,,on ,,! ,,cov] ,,pages ,a =g]y ( a ,greek bronze /atuette 7,,back ,,cov]71 & a g5u9e example 7,,front ,,cov]74 ,su* 8type0 =g]ies are exceptionally difficult to detect4 ,probably made = ! t\ri/ trade4 ,retail ,price #a4jj ,,=g]s & ,,=g]ies ,,by ,w4 ,g4 ,con/able ,,curator ,,( ,,pa9t+s ,,museum ,,( ,,f9e ,,arts1 ,,bo/on ,,art ,,treasures ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,toronto ,,art ,,treasures ,,( ,,! ,,_w #ajj ,,six? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york #ac1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,9 ,,canada3 #aahd ,,ca/lefield ,,av5ue ,,toronto #aj1 ,,ont>io ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,at#ad ,w ,copyright #aied by ,h>ry ,n4 ,abrams1 ,incorporat$4 ,copyright 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & =eign c\ntries "u ,int]national ,copyright ,conv5tion4 ,all rights res]v$ "u ,pan-,am]ican ,conv5tion4 ,no "p ( ! cont5ts ( ?is book may be reproduc$ )\t ! writt5 p]mission ( ,h>ry ,n4 ,abrams1 ,incorporat$4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4,s4,a4 ,! usual idea ( a =g]y is ( some?+ delib]ately fabricat$ to appe> to be :at x is n2 some?+ conceiv$ 9 s91 & c>ry+ ! ta9t ( illegitimacy ?r\gh\t its exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 _m ?+s made = q innoc5t & ev5 laudable purposes h be5 us$ to deceive & to defraud1 by means ( misrepres5tation or subsequ5t manipulation4 ,s ! ess5tial elem5t 9 =g]y lies 9 ! way an object is pres5t$1 r ?an 9 ! purpose t inspir$ its mak+4 ,/ill1 x is objects made to deceive :i* h always held ! c5t] ( ! /age4 ,)\t d\bt1 ! ma9 motive = _! manufacture is to make money4 ,b (t5 !re is an elem5t ( drama1 ev5 ( romance1 9 ! way !y come into exi/5ce4 ,a fam\s example is a ,sleep+ ,cupid :i* ! "y ,mi*elangelo is suppos$ h c>v$ 9 imitation ( ! "w ( classical antiquity & :i*1 aft] be+ buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 0 b\ght by a deal] & sold z an antique1 be+ rat$ z su* until its true orig9 0 reveal$4 ,?\gh ! elem5t ( deceit 0 pres5t f ! beg9n+1 ! prim>y purpose ( ! "w 0 a *all5ge to ! pa/2 & x is significant t ,mi*elangelo's e>ly biograph]s c\nt$ ! success ( ! imposition to 8 cr$it1 s9ce x prov$ t he c\ld successfully rival ! sculptors ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,su* *all5ges to ! pa/ h und\bt$ly inspir$ m5 :o 7 or ultimately became pr(essional =g]s4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! case ) ,giovanni ,ba/ian9i 7#ahcj-ahfh71 ! ,italian sculptor4 ,8 admiration = e>ly ,r5aissance ,italian sculpture br$ 9 him a _s ( rivalry :i* issu$ 9 ! production ( rem>kable imitations to be exploit$ z orig9als ?r\gh collaboration ) a deal]4 ,alceo ,doss5a 7#ahgh-aicg7 also seems to h want$ to prove himself ! equal ( e>li] sculptors1 ?\gh lat] he kn[+ly emb>k$ on ! mak+ ( =g]ies ( m$ieval & ,r5aissance ,italian sculpture1 skillful en\gh to be pur*as$ z orig9als by v>i\s museums4 ,! case = consci\s rivalry ) ! pa/ is cle>] ) ,r\*omovski1 ! n9ete5?-c5tury goldsmi?1 ^: abilities1 ?\gh suffici5t to give him a reputation 9 8 own "r1 l$ him to make ! fam\s ti>a ( ,saitaph]nes1 :i* 0 pur*as$ by ! ,l\vre z ,greco-,scy?ian "w ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,) o!r =g]s1 h[ev]1 desire to conf\nd connoisseurs & ! le>n$ _w has be5 upp]mo/1 g5]ally br$ by neglect or adv]se criticism4 ,s x seems to h be5 ) ,?omas ,*att]ton & 8 eighte5?-c5tury imitations ( m$ieval poems2 p]haps x op]at$ 9 ! case ( ,t4 ,j4 ,wise & 8 =g]ies ( n9ete5?-c5tury pamphlets2 & app>5tly ,i4 ,f4 ,ioni1 ! ,si5ese pa9t] & re/or]1 well-kn[n = 8 =g]ies ( ,italian primitive pa9t+s1 d]iv$ at lea/ z mu* satisfaction f try+ to take 9 em95t au?orities z f ! money he made4 ,c]ta9ly su* motives inspir$ ,h4 ,a4 ,van ,meeg]51 ! mo/ fam\s =g] ( our "t4 ,van ,meeg]51 a dext]\s pa9t]1 skillful 9 imitat+ o!rs1 did n receive ! recognition to :i* he felt 8 gifts entitl$ him1 & turn$ 8 tal5ts to =g+ ! great ,dut* ma/]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 #aicg he a*iev$ spectacul> success ) 8 sale to ! ,rott]dam museum = #bjj1jjj ( 8 ,disciples at ,emmaus1 z an e>ly "w by ,jan ,v]me]4 ,a vivid light is ?r[n on 8 motives by a rem>k he made 9 #aidg aft] 8 arre/ & trial3 8,! ,disciples repres5t$ ! ma/]-/roke 9 my plan = v5geance40 ,lat]1 ! desire to fill 8 pockets seems to h become p>am\nt4 ,a simil> case may be t ( ! ,piltd[n skull1 once ?\ght to be ! e>lie/ surviv+ relic ( prehi/oric man4 ,rec5t int5sive exam9ation has prov$ t ?\gh ! cranium is ( respectable antiquity1 ! l[] jaw is t ( a *impanzee doctor$ to appe> anci5t2 & !re is "s reason to ?9k t x 0 made & plant$ ne> :]e ! cranium 0 f\nd1 by a disgruntl$ museum te*nician :o wi%$ to prove t he c\ld fool ! le>n$ _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,left3 ,a =g]y by ,giovanni ,ba/ian9i1 "p copy & "p /yle imitation4 ,,"r3 ,a fragm5t ( an orig9al relief by ,desid]io da ,settignano on :i* ! =g]y 0 bas$4 ,b :atev] mixture ( motives may g into mak+ a =g]y1 ! pr$om9ant "o is almo/ always f9ancial ga94 ,x foll[s t :at ! =g] makes is ma9ly det]m9$ by ! m>ket = 8 goods1 :i* 9 turn dep5ds on curr5t activity among collectors & 9 ! le>n$ _w4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 fanta/ic curiosities & sa9tly relics 7 mu* 9 dem&1 & =g]s saw to x t ! supply 0 kept up4 ,lat]1 ! gr[? ( sci5tific k & religi\s skepticism spoil$ ?is m>ket2 :ile recognition ( ! arti/ z an individual & ! developm5t ( art collections /imulat$ production ( =g]ies imitat+ ! "w ( p>ticul> arti/s or ( p>ticul> epo*s4 ,^! h s9ce be5 ! /aple ( ! =g]'s trade1 reflect+ ! ta/es ( ! day4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury collectors' passion = classical antiquity help$ to su/a9 9 ,rome a fl\ri%+ indu/ry = ! supply ( classical /atues & gems1 ) ,?omas ,j5k9s1 pa9t]1 art ag5t1 & bank] z "o ( its lead+ figures2 ,engli% ,reg5cy ta/e produc$ a f9e crop ( imitations ( ,svres & ,meiss5 porcela91 made bo? 9 ,engl& & else:]e2 ! ,go?ic revival1 br++ 9 its tra9 a new en?usiasm = ,italian primitives1 creat$ hi!rto neglect$ opportunities = ! =g]1 :o ma9ta9$ an active sidel9e 9 keep+ up ! supply ( ,palissy w>e & ,italian majolica1 until ! ta/e ( ! ae/hetic p]iod turn$ 8 att5tion to ,delft w>e2 & 9 our own "t we h se5 ! =g] sw+ f fabricat+ ,famille ,rose & ,famille ,v]te to meet+ tw5tie?-c5tury dem&s = ! art ( ! ,t'ang1 ,sung1 & e>li] ,*9ese dyna/ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,above3 ,an example ( a fl\ri%+ n9ete5?-c5tury indu/ry3 a =g]y ( a f\rte5?-c5tury ,italian dipty*1 ) 7,,bel[7 a g5u9e example = comp>ison4 ,! crackle & facial types indicate ! =g]y4 ,illu/ration3 7g5u9e example7 ,j z he responds to *anges 9 ta/e or 9 le>n$ activity1 s ! =g] foll[s 9 ! foot/eps ( ! t\ri/1 = :om he has provid$ fl9t implem5ts to be discov]$ 9 prehi/oric sites2 ,greek & ,roman co9s1 gems1 & /atuettes at appropriate places 9 ,italy1 ,greece1 & ,asia ,m9or2 sc>abs & small sculpture 9 ,egypt2 & today1 pott]y & figur9es 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,nor does ! =g] conf9e 8 att5tions to ! art ( ! pa/1 b ext5ds !m to contempor>y "w4 ,con/able & ,corot 7 imitat$ :ile !y 7 /ill liv+2 =g]ies ( ,r5oir1 ,degas1 ,picasso1 ,matisse1 & o!rs are common today2 :ile1 among ,am]icans1 ,w9sl[ ,hom] & ,ryd] fabrications circulate freely4 ,arti/s are apt to be =getful z to :at !y h produc$1 especially 9 ! case ( sket*es1 & h be5 kn[n to d5y au?or%ip ( p]fectly g5u9e "w2 s t risks ( confrontation are n too great4 ,) a contempor>y arti/ rec5tly dead1 8 "w n yet fully kn[n or catalogu$1 a vogue = collect+ him fann$ by a skillful entrepr5eur1 prices n s high z to provoke critical exam9ation1 & ) n too _m g5u9e examples accessible = comp>ison1 ! =g] is 9 velvet4 ,! two ma9 me?ods ( mak+ =g]ies1 manufacture & misrepres5tation1 are 9 practice (t5 comb9$2 b x is conv5i5t to discuss !m sep>ately4 ,! simple/ type ( manufactur$ =g]y is ! /raight copy1 al?\gh ?is has consid]able disadvantages4 ,9 addition to ! necessity ( *oos+ ! "r mat]ials1 imitat+ ! "r te*nique1 & giv+ a prop] appe>ance ( age1 ! risks ( confrontation ) ! orig9al are great 9 ^! days ( sy/ematic comb+ ( collections1 aid$ by swift & easy travel1 by photography & widespread publication4 ,sometimes1 ! =g] attempts to meet ?is risk ( confrontation by introduc+ v>iations into a design1 s t ! =g]y may pass z a v]sion ( ! orig9al4 ,b ev5 s1 comp>ison ( ! two is almo/ inevitable1 ) ! almo/ equally inevitable exposure ( any defects 9 ! copy4 ,x is ?is risk t makes =g]s pref] to copy objects t are types r ?an ^? /amp$ ) ! individuality ( "s p>ticul> ma/]4 ,! /rictly controll$ design & iconography ( mu* ,byzant9e pa9t+1 & its /&>diz$ te*nique1 enc\rages mod]n repetition2 & ! putt+ ( "o m copy on ! m>ket is n 9 itself likely to ar\se suspicion4 ,simil>ly1 ! fact t eighte5?-c5tury ,*9ese pott]s paid homage to ^? ( e>li] dyna/ies by mak+ mo/ admirable copies ( _! "w1 confuses ! situation 9 favor ( ! =g]4 ,ano!r advantage 7to ! =g]7 ( su* objects is t _m ( !m c be reproduc$ by ca/+4 ,) "s k ( ! mat]ials us$ = ! orig9als & "s skill 9 giv+ an appe>ance ( age1 su* ?+s z ,*9ese grave figures1 ,greek or ,ne> ,ea/]n bronzes1 & co9s c be produc$ 9 quantity4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 v>iation 9 ! mat]ial ( ! ca/ is an aid to deception2 z 9 ! case ( ,r5aissance bas-reliefs1 :5 a ca/ 9 wax or /ucco may1 aft] "s manipulation1 be pass$ (f z a sket* = a m>ble orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,above3 ,a =g]y ( ,v]me] by ,van ,meeg]51 purport+ to be an e>ly "w ( ! arti/1 pur*as$ z an orig9al1 comp>$ ) 7,,bel[7 ! e>lie/ kn[n pa9t+ sign$ by ,v]me]4 ,illu/ration3 7g5u9e example7 ,m common ?an /raight copies ( p>ticul> objects1 h[ev]1 are imitations ( ! /yle ( "s p]iod or ma/]4 ,?is avoids ! risk ( comp>ison ) a m or less id5tical orig9al1 & helps 9 pass+ (f ! =g]y z an unkn[n example ( ! /yle x imitates4 ,x 0 on ?is basis t ,ba/ian9i1 ,r\*omovski1 & ,doss5a work$1 z did ! ,g]man pa9t] ,ro]i* 9 8 imitations ( ,crana* & o!r e>ly ,g]man ma/]s4 ,usually su* imitations ( a /yle d n embody a new conception or an orig9al idea2 = ! mo/ "p !y consi/ ( borr[+s f orig9al works1 piec$ toge!r to make a m or less consi/5t :ole4 ,(t51 ^! borr[+s are secondh&1 be+ tak5 f photographs1 engrav+s1 or reproductions 9 books4 ,a specific case 0 ! use ( ,weiss]'s ,bild]atlas zur ,weltges*i*te 7#ahhb7 by ,r\*omovski = ! reliefs on ! ti>a ( ,saitaph>nes4 ,! use ( su* models is1 h[ev]1 ! ,a*illes' heel ( ! =g]4 ,once _! s\rce is track$ d[n1 detection ( ! impo/ure is almo/ c]ta94 ,illu/ration3 ,a =g]y ( f\rte5?-c5tury ,italian wood sculpture by ,doss5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,x-ray reveal$ mod]n nails 9 ! int]ior4 ,t1 p]haps1 is :y =g]s h on occasion virtually ab&on$ ! use ( models1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 & produc$ objects diff]5t f any?+ t is kn[n1 b :i* c\ld fit into "s p>ticul> hi/orical or cultural backgr\nd4 ,"h1 !y are exploit+ n only ignorant en?usiasm b ! desire among ! le>n$ to ext5d k ( little-kn[n epo*s ( human hi/ory1 or to f9d mat]ial t w ju/ify !ories ab\t !m4 ,comp>atively crude examples are ! s-call$ ,baphomets1 /one figures said to h be5 wor%ipp$ by ! ,knights ,templ>2 & ! 8m$ieval0 pilgrim's badges made 9 n9ete5?-c5tury ,london by ,william ,smi? & ,*>les ,eaton1 n[ widely kn[n z 8,billies & ,*>lies40 ,! appeal ( ! unkn[n 0 m skillfully utiliz$ by ,r\*omovski & ,van ,meeg]54 ,9 ! ti>a ( ,saitaph>nes1 exi/+ models _h be5 us$1 ?r\gh reproductions1 = ! reliefs & inscriptions2 b z a :ole1 ! ti>a 0 some?+ ( a k9d unkn[n1 yet eag]ly s\ght =1 & s 0 m readily accept$ :5 x came into ! m>ket4 ,simil>ly1 unkn[n e>ly works ( ,v]me] _h long be5 a matt] ( speculation among art hi/orians1 & 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s a hypo!tical "* = !m _h be5 built up2 s t :5 ,! ,disciples at ,emmaus appe>$ & m or less fitt$ ! bill1 x 0 all ! m easy to believe 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,a =g]y ( ,egyptian lime/one sculpture 7,,"r7 comp>$ ) a g5u9e example ( ! type 7,,left74 ,! =g]y 0 prov$ s by analyz+ ! b9d+ mat]ial ( ! color4 ,s f>1 ! =g]ies discuss$ h be5 sub/antially new con/ructions4 ,?is is to be expect$ :5 ! motives ( *all5ge to ! pa/ or self-v9dication are at "w2 usually1 h[ev]1 ! =g] pref]s to use a g5u9e piece1 :olly or 9 "p1 z a />t+ po9t = 8 op]ations4 ,?is has none ( ! disadvantages ( a copy2 x avoids "s ( ! difficulties ( f9d+ suitable mat]ials2 & x provides a patt]n = su* ?+s z color1 texture1 & surface condition1 9 any *anges or additions t ! =g] may make4 ,"o possibility is to con/ruct a =g]y ) ! aid ( g5u9e fragm5ts1 or on ! basis ( a damag$ orig9al4 ,joseph ,nollek5s1 ! eighte5?-c5tury ,engli% sculptor1 :o work$ ) ,?omas ,j5k9s 9 ,rome1 himself tells ( mak+ ext5sive additions to pieces ( ,roman sculpture f\nd z ! result ( excavation1 :i* 9 due c\rse w5t into fam\s collections 9 ,engl&4 ,simil>ly1 ,doss5a sometimes us$ fragm5ts ( g5u9e quattroc5to "w 9 8 =g]ies4 ,?is1 too1 0 ! me?od favor$ by ,ioni = mak+ 8 e>ly ,italian pa9t+s4 ,"o great conv5i5ce ( su* proc$ures 7= ! =g]7 is t if suspicion is ar\s$ & inve/igation made1 x c always be alleg$ t ! add$ "w is m]ely hone/ re/oration4 ,inde$1 ! l9e betwe5 re/oration & =g]y sometimes becomes blurr$4 ,occasionally !re appe>s 9 ! art m>ket a graft ( a piece ( "o orig9al onto ano!r2 its sell]s w\ld be consum$ ) indignation 7 x sugge/$ t !y _h h&l$ a =g]y4 ,! exploitation ( g5u9e "w1 h[ev]1 (t5 takes mu* simpl] =ms ?an t describ$ above4 ,! signature ( a ma/] may be add$ to a s*ool piece1 or to any?+ t be>s "s sup]ficial resemblances to 8 "w2 sometimes1 inde$1 ! addition is to a "w by ! ma/] himself1 to conv9ce ! d\bt+ & to increase its sale value4 ,n infrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 !re is pres5t an inconv5i5t signature ( ! real au?or1 :i* has to be oblit]at$ or manipulat$ into some?+ m attractive4 ,a special =m ( manipulation is to put on "s anonym\s portrait a "n :i* m or less fits ! dress & "* ( ! sitt]1 & s increases its sale value4 ,%akespe>e & ,milton are (t5 s honor$2 & _m m$iocre portraits pick$ up 9 ,engl& h be5 adorn$ ) ! names ( ,colonial wor?ies1 & ?us f\nd a ready m>ket 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all ! examples ( =g]y s f> m5tion$ are ( ! manufactur$ type1 h[ev] little "w may h be5 exp5d$ on !m4 ,9 ?is !y diff] entirely f ! =g]ies :i* dep5d :olly on misrepres5tation1 a g5u9e article ( "o k9d be+ pass$ (f z ( ano!r1 )\t any physical *ange4 ,x is n usual to br& su* ?+s z =g]ies1 & legally !y are n s reg>d$2 b morally1 9 t some?+ is made to appe> :at x is n1 !y seem to be truly =g]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,above3 ,a =g]y 7p>tly clean$ = exam9ation7 ( a fifte5?-c5tury ,flor5t9e portrait1 comp>$ ) a g5u9e example 7,,bel[74 ,! =g]y is on an old panel1 b 0 f9ally prov$ false by ! pres5ce ( titanium :ite1 a tw5tie?-c5tury pigm5t4 ,illu/ration3 7g5u9e example7 ,a simple & widespread means ( falsify+ 9 ?is way is a c]tificate ( au?or%ip & g5u95ess4 ,sometimes1 ! writ]s ( ^! are ( ! highe/ compet5ce & probity4 ,^! two qualities are n always comb9$1 h[ev]2 & ! c]tificate !n becomes ei!r int5tionally or innoc5tly mislead+4 ,un=tunately1 mo/ c]tificates are writt5 = a fee1 & !re is always temptation = ! writ] to err on ! side ( pleas+ 8 employ]2 :ile !re is no "q t sometimes c]tificates h be5 giv5 delib]ately to defraud4 ,moreov]1 =g$ c]tificates be>+ reputable names are n unkn[n1 a special v>iety be+ ! /r++ toge!r ( words f a g5u9e lett]1 ) all qualify+ or negative phrases omitt$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m insidi\s me?od ( giv+ a c]tificate1 t ( publication ( an object 9 a reliable j\rnal4 ,editors are g5]ally c>eful en\gh2 b !y are def5seless 9 ! face ( a plausible case put =w>d by a "n ( "s reputation1 especially :5 ! passage relat+ to ! object is includ$ 9 a m g5]al context4 ,?is k9d ( c]tification is p>ticul>ly difficult to cope )1 s9ce su* articles w cont9ue to be cit$ 9 lat] publications1 p]haps ma9ly to controv]t !m b nev]!less r5ew+ _! availability = di%one/ purposes4 ,con/ruction ( false p$igrees is ano!r means ( misrepres5tation1 mu* us$ 9 ! case ( copies or v]sions4 ,sometimes1 a p$igree is completely false1 nam+ imag9>y =m] own]s ^: exi/5ce _c be prov$ b equally _c be disprov$4 ,sometimes1 su* hi/ory z ! object may h is graft$ onto t ( ano!r & accept$ v]sion1 s t ! two may become confus$4 ,a special case ( ?is is ! plant+ out ( objects 9 h\ses ^: own]s are ready1 = a consid]ation1 to describe !m z hav+ desc5d$ 9 ! family1 or ev5 z hav+ be5 b\ght f ! mak] by an ance/or4 ,! skill1 +5uity1 & k ( ! =g] & ( ^? :o exploit 8 "w1 are oppos$ to ! skill1 +5uity1 & k ( ! collector & ! le>n$ _w4 ,! unaid$ human eye1 if x has a tra9$ & well-in=m$ m9d beh9d x1 c g a long way 9 detect+ =g]ies4 ,x is surpris+ h[ =getful1 c>eless1 or ignorant a =g] c be4 ,he may employ mat]ials ^: inconsi/5cy ) ! p]iod to :i* 8 "w claims to belong c be se5 ev5 by ! unaid$ eye4 ,m common is ! introduction ( su* ?+s z types & details ( co/ume1 or ! use ( coats ( arms1 t are lat] ?an ! alleg$ date ( ! "w4 ,all su* evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ne$s scrut9y1 s9ce x may simply be a case ( lat] additions to a g5u9e object4 ,m useful1 !re=e1 may be track+ d[n ! s\rce ( a =g]'s borr[+s4 ,if1 = example1 ^! at fir/ sight seem to come f an orig9al "w1 b foll[ mu* m closely ! v>iations f t orig9al 9 a lat] copy or engrav+1 ! conclusion is obvi\s4 ,aga91 inve/igation ( p$igrees1 *eck+ ( lit]>y ref]5ces1 se>*+ ?r\gh exhibition records1 may all reveal suspici\s or occasionally damn+ evid5ce ( falsifi$ hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,above3 ,a =g]y ( a portrait by ,crana*1 & 7,,bel[7 a g5u9e example4 ,a /yle =g]y1 skillful1 b co>s] ?an an orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 7g5u9e example7 ,to te/s bas$ on obs]vation & hi/orical v]ification1 we mu/ add ^? ma9ly dep5d5t on feel+4 ,= ! s5sitive & tra9$ obs]v]1 a numb] ( indef9able *>act]i/ics w 8add up0 to a def9ite conviction ( g5u9e or false4 ,qualities ( surface & h&l+1 subtleties 9 color & 9 ! def9ition ( =m1 ! degree ( unity 9 conception & treatm5t1 & ! emotional "* ( ! "w are among ! ?+s :i* influ5ce su* decisions4 ,?us1 a copy1 h[ev] exact1 may reveal itself z lack+ ! coh]5ce & ! feel+ :i* inspir$ ! orig9al2 & ! mo/ skillful imitation ( "s old] "w may be recogniz$ z a creation ( its own "t4 ,nobody c completely divorce himself f ! prevail+ ?\ghts1 op9ions1 assumptions1 feel+s1 & /&>ds ( 8 own p]iod2 & inevitably ^! w color :atev] he produces1 :e!r he be a =g] or an orig9al arti/4 ,scorn is (t5 p\r$ on judgm5ts ( ! type describ$1 & ! exp]t :o produces !m 9 a c\rt ( law is ! delight ( ! skillful cross-exam9]4 ,true1 ! only m]it ( snap op9ions bas$ on defective s5sibility & inadequate exp]i5ce is t !y h a fifty-fifty *ance ( be+ "r2 b ) s5sibility back$ by k1 an almo/ supra-rational in/9ct develops z to :at is g5u9e or false4 ,! s-call$ impression or hun* is1 9 su* circum/ances1 m accurately describ$ z a syn!sis ( _m exp]i5ces4 ,x is (t5 =gott5 t su* almo/ in/9ctive judgm5ts are n conf9$ to art & ar*aeology4 ,!y play an important "p 9 ! sci5ces 7:]e !y are call$ hypo!ses71 9 politics1 9 w>1 9 bus9ess1 & _m o!r fields4 ,_! value v>ies ) ! m5 :o make !m2 b ?is does n less5 _! pot5tial value1 & _! occasional indisp5sability4 ,9 ! detection ( two p>ticul> types ( =g]y !y are especially useful4 ,imitations ( contempor>y "w c be v baffl+1 s9ce ! =g] works ) mat]ials :i* 7 or might h be5 us$ 9 g5u9e "w1 does n h to give an appe>ance ( age1 & works aga9/ ! same g5]al backgr\nd z does ! arti/ he imitates4 ,simil>ly1 a s*ool piece :i* is misrepres5t$ z ! "w ( an old ma/]1 0 produc$ 9 a simil> physical & emotional environm5t4 ,9 su* cases1 a f9al v]dict (t5 has to be bas$ on no?+ b impond]able elem5ts ( /yle1 realizable only ?r\gh feel+ bas$ on k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,above3 ,an imitation ( ! "w ( ,john ,con/able1 di/+ui%$ f an orig9al 7,,bel[7 by its co>se h&l+ & mi/akes 9 topography4 ,illu/ration3 7g5u9e example7 ,! me?ods s f> describ$ ( detect+ =g]ies may well be z old z ! practice ( =g]y itself4 ,c]ta9ly1 !y =m ! basis ( all inve/igations ( :i* we h records1 z well z ( ^? made today4 ,_! effici5cy1 h[ev]1 has be5 imm5sely increas$ by ! developm5t ( sci5tific me?ods ( inve/igation4 ,! fir/ great /ep =w>d came ) ! use ( photography1 :i* p]mitt$ comp>ison ( suspici\s objects ) g5u9e examples 9 a way hi!rto impossible4 ,next came ! application ( v>i\s sci5tific te*niques to ! analysis ( ! physical con/itution ( an object4 ,s spectacul> h be5 ! results 9 "s cases z to create a bl9d fai? 9 su* me?ods ( inve/igation1 almo/ z ?\gh a piece ( sci5tific app>atus 7 an oracle :i* :5 consult$ w\ld answ] 8,yes0 or 8,no0 to ! "q ( :e!r an object is g5u9e4 ,! limits ( sci5tific inve/igation are1 h[ev]1 cle>ly m>k$4 ,?is me?od is solely conc]n$ ) ! physical make-up ( an object1 & is completely indiff]5t z to :o made x1 :5 & :]e x 0 made1 & :y x 0 made4 ,all t x does is to make possible ! discov]y ( physical facts be>+ ^u ^! matt]s1 :i* h to be obs]v$ & int]pret$ by human m9ds & us$ z ! basis = human judgm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,above3 ,a =g]y ( a pa9t+ by ,utrillo adapt$ f a g5u9e example1 comp>$ ) ano!r g5u9e picture 7,,bel[74 ,note ! clumsy h&l+ ( pa9t & draw+ 9 ! =g]y4 ,illu/ration3 7g5u9e example7 ,! sci5tific proc$ures ) :i* we are conc]n$ "h fall into two ma9 gr\ps4 ,( ^!1 "o includes v>i\s te*niques = ext5d+ ! range ( human vision4 ,! simple/ is exam9ation by microscope1 :i* enables *>act]i/ics ( a surface to be se5 t w\ld o!rwise be invisible1 s t1 = example1 pa9t$ cracks or cracks artificially induc$ c be di/+ui%$ f crackle due to age4 ,) ! microscope1 too1 evid5ce ( removals & additions c be obta9$1 su* z ! manipulation ( signatures & inscriptions1 or ! pres5ce ( repa9t or artificial pat9a2 :ile ! /ructure ( pigm5ts1 /one1 etc41 c be asc]ta9$1 z a /ep t[>d _! id5tification4 ,m elaborate is exam9ation "u v>i\s rays ( ! spectrum1 to :i* ! human eye is n s5sitive b ^: results c be record$4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! is ,x-ray1 :i* p5etrates c]ta9 sub/ances b is held up 9 diff]5t degrees by o!rs1 especially metals1 s t a photographic film beh9d an object w record a map ( su* sub/ances 9 an object1 ?us reveal+ mu* t is bel[ ! surface4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ultra-violet rays fall+ on a surface cause fluoresc5ce1 :i* v>ies accord+ to sub/ance & texture1 s t additions to ! surface may be reveal$4 ,infra-r$ rays1 9 contra/1 p5etrate ! surface1 & are reflect$ back f ! lay]s b5ea?1 s t a photograph tak5 by infra-r$ light may reveal some?+ conceal$ f ! eye1 :i* ,x-ray may n pick up4 ,! second gr\p ( inve/igatory me?ods includes v>i\s means ( analyz+ ! mat]ials pres5t 9 an object4 ,! mo/ famili> is *emical analysis2 b ?is is be+ supplem5t$ & to "s ext5t displac$ by spectrographic analysis1 ) its rec5t ext5sion 9 ! use ( ,x-ray diffraction4 ,by ^! means1 x is possible to detect ev5 m9ute traces ( sub/ances ^: pres5ce or abs5ce may be decisive 9 settl+ ! date or prov5ance ( a mat]ial4 ,"s rec5t applications ( quantitative analysis h prov$ helpful 9 asc]ta9+ ! date ( objects4 ,"o ( ^! te*niques1 det]m9ation ( ! ext5t ( fluor9ation1 0 us$ to prove t ! jawbone ( ! ,piltd[n skull 0 a mod]n =g]y2 :ile ano!r1 bas$ on ! am\nt ( radio-active c>bon pres5t1 :i* is kn[n to decay at a c]ta9 rate1 is /ill 9 c\rse ( developm5t1 b promises to be mo/ useful4 ,?us1 a =midable gr\p ( weapons are available aga9/ ! =g]4 ,to be effective1 h[ev]1 ! significance ( ! facts !y br+ to light mu/ be und]/ood4 ,decisive pro( t an object is n ( ! p]iod or by ! h& to :i* x is attribut$ comes only ?r\gh ! discov]y ( facts :i* are n only inconsi/5t ) ! attribution b _c be expla9$ except by assum+ t ! attribution is wrong4 ,= in/ance1 ! body ( a "w may conta9 a sub/ance unkn[n at its o/5sible date4 ,mod]n nails inside a piece ( wood sculpture said to be ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 cobalt1 unkn[n z a pigm5t until ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 9 a pa9t+ attribut$ to ,velzquez2 & titanium :ite1 a tw5tie?-c5tury inv5tion1 9 a portrait labell$ fifte5?-c5tury ,flor5t9e--^! are all good evid5ce t ! object is n :at x is held out to be4 ,moreov]1 ! facts discov]$ always h to be controll$ by ref]5ce to e/abli%$ /&>ds4 ,/ructure reveal$ by microscopic exam9ation mu/ be comp>$ ) t ( kn[n sub/ances2 *emical & spectrographic analysis has to be *eck$ by ref]5ce to a codifi$ s]ies ( e>li] te/s2 crackle on a surface c only be labell$ z false if ! nature ( g5u9e crackle is kn[n2 & ! read+ ( :atev] is discov]$ by ,x-ray1 ultra-violet1 or infra-r$ rays calls = comp>ison ) v]ifi$ results ( previ\s exam9ations4 ,! facts yield$ by "o me?od ( inve/igation may by !mselves n be suffici5t evid5ce ( =g]y2 if1 h[ev]1 !y c be jo9$ ) ! results ( o!r me?ods1 all po9t+ 9 ! same direction1 a /rong case c be built up4 ,z 9 a c\rt ( law1 ?is1 r ?an production ( a s+le dramatic & decisive piece ( evid5ce1 is :at usually happ5s4 ,x might be ?\ght t ! comb9ation ( exp]t & sci5ti/ w\ld leave ! =g] ) 8 occupation gone4 ,on ! contr>y1 he cont9ues to fl\ri%4 ,9 ! face ( ! exp]t1 he disc>ds ! clumsy copy & ! inept c]tificate1 utiliz+ ! improv$ me?ods ( photography & reproduction & ! increas+ flood ( le>n$ works1 to help save him f ana*ronisms & inh]5t contradictions 9 8 "w4 ,! sci5ti/ he meets ei!r by conc5trat+ 9 fields :]e sci5tific me?ods ( inquiry are relatively helpless1 or by himself go+ to s*ool ) ! sci5ti/4 ,! results ( rec5t sci5tific "w h put at 8 disposal mu* k ( :at to d1 :at to avoid1 & h[ to baffle c]ta9 types ( inve/igation4 ,moreov]1 he has ev5 tak5 ov] c]ta9 proc$ures work$ out by sci5ti/s1 su* z ^? = ha/5+ ! effect ( "t1 & has appli$ !m to 8 own problems2 cases are kn[n ( =g]ies hav+ be5 submitt$1 ?r\gh innoc5t h&s1 = sci5tific inve/igation1 to f9d out :e!r !y w survive ! ordeal1 & if n1 :at are ! mi/akes to be avoid$ 9 ! future4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o "q is (t5 ask$ 9 connection ) =g]ies3 ,:y %\ld a once-admir$ object be disreg>d$ or condemn$ on be+ prov$ a =g]y1 see+ t x is /ill ! same object8 ,"o reason is human snobb]y2 ano!r1 & m important1 is t :5 an object is prov$ to be a =g]y1 x is to u no long] ! same object t x 04 ,aft] ! discov]y1 human k ab\t ! positive & negative qualities ( ! object has increas$1 & a new judgm5t has to be made ^u x4 ,exactly ! same ?+ happ5s ) a g5u9e "w4 ,z famili>ity ) x gr[s1 x becomes ano!r ?+ to ! spectator's eyes & m9d1 & s x may rise or fall 9 8 e/eem4 ,conceivably1 ! *>act]i/ics :i* proclaim some?+ to be a =g]y might1 :5 discov]$1 cause x to be m highly reg>d$2 b t k9d ( =g]y is n yet kn[n1 ?\gh x may p]haps exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,w4 ,g4 ,,con/able ,william ,george ,con/able 0 born 9 ,d]by1 ,engl&1 9 #ahhg & educat$ at ,cambridge ,univ]sity & ! ,slade ,s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,he 0 =m]ly ,assi/ant ,director ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london2 ,director ( ! ,c\rtauld ,in/itute 7,univ]sity ( ,london72 & ,slade ,pr(essor ( ,f9e ,art at ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,s9ce #aich1 he has be5 ,curator ( ,pa9t+s at ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,bo/on4 ,! au?or ( num]\s books & magaz9e articles1 ,mr4 ,con/able has devot$ himself p>ticul>ly to ! /udy ( ,engli% & ,italian pa9t+s & draw+s4 ,?is is reflect$ 9 8 m rec5t publications3 ,v5etian ,pa9t+ 7#aiej72 a monograph on ! ,engli% arti/ ,ri*>d ,wilson 7#aiec72 & ,! ,pa9t]'s ,work%op 7#aied74 ,illu/ration3 ,,back ,,cov]3 ,a =g]y ( a ,greek bronze /atuette4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4