,! ,_w's ,fam\s ,orations4 ,funk ,wagnalls1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #aaa4 #b4 ,= any ,/ate to make sex a qualification t mu/ ev] result 9 ! disfran*isem5t ( "o entire half ( ! p is to pass a bill ( atta9d]1 or an ex po/ facto law1 & is !re=e a violation ( ! supreme law ( ! l&4 ,by x ! bless+s ( lib]ty are =ev] )held f wom5 & _! female po/]ity4 ,to !m ?is gov]nm5t has no j p[]s d]iv$ f ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,to !m ?is gov]nm5t is n a democracy4 ,x is n a republic4 ,x is an odi\s ari/ocracy2 a hateful olig>*y ( sex2 ! mo/ hateful ari/ocracy ev] e/abli%$ on ! face ( ! globe2 an olig>*y ( weal?1 :]e ! ri* gov]n ! poor4 ,an olig>*y ( le>n+1 :]e ! educat$ gov]n ! ignorant1 or ev5 an olig>*y ( race :]e ! ,saxon rules ! ,african1 might be endur$2 b ?is olig>*y ( sex1 :i* makes fa!r1 bro!rs1 husb&1 sons1 ! olig>*s ov] ! "m & si/]s1 ! wife & daught]s ( e h\sehold--:i* orda9s all m5 sov]eigns1 all wom5 subjects1 c>ries diss5sion1 discord & rebellion into e home ( ! nation4 ,web/]1 ,worce/] & ,b\vi] all def9e a citiz5 to be a p]son 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 entitl$ to vote & hold (fice4 ,! only "q left to be settl$ n[ is3 ,are wom5 p]sons8 ,& ,i h>dly believe any ( our oppon5ts w h ! h>dihood to say !y are n4 ,be+ p]sons1 !n1 wom5 are citiz5s2 & no ,/ate has a "r to make any law1 or to en=ce any old law1 t %all abridge _! privileges or immunities4 ,h5ce1 e discrim9ation aga9/ wom5 9 ! con/itutions & laws ( ! sev]al ,/ates is to-day null & void4 ,footnote3 ,on ,woman's ,"r to ! ,suffrage1 ,susan ,b4 ,an?ony4 ,! ,_w's ,fam\s ,orations4 ,funk ,wagnalls1 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #ei4 #c4 ,! ,legal ,intellig5c] pr9ts ! full text ( ! rec5t decision ( ,judge ,sulzb]g] 9 ! case ( ,claus ,ba%] vs4 ! ,rapid ,transit ,company1 :i* deals ) a phase ( ! "q conc]n+ ! use ( ! /reets 9 ob/ruct+ public travel4 ,! ,judge1 9 d5y+ ! pla9tiffs a rule = a new trial1 put ! matt] "u review into 8 cu/om>y concise logic1 z foll[s3 ,! pla9tiff cont5ds t ! direction = def5dant 0 errone\s1 because ! jury %\ld h be5 giv5 ! opportunity to pass ^u ! "q :e!r he 0 or 0 n neglig5t 9 plac+ 8 wagon 9 su* a position t x encroa*$ ?ree or f\r feet ^u ! transit company's track1 )\t :i* encroa*m5t ! accid5t c\ld n h happ5$4 ,8 reasons are z foll[s3 #a4 ,t a driv]1 = ! purpose ( wat]+ 8 horses1 has ! "r to encroa* on ! trolley track4 #b4 ,t ev5 if he has n1 x is neglig5ce = a motor-man n to /op 8 c> 9 "t to prev5t a collision 9 broad daylight ) a conspicu\s ob/acle l a wagon 9 front ( him4 ,z to ! fir/ po9t3 ,an ob/ruction ( ! highway :i* is tempor>y & p>tial may be ju/ifi$ 9 cases ( pla91 evid5t necessity1 b n :]e t necessity is argum5tative & supposititi\s3 ,com4 vs4 ,passmore1 #a ,s4 ,r4 #bag2 ,rex v4 ,russell1 #f ,ea/4 #dbg4 ,!re 0 no necessity on ! pla9tiff to wat] 8 horses 9 ! way he did4 ,two o!r ways1 bo? p]fectly safe1 7 op5 to him4 ,he *ose ! easie/ & ! riskie/4 ,b if !re _h n be5 two safe ways op5 = him1 he w\ld /ill h be5 guilty ( neglig5ce 9 draw+ 8 wagon across a trolley track1 on a busy city /reet1 on :i* c>s 7 runn+ e m9ute or two4 ,! prim>y use ( ! c> track is = public travel1 n = wat]+ horses4 ,a p]man5t wat]+-tr\gh on a sidewalk1 s con/ruct$ z n to be usable )\t /opp+ ! runn+ ( ! c>s1 w\ld be a nuisance4 ,! suppos$ analogy to ! "r ( an abutt] to load & unload a necess>y article fails entirely4 ,a pass+ driv] is n 9 ! position ( an abutt]1 ! reasonabl5ess ( ^: action is det]m9$ by ! degree ( mom5t>y necessity1 & ! limit ( ^: "r is t 8 ob/ruction mu/ be tempor>y4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! wat]+-tr\gh & n ! driv] is 9 ! abutt]'s position4 ,! wat]+-tr\gh is a public utility1 :i* e "o may use4 ,on a w>m day1 9 a busy city /reet1 hundr$s ( vehicles may /op !re1 & ! quantity ( ob/ruction is n ! "t occupi$ by ea*1 b ! sum ( ! times occupi$ by all4 ,! effect mu/ necess>ily be a s]i\s h9drance to public travel1 :i* might sometimes result 9 complete /oppage4 ,to use ! ?\ght ( ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,dean1 9 ,com4 vs4 ,=re/1 #agj ,pa4 #dg1 ! law w\ld soon be invok$ to decide :e!r ! c> track 0 = ! c>s or = vehicles /opp$ !reon = ! purpose ( wat]+ horses2 :e!r ! driv] ( su* vehicles 0 9 ! ex]cise ( a lawful "r or 0 a usurp] ( ! rights ( o!rs4 ,9 ! case ( ,attorney-,g5]al vs4 ! ,%effield ,gas ,consum]s' ,company1 #ai ,eng4 ,law ,eq4 #fci1 ,"l ,*ancellor ,cranwor?1 consid]+ a simil> "q1 us$ ?is illu/ration3 ,no d\bt t x w\ld be a nuisance1 & a v s]i\s nuisance1 if a p]son ) a b>rel organ1 or ! bagpipes1 7 to come & /ation himself "u a p]son's w9d[ all day4 ,b :5 he is go+ ?r\gh a city1 y "k t he w /op t5 m9utes at "o place & t5 m9utes at ano!r1 & y "k he w s g on dur+ ! day4 ,! wat]+- tr\gh1 h[ev]1 is /ation>y4 ,z to ! second po9t3 ,! g5]al rule 9 ,p5nsylvania is t contributory neglig5ce prev5ts recov]y4 ,?is rule1 x is true1 does n apply :]e ! def5dant is guilty ( neglig5ce s wanton & gross z to be evid5ce ( volunt>y injury2 ,wynn vs4 ,allord1 #e ,w4 ,s4 #ebe2 ,mc,knight vs4 ,ratcliff1 #dd ,pa4 #aef4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ 9 ! te/imony to indicate t ! def5dant's motorman did any?+ wanton4 ,com+ d[n a /eep hill1 he fail$ = a mom5t to see an ob/acle :i* he _h a "r to expect w\ld n be on ! track4 ,no "o says t he did n d 8 be/ to prev5t ! collision aft] he _h se5 ! wagon4 ,! "q at bottom is "o ( public policy4 ,%\ld ! motorman anticipate t p]sons ( mature age w /ation _! wagons across ! tracks8 ,if ! rights ( ! travel+ public are to be pres]v$1 ! answ] mu/ be 9 ! negative4 #d4 ,aside f ! money "q1 ! mo/ s]i\s problem t confronts ! p ( ,am]ica to-day is t ( rescu+ _! cities1 _! ,/ates & ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 includ+ ! f$]al judici>y1 f absolute control ( corporate monopoly4 ,h[ to re/ore ! voice ( ! citiz5 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 c\ntry2 & h[ to put an end to ^? proce$+s 9 "s ( ! high] c\rts :i* are f>ce & mock]y on "o side1 & a crim9al usurpation & oppression on ! o!r4444 ,9 z mu* z no gov]nm5t c endure 9 :i* corrupt gre$ n only makes ! laws1 b decides :o %all con/rue !m1 _m ( our be/ citiz5s are beg9n+ to despair ( ! republic4 ,o!rs urge t we %\ld remove ! bribe-giv]s--t is1 de/roy ?is ov]:elm+ temptation by hav+ ! gov]nm5t take all ^! monopolies itself & furni% ! s]vice :i* !y n[ furni%1 & ?us n only save our in/itutions1 b h ! great pr(its :i* n[ g into ! pockets ( private corporations turn$ into ! public treasury4444 ,let u see :at civiliz$ man is do+ else:]e4 ,take ! cities ( ,great ,brita9 fir/1 = !y h ! same p[] ( self-gov]nm5t t ,am]ican cities h4 ,9 all t p]ta9s to ! com=t & ent]prise ( ! individual we are f> 9 ! lead2 b 9 ! gov]nm5t ( cities we are f> beh9d4 ,glasg[ has to-day ne>ly "o million inhabitants & is "o ( ! great manufactur+ & comm]cial cities ( ! _w4 ,?irty ye>s ago !re 0 sc>cely a city t 0 9 a worse condition4 ,private corporations furni%$ x a poor quality ( wat]1 tak5 f ! ,clyde ,riv]1 & !y *>g$ high rates = x4 ,! city dra9$ into ! ,clyde1 & x became horribly fil?y4 ,private corporations furni%$ a poor quality ( gas1 at a high price2 & private companies op]at$ ! /reet railroads4 ,private companies _h ! same grip on ! p !re t !y h 9 mo/ ,am]ican cities4 ,ow+ to ! developm5t ( great %ipbuild+ & o!r indu/ries 9 ! valley ( ! ,clyde1 ! labor+ population ( ,glasg[ became v d5se & ! means ( h\s+ ! p 7 mis]able4 ,poorly light$1 poorly v5tilat$1 fil?y h\ses br\ght high r5ts4 ,9 _m cases two families liv$ 9 "o room4 ,cleanl9ess 0 impossible1 ! sanit>y conditions 7 frightful & ! dea? rate 0 high4 ,z = educational facilities1 !re 7 none wor? m5tion+ = ^! p4 ,! condition ( ! labor+ classes 0 "o ( degradation & mis]y2 *ildr5 7 gr[+ up m5tally1 morally & physically diseas$2 a g5]ation 0 com+ :i* ?reat5$ to be an exp5se & a m5ace to ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 a great slum city4 ,b patriotic & public-spirit$ m5 came to ! front & gave ! city ! b5efit ( _! s]vices free4 ,9 fact1 none ( ! high city (ficials 9 ,great ,brita9 receiv$ any pay o!r ?an ! well be+ ( humanity & ! good op9ions ( _! c\ntry4 ,! city rid itself ( ! private companies by buy+ !m & !n br\ght fre% wat] f ! highl&s1 a di/ance ( sixty miles4 ,x d\bl$ ! quantity ( wat] furni%$ ! inhabitants1 & r$uc$ ! co/ to consum]s by "o-half4 ,& yet ! dep>tm5t n[ yields ov] two hundr$ ?\s& doll>s a ye> net income ov] all fix$ *>ges4 ,! municipality1 aft] mu* difficulty1 b\ght ! gas plants & gradually r$uc$ ! price ( gas f #a4ad to #eh c5ts1 & x n[ illum9ates n only ! /reets & public places1 b all passageways & /airways 9 flat build+s1 exp]i5ce hav+ %[n t a good lamp is almo/ z useful z a policeman4 ,! total debt ( ! city = plants1 ext5sions1 etc41 to illum9e p]fectly all ! city _h rea*$ ne>ly five & a half millions ( doll>s4 ,not)/&+ ! l[ price at :i* gas is sold1 ?is sum has gradually be5 r$uc$ to less ?an two & a half millions ( doll>s out ( ! e>n+s ( ! sy/em1 & x w soon be wip$ out & ! entire rev5ue g into ! city treasury4 ,! /reet railways 7 own$ by ! city1 b1 until #ahid1 !y 7 leas$ out "u an arrangem5t :i* paid ! city full co/ ( con/ruction1 ) int]e/1 besides a ye>ly income ( #gej p] /reet mile4 ,9 #ahid ! city began to op]ate ! l9es itself4 ,! f>es 7 r$uc$ #cc p] c5t41 besides special tickets to labor]s1 s t ! av]age is "u two c5ts1 & ov] "o-?ird ( all f>es are "o c5t ea*4 ,! private company _h work$ its m5 twelve & f\rte5 h\rs a day & paid irregul> & unsatisfactory wages4 ,! city at once r$uc$ ! numb] ( h\rs to t51 & fix$ a satisfactory scale ( wages4 ,&1 comp>$ ) :at x =m]ly 01 ! s]vice has be5 greatly improv$4 ,9 spite ( all ^! acts = ! b5efit ( ! public1 ! roads :i* _h co/ ! city no?+1 n[ net ov] all *>ges = improvem5ts1 etc41 "o-f\r? ( a million annually4 ,9 #ahib ! city b\ght out a private electric light company1 & n[ has ! monopoly ( furni%+ electric light & p[]4 ,?is promises to be a s\rce ( enorm\s rev5ue = ! city4444 ,man*e/] has )9 its n>r[ limits only a little ov] half a million p1 b )9 a radius ( tw5ty miles f h] city hall !re are ov] ?ree million inhabitants4 ,^! h to be consid]$ 9 discuss+ ,man*e/]1 :i* is ess5tially a manufactur+ & comm]cial city4 ,its hi/ory is 9 _m respects a p>allel ( t ( ,glasg[4 ,x seem$ to be a great city ( slums1 degradation & mis]y1 & 0 9 ! grip ( private monopolies4 ,to-day ! city furni%es all ! s]vice t is furni%$ "h by private corporations1 & does x at ab\t "o-half co/4 ,x furni%es gas at fifty-six c5ts a ?\s&1 & aft] d$uct+ all t is us$ to illum9ate p]fectly ! /reets & aft] apply+ #bjj1jjj a ye> on ! orig9al co/ ( plants1 etc41 x /ill turns #cjj1jjj a ye> into ! public treasury1 al?o ! aim 9 ne>ly all ,engli% cities is n to make money1 b to s]ve ! public4 ,! city con/ruct$ an aqu$uct n9ety miles to secure pure wat] & furni%es ?is = a little m ?an half :at ! private company _h *>g$ = a poor quality ( wat]4 ,x owns /reet railways1 & besides giv+ greatly r$uc$ rates & giv+ half-f>e tickets to work+m51 ! city d]ives a l>ge rev5ue f ?is s\rce4 ,l ,glasg[ & ,birm+ham1 ! city owns l>ge cemet]ies 9 :i* !re are sep>ate sections = ! diff]5t religi\s d5om9ations1 & prices are s arrang$ t :ile ^? :o desire to d s c get lots co/+ f t5 to ?irty doll>s1 yet a dec5t burial ) inscription on /one ov] a grave c be _h at ab\t f\r doll>s = adults & ?ree doll>s = *ildr54 ,?is *>ge includes all cemet]y fees & exp5ses4 ,! city owns ! m>kets & slaught] h\ses4 ,x has provid$ p>ks & swimm+ ba?s &1 l ,birm+ham & ,glasg[1 x ma9ta9s l>ge te*nical s*ools 9 :i* ?\s&s ( "y m5 are in/ruct$ 9 ! indu/rial arts & sci5ces1 s z to be able to ma9ta9 ,man*e/]'s greatness4 ,birm+ham has ov] half a million ( p1 & its exp]i5ce resembles t ( ,glasg[ & ,man*e/]4 ,=m]ly private corporations controll$ almo/ ev]y?+ & *>g$ v high rates = v poor s]vice1 & ! sanit>y conditions 7 frightful4 ,b "h aga9 municipal /atesm5 came to ! front1 ! mo/ prom95t among :om 0 ,! ,honorable ,joseph ,*amb]la91 :o has s9ce be5 9 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,n go+ fur!r into detail1 let me say !re are at pres5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom #ahe municipalities t supply _! inhabitants ) wat]1 ) gas & electric light1 & "o-?ird ( ! /reet railway mileage ( ,great ,brita9 is own$ by ! municipalities4 ,leav+ out ,london x am\nts to two-?irds4 ,& 9 mo/ in/ances 9 :i* !y d n own ! /reet railways1 !y h compell$ ! companies to grant l[ f>es & divide pr(its4 ,e bus9ess reason applicable to ! municipalities & gov]nm5ts ( ,europe is applicable "h4 ,we want z pure wat]1 z good dra9age1 z *eap s]vice z !y h1 & we want ! same privilege ( supply+ ourselves z !y ex]cise2 & :5 x is app>5t t1 by act+ collectively1 we c d bus9ess m successfully1 c s]ve ourselves bett] 9 e way1 & c secure = ! public treasury ^! millions :i* n[ g into ! pockets ( grasp+ individuals1 h we n a "r to d x8 ,if we f9d t1 9 ?is mann]1 we c give /ead9ess to labor1 & c elevate its /&>ds & improve ! conditions ( our p1 d>e we n d x8 ,e "o ( ! re=ms c>ri$ out 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t met ) fi]ce opposition f ! same classes t oppose !m "h1 b ! bus9ess s5se & patriotic impulse ( ! p prevail$1 & ,i believe1 w prevail "h4 ,footnote3 ,on ,municipal & ,gov]nm5t ,own]%ip1 ,altgeld ,! ,_w's ,fam\s ,orations4 ,funk ,wagnalls ,co41 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #bjh4 #e4 ,draw a brief ( ,bee*]'s spee* f\nd on page #aff4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,me?ods ,,( ,,refutation ,a complete argum5t consi/s ( two k9ds ( pro(3 con/ructive pro( & refutation4 ,con/ructive pro( is t "p ( an argum5t :i* sets =? direct reasons = belief 9 a c]ta9 proposition2 refutation is t "p :i* de/roys ! reasons = belief 9 ! opposite side4 ,9 g5]al1 ea* ( ^! divisions is ( ab\t equal importance1 at times ! value ( "o pr$om9at+ & at times ! value ( ! o!r4 ,if "o is address+ an audi5ce unacqua9t$ ) 8 views or ho/ile t[>ds !m1 he is n likely to make mu* progress 9 gett+ 8 own beliefs accept$ until he has1 at lea/ 9 "p1 %att]$ ! op9ion already exi/+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! audi5ce is pr$ispos$ or ev5 will+ to accept ! doctr9e advocat$1 v little b con/ructive pro( may be necess>y4 ,9 debate1 ! side t has ! burd5 ( pro( w usually h m use = con/ructive argum5t1 & ! opposite side w h m use = refutation4 ,?is /atem5t w n always hold true1 h[ev]1 = ! rule w v>y "u diff]5t circum/ances2 a debat] mu/1 !re=e1 hold himself 9 read9ess to meet :atev] cont+5cies arise4 ,debate may be lik5$ to ! play ( two boys build+ h\ses ) blocks2 ea* boy builds ! be/ h\se he c1 & at times attempts to ov]?r[ ! "w ( 8 playmate4 ,! "o t has ! bett] /ructure :5 ! game ends comes (f victori\s4 ,?us x is 9 debate2 ea* debat] mu/ d 8 be/ bo? to build up 8 own argum5t & to de/roy 8 oppon5t's4 ,to h&le refutation successfully1 ei!r 9 writt5 argum5t or 9 debate1 "o mu/ "k :at to refute & :at to leave alone4 ,! g5]al rule gov]n+ ?is matt] is3 ,refute only ^? argum5ts :i* are ess5tial to ! pro( ( ! o!r side4 ,all trivial ideas1 ev5 all mis/atem5ts :i* if refut$ w\ld n de/roy any fundam5tal process ( an oppon5t's pro(1 %\ld pass unnotic$4 ,to m5tion !m means wa/e ( "t & ef=t4 ,x is n uncommon = a debat] to make trivial errors int5tionally1 9 ! hope t 8 oppon5t w consume valuable "t 9 refut+ !m & ?us all[ 8 ma9 argum5t to g unsca!d4 ,:5 ?is /ratagem succe$s1 ! "o :o made ! mi/akes c ackn[l$ge t he 0 wrong 9 ^? unimportant details1 & yet %[ t 8 fundam5tal argum5ts h n be5 ov]?r[n4 ,:ile argu+ on a political "q1 an int]collegiate debat] once laid consid]able /ress on an op9ion express$ by ,woodr[ ,wilson1 ,presid5t1 z he /at$1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,8 oppon5t1 ( c\rse1 might h held ?is /atem5t up to ridicule1 b su* an exposure w\ld h be5 impolitic1 9 t x w\ld h 9 no wise impair$ ! value ( ,mr4 ,wilson's op9ion z evid5ce4 ,ano!r debat]1 n s wise1 once sp5t consid]able "t 9 correct+ an oppon5t :o _h said t ! ,/eel ,tru/ 0 =m$ 9 #ahia in/ead ( 9 #aija1 z 0 ! case4 ,z ^! dates _h no vital be>+ on ! "q at issue1 ! error %\ld h be5 all[$ to pass4 ,! temptation to po9t out ! flaws t are mo/ obvi\s is always great1 b unless by s do+ "o c knock out ! props on :i* an oppon5t's pro( re/s1 su* an attack accompli%es no?+4 ,ano!r common error 9 refutation consi/s 9 answ]+ "o's self4 ,a p]son is guilty ( ?is fault :5ev] he mis/ates an oppon5t's argum5t1 ei!r because he does n und]/& x or ?r\gh design1 & !n refutes ?is mis/atem5t4 ,! folly ( su* proc$ure is made app>5t by m]ely call+ att5tion to ! fact t ! orig9al argum5t has be5 g>bl$ b 9 no wise refut$1 ,an oppon5t c convict ! "o :o has answ]$ himself ei!r ( unp>donable ignorance ab\t ! subject or ( d[nright di%one/y4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ^! errors ( refut+ unimportant details & ( answ]+ "o's self1 x is always well to r$uce an oppon5t's argum5t to ! =m ( a brief4 ,if ! argum5t is 9 pr9t1 ?is task is comp>atively simple2 if ! argum5t is oral1 ! task w be h>d] b w /ill pres5t no s]i\s difficulties to "o :o is us$ to draw+ briefs4 ,:5 all ! ideas h be5 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( head+s & subhead+s1 & ! relation betwe5 ! ideas has be5 indicat$ by means ( numb]s & lett]s1 !n ! argu] c quickly decide :at po9ts he ought to refute & :at ones he c refute4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! head+s m>k$ ) ! ,roman num]als conta9 ! mo/ important ideas1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be ov]?r[n z f> z possible4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( dispos+ ( !m3 "o way is to /ate t ! head+s are false & !n br+ on new pro( to %[ _! falsity2 ! second way is to call att5tion to ! subhead+s ) :i* ! oppon5t has bol/]$ up ! ma9 head+s1 & !n1 by prov+ ^! subheads false1 all[ ! ma9 heads to fall to ! gr\nd2 ! ?ird way is to admit t ! subheads are true & !n %[ t ! inf]5ces drawn f !m are unw>rant$4 ,to illu/rate3 ,a "p ( an argum5t on ! affirmative side ( ! proposition1 ,resolv$1 ,t /ud5ts 9 ,am]ican colleges %\ld be excus$ f f9al exam9ations 9 all subjects 9 :i* !y h atta9$ a daily grade ( at lea/ eighty-five p] c5t41 might be r$uc$ to ! foll[+ brief =m3-- ,i4 ,?is rule w\ld be ( great intellectual b5efit to college /ud5ts1 = ,a4 ,!y w\ld ma/] _! "w m ?or\ghly1 because #a4 ,!y w\ld /udy h>d] dur+ ! t]m4 ,! fir/ me?od ( ov]?r[+ ! head+ indicat$ by 7,i7 w\ld be to attack x directly4 ,?is attack might consi/ ( op9ions ( prom95t educators :o1 on !oretical gr\nds1 d n believe an intellectual b5efit w\ld result f ! adoption ( su* a rule2 ( ! op9ions ( educators :o h tri$ ! rule & decl>e t x is an intellectual detrim5t2 & ( a c\rse ( reason+ :i* w\ld %[ t ?is sy/em w\ld rob ! /ud5ts exempt$ ( ! great intellectual b5efit t is d]iv$ f ! prep>ation = an exam9ation & f ! tak+ ( an exam9ation4 ,! second me?od w\ld be to %[ t 7#a7 is n true2 !re=e 7,a7 w\ld be false1 & 7,i7 w\ld be left entirely unsupport$4 ,"u ! ?ird me?od ! argu] w\ld admit ! tru? ( 7#a71 b w\ld d5y t ! tru? ( 7,a7 is e/abli%$ by x2 !re=e 7,i7 w\ld be unsupport$4 ,:5ev] a subhead+ is attack$1 x is always v ess5tial to %[ t ! attack is made simply because ?is subhead+ s]ves z a f\ndation = ! ma9 head+4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> argum5t1 refutation accord+ to ! second & ?ird me?ods might read ab\t z foll[s3 ,! cont5tion ( ! affirmative t ! eighty-five p] c5t4 rule %\ld be adopt$ because x w\ld result 9 an intellectual improvem5t among college /ud5ts1 re/s on ! supposition t /ud5ts w\ld /udy h>d] dur+ ! t]m1 & = t reason w\ld m ?or\ghly ma/] _! subjects4 ,?is reason+ is errone\s because1 9 ! fir/ place1 z ,i w %[1 b v few /ud5ts1 if any1 w\ld /udy h>d] dur+ ! t]m2 &1 9 ! second place1 ev5 if !y did1 ^? exempt$ w\ld n h ma/]$ _! "w s completely at ! end ( ! ye> z !y w\ld h if !y _h tak5 an exam9ation4 ,f ! prec$+1 x is app>5t t refutation consi/s ( discr$it+ evid5ce & attack+ reason+4 ,! ways to ov]?r[ evid5ce w be consid]$ fir/4 ,,evid5ce4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t ! evid5ce mu/]$ by ! oppon5t is suffici5t1 if n ov]?r[n1 to e/abli% 8 side ( ! discussion4 ,( c\rse1 if en\gh evid5ce = ?is purpose is lack+1 "o has only to call att5tion to ?is fundam5tal weakness 9 ord] to ov]?r[ ! argum5t !n & !re4 ,! rules1 !re=e1 = te/+ evid5ce assume t ! oppon5t has cit$ facts t1 if n combat$1 w e/abli% 8 case4 ,^! te/s are ! same z ^? giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,vi2 a ha/y review ( !m1 h[ev]1 may be s]viceable at ?is po9t4 ,i4 ,te/s ( ! s\rces ( evid5ce4 ,a4 ,is ! witness compet5t to give a tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ! matt]8 ,b4 ,is ! witness will+ to give an accurate acc\nt8 #a4 ,does he h any p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! case8 ,c4 ,is ! witness prejudic$8 ,d4 ,does ! witness h a good reputation = hone/y & accuracy8 ,,ii4 ,int]nal te/s ( evid5ce4 ,a4 ,is ! evid5ce consi/5t 7a7 ) itself1 7b7 ) kn[n facts1 7c7 ) human exp]i5ce8 ,b4 ,is x fir/-h& evid5ce8 ,c4 ,c ! evid5ce be class$ z especially valuable8 #a4 ,does x consi/ ( hurtful admissions8 #b4 ,is x undesign$ evid5ce8 #c4 ,is x negative evid5ce8 ,,iii4 ,te/ ( argum5t f au?ority4 ,a4 ,is ! witness an ackn[l$g$ au?ority on ! subject ab\t :i* he te/ifies8 ,to ov]?r[ or weak5 argum5t f au?ority1 "o may ei!r discr$it its s\rce or br+ to light "s inconsi/5cy 9 ! /atem5t itself4 ,usually ! =m] me?od alone is possible4 ,to accompli% ?is result1 "o may %[ t ! witness spoke f insuffici5t k ( ! matt]1 or 0 prejudic$1 or _h "s p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! case4 ,c\nt] au?ority w also be ( assi/ance4 ,! foll[+ quotation tak5 f a college debate furni%es ! /ud5t a good example ( h[ to h&le ?is sort ( refutation4 ,! argum5t has be5 advanc$ t ! ,s\? does n ne$ ! =eign labor]1 & ?is argum5t has be5 support$ by ! words ( ,mr4 ,prescott ,f4 ,hall4 ,we w\ld call ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce & ! judges to ! fact t s9ce ,prescott ,f4 ,hall is ,secret>y ( ! ,immigration ,re/riction ,league1 x w\ld be to 8 int]e/ to make ?is ass]tion4 ,:y d n our oppon5ts ref] to imp>tial & unprejudic$ m51 m5 l ,dr4 ,all5 ,mc,laughlin1 a ,unit$ ,/ates immigration (ficial1 :o makes j ! opposite /atem5t8 ,,reason+4 ,i4 ,induction4 ,a4 ,h en\gh in/ances ( ! class "u consid]ation be5 inve/igat$ to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( a g5]al law8 ,b4 ,h en\gh in/ances be5 inve/igat$ to e/abli% ! probable exi/5ce ( a g5]al law8 ,,ii4 ,d$uction4 ,a4 ,are bo? premises true8 ,b4 ,is ! fact /at$ 9 ! m9or premise an in/ance ( ! g5]al law express$ 9 ! major premise8 ,,iii4 ,antec$5t probability4 ,a4 ,is ! assign$ cause ( suffici5t /r5g? to produce ! alleg$ effect8 ,b4 ,may "s o!r cause int]v5e & prev5t ! action ( ! assign$ cause8 ,,iv4 ,sign4 ,a4 ,argum5t f effect to cause4 #a4 ,is ! assign$ cause adequate to produce ! obs]v$ effect8 #b4 ,c\ld ! obs]v$ effect h result$ f any o!r cause ?an ! "o assign$8 ,b4 ,argum5t f effect to effect4 #a4 ,d ! comb9$ te/s ( argum5t f effect to cause & f cause to effect hold8 ,v4 ,example4 ,a4 ,is !re any fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! case 9 h& & ! case cit$ z an example8 ,,fallacies4 ,a fallacy is an error 9 reason+4 ,! prec$+ "p ( ?is *apt] has already sugge/$ te/s t w expose _m su* faults1 b !re are a few errors :i*1 because ( _! frequ5cy or _! inadaptability to o!r classification1 dem& sep>ate treatm5t4 ,?is book foll[s ! plan ( mo/ o!r texts on argum5tation1 & treats ^! errors "u a sep>ate head m>k$ fallacies4 ,to detect a fallacy 9 ano!r's argum5t is to weak51 if n to de/roy1 8 case2 to avoid mak+ a fallacy 9 "o's own argum5t means escape f humiliation & defeat4 ,h5ce1 a k ( fallacies is "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( a debat]'s equipm5t4 ,! classification giv5 "h does n pret5d to be exhau/ive2 x does1 h[ev]1 consid] ! mo/ common & insidi\s brea*es ( reason+ t are likely to occur1 & ! foll[+ pages %\ld be /udi$ ) great c>e4 ,i4 ,,begg+ ,,! ,,"q4 7,,petitio ,,pr9cipii47 #a4 ,,m]e ,,assumption4 ,begg+ ! "q means assum+ ! tru? ( t :i* ne$s pro(4 ,?is fallacy is f\nd 9 its simple/ =m 9 epi!ts & appellations4 ,! lawy] :o speaks ( ! crim9al on trial = 8 life1 begs ! "q 9 t he assumes ! prison] to be a crim9al be=e ! c\rt has r5d]$ a v]dict4 ,^? writ]s :o h rec5tly discuss$ ! brutal game ( football )\t hav+ fir/ adduc$ a p>ticle ( pro( to %[ t ! game is brutal1 fall into ! same error4 ,an unp>donable in/ance ( "q-begg+ lies 9 ! foll[+ introduction1 once giv5 by a debat] :o 0 attack+ ! proposition1 ,resolv$1 ,t ! f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld own & op]ate ! railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3-- ,we ( ! negative w %[ t ! effici5t & highly b5eficial sy/em ( private own]%ip %\ld be ma9ta9$1 & t ! impracticable sy/em ( gov]nm5t own]%ip c nev] succe$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 9 any simil>ly gov]n$ c\ntry4 ,private own]%ip & gov]nm5t own]%ip may possess ^! qualities attribut$ to !m1 b ! debat] has no "r to make su* an assumption2 he mu/ prove t !y h ^! qualities4 #b4 ,,assumption ,,us$ ,,z ,,pro(4 ,su* b>efac$ assumptions z ! prec$+ usually d little damage except to ! "o :o makes !m4 ,!y are n likely to lead a/ray an audi5ce ( av]age intellig5ce2 on ! o!r h&1 !y d /amp ! argu] z prejudic$ & illogical4 ,b :5 assumptions are us$ z pro(1 hidd5 9 ! mid/ ( quantities ( o!r mat]ial1 !y may produce an unw>rant$ effect ^u "o :o is n a cle> ?9k]1 or :o is (f 8 gu>d4 ,if1 )\t %[+ t football is brutal1 "o calls x an extremely brutal game1 & !n urges its aboli%m5t on ! gr\nd ( its brutality1 he has us$ an assumption z pro(1 & has1 !re=e1 begg$ ! "q4 ,! debat] :o /at$1 )\t prov+1 t va/ numb]s ( unskill$ labor]s 7 ne$$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !n urg$ ?is z a reason :y no educational te/ %\ld be appli$ to immigrants com+ to ?is c\ntry1 furni%$ an example ( ! same fallacy4 #c4 ,,unw>rant$ ,,assumption ,,( ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,a ,,suppress$ ,,premise4 ,! /ud5t is already famili> ) ! en?ymeme4 ,! en?ymeme con/itutes a valid =m ( reason+ only :5 ! suppress$ premise is recogniz$ z true4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] an argu] makes use ( ! en?ymeme )\t attempt+ to e/abli% a suppress$ premise ^: tru? is n admitt$1 he has argu$ fallaci\sly4 ,?is is a ?ird me?od ( begg+ ! "q4 ,to illu/rate3 ,9 advocat+ ! aboli%m5t ( football f ! li/ ( college a?letic sports1 "o might reason1 ,football %\ld be aboli%$ because x obvi\sly exposes a play] to possible injury4 ,! suppress$ premise 9 ?is case w\ld be3 ,all sports :i* expose a play] to possible injury %\ld be aboli%$4 ,failure to prove ! tru? ( ?is unadmitt$ /atem5t con/itutes ! fallacy4 #d4 ,,assumption ,,equival5t ,,to ,,! ,,proposition ,,to ,,be ,,prov$4 ,x is n surpris+ t a man c>ri$ away ) excitem5t or prejudice %\ld make assumptions t he does n ev5 try to sub/antiate1 b t anyone %\ld assume ! tru? ( ! v conclusion t he has set out to e/abli% seems incr$ible4 ,su* a =m ( begg+ ! "q1 h[ev]1 does frequ5tly occur4 ,sometimes ! fallacy is s hidd5 9 a mass ( illu/ration & rhetorical embelli%m5t t at fir/ x is n app>5t2 b /ripp$ ( its v]bal f9]y1 x /&s out v pla9ly4 ,! foll[+ passage writt5 on ! affirmative side ( ! proposition1 ,resolv$1 ,t ! college c\rse %\ld be %ort5$ to ?ree ye>s1 w s]ve z a p>ticul>ly flagrant illu/ration3-- ,x is a well-kn[n fact t 9 ! _w ( to-day "t is an ess5tial factor 9 ! race = success4 ,no "y man c af=d to dawdle = f\r long ye>s 9 acquir+ a s-call$ high] education4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( t "t is1 if any?+1 m ?an suffici5t 9 :i* to atta9 all ! graces & culture t ! progressive man ne$s4 ,x is evid5t t ! argum5t 9 ?is case consi/s ( no?+ m ?an a repetition ( ! proposition4 #e4 ,,argu+ ,,9 ,a ,,circle4 ,ano!r phase ( begg+ ! "q consi/s ( us+ an assumption z pro( ( a proposition & ( !n quot+ ! proposition z pro( ( ! assumption4 ,two ass]tions are made1 nei!r ( :i* is sub/antiat$ by any real pro(1 b ea* ( :i* is us$ to prove ! o!r4 ,?is fallacy probably occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 conv]sation4 ,consid] ! foll[+ 3-- ,a4 ,! propos$ sy/em ( taxation is an excell5t "o4 ,b4 ,:at makes y ?9k s8 ,a4 ,because x w be adopt$ by ! legislature4 ,b4 ,h[ d y "k x w8 ,a4 ,because x is a good sy/em & our legislators are m5 ( s5se4 ,?is fallacy occurs :5 "o proves ! au?ority ( ! *ur* f ! te/imony ( ! scriptures1 & !n e/abli%es ! au!nticity ( ! scriptures by ! te/imony ( ! *ur*4 ,a simil> fallacy has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! works ( ,plato4 ,9 ,pha$o1 he demon/rates ! immortality ( ! s\l f its simplicity1 & 9 ! ,republic1 he demon/rates ! simplicity ( ! s\l f its immortality4 ,! foll[+ fragm5t ( a brief argues 9 a circle3-- ,i4 ,?is pr9ciple is 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,democratic p>ty1 s9ce ,a4 ,! lead] ( ! ,democratic p>ty believes 9 x1 = #a4 ,z ! lead] ( ! p>ty1 he naturally believes 9 ,democratic pr9ciples4 ,,ii4 ,,ambig\s ,,t]ms4 7,,equivocation2 ,,confusion ,,( ,,t]ms47 ,! fallacy ( ambigu\s t]ms consi/s ( us+ ! same t]m 9 two di/9ct s5ses 9 ! same argum5t4 ,?us if "o 7 to argue t no design+ p]son ought to be tru/$2 engrav]s are by pr(ession design]s2 !re=e !y ought n to be tru/$1 x is q app>5t t ! t]m design means totally diff]5t ?+s 9 ! two premises4 ,! same fallacy occurs 9 ! argum5t1 ,s9ce ! ,am]ican p believe 9 a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 !y %\ld vote ! ,republican ticket4 ,aga93-- ,int]f]5ce ) ano!r man's bus9ess is illegal2 ,und]sell+ int]f]es ) ano!r man's bus9ess2 ,!re=e und]sell+ is illegal4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,logic discusses ! fallacy ( ambigu\s t]ms ) great c>e4 ,9 "p he says3-- ,! m]cantile public are frequ5tly l$ into ?is fallacy by ! phrase sc>city ( money4 ,9 ! language ( comm]ce1 money has two mean+s3 curr5cy1 or ! circulat+ m$ium2 & capital seek+ inve/m5t1 especially inve/m5t on loan4 ,9 ?is la/ s5se1 ! ^w is us$ :5 ! money m>ket is spok5 (1 & :5 ! value ( money is said to be high or l[1 ! rate ( int]e/ be+ meant4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is ambiguity is1 t z soon z sc>city ( money 9 ! latt] ( ^! s5ses beg9s to be felt1--z soon z !re is difficulty ( obta9+ loans1 & ! rate ( int]e/ is high1--x is conclud$ t ?is mu/ arise f causes act+ ^u ! quantity ( money 9 ! o!r & m popul> s5se2 t ! circulat+ m$ium mu/ h dim9i%$ 9 quantity1 or ought to be increas$4 ,i am aw>e t1 indep5d5tly ( ! d\ble mean+ ( ! t]m1 !re are 9 ! facts !mselves "s peculi>ities1 giv+ an app>5t support to ?is error2 b ! ambiguity ( ! language /&s on ! v ?re%old ( ! subject1 & int]cepts all attempts to ?r[ light ^u x4 ,z c\ntless words & expressions h sev]al mean+s1 !re is almo/ no limit to ! confusion :i* ?is fallacy c cause4 ,"s ( ! mo/ common t]ms t are us$ ambigu\sly are "r1 lib]ty1 law1 repres5tative1 !ory1 *ur*1 /ate1 /ud5t4 ,by c>efully def9+ all t]ms t h m ?an "o mean+ & by insi/+ on a rigid adh]5ce to ! "o mean+ :]ev] ! t]m is us$1 a debat] c easily avoid fallacies ( ?is sort 9 8 own argum5t & expose ^? ( 8 oppon5t4 ,,iii4 ,,false ,,cause4 ,! fallacy ( false cause occurs :5ev] t :i* c\ld 9 no way br+ ab\t ! effect t is be+ e/abli%$ is urg$ z its cause4 ,?is fallacy 9 its mo/ obvi\s =m is f\nd only 9 ! argum5ts ( c>eless & illogical ?9k]s4 ,"s college /ud5ts occasionally draw briefs t conta9 su* reason+ z ! foll[+3-- ,i4 ,! ,panama canal %\ld be ( ! sea-level r ?an ( ! lock type1 because ,a4 ,! ,panama canal w d away ) ! long voyage ar\nd ! ,horn4 ,i4 ,s\!rn]s are ju/ifi$ 9 keep+ ! fran*ise away f ! negro1 = ,a4 ,negroes %\ld nev] h be5 br\ght to ,am]ica4 ,b4 ,! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ought n to h be5 pass$4 ,! error ( su* pla9ly absurd reason+ z occurs 9 ! prec$+ illu/rations ne$s no explanation4 ,!re is "o =m ( ! fallacy ( false cause1 h[ev]1 t is mu* m common & insidi\s & !re=e des]ves special treatm5t4 ,,po/ ,,hoc ,,ergo ,,propt] ,,hoc4 7,aft] ?is1 !re=e1 on acc\nt ( ?is47 ,?is phase ( ! fallacy consi/s ( ! assumption t s9ce cause prec$es effect :at has prec$$ an ev5t has caus$ x4 ,! mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce ( ! error is to be f\nd 9 sup]/itions4 ,if "s "o meets ) an accid5t :ile tak+ a j\rney t began on ,friday1 _m p w argue t ! accid5t is ! effect ( ! unlucky day4 ,"s f>m]s believe _! crops w n prosp] unless ! plant+ is done :5 ! moon is 9 a c]ta9 qu>t]2 sailors (t5 refuse to emb>k 9 a r5am$ vessel4 ,because 9 ! pa/1 "o ev5t has be5 kn[n to foll[ ano!r1 x is argu$ t ! fir/ ev5t 0 ! cause ( ! second1 & t ! second ev5t w inv>iably foll[ ! fir/4 ,b ?is fallacy does n f9d its only expression 9 sup]/itions4 ,to po/ hoc reason+ is due mu* ( ! popul>ity ( pat5t m$ic9es4 ,political beliefs1 ev51 are (t5 g5]at$ 9 ! same way2 prosp]ity foll[s ! pass+ ( a c]ta9 law1 & p jump to ! conclusion t ?is "o law has caus$ ! good times4 ,"s demagogues g s f> z to say t education among ! ,indians is responsible = ! increas$ dea? rate ( _m ( ! tribes4 ,a slightly diff]5t phase ( ! po/ hoc fallacy consi/s 9 attribut+ ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 condition to a s+le prec$+ ev5t1 :5 at ! mo/ ?is ev5t c\ld h be5 only a p>tial cause ( :at foll[$1 & may n h be5 a cause at all4 ,a m$ic9e t c\ld n h effect$ a cure may h be5 ( "s slight b5efit4 ,a law t c\ld n possibly h be5 ! sole cause ( good times may h _h a b5eficial effect4 ,to avoid ?is fallacy1 "o mu/ be sure n only t ! assign$ cause is op]ative1 b t x is also adequate4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage1 ,h>p]s ,weekly1 = ,m>* #e1 #ahid1 po9ts out ! error 9 ! reason+ made by sev]al college presid5ts :o1 aft] compil+ /ati/ics1 /at$ t a college education increas$ a man's *ance ( success f "o 9 t5 ?\s& to "o 9 =ty3-- ,n _m p]sons d\bt any long] t an ,am]ican college education is an advantage to mo/ y\?s :o c get x1 b 9 ^! attempts to e/imate /ati/ically :at college education does = m5 !re is a good deal ( confus+ ( po/ hoc & propt] hoc4 ,def9e success z y w1 a mu* l>g] proportion ( ,am]ican college m5 w9 x ?an ( m5 :o don't g to college1 b h[ mu* college tra9+ does = ^? successful m5 is /ill debatable4 ,rememb] t !y are a pick$ lot1 ! likelie/ *ildr5 ( p>5ts ^: ability or desire to s5d _! *ildr5 to college is evid5ce ( bett] =tune1 or at lea/ ( high] aspirations ?an ! av]age4 ,& because _! p>5ts are1 z a rule1 m or less prosp]\s & well educat$1 !y get & w\ld get1 :e!r !y w5t to college or n1 a bett] ?an av]age />t 9 life4444 ,if "o boy out ( a family ( f\r goes to college1 x is ! clev] "o4 ,! boys :o might g to college & don't are commonly ! lazy ones :o won't /udy4 ,! colleges get n[adays a l>ge proportion ( ! be/ boys ( ! /ronge/ families4 ,! be/ boys ( ! /ronge/ families w\ld w9 f> m ?an _! proportionate %>e ( success ev5 if !re 7 no colleges4 ,an exposure ( simil>ly fallaci\s reason+ is made by ,edw>d ,m4 ,%ep>d 9 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,octob]1 #aijd4 ,! ,republican argum5t is t ! :ole edifice ( our prosp]ity dep5ds ^u high protective or prohibitive duties1 & t to !m is due our indu/rial progress4 ,is x n1 inde$1 a disp>agem5t ( ! self-dep5d+ faculties ( ! ,am]ican p ?us to affirm t1 9 spite ( _! m>vel\s advantages1 !y w\ld h fail$ 9 indu/rial life unless by =ce ( law !y c\ld h prev5t$ ! competition ) !m ( o!r peoples8 ,x is only by ! sophi/ry to :i* ,i h ref]r$ t ?is disp>agem5t is ju/ifi$4 ,x is t old argum5t ( v]itable folly t1 because ev5t ,z foll[s ev5t ,w1 z x foll[s ev5ts ,a & ,b & _m besides ,a1 !re=e ,w is ! sole cause ( ,z4 ,!ory or no !ory1 ! ,republican says t we h 9 fact gr[n ri* by protection1 because 9 our c\ntry prosp]ity & protective duties h exi/$ toge!r4 ,!y ignore e inconv5i5t fact4 ,!y w\ld h u =get t ea* ( ! indu/rial depressions ( #ahgc-gh & #ahic-if foll[$ long op]ation ( a high protective t>iff4 ,!y ignore ! contribution ( soil & climate to our prosp]ity1 ! va/ increase :i* mod]n inv5tions & improv$ c>ry+ facilities h1 ! _w ov]1 br\ght to ! productivity ( labor1 & "h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h br\ght m ?an any:]e else4 ,!y ignore ! sup]ior skill & al]tness ( ! ,am]ican workman & ! wond]ful ext5t to :i* he has be5 /imulat$ by ! conditions & ideals ( our democracy4 ,!y ignore ! fre$om ( trade1 :i*1 s9ce #aghi1 ! ,f$]al ,con/itution has made op]ative ov] our entire c\ntry1-- by f> ! mo/ important area ( free trade ev] kn[n1--& :i* ev]yone to-day kn[s to be a prime condition ( ! prosp]ity ( our =ty-five commonweal?s4 ,f :at has be5 said x is obvi\s t x is nev] safe to acc\nt = an occurr5ce or a condition by m]ely ref]r+ to some?+ t accompanies x or prec$es x4 ,!re mu/ be a connection betwe5 ! alleg$ cause & ! effect1 & ?is connection mu/ be causal2 o!rwise1 bo? may be ! result ( ! same cause4 ,! cause mu/ also be adequate2 & x mu/1 moreov]1 be evid5t t ! result has n be5 produc$1 :olly or p>tially1 by "s o!r cause or causes4 ,,iv4 ,,composition ,,& ,,division4 ,,composition4 ,! fallacy ( composition consi/s ( attribut+ to a :ole t :i* has be5 prov$ only ( a "p4 ,to condemn or to approve ( a frat]nity because ( ! conduct ( only a few ( its memb]s1 to say t :at is advantage\s = c]ta9 /ates 9 ! ,union w\ld !re=e be b5eficial = ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole1 to reason f ! exi/5ce ( a few millionaires t ! ,engli% nation is weal?y1 w\ld be to fall into ?is fallacy4 ,fur!rmore1 x is fallaci\s to ?9k t because some?+ is true ( ea* memb] ( a class tak5 di/ributively1 ! same ?+ holds true ( ! class tak5 collectively4 ,x is n logical to argue t because ea* memb] ( a jury is v likely to judge errone\sly1 ! jury z a :ole is also v likely to judge errone\sly4 ,because ea* witness to an ev5t is liable to give false or incorrect evid5ce1 x is unreasonable to ?9k t no confid5ce c be plac$ 9 ! concurr5t te/imony ( a numb] ( witnesses4 ,,division4 ,! fallacy ( division is ! conv]se ( ! fallacy ( composition4 ,x consi/s ( attribut+ to a "p t :i* has be5 prov$ ( ! :ole4 ,= in/ance1 ,lanca/] c\nty is ! mo/ f]tile c\nty 9 ,p5nsylvania1 b t fact by itself does n w>rant ! /atem5t t any "o p>ticul> f>m is exceptionally f]tile4 ,because ! p ( a c\ntry are suff]+ f fam9e1 x does n foll[ t "o p>ticul> p]son is ?us afflict$4 ,aga91 x w\ld be fallaci\s to say3 ,x is admitt$ t ! judges ( ! c\rt ( appeal _c mis9t]pret ! law2 ,ri*>d ,r[e is a judge ( ! c\rt ( appeal2 !re=e he _c mis9t]pret ! law4 ,v4 ,,ignor+ ,,! ,,"q4 7,,ignoratio ,,el5*i47 ,an argu] is said to ignore ! "q1 or to argue beside ! po9t1 :5ev] he attempts to prove or disprove any?+ except ! proposition "u discussion4 ,?is fallacy may arise ?r\gh c>elessness or trick]y4 ,an unskill$ debat] w (t5 unconsci\sly w&] away f 8 subject2 & an unscrupul\s debat]1 :5 unable to def5d 8 position1 w sometimes cunn+ly %ift 8 gr\nd & argue ^u a totally new proposition1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 s simil> to ! orig9al "o t 9 ! heat ( controv]sy ! *ange is h>dly noticeable4 ,a discussion on ! subject1 ,! boycott is a legitimate means ( secur+ concessions f employ]s1 :i* attempt$ to %[ ! effectiv5ess ( ! boycott1 w\ld ignore ! "q4 ,likewise1 9 a discussion on ! proposition1 ,! av]age college /ud5t c\ld d 9 ?ree ye>s ! "w n[ done 9 f\r1 any pro( %[+ ! desirability ( su* a cr[d+ toge!r ( college "w w\ld be beside ! po9t4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage ,macaulay holds up to scorn c]ta9 argum5ts :i* conta9 ?is fallacy3-- ,! advocates ( ,*>les1 l ! advocates ( o!r malefactors aga9/ :om ov]:elm+ evid5ce is produc$1 g5]ally decl9e all controv]sy ab\t facts1 & cont5t !mselves ) call+ te/imony to "*4 ,we *>ge him ) hav+ brok5 8 coronation oa?2 & we are told t he kept 8 m>riage v[6 ,we accuse him ( hav+ giv5 up 8 p to ! m]ciless inflictions ( ! mo/ hot-head$ & h>d- he>t$ ( prelates2 & ! def5ce is1 t he took 8 little son on 8 knees & kiss$ him6 ,we c5sure him = hav+ violat$ ! articles ( ! ,petition ( ,rights1 aft] hav+1 = good & valuable consid]ation1 promis$ to obey !m2 & we are in=m$ t he 0 accu/om$ to he> pray]s at six o'clock 9 ! morn+6 ,:5ev] an argu] avoids ! "q at issue & makes an attack ^u ! "*1 pr9ciples1 or =m] beliefs or p]sonal peculi>ities ( 8 oppon5t1 he commits ! special =m ( ?is fallacy kn[n z argum5tum ad hom9em4 ,x is obvi\sly fallaci\s to reason t a pr9ciple is uns\nd because x is upheld by an untru/wor?y advocate1 or because x is inconsi/5t ) ! advocate's =m] beliefs & practices4 ,hone/y is a wor?y pr9ciple1 ev5 ?\gh advocat$ by a ?ief4 ,! duty ( indu/ry is no less b9d+ because x is advocat$ by an idl]4 ,lawy]s (t5 commit ?is error by seek+ to discr$it ! oppos+ attorney4 ,campaign speak]s frequ5tly attempt to ov]?r[ ! oppos+ p>ty's plat=m by %[+ t x is inconsi/5t ) ! p>ty's previ\s measures & decl>ations4 ,to br+ 9 su* irrelevant matt] is to ignore ! "q4 ,closely alli$ to argum5tum ad hom9em is ano!r phase ( ignor+ ! "q call$ argum5tum ad populum4 ,?is fallacy consi/s ( us+ be=e a c]ta9 audi5ce /atem5ts :i* w /rongly appeal to _! prejudices & p>tisan views1 b :i* are n g5]ally accept$ facts & :i* w\ld und\bt$ly meet ) /rong opposition else:]e4 ,a speak] :o br+s 9 ?is k9d ( argum5t makes use nei!r ( reason+ nor ( legitimate p]suasion4 ,he neglects 8 proposition & attempts to excite ! feel+s ( 8 audi5ce to su* an ext5t z to r5d] !m incapable ( =m+ a dispassionate judgm5t ^u ! matt] 9 h&4 ,9 g5]al1 x is necess>y only to po9t out a fallacy to weak5 an argum5t4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! error is s involv$ & s hidd5 t1 ?\gh x is app>5t to "o :o is argu+1 yet x is n easily made app>5t to ! audi5ce4 ,9 ov]com+ ?is difficulty1 argu]s (t5 resort to c]ta9 peculi> devices ( arrang+ & pres5t+ ! mat]ial = refutation4 ,long exp]i5ce has %[n t ! two me?ods giv5 "h are ( ine/imable value4 ,,vi4 ,,r$uctio ,,ad ,,absurdum4 7,,r$uc+ ,,to ,,an ,,absurdity47 ,! me?od ( refut+ an argum5t by r$uctio ad absurdum consi/s ( %[+ t ! argum5t to be refut$1 if true1 proves n only ! conclusion giv51 b also o!r conclusions :i* are manife/ly absurd4 ,= example1 a debat] once cont5d$ t colleges %\ld n seek to root out pr(essionalism 9 a?letic sports1 because1 by com+ 9 contact ) college life1 pr(essional play]s receive consid]able b5efit4 ,8 oppon5t answ]$ him by %[+ t ! same argum5t c>ri$ out to its logical conclusion w\ld prove t a college %\ld enc\rage ! att5dance ( crim9als & deg5]ates on ! gr\nd t !y w be b5efit$ !reby4 ,?us he r$uc$ ! argum5t to a manife/ absurdity4 ,at "o "t ! (fic]s ( a national bank p]mitt$ _! in/itution to be wreck$ by c]tify+1 & !reby practically gu>antee+1 ! *ecks ( a firm ( /ock-hold]s :5 ! brok]s did n h ! money repres5t$ by ! *ecks deposit$ 9 ! bank4 ,?is 0 di/9ctly a crim9al (f5se4 ,! brok]s fail$1 &1 ! bank hav+ clos$ its doors 9 consequ5ce1 ! presid5t ( ! bank 0 br\ght to trial4 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly r$uces to an absurdity ! *ief argum5t us$ = ! def5se4 ,a jury hav+ be5 empanel$ to try him1 he plead$ guilty1 8 c\nsel urg+1 z a reason = clem5cy1 t ! violation ( ?is /atute 0 a habit ( ! ,new ,york banks 9 ! ,wall ,/reet di/rict1 & t if ! wreck$ bank _h n foll[$ ?is law-break+ cu/om ( its competitors ! /ock brok]s w\ld h )drawn _! acc\nt4 ,! plea 0 successful1 & ! (fic] escap$ ) a small f9e4 ,imag9e a burgl> or a pickpocket urg+ a plea = clem5cy bas$ on ! g5]al bus9ess habits & cu/oms ( 8 crim9al confrres6 ,footnote3 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 #id1 p4 #agc4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,freeman1 ! hi/orian1 once made ! /atem5t t ,engli% lit]ature _c be taught4 ,8 c\rse ( reason+ 0 to ! effect t x is impossible to tea* a subject 9 :i* "o _c be exam9$2 & he ma9ta9$ t x is impossible to hold satisfactory exam9ations 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 s9ce ?is is a subject :i* is /udi$ = ! purpose ( cultivat+ ! ta/e1 educat+ ! sympa?ies1 & enl>g+ ! m9d4 ,if ?is reason+ proves any?+1 x has be5 po9t$ out1 x proves too mu*4 ,:at ,mr4 ,freeman says ( ,engli% lit]ature may equally well be said ( ,lat91 ,greek1 & e o!r k9d ( lit]ature4 ,b z ,lat9 & ,greek lit]ature h be5 successfully taught = hundr$s ( ye>s1 ,mr4 ,freeman's argum5t is absurd4 ,college /ud5ts are cont9ually urg+ z a def5se ( pr(essionalism 9 _! own a?letic teams ! argum5t t s9ce o!r colleges employ pr(essional play]s x is necess>y = !m to d likewise4 ,by c>ry+ ?is argum5t a /ep f>!r1 "o c\ld %[1 ) equal reason1 t s9ce dr9k+1 /eal+ & *eat+ are preval5t 9 o!r colleges1 ^! same practices %\ld also be indulg$ 9 at ! college 9 "q4 ,9 ! same way "o may refute by r$uctio ad absurdum all su* argum5ts z1 ,cu/om has r5d]$ ! spoils sy/em desirable2 ,! preval5cy ( ! high lic5se law %[s its sup]iority to prohibition2 & ,s9ce 9 ! pa/ all college /ud5ts 7 requir$ to /udy ,lat9 & ,greek1 ^! subjects %\ld be requir$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,dilemma4 ,ano!r device an argu] w (t5 f9d useful 9 refut+ an oppon5t's /atem5t is ! dilemma4 ,9 ! dilemma ! argu] %[s t ! /atem5t he wi%es to disprove c be true only ?r\gh ! tru? ( at lea/ "o ( sev]al possibilities4 ,he !n proves t ^! possibilities are unt5able1 & !re=e ! orig9al /atem5t is false4 ,to repres5t ! dilemma ) lett]s3 ,! tru? ( ,a re/s ^u ! tru? ( ei!r x or y2 b z x & y are bo? false1 ,a is false4 ,once :5 x 0 believ$ 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s t ,japan 0 ab\t to und]take a w> aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _m p ma9ta9$ t if ,japan desir$ to g to w> %e 0 amply able to f9ance su* an und]tak+4 ,9 reply to ?is cont5tion1 a c]ta9 newspap]1 mak+ use ( ! dilemma1 said t s9ce ,japan _h no money 9 ! treasury %e c\ld meet ! exp5ses ( w> 9 only ?ree ways3 ei!r by contract+ a l>ge debt1 or by increas+ taxation1 or by indemnify+ h]self at ! exp5se ( ! enemy4 ,! pap] !n w5t on to prove t ,japan 0 n 9 a position to float a l>ge loan1 t taxes 9 ,japan 7 already z heavy z ! p c\ld be>1 & t %e c\ld n hope1 at lea/ = a long "t1 to secure any indemnity f ! enemy4 ,!re=e ,japan 0 n 9 a f9ancial position to ent] ^u a w> ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 attempt+ to %[ t municipalities d n h ! moral "r to own & op]ate public utilities1 ,t4 ,c>p5t] ,smi? uses ! dilemma4 ,he says3-- ,any comm]cial bus9ess is c>ri$ on ei!r at a pr(it1 or at a loss1 or 9 su* a way t ! exp5ses equal ! income4 ,if ! city bus9ess ( gas or electric light+ is to be c>ri$ on at a pr(it1 !n ^? citiz5s :o use gas or electric light w be *>g$ a high price = t light1 9 ord] to pay ! pr(it1 n only to !mselves1 b also to ^? :o d n use x4 ,if ! works are to be c>ri$ on at a loss1 !n ! citiz5s :o d n use ! gas or electric light w pay taxes to furni% a conv5i5ce or economy to ^? citiz5s :o d use x4 ,if ! works are to be op]at$ exactly at co/1 !n ! city w c>ry on a bus9ess f :i* x w get no?+1 b 9 :i* x w h to take ! labor & risk incid5t to su* a bus9ess 9 ord] to b5efit only "s ( its citiz5s1 furni%+ a commodity n desir$ by all4 ,9 conv]sation & debate1 ! dilemma is frequ5tly introduc$ by means ( a "q4 ,! debat]1 wi%+ to trap 8 oppon5t1 asks him a p]t95t "q :i* previ\s inve/igation has %[n c possibly be answ]$ 9 only two or ?ree ways1 & :i* ! oppon5t _c af=d to answ] at all4 ,a good illu/ration ( ?is device occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,& x came to pass1 on "o ( ! days1 z he 0 tea*+ ! p 9 ! temple1 & prea*+ ! gospel1 !re came ^u him ! *ief prie/s & ! scribes ) ! eld]s2 & !y spake1 say+ unto him1 ,tell u3 ,by :at au?ority doe/ ?\ ^! ?+s8 or :o is he t gave !e ?is au?ority8 ,& he answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,i also w ask y a "q2 & tell me3 ,! baptism ( ,john1 0 x f heav51 or f m58 ,& !y reason$ ) !mselves1 say+1 ,if we %all say1 ,f heav52 he w say1 ,:y did ye n believe him8 ,b if we %all say1 ,f m52 all ! p w /one u3 = !y be p]suad$ t ,john 0 a prophet4 ,& !y answ]$1 t !y knew n :5ce x 04 ,& ,jesus said unto !m1 ,nei!r tell ,i y by :at au?ority ,i d ^! ?+s4 ,footnote3 ,luke xx1 #a-h4 ,dur+ ! ,l9coln-,d\glas debates 9 #aheh1 :5 bo? m5 7 seek+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator%ip f ,ill9ois1 ,l9coln1 wi%+ ei!r to kill ,d\glas's s5atorial prospects or to head him (f f ! presid5cy two ye>s lat]1 ask$ him a "q :i* put him 9 a dilemma4 ,ida ,m4 ,t>bell describes ! "q z foll[s3-- ,c ! p ( a ,unit$ ,/ates t]ritory 9 any lawful way1 aga9/ ! wi% ( any citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exclude slav]y f its limits prior to ! =mation ( a ,/ate ,con/itution8 ,l9coln _h se5 ! irreconcilabl5ess ( ,d\glas's own measure ( popul> sov]eignty1 :i* decl>$ t ! p ( a t]ritory %\ld be left to regulate _! dome/ic conc]ns 9 _! own way subject only to ! ,con/itution1 & ! decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott case t slaves1 be+ prop]ty1 c\ld n "u ! ,con/itution be exclud$ f a t]ritory4 ,he knew t if ,d\glas said no to ?is "q1 8 ,ill9ois con/itu5ts w\ld nev] return him to ! ,s5ate4 ,he believ$ t if he said yes1 ! p ( ! ,s\? w\ld nev] vote = him = ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! la/ example1 ,l9coln1 by =c+ ,d\glas to answ] ?is "q1 s\ght to de/roy1 &1 z hi/ory %[s1 did de/roy1 ! popul> conception ( ,d\glas's fitness = public (fice4 ,be=e "o c safely use ! dilemma he mu/ c>efully inve/igate e phase ( ! /atem5t t he wi%es to refute4 ,if he is to use ! dilemma directly1 he mu/ consid] e possibility--commonly call$ ! horns ( ! dilemma--^u :i* ! tru? ( ! /atem5t may re/4 ,if !re is a s+le possibility :i* he is n ready to meet & ov]?r[1 8 :ole ef=t is fruitless4 ,= in/ance1 a debat]1 9 attempt+ to rebut ! /atem5t t college frat]nities are h>mful1 said t 8 oppon5t mu/ %[ t frat]nities are ei!r morally1 socially1 f9ancially or intellectually detrim5tal to _! memb]s2 he !n prov$ z be/ he c\ld t 9 ^! respects frat]nities are b5eficial r ?an h>mful1 & sat d[n ?9k+ t he _h gone a long way t[>d w9n+ ! debate4 ,8 oppon5t !n arose & admitt+ ne>ly ev]y?+ t _h be5 said1 bas$ 8 argum5t on ! idea t frat]nities 7 h>mful to ! college z a :ole4 ,! fir/ speak] _h n consid]$ e alt]native4 ,if an argu] is to approa* a dilemma ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a "q1 he mu/ be sure t he kn[s e reasonable answ] t 8 oppon5t c make4 ,:5 "o has satisfi$ ^! conditions1 he c use ! dilemma ) great effect4 ,by way ( summ>y x may be said t ! successful argu] mu/ bo? build up 8 own pro( & de/roy 8 oppon5t's4 ,to accompli% ! latt] "o has to "k :at to refute & :at to leave alone2 he mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! important & ! uness5tial1 & he mu/ take c>e n to refute himself4 ,s9ce pro( consi/s ( evid5ce & reason+1 ! fir/ /ep = him to take 9 refut+ an argum5t is to apply ! te/s = ea*1 & if possible %[ :]e 8 oppon5t has err$4 ,9 ! next place1 he %\ld see :e!r he c discov] & po9t out any ( ! m important fallacies2 ! ones m5tion$ "h are begg+ ! "q1 ambigu\s t]ms1 false cause1 composition & division1 & ignor+ ! "q4 ,%\ld ! argu] f9d any ( ^! fundam5tal weaknesses1 x is ord9>ily suffici5t m]ely to call att5tion to !m2 = ! sake ( emphasis1 h[ev]1 "o may make use ( two especially effective me?ods ( refutation1 r$uctio ad absurdum & ! dilemma4 ,,ex]cises4 ,a4 ,criticize ! foll[+ argum5ts & po9t out ! fallacies !y conta93-- #a4 ,f\r ?\s& m5 h tak5 exam9ations at ,pr9ceton "u ! honor sy/em1 & only six ( ^! 7 f\nd guilty ( cribb+4 ,?is record %[s conclusively t ! honor sy/em re/ra9s di%one/ "w 9 exam9ations4 #b4 ,a?letics d n injure a man's s*ol>%ip2 "o ( ! be/ play]s on la/ ye>'s football team atta9$ su* a high grade t he 0 aw>d$ a fell[%ip4 #c4 ,dur+ ! decade f #ahgj to #ahhj1 illit]acy among ! negroes decreas$ t5 p] c5t41 b ! race grew m crim9al by tw5ty- five p] c5t42 f #ahhj to #ahij1 illit]acy decreas$ eighte5 p] c5t41 b crim9ality increas$ ?irty-?ree & "o-?ird p] c5t4 ,:o c n[ say t education does n injure ! negro8 #d4 ,s9ce ! honor sy/em fail$ at ,frankl9 & ,m>%all1 x w fail at ---- ,college4 #e4 ,frequ5t a?letic games b5efit a college because !y t5d to take ! /ud5ts' att5tion away f _! /udies4 #f4 ,! fix$ curriculum ( /udies is effective 9 mak+ a speciali/1 because ! speciali/ takes up only "o k9d ( "w4 #g4 ,s\!rn]s are ju/ifi$ 9 keep+ ! fran*ise f ! negro1 because ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ought nev] to h be5 pass$4 #h4 ,s9ce ! negro's devotion to ! *ur* is z great z t ( mo/ :ite p1 he is ( z high moral /&+ z ! av]age un9tellig5t :ite4 #i4 ,irel& is idle & !re=e %e />ves2 %e />ves & !re=e %e rebels4 #aj4 ,e "o desires virtue1 because e "o desires happ9ess4 #aa4 ,! pres5t t]m ( f\r ye>s is s %ort a "t t ! ,presid5t does n h opportunity to become acqua9t$ ) 8 duties1 = j z he is becom+ acqua9t$ ) !m he has to /ep out ( (fice4 #ab4 ,?is doctr9e _c be prov$ f ! ,gospels1 nor f ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 nor f ! ,epi/les1 nor f ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john2 !re=e x _c be prov$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #ac4 ,crime is a violation ( ! laws ( our c\ntry2 piracy is a crime2 ?is man belongs to a b& ( lawless m51 & ?is b& has be5 tak5 9 ! v de$ ( piracy4 ,!re=e he has violat$ ! laws ( our c\ntry4 #ad4 ,s9ce all presum+ m5 are contemptible1 & s9ce ?is man presumes to believe 8 op9ions are correct1 he is n wor?y ( our consid]ation4 #ae4 ,to prove to y t our /&+ army %\ld be p]man5tly enl>g$1 ,i w %[ t e nation ( any prom95ce :atsoev] keeps a /&+ army4 #af4 ,! elective sy/em ( /udies is pref]able to ! prescrib$ sy/em1 because ,a4 ,! /ud5t c elect ^? /udies :i* w d him ! mo/ good1 = #a4 ,he c elect :at he pleases4 #ag4 ,/rikes b5efit ! work+ man1 because ,a4 ,!y b5efit him f9ancially1 = #a4 ,if !y did n1 he w\ld n /rike4 #ah4 ,:5 ?irte5 sit at table toge!r1 "o ( !m always dies )9 ! ye>4 #ai4 ,to decide :e!r or n /rikes are ju/ifiable x is necess>y to see if !y h = ! mo/ "p be5 successful 9 ! pa/4 #bj4 ,all ! trees 9 ! p>k make a ?ick %ade2 ?is is "o ( !m1 !re=e ?is tree makes a ?ick %ade4 #ba4 ,italy is a ,ca?olic c\ntry & ab\nds 9 begg>s2 ,france is also a ,ca?olic c\ntry1 & !re=e ab\nds 9 begg>s4 #bb4 ,pitt 0 n a great & useful m9i/]2 = ?\gh he w\ld h be5 s _h he c>ri$ out ,adam ,smi?'s doctr9es ( free trade1 he did n c>ry out ^? doctr9es4 #bc4 ,all crim9al actions ought to be puni%$ by law4 ,prosecutions = !ft are crim9al actions1 & !re=e ought to be puni%$ by law4 #bd4 ,books are a s\rce bo? ( in/ruction & ( amusem5t2 a table ( log>i?ms is a book2 !re=e x is a s\rce bo? ( in/ruction & ( amusem5t4 ,b4 ,on ea* ( ! foll[+ argum5ts f au?ority write a p>agraph t w weak5 its effect3-- #a4 ,! ,s5ate = m ?an a c5tury has demon/rat$ ! wisdom ( ! mode ( its con/itution4 ,s5ator ,g4 ,f4 ,ho>4 #b4 ,m9e disa/]s are l>gely due to ! intoxication ( m9]s1 or to c>elessness caus$ by ! aft] effects ( a 'spree1' says ,dr4 ,jesse ,k4 ,johnson1 sup]9t5d5t ( "o ( ! l>ge/ m9es 9 ! ,pittsburg di/rict4 #c4 ,bo? ,m>k ,hanna & ,grov] ,clevel& h /at$ t a six ye> ,presid5tial t]m w\ld be ( great b5efit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #d4 ,s5ator ,la ,follet1 :o has made a ?or\gh /udy ( _m ( ! pr9cipal monopolies 9 ! c\ntry1 /ates t ! ,/&>d ,oil tru/ *>ges exorbitant rates4 #e4 ,mr4 ,francis ,walk]1 9 ! ,political ,sci5ce ,qu>t]ly1 ,volume tw5ty1 page f\rte51 says t legislation aga9/ tru/s has improv$ conditions1 & w\ld !re=e improve conditions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #f4 ,presid5t ,hadley1 ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 has said t ! subsidiz+ ( %ips on a l>ge scale has be5 detrim5tal to ,france4 #g4 ,! ,indian :o is n oblig$ to labor = 8 ma9t5ance becomes a lazy vagabond4 ,lyman ,abbott4 ,c4 ,put ! foll[+ article into ! =m ( a brief & %[ exactly :at me?ods ( refutation are us$3-- ,,! ,,old ,,frigate ,,con/itution4 ,! pretexts = removal ( ,old ,ironsides f ! wat]s 9 :i* t hi/oric %ip _h h] bir? are n[ r$uc$ to two4 ,"o ( ^! is t ! old boat takes up room at ! ,navy ,y>d :i* is ne$$ = ! "w ( t e/abli%m5t4 ,! o!r is t s9ce ! money exp5d$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! frigate--less ?an #bjj1jjj--;came out ( ! ,f$]al ,treasury1 ! p ( di/ant ,/ates ought to h ! pleasure ( see+ :at _! money paid = )\t com+ to ,bo/on 9 ord] to enjoy x4 ,z = cr[d+ ! ,navy ,y>d1 t is an absurdity4 ,8 ,excell5cy ,curtis ,guild1 ,jr41 9 8 lett] to ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t prote/+ aga9/ ! removal1 quot$ ! (fic]s 9 comm& at ! ,navy ,y>d z decl>+ t ! %ip 9 no way int]f]es ) ! "w ( ! y>d1 tak+ up no space t is ne$$ = o!r purposes4 ,! ,gov]nor w\ld n make su* a /atem5t 9 an (ficial communication )\t ! cle>e/ au?ority4 ,inde$1 he adds z 8 own op9ion1 ! /rip ( :>f occupi$ is b a trivial portion ( ! long wat] front controll$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,!re is ! o!r pretext1 namely1 t because ! ,con/itution has be5 repair$ at national co/1 !re=e any special claim t ,massa*usetts may h ^u ?is relic ( ,massa*usetts patriotism is remov$4 ,?is idea has f\nd crude & unmann]ly expression 9 ! words ( "o ( ! committee ( ,congress look+ ov] our navy y>ds4 ,! agitation to keep ! %ip 9 ,bo/on seems selfi%1 he is quot$ z say+4 ,x 0 ! money ( ! :ole p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t paid = its repair1 & ! p 9 o!r sections are z ju/ly entitl$ to see ! %ip z 9 ,bo/on4 ,com+ f a repres5tative ( ! ,/ate ( ,kansas1 ?is is almo/ amus+4 ,8 proposition to t[ ! %ip ar\nd f place to place1 z x may be want$ = a %[1 sugge/s ! practicability ( a canal1 say1 to ,topeka1 or to ,=t ,hayes4 ,! alt]native proposition1 namely1 t ,massa*usetts %all repay to ! g5]al gov]nm5t ! co/ ( ! repairs ( ! ,con/itution1 w\ld h "s /&+ 7 x a comm]cial affair4 ,massa*usetts has exp5d$ _m times ! co/ ( ! repairs ( ,old ,ironsides 9 pres]v+ = ! nation ! revolution>y sites & monum5ts ^u our soil4 ,paym5t = ! repair & re/oration ( ,old ,ironsides w\ld be a bagatelle if ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 to dem& t ?is monum5t also %all be pur*as$ by ! p ( ,massa*usetts "u ?reat ( its removal4 ,b x is n a "q ( money2 t is a contemptible sugge/ion4 ,nor is x a "q ( bureaucracy4 ,x is a simple1 reasonable1 entirely practical dem& ( ! hi/oric s5tim5t ( patriotism :i* /ill w>ms ! he>ts & inspires ! s\ls ( ,massa*usetts m54 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,debate--,,"s ,,practical ,,sugge/ions ,debate has be5 def9$ z ! oral pres5tation ( argum5t "u conditions t all[ bo? sides to be he>d4 ,9 bo? class room & int]collegiate debat+ ea* side usually makes two spee*es1 a ma9 spee* & a rebuttal spee*4 ,! ma9 spee* ord9>ily ext5ds ov] a p]iod ( f sev5 to twelve m9utes1 accord+ to ! rules gov]n+ ! conte/1 & is l>gely con/ructive 9 nature4 ,! rebuttal spee*1 commonly call$ ! rebuttal1 is usually a little less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! ma9 spee*1 & is = ! mo/ "p de/ructive4 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to add t bo? sides are all[$ exactly ! same am\nt ( "t 9 :i* to pres5t _! argum5ts2 t ! affirmative side speaks fir/1 ! ord] be+1 :5 !re are sev]al debat]s1 affirmative1 negative1 affirmative1 negative1 & s on2 & t all ! ma9 spee*es are giv5 be=e ei!r side makes a rebuttal spee*4 ,if !re be only "o debat] on ea* side1 x is und\bt$ly be/ = ! affirmative to (f] ! fir/ rebuttal2 if !re be sev]al debat]s1 ! ord] is usually rev]s$4 ,! debat]s on ei!r side may or may n speak 9 rebuttal 9 ! same ord] z 9 ! ma9 argum5t4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,prep>e ,,= ,,debate4 ,9 sev]al ways ! "w ( ! debat] diff]s f ! "w ( "o :o is prep>+ a writt5 argum5t or :o is to speak )\t be+ confront$ by an oppon5t4 ,z f> z ! completion ( ! brief1 ! "w 9 all cases is ! same1 b at ?is po9t ! debat] has to decide :at special prep>ation he %all make = h&l+ & pres5t+ to ! audi5ce ! mat]ial t he has collect$4 ,he is puzzl$ to "k :e!r x w be wor? :ile to exp& 8 brief2 & if he does exp& x1 he is 9 d\bt z to j :at he %\ld d ) ! exp&$ argum5t4 ,a debat] has 8 *oice ( sev]al possible me?ods ( proc$ure4 ,! simple/1 ?\gh n ! mo/ effective me?od1 is to write out ! argum5t 9 full1 & to memorize x ^w = ^w4 ,! weakness ( su* a c\rse lies 9 ! immobility ( its attack & def5se4 ,! fir/ speak] = ! affirmative may decide be=eh& exactly :at he w say & ! ord] 9 :i* he w say x1 b all ^? :o are to foll[ %\ld adapt _! argum5ts1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 to ! exig5cies ( ! debate4 ,!y w f9d x desirable to make a *ange 9 "o place 9 ord] to jo9 _! argum5ts h>moni\sly to ^? ( _! colleagues2 !y w wi% to make *anges 9 ano!r place = ! sake ( assail+ an obvi\sly weak spot or 9 ord] to w>d (f an unexpect$ attack4 ,?is v]satility is practically impossible if "o is deliv]+ an argum5t t he has memoriz$ ^w = ^w4 ,aga91 a memoriz$ argum5t _c c>ry ) x ! =ce & ! conviction t may be f\nd 9 an ef=t ( a m spontane\s "*4 ,fur!rmore1 if a debat] %\ld be s un=tunate z to =get ev5 a few words ( a memoriz$ selection1 he w\ld probably be =c$ to sit d[n ) 8 spee* only p>tially complet$4 ,ano!r me?od t "s debat]s foll[ is to memorize portions ( _! argum5t & to extemporize ! re/4 ,?is is op5 to two great objections3 fir/1 x is difficult to jo9 toge!r gracefully ! memoriz$ passages & ! extemporiz$2 & ! second1 ! v smoo?ness ) :i* ! memoriz$ passages are deliv]$ betrays ! crud5ess & awkw>dness ( ! extemporiz$ p>ts4 ,a ?ird me?od1 & und\bt$ly ! be/ "o = ! /ud5t to adopt1 is n to exp& ! brief be=e he debates1 b to memorize ! great] "p ( x z a brief4 ,9 ?is way a debat] has 8 ideas well 9 h&1 &1 )\t be+ ti$ d[n to any p>ticul> mann] ( expression or oblig$ to foll[ any set ord] ( proc$ure1 he c use 8 mat]ial z opportunity requires4 ,8 language %\ld be at lea/ p>tially extemporane\s2 he may h a fairly cle> conception ( h[ he is to frame 8 s5t5ces1 b he %\ld h no?+ le>n$ ^w = ^w4 ,?us 8 spee* may h an elem5t ( spontaneity t w give x a tone ( s9c]ity & e>ne/ness unatta9able :5 "o is repeat+ a memoriz$ passage4 ,too mu*1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be left to ! inspiration ( ! mom5t2 no /ud5t %\ld ev] try to debate )\t fir/ attempt+ 9 8 room to exp& 8 brief orally4 ,he is sure to meet ) consid]able difficulty ! fir/ "t he tries to =mulate 8 ideas 9 cle>1 =ceful1 & elegant language2 b sev]al attempts w produce a rem>kable *ange4 ,aft] a few endeavors he w discov] ways ( express+ himself t he w rememb]1 ev5 ?\gh ! words v>y greatly ea* "t4 ,! sup]iority ( ?is me?od is m>k$4 ,x enables ! debat] to become p]fectly famili> ) all 8 mat]ial1 & x gives him a fairly good idea ( :at language he %all use4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 b\nd d[n to any set spee*2 he c alt] 8 argum5t to suit ! occasion4 ,%\ld he unexpect$ly f9d t 8 oppon5t has admitt$ a c]ta9 idea1 he c m]ely call att5tion to ?is fact & n wa/e valuable "t 9 giv+ sup]flu\s pro(4 ,if he sees t 8 oppon5t has made su* a /rong argum5t t "s refutation is necess>y at ! outset 9 ord] to ga9 ! confid5ce ( 8 audi5ce1 he c in/antly *ange ! ord] ( 8 pro( & beg9 ) a po9t t he _h1 p]haps1 int5d$ to use 9 ano!r "p ( 8 spee*4 ,9 fact1 ?is me?od enables "o to debate r ?an to declaim4 ,9 mo/ debat+ conte/s x is p]missible = ! conte/ants to make use ( a few notes writt5 on small c>ds t c be c>ri$ 9 a pocket or held unobtrusively 9 ! h&4 ,su* a practice1 if n abus$1 is comm5d$ by "s tea*]s ( argum5tation4 ,on ^! c>ds ! debat] c put d[n ! ma9 head+s ( 8 brief1 all /ati/ics t are difficult to rememb]1 & all quotations4 ,he _h bett] n ref] to ^! c>ds = ! head+s ( 8 brief if he c possibly avoid do+ s4 ,x w be a great /imulus1 h[ev]1 = him to "k t he has ?is help to rely on 9 case ( necessity4 ,/ati/ics & quotations he may read )\t hesitation4 ,"o %\ld speak 8 debate _m times by himself1 n only = ! purpose ( ga9+ facility 9 expression1 b also = ! sake ( cond5s+ 8 mat]ial to an argum5t t w approximately occupy ! exact "t all[$ him = debat+4 ,x is a deplorable fact t _m debat]s try to say s mu* t :5 _! allotm5t ( "t has expir$ !y f9d !mselves 9 ! v mid/ ( _! argum5t4 ,su* an end+ leaves ! audi5ce confus$ & unimpress$4 ,no debat] %\ld ev] omit 8 conclusion4 ,if !re is only "o conte/ant on ea* side1 a conclusion is c]ta9ly necess>y bo? = ! sake ( cle>ness & emphasis1 & because an unf9i%$ argum5t is n a unit4 ,if !re are sev]al conte/ants on ea* side1 ! fact t ! oppos+ speak]s int]v5e & di/ract ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce makes x ev5 m necess>y t ea* debat] end 8 argum5t ) a =mal conclusion1 & by means ( x b9d 8 "w to t ( 8 colleagues4 ,,refutation4 ,z mu* "t1 if n m1 %\ld be sp5t 9 prep>+ ! de/ructive z 9 prep>+ ! con/ructive portion ( an argum5t4 ,"o c det]m9e be=eh& almo/ exactly h[ he w e/abli% 8 side ( ! proposition1 b j :at mat]ial he w ne$ to ov]?r[ 8 oppon5t's pro( w dep5d ^u h[ t pro( is con/ruct$4 ,ord9>ily "o c pr$ict :at l9es ( reason+ an oppon5t w take2 9 fact1 no "o %\ld ev] attempt to debate until he has /udi$ ! proposition s ?or\ghly t he c anticipate practically all ! argum5ts t w be advanc$4 ,yet until he sees on :at po9ts ! emphasis is plac$1 :at argum5ts are ignor$1 & :at evid5ce is us$1 he _c tell = sure :at facts & :at inf]5ces w be mo/ valuable z refutation4 ,!re=e1 a debat] :o wi%es to (f] good refutation mu/ h a weal? ( mat]ial at 8 comm& & be able to select in/antly ! ideas t w be ( ! greate/ value4 ,?is necessity = an abundance ( in=mation precludes ! idea1 held by "s1 t good debat]s dep5d = _! refutation on ! inspiration ( ! mom5t4 ,great speak]s (t5 sp5d incalculable "t 9 prep>+ to answ] ! argum5ts ( ! opposition4 ,web/]'s ,reply to ,hayne1 :i* is a recogniz$ ma/]piece ( oratory1 & :i* is almo/ entirely refutation1 0 at fir/ ?\ght to h be5 compos$ ov] night1 b ,web/] decl>$ t all ! mat]ial he _h us$ _h la9 9 8 desk = mon?s4 ,refutation %\ld come = ! mo/ "p1 ?\gh n entirely1 9 ! rebuttal4 ,unless "o has made a ?or\gh /udy ( bo? sides ( ! "q1 & is ?us sure ( 8 gr\nd1 anticipatory refutation is dang]\s4 ,x is sometimes an excell5t plan to take ! w9d out ( an oppon5t's sails by ov]?r[+ an argum5t ( 8 be=e he has a *ance to pres5t x1 b 9 do+ ?is ! debat] mu/ use ! greate/ caution4 ,to beg9 )1 he mu/ be sure t ! argum5t he refutes is ( su* a fundam5tal nature t x is ess5tial to ! case ( ! o!r side1 = if 8 oppon5t fails to use ?is po9t1 ! debat] n only has expos$ himself to ridicule1 b has wa/$ valuable "t4 ,:5 "o does refute 9 advance a po9t t mu/ be upheld by ! opposition1 a skillful oppon5t (t5 c1 by call+ att5tion to ! fact t ev5 ^? on ! o!r side recognize ! importance & /r5g? ( ?is argum5t1 de/roy mu* ( ! advantage t has be5 ga9$4 ,to refute an argum5t be=e x is advanc$1 sometimes br+s failure & sometimes br+s success4 ,a debat] mu/ ex]cise judgm5t4 ,"o mu/ also ex]cise a high degree ( judgm5t 9 decid+ :]e he c mo/ advantage\sly answ] ! argum5ts t h actually be5 giv54 ,:5ev] a debat] pres5ts s ?or\gh & s /rong pro( t ! audi5ce is likely to ?9k t he has settl$ ! "q & won ! debate1 ! succe$+ speak] on ! opposite side w h great difficulty 9 mak+ any impression unless he c at ! />t at lea/ p>tially discr$it ! prec$+ argum5t4 ,! attitude ( ! audi5ce w compel him to use refutation be=e beg9n+ 8 con/ructive "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! prec$+ argum5t has app>5tly produc$ b little effect1 he may at once beg9 to build 8 own pro(4 ,he %\ld1 h[ev]1 %[ good reason = po/pon+ 8 refutation4 ,to ignore ! previ\s argum5ts entirely1 or arbitr>ily to po/pone answ]+ !m1 is likely to give ! audi5ce an unfavorable impression4 ,,common ,,errors ,,9 ,,refutation4 ,a common error 9 refutation is ! failure to attack an oppon5t's ma9 argum5ts4 ,/ud5ts especially are wont to neglect fundam5tal pr9ciples1 & in/ead ( ov]?r[+ ! po9ts t c\nt1 occupy invaluable "t ) trivial matt]s4 ,to rebut unimportant details1 admitt$ matt]1 m]e illu/rations1 & errors obvi\sly due to ha/e 9 speak+1 is a fault t e debat] %\ld c>efully avoid4 ,su* trivialities ! audi5ce imm$iately =gets1 & to br+ !m up aga9 & refute !m s]ves no wor?y purpose :atev]4 ,ano!r s]i\s fault common to refutation 9 /ud5t debates is lack ( coh]5ce4 ,! /ud5t falls into ?is error :5 he rebuts a miscellane\s lot ( po9ts )\t hav+ fir/ asc]ta9$ ! function ( ea* & diff]5tiat$ ! ma9 ideas f ! subord9ate ones4 ,in/ead ( look+ at ! argum5t z a :ole & attack+ x ) ! conc]t$ /r5g? ( all 8 =ces1 he fires scatt]+ %ots1 & does b little damage4 ,9 refutation a debat] mu/ fir/ see cle>ly ! relation betwe5 ea* po9t t he rebuts & ! proposition1 o!rwise 8 "w is wa/$4 ,secondly1 he mu/ make ?is relation p]fectly pla9 to ! audi5ce4 ,in/ead ( ov]?r[+ isolat$ /atem5ts1 a debat] %\ld take up 8 oppon5t's case z a :ole & weak5 x z mu* z he c4 ,he %\ld attack ea* ma9 po9t4 ,coh]5t refutation adds mu* to ! effectiv5ess ( a debate4 ,,availability ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,refutation4 ,9 (f]+ refutation1 e inexp]i5c$ debat] has difficulty 9 lay+ 8 h&s on j ! mat]ial t he desires to use4 ,possibly he rememb]s t he has se5 some:]e an article t proves ! ins9c]ity ( a man :o has j be5 quot$ z an au?ority2 b if he c nei!r produce ?is article nor /ate its sub/ance1 he might z well n "k ab\t x4 ,p]haps he rememb]s hav+ se5 a table ( /ati/ics %[+ t 8 oppon5t has err$ 9 reg>d to ! dea? rate 9 ! ,spani%- ,am]ican ,w>2 b unless he c produce ! table1 8 k is ( no avail4 ,!re is sc>cely any "t = se>*+ ?r\gh books or unorganiz$ notes2 mat]ial to be ( use mu/ be in/antly available4 ,"s def9ite sy/em ( arrang+ rebuttal mat]ial is absolutely indisp5sable4 ,"o me?od t has be5 tri$ ) great success consi/s ( putt+ d[n on c>ds ( a uni=m size all ! mat]ial t c possibly be ( use 9 refutation4 ,^! c>ds ! debat] !n gr\ps1 9 alphabetical ord]1 "u head+s t correspond to ! ma9 divisions ( ! subject "u discussion1 & if x seems advisable 9 any p>ticul> in/ance1 he may gr\p !m "u subdivisions ( ! proposition4 ,to be m explicit1 if a debat] ?9ks t ! opposition may "q ! f9ancial success ( a plan t he is advocat+1 he %\ld write out on z _m c>ds z are necess>y1 usually putt+ only "o idea on ea* c>d1 all ! mat]ial t goes to %[ :y ! plan %\ld succe$ & :]e x has succe$$4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! plan has fail$ any:]e1 he %\ld put d[n1 provid+ he is able1 explanations t w acc\nt = ! failure )\t condemn+ ! sy/em4 ,^! c>ds1 !n1 w\ld naturally be arrang$ "u "s su* head+ z ,f9ance or ,success4 ,if ! debat] wi%es1 he may also arrange 8 c>ds "u subhead+s4 ,= in/ance1 ^? c>ds t g to %[ :y ! plan ought to succe$ c\ld be put "u ! subhead+1 ,antec$5t ,probability2 ^? t %[ :]e ! plan has succe$$1 "u ,sign1 & ^? t acc\nt = failure ( ! plan 9 c]ta9 places1 "u ! head+ ,failures4 ,any "o at all famili> ) a libr>y c>d catalogue w at once see ! v>i\s possibilities = arrang+ ^! c>ds4 ,c>ds = rebuttal %\ld be made out ab\t z foll[s3-- ,proposition3--,resolv$1 ,t pr(it-%>+ & co-op]ative me?ods g5]ally af=d ! mo/ promis+ solution ( ! labor problem4 7,affirmative47 ,,practicability ,! ,union ,poli%+ ,metal ,plat+ ,company has be5 successfully op]at$ "u ?is me?od s9ce #aijb4 7,c4 ,h4 ,qu9n1 ,outlook1 ,vol4 ,,lxxiii1 page #deb47 ,,practicability ,! great iron works ( ,evansville1 ,wis41 are op]at$ "u ?is me?od4 7,g4 ,l4 ,mc,nutt1 ,ind41 ,vol4 ,,lv1 page #fai47 ,! advantages ( su* a sy/em are obvi\s4 ,?is me?od gives n only "o debat]1 b ! :ole team1 almo/ in/ant comm& ( all ! mat]ial t has be5 collect$4 ,"o c f9d :at he wants1 & f9d x ha/ily2 he is n oblig$ to sp5d mu* valuable "t 9 hunt+ aft] ne$$ evid5ce & ?us neglect l>ge portions ( ! spee* t is be+ deliv]$4 ,a debat] %\ld beg9 on ! classification ( rebuttal mat]ial almo/ z soon z he beg9s to read on 8 subject4 ,9 ?is way he w save all ! mat]ial t he ga!rs1 & 8 catalogu$ in=mation w be ( assi/ance to him 9 draw+ 8 brief & 9 con/ruct+ 8 ma9 argum5t z well z 9 mak+ refutation at ! "t ( ! debate4 ,,:at ,,ea* ,,debat] ,,mu/ ,,d4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,speak] ,,= ,,! ,,affirmative4 ,^u ! fir/ speak] = ! affirmative falls ! duty ( int]pret+ ! proposition4 ,s9ce ! subject ( analysis has already be5 fully discuss$1 b few directions ne$ be giv5 "h4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to emphasize ! qualities ( cle>ness & fairness4 ,a debate1 unlike a writt5 argum5t1 _c be /udi$ & re-read "t & aga94 ,= ?is reason1 unless ! proposition is expla9$ 9 ! v simple/ language & by means ( ! v cle>e/ def9itions & illu/rations1 _m p 9 ! audi5ce w n und]/& :at ! debate is ab\t4 ,long words & high-s\nd+ phrases h no place "h4 ,! debat] mu/ aim to rea* n m]ely ^? :o are famili> ) ! subject1 b also ^? to :om ! "q is absolutely new4 ,if1 :5 ! fir/ speak] has f9i%$1 any att5tive li/5] ( av]age intellig5ce fails to und]/& bo? ! subject ( ! debate & ! attitude ( ! affirmative side1 ! spee* has be5 a failure4 ,!n1 too1 ! analysis ( ! proposition mu/ be fair & j to bo? sides4 ,a debat] has no "r to /ra9 or twi/ ! mean+ ( ! proposition s z to ga9 any advantage = himself4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is practice is di%one/1 & an honorable debat] does n wi% to w9 by trick]y or fraud4 ,secondly1 su* an act almo/ always br+s defeat4 ,! fact t a debate is be+ held1 presupposes a subject ab\t :i* reasonable m5 may diff]4 ,if a debat] int]prets ! proposition s t only "o reasonable side exi/s1 manife/ly he mu/ be 9 error1 & ^u ! exposure ( ?is error he is sure to lose ! decision4 ,9 debate1 !re=e1 cle>ness & fairness %\ld especially *>act]ize ! f\r /eps t are tak5 9 analyz+ ! proposition3 to def9e t]ms1 to expla9 ! proposition z a :ole1 to discov] ! issues1 & to make ! p>tition4 ,^u ! completion ( ! introduction1 ! fir/ debat] = ! affirmative proce$s to ! discussion1 & lat]1 %\ld he be ! only conte/ant on ! affirmative side1 to ! conclusion4 ,b if1 z is usually ! case1 !re be sev]al debat]s on ea* side1 he takes up only "o or two ma9 po9ts ( ! pro(4 ,9 h&l+ ?is pro( he mu/ be sure s to correlate 8 "w ) ! "w ( 8 colleagues t1 9 ! m9ds ( ! audi5ce1 x w all hang toge!r z a unit$ :ole4 ,to accompli% ?is object1 he may1 z he f9i%es ) 8 p>tition1 /ate :at po9ts he w discuss himself1 & :at po9ts w be h&l$ by ! affirmative speak]s t are to succe$ him2 & he mu/1 )\t fail1 :5 he ne>s ! end ( 8 allott$ "t1 ha/ily summ>ize ! pro( t he has giv51 & outl9e ! pro( t is to foll[4 ,9 ?is way he may keep ! int]v5+ spee*es ( 8 oppon5ts f entirely de/roy+ ! cont9uity t %\ld exi/ betwe5 8 spee* & ! spee*es ( 8 colleagues4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,speak] ,,= ,,! ,,negative4 ,x re/s ) ! fir/ speak] = ! negative to det]m9e :e!r ! introduction z pres5t$ by ! affirmative is satisfactory1 :e!r ! analysis ( ! proposition is cle>1 adequate1 & fair4 ,if ! affirmative has err$ 9 any respect1 x is ! duty ( ! fir/ negative debat] to supply ! defici5cy or make ! correction2 o!rwise he errs equally ) ! affirmative4 ,if ! affirmative has fail$ to expla9 ! proposition s t x is g5]ally und]/ood1 ! negative is sure to w9 favor ) ! audi5ce by sp5d+ a few mom5ts 9 elucidat+ ! subject ( controv]sy4 ,if ! affirmative debat] has analyz$ ! "q inadequately or unfairly1 ! negative debat] %\ld n beg9 to e/abli% pro( until he has set ^! prelim9>ies /raight4 ,9 correct+ an unfair analysis1 x is nev] en\gh t "o m]ely make objections or ev5 give an introduction ( 8 own2 he mu/1 9 brief =m--& (t5 a s+le s5t5ce is suffici5t--%[ to ! satisfaction ( ! audi5ce t 8 oppon5t has n int]pret$ ! proposition correctly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! fir/ speak] = ! negative consid]s ! introduction giv5 by ! affirmative p]fectly fair & satisfactory1 he c pass by x )\t comm5t1 & beg9 8 own argum5t ei!r ) refutation or ) a /atem5t ( ! po9ts t ! negative side w e/abli% 9 attack+ ! proposition4 ,x is ?us app>5t t a debat] :o op5s a negative argum5t mu/ dep5d = ! beg9n+ ( 8 spee* r on a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! subject 9 all its details & fundam5tal pr9ciples ?an on a spee* t he has to deliv] ^w = ^w4 ,to repeat an introduction t has already be5 giv5 is absurd2 to fail to correct an introduction t1 z a :ole1 is obscure or is unfair1 is to m]it defeat4 ,x may be add$1 by way ( caution1 t :5 a debat] supplies any defici5cies 9 ! spee* ( 8 pr$ecessor1 he %\ld d ?is )\t any appe>ance ( sm>tness or p]sonal antagonism4 ,ev5 if ! affirmative debat] has be5 manife/ly unfair1 ! negative speak] w d well to correct ?is unfairness 9 a fri5dly1 ?\gh 9 a =ceful mann]4 ,z soon z ! introduction is out ( ! way1 ! negative speak] proce$s to ! discussion4 ,two c\rses are op5 to him3 he may at once refute 8 pr$ecessor's argum5ts1 or he may proce$ to take up 8 con/ructive pro(1 giv+ reason = po/pon+ ! refutation4 ,z ?is matt] has already be5 discuss$1 x is only necess>y to say t ! c\rse he %\ld *oose dep5ds l>gely ^u ! /r5g? ( ! prec$+ argum5t4 ,! same directions t h be5 giv5 to ! affirmative debat] = connect+ 8 "w to 8 colleagues' apply equally to ! negative4 ,summ>ies & outl9es aid greatly 9 b9d+ ! argum5ts ( a debat+ team into "o compact mass4 ,,! ,,o!r ,,speak]s4 ,ab\t ! only practical sugge/ion :i* c be made to ! o!r speak]s is t !y adapt _! con/ructive "w to t ( _! colleagues1 & deploy _! refutation s z to hamm] ! pr9cipal positions ( _! oppon5ts4 ,ea* debat] may or may n beg9 8 spee* ) refutation1 b he %\ld always beg9 8 ma9 argum5t ) a t]se1 cle> summ>y ( :at has be5 said on 8 side1 & 9 clos+ he %\ld n only summ>ize 8 own argum5ts1 b he %\ld also give aga91 9 v brief =m1 ! gi/ ( :at has be5 prov$ by 8 colleagues4 ,9 addition1 any speak] except ! la/ "o on ea* side1 may1 if he ?9ks be/1 give an outl9e ( ! argum5t to foll[4 ,9 mak+ ^! summ>ies1 a debat] mu/ always avoid /at+ !m 9 s bald & crude a =m z to make !m monoton\s & (f5sive4 ,he ought r to use all ! +5uity at 8 comm& 9 an attempt to make ?is repetition exce$+ly =ceful4 ,x (t5 happ5s t an inexp]i5c$ debat] nev] rea*es 8 conclusion4 ,:ile he is /ill 9 ! mid/ ( 8 pro(1 8 allotm5t ( "t expires1 & he is =c$ to sit d[n1 leav+ 8 spee* hang+ 9 ! air4 ,su* an exp]i5ce is bo? awkw>d & disa/r\s2 a skillful debat] nev] all[s x to happ54 ,! p]oration is ! mo/ important "p ( an argum5t1 & on x ! debat] %\ld lavi% 8 greate/ c>e4 ,to omit x is almo/ ! same z to h made no spee* at all4 ,z soon z ! debat] p]ceives t he has b a %ort "t left1 he %\ld at once br+ ?is ma9 spee* to a close1 & ev5 ?\gh he may h to omit important ideas1 beg9 at once on 8 conclusion4 ,z is po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,x1 ! conclusion consi/s bo? ( a summ>y & an emotional appeal4 ,:at emotion %all be ar\s$ & h[ x %all apply to ! summ>iz$ head+s c l>gely be det]m9$ be=eh&4 ,"s debat]s g s f> z to commit ?is conclusion to memory4 ,?is practice is n recomm5d$ except 9 special cases1 & yet a debat] %\ld be s famili> ) 8 p]oration t he w h no difficulty 9 putt+ x into vigor\s & pleas+ language4 ,,rebuttal ,,spee*es4 ,a rebuttal spee* usually furni%es an excell5t te/ ( a debat]'s ma/]y ( 8 subject4 ,x %[s :e!r or n he compreh5ds ! fundam5tal pr9ciples t und]ly ! argum5t4 ,if he does n und]/& fundam5tals1 he _c di/+ui% betwe5 :at is wor? answ]+ & :at is trivial4 ,if he is n p]fectly famili> ) ! argum5ts on bo? sides ( ! "q1 8 refutation w be scatt]+2 t is1 he w rebut only a few ( 8 oppon5t's head+s1 ^? = :i*1 9 8 scanty prep>ation1 he has discov]$ "s answ]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he really und]/&s ! subject1 he w deal l>gely ) ma9 ideas2 & if 8 k ( ! subject is z ext5sive z x %\ld be1 he w almo/ inv>iably be able to (f] "s opposition to e ma9 head+ us$ by ! opposition4 ,:5 a debate is held betwe5 only two conte/ants1 ea* "o has to refute ! :ole argum5t ( 8 oppon5t4 ,9 ?is case !re are no complications2 b :5 two teams are debat+1 ! memb]s ( ea* mu/ decide among !mselves z to h[ ! rebuttal %all be h&l$4 ,"o way is = ea* memb] to refute all he c1 work+ indep5d5tly ( 8 colleagues4 ,mu* bett] results are secur$1 h[ev]1 :5 a team works sy/ematically4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a team %\ld always resolve ! oppos+ argum5ts into a ha/y brief4 ,! ma9 po9ts ( ! opposition c !n be assign$ = rebuttal to ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! team1 & ea* debat] c give ?or\gh treatm5t to 8 assignm5t4 ,9 ?is way e po9t is sure to be cov]$1 & !re w be little1 if any1 duplication ( "w4 ,su* a c\rse presupposes v c>eful prep>ation on ! "p ( ! debat]s4 ,x means t ea* memb] ( ! team mu/ h suffici5t k & mat]ial at 8 comm& to oppose ) cr$it any argum5t t may be advanc$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! assignm5t ( head+s = rebuttal may be su* t ea* debat] w refute ^? po9ts ( :i* he took an opposite view 9 8 ma9 spee*1 b z x is usually desirable to rebut argum5ts 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally giv51 no memb] ( ! team c af=d to %irk ma/]+ ea* detail t 9 any way has a vital be>+ ^u ! proposition4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,rebuttal ,,speak]4 ,! "w ( ! la/ speak] on ea* side diff]s some:at f ! "w ( 8 colleagues4 ,all ! speak]s try to ov]?r[ ! oppos+ argum5ts1 & by means ( summ>ies keep _! case z a :ole be=e ! audi5ce4 ,! la/ speak] devotes f> less "t to pure refutation1 gives a m detail$ summ>y1 &1 9 addition1 comp>es & contra/s ! argum5ts ( 8 side ) ! argum5ts ( ! opposition4 ,?is la/ process is call$ amplify+ & dim9i%+4 ,x is n always necess>y to prove a ma9 head+ false 9 ord] to de/roy its effectiv5ess4 ,a debat] may ( necessity h to admit t ! opposition has successfully e/abli%$ ! po9ts x set out to prove4 ,9 su* a case1 he _c d bett] ?an to ackn[l$ge ! correctness ( 8 oppon5t's pro(1 & !n rememb]+ t an audi5ce aw>ds a decision by a comp>ison ( ! relative weight ( ! pro( ( ea* side1 amplify ! importance ( 8 own argum5ts1 po9t by po9t1 & dim9i% ! importance ( ! argum5ts advanc$ by ! o!r side4 ,= in/ance1 9 a debate on ! "q z to :e!r immigration %\ld be re/rict$1 ! affirmative might ma9ta9 t unre/rict$ immigration br+s s]i\s political evils1 & ! negative might %[ t ! policy ( nonre/riction greatly increases ! weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,if nei!r ( ^! cont5tions be successfully refut$1 ! favor ( ! audi5ce w incl9e t[>ds ! affirmative or ! negative1 z f> z ^? two po9ts are conc]n$1 accord+ z !y ?9k t political purity or economic prosp]ity is ! m important4 ,pla9ly1 x w\ld be = ! int]e/ ( ! affirmative to conv9ce ! audi5ce t ! pres]vation ( political integrity is ( great] mom5t ?an any m]e mat]ial ga94 ,9 _m respects ! la/ rebuttal spee*es on ea* side are ! mo/ conspicu\s & decisive p>ts ( a debate4 ,if ! la/ spee* is hesitat+ & weak1 x is liable to ru9 all prec$+ ef=ts1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 ( ! highe/ ord]2 if x is en?usia/ic & /rong1 x w (t5 cov] up prec$+ defects1 & turn defeat into victory4 ,because ( its importance ?is portion ( ! "w usually falls to ! be/ debat] on ! team1 & if he is wise he w give x 8 greate/ ?\ght & c>e4 ,9 ?is spee* he %\ld /rive 9 e possible way to atta9 p]fection4 ,8 deliv]y %\ld be emphatic & pleas+2 8 ideas %\ld be logically arrang$2 & 8 k ( :at he has to say %\ld be s complete t !re w be no hesitation1 no grop+ = words4 ,fur!rmore1 he %\ld introduce an elem5t ( p]suasion2 to rea* bo? ! m9ds & ! he>ts ( 8 he>]s is ess5tial = ! greate/ success4 ,all ?is has to be done 9 a %ort "t1 yet to be ( a high rank ev5 ! %orte/ clos+ spee*es mu/ conta9 ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,,special ,,features ,,( ,,debate4 ,an argum5t1 l o!r k9ds ( composition1 %\ld possess ! qualities ( /yle kn[n z ,cle>ness1 ,=ce1 & ,elegance1 & %\ld 9 all respects obs]ve ! pr9ciples ( ,unity1 ,selection1 ,coh]5ce1 ,proportion1 ,emphasis1 & ,v>iety4 ,s9ce ! /ud5t f 8 /udy ( ,rhetoric is already famili> ) ^! matt]s1 x w\ld be sup]flu\s to dwell ^u !m 9 ?is book4 ,a good writt5 argum5t1 h[ev]1 does n always make a good debate2 limit$ "t = speak+1 lack ( opportunity = ! audi5ce to grasp ideas & to reflect ^u !m1 ! pres5ce ( /rong oppos+ argum5ts t mu/ be met & ov]?r[n ) /ill /rong] argum5ts1--^! conditions r5d] ! height5+ ( c]ta9 *>act]i/ics indisp5sable 9 a debate4 ,above all else ! successful debat] is =ceful4 ,he uses e possible device = driv+ home 8 argum5ts4 ,he b5ds e ef=t t[>d mak+ 8 ideas s pla9 & s emphatic t ! audi5ce w und]/& !m & rememb] !m4 ,realiz+ t ! audi5ce _c1 l ! read] ( a writt5 article1 p]use ! argum5t a second "t1 he uses words & expressions t cause 8 ?\ghts to /ick fa/ :]ev] !y fall4 ,,/ati/ics4 ,/ati/ics improp]ly us$ are dry & un9t]e/+2 !y (t5 spoil an o!rwise =ceful & p]suasive debate4 ,! tr\ble (t5 lies1 /range to say1 9 ! accuracy ) :i* ! figures are giv54 ,a bra9 t is already do+ its utmo/ to accept almo/ in/antane\sly a multitude ( facts & compreh5d _! significance1 or a bra9 t is some:at sluggi% & lazy1 refuses to be burd5$ ) un9t]e/+ & unimportant details4 ,= ?is reason1 :5 a debat] speaks ( #aj1efd1gib p1 ! bra9 becomes we>i$ ) ! numb]s & 9 disgu/ is apt to turn away f ! :ole matt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! r\nd sum #aj1jjj1jjj n only does n burd5 ! bra91 b also1 "u ord9>y conditions1 gives 9 a r =ceful mann] ! in=mation x 0 int5d$ to convey4 ,ab\t five hundr$ pres5ts a mu* m vivid picture ?an f\r hundr$ & eighty-six or five hundr$ & eighte52 fifte5 p] c5t4 is /rong] ?an fifte5 & "o-t5? p] c5t42 ! expression eighty ye>s seems to indicate a long] p]iod ( "t ?an eighty-two ye>s1 sev5 mon?s1 & tw5ty-n9e days4 ,if "o is to quote /ati/ics1 he %\ld always1 unless ! circum/ances be v unusual1 use r\nd numb]s4 ,figures !mselves1 h[ev]1 are (t5 less emphatic ?an o!r me?ods ( expression4 ,! ord9>y m9d c n grasp ! significance ( l>ge numb]s4 ,t ! /ate ( ,texas conta9s ov] a qu>t] ( a million ( squ>e miles means little to ! av]age p]son2 he nei!r rememb]s ! exact area ( o!r /ates nor c he realize :at an imm5se t]ritory ^! figures /& =4 ,! foll[+ quotation gives ! area ( ,texas 9 mu* m vivid & =ceful language3-- ,if y take ,texas by ! upp] corn] & sw+ x on t z a pivot1 y w lop (f ! l[] end ( ,cali=nia1 cut ?r\gh ,idaho1 ov]lap ,s\? ,dakota1 t\* ,mi*igan1 bisect ,ohio1 rea* ,we/ ,virg9ia1 cut ?r\gh ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 lop (f all ! we/]n side ( ,florida1 & blanket ! great] "p ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,to say t ! ,am]ican f>m] produc$ 9 #aijg a crop wor?1 at ! f>m1 sev5 & "o-half billions ( doll>s1 conveys little idea ( ! magnitude ( ! h>ve/4 ,a curr5t magaz9e has c\*$ ! same e/imate 9 less exact b 9 f> m emphatic language3-- ,suppose t all ( la/ ye>'s corn _h be5 %ipp$ to ,europe2 x w\ld h requir$ ov] f\r ?\s& express /eam]s ( #ah1jjj tons regi/] to deliv] x4 ,suppose t ! ye>'s :eat _h all be5 s5t to save ! ,f> ,ea/ f a great fam9e3 ! l>ge/ fleet 9 ! _w1 ) its f\r hundr$ vessels ( all sizes1 w\ld h requir$ fifte5 r\nd trips to move x4 ,take tobacco1--su* a m9or crop t mo/ p nev] ?9k ( x 9 connection ) f>m+3-- if la/ ye>'s tobacco crop _h be5 made into cig>s1 ! supply w\ld h la/$ #aec1jjj m5 = fifty ye>s1 ea* man smok+ t5 cig>s a day4 ,! (ficials ( ! =e/ry s]vice1 9 speak+ ( ! great deva/ation caus$ by =e/ fires1 make ! />tl+ ass]tion t a new navy ( fir/-class battle-%ips c\ld be built = ! sum lo/ dur+ a few weeks 9 ! fires t rag$ f ! p9es ( ,ma9e to ! r$woods ( ,cali=nia4 ,figures us$ 9 ?is way are mo/ effective1 & yet probably no?+ 9 argum5tation is m t$i\s ?an too _m ( ^! descriptions ( /ati/ics com+ close toge!r4 ,if numb]s absolutely h to be indicat$ a great _m times1 ev5 figures are likely to be less tiresome4 ,,concret5ess4 ,g5]al /atem5ts & ab/ract pr9ciples inv>iably we>y an audi5ce4 ,!ories & g5]alities are usually too intangible to make mu* impression4 ,specific in/ances & concrete cases1 h[ev]1 are usually int]e/+4 ,a vivid picture ( real p]sons1 ?+s1 & ev5ts is necess>y to ar\se ! att5tion ( an audi5ce & cause !m bo? to und]/& ! argum5t & to give x _! consid]ation4 ,! slogan ( a rec5t political campaign 0 n1 ,improv$ economic conditions = ! labor+ man2 x 01 ,! full d9n] pail4 ,! political orator :o is urg+ ! necessity = a l>g] navy on ! gr\nd t w> is imm95t does n speak ( possible antagoni/s 9 su* g5]al t]ms z =eign p[]s2 he specifies ,g]many1 ,japan1 & ! o!r nations t he fe>s4 ,! prea*] :o w\ld really awak5 ! consci5ce ( 8 *ur* does n conf9e himself to su* t]ms z orig9al s9 & weaknesses ( ! fle%2 he talks ( ly+1 /eal+1 & swe>+4 ,comp>e ! effectiv5ess ( ! foll[+ examples3-- ,p ( ! same race are m loyal to ea* o!r ?an to =eign]s4 ,blood is ?ick] ?an wat]4 ,we/]n f>m]s are dem&+ political recognition4 ,no1 ,i am n go+ to vote a /raight ticket ?is ye>4 ,if ,i d1 my c&idate mu/ be 9 favor ( "s ?+s ,i want4 ,t 0 ! dictum ( ,frankl9 ,taylor1 ,f>m]1 on ,rural ,r\te ,no4 #ab1 t5 miles f a we/]n t[n4 ,he is a type ( ?\s&s ( o!r f>m]s 9 ! ,we/4 ,bus9ess /reets t 7 once commodi\s & impressive are n[ smoky & fil?y4 ,bus9ess /reets t t5 ye>s aft] ! great fire promis$ to be almo/ grant 9 ! wid? & p]spective are n[ m]e smoky tunnels "u ! fil?-dripp+ gridirons ( ! elevat$ railways4 ,! ,we/ is becom+ m d5sely populat$4 ,! c5t] ( population1 n[ 9 ,indiana1 is travel+ /raight t[>d ! middle po9t ( ,ill9ois4 ,! c5t] ( manufactur+ has rea*$ only ea/]n ,ohio1 b is m>*+ 9 a bee-l9e = ,*icago4 ,9 ! foll[+ quotation ,mr4 ,crisp1 lay+ aside = ! mom5t ab/ractions & g5]alities1 & br++ 8 case d[n to a specific in/ance1 gives a concrete illu/ration ( h[ ! protective t>iff affects a s+le individual3 ,w y tell h[ ?is protective t>iff b5efits our agricultural produc]s8 ,i c %[ y--,i ?9k ,i c demon/rate cle>ly--h[ ! t>iff hurts !m2 & ,i defy any ( y to %[ :]e9 !y are b5efit$ by a protective t>iff4 ,suppose a f>m] 9 ,m9nesota has #e1jjj bu%els ( :eat & a f>m] 9 ,georgia has #ajj bales ( cotton4 ,t :eat at eighty c5ts a bu%el is wor? #d1jjj1 & t cotton at eight c5ts a p\nd is wor? #d1jjj4 ,let ^? produc]s %ip _! /aples abroad4 ,! ,m9nesota :eat-gr[] %ips 8 :eat to ,liv]pool2 :e!r he %ips x !re or n1 t is :]e ! price ( 8 :eat is fix$4 ,! ,georgia cotton-rais] %ips 8 cotton to ,liv]pool2 :e!r he %ips x !re or n1 t is :]e ! price ( 8 cotton is fix$4 ,! :eat & ! cotton are sold 9 t free trade m>ket4 ,! :eat is sold = #d1jjj2 ! cotton br+s ! same am\nt4 ,! ,m9nesota f>m] inve/s ! #d1jjj he has receiv$ = 8 :eat 9 clo?+1 crock]y1 iron1 /eel1 dress goods1 clo?+1--:atev] he may ne$ = 8 family 9 ,m9nesota4 ,! ,georgia cotton-rais] inve/s ! proce$s ( 8 cotton 9 l k9d ( goods4 ,ea* ( ^? m5 %ips 8 goods to ?is c\ntry & !y rea* ! port ( ,new ,york4 ,:5 ei!r und]takes to unload !m he is met by ! collector ( cu/oms1 :o says1 ,let me see y\r invoice4 ,! invoice is exhibit$1 & x %[s #d1jjj wor? ( goods4 ,^? goods repres5t 9 ! "o case #e1jjj bu%els ( :eat1 9 ! o!r case #ajj bales ( cotton4 ,! collector at ! port says to ei!r ( ^! g5tlem5--! man :o raises ! :eat 9 ,m9nesota or him :o raises ! cotton 9 ,georgia1 ,y _c br+ into ?is m>ket ^? goods = :i* y h ex*ang$ y\r products unless y pay to ! ,unit$ ,/ates a t>iff by ! ,mc,kinley law--a tax ( #b1jjj4 ,,figures ,,( ,,spee*4 ,! use ( figurative language is also an aid to cle>ness & to =ce4 ,simile1 metaphor1 p]sonification1 anti!sis1 balance1 climax1 rhetorical "q1 & repetition are all effective aids 9 ! pres5tation ( argum5t4 ,! spee*es ( great orators are replete ) expressions ( ?is sort4 ,burke1 9 8 ,spee* on ,conciliation1 says1 ,despotism itself is oblig$ to truck & huck/]2 ,! public1 he said1 w\ld n h pati5ce to see u play ! game out ) our adv]s>ies2 we mu/ produce our h&2 ,m5 may lose little 9 prop]ty by ! act :i* takes away all _! fre$om4 ,:5 a man is robb$ ( a trifle on ! highway1 x is n ! twop5ce lo/ t con/itutes ! capital outrage4 ,9 speak+ ( c]ta9 provisions ( ! ,con/itution1 ,web/] says t !y are ! key/one ( ! ar*4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph is tak5 f 8 ,reply to ,hayne3-- ,&1 sir1 :]e ,am]ican lib]ty rais$ its fir/ voice1 & :]e its y\? 0 nurtur$ & su/a9$1 !re x /ill lives 9 ! /r5g? ( its manhood & full ( its orig9al _s4 ,if discord & disunion %all w\nd x2 if p>ty /rife & bl9d ambition %all hawk at & te> x2 if folly & madness1 if uneas9ess "u salut>y & necess>y re/ra9t1 %all succe$ to sep>ate x f t ,union by :i* alone its exi/5ce is made sure2 x w /&1 9 ! end1 by ! side ( t cradle 9 :i* its infancy 0 rock$2 x w /ret* =? its arm ) :atev] ( vigor x may /ill reta91 ov] ! fri5ds :o ga!r r\nd x2 & x w fall at la/1 if fall x mu/1 amid/ ! pr\de/ monum5ts ( its own glory1 & on ! v spot ( its orig94 ,! ,outlook1 9 a rec5t issue1 fir/ /ates a vital "q 9 lit]al & !n1 to drive home ! mean+ ( ! problem1 9 figurative language3-- ,is ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a s]ies ( inflexible rules :i* c be *ang$ only by ! me?ods :i* ^? rules !mselves prescribe1 or is x ! expression ( c]ta9 political pr9ciples by :i* a liv+ & gr[+ ,nation has resolv$ to guide itself 9 its life & gr[?8 ,is x an an*or :i* fa/5s ! %ip ( /ate 9 "o place1 or a rudd] to guide x on its voyage8 ,sometimes figures ( spee* are us$ to su* excess or 9 su* incongru\s comb9ations t !y detract f ! effectiv5ess ( ! debate 9 :i* !y occur r ?an add to x4 ,! di/ance f a =ceful figure to an absurd figure is s %ort t a debat] has to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ us+ expressions t w impress 8 audi5ce z ridicul\s or ev5 funny4 ,a mixture ( highly figurative language ) lit]al language & commonplace ideas1 & a mixture ( sev]al figures are especially to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,z an example ( ! ext5t to :i* figures may be mix$ ! foll[+ w s]ve3-- ,i'm up a tree1 admitt$ ! bolt+ ,s5ator1 b my back is to ! wall & ,i'll die 9 ! la/ dit*1 go+ d[n ) flags fly+1 & f ! m\nta9 top ( ,democracy1 hurl+ defiance at ! foe1 so> on ! w+s ( triumph1 reg>dless ( ! p>ty la% t b>ks at my heels4 ,,deliv]y4 ,to be a successful debat] "o mu/ und]/& h[ to talk & h[ to act 9 ! pres5ce ( an audi5ce4 ,unc\?ness 9 appe>ance & awkw>dness 9 spee* h (t5 br\ght defeat4 ,moreov]1 x is n en\gh t a debat] refra9 f (f5d+ 8 audi5ce2 8 be>+ & 8 voice %\ld be ( positive assi/ance to him bo? 9 pleas+ !m & 9 int]pret+ to !m ! ideas t he wi%es to convey4 ,fir/ ( all1 a good deliv]y is "o t assi/s 9 mak+ ! argum5t cle>4 ,its next mo/ important function is to make ! argum5t =ceful4 ,a speak] %\ld nev] re/ cont5t ) be+ able to pres5t 8 argum5t m]ely ) cle>ness2 he %\ld /rive to be int]e/+ & impressive also4 ,^! qualities dep5d 9 no small measure ^u ! way a spee* is deliv]$4 ,! be/ /ory or ! be/ argum5t w fall flat unless x is full ( ! fire ( en?usiasm1 unless ! p]sonality ( ! speak] vivifies x & makes x a liv+ reality4 ,un=tunately1 ?is intangible quality 9 a speak]1 (t5 call$ p]sonality or magnetism1 _c1 to any great ext5t1 be taught4 ,9 ! ma91 "o mu/ seek ?is & develop x = himself4 ,a text-book c po9t out :at con/itutes good =m1 :at is pleas+ & impressive to ! eye & to ! e>1 &1 9 a ^w1 :at make up ! ext]nals ( a good deliv]y2 b beyond ^! me*anical directions x _c g4 ,a /ud5t %\ld obs]ve ! foll[+ fundam5tal directions z 8 fir/ /ep t[>d becom+ a successful speak]4 ,aft]w>ds1 he %\ld cultivate e>ne/ness1 en?usiasm1 p]ception1 a s5se ( humor1 & all o!r su* qualities z g to make up a really great speak]4 ,,position4 ,! be/ position = a debat] to take on ! /age is 9 ! c5tre well t[>d ! front4 ,he %\ld take ! c5tre because 9 t position he c be/ see ! entire audi5ce1 & ! entire audi5ce c be/ see him4 ,he %\ld /& ne> ! front edge ( ! plat=m = sev]al reasons3 fir/1 he c make himself m easily und]/ood2 8 voice ne$ n be s l\d 9 ord] to be he>d di/9ctly 9 e "p ( ! hall4 ,?is is no small advantage = "o :o is n gift$ ) unusual p[]s ( spee*4 ,9 ! next place1 if a debat] /&s close to 8 audi5ce1 he c adopt a m conv]sational /yle ( deliv]y4 ,he c e/abli% a direct p]sonal connection betwe5 himself & 8 he>]s & talk to !m z man to man4 ,if ! hall is n too l>ge1 he ne$ sc>cely raise 8 voice f its accu/om$ tone2 he c look 8 audi5ce 9 ! eye1 receiv+ ! /imulus ( :atev] int]e/ !y express2 & at ! same "t he c let !m see 9 8 features ! e>ne/ness & s9c]ity t he feels4 ,to /& ne> ! back ( ! /age is und\bt$ly easi] = "o :o is diffid5t or inexp]i5c$2 p]haps he w !n be able p>tially to =get :]e he is & to imag9e t he is alone2 b su* an attitude bo? sev]s all p]sonal connection betwe5 speak] & he>]1 & %[s t ! debat] does n tru/ himself1 t he has no great belief 9 8 subject1 & t he fe>s 8 audi5ce4 ,an impression ( ?is sort is a great h&icap ev5 to ! /ronge/ case4 ,if "o w\ld inspire confid5ce1 he mu/ appe> confid5t2 if "o w\ld make fri5ds1 he mu/ be fri5dly1 avoid+ ev5 a sugge/ion ( alo(ness4 ,to accompli% ^! purposes z f> z is possible by action1 a debat] %\ld come close to 8 audi5ce1 hav+ e appe>ance ( be+ glad t he is to speak & confid5t 9 ! /r5g? ( ! side t he is to uphold4 ,! next ?+ = a speak] to le>n is h[ to /&4 ,he %\ld n take a natural po/ure1 z "s writ]s say1 unless t po/ure is "o ( /r5g? &1 to "s degree1 ( grace4 ,a /ud5t )\t tra9+ w usually /& ) 8 head protrud+ =w>d1 8 %\ld]s droop+1 8 body twi/$1 & 8 feet f> ap>t1 ) all 8 weight on "o leg4 ,su* an attitude is en\gh to condemn "o ev5 be=e he beg9s to speak4 ,a slip%od appe>ance sugge/s slip%od ?9k+ & reason+4 ,a speak] %\ld always /& erect1 ) 8 head back1 *9 91 %\ld]s roll$ back & d[n2 ei!r ! feet %\ld be ne> toge!r ) ! weight ( ! body on bo?1 or "o foot %\ld be slightly 9 advance ( ! o!r ) ! weight ( ! body entirely on ! re> foot4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! leg on :i* ! body re/s mu/ =m a /raight l9e ) ! body1 !re be+ no unsightly bulg+ at ! hip2 & ! leg on :i* ! body does n re/ mu/ be slightly b5t at ! knee4 ,?is po/ure is n difficult to atta9 if "o w practise x frequ5tly1 endeavor+ 9 8 ev]yday life to walk & /& 9 a soldi]ly mann]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 erectness %\ld n be c>ri$ to su* an extreme z to become /iffness4 ,a debat]'s object is to be =ceful & pleas+4 ,9 /riv+ = ?is end1 he %\ld always rememb] t he c v easily err 9 ei!r ( two directions4 ,a debat] %\ld all[ 8 h&s1 = ! mo/ "p1 to hang naturally at 8 sides4 ,!re may be a great temptation = him to put !m 9 8 pockets1 b he %\ld resi/ ?is = two reasons3 su* a proc$ure is n consid]$ good =m1 & 8 h&s are less available = in/ant use 9 ! mak+ ( ge/ures4 ,if "o is deliv]+ a l5g?y argum5t1 !re is no p>ticul> h>m 9 putt+ "o h& beh9d ! back = a %ort "t1 or ev5 9 front ( ! body along ! wai/ l9e1 provid$ ?is c be done 9 an easy1 natural mann]2 b 9 ! case ( a %ort spee*1 "o w d well to keep 8 h&s at 8 sides4 ,!y mu/ hang naturally 9 ord] n to attract att5tion1 be+ nei!r clos$ tightly nor held rigidly op54 ,if "o w foll[ ^! directions1 8 h&s & arms may feel awkw>d1 b !y w n appe> s4 ,ano!r important pr9ciple 9 ! matt] ( position requires t a debat] %all keep 8 eyes fix$ on 8 audi5ce4 ,he mu/ n look at ! floor1 at ! ceil+1 or at ! walls4 ,he mu/ look at ! p he w\ld conv9ce4 ,only 9 ?is way c he hope to hold _! att5tion4 ,only 9 ?is way c he w9 _! confid5ce & rea* _! feel+s4 ,to look into space means to debate into space4 ,9 ! next place1 a speak] mu/ bew>e ( fall+ into ludicr\s & disgu/+ habits ( deportm5t4 ,n]v\sness w (t5 cause "o 9 ! pres5ce ( an audi5ce to keep mak+ an unsightly ge/ure1 a peculi> twit* or /ep t w absolutely ru9 8 :ole spee*4 ,"s speak]s h be5 kn[n to *ange _! weight f "o foot to ! o!r z (t5 z tw5ty or ?irty times a m9ute4 ,o!r speak]s h adopt$ a peculi> j]k ( ! head or a con/ant %rugg+ ( ! %\ld]s t is mo/ disagreeable to see4 ,/ill o!rs keep con/antly op5+ & %utt+ _! h&s4 ,= ye>s "o speak] ( "s small prom95ce sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 "t :ile on ! plat=m 9 tugg+ at 8 coat1 app>5tly 9 an ef=t to make x fit bett] ar\nd ! coll>4 ,all su* actions z ^! are to be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,a debat]1 h[ev]1 is n expect$ to /& p]fectly /ill3 he %\ld use consid]able int]pretative & emphatic action4 ,to beg9 )1 he ought n to /& all ! "t 9 exactly ! same spot4 ,monotony ( position is to be avoid$ z well z monotony ( action or ( voice4 ,he w re/ himself & 8 audi5ce if he w occasionally move ab\t1 tak+ two or ?ree /eps at a "t4 ,9 do+ ?is he mu/ nev] g backw>d2 he mu/ nev] retreat4 ,if1 = any reason1 he began 8 spee* :ile /&+ ne> ! re> or ! c5tre ( ! /age1 he %\ld move =w>d2 if he _c g =w>d1 he may move back & =? ne> ! edge ( ! plat=m4 ,! be/ "t = "o to *ange 8 position is at ! conclusion ( a p>agraph4 ,a p>agraph division1 x w be rememb]$1 indicates a *ange 9 ?\ght4 ,if a debat]1 !re=e1 makes a long] pause ?an usual at ?is po9t1 & 9 addition alt]s 8 position slightly1 he helps int]pret 8 argum5t4 ,he does = ! he>] exactly :at ind5tation does = ! read]4 ,,ge/ures4 ,s mu* has be5 said & writt5 ab\t ge/ures t a /ud5t is (t5 puzzl$ to "k ^: advice to foll[ & :at to d4 ,"s writ]s say t no ge/ures at all are desirable2 o!rs deem !m necess>y1 b decl>e t !y %\ld nev] be made unless !y are spontane\s & natural4 ,9 ! light ( su* conflict+ advice1 :at w det]m9e ! prop] c\rse = a /ud5t to foll[8 ,! answ] to ?is "q lies 9 a consid]ation ( ! ultimate object ( a c\rse 9 debat+4 ,if x is to give /ud5ts "s facility 9 express+ _! ?\ghts be=e an audi5ce1 if x is to tra9 /ud5ts = practical "w 9 bus9ess & pr(essional life1 !n ^? m5 :o are recogniz$ z ! poli%$ & p[]ful speak]s ( ! day %\ld be tak5 z models4 ,mo/ ( ^!1 x w be f\nd1 use ge/ures4 ,!re is b "o reasonable c\rse1 !n1 = ! /ud5t to foll[3 he %\ld make ge/ures4 ,!y may be crude & awkw>d at fir/1 b only by practice c he ev] hope to improve !m4 ,! be/ me?od ( proc$ure1 und\bt$ly1 is = ! beg9n] to become famili> ) two or ?ree ( ! mo/ common ge/ures1 le>n+ h[ to make !m & j :at !y signify4 ,he %\ld !n use !m4 ,!y may seem me*anical & unga9ly at fir/1 b con/ant practice bo? 9 private & be=e a class w soon enable him to make !m ) consid]able emphasis & ease4 ,f ?is po9t on1 ! road is cle>4 ,! k t he c use 8 h&s to good advantage1 ev5 9 a limit$ way1 w soon cause him to make ge/ures spontane\sly4 ,nor w he be limit$ to ! few ) :i* he />t$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( an explanation & 9 ! heat ( an impassion$ plea1 he w f9d himself us+ ge/ures t he _h n ?\ght ( be=e4 ,! awkw>d & prem$itat$ ge/ure ) :i* he began w h become =ceful & spontane\s4 ,! ge/ures t a /ud5t %\ld fir/ le>n to use mu/ be illu/rat$ to him by 8 in/ructor4 ,to see a ge/ure made sev]al times gives "o a bett] idea ( h[ to make x & ( :at x means ?an c\ld a doz5 pages 9 a text-book4 ,! *oice ( ge/ures1 too1 may re/ ) ! in/ructor4 ,x makes no p>ticul> diff]5ce ) :at ones a debat] beg9s1 provid$ t !y are simple 9 execution & are su* z he w wi% to use 9 practically e debate into :i* he ent]s4 ,ord9>ily1 ! be/ ones = a beg9n] to practice on are ^? indicat+ emphasis4 ,if he wi%es = a wid] field1 he might also try to use ge/ures indicat+ magnitude & contra/4 ,:5 he has f9i%$ ) ^!1 he %\ld hesitate be=e delib]ately introduc+ _m o!rs4 ,a debate is n a dramatic production1 & x %\ld 9 no wise savor ( melodrama4 ,,voice4 ,correct position & =ceful ge/ures are v important1 b ^u no "o ?+ does ! success ( a debat]1 aside f 8 argum5t1 dep5d s mu* z ^u 8 voice4 ,"o may move 8 audi5ce 9 spite ( an awkw>d po/ure & 9 ! abs5ce ( all intellig5t ge/ures1 b unless 8 voice meets c]ta9 requirem5ts1 8 case is almo/ hopeless4 ,above all else a speak]'s voice mu/ be di/9ct4 ,di/9ctness dep5ds ^u sev]al ?+s4 ,fir/1 ! voice mu/ be l\d en\gh to be he>d )\t difficulty 9 e "p ( ! room4 ,to produce ?is result1 "o %\ld speak especially to ^? 9 ! re>1 c>efully wat*+ to see :e!r he holds _! att5tion2 at ! same "t he mu/ be c>eful n to %\t 9 a mann] unpleasant to ^? sitt+ ne>] him4 ,! /ress laid by public speak]s ^u ! matt] ( l\dness is well illu/rat$ by a /ory told ( "o ( ! =emo/ orators ( ! day4 ,x is said t he inv>iably /ations "s "o 9 ! back ( ! audi5ce to signal to him :5 8 voice is ei!r too l[ or unnecess>ily l\d4 ,9 ! next place1 di/9ctness dep5ds ^u enunciation4 ,! debat] :o drops (f f9al syllables1 slurs consonants1 runs words toge!r1 or talks )\t us+ 8 lips & )\t op5+ 8 m\? is h>d to und]/&4 ,x (t5 requires consid]able consci\s ef=t to pron\nce ea* syllable 9 a ^w di/9ctly1 b ! result+ cle>ness is wor? a /r5u\s attempt4 ,"o great cause ( poor enunciation is too rapid talk+4 ,a fairly sl[ deliv]y is pref]able n only because ! words c be m easily und]/ood1 b also because x gives a debat] ! appe>ance ( be+ m c>eful & accurate 9 8 reason+4 ,great rapidity 9 spee* may be due to n]v\sness or inexp]i5ce2 :atev] its cause1 x is usually fatal to di/9ctness4 ,a pleas+ tone ( voice is n ( s great mom5t z di/9ctness ( utt]ance1 yet its cultivation is by no means to be neglect$4 ,h>%1 rasp+ s\nds & nasal twangs are disagreeable to he>1 & no speak] c af=d to (f5d 8 audi5ce 9 ?is way4 ,an unpleasant voice may be ! result ( "s physical defect2 m (t5 x is caus$ by %e] c>elessness4 ,9 mo/ cases a little practice w produce a wond]ful *ange4 ,a v common brea* ( elegance 9 speak+ is ! habit ( drawl+ out an er s\nd betwe5 words4 ,! con/ant repetition ( ?is is exce$+ly annoy+4 ,x is usually caus$ by an attempt to fill 9 a gap :ile ! speak] is grop+ ab\t = ! next ^w4 ,! be/ way to correct ?is blund] is to be s famili> ) :at "o is go+ to say t !re w be no gap to fill 92 b 9 case "o does h to hunt = words1 x is a ?\s& times pref]able to leave ! gap unfill$4 ,ea* ^w %\ld /& out by itself1 ev5 ?\gh !re is a pause ( _m seconds4 ,to (f5d ! e>s ( an audi5ce ) a crude tone ( voice or ) mean+less s\nds is a bad violation ( propriety4 ,! fir/ /ep to be tak5 9 ! cultivation ( a di/9ct & pleas+ voice is to acquire ! habit ( /&+ correctly4 ,"u ! subject ( position x 0 /at$ t ! body %\ld be kept erect1 ! head ?r[n back1 & ! %\ld]s roll$ back & d[n4 ,?is po/ure is ! be/ n only because x is ! mo/ graceful b because x gives ! speak] ! greate/ comm& ( 8 vocal organs4 ,/oop+ %\ld]s & a b[$ trunk contract ! lungs & dim9i% ! supply ( brea?1 & a b5t neck r5d]s ! cords ( ! neck less controllable4 ,aft] tak+ ! prop] position1 "o %\ld next endeavor to brea! z deeply z he c4 ,! l\d] he has to speak1 ! deep] %\ld be 8 brea?+4 ,rememb]+ t he does n wi% to talk fa/1 he w d well to fill 8 lungs at ! close ( ea* s5t5ce1 always inhal+1 9 ord] n to make an unpleasant gasp+ noise1 ?r\gh ! nose4 ,:ile speak+1 he %\ld control 8 supply ( brea? n by contract+ ! *e/ b by elevat+ ! diaphragm4 ,?is proc$ure w give 8 voice a ri*ness & a resonance t x o!rwise c\ld n h4 ,brea?+ m]ely f ! top ( ! lungs means squeak9ess ( tone & poor control4 ,"o :o brea!s incorrectly w f9d x necess>y to %\t to make himself he>d at a di/ance2 "o :o brea!s correctly c usually be he>d "u ! same conditions by m]ely talk+4 ,! sup]iority ( ! r\nd1 deep tone ov] ! %\t is too obvi\s to ne$ comm5t4 ,9 ! next place1 a speak] mu/ ?9k ab\t ?is voice4 ,?\ght & /udy are z ess5tial 9 ! tra9+ ( a voice z 9 ! ma/]y ( any art4 ,a natural voice is n usually pleas+2 x becomes s only ?r\gh cultivation4 ,mu* ( ?is tra9+ c be done by ! speak] unaid$4 ,few p are s ins5sible to qualities ( s\nd t !y _c detect h>%ness & impurities ev5 9 _! own utt]ance1 provid$ t !y w give ! matt] _! att5tion4 ,x is n en\gh1 h[ev]1 = "o to wat* 8 voice only :ile he is debat+ or :ile he is repeat+ 8 argum5ts 9 prep>ation = a debate2 he mu/ c>ry con/ant wat*fulness ev5 into 8 daily conv]sation4 ,! s]vices ( a good in/ructor are invaluable1 b at be/ !y c be only auxili>y4 ,all improvem5t mu/ come ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! speak] himself4 ,,attitude ,,t[>d ,,oppon5ts4 ,if "o w be> 9 m9d t ! fundam5tal purpose ( argum5t--:e!r writt5 or spok5--is to pres5t tru? 9 su* a way z to influ5ce belief1 he w at once und]/& t a debat] %\ld always ma9ta9 t[>d 8 oppon5ts ! attitude ( "o :o is try+ to *ange ano!r's belief1 ! attitude ( fri5d%ip1 fairness1 & respect4 ,su* a po9t ( view precludes ! use ( satire1 invective1 or h>% epi!ts4 ,^! nev] c>ry conviction2 9 fact1 !y inv>iably de/roy ! effect t an o!rwise good argum5t might produce4 ,ridicule & blu/] may please ^? :o already agree ) ! speak]1 b ) ^! p he %\ld be little conc]n$2 a debat] wor?y ( ! "n seeks to *ange ! op9ions ( ^? :o disagree ) him4 ,= ?is reason he is diplomatic1 c\rte\s1 & urbane4 ,a debat] %\ld1 moreov]1 keep to ?is same attitude ev5 ?\gh 8 oppon5t introduce objectionable p]sonalities4 ,"o w f9d x = 8 own be/ int]e/ to d s4 ,good humor makes a f> bett] impression ?an ang]2 x sugge/s /r5g? & sup]iority1 :ile ang]1 z ev]yone kn[s1 is (t5 ! result ( *agr91 & is us$ to cov] up weaknesses4 ,besides1 an audi5ce always sympa?izes ) ! man :o is fir/ attack$4 ,all ?is does n mean t a debat] %\ld calmly submit to unfairness & vilification4 ,on ! contr>y1 he %\ld def5d himself spirit$ly2 b he %\ld n meet abuse ) abuse4 ,to d s w\ld be to ?r[ away an invaluable opportunity4 ,he %\ld rema9 dignifi$1 self-controll$1 & good-humor$2 !n by treat+ 8 oppon5t z "o :o has inadv]t5tly fall5 into error1 & by po9t+ out ! mi/akes1 ! unfairness1 & ! way 9 :i* ! real "q has be5 ignor$1 he c ga9 an ine/imable advantage4 ,! foll[+ quotations %[ :at attitude a debat] %\ld ma9ta9 t[>d 8 oppon5ts3-- ,z ,i d n precisely agree 9 op9ion ) any g5tleman :o has spok51 ,i %all take ! lib]ty ( deta9+ ! committee = a few mom5ts :ile ,i (f] to _! att5tion "s obs]vations4 ,i am highly gratifi$ ) ! temp] & ability ) :i* ! discussion has hi!rto be5 conduct$4 ,x is honorable to ! ,h\se1 &1 ,i tru/1 w cont9ue to be manife/$ on _m future occasions4 7,h5ry ,clay47 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i _h occasion a few days ago to expose ! utt] gr\ndlessness ( ! p]sonal *>ges made by ! ,s5ator f ,ill9ois aga9/ myself & ! o!r sign]s ( ! ,indep5d5t ,democratic ,appeal4 ,i n[ move to /rike f ?is bill a /atem5t :i* ,i w to-day demon/rate to be )\t any f\ndation 9 fact or hi/ory4 ,i int5d aft]w>ds to move to /rike out ! :ole clause annull+ ! ,miss\ri prohibition4 ,i ent] into ?is debate1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 9 no _s ( p]sonal unk9dness4 ,! issue is too grave & too mom5t\s = ! indulg5ce ( su* feel+s4 ,i see ! great "q be=e me1 & t "q only4 7,salmon ,p4 ,*ase47 ,comp>e ! attitude ( ,mr4 ,naylor 9 ! foll[+ quotation ) ! attitude ( ,mr4 ,l9coln 9 8 debates ) ,s5ator ,d\glas4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out :i* mu/ h _h ! bett] effect ^u ! audi5ce4 ,! g5tleman has misconceiv$ ! _s & t5d5cy ( ,nor!rn in/itutions4 ,he is ignorant ( ,nor!rn "*4 ,he has =gott5 ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry4 ,prea* insurrection to ! ,nor!rn labor]s6 ,prea* insurrection to me6 ,:o are ! ,nor!rn labor]s8 ,! hi/ory ( y\r c\ntry is _! hi/ory4 7,*>les ,naylor47 ,my ,fell[-,citiz5s3 ,:5 a man he>s himself some:at misrepres5t$1 x provokes him--at lea/1 ,i f9d x s ) myself2 b :5 misrepres5tation becomes v gross & palpable1 x is m apt to amuse him4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,i see fit to notice is ! fact t ,judge ,d\glas alleges1 aft] runn+ ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! old ,democratic & ! old ,:ig p>ties1 t ,judge ,trumbull & myself made an arrangem5t 9 #ahed by :i* ,i 0 to h ! place ( ,g5]al ,%ields 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 & ,judge ,trumbull 0 to h ! place ( ,judge ,d\glas4 ,n[ all ,i h to say ^u t subject is t ,i ?9k no man--n ev5 ,judge ,d\glas--c prove x1 because x is n true4 ,i h no d\bt he is consci5ti\s 9 say+ x4 ,z to ^? resolutions t he took su* a l5g? ( "t to read1 z be+ ! plat=m ( ! ,republican p>ty 9 #ahed1 ,i say ,i nev] _h any?+ to d ) !m1 & ,i ?9k ,trumbull nev] _h4 7,abraham ,l9coln 9 ! ,ottawa ,jo9t ,debate47 ,judge ,d\glas has told me t he he>d my spee*es nor? & my spee*es s\?--t he he>d me at ,ottawa & at ,freeport 9 ! nor?1 & rec5tly at ,jonesboro 9 ! s\?1 & t !re 0 a v diff]5t ca/ ( s5tim5t 9 ! spee*es made at ! diff]5t po9ts4 ,i w n *>ge ^u ,judge ,d\glas t he willfully misrepres5ts me1 b ,i call ^u e fair-m9d$ man to take ^? spee*es & read !m1 & ,i d>e him to po9t out any diff]5ce betwe5 my spee*es nor? & s\?4 7,l9coln 9 ! ,*>le/on ,jo9t ,debate47 ,,h[ ,,to ,,judge ,a ,,debate4 ,?ree judges usually aw>d ! decision 9 a debat+ conte/4 ,_! sole duty is to det]m9e :i* side _h ! bett] ( ! argum5t4 ,sometimes ! me?od t !y %all foll[ 9 arriv+ at a decision is m>k$ out = !m2 !y are giv5 pr9t$ slips indicat+ ! relative importance ( evid5ce1 reason+1 deliv]y1 & ! o!r po9ts t mu/ be consid]$4 ,mo/ commonly1 h[ev]1 ea* judge is in/ruct$ to decide = himself :at con/itutes excell5ce 9 debate4 ,accord+ to ! rules gov]n+ any p>ticul> debate1 ! judges may ca/ _! ballots ) or )\t previ\s consultation ) ea* o!r4 ,! foll[+ outl9e gives 9 cond5s$ =m ! ma9 po9ts t a judge %\ld consid]4 ,x w be ( s]vice n only to ! judges ( a debate b to ! conte/ants1 z x gives a compreh5sive view ( j :at is expect$ ( a debat]4 ,i4 ,:i* side has ! bett] analysis8 ,,ii4 ,:i* side has ! /rong] pro(8 ,a4 ,consid] ! prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce4 ,b4 ,consid] ! quality ( ! evid5ce4 ,c4 ,consid] ! skill us$ 9 reason+4 ,,iii4 ,:i* side (f]s ! bett] refutation8 ,a4 ,see :i* side has ! m ma9 po9ts left /&+ aft] ! refutation has be5 giv54 ,,iv4 ,:i* side has ! bett] deliv]y8 ,a4 ,consid] g5]al be>+1 voice1 & language4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,conclusion ,mo/ argum5ts h a m or less =mal end+4 ,bo? writ]s & speak]s1 :5 seek+ to influ5ce ! beliefs & acts ( o!rs1 h usually deem$ x advisable1 ^u complet+ _! pro(1 to add a few summ>iz+ words & to make a f9al appeal to ! emotions4 ,?is "p ( ! argum5t t comes at ! close & t conta9s no new pro( is call$ ! conclusion1 or ! p]oration4 ,9 spok5 argum5t1 occasionally1 ! conclusion is :olly ignor$4 ,if at any "t1 reg>dless ( ! po9t he may h rea*$1 an argu] cle>ly p]ceives t he has won 8 case1 he is wise to /op imm$iately & avoid ! dang] ( add+ any?+ t might possibly detract f 8 success4 ,su* an exp]i5ce may frequ5tly happ5 to a salesman1 a prea*]1 a lawy]4 ,argum5ts1 h[ev]1 t are writt5 or t are deliv]$ be=e l>ge audi5ces _c be curtail$ 9 ?is way4 ,"u su* conditions ! argu] is unable to tell :5 he has won 8 case3 he mu/ use all 8 pro( & make x emphatic 9 e way possible4 ,!re=e ! /ud5t :o is argu+ = ! sake ( practice w d well to disreg>d exceptions & to close all 8 argum5ts1 bo? writt5 & spok51 ) a p]oration4 ,! same two elem5ts--conviction & p]suasion--t make up ! introduction & ! discussion are ord9>ily f\nd also 9 ! conclusion4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples t gov]n ! proportionate am\nt ( ea* to be us$ 9 ! fir/ two divisions ( an argum5t apply equally to ! ?ird division4 ,9 e case ! relative am\nt ( space to be devot$ to conviction & to p]suasion dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! subject & ! attitude ( ! audi5ce4 ,9 "s in/ances a conclusion %\ld consi/ :olly ( conviction2 9 o!r in/ances p]suasion %\ld pr$om9ate2 mo/ commonly !re %\ld be a judici\s comb9ation ( bo?4 ,9 conclud+ an argum5t be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt on ! "q ( :e!r or n a c]ta9 law pass$ 9 ,new ,york 0 repugnant to ! ,con/itution or consi/5t ) x1 ,web/] spoke z foll[s3-- ,to recapitulate :at has be5 said1 we ma9ta91 fir/1 t ! ,con/itution1 by its grants to ,congress & its prohibitions on ! ,/ates1 has s\ght to e/abli% "o uni=m /&>d ( value1 or m$ium ( paym5t4 ,second1 t1 by l means1 x has endeavor$ to provide = "o uni=m mode ( dis*>g+ debts :5 !y are to be dis*>g$ )\t paym5t4 ,?ird1 t ^! objects are connect$1 & t ! fir/ loses mu* ( its importance1 if ! la/1 also1 be n accompli%$4 ,f\r?1 t1 read+ ! grant to ,congress1 & ! prohibition on ! ,/ates toge!r1 ! inf]5ce is /rong t ! ,con/itution int5d$ to conf] exclusive p[] to pass bankrupt laws on ,congress4 ,fif?1 t ! prohibition 9 ! t5? section rea*es to all contracts1 exi/+ or future1 9 ! same way t ! o!r prohibition 9 ! same section ext5ds to all debts exi/+ or future4 ,six?1 t1 ^u any o!r con/ruction1 "o great political object ( ! ,con/itution w fail ( its accompli%m5t4 ,footnote3 ,! ,case ( ,ogd5 & ,saund]s4 ,web/]'s ,great ,spee*es1 page #ahh4 ,little1 ,br[n ,co4 ,9 ?is conclusion1 x w be notic$1 !re is no p]suasion4 ,app>5tly ! subject 0 ( su* a nature t only cle> & logical reason+ 0 requir$4 ,an appeal to ! emotions w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 out ( place4 ,9 direct contra/ to ! prec$+ me?od ( summ>iz+ a spee* a good example ( a p]suasive conclusion may be f\nd 9 ,! ,d>tm\? ,college ,case1 :i* ,web/] argu$ be=e ?is same tribunal1 & :i* also involv$ ! con/itutionality ( a ,/ate law4 ,9 ?is p]oration ,web/]'s emotional appeal 0 s /rong t1 x is said1 !re 0 n a dry eye 9 ! c\rt room4 ,9 writ+ z well z 9 speak+ "o mu/ all[ common s5se to decide :at %all be ! nature ( 8 p]oration4 ,! foll[+ is a typical example ( a conclusion into :i* p]suasion _c well ent]4 ,x is tak5 f ! close ( a *apt]1 select$ at r&om1 9 ,d>w9's ,/ructure & ,di/ribution ( ,coral ,reefs4 ,x has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 %[n 9 ?is *apt]1 t subsid5ce expla9s bo? ! normal /ructure & ! less regul> =ms ( ^? two great classes ( reefs :i* h ju/ly excit$ ! a/oni%m5t ( all ! naturali/s :o h sail$ ?r\gh ! ,pacific & ,indian oceans4 ,! necessity1 also1 t a f\ndation %\ld h exi/$ at ! prop] dep? = ! gr[? ( ! corals ov] c]ta9 l>ge areas1 almo/ compels u to accept ?is !ory4 ,b fur!r to te/ its tru? a cr[d ( que/ions may be ask$4444 ,^! sev]al que/ions w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,a type ( conclusion f> m common & usually f> m effective is "o t n only ref]s to ! prec$+ argum5ts b also conta9s consid]able p]suasion4 ,! p]oration m>ks ! f9al opportunity = ! argu] to move 8 audi5ce4 ,"h he %\ld make 8 greate/ ef=t4 ,s9ce belief & action ord9>ily dep5d ^u bo? ! intellect & ! w1 ! argu] :o w\ld atta9 success mu/ appeal to bo?4 ,m]ely to call to m9d ! pro( t he has advanc$ is seldom en\gh3 he mu/ ar\se ! emotions4 ,! p]oration ( an argum5t is l ! f9i% ( a race or ! la/ *>ge 9 a battle4 ,9 ! conclusion ! argu] %\ld use 8 greate/ skill1 8 /ronge/ eloqu5ce4 ,"h are f\nd ! mo/ inspir+ passages 9 ! ma/]pieces ( oratory4 ,"s ( ! v>i\s ways = rea*+ ! emotions h be5 po9t$ out 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) p]suasion 9 ! introduction4 ,^! same sugge/ions apply equally well to p]suasion 9 ! conclusion4 ,! be/ advice t c be giv51 h[ev]1 is = "o to use 8 common s5se4 ,he mu/ consid] 8 subject1 8 audi5ce1 8 ability1 & 8 own int]e/ 9 ! case--all ! circum/ances 9 connection ) 8 argum5t--& !n dep5d1 n ^u "s set =mula1 b ^u 8 judgm5t to tell him 9 :at way he c be/ be p]suasive4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations w give "s idea ( h[ successful writ]s & speak]s h conclud$ _! argum5ts ) p]suasion4 ,notice ! patriotic appeal 9 ! fir/ quotation3-- ,:e!r we h or h n deg5]at$ comp>$ ) 7say7 fifty or a hundr$ ye>s ago may be a "q difficult to settle1 b x is q cle> t we are pitifully1 disa/r\sly bel[ ! normal /&>d ( manhood & womanhood :i* a great nation %\ld set itself4 ,adequate n\ri%m5t = our *ildr51 immunity f exhau/+ & me*anical employm5ts at ! mo/ critical p]iod ( adolesc5ce1 an ext5sion ( educational influ5ces--c !re be any objects ( exp5ditures m likely ?an ^! to repay !mselves a ?\s&fold 9 ! improv$ vigor & intellig5ce :i* =m ! only sure basis ( a nation's greatness8 ,footnote3 ,frances ,e4 ,w>wick1 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,vol4 ,,lxxix1 p4 #eae4 ,9 ! foll[+ ! speak] po9ts out ! awful responsibility re/+ ^u ! jury & exhorts !m to r5d] ju/ice3-- ,let me1 !re=e1 rem9d y1 t ?\gh ! day may soon come :5 our a%es %all be scatt]$ be=e ! w9ds ( heav51 ! memory ( :at y d _c die4 ,x w c>ry d[n to y\r po/]ity y\r honor or y\r %ame4 ,9 ! pres5ce1 & 9 ! "n ( t ev]liv+ ,god1 ,i d !re=e conjure y to reflect t y h y\r *>act]s1 y\r consci5ces1 t y h also ! "*1 p]haps ! ultimate de/9y1 ( y\r c\ntry 9 y\r h&s4 ,9 t awful "n ,i d conjure y to h m]cy ^u y\r c\ntry & ^u y\rselves1 & s to judge n[ z y w h]eaft] be judg$2 & ,i d n[ submit ! fate ( my cli5t1 & ( t c\ntry :i* we h yet 9 common to y\r disposal4 ,footnote3 ,john ,philpot ,curran1 ,on ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,press4 ,9 ! foll[+ extract f ! conclusion ( ,web/]'s plea 9 ,! ,d>tm\? ,college ,case consid] h[ he %[$ ! magnitude ( ! "q t 0 at issue3-- ,! case be=e ! c\rt is n ( ord9>y importance1 nor ( ev]yday occurr5ce4 ,x affects n ?is college only1 b e college1 & all ! lit]>y in/itutions ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y h fl\ri%$ hi!rto1 & h become 9 a high degree respectable & useful to ! community4 ,!y h all a common pr9ciple ( exi/5ce1 ! inviolability ( _! *>t]s4 ,x w be a dang]\s1 a mo/ dang]\s exp]im5t1 to hold ^! in/itutions subject to ! rise & fall ( popul> p>ties1 & ! fluctuation ( political op9ions4 ,if ! fran*ise may at any "t be tak5 away1 or impair$1 ! prop]ty also may be tak5 away1 or impair$1 or its use p]v]t$4 ,b5efactors w h no c]ta9ty ( effect+ ! object ( _! b\nty2 & le>n$ m5 w be det]r$ f devot+ !mselves to ! s]vice ( su* in/itutions1 f ! prec>i\s title ( _! (fices4 ,colleges & halls w be des]t$ by all bett] spirits1 & become a !atre = ! cont5tions ( politics4 ,p>ty & faction w be *]i%$ 9 ! places consecrat$ to piety & le>n+4 ,^! consequ5ces are nei!r remote nor possible only4 ,!y are c]ta9 & imm$iate4 ,footnote3 ,web/]'s ,great ,spee*es1 p4 #bc4 ,z a rule1 mo/ ( ! criticisms t c be made ( any conclusion p]ta9 to matt]s ( ta/e & judgm5t4 ,a writ] or speak] may h made too detail$ or too brief a summ>y2 he may h err$ 9 *oos+ ! be/ me?od ( p]suasion2 he may h injur$ 8 argum5t 9 almo/ c\ntless o!r ways4 ,9 ^! matt]s a text-book c give only g5]al & r vague in/ruction4 ,ea* argum5t mu/ be suit$ to ! p>ticul> case 9 h&4 ,!re are sev]al common errors 9 /ud5ts' "w1 h[ev]1 t %\ld always be avoid$ & t c def9itely be po9t$ out4 #a4 ,an argum5t %\ld n h an abrupt & j]ky end+4 ,x is n uncommon especially 9 class room debate1 to he> a /ud5t at ! close ( 8 discussion say1 ,?is is my pro(2 ,i leave ! decision to ! judges2 or ,?us y see ,i h e/abli%$ my proposition4 ,su* an end+ c 9 no way be call$ a conclusion or a p]oration4 #b4 ,a conclusion %\ld conta9 no new pro(4 ,violations ( ?is pr9ciple br& an argu] z c>eless1 & greatly weak5 8 argum5t4 ,pro( is mo/ conv9c+ :5 arrang$ 9 its prop] place & 9 its logical ord]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! purpose ( ! conclusion is to review ! po9ts t h already be5 e/abli%$4 ,if ! argu] =gets ?is fact & mixes pro( ) summ>y1 ! audi5ce is liable to become badly confus$ & n "k :at has be5 e/abli%$ & :at has n4 #c4 ,a conclusion %\ld n ref] to a po9t t has n already be5 e/abli%$4 ,a c>eless writ] or debat] w sometimes /ate t he has prov$ an argum5t :i* he has n previ\sly t\*$ ^u4 ,su* a proc$ure smacks ( trick]y or ignorance1 & is sure to be disa/r\s4 ,n only w ! audi5ce ?r[ out t p>ticul> po9t1 b !y w be highly prejudic$ aga9/ bo? ! argu] & 8 argum5t4 ,x is p]missible = "o to ma9ta9 t he has prov$ a po9t ev5 ?\gh ! pro( be some:at inadequate1 b = "o to ref] 9 8 conclusion to a po9t t he !n m5tions = ! fir/ "t is unp>donable4 #d4 ,a conclusion mu/ reaffirm ! proposition exactly z /at$ at ! beg9n+4 ,sometimes a writ]1 discov]+ at ! close ( 8 argum5t t he has n /uck to 8 subject b has prov$ some?+ diff]5t1 or at be/ has prov$ only a "p ( 8 subject1 /ates z 8 decision a totally diff]5t proposition f t ) :i* he />t$4 ,to illu/rate1 a /ud5t once attempt$ to argue on ! affirmative side ( ! proposition1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld discont9ue its protective t>iff policy2 b he gave z 8 conclud+ s5t5ce1 ,^! facts1 !n1 prove to y t our pres5t t>iff duties are too high4 ,?is la/ s5t5ce embodi$ ! real proposition :i* he _h discuss$1 & if he _h tak5 z 8 subject1 ,our pres5t t>iff duties are too high1 8 argum5t w\ld h be5 successful4 ,z x 01 8 failure to support ! proposition ) :i* he />t$ r5d]$ 8 :ole ef=t wor?less4 ,a conclusion t is weak] ?an ! proposition is commonly call$ a qualify+ conclusion4 ,:5 "o has fall5 into ?is error !re are two possible ways ( remov+ x3 "o is to *ange ! :ole argum5t s t ! conclusion w affirm ! tru? or falsity ( ! proposition2 ! o!r is to *ange ! proposition4 ,9 a debate1 ( c\rse1 or :5ev] a subject is assign$1 ! latt] me?od _c be foll[$4 ,z a f9al example ( :at a good p]oration %\ld be1 consid] ! foll[+ conclusion ( ,web/]'s spee*1 deliv]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 on ,! ,presid5tial ,veto ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank ,bill4 ,notice ! skillful int]weav+ ( conviction & p]suasion1 & rememb] 9 connection ) ! pr9ciple ( proportion t ?is is ! conclusion ( a spee* conta9+ ab\t #ad1jjj words4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 we h arriv$ at a new epo*4 ,we are ent]+ on exp]im5ts1 ) ! gov]nm5t & ! ,con/itution ( ! c\ntry1 hi!rto untri$1 & ( fe>ful & appall+ aspect4 ,?is message calls u to ! contemplation ( a future :i* little resembles ! pa/4 ,its pr9ciples are at w> ) all t public op9ion has su/a9$1 & all :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! gov]nm5t has sanction$4 ,x d5ies fir/ pr9ciples2 x contradicts tru?s1 hi!rto receiv$ z indisputable4 ,x d5ies to ! judici>y ! int]pretation ( law1 & claims to divide ) ,congress ! p[] ( orig9at+ /atutes4 ,x ext5ds ! grasp ( executive pret5sion ov] e p[] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,x pres5ts ! *ief magi/rate ( ! ,union 9 ! attitude ( argu+ away ! p[]s ( t gov]nm5t ov] :i* he has be5 *os5 to preside2 & adopt+ = ?is purpose modes ( reason+ :i*1 ev5 "u ! influ5ce ( all prop] feel+ t[>ds high (ficial /ation1 x is difficult to reg>d z respectable4 ,x appeals to e prejudice :i* may betray m5 into a mi/ak5 view ( _! own int]e/s1 & to e passion :i* may lead !m to disobey ! impulses ( _! und]/&+4 ,x urges all ! speci\s topics ( ,/ate rights & national encroa*m5t aga9/ t :i* a great majority ( ! ,/ates h affirm$ to be rightful1 & 9 :i* all ( !m h acquiesc$4 ,x s[s1 9 an unsp>+ mann]1 ! se$s ( jeal\sy & ill-w aga9/ t gov]nm5t ( :i* its au?or is ! (ficial head4 ,x raises a cry1 t lib]ty is 9 dang]1 at ! v mom5t :5 x puts =? claims to p[]s h]et(ore unkn[n & unhe>d (4 ,x affects al>m = ! public fre$om1 :5 no?+ endang]s t fre$om s mu* z its own unp>allel$ pret5ces4 ,?is1 ev51 is n all4 ,x manife/ly seeks to inflame ! poor aga9/ ! ri*2 x wantonly attacks :ole classes ( ! p1 = ! purpose ( turn+ aga9/ !m ! prejudices & ! res5tm5t ( o!r classes4 ,x is a /ate pap] :i* f9ds no topic too excit+ = its use1 no passion to inflammable = its address & its solicitation4 ,su* is ?is message4 ,x rema9s n[ = ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to *oose betwe5 ! pr9ciples "h av[$ & _! gov]nm5t4 ,^! _c subsi/ toge!r4 ,! "o or ! o!r mu/ be reject$4 ,if ! s5tim5ts ( ! message %all receive g5]al approbation1 ! ,con/itution w h p]i%$ ev5 e>li] ?an ! mom5t :i* its enemies orig9ally all[$ = ! t]m9ation ( its exi/5ce4 ,x w n h surviv$ to its fiftie? ye>4 ,footnote3 ,web/]'s ,great ,spee*es1 page #cch4 ,,app5dices4 ,,app5dix ,a ,a ,,writt5 ,,argum5t ,,& ,,its ,,brief4 ,,%\ld ,,immigration ,,be ,,re/rict$8 ,footnote3 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,may1 #ahig1 page #ebf4 ,,simon ,,gre5leaf ,,croswell ,dur+ rec5t ye>s !re has be5 a gr[+ int]e/ 9 plans = fur!r *eck+ or limit+ ! tide ( immigration ^: waves sweep 9 ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates almo/ daily 9 con/antly increas+ volume4 ,sev]al re/rictive measures are already 9 =ce3 paup]s1 idiots1 contract labor]s1 ! ,*9ese1 & sev]al o!r classes ( p are prohibit$ f ent]+ our ports4 ,! subject has be5 discuss$ 9 legislatures1 9 political meet+s1 f pulpits1 9 re=m clubs1 & among individuals on e h&4 ,! reason = ! int]e/ :i* ! subject n[ excites is easily f\nd 9 ! rec5t enorm\s increase ( immigration4 ,! problem divides itself at ! outset into two di/9ct que/ions3 ,fir/1 is x = ! advantage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t immigration be fur!r *eck$ or limit$8 ,second1 if s1 9 :at way %\ld ! *eck or limit be appli$8 ,x is evid5t t ^! que/ions cov] two di/9ct fields ( inquiry1 ! indu/rial & ! political4 ,nor c ! two fields be exam9$ simultane\sly1 = ! reasons1 if !re are any1 f a political po9t ( view1 :y immigration %\ld be limit$1 w\ld n apply to ! que/ions view$ on its indu/rial side1 & vice v]sa4 ,tak+ up fir/ ! indu/rial "q1 we may assume t ! entrance ( ! sw>ms ( immigrants into our c\ntry repres5ts ! introduction ( j s mu* labor+ p[] into ! c\ntry1 & we may also assume z a self-evid5t proposition t ! introduction ( labor+ p[] into an undevelop$ or p>tially develop$ c\ntry is advantage\s until ! po9t is rea*$ at :i* all ! labor]s :om ! c\ntry c support h be5 introduc$4 ,adam ,smi? says t labor is ! weal? ( nations4 ,if ?is is true1 ! labor] is ! direct & only prim>y means ( acquir+ weal?4 ,! facts ( ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry be> out ?is view4 ,beg9n+ ) ! cle>+ ( ! =e/s1 ! settlem5ts ( ! villages1 ! cultivation ( f>ms1 proce$+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! lumb] indu/ries1 ! cultivation ( va/ :eat & corn fields1 ! production ( cotton1 ! work+ ( ! coal & oil fields ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! developm5t ( ! m9+ di/ricts ( ! ,we/1 culm9at+ 9 ! v>i$ & ext5sive manufactures ( ! ,ea/]n & ,c5tral ,/ates1 ! labor] has be5 ! ,midas ^: t\* has turn$ all ?+s to gold4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a limitation to ! pr9ciple t ! introduction ( labor]s into a p>tially develop$ c\ntry is advantage\s4 ,a po9t is f9ally rea*$ :i* may be call$ ! saturation po9t ( ! c\ntry2 t is1 x has z _m inhabitants z x c supply ) reasonably good food & clo?+4 ,?is saturation po9t may be rea*$ _m times 9 ! hi/ory ( a c\ntry1 = ! ratio betwe5 ! food & clo?+ products & ! population is con/antly v>y+4 ,new modes ( cultivation1 & ! use ( ma*9]y1 z well z natural causes affect+ ! f]tility ( l&1 :i* are z yet obscure1 r5d] a c\ntry at "o "t capable ( support+ a mu* l>g] numb] ( inhabitants ?an at ano!r "t4 ,/ill1 !re is a broad & g5]al tru? t1 "t & place & k9d ( p be+ consid]$1 "s c\ntries are ov]-populat$1 & "s are "u- populat$4 ,we are accu/om$ to say t "s ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe are ov]-populat$1 & !re are among u "s :o are beg9n+ to say t ! ,unit$ ,/ates has rea*$ ! same po9t4 ,?is is f> f be+ ! case1 & a s+le glance at ! comp>ative av]age d5sity ( population ( ! pr9cipal ,european nations & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be suffici5t to drive ?is idea out ( any fair-m9d$ p]son's head4 ,! mo/ ?ickly settl$ c\ntry ( mod]n ,europe is ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* _h1 9 ! ye> #ahij1 ! v l>ge av]age ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty-n9e inhabitants p] squ>e mile ( t]ritory4 ,great ,brita9 came next1 ) ! almo/ equally l>ge av]age ( ?ree hundr$ & elev5 inhabitants p] squ>e mile ( t]ritory4 ,g]many _h two hundr$ & ?irty-f\r & ,france "o hundr$ & eighty-sev54 ,tak+ 9 = purposes ( comp>ison1 ?\gh n ( mu* =ce 9 ! argum5t1 ,*9a1 we f9d !re an av]age population ( two hundr$ & n9ety-five inhabitants p] squ>e mile ( t]ritory4 ,x is a "q ( "s difficulty to decide 9 any specific case :e!r a c\ntry has rea*$ ! po9t ( ov]-population4 ,we may admit t ,great ,brita91 ) its av]age ( ?ree hundr$ & elev5 inhabitants p] mile1 is ov]-populat$1 ?\gh ! conditions ( life d n seem to be :olly intol]able1 ev5 to ! l[e/ classes !re4 ,if ,great ,brita9 is ov]-populat$1 a =tiori are ! ,ne!rl&s1 & we may ev5 g s f> z to admit t ,g]many1 ) its av]age ( two hundr$ & ?irty-f\r inhabitants p] squ>e mile1 is ov]-populat$4 ,b :5 we come to ,france1 ) its "o hundr$ & eighty-sev5 inhabitants p] squ>e mile1 we may pause & see :at are ! conditions ( ! ,fr5* p4 ,s f> z x is possible to judge ( a p 9 ! lump1 x w\ld seem t ! population ( ,france is n excessive = ! area4 ,! l& hold+s are divid$ up into v small lots1 b are held by a great numb] ( p4 ,mack5zie1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 says t ne>ly two-?irds ( ! ,fr5* h\sehold]s are l&[n]s1 :ile only "o ,briti% h\sehold] 9 e f\r is an own] ( l&4 ,?is condition results p>tly f ! diff]5ce 9 ! sy/em ( inh]itance ( l& 9 ! two c\ntries1 b w\ld be impossible if ! c\ntry 7 ov]-populat$4 ,moreov]1 !re are five millions ( p 9 ,france ^: possessions 9 l& are "u six acres ea*4 ,tak+1 !n1 ! population ( ,france1 av]ag+ #ahg p] squ>e mile1 z be+ at lea/ n above ! normal rate ( population1 :at d we f9d 9 comp>+ x ) ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,we f9d ov] "h va/ tracts ( c\ntry1 am\nt+ to ne>ly "o- ?ird by actual measurem5t1 ( ! :ole area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & includ+ all ! ,/ates we/ ( ! ,miss\ri & ,mississippi valleys 7except a portion ( ,cali=nia71 hav+ a population ( less ?an six individuals p] squ>e mile4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! m]e /atem5t ( ?is fact 7 alone suffici5t to disprove any proposition :i* ass]ts t ! saturation po9t ( population has be5 rea*$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile t imm5se expanse ( c\ntry av]ages only six individuals to ! squ>e mile1 !re c be no reason = say+ t ?is c\ntry is ov]-populat$4 ,com+ n[ to ! m ?ickly settl$ portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we f9d a l>ge area spread out ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,/ates hav+ a population betwe5 sev5 & =ty-five individuals p] squ>e mile4 ,9 a v few ,/ates1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mi*igan1 ,ohio1 & ,indiana1 ! population ( ! :ole ,/ate av]ages ov] =ty-five & "u n9ety individuals p] squ>e mile1 & ! same av]age holds 9 p>ts ( ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,ill9ois1 ,k5tucky1 & isolat$ spots 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 a small t]ritory1 made up ( p>ts ( ,massa*usetts1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,new ,j]sey1 ! population av]ages ov] n9ety p] squ>e mile4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ^! av]ages ( population 9 v>i\s portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! highe/ ( :i* is ab\t n9ety individuals p] mile 7& t ov] v small portions ( ! area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 & ! av]age d5sities ( ! ,european c\ntries1 previ\sly exam9$1 %[s h[ v f> ! ,unit$ ,/ates is f complete population4 ,?is appe>s /ill m cle>ly :5 ! av]age population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates tak5 z a :ole1 is consid]$1 :i* is ! extraord9>y l[ figure ( tw5ty individuals p] squ>e mile ( t]ritory ,:at a /rik+ contra/6 ,c ! mo/ ard5t advocate ( ! ,mal?usian doctr9e claim t ! ,unit$ ,/ates already has too _m inhabitants1 or is 9 dang] ( hav+ too _m 9 ! imm$iate future8 ,d we n r ne$ to enc\rage immigration1 to fl+ wide op5 ! gates ( our c\ntry & secure z l>ge an addition to our work+ =ce z possible8 ,:5 we come to ! political aspect ( ! problem1 h[ev]1 a :olly diff]5t s]ies ( consid]ations pres5t !mselves4 ,! "q n[ is n h[ _m citiz5s1 b :at sort ( citiz5s4 ,! !ory ( our gov]nm5t is n limit$ to any numb] ( p4 ,x provides = expansion 9 ! numb] ( repres5tatives 9 ,congress 9 proportion to ! increase 9 population1 & increases ! numb] ( ,s5ators z new ,/ates are =m$ & add$ to ! ,union4 ,simil>ly ea* ,/ate gov]nm5t has ela/ic provisions :i* enable x to cov] a population ( #djj1jjj z well z a population ( #dj1jjj4 ,b ! "o critical te/ 9 det]m9+ :e!r or n our immigration %\ld be limit$ = political reasons is ! "* ( ! p :om we are admitt+ to ! privilege ( citiz5%ip 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ord] to inve/igate successfully ! political effect ( ! immigration1 x is necess>y1 at ! outset1 to divide x into its con/itu5t nationalities1 s t tak+ up ea* nationality 9 turn1 we may see :at fitness x has f its previ\s political tra9+ 9 its native c\ntry = und]tak+ ! duties ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! tide ( immigration into ^! con/itu5t p>ts af=ds "s int]e/+ in=mation :i* w be se5 to h a be>+1 9 sev]al directions1 on ! que/ions "u consid]ation 9 ?is article4 ,tak+ ! /ati/ics ( ! ye> #ahia z a typical ye> ( rec5t immigration1 ! tide ( immigration am\nt$ 9 r\nd numb]s to #ejj1jjj individuals4 ,! l>ge/ fe$] ( ?is enorm\s /ream came f ,g]many1 :i* s5t1 r\ghly speak+1 #ajj1jjj4 ,b a noticeable po9t ab\t ?is nationality is ! great decrease 9 ! numb] ( immigrants x has s5t u 9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhb ! total ,g]man immigration into ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt$ to no less ?an #bej1jjj1 b 9 #ahhc & #ahhd !re 0 a great decrease1 & s9ce !n ! av]age has rema9$ 9 ! neighborhood ( #ajj1jjj4 ,we %all see lat] t on ! o!r h&1 ! immigration f ! ,lat9 & ,slav nations ( ,europe1 p>ticul>ly ,italy1 ,pol&1 & ,au/ria1 %[s an enorm\s rate ( increase 9 ! same p]iod1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! absolute am\nts are mu* less ?an ^? ( ! ,g]man immigration4 ,! next l>ge/ fe$] to our /ream ( immigration 9 ! ye> #ahia1 ! typical ye> ( our exam9ation1 0 ,italy1 :i* contribut$ #gf1jjj immigrants to our population4 ,x is notewor?y to rem>k1 9 ?is connection1 t ,italy has m ?an d\bl$ h] annual rate ( contributions to our p 9 ! t5 ye>s "u consid]ation1 ! immigration f h] %ores 9 #ahhb be+ only #cb1jjj4 ,! next l>ge/ contributor is ,au/ria1 :i* 9 #ahia furni%$ #ga1jjj new memb]s ( our community4 ,au/ria1 too1 has d\bl$ h] rate ( contribution1 s5d+ u 9 #ahhb only #cb1jjj4 ,next come1 side by side1 9 _! (f]+s to our population1 ,engl& & ,irel&1 ea* ( :i* c\ntries s5ds u ab\t #ej1jjj new inhabitants ea* ye>1 & has cont9u$ to d s = ! la/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,russia1 exclusive ( ,pol&1 s5t #dg1jjj 9 #ahia1 ?is be+ ?ree times ! numb] :i* %e s5t 9 #ahhb1 a l>ge increase4 ,sw$5 came next ) #cf1jjj immigrants & t c\ntry %[s a woeful fall+-(f ( ne>ly "o-half 9 ! t5 ye>s "u consid]ation1 = 9 ! ye> #ahhb x s5t #fd1jjj4 ,pol& 9 #ahia s5t u #bg1jjj immigrants1 %[+ an enorm\s increase ( ne>ly sev5fold ov] its contribution ( #d1jjj 9 #ahhb4 ,scotl& & ,norway & ,d5m>k all s5d ab\t ! same numb]1 t is1 ab\t #ab1jjj ea*2 ,norway %[+ a dim9ution 9 ! decade end+ #ahia1 f #bi1jjj 9 #ahhb1 b ! o!r two rema9+ ab\t /ation>y4 ,switz]l& 9 #ahia s5t #f1jjj1 a dim9ution f #aj1jjj 9 #ahhb4 ,! ,ne!rl&s s5t #e1jjj 9 #ahia1 a decrease f #i1jjj 9 #ahhb4 ,france s5t #f1jjj & ,belgium #c1jjj1 ^! figures be+ ab\t ! same dur+ all ! ye>s cov]$ by our inve/igation4 ,i h left out ( acc\nt ! only o!r important factor 9 our immigration 9 ! t5 ye>s consid]$1 namely1 ,*9a1 because ! door 0 %ut 9 its face ) consid]able emphasis 9 #ahhc1 & ! immigration f ,*9a to ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 :i* 9 #ahhb am\nt$ to #dj1jjj fell 9 #ahhc to #h1jjj1 & 9 #ahhd to #bgi individuals1 & may1 !re=e1 be neglect$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,n[1 an exam9ation ( ! political in/itutions 9 ! c\ntries f :i* ^! immigrants come w\ld %[ t 9 almo/ no case1 t ( ,russia & ,pol& alone except$1 are ! elem5ts ( repres5tative gov]nm5t :olly unkn[n to ! common p4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! c\ntries1 "s =m ( popul> gov]nm5t has1 ei!r :olly or p>tially1 ga9$ a foot+1 ) ! inevitable result ( accu/om+ p m or less to repres5tative in/itutions4 ,yet ! %ort "t t ?is has be5 ! case 9 _m ( ! c\ntries :i* p\r half or ov] ( ! total flood ( immigration into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! long c5turies ( despotism :i* prec$$ ?is p>tial & rec5t enlight5m5t1 make x pa9fully evid5t t !re c be1 9 ! l>ge "p ( our immigrants1 little k ( ! republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 & little inh]it$ aptitude = su* gov]nm5t4 ,x w\ld at fir/ seem z if ! results ( su* immigration mu/ be disa/r\s to our c\ntry4 ,& yet ! situation is n s hopeless4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s1 or ev5 v complicat$1 ab\t republican in/itutions4 ,a little "t1 a little /udy1 a little exp]i5ce ) ! practical work+s ( elections1 is suffici5t to convey to any p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce z mu* famili>ity ) ^! matt]s z is necess>y = ! intellig5t appreciation ( _! objects & purposes4 ,nor is ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! prospective citiz5 is to be made :olly unfitt$ = its purpose4 ,to be sure1 ! ,lat9 races1 ! ,slavs1 ,hung>ians1 ,poles1 & o!rs h no inh]it$ aptitude1 nor if we may judge f ! hi/ory ( ! races1 any inh]5t capacity = self-gov]nm5t & free in/itutions1 b1 z ,i h be=e said1 9 almo/ e case !y h _h 9 _! own c\ntry a p>tial tra9+ 9 ! =ms ( repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,all t is ne$$ is to amalgamate ?is het]og5e\s mass1 to fuse its elem5ts 9 ! heat & gl[ ( our national life1 until1 =m$ 9 ! m\ld ( ev]yday exp]i5ce1 ea* "o %all possess ! *>act]i/ic features ( :at we believe to be ! highe/ type ( human developm5t :i* ! _w has se51 ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,! process ( acquir+ ,am]ican citiz5%ip is regulat$ by acts ( ,congress4 ,x is a simple process4 ,practically all t is requir$ is a cont9u\s resid5ce ( five ye>s 9 ! ,/ates1 & "o ye> 9 ! special ,/ate 9 :i* citiz5%ip is appli$ =1 & ! decl>ation ( int5tion to become a citiz5 may be made imm$iately ^u l&+4 ,?is la/ po9t w be se5 lat] to be v important4 ,citiz5%ip 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 "u ! act ( ,congress1 does n c>ry ) x ! "r to vote4 ,?is "r is entirely a matt] ( ,/ate regulation1 & ! ,con/itution or /atutes ( ea* ,/ate settle :o %all h ! "r to vote 9 its elections4 ,! und]ly+ idea ( ! :ole sy/em is univ]sal male suffrage1 & ! fran*ise is grant$ 7aft] a c]ta9 resid5ce1 :i* w be discuss$ lat]7 ) only c]ta9 g5]al limitations ( obvi\s utility1 su* z t ! vot] mu/ be tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 t he mu/ n be an idiot or insane1 & g5]ally1 t he mu/ n h be5 convict$ ( any felony or infam\s crime1 al?\gh 9 _m ,/ates a p>don1 or ! s]v+ ( a s5t5ce1 w re/ore a felon to 8 civil rights4 ,9 a few ( ! ,/ates paup]s are also exclud$ f vot+4 ,) ! "q ( woman suffrage we h no?+ to d1 z its settlem5t1 "o way or ! o!r1 does n affect ! subject we are discuss+4 ,! important qualification1 h[ev]1 9 relation to ! subjects :i* we are discuss+1 is t :i* requires resid5ce 9 ! ,/ate previ\s to ! ex]cise ( ! fran*ise4 ,& on ?is po9t ! ,/ates may be divid$ into two great classes4 ,"o class all[s no "o to vote :o is n1 "u ! laws ( ,congress1 a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ei!r native or naturaliz$4 ,z we h se5 t five ye>s' resid5ce is a requisite to ,unit$ ,/ates citiz5%ip1 ^! ,/ates1 !re=e1 require five ye>s' resid5ce z a pr]equisite to acquir+ ! "r to vote4 ,^! ,/ates are ,cali=nia1 ,connecticut1 ,georgia1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 ,k5tucky1 ,ma9e1 ,m>yl&1 ,massa*usetts1 ,mi*igan1 ,montana1 ,nevada1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 ,v]mont1 ,virg9ia1 & ,wa%+ton4 ,?is requirem5t is admirably calculat$ to secure t prelim9>y tra9+ 9 ! practical work+ ( our in/itutions :i* mu/ be necess>y to mo/ ( ! immigrants be=e !y c intellig5tly ex]cise ! rights :i* are conf]r$ ^u !m by ,am]ican citiz5%ip & we _c b admire ! sagacity & judici\sness ( ^? :o fram$ our naturalization laws 9 select+ ?is p]iod ( "t = ! pupilage ( ! int5d+ citiz54 ,! p]iod is long en\gh ev5 = "o :o is engross$ 9 ! c>es ( e>n+ a support = himself & 8 family1 amid all ! excitem5t & novelty ( a *ang$ resid5ce1 to acquire 9 ! five succe$+ annual elections a suffici5t k ( republican gov]nm5t = all practical purpose4 ,to delay him long] 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 political rights w\ld be an inju/ice2 to admit him to !m soon] w\ld be an imprud5ce4 ,!re are 9 a few ,/ates o!r qualifications requir$ ( a vot]4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! educational qualification1 :i* exi/s only 9 ,connecticut & ,massa*usetts4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! is x v sev]e4 ,9 ,connecticut ! vot] mu/ be able to read any article 9 ! ,/ate ,con/itution1 & any section ( ! /atutes4 ,9 ,massa*usetts he mu/ be able to read ! ,con/itution & to write 8 "n4 ,too mu* praise c h>dly be giv5 to ^! requirem5ts4 ,! :ole edifice ( our national life is f\nd$ ^u education1 & to ?is pot5t factor mu/ we look = _m ( ! improvem5ts necess>y to ! prop] developm5t ( our national life4 ,9 q a numb] ( ,/ates a pecuni>y qualification exi/s 9 ! %ape ( ! paym5t ( "s tax1 g5]ally a poll tax1 )9 two ye>s previ\s to ! date ( ! election4 ,?is requirem5t does n seem to be s g]mane to ! _s ( our in/itutions z ! o!r4 ,! great pres5t dang] ( our c\ntry is ! dang] ( becom+ a plutocracy1 & :ile !re is no d\bt t a widespread int]e/ 9 prop]ty develops /ability ( in/itutions1 yet !re is also great dang] ( capital obta9+ s firm & /rong a hold ^u political in/itutions z to cru% out ! life ( free gov]nm5t & to conv]t ! national gov]nm5t into a species ( close corporation1 9 :i* ! relative weal? ( ! p>ties alone controls4 ,?is qualification is f\nd 9 ,delaw>e1 ,florida1 ,georgia1 ,mississippi1 ,nevada1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,t5nessee1 & ,texas4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ) "s ?or\ghness ! compon5t p>ts ( ! tide ( immigration z x arrives at our %ores2 we h se5 :at nationalities g to make up ! gr& total & :at previ\s tra9+ !y h _h 9 ! political in/itutions ( _! native c\ntries to fit !m = ,am]ican citiz5%ip1 & :at additional requirem5ts are impos$ ^u !m by our /atutes be=e !y c p>ticipate 9 vot+ & gov]nm5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:at are ! conclusions to :i* ! view ( ^! facts br+s u8 ,!y seem to me to be ^!3 fir/1 t ! gr[? ( immigration is a desirable ?+ = ?is c\ntry f an indu/rial po9t ( view2 second1 t ! immigrants :o arrive at our %ores are = ! mo/ "p good mat]ial out ( :i* to make ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,apply+ ^! conclusions to ! que/ions :i* 7 /at$ at ! outset ( ?is article2 fir/1 is x = ! advantage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t immigration %\ld be *eck$ or limit$8 second1 if s1 9 :at way %\ld ! *eck or limit be appli$8 ! answ] w\ld be t no fur!r *eck or limit %\ld be appli$1 b t a *eck %\ld be plac$ ^u ! ex]cise ( ! fran*ise by immigrants 9 all ,/ates by requir+ a resid5ce ( five ye>s 9 ?is c\ntry be=e !y c vote1 & by also requir+ "s mod]ate educational te/4 ,) ^! safegu>ds e/abli%$ we might look )\t any s]i\s appreh5sion ^u ! increase ( our population4 ,! f\nd]s ( our /ate m\ld$ ! outl9es ( its =m 9 l>ge & noble l9es4 ,! skeleton has gr[n & clo!d itself ) fle% ) almo/ incr$ible rapidity 9 ! hundr$ ye>s ( its exi/5ce4 ,b x is /ill "y4 ,we %\ld avoid any measures :i* w\ld /unt or de=m its gr[? & %\ld all[ x to develop freely & g5]\sly till ! full-gr[n ,am]ican nation /&s =? pre-em95t among ! nations ( ! e>?1 9 size1 z well z 9 "* & organization1 & man's la/ exp]im5t 9 gov]nm5t is cle>ly se5 to be an unequivocal success4 ,,argum5t ,,& ,,brief ,,%\ld ,,immigration ,,be ,,re/rict$8 ,,negative ,,brief4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,! enorm\s increase 9 immigration gives rise to a gr[+ int]e/ 9 "s plan = fur!r limit+ ! numb] ( immigrants com+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a4 ,paup]s1 idiots1 contract labor]s1 ! ,*9ese1 & sev]al o!r classes ( p are already exclud$4 ,b4 ,! subject has be5 discuss$ 9 legislatures1 9 political meet+s1 f pulpits1 9 re=m clubs1 & among individuals4 ,,ii4 ,! problem divides itself into two di/9ct que/ions3-- ,a4 ,is x = ! advantage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t immigration be fur!r *eck$ or limit$8 ,b4 ,if s1 9 :at way %\ld ! *eck or limit be appli$8 ,,iii4 ,^! que/ions mu/ be consid]$1 fir/1 f ! indu/rial po9t ( view2 &1 secondly1 f ! political po9t ( view4 ,,discussion4 ,immigration %\ld n be fur!r re/rict$1 = ,i4 ,f an indu/rial po9t ( view1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne$s immigrants1 = ,a4 ,)\t "q1 immigrants repres5t labor+ p[]4 ,b4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ne$s m labor+ p[]1 = #a4 ,admitt$ly1 ! introduction ( labor+ p[] into an undevelop$ or p>tially develop$ c\ntry is advantage\s up to ! saturation po9t4 a4 ,adam ,smi? says t labor is ! weal? ( nations4 b4 ,! hi/ory ( ,am]ica has borne out ?is /atem5t1 = #a'4 ,! labor] has turn$ ! =e/s1 fields1 & m9es into weal?4 #b4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is /ill "u-populat$1 = a4 ,!re is a small] population to ! squ>e mile ?an 9 _m ,european c\ntries1 = #a'4 ,9 #ahij ! ,ne!rl&s _h ! av]age ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty-n9e inhabitants to ! squ>e mile #b'4 ,great ,brita9 _h ! av]age ( ?ree hundr$ & elev54 #c'4 ,g]many _h two hundr$ & ?irty-f\r4 #d'4 ,france _h "o hundr$ & eighty-sev54 #e'4 ,9 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! :ole area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! av]age is less ?an six4 #f'4 ,9 c]ta9 m ?ickly settl$ portions ! av]age is f sev5 to =ty-five4 #g'4 ,9 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mi*igan1 ,ohio1 & ,indiana1 ! av]age is f =ty-five to n9ety4 #h'4 ,9 a small t]ritory made up ( p>ts ( ,massa*usetts1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,new ,j]sey1 ! av]age is ov] n9ety4 #i'4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole1 ! av]age is tw5ty4 ,,ii4 ,f a political po9t ( view1 ! immigrants :o are arriv+ at our %ores make good citiz5s1 = ,a4 ,_! previ\s political tra9+ has be5 su* z to r5d] !m capable ( le>n+ h[ to p]=m ! duties ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip1 = #a4 ,( ! #ejj1jjj immigrants t arriv$ 9 #ahia1 ,g]many s5t approximately #ajj1jjj4 #b4 ,italy s5t #gf1jjj4 #c4 ,au/ria s5t #gh1jjj4 #d4 ,engl& & ,irel& s5t #ej1jjj ea*4 #e4 ,russia1 exclusive ( ,pol&1 s5t #dg1jjj4 #f4 ,sw$5 s5t #cf1jjj4 #g4 ,pol& s5t #bg1jjj4 #h4 ,scotl&1 ,norway1 & ,d5m>k s5t #ab1jjj ea*4 #i4 ,switz]l& s5t #f1jjj4 #aj4 ,! ,ne!rl&s s5t #e1jjj4 #aa4 ,france s5t #f1jjj4 #ab4 ,belgium s5t #c1jjj4 #ac4 ,except 9 ,russia & ,pol&1 ! elem5ts ( repres5tative gov]nm5t are n :olly unkn[n to ^! p1 = a4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! c\ntries "s =m ( popul> gov]nm5t has ei!r :olly or p>tially ga9$ a foot+4 ,b4 ,! duties ( ! ,am]ican citiz5 are n h>d to le>n1 = #a4 ,republican in/itutions are n v complicat$4 ,c4 ,! political ignorance ( ! immigrant c be rem$i$1 = #a4 ,be=e ext5d+ immigrants ! fran*ise1 ,/ates c insi/ on requirem5ts t w secure "s prelim9>y tra9+ 9 free political in/itutions1 s9ce a4 ,! "r to vote is entirely a matt] ( ,/ate regulation1 = #a'4 ,citiz5%ip1 :i* is regulat$ by ,congress1 does n c>ry ) x ! fran*ise4 b4 ,already tw5ty-two ,/ates all[ no "o to vote :o has n be5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at lea/ five ye>s4 c4 ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut h an educational te/4 d4 ,eight ,/ates insi/ on a pecuni>y qualification4 ,,conclusion4 ,! foll[+ po9ts h be5 prov$3-- ,i4 ,! gr[? ( immigration is a desirable ?+ = ?is c\ntry f an indu/rial po9t ( view4 ,,ii4 ,! immigrants :o arrive at our %ores are = ! mo/ "p good mat]ial out ( :i* to make ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,!re=e1 no fur!r *eck or limit %\ld be appli$ to immigration4 ,,app5dix ,b ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,propositions4 #a4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates army %\ld be greatly enl>g$4 #b4 ,japan 0 ju/ifi$ 9 wag+ w> aga9/ ,russia4 #c4 ,a =mal alliance betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 = ! protection & advancem5t ( _! common int]e/s w\ld be exp$i5t4 #d4 ,milit>y tactics %\ld be taught 9 ! public s*ools4 #e4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates navy %\ld be greatly enl>g$4 #f4 ,! aggressions ( ,engl& 9 ,s\? ,africa are ju/ifiable4 #g4 ,! nations ( ,europe %\ld comb9e to br+ ab\t dra/ic re=ms 9 ! ,congo ,free ,/ate4 #h4 ,irel& %\ld be grant$ home rule4 #i4 ,japanese control w promote ! political & economic int]e/s ( ,corea m ?an w\ld ,russian control4 #aj4 ,arm$ int]v5tion on ! "p ( any nation to collect private claims aga9/ any o!r nation is n ju/ifiable4 #aa4 ,! annexation ( ,canada by treaty ) ,great ,brita9 w\ld be economically advantage\s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ab4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld e/abli% comm]cial reciprocity ) ,canada4 #ac4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld ma9ta9 a sy/em ( subsidies = ! protection ( ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e4 #ad4 ,congress %\ld h decid$ 9 favor ( a sea-level canal at ,panama4 #ae4 ,woman suffrage %\ld be adopt$ by an am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution4 #af4 ,! practice ( reliev+ f9ancial /r+5cy by tempor>y deposits ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury funds 9 select$ banks %\ld be discont9u$4 #ag4 ,labor unions are detrim5tal to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! work+man4 #ah4 ,free trade %\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 #ai4 ,/ate bo>ds ( arbitration1 ) compulsory p[]s1 %\ld be appo9t$ to settle disputes betwe5 employ]s & employees4 #bj4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld discont9ue ! protective t>iff policy4 #ba4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld own & op]ate ! int]/ate railroads )9 its bord]s4 #bb4 ,railroad pool+ %\ld be legaliz$4 #bc4 ,! tax on ! issues ( /ate banks %\ld be repeal$4 #bd4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld adopt "o-c5t po/age4 #be4 ,am]ican municipalities %\ld own & op]ate _! /reet-c> sy/ems4 #bf4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be elect$ = a t]m ( six ye>s & be ineligible = re-election4 #bg4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be elect$ by popul> vote4 #bh4 ,ex-,presid5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be ,s5ators-at-l>ge = life4 #bi4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ators %\ld be elect$ by popul> vote4 #cj4 ,! p[]s ( ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %\ld be re/rict$4 #ca4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld in/itute a sy/em ( responsible cab9et gov]nm5t4 #cb4 ,judges %\ld be elect$ by direct vote ( ! p4 #cc4 ,all cities 9 ! ,/ate ( ----1 hav+ at lea/ t5 ?\s& inhabitants %\ld adopt ! ,des ,mo9es plan ( gov]nm5t4 #cd4 ,! "r ( suffrage %\ld be limit$ by an educational te/4 #ce4 ,! ,/ate ( ---- %\ld adopt ! initiative & ref]5dum sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 #cf4 ,congress %\ld repeal ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t4 #cg4 ,memb]s ( ,/ate legislatures %\ld be =bidd5 by law to accept free passes on any railroads4 #ch4 ,corporations engag$ 9 int]/ate comm]ce %\ld be requir$ to take out a ,f$]al lic5se4 #ci4 ,wom5 :o pay taxes %\ld be p]mitt$ to vote at municipal elections4 #dj4 ,! annexation ( ,cuba to ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be = ! be/ int]e/s ( ,cuba4 #da4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld grant full citiz5%ip to ! p ( ,porto ,rico4 #db4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld e/abli% an old age-p5sion sy/em simil> to ! "o 9 op]ation 9 ,g]many4 #dc4 ,political union ) ,cuba w\ld be = ! advantage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #dd4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld p]man5tly reta9 ! ,philipp9es4 #de4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %\ld elect its /&+ committees4 #df4 ,! :ite citiz5s ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates are ju/ifi$ 9 ma9ta9+ _! political supremacy4 #dg4 ,congress %\ld prohibit corporate contributions to political campaign funds4 #dh4 ,! pres5t p[]s ( c\rts to grant injunctions %\ld be curtail$4 #di4 ,9 all crim9al cases ?ree-f\r?s ( a jury %\ld be compet5t to r5d] a v]dict4 #ej4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t is treat+ ! ,indians unju/ly4 #ea4 ,capital puni%m5t %\ld be aboli%$4 #eb4 ,education %\ld be compulsory to ! age ( sixte54 #ec4 ,! fully elective sy/em ( /udies %\ld be introduc$ into all colleges4 #ed4 ,college /ud5ts receiv+ an av]age daily grade ( eighty-five p] c5t1 9 a subject %\ld be excus$ f f9al exam9ation 9 t subject4 #ee4 ,class ru%es %\ld be aboli%$ at ---- ,college4 #ef4 ,haz+ %\ld be aboli%$ at all colleges4 #eg4 ,fre%m5 %\ld be deb>r$ f int]collegiate a?letic conte/s4 #eh4 ,a?letics1 z conduct$ at pres5t1 are detrim5tal to ---- ,college4 #ei4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld ma9ta9 a college = ! education ( m5 = ! diplomatic & consul> s]vice4 #fj4 ,a l>ge city af=ds a bett] location = a college ?an does ! c\ntry4 #fa4 ,! honor sy/em %\ld prevail at ---- ,college4 #fb4 ,am]ican univ]sities %\ld admit wom5 on equal t]ms ) m54 #fc4 ,am]ican colleges %\ld admit /ud5ts only on exam9ation4 #fd4 ,am]ican colleges %\ld conf] ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,arts 9 ?ree ye>s4 #fe4 ,public s*ools %\ld n furni% free textbooks4 #ff4 ,secret societies %\ld n exi/ 9 public high s*ools4 #fg4 ,! education ( ! ,am]ican negro %\ld be indu/rial r ?an lib]al4 #fh4 ,= ! av]age /ud5t1 ! small college is pref]able to ! l>ge college4 #fi4 ,am]ican colleges %\ld adopt ! recomm5dations ( ! ,simplifi$ ,spell+ ,bo>d4 #gj4 ,= ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! type ( ! ,g]man univ]sity is pref]able to ! type ( ! ,am]ican univ]sity4 #ga4 ,frat]nities are undesirable 9 colleges4 #gb4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army cante5 %\ld be re/or$4 #gc4 ,!re %\ld be national laws gov]n+ m>riage & divorce4 #gd4 ,high ,lic5se is pref]able to ,prohibition4 #ge4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld take action to prev5t *ildr5 "u ! age ( f\rte5 f work+ 9 m9es & factories4 #gf4 ,! elim9ation ( private pr(its (f]s ! be/ solution ( ! liquor problem4 #gg4 ,employ]s are ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ recognition to labor unions4 #gh4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld grant p]man5t copyright4 #gi4 ,! ,*9ese %\ld be exclud$ f ! ,philipp9es4 #hj4 ,/ates %\ld prohibit vivisection involv+ great pa94 #ha4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld e/abli% a p>cels po/4 #hb4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld e/abli% a po/al sav+s bank4 #hc4 ,! veto p[] ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords %\ld be annull$4 #hd4 ,abdul ,hamid 0 unju/ly depos$4 #he4 ,! pres5t laws relat+ to ,*9ese immigration %\ld be am5d$ to include ! ,japanese4 #hf4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld admit ! ,*9ese on equal t]ms ) o!r immigrants4 #hg4 ,fur!r c5tralization 9 ! p[] ( ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t is contr>y to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #hh4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy ( gov]nm5t cons]vation ( natural res\rces is contr>y to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #hi4 ,comm]cial reciprocity betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,brazil w\ld b5efit ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ij4 ,at pres5t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld ma9ta9 no navy y>d on ! ,gulf ,coa/4 #ia4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld admit all raw mat]ials free ( duty4 #ib4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld admit sug> free ( duty4 #ic4 ,! date ( ! ,presid5tial inauguration %\ld be *ang$4 #id4 ,po/ma/]s %\ld be elect$ by popul> vote4 #ie4 ,all cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld e/abli% & en=ce a curfew law4 #if4 ,! ?ree t]m sy/em is pref]able to ! seme/] sy/em at ---- ,college4 #ig4 ,! products ( prison labor %\ld n be all[$ to compete 9 ! op5 m>ket4 #ih4 ,new ,york ,city %\ld e/abli% a dramatic c5sor%ip4 #ii4 ,convicts %\ld n be f>m$ out to private contractors4 #ajj4 ,! ,/ate ( ---- %\ld e/abli% a prop]ty qualification = vot+4